The first booke.

WHen the Romaines first conquered Italy, It vvas 500. yeares before the Romaines could conquere Italy. This manner of inhabitants they called Colonies, vvhich vvere taken by lot, as the Greeke vvorde expresseth, vvhich is [...]. whych they did by little & little, they toke part of the land, and buylded new Cities, or sent of their owne people to inhabite the old, that by this meane, they might be sure of the countrey. The grounde that was tilled, eyther they distributed, or sold it, or let it to ferme to the inhabitants. The wast, which by reason of the warre was very much, not ha­uing euer leysure to make diuision of it, they proclaymed in this sort, to them that would manure it.

For the yearely increase of séede grounde, they required the The Romaines order for inha­biting the groūd tenth part.

For the places planted with trées and woode, they would haue a fifth part.

For Cattel eyther great or small, they appointed a tribute ac­cordingly.

Thys they did, for the maintenaunce of the Italian nation, The Romaines make account of the Italian nation. whom they accounted to be men of best seruice, that they might always, in the wars, haue the vse of that were their owne: but it came soone otherwise to passe, for y ^e rich mē, hauing got y ^e greater part of the vndeuided lande, prosumed vpon long prescription of time, that no man would molest them, and the poore mens small portions, lying nygh them, either they boughte for a little by per­suasion, or they encroched to them by very violence, and oppres­sion, so as now, in steade of Manour places, they had as it were whole countries: & bycause they would not haue their husbande­men called anye time awaye to the warres, they bought theyr [Page 6] Hynes and Herdes, to laboure the grounds, and would not sette their countrymen to any worke at all: by reason whereof, theyr gaine was incredible, as well for the yearely profit of their pos­sessions, as for the multitude of encrease of those slaues, whyche Increase of slaues. Decay of Ita­lians. were neuer called to y ^• warre. Thus the great mē grew excéeding riche, and euery place was ful of [...]crutle generation: but the Ita­lians fel into decaye and wante of men, and were also oppressed with pouerty, by occasion of their continuall pressing to the war, and dayly exactions put vpon them. And if at any time they were eased of these, they felt a further incōueniēce, for where they had no land of their owne, the rich mē being Lords of al, and they v­sing the labour of bondmen in steade of frée men, the Italians were vtterly corrupted with rest & ydlenes. The people of Rome was much offended herewith, bicause they could not haue such seruice of the Italians, as they had before, and whensoeuer they made a­ny expedition abroade, they were not without daunger, for the great multitude of bondemen at home: they could not tel how to remedy this matter, for it was not easy, nor altogither equal, to thrust them out of possession, that had had so long continuance in their landes and houses, which they had so wel planted and pro­uided. At length wyth much adoe, the Tribunes toke the matter This vvas cal­led Lex Licini [...]. in hand and ordeyned,

That no man should kéepe aboue fiue hundred Acres of lande. An Acre vvas so much ground as a payre of O [...]en could arie in a day, the measure vvhereof 240. foote in length & a 120. in breadth. The measure of a foote vvas 4. handes, and one hand vvas foure fingers, and the measure of a singer, accor­ding to Geome­try, three barely cornes. This is added [...] the Ita­lian translation.

That no man shoulde féede aboue one hundered greate cat­tel.

That no man should féede aboue fiue hundred little cattel.

And for the better obseruation hereof, they appointed a num­ber of fréemen, to marke what was done, and to make declara­tion of the same from time to time.

The law was allowed, the penaltie assigned, and the commis­sioners were sworne, supposing that by this meane, some lande would be lefte, that for a small price, might be awarded to the poore. But regarde was there none, neyther of Lawe nor of the othe, and if some did séeme for manners sake, to obey the lawe, and make a counterfeyte deuision to them neyghboures, the moste parte dyd vtterly contemne the lawe, tyll Tiberius Sem­pronius [Page 7] Gracchus a goodlye noble man, honourable and eloquente, Thys Gracchus vvas sent Pretor to Numantia, vvhere the Cō ­sul Mancinus vvas ouer­throvvne, and seking for peace the Numantines vvould graunt none, excepte Gracchus vvere sent to thē, vvhi­che being done, a peace vvas made, the vvhi­che the Senate did not approue, though xx. M. Citizens vvere saued thereby, beside the sla­ues and rascals, in so much as the consul vvas sent thither a­gaine naked & bounde, but Gracchus, the people praysed that had saued so many Citizēs vpon vvhich occasion he be­came an enemye to the Senate, and a friend to the people. whereby he was more notable than al the other Tribunes, made a solemne oration, in the prayse of the Italian people, lamentyng that so warlike a nation, and of the Romaines alliaunce, shoulde shortly be dispeopled and brought to penurie without all hope of remedy. He inu [...]yed againste the ra [...]e of Slaues, as vnfitte for the warre, and vntrustye to their Lordes: he called to remem­braunce, a fresh affliction in Cicelie, by slauish seruauntes against their maisters, the which had their increase also, by being vsed in countrie businesse, whom the Romaines could not subdue, with­out long and sharpe warre, full of variable and daungerous successe: and hauing spoken to this effecte, hee renewed the law.

That no manne shoulde haue more than fiue hundered A­cres.

That their children should haue halfe so muche: which he ad­ded to the old lawe.

That thrée men chosen and changeable euerye yeare, shoulde make diuision to the poore.

The riche men toke this matter verye grieuouslye. For nowe they coulde not illude the Lawe, as they dyd before, bycause of them that were appointed for the deuision, nor purchase theyr Landes, that hadde theyr partes assigned, for Gracchus hadde prouided for that, forbydding all manner of sale. They assembled togyther in seuerall companies, fyndyng faulte wyth the Lawe. They were in a marueylous disdaine and griefe, that the poore shoulde possesse theyr aunti­ent inheritaunce, their plantings & buildings, and that they shold forgot the purchase of the lands that they had payd for to some of their neyghbours. Others repyned at the losse of their fore­fathers A Syrian slaue in Sicelie after a mad sorte raging vvith a desire to make rebellion, pretended a religion of do­ing honor to the goddesse of Syria, and called bondemen to libertie and ar­mes, and that he might seeme to do that by the vvil of God, he held a nutte in his mouth stuffed vvyth Sulphure, and fire, the vvhich vvhen he spake, did cast forth flames. The olde Romaines did bury in their possessiōs and it vvas long after Christ, ere mē vvere buried in sacred places. Sepultures, conteyned within their groundes, and the p [...]rtitions of theyr portions, lefte of theyr parentes.

Some obiected theyr wyues marriage money, and [Page 8] consumed vppon the same, or the lande of inheritaunce to theyr children: and some declared what debt they were fallen into, by reason of interest, so as there was great disorder, quarelling, and indignation among them.

The poore men on the contrary side, complaine that they were The poore offended. brought from good wealth, to extreme want, and thereby to decay of continuaunce, not being able to bring vp their children. They shewed how many tymes they had bin a warfare to winne thys land, and myght not beare to be be [...]est their publike portiō. They rayled on the riche, that in the steade of frée men, Citizens, and souldiers, they had chosen bonde seruauntes, a generation euer vnfaithfull and stubborne, therfore not fitte for the warre. Thus the one reuiling and vpbrayding the other, the multitude, that ei­ther were of the Romaine foundation, or of their owne gouerne­ment, and al other, that any wayes were partakers of the lande, fearing the losse therof, resorted togither, and were deuided wyth the one or the other, and so being enbolded by number, they wax­ed fierce, stirring rebellion, and abiding til the law should be dis­cussed: the one by no mean to suffer it to preuaile: the other, that it might take place to the vttermost. Both sides were ambitiouslye bent for the sequele of it, and against the appointed day prepared The Latin translation of P. Candidus and the Italian diffe­reth from the Greeke. themselues. Gracchus minde stoode vppon a resolution, not to fur­ther aboundance of riches, but the encrease of men, in procuryng of the which commoditie, he muche magnifyed himselfe, as in a trauell that to Italie could not be of more honor nor importance, the difficultye wherof he did not conceiue. When the day of ma­king Lawes was come, he made a long plausible Preface, and as­ked of them, If it wer right y ^t publike things shold be deuided in Gracchus talke. common: ‘and if a citizen were to be preferred before a seruant: and if a souldier were more profitable, than he that was vnapt for the war, and a partaker of publike profit more wel willing?’ ‘Not tarying lōg in this comparison, as néedlesse, he streight tur­ned his tale to vtter the hopes and feares of his countrey, that where they had by the warre wonne so muche lande of their ene­mies, and had good hope to get the rest of the earth, they woulde nowe put aim hazarde, whether to conquer al that remayned, by [Page 9] increase of fytte mē, or to lose this through want of their owne, and enuie of their enimies. He set forth the glory and wealth of the one, and the daunger and doubt of the other. He exhorted the rich to regard, if it were not more for their profite to gratifie the people with land to bring vp their childrē, in hope of the wealth to come, than to striue for trifling matters, and to neglect the greater things, they hauing sufficient recompence of their char­ges bestowed, by possession of fiue hundred acres of choyce, frée and certen land, and to euery of their children (if they had anye) halfe so much. After this sort Gracchus speaking much, kindling the pore, and other to, that stoode vpon reason, rather than desire of possession, he commaunded the Clearke to pronounce the law.’ But Marcus Octauius the other Tribune, whome the possessioners M. Octauius re [...]i­steth the lavve. had made to resist, and with the Romaines being euer more able to forbidde, commaunded the Clearke to silence. Then Gracchus greatly blaming him, deferred the Court till the next day, when, hauing prepared a sufficient force to compell Octauius, commaun­ded the Clearke with threates to propound the lawe to the peo­ple: but Octauius forbadde him againe, and put him to silēce. Then the Tribunes fell to chafing one with an other, so as the lawe could take no place for the tumult, wherefore the great men re­quired to committe their difference to the Senate. Gracchus toke Gracchus to the Senate. holde of that offer, thinking euery reasonable man to be wylling with the lawe, & ranne into y ^• Senate house, where being repro­ued of the rich, as among the few chiefe men in The vvord si­gnifyeth the great men, or [...] streight. a straight, hée ranne agayne into the commō place, and sayd he woulde deferre the tryall, till this next dayes assemblie, both for the law, and for the authoritie of Octauius, and whether by order, a Tribune resi­sting the law, mighte reteyne his office: and so he did, at whyche time Octauius nothing abashed, made resistance againe. Where­fore Gracchus put the matter firste to the vayces, and when one company had giuen against Octauius, Gracchus turned to him, and prayed him to leaue his purpose, but he cared not for it, and so they procéeded. There was fiue and thirtie companies, whereof Fiue and thirtie companies [...] Rome. seauentéene had giuen against him with greate furie, and where y ^• eyghtenth should haue determined the matter, Gracchus againe [Page 10] in the sighte of the people, lamentably desired him, that being in that daunger, he woulde not hynder so profitable and honorable an acte to all Italy: nor to withstande so greate desire of the peo­ple Gracchus excu­seth himselfe of the depriuation of his fellovv. whyche he ought to further, béeyng a Tribune: nor to suffer the disgrace of losing hys office. Thus hée spake, and called God to witnesse, that agaynste hys wyll hys fellowe was deposed. But when no persuasion woulde serue, hée made the decrée: Octauius béeyng depriued, he secretely conueyed hymselfe away, Octauius depri­ [...]ed. Q. Mummius chosen. Lavv of landes. Officers for the lavv. Appius Claudius▪ Quintus Mummius was chosen Tribune in his place. The lawe of landes was pronounced, and the firste officers appoynted to sée it executed, was Gracchus hymselfe the lawmaker, and a bro­ther of hys name, and Appius Claudius hys father in lawe. So muche dyd the people feare, that all the laboure of the lawe shoulde bée lost, vnlesse Gracchus and all hys familie hadde the execution of it. Gracchus was maruellously magnifyed for thys lawe, and accompanyed of the people to his house as a preser­uer, not of one Citie or Countrey, but of all the nations of I­taly. Thys béeyng done, they that had the day, returned to the landes in the Countrey from whence they came for that pur­pose, but they that lost the day, remayned discontented, and tal­ked that Gracchus shoulde not escape blame when he shoulde bée out of office, that durst violate a Magistrate of so greate autho­ritie, and gyue occasion of so manifest sedition in Italy. Nowe was it Sommer, and the tyme of choosing Tribunes at hande. It séemed that the ryche woulde so laboure, as the office should bée gyuen to some of Gracchus greatest enimies. The tryall bée­yng at hande, and hée afrayde that hée shoulde not bée elected Tribune for the yeare to come, called people out of the Coun­trey, to gyue voyce in the election, but they béeyng occupyed in Sommer businesse, and the daye drawyng nygh, hée was Gracchus la­bours the people. compelled to make the people of the Citie hys refuge, and wente aboute to euery one aparte, to desire them to make hym Tribune agayne, béeyng in daunger for theyr sakes. When the daye was come, the two firste companyes chose Gracchus, but the ryche men cryed, that it was not lawfull for one to bée Tribune twyce togyther. Rubrio a Tribune, to whose turne it [Page 11] came to bée chiefe of the election, doubted of the matter. Mum­mius Doubt in thē election. successor to Octauius, prayed hys fellowe to committe the order of the election to hym, whyche hée dyd, but the other Tri­bunes affyrmed, that thys must be tryed by lotte, for where Rubrio hadde hys turne, the appoyntmente dyd apperteyne to them all.

The contention béeyng greate, and Gracchus hauyng the worse, he deferred the discussing tyll the nexte daye, and béeyng vtterlye discouraged, although yet in office, he remay­ned the rest of the whole daye in the common place, beséechyng euerye man to bée hys helpe, as though he shoulde streyghte haue bin destroyed of hys enimies. The poore men were mo­ued wyth compassion, and consideryng that they were not vsed indifferently as Citizens, but rather as slaues to the lust of the ryche, and fearyng for Gracchus state, who suffered for theyr sake with lamentation, they all broughte hym to hys house at nyghte, and bade hym bée of good chéere agaynste the nexte daye. Gracchus béeyng thus encouraged, assembled hys parte in the nyghte, and gaue them a watchworde to fyghte it out if néede required. Then hée went to the Temple of the Capitoll, where the election shoulde bée, and when the assemblie was come togyther, and hée in the myddest of them, some of the Tribunes and the ryche men woulde not suffer the election to procéede for hym: wherefore hée gaue hys watche worde, they that were priuie to it made a greate shoute, and beganne the fray, some stoode aboute Gracchus Tumult b [...] Gracchus. to guarde hys person, some tore the seates, some wrang the roddes and maces out of the Sergeantes handes, some rente asunder euerye thyng, and bet the ryche menne out of the place, wyth suche a tumulte and terroure, as all the Tri­bunes ranne awaye, and the Priestes shutte the Temple dores. The flying and running was confused, and the spéeche not well vnderstanded. Some thoughte that Gracchus hadde de­posed an other Tribune, for spying none of them there, it was lyke to bée so. Some thoughte hée hadde made hym selfe Tribune agayne wythoute anye Election. [Page 12] In the meane time the Senate assembled in the Temple of Faith. Surely I maruell, that where the office of one ruler had Temple of Fayth. many times before preserued the state in like troubles, that now they dyd not choose a Dictator. In former times it was founde Dictator. most necessarie, but nowe neyther in memorie, nor after cared for. When the Senate, as wel as they could had resolued what was to be done, they went vp to the Capitoll, and Cornelius Scipio Nasica, by the name of chiefe Bishop led the way, and spake with Chiefe Bishop. P. Scipio Nafica. a loude voice that they should follow him that would haue their Countrey safe. Then he pulled the skirte of his gowne ouer hys head, eyther to giue a token by his garmēt, that the more might followe hint, or for a signe to them that sawe it, that he woulde fight, or for that he would as it were hide from the Gods what Superstition. he meant to do. Being come to the Temple, and thrusting in a­mong Gracchus route, they gaue place vnto him, as to a most worthy man, whome they sawe all the Senate follow: then dyd his company wring the weapons out of the others handes, and The fray. gathered the péeces of the broken seates, with any other things that they could get in the place, and bet Gracchus part so violent­ly, as they droue them to the brinke of the hill, in the whyche tu­multe Gracchus was slayne, and many with him at the Temple Gracchus slayne, vvho vvas a gentle curte­ous man, sober and eloquent, vvith modestie. dores, before the Images of the Kings. Thus Gracchus, béeyng some of that Gracchus that had bin twice Consull, whose mother was Cornelia daughter to Scipio that conquered Affrica, meaning well to his Countrey, but going aboute it vndiscretely, was slayne in the Capitoll, being yet Tribune. First Sedition. [...] vvas a base sonne to Lumenes, by a vvench of Ephe­sus, that vvas a Minstre [...]s daughter, A [...]s sonne to Lu [...]enes, made his Testament after this so [...]e, Populus Romanus honorum m [...]orum haeres esto. The Romaines stayed the prouince of Pergamo. Aristonicus as heyre to his father inuaded it, and killed Licinius Gracchus that vvas sent against him. Then M. Perpenna ouerthrevv him at Str [...]onic [...], and vvas killed in prison by the Senates commaundement.

As this was the firste mischiefe that was done in the place of election, so did it not ceasse till many more were done from tyme to time. The Citie was deuided into wo and ioy for Gracchus death; some lamented for themselues as well as for him, that the present state was no more a common wealth, but rather a Cō ­quest and crueltie. Other reioyced at that was done, whereby they had obteyned their purpose. This was done, whē. Aristoni­cus contended with the Romaines for the Lordship of Asia. Gracchus [Page 13] being thus slayne, and Appius Claudius dead, straight way Fului­us Flaccus, Paperius Carbo, and Gracchus the yonger, tooke vppon [...]. Flaccus P. Carbo. them the defence of the law, and where the possessioners denyed their lands to be surueyed, they made Proclamation, that the o­uerseers Proclamation. should acuse them, of the whiche grewe a multitude of difficult matter, for all the lande adioyning togither, whither it was solde or deuided to their companions in warre, came to bée examined how it was sold, and how it was diuided. Euery man had not his conueyance, nor the portions appoynted them, and they that had, were found doubtfull. And where lande should bée diuided agayne according to the order, some of the owners must be put from their groundes and manors, to barren séede, and from frutefull and well planted places, to Fennes and marrish groundes. And where at the béginning of the lands conquered, there was no great certentie kept, & now that by decrée all land diuisible must be laboured, many had entred vpō their neighbors boundes, whereby the forme of the places were confounded, and time hadde so altered the rest, as it was hard to find the wrong that the rich had done, although it were great: so was there no­thing but confusion, euery one changing & chopping into others right. The Italians were very much gréeued at this sharpe dea­ling The Italians sueth to Scipio. of the commissioners, and made sute to Cornelius Scipio that ouercame Carthage, to be their defence againste those iniuries, who for that he had had there good seruice in the warres, was Scipio. much gréeued they shoulde be misused, wherefore he came into the Senate house, where he did not directlye speake agaynste Gracchus lawe, but shewed the difficultie of the matter, and wi­shed it should not be determined of them that had the dealing of it, bycause of suspition, but of some other that might be thought indifferent, the which he quickly obteined as a thing reasonable. Tuditanus the Consull was appointed to be the iudge, but he en­tring Tuditanus. into the cause, and finding it so intricate, toke in hande a voyage againste the Illirians, séeking that occasion to be ridde of The Illirians novv Sla [...]onian [...] ▪ this. They that were first appointed for the diuision, bycause no man required iustice of them, did nothing in the same. Héere of an hatred and grudge of the people did growe againste Scipio, [Page 14] that he woulde haue more care of the nations of Italie, than of the people of Rome, whyche for hys sake had dyuers tymes got­ten the displeasure of the greate men, and twice made him Con­sull The people of Rome against Scipio. before he might so be by the lawe. This beyng knowen, his enimies spake manifestly agaynst hym, affyrming that he went aboute vtterlye to breake Gracchus lawe by force and violence, whyche when the people hearde, they were afrayde, tyll Scipio in an euening, takyng a payre of Tables to note what hée woulde say the next day, was founde dead without any wound, eyther by the practise of Cornelia mother to Gracchus, that hys lawe shoulde not be fordone, and by the helpe of Sempronia hyr Sempronia and Cornelia suspe­cted of Scipios death. This vvas Scipio Iunior Africanus, nephevv to Sci­pio Affricanus that ouerthrevv Anniball. Seruauntes con­fession. daughter, who was married vnto Scipio, whome she loued not, nor he hir, for that she was foule and barren, or rather (as some thynke) that hée kylled hymselfe, bycause he could not fulfill hys promise. Some saye, that hys seruauntes béeyng racked, con­fessed, that certayne straunge men vnknowen to them, were lette in at the backe dore, and that they did choke their maister, and bycause they sawe the people angry with him, and to bée glad of his deathe, they durst not bewray it. Thus dyed Scipio, and was not thoughte worthy a publike funerall, although he had done so great seruice to his Countrey. So muche could pre­sente Ingratitude. displeasure preuayle ouer benefytes passed. This happe gaue courage to Gracchus faction, although the diuision of landes was diuerslie deferred by the possessioners, wherof some thought good that all companions in warre shoulde be called to the frée­dome of the Citie, to make the benefyte the more common, and Freedome of the Citie. so leaue the contention for land. The Italians accepted this very gladly, and preferred the fréedome of the Citie, before the lande in the Countrey. Fuluius Flaccus being Consull, and a diuider of Fuluius Flaccus. land, was a great doer in this matter, but the Senate did not al­lowe, that they that were their inferiours, shoulde now become their fellowes: so this deuice tooke no place, and the people that was in hope of the diuision, was vtterly discouraged, till Caius Caius Gracchus the seconde Tribune. Gracchus, brother to him that made the lawe of landes, was thoughte the most méete man to be a Tribune, who since hys brothers deathe had liued in rest: and though many of the Se­nate [Page 15] enuyed hym, yet he stoode for the office, and obteyned it with great glory. He deuised to deceyue the Senate, by makyng Distribution. a lawe that the people should haue a distribution of a monethes Corne of the common store, whiche thing was neuer séene be­fore, whereby streight he wanne the peoples heartes, and Fului­us beyng his friende, he was declared Tribune for the yeare to come: for now there was a lawe made, that if a Tribune hadde A lavv for the Tribunes be­nefite. néede of furtherance to performe his promise, the people afore all other should make choyce of hym, and so Caius Gracchus was chosen Tribune the second time. Hauing thus allured the people by his largesse, he wanne also the Gentlemen by an other de­uice. They being in dignitie next the Senatours, in the middest Gentlemen, Equites, The next de­gree to the Senators after the order of the Ath [...]nians, vvhen they vvere able to find an horse▪ Iudgements of corruption. Cornelius Cotta. Salinator made the toll of salt. Manius Acilius ouercame An­tiochus. Corruption. Translation of Iudgements. betwéene them and the people, he turned the iudgementes diffa­med by corruption from the Senatoures to the Gentlemen, ob­iecting against them things lately committed, that Cornelius Cot­ta, Salinator, and Manius Acilius, who subdued Asia, being opēly condemned of bribery, were releassed by the Judges, when the Embassadours were present, goyng about, and crying out vpon them with great slaunder, wherof the Senate béeyng ashamed, gaue place to the lawe, the people proclaymed it. Thus were these iudgements translated from the Senatoures to the Gētle­men. When this law was made, Gracchus (as they report) sayd, he would dispatch the Senate quickly, which saying was found true by that followed thereof, for where the Gentlemen had the iudgements of corruption, banishment and diffamation, whyche they vsed extreamely ouer the Romaines and the Italians, yea the Senatours themselues, all the Gentlemē were like Princes ex­tolled, and the Senatoures like slaues deiected, beside forth the Gentlemen ioyning with the Tribunes in elections, to gratifye them againe in euery thing they would. The Senatours were Crueltie of the Gentlemen. fallen into so great a feare, as though the state should streyghte haue bin changed, they only hauing the name, and the Gentlemē the authoritie, who in processe of time, did not only ouerrule the Senatours, but did them open spight against all lawe. They dealte with matters of corruption, and felte so of continu­all gayne, as they vsed theyr authoritie more rigorouslye [Page 16] and moderately. They brought in priuie accusours against the rich, and by their faction and force ouerthrew the lawes of cor­ruption, so as the custome of triall of iudgementes was vtterly ouerthrowne, and a new disturbance concerning lawes of Jud­ges stirred vp, as like so long to continne as the former. Nowe was Graccus making of long high wayes in Itah, séeking there­by Gracchus maketh [...]vv vvayes. to help the multitudes of the labouring men, to haue them ready in any enterprise at his commaundement. He also placed diuers newe in habitances, and furthermore stirred the Latine nation to require the fréedome of the Romaines, as a thing to pro­cure hate to the Senate, if they should denie it to that natiō that was so nigh allied vnto them. He also gaue authoritie to other confederates of Rome, to giue voyces in elections, whiche might Gracchus giueth voyce in ele­ctions. not so do by auntient manner, that he might haue the more helpe to procure lawes at his pleasure, for the which the Senate was much troubled, and commaunded the Consuls to make procla­mation, that no man, vnlesse he had a right in elections, should re­sort into the Citie, or approch within fiue miles of the same, du­ring the time of assemble for the lawes. They perswaded Liuius Drusus the other Tribune, to resist Gracchus lawes, not makyng Liuius Drusus. the people acquainted with it, and it was graunted, that who so The Senates deuice to ouer­throvv the lavves. would resist, should not néede to shew cause thereof. And to win the commons heartes, they decréed twelue new inhabitancies to be made, wherewith the people was so wonne, as they cared not for the lawes. Gracchus being thus deceyued of the peoples fauour, sayled into Afrike with Fuluius Flaccus, who was Tri­bune Gracchus sayleth into Afrike. with Gracchus after he had bin Consull, where an inhabi­tance was appoynted, bycause of the plentie of the soyle, whych Colonie. was done of purpose, that by the absence of the people, the Se­nate might haue some rest from these sturres. Thys inhabi­tance was appoynted where Carthage was, little regarding that An inhabitance vvhere Car­thage vvas. Scipio the winner of it, did vowe it for euer to be a place of pa­stime. Sixe thousand was assigned, which by law ought to haue bin lesse, that they might the rather please the people. They re­turned to Rome, and gathered the sixe thousand out of al Italie, but when it was written out of Africa, that the Wolues had de­stroyed [Page 17] the plat of the citie, which Gracchus and Fuluius had layd, the Southsayers affirmed, that the inhabitantes should be vn­lucky, wherefore the Senate called a counsell, that the lawe of Inhabitance reuoked. inhabitance might be reuoked. Gracchus and Fuluius being decey­ued of this hope also, like mad men, sayd the Senate did lye, tou­ching the token of the Wolues. The vuruly sorte of the cōmons fauouring them, came with their weapōs to the Capitoll, where the assemblie shoulde be for this inhabitance. Whē the people was assembled, and Fuluius beganne to speake, Gracchus came vp to the Capitoll, garded with them that were priuie of his pur­pose, but being resisted of them that vnderstoode he woulde make new businesse, he lefte the way to the Capitell, and tooke a lowe Gallerie, there wayting to deceyue his aduersaries. One Atti­lius, Attilius. a man of the commō sort, séeyng him in these turmoyles, and making sacrifice in that gallerie, came and tooke hym by the hand, eyther to persuade him, or suspecting him, or otherwise to talke with him, prayed him he woulde spare his Countrey: hée was y ^• more troubled, as fearing to be apprehended, & looked an­gerly vpō him, whereat one of his people, without any comman­dement or token giuen, but only by cōiecture of Gracchus grimme looke, thought it now to be time to please his Captayne, if he be­gan the fray, drew his sword, & ranne Attilius through. A greate Attilius killed. shoute being made, and the head body séene among them, euery man fledde out of the Temple with feare of lyke displeasure▪ Gracchus wente to the common place, minding to say somewhat to the people touching this facte, but no man woulde harken to Gracchus acte detested. him, euery mā detesting it as a wicked fact. Gracchus and Flacchus were out of hope hauing lost this occasion, which they thoughte to haue preuented, and ranne home to their houses, accompany­ed with their companions. The rest of the people, as in time of daunger, about midnight tooke the common place, and by breake of day, Opimius the Consull had appoynted men in armoure to L. Opimius. kéepe the Capitoll and called the Senate togither by publike of­ficers, himselfe in the meane time abiding in the Temple of Iu­piters children, to prouide for the necessitie. This being thus or­deyned, the Senate sent for Gracchus and Fuluius to aunswere for [Page 18] themselues in the Counsell house, but they in armoure wente to the hill called Auentine, hoping by the strength of the place to Auentine vvas one of the sea­uen h [...]ls of Rome. bring the Senate to some composition, and offered libertie to bondmen that would repayre vnto them: but no man made anye accompt of them, wherefore they tooke the Temple of Diana, and fortifyed it. Then they sent Quintus, sonne to Flaccus vnto the Se­nate, Second seditiō. requesting a pause with a truce of concord. The Senate willed them to leaue their armoure, and come to say what they could for themselues, or else to sende no more: neuerthelesse hée came agayne, and Opimius the Consull not taking him for a mes­senger bycause of their disobedience, caused him to be deteyned, and sent souldiours against Gracchus, and he sledde ouer the wood­den bridge, vnto the other side of the floude into a groue, wyth The vvoodden bridge vvas at that part of Tiber that goeth to the hill Ianiculo. one man, to whome when he saw he shoulde be taken, he offered his throte to be cutte. Flaccus fledde into a shoppe of one of hys acquaintance. They that followed him, threatned to burne the whole stréete, vnlesse they deliuered him. His friend being asha­med to betray him in his calamitie, bade an other do it, and so was Flaccus taken and killed, and both their heads were brought Gracchus and Fuluius slayne. This Gracchus vvas very elo­quent, but so ve­hement, as he vvould moue vp and dovvne, and cast his Govvne off hys shoulders. Purgation of the Citie. Temple of Con­corde. Lavv to sell lande. Diuision by money. Sp. Borius. to the Consull Opimius, who gaue the waight of gold for reward, and the people spoyled their houses. The Consull tooke their cō ­panions, & committed them, till they were executed. To Quintus he granted to choose what maner of death he would: then he pur­ged the Citie of bloudshed, & by the Senates sentence, erected the Tēple of concord in y ^• cōmon place. This was y ^• ende of Gracchus y ^• second his seditiō. Not long after a lawe was made that anye man might sel the land y ^t was in controuersie, the which the for­mer Gracchus had forhidden, whereby the riche men agayne dyd buy the poore mens parts, or thrust them out by violence, til Spu­rius Borius the Tribune did deuise a law, y ^t land shuld be no more deuided, but remaine with the owners, & a tribute to be raysed of it for the people, the money whereof should be distributed, wher­by the poore had some reliefe, but to the increase of mē it was no help at al. Thus was Gracchus law abrogated by a sleight, which might haue bin very good and profitable, if it had bin vsed accor­dingly. Not lōg after, by an other Tribune, the distribution also [Page 19] was takē away, so as the people was vtterly destitute of al help, whereof followed wante of Citizens and souldyers, reuenewe of lande, of stipende, and of lawes, the space of fiftéene yeares af­ter Gracchus lawe, with a more quietnesse. In this meane tyme A Theatre vvas a place of Playes to bee seene of the people, and it vvas round sa­uing in one place. An Am­p [...]theatre vvas round euerye vvhere. Some­time the Thea­tres serued for the people to learne Oratiōs. Q. Metellus Censor. This Nonius, of other is called Memmius and Mumius. Nonius killed. In this matter this Author sees meth to varie from other. Scipio the Consull threw downe a Theatre that Lucius Cassius had begun and almost ended, eyther as an occasion of new sedition, or for that he woulde not haue the Romaine people acquainted with the Greekes pastimes. Q. Metellus a maister of maners, min­ded to haue remoued Glaucias that had bin Consul, and Apuleius hauing bin Tribune, from their dignitie, for their euill life, but he coulde not do it, bycause his fellowe was againste it. A little while after to be reuenged of Metellus, Apuleius laboured to bée Tribune againe, bycause Glaucias was Pretor, & should be chiefe in the election: but Nonius a noble mā, vsing frée spéech agaynste him, & reprouing Glaucias, was chosen Tribune. They fearyng that he being in authoritie, would punish them, sent a band of bu­sie fellowes as he went from the election, and killed him, entring into a shoppe to saue himselfe. This murther being committed, they of Glaucias faction, before the people could assemble agayne, [...]hose Apuleius Tribune earely in the morning, & by this meane was the deathe of Nonius not followed, men being afraide of the Tribune. Metellus was banished by y ^• help of C. Marius now sixe Metellus. C. Marius vvas an enimie to the nobilitie, and a laborers sonne, voyde of lear­ning, and rude in manners, yet so good a Souldi­our, as vvhen Scipio vnder vvhome he ser­ued in Spayne, vvas asked vvhome hee thought meete to be generall after him, hee clapped Marius on the shoulder and sayd, perad­uenture this [...] ▪ times Consull, who bearing secrete hate againste him, conspired with his enimies. Apuleius did make a lawe to deuide certayne landes of the Frenche, wonne by the Cymbrianes, whome Marius hadde driuen away, as nowe no longer of the Frenche, but be­longyng to the Romaines, and therefore might be deuided. It was promised that if the people woulde allow the lawe, the Senate should confirme it the fifth day by an oth, and he that refused to sweare to it, should be remoued frō the Senate, and be cōdemned to the people in twenty Talents. This was a deuice to be reuen­ged of Metellus, who for his grauitie woulde not sweare vnto it. The law being in this forwardnesse. Apuleius appointed y ^t day, and in the meane time sent into y ^e Countrey for such as had ser­ued Marius in y ^• warres, to haue their help, but bycause y ^• Italian's shoulde be more aduaunced by this lawe than the Romaines, [Page 20] the people was not content with it. So discord arose in the time of the meeting. Apuleius did put backe from the higher place all Obiection a­gainst the lavv. that were against the law. The people of the Citie cryed that it th [...]ndered, which when it hapned, it was not lawfull for the Ro­maines Thunder stop­peth any pro­ceeding in e­lections and assemblies. The Citizens against the Countreymen. The lavve vvonne by force. Marius dissem­bleth. to conclude any thing in their consultations. Neuerthe­lesse Apuleius bande vsed violence still, wherefore the Citizens girded their gownes, and tooke such weapons of woode as they coulde get, and resisted the Countreymen. They agayne being encouraged by Apuleius, stucke to it, and with their staues and battes beate the Citizens so, as the lawe was wonne. Marius the Consull forthwith propoūded the oth, and bycause he knew Me­tellus a constant and sound man in his purposes, he firste shewed his owne opinion, affirming he would not sweare, and all to de­ceyue Metellus who sayd the same, wherefore both of them beyng commended of others, Marius brake vp the house. The fifth daye after, which was the time appoynted for the oth, the Consull as­sembled the Senate on a suddaine about tenne of the clocke, and sayde, he was afrayd of the people that fauored the lawe so fer­uently, A deuice of Ma­rius to illude the lavve. The vvords be▪ [...] and [...] commentum & subtil [...]. yet he had deuised a shift and a subtiltie for it, and that was this, that a man might sweare to the words of the lawe so farre forthe as it was lawfull, and so for the time the Countrey people mighte be sente home, and after it might be well proued that it was no law, which by violence and by the thundering of Iupiter was made contrary to the order of the Countrey. Whē he had sayd thus, euery man was silent for feare of entrapping, and the suddaynesse of the time: wherefore he arose and went to the Temple of Saturne, where the common treasourers shoulde sweare. Himselfe sware first, & so did his friēds: other Senators did the like for feare. Only Metellus would not sweare, continu­ing Metellus refu­seth the oth. in his former sentence without dread. Apuleius the nexte day sent a Sergeant to pull him out of the Courte, but the Tri­bunes defended him. Then Apuleius and Claudius ranne to the Countrey multitude, affirming that they neither could haue lād, nor law take place, vnlesse Metellus were banished: wherefore a decrée of his banishmente was made, and a Proclamation from the Consull, that no man should succoure Metellus, neyther wyth [Page 21] fyre nor water: and one only day was giuen him for deliberati­on of the matter. The people of the Citie were offended, and The moderatiō of Metellus. wente aboute Metellus with their weapons: he thanked them for their good will, but said, his Countrey should not be brought into trouble for him. So Apuleius pronounced the decrée of his ex­ile, Metellus bani­shed. and Marius confirmed it. Thus was the most worthy man of the Citie banished, after the which Apuleius was Tribune the third time, and for his fellow, one Gracchus a runnagate was ap­poynted, Gracchus the runnagate, vvho vvas aduanced by Marius. reporting that he was sonne to olde Gracchus, the people fauouring him for the names sake. The election of the Consuls being at hand, Marcus Antonius was chosen for the one, without any sticking: for the other, Glaucias and Memmius contended. Memmius was of more estimation in the Citie. Glaucias and Apuleius feared themselues, and sente certayne men with wa­sters into the assemblie, whiche layde vpon Memmius, and kylled Memmius killed. him. Thus was the solemne assemblie disturbed, no regarde be­ing had now of law or iustice, nor reuerēce of God or man. The people was gréeued at it, and the nexte day gathered togither to dispatche Apuleius, but he got the company of his new multi­tude of Countreymē, with Glaucias and C. Sapheius a treasourer, and tooke the Capitoll. The Senate commaunded they shoulde be taken and dispatched, but Marius vnwilling to it, did for a shew arme men very slowly. Some there were that did cutte a­way the water that wente into the Temple, wherefore Sapheius that could not abide the lacke of water, persuaded thē to set the Temple a fyre, but Glaucias and Apuleius yéelded themselues first, and after so did Sapheius. And where euery man called vpon their execution, Marius shutte them in the Senate house, as to deale with them more according to lawe. But the people percei­uing this to be a delay, pulled the staues of y ^• roofe of the Tēple, and neuer left throwing vpon them, till they had killed all thrée, Sapheius, Glauclas and Apuleius killed. whereof one was a Questor, an other a Tribune, and the third a Pretor, and all at that time clad with the robes of their office. With them also was slayne a greate number of the people, en­tangled with their sedition, and in it the other Tribune, that was thought to be sonne to Gracchus, the first day of the entring [Page 22] into his Tribuneship, for now neyther libertie nor dignitie, ney­ther law nor office was able to reéeue any mā, whē as the Tri­bunes office, created for the repressing of wrongs, and defence of the people, as a sanctuary and holy thing, was waxen a worker of iniuries, and had iniurie done against it selfe. After Apuleius and the rest were killed, the Senate and the people decréede to call home Metellus, but P. Furius Tribune, not borne of a frée man Furius. to his father, but made frée of a bond man, boldly did resist them, and reiected his sonne Metellus, beséeching him with teares vpon his knées in the sight of all the people, which yong man for that pitifull acte, was euer after called Metellus the dutifull. Caius Ca­nuleius Metellus the dutifull. Tribune the next yeare, did accuse Furius and the people that would not tarrie to haue him tried by iudgement, did teare Furius torne in peeces. him in péeces. Thus euer one mischiefe or other was committed in the common place. Metellus was called home, and (as they say) a daye did not suffice for them that came to welcome hym Metellus reuo­ked. home at the gates of the Citie. Thus the thirde sedition, after the two former, made of the two Gracc [...], begunne by Apules­us, The thirde sedition. and working muche trouble to the Romaynes, was ended. In the meane tyme kyndled a stirre called the fellowes warre, whiche as it was sodayne, so it shortlye grewe verye great, and caused dissention to ceasse at home, for feare of trouble abrode, and when it was ended, it raysed newe turmoyles and workers of discorde, not for makyng of Cities, or creating of officers a­mong the people, but wyth myghtye armyes séekyng one ano­thers destruction, the whyche I thought good to ioyne with thys Hystorie, bycause it procéeded of ciuill dissention, and increased to a farre greater tumulte, the begynnyng whereof was thys. Fuluiu [...] Flaccus béeyng Consull, was the fyrste that openly en­couraged Fellovves vva [...], and the cause of it. the Italians to aske the fréedome of Rome, that of sub­iectes they myghte bée coequall in authoritie. And bycause hée was so earnest in the cause, the Senatoures sente hym to a forrayne warre, where hée laboured to bée Tribune. When Flaccus se [...] into [...]beria. hys office shoulde ende, and broughte to passe that hée was cho­sen Tribune wyth Gracchus the yonger, both the whyche going aboute to make lawes in the fauoure of the Italians, were slayne [Page 23] (as yée haue hearde,) whereby the Italians were the more sharp­lyesette, takyng it gréeuouslye, that they were rather vsed lyke vnderlyngs than fellowes, and that Fuluius and Gracchus for theyr sakes were so destroyed, after whome, Liuius Drusus a Liuius Drusus. noble man and Tribune, hadde promised the Italians to make a lawe in theyr fauoure, touchyng the freedome of the Citie, whereof they were verye desirous, as the onely meane, of Ser­uauntes to bée made Superioures. To gratifye the people of Rome, the Tribune ledde newe inhabitances, as well in­to Italie as Sicelie, determined before, but tyll that tyme defer­red. Hée also tooke in hande to make pacification betwéene the Senatoures and the Gentlemen whyche were fallen out for authoritie of iudiciall matters, and when hée sawe hée coulde not directlye restore the Senate to theyr former iurisdi­ction, he vsed a policie wyth them both, for where the Senate by reason of sedition, were scarcely the number of thrée hun­dred, hée deuised that so many more shoulde bée chosen of the Gentlemen, and of them all, Judges to bee chosen in tyme to Encrease of Senators. come, to heare matters of corruption, whyche was nowe no more regarded, for men were waxen so shamelesse, as it was thoughte no faulte: but thys policie hadde contrarie successe, for the Senate was gréeued that so many Gentlemen shoulde so suddaynely bée made theyr fellowes, béeyng vnlyke that they in lyke authoritie would agrée with them. The Gentlemen were afrayde that the whole order of iudgementes should be in the Senate, the which thing, now hauing tasted of great gaine, with much authoritie they began, (not without cause) to suspect: besideforth an emulation grew among themselues, which of thē shoulde be thought worthier than other, to be chosen to the thrée C. and he that was, was sure to be enuied: but nothing did more trouble them, than that the triall of corruption shoulde be called agayne to the ordinary court, the which was now out of vse, and in this, the Senate and the Gentlemen, though they agréed not Drusus said there vvas nothing novv left to be deuided, but earth or ayre [...] among themselues, yet they both conspired agaynste Drusus. The people was pleased wyth theyr newe habitations. But the Italians, for whose sakes the Tribune hadde begunne [Page 24] all these things, could not away with the placing of newe habi­tacions, It should seeme by some that he vvould haue reuoked cer­tayne inl [...]b [...] ­tancies. Tus anes. Vmbrianes be novv D [...]ato d [...] Spoleto. for if the diuision of common land should ceasse, the rich men, some by force and some by fraude woulde winne it, and streight get it from them, and be euill neyghbours to them that would with-holde them. The Tuscanes and the Vmbrians hauing the like affection, were brought of the Consull inpretence to dis­patche Drusus, but in very déde to resist the lawe, againste the which they openly cryed and expected the day of determination. When the Tribune hearde of this, he came not abroade, but gaue audience at home in a darke gallerie, and in an euening dismissing the people, it hapned so that he cryed, I am hurt, and with y ^• word he fell downe dead, & it was found y ^t he was strickē with a Shomakers knife in y ^• flanke. Thus Drusus y ^e Tribune Drusus flayne. was slayne. The Gentlemen of this determination tooke occasi­on to picke quarels against their enimies, and induced Q. Valerius Q Valerius. the Tribune to take vppon him to accuse all them that eyther priuily or apertly had furthered the Italians in the publique mat­ters, hoping thereby the great men should haue bin brought in­to slaunders and diffamation, and they be their Judges, whych being ridde away, they shoulde yet haue greater power in the common wealth. And whereas other Tribunes did refuse to propound the lawe, the Gentlemen with swords in hand, did cō ­passe the place, and caused the law to be made, which as soone as they had obteyned, they brought in accusers againste the Sena­tours, whereof one Bestius woulde not obey, but wente into vo­luntarie [...]. Bestius exiles himselfe. Cotta vvillingly exiled. banishment, as he that would not giue himselfe into the hands of his enimies. Cotta appeared in iudgement, and when hée had very boldly declared his seruice for the common wealth, and reprehended the Gentlemen, before he shoulde be cast out by de­crée, he wente away willingly. Mummius that euercame Greece, being promised of the Gentlemen to be released, was deceyued, Mummius exiled vvho ouers threvv Cornelius and thereof vvas called. A­c [...]icus, bycause it stoode in Achaia. and forced with shame to flée iudgement, and to leade his lyfe in the Ile of Delos. The people began to be gréeued at this disor­der increasing dayly against the best men, lamenting that so ma­ny and so good Citizēs should be so suddainely taken from them. The Italians hearing of Drusus death, and the cause of so many [Page 25] mens exile, thinking no longer to be suffered, that such a sort of their chiefe patrones should be thus vsed, and not hoping any o­ther way to obteyne the fréedome of the Citie, determined to leaue the Romaines, and to make warre vpon them. At the begin­ning of this confederacie, they secretely gaue hostages for assu­rance of their faith, which thing was long hidde to the Romaines, bycause of their dissention and iudiciall causes, but when it was perceyued, they sente diuers abroade to vnderstand the thyng closely, one of the whiche, marking that a yong man of the Citie of Ascolo, Thys Citie is in that part that is cal­led. Abruzzo, neere to the territorie of [...], apper­teyning to the Pope. There is ano­ther of thys name in Apulia, called Ascolidi Sairiano for a difference. Presidents. Hadriane the Emperoure. Proconsulles. Seruilius killed at Asculi. [...]onteius killed. Marsians in Cam­pania di Roma. Maliniās in Cam­pania felici. Vestinians in Abruzzo. Marusians A [...] bruzzo. Picentines Cam­panites di Lauoro. Ferentines in Cati [...]. Hirsians Abruzzo. Pompeyans in terrad: Lauoro. Venusians in A­pulia. lapigianes otrāt [...] ▪ Samnites A­bruzzo. All these natiōs be beyōd Rome. Asculi was deliuered to an other citie as pledge, he did vtter it to Seruilius the President of that prouince: for at that time, it should séeme, that the Romaines had presidents in diuers partes of Italy, whiche manner Hadriane when he was Emperoure desi­red to renue, but it cōtinued not lōg after his time. Seruilius came in great anger to Asculi at a feast, and sharply rebuked them, wherevpon they killed him, bycause they were discouered by hym. They killed also Fonteius y ^t was his legate. They had y ^e name of Legates among the Romaines, that were sent in commis­sion to the Presidents of the Countrey. After these two were slayne, there was as little courtesie shewed to the rest of the Ro­maines, for they were al killed, and their goodes set to spoyle. The conspiracie being now opened, all the neighboures about As­culi wente to armes. The Marsians, the Malinians, the Vestinians, the Marucians, and beside them the Picentines, the Ferentines, the Husians, the Pompeyans, the Venusians, the lapigianes, and the Sam­nites, whiche people before had euer bin enimies, and hurtfull to the Ramaines. All other nations from the floud The floud I [...]ri [...] Lario, novv Cla­riano in Campa­nia. Lario, which flo­weth, as I take it at Linterno vvas a Citie in Campa­nia, vvhere Sci­pio chose to ende his life, after he had found the people of Rome vnthankefull. Linterno, to y ^e Gulfe of Ionia, did send theyr Embassadors to the Romaines, complayning, that where the Se­nate had vsed their seruice and trauell, alwayes in getting theyr great Empire, they made no regard of it, nor for all their paines thought them worthy to be partaker of their Citie. To whome the Senate sharply answered, that if they repented theyr former doings, they shoulde send Embassadors, if not they shoulde sende none. They as men desperate, prepared for the warre, and made a common army of all the Cities, one of footemen, and an other [Page 26] of Horsemen, to the number of one hundred thousande. The Romaines made power as greate againste them, partly of their The army of the Italians. owne, and partlye of the Confederate Cities that yet re­mayned in league. Sextus Iulius Caesar, and Publius Rutilius Sex. Iulius Caesar. P. Rutilius Con­sulles. Lupus, then Consulles, were leaders both, as in a warre at hande, and daungerous. The rest remayned at home to de­fende the gates and the walles, and bycause mens mindes were en [...]ang [...]ed thys waye and that waye, by reason of the newe lawe, they appoynted assistantes to the Consulles, Assistantes to the Consulles. whome they called Legates, menne of the best [...]orte. To Rutilius, was ioyned Cneus Pompeyus, father to Pompey that was surnamed Greate [...], Quintus Capi [...], Ca [...]s Perpenna, and Valerius Messala. To Sextus Caesar P. Lentulus, brother of the sayde Caesar, Titus Didius, Licinius Crassus, and Cornelius Sylla. And beside these, Marcus Marcellus. These many appoynted to the Consuls, serued as Lieutenantes in seuerall places, and the Consuls wente ouer all, to whome and to the other the Romaines sente euer newe supplyes, as in a trouble of greate danger.

