THe two main and princi­pall means which do lead to the knowledge of the diseases in mans body, and the state thereof, are Ʋrine and the Pulse. §. 1. Urine whence de­rived. The first whereof being derived from a Greek word which signifies de­monstrare, to demonstrate, because by it humane dispositions are made known and evident; as also the condition of the Liver, the whole habit of the body and [Page 2] Veines; is therefore called Ʋrina, Urine, saith Isidore, ex eo quod urat exeundo; vel quod è renibus ege­ritur; & signifies the Vrine, Pisse, or Stale of man or beast▪ or from [...], which is derived from [...], mingo, to make water. The se­cond is the Pulse, so termed à Pul­sando, which signifies to beat, because it is alwayes in motion. Pulsus est motus continuus & non cessans, saith Bartholinus, quia con­tinue generari debet vitalis spiritus. lib. 2. cap 6. The Pulse then, or venae pulsatiles, pulse-veins, are signalls to declare the state of the heart and arteries: the Vrine of the Liver and veins; and which of them is of most certaintie, quae­ritur? Leaving therefore the Sy­stole or contraction of the Pulse to the curious touch of the well-experienced Physician (who like Galen could perceive by the pulse of a woman that she was in love [Page 3] with Pylades) I shall describe the other, it being an excrement that gives best and surest indication of the disease.

Sennertus, § 2. Urine defined, how made, concocted, and separa­ted in the body. out of Laurentius and others, doth define Ʋrine and the matter of it, to be nothing else but Excrementum tenue & a­quosum ex potu genitum. lib 1. cap. 9. a thin and watry excrement begotten of drink, or the watry portion of Chylus, or whatsoever else may be converted into watry humor. Or with Rantzouius in his book de conservanda valetudine; Ʋ ­rina est serosior pars sanguinis à re­nibus attracta. For Ʋrine in wave­ing it self with the bloud, con­veyeth it self into all the parts of the body; and from thence re­turning back again into the veins, liver, and the vessels of the Ʋrine, retaineth with it some Symptoms of the condition of the parts af­fected from whence it proceed­eth. [Page 4] For the common food of man being received, concocted & incorporated together, is there become chylus, that is, a white jui­cy substance: then Pylorus, the neither orifice or mouth of the stomach receivs it, passing thither by an issue: thence to Duodenum, or first-gut: from thence to Ieju­num, or the hungry-gut: from thence again five of the Mesen­terie-veins (being branches of the Vein called Porta, which convey the juice of the meat concocted, from the stomach to the Liver) do suck so much as is profitable for nourishment; where after ma­ny purifications and concoctions, it is again conveyed into vena por­ta, where it is turned into bloud, and thence sent into vena cava, the hollow vein, where it is again more purified, the excrementiti­ous parts thereof being separated and sent to their proper seats; as [Page 5]

[Page 6] Choler to the Gall, Melancholy to the Spleen, & the wheyish part thereof to the Emulgent-veins: from whence again it is drawn of the Reins, and altered perfectly into Urine.

§. 3. How the urine descendeth into the ure­ters, and gi­veth know­ledge of the state and disposition of the hu­mors.Urine being an unprofitable excrement, descendeth into the Ʋreters or water-conduits, and from thence into the bladder; where by the assistance of the muscle Sphincter, which is muscu­lus constrictivus shutting the neck of it, it is at mans pleasure in part voyded, but not all; for some part thereof, together with the bloud, is distributed into every member of the body, and voided afterwards: and therefore urine is not onely made of that watry substance which is drawn from the Liver; but also, from the greater and lesser veins, and from the whole body. Ʋrina est serosi­tas sanguinis in Renibus et Vesica. [Page 7] Alstedius Encyclopaed. lib. 7.

Urine thus searching the whole body by an universall source and influence, cannot but give light, together with a generall know­ledge of the state of the whole body: but chiefly and more espe­cially from the Stomach, Gutts, and Mesentery veins, from the Liver, and Vena cava, from the Bladder, with his muscles, si­news, and Yard. For as it doth manifestly shew the state of the humors contained in the liver and greater Veins: so also it doth re­veale to the judgement of exact inspection, the griefs and mala­dies residing in the smaller veins, and substance of the whole body.

ALthough urine be thus made, concocted, and separated, as before is declared; yet it suffers many impediments by obstruction and conversion, from whence pro­ceed many infirmities, accor­ding to the diversities of the cau­ses.

§. 1. Ob­struction of Urine how caused.Obstructions are farthered by tumors, grosse-humors, stone, gravell, inflammations, ulcers, im­postumes, flesh-growing; and sometimes through winde, and weakenesse, distempers, fractures, ruptures, dislocations, wounds in the water-conduits or vessells of urine. Now as oppilations or stop­pages are caused by some of [Page 9] these: so according to the seate of the disease and part grieved (for dolor ostendit locum) and other signs consenting and concurring, the grief may be found out by the part obstructed.

As obstruction of urine is the cause of many evils in the body: § 2. What diseases, ob­struction of urine cau­seth in the members. so it being generated and made in the body, and not voyded nor ex­pelled, but being converted into the head, it causeth the Phrensie, Melancholy, Catarrhs, impo­stumes, & weaknesse of the brain: into the stomach, vomiting, gnawings, and crudities: into the throat, Bronchocele, or throat-dropsie: into the belly, the Dropsies Ascites, Tympanites, A­nasarca, with its species Hyposarca, Sarcites, and Leucophlegmatia: which Horace long since hath truely described in lib. 2. Ode 2.

into the gutts, iliaca passio with lasks; and sometimes when it is mixed with wind, the rowling of the gutts together, or knitting of them, which is the disease misere­re mei Deus, which is very sel­dome cured: into the wombe, menstruarum fluxus: into the Cods, ruptures, and Hydrocela, which is a disease that hath con­fluence to the stones, with swel­ling and sorenesse: into the joynts, Sciatica, and the joynt-sickness: into the parts grieved, weakness and impostumations.

§. 3. Of conversion of urine to the parts of the body.Or if the parts formerly ob­structed do exonerate themselves by urine, then the head is distem­pered [Page 11] with catarrhs: the throat with Angina, squinancy, hoarse­nes, and coughs: the Lungs with inflammation, heat & wast­ing: the solid parts of the body with Marasmodes, consuming and melting feavers: the spleen with Melancholy: the Gall with cho­lerick fluxes: broken veins with pissing of bloud: the spermatick vessells with Gonorrhea and flux of seed: the womb with terms suppressed, and voyded by urine: the Hemorrhoidall veins with the Hemorrhods: the joynts with Arthritis or articularis morbus, the joynt-sickness, viz. Sciatica, chiragra & podagra: and divers o­ther parts of the body with eva­cuation criticall, symptomaticall or artificiall; for the parts and members being inflamed, like Cupping-glasses draw humors unto them.

