The manner of drawing a Bill of Parcels.

This is the surest way of drawing up Bills of Par­cels: As for the words Gross and Tare, the first is the Goods weighed in Casks, Boxes, Chests, Bags, &c. and the latter, the weight of them that are to be de­ducted; Tret is 4 pound in the hundred given by the Seller, allowable by the custom of London to a Freeman, unless the Bargain be made to allow none.

The Form of a Bill of Lading.

SHipped by the Grace of God in good Order, and well Conditioned, by you Will. Wills, in and up­on the Good Ship called the Ʋnity of London, whereof is Master under God for this present Voyage J. Benson at Deptford, and by Gods Grace bound for Leghorn.

That is to say, Ten Worcester-shire Cloaths, &c. being Marked and Numbered, ▵ 2 * and are to be Delivered in like good Order, and well Conditioned, at the aforesaid Port of Leghorn, the danger of the Seas, Pirates, &c. only Excepted, unto Mr. Will. Hobs, or his Assigns, he or they paying the Freight for the said Goods 100 l. with Primage and Average accustomed: In Witness wereof I J. Benson, Master of the aforesaid good Ship the Ʋnity, have affirmed three Bills of Lading, all of this tenour and dare, the one of which three being accompli­shed, the other two to stand void, so God send the Good Ship to her desired Port in safety. Amen.

Several things worthy of Observation.

ENgland is miles in circuit 1530, Scotland 1100, Ireland 948, Isle of Man 91, Isle of Anglesey 58, Isle of Wight 57, Isle of Garnsey 36, Isle of Jersey 28. The number of Shires in England are 38: The Parishes 8983: The computation of Acres of England are 29 568000, of Scot. 18000000, of Ireland 18000000.

To Compute for Leap-Year.

Divide the present Year by 4, and what remains shall be for Leap-Year. As thus in Example;

168 (1

44 (42 If 1 remain its first after Leap-Year.

Hard Words in the Almanack explained; viz.

Meteorology, a Discourse of Meteors; Comet, a Blazing Star; Epact, a certain number of days wherein the Suns Progress exceeds the Moons Embolism, the day cast in that makes Leap-Year; Golden Number, from Letters of Gold it was writ in at the Moons Change, and returning in 19 years to the same day of the year; Of the Suns Solstice is when the Sun is at the highest and lowest in the Signs of Cancer and Capricorn; Julian Account ordered by Julius Caesar; Gregorian by Pope Gregory; the latter ten days before the former: Some will have Julian the Apostate, the Author or Director of the Julian Calender.

The foregoing Tables Ʋse, &c.

Consider Interest at 6 per Cent. and observe how the Figures are marked in the Margin, as to Shillings, Pounds, Tens of Pounds, against the Months. &c. and thus you will find one Months Interest come to 1 d. a Month, and some li [...]le matter more; so small as to be divided 3 months to 3 d. 2 d. [...] months to 7 d. 9 to 10 d. 1 q. and a very small matter more, 12 to 1 s. 2 d. and by this direction you may proceed to any part of this Table with much ease and readiness.

The Explanation of the foregoing Table.

NOte, That the Hundred here meant is to contain 112 pound; then further observe, that if you buy Goods 1 q. the pound, it comes to 2 s. 4 d. the Hundred, as in the tops of the first and second Column; if at 1 d. then 9 s. 4 d. and so of the rest, be­ing already cast up. Now to know what you gain by the pound or in the hundred rather: Suppose you buy Goods at 4 l. 1 s. 4 d. per Cent. and retail them at 10 d. the pound, it comes to 4 l. 13 s. and 4 d. so that setting aside the first price, you will find your self 11 s. 8 d. gainer; and so you may readily perceive any other sum.

The foregoing Table is very requisite readily to know the exact price of a Quarter of a Yard, a Quarter of a Hundred or a Pound, when the Goods are bought by the Hundred and Yard; shewing moreover the price of a Nail of a Yard, or an Ounce, when the Commodity is bought by the Yard or Pound.

As thus in Example.

Suppose a Yard comes to 3 s. What is allowed for a Quarter and a Nail: Look 3 s. in the first Column, and against it in the second you have 9 d. the price of a Quarter, and in the third Co­lumn 2 d. 1 q. the price of a Nail.

If the Pound cost 9 s. and you would know what an Ounce is worth; Against 9 s. in the first Column, you will find in the third Column 6 d. 3 q. the price of an Ounce. And if you buy any thing by the Hundred, see the first Column for the price of a Pound, and suppose the 112 cost 8 l. 9 s. Note,

Against 8 l. in the first Column is 1, 5, 0, 4. in the 4th.

Against 9 s. in the first Column is 0, 0, 3, 6. in the 4th. Add these, and they give the Price of a Pound; viz. 1 s. 6 d. and a 4th part.

And by this Rule you may proceed to a greater quantity, as the occasion requires; so that at first sight you may be informed to your satisfaction, in what is before you, and with little pains be enabled to proceed.

Suppose now you had a Lease to continue ten years, and you would know how many years purchase in ready Money it is worth: To do this, find 10 years in the Table in the Left­hand Column, and against it there appears 7 years, 4 months, and a third part of [...] months Rent of the Lease. Let the Lease be what it will; or if the Lease has 31 year in remainder, and you would know its true value, Look for 31 in the Table, and against it you will find 13 years, 11 months, and 1 part of a month, let the Rent be what it will.

Note, That in these Tables of Wages and Expences the Months consist but of 28 Days.

The foregoing Table is easie to be understood, and therefore wants little Explanation, for you find in the uppermost row 1 d. a day, 7 d. a week, 2 s. 4 d. a month, 1 l. 10 s. 5 d. a year; and so of the rest. And indeed this Table being often before our Eyes, will make us more frugal, when we see what a little a day amounts to in the year; for every penny will purchase 3 feet square of good Land free-hold for ever; which for the better reclaiming Spend-thrifts, will not be amiss to demonstrate; viz.

Ten feet and a half being a Rod, and 40 Rods (that is 660 feet) in length, and four such Roods (that is 66 feet in breadth) makes an Acre of Land; it follows then by Multiplying 660 by 60, that every Acre contains 4356 square feet,: Now it is presumed that good Land may be had for 20 s. an Acre Rent; or 20 l. for an Acre Purchase, that is, 4200 d. Now if you divide 4356 by 4800 the Quotient is 9, and the 360 remaining, which shews that every penny does purchase 9 square feet, that is a yard every way, and something better.

