IT is but a very little time since you met together in this place to lament the re­mainders of a raging pestilence, which the last year destroyed so many thou­sand inhabitants of the late great and famous City: and now God hath given us another sad occasion for our fasting and humiliation, by suffer­ing a devouring fire to break forth and consume so many of her habitations. As though the infected air had been too kind and partial, and like Saul to the Amalekites, had only destroyed the vile and refuse, and spared the greatest of the people; as though the grave had surfeited with the bodies of the dead, and were loth to go on in the execution of Gods displeasure; he hath imployed a more furious Element, which [Page 2] by its merciless and devouring flames might in a more lively manner represent unto us the kindling of his wrath against us. And that by a Fire, which began with that violence, and spread with that horrour, and raged with that fury, & continued for so long a time with that irresistible force; that it might justly fill the beholders with confusion, the hearers of it with amazement, and all of us with a deep and humble sense of those sins which have brought down the judgements of God in so severe a manner in the midst of us.

For whatever arguments or reasons we can ima­gine, that should compose the minds of men to a sense of their own or others calamities, or excite them to an apprehension of the wrath of God as the cause of them, or quicken them to an earnest suppli­cation to him for mercy, they do all eminently con­curr in the sad occasion of this dayes solemnity. For if either compassion would move, or fear awaken, or interest engage us to any of these, it is hard to con­ceive there should be an instance of a more efficaci­ous nature, than that is which we this day bewail; For who can behold the ruines of so great a City, and not have his bowels of compassion moved to­wards it? Who can have any sense of the anger of God discovered in it, and not have his fear awakened by it? Who can (as we ought all) look upon it as a judgement of universal influence on the whole Na­tion, and not think himself concerned to implore the [Page 3] mercy of Heaven towards us? For certainly, howso­ever we may vainly flatter and deceive our selves, these are no common indications of the frowns of heaven; nor are they meerly intended as the expressi­ons of Gods severity towards that City which hath suffered so much by them; but the stroaks which fall upon the head (though they light upon that only) are designed for the punishment of the whole body.

Were there nothing else but a bare permission of Divine Providence as to these things, we could not reasonably think, but that G [...]d must needs be very an­gry with us, when he suffers two such dreadful cala­mities to tread almost upon each others heels; that no sooner had death taken away such multitudes of our inhabitants, but a Fire follows it to consume our habitations. A Fire, so dreadfull in its appearance, in its rage and fury, and in all the dismal conse­quences of it (which we cannot yet be sufficiently apprehensive of) that on that very account we may justly lie down in our shame, and our confusion cover us: because God hath covered the daughter of Sion with a Lam. 2. 1. cloud in his anger, and cast down from heaven to earth the beauty of Israel, and remembred not his footstool in the day of his anger. For such was the violence and fury of the flames, that they have not only defaced the beauty of the City, and humbled the pride and grandeur of it; not only stained its glory, and consumed its palaces; but have made the Houses of God them­selves a heap of ruines, and a spectacle of desolation.

[Page 4] And what then can we propose to our selves as ar­guments of Gods severe displeasure against us, which we have not either already felt, or have just cause to fear are coming upon us without a speedy and sin­cere amendment? If a Sword abroad and Pesti­lence at home, if Fire in our Houses and Death in our Streets, if Forreign Wars and Domestick Facti­ons, if a languishing State and a discontented People, if the ruines of the City and poverty of the Coun­trey, may make us sensible how sad our condition at present is, how much worse it may be (if God in his mercy prevent it not) we shall all surely think we have reason enough this day to lay to heart the evil of our doings which have brought all these things upon us, and abhor our selves, repenting in dust and ashes. That would seem indeed to bear some analogy with the present ruines of the City, and the calamities we lie under at this time; but God will more easily dispense with the pompous shews, and solemn garbs of our humiliation; if our hearts bleed within for our for­mer impieties, and our repentance discovers its sin­ [...]erity, by bringing us to that temper; that, though we have done iniquity, we will do so no more. That is the true and proper end, which Almighty God aims at, in all his Judgements: he takes no delight in hurling the world into confusions, and turning Cities into ruinous heaps, and making whole Countries a de­solation: but when he sees it necessary to vindicate the honour of his Justice to the world, he doth it [Page 5] with that severity that may make us apprehend his displeasure, and yet with that mercy which may in­courage us to repent and return unto the Lord. Thus we find in the instances recorded in the Text, when some Cities were consumed by him; so that as far as concerned them, they were made like to Sodom and Gomorrah: yet he doth it with that kindness to the Inhabitants, that they are pluckt as firebrands out of the burning: and therefore he looks upon it as a frustra­ting the design both of his Justice, and of his Mercy, when he is fain to conclude with that sad reflection on their incorrigibleness; Yet have ye not returned un­to me saith the Lord. Thus ye see what the design and scope of the words is, which I have read unto you, wherein we may consider,

1. The severity of the Judgement which God was pleased to execute upon them. I have overthrown some of you, as God overthrew Sodom and Gomorrah.

2. The mixture of his mercy in the midst of his severity, and ye were as a firebrand pluckt out of the burning.

3. The incorrigibleness of the people notwith­standing both. Yet have ye not, &c. In the first we have Gods Rod lifted up to strike, in the second we have Gods Hand stretched out to save, yet neither of these would make them sensible of their disobedi­ence; though their Cities were overthrown for their sakes, though they themselves escaped not for their own sakes, but for his mercies sake only whom they [Page 6] had so highly provoked; yet have ye not returned un­to me, saith the Lord. I am sure I may say of the two former parts of the Text, as our Saviour doth in ano­ther case, This day hath this Scripture been fulfilled among you: we have seen a sad instance of Gods severity, a City almost wholly consumed as Sodom and Gomorrah, and a great expression of his kindness, the Inhabitants saved, as firebrands pluckt out of the burning: O let it ne­ver be said that the last part of the words is fulfilled too, Yet have ye not returned unto me, &c. which, that it may not be, I shall first consider the severity of God in his judgement this day, and then discover the mixture of his kindness with it, and the result of both will be the unreasonableness of obstinate disobedience after them.