The Italians hadde theyr Captaynes out of euerye Citie, besyde the whyche, as in a generall cause, these were the Generalles, T. Afranius, C. Pon [...]ilius, Marius Ignatius, Genera [...]es of the Italians. Quintus Pompedius, C. Papius, M. Lampronius, C. Iudacilius, Hirius Asinius, and Vetius Cato. These deuidyng theyr ar­myes togyther, wente agaynste the Romayne Captaynes many tymes with the aduantage, and many tymes wyth the losse, the chiefe of both the whyche brieflie to declare, were these: Vetius Cato putte to flighte, Sextus Iulius kylied two thousande of hys menne, and droue him to As [...]rni [...], a Ci­tie Sextus Iulius ouerthrovvne. of the Romayne deuotion, where standyng to theyr de­fence, L. Scipio and L. Acilius in slaues apparell fledde awaye, and the enimies wyth tyme and hunger consumed them. Ma­rius Ignatius tooke Venafro by treason, and kylled two compa­nies Venafro lost. It is neere the [...] Vultu [...]. Perp [...] ouer­throvvne and discharged. of the Romaines.

P. Presenteius dyd ouerthrowe Perpenna a leader of tenne thou­sande, kylled foure thousande, and tooke the armoure from the [Page 27] moste parte of the rest. Wherefore Ratilius the Consull dischar­ged Perpenna of hys leading, and commytted the remnaunte of the Armye to C. Marius. M. Lamponius slewe eyghte hundred of them that were with Licinius Crassus, and chased the other Grument [...]. Li. Crassus lost [...] [...] vvo [...]e, [...] Citie not [...]ar [...]e from Naples. to the Citie of Grument [...]. C. Papius g [...]t [...] Nola by treacherie, and made Proclamation to two thousande Romaines that were there, to come and serue, whyche they dyd, and hée accepted them: but the Captaynes that refused to obey hys Pro­clamation, hée tooke, and famished them to deathe. He wa [...]e also Castabuli, Minturnio, and Salerno, that were habitations of Castabuli in Cam­pania, Mint [...] in Campania, vvhen Mari [...] hidde himselfe. Salerno beyonde Naples. Nuceria bes [...]e­ged, thirtie miles from Naples. Acerre a Citie in Campania, vvhi­che Anniball burned, the people beeyng escaped. Oxintha sonne to Iugurth. Venusio in Apulia. Numidians. Rome, and caused all the prisoners and Captyues to serue in hys Campe. He burned all aboute the compasse of Nuceria, whyche caused the nexte Cities to yéelde for feare. Hée re­quyryng an armye of them, they sente hym tenne thousande menne, and one thousande Horse, wyth the whyche hée be­séeged Acerre▪ Sextus Caesar wyth tenne thousande Frenche footemen, and manye Numidian Horsemenne, approched to A­cerre.

Papius broughte out of Venusio, Oxintha, sonne to Iugurthe sometyme Kyng of Numidia, where hée was kepte of the Romaines, and claddyng hym wyth Purple, shewed hym manye tymes to the Numidianes that were wyth Caesar, of the whyche manye fledde thycke vnto hym as to theyr kyng. Where­fore Caesar sente awaye the rest as suspected into theyr Coun­trey, after the whiche, Papius came vppon hym wyth con­tempte, and bette downe parte of hys trenche, Hée sente hys Horsemenne aboute, whyche kylled syxe thousande of Papi­us Papius lose [...] Souldyoures, whiche done, Caesar remoued the Campe from Acerre.

To Iudacilius in Iapigia, the Canusians, Venusians, and ma­nye other Cyties dyd yeelde, some that woulde not hée ouer­c [...]me, and as manye noble menne of the Romaynes as he founde, hée slewe, the Commons and the slaues hée vsed in hys [...].

Rutilius the Consull, and C. Marius made Brydges, not farre asunder, to passe ouer the Riuer of Liris. Vetius Cato camped [Page 28] nigh the bridge of Marius and layde an ambushe ouer agaynste the Consuls bridge. In the morning he suffered him to passe o­uer, and set vpon him with that sleyght, and many of his people he killed on the lande, many also he drowned in the flaud. The Consull in this conflict was hurt in the head, and dyed shortlye The Consull killed. Marius. after. Marius being at the other bridge, and perceyuing y ^• chance by the bodyes that were brought by the streame, passed the floud with great speede, and set vppon Catos Camp, kept off a few, and made him lodge the nighte where he had wonne the day, from whence for lacke of victuall he was compelled to depart. Futilius corpse, and many other Gentlemen, being sent to Rome to be bur­ned, Heauinesse at Rome for the death of the Consull. it was an heauie sight to sée the Consull and so many other destroyed, and cause of many daies mourning: wherefore the Se­nate decréede, that they that dyed in the warre should be buryed there, least the other by the sight should be made afraide to goe to the fielde. No successor was made to Rutilius that yeare, by­cause Sextus Caesar had no leysure to goe to the election, but hys host, the Senate appointed Caius Marius and Q. Caepio to rule. Q. Pompedius lying against Caepio, fledde as a rūnagate, and brought Pompedius de­ceyueth Caepio. two slaues as pledges, cladde in purple as his sonnes: and to haue the more credite, he broughte certayne wedges of leade, layde ouer with siluer and golde. He exhorted him to set vpon his men being without a Captayne easie to be ouerthrowen. Caepio was so light of beliefe, as he wente with him. When Pompedius was nigh the place of embushment, he ranne vp to an hill as to ospie the enimie, to whome when he had giuen his token, they appeared, and ouerthrew Caepio, and many moe with him. The Caepio flay [...]. Senate committed the rest of his army to Marius. Sextus Caesar Sextus Caesar fleeth. marching with thirtie thousand footemen, and fiue thousand hor­ses, among hilles and rocky streyghtes, Marius Ignatiue fell sud­daynely vpon him, and compassed him in the same. He fledde a­way in a litter (bycause he was sicke) to a riuer, where was but one bridge to passe, there he lost the greater part of his armye, the other threw away their armoure, with whome he hardly es­caped to Theano, them he armed agayne as well as he could, and Theano in the end of Apulia. with an other multitude that came vnto him hand ouer head, he [Page 29] approched to Acherre, which Papio had beséeged. Their Campes lay hard togither, yet for feare durst not prouoke one the other. Cornelius Sylla, and C. Marius did followe valiantly the Marsians that lay against them, vnto the hedges of the Uineyardes. The Marsians with much adoe gote through the hedges, in the whiche Marius and Sylla thought not good to pursue them, but Sylla way­ting with his Camp on the other side of the Uineyards, encoun­tred them as they would haue escaped out, and killed manye of them, so as the slaughter of that day was aboue sixe thousande, and the harnesse that the Romaines tooke, was a great deale more. By this chaunce the Marsians like madde men were the more fierce, and armed themselues againe, and went on to prouoke the Marsi a valiant people in Latio, novv Campania. Romaines, who durst not come to hand with them, nor begin the fight, for they be a nation most warlike, and through this chance this only triumph was made of them, where before (as the say­ing is) neyther was there triumph of them, nor without them. Falerio in Camepania vvhere the good vvine is praysed. Firmo a tovvne in the march of Ancona. About the mount of Ealerno, Iudacilius, Titus Afranius, and P. Vē ­tidius togither, did ouerthrowe C. Pompeyus, and droue him to the Citie of Firmo. They wente their way, and lefte Afranius to be­séege Pompey, who armed his men spéedely, but woulde not come to fighte, yet by the comming of an other army, he sente Sulpitius about to be on the backe of Afranius, and he came forthe on the face. The fight being doubtfull on both sides, Sulpitius set the eni­mies Camp on fire, which when they sawe, they fledde to Ascoli without order or obedience, where Afranius was killed continu­ing Afranius killed. in the fight. Pompeyus procéeded to the winning of Ascoli. In­dacilius was borne at Ascoli, and fearing the losse thereof, hée Iudacilius. tooke eyght compantes and went toward it, sending to the Ascu­lians before, that as soone as they saw him a farre off, they should yssue vppon the enimies, that they mighte be assayled on both sides: but they would none of it. Notwithstanding Iudacilius en­tred through the Camp with as many as he could, and reprooued his Countreymen for vnfaithfulnesse, and cowardlinesse, but ha­uing Crueltie o [...] Iudacilius. no hope to saue the Citie, firste he killed all his auntient e­nimies, then those that of late had caused the multitude to diso­bey him at this instant. That done, he prepared a fyre in the [Page 30] Temple, and sette a bedde vppon it, then he did banquet with hys friendes, and after he hadde made merrie with them, he dranke off hys poyson, and layde hym downe on the strawe, Iudacilius death. and bade them sette it on fyre. Thus Iudacilius desyrous to dye honourablie for hys Countrey, made hys ende. Sextus Cae­sar, the tyme of hys office beyng expyred, was made Uicecon­sull of the Senate. He sette vppon twentie thousande as they remoued theyr Campe, and kylled eyghte thousande of S. Caesar dyeth. them, and vnarmed many more, lying long at the séege at Ascoli, he dyed of a disease, and appoynted C. Bebius to serue in his place. These were the things done in Italy, aboute the Io­nian sea.

The Hetrurians and Vmbrianes on the other syde of Rome hearyng of this, they and other Countreys theyr neygh­boures were disposed to rebell. The Senate béeing afrayde, least the enimie being rounde aboute them, they shoulde bée vndefended, sente garrisons of frée mace menne to all the coast betweene the Citie and Cuma. This was the Cuma in Campania felici. Freemade men sent to vvarre. firste tyme that they were admytted to serue in Warre for wante of frée menne. Those Italians that remayned in good faith, they made frée of the Citie, of the whyche all were desirous. Thys benefyte they sente also to the Hetruri­anes, who receyued that fréedome verye friendelye. The Hetrurians novv Tuscanes. Senate by thys curtesie made theyr welwyllers the more wyllyng, putte them oute of doubte that were in feare, and caused the enimie (for hope of the lyke) to bée the more remisse. The Romaines dyd not receyue these newe Ci­tizens into the fuye and thirtie companyes (for so manye The Italians made Citizens of Rome. they were) least that they béeyng more than the olde, shoulde preuayle in elections, but broughte them into newe com­panyes, deuided by tennes, whereby they were last in the elections, and manye tymes theyr voyces were in vayne, bycause the olde fuye and thirtie were firste called, and more than halfe. Whether thys was not knowen at the firste, or that the Italians were contente wyth it, afterward [...] it was cause of newe contention. They aboute the Ie­nian [Page 31] Sea, not hearyng of the Hetrurianes repentaunce, sente fifteene thousande menne in ayde to Hetruria, with long and laborious iourneys. C. Pompeius nowe Con­sull, mette wyth them, and kylled fyue thousande of them, the rest returnyng home by waylesse places, sharpe sea­son of Wynter, and by eatyng of Acornes, were the halfe de­stroyed.

That same Wynter, Cato, Pompeius fellowe, made warre Cato slayne. vppon the Marsianes, and was slayne. Sylla laye in Campe at Mount Pompey. L. Ignatius wyth greate despyghte, encam­ped wythin halfe a myle of hym. Sylla coulde not abyde thys Sylla fleeth. contumelie, but sette vppon hym, not tarrying for hys for­ragiers, and was dryuen to flée, but when hys forragiers were come, he sette vppon hym agayne and putte hym to Sylla putteth to flight. flyghte. Hée then Camped farther off, hauing a supplye of Frenchmen. He agayne placed hys Campe neere to Sylla. The armyes beeyng thus nygh togither, a Frenchman of migh­tye stature came forthe alone, and challenged anye of the Ro­maynes A Combate. A Numidian. to fyghte wyth hym: a little Marusian aunswered hym, and kylled hym, wyth the whyche, the Frenehmenne were so discouraged, as they fledde theyr way, whereby the Campe béeyng troubled, no companye of Cluentuis woulde tar­rie, but wyth consusion fledde to Nola. Sylla pursued, and kylled thirtie thousande in the chase. And whereas the No­lanes receyued them but at one gate, for feare the enimie shoulde also enter, he slewe aboute the walles twentye thou­sande, among whome Cluentius mansullye fyghting, was also Cluentius slayne. slayne.

Sylla wente agaynste the Hirpinianes, and beséeged A E­quilan [...]. Hirpini in the [...]rutians. Iucanes be they that novv be of Pasibcata. They looking for the Lucanes ayde that daye, desired respite to consider: hee perceyuing theyr crafte, gaue them one houre, and in the meane tyme sette Ladders to the walles, whyche were made of woodde, and at the Aquilano taken. Citie in Brut [...]. ende of the houre sette them on fyre. They béeyng a­frayde yéelded, yet he spoyled it, bycause they yéelded not of [Page 32] good will, but of necessitie. Other that yéelded he receyued, till he had subdued all the Hirpian nation. Then he wente againste the Samnites, not that way which Mut [...]lu [...] their Captaine kepte, but [...] ouer­throvven. an other vnknowen by a compasse, and came vppon them sud­dainely, and killed many of them, and the other ranne hither and thither, and Mutilus was hurt, and with a few fledde to Asernia. Asernia in [...]. Sylla went against the Brianes, where the common counsell of the factions were kept. This Citie had thrée fortresses, and whyles Brianes novve [...] in A­bruzzo. the Brianes came wholly against Sylla, he sente aboute certayne, whome he willed to take any of the fortresses that they coulde, and to signifye it by a smoke, whiche being done, he gaue a hote assault on the front thrée houres togither, and gote the Towne. These things that Sommer were happily done of Sylla, and to­ward winter he went to Rome to stand for the Consulship. C. Pom­peius Salapia a Citie of Apulia, vvhere [...] vvas caught in loue. Canue novve Berletta. Canutui a citie in Apulia, vvhere is the best vvoll in Italy, novv Ca [...]ossa. The floud Anfido. Trebatius is dis­comfited by Cossonius. subdued the Marsians, Marusians, and the Venusians. C. Cossonius a Lieutenant did burne Salapia, and tooke Canue. By the comming of the Samnites, with whome he fought valiantly, till many dyed on both sides. He was fayne to leaue the séege of Canuti [...], and goe to Canue. Trebatius the Captayne of the Samnites, sente vnto Cosso­nius, that eyther he should come ouer the riuer that deuided their armies, to fight, or goe backe, that he might come to him: he wēt backe, and when Trebatius was comming ouer, Cossonius set vppon him, and had the better in the fight, and as he woulde haue fledde ouer againe, he killed fiftéene thousande of Trebatius men, who with them that were left, fledde to Canusio. Cossonius hauing spoy­led Larinates &c. people of A­pulia. Pediculi in Calabria. the landes of the Larineans, Venutians, and Asculans, inuaded the Podiceans, whome he wanne in two dayes. Cecilius Metellus became his successor to his army, who went against the Iapigi­ans, and ouerthrew them by battayle, in the which Pompedius one Pōpedius killed. of the Generalles of the reuolted people was killed, the rest fled by heapes to Caecilius. This was the sharpe contention in Italy, called the fellowes warre, till all the same were receyued into the ciuilitie of Rome. Except the Lucanes and Samnites, the whyche Italians receiued to the freedome of Rome. (as it should séeme) were after receyued also, and were appointed to their seuerall companies as the former, least beyng ioyned with the olde, they should, being more in number, haue the vpper [Page 33] hand in elections.

Now beganne the Usurers to contende one against an other Vsurie. in the Citie, bycause some had bought debtes with the interest, beyng forbidden to take vsurie vpon vsuries by an olde law, and a payne appoynted to him that so woulde vse his vsuries. It should seeme that the olde Romaines detested vsurie as muche as Romaines, Grecians, and Persians, hate Vsurie. the Greekes, as a matter intollerable to the poore, and cause of de­bate and euill will. The Persians also by like reason did accompte it full of fraude and leasing, but vsurie being confirmed by cu­stome and time, they required it accordingly. The other allead­ged cause of delay through war and sedition, and some threatned the vsurers with the statute. Asellio a Judge, to whome that iu­risdiction Asellio. belonged, sought to agrée them, but coulde not, where­fore he gaue them leaue to trie the controuersie by lawe, putting the Judges in remembrance, as well of the custome, as of the law, as a thing doubtfull. When the Usurers hearde Asellius make mention of the olde law, they were gréeued, and kylled him after this manner: It was his turne to make oblation in the Sacrifice to Iupiters childrē. common place to Iupiters children, the multitude standing about the sacrifice, one of the former threw a stone at him, and hit him, wherefore he flong downe the vessell of sacrifice, and ranne to­ward Vesta the God­desse of Virgi­nitie. the Temple of Vesta, where being preuented and excluded, be fledde into a shoppe, and there they slew him. Many that went after him thinking he had bin fledde among the Virgines, ranne Disorder. into places where it was not lawfull for men to come. Thus Asellio a Judge, sacrificing and cladde with an holy vesture of Aselius killed. golde, as in such solemnities is wont, was killed the second houre among the Temples in the miost of the common place. The Se­nate made Proclamation, that who so euer woulde bewray the killer, if he were a fréemā, he should haue siluer: if he were bond, he shoulde haue fréedome: if he were priuie to it, he shoulde haue pardon: but no mā would do it, for the Usurers kept it secrete. These murthers and ciuill dissentions hapned yet now and then, but afterward Captaynes of sedition with great armies conten­ded togither by law of warre, their Countrey stāding as a pray to them that could catch it, the beginning & procéeding whereof [Page 34] after the followes warre was this.

When Mithridates King of Pontus, and other nations hadde inuaded Bithinia, Ph [...]gia, and Asia, confining to the same Beginning of Ciuill vvarres. (as I haue shewed in my Booke of that matter,) it was by lotte assigned to Sylla the Consull, béeyng yet in Rome, to go­uerne the armye in Asia, in that warre of Mithridates. But Marius, who thoughte thys warre woulde be easie to dispatch, Marius. and very muche worth, desirous also of the Generalles roome, attempted P. Sulpitius Tribune of the people, with manye promises, to be hys friende. And he putte the newe Citizens of Italy in good hope, that were inferioure in elections, to be di­stributed thorough all the Companies, not shewing that hée wente aboute any matter of his owne, that hée myghte vse them as faithfull ministers in all assayes. Sulpitius straight­way Sulpitius. propounded a law for it, which if it had taken place, Marius and Sulpitius should haue had their willes in all, bycause the new Citizens did so farre excéede the olde, which thing the auntients perceiuing, did stoutely resist the new, and both sides vsed stones and staues in their defence. This euill growing still greater, and the Consuls fearing the passing of the law that was at hād, did proclayme a vacation for many dayes, as in festiuall tymes Vacation▪ was wont to be done, that some intermission mighte be hadde of this lawe and inconuenience. Sulpitius coulde not abyde thys va­cation, and therefore willed hys faction to come to the common place with weapons hidde, and do as should fall out, not sparing the very Consuls if néede were. Thys done, he spake agaynste the vacation, as a thing contrarye to the lawe, and bad the Con­sulles, Sulpitius against the vacation. Sylla, and Q. Pompey forthwyth to reuoke it, that he mighte procéede to the approbation of the lawe. A tumulte began, and they béeyng prepared, drewe their daggers, and threatned to kyll the Consulles if they spake agaynste them: wherefore Pom­pey secretely fledde, and Sylla went asyde, as to take aduice: But Pompeys sonne, béeyng sonne in lawe to Sylla, was kylled of Sul­pitius faction, bycause hée spake somewhat liberally agaynste them. Then Sylla returned, and reuoked the vacation, and wente Vacation re­uoked. to Capua, to the army which was to passe into Asia, for the war [Page 35] of Mithridates, not knowing any thing yet what was meante agaynste hym. The vacation béeyng dissolued, and Sylla gone Capua the chiefe Citie of Cam­pania. The vvarre of Mithridates appoynted to Marius. Sylla to hys Souldyers. out of the Citie, Sulpitius propounded the lawe, and to C. Marius for whome he had done all this, he assigned the rule of the warre agaynste Mithridates in Sylla hys place. Sylla hearing of [...], and determining to trye it by fight, called hys Souldyoures togy­ther, whyche were desirous to goe thys iourney for the gayne thereof, and knewe that Marius woulde vse other Souldyoures in it, and declared vnto them what spyghte Sulpitius and Marius hadde done hym, not shewyng playnely hys meaning, for hée durst not yet make mention of any suche warre, but only exhor­ted them to bée readye, as occasion shoulde requyre. They vn­derstanding hys intente, and afrayde to be preuented of thys warfare, opened Syllas cogitation, and badde hym boldly leade Sylla re [...]ur [...]e [...] to Rome in Armes. them to Rome. Hée beyng gladde thereof, marched wyth syxe Legions. All the officers of hys Campe, but one Tresourer, posted to Rome, and coulde not abyde to goe agaynste theyr Officers of good cōscience. Countrey.

Embassadoures came to hym by the way, and asked hym why wyth armes hée dyd inuade hys Countrey: he aunswered, Aunsvvere of Sylla. to delyuer it from Tyrauntes. Hée made thys aunswere twice or thrice to seuerall Embassadors, and wythall required, that the Senate wyth Marius and Sulpitius myghte méete hym in the flelde of Mars, and there hée woulde doe, as by counsell should séeme good.

When hée was come nygh, Pompeyus hys fellowe resorted to hym, allowing and praysing hys doyngs, and ioynyng wyth hym in all thynges. Marius and Sulpitius not prepared for so shorte a distaunce, sente other Embassadoures, as di­rected from the Senate, wyllyng hym not to come nygh­er than fyue myles to the Citie, tyll they hadde consul­ted of the presente state. Sylla and Pompey well vnderstandyng theyr meaning, promised so to doe, yet followed as soone as they were gone. Then Sylla tooke the gate called Celi­montana, and the wall nexte it [...], with one Legion, and Pom­pey Celimontana Gate. Collina Gate. tooke Collina Gate wyth an other. The thyrde hée placed [Page 36] at the bridge of wodde, the fourth he left as a warde vnder the walles, with the rest he entred the Citie with enunies mind and déede: wherefore the dwellers aboute did stoppe him, by castyng [...] entreth the Citie vvith armes. vpon him from aboue. He threatned to burne their houses, and then they ceassed▪ Marius and Sulpitius came against him in the AFs [...]lie vvas the hill in Rome, vppon the vvhich T [...]llus Host [...]us kept his Souldioures. First fight of the armes in Rome. The boldnesse of Syl [...]. playne of Esquily, with as manye, as of the suddayne they coulde bring armed. This was the first fight that euer was in Rome of suche enimies, not nowe for anye pretence of dissention, but by playne force, with Trumpet and ensignes, as in lawe of warre. To such inconueniences were they now come by nourishing or dissentious. Sylla hys souldyoures gaue backe, wherefore he tooke the standerd, and stoode to it with daunger, so as the reuerenc [...] of their Generall, and the feare of dishonor that come to them that forsake their ensigne, did stay them straighte from fléeyng. Sylla called freshe Souldyers from the Campe without, and sente o­thers Saburra, in the old vvriting Succurra, a streete in Rome, vvhere Soul­dyers vvere placed, to re­leeue them of Esquilia. to the streete called Saburra, to compasse the enimies on the backehalfe. Marius company made but faint resistāce against these new men, and fearing to be compassed on euery side, called to the Citizens that fought yet in their houses, and proclaymed libertie to seruauntes if they would come to help: but none com­ming forthe, and they in vtter despayre, fledde out of the Citie, and so did euery noble man that was of their faction▪ Sylla passed Marius fleeth. to the way called Holy, and such as made any spoyle, he punished Holy vvay in Rome so named of the peace that Romulus made vvith [...]. in the sight of all men. He also set garrisons in the Citie, and both he and Pompey watched, going aboute euery where, that no hurt should be done, eyther of them that had lost, or of them that had wonne. Day being come, they called the people to a counsel, they lamented that the state was betrayed of certayne trouble­some men, and that they were constreyned by necessitie to doe that they had done. Further thoy affirmed, that nothing of im­portance should be propounded to the people, but that were be­fore debated of the Senate, renuing an auntient lawe, nowe of Sylla renueth olde lavves. Comicia Cēturiata vvhere the best men gaue voyces. King Tullus. long time out of vse, and that the elections shoulde not be of the ordinarie companies of wardes, but of the generall assemblie by the rate of substance, according to the institution of Kyng Tullus, supposing by these two things, that if no lawe were pro­pounded [Page 37] to the people before the Senate, and that electiōs should not con [...]st in the poore and bolde sorte, in stéede of the wise and substantiall men, there shoulde not be suche occasion of sedition. Many other things they spake of the Tribunes, in writing a­gainste that power as Tyrannicall, whereby the Senate was growen into contempt by so vnfyt men: therefore they chose to­gither▪ three hundred of the vest sorte, and whatsoeuer had bin done by Sulpitius after the vacation of the Consuls, they reuoked it as vnlawfull. Thus sedition from strife and contention, dyd growe to murther, and from murthers to very warre, and thys was the first army of Citizens that inuaded the Countrey as e­nimies. Yet sedition ceassed not by this trial of armes, for conti­nuall inuasions were made against Rome, the walles were bea­ten downe, and all other extremities of warre done, no reuerence eyther of lawe, common wealthe, or Countrey, being able to re­frayne the violent mindes. Then was banished Sulpitius the Marius &c. pro­claymed Tray­tors. Tribune, and with him Marius, sixe times Consul, and his sonne P. Cethegus, [...]umus Brutus, C. & Q▪ Granius, P. Albinouanus, M. Lecto­rius, and other, to the number of twelue Senators, as stirrers of tumult, rebellious to the Consuls, prouokers of slaues to re­uolt, by offering them libertie, for the whiche they were proclay­med enimies to the Romaine state, and that it should be lawfull to kil them without punishment, or bring th [...] to the Consuls. Their goodes were confiscate, and serchers ranne aboute to catch thē, who founde Sulpitius, and slew him. Marius alone with­out Sulpitius slayne. seruant or fellow fledde to Minturna, the rulers of that Citie for feare of the Proclamation, kéeping him in a close house, that Mynturna in Campania be­tvvene Formiae and Sinness [...]. Marius fleeth to Minturna. hadde bin sixe times Consull, and done so many notable feates, would not be authours of his death, but sente a Frenchman that was there by chance, with a sword to kill him. The Frenchman (as they say) wente in to him lying on the strawe in the darke A Frenchman appointed to [...] Marius, can not do it. house, and was afrayde, for he thoughte that his eyes dyd cast forthe beames and flames of fire, and that he did rise from hys couch, and cryed with a loude voyce, darest thou kil C [...]s Marius. The Frenchman fledde as fast as he could out of the house like Marius escapeth. a madde man, crying, I can not kyl Marius, whereby the Rulers [Page 38] that doubtfully hadde determined this, were stricken with a di­uine feare, and a fame spoken from his childhoode, that the man shoulde be seauen times Consull, for they say, when he was a childe, seuen yong Eagles fell into his lappe, whiche the South­sayers Token of Ma­rius honor. did shewe, that he shoulde seauen times haue the greatest honor. The Magistrates of Minturna remembring this, and thinking the Frenchman was feared by Gods operation, they conueyd Marius out of their Citie, to saue himselfe as well as he could. He knowing that he was sought for of Sylla, and follo­wed of the Horsemen, went toward the Sea by vnbeatē wayes, and chansing vpon a Cotage, stayed there, and couered hys body with leaues, he hearde a noyse, and lay still couered wyth hys leaues, but hearing it more and more, he lept into an old Fisher­mans bote, and tooke it away spight of his téeth: a tempest arose, Hard happe of Marius in es­caping. and he cutte the Cable, and hoysted the saile, and committed him­selfe to fortune, and so he came to an Iland, where he founde a Shippe of his friendes, with whome he sayled into Lybia, but bée­ing reiected from thence by Sextus the Presidente, as an enimie, he liued all that Winter in the Sea, vnder the Mountaynes of Numidia. Being thus againe a seaborde and knowen, of hys friends, there sayled to him C [...]egus, Granius, Alben [...]uanus, Lecto­rius, and others, and his sonne, all the whiche being valiant men, fledde from Rome▪ to a Numidian Prince, and being afrayde of Treason, departed from thence. These had good will to set vpon Sylla, whome they thought violently to vse their Countrey, but lacking army, they tarried till occasion might serue. Sylla béeyng the first that euer entred the Citie with armes, and able to haue made himselfe in Rome equall with a Monarch, after he was a [...]enged of his enimie, he did willingly refrayne from violēce. He sent his army to Capua, and ruled agayne as a Consull. The faction of the banished, chiefly the riche menne and women that were full of money, being deliuered of feare of the army, were earnest for the returne of their men, and omitted neyther care nor cost, laying wayte for the Consulles bodyes, bycause if they were well, their matter were dashed. Nowe when Sylla▪ shoulde [...]eaue his office, the army that was appoynted him against Mi­thridates [Page 39] should be his defence. Pompey the other Consull, the peo­ple pitying his case, appoynted him the gouernemente of Italy, with the army that was vnder C. Pompeius▪ When Cneus heard of this, he tooke it euill, yet he receyued Quintus into the Campe, Pompey the Consull killed. who the next day doing his office, Cneus wente aside as a priuate man, till a number pretending to heare the Consull, enclosed him and killed him, other fleeing away. Cneus returned as though he had bin maruellous angry that the Consul should be so vnlaw­fully slayne, but angry as he was, he straight tooke the rule vp­pon him agayne. When the newes of the Consuls deathe was brought to the Citie, Sylla was afrayd of himselfe, and strayght carried his friendes with him wheresoeuer he wente, and in the night had them about him also, and so not tarrying lōg, he went to Capua to his army, and frō thence sayled into Asia. The friēds of the fledde men had great confidence in Cinna that was Consul C [...] ▪ after Sylla, and stirred the new Citizens to the deuises of Mari­us, and thought it méete that they shoulde be mixt with the olde companies, least being last of all, their roomes shoulde be lost. This was the plat, for Marius and his friends returne. The olde Citizens stoode stiffely against it. Cinna stoode with the newe Ci­tizens, corrupted (as it is thought) with thrée hundred Talentes. Octauius the other Consull defended the olde. Cinna his companie, Octauius. closely armed, tooke the cōmon place, & cryed to be mixed with y ^• cōpanies. The other inultitude better minded, resorted to Octaui­us with their weapons also, to whome tarrying at home to take aduisement, w [...]e was brought, y ^• the most part of y ^• Tribunes did resist these doings, & that there was a tumult of the new Ci­tizēs, with weapons drawne in the way againste the Tribunes of y ^• contrary side, rushing into the cōmon place. When Octanius heard of this, he wēt the way called Holy, with a great cōpany, & VVay Holy. thrōging through y ^• middest of y ^• cōtrary side, gote y ^• cōmonplace & stayed thē. Whē he had thus afraide thē, he went into y ^• Tēple of Iupiters childrē to auoide Cinna, but they that were with him, Tu [...] in the vvhich the nev [...] Citizens are killed. without any commaundement, ranne vppon the newe Citizens, and killed manye of them, and chaced the other fléeyng to the Gates. Cinna hauyng hys trust in the newe Citizens, [Page 38] [...] [Page 39] [...] [Page 40] and thinking to haue done all by force, and now contrarie to his opinion, séeing the boldnesse of a few to haue ouercome, he went aboute the Citie, and called slaues to libertie, but when none came, he ranne to the nexte Cities, whiche not long before were made frée of Rome, that is, [...]ibur, Preneste, and other as farre as [...]ur novve T [...] ­ [...] sixteene miles from Rome. Preneste novve P [...]lastr [...] in Champa [...]ne of Rome. Nola nine miles from Naples. Cinna deposed. Nola, and stirred them to sedition, and gathered money for the warre. Cinna being thus occupyed and deuising, some Senators of his minde fledde vnto him, as C. Melonius, Quintus Sertorius, and the other C. Marius. The Senate did decrée, that Cinna should no more be taken as Consull nor Citizen, bycause being Con­sull, he left the Citie in tumulte, and called bondmen to libertie, and in his place they appoynted Lucius Merula, Iupiters Prieste. They saye that this holye Prieste only mighte euer weare the The thing vvas called. Apex, vvhich vvas a vvand vvound about vvith vvooll in the heigth of his hatte. Iupiters Priest. C [...] to the Souldiers. wand of his hatte alway, where as other might not do it, but in sacrifices only. Cinna went to Capua, where was an other armye of the Romaines. He did make sute to the Rulers of it, and to as many Senators as were there. He went in the middest as Con­sull. He threwe away his maces, and like a priuate man wepte and sayde. Of you (O Citizens) receyued I this dignitie, the people gaue it me, and the Senate haue taken it from me with­out you, and as I suffer in mine owne cause, so am I gréeued for your sakes: why should we now desire fauoure at the com­panies in our elections? What néede haue we of you? how shal you be any longer Lords of elections, of assemblies, or of chiefe officers, if you can not mainteyne that you haue giuen, and take away when you sée cause? When he had spoken thus to stirre them, and lamenting muche his owne cause, he rente his garment, and ranne from the Chaire, and fell flatte among thē, and still lay downe, till they for pities sake tooke him vp, and set him againe in his Chaire, and tooke him the bundelles of autho­ritie, Cinna restored to his dignitie▪ and bade him hope well, as became a Consull, and to vse them as occasion should require. The officers of the Campe by this meane did relent, and sware to Cinna the oth of a Souldiour, and so did all the rest. This done, he wente boldly to the confede­rate▪ Cities, and stirred them, as for whose sakes he suffered this calamitie. They reléeued him with money, & many of the other [Page 41] great men of the Citie came vnto him, whiche did not like the quiet state of the common wealth. Thus Cinna did. Octauius and Merula the Consuls, fortifyed the Citie with rampiers, and pre­paration The Con [...] prepare for defence. of engines of warre. They sente for Souldyers to the Cities that remayned obediente, and into Fraunce their next neyghboure. They also called home Cneus Pompeius the Procon­sull, leading an armye at the coast of the Ionian Sea, to come with all spéede to serue hys Countrey. He so dyd, and planted Collina a gate in Rome, novve Salaria. hys host at the Gate called Collina. Cinna came also, and encam­ped by him.

