P Ennsylvania and New-Jersy in America lieth in about forty & forty two Degrees of North Latitude, and is severed the one from the other by the River of Dela­ware on the West, and seperated from New-York Collony by Sandy- [...]-Bay, and part of Hudsons River on the East. The dayes in the Winter are about two hours longer, and in the Summer two hours shorter than in England, the Sum­mer somewhat hotter, which causeth the Fruits and Corn somewhat to ripen faster than in England, and the Harvest for Wheat, Rye and Barley, being about the latter end of [...]. In the Winter season it is cold and freezing Weather, and sometimes Snow, but commonly very clear and Sun-shine, which soon dissolves it.

The Country is well Watered, the River of Delaware be­ing navigable for Ships of great burthen to B [...]rlington, which from the Capes, or entrance, is accounted an hundred and forty Miles; and for Sloops to the Falls, which is about ten Miles farther.

The Bay of Sandy-hoock on East-Jersy is a safe and excel­lent Harbour for any Fleet of Ships, which can lie there in all Weathers, and go in and out to Sea in Winter, as well as Summer, and Ships of great Burthen can lie close to the Town of New-Perth; which renders it a good Scituation for Navigation, from whence in six Hours time at most, Ships can go out into the Sea; and close by the Town of Perth runs up Rariton River. From the Falls of Delaware River the Indians go in Cannows up the said River, to an Indian Town called Min [...]sincks, which is accounted from the Falls about eighty Miles; but this they perform by great Labour [...] in setting up against the Stream; but they can come down [Page 4] with ease and speed; the River from the Falls runs from the North and North-West about twenty Miles, as I my self observed in my Travel so far by the River, but by the In­dians Information, it cometh about more Easterly farther up. I have been informed, that about Minisincks, by the River­side, both in New-Jersey and Pennsylvania is great quantities of exceeding rich open Land, which is occasioned by wash­ing down of the Leaves and Soil in great Rains from the Mountains, which Land is exceeding good, for the raising of Hemp and Flax, Wheat, or any other sorts of Corn, Fruits, Roots & c. Where in time may be conveniently settled a Manufacture for the making of Linnen-Cloth, Cordage, Twine, Sacking, Fishing-Nets, and all other commodities commonly made of Hemp or Flax: And after great Rains, we may bring down great quantities of Goods in flat-bottom-Boats, built for that purpose, which will then come down, by rea­son of the Land-floods with speed.

And into this River, betwixt the Capes and the Falls, run many navigable Rivers and Cricks, some of them fifteen or twenty Miles, and others less, which Rivers and Cricks are made by the plenty of Springs and Brooks, that run out of the Country, many of which Brooks are so considerable, as to be fit to drive Mills. And above the falls, in travelling of twenty Miles by the Rivers side, I went over twenty run­nings of Water, five or six of them being fit to build Mills on.

The Country for the most part is pretty leavel, until we come about ten Miles above the Falls, where it is Mounta­nious for many Miles, but interlaced with fertile Valleys. The Bay and River of Delaware, and the Rivers and Cricks that runs into it, are plentifully stored with various sorts of good Fish and Water-Fowl, as Swans, Geese, Ducks, Wigeons, &c. And a considerable Whale-Fishery may be carried on in [Page 5] the Bay of Delaware, and on the Sea-Coasts of New Jersey, there being Whale-Fisheries already begun, plenty of Whales being by experience found there, and the Winter-time being the time for the catching them, they will not thereby be hin­dred of raising there Summer-Crops; and the Oyl and Bone being good Commodities to be sent for England, there also be­ing in the Bay of Delaware and Sandy-hoock, Drums, Sheeps-heads Bass, and other sorts of large Fish, which may be fit to salt up in Casks to keep for use, and Transportation also. There are great plenty of Oysters, which may be pickled and put up in small Casks for use. Likewise, on Delaware River are great plenty of Sturgion, which doubtless might be a good Trade, if mannaged by such Persons as are skilful in the boyling and pickling of them, so as to preserve them good to Barbadoes, and other adjacent Islands. There are also in the Springs great quantities of a sort of Fish like Herrings: with plenty of the Fish called Shads, but not like the Shads in England, but of another kind, being a much better sort of Fish; the Inhabitants usually catch quantities, which they salt up, and pack them in Barrels for Winter's Provi­sion.

The Lands from the Capes, to about six Miles above New­Castle (which is by estimation ninety Miles) is for the most part very rich, there being very many navigable Cricks on both sides of the River, and on the River and Cricks are great quantities of rich fat Marsh Land, which causeth those parts, to some fresh People, to be some what unhealthful in the latter part of the Summer, at which time some of them have Agues: Also in and near these Marshes, are small [...], cal­led Musketoes, which are troublesome to such People as are not used to them; but were those Marshes banked, and drained, and then plowed and sowed, some Years with Corn, and then with English Hay-seed, I do suppose it [Page 6] would be healthful, and very little troubled with M [...]sketoes; and if Cattel did commonly feed on this Ground, and tread it as in England, I suppose it would not be inferior to the rich Meadows on the River of Thames; and were quantities of this Land laid dry, and brought into Tillage, I suppose it would bear great Crops of Wheat, Pease and Barley, Hemp and Flax, and it would be very fit for Hop-Gardens, and for English Grass, which might serve for rich Pastures or Mea­dow. Also these Marshes are fit for Rape, and were Rape ­Mills built, and the design mannaged, so as it would be if it were in England or Holland, a great Trade might be carried on, and many hundred Tuns of Rape-Oyl might be made Yearly, and sent to England, to the Planters inrichment; and not only so, but would be for Merchants advantage, they thereby having Goods to freight their Ships, which would tend to the benefit of the Inhabitants in general.

