A discription of Tangier, the country and people adjoyning with an account of the person and government of Gayland, the present usurper of the kingdome of Fez, and a short narrative of the proceedings of the English in those parts : whereunto is added, the copy of a letter from the King of Fez to the King of England, for assistance against his rebellious subjects, and another from Grayland to His Sacred Majesty Charles the Second : with divers letters and passages worthy of note / translated from the Spanish into English, and published by authority.

A Guyland, alias GAYLAND, the Preſent Vsurper of the kingdome of FEZ▪

A DESCRIPTION OF TANGIER, The Country and People adjoyning.

WITH An Account of the Perſon and Government OF GAYLAND, The preſent Uſurper of the Kingdome of FEZ; And a ſhort Narrative of the Proceedings of the Engliſh in thoſe Parts.

Whereunto is added, The Copy of a Letter from the King of FEZ to the King of ENGLAND, for Aſſiſtance againſt his Rebellious Subjects; And another from GAYLAND to his Sacred Majeſty CHARLES the Second.

With divers Letters and Paſſages worthy of Note, Tranſlated from the Spaniſh into Engliſh, And Publiſhed by Authority.

London, Printed for Samuel Speed, at the Rainbow in Fleet-ſtreet, near the Inner Temple-Gate. 1664.

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of Affrica and America, where an Acre of Ground is a Barony, and a Rood a Dutchy, as yeilding that Wealth with a few weeks pains, that cannot be 〈…〉 for 〈◊〉 Ages Induſtry.

3. Becauſe this place, and the Country round about, is like to be that Renowned Scoene of Action, which will render us conſiderable in this laſt Age to the world. The French do intend to make themſelves famous for ſeeking out a convenient footing in this Country: no doubt but we ſhall be ſo, for keeping ours. It is a pleaſure to go over his Majeſties Dominions at home, in Cambden, Speed, &c. O what ſatisfaction is it then to go along with his Acquiſts, and travel with his Conqueſts abroad! to ſee how carefully he provides for Trade; how providently he ſecures the Sea; how zealouſly he promotes our intereſt and honour.

Here you will ſee,

Firſt, the ſituation, improvement, ſtrength and advantages of Tangier, that hath within 100 years coſt 20 millions of money, and the lives of one million of men.

Secondly, the nature of the Country round about it.

Thirdly, the Government of it; together with its ancient Kings before this late Uſurpation; and their Correſpondence, Embaſſies and Letters to the Kings of England.

Fourthly, the preſent Uſurpation by Gayland: whereunto is added, a Diſcourſe of his Perſon, Government, Revenue, Diſcipline and Policy.

Fifthly, the Tranſactions between him and the Earl of Tiveot in Barbary, and his Sacred Majeſty in England; where are the Letters that paſſed between them concerning Peace and Accommodation. And

Sixthly, here is the humour and temper of thoſe people with whom we have to do there; together with their Cuſtomes and Manners.

There have been whole Volumes written of this Place; as, 1. That of Hanno a MS. that was preſerved for no leſs then 1400 years, and an hundred years ago printed by the Noble Stephanus. 2. That of Alcazar, kept now in the Tower of Tetuan. And, 3. That of Leo Affricanus, written by him as he travelled that Country in the Hegeira 953, and in the year of our Lord 1528, and tranſlated into Engliſh by Mr. Robert Pary of Cambridge, in the year 1600. And, 4. That of Abaf • i vel Mammuled, whereof there are but two Copies now in the World; one is kept by the Governour of Morocco, and the other by the Grand Seignior; it being death for any Man to take a Map of that Country without their leave. But I have not obſerved ſo much ſatisfaction within ſo narrow a compaſs, ſo many particulars in ſo little a Volume, in my life; eſpecially conſidering that the Book is an outlandiſh one, and the Author a Spanyard; then whom none go a greater way about, either to do what they ſay, or to ſay what they ſee.

You are to take notice, that the Geography and Hiſtory are Tranſlated by one hand, and the Letters by another; but both very exactly compared with the Original, and tranſmitted to the world upon the Faith and Honour of very ingenious perſons.

Here is in the Original an exact Account of the whole Kingdome, as to all the remarkable particulars in it: but we thought fit onely to take its general Delineations, together with its chief Ports and Towns, and the places neareſt Tangier, as moſt peculiarly concerning us, whether as we poſſeſs that place, or trade that way.

I will adde no more, but that I muſt needs think that we are very happy now adays, ſince Printing is ſo much improved, that the meaneſt perſon need beſtow no more pains then a few hours reading to take that view of the world which hath coſt others many years travelling: And that my Lord Rutherford Earl of Tiveot communicated to a To Sir G. R. Friend of his a little before his going over the laſt time, his Deſigne of either publiſhing a new Deſcription of that Country, or Tranſlating this, or compleating Leo Affricanus. We can do no more then perform the ſecond, wiſhing heartily that ſo knowing, ſo obſerving, and ſo publick-ſpirited a Perſon had lived to have done the firſt.

A DESCRIPTION OF TANGIER.

TANGIER or Tangis, is one of the greateſt and the very antienteſt City in Fez. Great its now; thrice as great, ſay the moſt skilful Surveyors it hath been; ſo antient, that we find it was built by thoſe Canaanites fled from the face of Joſuah; there being an Inſcription left, and two Pillars, whereon it is engraven to this purpoſe; Nos fugimus a facie Joſuae praedonis filii Nave: that is to ſay, We here are the Inhabitants of the Land of Canaan, that fled before the face of Joſuah the Son of Nun.

We have heard much of Hercules his Pillars, but here one of them is to be ſeen, on a Hill within ſeven Miles of the place, as the other is over againſt it in Spain: for here Hercules is reported to have ſlain the Gyant Anteus, that the oftner he fell, the oftner he roſe again, and could never be Conquered as long as he could touch his Mother Earth.

So conſiderable is this place, that Claudius and other brave Romans, drew here many Legions that they loſt before the place; which they at laſt gained, and gave a new Name, viz. Julia T • aducta; yet in ſpite of that Fa • e that devolved the World upon that great City, t is Corner of it returned at once to its old Liberty, and antient Name, that it retains unto this day. When the Romans could do no good, the ingenuous Portuguez gueſſing there was a ſhorter Cut that way than that which they knew formerly to the Indies, and yet that that Cut could not be ſecurely paſſed without an intereſt and hold in that Country; Vaſquez Gama attempts the Expedition 1497. and with ſo much ſucceſs, that he found the Streights of Gibralta, but lived not either to inſtruct or encourage others to make uſe of, or improve his noble diſcovery. Yet he found the Continent large, the Sea Towns ſtrong, the Inhabitants numerous; and breaking in to ſome Sea Ports, ſpoyled them until he came to the Atlantique, where he dyed.

None could ſecond him but a Prince, and Henry Duke of Viſco doth it as far as his Eſtate or Credit goeth; he conſults the experience of all the Sea Commanders, ſends for the Aſtronomers and Navigators, peruſeth all the Coſmography that was then in the World; he ſets out, and is toſſed along the waters, until he finds a Promontory, or an Head of Land, hanging out to the Sea; this he called preſently, The Cape of Good Hope: yet he fails, at once the Love and Grief of that Coaſt. Jo. the 2d. ſeconds him, and under the Conduct of Degola 1500. gets in to the Princes Iſland, takes Angola, I mean the City ſo called, and with the aſſiſtance of Bartholomew Diaz gets in to Quilon, Moſambique, and Melinde, with the King of the laſt whereof he made a League, and with his help and direction found Port Caliculo, and that way to the East-Indies; but he dyeth too, and his Enterprize with him. A Vaſquez had the honour to begin this diſcovery, and a Vaſquez hath the honour likewiſe to compleat it. He therefore, Almeda, and Albu-quierque, finding their way clear to the Indies, but not ſafe through the Streights as long as thoſe Moors Poſſeſſed the Maritime Forts, they deſtroy Hamar, ruine Bazre, take Arzilla, and after much expence of Bloud and Treaſure under Alphonſo the 5th. win Tangier; hard it was to win this Town which was the very ſtrength of Fez. the Miſtreſs of the Sea, the Key of the Inland-Countrey, the Sanctuary of all Male-contents and Enemies. Sometimes we have 60000, ſometimes 80000, ſometimes an 10000, yea ſometimes 200000 before it; Beſides the nobleſt Voluntiers. Once there the two Kings of Morocco and Fez. the Princes of Ezhagger, Aſgarre, Benj. Jeſſen, Alcazaer, 3000 Nobles, 6000 well Horſed Gentry, all in Gold and Silver; and that we may ſee the Chriſtians Care was not leſs to keep, than the Infidels were to regain it. Sebaſtian King of Portugall draws out 80000 Foot, 20000 Horſe, to which Stukely a Prince at leaſt in Conceit, who had 6000 men given him to reduce Ireland to the obedience of the Pope, & the King of Spain, and was Created by his Holyneſs to that purpoſe, no leſs than Marqueſs of Lempſter, Earl of Weaford, Lord Roſſe added his Fortunes, and in one day all four Princes, viz. Sebaſtian, Stukely, Mahomet, and Abdemelech, fell therewith no leſs than 126000 men.

Upon Sebaſtians death, the Spaniards had the place, with the Kingdome of Portugall, untill the Revolt 1640. when this City, with that Kingdome, returned to its wonted obedience.

Tangier, ſay the Inhabitants, was by Seddei the Son of Had, compaſſed about with walls of Braſs, and the roofs of them covered with Gold; for the building whereof, he exacted great tributes of the Cities of the World, believe it who can.

Its diſtance from the Streights of Gibralter is 30 miles, and from the City of Fez. 150. it hath been alwayes a Civill, Famous, and well-peopled Town, and very ſtately and ſumptuouſly built, the Field thereto belonging not very Fertill, or apt for health; howbeit not farr off are certain vallies continually watred with Fountains, which furniſh the ſaid City with all ſorts of Fruits in abundance: without the City alſo grows certain Vines albeit upon a ſandy ſoil.

The Country was well inhabited untill ſuch time as Arzilla was ſurpriſed by the Portugals; for then the Inhabitants being diſmayed with Rumors of Wars, took up their bag and baggage and fled unto Fez. Whereupon the King of Portugall his Deputy at Arzilla ſent one of his Captains thither, who kept it ſo long under the obedience of the King, till the King of Fez. ſent one of his Kinſmen alſo to defend a Region of great Importance near unto the Mountains of Gum • ra, being Enemy to the Chriſtians.

Twenty five years before the Portugal King wan this City, he ſent forth an Armada againſt it, hoping that the City being deſtitute of aid, while the King of Fez. was in Wars againſt the Rebels of Mecnaſe, would ſoon yeild it ſelf; But contrary to the Portugals Expectation, the Feſſan King concluding a ſuddain Truce with them of Mecnaſe, ſent his Counſeller with an Army, who encountring the Portugals, made a great Slaughter of them, and among the reſt ſlew their General, whom he cauſed to be carried in a Caſe or Sack unto new Fez. and there to be ſet upon an high place where all men might behold him.

Afterward the King of Portugal ſent a new ſupply, who ſuddenly aſſailing the City in the night, were moſt of them ſlain, and the reſidue enforced to flee; But that which the Portugal King could not bring to paſs with thoſe two Armadas, he atchieved at length (as is aforeſaid) with ſmall Forces, and little diſadvantage▪

In my time Mahomet King of Fez. left no means unattempted for the recovery of this City; but ſo great alwayes was the valour of the Portugals, that he had ever ill ſucceſs. Theſe things were done in the Hegeira 917. which was in the year of our Lord 1508.

Some 12 miles from Tangier was Caſor and Ezzagor, in an open and pleaſant place, over againſt the Coaſt of Granada, but ſurprized by the Portugez; And notwithſtanding many attempts by the King of Fez, what with money (which is the firſt offer they alwayes make) and what with men to recover it, it is utterly loſt and ruin'd.

Within 13 mile of Tangier is Tettuan, called ſo from Tet teguin, or one Eye, becauſe of the one Eyed Woman that had the command over it, under the Goths; fourſcore and fifteen years. It was deſolate after the Portugals firſt Invaſion, until it was rebuilt by Almandaly, who fortified it with a Wall and a Ditch, from whence he cruelly moleſted Septa, Caſor and Tangier, upon the Coaſts whereof he made dayly Incurſions This Tow a likewiſe is Good Port. and Inroads, putting all Chriſtians he took to work in his Forts by Day, and lye in Sackcloath and Fetters within the deepeſt Dungeon in the Night.

Some 40 miles off is Arzitta a fair Town, between which and Tangier if that correſpondence could be kept which was deſigned by Pedro Navarro, the Trade and Government of that place would lye at our mercy, the Portugals having ſhewed us an example how we might ſurprize their Forts, as they did that of Narangia, by a ſtratagem 1486. take their Iſles, as they did Getria with a Fleet 1463. demoliſh their Cities, as they did Bafra and Homari.

Round about Tangier are the wild but fruitful Mountains Chebal, Rahina, Beni-how, Beni-Cheſtev, whither the Moors fled and ſeated themſelves ſince the Portugez took Tangia or Tangier, from whence they made ſuch Invaſions even into thoſe Mountains, that the Infidels were hardly able to live there; till of late by the neglect of the Portugez they have been able to build Forts and ſtrong holds in thoſe high places, from whence they infeſt us at pleaſure, having two advantages, whereof the firſt is their Warlikeneſs, and the ſecond their Woods.

1. This place ſtands very convenient to ſecure and advance the Indian commerce as far as thoſe places where there are more riches than were ever yet diſcovered unto the World.

2. It commands the Barbarians within, who could never look the Portugez in the Face til of late. 2. And all Nations without, who muſt ask its leave to paſs to and fro the Streights, to the great Treaſury of the World: The Authority of that Town well managed, may make the Maſters of it Arbitrators of the Intereſt of Europe.

3. It may be a Free Port, or a kind of a Sound, to which all Nations on this ſide the Line may be glad to have addreſſed themſelves.

4. It will be a great relief and ſecurity to our Merchants in their long Voyages to the Indies.

5. In that place there may be bred as in a Seminary, ſuch Souldiers and others as may be inured to the temper and way of that Country, and therefore may be in a capacity to carry on our Intereſt in thoſe Coaſts as far as Juſtice and honour will give way, yea & we may draw thence a Regiment or two of Veteranes, upon any occaſion at home. No man knoweth but themſelves, what advantage the Hollanders enjoy, and the French promiſe themſelves from one or two Towns upon any of theſe Coaſts.

The Chriſtians had another excellent Harbour upon the Mediterranian, called Bedis, or Velles de Gumern, which Ferdenand King of Caſtile took, by ſhutting it up, with two Forts that commanded it, and kept it two years, until it was betrayed by a falſe treacherous Spaniard (who ſlew the Governour, becauſe he had taken his Wife from him) into the Moors poſſeſſion, and all the Chriſtians were ſlain, not a man eſcaping, ſave only the Spaniſh Traytor, who, in regard of his Treaſon, was greatly rewarded both by the Governour of Bedis, and alſo by the King of Fez. Anno 1520.

True, it is a wild kind of Harbour, lying open to the Sea, without any windings or high-land-ſhelter; ſo that let the wind blow from what Compaſs it will, the Ships riding there are expoſed to the ſury of it; and upon the dragging of an Anchor, Wracks do commonly follow upon the adjoyning Strand; but that is to be remedied by a Moll, ſuch as that in Weymouth, of two Furlongs Compaſs; that may be raiſed by the Shoar, ſome twenty yards high, within which the Ships may ride ſafe and quiet.

The Lawful Government of this Country by Kings.

