Praepositions governing two Cases, are these that follow.

1. IN and sub, after Verbs of Motion, govern an Ac­cusative (and then in signifies into,) otherwise they govern an Ablative.

2. Subter, under, indifferently, either Accusative or Ablative.

3. Super upon, Accusative or Ablative; super about, Ablative only.

4. Glam unknown to, now generally an Ablative, formerly an Accusative, as also Clanculum.

The Boy jumped under the Waters, to gather peb­ble-stones for his play-fellows. He cast his Book into the fire.

The Girl gathered Herbs under the Hedge, and brought her Mother those Herbs and fine Flowers.

The man in that House offered me Pears and Plumbs.

My Unkle brought my Brother Money, and he ran away into the Woods.

I slept under a form in the School, and my Mother sent me there my dinner.

If I had staid under the Shades, I would have slept, and sleep would have given me rest.

My Father lent my Unkle a great sum of money in the White-Parlour.

My Brother came to me in the Fields, and struck me with his fist.

The Dog is under the Table. The Hare is under the Bush. The Horse treads upon the Grass with his Feet. The Father asks concerning his Son. My Mo­ther procured money for me unknown to my Father.

The Water lies upon the Earth, and the Air lies upon the Water.

The Wives of the Soldiers ask concerning their Husbands.

My Cousin is a naughty Boy, for he ran away from School unknown to my Father and his Master; and he was seen to strike the Servant-Maid with a great stone; and to buy keys for a Thief; and to take mo­ney out of my Father's pocket.

Some Recapitulatory Exercises.

1. A Brave Soldier is a Kingdom's Glory, and re­solves to purchase Honour to himself by his Sword through bloody Rivers.

2. A Skilful Shoemaker knows how to fit a Shoe to a Ladies Foot with his Hand and Glove, without o­ther Instruments: And a Skilful Shoemaker is a great Artist.

3. The Grace of God is a man's happiness, and a­bides without riches after losses, in great dangers, and is believed to afford true comfort to God's worship­pers by its excellent virtue.

4. Every sort of happiness abounds to the diligent man; and men have been observed to conquer diffi­cult labours by diligence, and to be praised for their industry. Industry is a great virtue.

[Page 21]5. If you will send me your Verses, I will lend you my Themes; and will endeavour to provide a Dicti­onary for you, and procure you other Books. Learn­ing is the Ornament of a man's Life, and is acquired by labour and study.

6. The Spring is a pleasant time; for then we see Na­ture to be renewed by the cherishing beams of the Sun; and then we see the Trees to sprout, and the Gar­dens to bring forth Flowers for the laborious Bee.

7. I struck my Sister with a Stick, and was forced to flie into the Woods, where I observed Corn to grow for the Husband-man, and green Grass for the Cattel. The Fruits of the Field are God's gifts: But when I had tarried there a while, I returned to my Parents, and submitted my self to their mercy, and they for­gave me my offence.

8. When my dear Mother, unknown to my Father, shall send me money, I will pay my Creditors their Debts, and will provide a Supper for my Friends in my Chamber, without the consent of my Brother, or my Master's leave; and will give my Friends gifts with my own hands.

9. A valiant General is a strong Rock, without fear or baseness, and resolves to fight against his enemies, and procure a firm and stable Peace for his King and Countrey by his victorious Sword; and always is known to grant his suppliant enemies their life, and never to offer his Friend any unkindness.

10. A Merchant-man sails to the remote parts of the World, by the help of the Winds, through Waves and Dangers, in great Storms, besides Rocks and Quicksands, among the Barbarians, far from his Chil­dren, and sends his Wife gifts with his Friends in his Ship: When he hath obtained good success according to his wish, he rejoices to prepare rewards for the la­borious Sea-men.

[Page 22]11. Courage and Conduct bring men Victory. Vic­tory gladdens the minds of the Soldiers. Stout Soldiers rejoyce to subdue Nations by Arms; and War often­times is a necessary evil: And when men conquer, they reap the fruits of their pains. Crowns are formed for a conquering General's head.

12. Careful Parents lie in Bed without sleep or rest, and study to provide Arts for their Sons, and Por­tions for their Daughters. They give them learning and manners, and buy them necessary Books, and when their Children offend, they correct them with stripes. The care of Parents is the happiness of Children.

Constructions of Nouns Substantives.

Reg. 1. QUum duo Substant. diversae significatio­nis, &c.

If two Substantives stand together in English, with the Particle [of] betwixt them, the latter of the two must be the Genitive Case, e, g.

1. The valiant Son of Philip coveted the Dominion of the whole world.

2. The fear of God, contempt of the World, and stedfast hope of Eternal Life, make quietness of mind, which is the great happiness of man; which wise men greatly desire.

3. The sound of the Clock calleth Boys to School.

4. The noise of the Trumpet stirreth up the war­like and generous Horse, which knoweth the sign of the battel.

Proinde hic Gen. in Adject. Possess. &c.

The former Substantive sometimes is rendred by an Ad­jective Possessive derived from it, and must then agree with the latter, in Case, Gender and Number.

You discourse of Sea-affairs.

We gathered Mountain-fruits.

I boiled Garden-herbs.

I flung away the Dunghill-weeds.

My Brother's House. My Father's Garden.

3. Note, When two Substantives in English come toge­ther without so much as [the] between them, only the sign [the] before the first of them, the latter must alwaies be made the Genitive Case. e. g.

The Ditcher cleansed the Town-ditch.

The Boy fell into the Tower-ditch.

The Slave leapt over the City-walls and escaped.

That Carpenter built my Garison-walls.

This Cannon broke down the Castle-walls.

The Boys love the School-Chimney when their limbs are Cold; but in Summer-time they chuse the Fields.

Let somebody go up, and open the Chamber-door.

Reg. 2. Laus & Vituperium rei, &c.

[Of] between two Substantives (ond after the Verb Sum) whereof the latter betokens the quality or property of the for­mer, to it's praise or dispraise, shows that the latter Sub­stantive before which it stands, must be put into the Abla­tive Case, e. g.

I love a Boy of an excellent wit.

The Servant of a stubborn spirit, that will not ob­serve his Master's Command, is beaten.

Our Nation is happy, that hath a Prince of great Clemency.

The Master hath easy work that teaceth Boys of flexible minds, and ingenious dispositions.

The Scholar that refuseth to regard the Master's words, is of perverse mind.

6. The Boy, that plays when others learn; and learns when others play, is of a base disposition.

7. The deceitful man, that privily upbraideth his Friends, is of dishonest manners.

Reg. Opus & usus Ablativum exigunt.

[Of] after need, is a sign of the Ablative Case.

[Page 33]1. Although I have twice learned the whole Gram­mar, yet I have need of daily reading.

2. Thou art ignorant, and hast need of instruction; but thou dost not regard, therefore also thou hast need of the Rod.

3. The limb which refuseth the benefit of softer ointments, hath need of sharper remedies.

4. He that teacheth Boys, hath need of Patience and Diligence, for all Boys are not of docible wits.

Reg. 4. Est ubi in Dativum vertitur.

Sometimes the sign [to] stands between two Substantives, and then the Latter may be rendred by the Dative Case: or [to] may be changed into [of] and the latter made by the Genitive, e. g.

1. A good Prince is a Father to his Countrey.

2. Loyal Subjects are the strongest wall to Royalty.

3. God is a friend to those that love him; he is a Fa­ther to the righteous, that fear him.

Reg. 5. Excipiuntur quae in eodem causa, &c.

Two Substantives coming together without [of] between them, are put both in the same case, by apposition.

1. Rashness, the Picture of a fool, betrays a womanish mind.

2. Sloth, the Enemy of men, usually brings forth theft.

3. Envy, the wrack of the Soul, brings forth mur­der, the destruction of the Body.

4. Paleness of the face, the token of bitterest anger, showeth thirst of revenge; pale rage is most dread­ful.

Note. From Substantives Masculine in [tor] come Feminines in [trix] (or may for the most part be made from thence;) from those which end in [us] come Femi­nines in [a] which Feminines must be used, and not the Masculines, when there went before a Substantive of the [Page 34]Feminine Gender, to which the latter hath relation, or with which the latter is the same; and usually the Verb [is] commonly stands between such Substantives, e. g.

1. Death, the Enemy of Nature, is a Friend to good men, whom it leadeth into Eternal Glory.

2. Courage for-the-most-part is a Conqueror.

3. Rest is the repairer of strength, a refresher of the vital Spirits.

4. Unwearied diligence oftentimes is an helper of a weak wit; Art and Study mend Natures defects.

Reg. 6. Adjectivum in Neutro genere, &c.

When Boys meet with a Substantive, having before it im­mediately an Adjective (which intimates the quality of the Substantive) as much, little, more, less, so much, how much, and such like, such a Substantive must be the Geni­tive Case; and the Adjective put in the Neuter Gender, and taken for a Substantive.

