CHAP. I.
Of the Earth in general.

GEOGRAPHY is the Descrip­tion of the Terrestrial Globe, represented by the Maps of Geography, which are the true plat-forms of it, and by the help thereof it is made easie to us. The Terrestrial Globe being round, cannot be represented in the Map of the Earth but by two Hemi­spheres; the one Eastern, and the other Western. To the end that you may know the Situation of the places in the [Page 2] Maps, you must observe that the North is always on the top, (or at least should be so) the South at the bottom; the East on the right hand, the West on the left.

The Terrestrial Globe is divided into Land and Water: The Land is distinguished in the Maps by the places filled up, the Sea by the empty, and the Rivers by the small lines which go winding in and out through the Land towards the Sea, where at last they all end; the Mountains and Hills are easily known, being made like little Mole­hills or like small Waves, the Forests by small Shrubs, the Rocks and the Banks of Sand by little black specks pricked in the Wa­ter; and certain shadows or small stroaks, which one may see in the Maps all along between the Sea and Land, serve to mark the Sea Coasts, and to divide the Land from the Water.

The Division of the Earth ought to pre­cede that of the Water, because it is the dwelling place of Man, and because the knowledge of it is more noble and neces­sary.

All the Surface of the habitable Earth is divided into four great parts, (which the Vulgar call Worlds, and the Geographers Continents) and into several Islands which lie up and down in the Ocean, or within narrow Seas, which make as it were a fifth part.

CHAP II.
Of the Continents.

THE first Continent, which we inhabit, is called the Eastern Continent, but most commonly the Ancient World: It comprehends three parts, to wit, Europe, situated in the North-west part of this Continent; then Asia, which is the greatest and most Easterly part; and last of all Asrick which lies South-west from the other two.

The second Continent, which lies westerly from us, is called America, or the New World, and by the Merchants and Mariners, the West Indies, or the little Indies, supposed to be called ancient­ly Atlantis Insula, the Isle of Atlas: It is divided into two parts, to wit North A­merica or Mexicana, and South America or Peruviana.

The third Continent, which is the most Southerly part, is known to us by the name of Magellanica, or Terra Incogni­ta,

The fourth is the most Northern Conti­nent, called Terra Arctica, whereof we have so little knowledge, that we doubt [Page 4] yet whether or no it is separated from America.

In the old World; first Europe is subdivi­ded into eight great parts; or to make a more convenient division, one may add the Brittish Isles, and so divide it into nine parts; whereof three are towards the North and cold, three in the middle of Europe which are temperate, and three towards the South more hot; to which great parts add three small ones, interla­ced between the others.

The three Northern parts are,

1. The Brittish Isles, which compre­hend the Kingdoms of England, Scotland and Ireland; the chief Towns are Lon­don, Edenburg, and Dublin.

2. Scandinavia, which includes the Kingdoms of Swedeland, Denmark, (at first inhabited by the Cimbri or Cimbrians) and Norway; chief Towns, Stockholm, Copenhagen, and Drunthem.

3. Thirdly Muscovy or Russia, which with Poland in the time of the Romans was called Sarmaria, ch. T. Mosco, Great Novogrod, and Archangel.

The three parts of Europe which par­take more equally of North and South are.

4. France, ch. T. Paris, Lyons, and Rouen.

[Page 5] 5. The Empire of the West, or Germa­ny, ch. T. Vienna, Prague and Colen,

6. Poland, ch. T. Cracow, Warsaw,and Dantzick.

The three Southern parts of Europe are,

7. Spain, ch. T. Madrid, Sevil, and Lisbon in Portugal.

8. Italy, ch. T. Rome, Venice, and Na­ples.

9. Turky in Europe, or Greece, ch. T. Constantinople, (before Constantine the Em­perour called Bizantium,) Adrianople; and Buda in Hungary.

The three little parts of Europe inter­laced between the great ones, and often comprehended under them are,

10. The Low Countries, or the Seven­teen Provinces, between France, Germa­ny, and he Brittish Seas, ch. T. Amster­dam, Brussels, and Gaunt.

11. The Swizzerland Cantons and their Allies, between France, Italy▪ and Ger­many, ch. T. Bern, Basil, and Soloturn.

12. The Provinces tributary to the Turk, ch. T. Hermanstat in Transilva­nia, Jazy or Jaick [...]a in Moldavia, Tar­gowisko in Walachia, (all three lying be­tween Turky and Poland, and comprised within the bounds of the ancient Country of Dacia) and Kaffa in Little Tartary [Page 6] once called Scythia Taurica, between Pontus Euxinus or the Black Sea, and Muscovy.

The most remarkable Mountains of Europe▪ are, the Riphaean Mountains to­wards the North of Muscovy, now called Stolp; the Carpathian Hills now Crapack, between Hungary and Poland; the Alps, between Italy, France, and Germany; the Apennine, parting Italy down along through the middle of the whole length of it; the Pyrenies, which divide Spain from France; and Mount Gibel, anciently Aetna, in the Isle of Sicily.

Asia is divided into twelve great parts, six of them Southern, and the other six Northern.

The six Southern parts, beginning with those that are next to Europe are,

1. Turky in Asia, ch. T. Aleppo, Bag­dat, Mosul, Jerusalem, Damascus, Scande­roonor Alexandretta, Erzerum, Bursa, and Smirna. In this part of Asia were anci­ently the Countries of Chaldaea, Mesopo­tamia, Judaea, Phoenicia, Syria, Cilicia, Pamphilia, Phrygia,with many others.

2. Arabia, ch. T. Medina, Mecca, Zi­den, Zibit, Adenand El-Catif,

3. Persia, ch. T. Ispahan, Ormuz, Schi­ras, Caswin, Ardevil,and Derbent.

4. The Indian Continent or the Empire [Page 7] of the Mogol, ch. T. Agra, Delli, Benga­la, Cambaia, Surate,and Lahor.

5. The two Peninsula's of the Indies, one on this side the River Ganges, and the other beyond, ch. T. Goa, Golconda, and Narsinga on this side the Ganges; and Pegu, Sian, and Malacca beyond.

6. C hina, ch. T. Peking, Nanking, Quancheu, Queyang, Nanciang, and Ma­cao.

The six Northern parts of Asia are,

7. Georgia, situated on the North of Turky, which includes the ancient Coun­try of Colchos, ch. T. Kori or Goreden, Teslis, and Savatopoli.

8. Ʋsbeck, Ziagathai, or Mavaralna­hara, on the North side of Persia, ch. T. Samarcand, famous for the birth of Ta­merlane the Great, Bockora, and Cascar.

9. Turquestan, or Thebet, on the East of Ziagathay, ch. T. Thebet, and Chotan.

10. Tartary of the great Cham, by some called Cathay, Northward from China, ch. T. Muoncheu heretofore Cambalu, Campion otherwise Tanguth, and Camul or Xàmo.

11. Tartary Desart, towards the North Sea, and Muscovy, ch. T. Astracan upon the Wolga near the Caspian Sea, Cazan, and Bulgar.

12. The true ancient Tartary called the [Page 8] North Tartary, above Cathay, and Tur­questain, ch. T. Chazan or Kaimach, Ciandu, and Tartar in the North.

These five last parts are commonly comprehended under the name of Great Tartary anciently Scythia.

Taurus is the chief Mountain in Asia, by the Greeks called Ceraunius; it passeth through most of the Countries in Asia, but under divers names: in the Western part of Turky 'tis most properly called Taurus, more Northerly towards Georgia, 'tis named Ararat, again in the middle of Persia, Taurus; it takes the name of Imaus in Tartary, and between Tartary and the Indies 'tis called Caucasus, by which name the Mountains in Georgia are also cal­led.

Africk which is the most Southerly Re­gion of our Continent, is divided into twelve parts, whereof these six first com­pose the Ʋpper Africk towards Europe in time past Libya, and the six others make up the Lower Africk called before Aethipia, situated towards the South.

Let us begin with the Ʋpper Africk and see its divisions which are.

