Of Letters great and small, and when each are to be Used; Their Division into Vowels and Consona [...]ts: Of Diph­thongs, what they are, how many, and how Pronounced and Written.

THERE is no Building without a Foundation. Therefore whoever would obtain the Accomplishment of Writing all [...]ons of En­gli [...] Word [...] properly, and Scholar [...], mu [...] in the first Place, end [...]avour to understand [...] whereof all Words are composed.

These are in Number Twenty four, and are to be consi­dered in their Form, their Nature, and their Force.

1. As to their Form, Letters are e [...]ther Small, as a, [...], c, &c. or Great (which ar [...] [...]all [...]d Capitals) as A, B, C. &c. And to know when rightly to use the one▪ and when the [...] ▪ is the first step towards good Clerk-ship; wherein th [...] Rule will guide you.

[Page 2] You must never use Great Letters in the míddle, or end of [...] Word (unless the whole be wrote so, as LORD) but always in the beginning: And there too; only in these six Cases following, viz. 1. At the beginning of any Writing. 2. After every Period, or Full-Point, when a new [...]. 3. At the beginning of every Line in Poetry, and every Verse in the Bible. 4. Proper Names of all sorts, whether of Persons, Places, or Things, and the like, must begin with them. 5. So also the Names and Terms of Arts, Dignities, Offices, or any other Word of special Note in a Sentence; or to which we pay a particular De­ference; [...] God, King, your Lordship, &c. And lastly, The Personal Pronoun I; must always be a Capital. The small Letters are every where else to be used.

It would therefore be highly ridiculous to write thus:

master george francklin the coroner of kent, with dorothy his wife, came last maRch to loNDon, where i met him.

When it should be,

Master George Franklin, the Coroner of Kent, with Dorothy his Wife, came last March to London, where I met him.

Note, There are two Forms of s used in writing; the long s, which is always put in the beginning, or middle of Words, and the short s, which only comes in the end, or after another s; As substantial, Assesments; not sub­stantial [...];

Note also, That i and n, the reasons which we shalt mention by and by, are oft-times written thus, j, v.

2. As to the Nature of Letters, they are either Vowels or Consonants.

The Vowels are commonly counted but five, viz. [Page 3] a, e, i, o, u, but we must add to them y, when it cometh after a Consonant.

All the rest are Consonants, and so are j, [...], and y, when any of them come before a Vowel.

They are called Vowels, (which is as much as to say Self-Sounders) because each of them gives a perfect sound of it self; whereas the Consonant (that is, Sounders toge­ther with) cannot be pronounced without out of the Vow­els: As, to say B, you must make use of the sound e after it; and in q, of u, and in m or s, of e, before them, &c.

When two Vowels come together, and yet are not par [...] ­ed in Pronunciation, but the sound of them both united, it is called a DIPHTHONG [that being originally a Greek Word, signifying a Double Sound] As heard, sweet, People; not he-ard, swe-et, People.

Of these Diphthongs we have Twelve that are chiefly to be observ'd; that is to say, ai, ei, oi, au, eu, ou, [...], [...], ea, eo, oa, and ie: As in these Words, Faith, Either, Join, A [...]l, E [...]ch, Stant, Seed, Food, Wealth, People, Beat, Friend.

Where you may observe, that in the first six, both Vowels are fully founded; but in the last, one of the Vow­els is but little, or scarce at all heard; and therefore by some they are called improper Dipthongs.

Note, That ay, ey, oy, are also Diphthongs, and have the same sound with ai, ei, oi; only these are used in the beginning or middle of Words, those always in the end; so we write, air, fair, Heifer, either, Cheister; not ayr, fayr, eyther, Cleyster; but May, Joy, Whey, &c. not Mai, Joi, Whei.

Aw, ew, ow, are likewise Dipthongs, and have the same sound with [...], [...], and ou, save that those are used chiefly in the end of Words. And ow is sound­ed flat and soft; as A Bow, to [...]; whereas ou is more sharp and shrill, as Thou, you, adieu, Yet, contrary to [Page 4] this Rule, we do commonly write these Words follow­ing of a sharp sound, with ow, viz. To Bow, A Cow, Flower, Fowl, How, Power, Sow, Vowel. Again, on the other side, we write some with ou, and yet pro­nounce them as flat as the sound of ow, in know, viz. Four, Soul, drought. But certainly it is an Inconveniency, that Words under one and the same manner of Writing, should have a double and different Sound: To remedy which, some preferring Reason before corrupt Custom, use ow where ever the Sound is soft and flat, either in the begin­ning, middle, or end of a word; but ou where it is sharp: And write thus:

I want Strength to bou this Bow.

Do you mow the Grass, and I will lay it up in the Mow.

Toe; Pease I sow to Fat the Sou, not the Cou. Hou can I make up the Hop-Garden without a How? Others distin­guish them by adding e, As Jane is an ill-bred Sow, and cannot so we.

But I take the other writing to be more natural,

AE and oe (which have peculiar Characters, viz. AE and oe) are not properly English Diphthongs, but Latin, and therefore we in English do, for them, commonly both write and sound the single e. As Equity, Femele, Phenix, Tragedy, from AEquitas, Foemina, P [...]oenix, Tragoedia. Yet, in borrowed Words, of rare use, and especially in proper Names, as AEneas, AEtna, OEconomy, &c. The best Authors use the Diphthongs, to denote their Origi­nal.

Question, When two Vowels come together, Is it always a Diphthong?

Answer. No, not always; but generally where any of the before-mentioned Pairs of Vowels happen together, they make a Diphthong, and must be sounded jointly, except in these Words following:

ea are parted in Beatitude, Create, Creator, Creation, [Page 5] Genealogy, Ocean, Pag [...]ant, [...]eal, Serjeant, [...], Ven­geance.

And ei in Atheist, Atheism, Deity, Polytheism.

Eo is a Diphthong in Dungeon, Hideo [...], Meteor, Pig [...]n, S [...]utcheon, Surgeon, Theory.

O a are severed in Co-action, Co-adjurer.

Ie is parted in Audience, Brier, Buried, Busied, Clothier, Dier, Diet, Driet, Espiet, Gaiety, Laiety, Moiety, Quiet, Studied.

Ui are parted in Ambiguity, Fruition, Genuine, Gratuity, Puissant, Perspicuity.

E e in Pre-eminence, Pre-em [...]tion, Re-enter, Re-edify.

Oi in Doing and Going.

Likewise, most Vowels that come together like Diphthongs, are parted in all proper Names of Persons or Places men­tioned in the Bible, As La-ish, Alphe-us, Cesure- [...], Gill [...]-ab, Abine-am, &c. save only Cain, Cainan, Theudas, Rubem, and Beelzebub, where the Vowels are sounded together as Diphthongs

In all such Words where two Vowels come together they are to be parted, that they may not seem to make a Diphthong. If you would write exactly, you ought to make this Mark [...] over the latter Vowel, which is called Diaeresis, or a Note of Partition, thus Laiety, Capernaum, Gilead, &c. Tho' this, thro' the Negligence of Printers and Writers, is often omitted.