Caius Marius hearing of thys, passed the Sea to Hetruria with Marius retur­neth. his fellowes banished, and Seruauntes, and there came to him aboute fyue hundred of hys friendes of Rome: he with vile ap­parell and long heare to moue pitie wente to the Cities, she­wing his victories and honoures agaynste the Germanes, and The Germanes vvere cal'ed Cimbrianes, novv thought to be D [...]es. hys syxe tymes Consulshippe, and (that whyche pleased them best) promised to doe for them in the lawe of elections: and so hée gathered syxe thousande Toscanes, and came wyth them to Cinna, who gladly receyued hym into the societie of his do­yngs. Ostia spoyled, being at the mouth of Tiber, about tvvelue miles from Rome. Arimino is in that part that novv is called Romania, next [...] [...]omberdie, and vvas [...] diui­sion of o [...]de Italy at the floud Rubicon. Cee [...]lius Metellus is too precise, and giueth oc­casion of ad­uantage to his enimie. Marius entreth Rome. Appius Claudius [...]eceyueth Ma­rius into the Citie.

Beyng mette togyther, they ordered theyr army at the floude Tiber, and deuided it into thrée partes, Cinna and Carbo ouer a­gaynste the Citie, Sertorius aboue it, and Marius towarde the Sea.

They made Bridges ouer the Riuer, that they myghte kéepe victuals from the Citie. Marius tooke Ostia and spoyled it. Cinna sente to take Arimeno, that no army shoulde come out of nyghe Fraunce. The Consuls were afrayde, hauyng néede of an other army, and bycause they coulde not call home Sylla bée­yng entred into Asia, they commaunded Cecilius Metellus that was aboute the remnaunt of the fellowes warre againste the Samnites, that he shoulde dispatche it as honestly as he coulde, and come to helpe hys Countrey that was inuaded. He stoode too muche vpon termes wyth the Samnites, whyche when Mari­us hearde, he graunted them all theyr demaundes, and so the Samnites ioyned with Marius. Appius Claudius a Captayne, and [Page 42] kéeper of the hyll Ianiculo, and the walles there, hauing receyued a good turne, and myndfull of the benefyte, opened the gate by breake of day, and so Marius entred, and Cinna followed, but they were soone repulsed by Octauius and Pompey, that came agaynste Marius repul­sed. them.

It chaunced so, that there was greate lyghtnings that Pompey de­stroyed by lightning. fell vpon Pompeys armye, whereby he and manye noble menne were destroyed. Marius kepte all victuals from the Citie that came from the Sea, or aboue from the freshe water, and hée rode to the nigh Cities, where anye Corne was layde for the Antium, novv [...]. Aritia tenn [...] mile from Rome. Lanuuis [...]m novv Indouina. Marius keepeth victuals from Rome. The vvay cal­led Appia vvent from Porta Ca­pena to Br [...] ­dase, paued vvith foure­square stone. Mount Albano nigh Rome, vvith a lake, of the vvhich a propliecie vvent of the [...]m [...]unes vi­ctorie. Romayne store, and by suddayne comming to Antio, Aritia, and Lanuuio, hée tooke them all, and some other Cities by Treason. And thus kéeping awaye victuals by lande also, hée approched towarde Rome boldly, by the way called Appia, be­fore any victualles coulde bée broughte from anye other place, and wyth Cinna, Carbo, and Sertorius, Camped twelue myles from Rome, Octauius, Crassus, and Metellus dyd lye agaynste them at Mount Albano, and considering for the tyme to come, al­though they were superioure in strength and number, yet hadde they a compassion to putte theyr Countrey in hazarde by one battayle.

Cinna sente Trumpettes aboute the Citie, proclayming li­bertie to Seruauntes, whereby a multitude of fugitiues came vnto hym. The Senate was afrayde thereby, and doubtyng of the people, bycause of the want of thyngs in the Citie, chaun­ged theyr mynde, and sente Embassadoures to Cinna for recon­ciliation. Hée asked them firste, whether they came to hym as a Consull, or as a priuate person. They doubted what to an­swere, and returned to Rome.

Nowe many of the fréemen came vnto him, some for faction, and some for feare of famine, and to sée the sequeale of it: and Resort [...] to [...]. nowe proudely he approched the walles, and Camped within an arrowe shotte. They that were with Octauius were in feare and doubte, and slowe to fighte, bycause of the runnawayes, and ofte sendyng betwéene, the Senate was greately ama­zed.

[Page 43]They thoughte it vniust to depose Lucius Merula, Iupiters Prieste, that was chosen in Cinnas place, and hadde not offen­ded, but béeyng oppressed wyth the greate myseries, they sente to Cinna as Consull, and as they looked for no greate The Senate sendeth to Cinna as Consull. Doubriull aunsvvere. good thereby, so they requyred Cinna to sweare, that hée woulde commytte no murther. Hée resused to sweare, but promi­sed that willinglye hée woulde bee no cause of manslaughter. Hée wylled also, that Octauius that came in at the other gates, shoulde gette hym away, least some displeasure mighte be done hym agaynste hys wyll. Thys he aunswered from an hygh Throne as Consull, to the Embassadoures of the Citie. Ma­rius Marius. standyng nexte the Senate, was silente, but by hys cruell countenaunce, it was perceyued that he was bente to mur­ther.

The Senate accepted thys, and willed Cinna and Marius to enter, well knowyng that Marius dyd all, and Cinna as­sented to it. Marius spake in iestyng wyse, that it was not Marius scorne [...] lawfull for a banished manne to enter, wherefore the Tri­bunes dyd reuoke the banishmente, and dissolue the decrée The banish­ment of Marius reuoked. Marius and Cin­na giue their oth for Octauius. He is counselled to flee. made againste hym by Sylla. Then they entred the Citie wyth the feare of all that receyued them. They made spoyle of the contrarye parte, wythoute stoppe. Cinna and Marius sente theyr othes to Octauius, but the Southsayers and Diuiners badde hym not trust them, and hys friendes counselled hym to flée, but hée protesting neuer to leaue the Citie, whyles hée The constancie of Octauius. was Consull, wente among them to Ianiculo, with the noble men, and parte of the armye, where hée remayned, and sate downe in the seate, cladde with his robe of rule, being wayted vpon wyth the roddes and axes, as Consulles were wont. Cen­sorinus Censorinus com­met [...] to kill Octauius con­trary to the oth. came agaynste hym with certayne Horsemenne, hys friendes perswadyng hym to flée with hys armye, and brin­ging hym an Horse, he woulde not allowe of it, nor once ryse, but abode the deathe. Censorinus cutte off hys heade, and Octauius Con­sull headed. broughte it to Cinna, and was the fyrste Consulles head that was sette vppe in the common place: but after him, the heads of the other that were slayne were set vp also, and this mischiefe [Page 44] beginning with Octauius, continued still in such murthers of them that were counted enimies. Searchers ranne straighte aboute for to fynde their foes, and there was no regarde of Senator or Gentleman, nor no difference made. All the heads of the Sena­tors were put vp in the common place. There was neyther re­uerence of the Gods, nor respect of men, or anye matter made of [...]. murther, but all bent to cruell actes, and from actes to horible fightes, killing, crueltie, and cuttyng off the heads of them that were kylled, to the feare & astonishmēt of the beholders, making thereof most miserable shewe. C. & Lucius, Iulius, Bréethren, A­tilius, Eranius, P. Lentulus, G. Numitorius, and M. Bebius were Noble men killed. Crassus killed. slayne, béeyng mette in the way. Crassus fledde wyth his sonne, and preuented them in killing him, then himselfe was killed of the pursuers. Marcus Antonius an orator fledde into a Forme M. Antonius O­rator, bevvrayd by a Vintner. house, the kéeper whereof receyued him gentlye, and hydde hym, and sendyng a Seruaunte for Wyne to a Tauerne oft­ner than hée was wonte, the Tauerner asked hym why hée boughte Wyne so ofte, he tolde hym secretely in his eare, then the Vintner sente one straighte to Marius, and opened the mat­ter, whereof hée was so glad, as he mynded to haue gone and Marius glad to haue Antonius killed. kylled hym hymselfe, but béeyng stayed of his friendes, a Cap­tayne of a bande was appoynted to it, who sente hys Souldy­oures into the house, whome Antonius, béeyng so singulare an Orator, dyd deteyne wyth swéete spéeches, dyuers wayes mo­uyng Eloquence. them to pitie. The Captayne maruellyng at the mat­ter, wente into the house, and founde them attentiuely hearke­nyng to hys tale, wherefore hymselfe kylled hym, as he was yet eloquente in speakyng, and sente hys head to Marius. Cor­nutus lying hydde in a Cotage, hys menne carefullye kepte Cornutus saued by his Ser­uauntes. hym. They founde a dead bodye, whyche they threwe into a fyre that they hadde made, and when the searchers came, they sayde it was theyr maisters bodye, whome they hadde fyrste strangled. Thus was hée saued by hys Seruauntes.

Q. Ancharius wayted when Marius shoulde make Sacri­fice in the Capitoll, trustyng in the tyme of Sacrifice to fynde hym the more mercifull. When he hadde begunne the Sa­crifice, [Page 45] and sawe Ancharius commyng vnto him, he commaun­ded hym to be killed there, so hys head, Antonius, and other Ancharius killed in the Temple. Consulles and Senatours were sette vp in the common place. None of theyr bodies thus slayne, were thoughte worthye to bée buried, but the carcasses of so many noble men, were throwne downe to be deuoured of Dogges and Foule. Many o­ther horrible actes were done vpon them, expulsion from their possessions, publication of their goodes, depriuatiō of their digni­ties, & reuocation of all things that Sylla had done, whose friends and kinsfolke were killed, his house pulled downe, his goods con­flscate, and he proclaymed enemie to his countrie, his wife and Sylla proclay­med rebell. his daughter with great daunger escayed: finally, there was all sortes of mi [...]eries and mischiefe that could be inuented, and for a shewe of law and authoritie, after so many murders without law, accusings were broughte in againste Merula Iupiters priest, Accusers. Merula. for anger of his office, whiche he tooke without any displeasure to Cinna, and against Catulus Luctatius who was felow with Ma­rius, Catulus Luctatius▪ in the warre agaynst the Gimbrians, and once saued by Ma­rius, but now thought vnthankfull, for that he was sore agaynst him after he was banished. They were kept in close pryson till the court day, and then called to iudgement, & where they must be foure times cited by certen distaunce of houres, Merula in the meane time cut hys vaynes, and by a wryting made by him, did testifie, that he had layde of his priestly attyre when he cut his Merula dieth. vaynes, for it was not lawfull for a Priest to die with that vpon him. Catulus choked himself in a chamber new made and moysty Catulus dieth. with a smoke, and thus they two died. The bondmen that came to Cinna by proclamation were al made frée, and seruyng him as Soldiours they did not onely runne aboute and spoyle euery house, but also slew whome soeuer they mette, not sparyng their olde maysters. Cinna many times did monishe thē, but they were Cinna killeth the free made. neuer the better, wherefore in the night when they were at rest, he sent y ^e French bandes, and killed them euery one. Thus these flaues receyued worthy punishment, for theyr vnfaithfulnesse a­gaynst their maysters. The yeare folowyng. Cinna, the seconde tyme, and Marius the vij. tyme were chosen Consuls, to whom [Page 46] after his banishment, and proclamation that any man might kill him, the token of seuen Egles appeared agayne vnto him. He being bent to all extremitie agaynst Sylla, died the firste ikoneth Marius dyeth. of his seuēth Cōsulship. Cinna tooke Valerius Flaccus in hys place, and sente him into Asia, who beyng dead also, he chose Carbo to [...] in Marius place, dyeth in Asia. be his felow in office.

Sylla thynkyng long to returne agaynst hys enimies, made shorte ende with Mithridates, and, as wée haue sayde before, in Actes of Sylla in Asia. thrée yeares, and them not complete, he destroyed one hundred and thréescore thousande menne. He restored to the Romaine Empyre, Graecia, Macedonia, Asia and Ionia, with other nations that Mithridates had oppressed. Hée tooke from hym hys nauie, & shutte hym within the compasse of his Fathers kyngdome: hée returned with an arinie mightie, obedient, experte, and cora­gi [...]us in theyr doyngs paste, he brought also a multitude of shippes, money and furniture of all thyngs fitte, whereby hée was feared of hys enimies. Cinna and Carbo beyng perplexed, sente diuerse ouer all Ital [...] to prouide money, menne and vi­ctuall, the ryche menus with theyr substaunce they made sure, the Citties they styrred, especially the newe made Citizens, as for whose sake they were now in daunger. They prepared a na­uy with great spéede, they called home the shippes of Cicelie, they kepte the coaste sure, & omitted nothing that might be done, with spéedy care and diligence. Sylla with haughty harte wrote to the Senate of himselfe, shewyng what hée had done in Lybia, when he was Treasourer, agaynst Iugurth kyng of Numidia, what a­gaynst the Cimbrians, what in Cicelie, when he was Admirall, and what in the felowes warre, when he was Consull: but the late affayres done agaynst Mithridates, he chiefly extolled, re­hearsing at large the infinite sorte of nations that he had taken from hym and made subiecte to the Romaynes, notwithstandyng Sylla vvrighteth to the Senate. all the whiche, bycause hée had receyued certayne afficted Gentlemen of Rome banished by Cinna, and comforted them in calamitie, hée was of hys enimies proclaymed rebell to hys countrey, hys house was pulled downe, hys friendes were slayne, his wyfe and chyldren coulde scarcely saue themselues [Page 47] and flée vnto hym. But nowe he woulde come and be au [...]nged of them and the whole Cittie for theyr doyngs, as for the other Citizens, and them that were newe made he woulde not blame any of them. These letters being redde, euery man was afrayd, they sent Embassadours, to treate of attenement with his ad­uersaries, and if he requyred any assuraunce, that the Senate woulde fulfill it, and commaunded Cinnas his officers to leaue gathering of mē, till Syllas aunswere were heard. They promised so to do, but when the Embassadors were gone, they made them­selues Consuls for the nexte yeare, bycause they woulde not re­turne of the suddayne, for the elections, and wente aboute Italy, gathering men, whiche they sente into Lyburnia, as they were ready, there intending to sette vpon Sylla. The firste that wente Dalmatis is novv part of Slauonia. had prosperous iourney, the nexte were beaten with tempest, so as when they came to lande, they returned euery man to theyr Countrey, as though they woulde not willingly serue agaynste The Souldyers refused to goe against their Countreymen. the Citizens. The other hearing of thys, refused to sayle into Lyburnia. Cinna was displeased, and warned them to assemble, mynding to compell them: they with anger wente, thynking to be reuenged. One of the Sergeantes makyng way for Cinna, and hitting one of the Souldyers ouer the legges, an other of the army stroke the Sergeant agayne. Cinna commaunding him to be taken, they all made a great shoute, and fell to throwing of stones. They that were next him drew their swordes, and kylled him. Thus Cinna being Consul, was murthered. Carbo called frō Cinna killed. Carbo afrayde to goe to Rome. Lyburnia them y ^t sayled thither, and being afraid of these doings, woulde not returne to Rome, albeit y ^• Tribunes did earnestly re­quire him to come to y ^• election of a new fellow in office, at lēgth threatning him y ^• they would make him priuate, he came & pro­pounded y ^e electiō of a new Consul. The day being vnlucky, hée appointed an other. That daye also lightnings falling vpon the Temple of the Mone, & Goddesse of Corne, y ^• maisters of Cere­monies Lightnings vpon the Tēple of the Moone and Ceres. did differre y ^• election, till after y ^• standing high of y ^e Som­mer Sunne, & so Carbo was Cōsul alone. In the meane tune Sylla made this answere to thē that came to him frō the Senate, that The aunsvvere of Sylla. he could not be friend to them, that had dealte so outragiously [Page 48] by him, but with the Citie, that desired his preseruation, he had no quarrell: yet he said they should be most sure, that would trust to him, whome to defend, he had a welwilling armye. By thys wo [...]de it was chiefly vnderstanded, that he woulde not dissolue his army, but intended to play the Tyrante. He requyred hys dignitie, hys substance, his Priesthode, and anye other office he had, to be restored vnto him without exception, and with the Embassadoures he sente certayne of his, to require the same, [...]he whiche hearing that Cinna was slayne, and the Citie trou­bled, returned from Brunduse to Sylla, doing nothing: then Sylla with fiue Legiones of Italyans, syxe thousand Horse, and certaine other of Pelop [...]neso and Macedonia, marched, hauing in the whole Pelop [...]neso novv M [...]. Pireo vvas the porte of Athens novv Porto [...]ne. Para in Achaia. Sylla giueth pri­uileges to Brun­duse. fortie thousande, from Pireo to Patra, and from Patra to Brunduse, with xvj. hundreth Shippes. The Brundusianes receyued him wil­lingly, wherfore he gaue them priuiledges which they yet holde. From thence he remoued his army and went forward. Mesellus surnamed the duetifull, that was lefte to finishe the fellowes warre, and for Cinna and Marius came not into the citie, but re­mayned in Liguria to sée what would happe, came vnto him [...]n­called, as fellow in the warre, and he accepted his societie as yet Metellus the due­tifull c [...]uneth to Sylla. Procon [...]ull, for they that be once chosen, do continue till they re­turne to Rome. After Metellus, C [...]. Pompeius, that not long after Pompeius com­ [...]ieth. was called greate, sonne to him that was killed with the light­nyng, as we sayde before, came vnto him with a legion of the Picenes, who for the glory of his father, mighte doe muche with that people, and to auoyde suspition▪ not thought to be Syllas friende, and shortly after brought twoo legions more, and was the moste forwarde man in the a [...]auncement of Sylla, wherfore Pompey honored of Sylla. Sylla had him in greate honour, and as they say, would onely rise to him when he came, though he was but very yong: and this warre ceasing, he sente him into Lybia to breake Carbos friendes there, and to restore Hiempsall, whome the Numidians had expul­sed, Hiempsall resto­red by Pompey. for the whiche Sylla graunted him to triumph of the Numi­dians beyng yet yong, and but a gentleman. By this meane, Pompey growyng greate, he was sente into Spayne agaynste Ser­torius, and after into P [...]ntus agaynst Methridates. Cethegus also [Page 49] came to Sylla, that was his most earnest enimie, with Cinna and Marius, and with them put out of the Citie. He humbled himselfe vnto him, and promised to do what seruice he woulde haue hym. Thus hauing a very greate army, and many noble friendes, hée vsed them as Lieutenants, but he and Metellus were yet Procon­suls, and had the highest place: for it was thought that Sylla being Proconsul in the warre against Mithridates, was not yet dischar­ged of it, though he were iudged a Rebell of Marius. The ha [...]e he bare to his enimies, was gréeuous and close, who being in the Citie, and well coniecturing of his nature by his last inuasion thereof, hauing the taking of the same yet in their eyes, and their decrées made against him still in memorie, his house ouerthrowē in their sight, his goodes con [...]cated, his friends killed, and his fa­milie The preparation of Syllas enemies. hardly escaped, were in maruellous feare, and thinking no meane to be betwéene victorie and vtter destruction, did with feare conspire with the Consuls against him. They sente aboute Italy, they gathered men and money, leauing off nothing in thys extremitie, eyther of fore [...]ight or diligence. Caius Norbanus, Lucius C. Norbanus. L. Scipio. Carbo. Scipio, both Consuls, and with them Carbo, who the yeare before was in authoritie, hauing all like hate againste Sylla with feare & conscience of y ^t they had done, against him more than other, ga­thered in the Citie as great an army as they could, and an other out of Italy, and went seuerally againste Sylla with two hundred The Consuss against Sylla. Tvventy thou­sand men. bands of fiftie men at the firste, but after with more than these, for the fauor of most men enclyned towarde the Consuls: for the doings of Sylla comming againste his countrey, had the shewe of an enimie, but that the Consuls and their friends dyd, had a pre­tence Sylla seemeth as an enimie to his Countrey. Consuls cary authoritie. of the state. The common sorte knowing their former of­fences, ioyned with them, as partakers of their dread, for they perceiued certainly that Sylla did not minde the correction, afray­ing, or punishment of a fewe, but the destruction, slaughter, and vtter vndoing generally of all, whiche opinion was not vayne, for this warre consumed all in the which, tenne thousand, & twē ­tie thousand did many times fall in one fight, and about the Ci­tie fiftie thousande of both sides was slayne, and to the rest Sylla lefte no kinde of crueltie vndone, neyther to priuate men, nor to [Page 50] whole Cities, till he had made himselfe a Monarke of the Ro­maine Empire, and brought all to his will and pleasure. All this was (as it were) by inspiration shewed before vnto them, for fearefull things againste reason did vexe all men priuately and publikely ouer all Italy, and the olde prophestes most fearefull Prophecies. were called to memorie, and menye Monsters were dayly séene. A M [...]le did bring forthe. A Woman deliuered a Uiper for a Monstrons tokens. child. God with earthquakes shaked the Citie, and ouerthrewe many Temples: and that that most gréeued y ^e Romaines, the Ca­pitoll Capitoll tur­ned. that before from the Kings had continued foure hundred yeares, was sette a fyre, and no man coulde tell the cause, all the which did foreshew the multitude of men to be killed, the ouer­throwe of Italy, the Captiuitie of Rome and hir Citizens, and the change of the common wealth. This warre beganne when Sylla arriued at Brunduse the CLXXIIII. Olympiad. The length of it The sharpnesse of this vvarre. is not so great, as the sharpnesse of the extremities, euerye man his priuate meanes was followed, bycause the vehemencie of their affections caused in short time the more and sharper effects to followe. Thrée yeares it continued in Italy, till Sylla gote the Three yeares lasted this vvarre. principalitie. In Spayne it continued longer, but the battayles, the skirmishes, the expugation of fortes, the séeges, and all the formes of warres in Italy, both of the whole armies, and of part of them, by their seuerall Captaynes were many, and al notable. The greatest and most worthy of the whiche to speake brieflie were these. The first was at Canutium by the Proconsuls against The battayle at Ca [...]sio. This is the place called C [...], vvhere A [...]l gaue the Romaines their great ouerthrovve. Another of that name Ca­ [...]ssa. Th [...] in A­p [...]. Norbanum, where Norbanus lost vj. M. men, and Sylla lxx. but many moe were wounded. Norbanus fledde to Capua. Sylla and Metellus being at Theano, Lucius Scipio came with an other armye verye faintly, and desired peace might be made. They that were wyth Sylla sent to Scipio to agrée vpon articles, not so much hoping so to do any good, as bycause they thought his army woulde rather re­uolt, by reason of their discouragemēt: yet they met, & Scipio tooke hostages for the agréemēts, & went, & came into the field. Thrée of eyther side did conferre, so as it was not knowen what they dyd. Scipio thought good to send Sertorius to Norbanus his felow, to signi­fie what was spoken of, both armies remaining in quiet loking [Page 51] for answere. Sertorius in his iourney tooke Swessa, that was a towne S [...]ssa taken in the time of treatie by Ser­torius, a Citie in Campania nigh Mon [...] Massico. of Syllas. Sylla sent a messenger to complaine with Scipio. He either priuie to the fact, or doubting of the answere, as a thing not fitte for Sertorius, sent the hostages againe to Sylla. His army being of­fended at this déede of Sertorius in a time of treaty, and at the sen­ding againe of y ^e hostages, not being required, layde al the blame Scipio the Con­ [...]ull betrayd of his army. vpon the Consuls, & priuily cōpacted to reuolt to Sylla if he would draw néere, which he doing, they al wēt vnto him, leauing Scipio the Consull, & Lucius his sonne in the tente, & were taken of Sylla. Me thinke it is a strange thing, farre vnfitte for a Captayne, to be ignorāt of such a practise of his whole army. Whē Sylla could not persuade Scipio, he did let him & his sonne goe without hurte, & sent other mē to Norbanus to treate of conditions, eyther bycause he was afraid of y ^e force of Italy y ^• conspired with the Consuls, or y ^• he went about to deceiue him as he had done Scipio, but no man cōming with answer (bycause it séemeth Norbanus feared the like blame of his army) Sylla marched toward him, wasting al things as an enimie. Norbanus did the like, but toke other wayes. Carbo made hast to the Citie, & proclaimed Metellus, & other that were gone to Sylla, Rebels. At this time y ^e Capitoll was on fire, & some Iupiters Temple in the Capitoll on fire. say it was Carboes worke or the Consuls, some say Sylla sente to do it, but the certētie is vnknowen, & I could neuer learne which way it came. Sertorius being before chosē Pretor of Iberia, after he Sertorius fleeth into Spayno. had deteined Swess [...], he fled into his prouince, and the former Pre­fors not receiuing him, it caused the Romaines to haue much to do. The army of y ^• Consuls encreased euery day frō the more part of Italy, & from the hither side of France, aboute Eridanus the Riuer. Riuer of Po [...]. Sylla was not idle, but sente some of his into euery place of Italy. He gote many for loue, some for feare, some for money, and some for hope, and thus was the rest of that Sommer consumed. The yeare folowing, Paptrius, Carbo agayne, and Marius, nephew to the AEsis novve Fiemesino be­tvveene Spoleto and Ancons. The fight be­tvvene Me­tellus and Ca­rinna. mighty Marius, being xxvij. yeares old, were chosen Consuls, the Winter & the cold continuing long, did deuide thē asunder. At the beginning of the Spring, about the floud Aesis, frō morning tyl midday, was a greate battaile fought, betwixt Metellus and Ca­rinna, one of Carbos Pretors, at the which Carinna losing manye, [Page 52] fled away, all y ^e Countrey yéelded to Metellus, & forse [...]ke the Con­suls. Carbo came vpō Metellus & beseged him, til he heard y ^• Marius the other Consull had a great ouerthrow at Preneste. Then he re­moued his Cāp toward Arimino, y ^• rereward wherof was set on [...]neste not farre from Rome. [...] novv in Roman [...]. Se [...] not farre from [...]. The battayle betvveene Sylla and yong Marius. of Pompeius, and greately distressed. Sylla tooke Sett [...], & Marius who was lodged nigh him, withdrew by little & little, til he was come to the place called Holy Port, there he set his mē in order, and gaue Sylla a battel, in y ^• which he fought very fearcely, til his left wing began to giue backe, of the which fiue bāds of footemen, & two of Horsemē, not loking for any other turne, threw downe their en­signes, & fled to Sylla, & this was the cause of Marius ruine, for af­ter many were slayne, y ^• rest fled to Preneste, whom Sylla followed in chace. The Prenestines did receyue them y ^t came first, but when Part of yong Marius Souldi­ers reuolt to Sylla. Sa [...]ites killed. they saw Sylla at hand, they shut the gates, & tooke in Marius with ropes. The other about y ^e walles were al slayne & taken, wherof many being Samnites, Sylla cōmanded to be killed, as antient eni­mies to the Romaines. At this time also, the residue of Carbes army was ouercome of Metellus fiue bands, whiles they fought, reuol­ting vnto him. Pompeius ouerthrewe Marcius at Sena, & sacked the Sena a Citie in Tuscane, an hun­dreth miles on this side Rome. Citie. Sylla hauing Marius shut in Preneste, made a trēch about the Citie, & a great wall a good way off, appointing Lucretius Offella to y ^• charge, not otherwise meaning to deale with Marius, but with famine. Marius not loking for any help, would néedes kill his pri­uate enimies, and sent to Brutus, the Pretor of y ^• Citie to assemble thē for another purpose, & to kil Pub. Ant stius, & the other Papirius Crueltie of yong Marius agai [...] some Citizens. P. Anti [...], Pap. Carbo, I. Domitius, and I. Sccuol [...] slayne. Carbo, Lucius Domitius, & Lucius Sceuola, the great Bishop of the Ro­maines. These two were slayne in coūsell, as Marius commanded, Domitius fléeing, was strickē at his going out, & Sceuola was slaine a little before y ^e Senate house. Their bodies were cast into y ^e Ri­uer, for now it was out of vse to burie thē that were killed. Sylla sent his army seuerally by diuers wayes to Rome, & willed thē to take the gates of the Citie, & if they were repulsed, to retyre to Ostia. The Cities receiued thē as they came, with great feare, and opened their Gates whē they would come in, and whē they came to the Citie it selfe, they opened the Gates, for being pined wyth hunger, and oppressed with desperation of presente euils, they [Page 53] were in vre to suffer the mightier power, whiche Sylla when hée knew, came forward with his Camp, and planted it in the fielde Sylla entreth Rome. of Mars before the gates, and entred. All the contrarye faction fléeing out of the Citie, their goodes he made common, or caused them to be sold by Trumpet. He called the people to a Counsell, and lamenting the present time, badde them be of a good chéere, Sylla to the people. for he woulde set all in quiet, and bring the common wealthe to better estate, and whatsoeuer he should ordeyne, all should be for Clusio is vnder the dominion of Sena, vvhere Porsena the king of Tuscane helde his Court. Spanish Horse­men. Clani [...], Clanius not farre frō Naples, at the Citie of Acerra. the best. Hauing thus disposed his matters, leauing certayne of his friends to garde the Citie, he went to Clusio, where the rem­nant of the warre was. In the meane time, certayne Spanishe Horsemen sente from the Captaynes of Iberia, came to the Con­suls, with whome Sylla making a fight on Horsebacke, he kylled fiftie of them at the floud Clan [...], and two hundred and 70. fledde vnto him, the residue Carbo destroyed, eyther hating the suddaine reuolting of that natiō, or fearing the like losse by them. At that time with the other part of his armyes, Sylla ouercame his eni­mies Saturnia in Campania. Vritanes not farre from Otranto, but farre from Ra­uenna. Naples. The battell be­tvveene Carbo and Sylla. Fight at Clusio. Fight at Spoleto an auntient Citie, the vvhi­che valiantly droue avvay Anniball after his victorie at the lake of Perugia, and stucke continu­ally to the Ro [...] ­maines. Carinna fleeth. Martius goeth to rel [...]u [...] Marius. about Saturnia, and Metellus comming to Rauenna by shippe, did winne the region of the Vritanes, abundante with grasse and Corne. Certayne other of Syllas people entring Naples by treason in the nighte, slewe all that were there, sauing a few that fledde, and tooke away the Gallies of the Citie. Betwéene Carbo & Sylla was a sore fight at Clusium, till the Sunne wente downe, & when they had fought with like courage on both sides, nighte did ende the fight. In the field of Spoleto, Pompeius and Crassas, both Lieute­nants to Sylla, did kil thrée thousand of Carbos Souldiers, and be­séeged Carinna that was Camped ouer against them. Carbo min­ded to reléeue Carinna with his other host, which Sylla vnderstan­ding, placed an embushment, and as they were passing, destroyed two thousand of them. Carinna in the darke nighte, full of rayne and showers, although his enimies perceyued, but cared not for it, for the foule tempest he fiedde away. Carbo vnderstanding that Marius his fellowe was distressed with hunger at Preneste, com­maunded Martius to goe thither with eyght Legions, agaynste whome Pompeius lying in awayte in a straighte, put them from their iourney, and hauing killed many, held the other as beséeged [Page 54] vpon an hill, where vppon Martius without any companion, the fiers being still kept, fledde away. The army laying the blame of the deceyte vpon him, fell to diuision, and one whole legion vn­der The [...]my re­ [...]olte li from Martius. their ensignes without anye commaundement, marched to Ariminum, the other wente euery man to his Countrey, so as there remayned but seauen bandes with the Capsayne. Martius with this infelicitie came to Carbo, Marcus Lamponius from Luca­nia, M. Lamponius, Pom. Telisius, Gutta Capu mus come to relceue Marius. Pontius Tilisius from the Samnites, and Capuanus Gutta leading seauenty thousande men, came to deliuer Marius from the séege. Sylla vnderstanding of it, kepte them backe at a streight where they must néedes passe. Marius being vtterly voyde of all helpe withoute, made a forte in the playne that was large betwéene Marius issueth vpon Lucretius. both hostes, into the which he brought his army and ensignes to force Lucretius, with the whiche attempting manye warres in vayne, he retyred againe into Preneste. At this time, Carbo and Norbanus in Placentia came on the suddayne in the euening to the Placentia is in Lombardy, vvher Auniball ouer­threvv the Ro­maines. A fight of Carbo and Norbanus against Metellus. place where Metellus lay, and being within one houre of y ^e night amōg the Uineyards, fondly and suriously set vpō him, thinking by their suddaine assault to ouerthrow Metellus, but being ouer­come by the iniquitie of the time and place, entangled among the vines, tenne thousand were slayne, vj. thousand yéelded to the enim [...]e, the rest ranne away, and but one thousande departed in order to Arretio. Another Legion of Lucanes, led by Albinouanus, Airetio one of the tvvelue Ci­ties of Tuseme, about thirtie miles from Flo­rence. Albinouanus. hearing of this losse, fledde to Metellus for aughte he coulde doe. Albinouanus in greate rage came to Norbanus, but shortlye after making a secret compact with Sylla to be assured as he should do a notable seruice, he inuited Norbanus and his chiefe Captaynes to a bāquet, as Gaius Antipestris, Flauius Fimbria his brother y ^• in Fimbria killed himselfe in Asia, not to be taken of Sylla. Albinouanus kil­leth his friends, and fleeth to Sylla. Asia had killed himself, & al other his officers presēt of y ^• Camp. All the whiche being come (except Norbanus) who onely was ab­sent, he slew them in his tent, and fledde to Sylla. Norbanus hearing of the losse at Arimi [...], and that diuers of their armyes were fledde to Sylla, supposing nowe no more trust to be in friendship (as in aduersitie it hapneth) tooke a priuate little boate, and say­led The ende of Norbinus at Ebodes. to y ^• Rhodes, in the which place, being required after of Syl­la, and y ^• Rhodianes doubting what to do, he killed himselfe in the [Page 55] middest of their common place. Carbo commauuded Damasippo at Preneste to take two Legions, and to deliuer Marius frō the seege, but the could not do it, bycause the streyghtes were kepte of Sylla. France on this side the Alpes. Iucullus. Placentia novve Pazenca in Lom­bardy. All the Frenchmen that from Rauenna [...]welte to the Alpes, dyd reuolte to Metellus. Lucullus did ouercome another part of Carbo his host at Placentia, whiche when Carbo heard, hauing yet thirtie thousande Souldyers at Clusie, two Legions of Damasippus, and many other with Carinna, and Martio, and a greate number of Samnites, who refused no payne in passing the streightes, béeyng Carbo quayleth. out of al hope, cowardly sayled into Lybia with his friends, being yet in opinion to turne Lybia against Italy. They that remayned at Clusie, came to a fighte with Pompey before that Citie, and lost The battayle at Clusio. aboute twenty thousand of their men, whiche losse had, the rest returned to their owne Countreys.

Carinna, Martius, and Damasippus, with the Samnites, met at the streightes, to passe by very force, which when they could not do, they marched toward Rome, thinking (as voide of men & strēgth, and for lacke of victual) to take it. They encamped at Albano, tenne m [...]les off. Sylla, fearing that their comming myghte mo­lest the Citie, sente his Horsemenne with all diligence to en­counter them by the way, and himselfe with his mighty army came at midday, and lay at Porte Collina, a little from Venus Temple.

