CHAP. I. Touching the Laws at present in force for the Relief and Im­ployment of the Poor.

THe Laws relating to the Poor are of two kinds, viz. 1. Such as concern the relief of the Aged, and Impotent, that are not able by their labour to maintain themselves. 2. Such as concern the imployment and setting of work, of such as are able. And this latter as shall be shewn, is the more comprehensive & be­neficial charity, although both [Page 2]are necessary and become us, both as men and as Christians; much more Touching the for­mer of these viz. the relief of the impotent Poor, the Laws of England have provided a double remedy. First, by giving great incouragement to volun­tary undertakings of good and liberal minds in this kind. 2. by Compulsary means upon all.

Again as touching the for­mer of these, the Statute of 39. Eliz. Cap. 5. hath given a great incouragement to such as shall Erect Hospitals, Houses of Correction and Maisons de Dieu. And the Statutes of 39. Eliz. Cap. 6. and 43. Eliz. Cap. 4. have taken special care for [Page 3]the due imployment of gifts to charitable uses. And cer­tainly such voluntary Assigna­tions argue an Excellent and Charitable mind in those that shall so voluntarily give; And the Statutes have given a fair Incouragement to the Chari­tyes of men in this kind. But this provision doth but little in order to relief: For 1. for the most part such Hospitals, Extend but to a few aged Per­sons limited to some particular Town, unless it be in the large Hospitals, in London, where there is some provision more Extensive in respect both of number and age, as St. Thomas Hospital, Christ-Church Hos­pital and some others. 2. But [Page 4]besides this those are but Vo­luntary and not Compulsary; although there may be some that may be charitably mind­ed, yet for the most part men are backward in works of Charity; Self love, Covetous­ness, distrust of the Truth and Providence of God keeps most from overflowing Charity or Building or Endowing Hospitals.

Therefore there was a Compulsary laid upon men for the relief of the Poor within their respective Parishes, viz. the Statute of 43. Eliz. Cap. 2. being the first compulsary Law that I remember of that kind: And indeed it now became ne­cessary to be done by a Com­pulsary [Page 5]means which before that time was left more arbi­trary, because the Kingdom be­came then much more Popu­lous than in former time and with it the Poor also greatly increased, and besides many of those methods of their volun­tary relief was then much abated; which Statute Enables the Church-Wardens and O­verseers, &c. to do these things:

• 1. To take order for setting to work the Children of those whose Parents are not able to maintain their Children.
• 2. To take order to set those to work as such, having no means to maintain them­selves, use no ordinary trade. But provides not sufficient [Page 6]Compulsaries to make them work.
• 3. To raise weekly by Taxation a convenient stock of Flax, Hemp, &c. to set the Poor on work: But no means at the first, before the return of the Manufacture to pay them wages in Express words, but is supplyed by the latter ge­neral clause. (And to do and Execute all other things, as well for the disposing of the said Stock, or otherwise concerning the premises as to them shall seem convenient.)
• 4. To raise competent sums of Money for the impotent Poor not able to work.
• [Page 7]5. Also for the putting of Poor Children Apprentices but no Compulsary for any to re­ceive them:

Among all these Provisions the 4th concerns the relief of the Poor by Taxation, and Contributions to such as are impotent, the four other par­ticulars concern their Im­ployment, and of such as are able to work, which is the far greater number. And al­though the relief of the Im­potent Poor seems to be a Cha­rity of more immediate Exi­gence yet the Imployment of the Poor is a Charity of grea­ter Extent, and of very great and important Consequence to the publique Wealth, and Peace [Page 8]of the Kingdom as also to the Benefit and Advantage of the Poor.

I therefore come to that se­cond Business relating to the Poor, viz. the setting the Poor on Work.

The Laws that concern that Business of the Imployment of the Poor are of two kinds; viz. that which contains a Compulsary means of provi­ding work for the Poor which is the Statute of 43. Eliz. And secondly those Laws which are in some kind Compulsary to force Persons to work; and these are of two kinds, viz.

1. Those that concern Children and the Binding of them Apprentices, viz. the Clause of the Statute 43. Eliz. Cap. 4. before mentioned and the Statute 7. Jac. Cap. 1. which makes fair Provision for the raising of Money to bind them, and directs the manner of its Imployment. But as before is observed, hath not any sufficient Compulsary for Persons to take them, & perchance there might be fit to have some such qualifi­cations in that Compulsary which might not leave it too arbitrary in the Justices of Peace to compell whom they please, to take whom they please: But this is not the Bu­siness, I drive at, perchance [Page 10]the general Provision which I design may make this at least not so frequently ne­cessary.