THE Xeriff of Fez, whoſe Dominion reacheth from Capo Boiudor to Tangier, N. S. and from the Atlantique to the River Melvia; the faireſt, fruitfulleſt, beſt inhabited, and moſt civil Port of all Africk; and likewiſe the moſt trafickable, as well in reference to the paſſage that way to the Indies, as to the Commodities there afforded: hath continued his Government from the year 1508. to this day, after this manner.

A ſubtle, learned and ambitious Mahumetan, Benumotto, 1508. boaſting his deſcent from Mahomet, laid a Deſign in Numidia, where he lived, to poſſeſs Mauritania, Tingitania, while the Moors and Portuguez were at Variance: To this end, he ſent his three Sons on Pilgrimage to Mella and Medina, that returning thence with a great Fame for their Religion, the people might reverence them, as they did, when they went up and down as men raviſhed with Contemplation, alwayes crying Ala! Ala! The cunning Father ſends them to the King of Fez, where they had no ſooner got into eſteem, than they deſired to diſplay their Banners againſt the Chriſtians. The Kings Brother ſmelt the Deſign, and asked the Xeriff; If theſe holy men conquered the Christians, who ſhould conquer them?

But their pretended holineſs carried it, firſt for a Commiſſion from the King, and then for a whole multitude of men, that followed the devout men, giving them a Tenth of their Eſtate for the Cauſe: With theſe men they poyſoned the King of Morocco, ſet up Xeriffo, and his Son; who, with the aſſiſtance of the Chriſtian Renegadoes, over-ran the whole Country; whereof 1. Amet, 1542. 2. Mahomet, 1549. 3. Abdalla, 1557. 4. Abdalla, 1572. 5. Mahomet the Second, who was murthered, 1590. 6. Hamet Abdalla, 1599. 7. Maly Shecti, 1603. 8. Sidon, who rebelled againſt him, 1607. 9. Hamet Abdall, 1623. againſt whom a Hermit ſtirred up the people. 10. Miſil Tira, 1628. who writ to King CHARLES the Firſt of glorious memory, for aſſiſtance againſt the Rebells, to this purpoſe.

A Letter from the King of Fez and Morocco, to the King of England.

WHen theſe Letters are ſo happy as to come to thy Renowned Majeſties pure hands, I wiſh the Spirit of the Righteous God may direct thy mind, to conſider, that Regal Majeſty is given men, to reward the good, and puniſh the bad: for we are the Servants of the Creator, to do good to the World, that it may bleſs us: for we are like thoſe Coeleſtial Bodies, that have our Reverence for our Beneficence; which I ſpeak not as if I would inſtruct thee, whoſe mind is ſo clear, and whoſe apprehenſion is ſo quick, that thou art one of the great Gods greateſt Viceroy that is in Europe,

There are a Company of Rebells and Pirates, that moleſt thy People, and are too hard for me; if thou wilt aſſiſt me, and right thy ſelf againſt them, thou wilt be as glorious as the Sun, and thy Name ſhall perfume all Ages, who ſhall ſing thy Virtue equal to thy Power.

Thy God is a Lyon of the Tribe of Juda, and a Prince of Peace; One that ſeeks Peace through War: Thy Father was a Peace-maker, by his Power, as well as his Counſel. Thy God increaſe thine happineſs, and thy dayes.

Fez 1131. Hegerin 1633:

10. Myralla Shin, 1642. who was judged to death in that fatal year 1648. 11. Mahomet A • dalla, againſt whom Aguiland, or Gayland, hath managed a Rebellion to this day, after this manner.

Firſt, Finding the People under a very great diſcontent, becauſe of the Chriſtian Invaſions on the one hand, and their own Kings Oppreſſions on the other; Particularly,

1. Becauſe there was an Order, That every man that married a Wife, ſhould bring her to Court, and there offer her Virginity to the In • idells Luſt.

2. Becauſe there was a Licence to drink Wine, contrary to Mahomet's Law.

3, Becauſe the King being weak, was about to Treat with the Chriſtians, about building of Forts in thoſe Countries, contrary to the Fundamentalls of their Religion.

He ſtirs up the Puritan Mahumetans, I mean the Zealots of that way, whereof he was one himſelf, (for as Cromwel was a Preacher, ſo is Gayland a Prieſt) to go up and down, and propneſie of Woes, Lamentations, and Deſolation; ſome of which Zealots pretended a familiarity with Mahomet, that is, as our good people canted it, Communion with God. Then it was taught, That the Law was corrupted; That Mahomet would come and reform it. To this cry were added diſcourſes of humane Liberty and Slavery. This was helped with a Dearth 1656. The alteration of ſome old Cuſtomes 1657. The advancement of unworthy Perſons, and the admiſſion of ſtrangers the ſame year. To help forward the Deſign, Jealouſie is raiſed between the King and the Nobility, who now 1658. hold their Meetings, ſettle their Correſpondence, (and ſo many overthrown Eſtates, as there were ſo many Votes for Troubles) New Revelations are broached, and while the Kingdom is in a hurly burly, an Invaſion is continued. The King is left ſo deſt •• ure, that he cannot help himſelf: Theſe diſcontented Forlornes offer him their ſervice, his neceſſity accepts it; they tye him up, and gain to themſelves the Military Power. Now one General is ſet up, and when he falls anon another; Gayland ſhewing not himſelf, but as an eminent Souldier, without whom the Kingdom could not ſubſiſt. He foments the former Jealouſies, prolongeth the War, fruſtrateth all Treaties, until at laſt there were two Parties in the Army, one for Peace, another for War. Now was his time to gratifie the Warriours, to careſs the Souldiers, to whom his Valour and Conduct had endeared him. Here is the Caſe in ſhort, the Army muſt ſtand by him, or be disbanded; hereupon they chooſe him General, he modelleth them. At laſt they Remonſtrate, That the King must be laid aſide, as who had betrayed his Country to Foreigners. Yet he kept this cloſe until he overcame the Enemy, ſhut up the Chriſtians in their Garriſon; and then he turned upon his own Maſters, cut off ſome of his Senate for ill adviſing; and at laſt ſhut him up, as at this hour, within a ſtrong City. Sure there was an evil Star, this laſt Age that looked upon the World; That all Men, of all Religions, were unanimouſly diſpoſed to Innovate, Reform, (as we call it) and Diſturb the World.

A Deſcription of the Perſon and Government of Gayland, the preſent Vſurper of the Kingdom of Fez.

THis Gayland, ſince his ſucceſs, hath his Pedigree derived from Mahomet, as Cromwel had his from the Welch Kings. His Perſon looks handſomer than his Condition; his Look is fat and plain, but his Nature cloſe and reſerved. He is plump, yet melancholy; valiant, yet ſly; boyſterous, yet of few words; watchful, and luſtful; careful, and intemperate; a contradiction in Nature. Although he hath a ſadneſs, and a heavineſs by Nature, that becometh a Prieſt: yet he hath gained a complaizance by Art, that becomes a Prince. He hath two Qualities that may do any thing; 1. Perfidiouſneſs, and 2. Cruelty. When he ſwears moſt ſolemnly, then you may be ſure he lyeth; ſo treacherous he is: and when fawns moſt baſely, then you muſt look for miſchief; ſo bloody he is. You ſhall have him 8. times a day at his Devotion, and as many with his Concubines, whom he never toucheth after ſixteen; having his Miniſters of pleaſure to annoint him, and his Ladies to that purpoſe: So prodigions is their Luſt there, that they take pleaſure in haughtineſs, when they cannot be naught themſelves. You may be preferred and poyſoned there in a day: to ſpeak cunningly, to act daringly, to have many ſtrong Relations, a great Eſtate, or one handſome Wife, is reaſon enough to ſend a man into another world.

Gaylands Calling is a Butcher, and a Prieſt; for they have all Trades there. He is ſetling a new way of Religion, which he calls, The Antient One: His Council are all Trades-men, that underſtand buſineſs very well; and his Judges the like: His Brethren are his Favourites, who yet are Gelded, and ſo not dangerous. He hath little or no ſtrength at Sea, only his tampering under-hand with them of Tunis and Tripoli. He hath divided the Country among his Followers, who muſt be true to him, or they will not be ſo to themſelves; the old and loyal poſſeſſors being tranſplanted. When he is courted to a Peace, he ſaith, It is in uain for him to think of Peace, until he hath made himſelf terrible. His Ports are ſtrong; his Speech alwayes dubious, and knowingly intangled. His Intereſt obliging him to a reſerve; for he dares neither clearly own his thoughts, nor totally diſclaim them; the one way endangering his Deſign, the other his Perſon: ſo that the skill of his Port lyeth in this, neither to be miſtaken by his Friends, nor underſtood by his Enemies. By this middle courſe, he gaineth time to remove Obſtacles, and ripen Occaſions, which to improve and follow is his peculiar Talent. He is a Slave to his Ambition, and knoweth no other meaſure of good and bad, but as things ſtand in this or that relation to his end. Honour, Faith, and Conſcience, weighing nothing in that Country, further than they ſubſerve to Intereſt.

He is one that will hazard very little, if either Money or Wiles may do his work. He hath his Renegadoes, from whom he hath learned all his skill in Fortifications and Guns.

Gaylands Revenue.

HE receiveth from his Tributary Vaſſals, the Tenths and firſt-Fruits of their Corn and Cattel. For the firſt-Fruits, he taketh no more than one for twenty, and the whole being above twenty; and demandeth no more than two, though it amount to an hundred. For every dayes Tilth of Ground, he hath a Ducket and a quarter, and ſo much likewiſe for every Houſe; as alſo, he hath after the ſame rate of every Perſon above fifteen years old, Male or Female, and when need requireth a greater ſumm. And to the end that the people may the more chearfully pay that which is impoſed upon them, he alwayes demands half as much more as he is to receive.

Moſt true it is, that on the Mountains there inhabit certain fierce and untamed People, who, by reaſon of the ſteep, craggy, and inexpugnable ſituation of their Country, cannot be forced to Tributes; that which is gotten of them is the Tenth of their Corn and Fruits; only that they may be permitted to have recourſe in the Plains.

Beſides theſe Revenues, the King hath the Tolls and Cuſtomes of Fez, and of other Cities; for at the entring of their Goods, the natural Citizen payeth two in the hundred, and the Stranger ten.

Amongſt many other things, he hath the Revenues of Mills, which yield him little leſs than half a Royal of Plate, for every Hanega of Corn that is ground in Fez; where (as I told you) there are four hundred Mills. The Moſchea of Caruven had fourſcore thouſand Duckets of Rent: The Colledges and Hoſpitalls of Fez had alſo many thouſands: All which the King hath at this preſent.

And further, He is Heir to all the Alcaydes, and them that have Penſion of him; and at their Death he poſſeſſeth their Horſes, Armour, Garments, and all their Goods. Howbeit, if the Deceaſed leave any Sons apt for the ſervice of the Wars, he granteth them their Fathers Proviſion: but if they be but young, he bringeth up the Male Children to years of ſervice, and the Daughters till they be Married. And therefore, that he may have Intereſt in the Goods of Rich men, he beſtoweth upon them ſome Government, or Charge, with Proviſion: Wherefore, for fear of Confiſcation after death, every one coveteth to hide his wealth, or to remove far from the Court, and the Kings ſight: For which cauſe, the City of Fez cometh far ſhort of her antient glory.

Beſides, His Revenues have been augmented of late years by mighty ſumms of Gold, which he fetcheth from Tombuto and Gago, in the Land of Negros; which Gold (according to the report of Fame) may yearly amount to three Millions of Duckets.

His Forces, and Military Strength.

HE hath not any Fortreſſes of great importance, but only upon the Sea Coaſt, as Cabo de Guer, Larache, and Tetuan: For as the Turks and Perſians do, ſo he placeth the ſtrength of his Eſtate in Armed men; but eſpecially in Horſe. And for this Cauſe he ſtandeth not much upon his Artillery; although he hath very great ſtore (which his Predeceſſors took from the Portugalls, and others) in Fez, Morocco, Tarodant, and in the aforeſaid Ports; cauſing alſo more to be Caſt when need requireth; for he wanteth not Maſters of Europe in this Science. He hath a Houſe of Munition in Morocco, where they make ordinarily Six and forty Quintalls of Powder every Month; as likewiſe Calivers, and Steel Bowes.

His Forces are, Firſt, Of two thouſand ſeven hundred Horſe, and two thouſand Harquibuziers.

The ſecond is, of a Royal Squadron of ſix thouſand Gentlemen, being all of noble Parentage, and of great account. Theſe men are mounted upon excellent horſes, with Furniture and Armes; for variety of Colours, moſt beautiful; and for Riches of Ornament, beyond meaſure eſtimable; for every thing about them ſhineth with Gold, Silver, Pearls, Jewells, and whatſoever elſe may pleaſe the eye, or ſatisfie the curioſity of beholders. Theſe men, beſides all ſorts of Proviſion for their Family, receive further in Wages, from ſeventy to an hundred Ounces of Silver a man.

The third ſort of Forces which he hath, conſiſteth of his Timarioth: For he granteth to all his Sons, and Brothers, and other Perſons of Account and Authority among the People of Africk, or to the Princes of the Arabians, the benefit of great Lordſhips and Tenures for ſuſtentation of his Cavalry; and the Archiades themſelves till the Fields, and afterwards reap Rice, Oyl, Barley, Butter, Sheep, Hens, and Money, and diſtribute the ſame monthly to the Souldiers, according to the ſeveral qualities of their Perſons. They alſo give them Cloth, Linnen, and Silk to apparel themſelves, Armes of Offence and Defence, and Horſes, with which they ſerve in the Wars, and if they dye, or be killed, they allow them other. Every one of theſe Leaders contendeth to bring his People into the Field well ordered. Beſides this, They have between four and twenty and thirty Ounces of Silver wages every year.

His fourth Military Forces are the Arabians, who live continually in their Avari, (for ſo they call their Habitations, each one of them conſiſting of an hundred or two hundred Pavilions) governed by divers Alchiades, to the end they may be ready in time of need. Theſe ſerve on horſeback; but they are rather to be accounted Thieves, than true Souldiers.

His fifth kind of Forces Military, are ſomewhat like unto the trained Souldiers of Chriſtian Princes; and among theſe, the Inhabitants of Cities and Villages of the Kingdom, and of the Mountains are enrolled, whom the King makes very little account of, and very ſeldom puts Armes into their hands, for fear of Inſurrections and Rebellions, except in the Wars againſt the Chriſtians, for then he cannot conveniently forbid them: For it being written in their Law, That If a Moor kill a Christian, or is ſlain by him, he goeth directly into Paradice: Men, Women, and thoſe of every Age and Degree, run to the Wars hand afore head, that at leaſt they may there be ſlain, and by this means gain Heaven.

200000. Men he brought againſt Tituan 1659. Yet he cannot long continue a War; yea, not above 3. Months, becauſe his Forces living on that Proviſion which he hath daily coming in, as well for Suſtenance, as for Apparel; and not being able to have all this conducted thither, where the War requireth, it followeth of neceſſity, that in ſhort time they muſt return home for their Maintenance.

We want nothing but Men, and thoſe men nothing but the Apprehenſion of that infinite Treaſure we might have in Mandinga, Aethiopia, Congo, Angola, Pratua, Toroa, Monomolapa, &c. If we could but bring this man to terms.

His Men march not all in Company, but the reſpective Commanders ſet forth two hours one after another, every one having its Ambuſcado and Stratagem, not in any ſtrict Order of Rank and File. Ye though their Diſcipline is not exact, their Order is ſo without confuſion and violence. All the Commanders have their Wives and Boyes attending them well guarded. Their hoarſe Drums ſerve to deafen the Ears, and confound the Senſes to any other Clamour, with ſome Braſs Diſhes, and wind Inſtruments, to noiſe the Varnes, carried by Fellows on horſe-back, a little before every Company; whoſe Horſes are very ſwift, it being a ſhame there to loſe a Drum.. His Weapon is Bow and Arrow, an Iron Pole, a Shrene, a Petronel, a Harque-buz, Scemiter; all over armed like a Porcupine.