The enimies encamping also at the Gates of the Citie, a great fight beganne a little before the Sunne set. In the ryght wing Sylla had the better, the left wing hauing the worse, fledde A fight before Nome. Part of Syllas army fleeth. The Portculice let dovvne, cause of slaugh­ter. to the Gates. The olde men that were there, séeing the enimie also comming among the other, let downe the Portculice, and killed many, whereof some were Senatoures, and some Gentle­men. The other of force and necessitie turned to their enimyes, and fought all night with a great slaughter.

In this battell was slayne Telesinus and Albinus, both Pre­tors, and theyr Campes taken, Lamponius, Lucanus, Martius, Ca­rinna, and other Captaynes of Carbos faction fledde. Greate Fiftie thousande slayne before the gates of Rome. was the slaughter at this fighte, for it is saide, there was slayne about fiftie thousand, and aboue eyght thousand, takē prisoners, [Page 56] and bycause the greater part of them were Samnites, Sylla caused them all to be shotte to death. The next day Martius and Carinna were brought captiue vnto him, whome he did not pardon after [...] cr [...]eitie againste the [...]ites. Martius and Ca [...]n: put to death. the Romaine manner, but put them to death, and sent their heads to Lucretio, to nayle them on the wall at Preneste, which when the Prenestines saw, and hearing that al Carbos armies were destroyd, and Norbanus fledde out of Italy, and that the rest of Italy with the Citie of Rome, were for Sylla, they did yéelde the Citie to Lucreti [...]. Marius hidde himselfe in a Caue, and shortly after killed hym­selfe. Marius killeth himselfe. Lucretius cutte off his head, and sente it to Sylla, who hanged it vp in the common place, giuing him this taunt for his yong yeares to be a Consull, A man must firste be a Mariner before he Sylla taunteth. can be a Maister. When Lucretius had receyued Preneste, he kylled part of the Senatoures that were for Marius, and part he putte in prison, all the which, Sylla at his comming put to deathe, and The taking of Preneste, and cruell handling of it. commaunding all the Prenestines to come without armour into his Campe, he chose of them suche as he thoughte had done hym seruice, whiche were but few. The other he deuided into thrée partes, Romaines, Samnites, and Prenestines. He pardoned the Re­maines, Prenestines plaged. although as he tolde them, they had deserued death. Both the other he commaunded to be done to death with dartes. The women and the children he suffered to goe away frée. The Citie he sacked, whiche was very riche, and thus was Preneste taken. Norba an other Citie did still stoutely resist him, till A Emilius Norba. Lepidus gote into the Citie by policie in the night, whiche thyng the Citizens perceyuing, and being in desperation, part killed one an other, part killed themselues, part hung themselues, part The miserable end of the Ci­tizens of Norba. There is ano­ther Citi [...] of this name in Spayne called Norba Augusta, novv Alcan ara. shut their dores, and part set their houses a fire, whiche by the winde grew so great, as the Citie was burned, and no man had the spoyle. Thus they manfully died.

Italy béeyng thus afflicted with fire, famine, and slaughter, the Captaynes of Sylla went to euery place, setting garrisons where suspect was, and Pompeius went into Lybia and Sicilia against Nor­banus and his partakers. Sylla called the Romaines to a Counsell, speaking verye magnifically of himselfe, and verye horribly for Sylla to the [...]. them, making this conclusion, that he would reduce the Romaine [Page 57] people to better state if they obeyed him, but he purposed not to Sylla to the [...]. spare one of his enimies, but extreamely to punishe them, were they Pretors, Questors, Tribunes, or any other that had conspi­red with his foes, since the daye that Scipio brake promise wyth him: which being sayd, he proscribed to death fortie Senatoures, Proscoption is condemnation of death vvith­out Iudgement. and a thousand sixe hundred Gentlemen of the Romaines: he is the first that we finde, did proscribe men to dye. He appointed re­wards for the killers, and the bewrayers of the offendoures, and Horrible cru­eltie of Sylla. penalties for them that did hide any of them. Shortly after he added more Senators to the first, which suddaynely were kylled where they were founde: some in the stréetes: some in their hou­ses, and some in the Temples: some were brought vnto him on high, & throwen before his féete: some were dragged, & some were beaten, no mā daring speake one word at the pitiful sight héereof, for feare of the smart: some were banished, and their goodes gyuē to other: some were sought for that were fledde, who being scour­ged euery where, were miserably done to death. Against the It­lians also were many murthers, many banishmēts, & many pub­licaties of their goodes, that had any way obeyed Carbo, Norbanus, or Marius, or any of their officers, for the which, sharp iudgemēt was giuen ouer all Italy. Many and diuers accusations also were made vpon Captaines and armyes, and them that lente any mo­ney, or shewed other seruice or counsell against Sylla. Hospitality also and curtesie done by the way in iourneys, or any other lyke friendship, as lending or borrowing of money, or kéeping com­pany, Extremiti [...]. was punished. The rich men were most sharply handled in all these things, & when accusatiōs failed in particular men, Sylla turned to whole Cities, some he punished by pulling downe their forts, some their walles he made equal with the ground, to some, he put a publike payne, or else a yearely taxe, some he gaue in ha­bitation to them that had serued him, among whome also he de­ [...]ided the houses and landes of the Citizens, whiche thing made them sure to him all his life, and as men that were certen of no­thing but by his weale and safetie, they mainteyned his quarell after he was dead. This was now the state of Italy. Pompey had intercepted Carbo, and such noble men as were with him, flying [Page 58] from Lybia to Sicilia, and from Sicilia to Cosyra, commaunding all Cosyra an Hand in the coast of [...]. Car [...] put to death. to be killed, before they come in his sight, except Carbo, who was brought bound vnto him, and layde before his féete, hauing bin thesce Consull. After a long rebuke, he condemned hym to death, and sente his head to Sylla, who hauing all thinges as he would against his enimies, sauing Sertorius, who was farre off, and the only enimie remaining. He sente Metellus to ouerthrowe him in Iberia. All ciuill matters he vsed as he listed, lawes, creati­ons by voyces, elections by lottes, was no more spoken of, euery man fearing, eyther hiding themselues, or holding their peace, or confirming by decrée, as sure and irreuocable, whatsoeuer he had done, eyther as Consull, or Proconsull. They set vp his Image of golde on Horsebacke, in the common Palace with this Title,

‘Cornelius Sylla the happy Captayne.’

For so did Flatterers vse to call him in his fortunate fightes a­gainste his foes, whiche name beginning of flattery, remayned firme and stable. I haue séene in some writings, that he was cal­led by decrée Sylla the gratious, whiche thing is not incredible t [...] [...]. Faustus. me, bycause he was after named the Fortunate, which be names very nigh to lucky and gratious. There is also an Oracle of Oracle. continuance when he searched for things to come:

The Romaines wrote the same vpon his image, whiche as I thinke, they did to taunt him, or to mollifie him: he sent a crowne of golde, and an are with this inscription.

Being nowe a King or Tirante, not chosen but by force and violence, wanting an apparance to séeme to be chosen, he inuen­ted [Page 59] this craft. In old time, kings for their vertue did rule Rome, & A [...] Dictator. when any of thē did die, one Senator after an other did rule fiue dayes, til the people had chosen an other to be kyng, & him y ^• ru­led those fiue days, they called a king betwene, for in that meane time, he was a king. The electiōs of y ^e Cōsuls was euer done by Interr [...]g [...]. them y ^t ended their office, but if by chace there was no Cōsul pre­sent, thē was there also a king betwéene made, til y ^e Cōsuls were A King for the meane time. elected. Sylla following this custome, no mā being Consull after y ^e death of Carbo in Sicilia, & Marius in Preneste, he wēt out of y ^e Ci­tie, Interea. & cōmanded the Senate y ^e a King betwéene should be chosen, & so by thē Valerius Flaccus was chosen, thinking he woulde haue Valerius Flaccus procéeded to y ^e Consuls electiō: but Sylla seuerally by his letters, willed Flaccus y ^t he should propoūd to y ^e people, that Sylla thought it expediēt y ^t one should be created the ruler in she Citie, y ^t was named Dictator, now not vsed four C. yeares since, & whomesoe­uer Dictator. they chose, they should perswade him not to giue it ouer at a time, but to cōtinue it, til he had appesed Rome, Italy, & other king­domes, now afflicted with seditiō. Euery mā in his mind thought this was meant of Sylla, & he did not much dissēble it, for in y ^e end of his letters, he signified y ^t he it was, if it should so seeme to thē, y ^t should be so profitable to the cōmō wealth. Thus he wrote. The Rumaines y ^t now could do nothing in lawful electiōs, nor had now any authoritie, embracing a shew of electiō, as an Image & pre­tence of a libertie, in wante of al things did create Sylla a Tyrāt to rule as he woulde. The office of Dictator hauing some simili­tude of a Tirāt, in old time, was sone ended, but now y ^t first time, The office of a Dictator did ende in tvvo monethes. Kings. Cons [...]ls. Kings. Olimpias a kinde of shevves v­sed in Greece e­uery fyue yea [...] accor­ding to the vvhich they made the [...]r ac­comptes of yeare [...]. without any limitatiō, it was made very tyrannie in déede. Only for the names sake of election, they chose him Dictator to make lawes, & vse the cōmon wealth as he thought good. Thus the Re­maines hauing kings first, in the hundred Olimpias, & after being a populare state, with yearely Cōsuls, another hundred Gréeke O­limps being passed, they had kings agayne, after the Clxx. Olimp [...]. In Greece, ther was now no more actiuitie vsed in the Olimps, but renning of the race, for y ^e Champions & other sightes, Sylla had remoued to Rome, as some recreatiō to the people after the warre with Mithridates, & the troubles of Italy, for he pretended that he [Page 60] would refresh and cōfort y ^• people after their long laboures, & to shew a figure of a cōmon wealth, he willed thē to choose Cōsuls, so first were chosen Marcus Silius, & Oratilius Dolabella, and he lyke Some [...] a King ouerlooked them. Being Dictator, foure and twents ares were borne before him, as was wont before she old kings. He had also a great gard aboute his body. Some lawes he made, and some he reuoked. He woulde haue none to be Pretor before he were Questor, nor none Consull, before he were Pretor, and forbadde any man to haue that office twice, before tenne yeares [...]tion of [...]. distance. The Tribune ship of the people he so defaced and demi­nished, that no man cared greatly for it, for he ordeyned that hée [...]. that was once Tribune, should haue none other authority: wher­fore all they that were renoumed or noble, vtterly refused that office, and I can not affirme whether Sylla did translate it to the Senate, as it nowe is, or no: and bycause the Senate was consu­med by warre and ciuill discord, he chose thrée hundred of the or­der of Gentlemen to be Senatoures, and haue voyce by compa­nies [...]cre [...]e of Senatoures. in elections. The Seruants of them that were slayne, being yong and lustie, he made frée, to the number of tenne thousande, and declared them Citizēs of Rome, and named them of himselfe, Cornelians: and by this meane he had of the commons tenne thou­sand Servants made free, and named Cornelians. to do his commaundemente. He prouided the same through­out Italy, and to the xxiii. Legions that serued vnder him, he gaue much lands in diuers Cities (as I haue said) whereof parte was Lands giuen. neuer deuided, and part was forfeyte by penaltie. He was to bée feared in al things, and so ready to anger, as he slew in the midst of the Pallace, Lucretius Offell [...], by whome he beséeged Marius in Lucretius killed. Preneste, and wonne that Citie, and obteyned his great victorie, bycause he desired to be Consull before he hadde bin Questor or Pretor, being of the Gentlemens order. And after he had denyed him, he not leauing his sute, bycause he trusted in the greate ser­uice he had done, but made request to the Citizens, he called the people to a Counsel, and thus said. ‘Friends, know you, and giue care to me, I haue killed Lucretius, bycause he was disobediente vnto me, so thē he shewed a reason, A certaine Ploughmā was [...] to the [...]. bitten with Lyce, and stayed his Plough twice to picke them [Page 61] out of his cote, but when they bit him the third time, he threw his cote in the fire. So doc I aduise all, as subdued, that they doe not proue the fire at the third time. Thus he astonished all men, v­sing his authoritie at his pleasure, & triumphed of the warre a­gainst Mithridates.’ Some in a test, called his rule, a negatiue Denied King­dome. kingdome, bycause only the name of a King was denied: out o­ther, turning it to the contrary in déedes, named it a playne Ty­rannie. To so great inconuenience had this warre brought both the Romaines, Italians, and all other nations, partly with Pirates, partly with Mithridates, and partly Sylla his inuasions, partly with consuming their treasure in sedition, and oppression of ex­treame exactions: all the nations and Kingdomes, all confede­rates and Cities, as wel tributaries as other, that by league and All nations pla­ged by Sylla. oth had ioyned themselues to the Romaine Empire, & for theyr societie in warre, and other seruice, liued with their owne lawes and were frée: he caused all to pay and to obey him, and frō some, portes & prouinces granted by league, were takē away. Sylla re­ceiued to his protection Alexander sonne of Alexander Kyng of King of Egipt. Thus Alexander vv [...]s left in Coo of his Grand­mother Cl [...]o [...]a­tra vvith great riches. Aegipt, brought vp in the Ile of Coo, and of thē deliuered to Mi­thridates, and from him sledde to Sylla, and by decrée made hym king of Alexandria, being now destitute of a man King, bycause the women that were of the royall bloud, wanted a man of their kinne, thinking to get great gayne of this rich Countrey, but the Alexandrines whē he had raigned ninetéene dayes, sharply bea­ring himselfe of Silla, brought him from the Court into the com­mō Alexandrianes kill their king. schole, and there killed him. So they for the greatnes of their proper kingdome, and not féeling the smart that other had done, cared not for others power. The yeare following, Silla vsing stil Sylla being Di­ctator, is chosen Consull. Metellus Piu [...]. The Empe­roures vvere Consuls. Sylla refuseth the Consulship▪ Scruilius called Isauricus, for Isauria a coūtrey in little Asia. the authoritie of Dictator, yet to shewe it a forme of populare state, was chosen Consull, and with him Metellus, surnamed duti­full, and by this example peraduenture, they that be now kyngs of Rome, do admit Consuls, & they them selues be Consuls some­time also, thinking it no dishonor to haue that office with a gre­ter authoritie. The yeare following, the people desired Silla to be Consul againe, but he refused it, & appointed Seruilius Isauricus, & Claudius Pulcher to that office, and he withoute any compulsion, [Page 62] gaue ouer the office of Dictatorship fréely, being the highest di­gnitie [...]eth [...]e. of all other, and surely I maruell, that he, who was nowe chiefe of all other, and alone in authoritie, woulde giue ouer so noble a dignitie, not to his children, as Ptolomeus in Aegipt, Ari­ob [...]rzanes [...]us, [...]s, [...]- [...]s in Cappadocia, and Seleucus in Syria, but to them that had suffered by his tirannic. It séemeth beyōd reason, that he, who by violence, passing so many perils, hadde made himselfe a Prince, The rare [...] of Sillas [...]. should so freely leaue it, & beyond al mēs opinions, haue no feare of the alteration. After he had killed more than a hundred M. mē in warre, slaine so many ciuill enimies, aboue nine C. Senators, xv. Consuls, and 2600. Gentlemen, and banished a great number more, some of the whiche he spoyled of their goodes, some their liues, not suffering them to be buryed, that he was neither afraid of them at home nor abroade, nor of the Cities, of some of the which, he had bet downe their forts and walles, from some, takē away their goodes and landes, and put tributes vpon them, but would néedes become a priuate man. So great a confidence and Confidence of Sylla. fortune had this man, that in the middest of the common place he burst say, y ^t therefore he gaue ouer his authoritie, that he mighte render an accompt of it if he were required. The roddes and the axes he layd away. The gard of his person he remoued, and wēt alone with his friends in the middest of the people, the multitude beholding and amazed at the thing. Only once as he went home, Sylla suffereth a yong man to [...] him. a yong man reuiled him, and bycause no man did forbid him, hée tooke courage to giue him euill lāguage, til he came to his house, so as he that before was so furious against the greatest men and Cities, could now patiently suffer this yong man: only thus hée said, entring his house, either by natural reason, or by a diuinatiō of things to come: This yong man will be the let that an other The aunsvvere of Sylla. man hauing such authoritie, wil not so giue it ouer, which thing shortly after happened to y ^t Romaines, for Caius Caesar would not so leaue his power. Surely Sylla appeareth to be in al things vehe­ment, C [...]sar follo­vveth not the example of Sylla. Cuma is a plea­sant place, not farre from [...]. from a priuate man to make himselfe a Tyrant, and from that to be a priuate man againe. This done, he gaue himselfe to quietnesse of y ^• Countrey, & went to Cuma, a Citie of Italy, to hys owne lands, leading a quiet life at the sea side, and sometime hū ­ting [Page 63] in the field, not for any misliking of the priuate life in the ci­tie, nor for want of power to enterprise any thing that he would, for, for his age, he was in good strength, and of body very [...]ound. About Italy he had an hundred and twenty thousande men, that lately warred vnder him, which had receiued great gifts, & much The povver of Sylla. land of him, and in the citie there were tenne thousand of Corneli­ans, and other multitudes of his factiōs, al friēds faithful to him, and feareful to other, all the which had their whole trust in him, of that they had done, & in him reposed the suretie of all they had. Notwithstāding all this (as I thinke) he was wéery of war, wée­ry of dominion, & wéery of the Citie, & therfore sought a vacation as it were, and quietnesse in the Countrey. After this, the Ro­maines being deliuered of tirannie, fel again to sedition: for whē they had created Caius Catulus one of Syllas faction, and Lepidus E­milius, of the contrary, Consuls, enimies one to another, and rea­die Nevv occasion of sedition by the Consuls, C▪ Catulus, and Lapid. [...]. Vision of Sylla. to contend by and by, it was certaine that a new inconueni­ence would take beginning of these▪ They saye, that whiles Sylla lay in the Countrey, he had a vision that a God called him, the which in the morning he told to his friends, & with greate spéede made his testament, which being signed that day, in the euening a fitte tooke him, and in the night he dyed, of the age of lx. yeares, Death of Sylla. Age of Sylla. Happy. a mā, in all things most happy to his end, & as he was surnamed, so was he fortunate in déede, if he be happy that can do what hée li [...]t. And there was a contention in Rome about him, some would Contention for the buriall of Sylla. haue his body brought with great pomp through Italy to Rome, & ther in the common place to be honored with publike funeral. Lepidus and his friendes were against it, but Catulus and other of Syllas side preuailed. So his body was brought through Italy in a litter of gold in royal maner, numbers of musitians, horsemē, and Syllas corpse in a [...]tter of gold. other armed multitude followed. Al his Captaines & Lieutenāts that had serued vnder him, came to this po [...]p, frō euery place in armour, and as they came, so were they set in order. Other mul­titudes also repaired, as neuer had bin seene at any businesse. The Funerall of Sylla. ensignes and axes that he vsed in his dignitie, were borne before, and when he was broughte into the Citie, greate honor, and ex­céeding shewe didde encrease. Two thousande Crownes of Golde and more, were of purpose made, and presented. [Page 64] The gifts of Cities, of Legions that had serued him, and of e­uery priuate friend, were deliuered, other ornamēts were added to his funeral, the sumptuousnesse whereof, no man can expresse. His body being brought in with the army, the religious people, The receiuing of his body. both holy men, and sacred Virgines, did receyue and beare by course: the Senate and Magistrates, with all their tokens of of­fice, did the like: the troupes of Horsemen, the bands of footemen, deuided in order, did attende: seuerall beneuolence was shewed, bringing banners of golde, wearing harnesse of siluer, which yet be vsed in triumphes. There was a great nūber of Trumpets, Prayses of Sylla. which in order did sound an heauie noyse. The Senate praysed him first, then the Gentlemen, after the army, and all the people, whereof some desired his life, some that feared him and his ar­my, did now no lesse maruell about his dead body: for remēbring Affections of men. in their minds the noble [...]ates he had done, and the maner of his death, they could not but be astonished, confessing him to be of al other, though their enimie, the most happie man, so as being dead, he was dreadfull vnto them. Being brought into the com­mon place before the Tribunall, where Orations were wonte to be made, the most eloquente man that then was aliue, made the funerall Oration, bycause Faustus his sonne was yet vnder Funerall Ora­tion. Faustus his sonne vnder age. In the field of Mars▪ none bu­ryed but kings. age. The noblest of the Senate did take the litter, and beare it into the fielde of Mars, where none was wonte to be buryed but Kings. The Horsemen and the army marched aboute the fyre whiles his body was consumed. This was the end of Silla.

The Consuls going from the funerall, did contende wyth wordes and spitefull spéeche, intending betwéene them to make diuision of the rule that belonged to the Citie.

Lepidus to flatter the Italians, required they might be restored Contention. to the lands that Silla had taken from them. The Senate fearing The Consuls bound by oth. this falling out, did bind them both by oth, that they shoulde not contende by armes. Lepidus being appointed by lotte to the pro­uince of France beyond the Alpes, did not returne to the election, Lepidus refuseth to returne to the election. bycause he intended the next yeare to make warre vpon Sillas fa­ction, without respect of his oth, for it séemed he had fulfilled hys promise, in kéeping of it during his office.

[Page 65]This his purpose not being secreate, the Senate sent for him: Lepidus maketh vvarre. He, not ignorant why he was called, came with al hys army as though he would haue entred Rome therewith, but beyng forbid­den, he proclaymed warre by a Trumpet.

Catulus of the other side did the like: Not long after making a A Battel be­tvvene the Con­suls. Lepidus ouer­come and dyeth in Sardinia in the sea of Li­bya, called Sanda liotis, bycause it is like the [...]ole of a foote. Sertorius. battel in the field of Mars, Lepidus was ouercome, and without a­ny great chace he fled into Sardinia, where beeyng vexed wyth a consuming disease, he dyed. Hys armye disturbed in sundry par­tes, was dissolued the greatest part of it, Perpenna led into Spaine to Sertorius.

The laste worke left to Sylla was thys warre of Sertorius, con­tinuyng eyght yeares with difficultie, not as Romaines agaynste Spaniardes, but as one with another againste Sertorius, who ruled Sertorius occasiō of nevv vvarre. in Iberia. He, when Carbo and Sylla were at warre, tooke the Ci­tie of Suessa by composition, as we haue said, and fled from thence to his office, leading wyth hym an armye of Italians, and gathe­red more of the Celtiberians, wyth whome hee expulsed the offi­cers that were there for Sylla, who woulde not admit hym, and fought very valiantly with Metellus, that was sent against hym of Sylla, and being couragious to anye feate, elected a Senate of thrée hundred of his present friends, which he called the Romaine Sertorius maketh a Senate in Spayne. Senate, in dispight whereof hee named it, the Choice Counsell. Sylla being dead, and after hym Lepidus. Sertorius hauing another ar­my of Italians, which Perpenna brought vnto him as a Pretor of Perpenna. Lepidus, he had an opinion to be able to make warre vppon Italy: which the Senate fearing, sente another armye and another Pretor, whiche was Pompey, to the army that was before in Ibe­ria, Pompey into Spayne. who being but a yong Gentleman, was renowmed for the seruice he had done vnder Sylla in Libya and in Italy. He passed the Alpes very boldly, not that way that Anniball did so notablye, Rodanus Rosne in Fraunce. Eridanus Poo in Italy. but brake another way by the fountaines of Rodanus and Erida­nus, both the whiche floudes, haue theyr springs not far asunder from the high Alpes. Rodanus runneth by the Frenchemen that he beyond the Alpes, into the Tirr [...]ne sea: the other within the Alpes flowing to Ionia and in stéede of Eridanus is called Padus. Being come into Iberia, Sertorius straight did ouerthrowe one le­gion [Page 66] goyng a foraging with their baggage and slaues. The Ci­tie Iustice. A vv [...] [...]t [...]. of Lau [...]one in Pompeius sighte he spoiled and ouerthrew.

At this siege a woman being missused of a souldior, with cou­rage beyonde nature of hir kinde, pulled out hys eies. Sertorius A vvhole bande put to deathe. hauing vnderstanding of the chaunce, putte to death the whole bād, being counted corrupted in like things, though it were al of the Romaines: then winter comming on, they rested. The Spring Pirenei moun­taines diuide Spaine frō Irāce▪ Lusitania, Por­tugall. Battel at Sura novve Sucrone. approching, they came forth, Metellus and Pompey frō the mount Pirinei, and Sertorius with Perpenna from Lusitania. They met at a Citie called Sura, where giuing battell, though an horrible thun­der, in y ^• clere aire, which is maruellous, & lightnings out of rea­son did flash vpon thē, yet they as expert souldiors without fear [...] kept y ^• fight, & made great murder one of another, til Metellus had Metellus ouer­throvveth Per­penna. Sertorius ouer­cōmeth Pompey. ouerthrown Perpenna, and scattered his men, & Sertorius ouercome Pompey, who was hurt in y ^• thigh with a darte, and escaped wyth much dāger This was the end of the first battel. Sertorius had a white Harte tame, & to him very louing, the which being loste, A vvhite Harte. Some thinke this battel vvas fought at Sego­brida a tovvne in that part of Spaine also. Segunti [...] novve called Muruidero he tooke it for an euill token, & woulde not come forth for griefe, thinking his Hart had bin takē of his enimies, who scorned him for it: but when y ^• Hart was séene again, & came running to him, by & by, as by y ^• prouoked, he set vpō his enimies, & made diuers light fightes. Shortly after they fought a great battel about Sa­gūtia, frō noone till night, in y ^• which he ouercame Pompey in the battel of horsmē, & flew .vj. M. of his enimies, & lost halfe so many of his own. Metellus of y ^t other side, killed .v. M. of Perpēnas camp.

The nexte day Sertorius with an huge nūber of Barbarians, a lit­tle Pompey looseth, Metellus gay­neth. before night set vpō Metellus, & had brokē his campe, if Pompey had not approched, & made him leaue his bold enterprise. These thinges being done in sōmer, they retired to their winter harbo­row. The yere folowing, being y ^•. Clxvj. Olimp. 2. of y ^• cōfedered [...]thy [...]ia is the [...]te Region [...]o Troy, ouer▪ against Thracia. Tvvo regions fell to the Ro­maines by Te­stament. nations did fal to the Romaines. Bythinia giuen by Nicomedes, & Cy­rene by Tolomeus Lagus, called Appion, leauing it to thē by Testa­ment. On the other side, great enimies discouered against them, Sertorius in Spain, Mithridates in y ^• East, rouers ouer al y ^t sea, a stir in Creta, & a tumult of the Fēce-players of Italy, very sodain and sharp. The Romains diuiding their power for this purpose, set .ij. Trouble. legions into Iberia, which being come, Metellus & Pompey remoued [Page 67] frō their wintrings at y ^• mount Pirenei into Iberia. Sertorius & Per­penna came frō Lu [...]itania, at the which time, many fled frō Sertorius to Metellus, with the which Sertorius being grieued, he hādled ma­ny Sertorius remo­ueth the Romains from the guard of his person. Sertorius cruell. cruelly & barbarously, wherby he grew into hate of the army & the rather for y ^t he remoued the Romains frō the custody of hys body, & put the Celtiberians in their place. They could not abide to be reproued of vnfaithfulnesse, though they serued an ennimy to Rome, but this thing chiefly grieued thē, that they were counted Griefe of the Romains. rebels to their coūtry, for his sake, & yet suspected of him, & that with him ther was no difference betwene a fugitiue & a faithful. The Celtiberians also vsed thē dispitefully, & taunted them as vn­faithful: notwithstāding the Romains did not vtterly forsake him, Aragon. bycause of their commodities: for there was not a more valiāt nor fortunate captaine than hee, in somuche as the Celtiberians woulde call hym Anniball for hys promptnesse, who was the moste politicke and forwarde Capitayne that they coulde re­hearse. Sertorius compa­red to Anniball. After this sort stoode the army with Sertorius. Metellus peo­ple did daily molest the Cities, & cōpell many to yéelde vnto thē.

Pompeius besieged Palantia, and wyth tymber had made waye to scale the wall. Sertorius came to the reliefe, and remoued the siege▪ Pompey burned hys timber worke, destroyed the walles, and retyred to Metellus. Sertorius repaired the Citie, and spéedilye wēt toward Calagyrus, where, encoūtring with thē y ^t lay there, he killed. 3000. of them. And these were y ^e doings in Iberia this yere.

The yere following, the Romaine capitaines with greater cou­rage set vpō the Cities y ^t held with Sertorius, & tooke some of thē, & other they sought to get by pollicie, as they did, not vsing theyr whole force at euery attēpt. But y ^e yere folowing came stronger to the field, & did their things with more confidēce. Nowe Sertori­us Sertorius decay­eth. began to decay, God being against hym, and hee omitting the laws & trauailes of a captain, gaue himselfe to delicatenesse, and womē, feasting & drinking: for these causes he was many times ouercome, falling into furies & rages for euery trifle, & suspected euery man. Wherefore Perpēna, y ^• from the faction of Aemilius, Perpe [...]a, Conspiracie. came vnto him w ^t a gret army, begā to doubt of him, & conspired against him wyth tenne other, the which béeyng discouered, some were hanged, and some escaped, but Perpenna not beeyng named, [Page 68] as was his maruellous good hap, perseuered the rather in hys Death of Sertorius. purpose, he desired Sertorius to a banquet, and although he neuer wente withoute hys Guarde, yet at the seaste, little respect being had, and hee and all they ouerladen with Wine, Perpenna cut off his heade in the place where he feasted. The armye wyth great ire and tumulte rose againste Perpenna, chaunging theyr hate into loue of the Capitaine, for though before they hadde us greate lykyng of hym, now that hee was deade, remembraunce of his vertue tourned their mindes to pitie. And in thys pre­sent Miserie causeth pitie. case, they contemned Perpenna as a priuate man: and thin­king their only weale did consist in Sertorius, they could not abide Portugales. Perpenna, & not only they, but the Lusitanes and other Barbarians thought as much, whome Sertorius chiefly vsed in the warre, and when the tables of his Testament were vnsealed, and Perpenna founde to be his heyre, euerye man hated hym the more, bicause hee was not onely a Traytour to hys Capitayne, but to hys friende and benefactour, and then hadde they not helde theyr handes, but that Perpenna hydde hymselfe, and pleased some with Perpenna founde to be heyre to Sertorius. gifts, and some with promise, some he made afrayde with feare, and some he sharpely vsed with the terror of other. To the com­mon sorte he humbled himselfe, and suche as were in pryson by Sertorius he deliuered, and to the Lusitanes restored their pledges, Perpenna cruel. wherfore they were content to take him as their Captain. This honor had he after Sertorius, yet not without great difficultie, for being cruell, he soone fel to sharpe punishing, and of the Romaines that came with hym, he killed thrée of the noblest sorte, and hys own Nephew. Now was Metellus gone to the other side of Iberia, thinkyng Pompey to be sufficient to ouerthrowe Perpenna, who a while spent the tyme in makyng skirmishes, not bringing for the Fight betvvene Pompey and Perpenna. their whole power. The tenth day, with all their battailes they came into y ^• field, thinking with that one worke, to make an end, Pompey passed little of Perpennas experience. Perpenna distrustfull of his armies cōtinuance in obedience, was y ^• rather willing to try all at once. Pompey giuing the onset the more [...]ercely, & Per­penna Ouerthrovv of Perpenna. not abiding as a Captain, and the army voide of goodwil, was soone ouercome, & euery man flying, Perpenna hid him vnder [Page 69] a tuffte of bushes, fearing more his own, than his enimies, & bée­ing taken of certaine horsemen, they dragged him to Pompey, & of his owne people hee was euil spoken of, for his offence againste Sertorius: he made great ado to be brought aliue to Pompey, to re­ueale vnto him gret matter of y ^• Romaine factiō, eyther to tel the Death of Per­penna. truth or to saue himselfe, but Pompey sent to haue hym kylled be­fore he came in his sight, fearing leaste hee might haue vttered some strange matter, y ^• might haue bin y ^• beginning of a new stir VVisedome of Pompey. in Rome, wherin Pompey séemed to do very well & wisely, & wan a great opinion therby. This was the end of the war in Iberia, and of Sertorius life, which if he had not bin dead, would not haue bin finished, neyther so soone, nor so easyly.

‘The warre of Spartaco.’

In this time in Italy, a Sword-player that kepte in Capua for Spartacus. shews, called Spartacus a Thracian borne, had serued in war wyth the Romaines, & now was as a slaue in custodie for to shew his cū ­ning in plaies: he persuaded .lxx. more of his fellows, to aduēture for their libertie rather thā to be slaues for shews, & with thē for­cing y ^• kéepers, he ran away, & arming such as hemet with staues Mount de Soma. & swordes he fled to the Mount Vesuuius, whither many slaues, & some fréemen, flying to him frō the Countries, he receiued thē, Aenomaus, Crissus, o [...] & robbed the plaines adioyning, he appointed two officers, Aeno­maus and Crissus other two Sword-players, & making equall di­uision Varinius Glaber▪ P. Valerius vvere ouercome of Spartacus. of his pray among them, in short tyme great multitudes came vnto hym. Whom to ouercome Varinius Glabrius was first sent, & after hym Publius Valerius, not w ^t an army of any regard, but such as for hast they could gather by y ^• way. For y ^• Romaines did not think it shold néed any other, nor looked for such effect at a Firste the battel betvvene Spar­tacus and the Romaines. Sword-players hand. But when it came to the battell, the Ro­maines were ouercome: Spartacus killed Varinius horse, & it lacked but little, that y ^• Romaine Captain was not takē of a vile Sword player, after this fight, more & more resorted to Spartacus, and he had now an army of .lxx. M. for whom, he made armor & al other prouision. The Romaines sent the Consuls with twoo legions, a­gainst Mount Gargano in Appulia novve called Mount S. Angelo. whome Crissus came wyth .xxx. M. and was ouercome at Mount Garinus, loosing two partes of his army and his life also.

[Page 70] Spartacus passed ouer mount Apennine to go into France be­yond the Alpes: but one of the Consuls laye in the waye and Spartacus ouer­cometh the Consuls. stopped his passage, and the other followed him: he fought with them both and ouercame them in seuerall fightes: so as the Cō ­suls retyred with tumuit. Spartacus did sacrifice thrée hundered Romaines to his felowe Cressus, and with twentie thousand Re­maine Sacrifice of mē footemen, he wente to Rome, burning all vnprofitable birdes, and killed all Captiues and the beastes of cariage, to march the faster. Many fugitiues comming vnto him, he would admitte none.

The Consuls encoūtred him at Picene, where was a notable fight, and many of the Romaines slayne, and loste the day. Yet durst he not go directly to Rome, bycause he did not thinke hym­selfe equai with the Citizens in feates of warre, nor had an ar­my throughly instructed, for neuer a Citie toke his part, but on­ly slaues and fugitiues, and a confused multitude folowing him: Th [...]r [...]s in Apulia vvhich the Ro­maines made a colonie and called it Copia. he turned to the mountaines at Thurus, & besieged the towne: hée forhad any merchāt to bring gold or siluer into his campe, or to be vsed: but brasse & yron he admitted, paying wel for it, & did not hurt thē that brought it. Wherby hauing matter abeūdant, hée made verye fayre armour, and vsed to séeke pray in the coun­trey, and fought with the Romaines againe, and had the victorie & went away with a great spoyle. Now were thrée yeares past, Three yeares vvarre. and this warre remayned horrible to the Romaines, which at the first they contemned, as a play of Fence. The election of y ^• new Consuls being come, such a terror was of him, as no mā desired the office▪ till Licinius Crassus, notable in Rome for his house and Zicin us Crassus. riches, toke it vpon him, and with sixe other legions wente a­gainst Spartacus: and being come nigh, he receyued the armies of Crassus doth execution. the two Cōsuls, of the which he put to death euery tenth mā, as bapt by lot, bycause they had bin so oft ouercome. Some thinke Crassus ouercom­ [...]c [...] otherwise, that they al fought and were ouercome, and thē he so punished them by the tenth, & kylled foure thousande, hauing no doubt of the multitude. But whither so euer he dyd, it auayled much to the ouerthrow of his enemies, for by and by he set vpō them ten thousand of Spartacus men that camped by thē, wherof [Page 71] he killed two partes, and then with like courage so fiercely en­coūtryng with Spartacus, he ouercame him with a notable fight, The thu [...] [...]t­tel. Spartacus [...] yet [...] tovvard [...]. and chased him to the sea, wher he thought to escape by ship in­to Sicilie, but he ouertoke him, and enclosed him in a trench, and when he had forced him to [...]lée to the Samnites, Crasses killed sixe thousand of them at the sunne rise, and as manye at the sunne The fourth bat­tel. Samnites, novv Abr [...]zo. set, thrée only of the Romaines beyng killed, and seauen hurt, so great an alteration was there of victorie, after the executiō of that punishmente. Spartacus loking for horsemen to come vnto him, did not nowe come forth with all his men, but by tymes Spartacus holden in. did much annoy the besiegers, sodaynely issuing vppon them & throwing firebrandes into their campe, burned their wall, and put them to much difficulties and trouble. A Romaine Captiue he hung vp in the middest of his campe, shewing to his souldi­ours what they should suffer if they did not ouercome. The Ro­maines in the Citie seing of this siege, and thinking it a dishonor to be so long holden with a sword-player, appointed Pompey, who was returned frō Iberia with his army, (waying the difficultie of the thing) to take the charge therof. Crassus séeing the glory of Pompey appoin­ted to this vva [...]. this war shold be taken from him by Pompey, made hast to trie it with Spartacus, and Spartacus thinking to preuent Pompey, would haue made agréemēt with Crassus, but being reiected he thought to proue the vttermost, and with his horsemen that were come, he issued out of the campe, with al his bands, and fled as fast as he coulde to Brunduse, Crassus following him: but when he heard that Lucullus was come to Brunduse with his army from the warre of Mithridates, then in desperation of all things he encoū ­tred with Crassus. The fight being long and difficulte, as among so many souldiours driuen by desperation, Spartacus was hurte The last battel vvherin Sparta­cus vvas [...]aint. in y ^• thygh with a dart, by y ^• which wounde falling on his knée, he defended himselfe with his shield, & foughte with thē that came vpō him, many of the which he ouerthrew, till he & the cō ­panies about him were discomfited, the other multitude with­out order fled, and were killed wythout number: of the Romaines a thousand were slayne.

[Page 72] Spartacus being dead was neuer founde, a great multitude frō the battaile went to the Mountaines, agaynste whome Crassus followed. They diuiding themselues into fortye partes, fought it oute, till they were all slaine, saue sixe thousande, which being taken, were hanged in the way betwéene Rome and Capua. [...] the ch [...]e [...] Citie of C [...]ip [...]. Contention be­tvvene Crassus and Pompey. Crassus seketh to be Consul▪ after Syllas appoynt­ment. Pompey, after the auntient maner. Both chosen Consels.

Thys dyd Crassus in sixe moneths, contending with Pompey for glorie, and would not leaue his armye, bycause Pompey woulde not leaue his, and both of them sought to be Consull.

Crassus hauing bene Pretor according to Syllas law, Pompey neither hauing bin Questor nor Pretor, being yet xxxiij. yeares of age, promised the Tribunes to reduce their office to y ^• antiēt aucthoritie: and being both chosen Consuls, neyther of them would leaue their army. Pompey sayde he would stay for Metellus to make his triumph of Iberia.

Crassus affirmed that Pompey ought first to giue ouer.