2. In reference to Rogues, Vagabonds and Idle & disorder­ly Persons, the Statute 7. Jac. Cap. 4. gives power to the Justices of Peace to send them to the House of Correction, which they are thereby required to cause to be Erected. 2. Power to the Master of such House of Correction to keep them to work.

But even in this particular there are defects. 1. It is not general for all Persons, but at most Idle and disorderly Per­sons. 2. That description is very uncertain in reference to [Page 11]such Persons, and leaves the Justices either too great or too little power. 3. For want of a convenient Stock to be raised for such Houses of Correction, and advantageous ways for such work, it either leaves such as are sent without an Imployment or renders their Imployment ungrateful in re­spect of the sinalness of the wages, and rather makes People hate Imployment as a hell than to Entertain it as a means of a comfortable support; which though it may be well enough as a punishment for dis­orderly persons that refuse to work, yet it is not applicable to those that are only idle, it [Page 12]work: 4. It is a difficult thing to determine who shall be said an idle Person, it is a rea­sonable answer to that, they are Idle for want of such work as they are able to do, or for want of such wages as might give them a reasonable sup­port; For there is no power given, nor is it reasonable it should, to compel Persons, to set them on work, or to set them on work at conve­nient wages. 5. And lastly, it is not universal; many Per­sons are not within that Law which would work if they might: or if they might at reasonable rates, whereby they might live. There is need, therefore of some such [Page 13]provision that might be as ample as the occasion, and without which indeed all the Laws already made are either weak and ineffectual to their Ends, and the generality of the Poor left destitute of a convenient support and pro­vision.

CHAP. II. Touching the Power by the Law setled for the general Pro­vision for the Poor, and their defect.

UPon the consideration of the Statutes for the Poor the only Statute that provides universally is that of 43. Eliz. which generally makes two Provisions.

1. For the Impotent Poor, that are not able to work: [Page 15]And it is true is a good and Effectual Provision for such, if duely Executed. But as I said before, the Plaister is not so large as the sore, there are many Poor that are able to work if they had it, and had it at reasonable wages, where­by they might support them­selves and their Families, which oftentimes are many. These are not within the Pro­vision of the Law and if they come for Exhibitions, they are denyed, or at least have but very small, and such as cannot support them and their Fa­milies. And indeed if they should have sufficient Exhibi­tion for the support of them and their Families, the Parishes [Page 16]where they live were not able to supply them in a pro­portion answerable to their necessities, or answerable to that supply which a full Im­ployment would afford them; For instance a Poor Man and his Wife though able to work, may have four Children, two of them possibly able to work, two not able: The Father and the Mother are not able to maintain themselves and their Family in Meat, Drink, Cloathing and House­rent under ten Shillings per Week, and so much they might probably get if im­ployed; This amounts to 26. l. per Annum, if there were forty such Families in a great Parish, [Page 17]and they lived upon this Exhi­bition colleited by rates, it would arise to above 800. l. per Annum, which in many Parishes Exceeds the yearly Value of their Lands or Rents, yet when these Persons are kept on work thus much must be gotten by them, and with­out a supply Equivalent to this they must live by Begging, or Stealing, or Starve: There­fore the second Provision is,

2. For those Poor that are able to work, and in refe­rence to them it gives power to raise Stocks by rateing the Parishioners, and setting the Poor on work.

The defects of this Provi­sion are,

1. In the Execution of the Law already made; for let any man look over most of the Populous Parishes in England, indeed there are rates made for the relief of the Impotent Poor, and it may be the same relief is also given in a narrow measure unto some others, that have great Families, and upon this they live miserably and at best from Hand to Mouth, and if they cannot get work to make out their livelyhood they and their Children set up a trade of Begging at best. But it is rare to see any Pro­vision of a Stock in any Parish for the relief of the Poor. [Page 19]And the reasons are princi­pally these: 1. The Genera­lity of People that are able are yet unwilling to Exceed the present necessary charge, they do choose to live for an hour rather than project for the future; and although possi­bly trebling their Exhibi­tion in one grofs sum at the beginning of the year, to raise a Stock might in all probability render their future yearly payments for seven years together less by half or two thirds, than what must be without it, yet they had rather continue on their yearly Payments, year after year, though it Exhaust them in time, and make the Poor [Page 20]nothing the better at the years End. 2. Because those places, where there are most Poor, consist for the most part of Trades-men, whose Estates lye principally in their Stocks, which they will not endure to be searched into to make them contributary to raise any considerable Stock for the Poor, nor indeed so much as to the ordinary Contributions: But they lay all the rates to the Poor upon the Rents of Lands and Houses, which alone without the help of the Stocks are not able to raise a Stock for the Poor, although it is very plain that Stocks are as well by Law rateable [Page 21]as Lands, both to the relief, and raising a Stock for the Poor: 3. Because the Church-Wardens and Overseers, to whom this power is given, are Inhabitants of the same Parish, and are either un­willing to charge themselves, or displease their Neighbours in Charging more than they needs must towards the Poor: And although it were to be wished and hoped that the Justices of Peace would be forwardly to Enforce them if they might, though it may concern them also in point of present profit, yet if they would do any thing herein they are not impowered to [Page 22]and Overseers to do it, who most certainly will never go about it to burden as they think, themselves, and displease their Neighbours unless, some Compulsary power were not only lodged by Law, but also executed in some that may have a power over them to inforce it, or to do it, if they do it not, and to do it effe­ctually, if they do it either partially or too sparingly: 4. Because People do not con­sider the inconvenience that will in time grow to them­selves by this neglect, and the benefit that would in a little time accrue to them by putting it in practise if they would [Page 23]have but a little patience, as shall be shewen hereafter.

