IT is neither agreed on by the best writers, nor well known to the Turks themselves, from whence the Empire of this barbarous Nation, the worlds present terrour, first took its small & obscure beginning. Some deriving them from the Trojans, from the corrupting of Teucri their common name, into Turci; but without any probability: Others reporting that they came first out of Persia, and some out of Arabia, and Syria. Philip of Mornay derives both Turks and Tartars from the ten Tribes of Israel, carried away by Salmanazar King of Assyria: some among the Tartars still retaining the names of Dan, Zebulon, and Nepthali. Tartar also in Syriack signifying, remnants; and Turks, banished men. Greater store of Jews being found in Russia, Sarmatia, and Lithuania than else-where; and the nearer the Tartars, the more. A barbarous people likewise in Livonia nigh the City Riga, differing in Language from the rest, daily and dolefully repeating in the fields, Jeru, Jeru, Masco, Lon, knowing no cause, but the teaching of their Ancestors for those words utterance; yet thought to lament over Jerusalem, and Damasco, thereby. But both 〈◊〉 Mela (who saith, the Thyrsagetes and Turks possess the vast Forrests, and live by hunting, fast by the Geloni. And Pliny, speaking in like manner, Next unto the Nations about Maeotis Fens are the Evazae Cottae, &c. The Thussagets and Turks unto rough desarts with woody Valleys, beyond whom are the Arympheians, 〈◊〉 on the Riphean Mountains, together with the Turks manners, attire, 〈◊〉 , gate, weapons, manner of riding and fighting, and language agreeing with the Scythians, do induce greater probabilities, that they came out of Scythia. Ptolomies Tusci in Sarmatia Asiatica being likewise supposed to be the Turkish Nation. The cause next to the hand of the Almighty, the Author of all earthly Kingdoms, of departure from their natural seats, was, either a general want in that cold Countrey, or their 〈◊〉 driving them from the Caspian Mountains. The time was either in 755, or 844, or both; who rather issuing out of the Caspian, than the Caucasan streights, first seized on a part of the greater Armenia, called by them 〈◊〉 ; wherein, under leaders, they roamed up and down a long time with families and cattel, in unity, having 〈◊〉 little whereabout to strive; who not only defended Armenia, but through hardiness and valour, and the cowardise of the Asians, incroached farther and farther, though not much skilful in war; whereby their fame and fortune increased, and the Saracen Empire rent (within 200 victories over the Christians) into many Kingdoms, whose Sultans (not obeying their great Caliph) as fast declined, by turning their Arms one upon another. Mahomet the Persian Sultan, praying the Turks his neighbours aid against Pisasiris the Caliph of Babylon, his mortal enemy, who in hope of Persia sent him 30000 hardy men, under a valiant Captain Togra Mucalet, called by the Greeks Tangrolipix, of the Salzuccian tribe; so that Mahomet overcame Pisasiris. And now threatned the Turks (such necessary men, having further service for them against the Indians) if they should talk of departure home, over the River Araxis, which they had requested, who hereupon withdrew secretly into the desart of Caravonitis, making incursions into the adjoyning Countries; against whom Mahomet incensed, sent an Army of 20000 men, the third day after whose encamping by the Forrest side, (in whose covert Tangrolipix a great way off lay) the Turks at night, suddenly set upon their affrightned enemies, who fled. Tangrolipix now furnished with all warlike necessaries, shewed himself in the field, whose Army was (through the repair of rogues and villains unto him) grown to 50000, against whom Mahomet set forward with a fresh Army, having put out the eyes of the Leaders of the former, and threatened to disgrace the fleeing souldiers with womens apparel, who (by the way) fled to Tangrolipix, to his great encouragement; and at Ispanan of Persia they fought, with wonderful slaughter on both sides. But Mahomet breaking his neck by unadvised riding: both Armies proclaimed Tangrolipix Sultan of Persia, with all its Dominions in his stead, (which was in 1030, about 214 years after their coming out of Scythia) who freed the passage for his Countreymen over Araxis; and the Saracens being thereby kept under by the Turks (who before used Circumcision) do now embrace Mahometan-Superstition.

Tangrolipix (who now warred against neighbour Princes) after he had slain Pisasiris, and joyned his Kingdom of Babylon to his own, sent his Cousen Cutlumuses with an Army against the Arabians, by whom he was overthrown: whose Turks easily overthrew, and took Stephen, the Greek Emperours Lievetenant of Media; who sought to stop Cutlumuses his return by the confines of his Countrey. Cutlumuses returning, perswaded Tangrolipix to turn his forces into Media; who notwithstanding, went against the Arabians in person with a new Army: by whom he was also worsted. Cutlumuses the mean while (for fear) revolting from the Sultan, and betaking himself to the strong City Pasar, was besieged by the Sultan; who a long time defended himself. Tangrolipix in the mean time, sent Asan his Nephew to invade 〈◊〉 : who was by the Emperours Lievtenant, slain with most of his Army. Then he sent thither his brother Habrami Alim with 100000 men; who while the Lievtenant expected Liparites Governour of Iberia, to come to his aid before be would encounter them, Alim besieged Arzen, a rich but open Town; who, after six daies 〈◊〉 , setting it on fire in divers places forced the inhabitants to flee for their lives, leaving an infinite spoyl to the enemy. Liparites being now come with a great power, they overcame the Turks, and chased them in the night; yet Liparites was taken prisoner, who was franckly set at liberty by the Sultan, with whom he sent the Seriph in Embassage to the Emperour, to make an everlasting peace with him, by becoming his tributary; which Embassage, being scornfully rejected, the Sultan with all his power, invaded the Roman Provinces; And coming as far as 〈◊〉 , the Countrey people and goods, being conveighed into strong Holds, and the Emperour raysing a great force against him at Caesarea, in 〈◊〉 he returned into Media, laying siege unto Mantzichiert, a City strongly fortified; he 〈◊〉 it 30 daies with fury in vain; and was perswaded by one Alcan, to stay another day to prove what he could do, unto whom the whole charge was committed. But this forward Captain was (while others shot from higher ground at the Defendants) slain in his approach to the Wall; and being drawn (by two Sallyers) into the Town, had his head cast over the wall; whereupon, the Sultan raised the siege, threatning a return the next Spring with greater power; But discord arising between the Sultan and his Brother Alim, Alim joyned with Cutlumuses, denouncing war against the Sultan, by whom 〈◊〉 was overcome & taken neer Pasar, and put to death: And Cutlumuses with 6000 glad to flee into Arabia, being followed into Armenia by the Sultan, where they had sent for protection from the Emperour Constantine Monomachus: which Monomachus afterwards sent Michael Acoluthus (a valiant Captain) against the Sultan, who spoyled Iberia; wherefore he retired to Tauris, leaving Samuch with 3000 to insest the Emperours frontiers; the which, (by reason of Monomachus: imposing tribute on the frontiers of his Empire (who in lieu of defending the passages had been free) they hereupon dissolving wonted Garrisons; and 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 as chiefly his successour, wholly given to hoard up treasure, gave little maintenance unto men of service) the Turks now, and afterwards more easily did, to the weakening and ruin of the Constantinopolitan empire. And 〈◊〉 , 〈◊〉 as his wife, with three very young Sons now governing; the Turks spoiled Mesopotamia, Cilicia, Cappodoeia, and sometimes Coelosyria: who fearing a remove from the Empire, thought of some valiant man for her husband, to manage so weighty affairs; the man was Diogenes Romanus of great renown, who swelling with his Fathers ambition, had secretly aspired unto the Empire, for which by Eudocia he was held in bonds at Constantinople; but when he was brought forth to receive the sentence of death for his treason, the Empresse moved with compassion (as the other beholders) pardoned him; and made him General of her forces. But a solemn oath she had made to her husband never to marry, was a check to her purpose; wherefore in seminine policy, she sent an instructed Eunuch unto John Xiphiline the Patriarch, to get by craft the writing of her oath, being delivered into his hands to keep, by telling him of making his nephew Barda a gallant her husband, if she might safely be discharged of her rash oath. Where at the Patriarch (moved with his nephews preferment) sent for the Senators, of whom, some by his perswasion, telling them of the Commonwealth's dangers, and blaming her rash oath: others by gifts and promises of the Empresse, were overcome; so that the Patriarch delivered her the desired writings, discharging her of her oath; who forthwith married Diogenes, and proclaimed him Emperour: who being of an haughty spirit, was weary of the pliant observations of Eudocia; and the Eastern Provinces being in part lost, passed (although with a small and unfitted Army) into Asia: of whose coming the invading Sultan hearing retired; and dividing his Army, spoyled the South and North parts of Asia, surprizing, and sacking the City Neo Caesaria. But the Emperour, using expedition, with some of his best companies, came on the Turks unawares, who fled and left the booty and prisoners of Neo Caesaria, together with bag and baggage behind them, although but few slain. Then going into Syria, Hierapolis was yielded unto him, where he built a strong Castle. And hearing of the overthrow of part of his Army, before sent unto Melitena, speedily marched for their relief; where (having a far inferiour number, and the Governour of 〈◊〉 traiterously joyning with the enemy) he was surrounded with impossibility to escape; yet suddenly and silently issuing out of his trenches; put the Turks to flight: so he returning to Constantinople, first taking divers Towns, and billetting his Army against Winter, about Alexandria of Cilicia. And at Spring he repressed the Turks fury, who did much harm about Neo Caesaria; after whose departure unto Exphrates, the Turks put Philaretus (left by him at those frontiers) to flight, wasting Cappadocia, and sacking 〈◊〉 in Cilicia. The Emperour made towards them, sending the Governour of Antioch, to stop the Turks passage at Mopsiphestia. But they being stript of their prey by the Armenians, and escaping by night at the Emperours approach, he returned from those quieted Provinces, unto Constantinople. After which Manuel Comnenus (whose honour was envied by the Emperour, for his prevalency against the Turks) was, near Sebastia, taken by the Turks in his way to Syria, and most part of his small Army 〈◊〉 ; who (while the Emperour was preparing to go personally against his enemies) fled from the displeased Sultan, with the Turk that took him. The Emperour set forward, and having pacified a mutinous Legion, at Cryapega, where he encamped; he both removed, and divided his Army into three parts, sending one part to besiege Mantzicierts, which was soon yielded upon composition; yet the garrison Souldiers being suddenly oppressed, as they sought for forrage, he sent 〈◊〉 for the Cities relief; who when Basilacius was sent unto him, as being too weak, put the Turks to flight in battel. Briennius notwithstanding laden with Armour, was in the rear taken, his horse being first slain, and brought unto the Sultan, who both entreated him honourably, and questioned him frequently. The present Sultan in the field, was Axan Tangrolipix his son, who was dead, of great wisdom: who sending to the Emperour to treat of peace, had this message slighted by him, through the perlwasion of some Captains, being willed if he desired peace, to leave the place of his encamping to the Emperour; who sent for Ruselius in hast, that he had sent against Chliat: but (he being for safety retired into the Roman frontiers) had not his help, some of the Scythians also in the Emperours camp revolting to the Turks; yet he gave them battel, who having some hopes of peace, seemed not much desirous either to fight or flee. But the Emperour retreating for fear of his camp that was left weakly manned; others (through Andronicus Constantine his brothers son, and that envied Diogenes, giving out that the Emperour fled) began to flee also. At which the Turks being encouraged hardly pursued; the Emperour now standing, and notably resisting, but in vain, for he was both wounded and taken; which the Sultan at first believed not, until he was assured thereof by his Embassadours, and Basilacius, a prisoners gesture towards Diogenes. The Sultan then cheared him with words, telling Diogenes (who humbled himself) he would use him as an Emperour, the which he did, concluding peace with him, on promise of marriage between their children; and sending him away (in a Turkish habit) with his Embassadours towards Constantinople, being first cured of his wounds. But Michael Duc 〈◊〉 (the eldest son of Eudocia) who was thrust into a Monastery, being by John Caesar and others, set up in Diogenes his room, letters were sent into all Provinces, not to receive Diogenes as Emperour: who stayed at the Castle of Docia; and was by Caesar's sons overthrown, and yielded to them in the City of Adana, upon condition of resigning the Empire for ever, who being brought by Andronicus, Caesars eldest son, to Cotai in Phrygia, while he was there sick, had (notwithstanding the Clergies faith gaged for his safety) his eys cruelly put out, and in the Isle Prota (worms breeding in his wounds for want of dressing) shortly dyed, reigning 3 years 8 moneths.

Axan in revenge thereof, invaded not for booty alone, but for conquest, the Imperial Provinces, and overthrew Isaac Commen's Armie, taking him prisoner; and Casar the Emperour's Uncle, with another Army, being also taken; but that was by Russelius a revolting traytor, who hereby doing what he list in lesser Asia, was through Alexius Commen's secret working with the Turks for mony, betrayed to the Emperour, who being imprisoned, was afterwards employed against Briennius up in rebellion.

