Words of Command for the Exercise of the Fire-Lock and Pike.

1. MVsqueteers, have a care of the Ex­ercise, and carry your Arms well. 2. Lay your right hands on your Muskets. 3. Poise your Muskets. 4. Rest your Mus­kets. 5. Cock your Muskets. 6. Guard [Page 9] your Musket. 7. Present. 8. Fire. 9. Recover your Arms. 10. Half bend your Muskets. 11. Clean your Pans. 12. Handle your Primers. 13. Prime. 14. Shut your Pans. 15. Blow off your loose Corns. 16. Cast about to Charge. 17. Handle your Chargers. 18. Open them with your Teeth. 19. Charge with Powder. 20. Draw forth your Scowerers. 21. Shorten them to an Inch. 22. Charge with Bullet. 23. Ram down Powder and Ball. 24. Withdraw your Scowerers. 25. Shorten them to a Handfull. 26. Return your Scowerers. 27. Poise your Muskets. 28. Shoulder. your Muskets. 29. Order your Musket. 30. Pike-men, take heed. 31. Advance your Pikes, to the Front, Charge. 32. To the Right, Charge. 33. To the Right, Charge. 34. To the Right, Charge. 35. To the Right, Charge. 36. To the Right-about, Charge. 37. As you were, Charge. 38. To the Left, Charge, 39. To the Left, Charge. 40. To the Left, Charge. 41. To the Left, Charge. 42. To the Left-about, Charge. 43. As you were, Charge. 44. Advance your Pikes. 45. Shoulder your Pikes. 46. Charge to the Front, 47. As you were, Charge to the Right, as you were. 84. Charge to the Right-about. 49. As you were, Charge to the Left, as you were. 50. Charge to the Left-about. 51. As you were. [Page 8] 52. Port. 53. Comport. 54. Charge to the Front. 55 Trail your Pike. 56. Charge as you were. 57. Advance your Pikes.

When you Exercise thus, it must be done altogether, and not one after another, that a whole Battalion may seem to do but one and the same Action. Then to proceed further, viz. Musqueteers take heed. Poise your Muskets. Shoulder your Muskets. Musque­teers, make Ready; at which time all the Postures of the Musket are to be performed by the Musqueteers together, which readiness imploys a Cocking, which must be guarded with the Thumb, least it should go off unsea­sonably, and the Muskets brought streight before them, with the left hands a little a­bove the Chin. The Pike-men at the word, Make Ready, are likewise to bear their Pikes straight before them, and recover their left hands the height of their Ears, both of them observing when they come to this Posture, to recover their Arms before them, that they bring their right Heels to their left Insteps; and when the Pikes Charge, and the Musque­teers rest, to retire, or fall back with the right Feet in a direct Line, observing in all Charg­ings, or Motions of the Pikes or Muskets, to take care that they clatter not one against another.

An Explanation of the Words of Com­mand or Postures, in Exercising the Fire-Lock, Musket, and how they must be performed.

WHen you enter upon Exercise, whe­ther it be of Pike or Musket, you must observe to keep your at Feet a moderate distance, that you may upon occasion retain your full Force and Strength, ever keeping the left Heel firm, and set the right Feet: But as to the Exercise.

1. Lay your right Hand on your Musket.

In this Action the Lock being uppermost, turn your Barrel towards you, and your Fin­gers being extended, lay your right Hand just behind the Lock, then close the butt end of your Musket to your Shoulder, so that it may in all parts be of an equal height.

2. Poise your Musket.

Here you must hold your Musket with a hard grasp, facing to the Right, and turn­ing with a quick motion upon your left Heel, keeping your Musket exactly before you, the height of it between your Shoulders, your right Elbow on your side, and your Feet at a moderate distance, that turning about, the point of your left Toe may be to the Front, and that of your right, as you face to the left [Page 11] Heel, being directly against the middle your right Foot; and so are you in a resting Posture, &c.

3. Rest your Musket.

In performing this, let your Musket slide, or sink down to your left hand, letting down your Arm as low as possible, without stoop­ing, receiving the Musket directly where the Scowerer enters into the Stock, suffering your hand to touch no part of the Barrel; let it be a little stooping from perpendicular about half a foot from your side, keeping your right hand with your fingers extended behind the Lock.

4. Cock your Musket.

In this doing, place the Thumb of your right Hand and your Finger behind the Trig­ger, and clapping it against your Thigh, Cock, keeping for the better security your Thumb upon the Cock.

5. Guard your Musket.

In Guarding your Musket, bring it in the foregoing Posture with a very quick motion straight before you to the Recover, your left hand equal with your Mouth but a­bout half a foot distance, not stooping, nor suffering your Musket to sink, observing in bringing up the Musket, before which is a Recovering, to make the right Heel come to the left Instep, keeping your Musket right perpendicular.

[Page 12]6. Present.

In this case, fall back with your right Leg, so that the left Heel be against the middle of the right Foot, suffering the butt end to rise to you Shoulder, setting it fast, your right Elbow even with the height of the Piece, be­ing ever ready to pull the Trigger with the fourth Finger of your right Hand, bending the left Knee a little, and keeping the right very steady, levelling breast high.

7. Fire.

Here you must keep true motion in draw­ing the Trigger, doing it all together, so that the Fire of a Battalion may give but one Report, or appear to be no more than one Flash, the body steady, and the Musket close to the Shoulder till the next word of Com­mand, which is,

8. Recover your Arms.

Hereupon suffer the butt end of your Mus­ket to sink in both hands, till it be perpendi­cular, the right under the Cock, and the left as high as your Mouth always upon a Re­covery, bringing it up before you upon a very quick motion, turning the right Heel, so that it may come up with the left In­step.

9. Half bend your Musket.

With your right Leg fall back, let the Muskets rest at once, the right Thumbs be­ing upon their Cocks, and the right Fingers [Page 13] behind their Triggers, then closing to the Thighs half bend, with your right hands placed behind the Lock, keeping them rest­ed with fingers extended.

10. Clean your Pan.

This you may do by pressing the ball of your Thumb into the Pan, holding the right hand behind the Lock, that the posture may the better appear.

11. Handle your Primer.

In doing this, take the little end between your Thumb and Finger, turning the great end to the back of your Hand, your Arm bearing backward.

12. Prime.

Upon priming, level your Piece exactly upon a Line, and having Powder a little bruised, strike it into the Pan as much as is convenient, the left Toe being kept upon the Front.

13. Shut your Pan.

Here use your two first Fingers, casting your Primer back, and drawing up your right Heel to your left Instep, your Musket streight up before you Recover, with the Barrel to­wards you, done with a quick Motion, the Thumb of your right hand on the top of the Steel, and the left hand as high as your Mouth.

[Page 14]14. Blow off your loose Corns.

In this case, bring your Pan within four Inches of your Mouth, and blow with a strong blast, observing to do it altogether, standing upright without declining the Head, casting out your Arms, and suffering your Piece to sink from the posture it before was in.

15. Cast about to Charge.

In doing this, let your right Leg advance, turning the Barrel of your Musket down­wards, bringing it to your left side some­what backward in your left hand, suffering none of your fingers to touch the Barrel, the Toe of the right Foot being directly to the Front, the right Heel over against the middle of the left Foot, the Musket ballanced in the left Hand, the Muzle to a proper Front of an equal height, half a foot from your Body, your right hand joyned to the Muzle of the Musket, and your Thumb extended to the slde of the Barrel.

16. Handle your Charger.

This must be done with a full gripe, hold­ing it even with the Muzle of the Musket un­derneath about an Inch from it.

17. Open it with your Teeth.

Here bring it up to your Mouth without bowing your head, then bring the Charger within an Inch of your Muzle underneath, covering the Chargers Mouth with the ball of your Thumb.

[Page 15]18. Charge with Powder.

Having put the Powder with a quick mo­tion into the Barrel, hold the Charger un­derneath, as before.

19. Draw forth your Scowerer.

Upon this word, let fall your Charger, and by turning your hand, draw your Scow­erer or Gun-stick at three motions, holding it level the height of your Forehead, your Arm extended, as if you were about to dart it.

20. Shorten it to an Inch.

In this case, turning the great end of your Scowerer towards you, let it sink till within an Inch of the end, resting it against your Body some-what below your right Breast, stooping.

21. Charge with Bullet.

Having a Bullet in your Mouth, take it out with your right hand, and put it into the Barrel, placing the great end of your Scow­erer just at the Muzle of your Musket.

22. Ram down Powder and Ball.

Take a full grasp with your Thumb and Fore-finger, from the Muzle your Thumb on the top of the Scowerer, keeping a handful in your hand.

23. Withdraw your Scowerer.

Your hand Thumb and Fore-finger being turned towards the Muzle, clear your Scow­erer at three motions, and dart it as before.

[Page 16]24. Shorten it to a Handful.

Clap the small end of your Scowerer to your Breast, slip it to a Handful of the end, holding it a little below your right Breast slooping.

25. Return your Scowerer.

Upon this, place it in its proper place, without expecting any word, grasp the Muzle of your Musket with the right hand, your Thumb being extended upon the Scow­erer, keeping it half a foot clear from your Side, the Muzles directly to front all of a height.

26. Poise your Musket.

In this case, with your left hand before you, bring up your Musket, grasp it with your right hand under the Cock, falling with your right Leg to your left, keeping it Poised directly before your Nose, being fa­ced to the Front, let your right Elbow rest upon your Body.

27. Shoulder your Muskets.

In doing this, take the rule that has been mentioned.

28. Poise your Muskets.

Do this as before has been shew'd.

29. Order your Muskets.

In doing this, sink your right hand a little, take hold of the Stock with the left hand on the top of the Scowerer; then suffering the left to sink, take hold of the Muzle with [Page 17] the right hand, the butt end easily sinking near the ground, when after a little pause, let them all come down together, giving as it were but one thump, then close to the right foot place the butt end about the middle of it, the Lock outward, and your right hand an Inch below the Muzle.

30. Lay down your Musket.

Having turn'd it with the back upwards, you step forwards with your left Leg, and your right hand lay it on the ground, that it may lie in a streight Line with the rest, never laying it down with any other but the right hand.

31. Quit your Musket.

Stand upright, by raising your self with a fall back of your left Leg to your right.

32. Handle your Musket.

Here observe to step forward with your left Leg, and lay your righ [...] hand on the Muzle of your Musket.

33. Order your Musket.

Upon this word, raise the Muzle, and fall back with your left Leg to your right, turn­ing the Lock outwards by the middle of your foot: And thus, in case of Fire-Arms, the postures are little different, as will hereafter appear.

Instructions for Exercising the Pike, re­lating to the various Postures already mentioned in Command.

1. Pike-men, take heed. Advance your Pikes.

IN this case, move your Pike upward in a direct Line, with your right hand near your side, your right hand well near as high as you can reach, depressing your left hand as low as you can, your fingers streight out, and raise your Pike till the butt end comes to your right hand, at what time, place it between your Breast and Shoulder, keep­ing your butt end close, that it may be more firmly uprigh [...]

2. To the Front.

Place your left hand on your Pike even with the top of your Shoulder, casting your finger streight, bringing your Pike right before you with a very swift motion, drawing in your right Heel to your left Instep, keeping the Pike streight.

3. Charge.

In this posture fall back with your right Leg, suffering the heel of your left foot to be against the middle of your right, and bring down your Pike with a quick jerk, support [Page 19] your Pike with your left elbow, and Charge breast high, bending your left Knee upon yeilding your Body forward to fix your self the firmer, holding the butt end in the palm of your right hand, your left Toe directly pointing with the spear of your Pike, set your Feet at a moderate distance, to stand the more firm, and bring your Pike down a little beneath your breast, beware of clatter­ing, close it to your breast when it is Charg­ed.

4. To the Right, four times.

In this doing, turn your left Toe to the right, then make your left Heel come up with your left Instep with a quick motion, recovering your Pike straight before you, then having turned, fall back with your right Leg, Charge, as before, &c.

5. To the Right-about.

Here you must, by turning your left Toe, bring it to the Right-about, bringing up your right Heel, your Pike recovered, then Charge being turned with much quickness.

6. As you were.

Bring up your left Toe by turning to the Left about, then bringing your Pike recovered, your left hand must never be higher than your Mouth, your Feet in Order, when being turn'd, you must fall back with your right Leg and Charge, bringing your Pike straight up without Clattering.

• [Page 20]7. To the Left, 4 times.
• 8. To the Left-about.
• 9. As you were.
• 10. Advance your Pike.

In doing this, make your right Heel come up to your left Instep, having your Pike be­fore you, fall out with your right Foot, and bring your Pike to your right Thigh.

11. Shoulder.

Your fingers of your left hand being ex­tended, lay that hand on your Pike even with your Shoulder, then make your right Heel come even with your left Instep, your Pike right before you, fall back with your right Leg, and put back your right Arm as far as may be, holding your Pike about half a foot from your side, keeping your Eye upon the Spear, and that directly to the Rear, your Pike slooped, when forsakeing it with your left hand, bring in your right Leg, laying your Pike on your right Shoulder, keeping your Elbow to your Body, the butt end a­bout half a foot from the ground in the middle of the distance.

12. Charge to the Front.

Here you must fall back with your right Leg, putting back as much as may be your Arm, keeping the Spear exactly to the Rear, [Page 21] setting the Pike aslope at the same height as shouldering, then bring the butt end back­wards with your left hand, turning the head with your right hand, then quit it with that hand, and take hold of the butt end, and Charge breast high, the palm of your hand against the butt end open, and your left El­bow under the Pike, the left Toe directly with the Spear, and when you Charge, let it be directly forward, your left Heel being just against the middle of your right Foot.

