"PRAISE Ye the Lord: for it is good to sing praises to our God: for it is pleasant, and praise is come­ly." It is comely: for of all the exercises upon earth it bears the nearest resemblance to the worship of heaven, and highly becometh us as reasonable creatures, but much more as christians. Our obligations to the duty are founded as well on our own indigence, as on the glory of Jehovah, and his goodness to us. Every one daily receiveth innumerable mercies from his unwasted fullness, which daily lay him under fresh obligations to praise the bountiful author of them. Communities, as collective bodies, are bound to praise him no less than individuals. By the common laws of society, the good of the whole and of individuals mutually affect each other, which obligeth them to offer praise respectively, not only from self-interest, but from the purer springs of be­nevolence. This more evidently appears in some public scenes of providence, which are so [...], that he who runneth may read the peculiar favours of heaven to the whole and to the individuals: then more especially let all the people praise God. And as all the people are bound to praise God on such occasions; so it is most harmonious, animating and many ways useful for the whole to unite in his praises at the same time.

This day, my brethren, we and all the inhabitants of the United States are called to give thanks to the LORD of lords and KING of kings, for the many peculiar favours he hath of late vouchsafed to us, as a people appearing in defence of our invaluable privileges. At this important [Page 2] call let every individual, let every family, let every con­gregation, let every town, let every state, let all our con­federate states unite in praising our God, as with one heart and one voice.

To this noble exercise the royal psalmist most pathetic­ally exciteth us in the psalm where my text lies, which is most happily adapted to, and composed for, a day of public thanksgiving. It was sung by the Jews, and with greater propriety may be sung by Christians, on such occasions; for to us it had an ultimate reference, and the moral rea­sons of the song shine with brighter evidence in the new testament dispensation than in the old.

The motives to praise expressed in the psalm, are, ‘God's saving health,’ or salvation by Christ, to be made known to all nations; and his moral government of the world, who shall ‘judge the people righteously, and govern the nations upon earth.’ It is this last motive I shall chiefly insist upon.

The importance of the duty, and zeal with which it should be performed, we learn first from the rhetorical and affecting repetition in the text of the very words expressed in the third verse, in which the mind of the psalmist ap­pears to have been wrapt in his subject, like one most in­tent upon, and earnest in the pursuit of his object. Se­condly, from the beautiful and transporting climax by which the song ascends: ‘Let the people praise thee, O God! let ALL the people praise thee.’

To comply with the design of my text and of this day, I shall point out and illustrate some of the leading obligations upon all the inhabitants of the confederate states of North America to unite in praise to God, for the signal interposi­tions of his providence in their favour, during our contest with Great Britain; especially those of the last campaign, crowned by the capture of lord Cornwallis with his whole army.

Those obligations arise from the nature and importance of the cause contested—the fatal consequences to us and to our posterity had we lost the cause—the strong and nu­merous obstacles that stood in our way—our apparent in­ability [Page 3] for the mighty conflict—some noticeable steps of providence towards us in giving us a few, though they might seem to be inadequate, preparatives for the war. The various and remarkable successes God hath granted to our troops especially those of the last campaign—several inci­dents interspersed through the scene, which were overruled by a wise and good providence in our favour, though at first sundry of them might seem to stand much against us— and from the glorious prospects to us and to our posterity, opened by the several successes of our arms, and the man­ner in which they have been granted.

I. The nature and importance of the cause contested lay us under the strongest obligations to praise God for pleading our cause. The great object in contest is, whe­ther our essential and unalienable rights and privileges, as well civil as sacred, shall be in our own power, or at the sovereign will of tyrants. Take these from the peo­ple, and commit them to any absolute lord, or lords, and no man has a security for the rights of conscience, for life, or for property and the means of procuring it.

It has long been the boast of the British constitution, that it secures those privileges to the subjects, because it is founded upon the two grand pillars of liberty, a right to dispose of our own property, and a right to have our claim to life and property tried by a jury of fellow citi­tizens. But these rights the British court and parliament have by every artifice endeavoured to undermine, at­tempting to lead us to own either directly or indirectly, the justness of their claim of right to tax us at pleasure, to oblige some of our citizens to take their trial in Britain, and to alter and virtually destroy our forms of civil government. They long shrouded their real design by spe­cious pretexts; but their artifice failing them, they own the extent of their claim, viz. an omnipotent power to make laws "to bind us in all cases whatsoever." And in order to confiscate all the states to the crown, they de­clare us to be in a state of rebellion, and arise to execute their horrid plot by open violence, not doubting that they would make an easy conquest of us.

[Page 4]To justify their violent measures, they employ their whole policy to confound law and constitution, and make the world believe, that our opposition to their iniquitous unconstitutional acts was an opposition to the constitution itself, and a rising against lawful authority. This is the idea of our conduct held up by them to their own nation, and to all Europe, to excite their detestation at us, as a rebellious and lawless mob. And with this lie they fill the mouths of their ignorant officers and soldiers, and inspire their breasts, as well with violence as with thirst for plun­der and blood.

Nothing could be more cruel or more false! America betook herself to arms in opposition to the most unlawful exercise of power, and in defence of privileges which the unalienable rights of mankind absolutely forbid her to yield! And this she did not, till she had tried every other means in vain, and till Britain had wantonly shed the blood of her sons! In those circumstances it was not only our in­dispensible duty to oppose force to force; but it was the duty of all Britain to resent so violent an infraction upon their own constitution; for they might expect the next stroke to fall upon themselves.

But the glorious Sovereign of the earth and heavens hath lifted up a banner for you, O ye highly favoured Americans! and hath saved you by his right hand. He hath raised up many friends for you, sent you many aids, and made you to be pitied by many nations! He hath scat­tered your clouds, silenced your fears, encouraged your hopes, defended your persons and property, and he will defend them, if ye wisely improve the blessings of his merciful providence! Ye shall worship your God, and none shall make you afraid! Ye shall enjoy your posses­sions undisturbed, for which ye have laboured and sweat, and for which many of your bravest sons have risqued their lives in the high places of the field, and many of them have spilt their dearest blood! Grim tyranny hangs his head! Fair liberty hath erected her banner! Therefore ye shall sit secure under the protection of laws founded upon this firm basis! Nor may the blessings of your vir­tuous [Page 5] struggles be confined to yourselves; other nations beholding them may open their eyes upon their own duty and privilege. Your liberty secured, like the sun burst­ing through the cloud, may shed its healing beams over the nations long shut up in darkness and bondage! For all these mercies let all our nation offer the acceptable sacri­fice of praise! And let the whole earth uniting in our song, praise him who judgeth the people righteously, and governeth the nations upon earth!