And if those Trades and Designs are carried on to effect, as are mentioned in this Treatise, there would naturally follow Trade and Imployment for Ship-wrights, Boat-wrights, Coopers, Carpenters, Smiths, Ropers, Mariners, Weavers, Butchers, Bakers, Brewers; and many other sorts of Trades would have full Impoyment.

From six Miles above New-Castle to the Falls of Delaware (which is about sixty Miles) and so to the Head of the said River, the Water is clear, fresh, and fit for Brewing, or any other use.

The Air clear and good, it being supposed to be as health­ful as any part of England

The Land is in Veins, some good, and some bad, but the greatest part will bear good Corn, as Wheat, Rye, Barley, Oats, Indian Corn, Buck-Wheat, Pease and Indian Beans, &c.

Fruits that grow natural in the Countries are Strawberries, Cramberries, Huckleberries, Blackberries, Medlers, Grapes, [Page 7] Plums, Hickery-Nuts, Walnuts, Mulberies, Chestnuts, Hass [...] ­nuts, &c.

Garden Fruits groweth well, as Cabbage, Colworts, Colli­flowers, Sparagrass, Carrots, Parsneps, Turnups, Oynions, Co [...] ­cumbers, Pumkins, Water-Mellons, Musk-Mellons, Squashes, Potatoes, Currants, Goosberries, Roses, Cornations, Tulips, Garden-Herbs, Flowers, Seeds, Fruits & c. for such as grow in England, certainly will grow here.

Orchards of Apples, Pears, Quinces, Peaches, Aprecocks, Plums, Cheries, and other sorts of the usual Fruits of England may be soon raised to good advantage, the Trees growing faster then in England, whereof great quantities of Sider may be made. And were Glass-houses erected to furnish us with Bottles, we might have a profitable Trade, by sending Sider to Jamaico and Barbadoes, &c. ready bottled, which is commonly so sent from Herefordshire to London.

It is supposed that we may make as good Wines as in France, (if Vineyards were planted on the sides of Hills or Banks, which are defended from the cold North-West Winds) with such Vines as the French-men commonly make those Wines of; for the Climate is as proper as any part of France, therefore it is rational to believe, that the Wines will be as rich and good as in France. There are some Vine­yards already planted in Pennsylvania, and more intended to be planted by some French-Protestants, and others, that are gone to settle there.

Several other Commodities may be raised here, as Rice, which is known to have been sown for a tryal, and it grew very well, and yielded good encrease.

Also Annis-Seeds I have been informed groweth well, and might be a profitable Commodity, there being great Quan­tities used in England by Distillers.

Liquorish doubtless would grow very well. And I que­stion [Page 8] not but that Mather, Woad, and other Plants and Roots for [...] use might be raised. Shuemack groweth natural­ly. Also several useful Durgs grow naturally, as Sassafrass, [...], Callamus Aromaticus, Snake-Root, Jallappa, &c.

The Pine-Tree groweth here, out of which is made Pitch, Tar, Rosin and Turpentine: In New-England some make quantities of Tar out of the Knots of Pine Trees, with which they supply themselves and others.

There are many other sorts of Plants, Roots and Herbs of great Virtue, which grow here, which are found to cure such Distempers as the People are insident to.

Hops in some places grow naturally, but were Hop-Gar­dens planted in low rich Land, quantities might be raised to good advantage.

There is no Lime Stone as we yet know of, but we make Lime of Oyster Shels, which by the Sea and Bay side are so plentiful, that we may load Ships with them.

There are several sorts of good Clay, of which Bricks, Earthen-Ware, and Tobacco-Pipes are made; and in some places there are Quaries of a ruf hard Stone, which are good to wall Cellars, and some Stone fit for Pavement.

The Trees grow but thin in most places, and very little under-Wood. In the Woods groweth plentifully a course sorts of Grass, which is so proving that it soon makes the Cattel and Horses fat in the Summer, but the Hay being course, which is chiefly gotten on the fresh Marshes, the Cattel loseth their Flesh in Winter, and become very poor, except we give them Corn: But this may be remydied in time, by draining of low rich Land, and by plowing of it and sowing it with English-Grass-seed, which here thrives very well.

The Hogs are fat in the Woods when it is a good Mast-Year.

[Page 9]The Woods are furnished with store of Wild Fowl, as Turkeys, Phesants, Heath-Cocks, Partridges, Pidgeons, Black­birds, & And People that will take the pains to raise the various sorts of same Fowl, may do it with as little trouble, and less charge, then they can in England, by reason of what they find in the Woods.