1. The severity of the Judgement here expressed: which though we take it not in reference to the per­sons of men, but to the Cities wherein they dwelt: as it seems to be understood not only by the Origi­nal, wherein the words relating to persons are left out: but by the following clause, expressing their preservation: yet we shall find the Judgement to be severe enough, in regard 1. Of the nature and kind of it. 2. The series and order of it. 3. The causes moving to it. 4. The Author of it. I have overthrown some of you, as God overthrew, &c.

1. The nature and kind of it: We can imagine no­thing more severe when we consider what it is set forth by, the most unparalleld Judgement we read of, viz. the destruction of Sodom and Gomorrah by a fire [Page 7] from Heaven. Although in all circumstances the in­stance might not come up to the parallel, yet in several respects there might be so sad a desolation, that any other example but that might fall beneath the great­ness and severity of it. And we may better understand of how sad and dreadfull a nature such a Judgement must be, if we consider it with relation to the sudden­ness and unexpectedness of it, to the force and violence of it, and to all that sad train of circumstances which at­tend and follow it.

1. The suddenness and unexpectedness of it; as God over­threw Sodom and Gomorrah, i. e. when they least of all looked for such a desolation. For thus it was in the Luke 17. 28, 29. dayes of Lot (as our Saviour tells us) they did eat, they drank, they bought, they sold, they planted, they builded; but the same day that Lot went out of Sodom, it rained fire and brimstome from Heaven, and destroyed them all. They were all immersed either in their pleasures or in their business, they little thought of destruction being so near them as it proved to be; Thus it was with the Jews in their first and latter destruction both of their City and Countrey; they were as high and as confident of the contrary as might be to the very last; nothing could perswade them that their Temple or their City should be burnt with Fire, till they saw them flaming before their eyes. Thus Jo­sephus [...]. de bell. Jud. l. 7. c. 14. observes of his Countrey-men, that in the midst of all their miseries they had no kind of sense at all of their sins, but were as proud, presumptuous and ar­rogant, [Page 8] as if all things went well with them; and were like to do so. They thought God could not possibly pu­nish such a people as they were in such a manner; they could easily have believed it of any other people but themselves: but that God should punish his own people in Covenant with him, that Judgement should begin at the house of God, that they who had loved to be called by his name, should be made examples to all other Nations; this seemed so harsh & incredible that by no means could they entertain it. But God & Wise men too thought otherwise of them than they did of themselves: they could not but see an outward shew of Religion joyned with a deep and subtil hypocrisie; there being among them an heap of pride and luxury, of fraud and injustice, of sedition and faction guilded over with a fair shew of greater zeal for God and his Glory: which that impartial Histori­an (as one who knew them well) hath described at large: and although they could not believe that such heavy Judgements should befall them, yet others did not only believe, but tremble at the apprehensions of them.

Who among all the Citizens of London could have been perswaded, but the day before the Fire brake out, nay when they saw the flames for near a day to­gether, that ever in four days time, not a fourth part of the City should be left standing? For when were they ever more secure & inapprehensive of their dan­ger than at this time? they had not been long return­ed [Page 9] to their Houses, which the Plague had driven them from, and now they hoped to make some amends for the loss of their Trade before; but they returned home with the same sins they carryed away with them; like new Moons, they had a new face and ap­pearance, but the same spots remained still: or it may be, increased by that scumm they had gathered in the Countries where they had been. Like Beasts of prey that had been chained up so long till they were hun­ger-bitten, when they once got loose they ran with that violence and greediness to their wayes of gain, as though nothing could ever satisfie them. But that which betrayed them to so much security, was their late deliverance from so sweeping a Judgement as the Plague had been to the City and Suburbs of it: they could by no means think, when they had all so lately escaped the Grave, that the City it self should be so near being buried in its own ruines; that the fire which had missed their blood should seize upon their houses; that there should be no other way to purge the infected air, but by the flames of the whole City. Thus when the Mariners have newly escaped a wreck at Sea, the fears of which have a long time deprived them of their wonted rest, they think they may se­curely lye down and sleep, till it may be another storm overtake and sink them. We see then there is neither piety nor wisdom in so much security when a great danger is over, for we know not but that ve­ry security it self may provoke God to send a greater. [Page 10] And no kind of judgements are so dreadful and a­mazing, as those which come most unexpectedly up­on men; for these betray the succours which reason offers, they infatuate mens councils, weaken their courage, and deprive them of that presence of mind which is necessary at such a time for their own and the publick interest. And there needs no more to let us know how severe such a Judgement must be when it comes upon men in so sudden and unex­pected a manner; but that is not all, for the severity of it lyes further,