II. The fatal consequences to us and our posterity, had we lost the cause, furnish a most fruitful source of motives to praise our great deliverer. The greater the evils are from which a people are saved, the greater are their obligations to their saviour. But the evils which threatned us were many and most grievous. No people upon earth are in a condition more wretched than we should have been reduced to, had the British arms prevailed. A government would have been established over us, the form of which is no where existent, and none so destructive of the liberties of the people. Ari­stocracy and absolute monarchy are usually esteemed the two worst kinds of government. But the strongest efforts were made to unite both virtually in the government to be fixed upon us; or rather it would have been an aristocra­cy sanctioned by monarchy, which is infinitely worse than pure absolute monarchy. If neither of these are its proper name, it is hard to say by what name it should be called.

So strong was the British sovereign's, thirst to establish despotism, that he created forty lords, from the beginning of his infamous reign to the commencement of the present war, who had not a claim to a foot of land in Britain; that being pensioners upon the crown, they might throw their weight into the scale, to destroy the liberties of the people. How many more he has created since that time I know not. How are these numerous unlanded lords to be supported? principally, no doubt, from the spoils of North America. To this instance of his folly he adds another, viz. favouring a scheme to render his parliament absolute. Folly I call it, as well as wickedness. For [Page 6] those petty tyrants might, by virtue of their authority, make the royal tyrant himself feel the weight of their pow­er, should he at any time happen not to coincide with their views. But he had no other way to establish ty­ranny, and force from the people whatsoever his covetous heart lusted for, but by allowing to them the enormous pow­er of making laws to bind the people in all cases what­soever. And they, fond of so great an extent of power, favour the king's ambitious and tyrannical views, which otherwise they might perhaps have opposed.

Under such a government who could live? It would he hard to be subjected to the will of one tyrant—harder still to be subject to more than 500 tyrants, all plotting with their cruel master to fleece and distress the subjects— But hardest of all to be under the command of their viceroys, at the distance of 3000 miles from the seat of authority, all governing according to the arbitrary orders of so many un­merciful despots, and making such representations to them, as their ambitious, covetous, or revengeful passions might dictate. Such motives and such opportunities for the exer­cise of tyranny could no where be found. Of this Ameri­ca has already had a taste in their introductory steps to bring us under the yoke; and but a taste, compared with what she would feel, when their villainous scheme should have been completed.

Add to all this the tythes of your whole produce every year for the support of the church, and the rapacity and cruelty of the harpies, officers and others, to whom districts of the country would be parcelled out, for their services in reducing us to a state of bondage. ^* Who could bear the [Page 7] insolence and rapacity of a Cornwallis, a Knyphausen, a Galloway, an Arnold, a Tarleton, or a Simcoe, either as a governor or a landlord?

Now, Americans, what would be your distresses, when, besides the support of governors and other necessary ex­pences of government, you would be obliged to give the tenth of all your produce every year, for the support of the clergy, and those too not of your own choosing;—to pay the whole demands of a greedy landlord, and the whole claim of a tyrannical prince, to aggrandise his numerous family, to maintain his pensioned lords, and to discharge a debt of more than seventy millions, contracted to enslave you?

These things duly weighed, are sufficient to set springs to the gratitude of all, for the preservation of their liber­ties, and put a check to the murmurings of some, who ac­count it hard to give a moderate competency for the main­tainance of the few honest ministers amongst us, and dis­charge, for a time, the expences of a war so just and so ne­cessary. Had Britain made a conquest of us, we and our posterity would have multiplied taxes, of a much greater amount, to pay every year perpetually, with every circum­stance of aggravation and bitterness. Every species of cruelty has breathed from, and as far as was in their power, has been practised by the tyrants and their tools, as a spe­cimen of what America had to expect. They have hired and prompted their barbarous allies to shed Christian blood;—armed slaves against their masters;—wantonly burned towns;—robbed, plundered and destroyed private property;—and treated with the greatest barbarity persons of every sex and age. They may plead, as they have done, that these are casualties incident to war. Some of them might be so; but many, perhaps most of them, were not so. Soldiers durst not act so barbarously in common, did they not know it to be agreeable to their officers; nor officers, did they not know it to be agreeable to their cruel masters. Every circumstance in the conduct of the court and army clearly manifests, that their orders and design were to proceed against us upon the plan of cruelty and ter­ror. [Page 8] And they have carried on the war with a barbarity unknown in Europe or any civilised nation.

The malice of the tyrants would have put an aggravation into all the other sufferings of America, by robbing her of her most precious jewels. The leading members of Con­gress, and others who have appeared most eminent in the cause of their country, might have fallen the first sacrifice to their wrath. Ministers of the gospel of a patriotic stamp would have shared no mercy. Many indubitable testimonies induce us to believe this.

But I do not think it is in the power of description fully to paint all the shocking consequences to our country, had she been subjugated to British tyranny. O! how great is our salvation, and how great the praises due for it! Praise ye the Lord, all ye brave statesmen, who dared to step forth in your country's cause. Praise him, every brave officer and soldier, who dared to face the greatest dangers in de­fence of your country. Praise him, every honest minister of the sanctuary, whose blood the enemy thirsted for▪ And ye honest hearted friends to your country, throughout all the states, praise ye the Lord; for he hath delivered you from your heavy chains. ‘O give thanks unto the Lord, for he is good: for his mercy endureth forever. Let the redeemed of the Lord say so, whom he hath re­deemed from the hand of the enemy.’

III. The strong and numerous obstacles which stood in our way, demand our warmest praises to HIM who enabled us to surmount them all. We had the most powerful na­tion upon earth to oppose, all things considered, and the most dangerous. A nation whose sovereign is despotic, obstinate and cruel; their statesmen subtile, treacherous, insidious, swollen with a sense of their own importance, and long practised in the arts of government and deceit; their officers and troops generally esteemed equal, if not superior, to any in Europe; their fleet the most formidable of any in the world. With their ships of war they shut up our ports, covered their troops, and easily transported them from state to state. A nation whose treasury was respectable, their credit great, and their resources from [Page 9] their numerous manufactures, their extensive trade, the fertility of their lands, and the riches of their settlements in the East and West Indies, were great and numerous! We had the flower of their army to oppose, with twen­ty thousand foreign mercenaries, and a coast of many hun­dred miles to defend!