They Eat and Lye in one Blanket, tying their horſes bridle to their armes while they graze.

When they come towards an Enemy, they march very exactly and ſilently, not a man, upon pain of death, daring to break the Order.

When they are near an Engagement, the Horſe encompaſs their Foot in the Rear, in form of a half-Moon or Creſcent; thoſe Horſe have order not to meddle with the Enemy, but only to drive and neceſſitate the Foot upon them, till they have peirced through their Batalia, if poſſible; and if they chance to recoyl, to hold them to the Slaughter, till they have wearied and dulled the Enemies Swords; and then the Reſerve and they together fall in with freſh fury and vigour: and this ſerves for all advantages of Military Policy, to quicken his multitudes through deſpair to high and gallant ſervices.

He chooſeth rather to tire out a Town, than ſtorm it; then as ſoon as he hath raiſed his Battery, and made a kind of breaſt-work, with ſome Mounts in it, to over-look the place, he makes his approaches in ſpite of the Bullet, and filleth up the Trenches with Bodies, if he cannot do it with other matter; and when once a breach is made, its either a Souldiers death in honour, or a Doggs in the Camp, for any to retreat. Their Patience and Reſolution making up their defect of Skill and Art.

Gaylands Court.

HE hath one chief Counſellour, to whom he gives a third part of his Revenue, of whom he hath taken a ſecret Oath, to eſtabliſh his Son after him. To him he adds a Secretary, a Treaſurer, a Steward, the Captain of his Guard, and the Governours of the reſpective Cities under his Command. Next them are his Deputies, or Major Generalls, who have their Provinces on condition they have in readineſs on any occaſion 200. Horſe a man. After theſe are his Collectors of Tribute; and next them the Commanders of Forts, to awe the Country to the payment of that Tribute.

He hath likewiſe a Troop of Light Horſe, who have nothing but their Diet, ſave what they can plunder; and Apparel once a year: whoſe Horſes are attended by Chriſtian Slaves, in Shackles, carried about on Camells. To theſe we may adde his Purveyors, his Grooms of the Stable, his Granators, and their Notaries. He keeps 500. Horſe ready to execute any of his Offices, Decrees, and expedite their ſervice.

He hath the Keeper of his Seal, who over-looks all others, and is as it were Lord high Controllor. He is attended alwayes in pubick with 1200. Horſe and Foot. His Armies are led by Enſign-Bearers, who are alwayes ſuch as underſtand beſt all Paſſages, Fords, &c. The Cities are bound at their own Charge to ſend the Magicians to the Wars.

He hath one, like a Maſter of Ceremonies, that ſitteth at his Feaſt, ordering every man to ſit down in order, and ſpeak in his turn. His Concubines are all white, but the Women he will have Children by muſt be black.

He goeth very plain, and feareth nothing more than gathering of Taxes, the burden whereof their Law hath mittigated, and the people cannot endure.

When he goeth abroad, there is notice given to all his Relations, and Servants, who attend at his Gate or Tent, and march thence according to the Harbingers direction in order. 1. The Standard. 2. the Drums. 3. the Maſter of the Horſe. 4. the Penſioners and Guards. 5. the Officers of State. Then the Sword, the Shield, and the Croſs-Bow; and at laſt Gayland and his Favourite, with the Footmen; one whereof, the firſt carrieth his Stirrups, the other his Partizan, the 3. the Covering of his Saddle, the 4. the Halter for his Horſe, and the 5. his curious Pantofle; after him come his Eunuchs, his Harquebuziers, and Light Horſe; of all which he is the plaineſt man.

When he lyeth in the Field (as all thoſe Kings do moſt part of the year, to keep their Subjects quiet) his Tent is four ſquare like a Caſtle, in the midſt of his Noble-mens, that make a Town, made of Cloath, with gliſtering Spheres a top, and then the Souldiers made of Goats-skins. In the midſt of all are his Kitchin and Pantrey; next theſe Pavilions are the Artificers, the Merchants, and other Followers Tents: Next them the Stables, and round them the Foot, about them the Horſe, and the Light-Horſe of the outſide. You would think his Tent is inaceſſible, yet are they ſometimes ſo careleſs and ſleepy, that Enemies have been known to come within a Furlong of his Royal Pavilion. Barbariſm, with all its care, hath not the art to ſecure it ſelf.

Gaylands Policies.

1. HE hath a ſtanding Army, enriched with the Spoyles of the King and Country; that will be undone, if it returns either to a Peace, or any thing that may threaten a Reſtitution.

2. Moſt of the Officers of this Army, are related to himſelf, by Kindred, or Alliance.

3. All the old Nobility, are either cut off, or kept under.

4. All the Grievances that the People have lain under theſe forty years, are ordered to be brought to him in Tables, and he hath the honour to redreſs them.

5. Every Body hath acceſs to him himſelf; Provided, that they come with no Mantle, or Sleeves, or with their Breaſts opened.

6. He keeps his Revells and Gamballs, wherewith he takes the Country People three times a Year, as Running, Hunting, &c.

7. He employeth ſo many rigid Officers over the reſpective Provinces, as may exaſperate them, and then he offereth thoſe Exactors a Sacrifice to the Vulgar Fury; gaining thereby, together with their Rigour, the Reputation of Mildneſs and Moderation.

8. The Army knoweth not one day where it muſt be the next; ſo marching it up and down at once, to keep the Country from riſing, and his Followers from ſettling to any Combinatior or Confaederacy.

9. Beſies that, they are of ſo many Nations and Interests, that they can hardly ever cloſe to any Particular Deſign againſt his General one.

10. He hath an excellent way of Droll, whereby he at once pleaſeth and diſcovereth the common Humour.

11. He layeth out as much Money as he can in Slaves and Renegadoes, to whom he is beholding for all his Skill and Conduct.

12. He hath wrought upon the Neceſſities of thoſe about his Maſter the King, that there is not any Order paſſeth him, whereof he hath not Advertiſment, before ever it comes to be put in Execution.

13. He hath got in likewiſe with the two laſt Viziers, and him that now governeth, by Money; whereof none hath ſo little uſe as the Turk, and yet none more Covetous.

14. It is as uſual as can be with him to ſend in his own very Souldiers and Ingineers with Proviſion, in the habite of Country Fellows to the very Walls of Tangier to deſcry in what poſture things ſtand, and where he may make his moſt ſucceſsfull attempts.

15. To countenance his own Uſurpations, he hath appointed 200 Prieſts and Souldiers to regulate both the Religion and Law of the place; both which he intends to publiſh, with certain new Interpretations delivered, as he pretends, to two holy Prieſts at Tituar, who are now under ground for two years, diſcourſing with Mahomet, and ſhall get up after the two years end with two Trumpets, to reform the World. Lord! That there can be no Treaſon, even in Africa without Inſpiration.

16. There is now a deſign ſet on foot to draw the poor Country that hath been haraſſed with theſe late diviſions, and are ready to embrace any ſettlement, rather than the late Diſorders, to preſs him to take upon himſelf the Soveraignty, as the moſt likely means to heal the breaches (that we may borrow our modern Elegancies) and lay aſide the unhappy Xeriff as the grand obſtacle of the peace and ſettlement. (Goodly, goodly! ſure the Phanatique Spirit hath poſſeſled them, and they that turn the world upſide down are gone thither alſo.

17. He is upon ſetling a Company, to traffick upon the ſame terms that the Europeans do; at whoſe Charge he intends ſuch a Navy may be Equipped, as may give Law to the Streights, with the Grand Seigniours leave.

18. He doth intend to bring in ſome ambitious Chriſtian Prince, with whoſe Intereſt he intends to check all other Pretenders.

19. He cannot endure any man that ſpeaks cunningly and ſubtlely; inſomuch, that it is the way of his Creatures, to make their Addreſſes in clear Terms, when Canting Parts are Treaſon againſt Tyrants.

20. His ſpecial Cronies are the Zealous and Enthuſiaſtick Eccleſiaſticks, with whoſe grave Countenances he gains a great Reverence to all his proceedings.

21. He keeps up a conſtant Faction in his Camp between his chief Officers, whereby they watch one another ſo cloſely, that they cannot do any thing to his prejudice, for fear of one anothers mutual inſpection and obſervation. Divide & Impera is got now beyond Italy.

22. He trains up the Moors to ſo much Diſcipline, that they ſhall march 20000. together, with that order and ſilence, for forty Mile, that they cannot be diſcovered; yea, there is not a word ſpoken in the Camp for two dayes together ſometimes, except in his own Tent: And what is more remarkable, 2. or 3000. of them ſhall lodge themſelves in the Fernes, and among the riſing Grounds, ſo that you may ride through thoſe very Grounds, and not diſcover a man, Nay, bear up your belief a little longer, while I tell you, that 10000. of them ſhall hide themſelves in the Sand, ſo as that you may go over them, and not diſcover them.

23. He armes his choice men very well, that they may ſurvive his Encounters to a conſiderable Skill, Experience and Conſidence; which if his men were cut off in every occaſion, freſh-water-Souldiers are not capable of: And beſides, being ſo armed, he ordereth them not to Charge until they come within Execution of the Enemy, which they will do manfully, bearing up againſt his Charges to his very face.

The Proceedings of the Engliſh at Tangier, ſince they poſſeſſed it, and were oppoſed by the Vſurper Gayland.

AMong the many great Benefits we propoſed to our ſelves by our Alliance with Portugal, this is not the leaſt, that we might enjoy a ſecure and free Trade in Africa and America, thoſe Treaſures of the Univerſe: In order to which end, we had in the year 1661. the antient City of Tangier delivered to us; a place where we might in our Traffick that way, both refreſh, and ſecure our ſelves, and give Law to others: And no ſooner was it delivered to us, than the Right Honourable the Earl of Peterborough, Liſted 1000. Foot, and 300. Horſe; the laſt in Southwark, the firſt in Black-Heath, to poſſeſs and ſecure it. His Officers were, Captain Levet, Captain Mordant, Captain Blake, Captain Aneſley, Captain Belletore, Captain Clerk, Captain Fairborn, Captain Colls, Captain Car, Captain Nerve, Major Johnſon, and Lieutenant Collonel Sir James Snith.

And as his Lordſhip prepared himſelf for the Government of it from hence, ſo the Right Honourable the Earl of Sandwich, went thither October in the ſame year; where he found ſtrong Fortifications, many fair Gardens, and ſo well ſituated, that no Ship can paſs in or out of the Streights, but Ships as ride there may ſee and ſpeak with them; and that the Portuguez were very civil to the Engliſh, and made great expreſſions of their welcome: And thereupon, in December following, the aforeſaid Honourable Lord addreſſed himſelf for his Charge, I mean the Command of Tangier, which we found ſituated ſtrongly on the ſide of a Hill, having one Gate only to the water ſide, and Land-ward four Gates, one within the other; and a great many good braſs Canons were mounted on the Walls of it; and in the middle of it we ſaw a Fountain of Water, that continually runneth with a very full ſtream, that conveyeth it ſelf under the Town.

December 9. 1661. The Engliſh and Iriſh Forces were embarqued in ſeveral Veſſels, according to my Lord Rutherfords order, from Dunkirk to Tangier; never any Souldiers were ſhipped to foreign ſervice more willingly, never any carried more reſolutely; the number 3200. old Souldiers; the Commanders, Col. Fitz-Gerard, Col. Farrel, Sir Robert Horley, L. C: Kingwell, Major Fiernes, Captain Summers, Captain Flord, Captain Herbert, Captain Emerſon, Captain Brooks: No ſooner was my Lord upon the place, than he ſetled a very fair Correſpondence with the Portuguez and Moors there, upon the old Portugal terms, until he could be able to procure himſelf better; ſo that we had the Accommodations of that Place upon as good Conditions as we could wiſh: In the mean time our works went on, our Souldiers were inured to the Country, we were better acquainted with the humour and intereſt of the People; and in a word, had exacter Obſervation of our Advantages, in order to a further ſettlement.

April 11. 1663. The Moors had a Deſign of drawing upon Tangier, whereof his Excellency having Intelligence by the Arabian Spies he employed to that purpoſe, drew up a Regiment of Foot, and a Troop of Horſe; but being not willing to ſpend any of his own men upon the Barbarians, he ſent out ſome Moors who had heretofore revolted, and come in, and have been many wayes uſeful and ſerviceable to us; who accordingly being horſed, encountred with a Party of the Enemy, in the ſight of the Town, and wounded the Shots Son, one of the principal Perſons of the Country, of which wounds he is ſince dead, and his loſs is much lamented by the Infidels. In revenge whereof, as we conjecture, five dayes after a conſiderable Party came within our Trench, and one of their chief Captains was killed by our Artillery. Theſe little Braveries prejudice them more than they can annoy us, who can look on until the Country is haraſſed and ruined with Poverty, Hunger and Sickneſs. The Moors will be neceſſitated in all probability ere long to a better Complyance with Tangier; already many of them did run over to us with Horſes and Cattel; ſo that freſh Proviſions were no varieties; and upon the whole matter our condition was much another thing than it was when we firſt ſetled there; Health, Plenty, Trade, Security, and good Government, having put us into a very ſetled Condition; and his Excellency the Lord Peterborough, having ſo well and happily ſetled all the Concernments, to the honour and advantage of his Majeſty, then ready, by his Majeſties grace and favour, to return into England, and put the City into his Succeſſors hands, having payed off all Arrears, and filled up all Stores and Ammunitions. And as an Argument of our Proſperity, we had very good Correſpondenee with Algier, together with a reſolution to continue in Amity with us; they of Sallee likewiſe deſire a good underſtanding with us: Tangier rendring England much more conſiderable to Algier, than it would be, were this Garriſon in other hands. The Works were ſtrengthned by the ſame Noble Lord; the Garriſon enlarged; the Quarters were diſpoſed; the Rate of Victualls was ſetled; the Guards were ordered, and 5. Mile round clearly gained.

But the Earl of Tiveot arriving, there began a little ſtone Redoubt, which we perfected without any oppoſition from the Enemy, alſo we made Entrenchments and Lines of Communication from place to place, inſomuch that a great deal of ground was left free to us, to feed our Cattel in ſafety.

Thurſday the 4th. of June we began another Redoubt on the top of the hill, which overlooketh the Town to the very Ports thereof; at the ſame time we made Retrenchments beyond the hill that we might not be ſurpriſed, nor our works moleſted. Gayland hearing of the conſequence of this Redoubt, and of our dayly Retrenching, aſſembled his Army conſiſting of 4000 Horſe, and 20000 Foot, and Encamps within a league of the Town: Two fugitives one after another brought us news that he reſolved to attaque our works.

Upon Sunday morning we divided our Retrenchments into three Poſts: whereof Col. Fitz-Gerard and his Regiment, was to maintain that near the Sea on the Eaſt: Col. Norwood, with half the Governours Regiments the middle Poſt, wherein lay the new great Redoubt: L. C. Knightley, with the other half of the ſaid Regiment, where the little Redoubts were on the right hand: Col. Bridges with the Horſe in the middeſt of all, to give ſuccour as need ſhould require, and repell the Enemy if they entred our works: Col. Alſop the Town Major ſtill viſiting the poſts; The outmoſt lines of all for favouring the work-men being divided into three poſts, commanded one by a Lieutenant and 30 men, another by an Enſign and 18 men, and the third by a Serjeant and 12. We made a ſix Pounder Gun to be carried to the outmoſt line at the Serjeants poſt, and gave order that after all, the Garriſon ſhould be in readineſs, and at the ſhooting of the ſaid Gun, ſhould take arms; which was accordingly executed at 12 a Clock at night; and after the Gun was brought off, all thoſe outer Lines were ſown with Chauſtraps, Cultrips or ſtories, whereof we brought over 36000. and the avenues with Sowgards or hollis, wherein was put Powder as in a Mine, and Loaden above with Stones, Granadoes and Swedes feathers were put into thoſe farther poſts.