2. In the force and violence of it: and surely that was very great which consumed four Cities to nothing in so short a time, when God did pluere Gehennam de coelo as one expresses it, rained down hell-fire upon So­dom and Gomorrah. And this is that which some think is called the vengeance of eternal fire, which all those in Sodom and Gomorrah are said to suffer; i. e. a Fire which consumed, till there was nothing left to Jude 7. be consumed by it. Not but that those wicked per­sons did justly suffer the vengeance of an eternal fire in another life, but the Apostle seems to set out and paint forth to us that in the life to come, by the force and violence of that fire which destroyed those Cities; and it would be harsh to say, that all who were in­volved in that common calamity (who yet were in­nocent as to the great abominations of those places, viz. the Infants there destroyed) must be immediate­ly sentenced to eternal misery. But although God since [Page 11] that perpetual monument of his justice in the destru­ction of those Cities hath not by such an immediate fire from Heaven consumed and razed out the very foundations of other Cities; yet at some times there are fires which break out and rage with a more than ordinary violence, and will not yield to those at­tempts for quenching them, which at other times may be attended with great success. Such might that great fire in Rome be in Nero's time, which whether begun casually, or by design (which was disputed then, as it hath been about others since) did presently spread it self with greater speed over the Cirque (as the Histo­rian Tacit. An. 15. tells us) than the Wind it self, and never left burn­ing, till of fourteen Regions in Rome, but four were left entire. Such might that be in the Emperour Titus his time, which lasted three dayes and nights, and was so irresistible in its fury, that the Historian tells us, it was certainly more than an ordinary [...]. X [...]phil. in Epit. Dion. in Tito. p. 227. fire. Such might that be in the same City in the time of Commodus, which though all the art and industry imaginable were used for the quenching it, yet it burnt, till it had consumed besides the Tem­ple of Peace, the fairest Houses and Palaces of the City, which on that account, the Histo­rians [...]. Herod. an in Commod. hist. l. 1. p. 22. v. X [...]phil. ad fin. Commodi. attribute to more than natural causes. Such might that be (which comes the near­est of any I have met with, to that fire we this day lament the effects of) I mean that at Constantinople, which happened A. D. 465. in the [Page 12] beginning of September; it brake forth by the water side, and raged with that horrible fury for four days Nic [...]p [...]. l. 15. c. 21 together, that it burnt down the greatest part of the City, and was so little capable of resistance, that as Evagrius tells us, the strongest Houses were but Evagr. l. 2. cap. 13. [...], like so much dryed stubble before it; by which means the whole City was, as he calls it, [...], a most miserable and doleful spectacle; so that as Baronius expresses it, that City which before was Baron. Tom. 5. A. 465. 1 accounted the wonder of the world, was made like to Sodom and Gomorrah. Such likewise might those two great fires have been which have formerly burnt down great part of the then City of London; but neither of them come near the dreadfulness of this, considering how much bigger the habitations of the City were now, and how much greater the riches of it then could be imagined at those times. How great must we conceive the force of this Fire to have been, which having at first gotten a head where there was little means of resisting it, and much fuel to increase it; from thence it spread it self both with and against the wind; till it had gained so considerable a force, that it despised all the resistance could be made by the strength of the buildings which stood in its way; and when it had once subdued the strongest and the tallest of them, it then roared like the waves of the sea, and made its way through all the lesser obstacles, and might have gone on so far, till it had laid this City levell with the ruines of the other, had not he [Page 13] who sets the bounds to the Ocean, and saith, thus far shalt thou go and no further, put a stop to it in those places which were as ready to have yielded up them­selves to the rage of it, as any which had been con­sumed before.

3. The severity of it will yet more appear from all the dreadful circumstances which attend and follow it. Could you suppose your selves in the midst of those Cities which were consumed by Fire from heaven, when it had seized upon their dwellings, O what cryes and lamentations, what yellings and shriek­ings might ye then have heard among them! We may well think how dreadful those were, when we do but consider how sad the circumstances were of the fire we mourn for this day. When it began like Sampson to break in pieces all the means of resisting it, and carryed before it not only the Gates, but the Churches and most magnificent structures of the City, what horrour and confusion may we then imagine had seized upon the spirits of the Citizens; what di­straction in their councils, what paleness in their countenances, what pantings at their hearts, what an universal consternation might have been then seen upon the minds of men? But O the sighs and tears, the frights and amazements, the miscarriages, nay the deaths of some of the weaker Sex at the terrour and apprehension of it! O the hurry and useless pains, the alarms and tumults, the mutual hinde­rances of each other that were among men at the be­holding [Page 14] the rage and fury of it! There we might have seen Women weeping for their children, for fear of their being trod down in the press, or lost in the crowd of people, or exposed to the violence of the flames; Husbands more solicitous for the safety of their Wives and Children, than their own; the Souldiers running to their swords, when there was more need of Buckets; the Tradesmen loading their backs with that which had gotten possession of their hearts before. Then we might have heard some com­plaining thus of themselves: O that I had been as carefull of laying up treasures in Heaven as I have been upon Earth, I had not been under such fears of losing them as now I am! If I had served God as faithfully as I have done the world, he would never have left me as now that is like to do. What a fool have I been which have spent all my pretious time for the gaining of that which may be now lost in an hours time! If these flames be so dreadful, what are those which are reserved for them who love the world more than God! If none can come near the heat of this Fire, who can dwell with everlasting burn­ings! O what madness then will it be to sin any more wilfully against that God who is a consuming fire, in­finitely more dreadful than this can be! Farewell then all ye deceitful vanities: now I understand thee and my self better, O bewitching world, then to fix my happiness in thee any more. I will hence­forth learn so much wisdom to lay up my treasures [Page 15] there where neither moths can corrupt them, nor Thieves steal them, nor Fire consume them. O how happy would London be, if this were the effect of her flames on the minds of all her inhabitants! She might then rise with a greater glory, and her inward beauty would outshine her outward splendour, let it be as great as we can wish or imagine.

