THE RUDIMENTS OF GRAMMAR. The Rules Composed in English Verse, FOR The greater Benefit and de­light of young Beginners.

By James Shirley.

Ʋtile dulci.

LONDON, Printed by J. Macock for R. Lownds, and are to be sold at his shop at the white Lyon Paul's Church-yard, 1656.

Letters in Latine.

Capital.

A B C D E F G H J Consonant. J I Vowel. I L M N O P Q R S T V Consonant V U Vowel. U X Y Z.

These are used at the beginning of every Proper name, the beginning of Sentences and Verses.

Small Letters.

a b c d e f g h j i l m n o p q r s t v u x y z.

[c] before [e, or i,] soundeth like an [s,] as cedo, cito; Before other Vowels like the English [k] as cado, colo, cuprum.

H. is by some held rather a note of Aspiration, then a Letter.

L. is never double at the latter end of a Latine word, Pugil.

After q. is alwaies written u. as qui, quoniam.

Vowels.

a. e. i. o. u. and y. which is only used in Greek Words, as In [...]lytus. All other Letters are Consonants.

Consonants.

J and V before other vowels, when they lose their sound are reputed consonants, as in

Justus. Volo.

Where j sounds like a melting g, and v like a dry f.

X and Z are double consonants, and J between two vowels, as major.

L M N R are liquids, all the rest are mutes.

Dipthongs five.

  • a. as Musae. ae and oe are pronounced like e.
  • au. as Aurum. ae and oe are pronounced like e.
  • ei as Hei. ae and oe are pronounced like e.
  • eu as Euge. ae and oe are pronounced like e.
  • oe as Coelum. ae and oe are pronounced like e.

Of Letters are made sillables. si- [ti] when a vowel immediately followeth, is pro­nounced like [si] except in 1 Tiara. 2 Infinitives Paragogical. Mittier, borrowed words, as 3 Politia. And when s goeth before it, as 4 justior, robustior. ti-o.

Of sillables are made words.

Of Words are made parts of speech.

Accents three.

  • Acute ´
  • Grave `
  • Circumflex ^

These are not in use among the Latines, but for distinction and difference of words which are written alike.

Multò much, from the Adjective multo. To note a long, sound before inclytical conjunctions, as itáne, adésdum.

[Page 3]Or to shew a sillable long by nature or contraction of vowels, as

  • amaverunt,
  • quîs for qucis.

Points.

A note of Diaeresis ¨ as aër

A note of a vowel cut off called apostrophus, ' Audistn'

Parenthesis is when a word or more (not of essence to the speech) are shut up in two semi-circles, ()

A note of Interrogation ?

Of Exclamation, Admiration, or Sorrow !

A note of long quantity -

A note of short quantity ˘

Comma, or note of pausing ,

Semicolon, of longer pause ;

Colon :

Period, or full point .

The Argument.

EIght Parts, two Numbers, Cases six, to these
Three Genders, five Declensions, three Degrees.
Pronouns nineteen, four kind of Verbs, and they
Three Persons through both Numbers do convey:
Four Conjugations perfect Verbs receive,
On which four Moods attend, and Tenses five.
From race of Verbs four Participles flow.
Three Gerunds we admit, and Supines two.
These things well laid, three Concoras raise at last
A structure, and the toyl of Grammar's past.

Rudiments.

Grammar is the Art of speaking rightly.

  • The Parts are,
    • Etymologie, and
    • Syntax.

ETymologie is that part of Grammar which teach­eth the Proprieties of several words, especially in the difference of Terminations; and considereth all parts of speech.

Eight Parts of Speech.

EIght only Parts the wise Grammarians teach,
Because in them we comprehend all Speech.
  • Noun, decli­ned,
  • Pronoun, decli­ned,
  • Verb, decli­ned,
  • Participle, decli­ned,
  • Adverb, undecli­ned.
  • Conjunction, undecli­ned.
  • Preposition, undecli­ned.
  • Interjection, undecli­ned.

To all these Parts belong Species which is Form, and Figura Figure. Form is when a word is either Original, and called Primitive, as Scio to know; or come from another, and called Derivative, as Scientia knowledge, deriv'd from Scio. Figure is when a word is either sim­ple, as just us just; or compounded, as injust us unjust, compounded of in and just us.

Two kinds of Nouns, Substantive, and Adjective.

NOuns Substantives the names of things declare,
But Adjectives what kind of things they are.
The Substantives are known by [a] or [the]
The Adjectives alone imperfect be.

A Noun Substantive is the name of a thing that may be seen, felt, heard, or understood; it signifies without time, and is known by the signes, a, an, or the before it.

Domus a House, Pomum an Apple, Judex the Judge.

To every Adjective you may joyn man or thing, and it maketh no distinct sense without a Substantive.

Antiqua Domus, an ancient House,

Dulce Pomum, a sweet Apple.

Nouns Proper are all proper Names, which are referred to one, as Thamesis the Thames. Common are appli­ed to all of the same kind, as Fluvius a River.

Numbers Two.

ONe is the Number Singular, but all
Above, we must the Plural Number call.
  • Homo a man.
  • Homines Men.

Some nouns in the singular signifie many, as Po­pulus a people, Grex a flock: These are called Collectives, yet these are the singular Number, as being consider'd, one people, one flock.

Cases Six.

THe Nom'native before the Verb doth go,
[Of] shews the Genitive, the Dative [to]
The Accusative after the Verb is plac'd,
The Fift calls, Prepositions rule the Last.

The Nominative, the Genitive, the Dative, the Ac­cusative, the Vocative, the Ablative.

The Nominative and Vocative are alike in both Numbers, so the Dative and Ablative plural in every Declension.

Genders three.

MAle Female, Neuter, perfect Genders be,
All others are compounded of these three,

A Noun of the Male or Masculine Gender, as Hic Vir this man.

A Noun of the Female or Feminine Gender, as Haes Mulier this Woman.

A Noun of the Neuter Gender, as Hoc Saxum this Stone.

Nouns that belong to both Sexes, are of the Mas­culine and Feminine, as Parens a Father or Mo­ther.

The Masculine Gender is more worthy then the Fe­minine, and the Feminine more worthy then the Neuter.

ALL Nouns the Male or Female Gender have,
As nature first to Things the Sexes gave.
  • Frater a Brother.
  • Equus a Horse.
  • Soror a Sister.
  • Equa a Mare.

Gender is the difference of Sex by Nature, as they are Male or Female; But by Institution and Art, words may [Page 8] be of the Male or Female gender, and yet have no relation to Sex: as Lapis a stone, m. Musa a Song, Fem.

ALL Nouns in [um] declin'd with Neuter be,
Ʋnless they signifie a He, or She.
  • Londinum, The City London.
  • Cuprum Copper
ANd upon Nouns we do the Neuter place
That are declin'd
These are called Nouns Aptotes, or Invariable, be­cause they change their Termination in no case. The Substantives of these are Neuters, the Adjectives are of all Genders.
alike in every Case.
  • Nihil Nothing.
  • Genio a Knee.
THe Proper Names of Rivers, every Wind,
And Months, are with the Masculine declin'd.
  • Thamesis the Thames.
  • Januarius the Moneth January.
  • Eurus the East-wind.
TRees, Countries, Cities, Islands, as they were
Of Woman-race, the Female Gender bear.
  • Cerasus a Cherry tree.
  • Mona the Isle of Man.
  • Anglia England.
  • Oxonia Oxford.
VVOrds of one Syllable we entertain
Except some few, under the Female train.

Declensions five.

HIs true Declension every Noun will give
From Termination of his Genitive.
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
In ae. in i. in is. in us. in ei.
As Musa. Viri. Crinis. Manus. Rei.

Nouns of the first Declension.

ALL of the first Declension that do spring
From Latine race, the Female Gender bring.
  • Gemma a Jewel.
  • Pecunia Money.

Terminations of the first Declension.

Sing. Numb.
Nominativo a
Genitivo ae
Dativo ae
Accusativo am
Vocativo a
Ablativo â

Plural Number.
Nominativo ae
Genitivo arum
Dativo is
Accusativo as
Vocativo ae
Ablativo is

Example.

Sing. Plur.
N. Gemma N. Gemmae
G. Gemmae G. Gemmarum
D. Gemmae D. Gemmis
A. Gemmam A. Gemmas
V. Gemma V. Gemmae.
A. Gemmâ. A. Gemmis.

Filia, and Nata a daughter, make the Dative and Ablative Plural in is or in abus. Dea a Goddess, Mula a Mule. Equa a Mare. Liberta a Freed woman, in abus only.

Examples of Nouns in As, Es, and E, Which come from the Greek.

Sing. Sing.
N. Thomas N. Anchises Proper names want the Plural Number.
G. Thomae G. Anchisae Proper names want the Plural Number.
D. Thomae D. Anchisae Proper names want the Plural Number.
A. Thomam A. Anchisem Proper names want the Plural Number.
V. Thoma V. Anchisa Proper names want the Plural Number.
A. Thoma. A. Anchisa. Proper names want the Plural Number.
Sing. Plur.
N. Epitome N. Epitomae
G. Epitomae, es G. Epitomarum
D. Epitomae D. Epitomis
A. Epitomam, en A. Epitomas
V. Epitome V. Epitomae
A. Epitoma. A. Epitomis.

Terminations of the second Declension.

Sing. Plur.
Nom. us, er, um N. i a
G. i G. orum
D. o D. is
A. um A. os a
V. e, er, um V. i a
A. o A. is.
ALL Nouns that by the Second we decline
In r and us, are counted Masculine.
N. Dominus N. Domini
G. Domini G. Dominorum
D. Domino D. Dominis
A. Dominum A. Dominos
V. Domine V. Domini
A. Domino A. Dominis.
THe Nominatives in us do end in e,
All other with their Vocatives agree.
  • N. Dominus,
  • V. Domine.
ALL Proper Names in ius end in i
So Filius in the Vocative Fili.
Sing. Sing.
N. Cornelius N. Filius
G. Cornelii G. Filii
D. Cornelio D. Filio
A. Cornelium A. Filium
V. Corneli V. Fili
A. Cornelio. A. Filio.
Sing. Plur.
N. Deus N. Dii
G. Dei G. Deorum
D. Deo D. Diis
A. Deum A. Deos
V. Deus V. Dii
A. Deo. A. Diis.
N. Puer N. Pueri
G. Pueri G. Pucrorum
D. Puero D. Pueris
A. Puerum A. Pueros
V. Puer V. Puer
A. Puero. A. Pueris.
ALL Nouns which do the Neuter Gender claim,
In the first, fourth, and fifth Case are the same
If you decline them in the Plural, they
Without exception do all end in [a]
Sing. Plur.
N. Specul um N. Specul. a
G. Speculi G. Speculorum
D. Speculo D. Speculis
A. Specul um A. Specul a
V. Specul um V. Specul a
A. Speculo. A. Speculis.
Singulariter.
  • N. Orpheus
  • G. Orphei vel Orpheos
  • D. Orpheo vel Orphei
  • A. Orpheum vel Orphea
  • V. Orpheu
  • A. Orpheo.

Speculum, A Looking glass. n. g.

Terminations of the third Declension.