Bees are found by the experience of several that keep them, to thrive very well.

I do not question but that we might make good strong found Beer, Ale and Mum, that would keep well to Ba [...]bado [...] the Water being good, and Wheat and Barley in a few Years like to be very plentiful: Great quantities of Beer, Ale and Mum is sent yearly from London, and other places, to Bar­badoes, Jamaica, and other Islands in America, where it fells to good advantage; and if Beer, Ale and Mum hold good from England to those places, which 'tis said is above one thousand Leagues; I question not but if it be well brewed in a sea­sonable time of the Year, and put up in good Casks, but it will keep good to be Transported from Delaware River to those Islands aforesaid, which by computation, is not above half so far. If Merchants can gain by sending Beer, Ale and Mum from England, where Corn is dear, and Freight dear, by reason of the length of the Voyage, we in all probability must get much more, that buy our Corn cheap, and pay less Freight.

Flower and Bisket may be made in great quantities in a few Years, the Wheat being very good, which seldom fails of finding a good Market at Barbadoes, Jamaica, and the [...] Islands: great quantities are sent yearly from Lon [...]on, and other places, which if they can make Profit of it, we much more for the Reasons already given.

Pork is but about half the price as in England, therefore the Inhabitants will seldom have their Market spoiled by [Page 10] any that come from England, of which Commodity the In­habitants in a few Years will have Quantities to [...]ell to the Merchant, which is salted, and packed in Barrels, and so trans­ported to Jamaica, Barbadoes, Nevis, and other Islands. Hams of Bacon are also made, much after the same manner as in West- [...]alia and the Bacon eats much like it.

Our Beef in the Fall is very fat and good, and we are like­ly in a few years to have great Plenty, which will serve our Families, and furnish Shipping.

Our Mutton is also fat, found and good, being only fed with natural Grass; but if we sprinkle but a little English Hay-Seed on the Land without Plowing, and then feed Sheep on it, in a little time it will so encrease, that it will cover the Land with English Grass, like unto our Pastures in England, provided the Land be good. We find the Profits of Sheep are considerable.

Our Butter is very good, and our Cheese is indifferent good, but when we have Pastures of English Gass, (which many are getting into) then I suppose our Cheese will be as good as that of England.

Our Horses are good serviceable Horses, fit both for Draught and Saddle, the Planters will ride them fifty Miles a day, without Shoes, and some of them are indifferent good shapes; of which many Ships are freighted yearly from New­England with Horses to Barbadoes, Nevis, and other places; and some Ships have also been freighted out of Pennsylvania and New-Jersey with Horses to Barbadoes; but if we had some choice Horses from England, and did get some of the best of our Mares, and keep them well in the Winter, and in Pa­stures inclosed in the Summer, to prevent there going a­mongst other Horses, we might then have a choice breed of Horses, which would tend much to the advantage of the Inhabitants.

[Page 11]The Commodities fit to send to England, besides wh [...] are already named, are the Skins of the several wild [...] that are in the Country, as El [...]s, Deer, [...], Fisher, Bear, Fox, Rackoon, Marten, Otter, Woolf, M [...]skquash, Mink, Cat, &c.

Potashes may be here made, and Soap, not only to the sup­ply of our selves, but to sell to our Neighbours.

Also Iron may be here made, there being one Iron-Work already in East- Jersey.

Likewise, we may furnish Merchants with Pipe-Staves, and other Coopers Timber and Hoops.

The Woolen Manufacture may be mannaged in Pennsyl­vania and New-Jersey, to good advantage, the upper parts of the Country being very fit for the keeping of Sheep, the Wool being found to good, and the Sheep not subject to the Rot: The Ewes commonly after the first time, bring two Lambs at once.

But it may be queried, How shall the Sheep be preserved from the Woolf?

I answer; Get such a Flock as it may answer the charge, for a boy to make it his full Employment to look after them, and let them be pend at Night in a House or Fold provided for that purpose. If one man have not enough to imploy a Shepherd, then let several joyn their Stock together.

But it may be queried, Where shall Wool be gotten to carry on the Woollen Manufacture, untill we have of our own raising?

I answer; in Road Island, and some other adjacent Islands and Places, Wool may be bought at six Pence a Pound, and considerable Quantities may be there had, which will sup­ply until we can raise enough of our own.

Also, we may have Cotton-Wool from Barbadoes, and other adjacent Islands in returns for our Provisions that we send them. So that the making of Cotton-Cloth and Fustians [Page 12] may be likewise made to good advantage, the Cotten-Wool being purchased by the growth of our own Country; and the Linnen-Yarn being spun by our own Families, of Flax, of our own growth and ordering.

The Tanning- [...]rade and Sho-making may be here man­naged to good advantage, Hides being plenty, and to be had at moderate Prices, and [...]ark to be had for only the charge in getting it.

A Skinner that can dress Skins in Oyl, may do very well; for we have Elk skins, and plenty of [...]uck and Doe skins, which the Inhabitants give (at New York, where there are such Trades) one half for dressing the other.