Our ancient forms of government, the prejudices of custom, and our doating affection for Britain, were strong bars in our way. The governors of the colonies were creatures of the crown, their connexions together with the British merchants upon the continent generally in the in­terest of the crown. To these I might add Tories and Refugees, a sett of the most infamous sycophants, mur­derer, plunderers, robbers and lyars, that ever polluted any land; sundry of whom were persons of fortune, and sundry of them crafty, plausible, and intrigueing, having been long employed in state business. These all united their efforts and policy to distress, to intimidate, to sow discord, to spread false reports, and to blind the eyes of the people. Sometimes they represented the power of Britain to be so great, that nothing could stand before it; and therefore we would fall an easy prey to their arms, and none would have security for their persons or property, but those who would take an active part against their country, or remain in a state of neutrality. At other times they tried to de­ceive the vulgar by asserting that the powers of Europe, accounting it their own interest to keep the colonies in subjection to Britain, would join with her in order to sub­due us. With these and several other fabulous stories they deceived some, whose simplicity, timidity, or religious principles favour their design. When the appearance of the French fleet and army detects the fallacy, they change their notes, insinuating that the Congress are about to in­troduce popery amongst us by their alliance with France, who has it only in view to seize the states for themselves, when Britain shall have been subdued. ^§

[Page 10]All these difficulties notwithstanding, we have not only maintained our ground, but prevailed against the enemy; our battles have been fought with repeated success, our land cultivated, our produce exported, our necessaries im­ported, our private ships of war have brought much rich­es into the states, the councils of the enemy rendered abor­tive, their power baffled, their troops often defeated, their whole armies sometimes captured, their bravest officers put to shame, and the British tyrant left to pine away [Page 11] with malice and disappointment! Surely ‘The righte­ous shall rejoice when he seeth the vengeance, he shall wash his feet in the blood of the wicked.’ ^* Let us praise and give thanks, for the Lord has taught us, that ‘The race is not to the swift, nor the battle to the strong.’ ^‖ That ‘There is no king saved by the multitude of an host; a mighty man is not delivered by much strength.’ But ‘The eye of the Lord is upon them that fear him, upon them that hope in his mercy.’ ^§ We made our appeal to heaven, when we lifted up arms in our own defence, and the lord hath not made us ashamed of our hope. This argument will ap­pear with still greater force, when

IV. In the fourth place we take into view our apparent inability for the mighty conflict. So weak were we, that our enemies did not entertain the least doubt of reducing us to their terms, by a few troops and ships of war; so weak, that all Europe were apprehensive for the consequences, and waited the event in deep suspense. Our internal re­sources, indeed, were large; a fruitful land to furnish all kinds of provisions; our men active, intelligent and brave: but our strength was to be collected, and our powers im­proved. Cultivating only the common honest arts of peace, we were generally unskilled in the depths of state po­licy and of war; without an army; without arms and am­munition; without money and cloathing for our troops; nor had we a single ship of war, nor one ally. In this de­fenceless state, trusting heaven to provide for us, we de­clared our resolution to vindicate our liberties by arms, when the royal ear was closed against our righteous and humble supplications. We had at the same time to train and equip ourselves for the field—to fight and cultivate our farms to procure food and cloathing for ourselves and our army—to throw down ancient forms of government [Page 12] and erect new ones in their stead. Never did a people do as much, endure as much, and conquer so many diffi­culties in the same space of time. It is hard to say which is most astonishing, the bravery or success of the enterprise. It is, indeed, next to a miracle that people so weak and un­prepared should have overcome so great a force as stood against us—confounded the councils, and baffled the pow­er of all Britain— done so great things by sea and land, in council, in the field, and upon our farms. Posterity will be surprised to read it, and we ourselves, upon a se­rious review of the whole scene, will scarcely be able to be­lieve what our eyes have seen and our ears heard. It is the Lord's doing, and marvellous in our eyes. ‘Had not the Lord been on our side, when men rose up to slay us: then they had swallowed us up quick, when their wrath was kindled against us. Blessed be the Lord, who hath not given us as a prey to their teeth. Our soul is escaped as a bird out of the snare of the fowler: the snare is broken, and we are escaped. Our help is in the name of the Lord, who made heaven and earth.’ ^§ May the remembrance of our salvation be laid up in our hearts as in the rock, forever! When the children of Israel vanquished the strong army of the Amalekites, who at­tacked them in the wilderness, unprepared, Moses reared a monumental altar to the Lord, and called it ‘JEHOVAH NISI,’ THE LORD MY BANNER. ^† No less reason have we to raise a perpetual monument of praise to him, who hath lifted up a glorious banner for us in our low estate.

V. The goodness of providence in granting us a few, tho' they might seem to be inadequate, preparatives for the war, merit our attention and hearty praise. Had Britain attacked us before the last war, we must have fallen an easy prey. But in that war some of our heroes, particu­larly our brave commander in chief, caught the military spark, which has been kindled and improved to that de­gree, during the course of this war, in training and leading on the troops, that they are not only become equal to the [Page 13] British forces, but sometimes gain the day with lesser numbers.

By the stamp act, and other artful devices to invade our liberties, the minds of our inexperienced statesmen were roused to attend as well to the intrigues of the British court, as to study the rights of freemen, and vindicate them against any encroachments. Their rapid and solid im­provements in this kind of knowledge, for which the no­blest foundation was laid in a dignity of genius early cul­tivated by various useful and well applied studies, soon drew the attention of all Europe, procured the confidence of its leading powers, and obtained for them, from no less a judge than lord Pitt, the character of "able statesmen."