Sing. Plur.
N.   N. es
G. is G. um ium
D. i D. ibus
A. em A. es
V.   V  
A. e i A. ibus
NOuns of the third we Feminines do call,
VVhose Genitive hath no increase at all.
N. Nubes N. Nubes
G. Nubis G. Nubium
D. Nubi D. Nubibus
A. Nubem A. Nubes
V. Nubes V. Nubes
A. Nube. A. Nubibus.
THe Feminine to every Noun we give
VVhen they increase long in the Genitive.
Sing. Plur.
N. Virtus N. Virtutes
G. Virtutis G. Virtutum
D. Virtuti D. Virtutibus
A. Virtutem A. Virtutes
V. Virtus V. Virtutes
A. Virtute. A. Virtutibus

Aetas. Age. Racio, Reason. Fornax, A Furnace.

BƲt if they short increase, we must decline
Nouns of the third Declension, Masculine.
N. Pecten N. Pectines
G. Pectinis G. Pectinum
D. Pectini D. Pectinibus
A. Pectinem A. Pectines
V. Pecten V. Pectines
A. Pectine. A. Pectinibus.

Lapis. A Stone. Silex, A Flints Furfur, Bran.

Terminations of the fourth Declension.

N. us N. ûs
G. ûs G. num
D. ui D. ibus ubus
A. um A. ûs
V. us V. ûs
A. u A. ibus ubus.
NOuns of the fourth all Masculine we find,
Except in [u] some Neuters undeclin'd.
N. Gradus N. Gradus
G. Gradûs G. Graduum
D. Gradui D. Gradibus
A. Gradum A. Gradûs
V. Gradus V. Gradûs
A. Gradu. A. Gradibus.

Motus, Motion.

N. Arcus N. Arcûs
G. Arcûs G. Arcuum
D. Arcui D. Arcubus
A. Arcum A. Arcûs
V. Arcus V. Arcûs
A. Arcu. A. Arcubus.

Laeus, A Lakes Specus, A Den. Tribus. A Tribe. Partus, A Birth. Portus, A Haven. Artus, A Joint. Acus, A Needle. Quercus, An Oak. Ficus, A Fig. Vetu. A Spit.

Sing. Plur,
Nom. Genu N. Genua
Gen. Genu G. Genuum
Dat. Genu D. Genibus
Acc. Genu A. Genua
Voc. Genu V. Genua
Abl. Genu A. Genibus,

Terminations of the fift Declension.

N. es N. es
G. ei G. êrum
D. ei D. êbus
A. em A. es
V. es V. es
A. o A. êbus
ALL of the Fift do end in es, and render
Themselves conformed to the Female Gender.
N. Res N Res
G. Rei G. Rerum
D. Rei D. Rebus
A. Rem A. Res
V. Res V. Res
A. Re A. Rebus

Fides, Faith.

Spes, Hope.

N. Dies N. Dies
G. Diêi G. Dierum
D. Diêi D. Diebus
A. Diem A. Dies
V. Dies V. Dies
A. Die A. Diebus.

Species, A Kind.

Facies, A Face.

Nouns of the third and fift Declension have the No­minative, the Accusative, and the Vocative alike in the plural.

The Termination of Cases in every Declension.

Sing.
  1 2 3 4 5
N.          
G. ae i is us ei
D. ae o i ui ei
A. am um em im um em
V.          
A. a o e u e

Plur.
N. ae i es us es
G. arum orum ium uum erum
D. is is ibus ibus ebus
A. as os es us es
V. ae i es us es
A. is is ibus ibus ebus

Example.

Sing.
  1 2 3 4 5
N Musa Vir Crinis manus Res
G Musae Viri Crinis Manus Rei
D Musae Viro Crini Manui Rei
A Musam Virum Crinem Manum Rem
V Musa Vir Crinis Manus Res
A Musa Viro Crine Manu Re.

Plur.
N Musae Viri Crines Manus Res
G Musarum Virorum Crinium Manuum Rerum
L Musis Viris Crinibus Manibus Rebus
A Musas Viros Crines Manus Res
V Musae Viri Crines Manus Res
A Musis Viris Crinibus Manibus Rebus

Felix, [happy] is a Noun Adjective of one Ter­mination, and third Declension.

Sing. Plur.
N. Felix N. Felices, Felicia
G. Felicis G. Felicium
D. Felici D. Felicibus
A. Felicem, Felix A. Felices, Felicia
V. Felix V. Felices, Felicia
A. Felice vel Felici A. Felicibus.

Tristis, [sad] is a Noun Adjective of two Ter­minations, and third Declension.

Sing. Plur.
N. Tristis, triste N. Tristis, tristia
G. Tristis G. Tristium
D. Tristi D. Tristibus
A. Tristem, triste A. Tristes, tristia
V. Tristis, triste V. Tristes, tristia
A. Tristi A. Tristibus.

Suavis, pleasant.

Humilis, humble.

When the Adjective hath two endings in one case, the first is Masculine and Feminine, as Tristis, and the se­cond Neuter, as Triste.

Bonus [good] is a Noun Adjective of three Ter­minations, of the second and first Declension.

Sing. Plur.
N. Bonus, bona, bonum N. boni, bonae, bona
G boni, bonae, boni G. bonorum, bonarum, bono­rum
D. bono, bonae, boro D. bonis
A. bonum, bonam, bonum A. bonos, bonas, bona
V. bone, bona, bonum V. boni, bonae, bona
A. bono, bona, bono. A. bonis.

When the Adjective hath three divers endings, the first is Masculine, as Bonus, the second Feminine, as Bona, the third Neuter, as Bonum.

Unus, One.
  • Singulariter.
    • N. Unus, una, unum,
    • G. unius
    • D. uni
    • A. unum, unam, uaum
    • V. une, una, unum
    • A. uno. unâ, uno.
Alter, another, or either.
  • Singulariter.
    • N. Alter, altera, alterum
    • G. Alterius
    • D. Alteri
    • A. alterum, alterā, alterū,
    • V. caret
    • A. altero, alterâ, altero.

So totus whole, solus alone, ulius any, uter whether, neuter, neither. Unus wanteth the Pimal, unless it be joyned with a word that wanteth the Singular.

Alius, another
Singulariter. Pluraliter,
N Alius, alia, aliud N. Alii, aliae, alia
G. alîus G. aliorum, aliarii, aliorū
D. alit D. aliis
A. alium, aliam, aliud A. alios, alias, alia
V. [...] V. caret
A. alto, aliâ, alio A. aliis.
Duo two.
  • Pluraliter,
    • N. Duo, duae, duo
    • G. duorum, duarum, duorum
    • D. duobus, duabus, duobus
    • A. duos duas, duo
    • V. duo, dua, duo
    • A. duobus, duabus, duobus.
Ambo both.
  • Pluraliter.
    • N. Ambo, ambae, ambo
    • G. amborum, ambarum, amborū
    • D. ambobus, ambabus, ambobus,
    • A. ambos, ambas, ambo
    • V. ambo, ambae, ambo
    • A. ambobus, ambabus, ambobus.

Duo and ambo are somtimes used for duos and ambos.

Tres three.
  • Pluraliter,
    • N. Tres, tria
    • G. trium
    • D. tribus
    • A. tres, tria
    • V. tres, tria
    • A. tribus.
Quatuor four.
  • Pluraliter.
    • N. Quatuor.
    • G. Quatuor.
    • D. Quatuor.
    • A. Quatuor.
    • V. Quatuor.
    • A. Quatuor.

Acer [sharp] is a Noun adjective of three Ter­minations, of the third Declension.

Sing. Plur.
N. Acer, acris, acre N. Acres, acria
G. acris G. acrium
D. acri D. acribus
A. acrem, acre A. acres, acria
V. acer, acris, acre V. acres, acria
A. acri. A. acribus.

So Celer, Silvester, Pedester, Campester, Paluster, Volucer, Celeber, Saluber, Alacer.

Three Degrees of Comparison.

THe Positive declares without excess,
With the sign [more] Comparatives increase,
By [most] the bold Superlatives are known,
Beyond which, there is no comparison.
  • Pos. Durus, Hard.
  • Com. Durior, more Hard.
  • Sup. Durissimus, most Hard.

An Adjective of the Comparative Degree hath two Terminations, or, and us.

N. Tristior, tristius N. Tristiores, tristiorae
G. tristioris G. tristiorum
D. tristiori D. tristioribus
A. tristiorem, tristius A. tristiores, tristiora
V. tristior, tristius V. tristiores, tristiora
A. tristiore vel tristiori A. tristioribus.

The Positives and Superlatives are declin'd like Bonus. The Comparative and Superlative are formed of the first case of their Positive that endeth in i, by putting to it or and us; as from duri, the Genitive of durus, by ad­ding or, and us; are made the Comparative durior, and durius; and by adding [si] and [simus] to duri, is made durissimus, the Superlative; and this is the regular for­mation or Comparisons.

Irregular Comparisons.

ADjectives in [er] form their Superlative of the Nominative by putting to it rimus, as

Pulcher, Pulchrior, Pulcherrimus
Pulchra Pulchrior, Pulcherrima,
Pulchrum Pulchrius Pulcherrimum.

Adjectives that end with a vowel before us, have no formation or change at all, but make their Comparative by magis more, and maximè most, as

  • Pius, Godly.
  • Magis Pius, more Godly,
  • Maximè Pius, most Godly.

ADjectives that are compounded of dico, facio, volo, loquor, change us in entior, and entissimus, as

  • Maledicus,
  • Maledicentior,
  • Maledicentissimus.
  • So Magnificus, Benevolus, Magniloquus, &c.

ADjectives compounded with per, are compared like the sim­ple Nouns, but before the Comparative, are put the Ad­verbs multò, or longè, and before the Superlative, the particle quam.

  • [Page 22]Perdoctus very learned.
  • Multò vel longê doctior, far more learned.
  • quàm doctissimus, most.
  • Perpius very godly.
  • Multò vel longè magis pius.
  • quàm maximè pius, or piissimus, &c.
Bonus good Melior better Optiusus best
Malus evil Pejor worse Pessimus worst
Magnus great Major greater Maximus greatest
Parvus little Minor less Minimus least
Nequam wicked Nequior more Nequissimus most
Dives rich Ditior more Ditissimus most
Exterus outward Exterior more Extremus furthest
Inferus below, Inferior lower, Infimus lowest
Superus above, Superior more high Supremus vel sum­mus, highest
Posterus late, Posterior later Postremus last
Facilis easie Facilior more Facillimus most
Gracilis small, Gracilior smaller Gracillimus most
Humilis humble, Humilior more Humillimus most
Similis like Similior more Simillimus most
Agilis nimble Agilior more Agillimus most
Docilis teachable Docilior more Docillimus most
Multus much. Plus more. Plurimus most.

Comparisons Defective.