There ought to be publick Store - Houses provided for all Persons to bring their Flax, Hemp and Linnen Cloth to, where it may be preserved clean and dry at a very small Charge, and the owner at liberty to take it out at his own will and plea­sure, or to fell, transfer or assign it to any other. Now the Hemp, Flax and Linnen Cloth being brought into the publick Store-House, and the Quantity, Quality and Value of it there registred in the Book, to be kept for that purpose; and the Person that hath put in the said Hemp, Flax and Linnen Cloth, taking a Note under the [...]and and Seal, from the Store-house Register, of the quantity, quality and value of the Hemp Flax, and Linnen Cloth brought into the publick Store-House, with the time it was delivered; these Notes will pass from one man to another all one as Money: As for Example, Suppose I am a Merchant, that am furnished with divers sorts of goods, I fell them to a Planter, and receive their Notes which they had from the Store-house Registry, in pay for my goods, to the value of one hundred Pounds. I buy of the Clothier in Woolen Cloth to the value of sixty pounds, and of the [...]oper in Cordage to the value of forty pounds; I pay them by these Notes on the Store-house; the [...]lother he buys Woolen Yarn [Page 13] of the Master of the Spinning School, to the value of sixty pounds, and payes him by these Notes on the publick Store; the Master of the Spinning-School buys of the Farmer in Wool to the value of sixty pounds, and pays him by these Notes; the Farmer buyeth of the Merchant in Goods to the value of sixty pounds, and pays him by these Notes; the Mer­chant receiveth on demand, from the publick Store, in Linnen Cloth to the value of sixty pound, at receiving thereof he de­livereth up the Notes to the Register of the publick Store, which are cancelled, and then filed up as Waste paper. The Roper, when he pleaseth, receives on demand, in Hemp to the value of forty pounds out of the publick Store, by which he is made capable of imp [...]ying his Servants in making of Cordage; but he that hath no occasion to take out this Hemp or Flax, or Linnen Cloth, may pass these Notes from one man to another, as often they please, which is all one as ready Money at all times.

Were the Flax and Hemp Manufactuaries carried on to that height as it might be, it would greatly advance these Coun­tries; for did we make our own Sail-cloth and Cordage, we could make Ships, Sloops and Boats at much easier Rates than they can build for in England, the Timber costing us no­thing but Labour. And were more Saw-Mills made (of which there are divers already) to cut Planks, and other Tim­ber, both Ships and Houses might be built at easie Rates.

Many Ship Loads of Hemp is brought yearly from the East Countries to England, which is afterward there made into Cordage, Twine, Sacking, Fishing-Nets &c. and then trans­ported from thence to Jamaica, Barbadoes, Virginia, New­England, and other parts of America, so that doubtless ma­terials made of Hemp, must be sold in America by the Retaler, at double the price as it cost where it grew; By which it ap­pears that at those prices we should have double for our la­bour [Page 14] to what they have, and our Provisions as Cheap as theirs, it being raised on Land that cost us little.

1. Now It might be well if a [...] were made by the Governours and general [...] of [...] and New­J [...]rs [...]y, that all Persons inhabiting in the said Provinces, do put their Children seven years to the publick School, or longer, if the Parent [...] please.

2. That Schools be provided in all Towns and Cities, and Persons of known honesty, skill and understanding be yea [...]y chosen by the Governour and General Assembly, to teach and instruct Boys and Girls in all the most useful Arts and Sciences that they in their youthful capacities may be capable to under­stand, as the learning to Read and Write true English, Latine, and other useful Speeches and Languages, and fair Writing, Arithmatick and Book-keeping; and the Boys to be taught and instructed in some Mystery or Trade, as the making of Ma­thematical Instruments, Joynery, Turnery, the making of Clocks and Watches, Weaving, Shoe-making, or any other useful Trade or Mystery that the School is capable of teaching; and the Girls to be taught and instructed in Spinning of Flax and Wool, and Knitting of Gloves and Stockings, Sewing, and making of all sorts of useful Needle-Work, and the making of Straw-Work, as Hats, Baskets, &c. or any other useful Art or Mystery that the School is capable of teaching.

3. That the Scholars be kept in the Morning two hours at Reading, Writing, Book-keeping, &c. and other two hours at work in that Art, Mystery or Trade that he or she most de­lighteth in, and then let them have two hours to dine, and for Recreation; and in the afternoon two hours at Reading, Writing, &c. and the other two hours at work at their several Imployments.

4. [...]he seventh day of the Week the Scholars may come to school only in the fore-noon, and at a certain hour in the [Page 15] after-noon let a Meeting be kept by the School-masters and their cholars, where after good instruction and admonition is given by the Masters, to the Scholars, and thanks returned to the Lord for his Mercies and Blessings that are daily recei­ved from him, hen let a strict examination be made by the Masters, of the Conversation of the Scholars in the Week past, and let reproof, admonition and correction be given to the Of­fendors, according to the quantity and quality of their faults.

5. [...]t the like Meetings be kept by the School Mistrisses, and the Girls apart from the Boys. By strictly observing this good Order, our Children will be hindred of running into that Excess of Riot and Wickedness that youth is incident to, and they will be a comfort to their tender Parents.