Exact Rules, with Tables and Examples for measuring Stone, Glass, Pavement, Timber, Building, and all other things by a generous Improvement, highly ne­cessary to be known.

IN Mensuration, sometimes it is done with a Rule, sometimes with a Chain, and sometimes with a Line, the Foot Rule is 12 Inches, and every of these divided into 12 parts, and every part into 12 other parts, and so to the most minutest degree: But in the easiest and quickest way of Measuring, it must be observed to multiply the sum given by the Integers of the Multiplyer, always beginning from the least denomination, and carrying one for every twelve to the next. Then for the parts:

Multiply the inches into feet, which divide by 12 quotes, inches and parts; then multiply inches into parts, which divide by 12 quotes, parts into [Page 11] parts; parts into feet, and divide by 12 quotes, inches and parts.

Parts into inches, and divide by 12 quotes, first parts and second parts.

Parts into parts, and divide by 12 quotes, second and third parts, and so proceed; alwayes observ­ing, that if the Quotient be more than 12, then divide it again by 12, and the Quotient will be a denomination higher: But for your better Instru­ction, make use of the following Table, and ob­serving to set one denomination under another, the sum is the product.

And to do this it will be convenient for better Instruction to lay down further Rules or Examples, by way of explanation; and therefore observe with wariness what follows.

The Example.

[...] Observe in this that 7 times 6 is 42 as in the Table, and the nearest number on the Left-hand is 36, the difference 6 is writ down, and 3 carried, which stands against 36 to the next de­nomination; 7 times 9 is 63, and 3 carried is 66: The nearest number in the Table is 60, the difference 6 writ down, and 5 carried to the next denomination; 7 times 8 is 56, and 7 carried is 61, which write under Feet; then proceed and multiply by the 8 Inches, and say 8 times 8 is 64, and against its nearest number 60 you find 5, and the remainder is 4, viz. 5 Feet 4 Inches; against 8 times 9 is 72, against which in the Table I find 6, taken for 6 Inches; and 8 times 6 is 48, against which stands 4, which is 4 first Parts: Then to Multiply the parts, 5 times 8 is 40, and the nearest of numbers in the Table to it is 36, against which stands 3, the difference being 4; viz. 3 Inches and 4 Parts. Then 5 times 9 is 45, against its nearest number 36, we find 3, and there remains 9, that is to say, 3 first parts and 9 second parts; then to come to a conclusion, 5 times 6 is 30, against 24 its near­est number I find 2, and the remainder is 6, that is 2 second parts, and 6 third parts; all these added together give the product.

If you undertake to measure things of length and breadth; as Board, Glass, Pavement, Wainscor, Tiling, and such like; the Content is found by multiplying the length into the breadth, which is commonly taken in Feet, Inches and Parts. Board and Glass are measured by the Foot square, con­taining 144 square Inches. And now suppose you have a piece of Plank of 16 Inches square, how many square Feet is contained in it.

EXAMPLE.

Setting down 1 Foot 4 Inches, [...] under 1 Foot 4 Inches, multiply them together as is taught by the foregoing Table, &c. and the Area or Content is 1 square Foot, 49 Inches, and 4 Parts.

A Window that hath 4 panes or pannels of Glass, each pane 1 Foot, 9 Inches, and 6 parts broad, and 4 Foot, 7 Inches, and 6 parts long. To know how many square Feet of Glass are contained in all.

Multiply the length by 4, and say [...] 4 times 6 is 24, which divided by 12, quotes 2, and nothing remains, you must carry 2 to the next deno­mination, writing down nothing: Then 4 times 7 is 28, and 2 carried is 30, which divide by 12 quotes 2, and leaves 6, then write down 6, and carry the 2 to the next; this being done, I take 18 Foot for the breadth, and proceed as before.

Suppose there is a Court to be paved of 18 Foot, 6 inches long, and 14 Foot, 6 inches Broad, and you are desirous to know the Content of square yards, the Rule is to multiply the length by the breadth, and to divide the product by 9.

EXAMPLE.

[...] Having Multiplyed the length and breadth together, divide the square feet by 9, and so you have 29 yards, 7 feet, 3 inches, for the content of the said Pavement.

In Measuring of solid bodies, observe that solid feet and in­ches are required.

And now suppose you are to measure a piece of Timber, 14 foot long, and 18 inches broad. As for Timber, it hath the end either Square or Oblong, or in some other Figure: The general Rule to measure them all, is to find the Area of the end, and let that be muliplyed by the length; but suppose again, a piece of Timber, whose breadth and thickness is 8 inches, and length 14 foot, what then is the solid content? In this case [...] Multiply the breadth and thick­ness one into another, and you will find 5 Inches, 4 Parts, which Multiply by 14, the length, and the solid Content is 6 Foot, 2 Inches, and 8 Parts.

Though Brick-Walls are in some kind account­ed superficial measure; yet when necessity con­strains to out-run the common thickness, which is a Brick and half, they must be reduced by solid measure; or if they be under the accustomed thickness, they must by this way of Measuring be brought to bear with it; for the better understand­ing of which it will be requisite to set down a Table of Direction.

And now having a Wall of 3 Bricks thick, 14 foot, 6 inches high, and 44 feet, 10 inches in length, and you would know how many square Roods are contained therein. Against the 3 Bricks in the first Column, you find the number 2, and by that multiplying the height, the encreased for height is the 1 and ½ Brick, the Proof thus, [...]

And by these Rules f [...]rther light and improvement may be [...]d.

An Introduction to the Rule and Mystery of Gauging, very useful and profitable for all whose Study or Im­ployment lye that way.

IN Gauging, to find the true Content of any Cask or Vessel.

First, Observe the form of the Vessel, and if it be irregular, reduce it to a regular proportion.

Secondly, To discover in Cubick Inches of the Gallon, or parts of a Foot.

(1.) Measure the Diameter of the Vessel at the Bung and Head, and by the Diameter find out the Areas of the Circles; then take the two thirds of the Area of the Circle at the Head, and add them together, then multiply the sum by the length of the Vessel.