1. Barbary, which comprehends most of the Ancient Mauritania, ch. T. Fez, Marocco, Tangier, Algier, Tunis, and Tripoli.

[Page 9] 2. Bildulgerid or Numidia, ch. T. Dara, Segelmessa, and Tesset.

3. Egypt, ch. T. Grand Cairo, Alexan­dria, Rosetta, Damiata, Suezor Calzem,and Cossir.

4. Zaara or the Desart, ch. T. Zuen­ziga, Targa or Zaghara, and Zanhaga.

5. The Land of the Blacks, or Nigritia,ch. T. Tombote, Genehoa, Gualata, Cano, Cassena, Cantozi, Mandinga, Gago, and Guber.

6. Guinny, ch. T. Benin, Arda, and St. George of the Mine, or Mina.

7. Nubia, ch. T. Nubia, Dancala, and Jalac.

8. Congo, ch. T. St. Salvador, St. Paolo or Angola, and Dongo.

9. Abissinia, ch. T. Amara, Depsan, Cangan, Boxa, Fremona, Caxumo, Arqui­co, Doncala,and Suaquem.

10. Zanguebar, ch. T. Mozambick, Quiloa, Mombaza, Melinda, Brava, and Magadoxo.

11. Monomotopa, ch. T. Madragan commonly called Monomotopa, Zimbaoe or Massapa, and Butua.

12. Cafreria, or the Coast of the Caf­fres, ch. T. Zofala.

Africk hath these Mountains following, viz. Mount Atlas, now more comonly called Claros, between Barbary and Bil­dulgerid; [Page 10] Lunae Mons, the Lunar Hills or the Mountains of the Moon, so called by reason of their height, lying between the Country of the Abissines, and Monomoto­pa: most Geographers are of the opinion that the River Nilus springs from these Mountains, yet (new discoveries being lately made) it is thought otherwise by some. Lastly the Mountains of Sierra Liona in Guinny.

America is also divided into twelve parts, whereof four lie towards the North, and eight towards the South, sepa­rated from one another by the Istmus of Panama.

The four parts towards the North, which compose North America are,

1. Canada or New France, ch. T. Quebeck, Montreal, and Tadousack.

2. New Mexico, ch T. Sta. Fe or St. Faith, and New Granada.

3. New England, including part of Florida, (the rest being comprehended under New Spain) all Virginia, New Holland otherwise called New York, and New England comprised in it self; ch. T. Boston, New-Town or Cambridg, James-Town, New Plymouth, New York, and Charles-Town.

4. Mexico or New Spain, ch. T. Mexico, Compostella, Guadalaiara, Val­ladolid, [Page 11] Acapulco, St. Jago de Guatimala, Leon, Truxillo,and Merida.

The eight other parts make South A­merica, viz.

5. Castilla del Oro, ch. T. Panama, Porto-Belo, Carthagena, Sta. Martha, Coro, and Sta. Fe de Bogota.

6. Guyana, ch. T. Manoa or El Dora­do, Ceperouor Fort Lewis, and Corou.

7. Peru, ch. T. Lima or Los Retes, Cusco, St. Francis, Arica, Potosi, and La Plata.

8. Brasil, ch. T. St. Salvador, Porto-Se­guro, Spiritu Santo, St. Sebastian, St. Vincent, Olinda, Tamaraca, Potengi,and Maranhaon.

9. Paraguay comprehending La Plata,ch. T. The Assumption, Buenos Aires, and Sta. Fe.

10. Tucuman, ch. T. St. Jago del Estero, St. Miguel, and Cordova.

11. Chili, ch. T. St. Jago, the Con­ception,and Baldivia.

12, Magellanica, the chief Town (if it may be called a Town) is St. Philip, other­wise nick named Port-Famine.

As for the Mountains in this part of the Earth, the Andes in Peru, between Tu [...]um [...]n and Chili, and in Magellanica, are the most famous of America, and the only Mountains worth taking no­tice of in this small Treatise.

CHAP. III.
Of the Islands.

THE most famous Islands round about the World, are either about our Con­tinent or America. Those of our Con­tinent are of Europe, Asia, or Africk.

The Islands of Europe are either in the Ocean, as Great Britain, Ireland, and Island, anciently Thule; or

In the Mediterranean Sea, as Sicily, Can­dy, (which of old was called Creet) and Sardinia; or

In the Baltick Sea, as Zeeland, Fuien or Funen, and Rugen.

The Islès of Asia are divided into these eight parts following, viz.

• 1. The Japan Islands.
• 2. The Islands of China.
• 3. The Philippine Islands.
• 4. The Molucco Islands.
• 5. The Islands of the Sound.
• 6. The Isle of Zeilan.
• 7. The Maldive Islands.
• 8. The Isle of Cyprus.

The African Islands make six divisions or parts; viz.

• 1. The Island of Madagascar, or St. Lawrence.
• [Page 13] 2. The Isles of St. Helena, the Ascension, the Isle of St. Thomas under the Equinoctial Line, with many of less note up and down in the Aethiopian Sea.
• 3. The Isles of Cape Verd, or (as heretofore) the Hesperian Isles.
• 4. The Canary (anciently Fortunate) Islands.
• 5. The Islands of Madera.
• 6. The Isle of Malta, with some lesser Islands adjacent to it.

The Islands of America are also divided into six parts; viz.

• 1. The Isles Azores, or Terceran Islands, which some make to belong to Africk.
• 2. The Isles of New-found Land.
• 3. The Isles of the Antilles, or the Antego Islands.
• 4. The great Island of Calisurnia.
• 5. The Isles of New Guinny, or of the Pacifick Ocean.
• 6. The Magellanick Islands, by the Straight of Magellan.

The Magellanick Continent, and Terra Arctica shall not be spoken of here, being not yet fully discovered.

CHAP. IV.
Of the Seas, Gulfs, Straights, Lakes and Rivers.

THE Water which doth incompass or separate the parts of the Terrestrial Globe are divided into Seas, Gulfs, Straights, Lakes, and Rivers.

The great Sea which environs our Con­tinent, is called the Ocean, which is divi­ded into four parts.

1. The Northern Ocean, called the Frozen, and in time past the Scythian Sea, which comprehends the Sea of Tartary, of Muscovy, and of Scandinavia.

2. The Western or Atlantick Ocean; this contains the Seas of Great Britain, France and Spain, with the Sea of the Canaries, and of Guinny.

3. The Southern Ocean or Aethiopian, comprehends the Seas of Congo or Angola, of Casreria, and that of Zanguebar.

4. The Eastern, Oriental or Indian Oce­an includes the Arabian Sea, the Persian, the Indian, and the Sea of China.

The great Sea about America is divided into the North Sea, the South or Pacifick [Page 15] Sea, and the Sea of Magellanica.

1. The North Sea is divided into three parts, according to the Countries adja­cent; viz. the Sea of Canada or New France, the Mexican Sea or the Sea of New Spain, and the Sea of Brasil.

2. The Pacifick Sea comprehends in it's full extent, the Seas of Peru, of New Mexico, and the Archipelago of St. Laza­rus, towards China and the East In­dies.

3. The Magellanick Sea waters all the coast of Terra Magellanica, within the compass of which is included the Seas of Paraguay, Magellanica, and Chili.

But leaving these exact subdivisions of the Seas; this you must observe, that the Seas always (or most commonly) borrow the names of the adjacent Coun­tries; so that he who understands the di­vision of the Maritime States, and of the Islands, knows for the most part the names of the Seas.

The three most famous Gulfs of our Continent, which for their greatness are called Seas, are the Mediterranean Sea be­tween Europe and Africk; the Baltick Sea between Sweden, Germany and Poland; and the Red Sea between Asia and Africk.

The three Gulfs of America are, the Gulf of Mexico between Mexico and [Page 16] Florida; Hudsons Gulf or Bay North-Westward from Canada; and the Gulf of La Plata in Paraguay.

The three most famous Straights of the World, are the Straights of Gibraltar (the Nè plus ultra of the Ancients) be­tween Europe and Africk, this joins the Mediterranean Sea to the Ocean; the Straights of Magellan between America and Terra Magellanica; and the Straights of Anian between our Continent and the Land of Jesso.