6. Let one thousand Acres of Land be given and laid out in a good place, to every publick School that shall be set up, and the Rent or incom of it to go towards the defraying of the charge of the School.

7. And to the end that the Children of poor People, and the Children of Indians may have the like good Learning with the Children of Rich People, let them be maintained free of charge to their Parents, out of the Profits of the school, ari­sing by the Work of the Scholars, by which the Poor and the Indians, as well as the Rich, will have their Children taught, and the Remainder of the Profits, if any be, to be disposed of in the building of School-houses, and Improvements on the thousand Acres of Land, which belongs to the School.

The manner and Profits of [...] Spinning-School in Germany, as it is laid down by Andrew Tarenton in his own words, in a Book of his, call'd, England's Improvements by Sea and Land, take as followeth.

Now were Spining-Schools settled in the principal Cities and Towns in Pennsyvania and New-Jersey, and a Law made to oblige the Parents of Children, to put their Children to School, we should then soon come into such a way of making Linnen-Cloth, as that we should not only have sufficient so [Page 17] our own supply, but also should have quantities to fell to the Inhabitants of our own neighbouring Provinces, where it will fell at considerable Prices, they being usually supplied from England, where it must be dear, after Freight, Custom, and other charges at Importation, with the Merchants profit considered; and yet nevertheless this Cloth, thus dear bought will fell in New-England, Virginia, and some other places in America, at thirty Pound per Cent profit, above the first cost in England, and the Moneys paid by Bills of Ex­change, and the Retalier makes commonly on Goods thus bought not less then twenty Pounds per Cent. profit: So that if all things be considered, the Cloth is sold in America, to the Planter at full double the price as it cost from the maker in France or Germany, from whence its brought to England, by which it doth appear, that if we do get such Prices for the Cloth that we make, then we shall have double for our La­bour to what they have; therefore it may be well that a Law were made for the encouragement of the Linnen Ma­nufacture by the Governours and General Assemblies that all Persons inhabiting in Pennsylvania, or New-Jersey, that keep a Plow, do sow one Acre of Flax, and two Acres of H [...]mp, which would be a means of supplying us with Flax and Hemp, to carry on the Manufacturies of Linnen Cloth and Cordage; and also would be very profitable to the Planter, by imploying his Family in the Winter season, when they would have otherwise but little [...] do, viz. the Men and Boys in Breaking and Dressing of it, and making it sit for use, and the Women and Girls in pining it, and neverthe­less they may carry on their Husbandry [...], as if no­thing of this was done; the Husbandry - [...] being chief­ly but [...] the Spring and [...].

Now to that [...] be in [...] and New- [...], [...] made, that all [Page 18] Monies [...]ent on Interest be at 8 [...]. per Cent. by the year, and that all Bills and Bonds be entred on the publick Registry, and by Act of Assembly be made transferable by Assignments, so as the Property may go along with the Assignment; thereby a Bond or Bill will go in the nature of Bills of Exchange; and so A. owing 200 l. to [...]. he assigns him the Bond of C. who owed him 200 l. and C. owing D. 200 l. assigns [...] the Bond of E. who owed him 200 l. and so one Bond or Bill would go through twenty hands, and thereby be as ready Monies, and do much to the Benefit of Trade. Also, that all Lands and Houses be put under a publick Registry, and entred in the Book, with an account of the value of them, and how occupied and tenanted, a particular there of being given under the Hand and Seal of the Office to the Owners. We having thus fitted our selves with a publick Registry of all our Lands and Houses, whereby it is made ready Money at all times, without the charge of Law, or the necessity of a Lawyer; and a Law being made for the payment of such large Interest for Monies lent, and the security being so undeniably good, a Bank will in time arise, and such a Bank as will be for the benefit and advantage of Pennsilvania and New-Jersey, and Trade universal.

Suppose my self, and some others have in Houses and Lands in Pennsilvania or New-Jersey, worth 3000 l. and are minded to mannage and carry on the Linnen manufacture, but cannot do it, without borrowing on Interest 2000 l. therefore we come to the Bank in Pennsilvania or New Jersey, and there tender a particular of our Lands and Houses, and how occupied or tennanted, being worth 3000 l. in Penn­silvania or New-Jersey, and desire them to lend us 2000 l. and we will Mortgage our Land & Houses for it; the answer will be, We will send to the Register's Office your particular, and at the return of the Messenger you shall have your answer: The [Page 19] Registors send answer, it is our Lands and Houses, and occu­pied, and tenanted, and valued according to the particular, there needs no more words but to tell us the Money, with which we carry on the Trade briskly, to the great be­nefit and advantage of some hundreds of People that we set to work, and to the supplying of the Inhabitants with Cloth made of Flax, grown, drest, spun and wove in our own Pro­vinces; which Trade we could not mannage and carry on without this credit, but having this credit, we go on with our Trade comfortably, and the Lender will have his ends answer­ed, and his Moneys well secured. And its certain, such an Anchorage, Fund, and Foundation, will then bring out the Monyes unimployed from all Persons in these Provinces, even People of all degrees will put in their Monyes, which will be put out again into Trade to Merchants, and such as stand in need of ready Monyes; and thereby Trade is made easie, and much convenienced.