(2.) By the Content of our Gallon, the measure of all these Vessels must be known: A Wine-Gallon is reputed to contain 151 Cubick Inches; however it is most convenient first to find the Area of the Circles, and then the Content of the Vessel in Cubick Inches; and lastly, to reduce this into Gallons, which is best done: When you compute the Gallons by Cubick inches, as directed.

To Measure a Barrel that is round and bellyed in the middle.

Multiply half of the thickness in Inches, by half the compass about, and that product by the length in the Inches; the last product divide for Ale or Wine by 288, and the Quotient shews the number of Gallons contained in the Barrel; and to bring these Gallons into Barrels, divide the Quotient by 36, to make them come near with a Beer Barrel; but if the Barrel bellies extreamly in the middle, measure but half to the Bung, and working as be­fore, add the products together, and they give the content, always observing that the Diameter of the Bung and the Head being put together, the one half be taken for the true content.

Note, That you have [...] and a third part of Inches to the Gallon; and th [...]s you [...] a brief Introduction into the Mystery of G [...]ging.

Curiosities relating to Measuring and Gauging; as a Supplement to the foregoing Treatise. To know how many Load of Hay a Barn will hold.

MUltiply the height to the Beam into the breadth, and that product by the length, the whole divided by 20, and the Quotient shews the Loads to the Beam, and for the Roof, multiply half the depth into the breadth at the Beam, and that product by the length, then working as be­fore, add it to the other.

To find the solid Inches in a Globe.

Suppose the Diameter to be 21, multiply 21 by 21, and that product by 21, which multiply by 11, and the product will be 101871, which be­ing divided by 21, gives 4851 the solid Inches in the Globe or Bullet; and so of greater or lesser.

To Measure or Gauge a Square Tun or Vessel.

Multiply the length, breadth, and depth in In­ches together, and the last production divide by 288¾, and the Quotient shews the Gallons, and that Quotient by 36, to bring it into Barrels.

A Coard of Wood is 4 foot over, 4 deep, 8 long, being 128 Cubick feet. A Stack of Wood is 3 feet over, 3 feet deep, and 12 long, which makes 108 Cubick Feet. Fifty foot of Timber makes a Load; 40, 8 Tun weight. A Cubick Foot con­tains 1728 Inches; a Cubick Yard 27 Cubick Feet or 46656 Inches; 300 Foot of 2 Inch plank, 200 Foot of 3 Inch plank, 15 Foot of 4 Inch plank, 400 Foot of 1½ Inch, and 600 of an Inch, make either of them a Load.

Note, That in the foregoing Table H. stands for Hour, M. for Minute; the other Letters for the Points of the Compass, and to know the time of full Sea in any of the said Havens, add the Hours and Minutes right against each Haven, to the Moons coming to the South, and the whole result will be the time of High Water; and by this Ta­ble you may find the Point of the Compass, the Moon is in at High Water: As for the Southing of the Moon, it may be taken by observation; or the Almanack will direct you; the S. W. and N. E. Points always make High Water at London.

Signs of Weather.

RAin is towards, when the Sun shows broad in Rising, as through a Mist, or has a Circle about it; when it sets in a black Cloud, or looks pale and waterish.

The Moon pale, and blunt-horned near the change.

The Sky red in the morning; the often change of the Wind, many scattering Clouds North-West at Evening; Wind long in the South, Stars dull and hardly appearing, or seeming dull and large, as through Mists.

Expect fair Weather when the Sun rises bright, and Mists are on the Water; when the Bees fly far from their Hives, and the Rainbow shows very light in the blew part, when the Sun sets red, and casts direct beams.

Expect storms of Wind when there is a duskey redness in the Moon and Sun; a soft murmering in the Woods; Meteors shooting in the Air; a dull Circle about the Moon; a red Morning and Sea-Fowl flocking to the Shore.

How to discover bad and counterfeit Money.

IF a piece be smooth and worn, hold it to the light, the flat uppermost, and the edge to your [Page 20] eye, and if it be Brass or Copper, you will per­ceive it blacker in one place than another. If a half Crown belly out, fling it hard upon a stone edge-ways, and if it be plated the plate will give way; or if you throw it down flat-ways, it will fall dead.

If the Letters be mackled, and an old piece feel rough in your hand, it is a sign of a Counterfeit: If Milled Money look more than ordinary whitish or pale, it is but searching, and you will find it either adulterated Mettal, or Copper double gilt, if it sound hollow in the fall, expect it is plated. As for Guineas, many of them are counterfeit, by double gilding or imbasing, which may be try­ed by fire; for being heated, they will immedi­ately change colour.

Seasons for Husbandry every Month in the Year.

IN January remove Bees, bleed Calves, prune Vines, dung Pasture, prune Fruit-Trees.

In February dress your Bee-stools, lay fresh Earth to the Roots of Fruit-Trees, sow Carrot-seed, Pease, Oats, and set Quicks.

In March sow Turnips, Beans, Pease, make up Gardens, sow forward Seeds, graft and geath Layers: If the Weather be warm Purge and let Blood.

In April lop Ashes, Willows, and weed your Grounds.

In May sow Pursley and latter Seeds.

In June take off the Luxuriant Branches of the Vine, clip Quick-hedges, set Rosemary, and wa­ter choice Fruit-Trees.

In July cut off the needless Succours, drive Bees, Mow and Graft.

In August sow Turnips, take Bees, and choose the best Weather for inning your Harvest.

In September Purge and let Blood, sow Wheat and Rye, remove young Trees.

In October geath Apples and Vintage, make Cy­der and Wines to keep all the year, lay open Fruit-Tree Roots.

In November cut Timber, Moss, Fruit-Trees, kill Swine, geld Calves.

In December keep good Fires, and make good Chear.

An exact Account of Troy and Averdupoize weight, wet, dry and long measure; in measuring Commodi­ties, Land, &c. set out in Tables, words at length explaining them to the meanest capacity.

TRoy Weight is that by which Gold, Silver, Ele­ctuaries, Amber, Jewels, Bread, Corn, Li­quors are weighed by; and indeed from this Weight, all Measures for wet and dry Commodi­ties are taken, and is thus accounted;

The pound Troy is in proportion to the pound Averdupoize, as 17 is to 14, and the Ounce as 51 to 56: And note by the way, that when Wheat is at 5 s. the Bushel, then a Penny Wheaten Loaf is to weigh 11 Ounces Troy, and 3 half-penny white Loaves the like weight. The Houshold Penny Loaf 14⅔ Ounces; and so proportionable for a greater or lesser quantity.

