In the first Chapter of his excellent Trea­tise, he reasons Philosophically concerning the Nature of the Soul of Man, and those Qua­lities which render it susceptible of Lyes. He supposes the Soul to be of the Nature of a Plano-Cylindrical Speculum, or Looking-glass; that the plain side was made by God Almigh­ty, but that the Devil afterwards wrought the other side into a Cylindrical Figure. The plain side represents Objects just as they are, and the Cylindrical side, by the Rules of Catoptricks, must needs represent true Objects false, and false Objects true; but the Cylin­drical side being much the larger Surface, takes in a greater Compass of visual Rays. That upon the Cylindrical side of the Soul of Man depends the whole Art and Success of Political Lying. The Author, in this Chap­ter, proceeds to reason upon the other Qua­lities of the Mind; As, great Fondness of the Malicious and the Miraculous: The Tendency of the Soul towards the Malicious, springs from Self-love, or a Pleasure to find Man­kind more wicked, base, or unfortunate, than our selves. The Design of the Miraculous, proceeds from the Inactivity of the Soul, or its Incapacity to be moved or delighted with any thing that is vulgar or common. The Author having establish'd the Qualities of the [Page 8] MIND, upon which his Art is founded, he proceeds,

In his Second Chapter, to Treat of the Nature of Political Lying; which he defines, to be, The Art of convincing the People of Salu­tary Falshoods, for some good End. He calls it an Art to distinguish it from that of telling Truth, which does not seem to want Art; but then he would have this understood on­ly as to the Invention, because there is indeed more Art necessary to convince the People of a Salutary Truth, than a Salutary Falshood. Then he proceeds to prove, that there are Salutary Falshoods, of which he gives a great many Instances both before and after the Revolution; and demonstrates plainly, that we could not have carried, on the War so long, without several of those Salutary Fals­hoods. He gives Rules to calculate the Va­lue of a Political Lye, in Pounds, Shillings, and Pence. By Good, he does not mean that which is absolutely so, but what appears so to the Artist, which is a sufficient Ground for him to proceed upon; and. he distinguishes the Good, as it commonly, is, into Bonum utile, dulce, & honestum. He shews you, that there are Political Lyes of a mix'd Nature, which include all the Three in different respects▪ That the Utile reigns generally about the Exchange, the Dulce and Honestum at the West­minster End of the Town. One Man spreads [Page 9] a Lye to sell or Buy Stock to greater Advan­tage; a second, because it is honorable to serve his Party; and a third, because it is sweet to gratify his Revenge. Having ex­plain'd the several Terms of his Definition, he proceeds,

In his Third Chapter, to treat of the Law­fulness of Political Lying; which he deduces from its true and genuine Principles, by en­quiring into the several Rights that Man­kind have to Truth. He shews, that the People have a Right to private Truth from their Neighbours, and oeconomical Truth from their own Family; that they should not be abused by their Wives, Children, and Servants; but, that they have no Right at all to Political Truth: That the People may as well all pretend to be Lords of Mannors and possess great Estates, as to have Truth told them in Matters of Government. The Author, with great Judgment, states the se­veral Shares of Mankind in this Matter of Truth, according to their several Capacities, Dignities, and Professions; and shews you, that Children have hardly any share at all; in consequence of which, they have very seldom any Truth told them. It must be own'd, that the Author, in this Chapter, has some seeming Difficulties to answer and explain Texts of Scripture, and a Sermon lately Preach'd before Her Majesty at Windsor.

The Fourth Chapter is wholly employed in this Queston, Whether the Right of Coinage of Political Lyes be wholly in the Government? The Author, who is a true Friend to English Liberty, determines in the Negative, and answers all the Arguments of the opposite Party with great Acuteness; That as the Go­vernment of England has a Mixture of De­mocratical in it, so the Right of Inventing and Spreading Political Lyes, is partly in the People; and their obstinate Adherence to this just Privilege has been most conspicuous, and shin'd with great Lustre of late Years: That it happens very often, that there is no other Means left to the good People of England to pull down a Ministry and Government they are weary of, but by exercising this their undoubted Right: That abundance of Political Lying is a sure sign of true English Liberty: That as Ministers do sometimes use Tools to support their Power, it is but reasonable that the People should employ the same Weapon to defend themselves, and pull them down.