NOw for the better finding out of each particular distem­per, the colour and contents of the Urine is to be considered.

§. 1. Of Colour, what it is, and how made per­spicible, and distin­guished.For colour (without which no man can judge or distinguish of Urines) is defined to be a bright shining, terminated in some ob­ject illustrated by light: and by reason of its divers temperament doth offer a various shape to the sight, or visible spirits of the eye; which proceeds either from the humidness of the subject, or from the light it self. And because to describe every particular colour were (to vse Politians words) Si­byllae [Page 13] folia colligere, a matter dif­ficult, and in a manner infinite: I shall reduce them to their first grounds, and write only of as ma­ny of them as are for my purpose. Color (saith Aristotle lib. de sensu & sens:) est extremitas perspicui in corpore terminato. Three things are required that colour may a­peare: 1 extremitas in corpore: 2 pellucidum, because in the dark no colour appeares: 3 corpus defini­tum, because on those bodies that are farr distant no colour is discerned at all.

The two extream Colours are white and black: intermediate to these are puniceus, purpure, yellow, green, & others that are mixed of them, as followeth in order. Of colours some are simple; some are mixed: Of simple colours, there are two primarie, viz. white and black, out of which all the rest are made: for simple co­lours [Page 14] are of such absolute per­fection, as that they need not the participation of any other colour to make them absolute.

§ 2. Of sim­ple colours, viz. of white and black.1. Albedo est color simplex (saith Scribonius lib. Physicor.) in cor­pore tenuiore multa luminositate cō ­stans: and is caused when the hu­mor and moisture dryeth, as in lime, chalk, salt, sugar, &c. or thickneth, as in snow, spume. For the aire being inclosed, by rea­son of its subtilness, propter inter­num aerem, affordeth very much light; and by reason of much pu­rity and brightness collected unto it, hath amongst all colours most light, in which respect it is very hurtfull unto the eyes; as it is ma­nifested in those that look too in­tensively on snow; for by reason of the power and force of light, the visuall spirits are dissipated and confounded.

2. Nigredo, Black is a colour [Page 15] diametrically opposed to white, and is thus defined by Scribonius, Nigredo est color in corpore crassio­re exiguae luminositatis particeps. in a grosse of earthy substance: which is caused either by the ad­ustion of moist aire, or water throughly mixed with the earth: for so the aire being shut out, it leaves behind a dark, thick blackness, as in a dead cole, soote of the chimny, smoake, &c. for the moisture being exhausted by the fire, there remaines nought else but blackness: quaecun (que) enim ignis allambit, nigra fiunt. This colour is no wayes gratefull to the sight; but proves very ob­noxious unto it, as appeares in them that along time have bin detained in darkness. Sebast: Ver: lib. 4. de gener. §. 3. Of secondary colours, and from whence they arise.

Secondary colours are such as either arise out of the mingled portions of simple colours: [Page 16] whereof some are meane be­tween both, as bloud-red, red like saffron it self, green, sky-colour: these are colores medii, and have their primary essence from the simple colours, either by an e­quall, or unequall mixture of them; for mixtus color est, qui ex simplicium contemperatione pro­ducitur. whereof some are com­pounded of both the simples; and some declining more to one then to the other, by an unequall proportion: or such as arise out of either extreams; as saffron, that is, such as is like to water where­in the flower of saffron hath bin dissolved; or blew, a deep blew made of an equall mixture of white and black.

§. 4. Of co­lours inter­mediate or mixed.The intermediate colours then are produced out of the mixture of the extreames, whereof some of them incline to white, other to black: to white is conjoyned [Page 17] according to the opinion of Ari­stotle lib: de sensu & sens.

1. Flavus, yellow; which is gene­rated as often as much white is mixed with lesser black, and there­fore the splendour is drowned with a certain obscuritie: or, as Varro affirmeth, lib. 4. de gener. when there is a mixture of two portions of white, with one of red. Of this colour is ripe corn, the yolk of an egg; which is sometimes changed into the co­lour of pure gold, fulvus, and is caused where the humor waxeth dry: for experience teacheth; that corn looks not yellow till its moisture faileth; as in Autumn, when naturall moisture decayeth, the colour of green leavs is chan­ged into yellow.

2. Viridis, green, belongs un­to black, which ariseth out of the mixture of lesser red and more black; as appeares by the definiti­on, [Page 18] Viridis est color nigredine copio­siore & rubedine minore contempe­ratus. Others compound it of four parts white, and five black.

3. Rubeus, red, is generated when much opacous light is fixed in brightness, which brightness is terrestrial; yet so cleansed, that the light mixing with it becomes red. So that red exactly compoun­ded doth participate of two sim­ples indifferently: which Scribo­nius thus defines, Rubedo est color aequali simul albedinis & nigredi­nis combinatione constans. But the beauty of the colour is much changed from black and white, to bloud-red. Again, if the light in it be splendid, it turns to purple, as we often see in the flame of fire, being mingled with fume and brightness. Subor­dinate to this colour is

4. Puniceus, red like apples, or saffron it self, containing one part [Page 19] of white and two of black. This colour doth resemble the fire, the highest and noblest of the four elements.

5. Purpureus, purpure, is next red, and is in a diaphanous body more opacous and impure, and therefore more obscure: and this is the colour of Violets, or the leaves of the flower De-luce. Pur­pure consisteth of much red and a small quantity of black, and is thus defined; Purpureus color est qui à multa rubedine, & pauciore ni­gredine commiscetur.

6. Coeruleus, fuscus, blew, sky-colour, or Azure, consisteth of more black, and lesser white, viz: of three parts black, and two of white; which produceth such a colour as is seen in the sky when it is very clear and transparent; for the vapours receiving the pure light of the sun-beams causeth a Sapphire-like colour to appear.

§. 1. Of white Urine like milk, snow-water, water, or silver shi­ning &c. what they signifie.1. LActeus, milk-white with thin substance, signifies the same as snow-water doth (Niveus A­queus:) which is either Cruditatis nuntia, a signification of cruditie, obstruction, or conversion of hu­mour. Again, Cruditie is caused either through decay of naturall heat, and signifies the weakness of the concocting faculty: or through suffocation. (1) Cruditie through want of naturall heat causeth a Consumption, or linge­ring Ague, Diabetes, or pissing e­vil, with thirst; but if grossness ap­pear with it, then the neck of the bladder is stopped: for in all hu­moral diseases before concoction appeareth, urine is white and thin, and causeth pain in the Spleen, [Page 21] evil digestion and a cold liver; it demonstrates excess in drinking, pain in the back, evill in a frantick person, as saith Hippocrates Aphor. lib. 4. which Theophilus also affir­meth in his Judiciall of urines.

2. Ʋrine shining like silver, of women, betokeneth she is with child, if she cast often, and have no appetite.