But in the mean time who can behold her present ruines, without paying some tears as due to the sad­ness of the spectacle, and more to the sins which caused them? If that City were able to speak out of its ruines, what sad complaints would it make of all those impieties which have made her so miserable. If it had not been (might she say) for the pride and luxury, the ease and delicacy of some of my inhabi­tants, the covetousness, the fraud, the injustice of others, the debaucheries of the prophane, the open factions and secret hypocrisie of too many pretend­ing to greater sanctity, my beauty had not been thus turned into ashes, nor my glory into those ruines which make my enemies rejoyce, my friends to mourn, and all stand amazed at the beholding of them. Look now upon me, you who so lately admired the great­ness of my trade, the riches of my Merchants, the number of my people, the conveniency of my Chur­ches, the multitude of my Streets, and see what deso­lations sin hath made in the earth. Look upon me, and then tell me whether it be nothing to dally with Heaven, to make a mock at sin, to slight the judge­ments [Page 16] of God, and abuse his mercies, and after all the attempts of Heaven to reclaim a people from their sins, to remain still the same that ever they were? Was there no way to expiate your guilt but by my misery? Had the Leprosie of your sins so fretted into my Walls, that there was no cleansing them, but by the flames which consume them? Must I mourn in my dust and ashes for your iniquities, while you are so ready to return to the practice of them? Have I suf­fered so much by reason of them, and do you think to escape your selves? Can you then look upon my ru­ines with hearts as hard and unconcerned as the stones which lye in them? If you have any kindness for me, or for your selves, if you ever hope to see my breaches repaired, my beauty restored, my glory ad­vanced, look on Londons ruines and repent. Thus would she bid her inhabitants not weep for her mi­series, but for their own sins; for if never any sorrow were like to her sorrow, it is because never any sins were like to their sins. Not as though they were only the sins of the City, which have brought this evil upon her; no, but as far as the judgement reaches, so great hath the compass of the sins been, which have pro­voked God to make her an example of his justice. And I fear the effects of Londons calamity will be felt all the Nation over. For, considering the present lan­guishing condition of this Nation, it will be no easie matter to recover the blood and spirits which have been lost by this Fire. So that whether we consider [Page 17] the sadness of those circumstances which accompa­nied the rage of the fire, or those which respect the present miseries of the City, or the general influence those will have upon the Nation, we cannot easily conceive what judgement could in so critical a time have befallen us, which had been more severe for the kind and nature of it, than this hath been.

2. We consider it in the series and order of it. We see by the Text, this comes in the last place, as a reserve, when nothing else would do any good upon them: It is extrema medicina, as S ^t. Hierom saith, the last at­tempt Hieron. in lo [...]. that God uses to reclaim a people by, and if these Causticks will not do, it is to be feared he looks on the wounds as incurable. He had sent a famine be­fore, v. 6. a drought, v. 7, 8. blasting and mildew, v. 9. the Pestilence after the manner of Egypt, v. 10. the miseries of War in the same verse. And when none of these would work that effect upon them, which they were designed for, then he comes to this last way of pu­nishing before a final destruction, be overthrew some of their Cities as he had overthrown Sodom and Gomorrah. God forbid, we should be so near a final subversion, and utter desolation, as the ten Tribes were, when none of these things would bring them to repen­tance; but yet the method God hath used with us seems to bode very ill in case we do not at last return to the Lord. For it is not only agreeable to what is here delivered as the course God used to reclaim the Israe­lites, but to what is reported by the most faithfull [Page 18] Historian of those times of the degrees and steps that God made before the ruines of the British Nation. For Gildas de [...]xcid. Brit. Gildas tells us the decay of it began by Civil Wars among themselves, and high discontents remaining as the consequents of them, after this an universal decay and poverty among them, after that, nay during the continuannce of it, Wars with the Picts and Scots their inveterate enemies; but no sooner had they a little breathing space, but they return to their luxury and other sins again; then God sends among them a con­suming Pestilence, which destroyed an incredible num­ber of people. When all this would not do, those whom they trusted most to, betrayed them, and re­belled against them, by whose means, not only the Cities were burnt with Fire, but the whole Island was turned almost into one continued flame. The issue of all which at last was, that their Countrey was turned to a desolation, the ancient Inhabitants driven out, or de­stroyed, and their former servants, but now their bitter enemies, possessing their habitations. May God avert the Omen from us at this day. We have smarted by Civil Wars, and the dreadful effects of them; we yet complain of great discontents and poverty as great as them, we have inveterate enemies combined abroad against us, we have very lately suffered under a Pesti­lence as great almost as any we read of, and now the great City of our Nation burnt down by a dreadful Fire. And what do all these things mean? and what will the issue of them be? though that be lockt up in the [Page 19] Councils of Heaven, yet we have just cause to fear, if it be not our speedy amendment, it may be our ruine. And they who think that incredible, let them tell me whether two years since, they did not think it altoge­ther as improbable, that in the compass of the two succeeding years, above a hundred thousand persons should be destroyed by the Plague in London and other places, and the City it self should be burnt to the Ground? And if our fears do not, I am sure our sins may tell us, that these are but the fore-runners of greater calamities, in case there be not a timely refor­mation of our selves. And although God may give us some intermissions of punishments, yet at last he may, as the Roman Consul expressed it, pay us interca­latae poenae usuram, that which may make amends for all his abatements, and give us full measure accord­ing to that of our sins, pressed down, shaken together, and running over. Which leads to the third particular.