2. The second Defect is in the Law itself; which are these: 1. No power in the Justices of Peace, or some Superinten­dent power to compel the raising of a Stock where the Church-Wardens and Over­seers neglect it. 2. The act chargeth every Parish apart where it may be they are able to do little towards it, neither would it be so effectual as if three, four, five or more contiguous Parishes did contribute towards the raising of a Stock propor­tionable to their Poor respe­ctively.

3. There is no power for hireing or erecting a common House, or place for their common Work-House, which may be in some respects, and upon some occasions, use­ful and necessary, as shall be shewen.

CHAP. III. The Remedy propounded.

1. THAT the Justices of the Peace at the Quarter Sessions do set out & distribute the Parishes in their several Countiesinto several Divisions, in Each of which there may be a Work-House for the common use of the respective Divisions, wherein they are respectively placed, viz. one, two, three, four, five or six Parishes to a [Page 26]Work-House, according to the greatness or sinalness, and ac­commodation of the several Parishes.

2. That at that Sessions the Church-Wardens and Over­seers of the Poor of the re­spective P Parishes, bring in their several rates for their relief of their respective Poor upon Oath. And that the said Ju­stices do assess three, four or five yearly Pays to be levyed and collected at one or two entire sums within the time prefixed by them for the raising of a Stock to set the Poor within those Precincts on work, and to build or procure a convenient Work-House for imploying the Poor, if need be, [Page 27]in it, and for lodging Mate­rials, and for instructing Chil­dren in the Trade or Work.

3. That there be yearly Chose by the said Justices a Master for Each Work-House, with a convenient Salary out of the said Stock or the pro­ceed thereof to continue for 3 years, and two Overseers to see the Issuing and return of the said Stock, and to take the accounts quarterly or monthly of the Master as they shall think fit.

4. That the Stock be deli­vered to the Overseers, and by them Issued to the Master, as there shall be occasion, and that they also from time to time receive the proceed of the [Page 28]said Stock and the accompts for the same.

5. That at the End of every year the Master and Over­seers give up their accounts to the two next Justices of the Peace at times by them pre­fixed, and publickly notifyed to the Inhabitants of Each Precinct, to the End that they may take any Excep­tions to such accounts, if there be cause.

6. That the Master and Overseers of every respective Work-House stand, and be in­corporate by the name of Master and Overseers of their respective Precincts, and ca­pable to take in Succession by will or otherwise, Lands, Goods, [Page 29]or Money, or other Legacies or Gifts for the Benefit of the Poor, within their respective Precincts.

7. That they also be accom­ptable, as well to their respe­ctive Successours, and also to the Justices of the Peace at their Quarter Sessions for the benefit and proceed and Im­ployment of such Gifts and Bequests.

8. That they be disabled to grant any Lands to them given or bequeathed for any longer term then one Year, and at an improved Rent.

9. That if any Person that is able to work, and not able to maintain himself, shall re­fuse to do so, he may be forced [Page 30]thereunto by Warrant of two Justices of Peace by Imprison­ment, and moderate correction in such Work-House.

10. If any Person imployed by the Master, shall imbezill or wilfully prejudice, or spoil his work, he shall upon com­plaint and proof thereof by the Party grieved to any Justice of Peace, and by Warrant from him receive Imprisonment or moderate correction by War­rant of such Justice.

These be the heads of that Provision, I could wish for the setting the Poor on work, which is but an Essay and may receive Alterations or Additions upon consideration.

The Benefits, that would come by this Method would be very many and great: I shall set down some of them that occur to me.

1. By Incorporating of these Work-Houses, which are the best kind of Hospitals, cha­ritable minded Persons would have as it were a Pillar where­unto to fasten their Charity, which would prevent many Difficulties in the faithfull Ad­ministrations thereof, and would invite Benefactors.