13. Shoulder as you were,

In the first place, raise your Pike with both your hands, then quit it with the right, and with the left, turn the head backwards, the Spear directly with the Rear, then seize it a­gain with your right hand as high as you can reach without straining, and stand with it from your Body aslope, bring up your right Leg, and forsaking your Pike with your left hand, lay it on your Shoulder, always keep­ing the Spear in a direct point to the Rear, not any ways crossing others.

14. Charge to the Right.

Here you must fall back with your right Arm and Leg, keep the Spear in the Rear, sloped at the height of shouldering, turning your left Toe to the right, let the right fall behind the left, that the middle of your right Foot may be over against your left Heel, and in this Action bring your Pike up, and turn [Page 22] backwards the butt end by your right side, then pressing it in the palm of your right hand, Charge.

15. Shoulder, as you were.

Make your left Toe come to the left, and the middle of your right Foot against your left Heel, with your Pike up, then turn the head of it to the right, viz. directly to the Rear, doing it at one motion, then with your right hand take hold of your Pike, so with both hands keep it a little distance from your Body slop'd, as when you Shoulder, then bring your right Leg up, and lay your Pike on your Shoulder.

17. Charge to the Right-about.

Here you must with your Hand and Leg give back, and stand with your Pike a little distance from your side, turn your left Toe to the Right-about, bringing the butt end of your Pike to the right side, falling back with your right Leg, Chharge, keeping the Spear of your Pike all the while to the Rear a shoul­dering height, being careful not to mount the Spear of your Pike higher or lower; and when you are to face to the Right-about level your Pike and Charge.

17. As you were.

Upon this word of Command, turn your left Toe to the Left-about, causing your right Foot to advance a moderate step, so that the middle of it be placed against your left [Page 23] Heel, bring the butt end with your left hand by your left side, observing the Spear to be exactly with the Rear, the same height as in shouldering, then as high as with ease you can reach, lay on your right hand, and stand with it in form, after which bring up your right Leg and Shoulder.

18. Charge to the Left.

In doing this posture, fall back with your Leg and Arm, as has been shewed in the for­mer Chargings, turn to the left Toe, and turn the butt end of your Pike with your left hand to the Right, then bring up your right Leg and Charge.

19. As you were.

Here you must raise the Spear with both your hands, turning the left Toe to the Right, then fall back with your right Leg and Arm, holding your Pike from your side, the Spear directly to the Rear, then bring up your right Leg and Shoulder.

20. Charge to the Left-about.

In this case, fall back with your Leg and Arm, then bring the Pike over your head with both your hands, keeping the Spear di­rectly to the Rear at the height of shoulder­ing, turn your left Toe to the Left-about, then bring up your right Foot, so that the middle of it may come with your left Heel and Charge.

[Page 24]21. Port.

Do this as charging the Front, but be cau­tions, that you sink not the Spear of your Pike so low, resting it instead of the Elbow between the Thumb and Fore-finger, keeping the Elbow close to your side.

22. Comport.

In this doing, you must bring your left hand backward as far as you may, stretching out the right, making thereupon a step for­ward with the right Foot, firmly grasping the Pike with the right hand as far as you can reach, not tossing the Spear too high, this done, forsake it with your left hand, bringing back your right Leg even with your Left, then close the Pike to your side, keep­ing the Spear about the height of your Head.

23. Charge to the Front.

In performing this, let your right Arm be extended at the same time, advancing your right Leg putting back your left hand as far as you can, bring your Pike forward, upon which give a step back with your right Leg, take hold of the butt end with your right hand, then Charge, Charging ever breast high.

24. Fire.

Here you must face to the Right-about, suffering the Spear of your Pike to fall be­hind you, then let your right hand be quitted [Page 25] from the butt end, without moving the Left; take care likewise not to strike up the Spear.

25. Charge as you were.

In this Exercise, turn your self to the Left-about, take the butt end of the Pike on the palm of your right hand and Charge, keeping your Spear at an even height.

26. Advance your Pikes.

Here you must observe to bring your right Heel to your left Instep, as likewise your Pike before you to the Recovery, then fall out with your right Foot, till it come even with your Left, and by this means bring your Pike to your right Thigh.

27. Order your Pikes.

Raise your left hand even with the top of your shoulder, and lay it upon your Pike, your fingers stretched out, then sink your left hand, and raise your right, and so raise the Pike, that when the butt end is on the ground, your right hand may be against your Eye, setting the butt end to the Latchet of your Shoe, and keeping the Pike near your Head: and in this Exercise suffer all the butt ends to fall to the ground together.

28. Pikes to your Inside Order.

In this doing, you must fix the butt end of your Pike on the inside of your right Foot to the middle, moving only your Pike, and not your Foot.

[Page 26]29. Lay down your Pikes.

Here step altogether with your right Legs, stoop all together with a quick motion, and lay them very straight with your right hands.

30. Quit your Pikes.

With your left Leg fall back, bringing it even with your right, and stand up all to­gether.

31. Handle your Pikes.

In this doing, step forward with your left Legs, in a quick motion, stoop all together, and extending your right hands as far as you can reach, grasp your Pike.

32. Order your Pikes.

Raise the Pike with your right hand, step back with your left Leg, clapping the butt end for the more easie raising about the middle of your right Foot on the inside.

33. Pikes to your Out-side Order.

To do this place, the butt end of your Pike on the outside your Foot, moving your Pike, and not your Foot.

34. Advance.

Do this as before: And thus have we given the Practitioner in Arms, The true Postures of the Musket and Pike distinctly, which with a little use, may perfect him in that which is so necessary to be understood by the Sons of Mars, from which we proceed to give further Instructions of this kind.

Directions for the Exercise of the Pike and Musket together by a whole Bat­talion, or single Company, supposing the Pikes Advanced, and Muskets Shouldered: The word of Command given is,

1. Musketeers make Ready.

IN this case, they must perform all the po­stures and motions directly together, till such time as they stand gaurded with their Muskets before them, and their Thumbs for the better security on the Cocks, whereupon the Pikes are to be recovered before the Pike­men, the butt ends in the palms of their hands, and the Spears upright, their left hands no more than the height of their Mouths.

When the word Charge is given, then must they bring down the Muskets and Pikes at once, being sure to turn the left Toes that way they Charge, and the heel of the fame Foot directly against the middle of the right Foot in every Charge, charging directly for­ward, not at first charging, the Pikes close to one anothers Breasts, but charge a little way distant in bringing down the Pikes, and [Page 28] when they are charged, then is the time to close them.

The Charge is, To the Right four times, Then to the Right-about, after that, As you were, Then to the Left Charge four times, Then to the Left-about Charge, Then as you were, which you may plainly observe in what has been laid down in the former Exer­cise.

Here the Pike-men must turn as the Mus­keteers, bringing up their right Heels to their left Insteps, extending their Arms as they turn, bringing their Muskets straight be­fore them, their left hand as high as their Mouths, pulling back their Arms, and when they are faced, fall back with their right Legs, nor must the Souldiers bring down their Arms till the word Charge is given, doing it with a quick motion, and not suffering the Pikes to clatter.

Then the word of Command is, viz.

• Recover your Arms.
• Half bend your Muskets.
• Poise your Muskets.
• Shoulder your Musket.

As before is noted.

Hereupon, the Muskets being Shouldered, the Pikes that stood Recovered falling out with their right Legs, the Pikes are brought to their Thighs to their Advance.

• [Page 29] Poise your Muskets.

This Command given, the Pike-men must fix their left hands to their Pikes about the height of their Shoulders. Then

• Order your Arms.
• Pikes to your Inside Order.
• Lay down your Arms.
• Quit your Arms.
• To the Right-about.
• March.

These must be observed, as is before di­rected in the Exercise, which to repeat again would be Tautology, only thus much when you are clear of your Arms, you must dis­perse, and upon the beat of Drum run thither again with a Huzza, your Swords drawn, and their points upwards: Then these words of Command are given, viz.

• Return your Swords.
• Handle your Arms.
• Order your Arms.
• Pikes to your Out-side Order.
• Advance.

These things ought to be duly considered, and in this first place, in ordering your Arms, observe to make a little stop before the butt ends come to the ground, that they may fall to­gether at once; after the Arms are laid down and quitted, you must all stand up together, as if it were but one motion.

Upon marching from your Arms, step Front and Rear together with the left Feet, and march but a little distance.

Your right hands being laid on your Swords, you must take hold of your Scabbards with your left hands, and your Swords being drawn, you must hold them upright before you, bringing them down at one motion, and when by Command you have returned your Swords, you must stand upright to your Arms, looking to your proper Front. As for the rest, we refer you to the Exercise of the Pike and Musket distinctly.

Several things to be observed in Com­mand and Exercise relating to the Match-Lock, Musket, &c.

THE Match-Lock Musket in all the ma­terial parts of Exercise is the same with the Fire-Lock; but some other things being to be observed, we shall lay them down for the ease of the Reader, and this chiefly consists in keeping your Match well with a good Coal, fastning it upon Command, advantagiously in your Screw, blowing the Coal, and trying your Pan by false flashes, laying it down at Command, taking it up again, shortening it [Page 31] to the Pan, that it may give true Fire: But more to the particulars.

1. Lay down your Matches.

Do this at four Motions, first by a little turning the butt end of your Musket easily, slipping on your Shoulder, lay then your right hand on your Match: In the next place, ex­tend your right hand and foot before you, and recover your Musket in its place. Third­ly, stoop and bring your Match near the right Foot, within-side, suffering your Ham to bend a little. Lastly, quit it, and bring your Body upright, and your right Foot even with your left.

2. When the Command is given, viz. Handle your Match, then having recovered it, bring it between your third and fourth Finger by the help of your Thumb and first Finger, always using your right Hand then the Palm being turned from you, you stretch your Arm towards your right hand Man.

3. Blow your Match.

Hereupon bring your Match to your Mouth, not stooping, but turning your Head a little to the right, when having given a strong Blast to carry off the Ashes, cast off your Arm to the right.

4. Cock and try your Match.

In this case, fetching a compass with your Arm, bring your Match to the Cock, and supporting it with your two near Fingers, [Page 32] press it down with your Thumb, guiding i [...] with your middle Finger, when keeping you [...] middle finger, between it and the Pan, pul [...] your Cock down as low as the Pan, and sink or raise your Match, that it may hit the middle of the Pan, and having fired when you hear the word.

Return your Match.

Hold your Musket in your left hand, the Barrel towards you, suffering your left Elbow to rest on your Body, then take your Match between your Thumb and Finger in the right hand, placing your Thumb on the top of it, the palm being turned from you, placing one end of your Match between the third and fourth finger of your left hand, and the o­ther end press with the first and second fin­gers, then with extended fingers place your right hand under the Pan.

This is all that is material as to the Match, the other postures of the Musket being the same with the Fire-Lock already mention­ed.

Directions for the Exercise of Foot Gra­nadiers.

THough the Granadiers in many things differ from the Musketiers in Exercise, yet for the better part they do the same, draw­ing up in the same Order, Rank and File, only they seldom draw up above three deep, and supposing then to be shouldered. The words of Command are,

Lay your right Hands on your Fire-Locks.

1. Poise your Fire-Locks.

2. Rest your Fire-Locks.

3. Cock your Fire-Locks.

4. Gaurd your Fire-Locks.

5. Present.

6. Fire.

7. Recover your Arms.

All these are to be done in the same man­ner as the Ex­ercise of the Fire-Lock, Musket.

8. Cast over to the Left.

In doing this, they are to lay their right hands on their Daggers.

9. Draw your Daggers.

Here they must draw their Dag­gers and hold them upright in their hands be­fore them.

10. Screw it into the Muzle of your Fire-Lock.

Do this so, that the flat side may be to­wards you when you have recovered.

11. Return your Arms.

12. Charge to the Right (four times.)

13. To the Right-about, Charge.

14. As you were.

15. To the left Charge (four times.)

16. To the Left-about Charge.

17. As you were.

18. Recover your Arms.

These are to be done with a quick Motion after the manner of the Fire-Lock, Musket.

19. Cast to your Left.

Upon this, they are to seize their Daggers with their right hands.

20. Withdraw your Daggers.

Hereupon hold them directly before you, the flat side to your Body.

21. Return your Daggers.

Upon this, put them up into the Scab­bard.

[Page 35]22. Poise your Fire-Lock.

23. Half bend your Fire-Lock.

Do these as the Musketiers do the Fire-Lock.

24, Open your Cartridge-Box, and handle your Primer.

These are easily understood, and need no direction.

25. Prime.

26. Return your Primer.

27. Shut your Pan.

28. Blow off your loose Corns.

30. Cast about to Charge.

Do all these as the Musketiers.

31. Handle your Cartridge.

32. Open it with your Teeth.

33. Charge with Powder and Ball.

34. Draw forth your Scowerer.

35. Shorten it to an Inch.

Here, by the Cartridge is meant, the Charge of Powder made up in a paper fit for the Peice, so that the Bullet being placed on the top of it, they may be put in together.

36. Ram down Powder and Ball.

37. Withdraw your Scowerer.

38. Shorten it to a handful.

39. Return your Scowerer.

40. Poise your Fire-Lock.

Do these as the Musketiers do, according to the Instructions laid down, in their Exer­cise.

[Page 36]41. Shoulder your Fire-Locks.

Upon this Command, the Ranks are to close forward at six foot, it being the Ser­jeants care to place their Halberts at a due distance.

42. Poise your Fire-Locks.

Upon this, over and above what the Mus­ket requires, seize the sling with your left hand.

43. Sling your Fire-Locks.

44. Handle your Pouches.

In handling your Pouches, let your left hands be on the bottom, all of a height, ad­vancing the right Legs, and the right hands being of an equal height.