1. Much labour brings more gains.

2. How much sweat, so much sweetness.

3. He that hath a good Stomach, doth not desire much Sauce; a man of a weak Stomach eats little meat.

4. A small Shop sometimes bringeth much profit.

[...]. Note, Adjectives when their signification belongt to men, are often used in the Masculine Gender, without the word man or men, exprest in the Latin; and such Adjec­tives may have another Adjective to agree with them.

1. Honest men do not violate their promises.

2. A good man, that imitateth the example of Christ, loveth those that hate him.

3. Bloody and deceitful men, dig their own Graves.

4. A wise man hateth him, that admireth his own folly which others laugh at.

Note, Sometimes two Adjectives of contrary signi­fication one to another, belong both to one Substantive, but the Substantive is not twice repeated in the En­glish; nor must be expressed in Latin, but understood, [Page 35]and the latter Adjective must agree with the Substantive as the former doth.

1. Bigger Boys strive to keep under the less, i. e. the less Boys.

2. A smaller Army often conquereth a greater.

Note. And sometimes [one] supplieth the place of the Substantive after the latter adjective, which [one] must have no Latin for it; only do with the adjective as if it were alone, e. g.

1. A clean Book excelleth a dirty one.

2. A small Horse excelleth sometimes a bigger one.

Construction of Adjectives.

Construction of Pronouns.

Reg. 1. HEC Possession. meus, tuus, suus, &c.

Rule 1. The English words [my] or [mine], [thy] or [thine], [our], [your], when they note Possessi­on, must be rendred by the Possessive Pronouns, meus, tu­us, noster, vester: but when they may with as good [Page 47]sense be turned into [of me], [of thee], &c. and it is indifferent in the English, which you use; yet it is not alike in Latin, but must be rendred by the Genitive Case of the Primitive; e. g.

1. My Picture is not like me.

2. That is indeed thine Image, because thou boughtest it; but it is not the Image of thee, it is more beauti­ful than thy face by many degrees.

3. Thy desire of me is stronger than my desire of thee; thou lovest me, because I am profitable to thee; but thou art unworthy of my love, because thou art void of all Virtue.

Reg. 2. Nostrum & Vestrum, &c.

Rule 2. Nostrum and vestrum, not nostri and vestri, are used in the Genitive Case Plural, after Adjectives which govern a Genitive Case, especially Partitives, Com­paratives, and Superlatives; e. g.

1. The younger of us is more learned than the el­der of you, who are never mindful of your duty.

2. Every one of you will be punished, but each of us shall be praised: you all despise the School-laws, but we observe them.

Reg. 3. Sui & suus reciproca, &c.

Rule 3. The several Cases of the Pronoun Primitive [sui] are used for the English word [him] or [them], when the Particle [self] or [selves], is either joined to [him] or [them], or is understood, and may be express'd; and the Possessive suus for [his or [their] when [own] is or may be with it; e. g.

1. Every man loveth those that are like himself, and despiseth those that are hurtful to him: Nature teach­eth to love our Friends, but Religion teacheth to love our Enemies.

2. My Father sold his own Horse, and neglected his journey which he designed, because my mother is sick of a Fever, and we fear her Death; my Father te­stifieth greatest love; he is always near her, and be­waileth [Page 48]waileth her sickness so greatly, that we fear my fa­ther's death also. Sorrow is an heavy burden, which sometimes killeth him that suffereth it.

Note, When the Particles [self], [selves], or [own], neither are, nor may be added, then [his] is made by [ejus], [their] by [eorum], the Genitive Cases [eum], [eos], for [him] or [them]; e. g.

1. All men hate his manners, who speaketh that which he doth not think.

2. Some are more prone to Vice than others, and some strive more to conceal those Vices that they commit, than others; hypocrites sin secretly, men see not their wickedness; but God seeth their hypocrisie, the most private of all sins, and will punish them.

3. God blasteth his estate that despiseth his parents; Providence doth not prosper their labours, that neg­lect their best friends.

Rule 4. [Ipse] and [idem] are of all persons, ac­cording to the person of the Noun or Pronoun to which they belong.

Reg. 5. Ille tum usurpatur, &c.

Rule 5. [Ille] is used for he or that, when we speak of any person or thing with respect; [Iste] when we speak of him or that which we despise; e. g.

1. I scorn him that behaveth himself proudly; but I admire him, who tho he be great and rich, yet is of humble behaviour.

2. Who doth not laugh at that man's folly, that de­spiseth that honour which great actions procure, which the praise of wise men giveth, and only desireth to ob­tain the shouts of the unconstant common-people, whose words are more vain than the wind, who quick­ly hate the same man that before they loved?

Reg. 6. Hic & ille cum ad duo Anteposita, &c.

Rule 6. When in a former sentence, we have occasion to mention two Substantives, (either persons or things), and afterwards would speak something concerning them by [Page 49]these expressions, [this], [that], [the one], [the other], [the former], [the latter]; in such sentences, [this], the one, the latter, must be rendred by hic, to have respect to the latter Substantive mentioned, [that]; the other, the former, by ille, to refer to the first mentioned, and to agree with them in Gender accordingly; e. g.

1. Virtue and Vice divide the whole World be­tween them; this hath a greater part, but that is the more desirable; the one deceiveth, the other maketh happy; the former giveth true pleasure, the latter bringeth assured misery.

2. Wilt thou chuse Wisdom rather than Folly? the one will make thee honourable, the other procures con­tempt: hard study and industry procure wisdom; la­bour thou therefore, otherwise after many years in­struction, thou shalt be a fool.

Construction of Verbs.

Of the Construction of the English Infinitive Mood.

Reg. 1. QUibusdam tum Verbis tum Adjectivis, &c. The English Infinitive Mood hath next before it the sign to: Or such English Verbs as have the sign to before them, must be rendred into Latin by the Infinitive Mood; e. g.

[Page 76]1. He that desireth to learn, and to be-wise, is not content with one reading, he readeth-over-again. Some have need of many readings, whose memories are not tenacious of instructions: the memories of some Boys are like the water, which retaineth not an impression; Children of less wit conquer a difficulty by frequency, which the hasty labour and industry of greater wits cannot conquer. Use patience, thereby thou shalt at­tain to whatsoever thou desirest to understand.

2. The Boy that never doubteth, learneth nothing; he is rash, and ignorant how much labour exact learn­ing will cost a Boy: he forgetteth consideration, which is most necessary for all that learn: he thinketh him­self wise, therefore he is justly thought a fool by all others: he that goeth most slowly, is wiser than his companion, who runneth headlong. Drones are not worthy of commendation, but the over-hasty are worse than they; extremes are dangerous in all things. Go the middle way, if thou desirest to attain thine end.

Rule 2. When two Verbs come together without a Nomi­native Case between them, tho the latter have not the sign to before it, it is the English Infinitive Mood, and must be put into the Infinitive Mood Latin.

1. A godly Son dares not disobey his Parents, tho they be fond of him, he abuseth not their love: they indulge him, yet he pleaseth them; for if he resist his Parents will, he displeaseth God: he will not hearken to the evil counsel of wicked Boys, that are void of the fear of God: he had-rather be despised, and lose their company, because of his honesty. The love of the wicked is more dangerous than their hatred.

2. Who can compare any other treasure with Learn­ing? It excelleth Riches and Honours; for all Sub­stance being taken away, Learning abideth inviolable: violence cannot spoil a man of it; it continueth un­touched in the midst of all losses.

Rule 3. When two Verbs come together in English, with nothing but a Nominative Case between them, that Nomi­native Case may be turned into the Accusative, and the Verb which seemed to be the Indicative Mood, be made by the Latin Infinitive.

1. When Alexander the Great called to mind, him­self had killed his dearest Friend, he intended to have stabbed himself; but some of his Soldiers knew he in­tended evil to himself, and hindred him. Self-murther had not well revenged Man-slaughter: the Death of so great an Emperor had not repaired, but had dou­bled the loss.

2. Titus Vespasian, the Eleventh Roman Caesar, after that he had conquered and taken Jerusalem, when he entred into the City and the Temple, lamented the divided Inhabitants had destroyed so glorious a City by their cruelty and obstinacy; he the Conqueror pitied the Conquered; he bewailed their folly: He was cal­led The delight of mankind; no Prince was ever of a sweeter temper.

3. Historians say, Aristides left not (when he died) money sufficient for the charges of his Funeral; they tell us, the publick Treasure supplied the greater part.

But if, for the Counjunction understood, quòd be exprest in the Latin, the Nominative Case, and the Indicative or Subjunctive Mood must remain (as they seem in the Eng­lish) to come after quòd.

N.B. 2. When the Conjunction that is express'd in the English, and it seems as if quòd must be made for it in La­tin, quòd may more elegantly be left out, and the word which seems to be the Nominative Case translated by the Accusa­tive, and Verb by the Infinitive Mood; e. g.