These Adjectives want the Positive.
  • Prior the former
  • Ocyor swift
  • Deterior worse
  • Penitior more inward
  • Proprior neerer
  • Ulterior more remote.
  • Primus the first,
  • Ocyssimus most swift
  • Deterrimus worst
  • Penitissimus most
  • Proximus neerest, hence proxi­mior
  • Ultimus furthest, or the last.
These want the Comparative.
  • Novus new
  • Invitus unwilling
  • Inclytus famous
  • Diversus different
  • Meritus deserving
  • Sacer holy
  • Falsus false
  • Fidus faithful
  • Nuperus late.
  • Novissimus newest or last
  • Invitissimus most
  • Inclytissimus most
  • Diverfissimus most
  • Meritissimus most
  • Sacerrimus most
  • Falsissimus most
  • Fidissimus most
  • Nuperrimus most.
These want the Superlative.
Dexter, Lucky. Dexterior. More.
Sinister, Unlucky. Sinisterior, More.
Optimus, Fat. Opimior, More.
Juvenis, Young. Junior, The younger.
Senex, Old. Senior, The elder.
Declivis, Downwards. Declivior, More.
Acclivis Steep up. Acclivior, more.
Lonquiquus, Far. Longinquior, More distant.
Salutaris, Healthful. Salutarior, More.
Supinus, Careless. Supinior, More.
Adverbs.
Saepe, Often. Diu, Long.
Saepius, More. Diutius, Longer.
Saepissime, most. Diutissime, Longest.
A Type of the degrees regular.
  Sing. Plur.
N.
  • durus
  • dura
  • durum
  • durior
  • durius
  • durissimus
  • durîssima
  • durissimum
  • duri
  • durae
  • dura
  • duriores
  • duriora
  • durissimi
  • durissimae
  • dürissima
G.
  • duri
  • durae
  • duro
 durioris
  • durissimi
  • durissimae
  • durissimi
  • duro [...]ū
  • durarū
  • durorū
 duriorū
  • durissimorū
  • durissimarū
  • durissimorū
D.
  • duro
  • durae
  • duro.
 duriori
  • durissimo
  • durissimae
  • durissimo
 duris durio­ribus durissimis
A.
  • durum
  • durum
  • durum
  • duriorē
  • durius.
  • durissimū
  • durissimā
  • durissimū
  • duros
  • duras
  • dura
  • duriores
  • duriora
  • durissimos
  • durissimas
  • durissima
V.
  • dure
  • dura
  • durum
  • durior
  • durius
  • durissime
  • durissima
  • durissimum
  • dura
  • durae
  • dura
  • duriores
  • duriora
  • durissimi
  • duriissimae
  • durissima
A.
  • duro
  • dura
  • duro
  • duriore
  • vel
  • duriori
  • durissimo
  • durissima
  • durissimo
 duris durio­ribus durissimis

Pronouns nineteen.

PRonouns are words, that do supply the place
Of Nouns, and have their gender, number, case,

Ego, tu, sui, ille, ipse, is

Hic, iste, meus, tuus, suus, quis

Qui, noster, vester, nostras, vestras, some

To cujas adde cujus cuja cujum.

Some are called Demonstratives, as, ego, tu, sui, &c. Some Possessives, as, meus, tuus, suus, noster, vester. Qui is a Relative. Cujas, cujus, and quis are Interroga­tives.

Ego tu sui are Pronouns Substantives.

Sing. I, me.

Plur. We us.

Nom. Ego. N. Nos.
Gen. Mei. G. Nostrum vel nostri.
Dat. Mihi. D. Nobis.
Acc. Me. A. Nos.
Voc. Caret. V. Caret.
Ab. Me. A. Nobis.

You, thou, the.

Yee.

Nom. Tu. N. Nos.
Gen. Tui. G. Vestrum vel vestri.
Dat. Tibi. D. Vobis.
Acc. Te. A. Vos.
Voc. Tu. V. Vos.
Ab. Te. A. Vobis.
  • Singulariter & Pluraliter.
    • Nom. Caret.
    • Gen. Sui, of him or themselves.
    • Dat. Sibi.
    • Acc. Se.
    • Vo. Caret.
    • Ab. Se.

He, she, that, him, her.

They, them, those.

Sing. Plur.
No. Ille, illa, illud. N. Illi, illae, illa.
Gen. Illius. G. Illorū, illarū, illorū
Dat. Illi. D. Illis.
Ac. Illum, illam, illud. A. Illos, illas, illa.
Voc. Caret. V. Caret.
Ab. Illo, illa, illo. A. Illis.

So iste, ista, istud.

Sing. Plur.
Nom. Ipse, ipsa, ipsum. Ipsi, ipsae, ipsa.
Gen. Ipsius. Ipsorum, ipsarum, ipsorū
Dat. Ipsi. Ipsis.
Acc. Ipsum, ipsam, ipsū. Ipsos, ipsas, ipsa.
Voc. Caret. Caret.
Ab. Ipso, ipsa, ipso. Ipsis.

He, she, it, that, him.

They, their, those, them.

N. Is, ea, id. N. ii, cae, ca.
G. Ejus. G. Eorum, earum, eorū.
D. Ei. D. üs vel eïs.
A. Eum, cam, id. A. Eos, eas, ea.
V. Caret. V. Caret.
A. Eo, eâ, co. A. üs vel eïs.

N. Idem, eadem, idem. G. Ejusdem. Acc. Eundem, eandem, idem. Gen. pl. corundem, earundem, &c.

N. Hic. haec, hoc. N. Hi, hae. haec.
G. Hujus. G. horum, harum, horā.
D. Huic. D. His.
A. Hunc, hanc, hoc. A. Hos, has, haec.
V. Caret. V. Caret.
A. Hoc, hac, hoc. A. His.

N. Isthic, isthaec, istoc vel istuc. Ac. Istunc, istanc, istoc vel istuc. Ab. Istoc, istac, istoc, Pl. N. A. Istaec. So illic. N. Hiccine, haeccine, hoccine. A. Hunccine, hanccine, hoc­cine. Ab. Hoccine, haccine. Pl. Haeccine.

Who, which, whose, whom.

N. Qui. quae, quod. Qui, quae, quae.
G. Cujus. Quorum, quarum, quorū
D. Cui. Quibus, vel queïs.
A. Quem. quam, quod. Quos, quas, quae.
V. Caret. Caret.
A. Quo, qua, quo, vel qui Quibus, vel Queis.

So quilibet every one, quivis any one, quicunque whoso­ever, qui dam a certain or some.

Who? what? whose? whom?

N. Quis, quae, quid. Qui, quae, quae.
G. Cujus. Quorum, quarum, quorū
D. Cui. Quibus.
A. Quem. quam, quid. Quos, quas, quae.
V. Caret. Caret.
A. Quo, qua, quo. Quibus.

So ecquïs who. But the other compounds make qua, and quid. as siquis if any, fiqua, fiquid; aliçuis, aliqua, aliquod vel aliquid. Quispiam any. Quisnam; who quisque, every [Page 28] one are declined like quis. Quid is always a Substantive of the Neuter Gender.

Whoso ever. whatso ever.

N. Quisquis, quicquid Qui, qui
G. Cujus, Cujus Quorum, quorum
D. Cui, cui Quibus, quibus
A. Quem, quē, quicquid Quos, quos
V. Caret. Caret
A. Quoquo Quibus, quibus.

my, mine,

  • N. Meus, mea, meum
  • G. Mei, meae, mei
  • D. Meo, meae, meo
  • A. meum, meam, mêum
  • V. mi, mea, meum.
  • A. Meo, mea, meo

And in the Plural Number like bonus, so tuus thy, suus his, or their, noster our, vester, your, cujus whose. But that noster only hath the Vocative.

Our coun­trey­man, or one of our side.

So vestras, and cujas, saving they want the Vocative.

N. Nostras, like felix Nostrates, nostratia
G. Nostratis Nostratium
D. Nostrati Nostratibus
A. Nostratem, nostras Nostrates, nostratia
V. Nostras Nostrates, nostratia
A. Nostrate vel nostrati Nostratibus.

All Pronouns, but tu, meus, noster, & nostras want the Vocative case. So nullus, neuter, alius, alter, ullus, uter, which have the nature of Pronouns.

Of a Verb.

VErbs are a part of Speech that signifie
Either to Do, to Suffer, or to Be.

Amare to love, amari to be loved, Esse to be.

VErbs that have Persons, we do Personall call,
And such as want we call Impersonal.

Persons three.

1. Ego I. Nos We.
2. Tu Thou. Vos Ye.
3. Ille He. Illi They.
Sing. Plur.
Ego amo I love, Nos amamus We love,
Tu amas thou lovest, Vos amatis ye love,
Ille amat He loveth. Illi amant they love.

Ego is only the first person, which speaketh of himself.

Tu is only the second person, which speaketh to ano­ther; and of this person is every Vocative case.

Ille, and all other Pronouns, and Nouns whatsoever, are of the third Person, unless they be joyn'd with Ego or Tu.

The first person is more worthy then the second, and the second more worthy then the third.

Of Verbs Personal there be four kinds.

Active, Neuter, Passive, Deponent.

THe Active and the Neuter end in [o]
And both alike do signifie to do,
  • Amo I love.
  • Curro I run.

A Verb Active endeth in [o] and is known by any of these signs, do, did, have, had, shall or will, as amo I do love, and this may be changed into a Passive by ta­king r, as amor, I am loved.

A Verb Neuter also endeth in [o] and signifieth do­ing, with the same signs of a Verb Active, but rarely doth admit of a passive English or Signe, and therefore cannot take [r] to be made a verb Passive personal, as Curro I run, dormio I sleep; some few, as vapulo I am beaten, veneo I am sold, exulo I am banished, signifie pas­sively, and are called Neuter Passives.

IN [or] both Passive and Deponent run,
To do, Deponent; Passive, to be done.
  • Amor I am loved.
  • Loquor I do speak.

A verb passive endeth in [or] and hath for his signs in, is, are, art, was, and other Englishes of the verb Sum, as moneor, I am advised; and is derived from his active Moneo.

[Page 31]A verb Deponent endeth in [or] but signifieth doing, like a verb Active, with the same signes, do, did, have, &c.

Moods four.

INdicatives without a signe declare.
The moods Imperative commanding are.
  • Amat he loveth.
  • Ama love thou.

The Indicative mood doth plainly declare or shew. The Imperative biddeth, commandeth, or exhorteth to do a thing; as Lege, read thou, legite, read ye, or with the signe let, as legito ille, let him read. This Impera­tive mood wanteth the first persons, and therefore lega­mus let us read, and the like, is not properly the Impera­tive, but the Subjunctive mood, whose present tense is elegantly used for the Imperative in all persons.

MAy might, would, should, make the Subjunctive known
Somtimes an Adverb, or Conjunction.

Si faciam, if I do, ut videam, that I may see, non ne­garem, I would or should not deny, utinam fecisset, would he had done it.

The signs of the Subjunctive mood are made often in Latine by Possum, Volo, Debeo, and then the latter verb will be the Infinitive mood, as possum facere, I can per­form it.

INfinitives which [to] before them use,
Number and Person in their Mood refuse.
  • Amare to love.
  • Amari to be loved.
  • Discere to learn.
  • Doceri to be taught.

Gerunds three. Supines two.

IN di, do, dum, the several Gerunds close,
[um] the first Supine. [u] the latter shows.
  • Amandi of loving.
  • Amando in loving.
  • Amandum to love.
  • Amatum to love.
  • Amatu to be loved.

Tenses five.

FIve Tenses which their Signes discover still,
I do, I did, I have, had, shall, or will.

These, are both the signes of Verbs, and signs of Tenses, which signifie time present, past, to come.

Present tense Do Amo I do love.
Preter Imperfect did amabam I did
Preter Perfect have amavi I have
Preter Pluperfect. had amaveram I had
Future tense. shall or will. amabo I shall or will

Passive Signs.