The three most considerable Lakes round about the Terrestrial Globe are,

• 1. In Asia on the North side of Persia, the Caspian Lake or Sea, otherwise called the Sea of Kilan, or of Sala.
• 2. The Lake Parima under the Equator, in Guyana.
• 3. The Lake called the Fresh-water Sea in Canada.

The most famous Rivers in the World are, in Europe nine; the Thames in Eng­land, Tornia in Scandinavia, Wolga in Mus­covy, the Loire in France, the Rhine in Germany, the Weyssell or Wistule in Poland, the River Tagus now Taio in Spain, Po in Italy, and the Danow or Danube in Turky in Europe.

In Asia twelve; Euphrates, and Tigris in Turky in Asia; Indus or Sind, Ganges, [Page 17] the River of Pegu, and Menan in India; Kiang, and Hoang or Caramoran in China; Ghammas, Jihun or Balch, anciently Oxus, Ardock or Alsagsh, in time past Jaxartes, and Obius in Great Tartary.

Six in Africk, viz. Nile in Abissinia, and in Egypt, Niger in Nigritia, Ghir in Zaara,the Zair in Congo, Zambera, and Spiritu Santo, in Monomotopa and Cafreria.

In America there are also six; the River of St. Laurence in Canada, Paria or Orenoke between Castilla del Oro, and Guyana, the River of the Amazons, other­wise Orelhana in Peru, that of St. Fran­cis in Brasil, the River Parana in Para­guay, and that of La Plata in the same Country, the largest River in the World, the mouth of which is not unfitly stiled a Gulf.

CHAP. V.
Of Europe in general.

ALL our design in this little Compen­dium of Geography is, to take parti­cular care to describe Europe, the know­ledge whereof is most necessary for us.

Although Europe gives place to Asia, [Page 18] Africk, and America, for greatness and extent, nevertheless it's infinite number of advantages render it, without contradicti­on, the most considerable part of the inha­bitable World. For if we consider the situation of it, we shall find that (lying in the middle of the Temperate Zone) the Countries of this part of the World are exceedingly more fertile, and fuller of People than those of the other three. Moreover it is to be observed, that through the natural situation of the Coun­tries of Europe, the Inhabitants have great trading one among another by the means of the Seas, Straights, and Gulfs which belong to it, and by the convenience of a great number of Rivers which run through all parts of it; so that by their Voyages, Navigation, Trade, and their frequent Wars, they are become the most expert People in the World, and so warlike, that they have in their hands the Soverainty of the other parts of the Earth. Witness the Conquests of the Grecians and Romans in old times, and the victorious Navigations in this Age, by which the Spaniards, the English, the French, and the Hollanders have added what was wanting to their own felicity, by the spoils of forreign Nations that they have overcome. Besides, Europe receives [Page 19] a greater advantage by the profession of the Gospel of JESƲS CHRIST, whose light seems to have been retracted from the other parts of the world, that it might shine brighter, and more gloriously in Europe. A­gain, the Arts ▪ and Sciences, the Policy, Strength, and Magnificence of the Cities, the excellent structure of all the Buil­dings, the courage and wise conduct of the Inhabitants in their Wars and Voy­ages, whether by Sea or Land; in a word, the wonderful industry of the Europeans in all sorts of rare works, makes them to be esteemed infinitely above all the People in the other parts of the Earth.

We divided Europe in the beginning in­to nine parts, including the British Islands: but afterwards we added thereto three more, viz. the Low Countries contiguous to France, on the North-East; the Re­publick of Swizzerland and their Allies, on the East side: And the Provinces tribu­tary to the Turk on the South side of Po­land; with Little Tartary nigh the Pontus Euxinus, or the Black Sea:

The Method of Geographers who place the North on the top of their Maps, obli­ges us to begin with the three Northern parts, all three different Countries; the first consisting of the British Isles; the second of the Peninsula of Scandinavia; [Page 20] and the third of Muscovy, which is the greatest part of the Continent in Europe. Next we will describe the three middle parts which are, France, Germany, and Poland, all three alike and take up the rest of the Continent; yet their situation shews, that France is somewhat more temperate than Germany and Poland, which lie higher towards the North, where the Winters are very long and sharp. We shall speak next of the three Southern parts, which are Peninsula's divided from one another, but have a great traffick by Sea with the other parts of the World: and lastly we will end this Treatise by the Explication of the Low Countries, the Swizzerland Cantons, and the Provinces tributary to the Turk, which being the least Countries in Europe, shall be explained last of all, although they are situated among the rest.

There are three principal Languages in Europe, viz. Latin corrupt, spoken in Italy, France, and Spain; Dutch, in Germany Scandinavia, and the British Isles; and in Poland, Muscovy, and Turk [...]y in Europe, they make use of the S [...]lavoni­an Tongue; but all under divers Idioins. Again, the Latin Tongue is spoken gene­rally where the Roman Catholick Religion is professed; and where they speake [Page 21] Dutch, they are for the most part Pro­testants; the Roman Catholick Religion is professed in Poland, Muscovy allows all sorts of Religions, and the Mahometan Religion reigns in Turky.

CHAP. VI.
Of the British Isles.

THE Kingdom of England, or the British Isles, make the first of the three Northern parts of Europe, seated in the Western Ocean, nigh France, Germany, and the Low Countries, and not very far from Scandinavia, and Spain.

The Inhabitants of the Isle of Great Britain (which gives its name to all the lesser Islands) are, as some think, de­scended from the Trojans, who entred this Island under the Conduct of Brute, and laid the first foundations of London, calling it New Troy; afterwards it was named Augusta Trinobantum, and lastly London: but others say the Britains had their name from the Word Brith, which signifies stained or painted, (or rather the name of the Paint) by reason of a custom they took to paint their Skins all over, and of [Page 22] several Colours that they might thereby the more terrifie their Enemies; whence also the Romans called the People of Scot­land Picti, from their painted Skins. Great Britain was called also once Albion, ab albis rupibus, and is divided into two parts, both of them Kingdoms, viz. England, and Scotland, which together with the Isle and Kingdom of Ireland, and an innumerable company of lesser Islands in the British Seas, are now under the Protection, and Government of our most gracious and redoubted Soverain, KING CHARLES the second.

There were several Tribes of People who inhabited anciently these Islands; the most famous of them (for instance, in Eng­land) were the Cantii, the Trinobantes, the Brigantes, and the Silures, &c. who were all governed by their Princes, but after­wards all subdued by the Romans, ex­cept the Northern part of the Island.

The Saxons were the next that possessed themselves of the South part of Britain, with whom came the Angli, Neighbours to the Saxons, out of the North of Germa­ny; whence it was called England, and the Inhabitants English.

These Saxons divided it into s [...]en Kingdoms; not including the Principali­ty of Wales, wh [...]ther most part of the [Page 23] Britains, being driven by them out of England, retired: but now these eight Provinces which compose England, and Wales, are divided into fifty two Shires. Of these eight Provinces then (according as they lie from London, the Metropolis of all England) two are in the North of Eng­land, Northumberland, and Mercia; two in the South, Kent, and Sussex; two lie towards the East, Essex, and the Province of the East-Angles; and two towards the West, Wessex, and Wales.

The two North parts are,

1. Northumberland, in which are the Shires called Yorkshire, Lancashire, Westmorland, Cumberland, Durham, and Northumberland; the Chief Towns of this Province are, York, Durham, Newcastle, Carlisle, Barwick, Lancaster, and Hull.

2. Mercia, wherein are these follow­ing Shires; Oxfordshire, Glocestershire, Buckinghamshire, Bedfordshire, Hunting­tonshire, Northamptonshire, Rutlandshire, Leicestershire, Warwickshire, Worcester­shire, Herefordshire, Monmouthshire, Shropshire, Cheshire, Staffordshire, Dar­byshire, Nottinghamshire,and Lincoln­shire;the Chief Towns are, Oxford, Chester, Glocester, Lincoln, Worcester, Hereford, Coventry, Peterborow, and Lich­field.