Suppose ten Families purchase in Pennsilvania or New-Jersey five thousand Acres of Land, and they lay out a small Town­ship in the middle of it, for the conveniency of neighbourhood, to each Family one hundred Acres for Houses, Gardens, Or­chards, Corn-fields and Pastures of English Grass, the re­mainder to lie in common, to feed their Cattel; and suppose that by that time they have built their dwelling Houses, Cow­houses, Barnes, and other Out houses, and have made In­closures about their home-lots, that their Monyes is all expend­ed and without a further supply to buy Oxen and Horses to plow their Land, and Cows to find their Families in Milk, Butter and Cheese, and Sows to breed a stock on, they will live but meanly for some time, therefore to amend their con­dition they come to the Bank, and there tender a particular of their Lands, valued to be worth 1500 l. on which they desire to take up 1000 l. to purchase a Stock of Oxen, Horses, Cows, Sows, Sheep and Servants, by which they will be en­abled [Page 20] to carry on their Husbandry to great advantage, and the benefit of the Province in general; and it may be that in two or three years time, they may be able to pay in this Money, with Interest, to the owner; and in two or three years more may be able to bring into the Bank, to be lent out to others, one thousand pounds of their own Estates.

As to the benefit of publick [...] on Delaware River, to keep the Corn for all merchants, Bakers and Farmers that please to send it thither, that so the destruction and damages occasioned by Rats and Mice, may be prevented. In this Gra­nary, Corn at all times may be taken in, from all Persons that please to send it, and the Corn so sent may be preserved sweet, safe, and in good Order, at a small change for a whole year, and the owner at liberty to take it out at his own will and pleasure, or to sell, transfer or assign any part of the said Corn to any Person or Persons for the payment of his Debts, or to furnish himself with Clothing, or other Necessaries from the Merchant; and the Granary-Keepers to give good security that all things should be faithfully done & discharged. Now the Corn being brought into the publick Granary, and there registred in the Register-Book, to be kept for that purpose; and the Person that hath put in the said Corn, taking a Note under hand and seal, from the Granary-Register, of the quan­tity of Corn brought into the Granary, with the time it was delivered, and the matter and kind of the Corn, then these Advantages will ensue:

First, Preservation from the Rats and Mice, Straw to supply his Cattel, the Chaff for his Horses, and the light [...]orn to seed his Pigs and Poultry; his Husbandry mannaged with rule and order to his advantage; no forc'd haste, but thrashing and carrying the o [...]n to the Granary in times wherein his servants have leisure; so in seeding time & harvest all People are freed from that. Besides, there being at all times sufficient quantities [Page 21] of Corn in the Granaries to lead Ships, Merchants from Barbadoes and other places, will come to buy Corn; of one Farmer he may buy one hundred Bushels, of another fifty, and so he may buy the Corn that belongs to sixty or eighty Farmers, and receive their Notes which they had from the Granary-Office, which Corn he [...]tteth lie in the Granary until he have occasion to use it, then he olders his Bake [...] to go with those notes to the Granary-Office, and receive such quantities as he hath a mind shall [...] made into Flower and Fisher, which the Baker does accordingly, and gets it packt up in Casks, and sent to Barbadoes; the remainder, it [...] please, he may sell to some other Merchant that lives at Barbadoes; or some other place, and when sold, may deliver the said Merchant the Notes on the Granary-Office, at sight whereof the may re­ceive their Corn, if they please, or they may pass those Notes from one to another, as often as they please, which is all one as Money, the Corn being ledged safe, and kept in the publick Granary, will be the occasion of imploying much of the Cash of Pennsilvania and New-Jersey; most People near these publick Bank-Granaries, will be dealing to have some Corn in Bank-Credit; for that cannot miss of finding an encrease and benefit to them in the rise of Corn.

The best places at present for the building of Granaries are, I suppose, Burlington in West-Jersey, Philadelphia and New-Castle in Pennsilvania, and New Perth in East-Jersey, which places are excellently situated, there being many Navigable Rivers, whereby Trade is very commun [...]cable, and the Corn may be brought in Boats and Sloops from most places now inhabited, by water to these publick Granaries, for small cha [...]ge, and from the Granaries may be carried to Water­Mills to grind, which are some of them so conveniently situ­ated, that Boats may come to the Mill-Tayl, which is also a great conv [...]mency to those that trade much in corn.