Sunday the 14 preciſely at twelve a clock in the day, whenall the Officers were retired to dinner, the ordinary Guards in the Retrenchments, appeared in an inſtant Gaylands forces, who had long attaqued our outmoſt Lines, (the Lieutenant, Enſign and Serjeants Poſts) with three Regiments of Red and White Colours, Black Colours, & one of a ſort of Violet Colour, ſeconded by a Regiment of Horſe. Our Souldiers ſurpriſed and amazed, abandoned their Poſts, and left the Powder in the Sowguards, with ſome Granadoes, to the Enemy, who purſued with incredible vigour the Souldiers towards the Town. Mean time the great Body of Foot attaqued the great Redoubt, and ſhewed more than ordinary reſolution in ſtanding firm before our Granadoes and fire. In the Fort was Commander, by his turn, Major Ridgert with ſome forty men; and to his ſuccour came Lieutenant-Col. Chun Voluntier, and Captain Giles a Lieutenant in the Governours Regiment, and ſeveral others Reformed Officers: which Major & Officers defended themſelves moſt gallantly, killing about 40 of the Moors. The Chauſtraps that were ſown about all the Lines, and the Redoubt in particular, were of wonderful uſe and effect: for the bare-footed Moors, when they were pricked in the feet by them, ſitting down to pick them out, were pricked behind. Many both of Foot and Horſe were ſo hurt. Mean time, the Colonel and Lieutenant-Colonels, with the Officers, commanded in caſe of Alarm to maintain the three Poſts; as alſo Col. Bridges with his Horſe marched out, repulſed moſt gallantly the Enemy, took in all their Poſts again; and in the end the Enemy retired in great haſt and diſorder. They loſt, as near as we can conjecture by taking off the dead, (for they never leave any bodies behind them, if poſſible) above 100 in all, 14 being left within our Lines, which they could not carry off, and ſeveral others in the fields; Colonel Norwood with all imaginable gallantry going to the outer point before the Redoubt, and Captain Needham with him. The ſaid Captain did kill a Moor for his part, and for his pains was ſhot himſelf thorow the arm in the fleſh only. We loſt 14 killed in the field, and twenty hurt with Horſe: and we ſuppoſe we had more of our men hurt from our inner Line and Walls, than by the Enemy.

It is reported by the Portuguez and Jews, that he had never loſt ſo many men at any time. They are men of order and reſolution, and have moſt excellent Firearms and Lances.

I had forgot to tell you, that when the Horſe charged us, he that did command them was cloathed in Crimſon Velvet; who being killed, they went all off immediately: which maketh us ſuſpect he was of eminent quality.

After this Encounter, an Expreſs was ſent to complement Gayland; who returned the Anſwer incloſed by one of his own domeſticks, who confeſſeth that our Crows feet or Chauſtraps did their Foot great harm, and that they have loſt many men.

The Earl of Tiveots Letter to Gayland. Written in Spaniſh.

THe King my Master having honoured me with the Command of this place, I did not look for leſs courteſie than your Excellencie uſed with my Predeceſſor, giving me the welcome: but on the contrary, your Excellencie stole from me the hour of eating, in which viſits are uſually received. Notwithſtanding what is paſſed, if your Excellencie doth incline to a better correſpondence, be it in peace or war, you ſhall not find me leſs diſpoſed or provided, though it be at the ſame hour. Valuing my ſelf upon the Laws of Souldiery, I ſhall bury the dead bodies you left behind you: but if your Excellencie deſire to bury them your ſelf, after you manner, you may ſend for them. God keep your Excellencie the many years that I deſire.

Tangier, June 14. Gaylands Letter to the Earl of Tiveot. Written in Spaniſh. Signed above in Arabick Letters.

I Received your Excellencies of the 14 currant, in which you ſeem to complain, that I did not bid you welcome: whereas on the Contrary it belongs to me to do ſo; Perſons of your quality being accustomed in theſe parts to give notice of their arrival, and not to diſpoſe of any thing, as your Excellency hath done in my Lands. Notwithſtanding, I gave order to my Subjects, that, the occaſion preſenting it ſelf, they ſhould give good quarter to your Excellencies, as they did with the Centinel which they took the other day, whom I charged them to uſe well. As to the Correſpondence, it is well known how punctal I am in it; of which you may be informed. I did not expect leſs from your Excellencies courteſie, than you have uſed to the dead; for which I am inſinitely obliged to you. God keep your Excellency many years, as I deſire.

Poſtſcript.

If your Excellency pleaſe to ſend any perſon or perſons from you, you may do it; and this ſhall ſecure him, which goes with my ſervant.

The Earl of Tiveots Reply.

I Received your Excellencies of the 15 currant, the ſame Evening by the hands of your Servant, who carries this back to you. To which I anſwer, That if there hath been any omiſsion on my part, as to the accuſtomed Civility of th • ſe Countries, it was a ſin of ignorance, for which your Excellency hath ſufficiently chaſtiſed. I am beholden to you for the good quarter which your Excellency commanded to be given to the Souldiers your men took the other day: if my good fortune gives me the ſame occaſion, I will pay it with Intereſt. As to what concerns the Peace and good Correſpondence between the King my Maſter and your Excellency, there only wants a good diſpoſition on your part, as it hath been treated formerly with my Predeceſſor: to which if your Excellency enclines, ſignifying it to me, I will ſend perſons to effect it on my behalf. God k •• p your Excellency many and happy years.

From Tangier, June 16. 1663.

Notwithſtanding theſe Complements, Gayland attempted a new Work of ours with 10000. Men: but the moſt vigilant and excellent Governour had ſo warily ſupplyed the defects of that place, by planting great Gun to annoy the Aſſailants; that, though the aſſault was very ſharp, the Enemy was beaten off, and that with the loſs of 900. men; which entertainment they liked ſo ill, that the Army was drawn off: And thereupon the ſaid Governour, as happy to improve Advantages, as reſolute to gain them, ſent a Letter to Gayland, to let him know, That his Maſter, the King of Great Britain, as he wanted neither Reſolution nor Ability to manage his juſt Right in that Garriſon: ſo he was ſo great a Friend to Peace, that he would be ready to entertain a better Correſpondency with his Excellency: Which ſeconded with the Defeat, (then only you oblige the unworthy, when you can awe them) prevailed ſo much upon the Uſurper, that he ſent Meſſengers for a Treaty, which had ſo fair a progreſs, that both Parties came to an Agreement. Indeed ſo ill was Gaylands ſucceſs, ſo great our progreſs in Fortifications; ſuch convenience we had for freſh Air, and freſh Victualls, that we were in a plight (if it had been thought fit to have ſent Sir John Lawſon, to do as much by Sea, as we could do by Land; to ſhut up the Havens and Towns of Sallee and Tituan, and batter A • ſella to the ground. Every day put us in a better ſtate, both of freedom and ſecurity, having by our late Treaty gained a ſix Months Peace, which did exceedingly conduce to our ſettlement. At our firſt arrival, a Flux troubled us, but within ſix Months our temper agreed exceedingly well with the temper of the Climate.

August 24. 1663. The Vigilancy, Courage and Conduct of the Earl of Tiveot, moved Gayland (in his own Expreſſion) to require a Peace; which, although concluded but for ſix Months, was by him deſired for ſeven Years: After which time the Engliſh Forts are finiſhed, and this Advice waited upon his Excellence, who was then embarquing for Englond.

At that time, the Deſign of the Mould, intended for the ſafety and advantage of Shipping, was in a good forwardneſs of perſection, the Paſſage of the Stone being out out of the Rocks, & way made for a Gun-powder blow, & undermining. There was a new Key made, 30 yards foundation laid, & 3 yards raiſed above water; & well they might for no Place in the World afforded either better Materialls, or thoſe more conveniently diſpoſed for the perfecting of ſuch a Work, wch the Moors call, and others ſhall find, The Key of the World: Indeed, they that underſtand the World, and themſelves very well, look upon this Place with great hopes of the Reputation and Advantage it may one day bring to the Engliſh Nation.

Auguſt 26. 1663. The Moors kept their Peace made with the Engliſh very punctually, whom they treated, when they went down into their Countries (which is rich, and well inhabited) with great Civility. The Earl of Tiveot was much eſteemed for his Valour, and well beloved for his Candour and Humanity; inſomuch, as the very Moors term him a Good Man. (and indeed, he was a Perſon of exact honour and integrity) The Place was healthy, and the ſituation pleaſant, and Proviſions of ſorts in ſuch abundance, that a man can ſcarce live cheaper any where.

But about this time we began our Mould, and found it very hard to blow up the Rocks under water, to make way for our Boats and Engines, which otherwiſe cannot bring Stone, but with difficulty, at the top of high water: but in a month, way was made for our Engines to weigh our Stones, and in ſix weeks time we laid 30. yards of Foundation, and raiſed that two yards high: It ſhould ſeem we are better at this work than any other, this being better work than any in the Streight.

But that we might not only ſecure our ſelves, but oblige our Neighbours; we ſent Supplyes, with a great deal of hazard, to the Saint & Falle; a Favour he acknowledged ſo great, that he hath promiſed, when ever it is in his power, he will not be backward in requital. And now Gayland Complements his Sacred Majeſty in Spaniſh, to this purpoſe.

A Letter from Gayland to His Sacred Majeſty Charles the Second, King of England. Sacred Royal Majeſty,

HAving been advertis'd by his Excellency the Earl of Tiveot, of his ſudden occaſion to viſit theſe Parts; I could not forbear this Addreſs in reſpect of the Peace, and good Intelligence we have lately affected in Your Majeſties Name. And having found his Excellency a Cavalier of great Valour and Honour, and of ſo noble a Mind; I could not chooſe but deſire to Correſpond with him by my Letters, to ſignifie my Inclination of Complyance in all things that concern the Service of Your Majeſty; and which formerly I have forborn to do, for want of ſo fit a Juncture to enable me.

I hope from the Divine ſavour, that this Peace will be attended with many conſiderable Augmentations in order to Your Majeſties Service, the effecting of which good Work being iuſtly attributed (with no ſmall praiſ • s) to the Prudence of his Excellency; I beſeech Your Maieſty to command him ſpeedily back, that we may perfect all things with him ſo greatly to be loved and esteemed.

If in any parts of our Dominions there is any thing that offers it ſelf for Your Majesties Service, the ſignification of Your Commands ſhall be eſteemed the greateſt favour that can be expreſſed.

God keep your Maieſty, and give You all manner of felicity.

And the Governour of Morocco to the King of Portugal, thus.

The Copy of a Letter from the King of Tetuan, Governour of Morocco to the King of Portugal Sancta Crux, June 27. 1663.

HIgh and Mighty, Don Alfonſo, King of Roman Chriſtians and of Portugal, thanks be to God that we are obliged to give account, and none is free from that duty, and therefore we give him the prayſe unto him due, and this praiſe is for the dayly favour we receive from him.

By Order of the Servant of our Lord God on high, to whom I ſubmit all my affairs, who is called Abdelazir 4 Mahomet, Grand-ſon of Aly; This our writing in the name of God our Lord. To your Majeſty the King of Portugal, Catholique D. Alfonſo, whom God bleſs, and after that we give thanks to God for having made us Moors, and Participate unto your Majeſty, how much we eſteem the favour which you have done to my Servants, who arrived in a little Engliſh Veſſel ſafe in the Haven of Sancta Crux, together with the good news which I received from the King Maly Mahomet, to whom your Majeſty was generouſly pleaſed to give his liberty, and I for my part, cannot but he very thankfull, and doe offer my ſelf and my Subjects with all that which from this Kingdom may be neceſſary, to your Majeſty without any fail: and your Majesty, whom God bleſs, may out of hand make tryal thereof. And I do give my Word, and ſo this Letter goes ſigned by my hand and ſeal, and from hence forward will celebrate the Peace between me and your Majeſty with theſe undernamed conditions which are.

That all the Portugal Nation, and their contractions, may go, and come, enter, and come out feeely, into, or from any of my Havens, by Sea or Land, with all ſecurity; and in caſe they meet in the Sea with the Turk, or any other Shipping, of whatſoever Nation it be, coming out of any of my Sea-Port Towns, they ſhall receive no damage. And alſo if any of your Majeſties Veſſels chance to have bad weather at their Fiſhing, they may retire into this Haven: wherein, (although they meet with any Shipping, either Turks, or Spaniards, or any Nation whatſoever Enemies to your Majeſty) you Majeſties Shipping or Men ſhall be in no danger; and as for the Wheat and Horſes which ſhall be neceſſary for your Majeſty, all ſhall be punctually and with ſpeed given to your Majesty, whereof your Majeſty may make preſent tryal, ſending Ships, Goods, Money, and Veſſels, for the Wheat and Horſes, and One that underſtands Our Language, whom your Majeſty may ſend in the Company of Maly Mahomet who is there, to whom your Majeſty was generally pleaſed to give his Liberty, for at his arrival here, he is to be King of Morocco, where they expect him each hour, and the Kingdom has no other Heir by Maly Mahomet, and I engage for him, that he will perform his word in whatſoever he promiſeth to your Majeſty, wherein he ſhall not fail as in duty bound, and is natural to him to do it: ſo waiting for Maly Mahomet, and for all your Majeſties Orders, which I ſhall alwayes obſerve, and 〈◊〉 as your Majestics loving Subject and Servant to God, who may bleſs your Majeſty, give you long life, and happy, and defend you from your Enemies.

Your Majeſties Friend, Cide Abdelazi, Son of Mahomet, Grand-Son of Aly.

Hereupon we had free Trade with the Moors, they daily bringing their Camels, laden with Hides and Skins, which is their chief Commodity; and in return they get Money, and other Proviſion: This Place being the great Market for thoſe things that come from Algier to Tituan, and from thence hither; eſpecially when a ſquare of 30. yards towards a Molle was brought a yard above the water mark: That new experiment of Maſte-floates promoting our Deſign exceedingly.

Indeed, ſo forward were we in February, that Gay land began to be jealous of us, and therefore there are ſeveral Debates between him and his Excellency, the Earl of Tiveot, whether a War or Peace. Free he would have us to the Fortification of thoſe Redoubts neareſt the Town; but as for thoſe further off, as the Hollanders anſwer the Ambaſſadors that come to them, ſaying, It may be ſo, we will conſider: So ſaid he, He would take 14. dayes time to think of it. And they have a Saying amongſt them, the meaning whereof I underſtand not; 13. dayes make a wiſe man.

But from Debate it comes to Action; the Moor comes on with Horſe and Foot to hinder the Enlargement of our Quarters, as it concerned him, but was beaten off; and, what is a ſhame in that Country, left one of his Horſe Colours behind him: Neither is he more in earneſt than we, for we baniſh all the Jewes out of Town, and go on a pace with the Works, without any further Attempt or Interruption; only when the Lord Governour declared, he could entertain no Peace, without ſome more Liberty allowed, and ſecured in the Country: Gayland adviſed with his Muſhrome Grandees, his Lords of the other Houſe; and after mature deliberation, he ſent word by two of his principal Officers, and his Secretary, which was to this Effect; That, having conſulted all his Savois and Rabbies upon the Point, it appeared, That they were bound by a Law not to ſuffer Chriſtians to Fortifie in Africa; but if his Excellency accepted of Quarters, as in the Portuguez time, they were willing to give them. To which my Lord replyed; That, He muſt either have Peace with thoſe Terms aforeſaid, or War without them.