[Page 24] The two South Provinces are,

3. Kent, being but one single Shire or County, ch. T. Canterbury, Rochester, and Dover.

4. Sussex, containing the Shires or Counties of Sussex, and Surrey, ch. T. Chichester, Rye, Hastings, and Lewes. The two Eastern Provinces are,

5. Essex, which comprehends under it Middlesex, Essex, and Hartfordshire, ch. T. London the Metropolis of England, which (all things considered) may be said to be the chief City in the World; then Colchester, Hariford, and St, Al­bans.

6. East Angles, comprehending Nor­folk, Suffolk,and Cambridgshire, ch. T. Norwich, Cambridg, Ipswich, Yarmouth, and Ely.

The two Western Provinces are,

7. Wessex, under which is comprehen­ded Somersetshire, Hampshire, Dorcetshire, Devonshire, Cornwall, Wiltshire, and Barkshire, ch. T. Bristow, Bath, Wells, Winchester, Southampton, Excester, Ply­mouth, Salisbury,and Windsor.

8. Wales which includes these twelve Shires following; Pembrok shire, Caermar­thensh. Glamorgansh. Brecknock sh. Radnorsh. Cardigansh. Montgomerysh. Merionethsh. Denbigsh. Flintsh. Caernarvonsh.and the Isle [Page 25] of Anglesey, ch, T. Pembroke, St. Davids, Cardiff, Landaff, Denbigh, S. Asaph, Montgomery, and Caernarvon.

Scotland was formerly called Caledo­nia; afterwards comprehended under the name of Great Britain, as at present; but once it received the name of Little Britain in comparison of England, which was then properly Great Britain. It is the most Northern part of this Island, and contains thirty five Shires or Counties, viz. fourteen beyond the River Tay, which make up the ancient Kingdom of the Scots. whose King dwelt at Dun­stasag; and twenty one on this side the River Tay, where was the Kingdom of the Picts, the Kings Seat being at Aber­nethy; but these two Towns are now ru­ined.

The chief Towns on this side the River Tay in South Scotland, are Edenburg, Leith, Glascow. St. Andrews, Sterling, and Dunbriton.

North Scotland, or the habitation of the ancient Scots: the chief Towns are Aber­deen, Perth, Dundee, and Dornock.

I shall not trouble the Readers Memo­ry with the names of each particular County of Scotland, nor those of Ireland, (which I am now going to speak of) as not being of such moment.

[Page 26] The Kingdom and Isle of Ireland was anciently called Ierna, and sometimes Iver­na; from the latter Hibernia seems to be de­rived, by which name it was known in the time of the Romans; and from Ierna (as it is generally believed) comes Eryn, so called by the Natives at this day.

It is now divided into five Provinces, which were formerly Kingdoms viz.

1. Lemster, in which are nine Counties, ch. T. Dublin, Wexford, and Kilken­ny.

2. Meath, in which are three Countie; ch. T. Molingar; this Province by reason of its small extent is commonly compre­hended under Lemster.

3. Ʋlster, which contains ten Counties▪ ch. T. Armagh, Drogdagh, and London derry.

4. Connaught, which has six Counties ch. T. Galxay, Kilaloe, and Athlone.

5. Munster, under which is also compre­hended six Counties, ch. T. Waterford▪ Limerick, and Cork

The most considerable Islands high the Coasts of Great Britain, and Ireland▪ which go under the name of British Isles, are divided into nine parts, whereof three are in the Channel, viz. the Isles of Wight, Jersey, and Garnsey; which two last are near the Coast of France.

[Page 27] Three lie Westward in the Irish Sea, viz. the Sorlings, or Silly Islands, the Isle of Man, and the Western Isles nigh Scotland, called the Hebrides, or Inch­galles.

The three last are towards the North, viz. the Orcades or Isles of Orkney, the the Isles of Hetland or Shetland, and the Fair Islands or Isles of Fero, now belonging, the King of Denmark.

The chief Rivers are, the Thames, Severn, and Trent, in England; Tay, in Scotland; and Shannon, in Ireland.

CHAP. VII.
Of Scandinavia.

SCandinavia is the second of the three North parts of Europe, joining to Ger­many, Poland, and Muscovy; it includes three Kingdoms under two States; viz. the State of Denmark, and that of Swede­land.

The State of Denmark, contains two Kingdoms, viz. Denmark, and Nor­way

Denmark consists of three parts; to wit Jutland, which is a great Peninsula [Page 28] or Chersonesus, annexed to Germany, and formerly called the Cimbrick Chersonesus: the Isles of the Baltick Sea and the Islands and Countries in the North Sea.

Jutland (so called from the Jutae, here­tofore the Inhabitants of this Country is divided into South-Jutland and North-Jutland.

South Jutland comprehends two Duke­doms.

1. The Dukedom of Holsatia or Holsten; (this is counted part of Germany, included within the Circuit or Circle of the lower Saxony, and depending on the Empire; which we should not describe in this place, but that it belongs to the King of Den­mark:) The chief Towns are Rendsburg, Kiel, and Gluckstad.

2. The Dukedom of Sleswick, ch. T. Sleswick, with the Castle of Gottorp, Tonnin­gen, and Flendsburg.

North-Jutland includes four Lutheran Diocesses, which are.

• 1. The Diocess of Rypen, ch. T. Rypen
• 2. That of Arhusen, ch. T. Arhusen.
• 3. The Diocess of Wiburg, ch. T. Wiburg.

Fourthly and lastly that of Alburg, ch. T. Alburg, and Scagen towards the North-Cape of Denmark, which is famous for it's frequent Shipwracks.

[Page 29] The most remarkable Islands of the Baltick Sea are,

First, the Isle of Zeeland, of old called Codanonia, ch. T. Copenhagen, Roschild, and Helsenore, with the Castle of Cronem­berg.

Secondly the Isle of Fuien or Funen, ch. T. Odensee, Middelfurt, and Niburg.

The three passages or Straights of the Baltick Sea (heretofore Sinus Codanus) are, the Sound between Zeeland and Scho­nen, the Belt between Zeeland and Funen, and Middelfurt Sound between Funen and Jutland.

The Islands and Countries in the Northern Sea, which depend upon the Kingdom of Denmark are,

• 1. A great part of the Isle of Island, ch. T. Hola, a Bishoprick.
• 2. The Fair Islands, ch. T. Strom.
• 3. Greenland, ch. T. Bearford.

The Kingdom of Norway, which takes up the Western part of Scandinavia, is divided into five Governments or Pro­vinces, viz.

• 1. The Government of Bahus, which belongs to the Swedes since the treaty at Roschild, ch. T. Bahus and Marstrand.
• 2. That of Agger, ch T. Agger, Opslo, and Frederickstad.
• 3. That of Bergen, ch. T. Berg or [Page 30] Bergen, the residence of the Viceroy.
• 4. The Government of Drunthem, ch. T. Drunthem, heretofore Nidrosia, the Seat of the ancient Kings of Norway.
• 5. And lastly that of Wardhus, ch. T. Wardhus, nigh the North Kin or Cape.

The Kingdom of Swedeland or Sweden comprehends seven parts, which are,

• 1. The coast of Schonen, comprehend­ing Halland, Schonen, and Bleking, all which go under the name of South Goth­land, ch. T. Lunden, Malmugen, Lands­kroon, and Christianstad.
• 2. The North part of Gothland is divided into Ostro Gothland, and Westro Gothland,ch. T. Calmar. Gottemburg or Gothburg,and Linkopen.
• 3. Sweden, containing eight or nine little Provinces, ch. T. Stockholm, Ʋpsal, and Nikopen.
• 4. Laponia otherwise Lapland is divided into five Regions or Territories, viz. Ʋma, Pitha, Lula, Tornia, and Kimi or Lapmark, with the Towns of the same name, whereof Tornia is of most impor­tance.
• 5. The great Province of Finland, sub­divided into several small Provinces, ch. T. Aho, Wiburg, and Raseburg
• 6. Ingria, ch. T. Noteburg, and Juan­nogrod.
• [Page 31] 7. Livonia, ch. T. Riga, Derpt, and Revel.