2. Whereas Hospitals pro­vide for some few Poor Im­potent People, this would prevent Poverty and in a little tract of time bring up hun­dreds [Page 32]to be able to gain their lively hoods.

3. Whereas in that State that things are, our Populous­ness, which is the greatest blessing a Kingdom can have, becomes the burden of the Kingdom, by breeding up whole Races and Families, and successive Generations in a mere Trade of Idleness, Thieving, Begging, and a bar­barous kind of life, which must in time prodigiously increase and overgrow the whole face of the Kingdom, and eat out the heart of it: This course within one seven Years alters the whole State of this Dis­order, and brings People and their Children after them into [Page 33]a Regular, Orderly and In­dustrious course of life, which will be as natural to them as now Idleness, and Begging, and Theeving is.

For no Person will have need to Beg or Steal, because he may gain his living better by Working.

And no man will be so vain, and indeed hurtfull to the Publique as to give to such as Beg, and thereby to en­courage them, when he is sure they may gain their living by Working. And all the Laws against Vagrants, Beggers and Wanderers, will be then Effectually put in Exe­cution, when we may be sure they may be imployed if they [Page 34]will: But till that the inter­dicting and punishing of the Beggers and Givers seems to me a most unreasonable piece of Imprudence, as well as Un­charitableness.

4 By this means the Wealth of the Nation will be increa­sed, Manufactures advanced and Every Body put into a capacity of Eating his own Bread; for upon what imagi­nable account can we think, that we should not be as able to improve our Populousness to our Wealth, as well as Holland, and Flanders, and Berbadoes, if we had but their Industry and Orderly Ma­nagement? If it be said, their Disposition is more Industrious [Page 35]than ours: It is true in that condition that matters are or­dered; but if we had the same Industrious Education, we should have the same Indu­strious Disposition: let a man, one that hath been bred up in the Trade of Begging, he will never, unless complelled, fall to Industry; and on the other side, it is a wonderful Ne­cessity indeed that shall bring one bred up in Civility, and Industry, to Beg, as is Easily observable in many poor Places and Families.

And were there no other Benefit to the Kingdom in general nor to the particular Places, where such Work-Houses shall be settled, but [Page 36]this, although the Stock were wholly lost in four Years, it would be an abundant Re­compence by the accustoming the poor sort to a Civil and Industrious course of life, whereby they would soon be­come, not only not burdensom, but profitable to the Kingdom, and the Places where they live.

5. By this means there would soon be an Improvement of the several Manufactures of the Kingdom, both for the necessary Consumption of the Kingdom, and for Exportation, whereby our Trade Outward would exceed our Trade Inward, which Out­ward Trade, as it is the Basis [Page 37]and Foundation of all our Trade Inward; And the Excess and Overballance of our Trade Outward to our Trade In­ward is the only means not only to keep our Money at home, but to gain an increase of Money, and so advanceth the true Intrinsique Wealth of the Kingdom; for as of our Hand if our Trade Outward Exceed our Trade Inward the Excess must of Necessity be returned in Money or Bullion, so if our Trade Inward Ex­ceed our Trade Outward, the Excess must be made good from hence in Money, which must needs insensibly impo­verish the Kingdom, and Ex­perience makes us know it to [Page 38]be true: Now the Advance of our Manufactures would be by this means plainly Evident, for Woollen Manufactures or Cloath, the Staple Commodity of this Kingdom, would be more, & these other Woollen Manufa­ctures, as Kersyes, Serges, Baize, which, though now confined to several parts of the Kingdom, as Devonshire, Norfolk, Colchester, would be by this means diffused over the whole Kingdom, and those Places which have little of Woollen Manufacture, as Lin­colnshire, Northamptonshire, and other Counties, would soon fall into it; So likewise knitting of Stockings, Capps, Wast-Coats and the like. 2. [Page 39]Our Linnen Manufactures, as Linnen Cloath, Laces of all forts, Nets, Sails, &c. would become native, and supply the Want of the Kingdom, and prevent the necessity of Impor­tation of Linnen Cloath from Holland and France, of Laces from Flanders: And as this trade is in some degree used in Lancashire, Leicestershire, and some other Places, so it would be communicated to other Places of the Kingdom. And it is very considerable the numbers of Poor that would be by this means imployed in dressing of Hemp and Flax, Spinning, Weaving, Whiten­ing and the like. And if any shall say, we want the Ma­terials [Page 40]terials, and we want those that should instruct the Poor in the Ordering of them, The Answer is at hand; If once the Manufacture were begun to be put into a Method by this way, all men would quickly sow Hemp and Flax in some Parcels of their Til­lage, and possibly some Lands that were not so fit for other Tillage would be imployed in this: two Acres of Hemp and Flax in every Parish would imploy multitudes, which now People neglect to sow because they have no way to vent or imploy it: And for Instru­ctors, when once the alarm is abroad of such a design, it will draw over Workmen [Page 41]from other Forreign Parts; and by this means we gain­ed, or at least recovered the Skill of making Woollen Cloath from other Parts, as appears by undenyable Evidence. And if it shall be said that this will defraud and straiten us of Labourers in our Woollen Manufactures; there can be no fear of that; for we have Poor enough to be imployed in both, and it is most cer­tain, that the Populousness of the Kingdom still increaseth, notwithstanding its great Exhaustings by Wars and Plagues, & Forrein Plantations, and consequently the Poor will be proportionably in­creased, so that we may rea­sonably [Page 42]suppose that in one seven Years, by the blessing of God, the very proceeds, that will be able and fit to work, of poor Families, will be more than double to what they are now, which will continually increase in a kind of Geometrical Progression, whereby there will be enough for double the imployment that is now for them.