And the very next week his Lordſhip commenced a new Redoubt upon the utmoſt Liue; againſt which Work, what Stratagems! what Ambuſcadoes! what Surprizes! while we were ſo confident, that one writes to England thus.

We expected Gaylands whole Army any time theſe ſeven dayes; if he ſtayes but two dayes longer, he muſt come to our terms, and ſuffer this Place to be comfortable to the Garriſon, and the Inhabitants: Or, which is more, let him come when he will, we queſtion not, but we ſhall maintain our Ground in ſpite of his heart: We have good Lines to defend; and better Men certainly are not in the World: To which muſt be added; That we have a Governour, under whoſe Conduct (with Gods ordinary Providence) we can fear nothing.

But ah! humane Confidence! he was an excellent man, but a man ſtill; for the next News you heard, was; That the Earl of Tiveot, deſigning to cut wayes and paſſages in an adjoyning Wood, that was as great annoyance to Tangier, as it was a ſhelter to the Moors; and having in vain ſent out Scouts, who were ſuffered to graze their Horſes in the midſt of the Enemies, who lay undiſcovered, behind thoſe riſing Grounds, in Fernes, and thick Graſs; fell into an Ambuſcado of the whole Infidel Army, where he ſold his life at a dear rate; a life indeed invaluable but that there are many ſuch lives comprehended in his SaCRed Majeſties large and univerſal Care; which hath that influence even upon this diſtant Place; that, notwithſtanding Gaylands attempts upon it ſeveral times ſince that miſcarriage, not only ſecures, but advanceth it to as much Reputation as ever it enjoyed ſince it was in the Chriſtians hands. How many Millions would the French give for ſuch a place? who are now to ſeek for a footing in thoſe Coaſts.

The Soyl is proper for any Grain, or Trees, and asketh nothing but dreſſing to be admirable. There is no need of carrying Proviſion thither, as to other Plantations, for the ſupport of the Colonies; the abundance of things there being ſo great, that the Country produceth enough for its ſelf, and to ſpare. The Waters are excellent; the Fruits delicious, and and without Hyperbole; the Place may be improved into a Paradice: Over and above this, there are Golden Mines, in ſuch plenty, that in great falls of Rain, and ravages of Water, the Veins of Gold diſcovered themſelves, all along the Coaſt, and upon the Mountains. The Inhabitants are of a Diſpoſition tractable enough, & with good words, are ready and willing to be employed in any ſervice; being a People humble, and obedient, and of a very good humour. The Country is ſhared among divers petty Pretenders, who are ſtill making warr one upon the other; and from whoſe Diſagreement we might eaſily take a riſe to an abſolute eſtabliſhment of our ſelves among them. Beyond this Place the Trading lyeth open without difficulty into India; and more commodiouſly yet to the Country of Aethiopia, where Commerce is ſcarce underſtood, and where are the richeſt Gold Mines upon the face of the Earth. In a word, there is not any where a fitter Place for a general Magazine of all Commodities to be brought from thoſe Parts into Europe, than is this Place; from whence we may carry the buſineſs of Commerce and Diſcovery further than any have yet done before us. Beſides that, the Place is of ſo gentle a Climate, that what cloaths ſerve us here in the ſpring, may ſerve us there all the year; and having within its ſelf whatſoever may honeſtly, by way of Commerce, ſerve either to the pleaſure, plenty, or neceſſities of humane life.

Adde to this, that lying in a middle way, it ſecures us from the danger and loſs o • long and tedious Voyages backwards and forwards, which we were tired with before this acquiſts; which is as good a breathing place as can be, with all Conveniences about us, to refreſh our men, and follow our courſe at pleaſure: wheras others meet no relief between India & home commonly at 7. months Voyage; for want of which, they are ſo miſerably haraſſed with the Journey, that a long time it takes them to recover it.

And over and above all this, when others are come as far as Tangier, they dare not paſs the Channel without our leave, which they may be made either to fight, or pay for.

Again, this openeth an honeſt way of livelyhood to thoſe Engliſh men, whoſe Neceſſities have debauched them to unable and ſhifting wayes of living; this relieveth the Poor, that muſt either begg or ſtarve; employeth thoſe whoſe languiſhing Induſtry is as good as loſt, becauſe not exerciſed: And brings back that ſincere and quiet way of Dealing, which is now loſt among a lazy ſort of men, that have nothing to do but to be troubleſome.

What Natural Impreſſions and Motions the Air of Africa is ſubject unto, and what Effects enſue thereupon.

THroughout the greateſt part of Barbary ſtormy and cold Weather begin commonly about the midſt of October. In December and January the Cold groweth ſomewhat more ſharp in all places, howbeit this hapneth in the Morning only, and that very gently and remiſly. In February the Weather is ſomewhat mitigated, but very unconſtant. In March the North and Weſt Winds uſually blow, which adorns the Trees with Bloſſoms. In April Cherries are commonly ripe, and all fruits attain to their proper form and ſhape. In the midſt of May they gather their Figs; and in Mid-June their Grapes are ripe in many places: In which Month and July their Pears, ſweet Quinces, and their Damaſcens attain unto ſufficient Ripeneſs. Their Figs of Autumn may be gathered in Auguſt, howbeit they never have ſo great plenty of Figs and Peaches as in September. By the midſt of Auguſt they uſually dry their Grapes in the Sun, whereof they make Reiſons, which if they cannot finiſh in September, by reaſon of unſeaſonable Weather, of their Grapes as then ungathered they uſe to make Wine and Muſt. In the midſt of October they take in their Hay, and gather their Pomegranets and Quinces. In November they gather their Olives, beating them off their Boughs with certain long Poles, by reaſon of the tallneſs of their Trees, which no Ladder can reach. They have three Months in the Spring always temperate. They begin their Spring on the fifteenth day of February, accounting the eighteenth of May the end thereof, all which time they have moſt pleaſant Weather, But if from the five and twentieth of April, to the fifth of May, they have no Rain fall, they take it as a ſign of ill Luck, which wa • er they call Naiſau, that is, Water bleſſed of God, and ſome ſtore it up in Veſſels, moſt religiouſly keeping it as an holy thing. Their Summer laſteth till the ſixteenth of Auguſt, all which time they have moſt hot and clear weather; Except perhaps ſome ſhowers of Rain fall in July and Auguſt, which do ſo infect the Air; the great Plagues and Peſtilent Fevers fall thereupon, which are almoſt always mortal. Their Autum they reckon from the 17 of Auguſt to the 16 of November, having commonly in the Months of August and September not ſuch extream heats as before. Howbeit all the time between the 15 of Auguſt and the 15 of September is called by them, The Furnace of the whole Year; for it brings Figgs, Quinces, and ſuch kind of Fruit to their full Maturity. From the 15 of November begin their Winter; and as ſoon as Winter cometh they begin to till the Ground, which lyeth in the Plains; but in the Mountains they go to plough in October. The People here are moſt certainly perſwaded, that every year containeth 40 extreme not dayes, beginning upon the twelfth of June: and again, ſo many dayes extreme cold, beginning from the twelfth of December. Their Equinoxies are upon the 16 of March, and the 16 of September: and their Solſtice on the 16 of June, and the 16 of December: Theſe Rules they moſt ſtri • ctly obſerve (though they know not a Letter in the Book) in Husbandry, and Navigation; which together with the Houſes of the Planets, are the firſt Leſſons they teach their Children; as alſo the great Book in 3 Volumes, called, The Book of Husbandry. They reckon Trine by the Moon; and allow 354 Nights to the Year, viz. 30 Nights in each of the firſt ſix Months, and 26 in each of the laſt ſix. They are undone if it rains not 12 dayes in the year, viz. the ſix firſt of April, and the ſix laſt of September. They live till threeſcore, as luſtily as we do at thirty, and then they droop ſuddenly, ſcarce any of them exceeding ſeventy; the failing of their Teeth and Eyes fore-running their deaths; the reaſon whereof may be their exceſſive inclination to Venery, for which purpoſe they tolerate hundreds of Stews in Fez: they being ſo impudent, that they will continue in the very Act of Uncleanneſs, though twenty ſhould come and ſee them, therefore they are • ald at 26 commonly; and many of them dye of the French Pox: a Diſeaſe that came thither with the Jewes that were baniſhed Castile; with whoſe Wives the Moors lay, and were infected: A Diſeaſe, they ſay, that if you go but into Numidia, the very Air of the Place Cures you of: As the Armenian Earth doth of the Plague here.

The Qualities of theſe People, Good and Bad.

THey are Religious to a Superſtition, ſo far, the day they Pray (and they are very often at their Churches or Maſques) they ſpit, nor touch their privy parts. Their dexterity and skill in Mathematiques and Mechaniques is extraordinary: Very Faithful they are, but Cunning, No People ſo Luſtful, and none ſo Jealous; Familiarity with one of their Wives is Death. Give Place to thy Elders, is a great Rule amongſt them. When ever they diſcourſe of Love, the Youth are to withdraw.

But with theſe Vertues, they have their Vices too, being very needy and covetous; very proud and wrathful; very implacable and revengeful. So Clowniſh they are, that they will ſcarce hear you: yet ſo credulous, that they will believe you, ſay what you will. Abounding ſo much with Choler, they ſpeak alwayes angry and loud; and you will never walk the Streets, but you will meet with a Squabble. Deſperate they are in their Undertakings: Careleſs they are of their Time; which they ſpend in Hunting, or War, or Theft. Thus have I deſcribed as well their Vices as their Virtues; though I am indebted to this Country for my Birth, and moſt part of my Education.

Now to deliver ſomewhat concerning the eſtates of theſe Chriſtians: They are called by ſome Cofti, or Coptitae, and by others, Chriſtians from the Girdle upward: for albeit they be baptized, as we are, yet do they circumciſe themſelves like to the Jews: ſo as a man may ſay, their Chriſtianity comes no lower than the girdle-ſtead. But that which is worſe, they have for 1000 years followed the hereſie of Eutiches, which alloweth but of one Nature in Chriſt: by which hereſie they alſo ſeparate and diſmember themſelves, from the Union of the Church of Europe. The occaſion of this ſeparation and ſchiſm, was the Epheſine Council, aſſembled by Dioſcorus in defence of Eutiches, who was now condemned by the Calcedon Council by ſix hundred and thirty Fathers congregated together, by the authority of Leo the firſt. For the Cofti fearing, that to attribute two natures unto Chriſt, might be all one, as if they had aſſigned him two hypoſtaſes or perſons, to avoid the hereſie of the Neſtoreans, they became Eutichians. They ſay their Divine Service in the Chaldean, oftentimes repeating Alleluja. They read the Goſpel firſt in Chaldean, and then in Arabick. When the Prieſt ſayeth Pax vobis, the youngeſt among them layeth his hand upon all the people that are preſent. After Conſecration, they give a ſimple piece of Bread to the ſtanders by: a Ceremony uſed alſo in Greece. They exerciſe their Function in the Church of Saint Mark, amidſt the ruines of Alexandria, and in that of Suez, upon the Red Sea: They obey the Patriarck of Alexandria, and affirm themſelves to be of the Faith of Prete Ianni, In our dayes two Popes have attemptted to reduce them to the Union of the Romiſh Church, Pius the Fourth, and Gregory the Thirteenth; whoſe Letter they received with reverence, laying them upon their heads before they opened them.

A DESCRIPTION OF The KINGDOME of FEZ.

THe World we know is divided into four parts; Aſia, Europe, Affrica and America: the place under preſent conſideration lieth in Affrica.

Affrica is bounded on the Eaſt by the Red Sea, and the famous Bay of Arabia; on the Weſt, with the Atlantick Sea, which divides it from America; on the North it is parted by the Mediterranean from Europe; and on the South with the Ethiopian Sea, from that place which Geographers call Terra Auſtralis incognita; altogether bounded by the Sea, but that there is an Iſthmus, or a Neck of Land, (of threeſcore, faith Dr. Heylin; threeſcore and nine, ſaith Leo Affricanus; but fifty and four, ſaith Munſter; and ſeventy four miles, ſaith Atlas) between it and Aſia: over which Neck Cleopatra would have drawn her Ships when her dear Anthony was defeated, and adventured her ſelf to an unknown Coaſt to eſcape Caeſar's ſucceſs and fortune, had not her Minions company invited her to her own Egypt, to put a period to that Rant and Frolick wherewith Fate and Fortune played with, and exerciſed that Age of the World.

The form of Affrica, ſaith Leo, is a Pyramide reverſed; the Baſis whereof, which reacheth from Tangier, and the Streight of Gibraltar, to the foreſaid Iſthmus, and is in length 1918 Italian miles; the Cone narrow, but 4155 miles in length; that is to ſay, in plain Engliſh, that part of the world is 1920 miles abroad towards us, and runs up narrower and narrower 4156 miles the further it goeth from us. Aſia is leſs then America, Affrica then Aſia, Europe then Affrica; that courſe cloth hath good meaſure.

Touching the temper of the Air, which depends moſt an end upon the poſition and aſpect of the Heaven; we gueſs that ſince the Aequator, (I mean that Line that is ſuppoſed to divide the Heavens into two equal parts) croſſeth over the middle of this Country, therefore it was, by thoſe of old, (that had no more Geography then they drew up by aim in their Studies, and concluded from ſome of their own uncertain Speculations and conjectural Principles) judged to lie under the moſt Torrid Zone, and ſo for the moſt part unhabitable: whereas a few more years experience, travel and obſervation, hath manifeſted moſt part of this Country habitable and temperate; the cool of the Nights allaying the heat of the Days: for there the miſts, dews, and ſhowres of the one, refreſh the ſcorches and parches of the other; as indeed that viciſſitude of Sun and Moon was deſigned by the Almighty, (who diſpoſed all things in number, weight and meaſure, according to the eternal counſel of his will) to keep this world in an equal temper, not overheated with the fever of the Torrid, nor overcooled with the ague of the Frigid Zone.

The beſt Deſcription extant of this Coaſt that the Ancients had, was that great Souldier and exact Obſervator Hannoes Journal, a great while locked in his Punick Tongue, until that great Reſtorer of Learning at once beſtowed upon it the pains of a Tranſlation into the Greek Tongue, and the charge of an Impreſſion at Baſil, 1526.

Affrica is divided into, 1. Egypt, 2. Numidia, 3. Lybia, 4. Terra Nigritorum, 5. Ethiopia, Superiour and Inferiour; with the Iſlands adjoyning to theſe reſpective parts. The ſubject of this Diſcourſe lieth in Barbary.

Barbary lieth Eaſtward towards Cyrenaica; Weſtward, toward the Atlantick Sea; Northward, upon the Mediterranean, towards the Streights of Gibraltar, and the Atlantick; and Southward, towards Atlas, Spain and Numidia.

It is called Barbary but lately by the Saracens, either, as the more ancient Authors will have it, from the word Barbar, which among thoſe people ſignifieth Murmur or Grumbling, becauſe the Language of that place is like the condition of it, diſcontented: Or from Bar, (as our modern Writers aſſert it) a Deſart in that Viz. The Punick. Language, intimating the deſolateneſs of the place before their repleniſhing or peopling of it.

It is in length from the Atlantick to the Streights, fifteen hundred miles; and in breadth from Mount Atlas to the Mediterranean, an hundred in the Inland Countries; but outwardly towards the Streights, three hundred.

This Barbary is divided into four parts by moſt Geographers; but it is well known by thoſe that travel to conſiſt of ſix parts, viz. Cus or Chus, Hea, Haſcora, Duccala, Morocco and Fez.

The firſt, is a long piece of barren ground, of one hundred and almoſt eighty Italian miles.

The ſecond coaſts along as may miles upon the Atlantick to the very mouth of the Streights: It's ſixty German miles long, and fifty Engliſh miles broad; Mountainous, but well inhabited; Hilly, but plentiful with all manner of neceſſaries; the higheſt places there, being as well peopled as our Valleys here.