1. He that believeth the report that he heareth from a liar, is a fool; a wise man never trusteth him that once deceived him; he that is deceived once by a Knave, blameth the deceiver's deceit; but [Page 78]he that is twice cheated by the same man, betrayeth the greatest imprudence: he that knows that his com­panion is deceitful, and yet trusts him, tells all the world that himself hath lost his reason.

2. That is a Boy of a generous spirit, that when he heard that his Master praised him, used his utmost diligence that he might not seem unworthy of the praise which his Master gave him; that is perswaded by arguments more strongly than by stripes.

3. When a wise man heareth that himself is bla­med, he enquireth who blameth him; if he understand that good men accuse him, he accuseth himself by their Testimony, and ceaseth to commit those things, which seem evil to others; if he hear that wicked men blame him, if for a just cause, he bewareth for-the-future; but if they accuse him because his exact virtue dis­pleaseth them, he rejoiceth in their accusations.

Reg. 4. Prius supinum Activè, &c.

4. The English of the Infinitive Mood active, after ano­ther Verb betokening motion, as going, coming, &c. must not be made by the Latin Infinitive, but by the first Supine of the Latin verb; e. g.

1. A man that spendeth many years, and layeth out all his time upon trifles, is like a Merchant that went a long Voyage to fetch ashes from Mount Aetna, which being exposed to the winds, he lost them all in his return.

2. Ovid saith, The younger women go to the Theatre to see the young men, to shew their gay cloaths, to procure themselves wooers; they go not only to see and to hear.

3. Boys go to the Church to hear Sermons, but they do not attend to the Preacher; they hear of se­rious things, but their minds are busied about va­nity; they forget the pious instructions, they are un­mindful of their ownadvantage; they sit talking of [Page 79]play, and of things which do not belong to their wel­fare; they go away void of all piety: They are most worthy of punishment that abuse Sabbaths: Boys are sent to Church to get increase of spiritual knowledge.

Rule 5. The English of the Infinitive Mood Passive [to be] coming next after a Verb betokening motion, must not be rendred by the Latin Infinitive, but by the Subjunctive with the Conjunction [ut.]

1. Boys come to School to be instructed, but they are enemies to themselves, they do not use their time rightly; the Master endeavours to teach them, but they do not answer his care; they are a grief to the Master, who pitieth their ignorance.

2. He that is worse than his Ancestors, and more ignoble, is of a base spirit: but whosoever endeavour­eth to advance the honour of his Family by greater virtue, is truly worthy of a great Name among men. He that hasteth to be honoured deservedly, is wise: but he that runneth with all speed in the paths of vice, hasteneth to destroy himself and his honour, and is de­servedly called a fool.

Rule 6. The English of the Infinitive Mood active, com­ing after the English of any Tense of the Verb [Sum] must not be rendred by the Latin Infinitive, but by a Participle of the Future in [rus.]

1. When thou art to chuse Companions for thy self, find-out those that are better and wiser than thy self, of whom thou maist learn something: he that learneth of all with whom he converseth, is like a Bee, that, when it is to perform its wonted task, gathereth honey eve­ry-where; but he that chuseth only useful Compani­ons, is like the Ermin, which, when it is to move from its former place, treadeth only in the cleanest paths.

[Page 80]2. Converse with those that are more honourable than thy self, so shalt thou be honoured of all that ob­serve thy choice; but avoid those that are too much greater than thy self; they will be Lords, not Friends; they will scorn thee when thou art to undergo mis­fortunes.

Rule 7. The English of the Infinitive Mood Passive, after any Tense of [Sum] must be rendred by the Participle of the Future in [dus]; never by the Infinitive Latin.

1. The goodness of God is to be praised, who be­stoweth even upon his enemies innumerable kindnesses, who giveth rain and other necessaries to those that serve him not. It becometh us to imitate his blessed example; let us do good to our enemies: that piety is to be ad­mired, which is extended to so great a degree.

2. He is to be blamed, that is over-prodigal; they are to be despised that are covetous: with-hold not thy money when there is need of it, nor waste it when there is no need. Riches are treasures lent to men by God, which they must use as he pleaseth; they are not to be laid out without his leave, nor to be detained when he demandeth them.

Rule 8. The English of the Infinitive Mood signifying to the end for, or that he might, is made by the Gerund in [dum], or the Subjunctive Mood with [ut], or with a Relative.

1. The Prince that hireth Soldiers to fight his Battels, buyeth enemies to destroy himself; they that for desire of reward will revenge any quarrel, are dangerous to those to whom they seem Friends, and whose cause they defend; for more money will buy their force against their former Masters: the richer Prince shall always have their help; they serve Mo­ney, not the Prince.

2. He that buyeth Books only to lay up in his [Page 81]Closet, who never readeth them, is like a man that is desirous of fine Cloaths, but layeth them up in his Chest, and doth not put them on.

3. He that only lives to gratifie his sensitive appe­tite, is not a man, but a beast; he lives a bestial life: he is the most base of all slaves, that serves himself: that man is to be honoured, that prefers his noblest reason before his senses.

Reg. 9. Gerundia in di pendenta quibusdam, &c.

9. When the English of the Infinitive Mood active comes next after any of these Substantives, viz. studium, causa, tempus, gratia, spes, opportunitas, modus, ratio, pote­stas, licenta, consuetudo, consilium, vis, norma, amor, cupido, locus; or after an Adjective which would govern a Genitive Case of a Noun, such English Infinitive Mood must be rendred by the Latin Gerund in [di].

1. Foolish sinners neglect Exhortation, till time is past; and when their wishes are vain, Death approach­ing, they then desire opportunity to amend their lives: when they have abused Divine Patience, they afterward beg space to return. Late repentance is seldom true.

2. He that hath stedfast hope to live for ever, is not angry with Divine Providence when it bids him go hence: he is sure to see Cod, and what earthly felicity is to be compared with that vision?

3. A desire to die is culpable, when it proceeds only from impatience by reason of trouble. But he that is desirous to live, when death would be more ho­nourable to God and Religion, wanteth Christian cou­rage, is of a feeble mind.

4. He that is greedy to heap up riches to himself, nor careth by what arts or means he obtaineth them, layeth up for himself repentance. Unjust gain plea­seth the covetous, but displeaseth God; and the re­membrance of it will become bitterness at last.

[Page 82]5. The Devil useth many stratagems; he hath ma­ny ways to deceive; he is skilful to destroy: time and experience have increased his cunning; but he flieth from those that resolvedly resist him, the strength of God assisting.

Reg. 10. Posterius supinum passivè, &c.

Rule 10. The English Infinitive Mood passive, coming after a Noun adjective, must be rendred by the latter Supine of the Verb active.

1. A man is hard to be found that preferreth the advantage of his Friend before his own; that not only pitieth his Friend's calamities, but also helpeth him with all his might. Adversity is the fittest time to try the sincerity of Friendship. The Bonds of Friendship are to be observed as sacred.

2. Parents are worthy to be reproved, that indulge their children too much. He that careth not for his Fa­mily, is worse than an heathen, he is worse than a brute. But those Parents that give children leave to live and act according to their own will, are unfaithful to them.

3. The conditions of parents is to be bewailed, that are deprived of their children; but the hard lot of children is more worthy to be lamented, that are desti­tute of Parents, for they are exposed to unknown events.

4. A child that feareth God, is afraid to speak those things which others act; he is afraid to repeat words which other Boys spoke. His pious parents tell him, That all wickedness is not only sinful to be commit­ted, but is also sometimes dangerous, always unhand­som to be express'd. But children too often speak of the evil words and works of their companions with delight, at best without hatred.

N. B. The English Infinitive Mood after Adjectives, may elegantly be also rendred by the Subjunctive Mood of the Verb, with the Relative [qui]. For Exercise of [Page 83]which Boys may be accustomed to render that clause of the former Example, wherein the force of the Rule lies, both ways in the same Exercise, viz. both by the latter Supine, and by the Subjunctive.

Reg. 11. The English Infinitive Mood Active after any Tense of [Sum]; when the Infinitive Mood noteth proper­ty, duty, or place, must be rendred by the Latin Infinitive as it seemeth to be; but the word that seemeth to be the No­minative case to [Sum], must then be turned into the Geni­tive, governed of [Sum], or it may be rendred by oppor­tet, &c.

1. The Master is to take care that the Scholar neg­lect not his Study, while he is in School; but Parents are to look-to-it, that Children obey them, when they are dismiss'd from School. It is not meet to trouble the Master with Domestick faults.

2. Children and men are to avoid rash speaking. All must use consideration. He that speaketh without care, often remembreth some words which fill him with sorrow afterwards. An hasty Tongue is full of folly and vanity, and most frequently guilty of lies. Those that expect peace and safety, are to restrain their Tongues with a bridle.

Reg. 12. The English Infinitive Mood Active, coming af­ter Adjectives, betokening worthiness, fitness, or some­thing like to them, must be rendred in Latin by the Subjun­ctive Mood, with the Relative qui.