6. By the means of these Work-Houses, there will be an Opportunity for One or Two Persons, skilled in any Manufacture, to instruct Twen­ty in the Trades, by com­mon Resort, Meeting and dayly Residence of Children and young People there; and [Page 43]there may be Opportunity, to teach Children to read without any interruption, in the Imployments of them that are able to teach them, or of them that are able to work.

7. By this means the yearly Contributions for the Neces­sary relief of Poor, that are able to work, and their Fa­milies, and those kind of Contributions which in time will be impossible to sup­port the Poor, will be chan­ged into a supply Every way more easy for them that are to pay, though at first it may require a more liberal assistance for the raising of the Stocks, and Every way [Page 44]more beneficial and advanta­geous for the Poor; First, Because they will hereby be educated and inured to a way of Civility and Industry. 2. They will gain a Trade, which will go along with them as the constant support of their lives. 3. The Wages that they will gain will be a greater and better support than they can have by any Contributions that are able to be assessed for them for they may be able to gain, Two, Three, Four, Five and Six Shillings a Week, for Every Person able to work, which is five times more than their weekly or yearly Con­tributions do or can amount unto, without Exhausting more [Page 45]than the Revenues of the Pa­rishes, wherein these Poor are in many places: And this shall be demonstrated to the Eye of any that will consider this in­stance, which I have Exactly tryed, and Examined, and found to be true: The ordinary Process and time, and charge of making a common Course medly Cloth of our Gloucester shire Wooll at this day is; 1. In Every such Cloath of about 32 Yards long there is Ninety Pounds of Wooll, which will cost at this day at 12 d. per Pound Four Pounds 10 s. viz. ordinary in a grey Cloath.

• 54 l. of Abb. 4 l. 10 s.
• 34 l. of Warp. 4 l. 10 s.
• 2 l. of Mixture. 4 l. 10 s.

2. The Charge of making this Cloath:

So the whole Charge comes to 11 l. 15 s.

Out of which deducting the Materials of Wooll, and Cards, and Oyl, viz. 5 l. 10 s.

Their remains Entirely for the Expence of work amount to 6 l. 5 s.

It is true at this day this Cloath yields not above 12 l. to be sold, which is only 5 s. profit, but when Trade is quicker it may yield 13 l. or more.

The People that are im­ployed [Page 48]in bringing about this Cloath to be ready are 14, viz. 3 Weavers and Spoolers, 2 Breakers, six Spinners, one Fuller and Burler, one Sheer­man, one Parter and Picker: The Weavers supply the Office of Spooler and Warper.

These will bring about the first Cloath in about two Mo­neths space: But being con­tinued in a constant tract the Cloath will be brought about in three weeks time, for all the other Workmen are at work and fit the Cloath for the Weaver in that space that he is Weaving the first Cloath.

5. Consequently this one Loom thus imployed all the Year round allowing two [Page 49]Months to the first Cloath, and three Weeks to every other, will make fourteen returns the first Year of Cloath ready for sale and sixteen returns Every Year after.

6. Consequently that which this yields for bare Wages to these 14 poor Workmen for the first Year is Eighty seven Pounds ten Shillings, and for the following Years is Ninety seven Pounds, and by this Com­putation it is Easy to see what Every Workman can gain a Week being full imployed.

7. About one hundred Pounds Stock will for ever keep [Page 50]this Looms work going, and maintain these fourteen Work­men, and consequently a Stock of four hundred Pounds will keep on foot four Looms work, and keep on Work fifty six Per­sons, and be able to abide the ordinary delays of sale inci­dent to the Markets.