[Page 22]Now I will demonstrate, and shew you the length, breadth and heighth the Granaries ought to be of, to hold this Corn; as also the Charge of building one of them, and the way how it should be built for the best advantage, with the way of ordering and managing the Corn, that it may keep good, sweet and clean, eight or ten Years. The Gra­naries must be three hundred Foot long, eighten Foot wide betwixt inside and inside, seven Stories high, each Story seven Foot high, all to be built of good well burn Brick, and laid in Lime and Sand very well; the ends of the Granaries must be set North and South, so the sides will be East and West; and in the sides of the Granaries, there must be large Windows to open and shut close, that when the Wind blows at West, the Windows may be laid open, and then the Gra­nary man will be turning and winding the Corn, and all Filth and Dross will be blown out at the Window. When the Weather is fair, then throw open the Windows, to let in the Air to the Corn; and in the middle, there must be Stoves to be kept with Fire in them in all moist or wet times, or at going away of great Frosts and Snows, to prevent molst­ness either in the Brick-walls, Timber, Boards or Corn. There must be in each side of the Granaries, three or four long Troughs or Spouts fixt in the uppermost Lost, which must run about twenty Foot out of the Granary; and in fine Weather, the Granary men must be throwing the Corn out of the uppermost Lost, and so it will fall into another Spout made ten Foot wide at the top, and through that Spout the Corn descends into the lowermost Lost, and then wound on the inside of the Granary, by a Crane fixt for that purpose, and the Corn receiving the benefit of the Air, falling down thirty Foot before it comes into the second Spout, cleanseth it from its filth and Cha [...]; these Spouts are to be taken off and on, as occasion requires, and to be fixt to another of the [Page 23] Losts, that when Vessels come to load Corn, they may through these Spouts convey the Corn into the Boats or Sloops, without any thing of Labour, by carrying it on the Backs of men.

The charge of one Granary three Hundred Foot long, eighteen Foot wide, seven Stories high, seven Foot betwixt each Story, being built with Brick in England, as by the Ac­count of Andrew Tar [...]nton, take as followeth; Six hundred thousand of Bricks builds a Granary, two Bricks and a half thick the two first Stories, two Bricks thick the three next Stories, Brick and a half thick the two uppermost stories; and the Trick will be made and delivered on the Place for eight [...] the Thousand, the laying of Trick three Shillings the Thousand, Lime and Sand two Shillings the Thousand; so Brick-laying, Lime and sand will be thirteen Shillings the Thousand, one hundred and fifty Tuns of Oak for Summers-Joists and Roof, 170 l. Boards for the [...]ix Stories, sixty thousand Foot, at 13s. 4d. The one hundred Foot and ten thousand Foot for Window-Doors and Spouts at the same rate, 48 l. Laths and Tiles 100 l. Carpenters work 70 l. I [...]on, Nails, and odd things 60 l. So the charge of a Granary will be 800 l. There will be kept in this Granary fourteen thousand Quarters of Corn, which is two thousand Quarters in every Lost, which will be a thousand Bushels in every Bay; six labouring men, with one Clerk, will be sufficient to manage this Granary, to turn and wind the Corn, and keep the Books of Accounts; fifteen pounds a piec [...] allowed to the six men, and thirty pound a year to the Clark [...] Register, will be Wages sufficient; so the Servants Wages will b [...] [...]. per annum, which is 80 l. so the charge will be yearly 200 l. Now if the Country-man pay six pence a Quarter yearly for keeping his Corn safe and [...] in the Granary, fourteen thousand Quarters will come to 350 l. for Granary-Rent yearly.

[Page 24]Admit I have a Propriety of Land in Pennsilvania or New­Jersey, either place then alloweth me to take up five thousand Acres, with Town or City-L [...]s, upon condition that I settle ten Families on it, therefore I send over ten Families of honest industrous People, the charge of each Family is 100 l. as by the account of particulars appears, as followeth.

The remaining fifty Pound, may do [...] to lay out in th [...] goods, which are the most [...] in the Country, [...]. [Page 25]

And when you come into the Country; you may lay out the above-mentioned goods to purchase a stock of Cattel and Provisions, & c. which for goods at the first cost in Englands, will buy at the prices under-mentioned, viz.

[Page 26] Note, That the above [...] Prices is for goods at [...] cost in England, which in Country Money would be some­thing above one third higher, viz. a Cow and Calf valued in goods at first cost at 3 l. is worth in Country Money 5 l, and other things advance much after the same proportion.

My five thousand Acres of Land cost me 100 l. I had of the ten Families for the one thousand Acres disposed of to them 50 l. my Town or City Lots will yield me currant 50 l. by which it appears I am nothing out on the four thousand Acres that is left.

I get my five thousand Acres surveyed and laid out to me, out or which I lay out for the ten Families one thousand Acres, which may be so divided, as that each family may live near one to the other; I intend with them to let the Money lie in their hands six years, for which they to pay me each family, 8 l a year, in consideration of the one hundred pound a fa­mily laid out for them, and at the expiration of the six years, they to pay me my 1000 l. viz. each family 100 l. as by agree­ment; my Money being paid me, I am unwilling to let it lie dead, therefore I lay out in the middle of my Land one thou­sand Acres, which I divide into ten lots, in form and manner as before, then I intend, with fifty Servants to serve me four years a piece, I place them on the Land, viz, five on each lot. Their Passage, and in goods to purchase Cattel and Provisions, &c. is to each five servants 100 l. as before is explained; Now I order a House to be built, and Orchards, Gardens and In­closures to be made, and Husbandry affairs to be carried on on each lot; so that at the four years end as the servants time is expired, I shall have ten Farms, each containing four hun­dred Acres; for the one thousand Acres being laid out in the middle of my Land, the remaining three thousand Acres joyns to it.