1. He is unworthy to live, that liveth only for himself. A wise man is a common good, who con­sulteth for the benefit of others, who endeavours to do good to all. But yet he is not to be commended, that, as a busie-body, searcheth out those things which do not belong to him. The middle way is most safe. He is truly wise, that neither neglecteth his duty towards his Neighbour, nor medleth with other mens private affairs. Those men are unfit to have the name of Friends, that search out the conditions [Page 84]other men, not that they may help them, but that they may know and divulge them.

2. He is unfit to enjoy riches, who doth not use them. God giveth men riches, that they may serve him with them; but they abuse the greatest plenty. Their unsatiable desires provoke them to unjust methods to increase their substance. He is more happy, that (whilst poverty lesseneth his power to do good) stri­veth to serve God with his utmost ability; than him, that whilest he hath opportunity to do much good, doth nothing; he is worthy to lose that, which he u­seth not.

Reg. 13. When the English Infinitive Mood Active com­eth after a Noun Adjective, which Adjective governs an Accusative case, with the Preposition ad, such Infinitive Mood must be rendred in Latin, by the Gerund in dum, with ad.

1. Reveal not thy miseries to any, except to those that can help thee. Many are ready to ask, How dost thou do? that are not forward to help on thy welfare. Believe not all that say, they pity thee. Trust a true friend (if thou be sure to find such a one) that will pi­ty thee, and will be forward to use his greatest endea­vours to free thee of thy trouble.

2. Advise thy friend most warily, lest thou injure him, and he accuse thee of enmity. Rash counsel is unprofitable to him that giveth, and to him that re­ceiveth it. Be ready to hear, careful to contrive, but slow to speak.

3. It is hard to move him that is accustomed to do evil. Custom is equal to Nature for strength and per­swasion. Admonitions, instructions, threatnings, pro­mises, fears, are ineffectual, to banish vice from a mind, in which it hath a long time dwelt.

4. It is strange to be observed, how earnestly boys endeavour to cheat themselves, whilst they think they only cheat their Master. They are sent to School [Page 85]to get learning, but they invent arts to escape saying their Lessons, whereby they continue Blockheads, and never come to learning. They go to School to be in­structed, but they are glad if the Master forget to call them, though he very seldom please them so. When they are to give an account of their Authors, they have brains ready to invent little tricks to supply their neglect; whereby they strive to impose upon the Ma­ster, who yet is faithful, and findeth out their craft. When they have committed a fault, and are to be pu­nished, they endeavour to excuse themselves with lies, or to appease the Master's anger by promises, which they never perform. Parents buy them Books to read in, and they are capable to understand them, but they read idle trifles when they should study. They desire nothing more than to stay away from School; they shun their own benefit, and covet their own loss; but when they come to man's-estate, they see they were their own Enemies.

The Construction of the Participle.

Reg. 1. PArticipia regunt casus verborum, &c.

Latin Participles govern such cases as the Verbs of which they come: except Participles in dus, which govern a Dative case after them, though the Verb which they come of, govern an ablative.

1. Virtue to be preferred before the purest Gold, is valued at a low rate; and virtuous men are despised of many; but they enjoying inward peace and tranquili­ty, pity the greatest men, who are loaden with wealth, and yet are miserable, because they want the chief hap­piness of man.

2. How many men are like the brutish Swine, that prefer dirt and mire before the cleanest Palace; they despise Jewels, and gather up Pebbles: they are con­tent with sordid Earth, despising Heavenly things, wanting wisdom to distinguish.

Exc. 1. Participiorum voces cum fiunt, &c.

When the English of a Participle, may form all the degrees of Comparison, the Latin Participle then becomes of the na­ture of a Noun Adjective, and requires the Substantive fol­lowing it, to be put in the Genitive case, whatsoever case the Verb governed.

1. That Master is most loving to his Scholars, that will not suffer them to loiter, nor will give them too much time to play; that restraineth them from evil by the severest Laws, that giveth them rewards when they are worthy of them; but yet punisheth their wil­ful idleness, when nothing else will amend them.

2. A Friend, that reproveth of errors, is preferred before him that flattereth with his lips; the wounds of a Friend are more healing to a man, than the smooth words of a flattering Enemy.

Exc. 2. Exosus, perosus, pertaesus, &c.

2. [Pertaesus] weary, a Participle requires an accusa­tive case after it. So also [exosus] and [perosus], when they signifie hating, but when they signifie hated by, or hateful to, they require a Dative case.

1. Judges hating bribes and covetousness, are ha­ted by those, whose guilt prompts them to avoid the stroke of Justice: but they are chosen by wise Prin­ces. For unspotted Justice is the best Friend to Royal Power.

2. He is hated of all, hateful to God and Men, that useth a double tongue; he is certainly a dissembler, whose words are changed according to occasion: he is a friend to no body; he always dispraiseth those whom he seems to admire; he speaketh good to all, whispereth evil of all, his mouth disagreeth with his heart. All men become weary of his company; those that sometimes thought him a Friend, soon begin to distrust him, for he is void of common honesty.

Exc. 1. Natus, prognatus, satus, &c.

Exc. 1. Natus, prognatus, satus, cretus, ortus, edi­tus, creatus; Participles of Verbs passive, require an Ab­lative Case without a Preposition, whereas their Verbs re­quire an Ablative with a Preposition.

1. A Son born of honest Parents, is more worthy than him that sprung from a wicked rich-man.

2. Man sprung from the dust by his creation, hath many times his mind fastned to the earth; nor doth he mount from thence, till Wisdom instruct his choice.

3. A man hating Vice, is more beautiful in the sight of God, than him that is adorned with glittering Robes, but indulgeth sin, which God hateth, who lo­veth Virtue sprung from Heaven.

Reg. 2. Gerundia in do pendent, &c.

Rule 2. The English Participle in ing, coming after a Preposition, Verb, or Adjective, which govern an Ablative Case, the word that seemeth to be the Participle, must be rendred by the Gerund in do, if after an Adjective or Verb, having of, with, or by after them, without a Pre­position; if after any other English, with it.

N. B. Gerunds govern the same Case with their Verbs.

1. He that is quickly weary of attending to the Mi­nister preaching, or tired with kneeling while the Ma­ster prayeth; is a lazy and wicked boy; he loveth not the Worship of God, but hath his mind busied about playing, while he seemeth to serve God.

2. Idle Boys endeavour to allure others from stu­dying, but the diligent hearken not to their tempta­tions; for no good is gotten by neglecting: It is better to displease idle play-fellows, than to please them: but every place is full of wicked boys, who corrupt others, and exhort them to various Vices.

[Page 88]3. Boys learn by teaching others who are more ignorant than themselves; by repeating over those things which they have formerly learned, they fasten them more stedfastly in their memories. They have need of all opportunities to call over past in­structions; for they are forward to forget them, tho they be Boys of good wits, and competent me­mories.

4. Boys many times learn wisdom from observing the punishment of others: but some refuse to be taught diligence that way; their own experience only reduceth them to obedience. Boys imitate men: some become wise at other mens charge, others at their own. Experience is the best Mistress in all things; but in sufferings altogether unwelcom.

5. But amongst Boys, as well as amongst Men, others are obstinate in offending; neither the expe­rience of others will move them, nor their own; they wilfully sail in those Seas where they before scarcely escaped destruction.

Reg. 3. Gerundia in dum pendent, &c.

Rule 3. When the English of the Participle of the present Tense, cometh after the English of any Preposition which governeth an Accusative Case, or after any Adje­ctive which will have an Accusative after it, with ad: In such case, the English Participle must be rendred in Latin by the Gerund in dum, with the proper Preposition set be­fore it.

1. At eating, Boys ought to sit still, not to talk. At saying Lesson, none ought to speak, but he that is appointed by the Master, whose leave is to be asked before the Scholars betake themselves to pray.

2. The Boy that is chastised, because of truant­ing, hath no cause to accuse the Master of severity; [Page 89]he ought to blame himself, and to resolve, God help­ing, that he will shake off idleness for the future.

Note 1. The English word must (which may be rendred by [oportet] and another Verb of the Imperative Mood), is also to be made into Latin by quite omitting any parti­cular Latin for must, and only turning the Verb following must, into the Gerund in [dum], (without a Preposition); and setting the Verb [est] impersonally after the Gerund; and then the Noun foregoing, which seems to be the Nomina­tive Case, must be the Dative.

1. They must strive with their utmost might, that desire to become learned, and to conquer the difficul­ties which they will meet; all things that are excel­lent, are difficult to be attained.

2. The Soldier must fight valiantly, that beareth a mind enflamed with a desire to conquer the enemy: his Arm must procure him the Honour which his Heart wisheth for. But sometimes secret stratagems, and subtil policy, defeat the most valiant Warriers. Deceit sheddeth less blood, and hath sometimes more success.