The Crown of Swedeland is also possessed of several Islands in the Baltick Sea; and in Germany the Dukedoms of Pomeren, Bre­men, and Ferden, the town of Wismar, and the Isle of Rugen.

Tornia, and Kimi, in the North Pro­vinces of Swedeland, are the most conside­rable Rivers of Scandinavia.

CHAP. VIII.
Of Muscovy.

MƲscovy or Russia, is the most Nor­thern, and most rude and illiterate Country of all the parts of Europe, but above six times bigger than all the Bri­tish Isles.

This Empire contains the three King­doms of Cazan, Bulgar, and Astracan, in Tartary Desart, with the Cities of the same name; and above thirty Provinces, with several distinct sorts of People who live by Horda's or Companies

The twelve principal Towns, are Mosco, Wolodimer, Great Novogrod, Arch­angel, St. Nicholas, Plescow, Rhezan [Page 32] Oustioug, Worotin, Little Novogrod, Wologda,and Bielizero.

The principal Rivers are, the Wolga, Dwina, and Tanais or Don.

This is enough of a Country where none go to travel, neither do the Inhabi­tants (who are all Slaves) go out of it without an express leave from the Czar, who does not very often grant their re­quest in that.

CHAP. IX.
Of France.

THE Kingdom of France in time past was named Gaule, containing a larger extent than at present, and was divided into Gallia Belgica, Gallia Celtica, Aqui­tania, and Gallia Narbonensis. It is the first and most Westerly of the three parts of Europe, which are situated be­tween the North and South Countries: It lies nigh England, being separated from us but by our Channel, and the Pas de Calais, (as the French call it) a narrow passage not above eighteen Mile over.

The modern division of France accor­ding to the best Authors, and Geogra­phers, [Page 33] is into twelve general Govern­ments; to which we will add four new Governments, the late conquests of the French King.

Four of these sixteen Governments are towards the North, and on this side the Loire; four are in the middle of France, and on each side the Loire; four more are Southern, and beyond this River; and the four last lie Eastward towards Ger­many.

I will not go about to subdivide the Go­vernments which contain but one Pro­vince; only (that I may not overcharge the Readers memory) I will set down the three principal Towns in them, and in the Governments where there are more than one Province, we will take notice of the chief Town of each one.

The four Northern Governments are,

1 Picardy, situated upon the Channel of the British Seas, ch. T. Amiens, Ab­beville, and Calaïs.

2. Normandy, situated on the Channel, and divided into High and Low Normandy, ch. T. Rouen, Caen, and Alenson.

3. The Isle of France, situated between the River Seyne, the Marne, and the Oyse, which makes as it were an Isle of it, ch. T. Paris, St. Denis, and Melun.

[Page 34] 4. Champaigne, situated on the East of the Isle of France, ch. T. Troys, Rheims, and Chalons upon Marne.

The four Governments in the middle of France, upon the Loire are,

5. Bretaigne, situated towards the Ocean, and divided into Upper and Lower Bre­taigne; the chief Towns are Rennes, Nan­tes, and Brest.

6. The Government of Orleanois, sub­divided into nine little Provinces, where­of two lie on the North side of the Loire, viz. Maine, ch. Mans; and Perche, ch. T. Nogent. Four upon the Loire, to wit; Anjou, ch. T. Angers; Touraine, ch. T. Tours; Beauce, ch. T. Orleans; and Nivernois, ch. T. Nevers. And three Provinces on the South side of the Loire: Poictou, ch. T. Poictiers; Angoumois, ch. T. Angouleme; and Berry, ch. T. Bourges.

7. The Dutchy of Burgundy, with Bress, ch. T. Dijon, Autun, Chalons, up­on Saone; and Bourg in Bress.

8. The Government of Lyonnois, sub­divided into four little Provinces, viz: Lyonnois, properly taken, ch. T. Lyons; Bourbonnois, ch. T. Moulins; Auvergn, ch. T. Clermont; La Marche, ch. T. Gueret. The four Southern Governments of France are,

9. The Government of Guienn and [Page 35] Gascony situated on the Ocean, and on each side the River Garonn, cannot be divided more exactly than into eight Pro­vinces, whereof three lie Northward from the Garonn, viz. Saintonge, ch. T. Saintes; Perigord, ch. T. Peri­gueux; and Limosin, ch. T. Limoges. Three about the Garonn, and the River Lot which falls into it; to wit; Guienn pro­perly taken, ch. T. Bourdeaux; Quercy, ch. T. Cahors; and Rouergue, ch. T. Rhodes. And two on the South side the River, viz. The great Province of Gascony, ch T. Auch; and the little Province of Bearn, ch. T. Pau.

10. Languedock situated on the Mediter­ranean Sea, is divided into High and Low Languedock, and Cevennes, ch. T. Toulouse, Narbonn, Mompellier; and Ʋiviers in Ce­vennes. One may include under the gene­ral Government of Languedock, the County of Roussillon, ch. T. Perpignan.

11. Dauphiny, situated towards Italy ch. T. Grenoble, Ʋienn, and Ʋalence; to which one may add Pignerol which serves as a Gate for the French to enter into Italy.

12. Provence, which lies upon the Me­diterranean Sea, whereof the chief Towns are, Aix, Marseilles, and Toulon.

The four new Eastern Governments of [Page 36] France lie towards Germany, watered with the Scheld, the Lis, the Meuse, and the Rhine; and are,

13. The Catholick Low Countries belon­ging to France, or French Netherlands,ch. T. Lisle, and Dunkirk in the Coun­ty of Flanders; Arras in Artois; Valen­ciennes in Haynault; Cambrayin Cambre­sis;and Montmedy in Luxemburg.

14. Lorain, ch. T. Nancy, Metz. and Verdun.

15. Alsatia or Alsace, divided into Up­per and Lower, ch. T. Strasburg, Bri­sack, and Friburg; it is almost all in the hands of the French.

16. The County of Burgundy, vulgarly called the Franche or Free County, ch. T. Bezanson, Dol, and Salins. One might add thereto the County of Monbelliard, ch. T. Monbelliard belonging to a Prince of the house of Wirtenberg.

The four most famous Rivers in France are, the Loire, the Seyne, the Garonn, and the Rhone.

CHAP. X.
Of Germany.

GErmany (under which name also, was included anciently the Ʋnited Pro­vinces, Denmark, part of Poland, and as some say, Sweden, and Norway) makes one of the nine parts of Eucope; and directly si [...]uated in the middle of the other eight.

It is now of less extent by much than it was formerly, but yet comprehends a great number of different Soverainties which compose the Empire of the We [...]t, and which depend on the Emperour, who is the chief Head of all the Princes that have shares in this great Country.

We will then divide Germany into West­ern Germany, about the Rhine towards France and the Ocean; into Southern, about the Danube towards Italy and Hun­gary; into Eastern Germany comprehend­ing the State of Bohemia towards Poland; and into Northern, about the River Elbe and Oder towards the Baltick Sea.

Western Germany is subdivided into six great parts, whereof the most part con­tain [Page 38] many little Provinces.

Three of these parts are upon the Rhine, and three on the East of the Rhine.

The three parts situated on the Rhine are,

1. The States of Cleves, Juliers, and the Bishoprick of Liege, ch. T. of the same name.

2. The three Electoral Archbishopricks of the Empire, viz. That of Colen, ch. T. Colen, and Bonn; of Treves or Triers, ch. T. Treves, and Coblentz; and that of Mentz, ch. T. Mentz, and Aschaffem­burg.

3. The Electoral Palatinate of the Rhine, ch. T. Heidelburg, Worins, and Spire.

The three parts of Germany, situated on the East side of the Rhine are,

4. Westphalia, subdivided into many little States, ch. T. Munster, Osnaburg, and Paderhorn.

5. Hessen, comprehending Weteravia or Weteraw, and the Abbey of Fuld, ch. T. Cassel, Darmstad, and Fuld.

6. Franconia, ch. T. Francfort, No­rimberg,and Wirtzburg.

Southern Germany about the Danube, is subdivided into nine parts besides several small divisions.