8. But if it could be supposed that the Cloath could be sold as soon as made (which is not I confess reasonably to be Expe­cted) then a Stock of four and twenty Pounds would by its continual return provide Mate­rials, and pay the Workmen for one Looms work in perpetuity: But because the returns by sale [Page 51]cannot be as speedy as the work is'done, the Stock must be near 100 l. to abide the delay of a Month, two, three, four or more, in point of sale, and like­wise to buy Wooll seasonably for Work. And by this it ap­pears that although one hun­dred pounds Stock by its 16 re­turns yields but an inconside­rable advantage to the Master at five Shillings per Cloath, viz. but four Pounds in the Year, yet it yields a considerable ad­vantage to the poor Workers, viz. near one hundred Pounds per annum; and consequently a Stock of four hundred Pounds yields near four hundred Pounds per annum. And con­se [Page 52]sequently these fifty six poor People that are kept on work with this Stock of four hun­dred Pounds could not live better, if the Parish were at the yearly pension of four hundred Pounds per annum, to relieve them, nor indeed so well, con­sidering they are by this means kept in a way of imployment and honest industry; And yet without some supply either by Wages or Contribution those fifty six poor People being de­stitute of Wages or Contribu­tions to this value or near it, must live by stealing or beg­ging, or starve.

And let it be also considered that this Stock thus raised and set going maintains it self by a perpetual circulation and vi­cissitude, without any conside­rable help by any farther sup­ply, and yet perpetually coun­tervails a Contribution of near four hundred Pounds per an­num for the relief of these fifty six poor Persons.

By all which it will appear that the advantage of a Stock imployed, and once set on foot doth countervail a great Con­tribution and indeed greater then can be raised and yearly continued by most places, and will at least in time render those [Page 54]yearly constant Contributions lower and less needful.

9. But yet farther, by this means there will be a reasonable gage set to Wages of Workmen: It is not unknown how that some covetous Masters in hard times, if they are well stocked and of abilities, will set on work many Poor, but they must take such Wages as they are not able to live upon, and that also many times paid in Corn, Wooll, Cheese, and other things at rates high enough: And indeed if they will work upon these terms they may, but if not they turn them off, or not imploy them, and [Page 55]thereupon the poor Workmen not being able to live without work, and having no place to resort for any, are under a ne­cessity of working to them at inconsiderable rates. And such Masters make greater advan­tage by this means when trade is low then when it is open: But by this means there would be a refuge for the Poor to be imployed at reasonable Wages; and the reason is Evident, be­cause this being but an Expe­dient, not so much for gain to the Master as for Imployment for the Poor, as long as the Stock makes but good it self, or be managed without conside­rable loss, it attains its End, and [Page 56]therefore may give competent Wages. But on the other hand the Trading-Master looks for his profit, and if his Stock turns not to him for gain he gives over, or reduceth the Work­man to inconsiderable Wages that his own gain may be the greater. And although it may be there be some honest minded and charitable Masters that will be content for some time to im­ploy their Stock though with­out gain, yet they are but rare to be found and such as com­monly hold not out long unless they find profit though per­chance they suffer no loss: [Page 57]These be some of those Con­siderations that shew the use­fulness of this Expedient: I shall now consider some of the Objections that may be made against it: 1. Ob. It is a great business to raise for the purpose four Years Pay at once to make up a Stock, and yearly Contribu­tions are more Easy.

I answer, It is true, and yet the advantage even to the ob­jecters themselves is even to their sense apparently great: If a man had a Rent of Inheritance issuing out of his Land, he [Page 58]would not think much of giving sixteen Years purchase to buy it in: And the charge that goes out for the Poor as it is as much and as certain a Charge as a Rent, so it is evi­dent to us that it hath increased yearly, and of necessity the longer things are continued in this careless way it must in­crease in an Excessive Propor­tion, and to give four Years Purchase to abate it, or if it were but to keep it at a Stay, were good husbandry. 2. Be­sides this, let a man consider what other losses do accrue by the want of a due Provision of Work, and an industrious E­ducation for the Poor, in [Page 59]thieving and stealing, and sen­ding such Malefactors to Goals at the charges of the Parish, in Prosecuting them at Assizes and Sessions, in cutting and destroying of Woods, pul­ling of Hedges, and trespasses to Corn and Grass thereby, in Alms giving at the door; these would be, if not altogether pre­vented, yet, in a great measure they would, when that most unchristian and indeed inhu­mane way of Living among most ordinary indigent People is remedied by convenient Im­ployment and Wages.

2. Obj. But there are a sort of Idle People, that will rather begg then work though they may be imployed, and so that trade of Begging and Idleness would be still continued.