The third is large, but wild and Mountainous; uſeleſs rather from its inhabitants careleſsneſs, then its own nature.

The fourth is eminent for nothing but that great Temple or Moſche made all of VVhale-bones.

The fifth, Morocco, the Inhabitants whereof are called Moores from 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 , which in the Greek ſigniſieth black or obſcure, and denotes either their Complexion, which is Tawny, and inclining to black; or their Condition, as who are bafe in their Original, and not very honourable in their preſent ſtate.

Morocco hath on the Eaſt of it Maloa; on the VVeſt from Tremiſon, the Atlantick Ocean; on the South, Atlas; and on the North, Fez. It hath its chief denomination from the chief City of it, Morocco: it hath large Cities well inhabited & as well fortified; whereof one contained Anno 1659, (when there went out an Enrolment from the Xeriff or chief Governour to Tax every Family by the Poll) 150000 Families, 486 Moſches or Churches: on the Tower of the chiefeſt whereof, or the Mother-Church, as they call it, there was a Globe that weighed 800 pound in Gold, and was valued at 1300000 Duckats. The Country is like Ireland, rich and fertile, and wants onely skilful and laborious inhabitants, that may improve it to that rich advantage it is capable of; that Country coming up, as all Travellers aver, to our Saviours proportion of increaſe, ſome times and places thirty fold, ſome fifty, ſome ſixty, and ſome and hundred.

The Air is much after the temper of England, but that there is a South-wind that ever and anon blows and brings along with it an extraordinary and a very hurtful heat, like that at Scanderoon, did not an Eaſtern blaſt bring with it four times a year, (viz. about the middle of July, the latter end of Auguſt, the beginning of March, and moſt part of May, as extraordinary cold that balanceth the former exceſs to a temper exceeding pleaſant and healthful; inſomuch as it was obſerved by Mr. Tevillian, (that traveiled Morocco anno 1633. when King Charles the firſt of glorious memory, upon the humble Requeſt of the King of Fez, ſent 15 ſhips to aſſiſt him in the Conqueſt of the Pyrates of Sala, who were too hard for him; and to his great grief, poor man, infeſted all Europe and Aſia that were concerned in the Eaſtern Trade) that never any Engliſh, VVelch, or Scotch, that were caſt upon thoſe coaſts, died before they were an hundred years old: nor any French or Iriſh that lived there a twelve-month for ſome years together, until Art helped Nature; and they underſtanding the temperature of the Climate, and their own conſtitution, were taught thoſe Rules and Preſcriptions that corrected the firſt, and aſſiſted the ſecond.

Of the eleven Mountains of Barbary, four are fallen to the ſhare of this part of it; 1. Thanebes, 2. Gous, 3. Phocra, 4. Uſaletto: from which ſpring up thoſe pleaſant and wholeſome ſtreams, that run like ſo many Veins of Blood, turning and winding through this uneven Ground, diſpenſing their Refreſhments and Verdure on all ſides, with equal kindneſs to Men, to Beaſts, to the Graſs and Corn.

But Morocco and Fez are as it were all one, as well in the ſtate and condition of the Countrey, as in the Government.

Come we then at laſt to Fez, wherein lieth Tangier, the place we have in our Eye.

Fez hath on the South of it Morocco, which is no other then the other half of it: on the North, the Mediterranean; on the Eaſt, Malon and Tremeſon; on the Weſt, the Atlantick. It is thought by that excellent Surveyor Maurus, to be as big as Toledo, that is almoſt twice as big as England, and ſomething over.

The Ground is very uneven and unequal; no Hills higher then its Mountains, no Wilderneſs wider and looſer then its Deſerts; no Parks more woody than its Forreſts; no Valleys more Pleaſant and Profitable than its Champaigns, which what they want in length and breadth, they gain in depth; as if Nature had heaped one Acre upon two, in the matchleſs fertility thereof: Our Age, barren of Belief, affords not Faith ſo eaſily to the Story, as this Land afforded Food to their ten hundred thouſand men, Anno 1569, when an hundred thouſand fell at the famous Battel before Tangier.

The Soil of the Countrey of Armagh in Ireland is ſo rank of it ſelf, that if any compoſt or artificial improvement be added unto it, it turns barren (ſaith my ingenious Author) out of fullenneſs and indignation, that men ſhould ſuſpect the native fruitfulneſs thereof; and Fat upon Fat is falſe Heraldry in Husbandry: An Engliſh man once dunged two Acres of this Countrey towards Goſel, and it's barren to this day, and called by the Inhabitants in the Punick, Erapi voſci Dos; Gods curſe upon Europe.

Ships, when ſailing, are generally conceived to have one moyety of them inviſible under Water; and ſome Countreys in like manner are counted to have their Wealth equally within the Earth, and without it: But the proportion holds not exactly in Fez, whoſe viſible Wealth far tranſcendeth her concealed Subſtance. And yet we finde ſome Minerals therein of conſiderable uſe and value: As,

1. Braſs and Iron, ſo plentifully, that though they have not the Bleſſing of Aſher, Thy ſhooes ſhall be iron and braſs, yet have they ſo competent a ſtore of it, that ſhe is no Gentlewoman there, that hath not her twenty great Iron Rings about her.

2. Salt, without which no Meat is ſavoury to Man, no Sacrifice acceptable to God: Abimelech ſowed Sechem and Abdamelech Gaſel with Salt. There are two ſorts of Salt; 1. Foſsilis, digged; 2. Coctilis, boyled: both here plentifully, the firſt about Hea, the laſt about Heahem, and in Lakes near Fez, where they ſet no Salt on their Tables, but every one takes a little in his hand.

3. Glaſs; whereof the beſt in the World (ſaith the great Hiſtorian of Nature) is found on the River Belus, and the next to that, (ſaith Solinus) in Hevalous, or as they call it now, Hebal.

4. Marble; the great Ornament of their Cities and Temples.

5. Precious Stones in abundance, no doubt near Arzilla, as we may gueſs by thoſe few found there by chance, by Vaſquez in his ſecond Expedition.

6. Curious medicinal Waters, ariſing from the ſulphurious ſpring of Mount Anaba.

7. For Gold and Silver: though to avoid the Invaſions of other Nations, they ſay with St. Peter, Silver and Gold have I none; yet no doubt if the European Induſtry poſſeſſed the place of the Affrican ſloth, it would finde the Indies in its way thither: for Fez the chief City of this Region hath its name from that Gold that is ſuppoſed to lie a breeding in the very Bowels of it: But the upper fruitfulneſs of the Soyl makes them the more negligent in digging into the bowels thereof; as thoſe need not play beneath board, who have all the Game in their own hands: For this Countrey hath plenty,

1. Of Oyl-Olive; ſo called, to difference it from Seed or Train-Oyl: hereof there are three kindes, or rather degrees: whereof, 1. the courſeſt makes lamps, which they burn in their Moſques, Temples and great Palaces, Day and Night: 2. A middle ſort for fineneſs, uſed for Meat or rather Sallad, with their cold Herbs, and colder Pap: 3. The fineſt, compounded with Spices, for Ointment for Kings, Prieſts and Ladies, at their more ſolemn occaſions of Pomp and State, of Piety and Devotion, and of Pleaſure and Entertainment. Three Carrects of Oyl was one of the deſigned Preſents to the Renowned King CHARLES the Firſt, 1634, by Abdalla, that were loſt in the Mediterranean, where Oyl it ſelf ſunk.

2. Honey: This is their Sugar, as Salt is their Pepper; whence it was called by the Ancients Terra Melliflua: the Canaanites here (for you ſhall hear anon how they fled hither from the face of Joſhua) as well as in their own Countrey, enjoying a Land that flowed with Honey: the Gentile part whereof uſe Honey after the Perſian manner in their Sacrifices; which Grotius ſaith Lev. 2. 11. Vid. Critic. Sacra, in loc. is the reaſon why Honey was forbidden in the Jewiſh Oblations. And to this Honey belongeth Wax, wherewith they dreſs their Leather, the beſt here, if you will believe Valtolin, that famous Shooe-Maker and Traveller, whoſe Shooes were ſurely made of running Leather.

3. Fruits. The biggeſt and moſt plentiful that ever I read of: As,

1. Dates: whereof there is this tradition amongſt them, That a Date-Tree over-ſhadowed an Olive-Tree, and that Olive-Tree a Fig-Tree, and that Fig-Tree a Pomegranate, and that Pomegranate a Vine. 2. Almonds. 3. Nuts. 4. Figs. 5. Pomegranates. 6. Pears. 7. Spices. 8. Cherries. 9. Plums and Apples. Of which they made their moſt conſiderable Preſents, whereof good ſtore were ſent at ſeveral times to the Earles of Peterburrough and Tiveot, from that excellent Rebel Gayland, who wants nothing of a compleat man, as Cromwel did not, but that he hath not common Honeſty.

4. Barley: It was the Humility of Chriſt, it is the neceſſity of the Fezians, to eat Barley-Loaves.

5. Vines: ſo good, that notwithſtanding the ſtrict Laws of Mahomet, to which they are moſt ſubject, the inhabitants cannot but requeſt their King to allow, and the King cannot but grant them a liberty to drink Wine; eſpecially at Ezhaggen, ſome fifteen Leagues off of Tangier; where it's a part of the City-Charter, That they may drinke VVine on Mundays, Tueſdays, Thurſdays and Sundays. Yet as great as good; ſo that what is propheſied of Judah, may be true here, That they may binde their foals to the Vine, and their aſſes colts to the choice Vine, though Vines with us are tied to other Trees for their ſupport; and that a Grape there in many places is as big as a Plum with us.

6. Wood: ſo that round Tangier the Countrey ſeemed formerly a continued Grove of ſweet Firs, ſhady Palms, ſtrong Oaks, cloſe Cypreſs, &c. and where Trees are wanting, there Graſs and Ferns look like thick Coppices, ſo high, that a whole Army may be lodged Horſe and Foot in a field, and not diſcerned; as they did to our ſorrow, in the late action on the third of May, 1664.

Theſe are their Vegetables: Their Beaſts are,

1. Goats: whoſe fleſh is good Meat, as their skins make good Leather, and their Fleeces good Chamlets.

2. Their Diet is ſo plain, that they have very few Cattle for meat, but many for ſhew and ſervice; as 1. Lyons, ſo tame, that they will gather ſtones up and down the ſtreets in Fez, and hurt none; and his Highneſs Prince Rupert hath one of my Lord Rutherford's beſtowing, that will lie upon his Bed as quietly as any Lamb. 2. Elephants. 3. Dragons. 4. Leopards. 5. Horſes, the handſomeſt, the ſtrongeſt and ſwifteſt in the World: A Barbary Horſe, is a Proverb.

I had almoſt forgot that Balm or Balſome, whereof the firſt Plants, Joſephus ſaith, (Antiq. l. 8.) the Queen of Sheba brought from this place to Judea. This Balſome is two-fold:

1. Xylo-Balſamum, the Parent, being the ſhrub out of which it proceeded.

2. Opo-Balſamum, being the Daughter, which trickled like tears from the former: Uſeful, 1. for the Healthful, making a moſt odoriferous and pleaſant perfume: 2. For the Sick, being ſoveraign and medicinal: 3. For the Dead, being an admirable preſervative againſt corruption.

To Balm I adde what is more neceſſary, as well as more common, I mean Water: They think we Northern People are drowned with a Dropſie; and we ſuſpect they of the South are on fire with a Feavour: This is a Land like Judea, (as it is deſcribed Deut. 8. 7.) A land of brooks of waters, of fountains and depths, that ſpring out of valleys and hills: 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 , ſaith Strabo, A well-watered Countrey.

Object.

But you will ſay, Our Engliſhmen talk of Mountains and Hills.

Anſw.

Such fruitful Hills as make the Land inſenſibly larger in extent, though no whit leſs in increaſe: ſome Cattle, as Goats, ſome Fruits, as Vines, thrive never better than on theſe Mountains, or on the ſide of theſe Hills: 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 , Graſſie and fair fruitful Hills; which as they afford a plentiful Proſpect, ſo they conduce much to make the Cities impregnable that are built among them.

Object.

They talk of Deſarts too.

Anſw.

Indeed the word Deſart ſounds hideouſly in an Engliſh Ear, and frights our Fancies with the apparitions of a place full of diſmal ſhades, ſalvage Beaſts, and doleful Deſolation; whereas among theſe People it imports no more than a woody Retiredneſs from publick Habitation; moſt of them in extent not exceeding our great Parks in England, and more alluring with the pleaſure of privacy, than affrighting with the ſadneſſe of Solitarineſs.

SECT. II.

TOuching the Inhabitants of this place, we are to underſtand, That when the Iſles of the Gentiles were divided among the Sons of Noah, this Coaſt fell to the lot of Mizraim and Phut, the ſons of Cham, who firſt inhabited it upon the diſperſion; but thinly, until upon Joſhua's approach, the Canaanites fled hither from the face of Joſhua, and built Tangier, as will appear more particularly in the deſcription of that place.

Of thoſe Canaanites there were ſeven People, whereof ſix came hither: As,

1. The Hittites, thoſe ſons of Anak, ſo formidable to their Foes, that ſome conceive them named from Hittah, to ſcare or frighten, ſuch the terrible impreſſions of them upon their Enemies!

2. The Gergaſhites, whom the Hieruſalem-Talmud makes to dwell near Cinnereth, on the Eaſt of Jordan, whence they ſtole (faith my Author) into Egypt.

3. The Canaanites, particularly ſo called, that dwelt by the ſea and coaſt of Jordan.

4. The Cadmonites, or Eaſterlings.

5. The Amorites.

6. The Arvadites.

Theſe men poſſeſſed the place until the Phoenicians and moſt remote Punicks diſpoſſeſſed them; and they, until the Saracens turned them out of doors.

1. Here are placed the Cynocephali, that have heads like Dogs, ſnouts like Swine, and ears like Horſes.

2. Here are the Sciapodes; that have ſuch a broad foot, and but one, that they cover their heads from the heat of the Sun, and the violence of the ſhowrs, by lifting this up over them.

3. Here are the Gumnoſophantes that go naked, and fear nothing more then a cloathed man; being ignorant of the uſe of Weapons, and one being able without a miracle to chaſe 1000 of them.

4. Here are the Blemmiae, men that walk as St. Dyonis did from Paris to Rheimes, without heads, having their eyes and mouths in their breaſts.

5. Here are the Egipans, that have onely the bodies of men, ſometimes made up of the necks and heads of Horſes, Mules, Aſſes, &c. And,

6. That this part of Affrica may have its ſhare in that ſaying, Semper aliquid Affrica portat novi, Affrica is always teeming with ſome new Monſter. The other day not far from Tangier, was to be ſeen a Child with an Eagles Bill, Claws, and Feathers too, which was underſtood to bode ſome alteration in that Government: whereupon the King and his Friends beſtirred themſelves againſt Gayland, and he gathered up all his forces againſt us; breaking the League with us, and upon no terms admitting the Forts we deſigned in thoſe parts to enlarge our quarters.

But the People that we converſe with, are as other men, ſave that they are of a duskiſh Complexion, and ſomething inclining to black. Their Stature tall and ſlender, having much of the Arabians in them. Their Nature ſubtle, ſly, cloſe, and reaching. Their Diſpoſition active for War and Horſemanſhip, otherwiſe there is not an idler people under the Cope of Heaven: the ſimpleſt of them ſhall dwell with you a twelve-month, and you know no more of his minde then the firſt day you ſaw him; and he ſhall give as exact an account of your Actions, Inclinations and Deſignes, as any man living. They are very proud and ambitious; and ſhall do more for an Obeyſance, then they will ſometimes for a Town; and buy a Feather for their Cap at a higher rate, then they will a Suit of Cloaths to their backs.