There are some few Words derived from French, where three Vowels are joyn'd in our sound; as Lieutenant, Beauty, &c. which may be called Triphthongs.

Note, That altho' we have but 24 Letters, and fix of them Vowels, are we have 21 Consonants; For I, U and Y, when they are set before any Vowels in the same Syllable, do become Consonants. And in such a Case, the two former must be Written with a different Character from that which they have when they are Vowels, viz. j and v, (which by Learned Men and Printers, are called Jo [...] [Page 6] and Vo) As single, [...], [...], vulgar; not [...], which would be uncouth and absurd, therefore this is to be carefully observed. And in such a case I know no need of a Tittle over j, which yet you must always make over [...].

And tho' y keeps one and the same Form, yet whereas, (when 'tis a Consonant,) it differs much from j Consonant. As may be perceived by these Examples— jet, yet, jew, yew, joke, yoke.

Y being Originally a Greek Vowel, is rightly used, 1st In most Words derived from that Tongue; As Chrystal, Presbyter, Martyr, Apocrypha, Apocalyps. 2. English Words that end with the sound of i, may be indifferently writ with a y, or ie; as Safety or Safetie, Beauty or Beautie, but you must never end them with an i only, as Bounti, Safeti, for we have no English words so termina­ted. 3. When two ii's come together, y is put in the place of the [...], because it looks handsomer; as Bury­ing, Marrying, (not Burieing, Marrieing, nor Buriing, Marriing) and sometimes when e followeth, as Marryeth, Buryeth.

Of Syllables, and Rules how to divide them.

IT is very necessary both for True Writing and Reading, to understand the Nature and proper Division of Syl­lables.

A Syllable is either a Vowel, or Diphthong, sounding by it self, or joined with one or more Consonants in [...] sound, and pronounced at one Breath.

For since each of the five Vowels make a perfect Sound, any of them may be, and often is a Syllable, as a-hate, e-ve-ry, i-vie, o-pinion, [...]. So most of the Diph­thongs, as an-ger, En-s [...]ace, ow-ner, ai-der ai-ster, [...], [...].

[Page 7] Many Consonants with one Vowel may make but one Syllable; as Length, Strength, Knights.

1. Rule, If two Vowels come together in a Word, and yet are no Diphthong, but both fully sounded, they must be divided, as in Di-et, Mu-tu-al, Tri-umph, Co- [...], Co-equal.

2. Rule, If the same Consonant be doubled in the mid­dle of a Word, they must be divided; as in Ab-be, Ac­cord, Ad-der, Af-fect, Ag-gra-vate, and the like.

3. Rule, A Consonant coming between two Vowels, must be joined to the latter; as in E-qui-tie, De-liver; not Eq­uit-i [...], Del-iver.

4. Rule, Two Consonants between two Vowels do sepa­rate themselves, one to the former, the other to the latter Syllable; as Stran-ger, For-tune.

But no these general Rules, there are these Exceptions following.

First, x, in any Word, must be joined to the Vowel before it, contrary to the third Rule; as Ox-en, Ex-ercise.

The Reason is, because 'tis a double Consonant, and has the sound of c and s, which cannot begin a Syllable, For,

Secondly, Any two or three Consonants, which may be joined to begin any English Word, are not to be sepera­ted in the middle of any Word; so you must not spell ag-ree, bes-tow, res-rain, &c. but a-gree, be-strow, re­srain, because gr [...]st, and fr do begin several English Words, as in the following Example.

The two Consonants that may begin Words, are Thirty in Number, &c.

As in Bl. Blunt. Br. Bread. Ch. Church. Cl. Clock. Cr. [...] Dr. Drink. Dw. Dwell, Fl. Flame. Fr. Frank. Gl. Glove. Gn. Gn [...]w. [Page 8] Gr. Grave. Kn. Know. Pl. Play, Pr. Pray. Sc. [...]. Sh. Shut. Sk. Sk [...]. Sp. Sport. St. Stop. Sl. Slew. Sm. Smites Sn. Snow. Sq. Squi [...]. Sw. Sway. Th. Thunder, Tr. Treasure. Tw. Two. Wh. Whistle. Wr. Wrest.

The three Consonants that may begin a Word, are these Nine, viz. Sch. School. Scr. Scrape. Shr. Shrink. Skr. Skrew. Spl. Split. Spr. Spring. Str. Stroke. Thr. Threw. Thw. Thwart.

All these must be spelt together, and not seperated, except in compounded Words; and there each simple Word must retain its own Letters. As

So Trans-pose, not Tran-spose, because 'us Compounded of trans.

So Cramp-ring, not Cram-pring.

So likewise all Words that remain intire, when their Prepositions and Terminations, (which of themselves signify nothing) are taken away from them, must be spelt by themselves, as stand-ing, not stan-ding; reclaim-ed, not reclai-med, un-ex-pect-ed, not u-nex-pec-ted.

Thirdly, Any, Consonant joined with I, or r, before e, in the end of a Word, is inseparable; as in the very Word in-se-pa-ra-ble, tri-fle, Mi-tre.

Fourthly, This Particle es, at the end of Words (which we commonly either Nouns of the Plural Number, or Verbs of the Third Person) is, sometimes swallowed up of the foregoing Syllable, and serves only to make it long; but sometimes it makes a Syllable of it self.

Note, A Noun is the Name of a Thing, A Verb is a [Page 9] Word that betokeneth to do, or to suffer, or to be. The singular Number speaks but of one, the plural of more. The first Person is when a Man speaks of himself, as, I come. The second when one speaks to another, as, Thou comest. The third, as He comes or cometh.

In these Words following it closes with the former Syllable.

But in these it may be a Syllable by it self.

Note, That these Verbs, are, by the Curious, written with an Apostrophus, as Refreshe's, for Refresheth, or doth Refresh, especially when the Verb and the Noun are both alike, to distinguish them, as, he hide's himself amongst [Page 10] the Hides. For otherwise it seems needless to write an Apostrophus where s is set for th, as Love's for be Loveth; there being nothing omitted, only the th (which in sound is but one Letter) is changed into s.

Es is also sounded in these Words, Aloes, Jubiles, Epitornes; and in all proper Names, as Moses, The-res, [...] except James.

If these Rules for dividing so Syllables seem too tedious and intricate, a little practice and observation will render them easy and familiar: In the mean time take this for a general Direction, That Syllables are so to be divided in Spelling as they are in Speaking. And be sure if you can­not write a whole Word at the end of a Line, break it off at the end of a Syllable; as for Example, Communi­in one Line, and [...]tion in the next, not Communic- in one Line, and [...]tion in the next; so if I should write discharge at the end of a Line thes, discharge, it would be ridicul­ous, for if I could not bring it in all, I ought to have left off after dis, and begun the next Line with the other Syllable.