Exc. If must stand before a Verb irregular, or a Verb passive, which have no Gerunds; oportet, with the Infi­nitive Mood after it, must be used, and the word that seem­eth to be the Nominative Case, must be the Accusative.

1. Children must be obedient to their Parents: Children that grieve their Parents, purchase to them­selves a Curse; they provoke God to deny to them that length of life which he hath promised to the dutiful; or, if he suffer Rebels to live, he giveth them Children that shall revenge their Parents diso­bedience.

[Page 90]2. Zeal is a fire, whose flame proceedeth from the fire of Love; but it must be confined within the bounds of truth. Nothing is more dangerous than blind and false Zeal.

3. In loving God, we must not neglect our Neigh­bour; the observation of the second Table of the De­calogue, must be joyned with our care to keep the first. He keepeth no Commandment truly, that wilfully neglecteth one.

Reg. 4. Vertuntur Gerundii voces, &c.

2. Sometimes the English Participle, which should be rendred by the Gerund, according to the former Rules, is otherwise Latined, by turning the word that should be the Gerund, into a Gerundive Adjective in dus; and then that Adjective must agree with the Substantive next following, which may be practised in this following Example, viz.

A desire to excel all others in Virtue, and in good letters, is a commendable ambition; and a delight in obtaining praise, is worthy of encouragement, because it is a sign of an excellent mind; but he is a wicked boy, that applieth his thoughts only to out-going the worst in villany. Such a contention is Diabolical.

Rule 4. The English Participle in ing, must sometimes be Latined neither by the Participle nor Gerund, but by a Noun Substantive; which is when it hath a, an, or the before it, and of after it, or when it immediately follows an Adjective agreeing with it.

1. The taking away Worldly Riches, sometimes tendeth to the increasing of Spiritual Substance; the impoverishing of the Body, is the enriching of the Soul. How imprudent are they that immoderately bewail losses! No loss is really great, except the loss of life-eternal.

[Page 91]2. Frequent thinkings of those things that concern the Soul, are necessary for the most tender years. None can begin to serve God too soon, none soon enough; he that spendeth most time in the serving God, shall have the greatest reward. But Youth is not only full of Vanity, but thinketh it may indulge Sin and Folly without blame: as if there were some years of our life which we may devote to the Devil. But what if our lives be taken from us before the expiring of those licentious years, what an Eternity must we expect? Shall those live with God, who died before they be­gan to live to him?

Rule 5. The English Participle in ing, coming after a Verb of motion, and having a before it, is rendred by the first Supine, like as the Infinitive Mood.

The man that goes a hunting, hawking, or visiting his Friends, when necessary business requires his care and time, prefers his Diversion before his Profit, the So­ciety of his Friends before the necessary Advantage of Himself and his Family. Nor will any covet his Friendship, that is not a Friend to himself.

2. The Boy that goes with his School-fellows a playing, when he ought to be diligent at the Task which the Master hath appointed him, prefers Play before his Master's Love, and his own Profit; and when he is weary of Playing, he will return to his Book, but shall want time to prepare his appointed Exercises.

Rule 6. The Participle in ing, after a Noun (Substan­tive, or Adjective), that requires a Genitive Case, must be made by the Gerund in di.

To be skilful in cheating others, is a base Art: Fools are wiser than such Politicians. He that only inventeth knacks of deceiving, is full of Craft, but void of Wisdom. A wise man is like a [Page 92]Dove for innocency, tho he be not unlike a Serpent for caution.

Rule 7. The Participle in ing, after am, art, is, was, were, or any passive sign, must be Latined not by the Par­ticiple, but by the Verb Active, and in that Tense of it, and Number, and Person, which the Passive sign betokens.

1. A diligent Boy is always learning, not only while the Master is instructing, but also while other Boys are playing, he readeth Books which promote his learning, or readeth-over-again that which he learned in the School; he only now-and-then useth moderate rest and recreation, because it is necessary for his health, and maketh to the sharpening of his wit.

2. Excellent Apelles was daily drawing some excel­lent Picture with wonderful Art; no day passed without a Line.

3. Those that use not time in the beginning of their lives, will be even perpetually lamenting their folly afterwards; they will be hourly condemning them­selves, and saying, Oh, at what a great price would I willingly purchase time past!

Rule 8. The Participle in ing, after from, for lest that, may elegantly be rendred by the Subjunctive Mood, with nè before it.

The Providence of God keepeth us from perishing; the Power of God assisteth us in acting those things which please him; the Grace of God keepeth us from sinning; the Goodness of God preserveth us from suf­fering afflictions; the Death and Righteousness of Christ have redeemed us from dying eternally.

Rule 9. The Participle in ing, after a Verb importing to cease, leave, or give over, is rendred by the Infinitive Mood of its proper Verb.

[Page 93]1. Constancy and stedfastness, are signs of a gene­rous mind: He that leaves acting laudable things, and degenerateth into Vice, was never truly good.

2. A wise man never leaves learning, till he give­over living: He hath need of more knowledge, that hath the greatest wisdom.

Rule 10. The English Participle having, when it stands immediately next before another Participle, which comes from a Verb Deponent, is not rendred by any particular La­tin word, only is a sign that the following English must be Latined by the Participle preter Tense of the Verb passive.

1. Poor men having gotten Riches or Honours, grow proud; they despise those that were equal to them; they are of more scornful minds and behaviour, than those that are sprung of Noble Race.

2. Humility is the true Gentility. Men honour and reverence a Nobleman that is courteous towards his in­feriours, more than him that scorneth to speak to them, or to hear their requests, who having relied upon their goodness, have often intreated them.

Rule 11. Having, coming before a Participle of a Verb active, and having been, before a passive, must be ren­dred by the preterperfect (if the thing spoken of, be now doing, or will be done hereafter), or by the preterpluperfect Tense of the Subjunctive Mood (if the thing spoken of, be past), with cum.

1. Those were the most Noble Champions, that having conquered Kingdoms and Countries, spared the Inhabitants, and granted them largest Privileges. Their Clemency did not hinder their Victories; it rather made many yield to their Power, from whom they might expect lenity: but who would surrender to a bloody Conquerour?

[Page 94]2. Kings and Kingdoms are under the Power of God. God setteth up Kings; it is not the Subjects part to pull them down, but to obey their Authority. They are to pray for the Lives and Prosperity of Ru­lers; and having gotten a gracious Prince, they are to bless God, who gave them him, and to defend him: He that feareth God, honoureth the King; and having obeyed him in Peace, hazardeth his life for him in War.

Construction of words betokening Time.

Reg. 1. QUAE significant partem temporis, &c.

Rule 1. Nouns which betoken part of time (h. e. which answer to the Question [when?] either ex­prest before it, or implied), must be put in the Ablative Case.

1. He that always designs to be good next week, or next year to amend his life, and doth not this day begin his work, seems to endeavour to mock God: He cheateth his own Soul; he pleaseth the Devil, who loveth such hurtful delays, and persuadeth men with all his might to disobey God, and to prejudice themselves. That Tempter promiseth them longer life, and space to repent: Men too often believe him, rather than God, the Fountain of all Truth. Delay­ers convenient season never comes. Let us not say, next year, next month, next week, next hour, nor next moment, but embrace the offer of eternal happiness this present instant.

2. Q. When wilt thou increase thy diligence?

A. The first day wherein we return to School.

Reg. 2. Quae autem durationem, &c.

Rule 2. Nouns betokening continuance of time, (h. e. which answer to the Question, [how long?] express'd or un­derstood), must be put in the Accusative Case.

The Boy that loiters a whole week, becomes idle afterward, and will not study; that Boy is wise that mingleth Study with Play, even upon Holy-days; then is Play pleasant to him at his intervals, and his mind is ready for learning; so that when he returns to School, he can learn all the day without weariness; and there shall be need of no labour to the Master as to him, whilst he must strive greatly to persuade other Boys to forget their past leisure.

1. Against or for before a word of appointed time, are to be rendred by in, with an Accusative Case of the word of time.

1. He that promiseth a gift or kindness against the next week, and delays it until the next year, doth his Friend no good; gifts given in season, are acceptable; but delays diminish the worth and thanks.

2. The man is wise, that in prosperity layeth up against adversity; he that spendeth all without care and foresight, commonly wanteth afterward without remedy; for he is uncapable to help himself, and his Friends pity him not, because he is become poor by his own neglect.

3. Detain not a whole year, what is only lent thee for a day; thy Friend may forgive thy breaking of thy promise, but he will be unwilling to lend, when thou hast need of his help the second time.

Note, Particular Phrases of the Noun of Time, have a different Construction from the former.

Suetonius writes of Augustus Caesar, That when he purposed not to grant any thing which was requested of him, he was wont to answer the suppliant, I will do it upon the Greek Calends; because no Nation be­side the Romans had Calends, which name they gave to the first day of each month. Upon the second day the Nones began.

Construction of Nouns betokening Place.