The people peceyuing that discorde was readye to ryse, and The people re­quire reconcili­ation. two armies at hand, requested y ^• Consuls sitting in their places to come to recōcilation, which at the first they both denyed: but the southsayers declaring great and grieuous calamites to fol­low, vnlesse they were agréede, the people agayne with lamen­tation did desire them, recording the miserable time of Sylla and Crassus relenteth first. Marius: with the which things, Crassus beyng moued, rose firste from his seate, and came to take Pompey by the hand and to be re­conciled. Pompey rose also in hast and came fast to hym, and one embraced another, gret thankes with showtes, was gyuē vnto them, and the people would not let them depart, til they had de­termined the dissolution of their armies.

This contention, that by al mens opinions seemed, woulde haue grown very great, was happily ended: the lx. yeare of the Ciuil warre from the death of Tiberius Gracchus.

The second Booke of Appi­an of Alexandria touching the ciuill discorde of the Romaines.

AFter the Monarchie of Sylla, and all that Sertorius & Perpenna did in Spaine, other like Ciuil businesse [...]l among he Romaines, til Caius Caesar and Po [...]pe [...] he great, warred one vpon another. Casar slue Pompey, and certaine in the [...]enate killed Caesar▪ How this was [...]one, and how both Pompey and Casar were destroyed, thys second Booke of Ciuil cau [...]s shal declare.

Pompey had lately scoured the seas of Rouers whiche robbed Pompey. in euery place beyond all reason: and after them subdued Me­thridates king of Pontus: and set order in his kingdome, and al y ^• nations as farre as the Easte. Caesar was yet a yong man, for­warde in worde and déede, bolde to any thing, and hoping of e­uery Pretor had the chai [...] of the lavv. A [...]dd [...]s of houses and pro­ [...]ion. thing, inclined to ambition sobeyond al measure, as beyng Pretor and Fdilis, he grewe in great dette, to gette the good wyl of the people, which is euer wont to embrace them that be beū ­tiful.

Caius Catilina was also notable, for his great fame and noble Cat [...]ime. Cat [...]ime [...]ileth his soune. bloude, a very rashe man. thinking it once good to kill his owne sonne for the loue of Aurelia Orestilla, bycause she woulde not graunt to marry with him, hauing a child aliue. He was friend to Sylla, of his faction, and a very great follower of him: through hys ambition he was in much want, & by the enticing of some greate men and women, laboured to be C [...]nsull, that by that meane, he mighte make hys waye to Tyrannye, and being in good hope to haue the election, he was repulsed, and Cicero [Page 74] chosen, a man most eloquent and swéete in speach. Cateline, did Cateline repulsed and Cr [...]er [...] cho­sen confull. skorne him, and in despight of them that had chosen him, for the basenesse of his kinne, called him a New man, (for so doe they terme them, that grow noble of themselues, and not of their Nevv man. auncestours) and for that he was a straunger in the Cittie, he named hym a Fermer, by the which worde they call them that dwell in other mens houses. And for this, he refused to deale in publique matter, wherein was plenty of strife and contention, VViues vveary of their hus­bandes. and no great nor present further aunce to a Monarchie. Yet he gathered much money of many wiues which hoped to be rid of theyr husbands by this hu [...]ley burley. He cōfecred with some of Senatours Gen­tlemen. the Senatours & them that be called Gentlemē, and some of the Commons, straungers and seruaunts he also allured. But his chiefe Counsellours were, Cornelius, Lentulus, & Cethegus, which were then officers in the cittie. He sent about Italie to the that had spent their gaines got by the violence of Sylla, and were de­sirous of the like enterprises again. To Fesule in Tuscane, he sent Caius Manlius, & other into Ancona and Appulia, the which pre­sently did gather men for him. All these practises did Fuluia, a [...] vttereth the consp [...]ac [...]e. Q Carius. noble woman, bewray vnto Cicero, whose louer Q. Spurius, a man for his lewde life remoued from the Senate, and admit­ted to Catelines conuentions, ambitious and very light did boast with his woman, that shortly he shoulde be made a great man. Rumors were now raysed of their doings in Italie, and Cicero set gardes indiuers places of the cittie, and sent some noble men [...] chiefe minister or Cate­ [...]. to haue an eye to the suspected places. Cateline, although no man durst lay hands on him, yet, bicause the truth was not tried out, perceyuing the time to be suspitious, and putting al his hope in spreding, sent his money afore to Fesule: and giuing order with his confederates to kill Cicero▪ and in one night to set the citie a [...] sixe in sundrie places, he posted to C. Manlius, to make an other army of the sodaine, to inuade the cittie after the burnyng. He caused the axes & roddes, to be borne before him like a Procon­sull very fondly, & went to Manlius, taking vp souldiours by the way. Now was it thought good to Lentulus & his cōpanions, as The maner of the practise. soone as they heard Cateline to be at Fesule, that Lentulus himself & Cethegus should beset Ciceros house early in the morning w ^t wea­pons [Page 75] hid, & that they being let in, bicause of their dignities, should speake with him, & by talke draw him a good way off, and when they had him from other cōpany, to kil him. Then should Lucius Sextius a Tribune, by & by cal an assemblie by the ordinarie offi­cers, Cicero to be lis­ted, the c [...]t [...] to be burned. & accuse Cicero as a mā feareful, troublesome, & a disturber of the citie, when there was no such cause: and the night after this Oration of Sextius, to set y ^e citie a fire in other .xij. places, to spoyle it, & kil the best me. This was y ^• opiniō of Lentulus, Cethe­gus, Statilius, & Sextius, chiefe of y ^• cōspiracie, & wayted for y ^e time.

There were embassadours of Sau [...] ▪ to cōplain of their gouer­nours, which by Lentulus were admitted to [...] conspiracie, y ^• they should stirre their coūtrie against the Romanes. L [...]u [...]us sent Vui­turtius of Cro [...]one with thē to Cateline, carying letters without a­ny name. The Embassadours being afraide, did cōmunicate w ^t Fabrus Sanga, who was their patrone, as euery other citie had in Cities had pa­ [...]ones in Rome [...]. Rome. Cicero vnderstāding this by Sanga, appreheded both them & Vulturtius as they were goyng away a brought them to the Se­nate, to whom they cōfessed al they had learned of Lentulus, and with much [...]o bewrayed, that Cornelius Lentulus had oft sayde, y ^• by dest [...]te. [...]. Cornelius should be Monarches of Rome, whereof Cornelius▪ a great surname in Rome. [...]. were past, Cinn. & Sylla. When these things were declared, the Senate put Lentulus out of his office. Cicero cōmitted euery of the to the houses of the pretors, & straight returned & called ter sentece. There was much ado about y ^e counsell house, for y ^• truth was not yet knowne▪ & the conspiratours were afraide of them­selues. The seruaunts, & fréemade mē of Lentulus & C [...]t [...]gus, got many artificers with thē, and wēt to the backe sides of the Pre­tors houses to haue taken away their maisters, whiche, when Cicero heard, he ran out of the counsell house, & hauing set garde Priuilege of Cō ­sul elect. Syllanus. in euery place, came againe, and hastned the iudgement. Syllanus spake first as he that was elected to be Consull next: for it was the Romaines maner to haue him speake first, that should folow in y ^e Consuls office, bicause (as I think he should com [...]nly crecute the decrées, & therby, cōsider the more ripely & morely of euery of Disagrement, [...] the cō ­spiracie. them. Syllmus was of opinion y ^• these men should haue extreme punishment: and many other consented to his iudgement, till Nero muste say his minde, who thought it good to kéepe them [Page 76] in prison til Cateline were ouerthrowen, and the thing throughly [...] vvith vvhom Cicero du [...]ste not contende. knowne. C. Caeser, who was not without suspition to be priuie to this cōspiracie, with whom Cicero durst not contend, bycause he was so accepted to the people, added more, that Cicero shoulde place them in such Cities of Italie as he thought good, til Cateline were dispatched, and then to be brought to iudgemente, that no e [...]tremitye shoulde be vsed againste so noble men, that myghte [...]. seeme voyde of cight or reason. This sentence seming indisterēt, man [...] allowed of it, and rashly consented to it, til Cato plainely had discouered the suspitiō against Caesar: and Cicero fearing that this night some trouble would folowe, & that the multitude that were acquainted with the matter, and then remayned doubtful in the common place, would do mischiefe: and for some inconue­nience, as wel of the one as of the other, determined to execute the without iudgement, as apparant offenders: Cicero brought euery one of them, (the Senate yet sitting) to the cōmon prison, [...]. and without knowledge of the people, put them to death. Then he went to thē that were in the common place, and told thē, they haue liued: wherat they dispersed with feare, were glad to hide [...]. thēselues as wel as they could: & so the citie, that at that present was in great feare▪ receyued a little comfort. Cateline had nowe gathered xx. M. and armed the fourth part of them, & was going into [...] for more preparation: but Antonie the other Consul, encountred him in the Alpes, and without great ado, ouerthrew him, as one that suriously had taken so horrible a thing in hand, whiche when it came to the triall, without order, erecuted the [...]Spane [...]yne. s [...]ne, although neither he nor none other of the nobles y ^t were of that conspiracie, would agrée to flée: but running among the e­nimies, were sl [...]in in the middest of them. Thus the rebellion of [...]ey. Cateline, which had almost brought the Cittie to vtter destructi­on, was dissolued: & Cicero y ^• before was only notable for his elo­quence, nowe also both for worde and deede was extolled and playnly appeared the preseruer of his perishing countrie: wher­fore thankes were giuen him in the whole assembly, and diuerse sholutes of prayse made vnto him: & wheras Cato thought hym worthy the name of father of the country, the people confirmed [Page 77] it with a cry. This honorable name being giuē first to Cicero, is nowe attributed also to such Emperors as be worthy: For this title is not giuē to euery king with the rest of his other stile, but in tyme with great ado is decreede vnto him, as a perfecte [...] mony of hys excellent vertue.

Caesar was chosen Liuetenant for Spaine, and of hys cred [...] [...]. was staide in Rome: for so much did he owe more than h [...] [...] worth (as they report) he saide hee had neede of twoo [...] and fiue hundred millions, to haue nothing: yet agreeing [...] [...]. hys creditours as well as he could, he went into Sp [...]e, where he did not deale wyth Citie matters, or by sessions take order for their causes, thinking that nothing serued hys purpose, b [...] thered men, and in tyme subdued all the rest of Spa [...], til hee had brought it subiect and tributarie to the Romaines. He sent muche money to the common treasure of Rome, wheresore the Senate [...]. graunted him a triumphe: he made preparation of a great shew in the suburbs of Rome. The tyme of election of newe Consulls [...]. was come, and he that stode for the office must be present, and if he were once entred, he could not returne agayne to make tri­umphs. He being very desirous of the Consulship, and not yet ready for the triumph, sente to the Senate and desired he might aske the office by his friends in his absence, although it were a­gainst the Lawe: But Cato spake againste it, so as the las [...]e day of the election was spent in reasoning. Wherefore Caesar set aside [...]. the triūph and came running to the election & desired the office.

At thys time Pompey was in great power and glory for his vi­ctory Pompey. againste Methridates: he required that many things which be had graunted to Kings, Princes and other estates, might hee confirmed by acte of Parliament. The which request many [...]n­uied, specially Lucullus, who made warre agaynst Methridates be­fore, Lucuilus againste Pompey. and broughte him so weake, that it was an easie matter to ouercome him, so as indede the seate against Methridates was Crassus vvith Lucullus. properly hys, and Crassus tooke parte wyth Lucullus. Whereat Pompey being grieued, he ioyned with Caesar and promised by oth Pompey vvith Caesar. to make hym Consull, and Caesar reconciled Crassus to Pompey.

And these three hauing greatest power of al, did serue one an­others [Page 78] turne, insomuche as one Va [...]ro a writer, in one of hys bookes, did cal this agreement, a triple salling headlong.

The Senate hauing them in suspition, did choose Lucius Bibu [...] [...] the other Consul, to withstande Caesar, and they straighte fell to conte [...], and made priuate preparation of armour one a­gainste another.

Caesar was a deepe dissembler, & in the Senate house vsed spea­ches [...]yueth [...]. of reconcil [...]ation w [...]th [...], that by their dissention, the cō non [...] a [...]th [...]ught take no [...]athe. Hee giuing creotie to this prete [...]ce being vn [...]sed and vnprepared, and ignorant of Cae­ [...] meaning, sonne that hee hadde made greate promsion in s [...]cr [...]te, and de [...]i [...]d lawes for the poore agaynste the Senate, d [...]d [...]ng landes vnto them: the beste that was aboute [...], he appointed as of the common treasure, to be bestowed vppon them that had bin fathers of three children, and by thys meane he [...] the harts of the multitude. For twenty thousande were a compted only to take the benefite of three children.

Many of the Senate were againste this purpose. Wherfore [...] with a famed anger that they would not admitte so [...]ste a thing, [...]n ou [...]e, and would not call the Senate tog [...]her al the yeare after. But in the common place hee woulde speake to the people, [...] enquired of P [...]mp [...]y and Cras [...], how they liked of the la [...], [...] their c [...]seate, he willed the people to come to the [...]obation of them, with their weapons hid.

The Senate (bycause it was not lawfull to assemble, vnlesse The [...]. truth Consuls were present) went to [...] house bycause they had not foresome to make resistāce to C [...]s [...], & exhorted [...] to [...]hst [...]de the lawes, that it might not s [...]me hee was ouer [...]ru­ [...] by negligence, but of necessitie. [...] was persuaded, and [...] the Common place, w [...]iles C [...]s [...]r was yet speaking [...] by [...]. to the people. Then was there much s [...]ise and disorder, and some hurte, for they wyth h [...] weapons, brake the roddes and [...]es of [...], and wounded the Tribunes that were about h [...]m.

[...] not abashed, offred his throat, and wyth a loude voice, called Caes [...]rs row [...]e to y ^• déede, saying: If I cannot per [...]uade Cae­sar [Page 79] to Justice by my death, I throwe vppon hym all thys blame and mischiefe. Notwythstandyng, hys friendes, thoughe a­gainste hys will, conueyed hym into the nexte Temple of Iu­ [...]er possessour.

Cato was sente for, and lyke a young man, thruste in among them, and beganne to speake: but being ouerpreste with [...]s men, he was putte out againe: yet pri [...]ly comming in another way, he ranne vppe to the place of speache, and determining to speake nothing else, he sharpely cried out againste C [...]sar, [...] was pulled downe.

Then Caesar pronounced the lawes, and caused the people so sweate vnto them, as euer to continue in effect▪ He cō [...]nded the Senat to sweare also. Whereof [...]nye, and Ca [...] not agree­ing, Caesar threatned death vnlesse they sware, and the people con­firmed it, so that for feare they sware, and so did the Tribunes The [...] co [...] ­ [...]ed by [...]n [...]he. also, bycause it auatled no more to resist, the lawe being pron [...] ­ced by other.

Vetius, a manne of the common sorte, came running among them with a naked sworde, saying he was sent of Bib [...]lus, [...]o & Cato, to kill Caesar and Pompey, and that the sworde was delyue­red hym of [...] one of Bib [...]lus Sargeants. And although euerye man suspected this deuise, yet Caesar stirred the people, and appointed the nexte daye to examine Vetiu [...]. He was cō [...]ted to prison, and was deade that nighte.

Thys chaunce also being diuersly construed, Caesar didde not omitte to worke it for hys purpose, affirm [...]ng, that they that were afraide, had done it. Where upon, the people did graunte Vetiu [...] deade. reuenge to be had of his en [...]mies.

Then Bib [...]lus lettyng all goe oute of hys handes, as a priuate manne, came not oure of his house all the reste of Bib [...]lus gyueth ouer. the yeare of hys office. Nowe Caesar made no more inquisi­tion of Vetius, but hauing all the power of the common wealth alone, made more lawes to allure the people, and to confyrme all that Pompey hadde doone, accordyng to his pro­myse.

[Page 80]There were that had the name of Gentlemen in the citie, and were in the midde place betweene the Senate and the people, These men might do much both for their own substance, & for y ^• gathering of tributes & tol [...]cs, which the people did pay, wherof a number attended vppon them moste assu [...]edly. They made suit [...] the Senate to be discharged of parte of the rent. The Senate made some sticking at it, but Caesar not regarding that, only vsing the people did re [...]tte the thirde parte of the rent vnto them.

They hauing beyond their expectation obtayned suche bene­ [...] by hys goodnesse did extoll hym like a God, and so Caesar by [...]e, had another companie stronger vnto hym than the people was. Then Caesar made shewes and huntings vnto them, [...] ▪ s [...]ding vpon [...]u [...]r [...] thing more than he was able, exceeding all y ^• had bin before tyme in s [...]ptuous preparation, & bountifull re­wardes. [...] ▪ Wherfore they made him ruler of France, bothe on thys [...] and beyonde the Alpes for fyue yeares, and for his office he had some legions appointed.

He considering that his absence should be long, and that enuy would be greater than the greatest fauour, be [...]lowed his daugh­ter [...] to [...]. in mariage vpon Pompey, although Scipio were yet aliue, fea­ring that Popey (though he were his friend) might [...] the great­nesse of his felici [...]e: he made the moste seditious men officers for [...] ▪ the next yere, & Aulus Gabi [...] he declared Consull, who was his chiefe s [...]end, and marryed Calphu [...] daughter to L [...]us Piss, that should be Consull with him.

[...] [...]ing oute, that rule was rated by makyng of wanton mariages: Tribunes he appointed Va [...]tu [...] and Cl [...] called the [...]. Faire, who was s [...]l [...] diss [...]med for a suspition wyth Iul [...]a, Ca­ [...] wise, in the sacrifice that belonged [...]nelye to women.

For the whiche, althoughe C [...]r didde putte awaye hys wise, yet he made nothing ad [...]e with hym, bycause he was accepted to the people: yet other did accuse hym for disparaging the holye [...] [...]. sacrifice, and [...]c [...]r [...] did speake against hym. Caesar was called to gyue witnesse, but he said nothing, and rather made hym Tribune of the people to [...]ntrap C [...]er [...], who spake againste the alli­aunce of the three men, as a thing tending to tyra [...]ny.

[Page 81]Thus did griefe giue place to gaine, and one [...] benefi­ted, that another mighte bée hindred: and it shoulde séeme that Clodius had gratifyed Caesar before in the getting of hys office in Fraunce. These thinges didde Caesar, beyng Consull, and when hee hadde gyuen ouer one office, hee strayghte coueted ano­ther.

Clodius accused Cicero, that hée hadde contrarie to lawe putte [...] by [...] ▪ to death Lentulus and Cethegus before the Senate had giuen sen­tence: Cicero that in that matter had vsed moste noble courage, nowe being called to answere, was verye fainte harted. Hee put on a mourning vesture, and ful of wéeping and sorrowe, he hum­bled himselfe to all that he met in the streates, not beeing asha­med to trouble them, whom he neuer knew, so that his behauior was so vnséemely, y ^t they which should haue pitied him, laughed him to scorne: to so great fearfulnesse for one cause of his owne was he fallen, y ^t all his life had done most gloriously for others, euen (as they say) Demosthenes of Athes, was not able to answere Demosthenes. in his own cause, but before he was condēned, fled away. Clodius, with spite did mock his lowlinesse to mē abroad, whereby being brought to desperatiō, he also tooke a volūtary banishmēt, many of his friends going forth with him, and the Senate recommen­ding him to Cities, Kings, & Princes. Clodius pulled downe hys Clodius pulleth dovvn [...] [...] houses both in the Citie and Country, & pleased hymself so well with thys act, as he would néeds compare with Pompey, who had then the greatest auctoritie in the Citie. Wherfore he called Mi­lo that was fellow to Clodie, and a bolder man than hee, putting hym in hope of the Consulship, to be againste his fellow, and to make a decrée for Ciceros returne, supposing that Cicero woulde nowe deale with matters and actions against Clodie, & no more busy hymself in speaking against the presente auctoritie.

Thus Cicero that by Pompey was caste oute, by the same was called home the sixteenth moneth after his banishment, and hys house & fermes were builded of the common coste. He was re­ceyued [...] with great glory, euerye man wayting for hym at the gate, spending one whole daye in embracements and welcom [...], euen as hapned to Demosthenes at his returne from [...]r [...].

[Page 82]In this meane tyme, Caesar had done greate feates among the Frenchmen and Britains, as I haue shewed in my booke of the Frenche matters, and being full of riches, he came to that part [...]h [...]. of Fraunce that consineth with Italy at soe sloude Eridanus, to recreate his army a while after their continuall warfare. From whence, he sent to diuerse men, greate summes of money. The yearely officers by turne came to visite hym, and so did the Pre­sidents of Prouinces, the Generals of armies, and other noble men, so as sometime there were a hundred and twenty Mace [...] [...] Cae [...]r. about hym, and more than twoo hundred Senatours, some, to thanke him for their offices, some, to seeke money, and some for one thing, and some for another. For nowe he tooke vppon hym all thynges by the greatnesse of hys armye, the abundaunce of riches, and by friendeship, that he had wonne of al sortes.

Both Pompey and Crassus, sellowes of his power, came to him. They agréede that Pompey and Crassus should be Consulls againe, and that Crassus shoulde haue the rule of the nations he had, for o­ther siue yeares, and so they departed.

Donutius A [...] barbus stoode agaynste Pompey for the Consul­ship, [...]. and when the day was come, bothe came in he night into the fielde to the election. And such was the strife, as it came to st [...]es, till one with a sworde stroke hym that bare Aenobarb [...] t [...]r [...]h, and then euery man fled from hym. He had much adoe to A [...] the [...] be conueyed home in sasety: Pompeys gowne was found bloudy and borne home: So nigh peril were both parts. Thus Pompeyus and Crassus being chosen Consulles, they decréede to Caesar, other fiue yeres, as they had determined, the Prouinces and armies they di [...]ided betwen them. Pompey tooke Spaine and Barbarie, to the Di [...]sion of Prouinces which he sent his friends, and he remained in Rome. Crassus chose Syria, and the nations next vnto it, for desire he had to make war vpon the Parth [...]ns, which he thoughte would be bothe easie and profitable, & to his renowme. But as before he wēt out of the ci­tie, al tokens séemed vnlucky, so the Tribunes did forbid hym to molest the Parthians, that had made no fault. And bycause hée woulde not regarde, they made publique execration vpon hym, whiche he contemning, was in the same warre, with hys sonne [Page 83] of that name destroyed, and scarcely .x. M of an. C. M. did escape The calamitie of Crassus. by flight into Syria. But this calamitie of Crassus is declared in the booke of the Parthian warres. The Romaines being molesied with dearth, made Pompey General Prouider of vi [...]als and as they were wont in Pyrats war, ioyned .xx. Senators with hym as assistants vnto him. He sent them to euery country, and made suche spéede, as Rome was by & by fulfilled with plentye of v [...] ­all, whereby he grew into greater glory and auctoritie, than he The death of Caesars daughter. was before. At this time Caesars daughter that was marryed to Pompey, dyed, wherfore euery man was afraide that this affinity being broken, they two would contende with greate force. The state of the citie was in trouble and disorder, for the rulers did Rome disorde­red. al for gaine and ambition, & with force & weapons moued sediti­on. They were not ashamed of briberie nor corruption so they might be made rich. The people woulde not giue their voyces, vnlesse they were hyred. There was séene .viij. C. tallents putte in pawne for the nomination to an office. The yearely Consuls were reiect from armies and prouinces, being taken away by y ^• power of these thrée men. They that were of worst behauiour, Fyrst three men▪ sought their gaine by armies and publike matters of the Citie, & by the electiōs of their priuate successors, by reason wherof the honest sort did vtterly leaue to rule, insomuche as in this disor­der, Rome eig [...]te Moneths vv [...] out a Magi­strate. Dictator. the Citie was .viij. moneths without a Magistrate. Pompey of purpose did winke at all this geare, that the necessitie of tyme might make hym a ruler alone: and now it was spoken in euery place, that the only remedy to these mischiefs, was the auctority of one, whom it behoued to choose, being mighty of power, and gentle of nature, signifying that Pompey had a sufficient army, & counted a louer of the people, & for his honor, did leade y ^• Senat, in lyfe sober and sincere, and in conuersation. affable, either in déede, or apparaunce. He in worde séemed to bée angrye at this expectation, but in effect he wrought it secreatelye all that euer he coulde, and willingly looked awry at the disorder of the com­mon wealth, and the lacke of officers in the same confusion. And whereas [...] Milo did serue his tourne against Clodie, and was well beloued of the people, for the returne of Cicero, looked for the [Page 84] Consulship, at due time required for that office, he did kéepe hym M [...] [...]yned by Pompey. backe, by delaying the election. Wherefore Milo taking it vn­kindly, that hee shoulde finde Pompey vnfaithfull, wente into the Countrey to Lau [...]to, which Citie they saye Aencas commyng from [...]oy, did first builde in Italy, being from Rome aboute eigh­téene The Authour [...] ▪ myles. Clodie came ryding from hys house, and met hym at [...], and passed the one by the other, onely in countenance shewing their e [...]tie. A seruaunte of Milos ranne to Clodie, (whither beyng commaunded, or to dispatch his maysters eni­mye,) and stroke hym with his sworde on the hinder part of the heade. Clodie beyng wounded and full of bloude, hys horse-kée­per [...] caried hym to the nexte Inne. Milo stayed with his seruants, and comming vnto hym betwéene breathing and dying, dispat­ched [...] of [...] the [...] of Clodie. hym, pretending that neyther he desired, nor deuised thys murder, but being sure he shoulde alwayes bee in daunger, hee purposed not to leaue the thing vnperfect.

This chaunce being tolde at Rome, the people were displeased, [...] bodye [...] brought to [...]. and watched all night in the common place. Some broughte Clodies body the nexte day and laide it in the Palaice: the which certayne Tribunes, friendes to Clodie, accompanied wyth the multitude, tooke away, and bare it to the Senate, eyther for honor, bycause hee was of that order, or for reproch to them for suffering such vnlawful factes.

The rather sort of this route brake down y ^• seates & chaires [...] for the Senate house on fire. of the Senate house, and made a fire, with the whiche the Se­nate house and many other nighe, did burne at Clodies fune­rall. Milo was so lustie, that he was not so muche afraide for the feate done, as hee was angry that suche honor of buriall shoulde be shewed to Clody. He gathered a number of seruants & cuntry­men, he sent mony to the people, & corrupted Marcus Cecilius, one M. Cecilius. of the Tribunes, and with a bold courage came to Rome. Cecilius straight receiued him at his cōming, & brought him to the cōmon place among thē that had taken mony, as to an assembly. He pre­tended to be sory, that any delay should be had in iudgement, tru­sting that if he myght by these that were present, be acquitte, he [...]geth [...] ▪ should auoid the sharper sentence. He shewed he did not minde [Page 85] the matter, (for he would not haue brought his wife and famy­lie to such a feate) he spent the rest of the r [...]e against Clodie, as an impudent man, whose friendes as impudent as he, had burnt the Senate house for his sake. Whyles he was thus talking, y ^• other Tribunes and the multitude slenderly armed, rushed into the common place. Cecilius and Milo, in seruantes clothing fled Mylo [...] away: much murder was committed vpon the other, not asking who were Milos friendes, but without respect killed both Citi­zen His friends killed. Great hurt done in Rome. and straunger, and chiefly them that differed from the rest, eyther in gay garments, or golde Kings: for in such a disordered state, tumulte growing by rage of this pretence, the moste parte beyng seruauntes and armed, against the other not armed, they fel to spoyle, they left nothing vndone, they entred houses, they ranne about to sée in déede what they might easily catch, and in word to séeke out Milos friendes: and Milo was their pretence The name of Milo, pretence of mischiefe. many dayes, to doe all mischiefe with fire and force.

The Senate for feare assembled, and were bent vpon Pompei, whom some would haue had Dictator by and by, bycause the present time apeared to haue néed of that remedy: but by Catos By Catos perswasion, Pompey Cō sull alone. perswasion, they chose him Consull without a felowe, that he should haue the authoritye of Dictator by ruling alone, and yet be answerable bicause he was but Consul. He was y ^• first Con­sul that had two great prouinces with armye and money, and the Monarchie of the Citie, being Consull alone. Cato was ap­pointed by decrée to go into Ciprus, that he shoulde not trouble Pompey at home, and to put Pto [...]lomie out of his kingdome, by a former lawe made by Clodie: who being once taken with Py­rates, Pto [...]lomie for nigardise, sent him two talents for his ran­some. Pto [...]lomie when he heard of thys decrée, threw his money into the sea, and kylled hymself. Cato set the Country in order.

Pompey did giue punishments for many offences, and specially Pompeys lavves against briberie. for bribery & corruption: for he thought y ^• all common infection of the Citie rose of thys, and therefore had néede of present me­dicine. He also decréed, that any man that would, might cal men to account from his first Consulship to this time, and that was about twentie yeares, in the which Caesar was Consul. Caesars [Page 86] friendes suspecting this to be done in despite or calui [...] ­tion of him that so long a time was comprehended, exhorte [...] him to deale with present matters, rather than to looke back­ward, and trouble men that were honorable. And among o­ther naming Casar, he was offended, as one voide of all susp [...] ­tion, [...]con̄t and so appoynted the time from his seconde Consulship: he saide it was very necessarie so to begin, to make a perfite redresse of the common, almost wasted with euill men: which when he had saide, he pronounced the lawe, whereof folowed by and by a number of sundry actions: and that the iudges shoulde not be afrayde, he with an army ouersawe their do­yngs. Firste, being absente, Milo was condemned for Clodi [...] [...]tion of Milo, &c. [...], Memmius, Hipseus, [...] ▪ cond [...]ed. death, and Gabinius, of disobedience and mischiefe, for going into Egipt with an army without decrée, the bookes of Sybill for­biddyng it. Memmius, Hipseus, Sextuis, & many other were con­dēned, eyther of bribery or corrupting the people. Scaurus was called by Pompey to make answere, notwithstanding y ^• the peo­ple did intreate for him. And when the second time the people Scaurus bani­shed. did resist his accusers, a violence was made by Pompeis souldi­ours, wherby the people ceassed, & Scaurus was also banished, & al their eriles recorded, & Gabinius was confiscate after his ba­nishment. The Senate giuing open prayse to Pompey appoyn­ted two legions more vnto him, & continuāce in his prouinces Pompey [...] father in lavv accused. Memmius being condemned of briberie, and Pompeius lawe gi­uing release to them that accused an other, he called L. Scipio fa­ther Pompey putteth on mo [...]ning vv [...]d [...]. in lawe to Pompey, into the like iudgement of corruption. Wherefore Pompey, putting on the garment of the condemned sort, many of the iudges did the like: but Memmius in contempt Pompey taketh a selovve. of the state, gaue ouer y ^• accusation. Then Pompey, hauing as it were, made that direction that belonged to his Monarchi [...], toke Scipio for his selowe the rest of the yeare: and after hym, though others were receiued into office, neuerthelesse he ouer­loked & ruled all, and then was all in all in Rome. For the good Senate estemeth Pompey. wil of the Senate was much enclined to him in despite of Cae­sar, who in his Consulship séeking his priuate pleasure, séemed to make none accompt of thē: and for that Pompey had quickly [Page 87] recouered the sicke cōmon wealth, without molesting or h [...] ­dring any man, furder than his office. But the banished men Ban [...] [...] flye to Caesar. fledde still to Caesar, and bad him beware of Pompey, and that his law of corruption, was most made against him Caesar did com­forte them, and yet sayde well of Pompey. He only laboured [...]o Tribunes to make a lawe, that it might be lawfull for Caesar to aske the seconde Consulship in hys absence: the which, Pom­pey beyng yet in office and not resistyng, was graunted, yet vnderstandyng that the Senate did worke against him, & fea­ryng that his enemies would make him a pryuate man, he de­uised to kéepe his strength still, till he should be declared Con­sul, and requested of the Senate a little longer tyme for hys office in Fraunce, or at the least for parte of it. But Marcellus Marcellus. that was Consull after Pompey, was agaynst it, the whiche when it was tolde Caesar, be layde hys hande vpon the hilte of his sworde (as they say) and answeared, Then thus shall gyue it Ansvvere of Caesar. me. Hes buylded newe Como night vnto the Alpes, with the priuiledges of Italie, whiche is, that so many as be officers a yéere, shall be Cittizens of Rome, whiche was a greate prero­gatiue to Italie.

One of newe Como, that had thus borne office, and thereby thought to be frée at Rome, Marcellus in despight of Caesar did Dispight of Marcellus. beate with roddes, whiche the Romaines doe not suffer formo cause: and in rage he bewraying his harte, bad him take this token of hospitalitie and goe shewe it to Caesar. This spight vsed Marcellus, and perswaded to sende successours to his pro­uinces Marcellus. before the time expyred. But Pompey was agaynst that, vnder a shewe of conueniencie and beneuolence: that it Pompey preten­deth regarde to Caesar. was not méete that so noble a man, so many wayes profita­ble to hys Countrey, shoulde be thus maligned for so shorte a tyme, and decréed, that with tyme, Caesar shoulde gyue ouer hys rule: After this, Caesars chiefe enimies were cho­sen Consuls Aemilius Paulus and Calidius Marcellus cousin Paulus and C [...]no vvon by money to the former Marcellus. Curio an other greate enimie of Cae­sar was elected Tribune, well beloued of the people & a great speaker.

[Page 88] Caesar coulde not winne Claudius for no money, but Paulus he made hys friende with an hundered and fiftye talentes, that he shoulde neyther doe wyth hym nor against hym: it coste him more to win Curio bycause he was so muche in debt. Wyth this money, Paulus builded a publique place, called Paulus Palaice, one of the fayre workes of Rome. Curio, that he shoulde not be [...] discouered by change of the sodaine, required the office of ma­king and pauing of many and long high wayes, and to be ouer­séer of the same fiue yeares togither, knowing he should obtaine none of these, and trusting that Pompeys friends would speake a­gainst him, & so haue some pretence against Pōpey, which things cōming to passe indéed as he thought, he had an occasiō of offēce, Claudius propounded to send successours to Caesars prouinces, for the time was now at hand. Paulus said nothing. Curio seeming to Calidius [...] Question for Caesar propoūded dissēt frō both, praised Claudius opinion, & as agréeing to it, said it was meete that Pompey shoulde giue ouer both prouince and armye as well as Caesar, for so should the state of the Citie bée cleare and out of feare on bothe sides. Many being against this, as not right, bicause Pompeys time was not yet expired, Curio thē shewed himselfe plainely and sharply, that it was not reason to sende successours to Caesar, vnlesse Pompey did giue ouer: for be­ing suspitious the one of the other, the Citie shoulde neuer haue sure peace vnlesse all men were priuate. Thus he spake; bicause he knewe that Pompey would not leaue his power, and bycause he saw them offended with him for hys iudgementes of cor­ruption.

Thys opinion beyng honest, the people praysed Curio, as the The people prayseth Curio. only man that for the common weale, cared for neyther of their displeasure: and they brought him home, casting floures, as vp­on a champion of a great and difficult cause. For at that tyme nothyng séemed more daungerous, than to dissent from Pompey, [...] to the Senate. who passing about Italy somewhat sickely, subtitlye sente vnto the Senate, praysing Caesars actes, and rehearsing his owne frō the beginning: and that the thirde Consulshippe being giuen hym, and prouinces with an army accordingly, he did not séeke it, but was called to it, beyng thought méete for the redresse of [Page 89] the common wealth, and that I (quoth he) receiued vnwillingly, I doe willingly giue ouer to them that will haue it, before my time prefixed. The manner of this writing wrought a good ly­king to Pompey, and a misliking to Caesar, that woulde not giue o­uer when his time was ended. When Pompey was come to the Citie, he spake as muche in effect, and then promised to giue it o­uer, and as a friend and welwiller to Caesar, toke in hand that hée also would leaue with glad mind. For now being in yeares, and hauing taken greate paines in the armies againste most fierce nations, and wonne great honor to his Countrey, he would séeke rest, with the offices and sacrifices of the Citie. Thus he spake, that successours might be straight sent to Caesar, and he standing vpon his promise only. But Curio correcting his sutteltie, sayd, it Curio againste Pompey. was not ynough to promise, but to giue ouer in déede, nor that Caesar shoulde be put from his armye, before he were in priuate state, neyther shoulde it be commodious for him to mainteyne priuate e [...]mitie, neyther for the Romaines, that suche a power shoulde be with one, rather than with the other, that if eyther of them woulde hurt the Citie, the other shoulde haue to resist: and nowe holding in no longer, he openly reprooued Pompey, as a sée­ker of tyrannie, and if it were not nowe, that he gaue ouer hys army for feare of Caesar, he would not giue it ouer at all, therfore he thought good, that if they disobeyed, they should both be decla­red enimies, and an army gathered against them: & by this talke be couered, that he was corrupted by Caesar. Pompey being gréeued, Pompey depar­teth angry. and threatning, went angerly away into the suburbes. The Se­nate now had them both suspected, but thought Pompey the more tractable. Caesar they misliked, bycause of their suspition in his Senate better liketh of Pom­pey. Consulship, and therefore did not thinke it safe to dissolue Pom­peys power, vnlesse Caesar did resigne, being abroade, and of a more aspiring mind: but Curio was against it, and that it was ex­pedient, that after Pompey, Caesar also should giue ouer all, which, when he could not obteyne, he brake vp the counsell, leauyng all The authoritie of a Tribune. vnperfite, for so might a Tribune do. Wherfore Pompey repented him that he had restored the Tribuneship to the auntient power, which Sylla had made very slēder. Only this was decréed at their [Page 90] departure, that Caesar and Pompey shoulde be sente into Siria to [...]e the Countrey, bycause of Cross [...] misfortune. And Pompey v­ [...] policie, required his legion againe, that he had lente Caesar, [...]. [...]r the lo [...]se of [...] and C [...]tta hys Captaynes.

[...] gaue euery man two hundred Drammes, and sent them to [...] and with them sente another of hys owne, but beeyng vnderstanded y ^• there was no danger in Syria, they went to win­ter at Capua. They that were sente of Pompey for them to Caesar, tolde many hard tales againste Caesar, and made Pompey beléeue, that Caesars army being wasted with wéer [...]nesse, and long payne, was desirous to come home, and when they were come on thys syde the Alpes, they would reuolte to Pompey. Thus they talked eyther of ignorance, or being corrupted, but euery man was sure The Souldyers of Casar [...]o him. to Caesar in promptnesse and painefulnesse, both for the continu­ance of seruice for the gaynes that grewe by victories in the warre, and for the greate liberalitie of Caesar himselfe, for hée gaue them fréely to serue as he would haue them, which they all knowing, did likewise abide it.

Pompey giuing credite to these tales, neyther gathered armye, nor prouided for so greate a businesse. The Senate did requyre euery mans opinion. Claudius crastely propounded, and dyd aske disioyntly, whether they woulde sende successors to Caesar, and whether they would Pompeys power shoulde be taken from him. [...]tation to Caesar and Pompey. To this many made denyall, but to Caesar they decréed successors. Curio asking agayne if they would haue both leaue their po­wers, x [...]i [...]. denyed it, but CCClxx. leauyng contention for com­moditie, enclined to Curios sentence: then did Claudius dismisse the counsell, crying, VVinne you, that will haue Caesar your Lord.