45. Open your Pouches.

Do this altogether.

46. Take forth your Granadoes.

Do this with the right hand extended be­fore you.

47. Shut your Pouches.

Do this all at once.

48. Vncase your Fuzee.

Doing this, step back with the right foot to the left facing.

49. Handle your Match.

Do this with the left hand to the left side, extending your Arms, doing it nimbly alto­gether.

[Page 37]50. Blow your Match.

In this doing, the first Rank must fall back with their right Legs altogether, giving a strong Blast.

51. Fire your Fuzee.

52. Deliver your Granado.

At this last word of Command, the second Rank must advance six foot before the first with their Match ready to blow; and when they have observed the words of Command, the third must advance before them, when upon the word, Blow your March, the first and second Ranks are to lay their hands upon their Hatchets; and uppn the word, Fire your Fuzees, they are to raise their Hatchets; and upon that of Deliver your Granado, the Ser­jeants must be careful that the first Rank stands, the second Marches six Foot before the first, and the third six foot before the se­cond, expecting the word of Command with their Hatchets raised, at what time the first Rank must raise theirs likewise.

Fall on.

In this case they must handle them fast, bringing them down.

Return your Hatchets.

Upon this you must put them into the frog of your Belt by your side.

Poise your Fire-Locks.

Shoulder your Fire-Locks.

Do these as in case of the Fire-Lock, Musket.

Granadiers make Ready.

In this case the first Rank must make ready their Fire-Locks, and the second Rank handle their Pouches, and the third their Hatchets

The first Rank present.

At this word of Command, the second Rank must open their Pouches, take thence their Granadoes, whilst the third raise their Hatchets.

Fire.

Upon this, word of Command, the second Rank must shut their Pouches, uncase their Fuzes, and handle their Match.

Recover your Arms.

Here without any further Command, the Granadiers of the first Rank must cast over to the Left, draw and screw their Daggers into the Muzles of their Peices, Recover their Arms and Charge; the second Rank to advance six foot before them.

Blow your Match.

Fire your Fuzee.

Deliver your Granadoe.

Upon this last Command, they are to Poise their Fire-Locks, and make ready, whilst the third March as the second with their Hat­ches.

Fall on.

Recover your Arms.

At this last, the third Rank must march twelve foot before the first Charging, the second at six, the first returning their Hat­chets, and making ready their Fire-Locks.

Recover your Arms.

Upon this they are to half bend their Fire-Locks.

Cast over to the Left.

Withdraw your Daggers.

Return your Daggers.

Poise your Fire-Lock.

Shoulder your Fire: Lock.

Face to the Right-about.

March.

Upon this last 'tis the Serjeants duty to be careful, that forward the Ranks open to twelve foot, and that they so continue march­ing till they come to their Ground, where they must halt without any word or Com­mand.

• [Page 40] As you were.
• Poise your Fire-Locks.
• Order your Arms.
• Lay down your Arms.
• Quit your Arms.
• Face to the Right about.
• March.

Here observe, that when you are clear of your Arms, you are to disperse, and upon the Drum beating, you must hast to your Arms with a chearful Huzza, your Daggers drawn, lifted with their Points upwards.

• Return your Dagger.
• Handle your Arms.
• Order your Arms.
• Poise your Fire-Locks.
• Shoulder your Fire-Locks.

Considerations of the Drum so necessary in the Exercise of the Foot, what re­lates thereto.

THE Drum has been very anciently used in War, and always approved by the greatest Captains; the Souldiers understand­ing thereby, what they are to do in many points, as well as by the voice of their Com­mander, and therefore it is called seme-vocal, and gives directions of sundry kinds in these six points of War more peculiarly distinguish­ed, viz.

1. The Call. 2. The Troop. 3. The March. 4. The Preparative. 5. The Bat­taile. 6. The Retreat. And of these in their Order.

1. The Call is to bring the Souldiers toge­ther to their Arms upon deliberate or urgent occasions, or to hear any Proclamation or Orders that are to be given by the Officers; so the Souldiers ought not, especially in time of War, on great Penalties, to ramble be­yond the hearing of it, unless they be sent upon Parties, or by some Express, with the Knowledge and Approbation of the General or Officer in Chief.

2. The Troop being beat, the Souldiers must incontinently shoulder their Muskets, [Page 42] and Advance their Pikes, closing their Ranks and Files to Order, following their Officers to the place of Randesvoze, or else where.

3. The March beaten, you must observe to take your open Order in Rank, shoulder both Musket and Pike, and march quicker, or slower, as the Drum beats.

4. The Preparative is to warn you, that you close your due distance in preparing for Battle, or Skirmish, and see that nothing be out of Order that may turn to your Advan­tage or Hindrance, for a Battle seldom suc­ceeds well where the Order is not observed with the greatest Exactness.

5. The Battle is that which is usually called the Charge or Signal, to Charge the Enemy; so that upon this the Souldier must raise his Spirit to the highest pitch of Fury, though with caution, for Valour and Prudence ought to go hand in hand, if you would attain to things noble and great.

6. The Retreat. This is beat when at any time the Enemy is too strong, or by drawing off to better your ground, you may gain a better Advantage, or expect greater Succour, as when an Out-guard or Party finds it self over-charged, it Retreats to the main Body, or when on a sudden, an advanced Party espies an Ambushment.

Besides these, there are two others used, but they are not properly called Points of War, viz.

The Tatto, or Tapto, and the Revalley.

The first of these is used in a Garrison, or upon the Rounds, both to warn the Souldiers and Inhabitants, when they ought to repair to their Quarters, or Guard, and when to shut the Doors, that so if any Spies be abroad, they may be the better distinguished; for when the Tapto is returned to the Body of Gaurds, a warning Peice ought to be shot off, after which no person ought to be out of his Quarters, or from his Post, unless the Watch-word be given him.

The Revalley takes, as is most likely, its Denomination from the French word Reveiller, which signifies as much, as to arise up, or a­wake from sleep, for this is beaten in the Morning, to give notice to the People, that they may be safely abroad, at which time the Out-Centinels are taken off.

There are of late other things signified by the Drum, as the manner of Exercise, but it being mostly according to Humour, the Drum-Majors ought to give it to every File-leader in writing, that so he may be able to direct his File by his Example, what they are to do till the Souldiers are perfect in it, and the reason why we so direct is, because it is variable, and not so substantial as the word of Command.

There are at this day in many Regiments Hoitheys used instead of the ancient Flutes, but they have no significant Sign, being only to chear and raise the Spirits of the Souldiers, that their labour may seem the less.

The Exercise of Dragoons or Musketiers on Horse-back.

IN this, to shorten any tedious Prologue or Intricacy, we will suppose the Dragoons to be ready in the Field, drawn up in three Ranks, having advanced their Muskets, the Officers taken their Stations, and all things in a readiness for the word of Command.

1. Dragoons have a care.

2. Sling your Muskets.

3. Make ready your Links.

4. Clear your right Foot of your Stir­rop.

5. Dismount.

Here they must stand ready at their Horses heads, and the six out-side men continue mounted, that so they may hold and guard the Horses.

6. Link your Horses to the Left.

7. March clear off your Horses, and Shoul­der as you March.

8. Halt.

Upon these words of Command, the Bat­talion by the care of the Officers, is to be formed as the Foot, viz.

1. Have a care of the Exercise.

2. Officers to the Right-about.

3. Take your Posts in the Rear of the Bat­talion.

4. March.

In this Ordering, the Serjeants and Cor­porals must fall into the Flank, and Rear of the Battalion, and the Commission Officers form a Rank in the Rear.

5. Dragoons have a care.

Upon this they must pull off their Gloves of the right hand, and stick them in their Girdles.

6. Lay your right hand to your Muskets. 7. Poise your Muskets. 8. Rest your Mus­kets. 9. Cock and Guard. 10. Present. 11. Fire. 12. Recover your Arms with the Cock half Bent. 13. Rest upon your Muskets. 14. Handle your Daggers. 15. Draw forth your Daggers. 16. Fix them in the Muzle of your Muskets. 17. Poise your Muskets. 18. Charge to the Front, 19. To the Right, Charge, (four times.) 20. To the Right-about, Charge. 21. To the Left-about Charge. 22. To the Left Charge (four times) 23. To the Left-about Charge. 24. To the Right-about, Charge. 25. Re­cover your Arms. 26. Rest upon your Muskets. [Page 46] 27. Handle your Daggers. 28. Withdraw your Daggers. 29. Place your Daggers. 30. Poise your Muskets. 31. Rest your Muskets. 32. Clean your Pans. 33. Open your Cartridge Box. 34. Handle your Pri­mer. 35. Sink and Prime. 36. Return your Primer. 37. Shut your Pan with your Fore-fingers. 38. Blow off your loose Corns; At which time you must Recover your Arms. 39. Cast about to Charge. 40. Handle your Cartridge. 41. Take out your Cartridges; which done, you must presently shut the Box. 42. Open them with your Teeth. 43. Charge with Powder and Ball. 44. Draw forth your Scowerers. 45. Shorten them to an Inch. This must be done against your Breath. 46. Put it into the Muzle of your Musket. 47. Ram down Powder and Ball. 48. Withdraw your Scowerer. 49. Shor­ten it to an Inch, as before. 50. Place your Scowerer. 51. Moise your Muskets. 52. Shoulder your Muskets. 53. Poise your Musket. 54. Rest your Musket. 55. Lay down your Arms. 56. Quit your Arms. 57. To the Right-about. 58. March clear off your Arms and break: Being marched clear off the Arms, they must offer, as if they dispersed; but upon the first beat of Drum they must swiftly return with a Huzza, e­very one drawing (in that motion) his Sword, then each must stand over his own Arms, to [Page 47] expect further Command, viz. 59. Return your Swords. 60. Handle your Arms. 61. Rest upon your Arms. 62. Poise your Mus­kets. 63. Sling your Muskets. 64. To the Right-about. 65. March to your Horses▪ 66. Vnlink your Horses. 67. Shorten your Bridles. 68. Put your left Foot in your Stirrup. 69. Mount. 70. Fasten your Links. 71. Vnsling, and Advance your Muskets.

Though this Exercise is for the most part like the Exercise of the Fire-Lock, Musket, on Foot, whether to know any thing difficult; we refer you, yet these are many times obli­ged to fight on Horse-back, as being appoint­ed, and necessary for the succour, either of Horse or Foot, as occasion or advantage of­fers; therefore it will be requisit to speak something of their fireing on Horse-back.

The Exercise of Dragoons on Horse-back, as to their Fireing, &c.

THE Dragoons having advanced their Muskets on their right Thigh, must expect the words of Command, viz.

1. Ioyn your left hand to your Musket,

2. Cock and Guard.

[Page 48]3. Rest your Muskets on your Bridle hand.

4. Present.

5. Fire.

6. Recover your Arms with the Cock halt bent.

This being observed, they are in a posture to March, Wheel, or Face, as shall be Com­manded, or seen most Expedient.

These Dragoons were at first entertained for swift Marches, passing deep Ways or Waters, to keep equal pace with the Horse, till the Foot at more leasure could come up; but being since found very necessary to defend against the shot of the Musketiers, they have been continued, and are no more than a kind of Musketiers on Horse-back.

Granadiers on Horse-back, what their Exercise is, and how to perform it with Dexterity. &c.

THese, as the Dragoons often fight on Foot, and therefore, though, when they are on Horse-back, they may be Exer­cised as the Horse; yet it is most convenient whenever they March, Wheel, Face, or Halt, that they do not bear up too close, nor do it in thick Files, but between every File [Page 49] leave three foot distance at least, the easier to dismount, and March clear off their Hor­ses, or Face about as occasion shall require, when in this manner being marched into the Field with their Arms loaden, Hats on, and the the word to Halt given, the Command­ing Officer having bid Silence, must thus pro­ceed, viz.

1. Granadiers have a care. 2. Sling your Muskets. In this doing, have your left hand upon your Sling. 3. Put on your Caps. 4. Right and Left-hand Men of each Rank, keep Mounted. 5. Clear your right Foot off the Stirrup. In this case they must handle their Muskets, casting them backwards. 6. Dismount. This must be done altogether with a quick motion. 7. Make ready your Links. 8. Link your Horses to the Left. 9. March clear off your Horses. This may be done by a third or second Rank, marching through as soon as clear, handling at the same time their Muskets. 10. Halt. 11. Lay your right hands on your Muskets. 12. Poise your Muskets, facing to the Right. 13. Rest your Muskets. 14. Cock and Guard. 15. Present. 16. Fire. 17. Re­cover your Arms. Here you must have your Muskets half bent. 18. Cast about to the Left. 19. Draw your Dagger. 20. Fix them in your Muskets. 21. Recover your Arms. 22. Charge to the Front. 23. To [Page 50] the Right, Charge (four times) 24. To the Right-about, Charge. 25. As you were. 26. To the Left, Charge (four times.) 27. To the Left-about. 28. As you were. 29. Recover your Arms. 30. Cast about to the Left: Hold, on this word of Command, your right hands on your Daggers. 31. With­draw your Daggers. 32. Return your Dag­gers. 33. Poise your Muskets. 34. Clean your Pan. 35. Open your Cartridge Box. 36. Take out your Primer. 37. Prime. 38. Return your Primer. 39. Shut your Pan. In doing this, bring your Piece up quick be­fore you. 40. Blow off your loose Corns. 41. Cast about to Charge. 42. Take out your Cartridges, immediately shutting the Boxes. 43. Vncap your Cartridge with your Teeth. 44. Load with Powder and Ball. 45. Draw forth your Scowerer. 46. Shor­ten it to an Inch. 47. Place it in the Bar­nel. 48. Ram home Powder and Ball. 49. Withdraw your Scowerer. 50. Shorten it to a handful. 51. Return your Scowerer. 52. Poise your Musket, (Do this before you.) 53. Shoulder your Musket. Upon this word, seize the Slings with your left hands. 54. Sling your Muskets. 55. Handle your Pouches; the same with the Foot Granadiers. 56. Open your Pouches. 57. Take forth your Granadoe. In doing this, extend your right hand before you. 58. Shut your [Page 51] Pouches. Do this, that it may appear but one Motion, the left hands being held-up all at a height. 59. Wncase your Fuzee. In do­ing this, you must face to the Front, having fallen back with your right Leg, bringing it even with the Left. 60. Handle your Match. 61. Blow your Match. 62. The first Rank, Fire your Fuzee. 63. Deliver your Granadoe. Upon this Delivery, you must unsling your Muskets.