[Page 39] Three of these parts or Provinces are towards the Head of the River Danube, viz.

1. Suevia, or Schwahen, ch. T. Augs­burg, Ʋlm,and Constance.

2. The Dutchy of Wirtenberg, ch. T. Stutgart, Tubingen, and Wirtenberg.

3. Brisgow, ch. T. Feiburg, now be­longing to the French Government of Alsace; Rotweil, and Estingen.

The three parts following lie higher upon the Danube, and are,

4 The Palatinate of Bauaria, or the upper Palatinate on the North side of the Danube, ch. T. Amberg, Newburg, and Aichstad.

5. The Electoral Duchy of Bauaria, with the Archbishoprick of Saltzburg. ch. T. Munchen, Ratisbon, and Saltzburg.

6. The County of Tirole, with the Archduchy of Inspruck and the Territo­ries adjacent, ch. T. Inspruck, Trent, and Brixen.

The three last parts of Southern Ger­many lie yet further up the Danube, and are,

7. The Archduchy of Austria, ch. T. Vienna, Lintz, and Cremz.

8. The Hereditary Provinces which are Stiria, ch. T. Graiz; Carinthia, ch. T. Clagenfurt; Carniola, ch. T. [Page 40] Lauback, with the only Imperial Haven of Triest; The County of Cilly, ch. T. Cilly; and the Marquisate of Windes or Windisch Mark, ch. T. Metling.

9. Imperial Hungary. ch. T. Presburg, Komora, and Raab or Javarin.

The Eastern or Bohemian Germany to­wards Poland comprehends four parts, whereof the three last depend upon the Kingdom of Bohemia which is the first and principal part of them all.

• 1. The Kingdom of Bohemia, ch. T. Prague, Kuttenberg, and Egra.
• 2. The Marquisate of Moravia, ch. T. Olmutz, Brinn, and Newstad.
• 3. The Duchy of Silesia ch T. Bres­law, Gros Glogaw, and Lignitz.
• 4. The Marquisate of Lusatia, now un­der the jurisdiction of the Duke of Saxo­ny, ch. T. Bautzen, Gorlitz and Zit­taw.

Northern Germany, about the Elbe and Oder towards the Baltick Sea, is divided into the Upper and Lower Saxony.

Upper Saxony comprehends three parts, viz.

• 1. The Electorship of Saxony properly taken, with Misnia, and Turingia, ch. T. Dresden in Misnia, Wittenberg in Saxony, and Ersurt, in Turingia.
• 2. The Electoral Marquisate of Branden­burg, [Page 41] divided into the Old, the New, and the Middle Marquisate, ch. T. Ber­lin, Francfort upon Oder, and Branden­burg.
• 3. Pomerania or Pomeren, ch. T. Stetin, Stralzund, and Colberg.

Lower Saxony comprehends likewise three great parts, subdivided again into several others, viz.

• 1. The Dukedoms of Lunenburg, and Brunswick, ch. T. Wolfenbuttel, Zell, and Hannover.
• 2. The Stares of Bremen, Ferden, Min­den, and Oldenburg, ch. T. of the same name.
• 3. Mecklenburg, ch. T. Swerin, Wismar,and Gustrow.

I shall not make mention here of the Dutchy of Holsten, although it be part of Germany, having spoken of it before in the description of Jutland. It sufficeth to observe the two famous Imperial Hans-Towns, Hamburg and Lubeck, which live under the form of Common-wealths.

The five chief Rivers of Germany are, the Rhine, the Danube, (called long since Ister) the Elbe, the Oder, and the Weser.

CHAP. XI.
Of Poland.

THE Elective Kingdom of Poland is the most Easterly of the three middle parts of Europe: It lies Eastward from Germany; on the North of Hungary, Tran­silvania, and Moldavia; and South-west­ward from Muscovy.

It comprehends two States; that of true Poland with the Provinces annexed thereto, and the great Duchy of Lithua­nia with its dependances, which is now united to the Crown of Poland.

We will divide the true Poland into nine great Provinces, and Lithuania into three, after having first considered that this State is watered by four great Ri­vers. The Wistule, the Boristhenes or Nieper, the Niemen, and the Niester which divides Poland from Moldavia.

The nine great Provinces of Poland are,

1. The Province of Poland, divided into the Lesser or Upper Poland, where­in are these chief Towns, Cracow, San­domir, and Lublin; and into the Greater or Lower Poland, ch. T. Gnesna or [Page 43] Gniesen, Posnan or Posen, and Kalisz.

2. Prussia, part belonging to Poland, ch. T. Dantzick, Marienburg, and Culm; and part to Brandenburg, ch. T. Konings­beg, Elbing, and Memel.

3. The Duchy of Curland, the Prince whereof owes fealty to the Crown of Poland, ch. T. Mittaw, and Goldingen.

4. Mazovia, ch. T. Warsaw, and Czersk.

5. Polachia or Podelassia, ch. T. Biel­sko.

6. Little Russia or Black Russia, (to distinguish it from Muscovy, which is sometimes called Great or White Russia) ch. T. Leopol otherwise Lewenburg, Ha­licz, and Zamoski.

7. Podolia, where is Kaminieck, Brac­lawor Bratzlaw, and Bar.

8. Volhinia, whereof the ch. T. are Kiow, and Lutzko.

9. Ʋkrania, generally included within the limits of Volhinia, ch. T. Czirkassi.

Moreover Lithuania contains three parts, viz.

1. The great Duchy of Lithuania, ch. T. Wilna, Witepscki, and Novogrodeck.

2. Samogitia, ch. T. Rosinia.

3. The Palatinates or Dukedoms of Smolensko, and Novogiod-Sevierski, with the Towns so called.

CHAP. XII.
Of Spain.

THis Country at first was called Iberia, from the River Iberus now Ebro; and also Hesperia, from Hesperus the Evening Star always seen in the West, for it lies the most Westward of all the Countries of Europe; afterwards in the time of the Romans it was more univer­sally known by the name of Hispania, and by them divided into three Provin­ces: Baetica, so named from the River Bae­tis now Guadalquivir, running through the middle of it; Tarraconensis, or the Pro­vince of Tarraco; and Lusitania, which is now the Kingdom of Portugal.

It is encompassed with the Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea, which make it a Peninsula, and is contiguous to France on the North-East side, from which it is di­vided by the Pyrenies. But now to the modern division of this Kingdom.

Spain is divided at present into fifteen Provinces, (most of them Kingdoms here­tofore, whereof the greatest part do still reta in the titles) to which one may add three Isles that are in the Mediterranean Sea.

[Page 45] Of these fifteen Provinces three are Northerly, viz.

1. Navarr, whereof the ch. Towns are Pampelona, Estella, and Olita.

2. Biscay, ch. T. Bilbao, Fontarabia and St. Sebastian.

3. Asturia, ch. T. Oviedo, Santillana,and Aviles.

Three are Westerly, viz.

4. Gallicia, ch. T. St. Jago de compo­stella, Mondonnedo,and La Corunna.

5. The Kindom of Portugal, now free from the Soverainty of the Spaniards, ch. T. Lisbon, which they say was built by Ʋlysses, Braga, and Coimbra.

6. Algarves, belonging to the King­dom of Portugal, ch. T. Faro, and Tavi­la.

Three are Southerly, viz.

7. Andaluzia, ch. T. Sevil, Cadiz, and Cordova.

8. Granada, ch. T. Granada, Guadix,and Malaga.

9. Murcia, ch. T. Murcia, and New Carthage or Carthagena.

Three are Easterly, viz.

10. Valentia, ch. T. Valentia, Ali [...]ant,and Segorbe.

11. Catalonia, ch. T. Barcelona, Tar­ragon,and Tortosa.

12. Aragon, ch. T. Saragossa, Jacca, and Balbastro.

[Page 46] The three last Provinces are situated in the middle of Spain, viz.

13. Leon, ch. T. Leon, Salamanca, and Toro.

14. Old Castile, ch T. Valladolid, Bur­gos, Segovia, and the ancient Numantia, famous for holding out a Siege of fifteen years against the Romans, but now rui­ned.