Present Tense am, is, are, art amor I am loved
Imperf. was, were, wert, amabar I was
Perfect have been amatus sum vel fui
Pluperf. had been amatus cram vel fueram
Future shall or will be. amabor I shall.

But if these signes come not before verbs, then they are verbs of themselves.

I do facio I did faciebam or feci, &c.
I have habeo I had habui
I will volo I would volebam, velim, vel­lem.
I will not nolo I would not nolebam, nolui, nolim, nollem.
  • I can Possum. I could potui. I might possem.
  • I ought Debeo. Debui Deberem.
  • I am Sum. I was eram. I have been sui.
  • I had been fueram, fuissem. I shall be cro, fuero, &c.

Verbs Impersonal.

IMpersonal Verbs by their signe [it] we find
In the third Person singular declin'd.
Placet it pleaseth.
  • Ind. Placet, placebat, placuit, placuerat, placebit.
  • Sub. Placeat, placeret, placuerit, placuisset, placuerit.
  • Itur the Impersonal Passive.
  • Ind. Itur, ibatur, itum est vel fuit, itum erat vel fuerat, ibitur.
  • [Page 34]Sub. Eatur, iretur, itum sit vel fuerit, itum esset vel fuisset, itum erit vel fuerit.
  • Inf. Iri.

The Participle joyned with the auxiliar verb [est] in the Impersonal Passives, is alwaies used Neuter.

Verbs Neuter may be Impersonal Passives, and answer to all persons by understanding an Ablative with a Pre­position a or ab. Itur ame, te, illo, id est, eo, is, it is gone by me, thee, him, that is, I go, thou goest, he goeth, &c. when a deed is signified to be done of many, the neuter Impersonal is elegant, as curritur, i.e. omnes concurrunt, they all run.

Participles four.

DEriv'd from Verbs declin'd like Nouns are all
Those parts of Speech we Participles call.

Participles are so called, of taking part of a Noun, and part of a Verb: they differ not from Adjectives in na­ture, but that they signifie with time present, past, or to come, as amans loving, hath relation to the present time, &c.

A Participle of the present Tense
Hath [ing] in English, Latine ans or ens.
  • Amans loving.
  • Legens reading.
  • Monens teaching.
  • Audiens hearing.

[Page 35]Participles of the present tense are declined like Felix. If the word ending in [ing] have [a] or [the] before it, it is a Noun Substantive, as lectio a reading.

BY d t n the perfect tense is known,
In tus, sus, xus all the Latines run.
  • Loved, Amatus,
  • seen, Visus,
  • knit. Nexus.
TO do, the Future signifies in rus,
And to be done, the future tense in dus.
  • Amaturus to love.
  • Amandus to be loved.

All Participles that end in us; are declined like bonus, amatus, amaturus, amandus a. um.

Conjugations four.

THe first hath â long before re and ris,
E long the second Conjugation is.

1. As Amare to love; Amaris vel amare, thou art loved.

2. Monêre to advise. Monêris vel monere, thou art advised.

E short is of the third a perfect signe,
But with i long, io the fourth decline.

[Page 36] 3. As legere to read, legeris vel legere, thou art read.

4. Audire to hear, audiris vel audire, thou art thou art heard.

Examples of the Conjugations in o.

  • 1. Amo, amas, amâre, amandi, do, dum, amans, amavi, amatum, amaturus.
  • 2. Monco, mones, monêre, monendi, do, dum, monens monui, monitum, monitur [...].
  • 3. Lego, legis, legere, legendi, do, dum. Legens. Legi, lectum, lecturus.
  • 4. Audio, audis, audire, audiendi, do, dum, audiens, Audivi, auditum, auditurus.

Indicative Mood of the first Conjugation.

Present tense.
Singulariter. Pluraliter.
Amo I do love Amamus we do
Amas thou dost Amuis ye do
Amat he doth Amant they do
Preterimperfect tense.
Singulariter. Pluraliter.
Amabam I did love Amabamus we did
Amabas thou didst Amabatis ye did
Amabat he did Amabant they did
Preterperfect tense.
Singulariter. Pluraliter.
Amavi I have loved Amavimus we have
Amavisti thou hast Amavistis ye have
Amavit he hath Amavêrunt vel Amavêre they have
Preterpluperfect tense.
Singulariter. Pluraliter.
Amaveram I had loved Amaveramus we had
Amaveras thou hadst Amaveratis ye had
Amaverat he had Amaverant they had
Future tense.
Singulariter. Pluraliter.
Amabo I shall or will love Amabimus we shall or will
Amabis thou shalt or wilt Amabitis ye shall or will
Amabit he shall or will Amabunt they shall or will

Imperative Mood.

Present tense.
Singulariter. Pluraliter.
Ama vel amato tu love thou Amate vel amatote vos love ye
Amato ille let him love Amanto illi let them love

Subjunctive Mood, ut that, si if, utinam I would.

Present tense.
Singulariter. Pluraliter.
Amem I may love Amemus we may
Ames thou mayest Ametis ye may
Amet he may Ament they may

This Tense supplies the first persons of the Imperative Mood and may be used generally for it, with the Conjunction ut, as ut videam let me see, cures have you a care, fiat let it be done, faciamus let us make, fitis be ye, valeant let them go, or fare they well; here may be understood velim, jubeo, fac, jus, est, &c.

Preterimperfect tense.
Singulariter. Pluraliter.
Amarem I did, might, would, should love. Amaremus we did
Amares thou didst Amaret he did
Amaretis ye did Amarent they did
Preterperfect tense.
Singulariter. Pluraliter.
Amaverim I have loved Amaverimus we have
Amaveris thou hast Amaveritis ye have
Amaverit he hath Amaverint they have
Preterpluperfect tense.
Singulariter. Pluraliter.
Amavissem I had loved Amavissemus we had
Amavisses thou hadst Amavissetis ye had
Amavisset he had Amavissent thep had
Future tense.
Singulariter. Pluraliter.
Amavero I shall or will love Amaverîmus we shalt
Amaveris thou shalt or wilt Amaverîtis ye shall
Amaverit he shall or will Amaverint they shall

Infinitive Mood.

Present, and Preterimperfect tense,

Amâre to love.

Preterperfect, and Preterpluperfect tense.

Amavisse to have or had loved.

Although the Infinitives in [rum] as amaturum, moniturum, and the like, were anciently used (when they answered without altering their termination) to every number and gender, as credo inimicos meos hoc dicturum, I believe that my enemies will say this; yet they are not now in use with the best Au­thors, who supply this tense by the Participle in rus, alterable both in gender and number (of which infinitive Verbs are not capable) before esse or fore, as when we would say, I promise that I will satisfie, we say elegantly, promitto me satisfacturum, and so in the plural, nos, vos, aut illos satisfacturos esse pollicemur, we promise that we, ye, or they shal satisfie; Illae dixerunt se emptu­ras, the Women said they would buy; and so in the neuter, by altering the gender to agree with the substantive. The like may be said for the future of the passive infinitive verb, by the parti­ciple in dus.

Gerunds.

Amandi of loving, amando in loving, amandum to love.

First Supine.

Amatum to love.

Participles.

Present tense. Amans loving.

Future tense. Amaturus to love, or about to love.

The first Conjugation Passive.

Amor, amâris vel amâre [amatus] amari, amatu, amandus.

Indicative Mood.

Present tense.
Singulariter. Pluraliter.
Amor I am loved Amamur we are
Amaris vel amare thou art Amamini ye are
Amatur he is Amantur they are
Preterimperfect tense.
Singulariter. Pluraliter.
Amabar I was loved Amabamur we were
Amabaris vel amabare thou wert Amabamini ye were
Amabatur he was Amabantur they were

Verbs in [or] have no Preterperfect tenses, nor Preterplu­perfect tenses, nor the Future tenses of the Subjunctive or Infi­nitive Mood, but these are supplied by the Participles of the Preter tense (which admit of several genders) and the Verb Sum in the several tenses, or by the first Supine, and the Pas­sive Infinitive [iri] as when you would say, I have been lo­ved, it is expressed by amatus fum vel fui, or sim vel fuerim; [Page 41] she had been admonished, monita erat vel fuerat, or esset vel fuisset, It shall or will be read; lectum erit vel fuerit, so amatum esse vel fuisse, me, te, aut illum, that I, thou, or he hath been loved; amatum iri, me, te, aut illum, that I, thou, or he are to be loved. Post quam audierat non Satum iri uxorem filio, after he heard a wife was not to be given to his son, which may be resolved by the Participle in [dus] and [esse] as postquam audierat non dandam esse uxorem filio. The like circumlocution is allowed to the Participles in [rus] and [dus.]

Future tense.
Singulariter. Pluraliter.
Amabor I shall or will be loved Amabimur we shall or will
Amaberis vel amabere thou Amabimim ye shall or will
Amabitur he shall or will Amabuntur they shall

Imperative Mood.

Present tense.
Singulariter. Pluraliter.
Amare vel amator tu be thou loved. Amamiri vel amaminor vos be ye loved
Amator ille let him be loved Amanter illi let them beloved

Subjunctive Mood.

Present tense.
Singulariter. Pluraliter.
Amer I may be loved Amemur we may
Ameris vel amere thou maiest Amemini ye may
Ametur he may Amentur they may
Preterimperfect tense.
Singulariter. Pluraliter.
Amarer I was, might, would, should be loved Amaremur we were
Amareris vel amarere thou wert Amaremini ye were
Amaretur he was Amarentur they were

Infinitive Mood.

Present, and Preterimperfect tense. Amari to be loved.

Last Supine.

Amatu to be loved.

The Gerunds are here the same as in the actives, but seldom used in the passive English.

Participles.

Preter tense. Amatus loved. Future. Amandus to be loved.

The second Conjugation Active.
Indicative Mood.

Present tense.
Singulariter. Pluraliter.
Moneo I do advise Monemus we do
Mones thou dost Monetis ye do
Monet he doth Monent they do
Preterimperfect tense.
Singulariter. Pluraliter.
Monebam I did advise Monebamus we did
Monebas thou didst Monebatis ye did
Monebat he did Monebant they did
Preterperfect tense.
Singulariter. Pluraliter.
Monui I have advised Monuimus we have
Monuisti thou hast Monuistis ye have
Monuit he hath Monuêrunt vel monuêre they have
Preterpluperfect tense.
Singulariter. Pluraliter.
Monuissem I had advised Monuissemus we had
Monuisses thou hadst Monuissetis ye had
Monuisset he had Monuissent they had
Future tense.
Singulariter. Pluraliter.
Monebo I shall or will advise Monebimus we shall or will
Monebis thou shalt or wilt Monebitis ye shall or will
Monebit he shall or will Monebunt they shall or will

Imperative Mood.

Singulariter. Pluraliter.
Mone vel moneto tu do thou advise Monete vel monetote vos ad­vise ye
Moneto ille let him advise Monento illi let them advise

Subjunctive Mood.

Present tense.
Singulariter. Pluraliter.
Moneam I may advise Moneamus we may
Moneas thou mayest Moneatis ye may
Moneat he may Moneant they may
Preterimperfect tense.
Singulariter. Pluraliter.
Monerem I did, might, would, or should advise Moneremus we did
Moneres thou didst Moneretis ye did
Moneret he did Monerent they did
Preterperfect tense.
Singulariter. Pluraliter.
Monuerim I have advised Monuerimus we have
Monueris thou hast Monueritis ye have
Monuerit he hath Monuerint they have
Preterpluperfect tense.
Singulariter. Pluraliter.
Monuissem I had advised Monuissemus we had
Monuisses thou hadst Monuisset he had
Monuissetis ye had Monuissent they had
Future tense.
Singulariter. Pluraliter.
Monuero I shall or will advise Monuerimus we shall or will
Monueris thou shalt or wilt Monuerîtis ye shall or will
Monuerit he shall or will Monuerint they shall

Infinitive Mood.