But Cutlumuses and his cousen Melech, in the beginning of Axan's reign, returning out of Arabia, raised a great power, and were ready to encountet the Sultan's whole forces nigh the City Eres, as envious of his Kingdom. But the Caliph of Babylon their chief Bishop, considering the ruine of the 〈◊〉 , through civil dislention, and fearing the like in these, the chief stay of Mahometism, thrusting himself (contrary unto Pontifical formality) betwixt the Armies ready to joyn battel, who both by his reverence and perswasion, (that Axan should enjoy his Kingdom entire, & that Cutlumuses with his Sons, should be the sole Lords of what they subdued in the Constantinopolitan Empire) were content to say down Arms: Most commodious to Mahometism, and most hurtful to the Christians; for Cutlumuses &c. soon subdued all Media, a good part of Armenia, Cappadocia, Pontus, Bythinia, and the lesser Asia; and enlarged (by the Persian Sultans help) much the Turkish Empire, (which occasioned them to be accounted Sultans, though indeed they were none, neither were Aspasalemus &c. (though all great men of the Selzuccian family) any other than imaginary successours in the Turks first Empire, Axan, or rather Ax-Han, that is, the white King, succeeding his Father Trangrolopix; Axan giving to Ducas and Melech his kinsmen, Damasco's and 〈◊〉 government, (still to hold all of him as of their Soveraign) that he might encroach on the Aegyptian Caliph, Cutlumuses priviledges being larger: who had also assisted Botoniates, in thrusting Michael Ducas after 6 years & 6 months reign, into a Monastery, who usurped the Empire of Greece, though himself was in like manner served, by Alexius Comnenus.

Cutlumuses and his sons, thus prevailing both against the Christians, and Melech against the Aegyptian Caliph, to the loss of the Saracen name and Empire, now almost quite driven out of Asia; Peter a French Hermite, then visiting Jerusalem in devotion, diligently observed the manners, government and strength of these Barbarians: as also the grievious miseries of the oppressed Christians amongst them; the which (being a little hard-favoured fellow) he had freedom safely to do; and comming to Jerusalem, entred into deep discourse with the Abbot of the Monastery, and Master of the Hospitalers; at length agreeing that they should write Letters to the Pope, and other Christian Princes touching the Christians miseries, craving aid against those cruel Infidels; the Hermit promising that he would be a trusty carrier of their Letters, and also a careful Solicitor of their Petitions, which were to this effect; That whereas the Citizens & Countrey-men of Christ Jesus, are daily scourged and brained, &c. were it not impiety in divers respects to leave the Land, they would flee to the farthest parts of the earth. And though happily the Western Christians are without fear, yet, the Turks forces, policies, & attempts, together with their success, being stronger, and deeper than the Saracens; seeing Jerusalem itself is taken & sacked, they could not presume to stand in safety; And therefore, since our bloud cryeth out for revenge, we lay prostrat at your feet for help, for deliverance of your Religion from accursed slavery: & averting the storm hanging over your own and childrens head.

The Hermit delivered these Letters at Rome to Pope Urban the second, requesting his care for redresses of the Christians miseries seen at Jerusalem; who calling a Councel at Claremont in France of 310 Bishops out of divers parts, with Embassadors of all Countries, propounded the same as a special matter; where the Letters being read, and the Christians miseries and teares being (by the Hermit) lively represented, the whole Assembly was moved with compassion, crying out, Deus vult, that is, God willeth it, which words were afterward much used in their expedition as a sign of their chearfulness; this religious decreed war spreading in one daies space, by flying fame, so far as is hardly to be believed. And by the effectual perswasion of the Father, returned home, were shortly seen about 300000 men with red Crosses on their breasts, ready to spend life and goods for Religion, and recovery of the holy Land, under the commands of Godfrey, Eustace, and Baldwin, Brothers of the house of Bulloin; Great Hugh the French Kings brother, Raimond & Robert, Earls of Flanders, Robert of Normandy, William the Conquerour's Son, Stephen of Ualois, Ademar the Popes Legate, and Peter the Hermit; many Princes being partakers of their travels, though not of such charge.

One Gualter first set forward, then the Hermit with 40000, who came at length thorow Germany, Hungary, and Bulgaria, with labour and losse to Constantinople, which weary travellers were afterwards shipped over Bosphorus into Asia, by Alexius the Emperour, (marching & encamping not far from Nice in Bythinia) unto whom (by reason of distrusting the expedition to be against himself, through guilt of his usurpation) they were not at first very welcome. Godfrey with others, followed the Hermits way; Hugh the Legat and the French Commanders, passed into Italy, taking leave of the Pope, unto whom Bohemud a Prince of Apulia joyning with 12000, they crossed the Adriatick from three several Ports, Brundusium, Bary and Hydruntum, passing by land to Constantinople, where they met with Godfrey, with whom jealous Alexius, better perswaded of their good meanings, made a League, to furnish them with all supplies, (though by him but slenderly performed) for which he should receive all Countries, except Jerusalem, gained from the Turk, and Saracens; he transported them unto Asia: but Bohemud from his Fathers grudg with Alexius came nor to Constantinople; yet marched & passed Hellespont sooner than was expected.

The Turks understanding what was growing on them out of Europe, diligently sought to cut off Gualter, & Peters Army, who had lyen two months about Nice, expecting the other Princes, whose Souldiers weary and somewhat pinched, chose Raymond a Germane, in a mutiny, in Gualters room, suspecting also Peter's prowess, and therefore by quitting Exorgum a Town, and sending out Cattel, as a bait to train out the Christians, winking at those who brought them into Exorgum, slew asterwards full 3000 incouraged Christians, to the discouragment of their chief Cómanders; yet the Soldiers chose one Burel a new General, & 10000 rashly going out of Exorgum in revenge, & for forrage, were almost all slain by the Turks, who afterwards hardly besieging the town, with famin & sword consum'd most of them, the Hermit with much ado defending the town Cinit, whither he had 〈◊〉 til the Princes coming.

Solyman Cutlumuses his Son who was dead, who had almost nullified the Hermit's forces, was careful to withstand the great Army; who removed from Nicomedia besieging Nice, so called from Nicea the wife of King Lysimachus; this City was yielded July, 1097 after 50 daies siege, defended by the Turks longer then was supposed, new supplies coming to them by the lake Ascanius on the other side; the Turks, assayling the mean while the 〈◊〉 Camp, were with great loss repulsed, Solyman's wife and two children being taken prisoners; the City was restored to Alexius. Then the Christian Princes encamping on the fourth daies march by a river for refreshment, news was brought to Bohemud of Solymans approach (aided by the Persian Sultan) with 60000 men, to give the Christians battel; who sending word to the other Princes for relief upon occasion, the two Armies most terribly fought, the Turks lying slain on heaps, some of their horsemen breaking in the mean time, into Bohemuds Camp, among women and weak persons; appalled the fighters; but Bohemud withdrawing some Companies, repulsed the enemy, whose Souldiers he found at his return ready to flee from the Turks; but his coming restored the battel. The enemy with horsemen 〈◊〉 the Camp again, Hugh seasonably coming with 30000 to rescue it, whom a fresh Turkish reserve notably encountred. At length (after a terririble and doubtful fight) the Turks gave ground, retiring into the mountains, 40000 being slain; about 2000 Christians; No enemy the next morning appearing, they buryed their dead, easily distinguished by their red crosses. Solyman fleeing, gave out he had the victory burning, destroying, or carrying away all as he went.

Bohemud and the Princes now marching through lesser Asia, easily took Antiochia in Pisidia, being courteously received by the Citizens of Iconium, refreshing their Army. But at their approach to Heraclea, the Turks and Garrison souldiers fled, the Christian Citizens gladly yielding themselves and City to their deliverers. Here (through the Turks fear not daring any where to abide their coming) Baldwin and 〈◊〉 with part of the Army soon subdued Tarsus Edessa, and Manussa, Cities of Cilicia, while the other part took the lesser 〈◊〉 , and the Cities of 〈◊〉 and Socor in Cappadocia, driving the Turks in every place out of lesser Asia, and setting the oppressed Christians at liberty. Of which Solyman sorely complained in Letters for aid unto Axan his Cousin. Thus the Turks (until, by discord and ambition of the Greek Empire, they again became dreadful this heat being over) were glad to retire farther off, being brought low in lesser Asia.

The Conquerours mounted over high Taurus, possessing the City Maresia, (from whence the Turks had by night fled) being first bound by oath, not to return home till the accomplishment of that holy war. While they 〈◊〉 here, the Citizens of Artasia suddenly slaying all the Turks in Garrison, received Robert Earl of Flanders, with 1000 men that was sent to Summon it. In revenge hereof, the Turks sent 10000 out of Antioch unto Artasia, 15 miles off; who by stragling Companies, drew the Flemings out of the City, purposely fleeing from them; and had not the Citizens relieved them, they had surely perished by the Turks ambushments. The Army, marching forward, encamped Octob. 21. 1097 before Antioch, having passed the River 〈◊〉 , on which this famous City is scituated, (Robert Duke of Normandy by a hard conflict making the Turks forsake the bridge, where they thought to stay their passage) the Covernour (for the Persian Sultan) of this Metrapolis of Syria (called by the Hebrews Roblatha) was Gassianus, who had 7000 horse and 20000 〈◊〉 , as defendants, with great store of all necessary provisions; 〈◊〉 incompassed with a double Wall, 460 Towers within it, an impregnable Castle at its East-end with a deep Lake on the South side. Many a fierce sally during the siege, was made by the Turks, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 repulsed; chiefly at the bridg made by the Christians with boats over the River for passage to and fro. But at the beginning of February, through the abundance of rain, and scarcity of victuals whereby they eat their slain enemies, their horses perishing for lack of meat; Peter the Hermit, author of this war, and Tancred Bohemud's Nephew among others, through these increasing miseries, secretly withdrew to steal home: who being taken, and by Hugh sharply teproved, were forced to take a new oath for their fidelity. A great part of Arethusa's Garrison being cur off by Bohemud, the Countrey was more open for distressed Souldiers relief, until a great number of Turks about Aleppo and Damasco came to relieve the besieged, who by the Christians were put to flight, 2000 being slain, taking store of victuals, &c. and setting the Turks heads on stakes before the City; Whereupon, Cassianus (having lost his eldest Son herein, and expecting relief from the Sultan, requested a truce for a time, which being (by the Turks slaying one 〈◊〉 a French-man) broken, a fresh and more hard siege began. The Governour had in 9 months space lost so many, that he used one Pirrhus, amongst divers Christian Citizens, for the guarding of a Tower; who by secret intelligence, and easy conditions made with Bohemud, let his Souldiers by night into the City, which was recovered June 1098, about 10000 men, women and children were put to the sword: amongst whom many Christians by the furious Souldiers; many Turks fled into the Castle, and the fleeing Governour, was slain by Christians in the mountains of Armenia. Amongst other Letters, speedily certifying this joyful news, Bohemud wrote to Roger his Brother Prince of Apulia, shewing how it was yielded unto himself by Pyrrhus, and how few daies after he was in danger by a wound received at Aretum, that was assaulted by them; assuring Roger both of the valour and esteem, he and the Army, had of his Son Tancred. The Venetians likewise, at the time of the siege, with 200 Galleys, having the upper hand of the Turks by Sea at the Rhodes, set at liberty 5000 souldiers, save 30 chief Commanders, and sayling into Ionia, took Smyrna, spoyling Lycia, Pamphilia, and Cilicia. Corbanas also, the Persian Sultan's Lievtenant, now besteged Edessa, intending to relieve Antioch, which was defended by Baldwin, whereof he had intelligence by the Son of Cassianus, after he had raised that siege, keeping on his way with a mighty Army resolving to hazard the fortune of a battle. The Turks still possessing the Castle, Corbanas sent some supplies into it, which sallied out on the Earl of Tholouse, who was left to keep them into the Castle, while Corbanas fought with the Christians in the field, so that within and without the City was a dreadfull fight, and bloody slaughter; but the Turks gave ground and fled, above 10000 of them being slain, and about 4000 Christians, leaving rich prey besides Horses and other beasts, the Castle also surrendring the next day June 28.

Alexius the Emperour, unto whom this City should according to agreement have been delivered, guilty of neglect, sending the Princes no relief all the siege, refused to accept of it: so that Bohemud was chosen Prince or King of Antioch.

At Autumn there was a plague in the Army, of which 50000 are said to have dyed, which ceasing in November, Rugia and Albaria two Cities, were by force taken; where Raymund, envying Bohemud's preferment, dissented with him, who for the Cause's sake, retired to Antioch. At Spring, Raymund besieging Tripolis, from some fortunate roads made on the enemies last Winter, insolently maligned Bohemud's proceedings, who had besieged Tortosa; Bohemud considering 'twas enough to divide all Christians, rose with his Army, and retired to Antioch. After which, Gabella was taken, and Tortosa, whither Godfrey (and Raymund from Tripolis) came, after 3 〈◊〉 siege departed spoiling about 〈◊〉 , passing by 〈◊〉 , and keeping Whitsontide at Casarea, marched to and from Rama. And upon the first descry of Jerusalem, there were piercing and rending shouts for joy: some lifting up eys and hands to Heaven, calling on Christ: others kissing the ground, and saluting those so much heard of holy places: Every one, as at the end of long travel, expressing some joy.