At this Command, the second Rank must advance through the Right, having their Match in Order, ready to blow and place themselves six Foot before the Rank.

64. Blow your Match. 65. Fire your Fuzee. 66. Deliver your Granadoe. Upon this your Musket being unslung, you must stand ready Cockt and Guarded; then the third Rank is to march on the Right six foot frontward of the second. 67. Blow your Match. 68. Fire your Fuzee. 69. Deliver your Granadoe. This done, unsling, and stand Cockt and Guarded; and upon this Command, the first or proper Front must speedily March through at six foot distance. 71. First Rank Fire. After this word, the first Rank must fix their Daggers in the Muzles of their Muskets, and the second and third must imitate the first successively, as the same words of Command come to their turn. 72. Recover your Arms. 73. Cast about to the [Page 52] Left. 74. Withdraw your Daggers. 75. Poise your Muskets; doing it to the proper Front. 76. Shoulder your Muskets. 77. To the Right-about. In this doing, take up your first ground in your March, opening your Ranks. 79. To your Leader. 80. Poise your Muskets. 81. Rest upon your Arms. 82. Lay down your Arms. 83. To the Right-about. 84. March. In marching, the Ranks must be broken in manner of dis­persing, then upon beat of Drum, you must draw your Swords, face about, recover your Order, and return to your Arms with a Huz­za. 85. Return your Swords. 86. Handle your Arms. 87. Recover and Poise. 88. Shoulder your Muskets. 89. Poise your Muskets. 90. Face to the Right-about. 91. Sling your Muskets. 92. March your Horses.

In this last performance, the second and third Ranks must March, and standing at their Horses heads, face to the Front.

93. Vnlink your your Horses. 94. Fasten your Links. When this is done, you must shorten your Bridles. 95. Put your Feet in the Stirrups. Here you must lay your Mus­kets over your Sadles. 96. Mount your Hor­ses. This must be done altogether, as if it were but one Motion, and the Officers whose business it is, are to see the Ranks compleated in good Order. 97. Handle [Page 53] your Swords. 98. Draw your Swords. 99. Place your Swords. Here you must put your Sword into your Bridle hand. 100. Handle your Pistol, which must be ever the Left. 101. Draw your Pistol. 102. Cock your Pistol. Here you must keep the Cock gaurded with your Thumb. 103. Present. In this doing, bear up your hand. even with the Cock. 104. Fire. Here you must ob­serve not to take down your Pistol, till the next word of Command, which is, 105. Return your Pistol, and the same Order must be observed upon drawing the right Pi­stol, till you return it, &c. 106. Handle your Muskets. 107. Vnsling your Mus­kets. 108. Mount your Muskets.

If you are to Charge on Horse-back with the Musket, which is not done but upon great oceasion, the Peice being Charged, the words of Command are, viz.

1. Cock your Muskets. 2. Present your Muskets. 3. Give Fire. In this doing, you must keep your Musket in its posture, till the next word of Command, viz. 4. Sling your Muskets. 5. Handle your Swords. Do it by taking your Swords in your right hands. 6. March. In Marching, the Offi­cers commanding, may bring them to any moving posture, as Wheeling, Facing, &c. by giving his words of Command with such de­liberation, that those who are more peculiar [Page 54] to take notice, may see each Individual Part, perform his Exercise, and that they mannag [...] their Horses as they ought.

These Instructions put in practice, ma [...] greatly forward the young Souldier, thoug [...] indeed, a heedful practice is the Life of Ex­ercise.

The Exercise of Horse so properly called

THough as to the words of Command i [...] Exercise, they are not many, yet vari­ous are the Actions to be performed by them, as after we have given an account of the known words of Command shall be shew'd at large, and in this case, when a Squadron or Troop is appointed to Exercise, having their Carbines and Pistols Loaden, the Cor­porals must pass through the Ranks, and see that they are all ready, which done, the Chief Officer commands Silence, and gives the words, viz.

Lay your right hands on your Sword.

Draw your Swords.

Put your Swords in your Bridle-hands.

Lay your hands on your Pistels.

Cock your Pistols.

Hold up your Hands.

Give Fire.

When you have given Fire, you must not let your Pistol hand fall till the next word of Command be given, viz.

Return your Pistols.

And this you must obseve in Fireing the right and Left again.

Lay your hands on your Carbines.

Advance your Carbines.

Cock your Carbines.

Fire.

Let fall your Carbines.

Take your Swords from your Bridle-hands.

Return your Swords.

These motions must be exactly observed, every man doing each particular motion at one and the same time; the word of Com­mand for that purpose, being given delibe­rately, that there may be no mistake.

In drawing up a Body of Horse, that is, when the Body is drawn up, the Officers that command not in Chief ought to keep close to their Men, but the Chief Commandant must be about a Horses length before them, to see more exactly what is done; and so it must be observed in Marching: It is further to be noted at this day, that when a Squa­dron of Horse is to Wheel; if to the Right, the right hand men must not close to the Left as formerly, for that puts the Rank many [Page 56] times out of Order, but they must keep thei [...] Ground, suffering the left to come about whilst they only turn their Horses heads, ob­serving their left hand Men.

This may serve for the Motions, which the Officers are to take care of, yet there re­mains many other curious Matters, to which we proceed.

Directions for Wheeling by Conversion with the Word of Command.

WHen we say to the Right by Conver­sion, it is to be understood, That you ought to close your Right Leg to the Horse, your Knee touching that of the right hand man's, and so you must do in the word of Command to the Left, as when we say, Close the Left Wing; then must the left Leg closed.

By half Ranks, and by Conversion, di­vide the Squadrons into two Troops.

In case you would reduce the Squadron, The Cammand is,

By Conversion, the Squadron into one Troop, or the left Wing, Advance by Con­version.

In wheeling by Carocol, the words of Command are, viz.

The right Wing to the left by Caracol, Face about to the Rear: Or it may be per­formed by half Ranks, viz.

By Quarter Ranks, and by Carocol di­vide the Squadron into three Troops. Then if you would reduce them, order Quarter Ranks and Squadrons into one Troop.

If you are to be Commanded, the Volt, Face, or Facing about, observe it in this man­ner,

Face about to the Right, Face to the Right by Controversion, Face about to the Right by Carocol, Face about to the Left by half File, Face about to the Right and Left.

The manner of drawing up a Battalion, and the Officers taking their Stations for Parade, when they are to receive the King, or General, &c.

HEre the Battalion, or Regiment being drawn up in Exercise, the Ranks at twelve Feet distance, and the Files at three, the Musketiers sloping, and carrying their Arms well, the Pikes must order their Pikes in a close posture to their Bodies, holding them near to their Heads, the butt ends to the Latchets of their Shoes: The Serjeants taking two, or one, on the right and left of every Rank at an equal distance, as the Soul­diers are at in the File, but those on the Rear must place themselves at three paces from the last Rank of Souldiers, well ordering their Halberts, and having their Hats off, the Drums are to stand on the right, and the left even with the Front Rank of the Souldiers, and at the same distance one from the other. The Hoitboys are to be on the right of the Drums on the one side, and the Drums on the right on the other.

To March in three Divisions, the Me­thod and Order.

IF you are to march a Battalion in three Divisions, the Captains must divide the one half at the head of the first Division of Shot, and the remaining half in the Rear of the last Division: And again, one half of the Lieutenants in the Rear of the first Di­vision of shot, and the remainder at the heard of the last Division of shot: The Colours marching at the head of the Pikes, which are to be Advanced, the Commandant in Chief marching two paces before the Rank of Cap­tains at the head of the first Division of Shot, the Captains and other Officers exactly keep­ing the distance they were at first posted at, when the Battalion was drawn up.

The Officers that are appointed in this case, to march in the Rear of the Division, are as they march off to fall after them; and the Serjeants that were posted in the Rear, are to take care of the Pikes upon their march­ing: As for the Drums, they are equally to be divided upon the Division, marching be­tween the second and third Ranks. The Granadiers marching about twenty Yards be­fore the Battalion, the Equipage of the Offi­cers of the Front must march somewhat on the left hand, between the Battalion and Gra­nadiers: The Hoitboys marching in the mid­dle distance between the Colonel or Com­mander in Chief, and the Granadiers.

In marching, the Colonel and all the o- Officers must march with their Pikes under­hand Comported, not suffering the Spear to descend too much, but keep it steady from swinging, &c. But if they have occasion to Salute, they must, as they approach, Shoul­der all together, that is, every Rank of Of­ficers as they approach, carrying them level upon their Shoulders, performing the Salute, as if it was the Action but of one Man; not must the first Rank of Captains Salute, till the Colonel or Commander in Chief has per­formed it, not standing still, or medning their Pace when they Salute.

The Officers pulling off their Hats, as has been directed in the standing Salute, or in a [Page 73] Battalion drawn up for a Review. The Ser­jeants must march with their Halberts shoul­dered, the butt ends uppermost, always upon this occasion marching with their Hats off, when those that are to be Saluted pass by, not any being to Salute the same Party more than once standing, and once March­ing.

As for the Major, and the Aid-Major, they have not any fixed Post appointed in Marching, but are attending for Orders on the Colonel or Commander in Chief; and if an Ensign be absent, a Pike-man, as he is qualified, claims the carrying or holding the Colours before either Serjeant or Cor­poral.

If it so happen, that a Battalion in the March be attacked, they must immediate­ly thereupon draw up, and face either the same way they March, or wheeling to the Right or Left, recovering thereby what Ad­vantages you shall see necessary.

How a Battalion ought to the Ordered if Attacked.

IF you are marching in three Divisions, or a greater number, then if you be Attack­ed, and obliged to wheel to the Right, the first Wing of the Musketiers must draw up on the right of the Granadiers, and the Pikes on the right of the right Wing of Musketiers, whilst the left Wing of the Musketiers takes the right hand of the Pikes, which is done with more Ease and Speed than by marching round the Rear.

As soon as you prepare for Defence, or the Chief Commander is for drawing up the Bat­talion in the same Method, he gives the words of Command, that the Rear, half Files of Musketiers do double their Front to the Left in Marching, and upon the first Command to the Musketiers, to make ready, viz. (to be Cock'd and Gaurded) the Pike-men with­out expecting Command, are to Port their Pikes, and the Drums to beat a Preparative, whereby the Rear must take notice to draw up, and at the same time the Ensigns must give their Colours to the right hand Man of the respective Companies, who immedi­ately must retire with them to the Cen­ter of the Pikes; and the Ensigns taking [Page 75] the Souldiers Pikes, must march at the head of the Pikes: As for the Drums that before marched between the Ranks of the Muske­tiers; as likewise those of the Granadiers, that are to be joyned with those Drums that march with the Pikes; and the Hoitboys must joyn the Colours.

When the Drums beat the Preparative, the first Division excepted, every Division is to march up with as much speed as may be, not breaking or falling into any Disorder, the first Division marching slower, and not altering its former pace.

The Ranks in marching must observe to close forward at six foot, which must be well directed by the Serjeants who are to look to the Order.

The Granadiers are to be divided into three parts, no part exceeding each other, and one of these parts must be with the Cap­tain at the head of the Pikes, about eight paces from the first Rank, and the other two parts on the right and left of the Bat­talion, when those at the head of the Pikes are to receive the word of Command, Pre­sent, and Fire, and the first Rank of Musketi­ers are commanded to Kneel, and when they have fired, they must make ready their Gra­nadoes, and after the two other Ranks Fire, then are they to deliver their Granadoes, and place their Daggers in the Muzle of their [Page 76] Fire-Locks, and those Granadiers placed on the right and left of the Battalion, are to make their Fire as the Musketiers Fire, viz The two last Ranks must fire with the Musketiers, and when they have so done, they must fix their Daggers in the Muzles of their Fire-Locks, then the Front of Granadiers must have their Granadoes ready, and likewise when the first Rank of Musketiers kneel, they must do the same, and when the two last Ranks have fired, they must stand up, and upon the fireing of the first Rank of Granadiers, they must deliver their Grana­does, and fix their Daggers in the Muzles of their Fire-Locks as the others.

Observe, that when the Adverse Batta­lion is so near, that the Granadoes may fall amongst them, the Officers and Souldiers keeping their equal distance, the Commander in Chief gives the word to Halt, at which the Drums must cease, and the Officers whose Post is at the Front, must Rank at the head of the Battalion two paces distant with their Pikes Ported, and four of the Serjeants that marched with the Pikes before they drew up, must draw up with them, viz. Two with the first Rank, and two with the last on the right and left of each Rank, and the remain­ing Serjeants to be on the Ranks, and to be assisting to the Officers in the Rear, who are to be those Officers that took their march in [Page 77] the Rear before they were drawn up, and are to continue in the Rear of the Battalion, to take care of it, all except the eldest Captain who is to come up immediately to the head of the left Wing of Shot in the Front, and the Serjeants are to be very exact upon the Bat­talion, drawing up to order the Ranks at six foot distance, and the Files at the same, every Souldier for the better use of his Arms, and the passage of the Enemies Shot, to keep at least a Foot from his right hand Man.