3. The causes moving God to so much severity in his Judgements, which are the greatness of the sins com­mitted against him. So this Prophet tels us, that the true account of all Gods punishments is to be fetched from the sins of the people, Amos 1. 3. For three trans­gressions of Damascus, and for four I will not turn away the punishment thereof: so it is said of Gaza, v. 6. of Ty­rus, v. 9. of Edom, v. 11. of Ammon, v. 13. Moab, ch. 2. 1. Judah, v. 4. and at last Israel, v. 6. And it is obser­vable of every one of these, that when God threatens to punish them for the greatness of their iniquities, and [Page 20] the multitude of their transgressions, (which is general­ly supposed to be meant by the three transgressions and the four) he doth particularly threaten to send a fire among them to consume the Houses and the Palaces of their Cities. So to Damascus, chap. 1. 4. to Gaza, v. 7. to Tyrus, v. 10. to Edom, v. 12. to Ammon, v. 14. to Moab, ch. 2. v. 2. to Judah, v. 5. I will send a fire upon Judah, and it shall devour the Palaces of Jerusalem: and Israel in the words of the text. This is a judgement then, which when it comes in its fury, gives us notice to how great a height our sins are risen; especially when it hath so many dreadful fore-runners, as it had in Israel, and hath had among our selves. When the red horse hath marched furiously before it all bloody with the effects of a Civil War, and the pale horse hath followed after the other with Death upon his back, and the Grave at his heels, and after both these, those come, out of whose mouth issues fire, and smoak, and brim­stone, it is then time for the inhabitants of the earth, to repent of the work of their hands. But it is our great unhappiness that we are apt to impute these great ca­lamities to any thing rather than to our sins; and thereby we hinder our selves from the true remedy, because we will not understand the cause of our di­stemper. Though God hath not sent Prophets among us, to tell us for such and such sins, I will send such and such judgements upon you, yet where we ob­serve the parallel between the sins and the punishments agreeable with what we find recorded in Scripture, [Page 21] we have reason to say that those sins were not only the antecedents, but the causes of those punishments which followed after them. And that because the rea­son of punishment was not built upon any particu­lar relation between God and the people of Israel, but upon reasons common to all mankind; yet with this difference, that the greater the mercies were which any people enjoyed, the sooner was the measure of their iniquities filled up, and the severer were the judgements when they came upon them. This our Prophet gives an account of, Chap. 3. 2. You only have I known of all the Nations of the earth, therefore will I pu­nish you for your iniquities. So did God punish Tyre and Damascus, as well as Israel and Judah; but his mean­ing is, he would punish them sooner, he would pu­nish them more severely. I wish we could be brought once to consider what influence piety and vertue hath upon the good of a Nation, if we did, we should not only live better our selves, but our Kingdom & Nation might flourish more than otherwise we are like to see it do. Which is a truth hath been so universally received among the wise Men of all ages, that one of the Roman Historians, though of no very severe life himself, yet imputes the decay of the Roman State, not to Chance or Fortune, or some unhidden causes (which the Atheism of our age would presently do) but to the general loosness of mens lives, and cor­ruption of their manners. And it was the grave Observation of one of the bravest Captains ever the [Page 22] Roman State had, that it was impossible for any State to be happy, stantibus moenibus, ruentibus moribus, though their Scipio apud Ang. de Civ. D. l. 1. c. 33. walls were firm, if their manners were decayed. But it is our misery, that our walls and our manners are fallen together, or rather the latter undermined the former. They are our sins which have drawn so much of our blood, and infected our air, and added the greatest fuell to our flames.

But it is not enough in general to declaim against our sins, but we must search out particularly those predominant vices, which by their boldness and fre­quency have provoked God thus to punish us; and as we have hitherto observed a parallel between the Judgements of Israel in this Chapter, and our own: So I am afraid we shall find too sad a parallel between their sins and ours too. Three sorts of sins are here spoken of in a peculiar manner, as the causes of their severe punishments, Their luxury and intemperance, their covetousness and oppression, and their contempt of God and his Laws, and I doubt we need not make a very exact scrutiny to find out these in a high degree among our selves: and I wish it were as easie to reform them, as to find them out.

1. Luxury and intemperance; that we meet with in the first verse, both in the compellation, Ye Kine of Bashan, and in their behaviour, which say to their Masters, bring, and let us drink. Ye Kine of Bashan, Loquitur ad principes Israel & optimates quosque decem Tri­buum, saith S ^t. Hierom, he speaks to the Princes of [Page 23] Israel, and the chief of all the ten Tribes; Those which are fed in the richest pastures, such as those of Bashan were. Who are more fully described by the Prophet in his sixth chapter. They are the men who are at ease in Sion, v. 1. they put far away from them the evil day, v. 3. they lye upon beds of Ivory, and stretch themselves upon their couches, and eat the Lambs out of the flock, and the Calves out of the midst of the stall, v. 4. they chaunt to the sound of the Viol, and invent to themselves instruments of musick like David, v. 5. they drink Wine in bowls, and anoint themselves with the chief oyntments, but they are not grieved for the affliction of Joseph. The meaning of all which is, they minded nothing but ease, softness, and pleasure, but could not endure to hear of the ca­lamities which were so near them. Nothing but mirth, and jollity, and riot, and feasting, and the evil consequences of these were to be seen or heard a­mong them. Their delicate souls were presently ruf­fled and disturbed at the discourse of any thing but matters of Courtship, address and entertainment. Any thing that was grave and serious, though never so necessary, and of the greatest importance, was put off, as Felix put off S ^t. Paul to a more convenient time: especially if it threatned miseries to them, and ap­peared with a countenance sadder than their own. These were the Kine of Bashan, who were full of ease and wantonness, and never thought of the day of slaughter, which the other were the certain fore­runners of. Symmachus renders it, [...], [Page 24] which others apply to the rich Citizens of Samaria, I am afraid we may take it in either sense without a Soloecism. Bring and let us drink, which as S ^t. Hierom goes on, ebrietatem significat in vino & luxuria quae sta­tum mentis evertunt, it implies the height of their luxury and intemperance. It is observed by some, that our Prophet retatins still the language of his education in the bluntness of his expressions, the great men that lived wholly at their ease, in wantonness and luxury, he styles like the heardsman of Tekoa, the Kine of Bashan. That he thought was title good enough for such who seemed to have souls for no other end, than the other had. And hath not that delicata insania, as S ^t. Austin calls it, that soft and effeminate kind of madness taken possession of too many among us, whose birth and education designed them for more manly imployments? yea, what an age of Luxury do we live in, when instead of those noble characters of men from their vertue, and wisdom, and courage, it is looked on among some as a mighty character of a person, that he eats and drinks well: a character that becomes none so much as the Kine of Bashan in the literal sense, for surely they did so, or else they had never been in so much esteem among the heardsmen of Tokoa. A character which those Philosophers would have been ashamed of, who looked upon no other end of humane life but pleasure; but in order to that, they thought nothing more necessary than temperance and sobriety; but whatever esteem they had then, [Page 25] they have lost all their reputation among our mo­dern Epicures, who know of no such things as pleasures of the mind, and would not much value whether they had any faculties of the mind or no, unless it were for the contrivance of new oaths and debaucheries. But if this were only among some few persons, we hope the whole Nation would not suffer for their mad­ness: for scarce any age hath been so happy, but it hath had some monsters in Morality as well as Nature. But I am afraid these vices are grown too Epidemical; not only in the City, but the Countries too; what mean else those frequent complaints (and I hope more ge­neral then the causes of them) that the houses of great men in too many places are so near being pub­lick schools of debauchery, rather than of piety and ver­tue, where men shall not want instructers to teach them to forget both God and themselves; wherein so­briety is so far from being accounted a matter of ho­nour, that the rules of the Persian civility are quite for­gotten, and men are forced to unman themselves. I know nothing would tend more to the honour of our Nation, or the advantage of it, then if once these publick excesses were severely restrained, I do not mean so much by making new Laws, (for those ge­nerally do but exercise peoples Wits by finding out new evasions) but by executing old ones.