Of Letters that ought to be Written, and yet are not Sounded, and the Reasons thereof; particularly of e at the end of a Word, when it must, and when it should not he Written.

IN the Words Isaac, Cuiaphas, Canaanite, Sabaoth, and Pharaoh, one of the a's is not pronounced, they being originally Hebrew.

And b after m, in Words of one Syllable, are not sounded, as in Lamb, Climb, Comb, Dumb, Tomb, Womb, Thumb, And before t, as Debt, Debtor, Doubt.

And c is not sounded in Indict, Indictment, Indicted. Nor [...] in Wednesday. Nor e in the middle of the Word [Page 11] [...]orge. And [...] at the end of a Word is very [...]eldom [...], except in those of one Syllable, as Me, [...], [...]e, be, ye, [...]e, where it has the [...]ound of a [...], o [...] [...]. And in Words derived from the H [...]bre [...] and [...], a [...] Jesse, J [...]bile, [...], Ni [...]ive, C [...]d [...]n, C [...], [...], [...], [...], [...], Epit [...], [...], &c.

In other Words where [...] is put at the end, and the Sound [...]ot heard, y [...] it is not [...]uper [...]uous, no [...] to be [...]mitt [...]d in Writing, for these following Reasons:

1. It serves to draw the Syllable long, which with [...] must be sounded short, and so several Words of different Sense would be con [...]ounded, which by this means are plainly distinguished, as appears by these Examples.

T [...] Curse and Ban is Childre [...]s Ba [...]e.

A Hedger's Bill is no [...]it Instr [...]t where-with to [...] a Bil [...].

You may Bi [...]e one Bit of my Apple.

I did Bathe my self in a Bath.

I can break this Japan Cane.

A Scolding Dame deserves to be d [...]ckt in the Mill [...]Da [...],

Meat that is [...]etcht far is Ladies fare.

A piece of Fir is good for the Fire.

I am out of Hope to [...]ave one H [...]p this Year.

They say a Cat [...]as nine Lives, but to be sure [...] will Live as long as [...]he can see me alive.

Bad usage [...]as made many a Man mad.

Let the Man cut my Horse's Mane.

'Tis two Miles to the next Mill.

I will quit and discharge you quite of [...] ▪

To Rid the way let's Ride the faster.

The Poor will Scrape up every Scrap.

I cannot S [...]are all Night at a Sta [...].

For a new Tune I get a Tu [...] [...]f Wine.

Oft-times one Twin doth twine about the other▪

For a Pint of Wine you do not Win.

Are you not asham'd to Whine for a S [...]r [...]tch with [...] W [...]in, or [...] Furz Bu [...]?

[Page 12] I will Write to my Lawyer for a Writ

Nay, this e final does not only draw out the Syllable after one Consonant, but sometimes effects the same after two; as in Finde, Minde, Winde, Rinde, Binde, Waste, Taste, Tithe, Childe, which therefore ought to be so written.

Yet these following Words seem priviledg'd by Custom, to be pronounc'd long, without an e in the end, viz. Bold, cold, hast, post, told, scold, bolt, Golt, dolt, most, Ghost, both, Ruth; but if any should add an e to them, tho' it might seem unfashionable, I could not blame him, because 'tis but reasonable: But in other Words 'tis a self-contra­diction to add e in the end, which makes a Syllable long, after I have made it short with two Consonants; and there­fore I must write, pass, turn, black; not passe, turne blacke.

2. Another Reason for writing e final when not sounded, is to soften the sound of these two Letters, c and g, as in Ace, place, lice, truce, Justice; whereas otherwise c sounds strong, like k, as in ac-cept, ac-count, and the like of g, as in stag and stage, hug and huge, swing and swinge, string and fringe.

And here Note, That if g be hard with a long Vowel, ue is added, and always pronounc'd in the same Syllable, as Plague, Rogue, Prague, the Hague, Intrigue, Catalogue, Dialogue, Prologue, Epilogue, Synagogue, Collegue, Prorogue, League, Tongue. Beware that you do not read such Words Catalo-gue, Intri-gue, nor write them Catalog, Prolog, &c.

But if g be short, with a short Vowel, then it must have d before it, as in badg, ledg, bridg, lodg, judg, which Words are thereby differenced both in Sound and Writing, from bag, leg, log, jug.

3. Another use of e at the end of Words, is for Oxna­ment, rather than Necessity; for so we add it to Words ending in i, o, or u, as Charitie, Vertue, Foe, Toe, where it does not vary the Sound, except after i, and there it makes the Syllable sound more gently, like the Diphthong ee, as Charitie is pronounc'd, as if it were written Charitee. Like­wise in Nouns and Verbs singular, 'tis generally added after the long s, joined with another Consonant; as Horse, Curse, [Page 13] to Nurse, Disburse: for we do not use to write Hors, Disburs, Curs, much less Hors, Disburs, Nurs; and I take the reason to be partly because those Words are thereby the more readily varied; As Nurse, Nurses; Curse, Curseth; Disburse, Disburses. And especially because the short s after r, with­out an e, makes a soft Sound, as Wars.

If to e at the end of a Word, a long Vowel be added, the e is lost, and must be omitted in Writting, as love, loving, not loveing; have, having, not haveing; except these endings ge and ce, before able, as change, change-able; peace, peace-able; not chan-ga-ble, pea-ca-ble.

It is needless to use e at the end of a Syllable already made long by a Diphthong, and therefore you must write, gnaw, fear, weight; not gnawe, feare, weighte; except when it is to give a right sound to soft s, soft th, and to these endings, ce, ge, ve; as please, soothe, peace, siege, leave.

Words of one short Syllable, ending with s Consonant, are to be written with a single Consonant; and without any e after; as sin, son, sun, at, put, war; not sinne, sonne, sunne, &c. altho' such Words are so writ in our old Bibles, and after the same manner in the Plural, sinnes sonnes, &c. But this is reform'd in our later Impressions.

6. G is not sounded, tho' written, in Sign, and its Com­positions, Assign, Resign, Design, Consign; nor in Seignior, Reign, Sovereign, Arraign, Phlegm, and the like.

7. H has Place, but no Voice, in Authority, Christ, Christopher, Chrystal, Chrysostom, Chronick, Chronology, Chronography, Ghost, John, Rhide, Rhenish, Rhetoric, Sche­dule, Schism, and Thomas.

8. I is not much, if at all, sounded in these Words, Adieu, Juice, Pursuit, Bruit, Fruit, Suit, Bruise; yet in the five last, it draws the Syllable long.

9. K is not heard in Back, Deck, Sick, Rock, [...]uck, &c. for the Latines made the same sound with c alone, as Lac, Nec, Dic, Hec, Duc; and our best Authors do now write such Words, when deduced from the Greek or Latine, in ous, with c only, as Public, Physic, Catholic. But if the [Page 14] [...]

[...]

[...]

[...]