The Apothecaries have a weight peculiar to them­selves, in some matters somewhat differing from the former, though in the main, it comes to the same end: An Example of which the following Table will produce.

Although they make up their Medicines by this Weight, yet they buy and sell their Drugs by Averdupoize; and because in theirs, and Doctors Bills, and sometimes in Reading Physick Books, there are Characters not known to the vulgar, it will not be amiss for their better understanding to explain them; viz.

℞ Recipe. Take thou; Ana of each a like; P. a Pugil or half handful; M. Manipulus, a hand­ful; Q. S. quantum sufficit, a sufficient quantity; Gr. a Grain; ℈ a Scruple, or 20 Grains; ʒ a Dram, or Scruples; ss, semissis, or half a Pound; lb a Pound, or 12 Ounces.

Averdupoize Weight weighs all manner of things that have waste: As Drugs, Grocery, Rosin, Wax, Tar, Pitch, Tallow, Hemp, Flax, Soap, and all base Metals and Minerals; As Lead, Steel, Iron, Tin, Copperas, &c. and for the computation of this Weight, take the following Table.

This Tun is 20 hundred weight in all things but Lead, and there is allowed but 19 hundred and a half to the Tun or Fodder; 112 pounds being allowed in most things to the hundred weight; but in Allom, Cinamon, Nutmegs, Pepper and Su­gar, there is accounted but 108 pounds. Essex Cheese and Butter are weighed by half Stone or Clove, being 8 pound; and 32 of these Cloves are a Wey, or 256 pounds. Wool is sold by the Clove, allowing but 7 pound to the Clove, and 14 pound to the Stone, 28 to the Tod, and 182 pounds to the Wey, 364 pound to the Sack, and 4368 pound to the Last: A Faggot of Steel is 120 pound, a burthen of Gad Steel 180; 56 pound of Butter, or 60 pound of Soap makes a Firkin, two Firkins the Barrel: And further note, though for many things the Stone is 14 pound, yet for Flesh it is allowed but 8.

As to Measures, they are distinguished by three kinds, Wet, Dry and Long: And first, the Wet Measures have likewise their differences in some degree; viz. Ale Measure has but 32 Gallons to the Barrel, which is 2 Kilderkins, 4 Firkins, 64 Pottles, 128 Quarts, and 256 Pints; and Vessels for Butter, Fish, Soap, &c. are made after this Measure. Beer Measure has 36 Gallons to the Bar­rel, which is 2 Kilderkins, 4 Firkins, 72 Pottles, 144 Quarts, 288 Pints.

Wine Measure, the Hogshead is 63 Gallons, the Pipe or But 2 Hogsheads, or 126 Gallons; the Tun 2 Pipes or Butts, or 252 Gallons; the Tierce is 42 Gallons.

Dry Measure, is that sort by which Corn and the like are measured by; and in this 2 Pints are a Quart, 2 Quarts a Pottle, 2 Pottles a Gallon, 2 Gallons a Peck, 4 Pecks a Bushel, 8 Bushels a Quarter, 5 Quarters a Wey, and 2 Weys a Last; or to take it another way, the Last is 2 Wey, 10 Quarters, 80 Bushels, 320 Pecks, 640 Gallons, 1280 Pottles, 2560 Quarts, and 5120 Pints. Note, That a Bushel of Salt-Water measure should con­tain 5 Pecks.

Measures of length, thus; the length of 3 Barly corns taken out of the middle of the Ear, is ac­counted an Inch, 12 Inches a Foot, 3 Feet a Yard, 5 Yards and half a Pole, 40 Pole a Furlong, 8 Furlongs a Mile: Or thus, either; 8 Furlongs, 320 Poles, 1760 Yards, 5280 Feet, or 63360 In­ches, make a Mile.

Super-square measure makes out the square mile, as in the following Table.

So that by this Account, 640 square Acres make the square mile; and so of the rest, as in the Table is plainly to be seen.

An Account of Time in Minutes, Hours, Days, Weeks, Months and Years; with the denomination of the principal Feasts, or Quarter-days, with the days, Shrove-Sunday, Easter-Day, Ascension-day, Whit-Sunday, and the moveable Terms will fall on for twelve Years to come: Also the endings of the Terms.

THE measure of time ariseth from Minutes; and of these 60 make an Hour, 24 Hours a Natural Day, 7 Days a Week, 4 Weeks a Month, 13 such Months; 1 Day, and 6 Hours, a Year; but this Year is commonly divided into 12 equal Ca­lendar Months, their number of Days, many of them being unequal, are set down in these Lines.

So that by this Rule, February every Leap-Year having 29 days, that year must consist of 366 days, being a day more than others.

The Year is again divided into 4 Quarters, viz. The Feast of the Annuntiation of the Virgin Mary, called Lady-Day, on the 25th of March; the Feast of St. John Baptist, called Midsummer-day, on the 24th of June; the Feast of Michael the Arch-Angel, called Michaelmas-day, on the 29th of September; and the Feast of Christs Nativity, called Christmas-day, on the 25th of December; and now by reason there are some days that vary and move, falling higher or lower, according to the changing of the Moon; as Shrove-Sunday, Ascension-day and Whit-Sunday, it will be worth our pains to give an ac­count how they shall exactly fall for twelve years to come.

And now because Easter and Trinity Term are likewise moveable, it will be very proper to give the like years to come upon them, of which we therefore present you a Table of their exact be­ginning and ending.

Sundry rare Receipts and curious useful Expe­riments, worthy of Notice.

Exact Forms of Bonds, Bills, Releases, Letters of Attorney, Deeds of Gifts, Wills, Inden­tures, Arbitrations, Warrant of Attorney to confess Judgment, Bail Bonds and Notes upon them: Also Acquittances, Bills of Ex­change, &c.

How to be informed what any Sum of Money, Interest upon Interest, at 6 l. per Cent. will come to in 21 Years.

This Table is very plain

and easie to be understood, however that none may be left in Ignorance, I shall here set down some Examples, for the better Explanation: As suppose you would know what (at Interest upon In­terest for 20 Years) 36 l. comes to: Look against Number 20, in the first Column, and you will find what the Interest upon In­terest comes to for that time; then by the Rule of Three say,

If 1 l. be 3 l. 4 s. 1 d. 2 qr. what 36 l?