2. Covetousness and oppression. You see what these great men in Samaria did when they had any respite from their excesses and intemperance, then woe be [Page 26] to the poor who come in their way; VVhich oppress the poor, and crush the needy: V. I. either by the hands of violence, or by those arts and devices which either their honesty or poverty have kept them from the knowledge of. And if there be not so much of open violence in our dayes, the thanks are due to the care of our Magistrates, and the severity of our Laws, but it is hard to say whether ever any age produced more studious and skilful to pervert the design of Laws, without breaking the letter of them, than this of ours hath done. Fraud and injustice is now managed with a great deal of artifice and cunning; and he thinks himself no body in the understanding of the world, that cannot over-reach his Brother, and not be discovered: or however in the multiplicity and obscurity of our Laws cannot find out something in pretence at least to justifie his actions by. But if ap­peal be made to the Courts of Judicature, what arts are then used either for concealing or hiring witnesses, so that if their Purses be not equal, the adverse party may overswear him by so much as his Purse is weightier than the others. I heartily wish it may ne­ver be said of us, what the Orator once said of the Greeks, quibus jusjurandum jocus, testimonium ludus, they made it a matter of jest and drollery to for swear themselves, Cicer. pro Flacco. and give false testimonies. But supposing men keep with­in the bounds of justice and common honesty, yet how unsatiable are the desires of men? they are for adding house to house, and land to land, never contented [Page 27] with what either their Ancestors have left them, or the bountiful hand of Heaven hath bestowed upon them. Till at last it may be in the Prophets expression for their covetousness, the stone cry out of the wall, and the beam out of the timber answer it; i. e. provoke God to Hab. 2. 11. give a severe check to the exorbitant and boundless desires of men, as he hath done by this dayes calami­ty. Thus while the City thought with Babylon to sit as Is [...]. 47. 7, 8, 11. a Lady for ever, while she dwelt carelesly, and said I am, and there is none else besides me; evil is come upon her, and she knows not from whence it comes, and mischief is fallen upon her, and she hath not been able to put it off, and desola­tion is come upon her suddenly, which she did not foresee.

3. Contempt of God and his Laws. That we read of v 4. where the Prophet speaks by an Irony to them, Come to Bethel and transgress, &c. he knew well e­nough they were resolved to do it, let God or the Prophet say what they pleased. For these Kine of Ba­shan were all for the Calves of Dan and Bethel, and some think that is the reason of the title that is given them. These great men of Samaria thought it beneath them to own Religion any further than it was sub­servient to their civil interests. They were all of Jero­boams Religion, who looked on it as a meer politick thing, and fit to advance his own designs by. I am afraid there are too many at this day who are secretly of his mind, and think it a piece of wisdom to be so: Blessed God, that men should be so wise to deceive themselves, and go down with so much discretion [Page 28] to Hell! These are the Grave and retired Atheists, who, though they secretly love not Religion, yet their caution hinders them from talking much against it. But there is a sort of men much more common than the other; the faculties of whose minds are so thin and aiery, that they will not bear the consideration of any thing, much less of Religion; these throw out their bitter scoffs, and prophane jests against it. A thing never permitted that I know of in any civi­lized Nation in the world; whatsoever their Religi­on was, the reputation of Religion was alwayes pre­served sacred: God himself would not suffer the Jews to speak evil of other Gods though they were to de­stroy all those who tempted them to the worship of them. And shall we suffer the most excellent and rea­sonable Religion in the world, viz. the Christian, to be profaned by the unhallowed mouths of any who will venture to be damned, to be accounted witty? If their enquiries were deeper, their reason stronger, or their arguments more perswasive, than of those who have made it their utmost care and business to search into these things, they ought to be allowed a fair hearing; but for men who pretend to none of these things, yet still to make Religion the object of their scoffs and raillery, doth not become the gravity of a Nation professing wisdom to permit it, much less the sobriety of a people professing Christianity. In the mean time such persons may know that wise men may be argued out of a Religion they own, but [Page 29] none but Fools and mad men will be droll'd out of it. Let them first try whether they can laugh men out of their Estates, before they attempt to do it out of their hopes of an eternal happiness. And I am sure it will be no comfort to them in another world, that they were accounted Wits for deriding those miseries which they then feel and smart under the severity of: it will be no mitigation of their flames that they go laughing into them; nor will they endure them the better because they would not believe them. But while this is so prevailing a humour among the vain men of this Age and Nation, what can we ex­pect but that God should by remarkable and severe judgements, seek to make men more serious in Re­ligion, or else make their hearts to ake, and their joynts to tremble, as he did Belshazzars, when he could find nothing else to carouse in but the vessels of the Tem­ple. And when men said in the Prophet Zephany, Zeph. 1. 13, 14, 15. chap. 1. 12. that God neither did good nor evil, presently it follows, therefore their goods shall become a booty, and their houses a desolation: the day of the Lord is near, a day of wrath, a day of trouble and distress, a day of wasteness and desolation; as it is with us at this time. Thus we see how sad the parallel hath been not only in the judgements of Israel, but in the sins likewise which have made those judgements so severe.