A rumor being raysed, that Caesar suddaynely was past the Al [...], and commyng to the Citie, there was greate seare and t [...]m [...]te of all sydes. Claudius commaunded the armye at Copu [...] [...] to he se [...]te againste Caesar, as an enimy, and when as Curio re­proued it as a lye, Claudius sayde, If I may not followe that is s [...]ce by common decrée of my selfe as Consull, I will doo it. And when he had sayde thus, he ranne out of the Senate house [...] [...]to the suburbes with his fellow, and offered a Sworde to Pom­pey [Page 91] Euen I (quoth he) and this man, commaunded thée to goe a­gainst Caesar for thy Countrey, and we giue thée, eyther the army that is nowe at Capua, or any other that is in Italie, and that thou mayest gather togither what thou wil [...]. He obeyed, as com­maunded of the Consuls, onely adding, vnlesse somewhat m [...]e be better, dissembling, or euen then pretending a shewe of ho [...] ­nie. [...]. Curio now had no more authoritie ouer the Citie, for it was not lawfull for the Tribunes to goe out of the walles, yet hée complayned to the people of these doings, and required the Con­suls to proclayme, that no man should obey Pompey in gathering of men: but not preuayling, and the time of his Tribune shyppe drawing to an ende, being afrayde of himselfe, and doubting to be no more able to help Caesar, with diligence went vnto him, who had nowe sayled the Oceane Sea from Britiayne, and passed Caesar out of [...] deuided France and Germany. The old diu [...] ­sion of Italy vvas [...] [...], and the [...] R [...]b [...]con, and thereaboute. from the French, that be néere the floud Rhene, to the Mountaines of the Alpes, with fiue thousande footemen, and three hundred Horsemē. He came down to Rauenna, which was cōfine to Italy, and the end of his prouince, receiuing Curio with great curtesie, and thanking him for his trauayles, he consulted with him of the present state. Curio thought good to sende for all his army, and to march to Rome. Caesar thought it better yet to treate of reconcili­ation, and willed his friends to compound for him, that giuing o­uer Request of Caesar. all other prouinces and armies, he might onely reteyne two legions, and Ill [...]ria with France within the Alpes, till he were de­clared Consull. Pompey thought it sufficient, but bycause the Cō ­suls did resist it, he wrote to the Senate, and Curio running in thrée dayes thrée thousande and three hundred furlongs, he gaue After this ac­compt, it should be three hun­dred myles. Caesars letters to the Senate. the letter to the newe Consuls, entryng the Senate house the fyrste daye of the newe yeare. It dyd conteyne a solemne re­hearsall of all Caesars doyngs from the begynnyng, and a pro­testation to leaue hys armye, if Pompey dyd the lyke, and béeyng yet in authoritie, if Pompey woulde not gyue vppe, no more woulde he, but forthwith come to reuenge hys Countrey, and wyth spéede to seeke for hymselfe, at the whyche, euer [...]e man cryed out, and that Lucius Domitius shoulde bée hys succes­sour, L. Domitius. as in a warre proclaymed. Domitius went on with foure M. [Page 92] lately gathered. Antonius and Cassius being Tribunes after Cu­rio, Determination against Caesar. Antonitus, Cas [...]s, Tribunes. and liking well of his determination, the Senate the more earnestly did affirme the army of Pompey to be theyr safetie, and Caesars, their destruction. And Marcellus and Lentulus the Consuls, commaunded Antony and Cassius, to go from the assemblie, least by vsing the office of Tribunes, they mighte happily haue some displeasure. Then Antonie cryed aloude, and ranne frō his seate in a rage, and lamēted y ^t they should deface the office sacred, and Antenie lamen­teth. a Sanctuary, and reiect them with a despighte, that had gyuen their counsell for the common weale, not hauing committed any offence or crime against any man. This being sayde, he lept out as a man by inspiration, forespeaking warres, murders, atten­dures, Antonie prophe­cieth. banishments, spoyles, and all other mischiefe to come vp­pon them, protesting greate execrations to them that were the cause of it. Curio and Cassius went out with him, for now parte of Pompeys army was séene to come, and besette the Senate house. They by and by, secretely in y ^• night, putting on seruants appa­rell, went to Caesar in an hired wagon. Caesar shewed them as soone Caesar shevveth the Tribun [...]s to his army. as they were come vnto the army, in that apparell, and to stirre them the more, said these men for doing well, are made enimies, and being persons of suche degrée, speaking somewhat for them, were thus villanously banished. Nowe was the warre open on both sides, and proclaymed euidently. The Senate thinking that Caesar would not suddainely come with his army frō the Frē [...]h, and that he woulde not enterprise so great a feate with so fewe, appointed to Pompey to gather a great number of Thessalians, old Preparation for Pompey againste Caesar. Thessalia vvas a Countrey of Gre [...]. practised Souldiers in the warre, and to take vp new, of the nigh nations that were fitte to serue. All the common treasure they decréed to him for this warre, offering also their priuate sub­stance if néede were, to be ready for this seruice: and they sent to the Cities for moe, with great hast and vehemencie, leauing no­thing vndone, that might be with spéedy consideration. Caesar sen­ding Speedlinesse of Caesar. for his owne army, putting more confidence in amazing his enimies with suddaine approche and terror of boldnesse, than in mighty preparation. With fiue thousande began he this greate Caesar manner [...] [...]. warre, which he sent to take the cōmodious places of Italy. And [Page 93] certayne of his Captaynes, accompanyed with the boldest sorte, in peaceable manner, he willed to goe to Arimeno, and of the suddaine, to surprise the Citie, whiche is the firste of Italy out of France. He in the euening, as though he had not bin well, wente Then France ex­tended to [...] ­mino, vvhich i [...] novve in that part of Italy that is called Rom [...]g [...]a, one of the 18. Colo­nies, that ayded the Romaines a­gainst Annihall. Rubicon deui­deth Italy, ouer the vvhich he that passed in armes, vvas a Rebell. Caesar stayd at the Riuer of Rubicon. The saying of Caesar. Caesar entreth Italy. Caesar taketh Arimeno. Feare of Caesar. from the Table, leauing his friendes sitting still, and takyng a Coach, he ranne to Arimeno, his Horsemen following a certaine distāce off. And posting thus as farre as the floud Rubicon, which deuideth Italie, he stayed his course, and behelde the Riuer. He déepely waying in his mind all the mischiefe that might followe, if he passed the water in armes, turned to his friends, and sayde, The refrayning from this passage, shall be the beginnyng of troubles to my selfe, but the going on with it, shall vexe all the world. When he had thus said, as a man rapte with a furie, hée flong ouer, speaking the common word, The Die is cast. Then he hasted to Arimeno, and tooke it earely in the morning, and so wēt forward, leauing garrison in conuenient places, and the other by the way he wanne, eyther by violence, or by gentlenesse. There was [...]éeing and renning away from euery place with muche feare, and remouing without reason, and lamente, not yet kno­wing what the truth was, supposing that Caesar was come to inuade with all his might and power. Which when the Consuls The Consuls suffer not Pom­pey to take the right course of vvarre. heard, not suffering Pompey to take the stayed way of warre ac­cording to his skilfulnesse in the same, forced him to go [...] a­bout Italie, and make men, as the Citie should by and by haue bin taken. The other Senatoures hearing of Caesars suddaine ap­proche beyonde all opinion, were afraide, bycause they were not yet prepared, and with griefe repented they had not accepted Caesars offers, which then they thoughte reasonable. Many Mon­sters, and tokens from heauen did afray them. God sente downe Tokens. rayne of bloud, Images did sweate, lightnings fell vpon manye Temples, a Bule broughte forthe, many other fearefull tokens did foreshew the ouerthrow and mutation of the common state. Supplications were commaunded, as in common calamities. The people remembring the times of Si [...]la and Marius, cr [...]ed cut, that Caesar and Pompey should giue ouer their powers, as the only way to ceasse warre. ‘ Cice [...] sent to Caesar for reconciliation, but [Page 94] the Consuls were againste euery thing, and Fauonius iested at [...] Pompey for a word he once spake, that at his call he woulde strike the earthe with his foote, and fetche forthe an army. You shall haue it (quoth he) if you wyll followe [...], and thinke it no griefe to leaue Rome, and after Rome, Italie to, if néede be: for places and [...] to the [...]. houses be not strength and libertie, but men (wheresoeuer they be) beare these with them, and when you haue reuenged youre selues, you shall haue houses ynough.’ This spake Pompey, as it were threatning them that would tarry and sticke to leaue their [...] forsaketh [...]. lands for the leue of their Countrey. And streyght hée wente out of the Senate house and Citie too, and tooke hys iourney to Ca­pua to the armye there, and the Consuls followed him. Other tarried wyth greate doubte, and kepte that nyghte togyther in the Senate house, but when daye was come, the most parte went out, and followed Pompey. [...]r [...]io is novv [...].

Caesar followed Domitius at Corfinio, who was sent to be his su [...] ­ [...]essoure, hauyng not aboue foure thousande, and beséeged him. And they of the Citie, perceyuing that Domitius woulde flée a­way, kepte the gates, and tooke hym, and broughte him to Caesas. He curteously receyued the army, yéeldyng vnto hym, that other myghte bée encouraged to the same, and suffered Domitius vntou­ched, Caesar taketh [...], and [...]eth h [...]m [...]ie to goe vvhere he [...]t. wyth all hys money and substance, to goe where he would, thynkyng for that gentlenesse he woulde haue tarryed wyth hym, and was not againste hym to goe to Pompey.

These thyngs béeyng thus done of the suddayne, Pompey wente from Capua to Brunduse, to passe the Ionian Seas to Epi­rus, Novv Al [...]ia. to make hys prouision for warre there: he wrote to all nati­ons, Lieutenants, Princes, Kyngs, and Cities, euerye one with all the spéede they coulde, to contribute to thys warre. These were dispatched with spéede.

Pompeys owne army was in Spaine, béeyng ready for the march when occasion shoulde call them.

Of the Legions that Pompey had himselfe, he deliuered to the Consuls, to leade from Brunduse to Epirus, and they streyght say­led [...] not in [...]he Ita [...]. safe to Dirrachium, whiche Towne some men, of this igno­rance, thynketh to be Epid [...]nus. A Barbarian Kyng called Epi­damnus [Page 95] buylded a Citie at this Sea, and of hi [...]selfe called it E­pidamnus: hys nephewe by hys daughter, supposed to bée Nep­t [...]es sonne, buylded a porte to that Citie, and called [...]. Dirr [...] chium. The bréethren of Dirrach [...]s made warre vpon h [...]m, and [...] [...]o [...] [...] Hercules commyng from the Ile Erithea, ioyned with him for parte of the lande, wherevppon the Durachians, as coper [...]one [...] of theyr Countrey, accompte hym the founder of it, not denying Dirrachos, but more desirous of Hercules, bycause he was a God.

They saye further, that in thys fyghte, Ionius, sonne to Dirra­chos, was slayne of Hercules by chance, and that Hercules buryed hys body, and threwe it into the Sea, that it myghte beare the Ioni [...] S [...]a. Phrg [...] o [...] Asia the [...]e. name of him. In processe of time, certaine Phrigians gote the Ci­tie and Countrey, and after them, a people of Illiria, called Ta [...] ­lantines, after whome, another people of Illiria, called Liburnians, T [...]lantines. [...] Na [...]. wyth their swift Shyppes, dyd spoyle theyr néerest neighboures, and of thys it is thought the Romaines did call theyr swift Ships Liburnius, wherewyth they gyue their fyrste onset in fighte by Sea.

They that were driuen from Dirrachio by the Liburnians, Cor [...]yri [...] be of the [...]e Co [...]. gote helpe of the Co [...]cireanes, valiante men by sea, and expulsed the Liburnians, and so the Corcirianes makyng a mixt inhabitance, it is taken to be a Greeke porte, and they changyng the name as vnlucky, called it Epid [...]mus, by the name of the old Citie. Thucidides doth name it so, yet this name hath preuayled, and it T [...]dides. is called Dirrachium. The Consuls and their company came to thys Citie. Pompey abode at Brunduse, and gathered togither the Consuls [...]i­ [...]ed at D [...]rizzo. rest of the army. He tarried for the Shippes that carried the Consuls. He made the Towne strong, to kéepe Caesar from the walles, and in the euening tyde, sayled with hys company, lea­uyng the bo [...]est Souldyers to defende the Towne, the whyche [...]. also in the nyghte sayled ouer wyth g [...] winde. Thus Pompey with all his armye lefte Italy, and sayled into [...]piro. Casar stoode in doubt whyche way to turne him, & where to begyn the warre, seeyng well that all the force on euery syde flowed to Pompey. He feared the army that Pompey had in Spaine very great and expert, [Page 96] least whiles he followed his fléeing enimie, they should beset him on the backehalfe, therefore he thoughte it best to trye the fielde first with these in Iberia. He deuided his power in fyue partes, some he lefte at Brunduse, some at Hidrunto, and some at Taren­to, [...]run luse. Hydrunto novve O [...]r [...]to. Tarentum. Sardinia. [...]in [...] Pollio. Cato guieth place to Asinius Pollio. as garrisons for Italy. Other he sente with Quintus Valerius to get Sardinia, an Ile plentiful of Corne, and he gote it. Asinius Pol­lio he sente into Cicelie, where Cato was Lieutenant, who asked hym whether he had authoritie from the Senate, or the people, to enter violently into another mans prouince: he aunswered, that he that was Lord of Italy had sente him. Cato aunswered a­gayne, that bycause he would spare the inhabitance, he woulde deferre the reuenge till another time, and so sayled into Corcyra to Pompey.

Caesar came to Rome, and comforted the people with hope and Caesar to Rome. promises, being stricken with the feare and memorie of Sylla and Marius euill times. He said further, that he woulde vse curtesie to his enimies. As when he had taken Lucius Domitius, he let him go with all his money vnhurt. He brake the lockes of the common treasure, and threatned death to Metellus the Tribune that would Caesar taketh the treasure. haue resisted him, and tooke away the money that no man dur [...] touch, being layd vp there, against the inuasions of France, with publike execratiō to them that did stirre or remoue it, vnlesse for the warre of Celtica: Caesar sayd, I haue ouercome those Frenche Cel [...]es, and haue deliuered the Citie of that execration. Hée made Emilius Lepidus Gouernoure of the Citie, and Marcus Antonius, [...]. Antonius. the Tribune of Italy, and the confederate army in it. Abroade hée sent into Sicilie, Curio to succéede Cato, Quintus to Sardinia, & Cneus Antonius to Illiria, and to France within the Alpes, he appoynted Licinius Crassus. He commaunded two legions of yong souldyers to be ready with spéede, and to lye at the coastes, both of the Tus­cane, and Venetian seas, to whome, for Captaines by the sea, hée sent Hortensius, and Dolabella. Hortensius. Dolabella. Caesar into Spain, Afranius, and Petreius. Herda a Citie in Aragon, at the floud [...]ycor [...].

Caesar hauing thus made Italy too strong for Pompey to enter, he went into Spayne, and at his firste encountring with Afranius and Petreius, Lieutenantes to Pompey, he séemed too weake. Then they ioyned togyther more at hande aboute the Citie [...]erda. [Page 97] Caesar lay in barraine rockey places, and was fayne to fetch hys Caesar in distresse. victuals by the passage of the riuer Sypris: a sodayne floud came and bare away the bridge, whereby a great number lest in the straytes, were slayne of Petreyus, and Caesar himselfe with hys o­ther army, was much molested, with the harde place, with hun­ger, sharpe season, and with his enimies, so as he was little bet­ter than besieged there til the sommer came. Afranius & Petreyus went into the furder parte of Spaine to gather another armye. Caesar preuented them, stopping their passage, and compelled thē to retyre from whence they came. In doing of thys, he compas­sed a parte of their army that came to take vp grounde for their A token of yelding. campe. They helde their shieldes to their heades, which is a to­ken of yelding. Caesar neyther toke them, nor hurt them, but suf­fered Caesars gentle­nesse them vntouched to goe to Afranius, and by such meane, he wanne his enimyes harts in all places.

Hereof was manye conuenticles among the souldiers, and talke of reconciliation by the whole multitude. Wherevppon it séemed good to Afranius and some other, to leaue Spaine to Caesar, and to depart safe to Pompey: but Petreius was agaynste it, and ranne among the souldiours, and killed them that made those Petreius furious. metings for Caesar, and were come from him, and killed one of hys owne Captaines also that would haue stayed his furye. Wherfore they were the more in their mindes inclined to Cae­sar so gentle, and offended with Petreius that was so passionate. After that Caesar kept water from them: and Petreius being in ne­cessitie, came with Afranius to a parlée with Caesar, both armies beholdyng them. They agréede to leaue Spayne to Caesar, and that he shoulde conuey them safe to the floud Varus, and from thence to suffer them to goe to Pompey. When Caesar was come to that floude, he called all the Romaine and Italian souldiours, & thus spake vnto them.

‘Enemyes (for vsing that name to you, I shall the better de­clare my minde) neyther dyd I dyspatche you, when you were sente to gette ground for your Campe, and yelded your selues to me, neyther dyd I hurt an other parte of your army, whō I helde from water, although Petreius did distray myne, whom [Page 98] he toke at the floud Sic [...]rie: If I haue any thankes of you for the same, shewe it then to al them, that serue in Pompeys campe. When he had thus sayd, he sent them fréely away, and appoin­ted Caesar hath Spayne. Quintus Cassius to the gouernement of Iberia.’ Thus Caesar began.

In Lybia Actius Varus was Lieuetenant for Pompey, and Iu­ba Actius Varus. Iuba taketh Pom­peys parte. king of Mauritania did assist him. Curio sayled against them out of Sicelie with two whole Legions, twelue Galleyes, and many shippes of burden, landing at Vtica. He skyrmished wyth certayne Numidian horsemen, and put them to flight. He would néedes be called generall Captaine, his army beyng yet but Imperator vvas the terme in Latine for such a generall. entring into armes. This honor is giuen to Captaines, and the name commeth from the Souldiours, as witnesies to them to be worthy to be such generals: and thys honour, the Captaines in olde tyme obtained after all and many great aftayres. Now as I heare, the limitation to thys title, is to ouerthrowe tenne thousande men. Whiles Curio was comming by shippe from Sicelie, they that were in Lybia, thinking that he, for the glorye of the name, would encampe at a place called Scipios tentes, as Scipios tent [...]es. VVater poyso­ned. one that had emulatiō of his renoune, they poysoned the water, and were not deceyued of their hope, for Curio lodged there, and by and by the army was sicke. They that drunk, had their fight daseled as in a cloude, and heuynesse of sléepe in the head, many Curios armie in­fected. vomites of theyr meate, and a shrincking ouer all their body. Wherefore Curio remoued to Vtica it selfe, leading his army féeble for sickenesse by a great and strong marish grounde: but when they heard of Caesars victory in Spaine, they toke courage agayne, and placed themselues nigh the sea in a steyght waye, they foughte fiercely there. Curio loosing but one man, and Var [...] sixe hūdred. and many moe wounded. King Iuba cōming forth, [...]. a false rumour was raysed, that at the floude Bagrada not farre off, he returned backe bycause hys Kyngdome was in­uaded of hys neyghbours, leauing hys Licuetenaunt Saburra wyth a fewe at the floude. Curio gyuing credite to thys tal [...] in the seruente heate, at the thirde houre of the day, led the vest [Page 99] parte of his armye against Saburras, through sandy and deserte drye places. For if there were any winter brooke, it was dryed The distresse of Curio. vp by the heate of the sunne, and the floud was kept of Saburra, and the king himselfe yet still present there. Curio ranne vp to the hill toppes, choked with thirst, & heate. When the enimies sawe him so euill bestadde, they passed the riuer boldely with a readinesse to fyght. Curio, very vnwisely and vnskilfully wyth his weake army being compassed with the Numidian horsemē, came downe, and for a time gyuing place, broughte his menne within a little compasse: but beyng ouercharged, hée fledde agayne to the hyll toppes. Asinius Pollio at the beginnyng of thys businesse, with a fewe, fledde to the campe at Vtica, least Varrus shoulde attempte any thyng by the noyse of this euill fortune. Curio made a desperate fighte, and was kil­led Curio killed with all that were with him, so as there was not one left to goe to Pollio to Vtica. This was the ende of the fighte at the floudde Bagrada. Curios head was cutte off, and brought to Iu­ba. When this mischaunce was knowne to the army at Vti­ca, Flamma the Admirall fledde, with hys nauie, before hée re­ceyued Flamma [...]lieth. any man from the lande. Asinius tooke a boate and wente to the Merchauntes that were at the porte, and prayed them to receyue hys armie, and conuey them away. Some of them in the nighte came for warde for thys purpose, and the Souldiours wente on with suche number, as some botes were drowned, and they that were vppon the Sea and had money, the Merchauntes threwe them into the same for couetous­nesse Couetise of Merchants. thereof. This was their happe vppon the Sea, whiche was littell better by lande to them that were lefte all that nyght, who in the mornyng yéelded to Var [...]. But Iuba came and sette them all at the wall, and shotte them to death, as the rem­naunt Romaine Soul­diours shotte to death. of hys victorie, nothyng regarding though Varo prayde hym to the contrarie. Thus the Romaines loste twoo legions, that sayled with Curio into Libia, and all the horse, ministers, and venturers of the Campe. Iuba returned home, makyng boaste hee had done so greate a feate for hys friende Pom­pey.

[Page 100]At thys tyme Antonius in Illyria was ouercome of Octauius Dalabella Pompeyus Lieuetenant: and another armye of Caesars at Placentia, did reuolte againste their Captaines, crying that they were holden in long war, and not payed the fiue poundes which Caesar promised them at Brunduse. Caesar hearing of it, came poste from Massilia, and thus spake to the souldiours that yet were in a mutenie: What spéede I vse in euery thing, you can witnesse wyth me: this warre is holden long, not by vs, but by our eny­mies that flyeth vs: you that in Fraunce, by mine autoritye haue gayned wel, and haue bounde your selues to me, for al this [...] to the se­ditious Souldiours. warre, not for a parte, nowe in the myddest of the matter, you forsake me, you doe doe disobey your Captaines, and goe about to commaunde them, of whome you ought to receyue commaū ­dement: wherfore being a sufficiente witnesse to my selfe of my former affection vnto you, I will nowe vse Petreius Law, and of the nineth Legion, from whence tumulte chieflye arose, I wil put to death the tenth man.

Greate lamentation was made throughout the whole Le­gion: wherefore these Captaines on their knées prayed hym of pardon. He hardly and at length graūted, and came to this only, that anye 120. that were moste busie, shoulde bee taken by lotte, and twelue of their Captaines of bandes, be put to death: for one of the twelue, whiche was not presente, nor a medler in thys Mutenye, he caused hys accuser to suffer for hym.

After this sorte was the sedition at Placentia appeased. Caesar went to Rome, and the people for feare chose hym Dictator, ney­ther the Senate allowing it, nor none officer pronoūcing it: but hee, refusing that dignitye, eyther as odious, or superfluous, ru­ling onely eleuen dayes (as some say) appointed Consuls for the reste of the tyme, hymselfe, and Seruilius Isauricus.

The presidents of prouinces eyther he appoynted or altered at hys pleasure. Marcus Lepidus into Spayne, Aulus Albinus into Sicelie, into Sardania Sextus Peduceus, into newe France Deci­mus Brutus, to the people opprest with famine, he gaue victualls, and at their requeste, pardoned al fugitiues, except Milo. The [Page 101] people desiring also a cutting off of debte, bycause thynges bare no price, by reason of the wars and seditions, he denyed it them, but he appointed Purueyors of victualls, whiche in stéede of the debte, shoulde take order betwene the creditours and y ^e debtore. When he had done this, he sente all hys army to Brunduse in the Caesar maketh vvinter vvarre. deade of the winter, and himselfe went forth in December, not tarying for the election of newe officers, tyll the newe yeare that was at hand. The people followed him, and prayed hym to be at one with Pompey, for now it was very euident, that he that ouercame woulde be a ruler alone, but he went on, and lefte no­thing that was to be done with power and spéede.

Pompey al this tyme made Ships, and still gathered greater armies, and more money. He tooke fortie of Caesars shippes, in the Ionian sea, and wayted for his cōming. He exercised his people, ryding and running among them, and doing euery labor beyond his olde yeares, whereby he got much loue, and euery man came to sée Pompeys exercises, as to a spectacle.

Caesar had tenne legions of footemen, and ten thousand French Caesars army. horsemen. Pompey hadde fiue legions, with which hée [...]alled oute Pompeys army. of Italy, and as many horsemen, as with them were appointed: two out of Parthia, the remnant of them that serued with Crassus, & another part that with Gabinius inuaded Egipt. So had he of Italians in all eleuen legions and seauen thousande horsemen. His confederates were of Ionia, of Macedonia, of Poloponeso, and Boeotia, wyth archers of Creta, slingers of Thracia, and all other that vse artillerie aboute Pontus. Some horsemen of the weaste French, some of the east, of the Sirians sent by Antiochus, Cilici­ans and Capadocians, and some of Armenia the lesse, Pamphilia and Pisida, not al for the sight, but for garrisons, munitions, and o­ther seruices of y ^e Italian army. Thus he thoughte good to vse thē that none of the Italians shoulde be drawne from the daye of battell. This was his army by land.

By Sea hée hadde syxe hundred Gallies surnished at the ful, whereof one hundred were of Romaines conduct, whyche hée appoynted to leade the other, and many hulkes and other ships of burden, wyth dyuers Admiralls, whereof Marcus Bibulus [Page 102] was chiefe.

‘When al these thyngs were prepared, he assembled as many Senatours and Romaine Gentlemen, as were present, and all Pompey [...] Ora [...]i [...]. the army, into a place where he might be harde, & thus said vnto them. The Athenienses also (O friends) dydde leaue their Citie The Atheniens. s [...]e their Citie [...]y the pe [...]siō of [...]. to fighte for their libertye, agaynste them that spoyled it, they thinkyng, not houses, but men to be their Citie. In doyng of the whyche, they recouered it againe, and shortly made it mor [...] glorious. Our progenitors likewise, when the Frenche Cel [...] inuaded, forsooke the Cittie, which Cami [...]us comming from Ar­dea Ardea i [...] [...]. did restore agayne. All wyse men thynke their Countrey to be, where their liberty is: whyche wée consideryng, haue sayled hither, not leauyng oure Countrey, but preparyng for it, and mn [...]lye to defend it, againste him that doeth violently [...] inuade it, and by corruption, and taketh Italy desolated, whom you haue declared an enimy, he now sends presidents into your Prouinces, appoynteth some Gouernors in the Citie, and som [...] in the Countrey. By thys insolencie hée hathe taken from the people their authoritie, and if he doth this, being yet in contri­tion, and with feare, and as one, that with Gods helpe, shal bee punished for it, what crueltie and violence thinke ye, wyll hée leaue vndone that thus vseth his country, if he get the victorye▪ Some there be that take his parte for mony, which he gathered in Fraunce that belongeth to you, who chose rather to bée slaue [...] to him, than to liue frée with vs. I do not refuse the fight with you and for you, but do offer my selfe a souldior or a Captaine, as you wyl vse mée, & if I haue any experience in the war, or a­ny felicitie vnspotted hitherto, I pray the Gods to graunte mée al at this present, & to be such a defender vnto my country in dan­ger, as I haue bin in aduancing the same. Wée oughte to putte oure trust in God, and in our cause, which hath an honest & iust desire of war for the common wealth of our Countrey, & in the abundance of our prouision, both by sea and land, whiche we al­ready haue, & more, in that we shal haue when we take the thing in hand: For al the nations (as a man may say, frō y ^• East to y ^• Ruxine sea) al y ^• Greciās & Barbarians be with vs, al kings y ^• be [Page 103] friends to [...] Romains & to me, haue sente armies, weapons, vit­tails, & al other necessaries.’ Therfore go to it chéerefully, as to a thing worthy your countrey, your selues, & me, & being mind [...]ul of G [...]sar: dispitefulnesse, with spéede fulfil that shal be appointed you. This he said. Al the army, and as many Senators & Gen­tlemen as were there, which was a greate and a goodly c [...]an [...], with one voice did praise hym, & praied hym to leade them as he thought good. Then he set some ships to kéepe the sea, and sente his army to winter at Macedonia, thinking Caesar woulde deser [...] p [...] is dece [...] ­ [...]d in C [...] [...]. sayling ouer till after winter, the tyme being harde, and the seas rough, and haue remayned at Rome, bycause he was Consull, and settle hys rule there: so far amisse did he coniecture of that that was to come. For Caesar, as I sayd before, in the midst of winter did go to Brunduse, supposing he should most amaze his enimies, by commyng on the sodayn. Therfore neither hauing victuall, nor prouision, nor all his army there, he called thē that were pre­sent to an assembly, and thus said vnto them: [...] to hys sould [...]ours.

‘Neither the hardenesse of the tyme, (O friends) that ioyne wyth mée in this moste noble enterprise, neyther the delay of others, nor the want of conuenient preparation, doe wythdraw Expedition. me from my purpose: for surely I thinke that expedition is the best way for me, and we that be firste here, to go first on with the matter. As for seruants, carriage and baggage, I thinke it beste to leaue behynde vs, that the shippes that bee nowe here, may receiue vs only as passengers, and we deceiue oure enni­mies, and sette good fortune againste euil tyme, bold courage, a­gaynste our smal number, and our ennimies plenty, against our penury, all the which shall be in oure power, if wée thinke no­thing to be our own, but that we shall winne by force. Let vs go therfore againste their slaues, their prouision and victualles, whiles they be in houses for feare of winter weather. Lette vs goe whiles Pompey trusts that I spende the winter in shewes and sacrifices of a Consull. You knowe that I take the chiefeste Attempts [...] day [...]. point in w [...]rres, to be attempts of the sodayne. It is honoura­ble to preuent the first opinion [...]f thyngs to come, and to foresee [...]re receyt there, for thē y ^• folow vs next. I haue thoughte thys [Page 104] time méeter to hast, than to stay: that Pompey, who thinks I am yet at Rome, aboute my Consulship, may sée me at hys cam [...] and thoughe that I am wel assured of youre good willes, yet ꝭ tarry for your answere.’

All the army cryed with great vehemencie, that hee should▪ leade them forth. Then he came from hys seate, and had them to the sea, being fiue legions of footemen, and sixe hundred horse men chosen, lying at anker, bycause of the roughe seas.

The winter Sunne was at the lowest▪ and the winde kepte [...] [...] s [...]ved by vveather. hym backe agaynste hys will and euill content, who tarryed [...] Brunduse till the first day of the newe yeare. Then came there [...] hym two legions more, whome he conueyed ouer that winter [...] hulkes, for he hadde but fewe Gallies, and they were lefte for the custody of Sicelie and Sardinia. He was by tempest driuen to y ^• mount Cer [...]uno, from whence he sent hys nauy backe to fe [...] the reste of hys army. He in the night went to the Citie of Ori [...] Ori [...]. and for the hard, straighte, and rocky way, was compelled to di­uide his army into many partes, as the sharpenesse of the coun­trey myghte serue, so as if hys commyng had béene knowne, hee might easily haue bin kept backe. Aboute the breake of the day▪ with muche ad [...], he gathered his army togither.

The people of the Citie saide vnto the Gouernor, that it was [...]s [...] hath [...] ▪ a Citie of [...] in the ma [...]ches of [...]. not lawfull to kéepe oute the Romaine Consull when he came, therfore the Gouernour delyuered the keyes to Caesar, and conti­nued wyth hym in place of honor.

Lucretius and Minu [...]ius on the other side of Orico, wyth eightéen Gal [...]is to guarde the victuall that came by shippe to Pompey, drowned their ships, that Caesar shoulde not take them, and fled [...] it is [...] [...]s in the Greeke [...] to Durazzo. From Orier Caesar went to Appolonia, where he was receyued of the Citizens, and Stamerius the Gouernour left the Citie.

There Caesar calling hys souldiors togyther, putte them in [...] membraunce, what they had done by good fortune in the harde Durazzo hathe [...] long in the Turkes [...] [...], but lately [...]t vvas gotten by the [...]. winter: they were Lords of the sea without shippes, they hadde wonne Orico and Valona, without fight: ‘they had gotten their e­nimies things, Pompey being yet ignorant. Nowe (sayeth he) if [Page 105] wée can catch Durazzo, whiche is the Baron of Pompeys proui­sion, al [...] is in our handes, that they haue bin labouring for an whole Sommer.’ When he had sayd thus, he ledde them wyth speede to Durazzo a long way, resting neyther day ne [...] nyg [...]te▪ Pompey hearyng this, came with great hast from Macedonia, cut­ting [...] h [...]th [...]. downe the trees as he went, to stoppe the way to Caesar Hee pulled downe bridges, and burnt all prouision by the way, thyn­king it (as it was in deede) to be a good deuice, for to haue onely that preparation that mighte serue himselfe. If any dust, fyre, or smoke were seene to eyther of them a farre off, thinking it had bin of the contrary part, they stroue who shoulde runne fastest, sparing no time, neyther from meate nor sleepe. Hast there was [...] ▪ and spéede, with crying out vpon them that ledde thē with torche­lightes, whereof grew disorder and feare, as the en [...]mies had b [...]n at their héeles: some for wéerinesse threw downe their burthens, or withdrew themselues aside into some corners, thinking it better to be lefte behinde with present rest, than to goe on to it, withoute feare of the enimie. Both sides taking these paynes, Pompey came firste to Durazzo, and encamped at the walles. By Pompey [...] [...] to Durazzo be­fore Caesar▪ and getteth agayne Ori [...]o. Alore floude. his Nauie he gote Orico agayne and gaue, better guard for the Sea. Caesar lay ouer against Pompey, the floud Alore slowing be­twéene them. There were diuers skirmishes by them that passed the floud▪ but they neuer broughte forthe their whole power, for Pompey did trayne his yong Souldyers, and Caesar looked for the rest from Brunduse. He thoughte, that if they came forthe in the Spring in greate Shippes, they could not escape the Galleys of Pompey, that scowred the Seas, and wayted for them: but if they did come forthe in Winter, when the enimie must many tymes take the Ilands for their harborough, they might escape them, or by the winde or their waighte, mighte passe through them, where vpon he sente for them with great hast, and bycause they came not when he looked, he purposed himselfe to goe to them, for that they woulde not so soone come with an other, and kepte his determination secrete. He sente thrée of his seruants to the floud▪ twelue furlongs off, to hire a swifte vessell of good proofe, as for one that should be dispatched from Caesar. He rose from the [Page 106] table as not well at c [...]st, and [...]ad his friends sitte still. He put on a [...]tuate gar [...]el, & in a Co [...]ch came to the Ship, as he that was f [...] of Ca [...] in the rest he [...]eth his seruantes to call on, he being Caes [...] to [...] wrapt, and for the night altogither vnknowen. The wind was very rough, & the seruaunts exhorted the maister to make hast, y ^• they might escape their enimies which were at hand. The mai­ster passed the [...]u [...] ve [...]y speedily, with the strength of oares, but whē he came to the mouth of y ^• floud, the waues of y ^e sea beating against it with boisterous billowes, and he, as though the enim [...] had folowed, labouring to y ^e vtter most, & nothing preuailed, gaue, it quite ouer. Thē Caesar b [...]wraid himself, & said alowd, Be bold,, [...] himselfe. stand against the storme, thou caryest Caesar, and Caesar, fortune. The Marriners amazed at y ^e voyce, receiued courage againe, and by very force gote the Ship out of the floudes mouth, but by the rage of y ^e sea, and y ^• billowes y ^• were bigge, the Ship was driuen to y ^e shore. Day drawing néere, the marriners were afrayd to be spyed of the enimies, but Caesar cursed his enuious fortune, & bade the shipmaister turne home againe, which was quickly done, the wind seruing through the floud. Some blamed Caesar for his bold­desse, some accused him, as taking a thing in hād scarcely fitte for [...]asor is bla­med. Caesar sendeth for his men. a souldiour, much lesse for a generall. Nowe he perceiuing he could be no more vnknowen, sent Posthumus to sayle in his place, and bid Gabinius bring the army by Sea, and if they refused him, to come with Antonio, or with Caleno, and if all these fayled, hée Antonio. had letters to the rest, that they should folow Posthumus, and take land where they could g [...]t it, and not care for the ships, for he had néede of men, & not of ships. Thus did Caesar trust in fortune, con­trary to reason. Pompey intēding to take y ^e aduantage, brought One of Caesars, killeth tvvo of Pompeys. forth his people to fight, and two of his souldiers passing y ^e floud where it was lowest, one of Caesars came againste them, & kylled thē both, wherfore Pompey retired, not liking that lucke, feyning Pompey retireth. to al other to lose a very good oportunitie. Posthumus sayled safe to Brunduse, but Gabinius, not obeying y ^e cōmandement, would néedes Gabinius loseth men in Slauonia. leade as many as followed him through Slauonia, withoute anye rest, all the which were almost slayne by the [...]rians, which Caesar suffered, for the necessitie of time. Antonius by shippe brought the [Page 107] other toward Valona, with good and full winde, but about midday Caesar [...] shippes [...]. N [...] nesse. the winde waxing c [...], twenty of Pompeys Ships that scoured the seas es [...]yed him, & came vpon them, who in that calme were in great feare, least the ste [...]nes of the Gadyes should bore the or drowne them, and vsing the best way, made ready their darts & sings to keepe the off, when suddainely, a greater wind than the first arose, whiche they tooke, and with their mame sayle passed through beyond their hope. The other being tossed with y ^e storme & the w [...]d, [...]g raging seas, were scattered and driuen to the rocky [...], [...] o [...] Caesars were taken falling vpon y ^e flats. [...] b [...]ought y ^• rest to a place called Nymphey. Now had Caesar al his [...], [...] Pompey. They encamped the one agaynst the other vpon [...]ppes, m [...]i [...]ing fort [...] and mountes, about the which there was [...]y assaults and skirmishes, the one seking to [...] the other, and at one of these skirmishes, where Caesars [...] y ^• worse [...] a [...] h [...]s Souldier as Caesar vv [...]n­teth of him, re­ceyued 1 2 [...]. [...] on [...]hys S [...]d, and 2, [...]. prickes, and 7. vvounds on n [...] bodye at thys tyme, and o [...] a­nother [...] [...]ce, vvhen his head­peece vvas bro­ken, and [...]e h [...]rt in the rac [...], and in the thigh, hys shielde st [...]icken dovvne, hys svvord broken, he lept into the Sea, armed as he vvas, and ca [...]e safe to Caesar, crying parce Im­perator, bycause it vvas a fault to bee vnarmed. Plutarch telleth of such another, vvhē Caesar vvas in Englande, and hee nameth one [...]cil [...]us, but no­thing is sayde of M [...]nuti [...]. The [...] ­ [...]alian tr [...] [...] addeth o [...]e, [...] Te [...] should [...] of [...] Caesar [...] The [...] ca [...]. Captayne, very notable for his valiant­tie [...]se, was stru [...]n in the eye with a dar [...], which done, he lept be­fore the rank [...], making tokē of [...], as though he would haue saide somewhat. Then he called to a Captaine of Pompeys, who was esteemed noble, and sayd vnto him, [...] one lyke thee, saue thy friende, send some that may leade me away by hād, bycause I am hurt, two men came running to him as a fugitiue, of whome the one he killed right out, the other he cut off his shoulder. This hee did, being in doubt both of himselfe, and of the fort. The other be­ing ashamed of their faulte, came againe lustely, and recouered their fort. The great valiantnesse also of M [...]nuti [...] a trench kéeper did help much, for in his Target they say was foūd Cxx. darts, & he wounded in vj places beside the losse of one eye also, [...]th the which, Caesar did honor with great gif [...]s, appert [...]ining [...]n soul­diers. He thought to haue had [...] by treason, & [...] in the night to the gates with a fewe at the Temple of Diana. Thys Winter, Pompeys father in law did bring another army from Sy­ria with whome Caius Cal [...]itius did encoūter, and was [...] me, losing a legion of eyght hundred. Now Caesar had nothing by sea, all being kepte by Pompeys Naues, wherefore h [...]s armye was in great want, and eate bread made of grasse and wéedes which [Page 108] certayne fugitiues shewed to Pompey as a good token, but hée [...] vv [...] of [...]. ioyed nothing at it, but sayde, with what beastes doe [...]e sigh [...]? Caesar being driuen by necessitie, broughte forthe all his ar [...], to force Pompey to fighte, but he, though many of his [...] Ca [...], [...] refuseth [...] [...]ight. were thereby abandoned, yet would not stirre, whe [...] being maruellously greeued, tooke in hand an enterprise, both dif­ficult and strange, and that was, to enuiron Pompeys Ca [...] from Sea to Sea, which as it was a great thing to do, so if it [...]ke not The enterprise of Caesar. place, yet should it carrie a fame of glory for the noble enterprise, for it was a thousande and two hundred furlongs, and yet he [...]ight furlongs waketh a myle. tooke it in hand. Pompey made Contreworkes and walles. And thus both busied themselues to defeate the other, and at the last there was a great fight betwéene them, in the which Pompey his A fight. very valiantly euerthrow Caesars Souldioures, and followed thē fléeyng to their Campe. He tooke many of their ensignes, and the Eagle, which is the chiefe Standerd to the Romaines with much ado was saued by the bearers regarde, and throwne into them Caesar repulsed. Trench. This fléeyng being so notorious, Caesar came on with a­nother company, whiche was no lesse afrayde, for though Pompey were a good way off, yet could they not abide his sighte, nor stay, Feare of Caesars m [...]n. though they were hard at their Camp, neyther goe in order, nor obey Caesars commaundements, but euery one fledde whether hée could, neuer looking backe, without shame, without commaunde­mente, or reason. Caesar ranne about, and with rebuke did shewe them, that Pompey was farre off, and beheld them how they threw downe their ensignes, and fledde. Some with muche adoe stoode still as men amazed, looking on the ground for shame, such a con­fusion fall vpon them. There was one that turned his ensigne, and thrust the poynt againste the Generall, who was killed of Caesars gard. They y ^t went into the Camp, did not returne to their places, but left all forsaken, and the Trenche vnkepte. It was then thoughte, if Pompey had come forth with his power, he had made an end of all the warre, with y ^e one feate: but Lauinius (God so working it) persuaded him rather to pursue them that fledde, Pompeys victory [...] follovved. and he somewhat slow of himselfe, or peraduenture distrustyng that some traynes hadde bin layde in the Campe for him, or by­cause [Page 109] he condemned to do it, as though the warre were nowe en­ded. He set vpon them that were yet abroade, whereof he kylled many, and that daye in two sightes he tooke eyght and twenty Banners, leaning the other occasion, that mighte haue made an ende of a [...], which Caesar could not denye, but that that day had en­ded the warre, [...] his enimies could haue vsed the victory.