Present and preterimperfect tense

Moneré to advise

Preterperfect and preterpluperfect tense

Monuisse to have or had advised.

Gerunds.

Monendi of advising, Monendo in advising, Monendum to advise.

First Supine.

Monitum to advise.

Participles.

Present tense, Monens advising.

Future, Moniturus to advise, about, or ready to advise.

The second Conjugation Passive.

Moneor, Monêris vel morêre [monitus] moneri, monitu, monendus.

Indicative Mood.

Present tense.
Singulariter. Pluraliter.
Moneor I am advised Monemur we are
Moneris vel monere thou art Monemini ye are
Monetur he is Monentur they are
Preterimperfect tense.
Singulariter. Pluraliter.
Monebar I was advised Monebamur we were
Monebâris vel monebâre Monebamini ye were
Monebatur he was Monebantur they were
Future tense.
Singulariter. Pluraliter.
Monebor I shall or will be ad­vised Monebimur we shall or will
Moneberis vel monebere Monebimini ye shall
Monebitur he shall or will Monebuntur they shall

Imperative Mood.

Singulariter. Pluraliter.
Monere, monetor tu be thou advised Monemini vel moneminor vos be ye advised.
Monetor ille let him be advi­sed. Monentor illi let them be ad­vised.

Subjunctive Mood.

Present tense.
Singulariter. Pluraliter.
Monear I may be advised Moneamur we may
Monearis vel moneare thou Moneamini ye may
Moneatur he may Moneantur they may
Preterimperfect tense.
Singulariter. Pluraliter.
Monerer I was, might, would, or should be advised Moneremur we were
Monereris vel monerere Moneremini ye were
Moneretur he was Monerentur they were

Infinitive Mood.

Present and preterimperfect tense:

Moneri to be advised.

Last Supine.

Monitu to be advised.

Participles,

Preter tense, Monitus advised.

Future tense, Monendus to be advised.

The third Conjugation Active.
Indicative Mood.

Present tense.
Singulariter. Pluraliter.
Lego I do read Legimus we do
Legis thou dost Legitis ye do
Legit he doth Legunt they do
Preterimperfect tense.
Singulariter. Pluraliter.
Legebam I did read Legebamus we did
Legebas thou didst Legebatis ye did
Legebat he did Legebant they did
Preterperfect tense.
Singulariter. Pluraliter.
Legi I have read Legimus we have
Legisti thou hast Legistis ye have
Legit he hath Legêrunt vel legere they have
Preterpluperfect tense.
Singulariter. Pluraliter.
Legeram I had read Legeramus we had
Legeras thou hadst Legeratis ye had
Legerat he had Legerant they had
Future tense.
Singulariter. Pluraliter.
Legam I shall or will read Legemus we shall
Leges thou shalt Legetis ye shall
Leget he shall Legent they shall
Imperative Mood.
Singulariter. Pluraliter.
Lege vel legito tu read thou Legite vel legitote vos read ye
Legito ille let him read Legunto illi let them read

Subjunctive Mood.

Present tense.
Singulariter. Pluraliter.
Legan I may read Legamus we may
Legas thou maiest Legatis ye may
Legat he may Legant they may
Preterimperfect tense.
Singulariter. Pluraliter.
Legerem I did, might, would, or should read. Legeremus we did
Legeres thou didst Legeretis ye did
Legeret he did Legerent they did
Preterperfect tense.
Singulariter. Pluraliter.
Legerim I have read Legerimus we have
Legeris thou hast Legeritis ye have
Legerit he hath Legerint they have
Preterpluperfect tense.
Singulariter. Pluraliter.
Legissem I had read Legissemus we had
Legisses thou hadst Legissetis ye had
Legisset he had Legissent they had
Future tense.
Singulariter. Pluraliter.
Legero I shall or will read Legerîmus we shall or will
Legeris thou shalt or wilt Legeritis ye shall or will
Legerit he shall or will Legerint they shall or will

Infinitive Mood.

Present and preterimperfect tense. Legere to read.

Preterperfect and preterpluperfect tense, Legisse to have or had read.

Gerunds.

Legendi of reading. Legendo in reading. Legendum to read.

First Supine.

Lectum to read.

Participles.

Present tense, Legens reading.

Future tense, Lecturus to read.

The third Conjugation Passive.

Legor, legeris, vel legere [lectus] legi, lectus, legendvs to be read.

Indicative Mood.

Present tense.
Sing. Plur.
Legor I am read Legimur we are
Legeris vel legere thou art Legimini ye are
Legitur he is Leguntur they are
Preterimperfect tense.
Sing. Plur.
Legebar I was read Legebamur we were
Legebaris vel legebare thou wert Legebamini ye were
Legebatur he was Legebantur they were
Future tense.
Sing. Plur.
Legar I shall or will be read Legemur we shall
Legeris vel legere thou shalt Legemini ye shall
Legetur he shall Legentur they shall
Imperative Mood.
Sing. Plur.
Legere vel legitor tu be thou read. Legimini vel legiminor vos be ye read.
Legitor ille let him be read Leguntor illi let them be

Subjunctive Mood.

Present tense.
Sing. Plur.
Legar I may be read Legamur we may
Legaris vel legare thou Legamini ye may
Legatur he may Legantur they may
Preterimperfect tense.
Sing. Plur.
Legerer I was, might, would, should be read Legeremur we were
Legerêris vel legerere thou wert Legeremini ye were
Legeretur he was Legerentur they were

Infinitive Mood.

Present and Preterimperfect tense

Legi to be read.

Last Supine.

Lectu to be read.

Participles.

Preter tense, Lectus read.

Future, Legundus to be read:

The fourth Conjugation Active.
Indicative Mood.

Present tense.
Sing. Plur.
Audio I hear Audimus we do
Audis thou dost Auditis ye do
Audit he doth Audiunt they do
Preterimperfect tense.
Sing. Plur.
Audiebam I heard Audiebamus we did
Audiebas thou didst Audiebatis ye did
Audiebat he did Audiebant they did
Preterperfect tense.
Sing. Plur.
Audivi I have heard Audivimus we have
Audivisti thou hast Audivistis ye have
Audivit he hath Audivêrunt vel audivêre they
Preterpluperfect tense.
Sing. Plur.
Audiveram I had heard Audiveramus we had
Audiveras thou hadst Audiveratis ye had
Audiverat he had Audiverant they had
Future tense.
Sing. Plur.
Audiam I shall or will hear Audiemus we shall or will
Audies thou shalt or wilt Audietis ye shall or will
Audiet he shall or will Audient they shall or will

Imperative Mood.

Sing. Plur.
Audi vel audito tu hear thou Audite vel auditote vos hea ye
Audito ille let him hear Audiunto illi let them hear.

Subjunctive Mood.

Present tense.
Sing. Plur.
Audiam I may or can hear Audiamus we may
Audias thou mayst Audiatis ye may
Audiat he may Audiant they may
Preterimperfect tense.
Sing. Plur.
Audirem I did, might, would or should hear. Audiremus we did
Audires thou didst Audiretis ye did
Audiret he did Audirent they did
Preterperfect tense.
Sing. Plur.
Audiverim I have heard Audiverimus we have
Audiveris thou hast Audiveritis ye have
Audiverit he hath Audiverint they have.
Preterpluperfect tense.
Sing. Plur.
Audivissem I had heard Audivissemus we had
Audivisses thou hadst Audivissetis ye had
Audivisset he had Audivissent they had
Future tense.
Sing. Plur.
Audivero I shall or will hear Audiverîmus we shall
Audiveris thou shalt Audiveritis ye shall
Audiverit he shall Audiverint they shall

Infinitive Mood.

Present and Preterimperfect tense,

Audire to hear.

Preterperfect and Preterpluperfect tense

Audivisse to have or had heard.

Gerunds.

Audiendi of hearing. Audiendo in hearing.

Audiendum to hear.

First Supine.

Auditum to hear.

Participles.

Present tense, Audiens hearing.

Future tense, Auditur to hear, or about to hear.

The fourth Conjugation Passive.

Audior, audîris vel audîre [auditus] audire, auditu, audien dus to be heard.

Indicative Mood.

Present tense.
Sing. Plur.
Audior I am heard Audimur we are
Audiris vel audire thou art Audimini ye are
Auditur he is Audiuntur they are
Preterimperfect tense.
Sing. Plur.
Audiebar I was heard Audiebamur we were
Audiebaris vel audiebare thou wert Audiebamini ye were
Audiebatur he was Audiebantur they were
Future tense
Sing. Plur.
Audiar I shall or will be Audiemur we shall
Audieris vel audiere thou Audiemini ye shall
Audietur he shall Audientur they shall

Imperative Mood.

Sing. Plur.
Audire vel auditor tu be thou heard Audimini vel audiminor vos be ye heard
Auditor ille let him be heard. Audiuntor illi let them be heard

Subjunctive Mood.

Present Tense.
Sing. Plur.
Audiar I may be heard Audiamur we may
Audiaris vel audiare thou Audiamini ye may
Audiatur he may Audiantur they may
Preterimperfect tense
Sing. Plur.
Audirer I was, might, would, or should be heard Audiremur we were
Audireris vel audirere thou wert Audiremini ye were
Audiretur he was. Audirentur they were

Infinitive Mood.

Present and preterimperfect tense, Audiri to be heard.

Last Supine.

Auditu to be heard.

Participles.

Present tense, Auditus heard. Future, Audiendus to be heard.

Deponents are declined like Verbs Passives in their several Conjugations, but have their Gerunds.

Hortor, hortâris vel hortâre [hortatus] hortari, hortandi, hortando, hortandum, hortatum, hortaturus, hortandus to exhort.

Participles of the Pretertense in Verbs Deponents have Act­ive and Passive signification, because their Verbs anciently were held common.

In Verbs Deponents we must fancy a regular active, as declining, horto, hortas, hortavi, &c. and from hortatum to form hortatus, by changing m into s.

Anomalies.

Sum, es, fui, esse, futurus, to be.

Indicative Mood.

Present tense.
Sing. Plur.
Sum I am Sumus we are
Es thou art Estis ye are
Est he is Sunt they are
Present tense.
Sing. Plur.
Eram I was Eramus we were
Eras thou wert Eratis ye were
Erat he was Erant they were
Preterperfect tense.
Sing. Plur.
Fui I have been Fuimus we have
Fuisti thou hast been Fuistis ye have
Fuit he hath been Fuerunt vel fuere they have
Preterpluperfect tense.
Sing. Plur.
Fueram I had been Fueramus we had
Fueras thou hadst Fueratis ye had
Fuerat he had Fuerant they had
Future tense.
Sing. Plur.
Ero I shall or will be Erimus we shall or will
Eris thou shalt or wilt Erit he shall or will
Eritis ye shall or will Erunt they shall or will.

Imperative Mood.