In his Fifth Chapter, he divides Political Lyes into their several Species and Classes, and gives Precepts about the Inventing, Spreading, and Propagating the several sorts of them: He begins with the Rumores, and Libelli famosi, such as concern the Reputation of Men in Power; where he finds Fault [Page 11] with the common Mistake, that takes No­tice only of one sort, viz. the Detractory or Defamatory, whereas in truth there are three sorts, the Detractory, the Additory, and the Translatory. The Additory gives to a Great Man a greater share of Reputa­tion than belongs to him, to enable him to serve some good End or Purpose. The De­tractory or Defamatory, is a Lye which takes from a Great Man the Reputation that justly belongs to him, for fear he should use it to the Detriment of the Publick. The Translatory, is a Lye that transfers the Me­rit of a Man's good Action to another who is in himself more deserving; or, transfers the Demerit of a bad Action from the true Author, to a Person who is in himself less deser­ving. He gives several Instances of very great Strokes in all the Three Kinds, especially in the last, when it was necessary for the Good of the Publick to bestow the Valour and Con­duct of one Man upon another, and that of many to one Man; nay, even upon a good Occasion, a Man may be rob'd of his Victory by a Person that did not Command in the Action. The Restoring and the De­stroying the Publick may be ascrib'd to Per­sons who had no hand in either. The Au­thor exhorts all Gentlemen Practitioners to exercise themselves in the Translatory, be­cause the Existence of the Things them­selves being visible, and not demanding any [Page 12] Proof, there wants nothing to be put upon the Publick but a false Author or a false Cause, which is no great Presumption upon the Credulity of Mankind, to whom the se­cret Springs of things are for the most part unknown.

The Author proceeds to give some Pre­cepts as to the Additory. That when one ascribes any thing to a Person which does not belong to him, the Lye ought to be calcu­lated not quite contradictory to his known Qualities: Ex. gr. One would not make the French King present at a Protestant Conven­ticle; nor, like Queen Elizabeth, restore the Overplus of Taxes to her Subjects. One would not bring in the Emperor giving two Months Pay in Advance to his Troops; nor the Dutch paying more, than their Quota. One would not make the same Person zea­lous for a Standing Army and Publick Li­berty; nor an Atheist support the Church; nor a lewd Fellow a Reformer of Manners; nor a hot-headed crack-brain'd Coxcomb for­ward for a Scheme of Moderation. But if it is absolutely necessary that a Person is to have some good adventitious Quality given him, the Author's Precept is, that it should not be done at first in extremo gradu. For Example: They should not make, a Covetous Man give away all at once, Five thousand Pounds in a charitable generous way; Twen­ty or Thirty Pounds may suffice at first, [Page 13] They should not introduce a Person of re­markable Ingratitude to his Benefactors, re­warding a poor Man for some good Office that was done him thirty Years ago; but they may allow him to acknowledge a Ser­vice to a Person who is capable still to do him another. A Man whose personal Cou­rage is suspected, is not at first to drive whole Squadrons before him; but he may be allow'd the Merit of some Squabble, or throwing a Bottle at his Adversary's Head.

It will not be allow'd, to make a Great Man, that is a known Despiser of Religion, spend whole Days in his Closet at his Devo­tion; but, you may with Safety make him sit out publick Prayers with Decency. A Great Man, who has never been known wil­lingly to pay a just Debt, ought not all of a sudden to be introduc'd making Resti­tution of Thousands he has cheated; let it suffice at first, to pay Twenty Pounds to a Friend who has lost his Note.

He lays down the same Rules in the De­tractory or Defamatory kind; that they should not be quite opposite to the Qualities the Persons are supposed to have. Thus it will not be found, according to the found Rules of Pseudology, to report of a pious and religious Prince, that he neglects his Devo­tion, and would introduce Heresy; but, you may report of a merciful Prince, that he has Pardon'd a Criminal who did not deserve it. [Page 14] You will be unsuccessful if you give out of a Great Man, who is remarkable for his Fru­gality for the Publick, that he squanders away the Nation's Money; but, you may safely re­late that he hoards it: You must not affirm he took a Bribe; but, you may freely censure him for being tardy in his Payments; Be­cause though neither may be true, yet the last is credible, the first not. Of an open­hearted generous Minister you are not to say, that he was in an Intrigue to Betray his Country; but, you may affirm with some Probability, that he was in an In­trigue with a Lady. He warns all Practi­tioners to take good heed to these Precepts, for want of which, many of their Lies, of late, have prov'd abortive on short-liv'd.