I Answer 1. That we do sur­mise a Compulsary Law to in­force Idle Persons to work, which would prevent it. 2. By this means the Benefit of Wor­king would Exceed the Bene­fit of Begging which would cause Persons to leave it. 3. By the Educating of Children in a way of Industry there would be gradually a Disaccustomedness to that way which would in time quite remove it. But 4. [Page 61]When men were once assured by a clear Evidence that the Poor might have Work upon reaso­nable terms, no man would give, the Laws against Wan­derers that were able to work, and against the relievers of such, would be cheerfully put in Execution, which now men even upon the account of com­mon charity cannot bring themselves to.

3. Obj. But what conside­rable advantage would such a Stock as four hundred Pounds do when perchance in a time of trading four or five thousand Pounds imployed by Masters in a Parish is but enough to set [Page 62]their Poor on Work, where it may be there are two or three hundred Persons that are thus imployed.

I answer, It would be a great help to the Poor in a time of scarcity of Work, although it should lye still in a time of plen­ty of Work. The supply of Work, for a Month, or two, or three, in a Year, when Traders for Advantage give over, keeps Industry on the Wheels, and yields a considerable supply. 2. In good times, when there is no need of it, it is as capable of Increase and Improvement, being imployed as private mens Stocks are, [Page 63]which would inlarge it, or at lest inable it to bear some loss in times of lowness of Trade. 3. If once such a Stock were going it would not only increase by it self, but it would have continual ac­cession by Charitable Gifts, which would do five times the good thus imployed than imployed as they are in Doles and little yearly Pensions, which consume and come to nothing, but are swallowed up in the present necessity of the Poor, and leave but small signs of Advantage be­hind them: Whereas the fol­lowing of the Method now propounded will at least leave [Page 64]the Persons, to whom it is applyed the Advantage of an Industrious Education and Profession, which will abide by them.

4. Obj. But men, that are concerned for their own Be­nefit in the prosecution of their Trade, as for instance of Cloathing, and consequent­ly more careful than Persons imployed for others, yet do lose by their Trading, and many times impair their Stocks; and therefore this, that cannot be expected to be neither so industriously nor successfully managed, may be in the same condition.

I Answer. 1. in general. In this way there must needs be one of these Events: 1. Either there will be Gain, and then it doth im­prove the Stock, and lays up an Advantage that may com­pensate a former loss and enable the bearing of a future loss. And I know no reason but that in this management there may be some times at least of Advantage as well as in pri­vate Trading. The times are not alwayes at a stand in Trade, but some times, and most ordinarily there is some gains in it, though not so much as at other times; and [Page 66]then the good times make a­mends for the bad.

2. Or else, though there be no gain, there will be no loss, but it stands at a stay, and if it doth so this design attains its End, which is the Im­ployment of the Poor. Though it yields not the Master or Trader any gain, yet it yields the Poor a subsistence in their Wages and Work. It is true a private Tradesman looks to gain so much as may at least maintain himself and his Fa­mily. And if he doth not he gives over his Trading, as not answering his end; and it may be in some cases reasonable to [Page 67]do so: But though here be little or no gain, yet the End is attained, because the Poor are imployed and paid though the Stock increase not.

3. Or else there is Loss. To this I say; 1. If there be Loss, yet it is but gradual, not alto­gether. Suppose it be twenty, thirty, or forty Pounds in a Year, in a Stock of four hun­dred Pounds, and by that ac­count, yet this Stock will not be wholly exhausted in five or six Years; and if it should be so, yet the Loss to the Parish would not be more than it would be if its old course of contribution at the height that [Page 68]it would have been during the spending of that Stock which is thereby, as before is observed, in a great measure remedied: 2. These decays may possibly be repaired by charitable Gifts and Bequests. 3. But if it were not, yet such gradual decays may be sup­plyed by the Parishes with the same Ease that their con­tribution would have been, all things considered, and pos­sibly better times of Trade may happen at least once in two or three Years which may repair the loss, or at least keep the Stock at its full gage with small helps: 4. But suppose the worst and that in the [Page 69]Compass of three or four Years the whole Stock were wholly drawn dry; I say con­fidently, that the Advantage the Country would have by a course of industrious Education of the Poor continued but one three or four Years, will more then countervail the loss of a very considerable Stock, in pre­venting that Trade of Idleness which grows up in Poor Fa­milies which will dayly infi­nitely increase, and will receive a very great check and possibly such as will for ever prevent the return of such a course of life by the interruption of a tract of three or four Years of Imployment, and will put [Page 70]thousands in that tract of time into a course of trade and live­lyhood which they will carry with them all their lives after. 5. And besides all this, it is not likely the trade will suffer a perpetual interruption, but Even while this Stock is in this wane and declination, private men will be trading, and then in this decay and declination of the Stock (if it should be unsupplyed) there will be Work at private hands, and Persons instructed and fitted and able to do it, which may prevent a total interruption of an industrious Education and may give some intervals of relaxation of the Imployment [Page 71]of the common Stock, at least in that fullness as formerly, till it be recruited by new supplyes. 6. But yet farther, the Method of the proposed Imployment though it be principally bottomed upon the trade of Woollen Cloathing yet it will have other supplyes, as is propounded, as making of Kersyes, Baize, Knitting of Stockings, dressing & ordering of Hemp and Flax, and Spinning and Weaving it. And though there were no other but the Woollen Manufacture yet if it should please our Superiors to interdict the Wearing of forrein Manufactures, our own consumption at home and the [Page 72]necessity that they have in forrein parts of our Woollen Manufactures would double the Trade of Woollen Manu­factures.