4. The severity of the judgement appears not only from the Causes, but from the Author of it. I have overthrown some of you as God overthrew Sodom [Page 30] and Gomorrah. God challenges the execution of his justice to himself, not only in the great day, but in his judgement here in the world. Shall there be evil in a Amos 3 6. City, and the Lord hath not done it? When God is pleas­ed to punish men for their sins, the execution of his justice is as agreeable to his nature now, as it will be at the end of the world. We all know that he may do it if he please, and he hath told us, that he doth and will do it; and we know withall, that without such remarkable severities, the world will hardly be kept in any a we of him. We do not find that love doth so much in the world as fear doth, there being so very few persons of tractable and ingenuous spirits. It is true of too many, what Lactantius Lact. l. 2. c. 11. observes of the Romans, Nunquam Dei meminerunt, nisi dum in malis sunt, they seldom think of God, but when they are afraid of him. And there is not only this rea­son as to particular persons why God should punish them, but there is a greater as to communities, and bodies of men; for although God suffers wicked men to escape punishment here, as he often doth; yet he is sure not to do it in the life to come; but communities of men can never be punished but in this world; and therefore the justice of God doth of­ten discover it selr in these common calamities, to keep the world in subjection to him, and to let men see that neither the multitude of their associates, nor the depth of their designs, nor the subtilty of their Coun­cils can secure them from the omnipotent arm of [Page 31] Divine Justice, when he hath determined to visit their transgressions with rods, and their iniquities with stripes. But when he doth all this, yet his loving kindness doth he not utterly take from them: for in the midst of all his judgements he is pleased to remem­ber mercy; of which we have a remarkable instance in the Text, for when God was overthrowing Cities, yet he pluckt the inhabitants as firebrands out of the burn­ing: and so I come from the severity of God,

2. To the mixture of his mercy in it. And ye were as a fire-brand pluckt out of the burning. That notes two things, the nearness they were in to the danger, and the un­expectedness of their deliverance out of it.

1. The nearness they were in to the danger, quasi torris, cujus jam magna pars absumpta est, as some Paraphrase it; like a brand, the greatest part of which is already consumed by Fire; which shews the difficulty of their escap­ing. So Joshua is said to be a brand pluckt out of the fire, Zech. 3. 2. And to this S ^t. Hierom upon this place, applyes that difficult passage, 1 Cor. 3. 15. they shall be saved, but so as by Fire, nothing the greatness of the danger they were in, and how hardly they should escape. And are not all the inhabitants of this City, and all of us in the suburbs of the other, whose houses escaped so near the flames, as Firebrands pluckt out of the burning? When the fire came on in its rage and fury, as though it would in a short time have devoured all before it, that not only this whole City, but so great a part of the Suburbs of the other should [Page 32] escape untouched, is (all circumstances consider­ed) a wonderful expression of the kindness of God to us in the midst of so much severity. If he had suffered the Fire to go on to have consumed the re­mainder of our Churches and Houses, and laid this City even with the other in one continued heap of ruines, we must have said, Just art thou O Lord, and righteous in all thy judgements. We ought rather to have admired his patience in sparing us so long; then complain of this rigour of his justice in punishing us at last; but instead of that he hath given us occa­sion this day with the three Children in the fiery fur­nace to praise him in the midst of the flames. For even the Inhabitants of London themselves who have suf­fered most in this calamity, have cause to acknow­ledge the mercy of God towards them, that they are escaped themselves; though it be (as the Jews re­port of Joshua, the High Priest, when thrown into the fire by the Chaldeans) with their cloaths burnt about them. Though their habitations be consumed, and their losses otherwise may be too great, yet that in the midst of so much danger by the flames, and the press of people so very few should suffer the loss of their lives, ought to be owned by them and us as a miraculous Providence of God towards them. And therefore not unto us, not unto us, but to his holy name be the praise of so great a preservation in the midst of so heavy a Judgement.