On the solid foundation they laid, we have, by the smiles of providence, proceeded with encreasing success till this day. For these favours let our praises ascend as grateful incense to HIM, who is ‘for a spirit of judgment to him that sitteth in judgment, and of strength to them that turn the battle to the gate. ^*’

No less noticeable is the appointment of general Wash­ington to the supreme command of our army; a gentle­man who, by common consent, is of all others allowed to be the fittest for the service. As Elihu said to Job, ‘I know not to give flattering titles, in so doing my God would soon take me away. ^†’ Yet I know that we ought to give honour to those whom God honoureth; and that, in order to praise him for this as well as other in­stances of his goodness, it is necessary to attend to the mo­tives of our praise. Without any particular notice of his va­rious personal excellencies, or the various incidents in pro­vidence uniting to prepare him gradually for so high a trust, it will justify the observation we have made, barely to mention the growing estimation of him in the army, for so many years, and in the midst of so many complicated and trying occurrences—the reverence for his character our enemies themselves are obliged to express—the hearty approbation of his conduct by all ranks in America, and the testimony of the wisest sages in Europe, who allow him [Page 14] to be one of the brightest military ornaments of the age. The improvement of the favour that we and our whole land should make, is humbly to notice and adore the goodness and wisdom of God, who is at no loss for an instrument to do it, when he hath a great work to perform. He drew Moses from the ark of bulrushes, to confound Pharaoh's ancient court, and deliver his brethren from their hard bondage. He called Cyrus, his servant, from the rough mountains of Persia, to overthrow the strongest empire in the world, and restore the captivity of his people. And he hath raised up his servant Washington, one of our bre­thren, who never saw any country but his own, to hum­ble a powerful and most haughty nation, and save his country from the chains of slavery. Blessed be his holy and gracious name, who bestows various gifts to men, according to the various employments he designs them for. He who fitted Moses for legislation, and Aaron to serve at the altar, inspired Joshua with military courage and skill to command the armies of his people Israel.

VI. THE many and remarkable successes of our forces, particularly those of the last campaign, exceedingly encrease our obligations to praise him ‘who teacheth their hands to war, and their fingers to fight. ^*’ His excellency general Washington, being happily chosen to the chief command of our army, takes the field with his little band of undisciplined troops; and though they were generally much inferior in number to those of the enemy, badly accoutred at first, and frequently ill supplied with provisions, cloathing and money; yet [Page 15] they baffle the enemy, vanquish them often, sometimes take captive whole large armaments, and persevere in defending their country amidst many discouragements: a virtue this, that will shine in the annals of America throughout all ages. Had we time, and skill, and mate­rials sufficient to follow them through their several severe and almost incredible marches, their particular skirmishes and general engagements, the draught would correspond to the great original. But this will be the business of faithful historians and skilful panegyrists. Suffice it for us to touch at some of the more interesting parts of the great scene, to assist in the devotions of the day.

Lexington and Bunker's Hill, Long Island and White Plains, the banks of Brandywine and streets of German-town, Monmouth with Stoney Point, all proclaim to our enemies, with a voice of thunder, the watchful care of heaven over America, and their own folly in expecting to make an easy conquest of her.

But above all other parts of the whole scene, the opera­tions of providence for us in New Jersey, the latter part of the year 1776 and beginning of 1777, deserve the most pe­culiar attention. In this time our illustrious general is a shining example of ‘true greatness never appearing so conspicuous as in adversity.’ Above two thousand of his brave troops fell and were taken at fort Washington, and the time of the militia and flying camp being expired together with the short enlistment of several of his regu­lar troops, most of them return home, and leave the ge­neral to retreat through the Jersies with the remains of his weak and shattered army, before a strong corps of the pursuing enemy. Yet he conducteth his few fatigued and naked troops safe, even in sight of the enemy, cros­seth the Delaware, and there makes a stand, till the mili­tia are once more collected.

Our affairs wear a most gloomy aspect at this time, so gloomy, that the hearts of many begin to tremble for the fate of our little army and of North America! But af­ter a dark and stormy night the morning star appears lead­ing on the approaching clear day! Our intrepid▪ hero, at a [Page 16] juncture the fittest for his purpose, recrosseth the Dela­ware, though floating with ice and snow, captivates and brings off more than nine hundred Hessians. Shortly af­terwards he keepeth the enemy in play at Trenton, until evening, and whilst they imagined his troops were scatter­ed through the country, he marches them to Princeton, under cover of night, and defeateth the wing of their army there, the next morning, before the other wing could a rive from Trenton to their relief Without loss of time he marcheth for and takes possession of the heights of Morris, whilst the vanquished and disappointed Britons haste, in great consternation, for head quarters at Brunswic, fired upon and galled by our militia in the way. Here they are closed in till the following spring. Upon all this part of the scene are marked the brightest signatures of great gene­ralship, and the operations of providence in our favour. And here we may fix the date of our relief; a date glori­ously presaging the future successes of our arms. ‘O that men would praise the Lord for his goodness, and for his wonderful works to the children of men.’ ^*

The enemy greatly augment their forces by sea and land for the ensuing campaign; but by some strange kind of po­licy, they divide their troops to the north and to the south which obligeth us to divide our little army. This critical moment invites us once more to behold, with wonder and praise, the power and care of divine providence for our re­lief. Whilst our enemies make no doubt of scattering or swallowing up our small band by a division of their vast ar­mament, and opening a passage for the junction of their armies, many of themselves are slain, many captivated, and the rest shut up in Philadelphia, their prison for several months. Saratoga and Bennington are lasting witnesses of the bravery of our troops, both regulars and militia, into whose hands God delivered a boastful general with his whole strong army.

Providence opens to us a bright prospect, the following winter, by raising up for us a powerful and generous ally; upon which the states drop into a political slumber for ma­ny [Page 17] months, until a storm arising in the south awakens them out of sleep. The capture of Charlestown and defeat of Camden alarm our fears afresh, and raise the hopes of our enemies. When the prudent and brave general Greene ar­rived to take the command of the southern army, his regu­lar troops were few, the army of the enemy strong, and flushed with victory, the dissaffected to the American cause numerous and violent, and the friends to it grievously op­pressed by many calamities. No place or time, since the commencement of the war, opened so great a scene of af­fliction as this, or more fully manifested the true spirit of valour, of patriotism, and of piety. The intrepidity and resolution of our troops to encounter dangers and bear their fatigues, the courage and perseverance of patriots under their distresses, and the hopes of good people, can scarcely be equalled. A gracious God rewarded their virtue! When their night is at the darkest, some morning rays beam upon them with comfort and hope. The cap­ture of a large detachment of the enemy at King's Mount­ain, and the complete defeat of another large party at Cow­pens, each much superior in number to our troops who engaged them, open a wide door of relief to the distressed inhabitants, and pave the way to all the following successes of our arms in the south. The gallantry of those actions cannot be fully described, and their salutary effects were as great as the actions themselves were glorious The stroke was followed up at Guilford, where the loss of the enemy was very considerable. Not to mention the gallantry and success of smaller parties during this long campaign, I shall only observe, that the death and captivity of more than eleven hundred of the British forces at Eutaw Springs, added the greatest laurels to the worthy general Greene, and the corps he commanded.