If I desire to know how much 346 l. will amount to in 13 Years, Interest upon Interest at 6 per Cent: Look against Number 13, in the first Column, and you will find 2 l. 2 s. 7 d. 3 qr. Then say as before,

If 1 l. be 2 l. 2 s. 7 d. 3 qr. what 346 l.?

[...]

And by this Rule you may know what any other Sum will come to for longer or shorter time.

Equation of Payment, &c.

EQuation of Payment is the Rule among Mer­chants, whereby to Reduce the time of Pay­ment for several Sums of Money to an Equated Time, for the Payment of the whole Debt, with­out damage to the Debtor or Creditor; and the Rule is, to Multiply the Sums of each particular Payment by its respective Time, then add the several Products together, and their Sum divided by the Total Debt, and the Quotient thence ari­sing is the Equated Time for the Payment of the whole Debt.

Loss and Gain in Buying and Selling easily known by Rules and Examples.

SUppose a Merchant buys 436 Yards of Silk for 8 s. the Yard, and sells it again at 10 s. 4 d. per Yard, How shall he presently know what he gains? Why thus,

Answer 39 l. 19 s. 4 d.

In the first place find out by the Rule of Three, or Practice, how much the Silk cost him at 8 s. 6 d. per Yard, viz. 185 l. 6 s. then by the same Rule find out how much he sold it for, viz. 225 l. 5 s. 4 d. then Subtract 185 l. 6 s. (which it cost) from 225 l. 5 s. 4 d. (which he sold it for) and there remaineth 39 l. 19 s. 4 d. gain: And by this Rule you may compute a greater or lesser quantity; as also by deducting know what is Lost, as well as Gained.

Rules of Barter in way of Trade among Dealers, and not to be over-reached.

BArter is a Rule among Merchants, and other Traders, which in the Exchange of one Commodity for another informs them in such a manner to Proportion their Rates as that neither may sustain Loss.

Suppose two Traders, viz. C and D, Barter, C has 13 Hundred, 3 Quarters, and 14 Pounds of Ginger at 2 l. 16 s. per Cent. and D has Pepper at 9 d. per Pound, How much Pepper must D give C for his Ginger?

We Answer, 9 Hundred, 1 Quarter: And for the easie finding this out, in any Quantity or manner of Goods, first find by the Rule of Three how much the Ginger is worth, saying, If 1 C. cost 2 l. 16 s. what will 13 C. 3 qrs. and 14 lb. cost?

Answer 38 l. 17 s.

Secondly by the Rule of Three say, If 9 d. buy 1 lb. of Pepper how much will 38 l. 17 s. buy?

Answer, 9¼. and so much Pepper must be de­livered for 13 C. 3 qrs. and 14 lb. of Ginger; and so you may Proportion any other Goods, though of different Values, and bring them to a Regular bearing.

By these Tables you may perceive, by the de­grees of their descent, how by being Multiplied a small Quantity arises to a greater; as in Wine-Measure 63. Gallons make a Hogshead, 42 the Tierce, and so to the rest; and in Beer-Measure 2 Pints make a Quart, and so on-war [...]s: These Tables being very necessary for ready casting them up.

At what Rates Provisions may be Transported out of this Kingdom into Foreign Parts, and what not.

ACcording to the Statute made in the Twelfth of K. CHARLES II, Gun-powder when it exceeds not 5 l. the Barrel, may be Exported: Wheat, Rye, Pease, Beans, Barley, Malt, Oats, Pork, Beef, Bacon, Butter, Cheese, and Candles, may be Exported when they do not exceed the following Prizes, at the Ports where they are Laded, at the time of their Lading, viz, Wheat the Quarter 2 l. Rye, Pease and Beans the Quarter 1 l. 4 s. Barley and Malt the Quarter 20 s. Oats the Quarter 16 s. Beef the Barrel 5 l. Pork the Barrel 6 l. 10 s. Bacon the Pound 6 d. Butter the Barrel 4 l. 10 s. Cheese the Hundred Pound 30 s. Candles the Dozen Pound 5 s. paying the respective Rates according as they are set down in the Book of Rates; yet it is so provided, That the King may, when he sees it convenient, put a stop to the Transportation of any Gun-powder, or other Ammunition, Naval, or Warlike Stores.

The Drapers and Cloathiers Direction in Measure and Weight of English Woollen Cloath, very necessary to be known by all Dealers in it.

KEnt, York, and Reading Cloaths should be 6 Quarters and an half wide, be in length 34 Yards, and weigh 86 lb. Suffolk, Norfolk, and Essex Cloaths, of 7 Quarters wide, are to be 80 lb. weight, 29 and 32 Yards in length: Wor­cester, Coventry, and Hereford Cloaths, of 6 Quar­ters and an half, are to weigh 78 lb. and to be in Measure 30 and 33 Yards: Glocester, Oxen, Somerset, and Wiltshire Cloaths, of 7 Quarters wide, are to weigh 76 lb. and to be in length 29 and 32 Yards: Suffolk Sorting Cloath, of 6 Quarters and an half wide, ought to weigh 64 lb. and be in [Page 45] length 24 and 29 Yards. All sorts of Cloaths, that are 6 Quarters and an half wide, are to weigh 60 lb. and be 24 and 26 Yards in length. Broad and Narrow Yorkshire Cloath, of 4 Quarters wide, is to weigh 30 lb. and be in length 24 and 25 Yards.

The Broad-cloath of Taunton, Bridgwater, and Dunstable, of 7 Quarters, are to weigh 30 lb. the Cloath, and to be in Measure 12 and 13 Yards: Devonshire Kerseys and Dossers, of 4 Quarters, must weigh 13 lb. and be 12 and 13 Yards in Measure: Chequered Kerseys, Grays striped and plain, of 4 Quarters wide, are to weigh 24 lb. a Cloath, and to be 17 or 18 Yards in length: Penistones or For­rests, of 3 Quarters and an half, should weigh 28 lb, and be in length 12 and 13 Yards: Sorting Penistons of 6 Quarters and an half, should weigh 35 lb. and be 13 and 14 Yards in length: Washers of Lancashire, and others, the Cloaths should weigh 17 lb. and be in Measure 17 and 18 Yards.