This ancient and famous City; being utterly destroyed by Vespatian and his son 〈◊〉 , 40 years after Christs death, lay buried in its ruins, till about the year 136 it was (by Aelius Adrianus Emperour) re-edified, who in part changed its scituation, enclosing the place of Christs suffering and burial within the City walls, and calling it Aelia after his own name, giving it first to the Jews, who were afterwards for rebellion thrust out, and then gave it to the Christians (in time also recovering the ancient name Jerusalem) who under several idolatrous and persecuting Emperours, endured grievous things; peace being, about 320, given to the afflicted by Constantine the Great. Whereby for 300 years they flourished under Greek Emperours, till usurping Phocas (by killing Maurice and his Children) occasioned Cosroes King of Persia to invade Syria, taking Jerusalem and killing almost 100000 Christians in revenge of his Father in Law: who about 624, was again driven out of it by Heraclius that succeeded Phocas, cruelly slain by his Guard. Which 〈◊〉 , not paying a warlike people of Arabia Deserta that had helped him against Cosroes, calling them vile Dogs, because they had lately received Mahomet's Doctrine, caused them to revolt and joyn to the Caliphs, extending 〈◊〉 doctrine and Soveraignty over all Aegypt and Syria, taking Jerusalem. The Greek Emperours being overcome by the Saracens, left Syria in their possession, for which they had divers years conflicted; who for 370 years oppressed the Christians, leaving a 3d part of Jerusalem to them, with Christs Sepulchre and mount Zion for profits sake; untill the vagrant andcruel Turks start up, and aspiring Persia's kingdom, subdue Mesopotamia, Syria, most of the lester Asia, and all 〈◊〉 : The Saracens Government being but light unto the Christians, in respect of their Thraldome under the Turks; and had not these Princes who were now come to 〈◊〉 , been stirred up for release of these miseries, none could have been expected.

The Princes lay encamped before the North and West of Jerusalem in order, (Bohemud being at Antioch, and Baldwin at Edessa) 〈◊〉 with the Germans and Lorrainers lying next the City, whose Governour had a very strong Garrison with all necessaries for a long siege; on the 5 day they fiercely assaulted it, but for want of enough scaling-ladders (twas supposed) they gave over, few daies after they most terribly assaulted it on both sides afresh, untill by reason of fervent heat, and want of water (all the wells expect Siloe being poyfoned) they retired into their Trenches.

A fleet of Genowaies now arriving at Joppa, (knowing themselves too weak for the Aegyptian Sultans fleet at Ascalon) for Jerusalem's relief, sunk their Ships, and marched to the Camp; among whom were divers Engineers, by whom a great moving Tower was made, covered with raw hides to save it from fire; which by night being brought to the wall, they the next day the winde driving the Turks fire, who thought to burn it, into their own faces, gained the top of the wall: which being first footed by Godfrey and his Brother, they pressed in like a violent River killing men women and children, with a lamentable sight: The better sort of Turks retiring into the Temple fought terribly; many on both sides falling, but the Christians fiercely breaking in, the foremost were miserably slain, the Turks also 〈◊〉 fighting in the midst of the Temple, there were slain heapes both of victors and vanquished, the pavement swimming with blood. Then the Turks held the top of the Temple; And the next day (upon Proclamation of mercy to such as laid down weapons) they yielded themselves. Thus Jerusalem was recovered in 1099, having been in the Infidels hands above 400 years.

Eight daies after (cleansing the City and giving thanks to God, and the poor Christians welcomming with joy their victorious Brethren) the Princes consulting of their King, chose Robert Duke of Normandy, who refusing Jerusalem upon news of his Fathers death in England (William Rufus being in possession as it were) lost both Kingdomes: Godfrey of Bulloine a great Souldier being saluted King, who said, He would not wear a Crown of Gold, where Christ wore a Crown of thorns: but briefly certified these proceedings to Bohemud, shewing Jerusalem's strength and situation, and how he first gained part of the wall, Baldwin opening the gates for entry; of their great conflict in Solomon's Temple; and that, since, he was saluted King of Jerusalem, though against his will; he would endeavour well to deserve of the universal faith. And then joyned a most dreadful battle with the greatest multitude of Turks, and Saracens, (all as one assembled at Ascalon for revenge) killing a 100000 of them & taking more spoile than in this whole expedition: After this Victory, some Princes returned to their Charges, others, with honour to their own Country. But shortly after, a great Pestilence ensuing, Godfrey among the rest died, July 18. 1100. Scarce reigning a full year, generally lamented, and honourably buried on mount Calvary in the Temple of Christ's Sepulchre. In whose Room Baldwin of Edessa his brother was Crowned King in 1101. Who (aided by Sea and Land) took the Sea-City Cesarea-Stratonis, overthrowing certain Companies at 〈◊〉 , gladly and safely conducting to Jerusalem, new westerne aides by Tyre, and three other Cities holden by the enemies, at which time the Christians were notably overthrown about Rama by the Turks, aided by the Arabians and Aegyptians; two Stephens, Earles of Charters and Burgundy being slain, the King hardly escaping; who repairing his Army at Joppa, speedily so overthrew his secure enemies, that they had little cause to rejoyce in their Victory. Tancred Prince of Galilee, in the mean time taking the City Apamea, and with much toyl Laodicea: But Baldwin 〈◊〉 Governour of Edessa was, at the siege of Carras thatwas upon yielding, overthrown by the Persian Sultan; Benedict a Bishop, and 〈◊〉 his kinsman being taken with him: who (to the offence of the 2 Sultans) after 5 years, redeemed themselves from the Turk that took them.

King Baldwin, who (after this) lived unmolested for a season, suddenly raised a full strength and besieged Ptolemais or Acon in Phoenicia, and was glad to raise his siege, being after a long time brought to his end, by a healed-up wound received in a skirmish at his return, yet the next year Ptolemais by the encouragement of the Genua fleet, was yielded to him on composition after 20 daies. Tancred Livetenant Governour of Antioch, soon after put to flight the invading Governour of Aleppo and others, and the Caliph of Egypt was discomfited by the Christians at land, and by tempest at Sea, comming against Jerusalem.

Bohemud returning out of Italy with 40000 foot and 5000 horse, (as is reported) toward Jerusalem, spoiled (in revenge of Alexius his injuries) the Country about Dyrrhachium, forcing the Emperour to promise by oath security and kindnesse to all travelling Souldiers, and dying shortly at Antioch in 1108. Whose Principality his child Bohemud enjoyed, under Tancreds 〈◊〉

Baldwin the King, Apr. 23. 1111. wonn the City Berytus, 〈◊〉 most to the sword, and the same year Decemb. 19. Sidon was yielded to him, through the assistance of a Norway fleet: Tyre only (of all the famous Sea-Cities from Laodicea to Ascalon remaining to the enemies, the which Baldwin hardly besieged 4 months in vain.

Two years after, Baldwin and Tancred who, Bohemud dying, Reigned in Antioch, with the rest joyned a cruel battle with the Persian Sultans mighty Army under Mendus their General, (encamping on the Sea near Tyberias) after some companies, were by some flying skirmishers entrapped in ambush, and rescued by other Christians: who were, by the Turks far exceeding in number, put to flight, and hardly followed with great slaughter. The Ascalon Turks (the mean while) besieging Jerusalem, weakly manned: but news of the Kings coming, and of Supplies out of the west made them (having burnt storehouses of Corn, and spoyled other things) to retire home. This King (after many hard conflicts with Turks and Saracens, won Pharamia a strong Sea City in Aegypt, taking abundance of fish, at the mouth of Nilus; wherewith he feasted in the City. And after dinner grieved with his old wound, died near Laris in his return in 1118, Reigning 18 years, and royally Sepulchred near his brother Godfrey.

Baldwin Brugensis of Edessa, his Cousin, was chosen and Crowned King of Jerusalem, Apr. 2. 1118. a man of great courage, tall stature, and comely countenance: Against whom the Caliph of Aegypt with the King of Aleppo raised a great power the same summer, Baldwin also encamping in fight of his enemies, both armies for fear of each other, after 3 months facing, retired without any notable action. Alexius the Emperour died this year, whose Son Calo Johannes his successour (all his Reign) worthily defended his territories in lesser Asia.

But Roger Prince of Antioch, with more courage than discretion, going forth against a great Army not far from Aleppo, was slain with most of his Army, the place being called the field of bloud. Baldwin Aug. 14, 1120, overthrowing the carelesse Turks with a great slaughter, joyning Antioch principality to his own; which Antiochians, Baldwin their protecting Prince being far off, were more subject to enemies inroads than before; the King of Damasco entring with great power, and doing harm thereabouts in 1122; who understanding Baldwins approach with a puissant Army, retired out of the Countrey, the King taking Garaze, a new built strong Castle of the King of Damasco's, which he raced to the ground; Whilst this King wisely sent Embassadours to divers Christian Princes, especially to the Uenetians, for relief by Sea, Balac the Persian Sultan with a great Army invaded about him Antioch: with whom without longer stay for his friends aid, he joyned battel, and was with certain of the best Commanders carried captive unto Carras, most of his Army being overthrown. Hereupon, the Caliph of Aegypt the Saracen, for Aegypt with Tuneis and Moroccoes Kingdoms were yet in their possession, invading Jerusalems Kingdom, landed an Army at Joppa, besieging it also by Sea with 700 sail. Against which, while they lay in hope, the Duke of Venice, stirred up by the Pope for the Christians relief, came from Cyprus thither in hast with 200 sail, and either before the Saracens could make ready, or after a doubtful battel, obtained a glorious victory, going by land to Jerusalem, where he was honorably received by the Patriarch &c. Eustace also the Vice-King, overthrowing them at Ascalon.

After Joppa's relief, the Saracens discomfiture, and the Christians encouragment, they besieged Tyre by Sea and Land, March 1. whose sharpe assault the Turks valiantly repulsed; yet after 4 months, June 29, 1124, it was yielded on composition, of which a third part was given to the Venetians, according to a former agreement; Baldwin, after 18 months imprisonment, being shortly ransomed for 100000 Ducats.

But the Duke of Venice returning home, took Chios, 〈◊〉 , and three more Islands, with the City of Modon 〈◊〉 Peloponnesus, from the Emperour, who, as Alexius his Father, envying the Christians success, had in the Dukes absence infested his Territories. King Baldwin also invaded and spoyled the King of Damasco's Country, overthrowing him in three battels, taking great prey, as also the invading Saracens at Ascalon, whereby for a time he lived in peace; who, with others, joyning with Hugh Paganus the first Master of the Templars, returning with a great number of Christians out of the West, and besieging Damasco, through the Cities strength, the Defendants valour, and the 〈◊〉 contagion, raised their siege. King Baldwin also now sent to Fulk Count of Turine &c. (who was 60 years old, and making preparations for the holy Land) offering him his eldest daughter Melisinda, with the Kingdoms succession for a dowry, whereof he accepted. And about 3 years after, feeling death draw on, removing into the Patriarchs house, he in the presence of divers great Ones commended to his Sonne in Law and Daughter, with their Son Baldwin two years old, the Government, presently after (Aug. 22. 1131) dying, and solemnly buried with Godfrey and Baldwin. Fulk was Sept. 16. Crowned by the Patriarch; the beginning of whose reign, was by Pontius of Tripolis, and Hugh of Joppa that joyned with the Ascalonian Saracens, vext with domestick discord, 〈◊〉 hurtful to the Christian State; which by force, and others mediation was well appeased, and yet vengeance followed the Traytors. The Turks also invaded about Antioch, aud were overthrown; But John the Greek Emperour, with a puissant Army, took Tarsus with Cilicia's whole Province, besieging Antioch, pretending it belonged to his Empire; who (after Christian Princes mediation) agreed that Raymond Count of Poictou (to whom the dukedom of Antioch was given with the Dukes daughter) should hold it from him as his Soveraign, and so returned. Fulk about that time, coming to relieve Monteferrant-Castle, was by Sanguin the Turk overthrown, betaking him into the Castle: which now he hardlier befieged, pinching them within by famine, unto whose relief the Kingdoms whole power coming, the Turk upon deliverance of the Castle to him, set all at liberty.

John the Emperour, about 4 years after, came to Antioch (having longed also for Jerusalems Kingdom) who not being suffered to enter, but upon an oath and few followers, with quiet departure, in revenge, pretending the Armies want of victuals, made havock of the Suburbs, cutting down the fruit-trees to dresse their meat. And wintring in Cilicia, at hunting of a Boar, had his hand lightly wounded by a poisoned arrow in his quiver, wherewith his arm swelling more and more, must be cut off, which he abhorred, saying. The Greek Empire was not to be governed with one hand, died; Emmanuel the youngest Son (his two eldest being dead) succeeding him.

King Fulk also now at peace, walking with his Queen out of Ptolemais, following amongst other 〈◊〉 , a Hare, put up by running boys, fell in the course with his head under the Horse, with whose weight and the 〈◊〉 hardness, the brains came out at the nose and ears of his crushed head, who died Novemb. 13. 1142 (lying 3 days speechless) and was magnificently buried by the other Kings with a general lamentation. The elder of whose 2 Sons, Baldwin, about 13 years 〈◊〉 , with his mother, were solemnly on Christmas-day crowned in 1142, about which time Sanguin the bloody Turk took by undermining Edessa in Gount Joscelin's absence exercising all cruelty on the Christians, (the territory of 3 Archbisho-pricks being drawn from Antioch hereby) which Turk was stabbed in his drunkenness at the siege of Cologenbar, Noradine his Son succeeding him. Who (after Baldwin 3 had in his first year recovered and fortified Sorbal Castle beyond Jordan) so beset him in his return, the next year going against the King of Damasco, that he miraculously escaped.