2. The unexpectedness of such a deliverance; they [Page 33] are not saved by their own skill and counsell, nor by their strength and industry, but by him who by his mighty hand did pluck them as firebrands out of the burning. Though we own the justice of God in the calamities of this day, let us not forget his mercy in what he hath unexpectedly rescued from the fury of the flames; that the Royal Palaces of our Gracious Soveraign, the residence of the Nobility, the Houses of Parliament, the Courts of Judicature, the place where we are now assembled and several others of the same nature, with other places and habita­tions to receive those who were burnt out of their own, stand at this day untouched with the fire (and long may they continue so) ought chiefly to be ascribed to the power and goodness of that God, who not only commands the raging of the Sea, and the madness of the people, but whom the winds and the flames obey. Although enough in a due subordina­tion to Divine Providence can never be attributed to the mighty care and industry of our most Graci­ous Soveraign, and his Royal Highness, who by their presence and incouragement inspired a new life and vigour into the sinking spirits of the Citizens, where­by God was pleased so far to succeed their endea­vours, that a stop was put to the fury of the fire in such places where it was as likely to have prevailed, as in any parts of the City consumed by it.

O let us not then frustrate the design of so much severity mixed with so great mercy: let it never be [Page 34] said, that neither judgements nor kindness will work upon us: that neither our deliverance from the Pesti­lence which walks in darkness, nor from the flames which shine as the noon-day, will awaken us from that Lethargy and security we are in by our sins: but let God take what course he pleases with us, we are the same incorrigible people still that ever we were. For we have cause enough for our mourn­ing and lamentation this day, (if God had not sent new calamities upon us) that we were no better for those we had undergone before. We have sur­fetted with mercies, and grown sick of the kind­ness of Heaven to us, and when God hath made us smart for our fulness and wantonness, then we grew sullen and murmured and disputed against Provi­dence, and were willing to do any thing but repent of our sins and reform our lives. It is not many years since God blessed us with great and undeserved blessings, which we then thought our selves very thankful for; but if we had been really so, we should never have provoked him who bestowed those favours upon us in so great a degree as we have done since. Was this our requital to him for restoring our Soveraign, to rebell the more against Heaven? Was this our thankfulness, for removing the disorders of Church and State, to bring them into our lives? Had we no other way of trying the continuance of Gods goodness to us, but by exercising his patience by our greater provocations? As though we had re­solved [Page 35] to let the world see, there could be a more unthankful and disobedient people than the Jews had been. Thus we sinned with as much security and confidence, as though we had blinded the eyes, or bribed the justice, or commanded the power of Heaven: When God of a sudden like one highly pro­voked drew forth the sword of his destroying Angel, and by it cut off so many thousands in the midst of us. Then we fell upon our knees, and begg'd the mercy of Heaven that our lives might be spared, that we might have time to amend them: but no soon­er did our fears abate, but our devotion did so too, we had soon forgotten the promises we made in the day of our distress, and I am afraid it is at this day too true of us which is said in the Revelations of those who had escaped the several plagues which so many had been destroyed by. And the rest of the Rev. 9. 20. men which were not killed by these Plagues, yet repented not of the work of their hands. For if we had not gree­dily suckt in again the poison we had only laid down while we were begging for our lives, if we had not returned with as great fury and violence as ever to our former lusts, the removing of one judge­ment had not been as it were only to make way for the coming on of another. For the grave seemed to close up her mouth, and death by degrees to with­draw himself, that the Fire might come upon the Stage, to act its part too in the Tragoedy our sins have made among us: and I pray God this may be the [Page 24] [...] [Page 25] [...] [Page 26] [...] [Page 27] [...] [Page 28] [...] [Page 29] [...] [Page 30] [...] [Page 31] [...] [Page 32] [...] [Page 33] [...] [Page 34] [...] [Page 35] [...] [Page 36] last Act of it. Let us not then provoke God to find out new methods of vengeance, and make experi­ments upon us of what other unheard of severities may do for our cure. But let us rather meet God now by our repentance, and returning to him, by our se­rious humiliation for our former sins, and our sted­fast resolutions to return no more to the practice of them. That, that much more dangerous infection of our souls may be cured as well as that of our bodies, that the impure flames which burn within may be extinguished, that all our luxuries may be retrenched, our debaucheries punished, our vanities taken away, our careless indifferency in Religion turned into a greater seriousness both in the profession and the pra­ctise of it. So will God make us a happy and prospe­rous, when he finds us a more righteous and holy Nation. So will God succeed all your endeavours for the honour and interest of that people whom you represent. So may he add that other Title to the rest of those you have deserved for your Countries good, to make you Repairers of the breaches of the City as well as of the Nation, and restorers of paths to dwell in: So may that City which now sits solitary like a Widow, have her tears wiped off, and her beauty and come­liness restored unto her. Yea so may her present ru­ines, in which she now lyes buried, be only the fore­runners of a more joyfull resurrection. In which though the body may remain the same, the qualities may be so altered, that its present desolation may be [Page 37] only the puting off its former inconveniencies, weak­ness, and deformities, that it may rise with greater glory, strength and proportion: and to all her other qualities, may that of incorruption be added too, at least till the general conflagration. And I know your great Wisdom and Justice will take care, that those who have suffered by the ruines, may not likewise suffer by the rising of it, that the glory of the City may not be laid upon the tears of the Orphans and Widows, but that its foundations may be setled upon Justice and Piety. That there be no complaining in the Streets for want of righteousness, nor in the City for want of Churches, nor in the Churches for want of a setled maintenance. That those who at­tend upon the service of God in them may never be tempted to betray their Consciences to gain a liveli­hood, nor to comply with the factious humors of men that they may be able to live among them. And thus when the City through the blessing of Heaven shall be built again, may it be a habitation of Holiness towards God, of Loyalty towards our Gra­cious King and his Successours, of Justice and Righteous­ness towards men, of Sobriety, and Peace, and Unity among all the Inhabitants, till not Cities and Coun­tries only, but the World and time it self shall be no more. Which God of his infinite mercy grant through the merits and mediation of his Son, to whom with the Father and Eternal spirit, be all Honour and Glory for evermore.