15. New Castile, ch. T. Madrid, To­ledo, and Alcala de Henares, not forget­ting the most famous Monastry of the Es­curial, not far from Madrid.

The three neighbouring Isles depending upon this Country are, Majorca, Minorca, and Ivica, with the chief Towns of the same name, except Minorca, which hath the Fortress of Citadelli.

The five greatest Rivers of Spain are, Taio or Tagus, Ebro, Duero, Guadiana, and Guadalquivir.

CHAP. XIII.
Of Italy.

ITaly is situated in the Mediterranean Sea, which makes it a kind of Peninsula, under the shape of a Leg. It is separated [Page 47] from France and Germany by the Alps, and divided from one end to the other by the Apennine Hills.

Italy, as well as Spain, hath been na­med Hesperia by the Greeks, from whom it lies Westward; it hath also sometimes gon under the name of Ausonia, but most generally known, as well anciently as at present, by that of Italia

It was heretofore divided into fourteen Countries, which were inhabited by so many distinct sorts of People: Towards the North lie four great parts; Gallia Tran­spadana, Venetia, Liguria, and Gallia Cis­padana; these four Countries are now cal­led Lombardy, from the Longobardy a People of Germany, who came and dwelt here, Towards the middle of Italy are five; Hetruria, now called Tuscany, Ʋmbria, Picenum, Samnium, and Latium; these four last are now under the jurisdiction of the Pope. And the South part of Italy in­cludes five Countries more, viz. Campa­nia, Apulia, Messapia, Lucania, and Bru­tium; which are all five now comprehen­ded under the Kingdom of Naples.

Every one of these Countries were subdivided into many small Regions or Territories, whose Inhabitants lived un­der several sorts of Governments, till they were overcome by the Romans; but [Page 48] these I shall omit as not being necessary to insert here: Now let us see how the mo­dern division of Italy differs from that of the ancient times.

We will now divide it with the adja­cent Isles, first into four great parts. The Upper Italy or Lombardy, the Middle Italy, the Lower Italy or Kingdom of Naples, and the Islands.

Lombardy is divided into nine Provinces or States, whereof the five first make High Lombardy towards France, and the four other Low Lombardy towards the mouth of the River Po.

The five parts of High Lombardy are,

1. Savoy, ch. T. Chambery, Montmeli­an, and Monstiers; to which we may add the Town and Republick of Geneva. Savoy is generally reckoned without the bounds of Italy, and therefore is menti­oned here but because it belongs to Pied­mont

2. Piedmont, ch. T. Turin, Vercelli, and Nizza.

3. Milanese or the Duchy of Milan, ch. T. Milan, Pavia, and Cremona.

4. Monferrat, ch. T. Casal, and Trino. The former was long since sold to the French King by the Duke of Mantua.

5 The Coast of Genoa, ch. T. Genoa, Savona, and Albenga.

[Page 49] The four Provinces which compose the Lower Lombardy are,

6. The Duchy of Parma, ch. T. Par­ma, and Piacenza.

7. The Duchy of Modena, ch. T. Mo­dena, and Reggio.

8. The Duchy of Mantua, ch. T. Man­tua, Mirandola, and Guastella, which are all Soverainties.

9. The Dominion or Republick of Ve­nice, ch. T. Venice, Padua, and Palma nova.

Middle Italy comprehends the State of the Church or Dominion of the Pope, and the Grand Duchy of Tuscany, with the Republick of Lucca, and other little So­verainties inclosed in these two States.

The State of the Church comprehends twelve little Provinces, whereof five are upon the Gulf of Venice, and the se­ven others towards the Sea of Tusca­ny.

Those upon the Gulf of Ʋenice are,

1. The Duchy of Ferrara with the Valleys of Comachio, ch. T. Ferrara, and Comachio.

2. Bolognese, ch. T. Bologna.

3. Romagna, ch. T. Ravenna.

4. The Duchy of Ʋrbino, ch. T. Ʋr­bino.

5. The Marquisate of Ancona, ch. T. Ancona, and Loreto.

[Page 50] The seven following Provinces lie on the South of the Apennine Hills towards the Sea of the Tuscany, and are,

6. The Territories of Perugia, ch. T. Perugia.

7. Of Orvieto, ch. T. Orvieto.

8. Of Ʋmbria, otherwise the Duchy of Spoleto, ch. T. Spoleto.

9. Terra Sabina, ch. T. Magliano.

10. The Patrimony of St. Peter, ch. T. Viterbo and Civita Vecchia,

11. Campania de Roma, ch. T. Rome, Ostia, and Frescati,

12. The Duchy of Castro, ch. T. Ca­stro.

The Grand Duchy of Tuscany or Flo­rence, is subdivided into three parts; the Territories of Florence, the Territories of Siena, and those of Pisa, ch. T. Florence, Siena, Pisa, and Legorn: Piombino, and Orbitello belong to the King of Spain, with their Jurisdictions which are upon the coast of Tuscany.

The Republick of Lucca with it's de­pendances, ch. T. Lucca.

The Lower Italy or Kingdom of Naples is divided into twelve Provinces, where­of six are upon the Adriatick Sea or Gulf of Venice, and the six others are upon the Sea of Tuscany.

The six parts which are upon the Gulf of Venice, are

[Page 51] 1. The Further Abruzzo, ch. T. Lanciano.

2. The Nigher Abruzzo, ch. T. Aquila.

3. The County of Molissa, ch. T. Mo­lissa.

4. Capitanata or Puglia, ch. T. Man­fredonia.

5. The Territories of Bari, ch. T. Bari.

6. The Territories of Otranto; ch. T. Otranto.

The six Provinces situated on the Tyrrhe­nian Sea or of Tuscany, are,

7. Terra di Lavoro, ch. T. Naples at first called Parthenope, and Capua.

8. The Nigher Principality, ch. T. Salerno, and Amalfi.

9. The Further Principality, ch. T. Benevento.

10. Basilicata, ch. T. Cirenza.

11. The Nigher Calabria, ch. T. Co­senza.

12. The Further Calabria, ch. T. Reg­gio

The Islands of Italy make the fourth part, and are divided into three great­Islands which are,

1. The Isle of Sicily, separated into three Valleys or Provinces, viz. Val di Demona, ch. T. Messina and Catania not far from Mount Gibel or Aetna that vo­mits out flames. Val di Noto, ch. T. Sa­ragusa the ancient Syracuse, and Noto. [Page 52] Val di Mazara, ch. T. Palermo, and Mon­treal.

2. The Isle of Sardinia, ch. T. Cagliari, Sassari, and Algeri.

3. The Isle of Corsica, ch. T. Bastia, Adiazzo, and Bonifacio.

The four most famous River of Italy are, the Pa, the Adige, the Tiber, and the Arno.

CHAP. XIV.
Of Turky in Europe.

TƲrky in Europe is situated in the Medi­terranean Sea near Italy, Poland, and Asia, and is contiguous to Germany.

We will divide it into High Turky a­bout the Danube, which includes the an­cient Countries of Pannonia, Illyricum, and Moesia; and into Low Turky towards the Archipelago or White Sea, wherein are the Countries called in time past Thrace and Greece, which last hath hi­therto retained its old name.

High Turky contains eight parts, viz.

1. Part of Hungary, anciently called Pannonia, ch. T. Buda or Offen, Gran, and Kanisia.

[Page 53] 2. Part of Slavonia, ch. T. Posega, and Gradiskia.

3. Part of Croatia, with Morlakia, ch. T. Wihitz. The rest of Hungary. Sla­vonia, and Croatia, which is not within the Ottoman Jurisdiction, belongs to the Archduke of Austria, who is now Em­perour of Germany.

4. Dalmatia, partly belonging to the Turks, and partly to the Venetians; the Ottoman Towns are, Scardona, and Dul­cigno; the Venetian are, Zara, Sebenico, and Spalato, with the Town and Repub­lick of Ragusa, tributary both to the Turks and Venetians.