Sing. Plur.
Esto tu be thou Este vel estote vos be ye
Esto ille be he, or let him be Sunto illi let them be.

Subjunctive Mood.

Present tense.
Sing. Plur.
Sim I may be Simus we may be
Sis thou mayest Sitis ye may
Sit he may Sint they may
Preterimperfect tense.
Sing. Plur.
Essem I was Essemus we were
Esses thou wert Essetis ye were
Esset he was Essent they were.
Preterperfect tense.
Sing. Plur.
Fuerim I have been Fuerimus we have
Fueris thou hast Fueritis ye have
Fuerit he hath Fuerint they have
Preterpluperfect tense.
Sing. Plur.
Fuissem I had been Fuissemus we had
Fuisses thou hadst Fuissetis ye had
Fuisset he had Fuissent they had
Future tense.
Sing. Plur.
Fuero I shall or will be Fuerîmus we shall or will
Fueris thou shalt or wilt Fuerîtis ye shall or will
Fuerit he shall or will Fuerint he shall or will

Infinitive Mood.

Present and Preterimperfect tense, Esse to be.

Preterperfect and Preterpluperf. tense, Fuisse to have or had been

Participle future.

Futurus to be.

Eo to go.

Eo, is, ivi, ire, eundi, eundo, eundum, itum iens, iturus.

Indicative Mood.

Present tense.
Sing. Plur.
Eo I go Imus we go
Is thou goest. Itis ye go
It he goeth. Eunt they go.
Preterimperfect tense.
Sing. Plur.
Ibam I did go or went Ibamus we did
Ibas thou didst Ibatis ye did
Ibat he did. Ibant they did.
Preterperfect tense.
Sing. Plur.
Ivi I have gone or went Ivimus we have
Ivisti thou hast Ivistis ye have
Ivit he hath. Ivêrunt vel ivêre they have
Preterpluferfect tense.
Sing. Plur.
Iveram I had gone Iveramus we had
Iveras thou hadst Iveratis ye had
Iverat he had Iverant they had.
Future tense.
Sing. Plur.
Ibo I shall or will go Ibimus we shall or will
Ibis thou shalt or wilt Ibitis ye shall or will
Ibit he shall or will. Ibunt they shall or will.

Imperative Mood.

Sing. Plur.
I, vel ito tu go thou Ite vel Itote vos go ye
Ito ille let him go. Eunto illi let them go.

Subjunctive Mood.

Present tense.
Sing. Plur.
Eam I may go Eamus we may go
Eas thou mayst go Eatis ye may go
Eat he may go. Eant they may go.
Preterimperfect tense.
Sing. Plur.
Irem I did, would or should go Iremus we did
Ires thou didst Iretis ye did
Iret he did Irent they did.
Preterperfect tense.
Sing. Plur.
Iverim I have gone Iverimus we have
Iveris thou hast Iveritis ye have
Iverit he hath Iverint they have
Preterpluperfect tense.
Sing. Plur.
Ivissem I had gone Ivissemus we had
Ivisses thou hadst Ivissetis ye had
Ivisset he had Ivissent they had.
Future tense.
Sing. Plur.
Ivero I shall or will go Iverîmus we shall or will
Iveris thou shalt or wilt Iverîtis ye shall or will
Iverit he shall or will. Iverint they shall or will.

Infinitive Mood.

Present and Preterimperfect tense, Ire to go.

Preterperfect and Preterpluperfect tense, Ivisse to have or had gone.

Gerunds.

Eundi of going, Eundo in going, Eundum to go.

Supine.

Itum to go.

Participles.

Present tense, Iens, the genitive is euntis, eunti, &c, and so in the compound. Future, Iturus to go.

Queo I can, and Nequeo I cannot, are declined like Eo, but that they want the Imperative Mood, the Gerunds, and Present tense Participle.

Possum, potes, potui, posse to may or can, or to be able.

Volo, vis, volui, velle, volendi, volendo, volen­dum, volens to will, or to be willing.

Nolo, nonvis, nolui, nolle, nolendi, do, dum, Ex non & volo. nolens to will not, or be unwilling.

[Page 62] Ex magis & volo. Malo, mavis, malui, malle, malendi, do, dum, malens to had rather, to wish rather, or prefer.

Fero bor­rows a pre­terfect tense from an old Verb Tulo, and may be of the third Conjugation, admitting the figure Syncope in some tenses, as Fers, fert, fertis, ferto, ferte, ferrem, ferre, for Fe­ris, ferit, feritis, ferito, ferite, fererem, ferere, and so in the passive. Fio is a neuter passive, and borrows the preterfect tense factus, from the last supine factu, and the participle in [dum] faciendus, from the old passive facior of facie. Fero, fers, tuli, ferre, ferendi, do, dum, latum, ferens, laturus to bear, to bring or report.

Fio, fis, factus, fieri, factu, faciendus to be made or done.

Indicative, Mood.

Present tense.
Sing. Plur.
Possum I may or can. Possumus we may
Potes you may Potestis ye may
Potest he may Possunt they may.
Present tense.
Sing. Plur.
Volo I will. Volumus we will
Vis thou wilt Vultis ye will
Vult he will. Volunt they will.
Present tense.
Sing. Plur.
Nolo I will not. Nolumus we wil not
Nonvis you will not Nonvultis ye wil not
Nonvult he wil not. Nolunt they will not.
Present tense.
Sing. Plur.
Malo I had rather Malumus we had rather
Mavis thou hadst rather Mavultis ye had rather
Mavult he had rather Malunt they had rather.
Present tense.
Sing. Plur.
Fero I bear Ferimus we bear
Fers thou bearest Fertis ye bear
Fert he beareth Ferunt they bear.
Sing. Plur.
Fio I am made. Fimus we are made
Fis thou art made Fitis ye are made
Fit he is made Fiunt they are made.
Preterimperfect tense,
Sing. Poteram I could as, at, Pl. amus, atis, ant.
Volebam I would
Nolebam I would not
Malebam I would rather
Ferebam I did bear
Fiebam I was made
Preterperfect tense.
Sing. Potui I could isti, it. P. imus, istis, êrunt vel ere.
Uolui I would
Nolui I would not
Malui I would have ra­ther
Tuli I have born
Preterpluperfect tense.
Sing. Potueram I had been able. as, at Pl. amus, atis, ant.
Volueram I had been willing
Nolueram I had been unw.
Malueram I would have had rather
Tuleram I had born

Potero I shall be able, ris, rit. pl. rimus, ritis, runt.

Future tense.
Sing. Volam I will. es, et. pl. emus, etis, ent.
Nolam I will not
Malam I will rather.
Feram I will bear.
Fiam I shall be made

Imperative Mood.

Sing. Plur.
Noli nolito tu do not thou Nolite nolitote vos do not ye.
Fer ferto tu bear thou. Ferte fertote vos bear ye.
Ferto ille let him bear. Ferunto illi let them bear.
Fito tu be thou made. Fitote vos be ye made.
Fito ille let him be made Fiunto illi let them be

Subjunctive Mood.

Present tense.
  Sing. Plur.
Sing. Possim I may or can. is, it. pl. imus, itis, int.
Velim I will
Nolim I will not
Malim I will rather.
Feram I may suffer. as, at. pl. amus, atis, ant.
Fiam I may be made.
Preterimperfect tense.
Sing. Possem I might or could. es, et. pl. emus, etis, ent.
Vellem I would.
Nollem I would not.
Mallem I would rather.
Ferrem I would bear.
Fierem I would be made.
Preterperfect tense.
Sing. Potuerim I could ris, rit. pl. rimus, ritis, rint.
Voluerim I would
Noluerim I would not
Maluerim I would have rather
Tulerim I have born.
Preterpluperfect tense.
Singular. Potuissem I had been able ses, set. pl. semus, setis, sent.
Voluissē I had been willing.
Noluissē I had been unwil.
Maluissem I had rather had.
Tulissem I had born.
Future tense.
Singular. Potuero I can hereafter. ris, rit. pl. rimus, ritis, rint.
Voluero I will.
Noluero I will not.
Maluero I shall rather
Tulero I will bear.

Infinitive Mood.

Pres. and Preterimp. tense.
  • Posse to can or to be able.
  • Veile to will or to be willing.
  • Nolle to will nor, or to be un­willing
  • Malle to have rather
  • Ferre to bear.
  • Fieri to be made.
Preterperf. & Preterpluf. tense
  • Potuisse to have been able.
  • Voluisse to have willed.
  • Noluisse not to have been wil­ling.
  • Maluisse to have had rather
  • Tulisse to have born.

Gerunds.

Volendi of willing. Volendo in willing. Volendum to will.

Nolendi of not willing. Nolendo in not willing. Nolen­dum to will not.

Malendi of wishing rather. Malendo in wishing rather. Ma­lendum to wish rather.

Ferendi of bearing. Ferendo in bearing. Ferendum to bear.

Supines.

  • Latum to bear.
  • Factu to be made.

Participles.

  • Present tense.
    • Volens willing.
    • Nolens unwilling.
    • Malens more willing.
    • Ferens bearing. Future. Laturus to bear.
  • Preter tense. Factus made. Future. Factendus to be made.

A Scheme of the Active and Passive Verbs.
Conjugat. 1.

  Active, Passive.
Pres. tense. Amo, amas Amor, amâris vel amâre
Infinitive. Amare Amari
Part. Amans Amatus,
Perf. tense. Amavi sum vel fui.
Supine. Amatum Amatu
Part. future. Amaturus. Amandus.
  2. Con.
Pr. tense. Monco, mones Moneor monêris vel mo­nere
Infifinitive. Monere Moneri
Pr. Monens Monitus
Perf. tense. Monui sum vel fui
Supine. Monitum Monitu
Part. future. Moniturus. Monendus.
  3 Con.
Pr. tense. Lego, Legis Legor, legeris, vel legere
Infinitive. Legere Legi
Part. Legens Lectus part. pretertense
Perf. tense. Legi sam vel fui.
[Page 68] Supine. Lectum Lectu
Part. fut. Lecturus Legendus
  4 Con.
Pr. tense. Audio, audis Audior, audiris vel au­dire
Infinitive. Audire Audivi
Part. Audiens Auditus sum vel
Perf. tense. Audiri fui.
Supine. Auditum Auditu
Part. fut. Auditurus. Audiendus.

Some general Rules for the Preterperfect Tense, and Supines of VERBS.

AS in the first avi, and atum makes,

Amo, amas, amavi, amatum.

ES uï forms whose Supine itum takes.

Moneo, Mones, Monui, Monitum.

VErbs of the fourth their various endings shew.

Lego, legis, legi, lectum.

FRom the fourth io, ivi, itum flow.

Audio, audis, audivi, auditum.

Some words of the fourth end in eo, as veneo to be sold, and eo to go, queo to be able, with their compounds.

THe Compound Perfect tense and Supines are
The same which in the simple Verbs they were.

Voco, vocavi, vocatum, to call.

Provoco, provocavi, provocatum, to provoke.

The Compound Verb doth commonly follow the Pre­ter perfect tense, and Supine of the simple Verb.

Exception.

IN Composition rarely Verbs dispense
With gemination in the Perfect tense.

Respondeo respondi responsum.

Spondeo spospondi sponsum.

If the simple Verb double the first syllable of the Preterperfect Tense, the compound doth not: There­fore Respondeo makes Respondi, not Respospondi: The Compounds of Sto, Disco, Posco, retain gemi­nation.