This successful campaign was gloriously crowned by the capture of lord Cornwallis, with his whole army, consist­ing of above six thousand regular forces, and several thou­sand of his black aids and Refugees, on the memorable 19th of last October. The wisdom with which the expe­dition to York was planned by his excellency general [Page 18] Washington, in concert with count de Rochambeau, and the dispatch with which the plan was executed, as well ma­nifest the generals to be possessed of the finest military ta­lents, as the special care of providence for our salvation. It must appear obvious to all who will open their eyes to see, that all the circumstances concurring to bring to pass the great event, clearly display the peculiar concern of heaven in it. A series of the most delightful weather blessed our troops, from the beginning of their march until the conclusion of the important scene. The fleet and army appear before York in the same hour. And HE who com­mands the winds, and the sea, and they obey him, com­mands, and they bring both the French fleets into the bay at the same time. Again he commands, and they fight against lord Cornwallis, throwing his troops back into their old prison, when they vainly attempted to effect an escape. No avenue of escape remains for him. The fleet of count de Grasse renders it impossible by sea—the position of the allied army wholly prevents it by land. The only alterna­tive left for him is, to fight or surrender. Fight his way he could not—surrender he must.

Nor may it pass unnoticed, how the furious general is suffered to drive on to his own ruin, and the ruin of the king's troops. Separating his army after the action of Guilford, he leaves part of them a prey to our brave southern troops, and, by forced marches, penetrates far into the state of Virginia, with the rest, plundering and de­stroying private property as he went; until a check being put to his mad career by the brave marquis la Fayette and general Wayne, he pusheth for, and closeth himself in the spot, the fittest he could choose for his own trap. And what has this courser obtained by all his violent deeds?— captivity, with the character of plunderer, robber, and murderer of mankind. That righteous judgment long since denounced against men of his character, hath over­taken him; ‘Evil shall hunt the violent man to over­throw him. ^§’

O! how great the praises due to God for our deliver­ance [Page 19] from the hands of those monsters of iniquity, so estranged from humanity and justice! We were as men in a sleep when God restored our captivity. ‘The joy was so great, it appeared a painted dream.’ Surely friends and foes abroad shall say, ‘The Lord hath done great things for them.’ America shall say, ‘The Lord hath done great things for us, whereof we are glad. ^§’ Rojoice, O Virginia, and be glad; for the Lord hath de­livered you from the Cornwallises, the Tarletons, the Simcoes, and all the ravagers and destroyers of your country! Rejoice, North and South Carolina, with little Georgia! and all ye states in the union, rejoice! Let the people praise thee, O God, let all the people praise thee!

VII. Several incidents interspersed through the scene, which were overruled, by a wise providence, in our favour, though at first many of them might seem to stand much against us, equally stain the pride of man, and merit the most sensible returns of praise. Our own mistakes and the mistakes of the enemy were the causes of many present af­flictions; yet were greatly subservient to our general in­terests. The wisdom of God brought good out of evil to us, and turned our judgments into mercies. The pride and self interest of their generals, united with the folly of the British councils, operated much in favour of the American cause. By separating their army they obliged us to sepa­rate ours; by which means our militia are, on many ac­counts, much more serviceable to us than they could have been, had they been called to assist against the whole united force of the enemy. By bribes, and employing their spies, they parted with their money without obtaining their object, and with some of their best men for some of the most infamous wretches upon earth. The salvation of our beloved general and his army from Arnold's hellish plot, and all the coincident providences relating thereto, deserve to be wrote with a pen of iron and the point of a diamond. I might mention their folly and our advantage, several ways, in the capture of 'Statia, and attacking us on the strongest side at first, and afterwards on the weakest, when the states were alarmed and prepared for war. But [Page 20] passing over those and sundry other incidents, I shall only observe,

That the plan of terror, upon which they proceeded against us, was a mistake the most fatal to themselves, and most subservient to our cause. Their cruelties, insolence and breach of promise were the springs of many present sufferings to individuals; but nothing could have a greater tendency to overthow their own design. They rouse the resentment of the states, consolidate their confederati­on, and arm them with resolution to defend themselves to the last extremity. They fix an indelible stain upon the British court and officers—They draw forth the pity of other nations towards us, and excite their abhorrence of those hypocrites, who with the mouth of the lamb talk of mercy, but tear the prey with the teeth of the lion.

In this they have discovered the true spirit of tyranny, which is cruelty and blood when artifice fails. ^* And in this they have openly exposed their ignorance as well of the word and providence of God, as of the causes of the rise and fall of nations, and of the operations of human na­ture itself. Had these infidels attended duly to those means of instruction, as the rulers of a nation ought to do they would have known, that there is a cup of red wine in the hand of God for nations that persist in luxury, insolence, pride, tyranny and brutal lusts; especially for those who per­sist in acts of cruelty against their brethren, or any in their [Page 21] power: ^† the very evils for which they themselves are fa­mous. They would have read in the struggles and succes­ses of several states for their liberty; that insolence and oppression, instead of conquering, rouse the spirit of a free people. ^§

But tyrants, often dastardly as well as cruel and ignorant, measure others by themselves, and persist in their vain hopes of conquest, till ruin without remedy overtake them, and those they oppress rise victorious. Wo to Britain for the incorrigibleness of her rulers! Joy to America, ‘for the Lord God omnipotent reigneth, as the avenger of wrongs!’