When the Commander in Chief has given the word Halt, the next Command is, Ranks of Musketiers Kneel.

This is to be done by falling back with the right Legs, without moving the left, keep­ing your Muskets so low; that the two other Ranks without incommoding may fire over them, and upon the giving this word, the Rank of Officers posted at the head of the Battalion, must fall at once into the Intervals behind the first Rank of Souldiers, taking care at the same time, that the Officers per­form their duties. The Officers having their Pikes in the posture conformable to the Pike-men, and those with the Musketiers must ob­serve to kneel as the Musketiers do.

When the word of Command is given for the first Rank to kneel, the other two Ranks of Musketiers are to close forward, and in the same manner the five Ranks of Pike-men [Page 78] as they can with conveniency, and use their Arms without any word of Command.

Two last Ranks Present.

This must ever be observed to be done breast high, the first of the two stooping without any word of Command, and at the same word the Pikes are to Charge, and con­tinue Charged.

Fire.

Retover your Arms.

At which word of Command the foremost or Front Rank must stand up without expect­ing further Command, at the same time their Muskets being recovered straight before them, Cockt and Gaurded.

Front Present.

Fire.

Recover pour Arms.

Club your Muskets.

Fall on.

This must be done with a Shout or Huzza, the Pikes continuing Charged, and the Drums beating another Preparative.

Halt.

Upon this word given, the Drums must be silent, and now in case of a Reduction, it must be done by this order of Command, &c.

Poise your Muskets.

Hereupon the Pikes must be recovered from the Charge; the Granadiers must take their Posts, as before they were divided.

Shoulder your Muskets.

The Pike-men at this word of Command, must bring their Pikes to their Thighs, to their Advance, the Rank of Officers Advan­cing together before the head of the Batta­lion two paces.

Ranks open backward at twelve Foot di­stance.

March.

Rear half Files of Musketiers that doub­led to the Right-about, as you were.

March.

Officers, Colours, Drums, and Hoitboys to your proper Posts.

March.

If it so happen that a Battalion be more than once to Fire in Exercise, then before you fall on, instead of Clubing your Muskets, when the first Fireing is over, the Musketiers as they March, must make Ready, and the Pike-men Port, noting by the way, that e­very right-hand Man (being a Pike-man) of each Company must ever march with the Ensign's Pike.

The Drums must beat the Preparative at what time the first Division draws up, either in Battalion or single Company, being the most ready way to give notice to the Rear to draw up likewise; when the Preparative is beat, the Pikes Shouldered are to Advance, except the Command be given to the Muske­tiers, [Page 80] to recover their Arms, and then the Pikes are to Port, but not otherways in drawing up, but at the Advance; neither must the Ranks close forward, or mend their pace in Marching, but to draw up as at o­ther times, except the Command be given to the Musketiers, to recover their Arms, or make Ready being the same posture, then they are ever to march, as has been before directed.

In Marching by Subdivision, what is to be observed.

IF a long March be designed for a Battalion by Subdivision, the Files must be counted and ordered according to the wideness or narrowness of the ways they are to March, posting one half of the Captains at the head of the first Subdivision of Shot, and the other in the Rear of the last, dividing the Lieute­nants to every Subdivision of Shot for their better care of them, the Colours being like­wise divided to march at the head of every Subdivision of Pikes, and the Serjeants are always to march on the Flanks, never leading or bringing up a Division, except Command­ed, [Page 81] and those Serjeants that are placed at the Rere of a Battalion, when drawn up, are ever to take care of the Pikes, in Marching; and in this way of Marching they are to March shouldering, in Files, but not in such Order as to jostle, or incroach upon one ano­ther; and although at sometimes it may fall out that more Men may be in one Rank than in another, yet the Spaces must not be Left but they are to file in Marching shoulder to shoulder, the Captains and Officers ever to March with their Pikes under-hand, unless it be when they pass by a General Officer, or advance before a Guard, which they are to Relieve, or off the Parade, in which Cases they are to shoulder.

Defiles, their Management.

A Defile, properly so termed, is a mirey Lane, or difficult Place of Passage; if it happen withall to be narrow, and to make good the Passage you would draw up as soon as you have passed it in order, then make the Ranks Files, and if the Right, the Right-hand man is to File first, and the rest of his Rank must follow him; then are they to Rank again as they were, which proves [Page 82] more advantagious than Files fileing; for this Reason, viz. Because it presently makes a Front to the Enemy; and in case of great Ranks, they may File two a Breast, begin­ning with the outermost File-Leaders, and if the space will admit, that is in large De­files, the Commander may make a Front by Drawing off, as appears best to his Discre­tion.

Wheeling, what it is, and how to b [...] observed, &c.

WHeeling is a Motion in Military Exer­cise which, by turning, brings the Head of a Battalion to the Flank ground, which is extremely necessary, if the Wing of a Battalion be attacked, or when you see it advantagious to attack the Enemy in the Flank; and on many other occasions as the advantage, or disadvantage of War offers. But to the purpose:

The Battalion drawn up, the Officer in chief gives the Word of Command, March, and when the Battalion wheels upon the first Head of the right hand File, then it wheels to the Right, and when it do's the like upon the Left, it wheels to the Left.

A Quarter Wheeling is termed the first Wheeling, as it happens when they take a Compass to possess their own, or the Ground left by another Battalion; and in all Whee­lings such compasses of Ground must be ta­ken as that they leave no gap, nor press each other out; and to avoid this, every Man must take notice of his distance at File, the Word of Command being given to Wheel, and then if you are to Wheel to the Right be sure to keep that distance from your right-hand Man, the Ranks taking great notice of their Leaders, closing very quick to the Left in the Rear, observing to do the like to the Right, if the Battalion wheel to the Left.

The manner of Reduction.

IN doing this, the left-hand Man of each Rank must stand, and keeping his Ground only turn about to the Left, and at the word March the rest that compose the Rank must wheel to their places.

A further Consideration of Doublings, Relating to Foot, &c. and their Re­duction.

1. RAnks to the Right double, March.

2. Ranks as you were, March.

3. Ranks to the Left, March.

4. Ranks as you were, March.

In case of doubling the Ranks, those that are to do so, must observe their right-hand men, and move, as they move, beginning to move with the Foot next the hand then named, and so to come into Order, this doubling the even Ranks, must be observ [...]d to double into the odd, & when the odd Ranks are to double, you must face the Body to the Rear, and the like words of Command will perform it, or you may further proceed, viz.

Odd Ranks that stood to the Right-about, Double the even Ranks.

The manner of Fireing the Street-way.

THis Fireing is generally made to defend against Horse that attempt to Charge in the Front, when the Pikes are few, then the Rear half Files of Pikes must double the [Page 96] Front; upon this Command, viz. Rear half Files of Pikes to the Right. Double your Front.

March.

Musketiers to the Right about, March.

The Musketiers being clear of the Pikes, the following Commands are to be given.

Musketiers face to the Right and Left in­wards.

March.

Upon this Command, they are to joyn the Center of the Pikes, and the Commandan [...] proceeds, viz.

Face to your Leader.

Hereupon the care of the Officers must b [...] to observe the Shot, and the Pikes equall [...] Wing, the former keeping no more distance from the latter then to give space for the Ensigns, Drums and Hoitboys to com [...] between, then the Captains are to take place in the first Ranks of the Pikes, and the Lieu­tenants with the Musketiers; and according as the Body is bigger or lesser, one or more of the Serjeants must see the two first Ranks of Musketiers to face to the right or left, and when the Command is given by the Chief Commandant, viz. Port your Pikes. The Musketiers of the two first Ranks must make Ready, and at the word March, the two first Ranks are to be brought up by the Serjeants to the right or left according as it is ordered, [Page 97] who by two and two siting up, they thwart under the Pikes, and there they are to face to the proper Front, without expecting any VVord of Command, and to make two Ranks, and that some are may be ever reser­ved, 'tis most expedient to fire but one Rank at a time, the second being cock'd or guarded to stand either of them as near to the Pikes as the Management of their Arms will per­mit, then the VVord is to be given, viz.

First Ranks of Musketiers kneel.

Upon which they must fall-back with their right legs, keeping their left fixed, their arms-upright before them, their left hands even with their mouths; then the further word of Command is given, viz.

Present.

Fire.

Immediately upon fireing they are to re­cover their Arms without expecting the word of Command, and so file off on the contrary hand they advanced on, with as much speed as they can, the Serjeants lea­ding them close by the Body unto the Rear, placing them there, in their proper Files.

The Musketiers being commanded to Pre­sent the Pikes must port very low without a­ny other word, and in the same Order to raise their Pikes as soon as they have fired to their proper heighth, the sub-altern Offi­cers always minding, that the next Rank of [Page 98] Musketiers be ready at the Angle to make their March under the Pikes, instead of the second Rank which is to take the Place of the first when the first Rank has fired.

In this manner of fireing, if the street to be defended be very broad then a space, or interval must be made, over and above the passage on the flanks, sufficient for two Men a breast, which will prevent the Horse from making any advantagious Attack.

To reduce this Order, the Words of com­mand are, viz. Musketiers face to the right and left outward, March; and as soon as they are quit the farther, Command is given, viz. Musketiers to your proper Front March.

This they, must observe to do till such time as they are even with the first Rank of Pikes, and then the Officers, Drums, Co­lours, and Hoitboys must take their proper Posts.

Of the hollow Square, and the manner of forming it by Words of Command.

IF you proceed to this, the Battalion must be drawn up in Ranks, at Twelve Foot distance, the Files being at three, then the Muskets shouldered, and the Pikes advanced the Words of Command ensue, viz.

Colours, Drums, and Hoit-boys to the Centre of the Pikes, March.

Ranks close forward to Order, March.

Three outward Files of Pikes on the Right and Left, double your Files to the Right and Left inwards, March.

Half Files of Musketiers to the left-hand double your Front, March.

Files close all to the Right, to your close Order, March.

To your Leader. Pikes face square. Pikes close forward to the Front. Left Wing of Musketiers to the Right about. Both Wings of Muketiers March. Halt. Musketiers Face to the Left, March. Halt. Face to your proper Front, all Officers and Serjeants take your Posts, March. Gra­nadiers take your Posts in the Angles, March. Face square. Musketiers make ready.

At this VVord the Pikes must be ported very low, when the Musketiers present, and the next VVord is, First Rank kneel, which must be done in such a manner that the two last Ranks may advantageously Fire over. Then again, The two last Ranks present, Fire. Having fired, the next is, Recover your Arms, upon which the first Rank is to stand up with their Muskets recovered, rea­dy cock'd and guarded, whereupon the two Ranks that have fired take the opportunity to Load again, and these VVords of Com­mand ensue, viz. Front Ranks present, Fire, which done, the Commandant proceeds, viz. Recover your Arms, and hereupon the Pike­men recover from their Port, then again To your Leader, March, Halt, Face Square, &c.

These being performed after the same Order, they may March, and fire to every Front, noting that when they are hid to Face to their Leader, it must be to the Commandant in chief, wherever he takes his Station; but in facing to the proper Front it must be done to the Front of the Battalion, as it was be­fore; it was formed into this manner of Figure.

Things proper to be observed by a Com­mander, being in an Enemies Coun­try, &c.

HE must be carefull to observe the situa­tion of the Place, and gain as good In­telligence of the Enemy as he can, and if he Command a Troop of Horse, he must be­ware of skirting the side of a Wood, for fear of an Ambush, the strength of Horse, con­sisting in the open Country, as that of the Foot do's in a VVood; for the Enemy is all ways to be expected to take advantage; it is therefore dangerous for a Troop of Horse, by reason it may be fallen upon before it can get to any secure Post.

An Officer of Foot marching through an inclosed VVoody Country, must avoid, if he can, marching in the middle of a Plain, or too near a VVood, by which means if the E­nemy approach he will have time to consider what course to take; and if he be attacked by Horse, then ought he to retreat unto the Wood, Skirmishing to make it good; for if he get into it, the Horse will not attack him there; but if he has to deal with Foot, and observes himself the weakest, he must re­gain the last Defile, or narrow Post, and drawing up in Battalia, dispute it, till he [Page 103] can better secure himself; and the like is to be observed by the Horse, if overmuch pressed; wherefore it is good for a Commander to take special notice of the places he passes through, sending his Scouts before him to discover the Enemy, and search the Places where Ambushes are suspected; for although it be in a Village, there may be a Party of the Enemy there, who will suffer the Scouts to pass by, and conceal themselves till they see an opportunity to set upon the main Bo­dy.

When an Officer is arrived where he in­tends to Encamp he ought to Draw up his Men, and having set his Guards, he may per­mit them to take some ease, by alighting from their Horses, if it be Horse, or if Foot, to repose themselves, always facing towards the Town or Place possessed, or suspected to be possessed by the Enemy, having, if pos­sible, a Defile in the Front and Rear, or some other security; to prevent surprize, the Scouts ought to be sent out from one half hour to another, and when day appears they may venture farther into the Country, and if there be no convenient Town, or Place, the best way, if two or three days March in the Enemies Country, is to lye in a Wood when it has been well searched, to prevent an Ambush; nor must an Officer suffer his Men to straggle, though he be near a Friend­ly [Page 104] Town; for it may so fall out that a Party may lye hid, who taking that advantage may fall upon him, and rout him, though a lesser number; for there it is the Enemy most commonly lays Ambuscades, thinking, as it often happens, that by a Confidence of Se­curity they shall find Men negligent and disordered.