13. U is written many times after g, when it has no Sound; as Guide, Guardian, &c. and always after q; as in Queen, Quick, and the like. In the Words Buy, Build, [...], Circuit, 'tis also silent, and so also in Labour, Favour, Honour, and other Words of like [...].

I have been the longer upon this Rule, that my Young Learner may have full and plain Instructions, in relation to the true knowledge of the Sound of those Letters which ought to be Written, and particularly the Letter e, which, tho' the second Vowel, affords more variety of Instruction, than any of the other: So that by following carefully the Observation I have made, the Learner will know when this significant Letter must, or must not be written at the end of a Word.

Of Letters sounded alike, and how to avoid Mistakes in writing one for the other.

C And K, they have great Affinity in Sound, but to distinguish when you ought to use one, and where the other; Observe,

That C hath the force of K only before a, e, co, u, and these two Consonants, l and r. And therefore you must write Care, Cow, Cooper, Cupboard, Clergy, Crown; not Kare, Kow, Kooper, Kupboard, Klergy, Krown. But [Page 15] before e and i. C has commonly the sound of S; as Caesar, Citers, not Kasar, Kiters. And the use of K, is only before e, i, and [...]; as Key, Keep, Kill, Knight; not Cry, Ceep, Cill, Cnight. And for this Reason too, we ought to write Calender, Catherine, Catholic; not Kalender, Katherine, Katholic; altho' these two last come of Greek Words, written with Kuppa.

In short Syllables you must write c before k, if a Vowel go before, as Buck, Thick, Stick, and the Reason, as I told you a little before, is, because k is never doubled; but if a Consonant come before k, there is then no need of c, as Banks, Barks; nor Bancks, Barcks.

C is to be written after x, in some Words derived from the Latin, as Exceed, Excel, Excessive; not Exeed, Exel.

Ch in meer English Words, or such as are derived from the French and Latin, sounds chee, as in Approach, and Acts, Charity; and if the Syllable be pronounced [...], you must write e before the ch, as Catch, Wretch, Scatch [...]n; But in the following Words, borrowed from Hebrew and Greek, ch has the sound of k; as in Character, [...], Chederleomer, Antioch, Encharist, Anchor, [...], [...] Chushite, [...], Malchus, Melchizedoc, Baruch; And must be read as if they were wrote Karacter, Kederleemer, [...], Antiok, Baruk, &c.

And the same in all other like Words, except these, Rachel (not Rakel) Cherubim, Tychicus (not Tykicus) Arch­bishop, Arch-duke; yet these two Words; Architect and Archangel, are pronounced as if they were spelt Arkitect Arkangel, and the Reason I conceive to be, because in the two last, a Vowel, but in the former, a Consonant follows.

F and ph will not be mistaken, if it be remembered, that the first is used in all English Words, as face, find, &c. The latter in these few following, derived of the Greek and Hebrew.

[Page 16] (for which yet we commonly use [...])

Beware therefore of writing these Words with an [...], for it were equally as absurd to see Filososy; Fhysician; as [...] would be to behold Phastning, [...], Phigure, instead of fastning, find, figure.

Gb in the end of some few Words where [...] or [...] goes before, has the Sound of [...] as Laugh, Cough, Tough, Enough, wherein [...] the a loses its Sound; yet have a [...] you do no make your Readers sport by writing Laff, Coff, Tuff, and Enuff; because Custom has not yet allowed thereof; yet Cuff, Snuff, Haff, Buff, &c. must be so written.

G before e and i is sounded soft like j Consonant, as Agent, George, Gentle, Ge [...], Generosity, Generation, Gender Genealogy, Geometry, Gesture, Giant, Ginger, Clergy, Gipsy, Imagine, Do not play the Fool, and write Ajent, Jeneration, jingee, &c. Yet we must write Ajax, January, Janizeries, [...], jeer, [...], joy, not [...], Gob [...]t, geer.

C has many times the Sound of s; To distinguish them take these Rules:

1. You must write c before e or i, in Accept, Special, Circumcision, Exceed, being Words derived from the Latin wherein e must be retained.

2. Words that end with the sound of ace, ec, ice, nce, are generally wrote with c; as Mace, piece, Lice, induce, So also Words in ance, [...], ince, once, unce, ancy, or ency; as Countenance, Prudence, Quince, Sconce, Dunce, Lieutenancy, Continence; not Countenants, Continensy, or the like, Except out of this Rule these Words.

[Page 17]

3. Words ending in the Sound of ose, use, [long] must be wrote with s, as Hose, Nose, Abuse, Chuse.

4. C. [...]ounds like a soft s, is these Words Sacrifice, Suffice, and in Glocester and Worcester, the ce [...]s not at all sounded in common Speech, yet must not be left out in Writing.

5. As for the beginning of Words, these following having the Sound of S, must be written with a C.

All other Words (as near as I can remember) of that Sound, must begin, with s, as Sack, Senate, sob, Sum, &c.

6. There are seven Words (I can think of no more at present) beginning with She, Sci, Sobe, and Sobi, which ought to be taken notice of, to prevent their being written wrong (as they seem to sound) with an s only; And they are Scene, Scepter, Schedule, Schijin, Science, [...], [...]; which you must read as if they were wrote. Sene, Septer, Sedul, yet Scheme and Skeleton are always [...]anded Skeme, Skeleton, so Scarcity, Schollar, Scrivener, [...]

[Page 18] Ti, before, a Vowel, generally sounds like si, as Patience, Dictionary, except when s goes before, as Fustian, Com­bustian. And except the Word tied, and whenever a Word ending in ty hath another Syllable added to it that begins with a Vowel, as from Plenty, Pienteous; Mighty, Mightier.

T. [...] re since the same Sound is frequently to be expressed by ty, and sometimes by si, (especially in the ends of Words) it will be worth while to understand when, and where, properly to use each, and the Reason thereof.

For your Guidance herein, Pray Observe these Directions.

1. Generally you must write [...], not [...]. in Words that end with the sound of ation, ition, action, iction; except where there is a double s, as Passion, [...] an sh, as Cushion, Fashion; not Cution, Fation. But more particularly,

2. You are to know that the Reason of the different writing of such like sounding Words is this, they are all originally Latin Verbals, derived from the first Supine, which if it end in tum, then you write ti; if in sum, then fi. However because all People are not acquainted with Supines, I shall here set down those Words of both sons that most frequently occur.

Of Points and Stops.

SInce Points, Stops and Notes are of abso­lute necessity in Writing True English, Therefore

All Points and Stops must be observ'd when you Would write with Credit, and your Skill would [...].

If stops be small, than Comma you shou'd take,

The Comma (,)

If great, you must a Semi-colon make,

The Semicolon (;)

If half a sentence, then the Colon [...]

The colon (:)

Must plainly make. If out this point doth shewed.

The Period or full Point. (.)

The Period is a point of perfect sence, and perfect Sentence, at the end of which the Tone of the Voice [...] below us ordinary Tenor, with a long [...]——

An Apostrophas (')

This is set o'er that plane where you Leave out a Vowel, as there Words do [...]