3. Water-colour with a dark sky betokeneth death.

4. Ʋrine watry and thin, in the aged signifies Gout in the feet and joynts proceeding from fleame.

5. Ʋrine watry and thin having no residence, signifieth the Tym­pany, and is more rubicund if the inflammation waxeth worse.

6. Ʋrine watry and pissed forth little in quantity signifies the stone in the Reins: with gravity resi­dence, that the stone is removed from the Reins.

7. Vrine white, thin, and watry, [Page 22] signifies Quotidian feavers: if vi­rulent, thick, and troubled like beasts urine, the Lethargie, Go­norrhoea, Morbus Gallicus, or the Plague if it be red.

8. Dim water, Inopus or Kianos, signifies adustion of bloud, and if it hath no residence, with a fea­ver lethall: without a-feaver it doth demonstrate gouts or scabs.

9. Caropus, which is grayish of the colour of a mans nail next the joynt, or of Lyons eyes, signifies abundance of fleam, melancholy, imperfect digestion, or the stone with gravill. (2) Cruditie being of two sorts, the next is through suffocation, and causeth worms, Hydropsies, with cold distemper: with thicker urine, Apoplexy: fal­ling evil, with leadish colour: Vertigo or swimming in the head, with greenish colour: Palsey, fleame, melancholy, gout, with little motes in the sediment.

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[Page 24]10. White Ʋrine and Virulent, betokeneth in women, sickness in the reins and secret receptacles: & in those that do rave with madness a very evil token. Hippoc. Aph. 72.

2. Obstruction of the liver, reins, ureters, &c. if the urine be made with pain, it signifies stop­ping of menstrues; with black­ish dust in the sediment, Jaundies, stone in the bladder, strangurie, impostumes growing near the passage of urine, Iliaca passio, or wind in the small guts.

3. Or conversion of humour another way: if to the head, it causeth Catarrhs, which distilling into the inferiour parts of the bo­dy, viz. to the nose, it causeth the Polypus; to the eyes Ophthalmia; to the ears, deafnesse; to the palat, the falling of Columella; to the throat, hoarsness; to the mouth, exulcerations; to the jawes and mandible, tooth-ach; to Trachea [Page 25] arteria, or wind-pipe,the Cough; to the lungs, Asthma; to the bow­els, the iliack, whereof sometimes follow the fluxes Diarrhoea, Lienteria, and Dysenteria; to the Reins, Nephresia; to the joynts, articularis morbus or the gout.

1. Subpallidus, spiceus, Pale, §. 2. Of U­rines pale, flaxen, or palish. flaxen, and somewhat more con­coct then the former, signifies an exulceration and consumption of the lungs, in quantity little, and colour leadish, only paler, which with a lask is lethall.

2 If pale, abundance of fleame; if thick, a Quotidian; if remiss, great cold.

3. If palish, abundance of fleam mixed with some choler, and great distemper of the body.

Of Urines Crystalline, milk-white and horn-white, see more pag. 32.

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[Page 27]1. Subrufus, aureus, citrinus, § [...] Of [...] or yellow like gold. Subrufe, yellow, citrine, signi­fies (saith Rantzovius cap. 19. de urinae excretione) in whole men perfect health; if it be made with­out heat, without cold, without pain, without stench, moderately perspicuous, and mean both in substance and quantity, having contents white, smooth and e­quall, descending to the lowest region of the urine. But in sick men, hote and sharp distempers: in old men, a double tertian: in children, a Quotidian: in young men, diseases of the breast, with Bubbles in the Region; the Spleen, with rodds and streaks like Meteors; of the Liver, if it be in quantity much, the body lean and belly costive. And when it is not changed from its healthy co­lour, sometimes it signifies sharp diseases, as febris diaria, the Plague, or such like.

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[Page 29]2. Ʋrine subrufe, cholerick, somewhat yellow and moderatly thick, signifies a pure intermitting tertian; also if it hath by and by a white cloud, and a laudable sub­lation in the middest. If the urine be more red, and if in the first f [...]t there do appeare neither subla­tion in the middest, nor cloud, the feaver will extend, and remain 7. dayes.

3. Yellow like gold, the begin­ning of some sickness ingendered in the liver and stomach: if it be thin in substance, abundance of fleam, which will kindle some of the kinds of feavers. gold colour in women doth signifie carnal ap­petite.

4. Citrine, if bright, doth foreshew the distemper of the Spleen; if thin, the distemper of the Liver; if full of Bubbles, that the Lungs be out of order. Ʋrine Citrine signifies gout in the feet & [Page 30] joynts proceeding from a chole­rick flux. D ^r. Board of Ʋrine.

§. 4. Of subcitrine, light saf­fron, or saf­fron Ʋrines.1. Subcroceus, subflavus, flavus, croceus; light saffron, saffron, subcitrine, signifies choler, as in a tertian, if it be thin: distemper of humors in the bloud, if it be thickish black: Melancholy, if it be in substance thick.

2. Citrine, abundance of fleam mixed with choler.

3. Yellow, like the yellow of a lantherns horn, that Melancholy hath great dominion: if waterish colour, that fleam is predominant

4. Fallow-Kiropus, signif. Hy­dropsies, wind under the side, stone in the Reins of the back, or Apostumation of the Lungs, and fleam.

These Urines following, viz. Crystallinus, Lacteus, & Glaucus, are species of the urine Lacteus, and are to be reduced unto it, as in pag. 24.]

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[Page 32] §. 5. Of U­rines Cry­stalline, milk white with thick substance, or horn-white.1. Crystallinus, Crystalline posi­tively white, in substance thick, be­tokeneth abundance of raw hu­mors: consumption, with fatty substance: Impostumes, with fil­thy matter, and stinking setling down to the sediment.

2. Lacteus, milkwhite, with thick substance, betokeneth matter of the stone voyded; or an ulcer in the instruments of urine, if it be mattery, & settle to the sediment; or flux of seed in man or woman; or Coition, if it be without stench; or Dropsie, if the yellow Iaundise continue through great cruditie in the Veins.

3. Glaucus, horn-white, like the horn of an old lanthorn dark through smoak, with thick sub­stance not troubled, betokeneth grosse humors, and flegmatick diseases in the whole body; or that the veins are full of ill hu­mors; or head-ach through agi­tation [Page 33] of ill humours ascend­ing.