[Page 27]My servants time being expired, I am willing to see what charge I am out upon these ten Farms and Stock, in order to know what I have gain'd in the ten years past, over and above 8 l. per Cent. Interest, that is allowed me for the use of my Mo­ney: I am out by the first charge 1000 l. & the Interest there­of for four years, at 8 l. per Cent is for the four years 320 l. so that the whole charge on the ten Farms, Prinicipal & Interest, comes to 1320 l. Now if value my ten Farms but at 400 l. each, which is 20 s. per Acre, one with another; then the whole will be 4000 l. besides the first Stock of Cattel and Hogs, &c to each Plantation, with its Increase for four years, which Stock cost at first to each Farm 30 l. in goods at first cost, but is worth 40 l. sterling, at which rate the Stock on the ten Farms cost 400 l. and if we account the four years Increase to be no more than the first Stock, yet that is 400 l. by which it appears that the ten Farms, and the stock on them is worth 4800 l. out of which deduct the Money laid out, which with Interest in 132 [...] l. So the the Neat profit, besides 8 l. per Cent, allowed for Interest, is for this ten years improvement, 3480 l. and twenty Families set at liberty from that extream Slavery that attended them, by reason of great Poverty that they endu­red in England, and must have so continued, had not they been thus redeemed by coming into America. It may be thought that this is too great an undertaking for one man, which if it be, then I propose that ten joyn together in this community, and each man send over five Servants, of which let one of them be an honest man that understands Country business, as an Overseer, which if we allow him over and above his Passage and Diet 20 l. a year for his four years service, this amounts to 80 l. which is for the ten farms 800 l. which being deducted out of the 3480 l. there only remains 2680 l. clear profit to the ten men, which is for each man 268 l. for his ten years improvement of his 100 l. and his 100 l. back [Page 28] again with Interest for all the time at 8 l per Cent. per annum, the whole producing 448 l. for his 100 l. first laid out.

Some may object and say, They cannot believe the Land of each farm, with its Improvements, will sell at 20s. an Acre, that is, at twelve years purchase [...]s. 8d. per Acre per annum. because three hundred Acres of it is as it was, viz. Rough Woods.

I Answer; That although it be so, yet these Woods are made valuable by the twenty Families that are seated near them, the first ten families having been settled ten years, the last four years; for some are willing to have their Children live near them; and and they having but one hundred Acres in all, it will not be well to divide that, therefore they will give a good price for one hundred Acres, to settle a Child upon, to live by them, as experience sheweth; for in Rhode-Island, which is not far from us, Land rough in the Woods, not bet­ter than ours, will sell at 40 s. an Acre, which is 3 s. 4 d per Acre per annum. Therefore, Reader, I hope now thou art con­vinced that there is a probability that what I here inform thee of, will prove true, casualties of Fire, &c. excepted.

The Indians are but few in Number, and have been very serviceable to us by selling us Venison, Indian Corn, Peace and Beans, Fish and Fowl, Buck Skins, Beaver, Otter, and other Skins and Furs; the Men hunt, Fish and Fowl and the Women plant the Corn, and carry Burthens; they are many of them of a good Understanding, considering their Educati­on; and in their publick Meetings of Business, they have excellent Order, one speaking after another, and while one is speaking all the rest keep silent, and do not so much as whisper one to the other: We had several Meetings with them, one was in order to put down the sale of Rum, Brandy, and other strong Liquors to them, they being a People that have not Government of themselves, so as to drink it in mode­ration, [Page 29] at which time there were eight Kings, (& many other Indians) one of the was Ockanickon, whose dying Words I writ from his Mouth, which you shall have in its order.

The Indian Kings fate on a Form, and we fate on another over against them; they had prepared four Belts of Wam­pum, (so their current Money is called, being Black and White Beads made of a Fish Shell) to give us as Seals of the Covenant they made with us; one of the Kings by the consent and appointment of the rest stood up and made this following Speech; The strong Liquors was first sold us by the Dutch, and they were blind, they had no Eyes, they did not see that it was for our bur [...]; and the next People that came amongst us, were the Sweeds, who continued the sale of those strong Liquors to us: they were also Blind, they had no Eyes, they did not see it to be hurtful to us to drink it, although we know it to be hurtful to us; but if People will [...]ell it us, we are so in love with it, that we cannot forbear it; when we drink it, it makes us mad; we do not know what we do, we then abuse one another; we throw each other into the Fire, seven Score of our People have been killed, by reason of the drinking of it, since the time it was first sold us: Those People that [...]ell it, they are blind, they have no Eyes, but now there is People come to live amongst us, that have Eyes, they see it to be for our Hurt, and we know it to be for our Hurt: They are willing to deny themselves of the Profit of it for our good; these People have Eyes; we are glad such a People are come amongst us. We must put it down by mutual consent; the Cask must be sealed up, it must be made fast, it must not leak by Day nor by Night, in the Light, nor in the Dark, and we give you these four [...]elts of Wampam, which we would have you lay up safe, and keep by you to be Witness of this Agree­ment that we make with you, and we would have you tell your Children, that these four Belts of Wampam are give [...] you to be Witness betwixt us and you of this Agreement.