Pen'd, sin'd, train'd, t'other, 'tis, [...]

Hyphen, Divisioner Notê of Connexion (-)

[Page 30] When you have Compound Words or end your line, In parting Words this Mark is for a sign.

As Old-England, New-York, Husband-man.

An Interogation (?)

This Note is put when any Question's made, As doth appear in what is under-said.

Qu. What shall I do? Whether shall I flee? Whom [...] I blame? Where is the Man?

A Note of Admirations (!)

This Mark denotes our suddain-Admiration, Of what we say, or Write, or give Relation,

As, Hear, O Heaven! give our, O [...]

A Parenthesis ()

This Mark a sentence doth inclose when we Use, or omit the same, yet sence 'twill be.

As, In me (that is, in my flesh) dwelleth no good thing.

A Note of Citation (")

This is then made when Authors quoted, are, And do shew forth what they to us declars.

An Index (

[figure]

)

This Note like to a fore-finger is made, To point to what Remarkable is said.

Asterism (*) Oblisk (†)

These are as Notes, always referring to The Margin, where the meaning you may know,

A Section §

A Paragraph ¶

A [...] [...]

Of Numeration.

Numeration, [...] express or write down the [...]

[Page 32] All Numbers are written with the Characters, called Figures, [...] which the last is called a Cypher, and of it self it signifieth nothing, but serveth (according as it is placed) to encrease or diminish the value of another figure, to which it is either annexed or prefixed.

The Ten Characters of Figures by which all Numbers are expressed, are thus written, viz.

The Cypher serveth to make up the number of places, but of it self signifieth nothing.

The nine first of these are called significant Figures.

And the value of any Figure Increaseth in a Ducuple pre­portion from the right Hand to the left, every place being Ten times the value of the former, as you may see in the following Table.

[Page 33]

[...]

Over against every place of the Numbers in the [...] Table is written in words at length the value their [...] Units, Tens, Hundreds, Thousands, &c. which [...] being perfectly gotten by heart, and [...], will be thereby enabled to [...] of any Number proposed.

[Page 34] And on the right Hand of the Table over against every Number therein contained you are directed how to read of express those Numbers: As 987654321 is thus to be read, viz. Nine Hundred Eighty Seven Millions, six Hundred fifty four Thousand, three Hundred twenty one. And the like is to be understood of the rest.

Although the foregoing Table be made to consist but of Nine Places, yet it may be continued to more Places at pleasure, even ad infinitum, observing that the value of every place is ten times at much at that which goeth before it; so the tenth place is Thousands of Millions, the eleventh place is Tens of Thousands of Millions, the 12 place is Hundreds of Thousands of Millions, and the 13 th Place is Millions of Millions Million [...]

Thus much of [...], next we shall proceed to Addition.

Of ADDITION.

ADdition Teacheth us to add, or put together divers Numbers, and to bring them to one total Sum. As if 7 and 9 were given to be added together, the Sum will be 16, and the Sum of 5 and 4 is nine.

When it is required to add together several Numbers of one Denomination, they must (in order to the Work) be disposed of according to the following example, viz.

Let it be required to add 136 and 42 together, they must be placed one under the other as followeth, viz. Thus

Having placed the given Numbers, as before is directed, then draw a streight line under them, and (beginning at the Place of units) add all the figures together that stand over­ [...] another in that Rank, putting their Sum enter the said streight line; As in this Example, I say, 2 and [...] wherefore I put a [...] the line, [...] proper place,—2 and 6, and proceed to [...] next Rank which is the [Page 35] Place of Teal, saying 4 and 3 is 7 wherefore I put 7 in in its proper place under the line, and proceed to the next last Rank, where I find only 1, which I put down in its proper place under the line, and so the Work is finished; and I find that the Total Sum of 136 and 42 to be 178. See the Operation in the Margenn.

If in adding together any of the Ranks (as is before directed) their Sum amounts to, or excedeth 10, or any number of tens, then in such case you are either to see down a Cypher under the line in its proper Place, or else the excess above the ten or tens; and for every ten carry one unite to be added to the next Rank of Figures. As, if it amount to 30, then set down (o) a Cypher, and carry 3 (for the three tens) to be added, to the next Rank; if a amount to 34, then set down four under the Rank that you added, and carry 3 to the next, &c. And when you have cast up the last Rank towards the left Hand, set down the Total that it amounteth to, as in the following Example.

I begin, saying 2 and 6 is 8, and 4 is 12, and 8 makes 20, which is just 2 tens, wherefore I put down 8 under the line, and carry 2, to the next Rank for the 2 Tens, and proceed, saying, 2 that I carry and 4 is 6, and 9 is 15, and 6 is 21, and 4 is 25, which is 5 above 10. Wherefore I put down 5 under the line, and carry 2 for the 2 tens to the next Rank; and then proceed, saying, 2 that I carry, and 2 is 4, and 2 is 6, and 3 is 9, and 7 makes 16. Wherefore (because it is the last Rank) I put down 16 under the line, and so the work is finished, the total Sum of this Addition being 1650.

A Men had in his Orchad 13 [...] Apple-Trees, 76 Pear-Trees, 107 Cherry-Trees and 36 Ph [...]l-Trees, and be desires treatly to know new many Trees be hath in all.

[Page 36] Place your Numbers [...]oot under another, at in the Margent, and then begin to add them together at your right Hand, saying 6 and 7 is 13 and 6 is 19, and 6 is 25, place 5 under the line, and carry 2 to the next Row, saying 2 and 3 is 5 and 7 is 12 and 3 is 15, place 5 under the line, and carry 1 to the next row, saying, 1 and 1 is 2 and 1 is 3, which 3 I set under the line, and ( because [...]re was [...]o [...] i [...] that row, therefore) the total is 355, and so many Trees are in the Orchard.

Of Substraction.

SUbstraction is the taking of one or more small Numbers out of a greater, as 7 out of 20, or 37 out of 38, or the like.

Example 1. First set down the greater Number (from which you would substract) and then place the lesser Number (to be substracted) under it, draw a Line, as you see done in the Margin, and begin with the first Figure towards the Right hand, (which is 6) say­ing, 6 from 9, and there remain▪ 3 s [Page 45] place 3 under the line and go to the next figure, which is 3, saying 3 from 7, and there remains 4, place 4 under the line, and go to the next figure, which is 1, saying 1 from 3 and there remains 2, place 2 under the line and your Substraction is ended.

Example 2. I have borrowed 96527 l and I have paid 2976 l. and I want to know how much I have yet to pay.