Rubeus, puniceus, §. 6. Of red Urines like cherries, bloud red Apples, or saffron it self. red like cher­ries, bloud, red Apples, or saffron it self; of cause externall, signifies, that the Reins and Loyns are bea­ten and brused; or some Vein near the Reins open or broken; or, by applying Sena, Rubia ma­jor, Cantharides, or the like, to any part of the body: or internall, as the wideness, thinness or loosness of some Veins near the Reins through which bloud sweateth in great quantity; or the reins and bladder fretted untill bloud co­meth, as in the grief of the stone after labour with gravel; or abun­dance of bloud, as in rotten A­gues; or abundance of choler, as in Agues tertian, with an unclean re­sidence; or semitertian, with a leadish colour, and green cloud; or abundance of unnaturall heat saith Rantzovius, melting the [Page 34]

[Page 35] moisture of the body into Urine in great quantity, with fat flo­ting aloft, as in the consumption; or Urine staied too long in the bo­dy, whereby it becomes more coloured and concoct, as happens in the Palsie, Apoplexie, Epilep­sia, Bloudy-flux, Colick, Iliack; or obstructions of the Gall, as in the Iaundise, with pain in the neck and short-ribbs; or obstruction of the Spleen, or Liver, as in the Dropsie; or Relapse, if it be in substance first thick and shortly after thin, before and after the Critical day: in young men without danger, in old men le­thall.

1. §. 7. Of bloudy Urine, and mattery. Bloudy vrine signifies that the bladder is hurt, or some rot­tenness within it: if it be without sickness, that some vein is broken: or if it be in women clear as wa­ter, it betokeneth Head-ach.

2. Red like bloud, if it stinck­eth, [Page 36] sign: a putrified Liver, or some impedim [...] in the inferior parts. Bloudy urine may come three wayes; first, from the Liver; secondly, from a Vein named Ky­li, which is a Vein in the Cods; thirdly, from the bladder. If from the bladder, the Vrine will stinck, and the substance fall to the bot­tom, with pain about the share, bladder, and yard: if from the Liver, the Urine willl be clear and bloudy, with pain on the right side: if from the Vein Kyli, then some Veins which have re­course to that are broken, and the bloud distilling from the Vein makes it bloudish. Also bloud may come from the reins of the back, and so into the bladder; and then the Patient doth feel pain and pricking in the reins of his back, which doth come of the ra­sing of a stone in one of the water Conduits.

[Page 37]3. Ʋrine bloudy and mattery with stench, signifies Vlcers of the bladder and of its neck, with a grosse residence like bran: and sometimes thin skins, like leaves and wooll, are sent out with it. al­so it signifies a putrid Liver.

1. Reddish Ʋrine and thick sign. §. 8. Of reddish Urine, red like a burning Cole, or rud­dish dim­mer then gold. Head-ach caused of bloud: reddish like waterish bloud is of the same signification with bloud-red.

2. Red like a burning Coale: demonstrates a feaver; or else in­flammation of the Liver: if clou­dy, a Pleurisie; if thick, that the bloud is infected; if thin and cloudy, that choler aboundeth.

3. Ruddish dimmer then gold in Children signifies distempera­ture; in aged persons, a good signe of health, if the contents be good, which do yield certain judgement of the disease, whiles the Urine it self is a meretricious Harlot.

[Page 38] §. 9. Of claret, crim­son, purple, blew, and blewish U­rines.1. Subrubeus, palmeus, Claret, like to Bole-armoniack, signifies inclination to sickness, and con­tinuation of the disease; yet with­out danger, if it hath a sediment of like colour and substance.

2. Purpureus vineus, Crimson like blackish red-wine, signifies in whole men excessive labour in the heat of the sunne, or fire, whereby the bloud is inflamed and rosted, as in a burning Ague, with thirst, watching, Coughs, and other Symptoms of an Ague; or Choler adust turned into Me­lancholy.

3. Passeus, Cyaneus, purple of the colour of raisins of the sunne, indicates the yellow Jaundise if it continues lo [...]g: or health, with signes of concoction: or abun­dance of bloud in young men, with heaviness about the Liver.

4. Vinetus, fuscus, caeruleus, branus, blavus, Blew, betokeneth [Page 39]

[Page 40] stripes and bruseings, and that the humour is voyded; or extream cold and mortification; or great heat and rosting of the bloud; or strangurie at hand in those that have the stone; or recovery and health, where the Patient is men­ding.

5. Blewish signifies the Flix, Hydropsies, and pain in the Li­ver.

§. 10. Of Ʋrines that be green, greenish, dimm-green, and oily-green.1. Viridis, porraceus, prassinus, Green as leek-leaves, coleworts, or rather greenish alone, is common­ly lethall: Viridis mortem plerum­que designat, (saith Rantz.) or cold mortall, if leadish colour and black follow successively at di­vers times: or Quotidian Ague, or Melancholy adust, or yellow Iaundise with an Ague: or heat and adustion of humours, if green hath black immediately succee­ding, and not leadish coming between, with great heat, thirst, [Page 41]

[Page 42] short breath; and the like with the Urine glistering. Green also signi­fies adustion of choler, green-Jaundise (commonly called the green sicknesse) and resolution of the naturall humidity of the Pa­tient.

2. Greenish signifies adustion of bloud inducing the yellow-Jaundise, altering the naturall complexion into unnaturall.

3. Dimm-green, adustion of Choler and Melancholy, indu­cing the black-Jaundise. D ^r. Board of Ʋrines.

4. Oleaceus, Oyly-green in sub­stance clammy and thick, and heavy as Oyl, good, if it be made after black Urine, as better suc­ceeding worse: for so, if it be made on the Criticall day, and much in quantity, the disease is voyded; otherwise it indicates ei­ther the dropsie or the colick: or ill, by reason of great distem­perature [Page 43] of heat, and imbecillity of the body, as in a consumption of the whole body; or of the Lungs; or tertian Ague, in fat and soft tender bodies; or convulsion of drynesse, madnesse.

1. Lividus, Plumbeus, §. 11. Of Urines that be Ash-colour, colour of lead, and their indi­cations. Ash-colour, colour of lead, good, in stripes and bruises, and in black-Jaundise if it settle to the sediment, it gives notice that the matter of the grief is voyded: ill, in hot agues, if green colour was made before as at other times; or strangury fol­lowing in a burning Ague, mor­tall; or extream cold and mortifi­cation, if the colour before was pale.

2. Lead colour, in a woman conceaved, signifies that the child is dead. Vicar. of Ʋrines.

[Page 44]

[Page 45]1. Niger, Black, §. 12. Of black, and blackish Ʋrines. in substance thick, of cause externall, eat­ing of Cassia, or purgers of Melan­choly, or bruisings, beatings, falls, &c. or internall, by mixing of Melancholy humous, adust bloud, or choler; criticall evacu­ation, with ease of the Patient, af­ter great diseases; or quartan, or burning Agues, with bleeding at the Nose, else mortall, as Mon­tanus observes in his tract, de ex­crementis; or Menstrues hereto­fore suppressed and now voyded, [...]f white, or such like went before; or spleen with a tumour; or chro­nicall diseases of the back and matrix, black-Jaundise, Haemor­ [...]hoids, madnesse, or the Reins affected with the stone, with [...]tench by breaking of some little Veins in the Reins; or Sympto­maticall and mortall with heat and adustion, as in sharp Agues, [...]f green Urine went before, or red [Page 46]

[Page 47] accompanied with heat, leannesse and thirst, the Urine virulent and small in quantity; or cold, if blew, green, or ash-colour went before, with little sediment, and united.