They are as light as the Feathers they wear, and as unconſtant as their Intereſt; never truſted by the Spaniard or Portugez, but when they had Swords in their hands. Neither are they more wily themſelves, then jealous of others; eſpecially in the caſe of their Women, whoſe feature is comely, whoſe skin is delicately ſoft, whoſe complexion is blackiſh, and the darker the more amiable; whoſe Ornaments are ſumptuous onely to pleaſe their Husbands, and keep at home; it being death to ſtir abroad without leave, and a Keeper. Diſtruſt is the nature there of every particular man, and the policy of all; whereby they keep ſtrangers from that acquaintance with their advantages and diſadvantages, which otherwiſe they might have. No peace is to be had with them without an Hoſtage, no kindneſs without a ſecurity; it being a ſaying amongſt them, as ſome think, received by tradition from their Anceſtors the Canaanites, Remember Ai, and diſtruſt.

Hence they pretend it is one of the Laws of Mahomet, (as they alledged it to the Earl of Tiveot) That they ſhould not ſuffer either the Chriſtians or the Europeans to build any Forts in their Country.

So cautious and wary are they, that you can hardly wrong them; and ſo implacable if you do, that they will never forgive you. Remember this (ſaid Gayland's Brother of a little Bruſh given them) two years hence: as much as to ſay, We will never forget or forgive. They are too ignoble to be Maſters of that honourable quality of Paſsing by Offences.

And as they are themſelves irreconcileable, (it's the Heathens Character, and it is a true one; Without underſtanding, Covenant-breakers, without natural affection, implacable, unmerciful) ſo they judge others too: If once the Moore offendeth, he will never truſt you; once angry, he thinks, and ever ſo: his own unkindneſs makes him as much your enemy out of caution, as yours can make him out of Paſsion.

A ſtately Gate is that which they obſerve moſt in themſelves, and that which they take moſt notice of, and tender moſt reſpect to in others. The Moore loves and fears a Man; therefore the talleſt and moſt perſonable men were employed to treat with that Barbarian, who was more guided with his eyes then his ears; with what he ſaw, then what he heard; in a word, Appearances then Reaſons.

And yet ſo much Reaſon are they Maſters of, that (though their ſhifts, tricks and unconſtancy argue them men of a little reach, thoſe being onely the little ways and eſcapes of men that have not a ſolid wiſdome to look round about them, and carry on things handſomely) they ſay when preſſed to an Affair of a ſudden, Stay a little, we muſt think what we ſhall do next year.

Though their Gate ſeem Majeſtick when they ſtrut and walk, yet none more low and deſpicable when they ſit, even in greateſt ſtate: for when our General and Governour was to meet Gayland and his Nobility, we found them all upon the ground upon their Carpets, ſitting croſs-legged like Taylors.

Their Garments are as ſumptuous as their Gate majeſtick: for though the poorer ſort wear raw Hides, I mean Goatskins, Leather, Hair-cloth, Sack-cloth, and other courſe Veſtinents; yet we ſeldome meet them out of their fine Linen, their Silk, their Scarlet, and their Cloth of Gold. Of all Colours, they, as the Jews, delight in white, as the emblem of purity, cheerfulneſs, knowledge and victory. No work are they more taken with, then with Waſhing: but their moſt ſolemn Colour is Black, and their moſt Royal and Noble one is Blew; the true and natural Dying whereof, is loſt in all the world but in that place. Their Scarlet and Crimſon is worn by the Nobility; and their Purple, which is but the Gaudineſs of Red, allayed with the Gravity of Blew, is with them as with us, Royal.

Next their skin they wear Linen (as moſt cleanly, ſoft and wholſome, but dyed in Violet) looſe, and at night lie in the ſame. Next this, their Coat, which comes down to their feet, as modeſt and grave; and about that a Girdle, which is alſo their Purſe. Fringe is a great Ornament among their Prieſts. Over this a Mantle, which is among the poorer ſort their Coat by day, and by night their Coverlet. As ſoon as they are born, they are Coated; and when Striplings, the Coat is Party-coloured; when Men, the Coat becomes a Cloak; when in the Field, he hath a Coat of Maile tucked on with a Military Girdle, his Bow and Arrow, his Sword, his Buckler, his Pike, and of late his Gun too; to all this the Ancients adde his Staff: all their Turbants or Mithraes of: pleyted Linen or Callico, in the manner of a Pyramide on their heads, and their Sandals on their feet, which had Soles, but no upper Leather, ſave onely the Ligaments whereby they were tied to the Inſtep and croſs of the feet. Hence their frequent Waſhings in thoſe parts, not onely to cool them, but chiefly to clear them from the Gravel, and cleanſe them from the dirt, which thoſe Caſements of their Sandals let in: but for fear of foul weather, they have their Shooes carried after them, as the Jews had; whence the expreſſion, whoſe ſhooes I am not worthy to bear.

Their Women are veiled, and as I told you kept in, but nobly apparelled with Garments wrought with Needle-work, or very curiouſly woven; adorned with their Ear-rings, Bracelets, Frontlets, Mufflers: and if they chance to go abroad, Oh how they ſtretch out their necks! how they walk and mince as they go! how they paint their eyes and eye-brows, and gild their nails!

Thus are they attired; a man would now know how they are diſpoſed. Very idle I told you they are; and what uſually follows upon that, very quarrelſome: nothing more uſual among them then deadly feuds; 1000 againſt • 000; one Tribe as it were againſt another; which nothing can compoſe but a forreign Enemy, againſt whom their very hatred unites them more effectually then their love could do among themſelves. Yet I muſt ſay this for them, Though they are the worſt Enemies, yet they are very good Friends, i. e. very civil: for let a ſtranger travel amongſt them, and come into town, they will throw Dice who ſhall entertain him. If the Pilgrim ſaith be will to his Inne, thither they flock to him with their gifts and their preſents: if he is not provided, then ſay they, This mans houſe is yours. Their reaſon for it they will give you; Abraham entertained ſtrangers, and thereby angels unawares: we are ſo journers as all our fathers were.

You would ask, What is their Religion? what is their Language?

I anſwer: For their Religion in the uttermoſt parts of it, it's Heatheniſh; and all that we ever obſerved them do, was croſſing their foreheads, kiſſing their hands, bowing their heads to the Sun, and once a year offering a Kid, once a month meeting at their Groves: for theſe Heathens think it not fit to circumſcribe any thing that hath the name of a god within any compaſs, but that Heaven they ſay he dwells in.

But moſt of them are Turks; and though that Countrey hath been moſt famous of old for the Studies of Mathematicks and Philoſophy, thoſe great Philoſophers, Avicenna, Averroes; thoſe ingenious Poets, Terrence, Apuleias; thoſe holy Fathers, Cyprian, Tertullian, Lactantius, Victor, Fulgentius; and as famous for the excellent Library in Fez, wherein there were 4000 Volumes of Hiſtory, 2000 of Philoſophy, 3000 of Aſtronomy, Geography, and other Mathematicks, that were more worth then all the Libraries in the world, which that Tyrant, made up of ignorance and fury, Maleche Shegge, deſtroyed all but two Books; whereof the one was an ancient Book of the Myſteries of Mahomets Religion and Government, and the other the State of Europe: yet now is it but the ſeat of Barbariſm, and the habitation of groſs ignorance in every thing but, as you may read more anon, in Mechanicks.

The Biſhop of Dunkelden thanked God he knew not a Letter either in the Old Teſtament or the New, but that he had his Proleſs and Ladies Pſalter by heart. The very Prieſt here pretendeth to no more skill then ſo much Chyrurgery as may ſerve him to circumciſe a Childe, and ſo much Divinity as may ſerve him to read his Alcoran or Teſtament. It was dangerous to underſtand Greek, and Hereſie to profeſs Hebrew in this Land ſome two hundred years ago: it may coſt a man his life there to be wiſe above the age; for that they call conjuring againſt the King. But Cities are the Maps of Countries, and Metropolis of Kingdomes: as therefore he who would look into the nature of England, had beſt take a Survey of London; ſo he that would be ſatisfied about this Kingdome, needs no more but look into Fez and Tituan, whoſe Deſcriptions follow.

Of the Cities FEZ and TITUAN.

Of the Innes and Mills of Fez.

THe Innes of this City are three ſtories high, and contain an hundred and twenty or more Chambers a piece, and are almoſt unparallelled for greatneſs of Buildings. Herein alſo are Mills in four hundred places at leaſt; every Mill ſtandeth in a large Room, upon ſome ſtrong Pillar or Poſt, like unto our Horſe-Mills.

A Deſcription of the Occupations, the Shops, and the Market.

EAch Trade and Occupation hath a peculiar place allotted thereto; the principal whereof, are next unto the great Temple. Then follow the Butchers Shambles; next, the Courſe-cloath-market; afterwards, the Shops of them that ſcowre Armours; next unto them, the Fiſhmongers; then follow them that make hard Reed-Coops, and Cages for Fowles. Then the Shops of them that ſell liquid Sope, the Shops of them that ſell Meal, albeit they are diverſly diſperſed throughout the whole City. Next are Seed-grain-ſellers; next to them, are the ten Shops that ſell ſtraw; then the Markers, where thred and hemp uſe to be ſold. Next to the ſmoaky Place in the Weſt part, (which ſtretcheth from the Temple to that Gate that leadeth unto Mecnaſe) their habitations directly ſtand that make Leather-tankards to draw water out of Wells. Unto theſe adjoyn ſuch as make Wicker Veſſels; next to them are the Taylors ſhops; then the Leather-ſhield-makers; then the twenty ſhops of the Laundreſſes or Waſhers. Next unto them are thoſe that make trees for Sadles, who dwell likewiſe in great number Eaſtward, right in the way by the Colledge founded by King Abuhinam. Next unto them are thoſe that work Stirrops, Spurs and Bridles. From thence you may go into the ſtreets of Sadlers; then follow the long ſhops of them that make Pikes and Launces: all the which ſhops begin at the great Temple. Next ſtandeth a Rock or Mound, having two Walks thereupon; the one whereof leadeth to the Eaſt-gate, and the other to one of the Kings Palaces.

The Station or Burſe of Merchants.

THis Burſe being walled round about, hath twelve Gates, and before every Gate an Iron Chain; which Burſe is divided into twelve ſeveral Wards or Parts: two whereof are allotted unto ſuch ſhooe-makers as make ſhooes onely for Noblemen and Gentlemen: two alſo to Silk-merchants or Haberdaſhers that ſell Ribbons, Garters, Scarffs, and ſuch other like Ornaments. Then follow thoſe that make Womens Girdles of courſe VVool. Next unto theſe, are ſuch as ſell VVoollen and Linen-cloth brought out of Europe. Then may you come to them that ſell Mats, Matreſſes, Cuſhions, and other things made of Leather. Next adjoyneth the Cuſtomers Office. Next of all dwell the Taylors, then the Linen-Drapers, who are accounted the richeſt Merchants in all Fez. Next are VVoollen Garments to be ſold. Laſt of all is that place where they ſell wrought ſhirts, towels, and other embroydered works; as alſo, where Carpets, Beds and Blankets are to be ſold.

The aforeſaid Burſe or Station of Merchants was in times paſt called Caeſaria, according to the Name of that renowned Conquerour Julius Caeſar: the reaſon whereof ſome affirm to be, becauſe all the Cities of Barbary in thoſe days were firſt ſubject to the Romans, and then to the Goths.

Next unto the ſaid Burſe, on the North-ſide, in a ſtraight Lane, ſtand an hundred and fifty Grocers and Apothecaries ſhops, which are fortified on both ſides with ſtrong Gates. The Phyſitians houſes adjoyn for the moſt part unto the Apothecaries. Then the Artificers that make Combs of Box and other Wood. Eaſtward of the Apothecaries dwell the Needle-makers. Then follow thoſe that turn Ivory. Unto them adjoyn ſuch as ſell Meal, Sope and Brooms; whereof ſome are diſperſed in other places of the City. Amongſt the Cotten-Merchants are certain that ſell Ornaments for Tents and Beds. Next of all ſtand the Fowlers. Then come you to the ſhops of thoſe that ſell Cords and Ropes of Hemp; and then to ſuch as make high Cork-ſlippers for Noblemen and Gentlemen to walk the ſtreets in when it is fowl weather. Unto theſe adjoyn the ten ſhops of Spaniſh Moores, which make Croſs-Bows; as alſo thoſe that make Brooms of a certain wild Palm-tree. Next unto them are Smiths that make Nayls, and Coopers that make certain great Veſſels in form of a Bucket, having Corn-meaſures to ſell alſo. Then follow Wool-Chapmen; then Langols or Wyth-makers. Next of all are the Braziers; then ſuch as make Weights and Meaſures; and thoſe likewiſe that make Inſtruments to card Wool or Flax. At length you deſcend into a long ſtreet, where men of divers Occupations dwell together; and here the Weſt part of the City endeth, which in times paſt was a City by its ſelf, and was built after the City on the Weſt-ſide of the River.

A deſcription of the ſecond part of Fez.

THe ſecond part of Fez is ſituated Eaſtward, and is beautified with moſt ſtately Palaces, Temples, Houſes and Colledges; albeit there are not ſo many Trades and Occupations as in the part before deſcribed, yet are there many, eſpecially of the meaner ſort; but notwithſtanding here are thirty ſhops of Grocers: Here alſo are more then ſix hundred clear Fountains, walled round about, and moſt charily kept; every one of which is ſeverally conveyed by certain Pipes unto each Houſe, Temple, Colledge and Hoſpital.

The South part of Eaſt-Fez is almoſt half deſtitute of Inhabitants; howbeit the Gardens abound with Fruits and Flowers of all ſorts. Weſtward, that is, toward the Kings Palace, ſtandeth a Caſtle built by a King of the Lutune Family, reſembling in bigneſs a whole Town; within this Caſtle ſtands a Noble Temple and a certain great Priſon for Captives, ſupported with many Pillars. By this Caſtle runneth a certain River very commodious for the Governour.

Of the Magiſtrates, the Adminiſtration of Justice, and of the Apparel uſed in Fez.

IN Fez there are four ſorts of Magiſtrates; one of the Canon Law, the other of the Civil Law, the third of Marriages and Divorcements, the next an Advocate to whom they appeal.

A Malefactor they proceed againſt by leading him naked about the ſtreets with an iron chain about his neck, after he hath received an hundred or two hundred ſtripes before the Governour, a Sergeant going along and declaring his faults; and at length is carried into priſon back again.

Sometimes many Priſoners are thus chained together, for each of which the Governour receiveth one Duckat, and one fourth part; and likewiſe he demands certain duties at their firſt enterance into the Goal: and amongſt his other living, he gathereth out of a Mountain ſeven thouſand Duckats of yearly Revenues, ſo that (when occaſion ſerveth) he is to finde the King of Fez three hundred Horſes, and to give them their pay.

The Canon-Lawyers live according to Mahomet's Law, onely by their reading of Lectures and Prieſthood.

In this City are four Sergeants, who receive for ſtipend ſome fee of every Malefactor that they lead about in chains. That one onely that gathereth Cuſtoms and Tributes about the City, dayly payeth to the Kings uſe thirty Duckats.

Very ſtrict are they that nothing comes into the City by any means, before ſome Tribute be paid; which is paid double of him that is caught in a deceit. The ſet order or proportion of their Duckats is to pay two Duckats for the worth of a hundred; for Onyx-ſtones one fourth part; but for Wood, Corn, Oxen and Hens, they give nothing at all: Though at the entrance into the City they pay nothing for Rams, yet at the ſhambles they give two Liardos a piece, and to the Governour of the ſhambles one: which Governour with his two men, is careful to ſee that the Bread be weight; if not, the Baker is led about with contempt, and beaten with cudgels.