In order to resolve which, Place the figures one under another (as you see done in the Margin) draw a line under them, and begin with the first figure towards the right Hand, say 6 out of 7, and there remains 1, which set down, and go to the next, saying, 7 out of 2 I cannot ( wherefore you must borrow 10, and add it to your figure 2, which makes it 12, then say▪ 7 from 12 and there remains 5, which set down. Then go to the next, and say, 9 and 1 that I borrowed is 10 ( for when ever you borrow, you must be sure to pay it back again to the next figure) 10 from 5 I cannot, but (I borrow (10) and add it to 5, which makes it 15; then say) 10 from 15 and there remains 5, which set down under the line, Then go on, and say, one that I borrowed (or 1 that I carry) and 2 is 3, take 3 out of 6 and three remains 3, which place under the line; because there are no more Figures to be substracted from the Number above, you must say 0 from 9 and there remains 9, which place down under the line, and your Substraction is ended, and it shows that you have 93551 l, yet to pay.

Of Multiplication.

MUltiplication serveth instead of many Additions, and teacheth of two Numbers given to increase the greater as often as there are Unites in the le [...]er.

There are three things strictly to be observed in Multi­plication, viz. [Page 46]

2. The Multi [...]er, or Sum by which you Multiply.

3. The Product, or Sum Produced▪

But before you enter upon the Practice of Multiplication, it is necessary to learn the Multiplica­tion Table by heart. which is here set in the Margin.

TO Read this Table of Multiplication, 1 st, Begin at the Top, at the Figure 2, saying, 2 times 2 is 4. 2 dly, 3 times 3 is 9, &c. Next, 4 times 4 is 16. Then in the last Line read, 9 times 9 is 81. The Table is so plain, that I need give you no more Directions.

Therefore I shall proceed to give you some Examples of the Practice of Multiplication.

1. Example. What is the Num­ber of 3 times 654?

Answer. If you set down the Number 654, 3 times one un­der the other, and add them to­gether, you will find the Num­ber to be 1962.

But by Multiplication such Questions are more readily an­swered than by Addition. And therefore I set the Number in question down thus,

65 [...] Multiplicand,

[...] Multiplyer.

In order thereto, you must [...] ▪ In Multiplication to [...]et down the greatest Number first, and the lesser under it, and [Page 47] then begin at the Right hand, and multip [...] every [...] the Multiplic [...]nd by each Figure of the Multiplyer; [...] in Addition) set down all that is under 10, or [...] and for every 10 carry 1 to the next place, [...] set down the Tens. The following Examples [...] to you.

Now to know how much 3 times 654 is, begin thus, saying, 3 times 4 is 12, the Figure 2 of [...] set below the Line, and bea [...] the 1 of the 12 in Mind, as 1. Next, 3 times [...] is 15, and the 1 bore in mind, mak [...] 16, so 1 for 6 be­low the Line, and [...]ar the 10 in mind as 1; Next, I say 3 times 6 is 1 [...], and [...] 1 I bor [...] in mind makes 19, which I set down, and the [...] will stand as [...] the Margin.

Example 2. Let it be required to Multiply 52 by [...]7, set them down as in Margin, and draw [...] under them, and begin with the Multiplier, saying, 7 times 2 is 14, [...] down 4 under 7, and carry 1 [...] the next place▪ saying, 7 times 5 is 35, [...] [...] that I carried is 36, which set down, as you see in the Margin, and [...] Product of this Mutiplication is [...]

Next, I will give you an Example how [...]o [...] more than one [...]igure. Let it then [...]e [...] to Multiply 3712 by 48. Place your Number as [...] Margin, and pro­ceed according to the [...] Example, say­ing 8 times 2 is 16, set down [...], and carry 1 to the next place, say [...] 8 times 1 [...] 8 and 1 that I carry is 9, set down 9 and carry 0, saying 8 times 7 is 56. set down 6 and carry [...] [...]

And having done with the first Figure of the Multipl [...]er, cancel [...]t with a dash of the Pen, and proceed to the next [Page 51] [...] [...] [...] [...] carry is 14, which I set down. Then [...] 2 line under them, and add these two Lines of Figures together, (as in Addition) saying, 6 is 6, put 6 under the Line [...] then say, 8 and 9 is 17, set down [...] and carry 1, saying, 1 that I carry and [...] is 5 and [...] [...] set down 1, and carry 1, saying, 1 that I carry and 8 is 9, 9 & 9 is 18, set down [...], and carry 1, [...] that I carry and 4 i [...] 5, and 2 is 7, which set down, and go to the next, where I find only 1, which I set down, and the Work is done, and I find the Product to be 178176.

Of Division.

DIvision is just the contrary to Multiplication; for this turns small Denominations to greater, as Multiplication turns greater to smaller. And as Multiplication is a Com­pendi [...]m of many Additions; so Division is but a Com­pendium of many Substractions.

And as I told you before, that the best Proof of Multiplication was by Division, so I here tell you, that the best Proof of Di­vision is by Multiplication▪ as I shall, hereafter shew you.

In this Rule of Division, you must Observe,

1. The Dividend, or Sum to be Divided.

2. The Divisor, or Sum by which we Divide.

3. The Quotient, which is the Sum Produced. And

4. the Remainder, which is always less than the Divison▪

There are several Ways of Dividing one Number by another, [Page 53] but I shall only insert one, which is plainer than Cancelli [...] and shorter, and is the way now commonly practised, viz.

This way of Division is thus set down.

[...]

Having thus set down your Sums in order, Consider with your self how often times 4 you can have in 1, but now be­cause 1 is less than 4 you must take the next figure with it, and Consider how often times 4 is contained in 12, which it 3 times, set 3 in the Quotient, then Multiply the Divisor by the Quotient, the Product is 1 [...], which Substract from the Dividend, and there Remains 0.

Next, let it be required to Divide. 37642 by 7.

Having made a crooked line at each end of the Dividend, (to separate it from the Divisor and Quotient,) make a point or prick under 7 in the Dividend (not under 3, because you cannot take the Divisor from the 3) and say; how often is 7 (the Divisor) contained in 37, the first Branch toward the left hand of the Dividend? The Answer is, 5 times, which (5) put in the Quotient, and Multiply the Divisor thereby, saying 5 times 7 is 35, which deduct from the said 37, and put the Remainder, which is 2, under a line; as in the Example; Then making a prick under the 6 ( as a di­stinguishing Mark, that no figure may be brought down twice) place it to the Right-hand of the Remainer, 2, and ask how often 7 is contained in 26? the Answer is 3 times; which put in the Quotient, (as before) multiplying the Divisor thereby: as 3 times 7 is 21, from 26 and there remains [...], which put under the 6, (drawing a line between the 26 and 5) Then make a prick under the next Figure, toward the right hand, in the Dividend; viz. under 4, and place it to the [Page 54] right hand of the Remainder 5, making it 54, and ask how often the Divisor, 7, can be had in 54? Answer, 7 times; which put in the Quotient, and say 5 times 7 is 49, from 54, and there rests 5; which put under a line, a [...] before. Lastly, make a prick under the 2 in the Dividend, and place it to the Right-hand of the 5, and ask how often the Divisor 7 can be had in 52? the answer is, 7 times, which put in the Quotient, and Multiply the Divisor thereby▪ saying, 7 times 7 is 49; which deduct from the 52, and the Remainer is 3; and you have no more Figures in the Dividend, So the Work is finished; and I find that 5377 is one seventh part of [...] [...] and 3 over.