Pompey [...] of this victory, sente letters of it to Kings and Cities, [...]ughte that Caesars Souldioures would haue reuol­ted vnto [...], [...]essed with famine, and ouerthrowe in fighte, and [...] Captaynes for feare of their offence, but they (God [...]entan [...]e in them) lamented their faulte, and wh [...]d them gently, and gaue them pardon, they were [...] with themselues, and with a mutation be­yond [...], after their Countrey manner, to take Repentance of Caesars Souldy­ers. [...] and to kill euery tenth man. But when Caesar w [...]hat, they were the more gréeued, and con­ [...] insured by them, and cryed, that the [...] be punished, as though they shoulde not haue [...], if the it [...]ders had not turned. Caesar would not grant to this [...], but punished a fewe for a fashion, whereby so Caesars mildnesse in punishmente. great a [...]ge through this moderation entred into them, as they de [...]red him he woulde forthwith set vpon his enimies, and very earnestly they exhorted and encouraged him to it, promising to amend their fault with a notable victory, and they resorted to­gyther in heapes, and sware in Caesars syghte neuer to returne from the fielde, vnlesse they gette the fyghte. His friendes wy­shed hym to vse thys repentance and promptnesse of the armye, but hée sayde vnto the multitude, that he woulde at a better o­portunitie leade them againste their enimies, and badde them then remember thys forwardnesse. But to hys friends he sayde, that before he dyd that, he must take out of theyr heartes the feare that was in them for the late losse, and to tarrie, tyll the fiercenesse of the enimie were abated: then dyd he confesse, that he had erred, in placing his Campe at Dirrachio, where all Pom­peys preparation was, and that it behoued hym to séeke other Caesar remo­ueth. places, and draw Pompey where he myghte haue the lyke wante, [Page 110] which when he had sayd, he wente straighte to Ve [...]ona, and from thence to Th [...]ss [...]y secretely by night. G [...]m [...]e a little [...]e that G [...]phie giuen in spoyle, the firste City [...] Th [...]ssily, going frō [...]piro. woulde not receyue him, he tooke in his rage, and g [...]ue it to his souldyers to spoyle. The Souldyers that had bin long [...], fil­led themselues of all things excessiuely, and were [...]r [...]e [...] of Germanes in Cae­sars time, a drunkē people. measure, especiallyth. Germanes were [...]ted atfor their dr [...] ­nesse. And now againe it was thought, that Pompey [...]g [...]e haue come on, and done some notable fea [...]e, but he by negligence, [...]i­terly om [...]te [...] to stirre, till Caesar had marched seaue [...]ay [...]s, [...]d camped at Pharsalia. In Gomphie they say was seene a notable Caesar encāpeth at Pharsalia, be­fore Pompey ar­riueth from D [...]razzo. The vvilling death o [...] diuers at Gomphie. chance, dead bodyes of noble old men, did [...]e openly in a [...]hrs [...]t [...] ­ans shoppe, with cuppes in their hands, without wound [...] ▪ [...] ▪ he number of twenty, as though they hadde bin mu [...]ed to [...] [...] king, lying all vpon the ground and one [...]g in a chayre as a Phisition, that gaue them the po [...]on of execration.

Pompey made a counsell concerning Caesar▪ [...]ing. A [...] ­nius A [...]nius. was in opinion, that the Na [...]y which was great, should be sent against Caesar, they being Lords of the Sea, he [...]ghte [...] off things from hym, being in want, and in a wandring iourney, and that Pompey hymselfe should leade the army [...] the lande [...]to Italy, whiche was yet enclyned vnto him, and voy [...]e of enimyes, and so being Lorde of it, France and Spaine, he mighte deale with Caesar at home from the principall parte. But he neglecting [...]s Diuersitie of [...]ion. that had bin best to haue bin done, followed them that said, that Caesars army by and by would forsake him for famine, or not long lyke to hold out, for the victory wonne at [...]urazzo, whereas [...] ­trarywise, it should be a great shame to leaue Caesar fleeyng, and that he that had ouercome, should seme to flée, as hough he were ouercome. He giuing place to these reasons, and for the regarde that he had of the nations of the East, that depended vpon hym, and fearing least Luci [...] Scipio should receyue any harme in M [...] ­cedoni [...], and before all, hauing a mind to vse his army, that was so couragious to fight, he remoued, and set his Camp against Cae­sar Both Caesar and Pompey encamp at Pharsalo. at Pharsalo, about foure miles asunder.

To Pompey victual was brought frō euery place, for the wars, the portes, and storehouses, were so open vnto him, that by land [Page 111] he lacked nothing, and by sea, whatsoeuer winde blewe, it serued Abundance vvith Pompey. his turne.

Caesar [...]adde onely suche foode as he [...]ulde get by dayly force, VVant vvith Caesar. Courage of Cae­sars So [...]ldiours. and yet n [...] di [...] forsake him, but by a diuine instinct, re­quired they [...]g [...]te gyue [...]a [...]tell thinking themselues to be farre better than the [...]th [...] yo [...]g Souldyoures, bycause they had ser­ue [...] in the w [...]es t [...]u [...]e yeares togither. But now to spende the tyme in making of mountes and treaches, and cariage of victu­all, The request of Caesars Souldi­oures. they were the weaker, bycause of theyr age, therefore it was better to trye all at once with la [...]oure, then by idlenesse to punishe with famine. When Pompey vnderstoode this, he thought it daungerous to deal [...] wyth suche experse men, that cared not for themselues, and to aduenture all at one worke againste Cae­sars [...]ob [...]e fortune. He thought ii sur [...]r, and lesse dāgerous, to cō ­sume them wtth wante, hauyng no power to be reléeued by land, nor no vse of the Sea, nor not a Shyppe to conuey them­selues Pompeys confi­deration good, but not follo­vved. away at a neede. Thus hée determined by very good rea­son to delay the warre, and to drawe them from famine to fa­mine: but the greater number of Senatoures, and of them cal­le [...] Gentlemen that were most honored, the Kyngs and Prin­ces that were with him▪ some for lacke of experience, some for foolishe hardynesse for theyr victory at Durazzo, some, bycause they were greater in number, and some, bycause they woulde r [...]ther haue a short conclusion, than an honorable ende, and some, bycause they were wéery of the warre, all exhorted him to the fyghte, shewyng that Caesar dyd alwayes prouoke hym, and in­uite hym to it: but he dyd vse that reason against themselues, for to Caesar it was necessary so to doe, but to them, delay, til occa­sion, was muche better, for néede droue Caesar to doe as hée dyd. But beeyng styll incensed by all the armye, that was waxed proude for the victorye at Durazzo, and by the best sorte that obiected ambition vnto hym, and therefore of purpose was so slowe, that hée myghte beare rule ouer so many as good as Pompey called Agamemnon▪ hymselfe, and therevppon called him Kyng, and Agamem­non▪ bycause hée commaunded Kynges in the warre: hée left hys owne consideration, and gaue place to theires, [Page 112] (God striking him now) and all the rest of that warre. He grew Pompeys altera­tion. sickly and slowe, contrary to his nature in all things, vnwilling­ly he prepared for the fighte, to his owne destruction, and them that gaue hym counsell. Caesar that nyghte, hadde sente three le­gions to gette victuals, thanking Pompey for his delay, and thyn­king he would not haue changed hys minde. He had also sente aboute for more foode, but when he hearde that Pompey prepared for the battell, he knewe he dyd it of necessitie, and that he was dryuen to it by force of his armye, hée called hys armye forth wyth, and dyd prepare lykewyse. He at midnight made Sacri­fice to Mars and to Venus hys auncessors, for from Iulius, A [...] ­as Petigree of Caesar from Venus. sonne, it shoulde séeme by the name, that the house of Iuli [...] came. He vowed to dedicate a Temple vnto hir in Rome, if she fauoured hym, and broughte hym victorie.

A lightning came from Heauen, and wente from Caesars Cam [...] A lightning. to Pompeys, and there was extinct. Pompeys syde thoughte some notable thyng shoulde come from their enimies to them, but Caesar dyd expounde it, that he shoulde quenche Pompeys glorye. That same nyghte when Pompey did Sacrifice, the host fledde a­way, and coulde no more be found. And a swarme of Bées ligh­ted Tokens. vpon the Aulter, whyche is a little and a stinging flye. An [...] before daye, there came a straunge feare in the Campe, th [...] whyche Pompey came to searche, and after fell into a déepe sléept, and béeyng awaked of his friendes, hée tolde them he dream [...] he had dedicate a Temple at Rome to Venus the Victorice, no [...] Pompeys dreame knowyng that Caesar hadde vowed the same.

His friendes and all the host put trust in these thinges, and were glad of them, and as they vsed all thinges with too muche contempte and fiercenesse, so wente they to thys battayle, as though all had bin theyr owne. Many dyd decke their Tentes with Bayes, as token of victorie, and their seruauntes prepa­red good chéere for them, and some dyd contende for Caesars office The securitie of Pompeys army. of hygh Priest, all the which, Pompey, as a man experte in warre, dyd mislike, and though he were troubled, yet did he dissemble it, and helde his peace with doubt and feare, as he that nowe dyd no more rule, but was commaunded of other, bycause of force, [Page 113] and againste hys wyll, he did al things. ‘So great a discourage­ment to so noble a man, that til that day, had alwayes had pros­perous hap, séemed on the sodaine to fall vppon hym, eyther for that he was not followed when hée gaue good counsell, but was Pompeys [...]l [...] ­tion. driuen to put the liues of so many in hazarde, and his owne glo­ry, which he had kepte till that day vnspotted, or for that he had some diuination of the euil, wyth feare that was at hande, that that day he shoulde fall from so great a Lordship, onelye to hys friends thus he sayde: That whosoeuer had the victorye that day, shoulde be cause of great calamitie to y ^• Romains for euer.’ He set order for the battell, and by hys wordes that hée spake in that feare, many dyd gather that if he had wonne that day, he would not haue gyuen ouer the rule.

Of the number that they had, whereof manye speake vncer­tainely, Caesars number. I will followe the Romaine Authours that write most Pompeys nūber. reasonably of the Italians, in whome was the chiefe truste, not regardyng or speakyng much of the confederates, in whom they had little affiaunce.

Caesar had two and twentye thousande, and in them aboute a thousand horse. Pompey had double as many, and seauen thousand horse: so they that speake likely, say there was at thys battel .lxx. M. Italians: they that write lesse, thréescore thousand: they that make moste, foure hundred thousande, whereof some saye, that Pompey had thrée parts, and some, that of thrée parts he had two.

Thus doubtfully haue they left the matter: but how many so­euer they had, their chiefe trust was in the Italians.

Of Straungers Caesar had French horsemen and also French men beyond the Alpes, of Grecians, Dolopians, Acarnians, & Aetolians. These helpes had Caesar.

Pompey had al the nations of the Easte, in heaps both of horse Confederates of Pompey. and footemen, of Grecians, he hadde the Lacedomonians distri­buted vnder their owne Kyngs, the reste were Peloponesians, and with them the Boetians. The Athenienses also came to [...]an [...]a [...] ▪ [...] ▪ thys warre, althoughe both sides proclaymed they shoulde no [...] be hurte, as the sacred men of the lawe makers, drawn thither by the glory of this battayle, wherein they should fyghte for the [Page 114] Empire of the Romaines.

After the Greeks, there were but fewe of all the sea towarde the East, but the inhabitours came to Pompey, Thracians, Helles­pontians, Bithinians, Phrygians, Jonians, Lydians, Pam­philians, Pysidianes, Paphlagonians, Cilicians, Syrians, Pheniteans, and a nation of Hebrewes, Arabians also mgh vnto these, Cyprians, Rhodians, stingers of Creta and other Ilanders. Kyngs and Princes also came to ayde hym. De [...]ota [...]us the Te­trarche [...]. Ariarathes. [...]. of the Easte Galatians, Ariarathes King of Capadocia, the Armenians wythin Euphrates. Taxiles did leade the Armeni­ans beyonde Euphrates, Magabates lieutenaunte to Artapa the [...]. Kyng. Other inferiour Lordes resorted to thys trauayle, beside thréescore shippes of Egipt, sente of the Princes of the same, Cleopatra and hir brother, being yet a childe. But these were not Cleopatra. vsed in the warres, nor anye of the other shippes, but all laye ydely at Corcyra, wherein it séemeth that Pompey did euill, to neg­lect [...]. so great a nauy, wherewyth hée myghte haue [...]feated hys enimies of al thynges: but he trusted vpon hys armye by land, and woulde trye it wyth them that for theyr continuaunce wyth long experience were full of courage, and as sauage people gréedy of the fight. But to beware of them, the mishap, by Gods workyng, at Durazzo séemeth to bée the impediment, which to Caesar was the fitteste opportunitie of all other. For by that Pompeys army waxed insolent, and made little accompte of their Capitayne, and tooke in hande thys matter verye vnskil­fully. But God hadde so appoynted it, that it shoulde come to suche a state, as it is nowe ouer all. Then eyther of them assemblyng theyr armyes, exhorted them, and firste Pompey said thus:

‘You (my fellow Souldioures) do now commaunde as Cap­taynes, [...] [...]. and not obey as Souldiours: For wheras I would haue consumed Caesar, you wyl néedes call vpon the fyghte: therfore as appoynters of the battayle, vse it, as the more, may do the lesse, and as vanquishers contemne them that be vanquished, and as the yong despise the olde, and as the lusty may the féeble. You haue of youre syde power, prepara­tion, [Page 115] and conscience of the cause, for you trauaile for libertye & your country, with law and good opinion, with such men as bée Senatours and Gentlemen, agaynste one man that woulde v­surpe a gouernment. Go to therfore as becommeth, with good hope, and haue in your sight the fléeing away they made at Du­razzo, and howe many of their ensignes we tooke that day. This saide Pompey, but Caesar to hys men spake thus.’

‘The hardest (my friends) we haue ouercome, for in steade of Caesars Oratic [...]. hunger and wante, we fight wyth men. This day determineth all, remember your promise at Durazzo, and what you sware one to another in my presence, that you woulde not returne, but vi­ctors. These be they (my Souldioures) whome wée haue fol­lowed from the pillers of Hercules. These bée they that fledde from vs Italy. These be they that after oure tenne yeares ser­uice, after so many enimies and victories as harde to bée tolde wonne of vs, after Spayne, Fraunce, and Britaine, broughte by vs to oure Countrey, and well nighe fourtye Realmes, doth oppresse vs without rewarde, triumphe, or recempence. These be they whome I coulde not perswade, desiring but ryghte, to be wel thought of for my well doing. You knowe whome I dely­uered vnhurte, hoping that we might haue had some iustice at their handes. Of all these, be all you togither with me reuen­gers thys day, euen as you knowe my carefulnesse, my faithful­nesse, and my frée liberalitie, it is no harde matter for yong soul­diours vnexperte to be ouercome of them that paines haue past, and well bin tried by proofe. Se the youthfull contempte and dys [...]ayne of the armye agaynste the Capitayne, so the di­struste of hymselfe, whome I certainlye knowe to goe to thys feate with vnwilling minde, and ful of feare, fallyng from hys conditions, is giuen to case and slouthfulnesse, and nowe not a ruler, but ouer-ruled of other. And thus much thinke, that I haue spoken vnto you of his Italians, for as for his cōfeder [...]ts, care not for them, nor make any accempte of them, nor offer a­nye earneste fyghte to them. that be slaues of Syria, Phrygia, and Lydia, are euer ready to run away, and be kept vnder, whom I [Page 116] certayn [...]ye knowe, and you shall euidently sée, that Pompey wyll not vse in ordered place osbatta [...]le. O [...]ye haue [...]i [...] of the Ita­lians, and if the confederates ru [...]e vppon you like r [...]d [...]d [...]ggs: downe with them, and spare the other as youre [...]men, and vse your confederats, for to afray them. But before al things, remember I maye▪ sée you persourme that you haue promi­sed▪ and that you maye choose eyther victorye or [...]eathe, pull downe youre Campe, and all the trenches, that wee may haue nothing, vnlesse wée wynne it, lette oure enimies see that we be without Campe, and that of necessitie, wee muste encampe in theyrs.’

When he had thus saide, hée sente oute two thousande ve­rye olde Souldiors, that had the charge of the Campe, who wit forthe and digged downe the trenche wyth a déepe silence, and filled the ditches.

When Pompey sawe that, and some thoughte they made way to flée, he perceyued the bolde determination, and with a syghe Pompey sigheth. sayde vnto hymselfe, that thys fyght should be with wild beasts oppressed with famin, a fit medicine for thē. But now there was no more dallying, the thing being come to the swordes pointe, therefore he set aboute foure thousande to kéepe the campe, and pla [...]ed the reste betwéene the towne of Pharsalo and the floude Pharsalo the tovvne vvhere the battel [...] ▪ [...] of Thesi­saiy and [...] [...]. Italians the [...]h [...]c [...]c strength of both sides. Enipeo. Caesar also arayd hymselfe ouer agaynste hym, eyther of them placed the Italians diuided into thrée partes, distaunt a little a sunder, they sette the horsemen on the sydes of them by portiōs, Archers and Slingers were intermedled with them all.

Thus were the Italians ordered, in whome eche of them had their chiefe confidence, as for their confederats, they vs [...] them rather for a shew.

Pompey had a greate number of dyuerse language: of them he placed the Macedonians, the Peloponesians, the Boetians, and the Athenienses, nexte the Italians battayle, bycause of theyr good order and silence.

The other, euen as Caesar coniectured, he commaunded euerye [...]rder of [...] [...] [...]. natiō by it selfe, as warders out of the ray of battel, to compasse [Page 117] the enimie when the fight began, and to pursue them with as much hurte as they coulde, and to put Caesars campe to spoyle whiche was voyde of defence. Scip [...]o Pompe [...]s father in lawe, Scipi [...]. [...] ▪ Aphranius▪ Pompey. did leade the maine batayle in the middest, Dom [...] the lefte wing, & Lentulus the right, Aphranius and Pompey kept the cāpe.

The leaders of Caesars h [...]ste, were Sylla, Antonius, and Deci­mus. Caesar, as he was wonte, ledde the tenth legion, whiche the Caesars order▪ Sylla. Antonius. Decimu [...] ▪ Caesar. enimies seyng, brought agaynst them the beste horsemen, that beyng more in number, they shoulde, if they might, encompasse them. When Caesar perceyued that, he layd thrée thousand of the boldest footemen in abushment, whome he willed, that when they sawe the enimie goyng aboute to enclose, they shoulde leape forth, and with their pikes driue as harde as they could, at the faces of them, for he knew that they being yong and vn­expert, would not abyde the peril of the face. Thus did they de­nise on bothe sides, and went about in euery place, and when they had gyuen the order, and exhorted them to good hart, then gaue their wordes of knowledge.

When all was ready, they stoode a good whyle in a great silēce, stirred not, but looked one vpō an other, as amazed men which shoulde beginne the fight. The multitude that hytherto had no compassion at all, now pitied that so greate an armie of Italians should at once be hazarded, and that their vertue shoulde bée tried only vpon themselues, and the chiefe hurte be of Italians The astonish­ment of bothe armies. aga [...]nst Italians, and now at the very pynche of the mischiefe at hande, the desire of glory that had in [...]sed and blinded them, was quenched, and conuerted into feare: for when reason dyd throughly way the affection of fame, and measured also the daunger present, they sawe the cause consisted in the contentiō of two men, for whose superioritie all their liues was ventu­red, so as whither were euercome, coulde not be safe in the fur­dest place, nor a great multitude of noble men for theyr sakes: they remembred their auncient friendship and affinitie, howe many things they had done to their owne honour and aduance­ment, [Page 118] which now did weare their weapōs against thēselues, & brought all that did serue them, to the like mischiefe, being of one nation, Citizens, kin [...]cmen and allies, yea and some bre­thren. For so it hapned in this warre, as among so many thou­sands as were togither of one nation, diuerse and straunge ef­fectes The strange a­bashment of both sides. must happe, whiche, eyther of them nowe considering, were striken presently with a great repentaunce, as though in that day, they should be eyther first or last vpon the earth, and were loth to beginne so doubtful a déede, and fell a wéeping on both sides. Standing thus and beholding one another, the daye passed: the Italians standing in due order with silence continued: but Pompey perceyuing his straungers to be troubled with this stay, and doubting least confusion might follow therof, at the beginning, first gaue the token of battayle, and Caesar did the like. Then the trumpets stroke the sounde of battayle as was required in such a number: beside, in sundry parts, the Heralds and the Captaines, were at hand to giue encouragement: they marched stately with astonishment and silence, as men that had ben in many like pastimes: Being at hand, the first charge was The [...]nset giuē. giuen with Archers, and Artillery, and soden onsets of horse­men to enclose the footemen. There was too and fro, til Pompeys horsemen hauing the better, did enuiron the tenth legion. Then Caesar, giuing his token to them that lay in a wayte, they step­ped forth against the horsemen, and with theyr pykes put vp, did lay them on the faces: they could not abyde that boldnesse, nor the blowes made at theyr mouthes and eyes, but confused­ly fled away, & then did Caesars horsemen enclose the other foote­men, being naked, whiche feared to haue bene enclosed them­selues. Whē Pompey percepued thys, he commaunded the foote­men not to moue or stirre from the battaile, nor to throw light weapons, but to stand distante in the forefront, and with their pykes at han [...]e to resist the enemy comming on them. Some [...] of [...] [...] not [...] ▪ prayse this pollicie, as the best, against compassing: but Caesar in his Epistles doth disprayse it, bycause the strokes that are giuen with a mouing vehemence, are mightier, and men by forcing foreward, be the bolder, and they y ^e remayne stil, ware fearefull, and easie to be bitte, as standing markes that are [Page 119] shotte at, as then it proued in déed. The tenth legion with him, fiercely folowing, did beat the bodies of Pompeis leaft battayle, voyde of horsemen, and standing still till they put them out of order▪ and by very force made them to turne, which was the beginning of y ^e victorie in the other multitude. Although there was diuerse and sundrye wayes of slaughter and hurting, yet was there not a voyce hearde in suche a maine battayle, but sighes only and grones of them that fell valiauntlye in theyr places appointed. The confederates, as though they had come to see them fight a pryse, did maruel at their goedly order, but had no harte (for wondering at them) neyther to enter Caesars campe which was kept of a fewe, and they very olde men, nor to do any other thing, but stande and gaze. But when the lefte wing of Pompeis host did retire by little & little, yet fighting stil, Pompeys conse­derates flec▪ the confederates foully fled away, and cryed, we be ouercome. They ranne vpon their owne tentes and campes, as thoughe they had bene the others, whiche when they had spoyled, they went their ways as fast as they could. The other Italian army perceyuing they had the worse, gaue backe first in order, defen­ding themselues as they might, but the enemye still comming vpon them, as now hauing the victorie, they also turned & fle [...]. Caesar then vsed great policie, y ^• they should not gather togither Caesars poli [...]e. again, that this labor might not only make an end of one fight, but of al the war. He sent trūpets about y ^• battels, cōmaunding thē to refrayn frō killing of their countreymen, and continue only agaynst the strangers, & that they should go among thē y ^• A vvord [...] to stay. Stay vvithout feare. wer ouercome, & byd thē stay w ^tout feare. This declaratiō of y ^• crier was lerned frō one mā to another, & was [...] warning word for Pōpeis host to stay w ^tout fear: so passing by y ^• other [...]s Italiās of one lāguage & order, they beat down the strangers not able to resist, & ther was gret slaughter made. After Pōpey saw this Pompey ama [...]ed and speachlesse. A [...]ax Telamonius fell into asto­nishment for the iudgement giuē against [...]. alteratiō, he was astonyed & went softly into his cāpe, & being come to his tent, he sat down spéechlesse, as they say Aiax Tela­monius did for y ^• grief he suffered in y ^• losse amōg his enimies at y ^• battayle of Troy: of the other, very few came into y ^• cāpe, for Caesars Heralds had made thē stay w ^tout feare, & being ouerpas­sed of their enemies, they might disperse thē selues here & there. [Page 120] The day was almost at an ende, and Caesar roade aboute with maruelous payne, praying them that they woulde take yet a [...] exhorting [...] make [...] [...]nd. little more labour, til they had gotten Pompeis campe, shew­yng them that if the emmies returned, they should be winners but o [...] one day, but if they got his campe too, the warre shoulde be ended for cuer. He held vp his handes to them, and was the first that ranne towarde it. This did stirre the mindes of them that had weary bodies to sée their generall go before them: the victorie of things past; and the hope to gette the campe, with al that was in it, did stic, to that againe, and when men be in hope and felicitie, they féele the lesse of labour and extremitie. They went on with great courage, and beate away the warders of the same, whiche when Pompey sawe, he onely brake into thys Pompey fleeth. speache after hys long silence, What, oures tentes too, when hée had thus spoken, he chaunged hys garment, and leapt on horse with feure fréendes, and neuer lefte runnyng till by breake of day he came to Larissa▪ Caesar (as he threatened) at the giuing of [...]ar [...]ss [...] in [...], and in other places. the onset, did lodge in Pompeis pauilion, and supped with his pro­uision, and the rest of hys army did the lyke.

There were slayne in this battell of bothe partes of Ita­lians (for the strangers bicause of their multitude and contempt be not numbred) of Caesars arraye thirtie captaynes of bandes, The losse of [...]. & CC. souldiours, or as some say, two thousand and ij. hūdred. Of Pompeys tenne Senatours, of the whiche was Lucius Domi­tius Pompeys lo [...]e. [...] ▪ [...] [...] P [...]m [...] [...] [...]x [...]. M. [...]y death, and xxv. M. by ta­king, [...]e r [...]ite [...]. [...]. once appoynted Caesars successour in Fraunce, and of them that be called Gentlemen▪ about fourtie of the beste: of the rest of the army, they that make moste, say .xxv. M. But Asinius Pol [...]o that was at that fight with Caesar, wryteth that onely fire thousande of Pompeys was slayne at that battayle. This was the ende of that great fight at [...]ha [...]sa [...]o.

Euery man [...]cusessed that Caesar had deserued the firste and seconde honours, and with him the [...]enth Legion. Crastinius a [...] of [...]. leader of a bande, was thought worthy the thi [...]de, who goyng to y ^• fight, being asked of Caesar what he thought, an [...]vered cou­ragiou [...], [...] of [...] ▪ we shall winne D Caesar, and then shalte finde me here [...]yther aliue [...]r [...]ea [...]. The a [...]y did [...], that he going [Page 121] from band to bande like a man in a furie, did as much as a mā might do. When he was sought for, and found amōg the dead, Pompey taketh the [...]ea. Mi [...]ilena, in [...]esb [...] novv Metelin. Caesar did bury him with the ornaments due vnto him, & erected him a Tumbe nygh y ^• cōmon Sepulchre. Pōpey frō Larissa wyth lyke spéede went to the sea side, where he toke a little boate, & by chaunce met a shippe a floate, and sayled to Mitilena, where he receyued his wife Cornelia, and passed with foure Gallyes, Pompey [...] deter­mination of recouery. which the Rodians and Tirians had brought to him. He refused to sayle to Corcyra and Libya, where he had an other great army, & a mighty nauy by sea. He made his course to Parthia, thinking to recouer al againe, keping his purpose close frō his friends, tyll he came with much ado to Ciluia. There they prayed hym Cornelia Pompeis vvife Crassus daughter to beware of the Parthians, whiche had lately ouercome Crassus, whereby they were the more insolent, and that it was not fit to bring Cornelia, so fayre a woman, among so vntemperate people, especially being Crassus daughter. Thē he deuised whi­ther he should go, into Egipt, or to Iuba king of Barbarie. They thought no good to be had with Iuba, therfore they counselled him to go to Egipt, a nation nygh, of great dominion, fertyl and aboundant of grayne, money, and nauye, whose kings though they were children, yet friends to him for his fathers sake: and so for this cause he sayled into Egipt.

At this time Cleopatra being eiected out of the kingdome by hir brother, w ^t whom she shoulde ioyntly haue raigned, prepa­red an army in Syria againste him. Ptolomeus Cleopatras brother Crassus an hil [...] the end of Nilus. Ptolomeus against Cleopatra. was at a place in Egipt called Cassium, and did lye in campe to resist his sisters forces, and as fortune wold, Pompey was driuē thither. When he perceiued an army aland, he stayed his ship, and thought, (as it was in déede) that the king was there: hée sent vnto him, to shewe of the amity betwéene hys father and him. The king was thirtéene yeare olde: one Achillas did go­uerne his army, and Photinus and Cnuch was his Treasurer. They beganne to consulte what was beste to be done wyth Achille [...] Photinus▪ Theodo [...]us▪ Pompey: There was [...]also Theodotus of Samos, an Drator and Scholema [...]ster to the king, who dyd perswade the wicked acte to deceyue and ky [...] Pompey, to gratifye Caesar. This counsel pre­uayled, [Page 122] they sent a simple boate as though the roughnesse of y ^• Sea would not suffer a greater. Some of the kings seruauntes wente into the beate, and with them Semprouius a Romayne, [...]. who had serued vnder Pompey, and was nowe wyth the kyng. He offered his hande in the kings name to Pompey, and wylled hym to come as to his son and friende. As this was done, the army was set in order, and drewe neare the sea as to honoure Pompey, and the king was set in the midst in a purple vesture to be séene of all

Pompey suspected all, both the ordering of the army, and the meanes of the vessel: chiefly bycause the king came not toward him, nor sent any of his noble men, he spake a verse of Soph [...] ­cles:

And then he entred y ^t boate. Euery man being silent in y ^• pas­sage, he rather suspected, and chiefly Sempronius, eyther bycause he knew him to be a Romaine, and hauing serued vnder hym, or bycause he did coniecture it, séeing him only stāding, according to souldiours discipline, who doe not set, when the chiefe is by. Then he turned to him and sayd, surely I should know thée, O Souldier. He nodded at hym agayn, and as he turned, was the first that stroke him, then the other. His wife and friends sée­ing this a farre off, cried, and held vp their handes to the gods Sempronius [...] Romaine first stryketh Pompey reuengers of friendshippe broken, and sayled away streyght as from enimies lande. They that were about Photino cut of Pom­peis heade, and kept it for Caesar as a great gratification: but he Pompey cruelly [...] killed. worthily reuenged this wicked déed vpon them. The rest of his body was buryed at the sea bancke, and a silly Sepulchre was made, to the which one wrote this Epitaph:

In processe of tyme the graue was couered with sand: and [Page 123] certaine Images of Brasse which the inhabitants did after­warde set vp to Pompey vnder the Hil Cassius, were taken away and layde vppe in a secrete place of a Temple. In my tyme Adrianus the Romaine Emperour in hys iourney that way, Adrianus the Emperour rest [...] reth the graue of Pompey. did cause it to be sought and found out, and made the graue to be amended, so as euery man might see it, and erected the Ima­ges that were dedicated to Pompey.

This was the end of Pompey, by whom so many great bat­tayles had bene fought, and the Romaine Empire so increased, Pompey the great. as he had the surname of Great, neuer being ouercome before, but from his youth still inuincible and happy: and frō thrée and twenty to eight and fiftie yeares, he ruled like a king, but in opinion supposed to gouerne like a populare man, for the emu­lation of Caesar.

Lucius Scipio, Pompeis father in Lawe, and all the other noble men that did escape the battayle, fledde to Cato to Corcyra, who Corcyra an Iland in the Io [...]ian sea. The care of Pompeys friends. was generall of another army, and thrée hundred Gallies, be­ing left there as a prudent Counsellour. The noblest of Pom­peis friendes deuided the Nauye. Cassius sayled to Pontus to Pharnaces, to stirre him against Caesar. Scipio and Cato wente into Libya trusting vppon Varus and his army, and Iuba king of Nu­midia his confederate. Pompey, Pompeis eldest sonne, and Labie­nus Pompeys sonne Labienus Scapula. wyth him and Scapula, hauing a part, wente into Spaine to make it against Caesar, and they got him another army of Iberi­ans and Celtiberians and slaues to haue the preparation greater: so mighty a power of Pompeis army was yet left, which he, by his infelicitie did abandon when he fled away▪ They that were Cato chosen ge­neral in Lybia, refuseth. in Lybia did chose Cato for the general Captaine, who for y ^• pre­sence of suche men as had bene Consuls, and others that had bene Lieuetenaunts, and he only a Pretor in Rome, refused the same. So L. Scipio was made general and a great army was ga­thered and trayned, and these were the chiefest preparations in Libya and Iberia gathered against Caesar.

After the victorie, Caesar aboade two dayes in Pharsalo, sacri­ficing Thessalians made free of Caesar vvho had serued him. and recreatyng hys wearye armye, and there made the Thessalians frée that had serued him, and pardoned the [Page 124] Athenians at their sute, vsing these wordes: Howe often hath the glorie of your auncestours saued you, whē you haue deser­ued destruction?

The third day he remoued towarde the East, following the fame of Pompeis flighte, and for wante of Gallies sayled ouer Hellespont in little boates. [...] novve [...] of [...]. These [...] Europe and [...] a co­vvarde.

Cassius with his number of Gallies met him as he was go­ing to Pharnaces, and although he might with his Gallies haue had the aduantage of those little boates, yet for feare of Caesars felicitie and valiantnesse, he was amazed, and suspecting that Caesar had come of purpose to finde him, he helde vp his handes and came from his Gallies into the boates to aske hym pardō, and deliuer him all his Gallies. So much force had the glorye of Caesars felicitie, for I sée none other reason, nor can iudge any other meane in so great difficultie of time, to haue such fortune that he should so afray Cassius a valiaunt man, comming vppon him with scauent [...]e Gallies vtterly vnprouided, that he durste not medle with him. For as cowardly as he did now yéeld vnto him vpō the Sea, so after did he as cruelly kyl him whē he was [...]. Lord of all at Rome. Wherefore it is euident that he was then ouerborne with the feare of his felicitie. Caesar thus being sa­ued against all hope, and past Hellespont, he pardoned the Ionians, [...]ores. Aetolians, and other nations that inhabite greate Cherroneso, which by one name is called Asia y ^• lower. He forgaue them Caesar say [...]e [...]h in­to Egipt. that sent embassadours to craue it. Understanding that Pompey was gone to Egipt he went to the Rhodes, where he would not tarry for the reste of his armye that was comming to him by parts, but with the Gallies of Cassius and the Rhodes, and such men as he presently hadde, he toke shippe at night, and sayled forth, not shewing whether, only commaunding the captaines in the night to follow the light of his shippe, and in the day, the flag of the same: to the maister whereof he commaunded, after he had sayled a good way, to set his course toward Alexandria: and so being thrée days vpon the sea, he came thither. In thys place he was wel receiued of the kings officers, the king being yet at mount Gassius.

[Page 125] Caesar at his comming pretended to haue nothing ado, bycause of his fewe men, but went about the Citie, to beholde the beau­ty therof, & stood and heard the Philosophers disputations, wher­by [...]. he wanne muche loue and good fauour of the Alexand [...]s being among them as one hauing nothing to do. But when his army was come, hée layde handes vppon Photinus and [...], and put them to death, for the wickednesse done to Pompey, Ther­dotus [...] fled into Asia, whome Cassius founde there, and caused to be hanged.

The Alexandrians were offended herewith, and sette vppon him with the kings army that was there, and made many fights with hym about the kings Palaice, and at the sea banke, where [...] [...] by [...]. Caesar was driuen to take the sea, and to swimme a good way.

The Alexandrians tooke hys cloake and bare it vp as a to­ken of victory. His last battell was wyth the Kyng hymselfe at the floude Nilus, where he ouercame him, and restored the king­dome Caesar ouercom­meth the Kyng of Aegipt. [...] [...]. This booke is not extant. Caesar vve [...] vvhen he did see Pompeys heade. to Cleopatra, after he had bin nine moneths there. Then he sayled vppon Nilus with foure hundred shippes, in company of Cleopatra, for whose pleasure he did many things, all the whiche be particularly tolde in my booke of Egiptian matters.

He could not abide to behold Pompeys heade that was brought vnto him, but commanded it to be buryed: he also builded a little Temple before the Citie, which was called the Temple of Re­uengement, Temple of Re­uengement▪ Traiane. the which in my tyme when Traiane the Emperoure did make warre against the Jewes, was pulled downe of them, to serue some turne in the warre.