The lengthening out the war, as well as the cruelty of the enemy was grievous on many accounts; yet, on ma­ny accounts necessary for us. It was necessary to suppress the luxuriance of all the states, and give them more tho­rough and humbling instructions. It was necessary to make more full discoveries of false hearted men, and purge our land of many traitors. And it was necessary to hum­ble our enemies more effectually, and make the British [Page 22] court plunge themselves into still deeper ruins. Our troops, weak as they were, compared with the enemy, had fre­quently a fair prospect of striking them a fatal blow, and bringing the war to a speedy crisis; but were as frequent­ly prevented by some unforeseen incidents. God said at each of those occasions, this is not the time! This has of­ten suggested to me the import of David's pathetic prayer, ‘Slay them not, lest my people forget, scatter them by thy power; and bring them down, O Lord our shield.’ ^† We are apt to forget the mercies which cost us little: but we praise the more, and hold the faster, those which cost us dear. God did not subdue our ene­mies sooner lest we should neglect our deliverer, and for­get his mercies; but he scattered them through the states, and gradually brought them down, till the fittest time came to deliver a general of the first rank with his whole army into our hands—A time when the faith and patience of this people were thoroughly tried—A time the most hu­miliating to the British court and their boastful general—A time when they were so sure of victory as to have appoint­ed governors to the southern states, and general Cornwallis waited his commission to take the place of general Clin­ton! ‘Whoso is wise and will observe those things even they shall understand the loving kindness of ths Lord.’ ^* for they shall see ‘The hand of the Lord made known towards his friends, and his indignation towards his ene­mies.’ ^§

Our own mistakes, as well as those of the enemy, added much to our affliction; yet were they overruled by a gra­cious providence for our good▪ the non importation agree­ment, and not raising a sufficient army to serve during the war, instead of producing the salutary effects expected from them, subjected our army to many difficulties, and en­creased the burdens of the people. Yet by the former a spirit of industry was promoted, and military skill by the latter, each of which are exceedingly useful for a young nation. These united, are a strong proof of our simple honesty, and serve to convince the world that independ­ence [Page 23] was not our aim, till we were forced into the measure.

By far the most hurtful of all our mistakes respected our bills of credit, the management of which, from first to last, together with the consequences thereof, afford many in­structions, as well political as moral, and lay a ground for much humiliation. It is certain that it fell as a heavy stroke upon multitudes of the honest, and many of them the most helpless part of the community, such as widows, or­phans, annuitants, weakly and aged persons, with others who lived on the interest of their money, &c

It gave the deepest stab to public credit, which ought ever to be preserved inviolate for the peace and prosperity of a nation. It greatly affected our public funds and seminaries, to the no small injury of the nation; and would have dis­solved our army, had it not been for their own inimitable virtue. It was the greatest incitement to gaming and va­nity, and opened the widest door to fraud and injustice, which had a most pernicious influence on the morals of the people.

For these, with other reasons, I cannot but look upon our conduct, with regard to the currency, as involving much national guilt, which undoubtedly requireth much national humiliation.

The facts are so notorious, that they cannot be hid, how willing so ever we might be to draw an external veil over them, if we could, and could do it consistently with duty. Sorry am I to say any thing which might damp the joys of this day; but in our guilty world we must often mingle tears with our joys. This day, my brethren, we are called to rejoice; but let us "rejoice with trembling;" ^† for we have to deal with a holy and jealous God, who, though he pardon the offences of his people, yet may he, by one means or other, take "vengeance of their inventions." ^§ I cannot rejoice that the public debt is paid at the expence of so many innocent sufferers. I rather lament their calamity.

But I do rejoice, and we all ought to rejoice, that however various outward dispensations may be, the divine [Page 24] promise, that ‘all things shall work together for good to them that love God, ^*’ is invariable: therefore he will make up the losses of pious sufferers; or if he with­hold temporal blessings he will give that which is much better, spiritual mercies in the room of them. We ought to rejoice that friends to our common cause, even those of them who suffered most by the depredation, in­stead of stumbling at the cause on that account, they al­ways rejoiced when they heard any thing in favour of it. And it is matter of joy that, when the money must sink, how different soever the opinions and practices of the multitude had been about it, it receives its funeral, as it were, by common consent.

We ought to rejoice, that the idol to which many paid their devotion, is thrown down; for, in its operation upon their minds and practices, it afforded the fullest de­monstration of the truth of that inspired sentence, ‘The love of money is the root of all evil.’ ^‖ Like the dropsy, it was a continual growing evil; the more the quantity encreased, the more the thirst for it encreased. And had it been possible to give them, and had they re­ceived, according to their wish, a silver dollar for every paper one, it would have been a wide inlet to the highest degrees of luxury, pride, vanity, dissipation, and all the abominations that ever debauched and destroyed any state; consequently it would have entirely banished li­berty from our land, the great object for which we have spent much blood and treasure.

We have reason to rejoice, that the hopes of our ene­mies, from the depreciation of the money, are wholly frustrated. It was a scheme at first invented and exe­cuted by the friends of British government, to sink us▪ But he who bringeth the counsels of the wicked to nought, holdeth up to them the destruction of our mo­ney as paying our national debt; while Britain, in addi­tion to all their former immense debt, is immersed in a sum of more than seventy millions, in order to support [Page 25] the war against us; an object this, too painful for their vitiated eyes to look at..

Above all, we have reason to rejoice in the display of his absolute power and glory, who ‘doth according to his will in the army of heaven, and among the inha­bitants of the earth: and none can stay his hand, or say unto him, What dost thou?’ ^* After he had enabled us, by means of our paper currency, to support the war against Britain for six years, he called it Nehushtan, as Hezekiah called the brazen serpent, i.e. NOTHING; no­thing but mere brass! Our money was nothing but de­preciated stamped paper, worse than brass. With no­thing, or a thing of little or no value, the Lord con­founded the councils, and baffled all the power of Britain! ‘O sing unto the Lord a new song; for he hath done marvellous things: his right hand and his holy arm hath gotten him the victory.’ ^§

Finally, it deserves a peculiar note, that when the pa­per currency must sink, a kind providence hath, far be­yond our expectations, furnished a lasting medium in lieu of it. The money of the French troops and English prisoners circulate through the states. Our merchants, especially since the capture of 'Statia, have imported con­siderable sums. Our foreign loans have come safe into port. And the lap of plenty hath poured forth her riches to us. Never did our fields produce in such abundance as in the present year. ‘O give thanks unto the Lord; call upon his name; make known his deeds among the people.’ ^† His unmerited and needed bounties have greatly encreased our obligations. But, alas! we are more sensible of our temporal wants than of God's mercies, and more prone to murmur than to praise.