In his Sixth Chapter he treats of the Mi­raculous; by which he understands any thing that exceeds the common Degrees of Proba­bility. In respect of the People, it is divi­ded into two sorts, the [...], or the [...], Terrifying Lyes, and Animating or Encouraging Lyes, both being extremely useful on their proper Occasions. Concern­ing the [...], he gives several Rules; one of which is, that terrible Objects should not be too frequently shewn to the People, lest they grow familiar. He says, it is ab­solutely necessary that the People of England should be frighted with the French King and [Page 15] the Pretender once a Year; but, that the Bears should be chain'd up again till that time Twelve-month. The want of Obser­ving this so necessary a Precept, in bring­ing out the Raw-head and Bloody-bones upon every trifling Occasion, has produc'd great Indifference in the Vulgar of late Years. As to the Animating or Encouraging Lyes, he gives the following Rules; That they should not far exceed the common degrees of Pro­bability, and that there should be variety of them, and the same Lye not obstinately insisted upon; that the Promissory or Prog­nosticating Lyes should not be upon short Days, for fear the Authors should have the Shame and Confusion to see themselves spee­dily contradicted. He examines by these Rules, that well-meant, but unfortunate Lye of the Conquest of France, which continued near twenty Years together; but at last, by being too obstinately insisted upon, it was worn threadbare, and became unsuccessful.

As to the [...], or the Prodigious, he has little to advise, but that their Co­mets, Whales and Dragons, should be siza­ble; their Storms, Tempests, and Earth­quakes, without the reach of a Days Jour­ney of a Man and a Horse.

The Seventh Chapter is wholly taken up in an Enquiry, Which of the two Parties are the greatest Artists in Political Lying. He [Page 16] owns the Tories have been better believed of late; but, that the Whigs have much the greater Genius's amongst them. He attri­butes the late ill Success of the Whig-Party to their glutting the Market, and retailing too much of a bad Commodity at once: When there is too great a Quantity of Worms, it is hard to catch Gudgeons. He proposes a Scheme for the Recovery of the Credit of the Whig-Party, which indeed seems to be somewhat Chimerical, and does not savour of that sound Judgment the Author has shown in the rest of the Work It amounts to this, That the Party should agree to vent nothing but Truth for three Months together, which will give them Cre­dit for six Months Lying afterwards. He owns, that he believes it almost impossible to find fit Persons to execute this Scheme. Towards the end of the Chapter, he in­veighs severely against the Folly of Parties, in retaining such Scoundrels and Men of Low Genius's to retail their Lyes; such as most of the present News-Writers are, who besides a strong Bent and Inclination towards the Profession, seem to be wholly ignorant in the Rules of Pseudology, and not at all qualified for so weighty a Trust.

In his Eighth Chapter he treats of some extraordinary Genius's who have appear'd of late Years, especially in their Disposition to­wards [Page 17] the Miraculous. He advises those hopeful Young-men to turn their Invention to the Service of their Country, it being inglorious, at this time, to employ their Ta­lent in prodigious Fox-Chases, Horse-Courses, Feats of Activity in Driving of Coaches, Jumping, Running, Swallowing of Peaches, Pulling out whole Sets of Teeth to clean, &c. when their Country stands so much in need of their Assistance.