2. Black Ʋrine: nigra est mala. for if the sick party lothes when he goes to siedge, and speaks he knows not what when he goes to stool, it is lethall.

3. Black Ʋrine like rust and can­ker in metall, little in quantity, with residence like meal, signifies the Apoplexie.

4. Blackish Ʋrine, as if one should mix soote wherein flesh newly killd had bin washed, sig­nifies suppression of the Men­strues.

§. 1. Of Contents appearing in the Sedi­ment or lowest Re­gion of Urine.THe Regions of Vrine are an­swerable to the severall Re­gions of mans body: that is to say, the upper Region with the Circle pertains to the head and Brain; the middle Region doth belong to the Heart, Lungs and Stomach, and to all other officiall member [...] about the Midriff; the lower Re­gion to the Liver, Kidnies, Reins of the back, and other inferiour parts. The number, colour, sub­stance and quantity of contents appearing in either of these, are here described.

1. Oleaceus, oyly-green con­tents appearing in the sediment [Page 49] or lowest Region of Urine, ( as ju­dicious Fletcher observes in his judgment of Ʋrines cap. 8.) signi­fies consumption of the reins or bladder, with pain in the reins, without an ague, and pissed fast: or if fatnesse swimmeth in the Urine, consumption of the whole body with an ague.

2. Fat urine, white and moist, betokeneth the feaver quartan; ponderous urine, that the bladder is hurt. (Dr. Board.) There are two kinds of fatnesse in Urine: the one is greasie, the other is of an Oyly substance: if it be greasie, it doth signifie debility in Nature, and wasting of it: if it be Oyly, it signifies Marasmos, or fever Hectick, or else some sicknesse to come shortly.

3. Eruaceum, Orobeum, red fet­ches do signifie inflammation of the Liver, consumption of the whole body, or of the Reins.

[Page 50]4. Dreggy sediment, mingled with bloud, signifies death.

5. Folium Laminae, squamae] Plates, scales, signifie a consum­ption with an Ague; or exulcer­ation of the bladder with stench and purulent matter; or inflam­mation of the bladder and Liver; long sicknesse; if thick and heavy, mortification: A Scaly water, like to the scales of fishes, doth signifie a feaver Hecticks; and a Squamous water a little bigger then the flakes of bran, a consumption.

6. Furfur, Bran, course bran, signifies unkindly heat, with a consumption of the whole body, with crudity and thin Urine; or scabbednesse of the whole body, if the patient hath no feaver; or of the bladder only, with pain and itch about the root of the yard.

7. Simila, puls, fine meal or slower, indicates colliquation of [Page 51] the solid parts, if they be white; or extream adustion of bloud, and therefore long sicknesse, and for the most part mortall; or con­ception with child, if there be fine meal or stirch in the swimm, or setling to the sediment like fine carded wooll, the rest of the urine a little troubled, and greenish, or Ash-colour.

8. Crudus humor, raw humour, clammy like snevill, or the white of an egg, if it be without pain, it sig­nifies exulceration of the reins and bladder: or with pain, im­postume, or stone in the reins & bladder: or raw humours some­times causing an Ague, and ap­pearing in the Sediment, signifies either Ache in the Reins; or the Sciatica, Strangury, or Tenasmus.

9. Pus, rotten and purulent mat­ter, like the matter of a sore, and stinking, which when the Urinall is shaken disperseth it self into fat­ty [Page 52] and oily resolutions, signi­fie exulcerations of the reins without pain: or ( as Fernelius de Ʋrinis observes,) of the bladder, with pain about it: or of the Li­ver, with pain under the right short-ribbs: or putrefaction of the Liver, if it be very dreggie: or Im­postume of the Lungs, or Pleuri­sie: or thick rheume causing diffi­culty in pissing: or Phrensie, or Squinancia, if there be pain in the Lungs, Liver or bladder; or if there be no pain in these members it riseth either from inflamma­tions, or contagious flux of Venus.

10. Slimy or congelate matter, like the white of a raw egg half decocted, signifies either pain in the reins of the back, or in the neck of the bladder, or about the fundament, or in the head of the yard, and if not holpen in short time, lethall. Dr. Board of Ʋrines.

11. Filthy matter, flowes ei­ther [Page 53] from the reins of the back, or from the bladder, or from the Liver. Where note, if it comes from the reins of the back, the Patient doth feel pain about the Loyns and Flanks; if from the bladder, he doth feel pain about the share; if from the Liver, he doth feel pain about the rightside.

12. Poli, caruncula, filamenta, haires like pieces of flesh, long, slen­der, and hairy, do signifie with thick Urine, either dissolution of the whole body with an Ague, colour oily, or green: or dissoluti­on of the reins without an Ague, the hairs fatty and grosse: or ob­struction of the reins with grosse and clammy humours, as in the Strangurie and pissing evill: or exulceration of the reins and bladder, with purulent matter: or flux of Sperm after Coition, Gonorrhoea, or Venerous pollu­tions: or when women have their [Page 54] white-flowers, or unclean matri­ces.

13. Chopt haires] betokeneth resolution, and wasting in the reins of the back.

14. Arenula, sabulum] Gravell or sand, in colour red, white, or blackish, do signifie (saith Rant­zovius) the breeding of the stone in the reins of the back, if it be red: or the stone in the bladder, if it be white, with pain in the blad­der and about the share. Also the heat of the Liver and the reins, or adustion of humours, if it be blackish, as in cholerick dis­eases and burning-Agues; or Me­lancholick infirmities; or pain in the joynts or reins, leprosie, or morbus Gallicus confirmed: He­morrhoids, costivenesse, or heat in the Liver, if there be no pain in the reins: or the receipt of sharp diuretick Medicines and abster­sive, producing gravell from the reins.

[Page 55]15 Sanguis, grumus sanguinis] Bloua pure, thick, grosse, or cloddy, signifies that the vessells of bloud and veins, either have their ori­fice open, as in criticall evacua­tion of Menstrues without pain; or declination of the diseases of the Spleen, with much residence and dreggs; or when the Veins be too weak, as in Exanthemata or small poxes; or the Liver too weak, for so, pure bloud is voyd­ed by stool; or the reins and blad­der too weak, as in old men; or membranes and tunicles of the Veins loose, thin, and full of pores, whereby▪ thin bloud is voyded; or substance and mem­branes hurt by a fall, beatings, brusings, leaping, and violent exercise, and so, cloddy bloud is voyded; or corrosive or caustick medicines; or openers of ob­structions; or by the exulceration of the reins, or bladder; or by [Page 56] the stone, and so, filthy and clod­dy bloud is evacuated.