5. Obj. The Poor have Work already if they will work, and the setting up of such a pub­lique Trade will but make Workmen the more indepen­dent, and decline the Imploy­ment of private Traders which will tend to the decay of Trade.

I Answer I. It is true when Trading is quick possibly they may have Work enough but upon any check in Trade they [Page 73]are oftentimes turned off un­less they will work at Extream low Wages and ill paid. 2. When work is so plenteous at private hands there may be an intermission or relaxation of the Imployment of the com­mon Stock: Especially if they can have better Wages at pri­vate hands; for it will be enough for this to be supplemental of the defects of work at others hands, and it sufficiently at­tains its End if it may be a refuge at the time of need for those that would work and cannot get it, and an Expedient to enforce those to work that can and willnot.

6. Objection. Poor that do their work well, and are ho­nest, and industrious, cannot want work when any is to be had in the country, and those that are not imployed are either such as will not work, or cannot tell how to work, or will steal and pur­loyn their Work: These will undo the Work-House.

I answer 1. Some times there are when the honestest Workmen cannot get Work, and this will be a reserve for them. 2. But as for others here will be an Expedient to teach them to Work that cannot, and to compell them [Page 75]to Work, that can, and to pu­nish them, that are dishonest in their Work. 3. And if there were no punishment, yet when a Work-House and Stock is once settled, that would be sufficient to make them Work: For when every man were once sure that they that would ho­nestly Work might have it, and reasonable Wages, every Wanderer and Begger would be esteemed such a Person as will not work, or will be dis­honest in it, and not fit to be relieved, but the Laws to be se­verely put in Execution against them.

7. Obj. But where shall we have men that will undertake the imployment and be faith­ful and trusty in it?

I answer 1. There be many poor and honest men, who for a small Salary and a Room or two to Work and lodge in the Work-House would be fit enough to undertake the Im­ployment of a Master, and yet he would have no great trust upon him, for the Stock would be lodged in the hands of the Overseers, and they to deliver it out, and take weekly or mo­nethly accounts: Which Over­seers may be substantial men and at no great trouble, and eli­gible either by the Justices of [Page 77]Peace, or Parishioners, yearly or once in three Years, and their trouble would be no grea­ter than the trouble of Over­seers of the Poor, or Church­wardens in any Parish.

And thus I have hastily and cursorily gone through the Me­thod, Reasons and Objections of this Proposal, which I am sure if it can be brought to a due accomplishment, is, 1. A Work of great Huma­nity and such as we owe to those of our own Nature as we are men. The wise God did tell his ancient People that the Poor should be always among them; which was, 1. To Exercise their Liberality and Charity in [Page 78]supplying the wants of some by the abundance of others. And 2. To Exercise their discretion & industry to think of and set on foot such means as might put them in a course of honest Im­ployment, and Encourage them in it: they that are rich are Stewards of their Wealth, and they that are wise are Stewards of their Wisdom, unto that great Master of the Family of Heaven and Earth, to whom they must give an account of both; and one, I am sure, of the best accounts they can give of both is to imploy them in the Reformation & Relief of those that want both or either. Am I my Brothers keeper was the [Page 79]answer of one of the worst of men.

2. A Work that as well be­comes a Christian as any, Chri­stianity recommending Chari­ty as one of the principal Chri­stian Virtues. And indeed the ill Provision for the Poor in England is one of the greatest reproaches to us in relation to our Christian Profession.

3. A Work for a good En­glish man: The want of a due Provision for Education and re­lief of the Poor in a way of In­dustry is that which fills the Goals with Malefactors, and fills the Kingdom with idle and unprofitable Persons that con­sume the Stock of the Kingdom [Page 80]without improving it, and that will daily increase even to a desolation in time. And this Error in the first conco­ction is never remediable but by Gibbets and whipping. But there must be a sound, prudent and resolved Method for an Industrious Education of the Poor, and that will give better remedy against these corru­ptions than the after gain of penalties can.