The Eighth Chapter is a Project for Uni­ting the several smaller Corporations of Lyars into one Society. It is too tedious to give a full Account of the whole Scheme; what is most remarkable is, That this Society ought to consist of the Heads of each Party; that no Lye is to pass current without their Ap­probation, they being the best Judges of the present Exigencies, and what sort of Lyes are demanded: That in such a Corporation there ought to be Men of all Professions, that the [...], and the [...], that is, Decency and Probability, may be observ'd as much as possible: That besides the Persons above-mentioned, this Society ought to con­sist of the hopeful Genius's about the Town (of which there are great plenty to be pick'd up in the several Coffee-houses) Travellers, Virtuoso's, Fox-hunters, Jockeys, Attorneys, Old Sea-men and Soldiers out of the Hospi­tals of Greenwich and Chelsea. To this So­ciety, [Page 18] so Constituted, ought to be committed the sole Management of Lying. That in their outer Room there ought always to attend some Persons endow'd with a great Stock of Credulity, a Generation that thrives mightily in this Soil and Climate: He thinks a sufficient Number of them may be pick'd up any where about the Exchange: These are to Circulate what the other Coin; for no Man spreads a Lye with so good a Grace as he that be­lieves it. That the Rule of the Society be to invent a Lye, and sometimes two, for eve­ry Day; in the Choice of which, great Re­gard ought to be had to the Weather, and the Season of the Year: Your [...], or Ter­rifying Lyes, do mighty well in November and December, but not so well in May and June, unless the Easterly Winds reign. That it ought to be Penal, for any body to talk of any thing but the Lye of the Day. That the Society is to maintain a sufficient Num­ber of Spies at Court, and other Places, to furnish Hints and Topicks for Invention; and a general Correspondence in all the Market-Towns, for Circulating their Lyes. That if any one of die Society were observ'd to blush, or look out of Countenance, or want a necessary Circumstance in telling the Lye, he ought to be expell'd, and de­clar'd incapable. Besides the Roaring Lies, there ought to be a private Committee for Whispers, constituted of the ablest Men of [Page 19] the Society. Here the Author makes a Di­gression in Praise of the Whig-Party, for the right Understanding and Use of Proof-Lyes. A Proof-Lye is like a Proof-Charge for a Piece of Ordnance, to try a Standard-Credu­lity. Of such a nature he takes Transubstan­tiation to be in the Church of Rome, a Proof­Article, which if any one swallows, they are sure he will digest every thing else. There­fore the Whig-Party do wisely, to try the Credulity of the People sometimes by Swin­gers, that they may be able to judge to what heighth they may Charge them afterwards. Towards the End of this Chapter, he warns the Heads of Parties against Believing their own Lyes; which has prov'd of pernicious Consequence of late, both a Wise Party and a Wise Nation having regulated their Affairs upon Lyes of their own Invention. The Causes of this he supposes to be too great a Zeal and Intenseness in the Practice of this Art, and a vehement Heat in mutual Con­versation, whereby they perswade one ano­ther, that what they wish, and report to be true, is really so. That all Parties have been subject to this Misfortune: The Jacobites have been constantly infested with it; but, the Whigs of late seem ev'n to exceed them in this ill Habit and Weakness. To this Chapter, the Author subjoins a Calendar of Lyes proper for the several Months of the Year.

The Ninth Chapter treats of the Celerity and Duration of Lyes. As to the Celerity of their Motion, the Author says it is almost incredible: He gives several Instances of Lyes that have gone faster than a Man can ride Post: Your Terrifying Lyes travel at a prodi­gious rate, above ten Miles an hour; your Whispers move in a narrow Vortex, but ve­ry swiftly. The Author says it is impos­sible to explain several Phoenomena in relation to the Celerity of Lyes, without the Suppo­sition of Synchronism and Combination. As to the Duration of Lyes, he says they are of all sorts, from Hours and Days to Ages; that there are some which, like your Insects, die and revive again in a different Form; that good Artists, like People who build upon a short Lease, will calculate the Duration of a Lye surely to answer their purpose; to last just as long, and no longer, than the Turn is serv'd.

The Tenth Chapter treats of the Chara­cteristicks of Lyes; how to know, when, where, and by whom invented: Your Dutch, English, and French Ware, are amply distin­guish'd from one another; an Exchange-Lye from one Coin'd at the other End of the Town; Great Judgment is to be shewn as to the Place where the Species is intended to Circulate: Very low and base Coin will serve for Wapping: There are several Coffee­houses [Page 21] that have their particular Stamps, which a judicious Practitioner may easily know. All your Great Men have their proper Phan­tateusticks. The Author says he has attained, by Study and Application, to so great Skill in this Matter, that bring him any Lye, he can tell whose Image it bears so truly, as the Great Man himself shall not have the face to deny it. The Promissory Lyes of Great Men are known by Shouldering, Hug­ging, Squeezing, Smiling, Bowing; and Lyes in Matter of Fact, by immoderate Swearing.

He spends the whole Eleventh Chapter on one simple Question, Whether a Lye is best contradicted by Truth, or another Lye. The Author says, that considering the large Ex­tent of the Cylindrical Surface of the Soul, and the great Propensity to believe Lyes in the generality of Mankind of late Years, he thinks the properest Contradiction to a Lye, is another Lye: For Example; If it should be reported that the Pretender was at London, one would not contradict it by saying he never was in England; but you must prove by Eye-witnesses that he came no farther than Greenwich, but then went back again. Thus if it be spread about that a great Per­son were dying of some Disease, you must not say the Truth, that they are in Health, and never had such a Disease; but, that they are slowly recovering of it. So there was, [Page 22] not long ago, a Gentleman who affirmed, That the Treaty with France for bringing in Popery and Slavery into England, was Sign'd the 15th of September; to which another an­swered very judiciously, not by opposing Truth to his Lye, That there was no such Treaty; but that, to his certain Know­ledge, there were many things in that Treaty not yet adjusted.