16 Sperma, semen,] Seed, which (the urinall being shaken) lightly floteth and ascendeth, signifies that either the seed aboundeth in quantity, as after Coition; or else in quality, being sharp, hot, and salt; or else is thin, and waterish, and departs involuntarily, ma­king the Loyns and body lean; or else is virulent and contagious, as in the French pox, with gravelly and sandy contents; or else the Spermatick vessells are too slippery; or else too weak in their retentive faculty, wasting the whole body, as in the Apoplexie, palsy in the Genitors, falling sicknesse: for in these diseases, stool, urine and seed are involuntarie. Fletcher judgement of Ʋrines, cap. 8.

17. Cineres] Dust, black, or leadish, and heavy, signifies the flux of the Hemorrhoids at hand, [Page 57] the colour of Urine remisse; or pain, and diseases of the spleen, the dust being somewhat brown and purple; or stopping of Men­strues, in substance thick, colour pale, flaxen or white, with little residence; or pain in the loines, reins, and other inferiour parts by which the bloud passeth in the Hemorrhoidall Veins to the fundament. Dr. Board.

18. Atomi] Motes, such as ap­pear in the sun-beames, either red or white, signifie putrefacti­on, as in the Pestilence, Morbus Gallicus, with stench: or agitation or commotion of humours, as in the small pox, or measles: or dis­eases of the Mother; floting all over the urine yet warm, and af­terwards setling to the sediment, do signifie a double strife be­twixt Nature and the disease: or Rheum in the whole body, if they appear universally: or in the [Page 58] superiour parts, if they appear in the cloud; or in the middle parts, if they appear in the swimm; or in the lowest parts of the body, if they appear in the sediment: or conception in women, if they settle down to the bottome: which if they be red through great abundance of heat and bloud, a male-child is conceived; but if white, through lesser abun­dance of heat and bloud, a female.

§. 2. Of Contents appearing in the sub­lation or middle Re­gion, and how they differ from those in the sediment.II. There is little or no diffe­rence between the Contents of the sediment, or lowest Region, and between the middle region and sublation, except it be in these few particulars. viz. 1. Con­tents in the sublation sig: some windinesse. 2ly, Good contents in the swimm, as white, saffron, clarret, and equall, are not so good in the Sediment. Presence of the swimm is a sure progno­stick of health; yet the presence [Page] of the sediment is necessary be­fore there can be a recovery. Thirdly, Ill Contents in the swimm which are signes of sick­nesse, are, black, green, lead­ish, solid, and deformed. 4ly, Contents in the swimm point out the diseases of the middle parts, as about the Hypochondria, Viscera, &c. 5ly, Sand or gravell in colour reddish, and cleaving to the sides of the Urinall, as if the urine did congeal into stones, signifies ad­ustion of the Liver. 6ly, Motes being puft up by unnaturall and flatuous heat, and afterwards set­ling to the Sediment, and trou­bling the urine, demonstrateth great strife in the veins, betwixt naturall heat, and the disease to be determined by age, strength, dy­et, complexion, and good order of the Patient. Fletch: ex Mon­tan. de excrem.

III The third or highest [Page 60] Region of Urine is called the Cloud, §. 3. Of Contents appearing in the cloud, or upper Re­gion. wherein is to be conside­red (as in the former) the sub­stance, quantity, colour, &c. where there is little difference, save only, the contents in the cloud (compared with other Re­gions) have least signification of good, in good signes: and on the contrary, least signification of ill, in ill signes. We will therefore proceed to their description. viz.

1. Albus] white, signifies in perfect tertian Agues, abundance of choler, and so continuance of the disease; or in rotten Agues, great danger through pain and grief in the fore-part of the belly, about the short ribbs.

2. Rubeus] red, signifies the changing of the sicknesse into a Quartan; or concoction of hu­mours; or head-ach through fla­tuous spirits ascending up into the head, and so continuance of the disease.

[Page 61]3. Niger] black, signifies long-watchings and lack of sleep, whereof followeth the lightnesse of the brain, raveing, doting, which in old age is mortall.

Clouds in Urine are much like unto spiders webs, §. 4. Shew­eth what the clouds in Ʋrine are like; and what they signifie. and do signifie evill digestion; coming through evill digestion of the Li­ver, and imbecillity of it through weaknesse of the stomach. If they are in colour

1. Reddish] the sicknesse is sharp and strong. If

2 Yellowish it signifies calefi­cation of the Li­ver.

3 Swart or it signifies calefi­cation of the Li­ver.

4 Purple it signifies calefi­cation of the Li­ver.

5. If fattish] unkind heat in the spirituall members, and wast­ing of the naturall Moisture in man, and resolution of the whole body, if it hath long continued: but if it appeares on the suddain in heaps, and continues not long, it demonstrates the colliquation [Page 62] of the Reins. Rantz. de vrina ex­cretione.

6. Dark-sky, signifies death.

§. 5. Of Deformed contents ap­pearing in the whole Region of the cloud.Deformed contents appearing in the whole region of the Cloud are, viz.

1. Nebula] a little white cloud appearing in the upper Region of the urine, signifies flegmatick matter to be elevated by strong heat, a signe of concoction and de­clination of the disease, if it settle in the Sediment.

2. Fumus] smoak in the whole Region of the cloud, in colour blackish, reddish, or yellow, signifies viscous and tough matter, adust and cholerick; or abundance of unnaturall heat, puffing up some raw matter, and therefore continuance of the disease.

3. Granula divulsa] small grains, dropps, or motes disper­sed, if blackish, do signifie adust­ion [Page 63] of matter, and wasting of the solid parts, being violently puffed up by unnaturall heat of maligne Agues, which oftentimes are mortall.

THe Circles of Urine, §. 1. Co­lours ap­pearing on the Crown or Cirle. accor­ding to their colour and sub­stance, shew the disposition of the Brain and head for

1. Plumbeus] Leadish, blew, & black, signifies the falling-sick­ness, Apoplexie, or mortification of the Brain, whereby the Si­news doe not their dutie in sense and motion.

2. Rubeus] Red; being first leadish, and certain dayes after [Page 64] red, signifies Head-ach; or reco­very of the animall power: or red and thin in substance, pain in the right side of the head coming of Choler.

3. Viridis] Green betokeneth Choler; or Phrensie of green Choler, if it be in a sharp Ague; or adustion of hot choler assault­ing the head. Green in a feaver doth signifie pain in the head, coming of choler; and if it doth continue, it will ingender an Im­postume which will cause a Phrensie. D ^r Board. item Fletcher.