When at any time the VVord is required of a Party you meet, it is generally given by the weakest, however it ought not light­ly to be credited, nor the Souldiers to Re­turn their Arms till the Officer be assured whether they are Friends or Foes; for many times a Deserter may betray the Word to the Enemy, and he make an advantage of it.

Considerations in Marching an Army through an Enemy's Country, &c.

IF the War be carried into the Enemies Country, to besiege or relieve any place whether the Enemy keep the Field or be beaten, Caution ought to be had, especi­ally in Case of the former, nor is it other­wise to be believed but he may Rally again; wherefore it behoves the General to March [Page 105] close so that the Army may be in a Condition to open its passage to do which it ought to be divided into little Bodies the Cavalry placed upon the Wings in Front and Rear of the Bodies, the Infantry, marching in the middle, in a gross Battalion, the Artillary upon one side guarded by an experienced Regiment, and so it happens that an Army never undergoes more difficulty than in an inclosed Country full of VVoods, and Ri­vers especially if in an Enemies Territories where so many difficulties will arise.

Of marching in a Woody-Country, &c.

THE most probable Advice that can be given in this case, is to send the Pio­neers supported by Horse and Foot, to cut open ways of more easie passage, fill up the Ditches, and lay over Bridges, and to do what else is required, getting by Scouts, and commanded Parties; what Intelligence there can be had, and the General not trusting al­together to others, must be careful to inform himself, and if he meet with a Bridge, or difficult Pass defended by Curtains, Bastions, or any other Heights; the Engineers having [Page 106] well viewed it, it will be convenient to de­tach a Party, to try whether the River be fordable, and these being Horse, may carry over each a Foot-man behind them, which will more facilitate the Passage, but if there be an Eminence to defend it, on which Canon are placed, then he may raise a cross Battery in the most advantagious place, and endea­vour to dismount their Cannon; but if the Entry be fortified with a Bastion, then a com­manded Party of resolute Men must be de­tached to attaque it, which must be done sud­dainly, and with much Vigour, for that daunts the Enemy, when on the other hand, delay encourages them to stand out.

How a General ought to behave himself when he meets with Castles and strong Fortresses in his March.

TO overcome these Difficulties, the En­genier and Marshal De Camp must look out the most advantageous ground to place the Cannon for Battery, and observe the E­nemies Cannon how they bear, as also their Sally, Ports, &c. And if he designs to make himself Master of them, he ought to take the [Page 107] most convenient Posts, not only to annoy them, but to prevent their being Succoured, and raise a convenient Battery on the weak­est side, or that which by the Approbation of the Engenier lies most open to the Attaque, causing the ground to be distributed for an In­campment, as the Quarter Master General shall think fit, and if the place to be forced prove strong, Earth must be cast up to secure the Approaches from the Cannon or Shot, running Lines Travers-wise, and Indenting, so that they cannot bear upon those that ap­proach, till they come to the breach made by the Batteries, or undermining any part, where they can charge their Mine, and throw down the Wall, but if it be not of extraordinary Strength, requiring a formal Siege, then a resolute Party may be detached from the main Body, supported by others with Scaling Ladders, Faggots, Spades, Shovels; Pick-Axes, &c. to fill up a Trench or Ditch, whilst the Armed Bands attempt to force the Gates with Petrades, or the like Engins, or scale the Walls, ever maintaining and ma­king good their Posts; but in this case the Methods are various, as the Service required, offers it self more or less difficult; and there­fore we presume not to give exact Rules for what frequently alters.

Of Encampments, and how they are usually Managed.

THough the manner of Incamping fre­quently is attended with some Varia­tion; yet to give the young Souldiers an in­sight in these Affairs will not be unnecessary as to what has been lately practised.

When an Army, or any great Body is to Encamp, it is usually disposed in Lines with a Reserve, concluding the ground at the same time to be convenient for the so recei­ving them, and if the Lines are but two, there ought to be 300 paces distance between them at a yard, the Pace and the Squadrons of Horse have for every one five and thirty paces of ground allowed, and the like space between the one and the other, that so with­out disorder, they may march out if there be any occasion to Ingage.

As for the Infantry, if they Incamp six deep, they must have 80 paces at three Foot, the pace allowed, or more if the Scituation of the ground require it, and between the Squadrons of Horse and Battalions of Foot, the Line must be forty or fifty paces distant. The Artillary ought to be placed upon the first Line of Infantry at such Advantage as [Page 109] may best annoy the Enemy if they come to make any Aattaque.

The Baggage and Ammunition take their place between the second Line and the Body of the Reserve on the right Hand, and the Provisions on the Left, or near the Tent of the Commissary General of Provisions.

The Quarter Master and Serjeants as well Horse as Foot, are to pitch their Tents in the Front, or Head of their Squadrons or Bat­talions, and the other Officers Tents behind: The principal Corps du Gaurd, and the Para­ding place claims to be at the head of the Camp, where the Arms, Ensigns, and Co­lours are Lodged.

The Posts of the Horse are on the Wings, and the Foot take their Station in the middle, and to every Squadron, consisting of three Troops, and fifty Men in a Troop, fifty pa­ces are allowed, and every Battalion consist­ing of 16 Companies, and 50 Men in each Company ought to haue 100 paces for their Incampment.

As for the Dragoons, they are not En­camped in the Body of the Army, but have their Camp a little separate at the Head or Wings, to which the greatest danger seems to threaten, as being the out-gaurd for the Army, and each Regiment ought to have a Gaurd at the head of their Camp, and the Major General for that day is to take care to [Page 110] place the great Gaurd in a convenient place, at a distance from off the Army towards any expected Danger, which may discover any approach before it come too near, and there­by prevent any Surprize, for Caution is to be used where Danger is not, as well as where it is.

Remarks upon the Encamping of Horse.

IN Encamping a Troop, if it consist of 100 Men, they ought to have 70 Foot in Front allowed them, and 200 in depth, eight Foot in breadth, and 12 in depth must be account­ed to two Horse-men to make their Hutts or Barques, and the Men and Horses are to be Lodged in two Ranks, the Horses heads standing towards the Hutts of their Owners, yet between the Hutts and Stables there ought to be an Interval of eight Foot: The Cap­tains Tent to be at the head of the Barques of his Troop, possessing the whole Front, and between the Lodging of the Captain and the Troop, there must be the space of 20 Foot, a Lane of 10 Foot must be likewise be­tween the Stables, that the Horses may be brought out without incumbering each other, [Page 111] and behind the Troop, the Sutlers ought to place themselves at about 20 Foot distance, and if any considerable number of Troops Encamp together, then 20 Foot distance is allowed between Troop and Troop, or more, as the commodiousness of the ground will allow.

The manner of the Incampment of Foot.

A Hundred paces is commonly allowed for the Incampment of a Battalion of Foot, divided by the Quarter Master into se­veral Stations, he allowing for each Hutt or Lodging a Square of 7 Foot, 12. Foot to the By-street, and 15. Foot to the great Street, and two Foot distance between Hutt and Hutt, every Company composed of fifty Men, ought to have ten Hutts; and the Kitchin for dres­sing Provision, ought to be just over against the Hutts at 12 Foot distance, the length of the Kitchen 12 Foot, and the breadth 8, standing about 30 paces from the Captains Tents, and 40 paces between the Tents of the Subalternate Officers and the Captaine, the remaining ground being for the Encamp­ing of the Field Officers, and this Captains Equipage, the Hutts of the Serjeants are to [Page 112] be at the head of the Souldiers, opening to the Front, the Suttlers to Encamp behind the Tents of the Officers at a convenient di­stance, & about 30 paces are allowed between one Battalion and another; the Colonels, Field-Officers, and Staff-Officers, Tents ought to be in the Center of the Battalion behind the Captains Tents, and the Pikes to be at 18 Foot distance from the Hutts, the Muskets to stand the like distance, and the Drums and Colours to be placed within the hollow of the Pikes.

Things worthy to be observed in Relation to Garrisons.

THose Officers that take place in a Garrison are usually a Governour, a Lieutenant Governour, a Major, Aid-Major, and Cap­tains of the Gates.

The Governour above others is obliged in this case to have a care of the Place, and see that there be no wrong done to the Inha­bitants, and furthermore he is to appoint the Guard Rounds, and Patrolls, to give the Word each Evening, visit the Posts, keep the Officers and Soldiers in such Order that [Page 113] their Duty be performed, observing that fre­quent Parties go abroad to get Intelligence, and thereby prevent surprize; and in the Governour's Absence the Lieutenant Gover­nour has the same Charge upon him, and commands with the like Authority.

The Major's Care is to see the Guards mounted, the Posts and Rounds assigned, he Orders the Sentinels, and goes every Eve­ning to receive the Word from the Gover­nour, giving it about to the Quarter-Master and Serjeants upon the Place of Arms, and likewise goes his Rounds; the Major also visits the Corps of Guards, and observes that the Soldier's Arms are well placed, and in good Order, ordering the necessary Ammuni­tion to be distributed amongst them, he takes care of the Gates being shut and opened, and is accountable to the Governour of what passes, and gives him a Relation thereof, and indeed the Officers that are in Garison are to be obedient to the Governour or Commander in chief, and not to stir thence, without leave in Writing.

The Captains of the Gate are to go mor­ning and evening to the Governour's House to receive the Keys, that they may open and shut them, and frequently there is in the Ga­rison, if it be in a Frontire-Town more e­specially, a Commissary of the Artillery or Store keeper, whose care it is to keep a [Page 114] Reckoning of the Ammunition, and to di­stribute it according to the Governour's Or­der, and always one Gunner is to be upon the Guard, at the Batteries. There ought to be likewise a Commissary of the Provi­sions, and if there be any suspicion of an Enemy, some of the Garrison ought always to be at the Gate, to observe Strangers that go in and out, and the Centinels are to suf­fer no Carts or Waggons to stand or stop upon the Bridge, or under the Gate, and the Inn-keepers, and others, must give an Account to the Major every night what Strangers they Lodge.

As for the exact time of Mounting the Guards it cannot be set down by reason ma­ny vary, being set sooner, and others later, as pleases the Governour, but the frequen­test time is about Two in the afternoon; and whilst the Drums give them that notice the Serjeants and Corporals cast Lots at the Major's House for the Posts and Rounds, which are writ down in a Register to that in­tent; then they return to their Companions, who assemble before the Captain's Quarters, and if only detached Men mount, and not whole Companies, they are Lead by the Ser­jeants, the Drums beating the while, as far as the place of Arms, and when the De­tachments are drawn thither, and formed in a Readiness to Mount the Guards, the Major [Page 115] or Aid-Major, makes the Captains, even to the Serjeants, draw Lots for their Posts and Rounds, always observing in the weakest Places to post the strongest Guard with skil­full Officers, and not till the Officers have taken their Posts do's the Major order the Main Guard, or Guard of Arms to March off: then he causes those of the Gate and Bastions to do the like, and after them, those that were without, and during the time the Guard is mounting those Officers who are to be Relieved put their Men in a posture of Arms, and Draw off from the Guard, po­sting themselves at the Head of their Souldi­ers, over-against those that are to take their Places, and deliver to them whatever Or­ders there are, whilst the other Corporals do the like to the Corporals that are come on, and those that are Relieved being Drawn up at the Place of Arms, they are there dismis­sed, in order to refresh themselves.

Those Officers that have Mounted the Guard proceed thereupon to Command the Souldiers to set down their Arms, the Pikes at that time being advanced, and the Muske­tiers shouldered, which is done upon these Words of Command, viz.

Recover your Arms.

Ranks file off by Division to the Right and Left. March.

Set down your Arms in good Order.

This done, the Corporals upon the Soul­diers setting down their Arms, receive Or­ders to be carefull in all things that they may be in a Readiness to prevent Danger, or Sur­prize; and here the out-Sentinels upon the approach of any Stranger, whether Horse or Foot, are to make him stand, and call their Corporal, who is to give notice of it to the Officer, and he to send him to the Go­vernour's House, with a Guard, to know his Business, and if the Centinels discover any Troops, though at a great distance, they are to give notice to the Main-Guard, and the Officers are to make the Barriers fast, and draw up the Bridges, suffering none to pass unless an Order be brought from the Gover­nour, by the Major, or Aid-Major.

There is in all, or most Garrisons, a Bell to give notice to those that are abroad to re­pair home a little before the time of the Gates being shut, and then the Keys are fetched from the Governour, and returned again, so that none can pass after the Gates are shut; and then one half of the Guards Draw off upon the Rampart to pass that night in the Corps of Guard in the Basti­ons or Curtains and whilst some Soldiers are ordered by the Corporal to fetch Fire and Candle, the VVords are received by the Serjeants at the Place of Arms, and then it is carried to the Officers, and dispersed a­bout [Page 117] amongst the Corporals, and after that, none, whether Towns-men or Strangers are to be upon the Ramparts, without giving an Account of themselves, especially when the Taptooe is beaten; and the Major him­self, when he goes the Rounds is received by the Officers of the Guards by their Cor­poral, attended by two Muketiers giving the Word but once, viz. at his Round-Major, but when the Governour or Commander in chief is received upon the Rounds he may require the VVord as many times as he thinks fit; all other Rounds are obliged to give the VVord, and the Corporal receives it with his drawn Sword at the Breast of the Party, and where there is the least thing suspected in a Garrison, the Rounds go frequently as every quarter of an hour, that the Ramparts may not be unprovided, and care is taken to know who neglects; and thus Rounds are made with Light; wherefore at the Ap­proach of it, the Centinel must demand VVho comes there? with such an audible Voice that it may be heard by the next Guard, and he that approaches must reply, or may be in peril; for the Centinel is not to let him come within his Arms, and the An­swer is generally the Round, the Round Major, or the Governour's Round being to be received not by the Centinel but the Corporal, who is called forth for that pur­pose, [Page 118] and he is to bid him that has the Word Advance, which upon coming forth he gives him in his Ear so softly that it cannot be o­ver-heard; but if the Word be wrong, the Officer of the Guard is to have notice, and the Party to be secured, if he sees occasion; and although in the night-time it is obser­ved that the Centinels stand with their Pikes charged, and rest their Muskets upon the passing by of the Rounds, yet in the day-time it is the contrary; for then the Pikes are ordered, and the Muskets shoulde­red. As for the out Corps of Guard they pass the Rounds about the covered Ways; but there is no Word required of them, they being only to listen, and give notice if any thing happens.