Decently and civilly attired they are, wearing in the Spring-time Garments made of outlandiſh cloth; over which ſhirts, they wear a narrow and half-ſleev'd Caſſock or Jacket, whereupon they wear a certain wide Garment cloſe before on the Breſt. They wear thin Caps covered with a certain Skarff, which being twice wreathed about their head, hangeth by a knot. They wear neither Hoſe nor Breeches; but in the Spring-time when they ride a Journey, they put on Boots. The poorer ſort have onely a Caſſock, with a Mantle over that, and a courſe Cap; the Doctors and Gentlemen in a wide-ſleev'd Garment; the common ſort in a kind of a courſe white cloth: And ſo all according to their ſtate and ability.

The Inhabitants of Fez eat thrice a day, but naſtily and filthily; their Tables low and dirty, their fingers their ſpoons and knives, the ground their ſeats: they never drink before they have done eating, and then a good draught of cold water.

The manner of ſolemnizing Marriages.

THe Bride and Bridegroom go together to Church, accompanied with their Parents and Kinsfolks, and two Witneſſes of the Covenants and Dowry; which being done, the preſent Gueſts are invited to two Banquets; the one on the Bridegroom's coſt, the other upon the Bride's Fathers, who though he promiſeth but thirty Duckats onely for a Dowry, yet will he ſometimes beſtow every way two or three hundred Duckats beſides, which is accounted a point of Liberality. The Bridegroom cauſeth his Bride to be carried home in a Cage eight ſquare, accompanied with his Parents and Kinsfolks, with Muſick and Torches, the Bridegrooms Kinsfolk going before, and the Bride following after, and going unto the great Market-place; and paſſing by the Temple, his Father-in-law takes his leave of the Bridegroom: The Father, Brother, Uncle of the Bride lead her unto the Chamber-door, and there deliver her with one conſent unto the Mother of the Bridegroom, who as ſoon as ſhe is entered, toucheth her foot with his; and forthwith they depart unto a ſeveral Room by themſelves, where ſhe is deflowred, and the purity of her Virginity afore that time, is declared with a Napkin ſtained in blood, carried in hand about, which if ſhe be not found, the Marriage is fruſtrated, and ſhe with great diſgrace turned home to her Parents.

But at a compleat Marriage there are three Banquets; the one for men, the other for women, the third ſeven days after for all her Friends. Furthermore, At the Bridegrooms Fathers there are two Feaſts; the one the night before, which is ſpent in Muſick and Dancing; the other the day after, at her brave dreſſing by a company of Women.

Theſe and many more Ceremonies do they uſe at a Maids Marriage, but a Widows is concluded with leſs a do. They make alſo great Feaſts and Jollities at the circumciſion of their Males, which is upon the ſeventh day after their Birth; but at the Birth of a Daughter, they ſhew not ſo much alacrity.

Of their Rites obſerved upon Feſtival Days, and their manner of Mourning for their Dead.

UPon Chriſtmas they eat Sallet of divers herbs, and ſeethed Pulſe. Upon New-years-day the children go with Masks and Vizards on their faces, to the houſes of Gentlemen & Merchants, ſinging Carols and Songs, having Fruits given them. On St. John Baptiſt's they make great fires of Straw. When their Children's Teeth begin to grow, they make another feaſt called Dentilla. And in many things they imitate Rome and other places. The women at the death of their friends aſſemble together in a company of their own Sex, and put on moſt vile ſackcloth and aſhes, and ſing a Funeral-Song to the commendation of the party deceaſed, and at the end of every verſe, utter hideous outcries and lamentations; all which continue ſeven days, at the end of which, they ceaſe mourning forty days, and then begin to torment themſelves in like manner for three days together; which Obſequies are obſerved by the baſer ſort of people, but the better ſort behave themſelves more modeſtly: At this time all the Widow's friends come to comfort her, and ſend divers kindes of meats unto her: for in the mourning Houſe they may dreſs no meat at all, till the Dead be carried forth: And the woman that loſeth her Husband, Father or Brother, never goeth forth with the Funeral.

A deſcription of the Grammar-Schools in Fez.

THere are almoſt two hundred Schools in Fez, every one of which is in faſhion like a great Hall. The School-Maſters teach their Children to write our or a certain great Table: Every day they expound a Sentence of the Alcoran, and firmly commit it to memory; which they do right well in the ſpace of ſeven years: Then read they unto their Scholars ſome part of Orthography, which, and the other parts of Grammar, is more exactly taught in the Colledges, then in theſe trivial Schools. Their School-Maſters have a very ſmall ſtipend; but when their Boys have learned ſome part of the Alcoran, they preſent certain Gifts unto their Maſter, according to each ones ability. So ſoon as any Boy hath perfectly learned the whole Alcoran, his Father inviteth all his Sons School-fellows to a great Banquet; and his Son in coſtly Apparel rides through the Street upon a gallant Horſe; all which, the Governour of the Royal Citadel is bound to lend him: the reſt of his School-fellows being mounted likewiſe on horſe-back, accompany him to the Banquetting-houſe, ſinging divers Songs to the praiſe of God and Mahomet: Then are they brought to a moſt ſumptuous Banquet, whereat all the Kinsfolks of the aforeſaid Boys Father are uſually preſent, every one of whom beſtoweth upon the School-maſter ſome ſmall Gift, and the Boys Father gives him a new Suit of Apparel. The ſaid Scholars likewiſe uſe to celebrate a Feaſt upon the Birth-day of Mahomet, and then their Fathers are bound to ſend each one of them a Torch unto the School, which every Boy carrieth in his hand; which being lighted betimes in the Morning, burn till Sun-riſe; in the mean while, certain Singers reſound the Praiſes of Mahomet; and as ſoon as the Sun is up, all their ſolemnity ceaſeth. The School-Maſters ſell the remnant of the Wax upon the Torches for an hundred Duckats, and ſometimes for more. They are Free-Schools, in which, as alſo in the Colledges, they have two days of Recreation every Week.

Of the Fortune-Tellers, the Conjurers, Inchanters and Juglers in Fez.

SOme of them uſe Geomantical Figures, others pour a little Oyl into Water, and there ſhew ſeveral ſhapes, of whom they ask ſuch queſtions as the Party would be ſatisfied in. A third ſort are women that lie with Devils, which pretend to ſpeak within them: Theſe lie with one another, yea, and with other young women, until ſome wiſer than ſome beat the Devil out with a Cudgel. Another kind are the Conjurers that make Circles, and turn out Devils by the Magick Rule called Zairagia: Firſt, they draw many leſſer Circles within the compaſs of a greater: in the firſt they make a Croſs, in the four corners of it they ſet down the four Quarters of the World, and at the end of each Croſs the Poles, and about the Circumference they paint the four Elements; then they divide the ſame Circle into four parts, and every one of thoſe four parts into ſeven, each part being diſtinguiſhed by great Arabian characters, every Element contaming twenty eight characters: in the third circle they ſet down the ſeven Planets, in the fourth the twelve Signs, in the fifth the twelve Latine Names of the Month, in the ſixth the twenty eight hours of the Moon, in the ſeventh the three hundred ſixty five days of the Year, and about the middle thereof, the four Winds: Then take they one onely character or letter of the Queſtion asked, multiplying the ſame by all the particulars aforementioned, and the ſum total they divide after a certain manner, placing it in ſome room according to the quality of the character, and as the Element requireth wherein the ſaid character is found, without a figure: all which being done, they mark that figure which ſeemeth to agree with the aforeſaid number or ſum produced, wherewith they proceed as they did with the former, till they have found twenty eight characters, whereof they make a word that reſolveth the queſtion demanded; this Word or Speech they make a Verſe of, which is an infallible anſwer to the queſtion propounded. Theſe circles I have ſeen at King Abulunan's Colledge at Fez, where I ſaw likewiſe theſe Cabaliſts impriſoned by the Mahometan Inquiſitors, who allow not that Art, as derogatory to the Great GOD that knoweth Secrets.

Beſides theſe Juglers, there are here a Sect of People who ſay they are ſent from Heaven to beget an holy Seed in the Earth; under which pretence they abuſe the faireſt Women in the Countrey, even tiring themſelves with luſt, endeavouring to lie with half a dozen or half a ſcore a piece in a night; ſaying they carry about them the ninety nine Virtues that are contained in the Name of GOD.

Another Sect there is, that pretend they are ſent of GOD to dig for Gold: for which purpoſe they ranſack Ditches, Graves, Kennels: Right Gold-finders!

Here are a third ſort that deal in Sulphur and Alchymy, who diſpute every week in a great Temple, how they may turn all things to Gold; of whom the learned Geber and Mugainbi have given the World an account.

In the Summer you ſhall have Towns full of Charmers, with their Scroles, their Drums, their Pipes, their Apes and their Citterns.

At the ſame time you may obſerve their Gentlemen ſtrut and keep their diſtance from the commonalty, and their Doctors and Judges keeping as far from them.

From eleven of clock to three you will not meet with a man in his ſhorts; they are all run to Taverns and B • wdy-houſes.

In every Town there is a Lazer-houſe, the Governour whereof is to take care of all the Lepers in the Town.

Their Burying-places are certain Fields bought for that purpoſe, where they lay over every Grave two Stones, one at the head, and another at the feet of the Party deceaſed; their Kings being buried in Palaces.

Hereabout are Gardens of ten or twenty miles in length, through which they derive ſmall Veins of the River, from ſome of which they carry away 15000 cart-loads twice a year.

Here no Mahometan is ſuffered to be a Goldſmith or a Coyner; for they ſay, That is an Employment good enough for a Jew.

Of their Beaſts.

1. THe firſt is the Elephant, plentiful in the Land of the Negroes, and taken by the Inhabitants thus: They make a round hedge of Boughs and Rafts, leaving a ſpace round on the one ſide of them, and likewiſe a door ſtanding upon the plain ground, which may be lift up with Ropes, wherewith they can eaſily ſtop the ſaid open place or paſſage: the Elephant coming to take his reſt under the ſhady boughs, entreth the hedge or incloſure, where the Hunters by drawing the ſaid Rope, and faſtening the door, impriſon him.

2. The ſecond is Girapha, headed like a Camel, eared like an Ox, and footed like a Horſe.

3. Their Camels and Dromedaries, their ſtrength, treaſure and pleaſure: wherefore if you ask how rich a man is? they will ſay, he hath ſo many Camels: they are watred but once in five days, and can go without water or provender fifteen. When they are tired they will not go for beating, but with ſinging ſuch ſongs as they are pleaſed with. The ſwifteſt of them will carry you an hundred miles a day, and the ſloweſt but eight. They teach them to dance thus: They take a young Camel, and put him for half an hour together into a place like a Bath-ſtove prepared for the ſame purpoſe, the floor whereof is hot with fire: then play they without upon a Drum; whereat the Camel, not ſo much in regard of the noyſe, as of the hot pavement that offendeth his feet, lifteth up one leg after another in the manner of a Dance; and having been accuſtomed to this exerciſe for the ſpace of a year and ten moneths, they then preſent him to the publick view of the people; whenas hearing the noyſe of a Drum, and remembring the time when he trod upon the hot floor, he preſently falleth a dancing and leaping: and ſo Uſe being turned into a kinde of Nature, he perpetually obſerveth the ſame cuſtome.

4. The fourth is the Barbary-horſe, brought up in the wild deſert, and broken by Arabians ſince Iſhmael's time. The tryal of theſe Horſes is the overtaking of a Beaſt called Lant or Oſtrich; which if he can do, he is worth 1000 Duckats. Uſed they are for Hunting, fed with Camels milk, and never rid while in Paſture.

5. The next ſort of Beaſts is, 1. The white Ox, called Dant or Lant, of whoſe skin they make ſheilds. 2. Adimaim, like a Ram in every thing but his long Aſſes cars, of whoſe wool they make Coverlets, as of their Milk Butter and Cheeſe; whoſe tayls, as do the Barbary Rams, weigh ſome ten, ſome twenty pound apiece: all the fat of them is in their tayl. 3. The Lyon, who the hotter the Country is, the fiercer; eſpecially towards Spring-time, and their time of coupling, when nothing is ſpared by them but a woman that ſheweth her privy-parts; at the ſight whereof they cry, caſt their eyes to the ground, and depart. 4. The ſpotted Leopard, that never killeth any thing but when toyled by Hunters into an extreamity: whoſoever lets a Leopard eſcape his Toyl, muſt feaſt all the Hunters of that Province. 5. The Dabuh, that is brought out of his Den with ſinging.

6. The Civer-Cat, whoſe excrement, which is nothing but their ſweat, they gather thus thrice a day: they keep the young ones with milk, bran, and fleſh in cages and grates; and firſt they drive them up and down the Grate till they ſweat, and then they take the ſaid ſweat from under their flanks, their ſhoulders, their necks and their tayls: which excrement of ſweat is onely called Civet.

7. The Apes and Coneys run up and down in companies, one of them always watching the husbandmans coming.

8. The Crocodile that goeth on four legs like a Lizzard, not above a cubit and an half high; its tayl is full of knots; it lurks about the banks of a River, craftily laying wait for men and beaſts that come the ſame way; about whom ſuddainly it winds its tayl, draweth them into the water, and devoureth them. In eating they move the upper Jaw onely, their nether Jaw being joyned unto their breaſt-bone. I ſaw them running and gaping on the banks-ſide, and little Birds flying in and out of their mouths; which ſometimes they would catch when they had eaten up the worms in their jaws, but that a little prick upon the Birds head ſo galleth them that they muſt let it go.

9. The Hydra, againſt whoſe poyſon there is no remedy but the cutting off the infected part.

10. The Dab, a creature like a Lizzard that cannot endure water, and revived when dead by fire.

11. The Guoral, whoſe head and tayl they ſay is poyſon, and whoſe body they eat as good meat.

12. The Camelion, like a Lizzard, ſave that it hath a Mouſes tayl, nouriſhed with air, roaſted in Sunbeams; at which it gapes, and changeth its colour with its place.

13. The ſilly Oſtrich that ſeedeth on Iron, and forgetteth her great Egges of eleven or twelve pounds apiece in the ſand.

14. The Locuſts, that fly in ſuch ſwarms that they intercept the Sun-beams.

15. The Monſter begot between the Male-Eagle and the She-Wolf, that hath a Serpents tayl and skin, a Wolfs feet, a Dragons beake and wing, that lives 300 years they ſay.

Fruits.

AS for their Fruits, beſides what we formerly mentioned, they have,

1. Euphorbium, an herb like the wild Thiſtle, upon the branches whereof grow fruits like Cucumbers, 20 or 30 upon each; which when ripe, are pricked for their ſlimy Juyces, which the people put in Bladders, and dry.

2. Maus, or Muſa, growing on a ſmall tree, which beareth large leaves of a cubit long, big as a Cucumber, ſweet as a Muſmillion: they 〈◊〉 it was the fruit forbidden our firſt Parents in Paradiſe, becauſe the leaves are fit to cover the nakedneſs.

3. Terfez, a Root like Muſhroom, growing in hot grounds, but of a cooling vertue, as luſhious as Sugar; and being boyled in water and milk, is a great dainty in Sela.

4. The Ettalche, an high and thorny tree, bearing leaves like the Juniper, and ſweating a Gum like Maſtick: the onely Remedy there againſt the French Pox.

5. The Root Tauzorghent, an inch whereof perfumes a houſe three years, and is ſold in one place for half a Duckat, and in another for 100 Duckats.

6. The Root Addad, that kills a man in an hour with the ſmell of it: a Preſent the good Women ſend ſometimes to their beloved Husbands.

7. The Root Turnag, which they take to ſtrengthen men: upon which if a Maid make water, ſhe looſeth her Virginity; yea, and ſwelleth too, they ſay.

FINIS.