Edessa's losse with the Christians miseries, (through the stirring up of Eugenius Bishop of Rome) greatly moved the Western Princes, to prepare almost in every Province for their relief. Conrade Emperour of Germany, raysing a puissant Army, set forward, who having before certified Emanuel the Greek Emperour of his purpose, craving passage, with victuals and all necessaries for his mony, he seemed willingly to condiscend, though inwardly pining thereat; for strong companies of the Greeks following the Army to keep the Souldiers from stragling, now and then cut them off roaming, at advantage. And the farther they travelled, the more the Greeks discontented countenances appeared; yet they went on to Philippolis, from whence departing, the Greeks and Armies rear, had not the wiser sort duly appeased them, had plainly fought. Then from Adrianople they came to the Plain Cherobachi, where the River Melas (that suddenly in Winter or great fall of water, overfloweth its banks like a Sea) through abundance of rain, so by night overflowed the encamped Army, that 〈◊〉 with burdens, besides weapons &c. and also great numbers of armed men, were with lamentable out-cties carried away, and perished like hay or chaffe every one glad to shift for himself; the beholders saying, The wrath of God was broke into the Camp. Neverthelesse, the water being fallen, the sore troubled Emperour marched to Constantinople: Who (by armed men glistring on the Walls) was not suffered to enter, but perswaded by the Emperour to transport his Army over the straite, promising to supply his wants; the Greeks sparing no labour, or vessel in that so hasty service, Who being shipped over, the Countrey people (by his appointment) brought nothing, as before, to sell them; the Towns at an extream rate, first receiving their mony by ropes from the Walls, delivered them what they pleased, and oft-times nothing, vildely mingling Lime with their Meal, of which many Souldiers died; but if the Emperour were not privy thereunto, yet he coined counterfeit mony to deceive them, practising all kind of mischeif, to terrifie their posterity from the like expedition, and secretly plotting with the Turks, how they might be defeated: some part thereby, being overthrown near Bathis, although in Phrygia themselves were greatly slaughtered by the part marching thorough Phrygia: which Turks with a great Army, to stay the Armies passage at the River Meander, and they having neither bridg nor boat to passe over, declared it their patience, that the Greeks, as they passed by, were not become their prey. Conrade retired his Souldiers out of the shot of the Turks Archers, standing on the other banks-side for refreshment, arising before day, and putting his whole Army in Battalion. Both Armies thus in readiness, the winding River only betwixt them, the Emperour encouraged his men with a Speech to this purpose. That we are exposed to dangers pining with hunger, &c. for Christ's sake and the glory of God. But these Barbarians (divided from us by this River) are the enemie; of Christ's Crosse, in whose bloud we have vowed to wash our selves, calling to remembrance the grievous things, and tortures inflicted on our friends and Countrey-men, by these uncircumcised; let not any terrour daunt us. Let them know that we are superiour to them, as our Master excells their Prophet and seducer: Let us fight in Christ's name, with assured hope of an easie victory. We are those mighty men standing about the divine Sepulchre, as about Solomon's bed: let us remove these Agarens, as stones of offence, Children of the bond-woman; I my self will shew you the way over this River, I know the water, beaten back by our force, will, as Jordan in ancient times, be at a stand. This attempt shall (to our immortall praise) be spoken of in all posterity. This said, after a signal of battel, and devout prayer by every man; Conrade first put spurs to his horse: the rest, closely following with a terrible out-cry, passed all over with lesse trouble than was feared; the horses even beating back the water towards the fountain, then after small resistance, the discouraged Turks fled, whom the Christians like Lyons pursuing, the fields were covered with dead bodies; huge heaps of bones long after declaring the fallen multitude, to the wonder of travellers, many Italians being wounded, but few or none slain.

After this they hardly besieged Iconium in lesser Asia, but the Cities strength, the valour of the Defendants, and the peoples numberlesse dying in the Camp (of which, the Greeks mingling Lime with the Meal was the chief cause) caused the Emperour to raise his long siege, and return into his Countrey; most referring this his journey into Asia to the year 1146.

By this 〈◊〉 so fortunate expedition, Baldwin the mean time, fortified ruinous Gaza of the Philistins, serving as a Bulwark against Egypt, and to distresse Ascalon: which strong Sea City he besieging by Sea and Land, (when Noradine was repulsed by the Citizens of 〈◊〉 whom he besieged, and the Caliph of Egypt's fleet from Ascalon's relief) was with great losse repulsed, the Wall's breach that he had made repaired, and the dead Christians hanged in ropes over the Walls, at which the Commanders moved, returned to the assault and the besieged discouraged with great slaughter, yielded the City with its spoyl to the Souldiers, departing only with their lives, the enemy having now no place in those parts.

Lewis the eighth of France, with other great Princes, at or about this Emperours time, took on him the like expedition with a puissant Army, who landing in Asia found nothing answerable to the feigned courtefie of Emanuel at Constantinople; great numbers of Souldiers perishing in desolate Countries by false guides, and many straying, cut off by the Greeks themselves; yet he besieged Damasco, Noradin's Royal Seat, the besieged being brought to extremity, and at the point even to yield. But some Christian Princes there, grudging at the Kings promise of that Cities Government, (if won) to Philip Earl of Flanders a stranger, corrupted also (as some say) with the Turks gold, persivaded the King to remove to a stronger part of the City than where he lay, from whence after a while for lack of victuals, he departed, returning into France; detesting Emmanuel the Emperours name, by whose dealing such an expedition was brought to nought.

Noradine, for some injuries done to the Turks and Arabians dwelling in the Forrest of Libanus, straightly besieged Paneda; the multitude of Turks, after the Christians desperate fally, hardly pursuing and entring the City, put all to the sword in their way; yet most of the Citizens stood upon their guard in the Castle. Noradine, after spoyl taken, and firing the City, departed upon Baldwin's coming for relief, waiting in the Woods to take the Christians at advantage, and set suddenly on the King passing over Jordan accompanied only with his Horsemen, and doubting no such thing, most of his Nobles were slain or taken, himself with a few hardly escaping to Saphet. Noradine after this besieged it again, (whose Walls were again repaired) in good hope; but (though he had made breaches in the Walls) rose with his Army upon Baldwins the Prince of Autioch, and the Count Tripolis, approach. This (among other hard conflicts of this young King) is worth remembrance, That he put Noradine to flight, loosing most of his Army; who besieged the Castle Sueta, belonging to his Kingdom; and marrying the Greek Emperours Neece, he again required one of his kinswomen in marriage, and preferring Mary Raymund's Daughter of Antioch, before Matilde the Count of Tripolis his Sister, the said Count grievously by Sea infested his frontiers. While the marriage was solemnized, Baldwin abiding at Antioch, and fortifying a Castle on Orontes, took Physick of Barac a Jew the Count's Physician of Tripolis, whereby he was verily supposed to be poysoned; and languishing in pain with the Bloudy-flux and Consumption, he died at Beritum, Febr. 13. 1163. reignning 21 years, being solemnly enterred by his Father with a general mourning. Noradine himself refusing to invade his Kingdom at his funerals solemnity, saying, The Christians had lost such a King as the like was hardly to be found. To return to the Turks proceedings in lesser Asia. 〈◊〉 Sultan Solyman's death, Mahumet succeeded him betwixt whom and Masut Sultan of Iconium arose great discord, which broke out into open war, Comnen the Emperour aiding Masut; But the 2 Infidels soon becoming friends, joyned, and overthrew the Emperour besieging Iconium, he hardly 〈◊〉 . Masut dying divided the whole Turks Kingdome, gotten by him, between his 3 sons, to 〈◊〉 the eldest he gave Iconium, with the Provinces belonging; unto Jagupasan, Amasia, and Ancyra, with fruirful Cappadocia and the places adjoyning; to Dadune, Cesarea and Sebastia with the large Countries thereabouts. These brethren soon fell at discord; the Sultan and Jagupasan seeking openly each others destruction: Emmanuel the Emperour rejoycing thereat aided Jagupasan, whereby he obtained many notable victories against the Sultan, who weary of the quarrel, personally met the Emperour comming out of Syria, and accompanyed him to Constantinople, who rejoyced to be sued unto by such a Prince, as the Sultan was, being honourably received in triumph. For the solemnizing of which, a great number of People were assembled at the report of an active Turk, who had promised to fly a furlong from the top of an high Tower in the Tilt-yard: who hovering a great while (girt with a long white garment of many pleats and foldings, and the Beholders crying Fly Turk, fly) at length, finding the wind, as he thought, fit, committed himself to the air, breaking his neck, armes, &c. whereby the Sultan's attendants could not walk the streets underided, the common people crying, Fly Turk, fly; whose insolency the smiling Emperour, in favour of the grieved Sultan, restrained.