Reg. 1. SPatium loci in Accusativo, &c.

Rule 1. Nouns that betoken how far one place is distant from another, or any measure of the length or breadth of a place after a Verb, may be rendred in Latin either by the Accusative Case, or the Ablative.

1. Our Countrey-house is twelve miles off from this place; my Brother and I walked hither in three hours; and we are still seven miles distant from our Inn; we must walk apace, that we may arrive thither this night.

2. London, the chief City of England, is distant from York an hundred and one and fifty miles.

3. Geographers account, That the one Pole is Six thousand eight hundred seventy two English miles distant from the other.

Reg. 2. Nomina Appellativa & nomina majorum, &c.

Reg. 3. Omne Verbum admittit Genitivum, &c.

Rule 2. At a place, is the same with in: and if the place be a proper name of a Countrey, Province, or Nation; or a Noun Substantive Common; it must be put in the Ab­lative Case with the Preposition in; but in or at a smaller place; as a single City or Town, must be rendred by the Ge­nitive Case, if the Latin Noun or Place be of the first or second Declension, and the Singular Number.

1. I have been in Spain, I have dwelt at Rome, I abode two years in another City of Italy. I lodg­ed a whole Month at Paris in France: yet foreign places did not delight my mind; I had rather spend my time at School in London, than live idly in a strange Land.

2. Latin Books Printed at Amsterdam in Holland, are to be preferred before all others: Dutch Printers [Page 97]for the most part use better Letter, and take more care in Correcting.

3. When Alexander the Great was in Persia, he de­stroyed Persepolis the Royal City. Thais the Harlot persuaded him to destroy it, and it was wholly wasted by his Command. It stood a league off from the River Araxis, forty Pillars Carved with won­drous Art remain Testimonies of its former glory.

1. Hi Genitivi Humi, domi, militiae, &c.

1. On the ground, at home, in or at War, are rendred by the Genitive cases of the Substantives.

A good Man always doth good to his Country; when he is at home, he dischargeth his duty, by in­structing his Family, and making them useful to the Common-wealth; he teacheth them obedience to­wards Princes and Magistrates, that they may not be injurious to publick peace; he teacheth them pi­ety towards God; and that they may learn, he giveth them his own Example: He knows that Godly Men are the best Subjects. When he is in War (which he never enters into without just cause) he fighteth va­liantly; he endureth all hardship, lyeth on the ground, wanteth sleep, suffereth showers and tem­pests; content at his condition, he feareth not Death; but boldly meeteth that Enemy, the most formidable of all, for the sake of God, the King and his Coun­try; at last he either dieth nobly in the Field, or quietly in his Bed, and all that remember him, be­wail the publick loss. None can esteem such a Man at too great a price.

2. Domi non alios secum patitur, &c.

2. The Genitive case, domi, at the house, hath never any other Adjective made to agree with it, except meae, tuae, suae, nostrae, vestrae, alienae, domi, is never used for Latin to another word, but at home, except the English of one of those pronouns come with it.

[Page 98]1. A wise Man dwelleth at home, he abideth at his own house; the Fool is always busy at another man's house, and in the mean while, he neglecteth his own affairs.

2. He that dwells in a decayed house, is more safe from Envy, than the rich-man, living in a Princely Palace; few envy the poor, whose condition is there­fore to be esteemed happy.

Reg. 3. Verùm si proprium nomen loci, &c.

Rule 3. When the proper name of a City, or Town, is of the Plural Number (which is when there is no Singular), or if it be of the Third Declension, in, or at such a place, it must be rendred by the Dative or Ablative.

1. Many wise men were born at Athens: many famous Philosophers. There was at Athens a fa­mous University. The Grecians heretofore did so far excel all other Nations in knowledg, that they called all other men Barbarians, in comparison of themselves; as if all mankind were blind, beside themselves; But afterwards the glory of Greece was diminished, and the Roman splendor exceed­ed it.

2. The City Delphos, and the Hill Parnassus, were at Phocis, a City of Achaia, a Province of Greece. The Oracle of Apollo, was given at Del­phos; but when the Son of God took to himself flesh, that Oracle, and all others, were reduced to silence.

Note, When two Nouns Substantives come next to each other, whereof both betoken place, but of a dif­ferent nature, the one a Substantive proper, the other an Appellative, and yet both belong to one thing, so that they ought by Apposition, to be put both in one Case, when they so seem, yet they must [Page 99]not be of the same Case one with the other, but each be put in its proper Case, which it would be put in, if it stood a­lone.

The Seat of the Roman Empire was at Rome, the most noble Town of Italy; but the power and strength of it, extended to the farthest known parts of the World.

Reg. 4. Verbis significantibus motum ad locum, &c.

Rule. 4. To, after a Verb of motion, and before a word of place, if the place be a proper name of a City or Town, of whatsoever Declension or Number, must be rendred by the accusative case, without a Preposition. If a noun Sub­stantive Common, or the name of a Countrey by the Accu­sative Case, with [ad], or [in].

1. Scholars go from School to Oxford, or to Cambridge, that beside the Learned Languages, they may study the Liberal Arts. But some are of so stupid brains, that af­ter-that they have continued there, in the Universi­ties, many years, they become nothing more learned; which is greatly to be wondred at; but those that are unteachable at School, for the most part continue such. The two Universities are the Eyes of the Nation; but they cannot open the Eyes of the blind.

2. Those that apply their minds to the study of Physick, are often times sent to Holland, to Leyden; from which Universities famous Physicians have pro­ceeded.

Reg. 5. Verbis significantibus motum à loco, &c.

Rule. 5. From, or by a place, if it be a proper name of a smaller place, must be rendred by the Ablative case, with­out a Preposition, if an Appellative, or the name of a grea­ter place, with a Preposition.

1. Julius Caesar, the Emperor, after that he had conquered Britain, built a Tower at London, the chief City of Britain; but he continued not [...]t [Page 100] London; he appointed Rulers in his stead, and retur­ned from London to Italy.

2. Idle and wicked boys come from the Church, and from the School, more willingly than they go to them.

3. Henry the Eighth, King of England, regarded not thet hreatnings and Bulls which came from Italy against him: he violently shook off the Papal Power, tho' he retained the Roman Religion.

Rule 6. Domus, an house, or home, and Rus, the Coun­trey, have in all respects, the construction of proper names of Cities and Towns, as to their cases.

The Construction of Verbs Impersonal.

1. VErbs Impersonal have never any Nominative case before them, nor an Accusative before their Infini­tive.

2. Not onely Verbs which have it before them in the English, are Latined by Impersonals, but when boys find I, thou, he, &c. the signs of Verbs personals, they will some­times find such Latin for the Verb, as is only of the Third Person, which Latin is an Impersonal Verb.

Reg. 1. Haec tria Impersonalia, &c.

1. Three Impersonals, viz. interest, refert, and est (which is sometimes an Impersonal) require a Genitive case after them, of the Noun following, except me, thee, him, us, you, or whom, come after the English of them; and those Particles must be rendred by the ablative case of the Pronoun Possessive.

1. It much concerneth boys to avoid evil compa­ny, as they would beware of the Plague: They are more hurtful to the mind, than the most contagious Disease to the body: Wicked and prophane Play-fellows, are tempters, which do the Devil's work; they sometimes change a boy of an honest mind, into [Page 101]a vile Rebel. He that converseth with evil boys, at length becomes like them; he leaveth his care to please the Master, he giveth over his endeavouring to serve God, and his obeying his Parents: They teach him Sabbath-breaking, Swearing, Lying, and all Vice, which it will be difficult to unteach him; and unless God bless some instructions, and by Divine power al­ter him, his life being wasted in serving sin, he perish­eth for ever.

2. It concerneth me, and all men to look to our selves: the world is full of Knaves and Knavery: It is hard to be known, and he is hard to be found that is fit to be trusted.

Obs. Adjiciuntur & illi Genitivi, tanti, &c.

Those Impersonals beside a Genitive case of the person whom, have also another Genitive of the word betokening the Degree.

1. The greatest caution is to be used in the presence of Boys; Masters must behave themselves very wari­ly, lest Scholars learn evil of them; and it greatly con­cerneth boys to imitate the Masters virtue.

2. It little mattereth, whether he that instructeth be great; it i [...]sufficient if he be good.

3. It little matters how-much money a man have, if he be honest; honesty is worth loads of treasure.

Reg. 2. In Dativum feruntur haec Impersonalia, &c.

2. Accidit, certum est, contingit, constat, confert, competit, placet, dolet, expedit, evenit, liquet, libet, nocet, obest, prodest, praestat, sufficit, vacat; and in ge­neral all Impersonals, which have the sign to or for after them, require a Dative case.

1. If God please, Physick shall profit a man: but God with-holding his blessing, all endeavours are vain: God useth Physicians as his servants: but un­less God help them and their sick person, they be­come unprofitable; he tempteth God that neglect­eth using endeavours of men; but it best agreeth [Page 102]with Religion, to joyn Prayer with Physick. God is always at leisure to do good to those that ask.