Let us beware, my brethren, lest our ingratitude and impenitence provoke him to change our prosperous state into misery. He can easily shut up our ports. Scorch­ing heats and withering frosts, blasting and mildew, or his armies raised from the earth, may soon darken our fairest prospects. The canker worm, the catterpillar and [Page 26] the locust, weak as they are, are the terrible ministers of God's vengeance. Let gratitude and repentance mark our conduct; then ‘shall the Lord give that which is good, and our land shall yield her increase.’ ^§ ‘And ye shall eat in plenty and be satisfied, and praise the name of the Lord your God, that hath dealt wonder­ously with you, and shall never be ashamed.’ ^*

VIII. The glorious prospects opened to us and to our posterity, by our successes and the manner in which they have been obtained, lay us under the sweetest and most powerful obligations to praise the Lord. These are no less than as full, and pure, and uninterrupted an enjoyment of the blessings of the gospel and of this life, as any na­tion upon earth has ever been favoured with, perhaps much more so.

I have never entertained the least doubt of the justness of our cause, or of our success in pleading it. ^† Yet I ne­ver [Page 27] expected our deliverance, either so soon or so easily, as many hoped for. You know I have frequently told you it was my opinion, that Britain would proceed to the utmost stretch of her power, and that I should not at all be disappointed to hear of the enemy's possessing them­selves of all our chief towns, and making the principal ports in all the states feel, for a time, the effects of their barbarity. I saw a great revolution was about to take place; I therefore expected a great conflict: for no great things were ever done, or great events brought to pass, without a great struggle for them. It is uniformly the conduct of divine providence, as well to nations as to [Page 28] individuals, to lay them low in order to raise them high, God chooses his people's extremity as his opportunity to grant them relief, to teach them that his own arm works their salvation, and cut off all ground of boasting from the creature. A notable instance of this we have at the en­trance of Israel into the promised land. Jericho fell with­out the stroke of a sword; yet were they chased and smitten down by the men of the next city they approached. A most discouraging circumstance to those who had many strong nations to encounter. When they had purged out the accursed thing from among them, they easily obtain a complete victory in their next attack; and God gives them the troubled, but rich valley of Achor, as a sure pledge of all their future victories, and quiet possession of the promised rest. In allusion to this is that encouraging promise to his distressed people, when afflicted and scat­tered among the nations: ‘I will allure her and bring her into the wilderness, and speak comfortably unto her. And I will give her her vineyards from thence, and the valley of Achor for a door of hope. And she shall sing there as in the days of her youth, as in the days when she came up out of the land Egypt.’ ^§ i.e. They should be reduced to a distressful and helpless con­dition, similar to that in which they were when they came from the house of bondage to Canaan; but in their desolate and afflicted state, he would appear to their joy, and begin to effect their relief, as an earnest of their fu­ture complete salvation.

Thus did God deal with us: After we had been brought exceeding low, he granted success to our arms, first in New Jersey, and afterwards in the Carolinas, in a manner so remarkable, as to be a pledge of our succeeding victories, and of the glorious prospects of years and ages to come! The rankest deist can scarcely deny the hand of Providence in our successes, and the wide door of hope they open to America.

Look forward, Americans! and behold your families quietly enjoying the fruits of their own labours. ‘They [Page 29] shall not build and others inhabit; they shall not plant, and another eat:’ Every one shall sit safe ‘under his vine and fig tree!’ Behold your towns marts of nati­ons, and your streams floating with merchandise uninter­rupted! Behold the wilderness cultivated, and the banks of your numerous lakes and rivers adorned with thriving cities and tra [...]ing towns! Look forward and behold the haunts of savages and beasts of prey become seats of the churches and worship of Christ! ‘The wilderness and solitary place shall be glad for them; and the desart shall rejoice, and blossom as the rose. It shall blossom abun­dantly, and rejoice with joy and singing; the glory of Lebanon shall be given unto it, the excellency of Car­mel and Sharon: They shall see the glory of the Lord, and the excellency of our God—and the parched ground shall become a pool, and the thirsty land springs of wa­ter—Arise, shine, for thy light is come, and the glory of the Lord is risen upon thee —and the gentiles shall come to thy light, and kings to the brightness of thy rising. They shall fly as a cloud, and as doves to their windows. For thy god will make thee an eternal excellency, a joy of many generations.’ ^* For the forementioned and simi­lar reasons which I cannot take time to enlarge upon, I firmly believe America shall be a glorious empire, abound­ing in all the blessings of the gospel, and of this life, and that our present struggles shall prepare the way for that glory. Nor is it at all improbable, that many shall come from the east to the brightness of her rising, or that the enlightning and quickning gospel of Christ shall proceed from us, as life from the dead to the nations that ‘sit in darkness and in the shadow of death.’ ‘O give thanks unto the Lord, make known his deeds among the nati­ons; sing unto him, sing psalms unto him, talk ye of all his marvellous works. Glory in his holy name: Let the heart of them rejoice that seek the Lord.’ ^† Sing and give thanks O Trenton and Princeton; for ye are our valley of Achor, in which God first opened to us a door [Page 30] of hope, and caused us to sing as in the days of youth! God bless you and cause your springs to send forth their salutary streams, to refresh his wea [...]y heritage! Give thanks to the Lord, and rejoice, O Saratoga with Ben­nington, King's Mountain with Cowpens and Eutaw Springs; for in you hath he opened to us a wide door of hope! God make your fields as Sharon, and your desarts blossom as the rose! Sing unto the Lord, York with Glou­cester, and talk ye of all his marvellous works; for you hath he given to all the states as the largest door of hope! May he that [...]tteth between the cherubims fix his temple in you, and make you a flourishing mart of nations! Let the heart of every one rejoice that seeks the Lord; for he is taking his usual steps to prepare the way for the coming of the kingdom of Christ, ‘whose kingdom is everlasting, and of whose dominion there shall be no end.’ And let all our confederate states, as with one heart and one voice, unite in the transporting song!

IX. From the preceding arguments, I hope, it will easily appear to every one who is willing to see, how strong and numerous are the obligations upon all the states to unite in praise to our God. His favours to the whole are great and marvellous; and our returns of gratitude should be hearty and unanimous. It has been the practice of good people, in all ages, to assemble together for humiliation, or praise, as the providence of God might require. ^§ When [Page 31] God opened a path for his people Israel through the sea, and, causing the waters to return, overwhelmed their enemies; ‘then sang Moses and the children of Israel this song unto the Lord, I will sing unto the Lord, for he hath triumphed gloriously; the horse and his rider hath he thrown into the sea. The Lord is my strength and song, and he is become my salvation: He is my God, and I will prepare him an habitation; my fathers God, and I will exalt him.—Thy right hand, O Lord, is become glorious in power: thy right hand, O Lord, hath dashed in pieces the enemy.— Who is like unto thee, O Lord, among the gods? who is like unto thee, glorious in holiness, fearful in praises, doing wonders?’ ^§ May the spirit of this song be written in our hearts by the Holy Ghost sent down from heaven. And when the children of Israel obtained a complete victory over the army of the Phi­listines, a perpetual memorial of it was erected in ho­nour to their great deliverer. ‘Then Samuel took a stone, and set it between Mizpeh and Shen, and called the name of it Ebenezer, saying, Hitherto hath the Lord helped us.’ ^* May we be enabled this day to set up our Ebenezer, and call upon the name of the Lord, in confidence that he who hath hitherto helped us, will yet help us.