As for the Patrolls they are made in the Street by a Serjeant, commanding about six Soldiers of the Main-guard, and then the Soldiers are to be in their Quarters, and all publick Houses within the Garrison to shut up their Doors; and at any time when the Alarm is rung all the Soldiers are to hasten and present themselves before their Cap­tain's Quarters, in order to his Leading them to the Posts assigned by the Major; and when day appears the Reveille is beat, and the [...]eys are fetched again from the Go­vernour, and the Soldiers are commanded off the Romparts, and drawn in two Ranks [Page 119] with their Muskets presented, till the Gates are opened, and a detached Party must be sent out into the Suburbs, adjacent Villages, and narrow ways, the Bridge being drawn up after their going out till they return and bring News the Coast is clear, thereupon the Bridges are let down; then the out Centries being placed, the Keys are carried back to the Governour, and the Souldiers are commanded to set down their Arms, though where there are any considerable number of Horse in Garrison, it is their Bu­siness to go out upon Parties, and see that the Roads are clear, and every Officer is ac­countable for his Post, &c. All Gover­nours, or Commanders in chief, should have their Doors guarded by a Centinel, or a greater number according to their Quality in Command. These are the chief things, and indeed the most material, and ought to be carefully observed; for it has sometimes appeared that the safety of a Kingdom has depended upon a strong Fortress.

A Survey of War-like Fortification, and what is to be observed in Sieges, &c.

IF a Town be defended by Out-works, a Ditch, or Mote Bastions, Flankers, Cur­tains, or Counter-mures, and the Garrison be strong, it was the old Way to build Forts at advantagious Places, but now they pro­ceed in a Siege, by making Trenches, rai­sing Batteries, Mining and gaining Lodg­ments, which indeed is the quicker way, and the most secure from the Cannon of the Town. The best Fortification is held to be built Octangular, by which means the force of the Cannon is much abated; for the points of the Angle slaunt the shot, or if it make a breach in the hollow Cavity, yet the Angles serve as Flankers on either side to hinder the Approaches of the Besiegers, so that it has happened when there has been a Breach wide enough to enter they durst not Attempt it; though indeed the manner of Fortification is various throughout Europe, yet the late Models have been indifferently u­niform; and in case a Town be well forti­fied, and an Army comes to Besiege it, a se­rious View must be taken, and the true Na­ture [Page 121] of the Ground, as well as the Scituation of the Place, enquired into, with the Num­ber of the Garrison, and especially the Cou­rage, Conduct, and Reputation of him that Commands; for as it is in an Army so it is in a Town, a valiant Governour, whose Cou­rage is carried on with Prudence, will better defend it with a small Garrison, than some with a very powerful one, as the famous City of London-Derry has instanced to the Im­mortal Honour of her worthy Governour, Mr. G. Walker whose Name shall live in spite of all that Malice can devise; Vienna likewise, under the brave Staremberg, in the year 1683. held out till Relieved against an Army of 120000 Turks, being the Flower of the Ot­toman Empire, and yet neither of these Cities had any thing considerable to trust to in their Fortifications: But to return.

The place being viewed, and the ground ordered to be broke, the Pioneers once set on work, must make such places or Lodgings that those who enter them may be able to succour their Fellows against any vio­lent Sally of the Besieged, having Issues and Passages for passing and re-passing as the best advantage shall require.

Having made these Advances, the Artille­ry must be planted upon Batteries raised with Earth, and staked with Timber, secured with Gabions or Baskets filled with Earth, or [Page 122] else the Engineers cannot be secured from the Fire of the Town, Wool-packs were former­ly used on this occasion, and are not altoge­ther laid aside in the present management of Sieges, planting your Batteries something a­slant, that the Cannon if recoyling, may the easilier be brought up again, and always in this there is one Battery bigger than the rest, called the Royal Battery, which generally fronts the Town besieged, and is frequently raised as high as the Walls, and these Batte­ries must labour to dismount the Cannon of the besieged, as well as batter the Walls, for thereby the Enterprise will be facilitated, but many times the Flankers are covered in a man­ner by the Counterscarp, which must there­upon be laid open, or possessed by the be­siegers, to gain a more uninterrupted Access, and if the besieged Parly, and send out to make terms, Hostilities ought to cease till those that came out are returned, unless the be­siegers will refuse to hearken to any Parly which is not often observed, unless the mat­ter be carried so far, that the breaches are laid open, and there is no way or means for a longer Defence; then instead of gaining Conditions, they are forced to surrender up­on Discretion.

If by Battery, Mining, throwing Bombs, or a perpetual tiring the Enemy, the Town is saultable, and a general Storm be intended, [Page 123] it must however be the General's care as much as in him is to keep his intentions from the besieged, but pretending one thing suddenly change, the Order into another, for by it the Enemy is accused, and the Souldiers Spi­rits are kept up; this Rule was observed by the Duke of Lorain in taking of Buda, and proved very successful, as it has done in the like upon other occasion.

The Court Martial, or Council of War, what is to be considered therein.

IT is necessary the young Souldiers should have some insight in this Affair, to pre­vent his ignorantly incurring Danger, and in this Case in an Army, or Incampment, the Council of War meet at the General's Tent, or Quarters, and to this are called the Lieu­tenant-Generals, the Major-Generals, the Brigadiers, as likewise the Collonels, and Commanders of Bodies, where it is requi­site, or that the Matter concerns their Re­giment.

There are private Court-Martials, or Councils of War, frequently held in Garri­sons, and these may be held at the Gover­nour's House, or in any other convenient [Page 124] place, as the Governour shall appoint; or if it be in a Camp it may be at the Collonel's Tent, and he thereupon is to send notice to the Captains of his Regiment to be present; those whose business it is to be there being assembled, the Collonel, or Governour, or whose Right it is to be President, takes place at the upper end of the Table, and the Captains in their Degree, and if there be no Judge-Advocate, or he be absent, the Town-Major, Aid-Major, or Quarter-Ma­ster, discharges that Office, and accordingly takes his place at the lower end of the Table. As for the Lieutenants, Sub-Lieutenants, and Ensigns, they have Priviledge to be there but only as Spectators with their Hats off, and if the Matter be of consequence, after it is opened by the President, the youngest Officers gives first his Opinion, and so the rest in Order, the President being the last, and being put all in Writing, the Matter happens conform to the plurality of Votes and then is to be signed by the President; if the matter is to be judged of by this Coun­cil or Court, then the Party accused is brought before them, and being informed of what he stands accused, the Questions proper to the matter of his Accusations are asked him, and then he has Liberty to reply, as in case of civil Judicature, when being withdrawn in the custody of the Marshal [Page 125] who is the Goaler of this Court, the proof against him is considered, and every one gives his opinion upon his Conscience, and he stands or falls by the plurality of Voices, and being called in and made acquainted with what has been determined, the Sentence is pronounced by the President in the name of the Court, &c. and if he be guilty 'tis the business of the Provost Martial to see it put in Execution, and if the Punishment be pub­lick, the Regiment ought to be drawn up Spectators, as a warning to them in offend­ing, &c. but a Souldier for the Honour of the Profession is not to undergo any infamous Punishment before he be degraded of his Arms, and his Coat in publick strip'd off, and to frame this Court, there must be no less than Seaven, the President being one, many times for want of a sufficient number of Superiour Officers, Inferiour Officers are admitted, but not often.

Of divers Figures in Battel-Array, or for Fireing, &c.

THere are various Figures wherein an Ar­my or a Body of Men may be drawn up, besides these we have named, wherefore for the satisfaction of the more curious, and for the greater variety, it will be convenient to incert them by way of Prospect, &c.

If you would draw up a cross Battle in the following Figure, you may do it with a pri­vate Company, or as many as you please, and to bring them into form: The words of Command are, viz.

The first two Ranks wheel your Front in­to the midst.

The two last Ranks wheel your Rear into the midst.

These words being given, the next Com­mand must be,

The rest of the Body Face to the right and left, March.

The March must be continued till the Rear of the four Divisions make an even Hollow that may be square, after that, the Commander must go into the mid­dle, and give these words of Command, viz. To the Center face all, by which means [Page 127] he may give them directions what to do, and then proceed further to say, Face all a­bout to the Right, which makes the cross Battle.

Of the two Divisions, one after the other, Then Face all to the proper Front. So you have all your Musketires in the midst flanked with Pikes, Then Musketiers Face.

Face to the right and left outward. Pikes face to the right and left inward, pass through and interchange ground. So is your Body reduced to its first Front and Order.

If you would fire upon this Figure, con­sider there are two ways in general, and of these first it is to be noted when the Musketiers give Fire, thereupon placing themselves in the Rear of their own Division, the next Rank is after they have Fired, place themselves in the Rear of the Pikes.

The four fronted Battle, called the Plyn­thium, how to frame it by Command.

TO order this, the Command must be, viz. Half Files of Pikes Face to the Rear.

March.

This they must observe till clear of the Ranks of the Musketiers, and then the Com­mand is,

Half Files of Musketiers Face to the Right and Left.

March.

This must be done in marching between the Divisions of Pikes, then the further word is,

Left half Ranks of the first Division of Musketiers Face to the Right, and March between the Rear Division of Pikes.

In this case it is noted, that the Muske­tiers must be in the middst, and the Pikes as Flankers.

To Fire upon this Figure, the Musketiers must do it in Rank, and after Fireing, wheel off to the Right, making their passage through the intervals and placing themselves in the Rear of their own Division successively, [Page 130] maintaining the same Ground, or if you would bring the Musketiers to the Angles, and reduce the Pikes to the middle, then must the Musketiers take place on the Flanks when you make the Figure.

The Hollow Fronted Cross Battle, how to form it.

THE Files in this case being eight Men in depth, the words of Command are thus to to be given,

The two first Ranks wheel your Front in­to the midst.

Two last Ranks wheel your Rear into the midst.

The rest Face to the Right and Left.

March.

Here they must move untill they have made the Cross, then the Musketiers must Flank the Pikes, as for example in the fol­lowing Figure.

If you come to Fire in this Figure, it may be done every way as at Front, Rear and Flanks, the Fire made, they must wheel off by Division, and take their stations in the Rear of their own Division, moving for­ward into the Leader's Ground, that the form of the Figure may not be altered, and when the second Fire is given, the Pikes must move leisurely up, Porting as they Ad­vance, till they make an even Front with the Musketiers, the second Fireing being made, those that fired are to wheel, and place themselves in the Rear of that Divi­sion of Pikes which they Flanked, which or­der, all the Ranks must observe upon Fire­ing, and by the Pikes, Charging and Re-ad­vancing, the Figure will be preserved, and the Reducement may be observed in what is directed for the Reducement of the cross Battel.

How to frame the hollow Square with Angles when required to be guarded with Pikes.

IN this case the Pikes being Advanced, the Command must be,

Pikes close your Divisions before the Mus­ketiers.

Pikes face all to the Right.

upon this, they must Advance and move into the space between the Angles of the Musketiers, by which means the following Figure will be formed, &c.

In fireing upon this Figure, you have your choice to fire either to the Rear, Front, or Flank, as many Ranks as will stand with con­veniency, who upon fireing must wheel off and keep the ground, or upon fireing, they may retire into the Figure and charge for a second fireing.

How to form the Quintuple hollow Square, &c

IN forming the following Figure, the Mus­ketiers having made Ready, and taken their station in the middle, make the hollow Front cross Battel by wheeling the Front of the two first Ranks into the middle, which done, the Rear of the two last Ranks must be wheeled into the midst likewise, then the rest of the Body must Face to the Right, and the Left and March, till they have formed a Square, whereupon the words of Command are,

Face to the Front, Rear and Flanks.

This done, the Pikes in the Front of the Musketiers must be Commanded, viz.

Open to the Right and Left.

Upon this, the last Rank of Pikes must be even with the first Rank of Musketiers, and then these words of Command follow, viz.

Two first Ranks of Musketiers of each Division move forward clear of the Pikes.

This done, the following Figure will be produced.

In fireing upon this Figure, the Command is,

Musketiers in the midst, close to the Front, Rear, and Flanks.

Fire, &c.

The Musketiers ought upon the first fire­ing to make good their Ground, the second time fireing over, they must Rank even with the Pikes, and upon the third fireing, the Pikes must move somewhat forward, and the Musketiers loose Ground, by which means a hollow Fronted Cross is formed, and the Pikes must Port and Charge in the Angles, whilst the Fire is made by the Musketiers.

The form of a hollow square Battle im­paled with Shot.

TO bring this into Figure and Order, the Serjeants must draw forth the odd Files on the right Flanks as well Muskets as Pikes, then give Command to the odd Files of the left Flank, Pikes and Musketiers, viz.

Face to the Rear.

This must be observed in wheeling to the left Cross, the Rear following, the Bringers up, then the Command to the rest of the Bo­dy is▪

Close to the Right and Left outward.

This must be till the Rear Angles of each Division be in opposition to each other, then the Command is,

All Face to the Center.

Face all about to the Right,

By this means the following Figure is formed.