2. It greatly concerns those that are desirous to en­joy inward peace, to believe the omnipotency of God; it is manifest to the eyes of the Servants of God, that he rules the world; and trust in God banisheth all fear from the heart. Feebleness of mind is the misery of those that distrust Divine Power and Goodness.

Reg. 3. Haec impersonalia accusandi, &c.

Reg. His verò attinet, pertinet, &c.

Rule 3. Juvat, decet, and the Compounds of them, as also delectat and oportet, require an accusative case without a Preposition; attinet, pertinet, spectat, an ac­cusative with ad.

1. It behoveth men of little wisdom to hold their peace; a fool silent, seemeth wise.

2. The Tongue is the Author of much evil; it therefore becometh a wise man to restrain his own Tongue with the Bridle of Reason; it delighteth him to laugh at the folly of Pratlers; it belongeth to younger men especially to sit silent; they may observe what others speak, and it may be lawful for them to break silence, when they can produce something worthy of hearing, which none else thought on; he that speaketh warily, is prised highly by the wise.

Reg. 4. His Impersonalibus subjicitur, &c.

Rule 4. Paenitet, taedet, pudet, piget, Verbs Imperso­nal, require an accusative case of the word immediately next them; (which accusative in the English seems as if it were the Nominative case to the Verb), and beside that a Geni­tive case of the word following, which hath of, for, or as be­fore it; also miseret, miserescit, an accusative of the person pitying, a Genitive of the thing or person pitied, e. g.

1. Good men are weary of their lives among the wicked, they pity their madness, they are grieved at [Page 103]their folly; whilest in the mean time sinners are not ashamed of their vices; nor do they repent of them, till God open their eyes.

2. Good men only truly repent of their sins, Hypo­crites repentance is but pretended, but they are of most base minds, that repent of their good deeds. We ought not to boast of any Actions; we must give God the Glory, who giveth us Power to perform them, yet we must do good with all our might.

3. It is worthy to be observed, how flexible the minds of Boys are; they scarcely continue two days in the same thoughts; sometimes they keep not the same mind two hours; when the Master layeth upon them a new command, they seem to rejoice, and are very forward to obey it for-the-present; but they soon forget their duty, or grow slack in performing it, when by their unconstant Parents they are removed from one School to another, they admire their new Master, whom before-that they despised and laughed at, and they speak-against their former Master, whom the day before they seemed to prefer before all the World. New and sudden things please Boys, but they are soon weary of every thing; that Boy is praise-worthy, that in his tender years beginneth to shew pre­sages of future constancy; and those men are to be scorned, that in elder years are like Children for uncon­stancy. Manly Boys are to be beloved; childish men to be slighted.

4. The Master pitieth the Scholars ignorance; he loveth the Scholar better than the Scholar loveth himself; which he will not now believe, but he will believe it hereafter.

Obs. Nonnulla Impersonalia remigrant, &c.

Most Impersonals are only the third person singular, or Per­sonals, which Personals are themselves also in use, as decet from deceo, pudet from pudeo, accidit from accido, pla­cet from placeo; but paenitet, taedet, and some others, have no Personals.

[Page 104]1. When God pleaseth he turneth evils into the temporal good of those that please him; it becometh not good men to be angry with Providence, conten­tedness becometh Christians.

2. It is certain that all things shall conduce to the benefit of God's Servants; and God requireth of them, that this thing be resolved-on among them; to wit, to love him more vehemently, even when he depri­veth them of worldly good-things.

Reg. 5. Coepit, incipit, desinit, debet, &c.

5. The English of any of these Verbs, viz. Coepio, inci­pio, desino, debeo, soleo, and possum, which are in­deed Personals in their own nature; when the English of a­ny of them cometh before the Infinitive Mood of an Imperso­nal, the word that seemeth to be the Nominative case to the Verb personal must be such case as the Infinitive Im­personal requires after it.

1. Some begin to repent of their talkativeness, when they have betrayed and destroyed their Friend by their lawless tongues. We must not betray the faults of our Enemies; especially we must not say of our Friends all that we know; a wise man speaketh evil of none, but some men speak evil of all. Detraction is a weed that poysoneth the reputation of many, which grow­eth only in base minds.

1. Diligent Boys use to be ashamed to give place to their equals in Learning; they are resolved that none shall excel them; they give the Master great hope; shame worketh great things, it sometimes per­suadeth those, that promises and threatnings could not move.

The Construction of Adverbs.

Reg. 1. EN & ecce demonstrandi, &c.

En and [ecce] are to be used for see, behold, lo, and not vide, cerne, &c. When one calls upon another [Page 105]to observe, or take notice of; and if a noun Substantive come next any of them, that Noun must be put in the No­minative Case. Except the word be spoken in contempt or blame, and then they will have an Accusative.

1. Behold the love of God toward sinners, he for­giveth men their greatest and most vile offences; he receiveth those into his favour, whom he hath cause to hate because of their wickedness; repenting sinners are welcome to the arms of his mercy; but behold the adamantine hardness of mens hearts, who refuse to return to him, and to accept his mercy; they prefer the pleasures of sin before eternal joy, they lose their souls to win a guilded nothing.

2. Lo the folly of Children, who love play rather than learning, that think him the best Master that gi­veth them oftnest leave to play: but those Masters are to be blamed, that please their Scholars to their hurt.

Reg. 2. Quaedam Adverbia loci, &c.

2. Adverbs of quantity, time and place, and [instar], require the Noun following them to be of the Genitive Case.

1. The Nations of the World have come to-that-pass of wickedness, that the Earth is like to Hell, and many men have degenerated into Devils: Wickedness and Idolatry overspread the greatest part of the World: there is profession enough, but little true Religion; true Christians are hated; some that call themselves the Servants of God, and are accounted Saints, bear hearts full of all hatred, envy and malice against o­thers. Pious frauds, ignorance, licentiousness, con­tentions, divide almost the whole World amongst them.

2. How much is the veneration of Learning dimi­nished among men! Heretofore learned men were valued at a great rate, they were thought worthy of honour; but now men are fond of ignorance, they [Page 106]soon think that they have gotten learning enough; some are so sordidly ignorant, that they desire the ut­ter extirpation of Learning out of the World: they pretend the banishment of Learning would promote the true Religion, but they are mistaken; learned men are the best and strongest Pillars of the Church and State.

Tempori, luci, vesperi, are used as Adverbs, though Dative Cases of Nouns.

Rule 3. Adverbs which are derived of Adjectives, go­vern the same after them, with the Adjective that they come of.

He that cannot conceal his Friends secrets from those that ask him, but discloseth whatsoever is com­mitted to his trust, acteth not only unpleasantly to his Friend, but hurtfully to himself; for he that be­haves himself most warily of all men, and liveth more watchfully than other men, yet he may happen to do something, which being known, he may be deprived of his good name; and he that is void of Knavery, sometimes hath need of Art in managing his Affairs; which if it be revealed, he obtaineth not his end; he is defeated of his purpose. Therefore punish not his Crimes, nor his innocent Designs, that trusteth thee, relying upon thine honesty. If thou betray thy Friend, thou shalt change his love into hatred, his esteem of thee into contempt. Every one is so much wiser, by how much he is more silent.

Reg. 4. Adverbia Diversitatis, aliter, secus, &c.

Rule. 4. Aliter, secus, ante, post, Adverbs require an Ablative Case after them, of the Noun betokening Quantity.

1. Men and Boys think liberty to sin, sweet; but all will find far otherwise. Sinners enjoy deceitful pleasure a little-while; but that pleasure cheateth them of eternal Paradise; a-little-while-after they must pass to eternal sorrow. They are fools that sell [Page 107]heaven at so low a price: He is happier, whose con­dition is imbittered with many outward miseries all his life, and obtaineth Heavenly Glory, than the grea­test Prince, that after his Pomp, lives with cursed Spi­rits for ever.

2. He is a Liar; that denieth the same thing this hour, which he most strongly affirmed a little before; no credit is to be given to his words.

3. The anger of a fool is not to be feared; he threatneth men with dreadful things; but he hath not cunning enough to act revenge; he behaveth himself far otherwise than he speaketh. A politick Foe is in­deed formidable.

Reg. 5. Cedo flagitantis, &c.

Rule 5. For let me see, give me, fetch me, and such like Expressions, it is more elegant to make cedò the Adverb, with an Accusative after it, than to render them by the proper Verb.

Let me see that Book; reach me also thy pen; I will write these instructions which I have given thee; other­wise thou wilt forget them: Thou seldom remem­brest good admonitions.

6. These Adverbs require the Verb coming next them, to be put in the Subjunctive, and no other Mood, viz.

• Quoad, until, Ceu, as Acsi, even as.
• Quasi, as tho, Tanquam, as Dum, until.