This useful custom of Assizing Cloath at a cer­tain weight was at first Imposed to hinder Defrauds in making sleasie and spungy Cloath, and therefore if any Cloath be found worse than is here specified, the Maker, or Seller, ought to allow according to the want, either in length or weight, and for refusing, an Action lyes against him for a De­fraud.

Things very material to be considered on accepting, giving or paying Bills of Exchange, to prevent Delay, Trou­ble or Cost.

I. OBserve when any Bill is received, or ac­cepted, to note in your Book, the Name of the Place of Abode of the Person, or of him that sends it you.

II. Keep Copies of the Bills sent to be accep­ted, and for your better safety, make the Direction of Bills on the In side, and especially for these Reasons, viz.

[Page 46]1. By knowing the place of Abode of him that presents the first Bill you may be the better excu­sed if he Except against the second Bill from the same hand before the first be satisfied.

2. By taking of Copies of Bills sent to get Ac­ceptance, you may know how Exchanges goe in divers Places, and readily turn to the time you are to call for your Money; for every Person who gets a Bill to be Accepted, must present it in due time, that the Party may order his Affairs accordingly, and not be surprized with a Bill when just become due.

If a Bill be Protested after Acceptance, it does not clear the Party who was faulty in Non-pay­ment, but renders him lyable to pay the Charges, and Exposes himself to an Action at Law, to which before he was not lyable, nor is the Drawer clear, but obliged to see the Bill satisfied.

Again, It is dangerous to draw a Bill payable to the Bearer, because if he happen to lose it, any Person might bring it that finds it, for Accep­tance and payment: So that it is best, for the pre­venting such Accidents, to make it payable to a particular Man, or his order, or otherwise, if it should be payed to the wrong Party, he on whom it is drawn, is not lyable to pay it again, unless a Fraud or Connivance be proved.

If a Man accept a Bill for part, and not for the whole, he must have an Acquittance for no more than he Received, and the Party must protest a­gainst the Bill for non-payment of the rest.

The Form of a Bill of Exchange. Laus Deo, in London, this 28th of September, 1693, f [...]r One Hundred Pounds Sterling.

AT six days sight pay this my first, Bill of Ex­change to Mr. D. W. or his Assigns. 100 l. Sterling, for the value here received of C. G. make good payment, and put it to Account as per Advice.

Ʋseful Instructions for Masters and Owners of Ships, in the Managing their Matters, and preventing the Damage that may be Incurred through Ignorance.

I. IF a Master of a Ship has the trust of Goods in his care, and they be Imbezled in the Port, or on the main Ocean, he must make them good to the Owner, or Merchant; as likewise the damage they sustain by carelesness or neglect; for he is Exercitor Navis, and is either by Marine, or common Law, lyable to answer for the neglect of his Mariners: But if a Ship be taken by the Ene­my, foundered, or be lost in a Storm, the Master is not lyable to make satisfaction.

II. If a Master send off his Boat to receive Goods at a Wharfe, and they be Imbezled by the way, he is lyable to make them good; nor at his peril ought he to bring home, or fraight any pro­hibited Goods unknown to the Merchant or Own­ers that entrust him, nor Sail with false Colours, or carry false Cocquets, or other false Papers; for if by such means the Goods are involved in trouble or lost, he is lyable to make Restitution.

If he sends Goods in a close Lighter to a Wharfe by his own Mariners, and they be Imbezled be­fore delivery, he is bound to make them good; but if the Wharfinger sends his Men, and fetches them, then in case of Loss he is only lyable.

If a Master brings a Ship into any Port, and there through his neglect she suffers damage for it, he is lyable to answer it.

A Master may lawfully sell, or pawn, part of the Lading to refit or mend the Ship, if she be in any danger, but not to defray any Charges of his own.

These and many other Obligations are binding upon a Master by the Laws Marine and Common [...] th [...] M [...]rriners being accountable t [...] the Master, he [Page 48] to the Owners, and they to the Merchant, for all Da­mages sustained by neglect of their respective Duties or breach of Contract upon these occasions.

A Table for the ready casting Nobles and Marks into Pounds.

This way of Account in Rec­koning and Bar­gaining was for­merly used in all Cities, Towns, and Counties of England, as the current way of Buying and Sel­ling and is so still in most Country Fairs and Marts; wherefore that none may be at a loss to know how Nobles and Marks are redu­cible to Pounds, it is plainly de­monstrated in this Table: As for Example, If you would know how many Poun. 10 Nobles make, look in 1 Col. for 10, and in the second Collume against it you will find 3 l. 6 s. 8 d. and going to the next Coll. you find 10 Marks make 6 l. 13 s. 4 d. and so of the rest.

This Table refers properly to Buying and Sel­ling; for if a Merchant, or Dealer, vends his Commodity to be payed, as they usually do, at the times mentioned, and after the Bargain is made for such Credit, the Debtor is willing to pay ready Money, if the other accept it he must a­bate so much of the interest as it would come to in the time, as if so much Money was put out to [Page 50] Interest, at the usual Interest of 6 l. per Cent. and then you will find, under each proportion of time, the same answered as to the Rebate.

Coachmen their Fares in and about London.

BY an Act of Parliament made in the Four­teenth Year of Our Soveraign Lord King CHARLES the Second, it is appointed, That no Hackney Coach-man shall presume to take for his Hire in or about the Cities of London and Westminster above Ten Shillings for a Day, reckoning 12 Hours to the Day; and by the Hour, not above 18 Pence for the first Hour, and 12 Pence for every Hour after: Nor for his Hire from any of the Inns of Court, or thereabouts, to any part of St. James's or Westminster, (except beyond Tuttle-Street) above 12 Pence, and the like from the same places to the Inns of Court, or places thereabouts; nor from the Inns of Court, or thereabouts, to the Royal Exchange, more than 12 Pence; but if to the Tower, Bishops­gate-Street, Aldgate, or places thereabouts, 18 Pence; and so from the same places to the said Inns of Court, as aforesaid. That the like Rates be observed from or to any place at the like distance with the places before-named. That if any Coach-man shall re­fuse to go at, or exact more for his Hire than these Rates, he shall for every Offence forfeit 10 Shillings.

The Rates or Fares of Water-men plying on the River of Thames.

OARS.

Rates of Goods carryed in the Tilt-Boat between Gravesend and London.