Noe, In these Figures, that C stands for Commander in Chief, L for Lieutenant, E [Page 138] for Ensign, S for Serjeant, and D for Drums, P are Pikes, and M Muskets.

To Fire upon this Figure, when the Ranks of Musketiers have presented and fired, they are to wheel off to the right and left through the Intervals, that so they may be made in the middle of each Division, as appears in the Figure, and then they must place them­selves in the Rear of their own Division, the next Rank moving into their Ground, or if any urgency require it, the Musketiers ha­ving fired, they may wheel off and take their station in the Rear of their following Divi­sion of Pikes, which Division is to move for­ward and maintain the Musketiers Ground.

If you would reduce the Order, the word of Command to the whole Body is,

Face to the left Angles of the Front Di­vision.

Upon this, they must March and even their Ranks, and straighten their Files, upon which the half Files must double their Ranks to the left forwards, and the first Order will be regained.

Directions or general Observation in giving Battel.

THough there can no certain Rule be as­cribed where the Contingencies are va­rious, yet it has been observed by experienced Commanders, that Rules are necessary, wherefore a Commander must avoid en­gaging against his Will, as much as in him lies, and take the happy moment to charge the Enemy, when he sees an active Liveliness, and sprightly Vigour in his Souldiers, cho­sing the most advantageous Ground accord­ing to the quality and number of his Men, sheltering for fear of being enclosed, one of the Wings or Flanks to a place strong, either by Nature or Art, and bring on the Divisions of Horse and Foot at their ordinary distance, placing the best Regiments of Horse and Foot on the Wings; if the Enemies out front you on the contrary Wing, it is requisite, then the contrary Wing must march leisurely, and give the Charge as soon as ever the Can­non is playing, and if your Division of Horse out-flank the Enemy, then may they wheel and charge them in the Flank at the same time, the rest of the Horse are charging in the Front, and likewise it may be done on both [Page 140] Wings if they exceed the Enemy, but if your Horse be few in number, the best way is to keep near the Foot, the better to be shelter­ed if need require by the favour of their Shot, or there is a further security, to draw up on the outermost Flank of the Wing of Horse that is out-flanked, the Rear Guard of Horse of the same Wing; and this must be done with speed, or if it happen that your Divi­sions of Horse do front the Enemies Foot, when you are out-flanked by their Horse, then ought the Officers to draw off the Di­vision and place them on the outermost Flanks of that Wing which is out-flanked, and in all matters of War Diligence and Expedi­tion is wonderfully available with caution not to let your Councils be discovered to the Enemy, which if you suspect to be done by any Disserter or Prisoner taken, it will be re­quisite to change them so far as is convenient.

The Terms of describing a Piece and Shot, &c.

THE outward Ring of the Breech is cal­led the Cascabel Deck, that Ring next the Touch-hole is called the Base Ring, and that place between the Touch-hole & the next Ring, is called her Chamber or Charging Cillinder, the next Ring is the Ramforce Ring, the third the Tronion or Ballance Ring, and that next the Muzzle is called the Cornice Ring, and the uttermost Extremi­ty is the Muzzle, the hollow is called the Ca­liber, the top the Superficies, and the whole length the Chase, so that he that will be a Gunner, must have these distinctions at his Fingers ends as ready as a Sailer has the points of the Compass.

As for the Shot used, it is generally Iron, but sometimes Lead, and for want of these Stone, and these must be considered accord­ing to their weight and bigness, for there is a disproportion, if we consider the equality of their Weight, and this not being well ob­served, may be of great hindrance in hasty Exterprizes, and the proportions are these.

Between Lead and Iron six to nine, by which it is observed, that a Shot of six Pounds Iron, is as big as nine Pounds Lead, and the [Page 146] proportion between Iron and Stone is three to eight, so that there is eighty to thirty, for a Shot of Stone of thirty Pound is pro­proportionable in bigness to an Iron Shot of eighty Pounds; and in this manner you may guess of any kind.

How to make Cartridges, &c.

IN case a Piece is very hot by Exercise, and will not endure the Powder, then a Car­tridge is necessary to make them; you must have a Rowler of Wood to the bigness of your Piece, on which you must role Past-board or Paper, pasting it as you role, that it may lie firm and smooth, then having dried the cases, fill them with Powder, and choak them at both ends with a small Cord, or you may stop the ends with Flax, and put it into your Piece, forcing it with the Rammer into the charging Celinder, then with a sharp Iron bore it at the Touch-hole and Prime.

If you would shoot red hot Bullets as many times, it is done at Sieges to fire Houses, you must when you have rammed down your Car­tridge, force a green Turf upon it, and then sling in the Shot, this way has been common, [Page 147] especially at Sea, but since Bombs, Hand-Gra­nades, Stink-pots, &c. haue been in use; it is not often practised.

Observations in Ballancing a Piece.

YOU must ever observe in Marching, that the Carriages are proportioned to the Piece, to prevent overthrowing, or break­ing, so that to set them true, one and a half of the length of the Cellinder or Chamber should be the length of the Carriage-Stock, and the depth of four Diamiters of the Con­cave of the Bore in the middle, but at that part next the ground, about the proportion of the Diameter of the Shot will suffice; as for the Wheels they must be strong, and their height for Land-Service about half the length of the Piece, but on Shipboard lower Carriages are in use, the Turneons or bear­ers of the Piece must be laid on equal heights upon the turning Irons of the Stock, that the Piece may stand true mounted, least swerving to any side the Shot become Ran­dom, and in this case two thirds of the Piece must appear above their Centre, ha­ving Cordage ever ready to move or turn [Page 148] them, especially for braces at Sea, for many times a Ship is over-set and in danger to be lost by their breaking loose through the de­fect of Tackle.

Further Instructions necessary to be known.

EVer observe that your Budg-Barrel, Leather Bag, or Cartridges of Powder lie on the windy side of you, least a spark flying from your Match blow it up, and af­ter a Discharge having cleansed the Concave with your Sheeps-Skin, Furbisher, fill your Ladle, but not so full as to scatter any, and having Charged it as home into the Piece as you can, give it a sudden turn with your Thumb and Finger, keeping your Body for your own safety clear of the Muzzle, and so quickly drawing it out, clap in your Wad, and force it down, that the Powder may not lie hollow in the Chamber, then put the Shot in and wad it down, having the Touch-hole all this while covered, least any spark should fall in, then having a Linstock well armed with a good Match and Coale, prime with small Powder, drawing a Train from the Touch-hole, and fire one end of it, for [Page 149] if you should hold your Match upon the Touch-hole, the force of the Powder would blow it away.

Directions for Shooting at Random, or at a Mark.

IF your business lies to shoot at Random, or at a Mark, then you are to consider the Random of a Piece is its entire distance from the place where you discharge, to the place where the Bullet first lights or grazes o a level Line, called a Horizential plain, and to gain the true knowledge of this, the ground must be level where it is put in practice, so that the level of the shot may not be hindred, and having taken notice of the distance of ground from the Piece to the fall of the Bullet, mount the Muzzle a degree higher, observing again the same notice, by which through many degrees you will be capable of knowing, upon the level or Ascendant, how many paces the Piece will carry with more or less Powder, which may be raised even to a tenth degree, or as high as the Piece can be mounted, so these distances well understood, the Gunner may know how to direct his Piece [Page 150] either at a Bastion, Castle-Wall, Curtain, Ravelin Counterscarp against the Batteries of Besiegers, or into their Trenches, or he may batter the Ranks of an Army at a great di­stance, and many other things incident to true Rules of Fireing even to the striking a Ship under Sail, but in fireing at any thing in Motion, you must consider the swiftness of it, and Fire in your aim a distance before, and so the Bullet by that it moves that space will be there, for although a Bullet is carried with great impetuosity, yet all Motions require time more or less.

If you would strike down a Light in the Stern of a Ship, or in a Castle if it be in the Night time, you must stick directly on the top of the Muzzle of your Piece, either a peice of Wax-Candle lighted, or a fired Match, by which means you will bring that and the other Light together, so as to take a fair Mark, and to know whether they are brought together, stick up a Nail with a peice of Wax or Clay on the breach of the Pice, and bring that and the other two to bear with each other.

How to take out a Shot that sticks in a Piece, and cool her to make her recover her Force.

IT many times happens through too much hastiness, or that a Shot is mistaken, or that the Powder, for want of being rammed down, makes it stick half way, so that it is dangerous to discharge it, without breaking the Piece; in this Case let it descend, low­ering its Muzzle, and then having dissolved Bay Salt, or other Salt, in some Vinegar put it into the Touch-hole with a Funnel, and it will dissolve the Powder; then strike on the Piece with a Hand-spike where the Bullet lyes, and it will rowl out, having be­fore given it a thrust or two with the Ram­mer to loosen it.

It is taken notice on by all Gunners that the oftner a Piece is discharged, it by grow­ing hot, looses more, and of it's force, and will not carry the third or fourth time so far as it will the first or second, every time aba­ting somewhat, so that you must cool it, which is much the better done with Vinegar; for that not only carries off the heat, but by the sharpness of it's Quality recovers the lost force.

What Powder is made on, and how to try its Goodness.

POwder, a fatal instrument of Death, and almost of incredible Force, was first found by one Bartholdus Swart a Monk, by a spark of Fire accidentially falling amongst some of his Chimical Preparations, but since as to its Force, has been much improved, it is made of the Quintessence of Salt-peter, Brimstone, and Coal Dust, by grinding and other means, however in long lying after it is made, it will loose much of its Force, the strength of the of the Salt-Peter, tending downwards, and that of the other matters upwards, and the first thing to know whether it be good or not, is to handle it, and observe whether it be well dried and corned, this being noted, lay a few Corns scattering upon a sheet of white Paper, and set Fire to them, when if so it happens, there is a black Mark, or sindge with a noisom smell left behind, then the Powder is not good, but if there be little or no Mark, or a clear blewish Mark, then con­clude it fit for Service, but noughty Powder may be made up again, and strengthned with Salt-Peter.

How to Charge a Mine, blow up a House, to prevent the Progress of Fire, or a Ship that is Sunk.

1. MInes are various, some already advan­tageous by Vaults, others must be carried on under Ground, great difficulties being met withal, as Rock or Springs of Wa­ter, however the Mine being made, if there be any considerable quantity of Water, the Mines for driness of the Powder ought to be Charged with Barrels of Powder, whereas those that are drier may be Charged with Bags or Sacks, the Train may be laid by Match, and six Inches of good Match will burn an hour, but if it be for quick Execu­tion, a Train may be laid into some Trench through Cain Troughs or upon Boards, and great Care must be taken that it be so Charged, that it refund not, or burst out upon those that spring it.

2. To take a House directly up, that it shall fall directly, as we may say in the place where it stood, though shattered to pieces, place the Powder, if there be any Cellers di­rectly under the main Beam, lay a Train up­on Boards from the Bung-hole of the Barrel, covering it to prevent Sparks falling in the [Page 154] Train, and place at the head of the Train a peice of Wild-fire, when having given no­tice by beat of Drum, set Fire to that with your lighted Match at the end of a Linstock, and retire to a coverture for fear of any scat­tering Tiles or Timber, if you would throw it sideways from the Fire, you must place the Powder near the contrary side under the most substantial Beam, and it will cast it as you wish, so that the Timber may be drawn a­way without danger.

Many times it happens that a Ship sinks in a River or Channel, and is not worth weighing, yet obstructs the passage, especi­ally at low Water, here you must send down a Diver to find the entrence in the hold of the Ship. and that found, fix a Leather Pipe with Pitch or Rosin into the Bung of the Bar­rel of Powder, that the end of the Pipe may be above Water when the Barrel is in the Hold which must be sunk and guided down by Cords, then the top of the Pipe sloating by help of Bladders, the Boat that waits must with a long pair of Tongues put a hot Iron Bolt down it, and make of as fast as may be, else the Powder taking Fire, the Wreck will float and endanger the over-setting it, or this may be done with a long hollow Fishing Cane.

Fire-works for War, used on sundry occa­sions, the manner of making and using them.

MOst Fire-works used in Sieges are of late thrown out of Mortars, the best Mor­tars being made of Brass or Copper, though sometimes they have been made of Past-board and Wood.

If the Bore of a Mortar happen to be ten Inches in Diamiter, it ought to be a Foot and nine Inches in length, and the Chamber three Inches and a half in Diamiter, and in depth five Inches, the Mettal above the Port, Fire, to be three Inches and a half in thickness, and so lessening to two Inches; as for the plant­ing these Mortas, the ways are not difficult, for they are mostly played Mounting, yet the Engenieer ought to be well skilled to direct a Granado Shell to any particular place, for upon his delivering it, he ought to know justly where it will fall; likewise his Fuzes must be so exactly made, that they will not break till they are in the place designed for Execution.

How to make, or Order a Granado.

A Granado is first properly called, so in relation to its Shell, for the Shell to contain the matter are cast with hollow ca­veties, and a small vent frequently of Iron, but some times Brass, Copper, Glass, and Earth, these, if designed to blow up, or beat down, are usually filled with dry Powder, and an Iron hollowed or Pistol Barrel ram­med with Wild-fire made of Brimstone Flower, Dust of Powder, Salt-peter, and Oyl of Petrolum drove into the Vent of the filled Shell to an Inch, when the Mortar being Charged, the Granado must be slung in with Ropes put in the Hooks of the Shell if it be very great, then having taken your Aim, you must a minute before you give Fire, Fire the Fuze, then by Fireing the Mortar, send it a­way to the place designed; and of such dead­ly force is this Engine of Mischief, that fal­ling upon a Castle, Church, or House, it breaks through to the lowermost Flore, beat­ing down all before it, and then blows up and rends in a terrible manner, the Shell break­ing in a thousand peices.