4. Niger] Black, is of the same indication as black urine is of, for it signifies mortification, if leadish colour went before; or adustion, if green colour went before.

5. Flavus] Saffron, joyned with thick Crown, signifies cho­ler in the head, with head-ach thereof.

6. Aqueus] Waterish-white, de­monstrateth [Page 65] fleam in the hinder part of the head. Also Waterish colour betokeneth cold and weaknesse about the brain, hin­dering it's facultie from casting out superfluities: if it be wan & thick, abundance of Rheum a­bout the brain.

7. Subrubeus, purpureus] Cla­ret or crimson, sig: abundance of bloud in the head, or head-ach caused of bloud: if it be purple & thick, ach in the hinder part of the head.

8. Spiceus] Flaxen, signifies ach in the left side of the head, caused of Melancholy; or Melan­choly complexion. Pale and thin, distemper and coldnesse in the left side of the head.

9. Fulvus] yellow, signifies head-ach proceeding from cho­ler, with pricking in the right side of the head.

10 Tremor corona] the trem­bling [Page 66] of the Crown, signifies ei­ther pain all along down the back-bone; or windinesse; or thin humour; or stopping the Menstrues.

Thus farr of the significations of the colours of the Crown, or Circle: next, we shall declare the prognosticks of spume, fome, froth, and bubbles.

§. 2. Of spume fome, froth, and bubbles appearing in the circle.Of the Spume, or Froth of Ʋ ­rines there be three kinds: 1. a windy spume, which is full of bubbles, which signifies Ventosi­tie, and Viscositie in the body. (2) the second is less then the first, and signifies fleam and corruption in the stomach. the third like the foam of a Bores mouth, hanging to­gether without breaking, and doth betoken unkind heat about the Liver; or else, ill humours (as the learned observe) within the body: as ebullition of the Liver, or agility of ill humours. [Page 67] And if they appear yellow, they betoken the distemperature of the Liver ingendering the yellow Jaundise; if green, the Agriaca, or green-sickness; if black, Menstruae, a Bruise, black-Jaundise, or mor­tification.

Furthermore, it is to be noted, §. 3. Of Bubbles, their kinds, significati­ous, and difference. that there is difference between spume, and bubbles. Bubbles are of two kindes. the one is resident and permanent: the other is nei­ther resident nor permanent.

The resident do signifie vento­sity intruded into the body, and that the sickness is chronicall, and will so continue, unless some re­medie be found out.

Those which be not permanent, but do quickly vanish away, do demonstrate debility and weak­nesse. Bubbles cleaving to the Vrinall, that the body is replea­ted with many ill humours: also, they do signifie the stone in the [Page 68] reins of the back, saith Dr Board in his Breviary of health. Thus foam, froth, and bubbles are di­stinguished, by the learned Practitioners in this Art. Let us examine them more particularly.

§. 4. Of foam, froth, and bubbles, more parti­cularly, and what they signifie.Foam, froth, or bubbles, is an extention, swelling, or puffing up of a viscous moisture in a thick and gross vapour, through agita­tion either of heat, as in water seething; or motion, as in the sea; or both, as in running waters: & gives significations (as Argenteri­us de Ʋrinis noteth) of Rheums and distillations, and griefs de­scending from the head into the inferiour parts of the body. And Rantz. de Ʋrinae, excretione ob­serves, that the appearance of foam, froth, and bubbles in the urine, is caused either of cause ex­ternall, as of eating of pulse, or fruit, or surfetting, or of pissing with some violence into the Vri­nall: [Page 69] or of cause internall, joyned with colour diverse, signifying crudity, or white, raw, and fleg­matick matter; or saffron, signify­ing the Jaundise; but mixed with some whitenesse in the middle, diseases of the Lungs; or lead-co­lour or blackish, matter adust; or black, extinction of naturall heat, which if they are much in quan­tity, many or thick together, long continuing & scarcely to be abolished with a rods end wrap­ped about with flax and put into the Vrinall, they do signifie in whole men some tough and vis­cous matter, which naturall heat stirreth. But in sick men (saith ju­dicious Fletcher) if they appear in the Crown or Circle, abundance of raw tough matter mixed with the ventositie and agitation thereof, which may signifie ei­ther colick, head-ach, or surfett. But if they appear over the whole [Page 70] face of the urine, they signifie weaknesse of the head; or flux of seed; or weakness of nature, through obstructions and raw humours: if they appear in the be­ginning of diseases accompanied with weaknesse, old age, feeble-pulse, winter, &c. mortall. But after the beginning of the disease, with other good signes, may sig­nifie health, because, such agitati­on is of naturall heat now prevai­ling: notwithstanding with ill signes, as ill colour and contents, it signifies that such agitation is, (not of naturall heat, but) of un­naturall heat, and signifies in weak persons, death; but in strong men, long sickness and great danger. When they shall appear in little quantity, they signifie less head-ach and vento­sitie; except the colour be yel­low; for so, choler increaseth the grief. Wecker. Syntax.

[Page 71]They are again distinguished by their speciall differences; §. 5. How fome, froth and bubbles are distin­guished. viz: Granula and Ampullae.

1. Granula] little Bubbles like pinns-heads or little drops of quick-silver, descending down to­wards the swimm, under the Crown into the body of the u­rine, signifie griefs of the head, as Rheum, which distilling down into the inferiour parts of the bo­dy, as to the Nose, the Polypus. &c. Vide pag. 8. cap. 2. of Ob­struction and Conversion of Ʋrine.

2. Ampullae] Great Bubbles, signifie grief of the Reins, (Ne­phritis) or grief in the middle members of the body, as heart, liver, spleen; or drops of fat like spiders webb, or drops of oyl swimming aloft, signifies either colliquation of the whole body with an Ague, and then this fat is pissed by little and little at severall times in small [Page 72] quantity: or Colliquation of the Reins and bladder only, without an Ague, the fat being pissed fast, suddainly, in good quantity at once, with pain and heat about the Reins: or inflammation of the Liver: or criticall evacuation, in concoction, and declination of the disease, of some humour offending, whereby some fat member receiveth hurt, and so part of the fat is dissolved.

HAving in the former Chap­ters written of the Colours and substance of urines; of the colours of contents, and severall Symptomes appearing in the same: it remains in this place, [Page 73] that I speak of the alteration of the Colours of Urine

1. Respectu aetatis, §. 1. Shew­eth, that in viewing of Ʋrines the age of the sick is to be considered. in respect of age. Thin Ʋrine in children is mortall; therefore that is best which is thick of substance, much in quantity, and in colour white­ish: in Springalls thick substance, but rather inclining to thin, in colour yellow, or light saffron; for black is deadly, saith Salvia­nus. In young men, those conditi­ons are to be observed, which are mentioned in chap: 4. In old men, with thin substance, white co­lour, and little sediment. In wo­men healthfull, substance rather thick then thin, dark, troubled, with many things swimming in it, not so clear as in men, being much in quantity, with an impure sediment, much thicker and whiter then in mens urine.