What Waterman takes and demands more than these Rates, lies lyable to pay Forty Shillings, and suffer half a Years Imprisonment.

And if he refuse to carry any Passenger or Goods at these Rates, upon Complaint made to the Lord Mayor and Court of Aldermen, he shall be suspended from his Employ for Twelve Months.

Of the Inferiour Courts in and about Lon­don, the Days and Places where they are held, and Attendance given, &c.

I. THE Marshals Court is held on Frydays in the Marshalseas in Southwark, and its Ju­risdiction extends 12 Miles every way from White-Hall, and no further.

II. The Court of Request, commonly called The Court of Conscience, is held at the Upper-end of Guild Hall, London, Wednesdays and Saturdays.

III. The Court of Hustings is held on the Hustings on Tuesdays at Guild-Hall.

[Page 53]IV. The Two Sheriffs Courts for the Two Counters are held in Guild-Hall, for Woodstreet Counter Wed­nesdays and Fridays, and for the Poultrey Thursdays and Saturdays.

V. The Mayors Court is held Mondays & Tuesdays, and every Day in the Week if the Lord Mayor pleases to Sit; and this we have the rather noted, because many mistaking the days of one Court for another, have been Non-suited, or otherways miscarried in their Business for want of Attending in due time to their great detriment and damage.

How to kill Bugs and Moths in any Room, or Cloaths, highly necessary to be known.

MAke the Room as close as possible may; Take Brimstone, Steraks and the Roots of Helebore, burn them in a large Chaffing-dish of Coals, in the middle of the Room, and the Smother being kept close unto the Room will de­stroy them.

To destroy Caterpillars or Worms from Fruit-trees in the Spring, Smother under the Trees, in the Even­ing, with wer Straw, or a sprinkling Pitch, and they will fall off and dye.

A Catalogue of the Roads and Post-Stages, in Miles and Totals, to all the Noted Places in England, &c.

Days of sending Post-Letters to divers parts.

ON Mondays to Italy, Spain, Germany, Flanders, Sweedland, Denmark, Kent, and the Downs.

On Tuesdays to Holland, Germany, Sweedland, Den­mark, Ireland, Scotland, and all parts of England and Wales.

On Wednesdays to all parts of Kent and the Downs.

On Thursdays to Spain, Italy, and all parts of England and Scotland.

On Fridays to Flanders, Germany, Italy, Sweedland, Denmark, Holland, Kent, and the Downs.

On Saturdays to all parts of Wales, Scotland and Ireland; and Letters are returned certainly every Monday, Wednesday and Friday, from all parts of England and Scotland; from Wales every Monday and Friday; and from Kent and the Downs every day; but from parts beyond the Sea more uncer­tain, by reason the Winds often hinder them.

The Carriage of every single Letter, not ex­ceeding one Sheet, to or from any place, not ex­ceeding 80 miles is 2 d. double 4 d. not exceeding two sheets. The like Carriage of every Pacquet of Letters, proportionable to these Rates. The like Carriage of Writs, Deeds, and other things, for every Ounce 8 d.; and for every Letter above 80 miles, 3 d. and the like Carriage of every dou­ble Letter, 6 d. and after these Rates for all Pacquets of Letters. and the like Carriage of every other Pacquet, for every Ounce 12 d. A single Letter is conveyed to Dublin in Ireland for 6 d. double 1 s. and an Ounce of Letters 12 d.: A single Letter to Berwick upon Tweed is 3 d. a double 6 d. and an Ounce 1 s. 6 d. And this for the greater advan­tage of speed as the business may require; it is done in so short a time, by Riding day and night, that Floods or violent Rains hinder not. The Post in 24 hours goes 120 miles, and an Answer in 5 days may be had, if there be no delay in 5 days.

As for Riding Post, 3 d. a mile for every English mile is the due, and 4 d. a Stage for the Posts guiding or conducting. As for Forreign Letters, the Merchants generally know the Prizes, and few others being troubled with them, we for brevity omit the Prizes.

Note, That the Citizens and Burgesses for the Cities and Burroughs before mentioned, in the whole amount unto 417. over and above which number, there are also for the 39 Shires in England 78 Knights of the Shires, and 14 for the 13 Shires in Wales, which added to the former Number, do amount unto 509, being the compleat and full Number of the House of Commons in Parliament.

A Catalogue of the Markets, and the days they are kept on in the several Counties and Shires in England and Wales.

Market-Towns and their Dayes in WALES.

An exact Catalogue of the fixed and moveable Fairs, held Yearly in England and Wales; the days and times of their continuance; the like for exactness, never before published.

THE Fairs are of two sorts as to the times of their being held; some are fixed to a cer­tain day, others change their days, or are move­able with the Feasts: Therefore since no exact Account, as we know of, has been hitherto given, we shall labour to satisfie the curiosity of those, whose Pleasure or Advantage tends that way; and for those that are fixed, take them, for the more regular way, in their Month.

An exact Catalogue of the Moveable Fairs, with their exact Times and Places.

AT Northampton from Christmas, to June every Wed­nesday. Monday after Twelfth-day at Buckingham. At Hinkley three Mondays after Twelfth-day. At Melton-Mobray and Salisbury the Tuesday after Twelfth day, for Horses: The Thursday after Twelfth day at Banbury and Lutterworth, and for three weeks every Thursday after at Litchfield: The Friday after Twelfth-day at Newcastle-under­line. On Shrove-Monday at Candene. In Glocestershire on Ashwednesday; and the same day at Dunstable, Chichester, Eaton, Exeter, Folkingham, Litchfield, Royston, Tamworth, Tunbridge On the first Thursday in Lent at Banbury. The first Monday in Lent at Abington Winchester, Chichester, Chersey. The first Tuesday in Lent at Bedford.

At Charlebury on Michaelmas day, St. Thomas's day, se­cond Friday in Lent. On the third Monday in Lent at Stam­ford for Horses. On Midlent Sunday at Odiham, Saffron-Walden and Stamford. The Friday and Saturday before the first Sunday in Lent at Hartford. The first Sunday in Lent at Hexcomb, Grantham, Sudbury and Salisbury.

The Tuesday after Midlent-Sunday at Leominster. The Monday before Lady-day at VVisbich, Kendale and Denbigh. VVednesday before Lady-Day at Dolton. The Thursday be­fore Lady-day at Yarmouth. On St. Matthews day at Crick­lade.