The Emperour, after the triumph (which was obscured by an earth-quake) gave the Sultan many rich presents with a masse of treasure, who in requitall termed himself his son, promising him Sebastia with its territories, thrusting Dadune out of Sebastia, taking from him 〈◊〉 Caesarea and Amasia, but kept all to himself, Jagupasan's dominions likewise falling into his hands, by his death, on whom he had also bent his forces. And now the Sultan swelling with pride took Laodicea from the Emperour, killing and carrying the people captive as he went, whereupon the 〈◊〉 passing with a great army into Asia, maugre the Turks, most strongly fortifyed Dorileū, carrying the first basket of stones on his own shoulders, as also Sybleum. Yet the Turks ceased not their inroads, though not with such successe as before: The Emperour now expostulated with the Sultan as an unthankfull man, who again upbraided him with breach of promise: thus open war was daily expected, the Sultan managing his by expert Captaines, whereas the Emperour commonly in great expeditions adventured in 〈◊〉 : who in revenge of his subjects so many wrongs, raised his whole power in Europe and Asia; passing into Asia with his most puissant Army, well appointed of all necessaries, orderly marching thorow Phrygia and other places, and by the old ruinous Castlc of Myriocephalon, Ominous by its name. Though he were circumspect, yet by reason of his many Carriages, &c. he made but small speed: the Turks destroying the Country before them, and in many places poysoning the water, whereof the Christians (especially of the flux) died. The Sultan (though aided by the Persian) loath to adventure all on battel's fortune, made to the Emperour once and again for peace on honorable conditions; who pricked forward by his CourtGallants, proudly dismissed the Embassadours, willing them to tell their Master, he would give him an answer under the walls of: Iconium, which caused the Sultan to take the Straits of Zibrica; enclosed with high mountains, whose vallies opening, and growing straiter and straiter with superimpendent rocks, on both sides, almost touching each; gave to the Army (of necessity passing thereby, from Myriocephalon) a difficult passage. The Emperour, though he were told that the enemy had strongly possessed the streights and mountains, not providing for his safety, desperately entred herein: John and Andronicus with others conducting the Vant-guard, the drudges and carters, &c. following: then the Emperour with the maine battle; and Andronicus Contostephanus in the rear. After no far entry, the Turks shot as thick as hail down upon them: Yet the Vant-guard casting themselvs into a three square battle, and closely covering their heads with their Targets like a pent-house, caused their enemies, by lusty shot, to retire into the mountaines, and passing those streights with little or no losse, encamped on the top of a commodious hill. But the rest of the army not passing with such order and courage, and troubled with their carriages in those rough and streight places, were miserably overwhelmed by the Turks arrows, falling like a shoure, to their great dismaying & disordering. The Turks now incouraged, came downe from the mountains to handy blowes on plain ground, overthrowing the right wing, where Baldwin breaking into the thickest of the enemy with a valiant troop, to stay their fury, was slain with all his followers, and most of that wing. Then the Turks, with all their power, stopped all the Christians waies, who (by reason of the places streightnesse) could neither retire or goe forward to relieve one another, their many carriages hurting themselvs, were the cause of their own and others destruction: the valleys full of dead bodies, and the rivers running with the blood of men and beasts, in an unexpressible manner; and if the Christians shewed any spark of valour, it was but lost, the Turks shewing the head of Andronicus Bataza the Emperour's nephew, who coming against the Turks of Amasia was overthrown. The Emperour was now so troubled that he was at his wits end, doubtful wch way to turn, who having often attempted to open a way for passage, but in vain, 〈◊〉 the same danger in staying as in going forward with a few of his best souldiers, resolving to dy, by many blowes given and received, (himself having many wounds and could not lift up his Helmet being beaten close to his head, about thirty arrows sticking in his Target) brake through and escaped those streights. Infinite numbers of the other legions seeking to follow, were slain, besides many troden to death by their own companions. Those that escaped one streight (this passage having 7 Valleys) were slain in the next: the sand also, raised by men and horses and by a violent wind carried, both armies (being as it were in darkness) killed both friend and foe; so that those Valleys seemed to be a burying place of Turks and Christians, the most being Christians, and those not all of the meanest sort. The wind allaying, and the day clearing, wounded and whole living men were seen middle & neck deep among dead carcases, not able with strugling to get out, with rufull voyces crying to passengers for help; whom every man, through fear, without compassion, left living, as to be numbred among the dead. The Emperor standing alone under a wild Pear-tree, to breathe himself, a common souldier came and helped him to buckle up his armour, but a Turk came and took his horse by the bridle, from whom the Emperour cleared himself by striking him to the ground with the truncheon of his broken lance: other stragglers likewise came presently ready to seiz on him, one whereof he slew with the said staff, struck off anothers head with his sword, keeping them off till 10 relieved him: and departing toward the Vant-guard, he was troubled with other Turks and heaps of dead bodies, & 〈◊〉 John 〈◊〉 , that married his neece, fighting alone, encompassed & slain. The Turks seeing him, followed him as a rich prey: whom he with his 〈◊〉 company notably repulsed, comming at length, after much labour and more danger, long looked for, and most welcome, unto the legions. Who, in his way to them, ready to faint for thirst, and drinking some infected water of a river, with a deep sigh said, Oh how unfortunatly have I tasted Christian blood, whereunto an envious souldier replyed, that he had oft, & long since, been drunk with Christian blood, by vexing and devouring his Subjects with most grievous exactions: the Emperour, putting it up in silence, answered no more to this rayling companion than Good words Souldier. Then animating his souldiers to rescue his treasures and take it for their labour, the same souldier said, [It should before have been given to thy souldiers, rather then now, when 'tis to be recovered with great danger and blood-shed; and therefore, if thou be a man of valour, valiantly charge the Turks thy self, & recover thine ill gotten goods.] Andronicus Contostephanus came shortly after, having escaped the Turks fury, to the Vant-guard. The Turks cryed all the night, to increase the oppressed Christians fear, that all their countrey-men, that had abjured their Religion, or taken part with the Imperialists, if they staid till morning, should be lost men. The Emperour hereupon declared his resolution, to his chief Commanders, secretly to flee, and leave every man to shift. Which base determination a souldier without the Tent over-hearing, cryed, in detestation, with a loud voice, What meanes the Emperor? & turning to him said, Art not thou he that hast thrust us into this desolate and streight way, casting us headlong into destruction? What had we to do with this vale of mourning? What can we particularly complain of these Barbarians? Was it not Thou that broughtest us hither? And wilt thou thy self betray us? &c. Which reprehension (though nought remained but death and despair) changed his determination. And in this extremity, it pleased the Almighty so to touch the Sultan's heart, that (by perswasion of the chief men about him, that in peace had wont to receive great gifts from the Emperour) he voluntarily offered him peace on the very conditions of former leagues. The Turks ignorant of the Sultan's resolution, in the morning assaulting the Camp, slew divers of the Christians in their own Trenches, but by the command of one Gabras the Turkish Embassadour, (who, with reverence to the ground, presented the Emperour with a goodly Horse, with silver furniture, and a two edged Sword, & by enchanting words concerning peace appeasing his heaviness) they ceased to assault them: the Emperor giving Gebras his rich yellow Robe, upon a pleasant conceit by him uttered, told him 'twas not fit for war, portending ill luck, and then signed the peace, this being one condition, that Dorileum and Sybleum should be rased. The Emperour purposed to returne home another way, yet (by his guides) was led back the same way, to behold those miserable spectacles of the slain, all that passed by calling with grief upon their lost friends. The Emperour placed his best souldiers in the rear to repulse the Turks, who, in the rail of the army, slew many; the Sultan (as is said) repenting & giving leave to persue them. He rased Sybleū, but not 〈◊〉 , answering the complaining Sultan, he greatly forced not to perform what by necessity he was enforced to promise. Who in revenge, straitly charged Atapack with 24000 chosen souldiers, to waste and destroy all his provinces to the Sea side, not sparing man, woman, or child, and to bring Sea-water, an Oar, and Sea-sand as a token; who did so to Phrygia, returning with a rich prey: But passing 〈◊〉 , he was, by John Bataza and Duc as Constantine, slain with all his army, and all the booty recovered. After many hard conflicts, Emmanuell died, having governed 38 years, being in a Monks habit a little before his death; as jealous of the Christians in the West, as of the Turks in the East: in warr altogether laborious, and in peace given over to pleasure. The Sultan afterwards took Sozopolis, joyning more and more of the Emperour's provinces to his own without resistance: For Alexius, called 〈◊〉 -genitus, (being but 12 years of age) succeeding, followed his pleasure; his Mother, and Father's kinsemen and friends (neglecting his education) followed their delights: Some courted the young Empresse: Others filling their coffers with the common treasures: and others aiming at the Empire it self. Amongst whom was Andronicus, Emmanuel's Cousin, who, for his aspiring, was by him confined to live at Oenū: who thought it now a fit time, in such disorder of state, to aspire unto the long looked-for Empire. He doubted not but he was generaly beloved, yea, & of some of the Nobility, wanting nothing more than some fair colour to shadow his purpose: He took first occasion to work on a clause in the Oath of obedience which he took, [That if he should see, hear, or understand anything dangerous or hurtfull to the Honour, Empire, or Persons of Emmanuel or his son Alexius, he should bewray it, and to his utmost power withstand it.] Thereupon he wrote divers Letters to the young Emperour, the Patriarch, and others, wherein he seemed to complain of the immoderate power of Alexius, President of the Councel, who ruled all things at his pleasure, & that his care of the young Emperour's safety mooved him to complaine, wishing so great power of Alexius to be abridged, aggravating the report of Alexius's too much familiarity with the Empresse: the reformation of which he (as bound in conscience) most earnestly desired. Wherefore, travailing towards Constantinople, he gave out what he would, for his Oaths sake, do; unto whom men, desirous of a change of the State, flockt in great numbers. Thus honourably coming to Paphlagenia, as a deliverer of his Countrey; divers Nobles also joyned with him, especially Mary the Emperours sister by the Father, with Caesar her husband, (who had raised a great tumult in the City against Alexius, & the hated Empress her step-Mother, not appeased without much bloodshed) pricked forward, by secret Messengers and Letters, Andronicus to hasten his coming, and take the government on him: who being daily encouraged, came to Heraclea, winning the peoples hearts with words and tears, saying all that he did was for the common good of the Emperour. Passing by 〈◊〉 and Nicomedia, out of which he was shut, he was 〈◊〉 by Andronicus Angelus (sent with a great power by the President Alexius) who spending most of the night in rioting, and the day in his bed, left nothing undone for the assuring of his estate; working the mat er so by the rare beauty of the Empresse, by gifts and sums of mony, that none of account went to 〈◊〉 Who neverthelesse joyning battle with Angelus overthrew and put him to flight, whom Alexius in great displeasure calling to account for the mony of that war, his misfortune being taken as if he had betrayed the Army of purpose; by the counsel of his 6 sons, first he 〈◊〉 with them to his own house, and presently after to Andronicus: Who being encouraged with the coming of these noble kinsmen, encamped almost right over against Constantinople, causing many great fires to be made in his army, to make it seem greater than it was, some Citizens running to the Sea side, some to the tops of hills and towers, willing to have drawn him, by their lookes, into the City. Alexius, not able to encounter Andronicus by land, (for some that could not go over on foot, were in heart with him, others taking part with neither) commanded all the Emperour's Galleys to be strongly put to Sea, to hinder Andronicus passage over Propontis and Bosphorus; Contostephanus challenging the Generalship over this Fleet as his due, unto whom he was, without dispute, glad to commit the charge thereof. Then he sent one George Xiphiline, as from the Emperour, with Letters and instructions to Andronicus, commanding him forthwith to return in peace, promising him the Emperor's favour, with many honours, &c. otherwise it might turn to his destruction: Xiphiline, as it is reported, secretly advised Andronicus to proceed in his purpose, wherewith encouraged, he willed the Messenger to tell them, that proud Alexius should be first displaced, and called to an account, that the Empresse should be shut up as a 〈◊〉 to learn amendment of life, and that the Emperour should take the Government on himself, & not be overtopt by others, &c. Contostephanus, few daies after, carried all the Galleys to Andronicus; casting Alexius into the bottom of despair. Andronicus his friends openly flocked together, and some (scossing at Alexius) passed the Strait to him, returning home 〈◊〉 and joyfull, filling the City with his praises. After that John and Manuell, sons of Andronicus, were set at liberty, and others laid fast in their rooms; Alexius himself with all his faction, were committed to the guard. But Alexius (by a wonderful change) was about midnight conveigned to the Patriarch's house, and kept with a strong guard, complaining of nothing more than his keepers not suffering him to sleep; whose misery the Patriarch undeservedly pitying, perswaded him not to provoke his keepers, by speeches, to use him evilly. Within few daies, he was brought (on a little jade with a ragged 〈◊〉 on the top of a reed in derision) to the Sea-side, and so to Andronicus, whose eys were, for his evil Government, by a general consent, put out. Theodosius the Patriarch approaching, the last of Nobles that came to Andronicus, he fell down at his horses feet, and rising kissed his foot, calling him the Emperour's Saviour, the defender of truth, comparing him with John Chrysostom, &c. But the Pataiarch, marking his stern countenance, subtil nature, &c. quippingly said, Hitherto I have heard, but now I have also seen and plainly known; adjoyning with a deep sigh, that saying, As we have heard so have we seen: remembring also Emmanuel's words, wherewith he had lively represented Andronicus (never seen before) many times to his view.

Andronicus (all things in the City being to his mind) departing from Damalum, crossed the strait, oftentimes singing that saying, Return my soul to thy rest, &c. Coming to the Emperour's Countrey-house near Philopatium, he most humbly prostrated himself before the Emperour with deceitful tears, kissing his feet: saluting his mother Xene, as it were, but for fashion sake; staying a good while with the Emperour, he desired to go to Constantinople to see his Cosen Emmanuel's grave, where coming he wept bitterly, and roared as it were out, divers ignorant standers by saying, Oh what a wonderful thing is this, &c. He would not be removed by his kinsman, pulling him from the Tomb; and secretly said something, as if he had prayed: some saying, it was a charm: Others and more truly, that he triumphed over the dead Emperour, with these or the like words, I have thee now fast, my cruel persecutor, &c. And now I will be revenged of thy posterity, and satisfie my self as a Lion with a fat prey, &c.

He afterwards (disposing of all matters at his pleasure) allowed the Emperor hunting and other delights, watching him by Keepers, that none should talk of any important matter with him; He took all the Government to himself, to drive away the contrary faction that had born sway. The state of that time (by his rewarding bountifully the Souldiers that helped him, bestowing Offices on his children, or other favourites, shortly driving divers Nobles to exile, depriving some of their sight, casting others into prison for something or other that grieved him) began to be most miserable. Some accusing their nearest kinsmen, for deriding Andronicus his proceedings, or that without regard of him they more favoured the Emperour; Yea, many accusing & charging others with treason, were themselves charged by the accused, and both clapt up together. You might have seen not only his enemies, but some of his best friends, the same day to be crowned and beheaded, graced and disgraced: the wiser deeming his praises, bounty and kindnesse; the beginning of a mans disgrace, undoing and death. Mary, Emmanuel's daughter, who above all others wished for his coming, was first cunningly poysoned by Pterigionites a corrupted Eunuch, her husband supposed also to be poysoned with the same cup. He made as if he would depart, if the fair Empress Xene were not removed from her Son: the incensed vulgar people flocking unto, and ready to tear the Patriarch out of his cloaths, if he consented not thereunto. So in a Councel of his favourites she was after many false things accused of treason, as to solicite Bela King of Hungary her Brother in Law, by Letters to invade Branisoba and Belligrade, belonging to the Empire; for which she was condemned, and cast into a most filthy prison. Four of this Counsel, being asked their opinion of her, said They would know whether it was called by the Emperours consent? Whereupon Andronicus, in great rage starting up, 〈◊〉 , Lay hands on them, his guard shaking their weapons at them: and the people catching and pulling them, were so fierce, that they had much ado to escape with life. The Empress now hourly expected the deadly blow. Andronicus demanding of the assembled former Councel, What punishment there was for betrayers of any Town or Province? The answer being in writing, that it was death; he brake out in choller, as if she had done it. By and by a writing was subscribed by the Emperour, (labhor to write it) unworthily condemning his Mother to dye; Manuel his eldest son, and George Augustus his kinsman, saying plainly, They would not see her innocent body dismembred, never consenting to her death. At which troubled Andronicus, plucking himself by the hoary beard, &c. sighed at his own most miserable tyrannical estate, &c. Yet few daies after, he commanded her to be strangled by Pterigionites and another: which was done accordingly; her (lately adorned) body was secretly raked up in the sand by the Sea-side.

Andronicus (all being covered under pretence of common good and safety) to manifest his loyalty to his cosen the Emperour, perswaded the Nobility to have him solemnly Crowned, (who for his tender age was not yet) his own shoulders, at the time, supporting him to and from the great Church, with Crocodiles tears, as if it had been for joy; many accounting the young Emperour thrice happy in him. So cunningly, under pietie's vail, shaddowed he his most execrable treachery. For (having got into his power both Emperour and Empire) he called a Councel of his favourites, declaring unto them the danger of the Empire, through a rebellion at Nice in Bithinia, and another at Prusa, who (before sufficiently instructed) answered, there would be no end of such mischiefs, except he were joyned in fellowship of the Empire with Alexius. At which, the standers by with a shout cryed, Long live Alexius and Andronicus the Greek Emperours. The people swarming like Bees in every part of the City, sounding his praises; and a world following him out of his house, crying the same thing. The Emperour seeing the Court full of people saluting Andronicus his fellow, welcomed the old Tyrant, sore against his will, as his companion in Empire. Whom, dissemblingly unwilling, some flattering favourits carried up with both hands, placing him in the Imperial Seat: others putting on him the imperial Robes. At their proclaiming (next day) Andronicus was named before Alexius, This reason given, That it fitted not the name of a boy, to be set before a man so reverend, &c. Being to be Crowned in the Temple, he first, with a chearful countenance, began to fill the people with large promises of a more happy Government. And the more to deceive, the Coronation past, he with eies cast up to Heaven, receiving the bread and taking the cup, swore and deeply protested by those mysteries, that he took on him the fellowship of the Empire, for no other end, but to assist Alexius in the Government. But spending a few daies in feigned devotions, he called together his own corrupt Councel, having that saying of the Poet in their mouths,

They by general consent decreed, That Alexius (as unfit) should be deprived of all Imperial dignities, and live a private life; another more cruel suddenly coming out, That he should be put to death. Theodore Badibren Captain of the tormentors, with two more: strangling him with a Bow-string in his Chamber; Andronicus shortly after spurned the dead body, railing at his Father and Mother; his head was left to feed the Tyrants eys, his body carried in lead, to Sea by two favourits, who returning with joy, vengeance followed them, all or most of the conspirers coming to miserable ends. Alexius perished, not full 15 years old, in the third year of his reign.