The Preterperfect Tenses and Supines are not al­waies certain; but the exceptions are at large in the Latine Grammar, to which the Scholar must be re­ferred.

Adverbs.

ADverbs are parts of speech which must be joyn'd
In Construing, next to Verbs, to shew their mind.
Some be of Time, as Nunc Now
Tunc then
Intere in the mean time
Pridie the day before
Postridie the day after
Postea afterwards.
Some be of Place, as Ubi Where
Ubinam in what place
Usquam any where
Nusquam no where
Eò thither
Longè far
Quò whither
Ubivis where you will.
Some be of Quantity. Parum a little
Satis enough
Abunde sufficiently
Affatim pentifully
Partim partly.

Conjunctions.

COnjunctions may be call'd the chains of sense,
And some do couple Cases, Moods, and Tense.
Some be Copulatives. & and
que and
ac and
atque and
quoque also
nec nor
neque neither
tum both
tum also
Enclytical. que, ne, ve.  

Prepositions.

ALL Praepositions have their natural place
Before, and must be construed with their Case.
These govern the Accusative.
Ad to
ante before
adversus against
adversum
apud at
Cis on this side
citra without
circum about
circa
circiter
[Page 73] extra without
erga toward
intra within
infra beneath
inter between
juxta near
in into, upon, for until, against.
ob for, by reason of
per by, or through
ponè behind
penes in the power of
praeter beside
propter for
prope nigh
post after
supra above
sub before, about
super beyond, above
secundum after, next to
secus by
trans over, beyond
versus towards
usque until, to
ultra beyond.
These govern an Ablative.
A, ab, abs from, after, since
absque without
coram before in presence of
cum with
de, e, ex concerning, of, from
in among, in.
pro for, instead of, be­fore
prae above, by reason of
sine without
sub under, in, at.
super of, upon, touch­ing
tenus up to, even to
These govern Accusative and Ablative in the same English.
Clam privately, without the knowledge of.
Subter under.

Interjections.

IMperfect voices Interjections are,
Which sudden Passions of the mind declare.
Apage hence, be gone
at, at ha.
ah ahime alas ah me
au peace, hist.
eheu hei alas.
euge, eja well done.
eho, heus hark.
Ehem, hem here, hum
evax, io. heida
oh ohe proh. oh alas
malum with a mis­chief
vah, hui, phi pish, fie
vae alack, wo to.

Concords three.

Conc. I.

VErbs that are called Personal, must receive
Number and Person from their Nominative.
Princes rule.
Prîncipes dominantur.
It is fit that aelyar be mindful.
Oportet ut mendax sit memor.

N. B. When you have the English word [that] in a sentence, which may be turned into the English [which] it is made by the Relative qui, quae, quod, &c. otherwise it is a Conjunction, which in Latine is quod or ut.

I rejoyce that you are well.
Gaudeo quod tu bene vales.

But this Conjunction may for elegance be put away, if you change the Nominative following into the Accu­sative, and the Verb into the Infinitive mood, as

Gaudeo te valuisse.

A verb Impersonal hath no Nominative case before it. If in the English it seem to have a Nominative before it, that word that seemeth to be the Nominative, shall be such case as the verb Impersonal will govern, as

me oportet, I must. Tibi licet, thou mayst.

Conc. II.

THe Adjectives with Substantives agree,
Whose number, case, and gender equal be.
  • an ingenious Boy.
  • a weak memory.
  • a good * thing.
  • Ingeniosus Puer.
  • Fragilis memoria.
  • Bona res.

N. B. When thing is the Substantive to the Adje­ctive, you may leave out Res the Latine Substantive, and put the Adjective alone in the Neuter gender, which in all respects supplies the place of a Substantive, as

Bonum, a good thing.

Conc. III.

ALL Antecedents their own Number give
Gender and Person to their Relative.
Qui operatur, meretur stipendium.
The man that worketh, deserveth a reward.
Non sunt amici quos amas.
They are not friends whom you love.

N. B. The Relative (of what case soever) is alwaies construed in the place where you find him in a sentence, if it do immediately come before the Verb, it will be the Nominative to the Verb, by the first Concord; but if any word come between the Relative and the Verb in that sentence, then the Relative is governed of the Verb, [Page 77] or Noun which followeth in construction. Ille and illi, [...] and ea, when they are Antecedents, are oftentimes, and not inelegantly understood. So ego, tu, ille, nos, vos, illi, when they come before a Verb.

THe guiding part in every Concord's that
Which answereth to the question Who or What:
This sometimes proves to be no word of case,
But made an Aptote doth supply the place.

Whatsoever answers to the question Who or What, is the Nominative case to the Verb, the Substantive to the Adjective and Antecedent to the Relative, whether it be a single word, or more, and if it happen to be no casual word, yet because it supplies the place of a Noun, it is to be declined there, like a Noun invariable.

To lie is not my duty.
Mentiri non est meum.
THe Antecedent or the Substantive,
Are often shut up in the Possessive.
Exaudi vocem mei clamantis ad te,
Hear my Prayer calling to thee.
Miror stultitiam vestri qui Ae thiopem lavatis:
I wonder at your folly who wash an Ethiop.

The Genitive case of a Pronoun Primitive included in the Possessive, is sometime the Substantive to an Adje­ctive, and Antecedent to a Relative: As [my prayer] in the example above, is put for the prayer of me; and [your folly] for the folly of you.

NOuns Singular when they conjoined stand,
May Plural Verbs or Adjectives command:
But if their Persons, or their Numbers be
Ʋnlike, these with the worthiest shall agree.
A friend and Gold are to be tried in fire.
Amicus & Aurum ignibus sunt probandi.
I and my affair are well.
Ego & res mea valemus.

Two or more Substantives singular joined with a Con­junction, may require a Verb, or Adjective plural. But if the Substantives be of divers Persons or Genders, then the Verb or Adjective shall be put in the more wor­thy Person or Gender.

N. B. If the Substantives of divers genders singular signifie things without life, then the Adjective or Rela­tive is put in the Neuter Gender, as if it answer'd to Things.

Water and Fire are inexorable.
Aqua & Ignis sunt inexorabilia.
VErbs may between two Nominatives, that be
Of divers Numbers, with the last agree,
Thus Adjectives or Relatives, when plac'd
Between two different Genders chuse the last.
Conscience is a thousand Witnesses.
Conscientia mille sunt Testes.
All Errour is not to be called folly.
Non omnis Error stultitia est dicenda.
Let no man take away the stone, which is called a Boun­der.
Nemo tollat saxum, qui limes p [...]nitur.

[Page 79]A Verb between two Nominative cases of divers Numbers; so Adjectives or Relatives between two Sub­stantives of divers Genders may agree with the last.

THe Case and Tense which doth the question frame
In every answer ought to be the same.
Q. R. E.
Quod est tibi nomen? Jacobus What is your name?
Cujus nominis es? Jacobi Of what name are you?
Cui nomini respondes? Jacobo To what name do you answer?
Quod nomen habes? Jacobum What name have you?
Quo nomine appellaris? Jacobo By what name are you called?
Q. A.
Quot annos natus es? How old are you?
Quindecim? Fifteen.
Quem librium legis? What book do you learn?
Grammaticam Virgilium? Grammar Virgil?
Quota est hora? What a clock is it?
Prima. One.
Cujas es? What Country man are you?
Anglus, Cambro Britannus. An English man a Welshman?

Questions and Answers when Schollers are examined in their Lectures.

QUae pars orationis est () Q. What part of Speech is ()
R. Est nomen substantivum proprium commune. A. It is a Noun Substantive proper common.

Q. Cujus Declinationis? Q. Of what Declension?
R. A.
Primae Declinationis. Of the First. Declension
Secundae Declinationis. Second. Declension
Tertiae Declinationis. Third. Declension
Quartae Declinationis. Fourth. Declension
Quintae Declinationis. Fift. Declension

Q. Cujus Generis? Q. Of what Gender.
R. A.
Masculini Generis. Of the Masculine.
Feminini Generis. The Feminine.
Neutrius Generis. The Neuter.

Q. Quale proprium? Q. What proper name.
R. Est proprium nomen. A. It is the proper name.
Viri. Of a Man.
Feminae. A Woman.
Urbis. A City.
Regionis. A Kingdom.
Insulae. An Island.
Fluminis. A River.
Venti. A Wind.
Arboris. A Tree.
Mensis. A Moneth.

Q. Cujus Casus Generis & Numeri? Q. Of what Case Gender and Number?
R. A.
Nominativi casus. Of the Nominative.
Genitivi. The Genitive.
Dativi. The Dative.
Accusativi: The Accusative.
Vocativi. The Vocative.
Ablativi. The Ablative.
Singularis. Of the Singular.
Pluralis numeri. Of the Plural Number.
Primae. Of the First.
Secundae. Second.
Tertiae Personae. Third Person.

Q. Quae pars orationis est () Q. What part of speech is ()
R. Est Nomen Adjectivum A. It is a Noun Adjective of
unius terminationis. One,
Duarum. Two,
Trium terminationum. Three terminations.

Q Cujus gradus comparatio­nis? Q. Of what degree of com­parison?
R. A.
Positivi. Of the Positive.
Comparativi. The Comparative.
Superlativi gradus. The Superlative.

Q. Quae pars orationis est () Q. What part of speech is ()
R. Est Verbum. A. It is a Verb.
Personale. Personal.
Impersonale. Impersonal.
Activum. Active.
Passivum. Passive.
Neutrum. Neuter.
Deponens. Deponent.
Anomalum. Anomal.
Defectivum. Defective.
Primae, Of the First,
Secundae, Second,
Tertiae, Third,
Quartae Conjugationis. Fourth Conjugation.

Q. Cujus modi temporis, nu­meri & personae? Q. Of what mood, tense, number and person?
R, A.
Indicativi. Of the Indicative.
Imperativi. The Imperative.
Subjunctivi. The Subjunctive.
Infinitivi modi. The Infinitive mood.
Praesentis. Of the Present.
Imperfecti. Imperfect.
Perfecti. Perfect.
Plusquam perfecti. Pluperfect.
Futuri temporis. Future tense.

Est Pronomen. It is a Pronoun.
Primitivum. Primitive.
Possessivum. Possessive.
Relativum. Relative.

Est Participium. It is a Participle.
Activum. Active.
Passivum. Passive.

Est Prius It is the First.
Posterius Supinum. Latter Supine.

Est Adverbium. It is an Adverb
Temporis. Of Time.
Loci. Place.
Quantitatis. Quantity.
Numeri. Number.

Est Conjunctio. It is a Conjunction
Copulativa. Copulative.
Enclytica. Enclyticall.

Est Praepositio. It is a Preposition
Interjectio. Interjection.

Serviens Serving to the
Nominativo. Nominative.
Genitivo. Genitive.
Dativo. Dative.
Accusativo. Accusative.
Vocativo. Vocative.
Ablativo casui. Ablative.

Some necessary Rules of Syntax in English, for young Com­posers.

Substantives.

[Of] before the latter Substantive, sign of a Genitive.

WHen [of] between two Substantives doth come
The latter doth the genitive assume.
  • The Fables of old women.
  • Anicularum Fabulae.

When two Substantives come together signifying divers things, the latter shall be the Genitive case, with the signe [of] before it.