Nature's light, as well as divine testimony, teacheth the propriety of public praises for public mercies, as appear­eth from the practice of all nations, in all ages. What [Page 32] name then do they deserve, who, through a carelessness about, a disrelish for, or contempt of the duty, refuse to cast their mite into the public rejoicings of God's people? Or those who pay no attention to the spirit of the duty, though they may mix with the public assemblies? They deserve not a name among christians of any name, be their profession what it may, nor even among rational creatures. The psalmist describeth them by their true character. ‘O Lord how great are thy works! and thy thoughts are very deep. A brutish man knoweth not; fools under­stand not this.’ ^* Brutes and fools are their names, and with these are they fittest to associate.

Our reasons for praise are great and many, and sorry I am, that there should be any dissonant chords to marr the harmony. But this must be expected, while sin is sin, and prevails in our guilty world. Those will not unite in the exalted duties of this day, whose tempers are assimilated to the tyrants themselves, and secretly wish for the success of their arms. Nor those who pour out imprecations on Congress, governors, assemblies, and councils, because the hopes of their gains in seeking the vitals of their coun­try are over. And their notes are most unsuitable to the sweet exercises of praise, who like the unbelieving Israelites in the wilderness, continually murmur at the state of our affairs, and distrust the salvation of God; instead of re­penting for their sins, and impressing their hearts with the glory of the divine government, and the many undeserved favours of heaven to us. As unsuitable to unite with the pure choir of singers are they, who only express their joys in Bacchanalian routs, mingling their notes with the songs of drunkards. ‘Wo unto them—the harp and the viol, the tabret and the pipe, and wine are in their feasts; but they regard not the work of the Lord, neither con­sider the operation of his hands.’ ^§ And lastly they will not offer the tribute due to their great benefactor, who, though they may call themselves whigs, and assume any religious name whatsoever; yet, are so sullen and un­godly in their temper, that they will not meet for worship [Page 33] with their brethren on days of humiliation and thanksgiv­ing, and seldom at any other time. [...] should not scruple to assert, that they usurp the name of whig, as well as that of christian. They are "spots" in the societies of christians, ‘clouds without rain, and wells without wa­ter.’ I cannot esteem them a whit better than the vil­est mortal deist, whose language is, ‘let us eat and drink for tomorrow we die.’ Let their temper and the tem­per of their brethren, above described, prevail in our land, then, farewel liberty! farewel all ye sweets of our painful struggles with Britain! our own chain will bind us fast.

But although the base tribe now mentioned, and those of similar characters, will not praise the Lord; yet a goodly number in all the states will, and I rejoice that they have so glorious a call to the duty. Pious persons will try to enter into the spirit of praise; for grace has implanted in their hearts the purest principles of patri­otism and of gratitude. The virtuous, who have engaged in the cause of their country from principle, though they be not pious, will attempt the duty from the common sentiments of gratitude; which, as well as common hu­miliations, are very necessary and useful, as means to re­move outward judgments from a nation, and obtain for them the common favours of providence.

My brethren, let me beseech your most pious attenti­on to the things you have heard, and to frame your con­duct accordingly. You have long been addressed by the politicians of the day, as citizens; I now address you upon the same topics, as Christians and professors of the religion of Jesus Christ. The cause of America is the cause of Christ; and as such I wish to interest you more deeply in it, by drawing you to a more full and religious improvement of his providences towa [...] us as a nation. In this view repentance and gratitude are among the chief improvements required of us. These are precious sister graces, which harmoniously unite with each other; and so inseparable is their connection, that the more you increase in the one, the more you will increase in the other [Page 34] also. We have many great national mercies to praise him for, and many atrocious national sins to be humbled for. Our sinning with an high hand under abounding judgments, and our ingratitude under abounding mercies, are very humbling considerations. But although we have many pre­sent and marvellous mercies to praise God for, and have the strongest grounds of hope for a large addition to them; yet let us not be high minded, but fear. If we shall drop into a political sleep, or political distractions, and not du­ly improve the advantages granted to us; or if we shall persist in our sins, notwithstanding all our calls to repen­tance, our calamities may be renewed and prolonged. Israel spent forty tedious years in the wilderness for their provocations, before they attained to the promised rest, which was a journey but of a few days. And many of their carcases fell in the desart for their distrust of God's salvation, for their murmuring, and their hardening their hearts against the voice of his providence and grace. Let us beware lest any of us ‘fall after the same example of unbelief.’ If we want our tranquility soon, let us soon break off from our iniquities by repentance! If we want our God to come for our compleat salvation, and "make no tarrying," let us ‘make haste, and not de­lay to keep his commandments.’ Let our murmurings be speedily turned into thanksgivings, and our complaints into praises; then shall the Lord come quickly to bless us with all the smiles of his providence and grace. ‘O that my people had hearkened unto me, and Israel had walk­ed in my ways! I should soon have subdued their ene­mies, and turned my hand against their adversaries. He should have fed them also with the finest of the wheat, and with the honey out of the rock should I have satis­fied thee.’ ³⁸ But though many should fall for their sins, they who trust the salvation of God, have seen the dawn­ings of it, they shall see it more fully, and their posterity shall enjoy it in all its fullness. For all these favours let us harmoniously unite in the praises of our God! And may all the people, every where, unite in the same blessed notes [...] [Page 36] every nation, and export your produce to every market. And with your produce the enlarging privileges of the gospel may be transmitted to many nations that sit in darkness, to proclaim liberty to those captives, and the opening of the prison doors to those who have been long bound in chains of ignorance and error. ‘LET THE PEOPLE PRAISE THEE, O GOD, LET ALL THE PEOPLE PRAISE THEE! Then shall the earth yield her increase, and God, even our God, shall bless us. God shall bless us, and all the ends of the earth shall fear him.’