2. [...] 5152 l. to be divided betwixt 7 men; the Question is, how much each man must have?

[...]

First, set the Numbers down as you see in the Margent, and because 7 ( the Divisor) is greater than 5 ( the first figure of the Dividend) make a prick under the second Figure, viz. under 1. 2 dly, Ask how many times 7 can I have in 51? I can have 7 times, therfore I put 7 in the Quotient, and Multiply 7 ( the Divisor) by 7 ( the Quotient) the Product will be 49, which I set under 51. Then Subtract 42 from 51, and there remains 2; which I set under 9, and draw a line under it.

3 dy; Make a prick under 5 ( the third figure in the Dividend) and bring that Figure 5 down to 2 ( the first Remainder,) mak­ing it 25, Then ask, How many times 7 can I have in 25? Answ 3 times; I set 3 in the Quotient, and Multiply (the Divisor) 7 by it, saying 3 times 7 is 21 ( for the 2 d Product) which set under 25. and Substract 21 from 25, and there remains, 4, which I set under 21, and draw a line under it.

4 thly, Make a prick under [...] ( the last figure of the Divi­d [...]d) and bring that [...]igure 2 down to the 2 d Remainder, 4, which makes it 42. [...] I ask how many times 7 (the Divisor) [Page 55] I can have in 42? 'twill be 6 times; I set 6 in the Quotient, and Multiply (the Divisor) [...]7 by i [...], saying, 6 times 7 is 42 ( for the 3 d Product) which set under 42, and sub­stract 1 from the other, 42 from 42, the Remainber will be [...]00. So is this Division ended, and the Quotient shews that each mans part or share is just 736 l.

3. Let it be required to Divide 21 1048 by 37.

Set down the Numbers, as [...] the Margin, and seeing that 37 (the Divisor) is greater than 21 (the two first figures of the Dividend) I make a prick under 1, the third Figure. Then I seek how many times 37 can have in 211, or how many times 3 can I have in 21? I can have it 5 times, wherefore I put 3 in the Quotient, and multiply 37 the Divisor by 5, the Product will be 185, which I set under 211, and sub­stract 1 [...]5 form 211, and there remains 26, which I set under it. See the Operation,

2 dly. I make a prick under 0, and bring that 0 down to 26, making it 2 [...], then I seek how many times 37 I can have in 260 (or how many times 3 in 26?) I find 7 times, and therefore I set 7 in the Quotient, and Multiply 37 by 7; the Product is 259, which I set under 260, and substract it, the Remainder will be 1.

[...]

4 thly, I make a prick under 4, and bring it down to [...] which makes it 14, I draw a line under it, and seek how many times 37 I can have in 14; but now the Remainder being less than the Divisor, I can have it never a time and therefore I put a [...], in the Quotient. And,

4 thly, I make a prick under 8 (the last figure in the Dividend) and bring that 8 down to 14, making it 148 [Page 56] Then I seek how many times 37 I can have in 148 (or how many times 3 in 14) I find 4 times, which I put in the Quotient, and multiply 37 (the Divisor) by 4, & the Product will be 148, which set under 148, and substracting it there from, there remains, 0. And the Division is ended.

Now if you would prove whether your Division be truly wrought, or not,

Which proves your Division to be truly preformed.

Of Reduction.

ALthough Reduction be no Rule of it self, but meerly wrought by Multiplication and Division, yet I shall [...]ot omit it, because it is useful and usually practised. To deliver some what concerning it, you must understand that Reduction teaches how to bring all Great Denominations into Smaller, and Small into Greater.

First, All Great Denominations are brought into small by Multiplication; as.

Pounds Multiplied by 20 are Shillings.

Shillings Multiplied by 12 are Pence.

Pence Multiplied by 2 are Half pence▪

Pence Multiplied by 4 are Farthings,

Pounds Multiplied by 240 are Pence,

Pounds Multiplied by 480 are Half pen [...],

Pounds Multiplied by [...]60 are Farthings.

Secondly all small Names are brought into great by Divi­sion, as

[Page 57] [...] Divided by 20, are Pounds,

[...] 1 [...], are Shillings,

[...] pence Divided by [...] are Pence,

[...]rthings Divided▪ by 4, are Pence,

Pence Divided by 240 are Pounds,

Half pence Divided by 480, are Pound [...] ▪

Farthings Divided by 960, are Pounds▪

Example 1. Let it be asked how many Shillings, [...] and Farthings there are in 1000 [...] ▪ 11 s. 7 d.

[...]

In like manner you may Reduce all sorts of Numbers be they Weights, Measures, Time, or the like, having special regard to observe how many of the one Denomina­tion do make one of the o­ther, and so multiply or di­vide as before directed.

Example 2. In 960556 Farthings how [...]ny Pence, Shillings and Pounds.

[...]

[Page 58] Here you see, [...] [...], That great Denominations are brought into small (as Pounds, Shilling [...] & Pence into Farthings) by Multiplication. And 2 dly, By the second Example, you see how small Denominations are brought into great (as Shillings, Pence and Farthings into Pounds) by Divisor. And 3 dly, you see how Multiplication and Division prove [...] other.

Let this [...] for Reduction. Next, we come to the Rule of Three.

The Rule of Three.

THE Rule of Three is commonly called The Golden Rule; and indeed it may rightly be so termed; for as Gold [...] all other Metals, so doth this Rule all others in Arithmetick.

Now for your better Information concerning it, you must observe, that there are Three Numbers known, by which a Fourth (that is unknown) may be found out, which bears like proportion to the third, as the second doth to the first.

Here also is to be noted, That if your Sums consist of sundry Denominations▪ the the first and third Number must be of [...] same Denomination, as also the fourth and the second▪ As thus If the first number be Yards, the third likewise must be Yards; if the second be Pence, then the fourth must be Pence also

But the greatest difficulty lyeth in the stating the Question.

Therefore observe, first, That what you desire to know, or to be resolved in the Question, must be your Third Num­ber: and you have commonly these Words before it, as What cost? How long? How broad? How much? How deep? &c.

2. Your Question being stated, bring your first and third Numbers into one Denomination.

[Page 59] 3. Being your second into the least Name mentioned▪ [...] few as you desire the Question to be answered in.

4. Observe whether your Third Number r [...]ires More or Less; if More, then multiply the middle Number by the greater of the two [...], and divide by the lesser, and the Quotient answerth the Question.

But if it require Less, [...]hen multiply the Middle Number by the lesser of the two Extreams, and divide by the greater.

These two-Word [ More] or [ Less] being well obser­ved, the Scholar will understand what he doth, [...] not to make two distinct Rules of three, as most do.

As for Example,

If 4 [...] of Cloath cost 12 s. What will 6 Yards cost?