[Of] in praise or dispraise genitive or ablative.

BƲt when it speaks to credit or disgrace,
We use it in the sixt or second case.
  • A maid of an excellent shape.
  • A man of a clean Nosthril.
  • Virgo egregiâ formâ.
  • Vir emunctae Naris.

[Page 84]This latter Substantive of praise or dispraise, hath al­waies an adjective joyn'd, signifying the quality, and is put into the genitive case or ablative.

Substantives together without a Signe.

WHen many come together, and declare
The same thing, all their Cases equal are.

Oh man, a bubble, why art thou proud.

H [...]mo, Bulla, quid superbis?

When two or more Substantives come together, and sig­nifie the same thing, they shall be put in the same case.

Adjectives with the signe [of] govern a Genitive.

OF] or [among] when they immediate are
After Nouns Adjectives that do compare,
Or numeral Nouns or Interrogative,
They'r tokens of a following Genitive.

The fairest of the Apes is deformed.

Simiarum pulcherrima est deformis, pro

Simia pulcherrima.

Nouns Partitive, Interrogative, Comparative, Super­lative, and Nouns of Number, govern a Genitive.

[Page 85]A Partitive is that which signifies a part of a multitude or many severally, as aliquis, alius, alter, uterque, neu­ter, nullus, solus, quisque, quisquis, quidam, quilibet, quicunque, unusquisque, pauci, omnes, nemo. Their La­tine is often varied by Prepositions, e, de, ex, inter, ante, as for

Simia pulcherrima, is made
Simiarum pulcherrima,
ex Simiis pulcherrima
inter Simias pulcherrima.

Adjectives and Verbs of Plenty or Want, a Genitive or Ablative.

IF want or plenty Nouns or Verbs conspire,
They Genitive or Ablative require.
A man full of chinks
Homo rimarum plenus.
A man void of counsel doth fall to ruine.
Vir consilii expers mole ruit.

Nouns Adjectives, and Verbs that signifie plenty or want will have a Genitive or an Ablative case.

[Then] after Comparatives a sign of the Ablative.

COmparatives with the sign [then] do give
Ʋnto the following Noun an Ablative.
Learning is better then riches.
Doctrina praestantior divitiis,
vel quàm divitiae.

[Page 86]Adjectives of the Comparaive degree, having the sign [then] after them may govern an ablative case, if [then] be not made by [quàm] in Latine: but if [quàm] be ex­prest, then the word following is put in the same case that goes before.

[To] and [For] after Verbs and Adje­ctive, signes of a Dative.

BOth after Verbs and Adjectives we place
[To] and [For what] signes of a Dative case.
He promiseth to me golden Mountains.
Pollicetur mihi aureos Montes.

All Verbs and Nouns Adjectives may govern a Dative, with the signs [to] or [for] and cuja after them.

Vebs that have a Nominative after them.

EXisto, Forem, Fio, Sum, receive
Before and after them a Nominative.
So Neuters, which we Verbs of gesture name,
With Passive Verbs of calling do the same.
A woman is the safety of a house.
Mulier sa us est domûs.
No man is born an Artist.
Nemo nascitur Artifex.

N. B. Not only these, but all other Verbs personal, may have before and after them a Nominative case belong­ing to the same thing, Boni moriuntur laeti.

[VVhom] or [VVhat] signs of an Accu­sative after Verbs.

VErbs Transitive the fourth case rule of that
Which answereth to the question [ whom, or what.
He holds an Eel by the tayl.
Tenet anguillam caudâ.

All manner of Verbs will have an Accusative case after them, which answereth to the question [whom or what.]

Except. 1.

Interest refert, which govern a genitive case of all words but meâ, tuâ, sua, nostra, vestra, & satago, misereor, miseresco, a genitive. Misereor and miseresco somtime a Dative. Potior, utor, fungoe, fruor, an Ablative.

Except. 2.

TO trust, to profit, aid, obey, and please,
Have Datives, so the contrary to these.

Trust not Beauty too much. Nimium ne crede colori.

Verbs that signifie profit or disprofit, trust or despair, help or hinderance, obedience or disobedience, pleasing or dis­pleasing, govern a Dative.

Except. 3.

DAtives will follow Verbs whose English, are
To be angry, threaten, to command or spare.
A wise man shall command the stars.
Sapiens dominabitur astris.

Verbs that signifie anger, threatning, command, or par­don, will have a Dative case.

Except. 4.

AND many Verbs when they compounded be
With Prepositions, ob, in, ante, prae,
Sub, inter, super, with ad, post, and con,
Do rule a Dative of the following Noun.
Vice creeps upon us under the name of Virtue.
Vitia obrepunt nobis sub nomine Virtutum.

Verbs compounded with these Prepositions, ob, in, ante, prae, sub, inter, super, ad, post, con, do commonly govern a Dative.

Some Verbs in the same signification have a Dative and an Accusative, as allatro, antecedo, condono, illudo, occumbo, praeo, praesto, praestolor, &c

Some Verbs have a Dative and Accusative with ad, con­fero, conduco, accedo, incumbo, applico, confert sanitati, vel ad sanitatem.

These are excepted which govern an Accusative plainly, Aspicio, admiror, alloquor, adjuro, adjuvo, adeo, invenio, invado, obeo, praeverto, subeo.

Participles, Gerunds, &c.

WOrds that do come from verbs, or nouns arrest
Those cases, which their Primitives possest.
Horses drawing the Mill. Equi Molam trahentes.

[Page 89]Participles, Gerunds, Supines, and somtimes Adverbs, do govern the case of those words from whence they are derived.

Measure and Space, Accusative or Ablative.

LEngth, bredth, height thickness, depth, and space of place,
We measure in the fourth, or the sixt case
The walls of Babylon two hundred foot high
Muri Babilonis ducentos pedes alti.
Do not go back a Nails bredth.
Ne latum unguem recedas.

Nouns that signifie the measure of any thing, or the space or distance of place, are used generally in the Accusative or Ablative case.

Manner, Cause, Instrument, Ablative.

THe manner, cause, and Instrument, we place
Next the signs [by] or [with] in the sixt case.
Pleasure by continuance breeds a distaste.
Voluptas assiduicate fastidium parit.

Every Noun that signifies the manner, cause, or instrument with the signs [by] or [with] are put alwaies in the Abla­tive case.

Price, Ablative.

ALL words of Price are Ablative, but we
Do use some Genitives Adverbially.
  • What did it cost?
  • Ten shillings.
  • Quarti constitit?
  • Dec [...]m solidis.

[Page 90]All words signifying the price of any thing, are put in the Ablative case, except these genitives, tanti, quanti, pluris, minoris, plurimi, flocci, nauci, nihili, pili, assis, terunti, which are used adverbially.

An Ablative absolute.

AN ablative put absolute, is that
On which a Participle still doth wait;
With the Sign [being] it depends on none,
But is made plain by some Conjunction,
The Tree being fallen, men gather sticks.
Dejectâ arbore, ligna colligunt.

An Ablative absolute hath commonly a Participle joyn­ed to it, either expressed, or understood [existente] it dependeth upon nothing before, nor coming after it, and may be made plain by some of these Conjunctions, dum, cum, si, qaundo, post­quam, ubi, as dejecta arbore, the Tree being thrown down, i.e. ubi quando, cum, postquam, arbor dejicitur.

Time.

  • Quando, when. Ablative.
  • Quamdiu, how long. Accusative.
THe term of Time, that doth to [When] reply,
In the Ablative is used commonly.
The word of Time, that to [how long] doth make
An answer, the Accusative may take.

[Page 91]No man is not wise at all hours, though an hundred years old.

Nemo omnibus horis sapit, licet centum annos natus.

The time that answereth to the question [When] is put in the Ablative.

The time that answers to the question [How long] is most commonly put in the Accusative case, and sometime in the Ablative, and both these times are often used with prepositions, in diem for a day.

Place in, or at which, Genitive or Ablative.

When in, or at a place is meant the name,
If proper in the Genitive we frame:
But if it Plural be, and we decline it,
After the third to Ablative confine it.
Born at London, Natus Londini.
The Oracles cease at Delphos, Oracula cessant Delphis.

The proper name of a place, that answers to the questi­on Ubi where, is put in the Genitive case, but if it be of the third Declension, or wanteth the singular number, it is put into the Ablative case: Humi, militiae, belli, are used like proper names.

Place to which, Accusative,

In the fourth Case, we use the Places name,
To which, we move, when we the Latine frame.
They carry Owls to Athens,
Noctuas Athenas portant.

The proper name of a place that answers to Quò, whe­ther, is put in the Accusative case without a preposition.

Place from, or by which, Ablative.

If [From] or [By] precede the names of place,
The proper names are put in the sixt Case.
He return'd from Oxford, Rediit Oxoniâ.
He went by Cambridge,
Profectus Cantabrigia, vel per Cantabrigiam.

Proper names of places, that answer to Unde from whence, or quâ which way, are put in the Ablative case without prepositions.

N. B. The proper names of great places, as Anglia, In­dia, and the like, and all common names of places, as City, &c. are used with prepositions, whether at, to, from, or by which.

N.B. Rus and domus, though common names, are used in the cases of poper names, in their several declension.

Use of the Participle in rus and dus.

When am, is, are the Englishes of Sum,
Before the Infinitive Mood, Active come,
The Latine is made elegant by rus,
But if before the Passive Mood in dus.
I am to write, Scripturus Sum.
Learned men are to be honoured,
Eruditi sunt honorandi.

When any of the Englishes of the Verb Sum, am, is, are, art, &c come before the Infinitive mood active, they may elegantly be made in Latine by the Participle in rus; but if they come before an Infinitive Passive in English, the Latine is made by the Participle in dus.

Use of the Gerunds di and dum.

When the Infinitive English is exprest,
After Nouns, [di] or [dum] make Latine best.

When the English of the Infinitive mood (which some­times is varied by the English of the Participle of the Pre­sent tense) cometh after a Noun Substantive immaterial, such as, studium, causa, tempus, spes, locus, amor, gratia, modus, ratio, &c. it is made by the Gerund in di; as a love to write, or of writing, amor scribendi.

And sometimes by the Gerund in dum, with the prepo­sition ad, as a place to act in, locus ad agendum.

The Rule of Construing.

The Vocative must lead; if there be none,
The Nominative begins Construction
With his relations, then the Verb, and what
Is govern'd, or dependeth upon that:
The Accusative doth challenge the next place,
And then in order, every other Case.
The Relative doth break this rule, which will
Be construed where you find him, and doth still
Precede the word that governs him this right
Claim Nouns of asking and Indefinite.

The Vocative is the first Case to be construed with his interjection, and what depends upon it, or is govern'd of it. Then the Nominative and the Verb with which it agreeth. After the Verb commonly followeth the Accu­sative Case, unless there be an infinitive mood, which must be construed next to the Verb.

[Page 94]After the Accusative, the other Cases in their order, as the Genitive, Dative or Ablative, if there shall be so many.

This order is interrupted by the Relative, which must be construed where it is placed, whether it come before a Verb, or be governed of any word which is place after it. Interrogatives, and indefinites follow this priviledge of the Relatives.

The Preposition must be alwaies
Construed together with his Case.

The Nominative Case is to be also construed with hi [...] Verb, unlesse it govern a case, and so must the adjective with the substantive, if the adjective govern no other word.

FINIS.

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