5. Bosnia or Bossina, ch. T. Jaytza, and Bagnialuck, You must observe that Sla­vonia, Croatia, Dalmatia, and Bosnia, made heretofore one great Country called Illyricum.

6. Servia, comprehending the Western part of the ancient Country of Moesia, ch. T. Belgrade, and Nisa.

7. Bulgaria, which was the rest of Moesia, ch. T. Sophia, and Nigepoli.

8. Besserabia, with the Territories of Otzacow towards Poland, ch. T, Bialogrod, and Otzacow.

The Lower Turky is divided into seven Provinces, viz.

1. Romania, anciently Thrace, ch. T. [Page 54] Constantinople, Adrianople, and Gallipoli.

2. Macedon, ch. T. Salonichi, and Con­tessa.

3. Albania, which was once part of Macedon, ch. T. Scutari, Durazzo, and Valona.

4. Janna, anciently Thessaly, ch. T. Armiro, and Larissa.

5. Canina, anciently called Epirus and sometimes Chaonia, ch. T. Prevezza, Larta, and Bastia.

6. Livadia, in time past Achaia, ch. T. Lepanto, Setines, heretofore called A­thens, Stives heretofore Thebes, and Ne­gropont in an Island of the same name, which is counted part of Livadia, al­though it be separated from it by the Eu­ripus or Straights of Negropont.

7. Morea, called in time past Pelopon­nesus, ch. T. Patras, Corinth, and Mi­sithra, formerly Lacedaemon: These fix last Provinces composed the ancient and famous Country of Greece.

The Islands which are about Turky in Europe, are a sufficient number to make a third part; we will then divide them in­to Turkish, and Venetian Islands.

The chief of the Turkish Islands are, Candy, anciently Creet, ch. T. Candy, Canea, and Retimo; Negropont, ancient­ly Euboea, ch. T. Negropont; and Stali­mene, [Page 55] heretofore Lemnos, ch. T. of the same name.

The Venetian Islands (which are con­siderable) are, Corsu, Cefalonia, Zant, and Cerigo, heretofore Cythera.

The most famous Rivers of Turky in Eu­rope are, the Danow or Danube, the Draw, the Saw, and the Tyssa or Teissa.

CHAP. XV.
Of the Low Countries.

AFter having briefly spoken of the nine great parts of Europe, we thought it convenient to avoid confusion, and to fa­cilitate the Readers memory by the num­ber of twelve, into the which we have divided Asia, Africk, and America, to add three lesser divisions of Europe, se­parated and distant from one another, viz.

The Low Countries; the Republick of Swizzerland; and the Provinces tributary to the Great Turk. We shall begin first with the Low Countries or Seventeen Pro­vinces, vulgarly known by the name of Flanders, and Holland, which are the two richest and most considerable Provinces of them.

[Page 56] The Low Countries were formerly divi­ded into two parts; one on the South of the Rhine, comprehended under that part of Gaule called Gallia Belgica: now most of it is the Spanish Netherlands. The other on the North side of the Rhine was com­prised within the bounds of ancient Ger­many: at present it is the Ʋnited Nether­lands.

The modern division is also into two parts, though with some difference from the ancient, viz.

The Spanish Netherlands, or Flanders;and the Ʋnited Netherlands, Holland,or Ʋnited Provinces.

The Spanish Netherlands contain these following Provinces, viz.

1. Two thirds of Brabant, ch. T. Brussels, and Lovain.

2. Luxemburg, ch. T. Luxemburg, and Thionville. Part of this Duchy of Luxemburg be­longs at present to the French, as also the County of Artois: part of the County of Flanders, &c. but the French having so late­lyw on these Countries, (which by the ha­zards of a new War may be as soonbrought under the Jurisdiction of some other Potentate) I shall forbear to make any more divisions of the Spanish Low Coun­tries concerning the French King's con­quests [Page 57] there, than what I have menti­oned in the Chapter of France; but, as near as I can, shall stick to the division generally agreed upon by all Geogra­phers, before the beginning of the last French Wars.

3. Limburg, ch. T. Limburg, and Ma­estricht.

4. About a third part of Gelderland, ch T. Gelders, and Ruremond.

5. Almost all Flanders, ch. T. Gaunt, Lisle, Dunkirk, and Ostend.

6. Artois, ch. T. Arras, and St. Omars.

7. Hainault, ch. T. Mons, and Valen­ciennes.

8. Namur, ch. T. Namur, and Charle­mont.

9. The Marquisate of the Holy Empire, or the Seigniory of Antwerp, ch. T. Ant­werp.

10. The Seigniory of Malines, ch. T. Malines, or Mechlyn.

You must take notice before we pro­ceed any further; that these two small Provinces last mentioned, are enclosed within the Duchy of Brabant: and that besides the Seventeen Provinces, there is the Town of Cambray between Hainault, Artois, and Picardy, which together with it's adjacent Territory, makes up a peculi­ar Province called by the French (who [Page 58] are now Masters of it) Cambresis: yet this small Province is sometimes compri­sed under that of Hainault.

The Ʋnited Provinces or, the States of Holland, contain these following Provin­ces, viz.

1. Holland, ch. T. Amsterdam, the Hague, Dort, and Leyden.

2. Zeland ch. T. Middleburg, and Flushing.

3. Zutphen, ch. T. Zutphen.

4. Ʋtrecht,ch. T. Ʋtrecht.

5. Overissel, ch. T. Deventer, and Swol.

6. West Friseland, ch. T. Lewarden, and Franeker.

7. The Seigniory of Groningen, with the Town of the same name.

Besides these seven Provinces, there is, and hath been a great while in the Hol­landers possession, above two thirds of Gelderland, the chief Towns whereof are, Nimmegen, and Arnhem. About a third part of Brabant, ch. T. Breda, and Bol­dus: and some Towns in the North of the Province of Flanders; the most conside­rable of them is Sluys, North. Westward from Gaunt.

CHAP. XVI.
Of the Republick of Swizzerland.

THE Republick of Swizzerland is composed of thirteen Canrons, which are each one by themselves peculiar Demo­cracies, but under one common Alliance with several little Countries, States, or Towns, which go under the name of their Allies.

The thirteen Swizzerland Cantons are disposed in this order.

• 1. The Canton of Zurick, ch. T. Zurick.
• 2. The Canton of Bern, ch T. Bern, and Lausann.
• 3. Of Basil ch. T. Basil.
• 4. Of Lucern, ch. T. Lucern.
• 5. Of Soloturn, ch. T. Soloturn.
• 6. Of Friburg, ch. T. Friburg:
• 7. Of Schashausen, ch. T. Schashauser.
• 8. The Canton of Switz, which gave its name to the whole Country ch. T. Switz.
• 9. That of Zug; ch. T. Zug.
• 10. That of Appenzel, ch. T. Appeuzel.
• 11. Of Glaritz, ch. T. Glaritz.
• 12. Of Ʋnderwalden, ch. T. Siantz.
• 13. Of Ʋri, ch. T. Altors.

The Allies of Swizzerland worth our observation are, [Page 60]

• 1. The Grisons, ch. T. Coir.
• 2. Valtoline, ch. T. Sundrio.
• 3. Valais, ch. T. Sion.
• 4. The Bishoprick of Basil, which hath no very considerable Town in it, except Po­rentru.

Besides these, there are many other small Territories and Towns allied to, and confederated with the Swizzers; which I shall forbear to name, as being too tedious to insert them all.

CHAP. XVII.
Of the Provinces tributary to the Turk.

BY the name of Provinces tributary to the Turk, we mean those which have each one in particular a Soverain Prince, but tributary and depending on the Turk, who protects them, and pretends to a right of deposing them when they do not em­brace his interests, or when they refuse to arm in his defence.

These Provinces are four in number viz.

• 1. Transilvania, ch. T. Hermanstad, Clausenburg, and Weyssenburg.
• 2. Walachia, ch. T. Targowisko, Dom­browitza,and Braskow.
• 3. Moldavia, ch. T. Jazy, Soczow, and Targorod.
• 4. Little Tartary, ch. T. Kaffa, Crim, and Azof or Azac upon the Don.