Andronicus being 70 years old, as made hereby young again, married Anne the French Kings daughter 11 years old, procuring an absolution for all people from the Bishops (whom for a while he had in great honour) from the Oath of obedience given to Emmanuel and Alexius; and for establishing his estate, secretly poysoned some, deprived some of their sight, some he hanged, some he burnt all of great honour and place that favoured Emmanuel or Alexius. For colour whereof (Oh deep dissimulation) he pretended himself sorry for them, &c. with rears running down his aged cheeks. Most being thus taken out of the way, the rest that favoured Emmanuel and his son, fled for safeguard of their lives. Isaac and Alexius 〈◊〉 , Emmanuel's kinsmen, the one refuging into Cyprus, kept it: the other fleeing into Sicily, stirred up William that King, who took the Cities Dyrrachium, and Thessalonica, spoyling the Countrey as he went, bringing great fear on Constantinople it self: which evils Andronicus (enemies at home and abroad daily encreasing) though he sent out such forces as he could spare, was not able to remedy; but (resting wholly on tyranny) he proscribed not only the friends of the fled, but sometimes whole families; yea, and sometimes for light occasions his best favourits; no day passing, but he killed, imprisoned, or tortured one great man or other; whereby the City was filled with silent sorrow. Amongst other Nobles Hagio Christophorites came to Isaac Angelus his house, to apprehend him, beginning to lay hands on him, reviling his followers, for that they, touched with compassion, stood still as beholders. Isaac thus beset, cleft with his sword Hagio Christophorites his head to his shoulders, desperatly making way thorow the rest; And with his bloudy sword, fled thorow the City into the Temple of Sophia, where the guilty flying for refuge used to sit, confessing and craving pardon of those going in and out. The Temple was filled with flocking people, thinking (before the Sun-set) he would be drawn thence by Andronicus, and put to some shameful death. His Uncle John Ducas, and his Son Isaac, came thither also, who had become sureties to the suspitious Tyrant for their kinsman. Many others also, in doubt of their estate, instantly requested the common people to stay, and stand by them at their need. Isaac spent that night, not thinking 〈◊〉 Empire, but expecting death; yet no friend of Andronicus appeared, every man speaking what he list, and encouraging one another; divers of the seditious assembly shut up the doors, and with lights stayed all night, causing by example others to stay. The next morning all the Citizens flocking to the Temple, cursed the Tyrant, wishing the Empire to Isaac. 〈◊〉 was out of the City at Meludinum, being certified hereof by 9 a clock at night, stirring not that night; but by Letters advising the people to pacifie themselves. Nought in the morning prevailed with the inraged people: neither the perswasions of Andronicus his favourites, nor the report of his landing in the City; but flocking and encouraging each other in the Temple, scoffed and called the lookers on Rotten limbs. Then they set at liberty the prisoners, many of them of good houses, and for some light fault or small offence, there laid fast; who most animated the people, so that but soft murmurers afore, did now openly joyn themselves, running forth of their shops with swords, clubs, &c. Isaac was hoysed up by this assembly, and saluted Emperour, a Sexton setting Constantin's Crown of gold (hanging over the Altar) on his head; who fearing it to be but as a sick mans dream, and the extream danger, seemed at first unwilling; whereupon, Ducas his Uncle requesting it might be set on his old bald head, the people cryed out, they would no more obey an old bald man, hating for Andronicus his sake, every such: especially having a forked beard or bald head, as they had. Isaac (mounted on one of the Emperour's horses richly furnished, the enforced Patriarch waiting on him) was by the tumult invested in the Empire. Andronicus his friends and favourites, by whose help he thought to repress the rebellious, some shrinking from him, the rest faintly coming on, he vainly shot from the highest Tower of the Pallace among the people; then cryed aloud, that if they would be content, he would resign to his Son Manuel: the enraged people reproaching both, and breaking into the Court, Andronicus, without 〈◊〉 fleeing, returned disguised, with his Wife and Minion, in his Galley, to Meludinum. Isaac being again ialuted Emperour in the Pallace, with the peoples greatest applause; who forthwith sent to apprehend Andronicus, secretly fled with his Wife and Paragon, and a few old trusty servants to Chele: thence purposing to flee to the Tauroscythes, he was twice or thrice put back by foul weather, the Sea still threatning to devour him. Being thus apprehended by those that sought him, he was with two iron chains on his neck, and gyves on his leggs, cast into the Castle of Amena, and shortly after presented to Isaac, being, as he went, most shamefully reviled, and injuriously used, especially by women whose husbands he had murthered, or deprived of sight. His right hand was afterwards by the peoples fury cut off, and he committed to the Castle without meat, drink, or comfort: being after few daies, led bare thorow the Market-place, with his face towards the tail on a lean Cammel, in a short old coat. But the baser sort, omitted no villany they could devise to him they had honoured, extolled, and sworn loyalty: some thrusting nails into his head &c. a drab casting a pot of scalding-water in his face. They hanged him up by the heels, having thus brought him into the Theater, with indignities not to be named; he sometimes saying patiently, Lord have mercy on me: and, Why do you break a bruised reed? Yet they, cut off his privities, as he hung, one thrusting a sword to the twist thorow his throat: two others proving to strike with swords farthest into his buttocks. After 2 years reign, he thus miserably perished, a man of honourable descent, and notable vertues, &c. had he not obscured the same with ambition and cruelty. Isaac suffered him not to be buried, but he lay a space, in a base vault, till charitable men removed him into a low vault near a Monastery.

Isaac the Emperour, at first governed with lenity, but afterwards (besides forreign enemies) troubled with an aspiring Nobility that besieged him; for repressing of which, he was so severe, that few daies passed without condemning or executing some great man, making no great reckoning of the meaner sort, became odious as Andronicus. Whereupon his younger brother Alexius, whom he had redeemed from the Turks, rose up and deprived him of the Empire and sight, thrusting him into a Monastery, after 9 years 8 moneths reign, and not 40 years old. Out of the losses and ruin of the Constantinopolitan Empire, the Turks greatness, for the most part, grew: Chlizasthlan Sultan of Iconium, taking after Emmanuel's death, divers strong places in lesser Asia, and also a great part of Phrygia, (the 3 succeeding Emperours opposing him with nothing but intreaty and presents) which victorious Sultan dying, divided his Kingdom among 4 Sons, Masut to whom he bequeathed Amasia, &c. Coppatine, Melytene, &c. Reucratine, Aminsum, &c. Caichosroes, to whom he left Iconium; with it, Lycaonia, &c. Reucratine and Masut warred for Coppatin's inheritance, who lived not long; but Masut as too weak yielded to Reucratine, glad to keep his own. Reucratine ambitious, denounceth war against Caichosroes: who fleeing to Alexius Angelus for aid, be given to pleasure, and reputing their domestick wars part of his safety, sent him home without comfort. Who was quickly driven out of 〈◊〉 by Reucratine; Zebune, King of Armenia, to whom he fled, denying him aid, the poor discouraged Sultan (as forlorn) passed his daies at Constantinoplë.

The course of time calleth us back to remember the Turk's proceedings then, and shortly after, in Syria, Judea, Aegypt, &c. where these people ceased not til they brought those Kingdomes under obeysance. For after Baldwin's death, Almericus, his younger Brother, was by the better liking of Clergy and People, than of the envying Nobility, chosen King of Jerusalem, and Febr. 17. 1163. crowned, the Aegyptians first denying to pay their tribute to him. Who, in revenge overthrew Dargan the Sultan in battle; he, to stay the Christians further pursuite, cut Nilus banks that the King was glad to return to Jerusalem.

Almericus, the next year aided Dargan against Saracon, whom Noradine had sent to restore Sanar, the expulsed Sultan Dargan being slain, and Saracon keeping townes that he had won to himself; Sanar, being doubtfull, joyned with Almericus, expulsing Saracon out of Aegypt. Noradine, the mean time, making inroads neer Tripolis, was (by Gilbert Lacy, Master of the Templars and others) suddenly set upon, most of his followers slain, and himself fleeing half naked. But shortly after besieging Arethusa, 〈◊〉 Prince of Antioch, with four other, came for relief, and eagerly following the Turk, that raised his siege, they were with great slaughter overthrown in deep fenns, all chief Commanders, (but the Prince of Armenia, who fore-casting had retired) were taken. The Prince of Antioch about a year, the Count of Tripolis after eight years, being hardly delivered. Noradine in few daies after won Arethusa, and besieged Paneade, which was delivered to him, the Citizens departing in safty at pleasure. The King returning, hanged 12 Templars for Treason, from whom Saracon had now taken one Castle in Sidon, and another beyond Fordan.

Sanar (in dread of Saracon, coming shortly with all his power into Aegypt to subdue it) prayed aid of Almericus for 40000 Ducats, beside his yearly tribute. 〈◊〉 overthrew Saracon at Nilus; but (the Turks lighting on his carriages in their flight) as the Christians had the victory, so the Turks the spoil. Saracon gathered again his dispersed souldiers, being received at Alexandria, the King attempted not the City, but encamped by the River Nilus: Saracon, thereby fore-seeing want of victuals, departed by night with his Army, leaving Saladine his son or Nephew with 1000 horsemen. Almericus being perswaded from following Saracon, approached the Walls with Engines. Wherewith the discouraged Citizens began to consult of turning out their troublesom Guests. Saladine certified Saracon thereof, requesting speedy relief: the Christians having intelligence of all, much harder besieged it. Saracon perceiving Saladine's request dangerous & difficult, by means of two noble Christian Prisoners, concluded a peace: the City was yielded, the Turks in safety departing; and all Prisoners, on both sides, freed without ransome. Saracon thus disappointed returning to Damasco: & Almericus, Sept. 21. 1167. with glory to Ascalon.

King Almericus now enflamed with the wealth of Aegypt, and 〈◊〉 with the peoples weakness, & chiefly stirred up by Gerbert Master of the Templars, purposed to invade it, pretending the Sultan's secret seeking to joyn in league with Noradine. He set forward in October, and came in ten daies to Pelusium, taking the City by force, after 3 daies; he put all to the sword the rein, giving it to the Templars according to promise, Gerbert having, on that hope, with all his wealth and credit, furthered the Warr. His Fleet sacking Tapium, and he besieging Cair; Sanar, 〈◊〉 his danger, offred Almericus 2000000 Ducats to withdraw, deferring the payment of 1900000 purposing to raise all Aegypt, and expecting aids by Saracon, whom Almericus, going to meet him, missed. Almericus dismayed with the joyning of the two Armies, retired to 〈◊〉 , returning to Jerusalem, having, in that expedition, laid the foundation of his Kingdom's ruine, by bringing the Turks into Aegypt. Sarracon perceiving a fit opportunity offred, encamped near Cair, betwixt whom and the Sultan passed all tokens of friendship, often 〈◊〉 each other: but the Sultan was at length 〈◊〉 in the Turks Camp. Sarracon entring the City was by the great Caliph ( 〈◊〉 true 〈◊〉 ) appointed Sultan, as he desired, the first of the Turks that enjoyed it. He dying within a full year, Saladine his Nephew stept up, who not regarding the Caliph (as Sarracon and the Sultan's before) with his Horse-man's Mace struck out his brains, rooting out all his posterity; and to encourage his Turks against the Christians, he divided the Aegyptian treasures among them. Renowned Aegypt was (till about 704) part of the 〈◊〉 Empire, which revolted unto the Saracens, whose superstition they received, through the Greeks pride and covetousnesse, so living about 464 years, till now (invaded by Almericus) Sarracon, ayding, repulsed the Christians, but took the Kingdom, remaining in Saladines posterity, till again taken by the Mamalukes, Selymus the 1 utterly destroying them (under whose servility it was long holden) it hath remained to this day in the Turkish Emperour's Government, Selymus his posterity.

Saladine thus possessed of Egypt entred into Palestine, in 1170, with so great an Army, as the like of the Turks was never before there, winning Daron, and overthrowing Almericus his relievers, and returned contented into his Kingdome. Almericus, beset on both sides by the Turks, went personally to Constantinople, and sent Embassadors to Christian Princes of the West to crave aid: he and his Embassadours were loaded with great promises, all which came to nothing. Saladine made three light expeditions into the holy Land, the three following years, (still raising his siege and retiring upon Almericus his coming) more to prove his enemies strength, & train his souldiers (chiefly the womanly Aegyptians) than for hope of Victory.