1. They that, when they are diseased in body, neg­lect sending for the Physician, till the Distemper hath gotten greater strength, than which Nature can resist, despise their own health, as tho' life were worth no­thing. To cure them will be difficult.

2. Children neglected until Vice have taken deep root in them, are hardly reformed: it is more easie to bend an Osier, or a Twig, than to twist an Oak. Vice nourished many years, becomes a Possessor at­last, and is loth to leave its accustomed dwelling. Parents are to be blamed that neglect their [Page 108]duty in the beginning, as-if they desired their Chil­drens future debauchery.

Rule 7. These Adverbs, if a Nominative Case and Verb come next them, require it to be put in the Indicative, and no other Mood.

Donec, so-long-as, Ut, after-that, Dum, whilst, or as-long-as.

1. So-long-as the Master is ignorant of the dispositi­on of his Scholar, he spendeth his labour in vain.

2. But after-that he findeth out his inclination, and useth methods agreeable thereto; his labours prosper, the Boy encreaseth in understanding, whilest the Ma­ster easily discharges his duty.

Rule 8. Nè for Non, in forbidding, requireth the Verb following to be of the Imperative, or Subjunctive Mood, but rather the Subjunctive. When it is used for lest that, or lest, always the Subjunctive.

Resist not the wholsome Laws of the Land, where­in thou dwellest, which are the Princes defence, and the Peoples best safe-guard, lest thou provoke not on­ly Earthly Lords, but also God, the Sovereign Law-gi­ver, who hath commanded us to obey the Powers which he hath set over us.

9. The rest of the Adverbs are such as need no Rule for the Case that follows them; and as to the Mood, may indif­ferently have after them either a Verb of the Indicative Mood, or of the Subjunctive; so that to name them, would be superfluous, as well as to heap up multitude of Sentences, wherein Boys should exemplifie their indifferency. Nor is it very pertinent to give Boys Examples to demonstrate what they must do, in those things wherein they may do as they list.

The construction of Conjunctions.

Reg. 1. COnjunctiones Copulativae & disjunctivae, &c.

Rule 1. Those Conjunctions, which are called Copulatives and Disjunctives, also Tanquam, velut, item, quasi, quam, praeterquam, ceu, sic, (which are properly Ad­verbs), and sed, ni, nisi, cum, tum, videlicet, scili­cet, when any of these come between two Verbs, they require them both to be put in the same Mood and Tense; and if they come between two Nouns, they must be of the same case.

1. Covetous men behave themselves, as tho' they thought themselves created for this purpose, that they may injoy worldly delights; they desire nothing else: But men were born to greater things; Beasts and Crea­tures without life, answer the designed purpose of their Creation, and fulfil the will of God better than Muckworms.

2. How many men speak more honestly than they act; no man confesseth himself a Knave, but many are so; many promise, but break their promise. How happy were that World, in which all men spake ac­cording to their thoughts. All would enjoy peace and plenty.

Note. Those Copulatives couple not like Tenses, when a plain sign of a different Tense stands before either one of them, which is not before the other.

1. Honesty is the best policy, and will appear the greatest wisdom; all honest men find not worldly success; but though they want outward good things, God will make up to them that defect by better riches.

2. Negligent Boys have more-mirth and jollity, than the industrious; but diligence maketh lovely, and will procure honour both to Boys and men.

3. Fools mock at sin; but except they have seen at some time the folly of that derision, and shall repent of that mistake, they shall after their mirth suffer tor­ments, in which they shall not be able to be merry.

N. B. If a Conjunction Copulative come between two Nouns, one of which requires a particular Case by one Rule of Grammar, the other must of necessity have another Case by another Rule, then it does not joyn like Cases together.

1. Drunkards are to be accused not only of prodi­gality, nor only of beastliness, but of both; he that is given to wine, is unfit for any publick or private business; he maketh himself daily void of reason; he is unworthy of the name of a man; he changeth hu­manity into bestiality.

2. Diligent Boys are industrious at School, and at Home; they use their utmost endeavour, the Ma­ster seeing or not seeing.

2. These Conjunctions following, if a Verb come after them, require it necessarily to be put in the Subjunctive Mood, viz. Etsi, tametsi etiamsi, quanquam, quamvis, licet, cum, (for seeing-that), ne, an, num; (for whether) ut and si.

Rule 3. These Conjunctions require the Verb following them, to be put in the Indicative Mood, viz. Quando when, Quoniam because, Quandoquidem in as much as, Quippe, because, Ut, as how.

Rule 4. Some are indifferent, or may have after them either the Indicative Mood, or Subjunctive, viz. Quod that, Postquam after that,

• Ni un­less Quia Because, Nunquam Never,
• Nisi un­less Quam Than, Priusquam Before that.

Construction of Prepositions.

PRaepositio in Compositione. Reg. 1.

Rule 1. A Preposition joyned to a Verb, to compound it, governeth the same Case after it, as it would if it stood by it self; or a Verb compounded with a Prepositi­on, governeth the same Case after it, which the Preposition governeth, that it is compounded withal.

[Page 111]1. All die not in the same age: Some go out of the World in their Youth, others proceed to Man­hood; some reach to old age; none is sure to live ano­ther year; yet none is content to die this year; every one desires to live another. Those are most happy that are always prepared. Whosoever is removed out of this World into Heaven, cannot die too soon. God knoweth the most convenient season to bring forth his Servants from their miseries.

2. The blessed Angels, swift Spirits, and of purest Sanctity, are always ready to do the will of God. By them the Souls of dying Saints are carried to Eternal Blessedness, in which they shall continue happy to E­ternity.

Reg. 2. Verba composita, cum, a, ab, &c.

Rule 2. Verbs compounded with a, ab, ad, con, de, e, ex, in, may better have an Ablative case after them, with their Preposition repeated, than without it, e g.

1. It is a Fool's part to see the faults of others, and to be ignorant of his own; many men are forward to reprove others, that commit the same Crimes; they readily endeavour to pull out the more from the eye of their Neighbour, but they neglect their own. He that reproveth others, is sometimes guilty of pride; but he that amendeth his own life, will more easily persuade his fellow.

2. It is worthy of Observation, that those men which hate Piety, and do not practise it, yet retain a secret reverence of good men, and are sometimes afraid to commit evil before them. When they are about to step into the filthy road of Vice, they draw back their foot from the place, till the good man have passed by. How great reverence ought Religion to have among her Friends, if her beauty even amaze her Enemies!

Rule 3. The Preposition in, hath an Accusative Case after it, in all significations, except when it is Latin for in, and then it hath an Ablative.

The Provident Ant condemneth careless Sluggards; she layeth up food in plenty, against a time of scarci­ty; she carrieth her store into her hidden Granaries; in Summer she hoardeth for Winter.

Rule 4. Subter, under, may have after it either an Ablative Case, or an Accusative.

5. If a Noun follow tenus, up to, which is to be go­verned of it, which Noun is of the Plural Number, it must be put in the Genitive Case.

A comely Coat reacheth from the middle of the Legs, up to the Shoulders.

For the various signification of Prepositions, Boys may consult, for their Information, the Westminster Introdu­ction, where their Cases are likewise largely discoursed.

Of Interjections.

HEU, Rule 1. an Interjection of exclaiming, may have after it either a Nominative, or an Accusative Case, ah, and proh, rather an Accusative.

1. Oh! the wickedness of these men, that thirst after the Blood of their Neighbours; men of such barbarous Cruelty ought to be thrust out into the Fields, among the Beasts, whom they are like, ex­cept that they exceed them in bloodiness: Ah! the horrid murthers that some have committed.

2. There is not one Atheist in Hell; those that in this World laughed at all serious things, when they come to Eternity, cry out, Alas, my folly! alas, my ignorance and madness! oh, the dismal effects which unbelief produceth! Heretofore I thought Hell was a Dream; but now I find I my self only dreamed, [Page 113]and now that I am awakened, I begin to know, and to exercise my Senses too late.

Rule 2. Hei and vae, require a Dative Case after them.

Wo be to those, that resist the Almighty God: He is the surest Friend, but the sharpest Enemy: his love is sweet, but his wrath is bitter: his favour is Heaven, but his frowns are Hell. Wo, wo, to all that do not please him. Those that mock at his threatnings, shall tremble at the execution of them.

The end of the Sentences, which are fitted as Examples to the Grammar-Rules.

Dat Pater aut Mater nuptum, jungit (que) Sacerdos, Uxorem duco, nubit at illa mihi.

Obs. 15. Sometimes an English Verb of the Third Per­son, is rendred by a Latin of the Second; which is when in an Interrogative Sentence, the Nominative Case to the Verb, is a man, or one, then make no Latin for man, or one, only put the Verb into the Second Person; as Quid fa­cias in hac re arctissima? What should one do in such a perplexed business? Quid dicis? What can a man say? How could one refrain? Qui abstineres?

Having committed to memory these few Notes, the following Englishes will not be difficult.