Here the two numbers of one kind are Four and Six, ( viz, they both [...] so many Yards) and [...] Shillings in the same kind with the number [...]ought; for the price of six Yards is sought.

Having placed my Numbers, I Multiply my second num­ber (12) by the third Number 6 and the Product is 72, which I divide by the first Number 4, and the Q [...]ient is 18, which shews that 6 Yards will cost 18 shilling [...] ▪ See the Operation.

If 4 Yards cost 12 s. What 6 Yards [...]

[...]

Again, If 7 C. [7 [...]] of P [...]pper cost [...] [...]. How much will 16 C. [...]st?

To Resolve which question, I consider that the Demand lying upon 16 C. it must be the third Number, and that of the same [...]nd with [...] must be the first, viz▪ 7 C. and [Page 60] [...] l, (being the same kind with the number [...]ought) must be the second number in the Question, Wherefore I place down my Numbers, and work as before thus,

[...]

By this you see that 16 C. of Peppe [...] will cost 48 Pounds▪

If 20 Sheep cost 13 l. [...]3 s. 4 d. [...] I [...] that for every Sheep.

Then the Question [...] If 20 Sheep cost 32 [...]0 Pence, What will 1 Sheep cost?

[...]

[Page 61] Every Sheep will cost 146 Pence, which Pen [...]e being divided by 12 produces 13 [...]. [...] d. and so much each Sheep doth cost.

Qu. But sometimes after the Division is ended, there is something remains. What must be done with it?

Answ. You must Multiply what so remains by the part of the next inferiour Denomination, that are equal to an [...] of the second [...]mber in the Question, and the Quotient is of the [...] Denomination which the pa [...] by watch you multiplier [...] Remainder, and is part of the Fourth Number which is sought▪

Again, If any thing yet remain after this last Division i [...] ended, multiply it by the part of the next Inferiour Deno­minati [...]n, equal to an [...] of the last Quotient, and divide the Product by the same Divisor, viz. the first Number in the Question, and the Qu [...]tient is still of the [...] De­nomination with your Multiplyer. Follow this Method [...] you have reduced your Remainder into the lowest De­nomination.

An Example o [...] two will make this Rule very plain, which [...]ake as follows,

If 13 Yards cost 21 [...] ▪ what cost 27 Yards.

[...]

And there is yet a Re­mainder of 8 which multiply by 20 s▪ because the last Quoti­ent was Pounds, and the Pro­duct is 160, which I divide by 13 (the first Number in the Question) and in quotes 12, which are 12 s,

And there is yet a Remainder of 4, which I multiply by 12 d, because the last Quotient was shillings and the Product is 48, which I divide by 13 the [Page 62] first number, and the Quoti [...] is 3 d,

But there is yet a Remainder of 9, what must be done with it? I multiply 9 by 4 far­things, because the last Quotient was Pence, the Product is 36, which I divide by 13, the Quotient is 2 farthings,

And there is yet a Remainder of 10, but may be omitted, because it is but 10 thirteenth▪ of a Farthing,

And thus it appears, that if 13 Yards of Cloath cost 12 l, then 27 Yards of same will Cost 46 l, 12 s, 3 d, 2 qrs, and 10 13 ths of a Far­thing▪

[...]

You see [...] in the Question, the Third Number requires [ less.] and therefore you must multiply the middle Num­ber by the Lesser of the two extreams.

If [...] Man will be finishing a piece of Work in [...]0 Days, How long will [...] Men be doing the same?

[Page 63] This Question is stated four several ways by which [...] one is a proof of the other,

Set the Operation, as follows, [...]

Of G [...]aging of Vessels.

THe Art of Guaging is little differen [...] from the measuring of Timber; for as a Foot of Timber is 1728 Cubical or Square Inches, and as often as 1728 Inches are found in a Piece of Timber (be it Round or Square) SO many Foot of Timber is contained in the Piece.

So in the Art of Guaging▪ the Gallon of Ale and Beer is agreed on to be 282 Cubical Inches, and the Wine Gallon 23 [...], and the Gallon of Dry Measure 272 Inches.

Therefore so often [...] ▪ 282 square Inches are contained in [...]ay Vessel, round or square, so many Gallon of Ale or Beer the said Vessel will hold. The same is to be observed in Wine and Dry Measure, &c.

Note, That every Cubical Foot may contain 6 Gallons and almost a Pint of Al [...] or Beer.

Of Wine, 7 Gallons 2 Quarts, and almost a Pint.

A C [...]bical Foot of Dry-Measure may contain 6 Gallons, and a [...] above half a Gallon.

Suppose there is a square [...] [...]e Measured, in length [...]05 Inches. in breadth [...]6, and in depth 46 Inches, How many Square Inches is therein? as also how many Gall [...]ns or Bar [...]is?

Multiply the Dimensions one in another, as is shewed i [...] the first Example in Square-Timber Measure, and the last Product given 367080 inches in the [...]: Which divide by 282, or Multiply by this Number 35461, a [...] in this Example.

[...]

[Page 70] And from this Product out off 7 figures ( always) or places to the Right-Hand, (which are the parts of a Gallon) and those on the Left Hand are Gallons, as in this Example is [...] Gallons.

Note, That the Parts of a Gallon is not considerable, if there happen to be a Cypher next the Gallons: But in the above is the Figure 7, which is the 7 [...]e [...]th Parts of aGallon; that is if a Gallon was divided into ten Parts, that is 7 par [...]s [...]hereof: or if the Figure 5 had been in the place of 7, it had been half a Gallon, because 5 is the half of 1 [...]; or if the 70 next the Gallons had been 75, [...] had been th [...]e quarters of a Gallon, because 75 is three quarters of a Hundred, &c.

Lastly, Divide 1301 Gallons, so cut off, by 36, (the Gallon in a Barrels of Beer, or by 32 in a Barrel of Al [...]) and the Quotien [...] gives 36 Barrels, of Beer, and 5 Gallons re­maining, and near three quarters of a Gallon.

[...] to G [...]age a round Tun, Tub or Furnace.

First, If your Tun, or the like, be of one Bigness or Breadth, both at top and bottom, and the Cube Inches therein contained, and reduce into Gallons, as before.

But if it be narrower at the Top than at the Bottom, or [...], take the Breadth or Diameter of the Tun, a little above the middle of it, that is, next the widest end, if it be Taper.

HEre follows a Table shewing the Interest due upon any [...] of Money, from One Pound to One Hundred Pounds, for 2, 4, 6, and 12 Month, at 8 per Cent.

The Use of the Table.

[...] the Principal in the first Colume, and against it is the [...] for 2, 4, 6, and 12 Months.

If you desire to know the Interest for any [...] not express in the Table, you must either add to or substract from the Time that you desire to know. As, suppos [...] [...] [...]esire to know the [...] of [...] l. for six Months. [...] Interest of a Months and [...] Months together, and the Product is the [...].

[Page 71]