Noradine, Sultan of Damasco, reigning 29 years, soon after died: Almericus forthwith besieged Panead, but for a great sum from the Widdow, & noble Prisoners delivery he departed. So returning, not well, on horseback, (with his ordinary retinue) to Jerusalem, where being grievonsty tormented with his old disease, the Flux, which was before somewhat staied, he requested a gentle potion of his refusing Physitians, commanding it upon his own peril, wherewith (though his loosed belly was at first eased) his Feaver was vehement, and he suddenly died, July 10. 1173. having reigned about 10 years. This wise and right valiant Prince was buried by his Brother, with great lamentation of all. His son Baldwin (about 13 years old) was 4 daies after chosen and solemnly crowned, 1173. Raymund Count of Tripolis, being, by the whole consent, appointed his Tutor, for his tender age.

Noradine left his son Melechsala, a youth, to succeed him. Whose disdaining Nobles betrayed Damasco to Saladine, secretly sent for; who, in fine, unresistedly 〈◊〉 the whole Kingdom of Damasco, Arethusa excepted. The wiser not thinking it safe for the Kingdomes of Damasco and Aegypt to be joyned, Jerusalem lying betwixt both. Wherefore the Count of Tripolis made out to hinder his proceedings: (Then also Cotabed Prince of Parthia, Melechsala's Uncle's Troops, sent to aid his distressed Nephew, were almost all slain by Saladine near Aleppo) Who appeased the Christian Princes with intreaty, rewards, and rich presents. After which he, passing 3 or 4 years in quietnesse, was greatly strengthned in those new Kingdomes. Philip Earl of Flanders comming over, the Christian Princes consulted of an expedition into Aegypt, (Saladine drawing down into that Country). But Philip disliking it (and the rather for Tripolis his no cheerfulnesse) they turned forces a contrary way, miserably wasting about Emissa and Cesarea. 〈◊〉 taking this occasion, invaded the holy Land; where burning the Country, and raging in bloud, he encamped not far from 〈◊〉 ; them of 〈◊〉 , being about to forsake the City for fear. Baldwin lay close in Ascalon with small forces he had left. Saladine encouraged, dispersed his Army to forrage the Countrey. The King perceiving this, secretly issued out and charged him, till (after a hard and doubtful battel) Saladine fled, most of his Army being slain, or lost with hunger and cold. This was Novemb. 25, 1177. the Turk had 26000 horsmen, the King not past 4000. He returned triumphing to Jerusalem, diligently repairing the Cities Walls. In revenge Saladine did great harm, chiefly about Sidon; the King overthrowing part of his Army carryed great booty. Saladine came as a sudden tempest on the secure Christians, dividing the spoil, slaying a great number, taking Otto and Hugh in flights confusion; the King glad to shift. After which he took (by force) a strong Castle lately built by Jordan, putting all to the sword, except a few prisoners; He becoming hereby dreadful in Syria, caused the Christians to be more vigilant; yet there was almost a 2 years breathing by the Sultan and Kings, shortly concluding a Peace. But the Count of Tripolis, (being through enemies suspected by the King as affected to the Kingdom, and commanded to stay) coming toward Jerusalem, suddenly troubled this pleasing calm. The Kings turbulent Mother and her 〈◊〉 , were the chief authours; but the other Nobles (wisely foreseeing discords danger) appeased that fire for a time, by causing him, being sent for, to be reconciled to the King.

Saladine now renounced the League with Baldwin, setting forward with great power in Egypt, toward Damasco. Baldwin went to meet him, and encamped at Petra; but Saladine turning away, encamped before Mount-royal Castle given to the Templars; who there refreshing his Army, arrived unresisted at Damasco. The Turks Captains then spoiled Galilee, besieging and soon taking 〈◊〉 Castle at Mount Tabors foot, carrying away about 500 prisoners, with great slaughter made. Saladine joyning all 〈◊〉 Garrisons with Egyptian forces, entred the holy Land; whom Baldwin (though the Count of 〈◊〉 lay sick) encouraged, 〈◊〉 near 〈◊〉 a Village overthrowing him, and most of his Army perishing, himself by flight escaping to Damasco; who in revenge besieged 〈◊〉 by Sea and Land: his brother, 〈◊〉 of Aegypt, besieging Darum towards Aegypt. Baldwin thinking best first to relieve Berytus, set forward by Land, rigged 30 Gallies at Tyre; which Saladine, by intercepted Letters, understanding, presently departed. And seeing the success against Baldwin not as his desire, passed more Eastward over Euphrates into Mesopotamia, getting Edessa, Carras, &c. by force and corruption into his hands: in which time Baldwin spoyled about Damasco, retiring to Jerusalem laded with spoil. Saladine returning, matched in revenge, to Aleppo, longed for above all other; which ere long, was by the Governours treason delivered to him, the Princes fearing great matters to ensue. The Prince of Antioch sold Tarsus (Saladine as it were stepping betwixt him and it) to Rupinus of Armenia.

The King sick of a Feaver, and the Leprosy daily encreasing, appointed (to the great discontentment of the Count of Tripolis) Guy Count of Joppa and Ascalon, to whom Sybil his Sister was espoused, Governour of the Kingdom, reserving only the Kingly title, and Jerusalem with 10000 Ducats yearly. Saladine, after a little breathing, took many Castles, doing infinite harm in the holy Land the people fleeing into Cities for fear. The Christian Army, through envy to Guy, and affection to Tripolis, lying fast by and (never so before) not moving, suffering the enemy to spoil and depart in safety; who within a month, in hope of a safer passage between Damasco and Aegypt, sat down before Petra beyond Jordan with a great Army. Baldwin sent the Count of Tripolis by him restored, and Guy displaced, against him: Saladine hearing of it raised his siege.

The King, a little before, growing sicker, appointed (by the Nobles consent, Baldwin) Sybills Son (a posthume of William Marquess of 〈◊〉 her first husband) 5 years old, to succeed him; Raymund of Tripolis, during his minority, to govern the State. Guy hereupon, departed from Court to Ascalon, discontented; the Patriarch and Princes, fearing great danger, requested the King to receive 〈◊〉 into favour, and to reconcile him with Raymund, by his Parliament at Acon; but it was dissolved, and nothing in that point concluded. Jerusalems Kingdom, through the old King's sickness, the young ones unfitness, and the dissention between Guy and Raymund, began to decline. Raymund, fearing Guy, was thought to have intelligence with Saladine, the King almost purposing to proclaim him Traytot; But by the Counsel of Tyre's. Archbishop and others, he sent Heraclius Patriarch of Jerusalem, and two more Masters of the Knights and Templers, to the Pope, the Emperour of Germany, the French and English Kings, to crave aid against the Infidels. These Embassadours, before the Pope and Emperour, declaring the Eastern Christians hard estate, moved all the Princes (at the Councel of Verona) to compassion. Thence passing into France, England and Germany, great preparation was made for relief, the returning Embassadours filling the sick King with great hopes. But quarrels shortly arising between Pope and Emperour, sharp war between the French and English Kings, and others, the expedition was dashed. Whereat Baldwin (oppressed with grief) 〈◊〉 without issue, May 16. 1185, 25 years old; whose body was also buried (with a general mourning) in the Temple by Mount Calvary, not inferiour to his Predecessors. Baldwin 5th. a boy, was Crowned. Raymund contending for the government and Kings tuition, by the late Kings 〈◊〉 : having it almost confirmed by 〈◊〉 But Sybill so animated Guy not to give place, that by his favourites, and the Marquess of 〈◊〉 (then in 〈◊〉 with great power) he had from the Nobles what he desired. Seven months after, the young King was buried: poysoned by his Mother (as was said) whose death she concealed, till it was wrought, that the King was 〈◊〉 , and Guy the same day Crowned: Let him have his place as the 8th King of Jerusalem, though some reckon him not among the Kings.

Raymund, out of all hope, did what he could to crosse the King; Saladine promising him help at need, which the Count desirously embraced. Discord reigning, the Kingdom drew to a period; which Saladine perceiving, invited Turks, Saracens, and Egyptians to take up Arms, assuring them of great prey, and honour of conquest, which Mahometans flocked to Ptolemais, 50000 horse, besides infinit foot there meeting the Count, conducting some thorow Tiberias, Nazareth and Galilee. They besieging this City Ptolemais, Saladine terribly assaulted it on May day 1187. In the heat whereof, the 2 Masters of the Templars and Knights Hospitallers, to whom it was given to defend, sallying out, assailed the Camp; and turning on the assaillers, made confusion and sudden danger, turned his whole forces, fighting a most bloudy battel; the Count of Tripolis in a Turkish habit, helping the Infidels, unhorsed the Master of the Hospitallers, who surcharged with Armour, and oppressed with enemies, died, Saladine (new succour still coming) having lost 15000, fled with the rest; a 〈◊〉 not without Christian blood, most of the Hospitallers being 〈◊〉 . Saladine now thought good to joyn pollicy to open force; working by Raymund of Tripolis, 〈◊〉 (as utterly fallen out with the Turks) he should seek for grace of Guy, as his dread Soveraign. Saladine to colour this, besieged Tiberias a City of the 〈◊〉 ; who, traiterously craving aid of the King, encamped with an Army near the fountain of Sophor, joyning a terrible battel with 120000 horsemen and 160000 footmen of Turks: both Armies, as by consent, retiring through extream heat and nights approach. The 〈◊〉 next day, by the false Counts flight, gained the victory; Guy the King, with divers of great note were taken; the Christians whole strength was here broken.

Saladine, with little resistance, had Ptolemais, 〈◊〉 and Berytus delivered him; not forcing any Christian yielding their obedience and tribute, but the Latins, to depart. And, within a month, taking, except Tyre, all Sea-port Towns betwixt 〈◊〉 and Ascalon; he marched from Ascalons siege of 9 daies, directly to Jerusalem, perswading the Citizens timely to yield themselves and City to his mercy; they refusing, he for 14 daies, left nothing 〈◊〉 for gaining thereof. The Citizens considering their danger, the Kingdoms strength 〈◊〉 , no forreign aid to be expected, agreed to yield on condition, of staying with goods and liberty, or departing with what they could carry on their backs; 〈◊〉 delivered Octob. 2, 1187, holden by the Christians 89 years. Saladine prophaning the Temple with his superstition, using the other as Stables; that of the Sepulchre was, for a great sum redeemed by the Christians. The Latins he thrust out, with what burdens they could bear; who travelling to Tripolis, Tyre and 〈◊〉 , were by false Raymund of Tripolis, and his followers, lightened thereof. Others, as Syrians, &c. had places in the 〈◊〉 appointed to dwell in. All Monuments were defaced, except Christ's Sepulchre, with Godfreys and his brother Baldwins. Above 20000 Christians perished, the Count of Tripolis shortly after found dead in his bed, as some say, circumcised. Saladine returned to the siege of Ascalon, which after 10 daies, with a composition for safe departure, was delivered for freeing Guy the King, and Gerrard 〈◊〉 of the Templars. Then he attempted 〈◊〉 , but gave over the siege. He most furiously assaulted Tyre, which was full of men, by Conrade of 〈◊〉 arriving with the Greek Emperour's Fleet, and distressed Christians fleeing thither; but was repulsed with great losse. The Admiral of Sicily landing upon his back, he (charged behind and before) left his Tents, with all therein, to the Christians for haste: In few daies invading about Antioch, he destroyed all with fire and sword, that so strong a Cities Castle, being (by means of the Patriarch for gold) betrayed to him; whereby he soon was Master of the City, about 90 years before hardly gained by the Christians, 25 Cities with the Provinces belonging, depended thereon.

The report of this losse, soon filling Christendom with pittiful complaints of 〈◊〉 , and perswasions of Pope Clement 3, moved the Christian Princes with many great Prelats; all or most making great preparations for relief against the Turks; and afterwards imploying them (at divers times) with danger of their persons; the success shall hereafter be declared. Of which Saladine not ignorent, set Guy at liberty; 〈◊〉 a year contrary to promise, with an oath, never by Arms to seek revenge or recovery of his Kingdom: hoping to stay the other Princes coming thereby; which extorted oath the Pope dispensed withal.