2. Respectu Temporis, in respect of the time of the year: as in [Page 74] Autumn, §. 2. The time of the year is to be respected. when Solenters into the first degree of Libra, producing the Autumnall equinox; which quarter being cold and dry, is compared with Melancholy, causing Urines to have little se­diment, yet without fault, the rest of that season all mean. Or, in the beginning of winter the colour of urine is white, substance thicker, with contents more, and rawer, which quarter is cold and moist, compared with fleam, Sol then entering into the first degree of Capricorn, perfecting the Hy­emall solstice. Or, in the Spring, when Sol enters into the first de­gree of Aries, producing the Ver­nall equinox; which quarter be­ing hote and moist, compared with Sanguine, causeth Urine in the beginning to be of colour white, and pale, but in spring proceeding, colour changeth from pale, and flaxen, to paler and [Page 75] light; contents mean, and sub­stance equall. In Summer begin­ning, Sol then entering into the first degree of Cancer, maketh the Aestivall solstice: this quarter is warm and dry, compared with choler; causeth the Urine to be in colour paler, and light saffron, in substance and sediment thin­ner, white, smooth, and equall: but in Summer proceeding, colour yellow saffron, substance very thin, sediment very little, thin, and declining to white.

3. Respectu Crasis, §. 3. The complexio­nall quality is to be ob­served. (so called from [...] misceo) in respect of the complexion, temperament and mixture of naturall humours. The Sanguine hath reddish urine, with a certain darkness, and sub­stance indifferent thick. The cho­lerick hath urine yellow as pure gold, much coloured, and of sub­stance thin. The flegmatick hath urine white in substance, thick, [Page 76] quantity increased, and the sedi­ment more raw. The Melancho­lick hath white urine with a cer­tain dimness, because melan­choly is in quantity cold and dry: but if melancholy be voyded in substance, the urine is black.

§. 4. The kind of life, & conditi­on of the patient. 4. Lastly, Respectu vitae conditio­onis, in respect of the kind of life, as wherein there is much exer­cise, fasting, anger, &c. making commotion in the spirits, and strife in the humours, watchings, meats of hote operation; the urine is more coloured, and sediments fewer at the beginning, as long as those passions do inflame the heat of the body, and there is moisture that may be inkindled: or where there is much idleness, gluttony, surfets, sleep, drunk­enness, use of cold meats, the urine is white & thick, sediment much and crude, the naturall heat being oppressed and suffocated.

IN the Speculation of Vrines, §. 1 Gene­rall Apho­rismes to be had in me­morie. many things are to be had in memory, considered, and called to mind. As, I. collection, where­in consider, 1 The time wherein urine is made, as in the morning. 2 The quantity, all; not part, nor severall urines mingled. 3 The colour, which is alwayes best when it is new-made and warme. 4 The Contents, bubbles, and substance, which are best seen when the urine is setled. 5 Limi­tation of time: keep it not above [Page 78] six houres. 6 Remember to see it often, and observe the perseve­rance or alteration of colour, substance, and the like.

II. As some things do help Judgement, so there are many things do hinder speculation; as much shaking, or pouring of it out, or cold to congeal it, or wind to move it, or heat to ex­hale it, or meats and drinks to alter it, or medicines to colour it, or exercise, fasting, watching, la­bour, feare, anger, sweating, pur­ging, vomiting, which will alter the colour, substance, quantity, and contents.

III. The differences are ei­ther principall in the Urine, or lesse principall. Principall, are sub­stance, quality, quantity, and contents: lesse principall, are such as arise from the causes, as Cho­ler, Melancholy, sleep, watch­ing, diseases; or from the effects, [Page 79] sign. health, death, griefs of the stomach, head, liver, breast, veins; from the manner of pissing, or suppressing of Vrine.

IV. Remember that the urine according to its height, be divi­ded into three Regions, for the distinction of the contents ap­pearing in the same; as it is here demonstrated by a perfect, and well-formed Urinall, distingui­shed into each severall Region & parts.

As for example, §. 2. The significati­ons of the severall Regions of Ʋrine. Contents ap­pearing in the cloud, do signifie diseases of the highest parts of mans body. Contents appearing in the sublation or swimm, do demonstrate the affections and diseases in the middle parts of the body, as about the short ribs, Hypochondria, inward en­tralls, as the spleen, liver, heart, lungs, bowells, breast, stomach. And lastly contents appearing in [Page 80]

a] Corona, which is the top-line for the Circle, or Crown. b] Suprema Regio, the uppermost Region for the cloud. c] Media Regio, the middle Region for the sublation or swimm. d] Infima Regio, the lowest Region for the sediment or Residence. [Page 81] the sediment, do signifie diseases of the lowest parts: and there­fore as (Atomi) Motes do signi­fie putrefaction, or agitation of humours, or Rheum in the whole body, if they appear in the whole urine: so they do indicate Rheum in the upper parts, if they appear in the cloud; in the middle parts, if they appear in the swimm; & Rheum in the lowest parts, if they appear in the sediment, the motes being rough, and the urine trou­bled.

V. In viewing of the Crown or Circle, you must remember that the placeing of the Vrinall, and difference of the sight, may occasion divers colours in the Crown: and therefore Actuarius his counsell is, to look into the crown with one eye.

VI. Lastly, §. 3. Of the perspicu­ousness and darkness of Urine. consider the per­spicuousness and darkness of urine as followeth. (1) Clear urine in [Page 82] whole men, signifies good digest­ion, abundance of naturall heat, which will separate and distin­guish the Hypostasis: but in sick men, if it be too clear, and in co­lour saffron, it betokeneth yel­low choler, unnaturall heat, as in Agues (saith Wecker); more re­miss, crude, and white, signifies cold, cruditie, and continuance of the diseases. (2) or dark urine, whereof there are three kinds: the first whereof is dark accidentally by outward cold, as aire, win­ter, &c. which of all other, is most thick and dark, and doth stain the Crown and top of the urinall, with a certain white, clammy thin humour, which being chafed at the fire, returneth to its self again: 2 ^ly, or dreggy u­rine, signifying unclean Reins, with motes flying, floting, and swimming in the urine, which afterwards settling to the bot­tom, [Page 83] becometh a thick Resi­dence; which may also signifie a new ulcer with bloud; or an old ulcer with rotten, purulent, and filthy matter. Fletcher, cap. 3. 3 ^ly, or confused urine, without motes, continuing confused without alteration, doth signifie properly confusion, putrefaction and corruption of the bloud, and humours in the great veins, and is found only in continually dan­gerous, and maligne Agues, Le­thargies, and the like.