The Tuesday seven-night before Palm-Sunday, St. Luke's day at New-Market. The VVednesday before Palm-Thursday at Drayton; and the Thursday before it at Landissel.

On Palm-Sunday at Leicester, Newport, Alesbury, Wisbich, Skipton and Pomfract. On the same at Billinsworth, Lan­caster, Kendale, Worcester, Llaundaren. The Tuesday after at Wakefield.

The Monday before Easter at Ledbury. Tuesday before Easter, and St Barnaby's-day at Selby.

Monday, Tuesday and Wednesday before Easter at Marsh. The same day at Ludlow. The Thursday before Michaelmas. The Thursday before Easter, and the Thursday before St. Thomas's day at Kettering. The Monday before St. John Baptist, at Soham. The Wednesday in Easter week at Mass-Gate. Monday, VVednesday and Thursday in Easter week at Sosings. On St. Peter and St. Paul at Ridbury.

On the Eve and Feast of St. Peter and St. Paul at Bark­strange; Also on the Eve and Feast of St. Martin.

On the Monday in Easter-week, and Monday before St. Thomas's day at Thornbury.

At Careline and Llanvillan on the VVednesday before Faste [...] and on the VVednesday and Thursday before at Wallingford, [...]ettering and S [...]dminster.

On Good Fryday at Burnhil, Amptil, Brewerton, Charing, Berry, Enfield, Guilford, Huntington, Hatfield, Ipswich, Me­lian, Lougher, Nutley, St. Pombs, R [...]sborough and Roborough.

On Easter-Monday at Onay, Buck, Dryfield and Gainsbo­rough. On Tuesday at Ashby-de-la-Zouch, Dantry, Braleis, Dorchester, Oxon. North-street, Hitching, Roachford and Sambich.

On Easter-Wednesday at Wellingborough and Beverly. On Friday in Easter at Derby, the next day at Skipton in Craven. The second Monday after Easter at New-Malton.

Monday, Tuesday and Wednesday after Easter at Chudleigh, and on the Wednesday at Hereford.

At Ledness every Wednesday after Easter, Martlemas-day. At Inglestwait, Monday before Holy Thursday. Buckland, all Souls-day, Tuesday after Pentecost.

At Bricklesworth, Evesham and Newcastle-under-line, on Monday after Low-Sunday.

At Louth in Lincolnshire the third Sunday after Easter.

At Beverly, Englefield, Lanc. Rech in Rogation-week.

On Enmore Green the first Tuesday in every Month.

Green-street on Tuesday before Ascension-day. At Weobly on Ascension-day and Thursday three weeks after.

At Ross on Ascension-day, and the Thursday after Trinity-Sunday.

On Ascension-Eve at Abergelley and Darkin.

On Ascension-day at Breadstreet in Kent, Bewmaris, Brid­gend, Brimmingham, Chapple-Frith, Button on Trent, Eccle­shal, Chapple-Kinnow, Egglestrew, St. Eedes, Hallaton in Leicest. Lutterworth, Kidderminster, Middlewich, Newcastle, Newbury, Penhole, Rone, Rippon, Stopport, Stratford upon Avon, Sudminster, Yarnwigg and the Vizes.

At Burlington and Thaxsted the Sunday after Ascension-day.

At Shrewsbury the Wednesday after, and at Ruthin the Friday after.

On Whitsun-Eve at New-Inn, Rats-dale, Wisbich, Skipton in Craven.

On Whit-Sunday at Kirk by Stephen, Cribby, Lenham, Rutsdale, Ryhill and Salisbury.

On Whit-Munday at Bromyard, Kingston and Grays, Tues­days and Wednesdays.

At Ormiskirk Monday and Tuesday in Whitsun-week, and on the Monday at Lambyron, Chipping, Agmondsham, Ap­pleby, Amersom, Bradford, Bricklesworth, Burton in Lanc. Chichester, Cockermouth, Datterington, Evesham, Exeter, Dyfield, Linton. St. Ives, Harts-green, Rigate, Owndle, Mid­lome, Sleford, Salford, Sittingbourn, Whitchurch and Stocke­leer.

On Whit-Tuesday at Canterbury, Ashby-de-la-Zouch, Eles­mere, Daintr [...]e, [...]pping, Leighton- Buz. Knotsford high, [Page 80] Louguir, Lewis, Llanintheu [...]ry, Midhurst, Monmouth, M [...] ­ton Mobray, Oringstock, Rochford, Perith.

On the Wednesday in Whitsun-week at Royston, Sand-Bar, Pont-Stephen, Newark on Trent, Libedon, Llandeby and Leek.

On Thursday the same Week at St. Austel, Kingstone and Chacklefield.

On the Friday at Stow in Guillin, Derby and Cogshal.

On Trinity-Eve at Skipton in Craven, Rowel and Pomfract.

On Trinity-Sunday at South haven, Stokely, St. Mary Awk, Kemdale, Rowel.

On Trinity-Monday at Raleigh, Houndslow, Ruilly. Cress­well, Waterford, Usk, the Vizes, Spilsby and Tunbridge.

On the Tuesday after at Radnor and Abergavenny, and the Wednesday after at Aberfrow.

On the day of Corpus Christi at Sanbury, St. Anns, Bishop-Stratford, Catewid, Bremicham, Hallaton, Eglestrew, Haligh, Kidderminster, Hampstead, Llanwist, Llamimerchimeth, New­bury, Neath, St. Neots, Newport in Montgomeryshire, Stop­port, Prescot and Ross.

On the Friday after at Coventry and Chepstow.

On the Sunday after at Stamford and Bolton.

The Sunday after the third of July at Haveril, and the Sun­day Fortnight after Midsummer at Fothering Hay.

On the first Sunday after St. Bartholomews day at Samph­bick and Ashford, and the Thursday before St. Michaels at Kettering. The Monday after St. Mich. at Faseley, St. Faiths by Norwich. St. Michaels, and on the Tuesday after at Salis­bury. On the Thursday at Banbury, and the Fryday before Simon and Jude at Litchfield; and on the Thursday before St. Thomas's day at Kettering; Stafford, St. Peters day.

This Table is easie, and wants no Explanation, and turned backward it is Farthings into Pence, Pence into Shillings, and Shillings into Pounds, which at the first sight may be thus [...]omputed.