Guy now came to Tyre, but could not (for their sworn obedience to Montferrat) be received; But departing, he besieged Ptolemais with the power he had; with whom the Venetian Fleet, them of Pisa, and 50 sail of Flemings, joyned to win the City. Saladine came with a great 〈◊〉 for relief; there was fought a great battel, and had not Geffrey the Kings brother, come from the Camp with supplies, the Christians, who had at first the better, had had a notable overthrow; yet 2000 were slain. Saladine sent for his strong rigged Fleet at Alexandria, putting men and victuals into the City. The encouraged Turks, made often salleys, whipping in despight, the Image of Christ crucified on top of the Wall. Saladine scoured the Seas with this Fleet, that no supplies could come to the Camp: So that some Christians, through famine shortly arising, fled to the Turks for bread. Saladine making shew as not understanding thereof, departed leaving his Camp full of victuals. The Christians supposing he had gone for fear, hastened to the forsaken Camp, of whom Saladine, returning, made a great slaughter; yet they with many a skirmish by Sea and Land, continued the Winters siege, expecting aid the next Spring. Frederick the Emperour with other Princes, the mean time, set forward from 〈◊〉 , arriving at length at Constantinople; where Isaac Angelus Emperour, honourably, for fear and fashion, entertaining him, hastened his passage into Asia, pretending the Christians need of aid: who passing the strait, and marching into Lycaonia, overthrew the Turks in a great battel, sent to stop him 〈◊〉 the Iconium Sultan; which City he took by force, giving the spoyl to his Souldiers, in revenge of his Unkle Conrade. Then he overthrew them in Cilicia, taking Philomela, racing the City to the ground, and putting all to the sword, because they slew his summoning Messengers. He likewise took Melitene in lesser Armenia, overthrowing a huge Army, coming for relief, with an exceeding slaughter. Then he 〈◊〉 Saphadine, Saladin's Sons Army in Comagena. But his horse foundring in the River Saleph, (at his too eager chase) his foot hanging in the stirrop, he was drawn thorow and taken for dead; yet with much ado he uttered, Lord receive my soul, and gave up the ghost: of whom Saladine was greatly afraid. He perished June 10, 1190. aged 70 years, reigning 38; his body was pompously buried in Tyre's Cathedral, Frederick his Son Duke of 〈◊〉 , was chosen General, whose 〈◊〉 Army, the Turks fiercely charging in hopes to overthrow, returned with some losse, and like speed as they came. But famine began to encrease, the Turks having destroyed and carried away all; yet Antioch being easily delivered him, his Souldiers were well refreshed by the Christian Citizens. 15 daies after, the Plag ue began to rage there among his Souldiers, and he glad to take the open field; and setting forward against Do Dequin, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , sent for out of Egypt, they joyned a great and doubtfull battel; the Christians 〈◊〉 in valour, they in number. At length the Christians Vauntg uard began to retire, their seconds hardly charged. Frederick breaking in with a valiant Troop, the Turks gave ground: Leopold of Austria presently coming with his foot, they speedily fled, 4000 slain, 1000 taken and 15 Ensigns, small losse of the Christians. After which, he passed Laodicea, easily taking Berytus, with other revolted Cities: So coming to Tyre buried his Father. Thence certifying Guy, at Ptolemais, of his coming; who sent Montferrat to transport him by Sea, because of Saladin's great Army: and being safely conducted with his Souldiers to the Camp at 〈◊〉 , he was 〈◊〉 received. After whose coming, 'twas thought good to affault the City round, every Regiment being appointed what place to assaile; which was done with such fury, as if they purposed to gage their whole forces, the Turks still beating them from the walls top. But now Saladine (hovering aloof) came suddenly on the Christians Camp, notably receiving the first charge; but giving ground, some Tents with Ensigns were taken, and Pavilions fired, having slain above 100. The Christians retired from the assault to relief of their Camp; the Turk retired also, having almost lost himself. This 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 was Octob. 14.

Divers Princes (the mean while) of the West, came thither, rather increasing famine than furthering service. Then also Conrade of Montferrat (who had married Isabel the Queens sister) pretending a Title to the Kingdom, much hindred proceedings. But Duke Frederik dying shortly, at the siege, of the plague, and buried at Tyre, the Christians attempted no great matter; but lay entrenched expecting aid from the Princes: which were Philip 2. of France; and Richard King of England, on whom all the hope of affairs in Syria rested; who met at Marselles in province, with combined forces for relief. The French King first departed for Sicilia with a prosperous gale; but coming nigh the Island, through a sudden tempest, he with much ado arived at Messena, tossed in the deep, many ships perishing, some broken on sands and rocks, and all sore weather-beaten. Richard arived after 〈◊〉 better fortune. Both Kings resolved there to Winter, the French being 〈◊〉 so to do, for supplies from France. King Richard and Tancred, the now aspiring King of Sieily, had like to break out into war about the Queens (Richard's sisters) Dowry, had it not 〈◊〉 taken up. But it fell out, whilst the Kings of England and France often met as good friends, &c. that jealousie and distrust revived old, and raised new quarrels, to the great hinderance of the common good they intended: a warning to great Princes (willing to hold a unity) never to converse or stay long together. An old quarrel was, Richard's rejecting Adela the others sister, for suspition of too much familiarity with his Father Henry the 2d. and espousing Berengaria the King of Navar's Daughter: which 〈◊〉 brake 〈◊〉 to this Expeditious overthrow, and disturbance of their Realms.

The French King at Spring, loosed from Messana, arriving safely at Ptolemais, and was received by the Christians as succours from Heaven. Richard shortly following, two ships of whose weather-beaten Fleet, were driven on Cyrus, the Islanders spoyling them, slaying and taking the men that hardly escaped the Sea, and forbidding the rest to land. The King, moved, landed by force, fully conquering the Island, and taking Isaac Comnen (commonly called their King) sent him bound in silver chains into Syria. Then there at Limozin he married Berengaria, and set forward, after disposal of things, he took of the Sultans a great ship laden with victuals, & warlike provisions; and was most honourably received at 〈◊〉 : which had been besieged 3 years, with many a hot assault and bloudy skirmish. The eys of all were fixed on these two Kings. The Camp chiefly consisted of English, French, Italians and Almains: as also many others from Zeale daily coming in. These thus besieging, had laboriously undermined that called, the accursed Tower, with part of the Wall, appointing every Regimen to assail the wall at the firing of the Mine; in which assault the Tower fell, with part of the wall, opening a fair breach. The Turks forthwith in a Parley, yielded the City, July 12, 1191, and were to restore the holy Crosse, 2000 Captives, 200 horsemen of those they required, being in Saladin's power; 200000 Ducats to be given to the 2 Kings for their cost, the City Turks being to remain hostages for performance; and to be at the Kings mercy, if all were 〈◊〉 performed in 40 daies. The Austrians (as the only men) first, at entry, advanced their Ensigns on the walls top, which Richard (especially) not brooking, caused their Dukes Ensigns to be soyled under foot, to his after repentance. The 2 Kings dividing the spoyl, not regarding the other Christians, they withdrew, and sent them word, except they they were partaker of the gains, as of the pains, they would forsake them; many (the Kings delaying their promisés) departing for poverty discontented, into their Countries.

But ere long, envy and distrust, ministred new matter of greater discontentments between the 2 Kings; King Richard requested the French King, to bind himself with him by oath, to stay 3 years for regaining Syria and Palestine; but he, estranged before from Richard, plotting matters nearer home, would not be perswaded so to do; but in a colour fell very sick, sending for Richard and others: to whom in few words, he declared his purpose; That seeing he could not indure the hot air's intemperature, and that the life of one absent might more profit Christian Religion, &c. than the death of him present, he must depart; but would leave 5000 horse and 10000 foot choise men, under Odo Duke of Burgundy, giving them pay, and supply of all things. King Richard said, his return was to invade Guien and Normandy, now disfurnished of Garrisons; which point he so urged, that Philip bound himself to him by Oath, no way to attempt any thing, until 50 daies after Richard's return home. And embarquing the rest of his Army, he Aug. 1. departed to Tyre, thence to Rome visiting the Pope, and so safely arrived in France, having performed nothing to what the world expected. Leopold of Austria followed, and shortly the Venetians, Pisans and Genoans. Whereupon Saladine refused to pay the promised mony, or restore the prisoners, threatning to chop off all Captives heads, if extremity were used to the pledges. Richard refused Saladin's request and presents for longer sparing his pledges; whereupon he beheaded the Christian Captives, and Richard Aug. 20, in sight of Saladin's Army executed 2500, or as some write, 7000 Turks prisoners.

Saladine (as it commonly happens in a great Commanders ill successe) much impaired his reputation by the losse of Prolemais; wherefore with a headlong despair he sacked, ruined, and overthrew the walls of Porphyria, Casaria, Joppa, Ascalon, Gaza and Elam, with divers other places like to stand the Christians in stead: most part whereof were fortified, and re-peopled by Richard and the Templers, though Saladine endeavoured to let them.

But nothing more hindred the Christian Princes proceedings, then discord among themselves; for besides the strife of the Kings of France and England, no lesse was between King Guy and Conrade of Montferrat, about the lost. Kingdom's title. Richard with othesr taking Guy's part; and the French King with others taking part with Conrade: who being shortly slain by two Assassines or 〈◊〉 , suborned by the Prince of Torone, for taking from him Isabel his espoused wife. Richard perswaded Isabel his Widow, to marry his Nephew the Earl of Campaine, giving him Tyre; Guy exclaiming as of a wrong unto himself: But shortly after, he perswaded Guy to resign his small title in the Kingdom to him, and gave him Cyprus in lieu thereof; Richard becoming hereby King of Jerusalem. Guy lived not long in the Kingdom of Cyprus; yet 'twas about 283 years in the Lusignan family: until it fell into Uenetian hands, who held it nigh 100 years, till Selymus 2, Turkish Emperor took it from them in 1571.

King Richard was now more desirous of Jerusalem than before; And thereupon set forward himself in the Vantguard, Otho following him, and Jaques with his Flemings &c. in the rear; being come to Arsua, Saladine, with ambuscadoes, charged the rear-ward, on whom Jaques turning, endured the charge till the rest came to their succoúr. The French, English, and Low-countrey-men, strove honourably in that notable battel, especially the Turks part, their only hopes depending on Jerusalem: it continued from noon till the Suns going down; Richard (some write) was wounded with an arrow: 〈◊〉 was slain, leaving the victory to the Christians: more Turks are said to be slain, than in any battel in mans memory, the Christians lost no great number. They removed (the next 〈◊〉 ) to Bethlehem; but the King through Winters approach, &c. returned with most to Ascalon, which that Winter he fortified. Otho wintred at Tyre, many departed then from the Camp; however, at Spring Richard took the field, and came to Bethlehem: taking (by the way) very many loaded Camels, sent to furnish Jerusalem; but Otho (who knew the French Kings mind) perswaded the Frenchmen, that the glory would redound to Richard (as present) through whose unwillingnesse to the siege Richard (to his grief) returned to Ptolemais. News also was then brought, that Philip of France (forgetting his promise) had invaded Normandy, stirring up John, Richard's brother, to take on him Englands Kingdom. Richard fearing he might lose his Kingdom at home, thought best to make 〈◊〉 good end with Saladine, and so return. But the politick Sultan, to weaken the Christians forces, and discourage others from coming thither; afterwards, offered no other conditions than that the Christians should restore all they had won in the 3 years, Ptolemais excepted; and that, the Turks for 5 years should not molest them: which the King was willing to accept of whereby the labour, &c. of these two Kings, and others were frustrated: the Christians having only Antioch, Tyre and Ptolemais left in Syria.

Richard, leaving those affairs to Henry Earl of Champain, shipped most of his men with his Wife for England, they arriving safely there: but himself from Sicily, following, was (by extremity of weather) driven on the coast of Histria; and travelling homeward in a Templars habit, was by Leopold of Austria taken prisoner; who sold him to the Emperour for 40000 pounds, and after 1 year 3 months, was ransomed for 100000 li.

The great Sultan Saladine about this time dyed, who commanded no solemnity to be used at his burial, but his shirt carried on a Lance point as an Ensign, a plain Priest crying before his dead body, Saladine Conquerour of the East, of all the greatness and riches he had in his life, carrieth nothing with him after death, more than his shirt. He reigned about 16 years, leaving 9 Sons, all (except Saphradine Sultan of Aleppo) murthered by Saphradine their Uncle, from whom discended Meledin Sultan of Aegypt, and Coradin of Damaseo and Jerusalem.

Pope Celestine was now in hope, that Jerusalem might (in that discord of the Turks) be recovered, and the Kingdom established, who perswaded Henry the Emperour to undertake the matter; who sent the Duke of Saxony with a great Army into Asia, to whom two 〈◊〉 , the Archbishop of Moguntia, and the Bishop of Herbipolis were joyned. Many other German Princes and Prelats, then taking on them the holy war; who being relieved, and transported to Antioch by the Greek Emperour, came by land to Tyre and Ptolemais, purposing to relieve the besieged Germans in Joppa; but they being all by treason slain, and the City raced, they departed to 〈◊〉 . Then taking and fortifying Berytus, they besieged 〈◊〉 : which being brought to extremity, the Turks came on so fast for relief, that they raised their siege, which Berytus Garrison perceiving, abandoned the City, marching with the Army to Joppa and fortifying it; The enemy coming raced Berytus in 1197. The Turks coming to disturb Joppa's fortifying, the Christians removed some miles off, to draw the Turks to a convenient place. The Turks hereupon, sent a part to assail the City, the other following disorderly; on whom the Christians turning, sharply encountred and put them to flight, some thousands of them falling, taking the spoil and returning to the City. But the Duke of Saxony over-heating himself, and on the 〈◊〉 day, dying of a Feaver, and the Duke of Austria (the night following) of a wound, diminished this victories joy.

Not long after, both Pope Celestine and Henry the Emperour dyed, troubles arising in Germany, about a new Emperours choice; whereupon, the Bishop of 〈◊〉 , an Electour, and the other German Princes, could not be perswaded to stay, but home they went. The Turks afterwards, (the Germans on Martin's day making merry in their Pots at Joppa) had a port betrayed to them, putting all to the sword, and racing the City, thinking now to drive the Christians quite out of Syria; yet by Simon Count of Montfort, sent thither with a tall Regiment by the French King, and their civil discords, they were repressed, and a Peace concluded for 10 years, which was in 1199, or, as some write, in 1198, the Count returned into France, with whom (the time and History now calling us) we will repair into lesser Asia, to see other Turkish affairs in those Eastern Countreys.