When Caesar had done these things in Alexandria, he wente wyth hys army thoroughe Syrta againste Pharnace, who had bin Caesar againste Pharnace. Domitius ouer▪ throvvne in [...]y­r [...]a. Amysso a Citie in the confines of Paphlagoma & Capadocia. very busy and taken diuerse of the Romaine Prouinces, and gotten one victory of Domitius lieutenante to Caesar, by the which growing stoute he tooke Amyso a Citie of Pontus allied to the Romaines, all the people whereof he solde as slaues and made their children Enuchs, but when Caesar came, he fled as farre as he coulde, and sent to Caesar for peace by hys Ambassadors, who brought him a crowne of golde, and offered foolishlye the Kyngs daughter in marryage to hym.

[Page 126]He perceyuing their presentes and messages, wente on wyth his army, entertayning the Kings Ambassadors with ordinary talke, till they came nighe where he was encamped, and then he said: shall not this murtherer of his father bée yet killed? & then he leaped on horse. And at the first charge Pharnace fled awaye, and Caesar ouerthrewe the moste parte, with a thousand horse­men, that with the firste, did kéepe in chase with hym. At thys Caesar saide with a loude voice. O happy Pompey, that haddest to do with such mē of war as Mithridates, & this mans father was, therby both to be thought and called Great. Of this fight hée [...]i, vid [...], vici. [...]sp [...]or [...]s part of the kingdome of P [...]t [...]s. sent thus to Rome, I came, I sawe, I conquered. Pharnace was content to go to the kingdome of Bosphorus, which Caesar appoynted him.

Caesar spent no time in trifles, so many battels yet remayning behinde, he went into Asia, and by the waye gathered money of the Cities that were troubled wyth them that tooke paymentes of the Tributes, as we haue shewed in our booke of Asia. Now word was brought hym that there was sedition raysed in Rome, [...]editiō in Rome. and that Antony his lieutenāt did kéep the common place wyth an army. Therefore setting all thinges aside, hée made haste to Rome. Whither, when he was come, all ciuill discorde ceassed, Sedition in Cae­sars army. but another began among his souldiours, bycause they had not yet, neyther receiued the promise made for theyr seruice at Phar­salo, nor that it was reasō that they shoulde be still kept in war, & therfore they cried euery man to go home. He had promised thē rewards at Pharsalo, and other rewardes when the war of Libya Drac [...]ma is a p [...]e of coyne, vvaying as muche as a ster­l [...]ng groat, after eight groates to an ovvnce. Salustius in dan­ger. should be ended. Therfore he sent them a thousand drammes apéece, with a promise of more. They bad him promise no more, but pay al out of hand. And it lacked but little that they had not killed Crispus Salustius, had he not shifted away.

When Caesar hearde this, he commanded the legion that An­tony had for the guarde of the Citie, to kéepe aboute his house, & the entry of the Citie, fearing spoile, and hée, verye boldly (all men fearing and diswading him from the rage of the souldiors) went among them as they were in mutinie in the field of Mars, Caesar among his seditious souldi­oures. and not being perceyued, was set in the high seate. They confu­sedly, and with tumulte came running vnarmed, & as the maner [Page 127] is to salute the Generall when he commeth firste among them, he commaunded thē, that if they had any thing to say there, tou­ching the gifts, they shoulde speake it before his face, whiles hee was present: they durste not speake a word for feare, but taking Caesar vvs [...]do [...] a [...]n [...] his [...] o [...] ting Sould [...]o [...]s. a meane way, cryed to be released of the war, hoping bycause [...]e had néede of men to finish the rest of his wars, he would haue saide somewhat of the giftes. But he contrarie to all opinion, without any stay answered: I discharge you. They being ast [...]med hereat, and standing in a great silence, he saide againe: And I wil giue you all that I haue promised you, when I shall triumphe [...] the rest. This word vnlooked for, & appearing so curteous, did strike in them suche a consideratiō with an emulation, that they thou­ghte it a shame to forsake their Capitaine in the middes of his enimies, and that others shoulde triumph in their places. They Souldioures re­pent them. remembred what losse they should haue by leauing the warre in Libya, and be thought enimies aswell to Caesar as to hys aduersa­ries: for this doubt they remained silent in feare, hoping yet that Caesar woulde haue giuen them rewarde, and forgyuen them the faulte for hys present néede, but he sate as silent as they. There­fore hys friends wished him to say somwhat vnto them, & not to leaue them, that so oft had serued hym, with so shorte & seuere a spéech. He began to speake & call thē Citizens in stead of souldi­ers, which was a token they were discharged of y ^• war, & become in their former priuate case. This they could not suffer, but cry­ed that they did repent, and prayed they mighte be taken to the war, Caesar refused it, and came from the seate. Then they made greater instaunce, beséeching hym that if they hadde done a­misse to punishe them: he stayed a while, neither going forward nor backewarde, séeming to doubt what to do, yet hée returned and sayde hée woulde punishe none of them, but that it grieued him that the tenth legion, whiche he had alwaies loued and ho­nored, shoulde giue cause of suche tumulte, and onely thys saide.

‘I do release them of their seruice, and yet wyll gyue them all I haue promised them, when I come from Libya, and I will giue lande to all, when the warres shall be ended, not as Sylla dydde, spoyling it from other that hadde it, and causing both the taker and the loser, to liue togither, to main­tayne [Page 128] perpetuall enmitye, but I wyll diuide bothe the com­mon and mine own, and the lacke I wyl buy with my mony.’

Showte and reioyce was made of all, sauing of the tenthe legion, against the whiche Caesar seemed to be inexorable. There­fore The tenth legiō desireth to bee punished. they desired hym they might bée punished by death, as the lotte shoulde fall out. But he hauing no néede of further furye of them, and perceyuing they were throughlye penitent, forgaue Reggio, is the f [...]r­the [...] tovvne in Italy tovvardes [...] fore­ [...]ande of [...]. Caesar sayleth in­to [...]. [...] Cittye in [...], [...] my [...]es from Car­thage. A Senate in Ly­bia of three [...]ā ­dred Romaines. Adrumeto a City in Affrica, farie from Carthage. Labienus. Petreius putteth Caesar backe. Petreius folo­vveth not the vnstorye. them all, and streyght went to the war in Barbarie, passing from the narrowe Sea at Reggio, hée wente to Messina and to L [...]lybee, where he vnderstoode that Cato kept part of the army bothe by sea and lande at V [...]ca, wyth thrée hundred whiche lyke chiefe counsellers were greatest doers of the war, and called the Se­nate, and that the Generall Lucius Scipio, and the best laye in A­drumeto, therfore he sayled against Scipio who was gone to [...]uba, & gaue order for the fight with his campe, taking the oportunity againste hys enimyes that were without the Generall. Labienus and Petreius chief vnder Scipio, did not refuse the fyght, & had far the better of Caesar, putting him to flight, & fiercely with contēpt followyng hym, til Labienus horse was thrus [...]e throughe the bel­ly and killed, and he saued by the guarde of hys person. Petreius, as he that had taken sufficient triall of his army, & might winne when he woulde, lefte the thing vnfinished, saying to them that were by him: Leaft we should take the victory from Scipio our Generall. Caesars fortune. This was also another token of Caesars fortune, that his enimies in apparaunce hauing the victory, woulde so sodainly breake the fight, when they had the day. They say that Caesar at this fighte, was fa [...]ne to stande againste his men, and to take the Egle frō him that bare it, being the chiefe standerd, and to goe to the for­most The d [...]ger of Caesar. to stay thē frō flying, till Petreius retired, and Caesar had time to depart with leysure. This end had the first fight y ^• he made in [...] [...]. Barbarie. Not long after, Scipio came forth with .8. legions, xx. M. h [...]smē wherof the most part were Affricanes, many target mē, [...] rrr Elephants, which [...]uba the Kyng, who had other footemen, about. rrr. M. and Numidiā horsmē almost .xx. M. many darters, and thréescore other Elephants.

Caesars army was dismayed, and troubled among themselues [Page 129] as well for their former losse, as for the fame of their aduersa­ries, both in number and vertue, specially the Numidian Horse­men, beside the terror that they had to make a straunge fighte [...]occhus King of the Moores, that deliuered [...]u­gurtha to Sylla. Ci [...]tha a Citie of Numidia, novve Constana, vvhere Iugurth kylled Adher [...]all. The fifth Le­gion giueth the Elephant in a [...] en [...]gne. Caesars Victory. with the Elephantes. But Bocchus, another king of the Moores, hauing takē Cirta, the chiefe Citie of Iuba, he vpon the newes of his owne losse, returned home with his armye, leauing onely thirty Elephants with Scipio. Caesars army by this, tooke such cou­rage, as the fifth Legion desired the fight against the Elephāts, of whome, hauing a noble victory, they geue an Elephante in their ensigne at this day. The battell being long and difficulte on euerye side, and full of vncertainetie, aboute the euening Caesar hardly gote the victory, and ouerthrew Scipios Camp, not leauing the victory in the night, till all was brought to passe, the enimies by sinal parts as they could, fled: and Scipio with Afranio, leauing all, fledde to the Sea with twelue Ships vnarmed. Thus an ar­mye of fourescore thousante Souldyers, well trayned in the warre, and encamped by the former victory, was in this seconde fight vtterly vanquished. Caesars glory, through his felicitie, was comp [...]ed of all mē vnconquerable, and they that were ouercome, woulde attribute nothing to his manhoode, but excuse all theyr Caesars felicitie. faultes by his felicitie. It séemeth that this warre had this vn­fortunate end, by the vnskilfulnesse of the Captaynes, that they did not endure, till Caesar mighte haue bin put to his shiftes, nor Vnskilfulnesse. bring the first victory to perfection, but woulde néedes leaue it, when they were in the middest of it. This being told at V [...]ica the The noblemen of Rome flee. thyrde day, and Caesar comming forward, euery man beganne to flée, of whome Cat [...] stayed none, but gaue Shippes to the noble men that desired them, yet himselfe tarryed like a constant man, and where they of V [...]ica promised, that they woulde make inter­cession to Caesar for him, before themselues, Cato smiled and aun­swered, Cato to the V [...]i­censes. there néeded no reconciliation betwéene Caesar and hym, and that Caesar knew well ynough. Then he sealed vp al the trea­sure, and the assurances and writings of euery man, and deliue­red them to the Magistrates of V [...]ica, and in the euening vsing his bath and his supper, sitting at his meate as he was wonte to do, since the death of Pompey, nothing changing from his wonted [Page 130] in inner, neyther [...]ahing more nor lesse. He talked familiarly with them that were present, of them that were sayled, and if the wind were good for them, and how farre they might passe before the morning that Caesar came. And when he wente to bedde, hée change [...] nothing of his vsage, but only embraced his sonne more straightly than he was wont: but bicause he found not his sword in the place at his bed where it was wont to stande, he cryed, hée was betrayed to his enimies of his owne folke. What should I [...] vse (quoth he) if they set vpon me in the night? They desired him he would be content, and to worke nothing against himselfe, but to rest without his sworde. Might I not (quoth he) if I woulde, cheke my selfe with my cloke, or crush my head against the wal, or fall & breake my necke, or stoppe my breath and kill my selfe? When they heard him speake after this sort, they broughte him his sword. Then he called for Plat [...]s booke of the Immortalitie of [...] of the Soule. Cato strike [...] [...]. the Soule, which whē he had redde, and thinking them that kept the dores to be at rest, he stroke himselfe with the sworde vnder the brest, where at his bowels fell out, at the whiche noyse, they without came in & the Phisitions put in his bowels againe vn­perished. When he came againe to himselfe, he was sory he had giuē no déeper wound, thāking them that they had saued his life, & made thē beléeue he would rest: then they tooke away y ^• sworde, and shut y ^• dore, that he might sléepe: he séeming to be asléepe, tare asunder with his hands (like a wilde beast) the sowing vp of hys The death of Cato. wound, rente his belly asunder, and flong the entrayles into the store, and so dyed at fiftie yeares of his age. By doing this, he cō ­firmed the opinion that he held of all men, most singulare by na­ture, iudging vertue, honestie, & goodnesse, not by mens maners, The singularitie of Cato. but by high cogitations of the minde: Martia, Philips daughter he married a mayde, and loued hir full déerely, and after he had chil­dren by hir, he gaue hir to his friend Hortensio, that was desirous [...]. of children, and could not get a fruitefull wife, and when she was with child by him, he receyued hir home again, as with interest. This was Catos behauiour. The Vticenses buryed him verye ho­norably. Caesar fayde, that Cato enuyed his glorious procéedings: Cicero made a booke in the praise of him, and called it Cato. Caesar [Page 131] made another in the disprayse of him, and called it Anticato, Iuba Anticato. and Petreius hearing what was done, and thinking no saferie nor escape to be left for them, with their swordes killed one another Iuba and Petreius killed them­selues one ano­ther. Crispus Salustius. Lieutenant. Yong Pompey. Caesar putteth to death. Scipio drovvned in their house. Caesar made Iubas Kingdome tributarie to Rome, and appointed Crispus Salustius to be Lieutenant of it. He pardo­ned the Vticenses: and Catos sonne, and a daughter of Pompey, wyth two little childrē whome he tooke at Vtica, he sent safe to Pompey. Of the thrée hundred, as many as he found he put to death. Lucius Scipio the Generall, kéeping the seas all Winter, till he fell amōg the enimies, behaued himselfe very valiantly, till he was ouer­come, and then stroke himselfe, and lept into the Sea. This was the end of Caesars warre in Libya. Then he went to Rome, and made Triumph of Cae­sar foure triumphes of the Frēch, of the which he had ouerthrowne many and greate nations, and the other reuolting, he brought to order, of Pharnace at Pontus, of Libya, and the confederates of Scipio, Iuba. where Iuba, the sonne of Iuba, the wrighter of Histories, béeyng yet an infant, was brought. He shewed also a certaine triumph of Aegipt, with a fighte by water at Nilus, whiche was done be­twéene the French, and the Pharnatian triumph: but he refrayned Lamentable shevves. Affectiōs of the people. A talent of the least varne, vvas one hundred poundes, vvhich is colled the lesse talēt of [...]. The greater ta­lent o [...] [...], vvas aboute 23 [...]. pounde. There vvere o­ther talentes, vvhereof soule vvere 400. pound. A [...]me of [...] contey­ned sixe [...], vv [...] vvas much [...]ke oure halfe [...]eny, and one hundred drammes made an [...] pound. from triumphing of the Romaines, as ciuil matter not fit for him, & lothsome and vnlucky to y ^• Romaines, to be shewed in triumph: yet all the chances, and y ^• men in pictures, & diuers images, ( Pom­pey except) he brought in: him only he forbad to be shewed, bicause he was so wel beloued of all sorts. The people (though they were afrayd) sighed at this sighte, especially when they saw Lucius Sci­pis the generall strike himselfe to the heart, & fall into the Sea, & Petreius in his tent so to kill himselfe, and Cato tearing his bowels like a brute beast, but at the death of Achillas and Photinus, they reioyced, and at the flight of Pharnaces they laughed. The mo­ney that was brought in the triumphes, is said to be 70. Talents and an halfe, and two thousande eyght hundred two and twenty Crownes of gold, the waight whereof did excéede twenty thou­sand foure hundred fouretéene pound waight, by the which after y ^• triumphes were ended, he performed al that he had promised to his army, & more to. To euery souldier he gaue fiue M. drammes of Athens, to a leader of a bande twice so much, to a Captayne [Page 132] of a thousande, and a Lieutenante of Horsemen twice so muche more, and to euery one of the people, one pounde of Athens. Hée exhibited manye shewes of horse and musicke, and fighting on foote, one thousand against an other, and of horsemen two thou­sand against so many, and other of footemen and Horsemen min­gled Shevves by Caesar. togither, and of Elephantes, twentye agaynste twentye, and a fight by Sea of foure hundred Galleys, and a thousande of eyther side. He erected a Temple to Venus hys auncester, as hée Venus Temple: vowed at Pharsalo, and about the temple a goodly court, which he would should be called the Romaines court, not for bying and sel­ling, The Romaines Court like to our Exchange. Place of confe­rence. Image of Cleo­patra. but for conference, as among the Persians, there is for them that will haue any doubt discussed touching iustice. The Image of Cleopatra was set vp by the Goddesse very faire, whiche is yet séene there. A view of the people was made, and they foūd scarce­ly halfe so many men aliue, as were before the beginning of the Decay of people. warre, so much had contention wasted the Citie.

Now was he made Consull the fourth time, and went into I­beria Caesar made Consull. against yong Pompey, as to the leauings of the ciuill warre, not to be neglected, for all the best men that fledde out of Libya re­sorted to him, and all the remnant of the armies at Pharsalo, and other places, repaired thither. Of y ^• Iberianes and Celtiberianes, ve­ry Povver in Spayne. valiant natiōs, vsed to the warres, and of slaues a multitude, dyd serue Pompey, and hauing bin exercised foure yeares, were ready to fight with desperate minde. Pompey putting great trust in this, refused not to fighte, but woulde néedes trye it out wyth Yong Pompey refuseth aunti­ent counsell. Caesar as soone as he came. But the auntient and wise mē in expe­rience that were come from Pharsalo and Lybia, did rather aduise him to consume Caesar in time, and to distresse him with want, as in those strange places he might. Caesar came from Rome in seauē Caesar into Spayn. Feare of his Souldyoures. Rashnesse of yong Pompey. Corduba, a Citie in Spayne, the countrey of both Seneca and In [...]ane the Poet, novve Cor­d [...]. and twenty dayes, passing a long way with a greate army, and suche a feare fell among them that he broughte, as neuer did be­fore, bycause of the multitude, experience, and desperation of the enimies: wherefore Caesar came the flowlyer forth, and by­cause he vsed some foresight, Pompey came lustily vpon him, and vpbrayded him of fearefulnes, which rebuke Caesar could not suf­fer, but made order for the battell at Corduba: his worde was, [Page 133] Venus and Pompeys Pietie. When they shoulde goe to it, a feare Feare in Caesars army. Some vvrighte, that this fight vvas giuen at Monda, vvhich is novv Mundesa­ra: the places not being farre asunder, some name the one, and some the other. and dreadfull slouthfulnesse tooke Caesars army, wherefore he be­sought all the Goddes, and held vp his hands to Heauen, that he might not lose all his noble actes by this one Battell, and there­fore went about the army, and exhorted them to be bold. He pul­led his headpeece from his head, that they might sée his face, and so receyue good heart: but they for all that could not put awaye their feare, till Caesar tooke a Target from one of them, and to the Captaynes about him thus sayde: Shall this be the ende to mée of life, and to you of seruice? and ranne from the army so farre, as Danger of Caesar. he was but tenne foote from his enimies, who threwe two hun­dred dartes at him, of the which he shunned part, and part he re­ceyued on the Target. Then his Captaynes ranne aboute him, euery man, and the whole army set forward with great violēce, and foughte all daye, sometime with aduantage, and sometyme with disaduantage, sometime winning, and sometime losing, tyll at night he gote the victory with muche adoe, so as he sayde, at o­ther times, he had fought for victory, but now, he fought for life. There was great slaughter of Pompeys part, which fledde to Cor­duba. Caesars saying of this fight. And Caesar, that they shoulde not gather agayne to a news fight, commaunded his army to compasse the Citie. They being wéery of the former payne, tooke the bodyes, and the armure of A trench made of dead bodyes. them that were slayne, and bare them betwéene them, and ma­king them fast to the earth with their speares, vsed them for a Corduba taken. Trench. The next morning the Citie was taken of Pompeys cap­taynes. Scapula made a fire, and threwe himselfe into the flame. Scapula, Varus, and Labienus, kille [...]. Pompey fleeth. Carteia is a Citie in Granado, novv Tarifa. The heads of Varus, Labienus, and other noble men, were brought to Caesar. Pompey at the beginning of the losse, fledde with a hun­dred and fiftie horse into the Carteia, where he hadde a Nauie of Shippes, he came secretely to the Shippes carried in a litter, and when he perceyued them there to be in feare of themselues, he was in dread to be betrayed, & therfore tooke a boate agayne, and by the way, his foote hong in one of the ropes, whiche one minding to cut, missed the rope, and hurte him in the foote, but hée Pompey hu [...]. went on to the next village, and was cured, where being sought for, he fledde among the bushes and desert pathes, in the whyche [Page 134] the [...] d [...] pr [...]ke his wounde so, as for very wéerinesse hée s [...] him downe vnder a trée, whether the searchers pursued him, and he valiantly defending himselfe was slayne, his head being Pompey the elder [...]onne, slayne. carried to Casar, and by his commaundemente buryed: so thys warre at one brunte, contrary to all opinion, was ended. A yon­ger brother of this Pompey, called Sextus, did gather the remnant Pompey the yon­ger brother. of the leauings of this warre, and in close maner, conueyed him­selfe hither and thither, robbing for their liuing. Nowe Caesar ha­uing finished all ciuill dissention, wente to Rome, with suche feare and opinion, as neuer man before. All honors that aboue mans Caesar honored [...]. reach could be deuised, were done vnto him: Sacrifices, Playes, and giftes, as well in Temples and publike places by the com­panies of the Citie, as by all nations and Kings confederate to the people of Rome. Many diuers formes were set vpon his ima­ges, The great [...] of the [...] [...] [...]ut [...] g [...]e Crovvnes or garlandes to them that had [...]on [...] vvorthy [...]. [...]her of the [...]trey. [...]tator per­ [...]. Honoures giuen [...] Casar. Holy dayes. of the which some had crownes of oke, as to the sauioure of the countrey, with the which in olde time they were honored that saued their Countrey. He was named father of the Countrey, and chosen Dictator perpetuall, and Consull for terme yeares, and touching his bodye, accompted sacred and inuiolable, to giue audience in a chaire of gol [...]e and yuorie, and continuallye make Sacrifices, elad with triumphant garments. They ordei­ned the Citie to be holy those dayes that he wan anye victories. They appoynted Sacrifices and Priestes for fyue yeares, and publike vowes for his preseruation, and orders were made, by the which all his actes were confirmed by oth. And in the honor of his house, the Moneth Quintilis, was called Iulius. Manye Quintilis, Iulius. Temples [...]ed [...] ­ca [...]ed to Caesar. Temples were dedicated to him alone, as to a God, and one ioyntly to him and Clementie holding hande in hande. Thus dyd they feare hym as a Lorde, and honor him as a mercifull Mini­ster. There were that laboured to haue called him King, till hée heard of it, and forbad it with threats, that no man shoulde once Caesar refuset [...] the name of [...]yng. name it, as detestable, and vnlawfull from his auncesters. Hée discharged the bands of his gard, by whome he had bin defended from his enimies, and wente abroade with the officers of the Citie onely. He béeyng in the common place, and giuing audi­ence, the Senate with the Consule going before in goodly order, [Page 135] brought him a decrée of all▪ these honors, whiche [...]e receyued Caesars statelines. gently, not rising to them, neyther comming nor going▪ whyche gaue occasion of matter to them that meant to accuse him of a­spiring Occasion of hate. to a Kingdome. He accepted all the dignities, sauing the Consulship for tenne yeares, therefore willed himselfe to be de­clared Consull, and Antonius with him, that was Captayne of [...] Caesar and Anto­nius C [...]nsul [...]. his Horsemen, whiche office he appoynted to Lepidus, to exercise the rule of Horsemen▪ by deputies, bycause he was Gouernoure in Iberia. He reuoked all banishments, except such as were fledde for wicked offences. He pardoned his enimies, and to suche as had foughte against him, he gaue yearely offices, and sente them The clemen [...] of Caesar. to charges of prouinces and armies, whiche ma [...] the people to thinke, that he woulde haue lefte them in a common wealthe, as Sy [...]la did when he had the like authoritie: but they were deceiued. Caes [...]r deceyueth the peoples opi­nion. One of them that would haue had the name of a King sette for­warde, did put vppon his image a Crowne of Laurell, wyth a A Crovvne vpō Cas [...]s Image, by one that vvas apprehended of the Tribunes Marullus, and Siti [...]s. wreath of a white riband. Marullus and Sesetius being Tribunes, apprehended him, and threwe him in p [...]son, thinking so to haue pleased Caesar, a [...]one that abhorred the name of King. This hée suffered patiently, and where others called him King as he went out at the gates, and the people sighed at it, he aunswered co­uertly▪ I am not King, but Caesar, as though they had bin decey­ued Caesar accepteth not the name of a King. in the name. Marullus caused him to be apprehended, that fyrste of them beganne this matter, and w [...]lled hym to be broughte to aunswere in hys Courte. Then Caesar coulde no longer suffer, but accused Marullus and hys fellowes before the Senate, as one that craftily wroughte agaynste hym Caesar angrye vvith the Tri­bunes, causeth [...]sp [...]on of Kingdome. by a calumniation of Tyrannie, and whereas they deserued [...]eathe, yet he thoughte it sufficiente for them to lose theyr of­fice, and be putte out of the Senate. Thys dyd most of all con­firme, that he coueted thys litle, and that he bente all his pra­ [...]ise to that ende, and was vtterly become a Tyrante, for as there was good authoritie to punish them that named any man king, so was the Tribunes office holy, inuiolate by lawe, and auntient oth, and it made the anger the sha [...]per, that he woulde not tarrie the time of the office whiche when he vnderstoode, hée [Page 136] did re [...]ent him, and first perceyued, that it was an harde thing to deale rigorously▪ in peace, withoute authoritie of warre. Hys friends gaue him counsel to beware, and that he had giuen great Caesar vvarred. occasion to his aduersaries to get matter agaynst him: therefore when they moued him y ^• he would be content to haue a garde of Spanish bande [...] ▪ he sayd, there was nothing more vnhappy, thā Ansvvere of Caesar touching a gard of his per­son. [...] vvere shevves of na­ked Priestes in the honoure of [...]a [...]. Antony setteth a Crovvne on [...] head. a continual gard, for it is of one that is euer afrayd. Yet the pra­ctises to be a King, ceassed not, for sitting one day in the commō place in a chayr [...] of golde to see the playes of Panne, Antony his fellowe in office, naked and annoynted, as the manner was for the Ministers of that solemnitie, ranne vpto Caesars seate, and set a crowne on his head, at the which sight few reioicing, and more lamenting, Caesar threw it off. Antony set it on againe, but Caesar reiected it. The people stoode silent, looking what end this woulde haue, and when they saw Caesar vtterly refuse it, they reioyced, and highly commended him therefore. Now eyther bycause he de­spayred, or in vayne attempted, or woulde auoyde the practise of so od [...]ous a thing, or for that he woulde leaue the Citie bycause of some enimies, or that he had regard to his health, being trou­bled with a falling sicknesse, which in rest many times came vp­ [...]on Caesar hath the falling sicknesse. him, he determined a greate voyage againste the Getes and Parthianes▪ against the Getes, bycause they were insolente people, and quarrelling, [...]uer troubling the Romaine state. Againste the [...]ete, S [...]ithi [...]s in Europa. [...] Voyag [...] into Parthie. Parthianes, bycause he would re [...]nge Crassus deathe whome they had slayne, contrary to oth and promise, and so hauing an armye of sixtéene Legions, and tenne thousand Horse, he sent them afore to passe the Ionian Sea. There was out of Sybils bookes an olde saying, that the Parthians shoulde not be ouercome, till a Kyng Prophecie. went against them: wherefore some there were so bold to saye, that as it was expedient for the Romaines to call him Dictator, or Imperator, or anye other name in stead of a King; so that all na­tions subiect to the Romaine Empire, should call hym King. Hée refused this also, and made hast to his iourney, bycause he sawe he was enuyed in the Citie: but whereas be tarried till the ap­poynted time, his enimies killed him foure dayes before in [...] Senate house, eyther for enuie, which commonly accompanyeth Enuie. [Page 137] such felicitie & auctoritie, or as they said, for the loue of their coū ­treys libertie. For now they knew well that thoughe hée did not ouercome those nations, without doubte he woulde be a King. And for this cause (I thinke) they tooke the enterprise agaynste him, vnder the pretence of that name: for thoughe hée was but Dictator in degrée, it was as much as a Kyng in déede. There Conspiratours M. [...]rutus. Ca. Cassius. D. Brutus. were two chiefe in that conspiracy, Marcus Brutus Cepio, sonne to Brutus that was killed of Sylla, whiche fled to Caesar after the ca­lamitie of Pharsalo field, and Caius Cassius that delyuered hys gal­leis into Caesars hand at Hellespont. These two were afore of Pom­peys part, and now much honoured of Caesar. Decimus, Brutus, Al­binus, alwayes thoughte worthy of Caesar to be vsed in honor and credite, and had great affaires committed to them, and in the wars in Lybia, trusted them wyth armies, and made them Go­uernours of Prouinces. Decimus of France beyond the Alpes, & Brutus of the same, on thys side the Alpes.

Brutus and Cassius béeyng Pretors, contended for the superi­oritie Cloaked con­tention. of the place, eyther indéede who shoulde be higher, or else for a pretence, that they shoulde séeme to be no friendes. Cae­sar setting order betwixte them, said to hys friendes: Cassius de­sireth right, but Brutus muste be pleased, With so great loue and honour did Caesar vse hym, that of some he was compted hys son, bicause he loued very wel Seruilia, Catos sister, and Brutus mother.

Therfore when he got the victory at Pharsalo, hée gaue greate Caesars care of Brutus. charge to hys Captayns, that in any wise they should saue Bru­tus. But Brutus either as an ingrate man, or ignorant of his mo­thers faulte, or distrustfull, or ashamed, or very desirous of his coūtrys libertie, preferring it before all other things, or that he was descended of the auntient Brutus, that droue out the Kings: or that he was incensed and rebuked of the people, for manye things were written vppon the Images of olde Brutus, and in Brutus. the Courte hall of this Brutus secretly set vp: Brutus thou takest rewardes, Brutus thou arte dead, O Brutus I woulde thou were aliue nowe, Brutus, what vnworthy posterity hast thou? Brutus thou arte not come of hym.

These and many other lyke, did inflame the yong mans mind [Page 138] to take the worke in hande as from his progenitor: The same of making him King did still encrease, and that there woulde be a Counsell for it, a little before the which, Cassius tooke Brutus by the hand and sayd:

‘ Brutus what shall we do in that counsell? shall we, as Casars [...]. slatterers agrée to make hym Kyng? Brutus answered, I would not be at that Counsell Cassius being cheared with those wordes, [...]. said: what if they call vs as Officers, what shall we do (good Bru­tus?) I wyll (quoth he) defend my Countrey euen to the death. Then Cassius embraced hym, saying: Whom wil [...]e thou take of the best being of this opinion? doest thou thinke that artificers and light people do set those writings vpon thy Judgemēt place, rather thā the best Citizens of Rome, which of other Pretors do looke for shews, and pastunes of horse and wilde beasts, but of thée they require liberty, as a worke worthy thine auncestors.’

After they had thus firste opened what they had long kept in their minds before, they then dealte plamely, and eche of them More Cōspira­ [...]o [...]es. proued his own friends, and some of Caesars, whome they knewe to be méete for a bolde enterprise, and they got of their friendes two brethren, Cecilius and Buc [...]l [...]us, thē R [...]brius Riga, Q. L [...]ga [...]iw, Marcus Spurius, Seruilius Galba, Sextius Naso, and [...]o [...]us Aquila, all these of their trusty friends, and of Caesars familiars. Decimus, of whome we spake, Caius Casca, Trebonius Tu [...]us Cymbrus, Mi­nutius, and Basillus. These béeyng thoughte sufficient, and not iudging it fit to haue anye moe, they agréed together wythout othe or sacrifice, and yet was there not one that changed or dis­closed, but only sought tyme and place.

The tyme was shorte, bycause Caesar muste goe away the fourth daye to hys armyes, and then shoulde straighte haue a guarde of Souldioures aboute hym: The place, they appoin­ted the Senate house: thinking though the Senatoures were not priuie, yet when they sawe the [...]éede, they woulde helpe to it, as they saye happened to Romulus, who of a Kyng became a Tyranne. Romulus vvas thoughte to be corne a peeces of the Se [...]te.

And that thys acte euen as that, béeyng doone in the place of Counsel, shoulde not be thoughte a treason, but a deede of the [Page 139] Citie, voyde of dreade of Caesars army, bycause it was a com­mon consent, and that honour shoulde remaine to them also, as not ignorant of the whole entent. Concluding vppon this, they thought the Senate house the fittest place. Of the maner, they differed: some thought good to kill Antonie also, being Consull with Caesar, and his greatest friend▪ and most accepted to the ar­mye. Consultation of Caesars death. But Brutus [...]yde▪ if we dispatche Caesar alone, wée shall be named killers of a Tyranne, bicause we deliuer vs of a king, and thereof muste haue oure prayse: but if we kill anye of hys friendes, we shall be though [...] [...] against Pompeys enimies. Being all persuaded by this▪ they looked for the next méeting of the Senate.

The daye before that Caesar shoulde goe to the Senate, he had Caesar at a ban­quct. bin at a banquet with Lepidus Capitayne of the horsemen, whi­ther he carryed Decimus Brutus Albinus, and talkyng merilye what death was beste for a man, some saying one, and some another, he of all, praised the sodaine death. Sodayne deathe beste.

Thus he prophecied of hymselfe, and spake in selfe of that whiche shoulde come to passe in earnest the next day. After the Caesars vvife a fearefull dream. banquet, in the night, his body was sickely, and hys wife Cal­phurnia dreamed she sawe hym all to be goared with bloude, and therefore stopped hys going forth. In making sacrifices, manye Sacrifices vn­prosperous. fearefull tokens appeared, wherfore he determined to haue sent Antony, to dissolue the Senate.

Decimus being present, perswaded him not to take that ca­lumniation of the suspition, but himselfe to goe and dissolue it, Impediments to the conspiracie. and so he was carryed thither in a Litter.

That daye certaine playes were exhibited in Pompeys Thea­tre, Theatre of Pompey. therefore the Senate shoulde be kept in the place nexte to it: vsing also to sée the fights.

Brutus and Cassius early in the morning, did sit as Pretors, gi­uing audience to suitors very quietly in a courte nighe the thea­tre of Pompey, and hearing of Caesars sacrifices, and the differing of the Senate, were in greate doubte: and one that was there, tooke Casca by the hande, and sayde vnto hym: woulde you kéepe it from me that am your friende? Brutus tolde me Casca Disclosing. [Page 140] was in a sodayne passion, that he knewe it: then he saite more [...] [...]d the [...] ­uer [...]ht of ho [...] ­se [...] [...]ple [...], a [...] [...] Prayer. to hym simlyng, where wyl you haue money for your office of Edilis? and Casca tolde him. Brutus and Cassius beyng togither, and in talke, one of the Senators Publius Laenas, sayde, hée wi­shed well to that they had in their mindes, and exhorted them to dispatch it. They being much amazed, helde their peace for an­guishe.

As Caesar came forth, one of hys familiars vnderstanding of [...]ition of dis­ [...]ing. the conspiracie, and vsing to tel what hée hearte, wente to Cal­phurnia, and saide onelye thys, bycause the matter touched Caesar much, he would tarry til he came from the Senate, for he knew not al that was wrought against him.

And one Artemidorus that was his hoste in Guido, ranne vn­to the Counsell house and found hym newe slaine. Of another A booke of the Conspiracie. a booke of the Conspiracie was deliuered, as he made haste into the Senate, whiche was founde againe in hys hande when hée was dead. And came out of his Litter Laen [...], that had wished wel before to Cassius, came vnto hym, and talked verye earnestlye wyth him, the sight wherof did trouble thē, and the length of the Feare to the cō ­spiratoures. talke made them winke one at another, to dispatche themselues, before they should be taken.

But perceyuing by the manner, that Laena was liker to speake for himselfe and make supplication, than to bewray them, they stayed, and in the ende, when they saw hym giue humble than­kes, they were encouraged againe.

It was the custome that Rulers of the Citie shoulde sacri­fice, Sacrifices. when they went to the Senate: And agayne in Caesars firste sacrifice, there was no harte, or as some say, no heade of the entrailes, and whē the Diuinor said it was a signe of death, Caesar contem▪ neth the sacrifi­ [...]es of [...]il luck. hée smiled and sayde, so it was in Spaine, when I ouerthrewe Pompey: and the Diuinor aunswering that then he was in perill indéede, and nowe the token was more manifest: Caesar bad hym sacrifice againe, & nothing appearing better than it was, & being ashamed y ^• he made y ^• Senate tarry for hym & being hastned of his enmies, as though they had bin fri [...]ds, in dispight of his eni­mies, he went in, For it must needes come that was determined.

[Page 141]They left Trebonius to entertaine Antony without the dores, and when Caesar was s [...] hys seate, they stoode aboute him as hys friends, with weapons hid, and first Attilius Cymber stood T [...]us. before him, & made sute for hys brothers returne that was ba­nished: Caesar being against it, & vtterly denying it, hée tooke hym by the purple robe, as he would haue made more sute, he rufded The [...] the garment, and pulled it ouer his necke, crying: Why staye you (O friēds?) Casca came ouer his head, & first thrust his dag­ger at his throat, which missing, hit him on y ^• breast. Caesar twit­ching his gown frō Cimbro, & catching Casca by y ^• hand, flung frō his seate, & with great violēce layd hold vpon Casca. Whiles he was doing this, wrestling with him, another stroke him on Caesar giue [...] ouer vvhe [...] Brutus had [...] ­ken [...]m, and some vvrite that he sayd, vvhat thou a [...] sonne. the side that laye open, and Cassius hurte him in the face, and Brutus on the thyghe, and Bucolinus betwéene the shoulders: yet Caesar with rage and reare like a wilde beaste, stepped to euery of thē: but after Brutus had hurt him, as thoughe then hée had dispaired, he wrapte himself in his gowne, and fell comely before the picture of Pompey: and they, (when he was downe) v­sed such despite, as they gaue him three and twentie woundes, and many were so hastie, that they hurte one another.

When this act was done by these murderers in a sacred place, vpon a sacred and inuiolate man, by and by there was fléeing from the Senate house, and about all the Citie: and in Confusion. the tumulte, some Senatours were hurt, and other men were killed: and there was muche slaughter done both of Citizens and straugers, not of purpose, but as happeneth in such a Ciuill stir, when one commeth vpō another ignorauntly. The sworde players that had bene in armour from the morning, for the shewe of certaine playes, ranne from the game place, to the barres of the Senate house: the people that came to the playes driuen into a feare, fledde away: shoppes were spoyled: al dores were shutte, and preparation made for defence from the house Antony. toppes. Antony went to his owne house, entending to take ad­uice for this case of Caesars.

Lepidus the Captaine of horsemen, being in the cōmon place Lepidu [...]. and hearing what was done, ranne to the Ile within the Cy­tie, [Page 142] where he had a legion, and brought them abroade to be rea­dy at Antonies commaundement. For he did cleaue to Antony [...] as Caesars friende, and chiefly as Consull. Being mette togy­ther, they had greate desire to reuenge Caesars death that thus was handled. They feared the Senate woulde take the killers parte, therfore they would stay to consider of it. There were no souldiours about Caesar, for he delighted not in a garde, but on­ly [...] in the [...]. vsed the Sergeants of his aucthoritye, and when he wente from his house to the Senate, he was wayted on with manye of the magistrates, and great number of people, as wel Citi­zens as straungers, and of seruauntes and frée men in great multitude: all the which fléeing away by heapes, only thrée ser­uauntes taried, which layd his body in the litter. Thus thrée men not suteable, did carie him home, that a little before was Lorde of sea and lande. The murderers woulde haue sayde Three men only ca [...]e vvith Caesar. somewhat in y ^e Senate house, but no mā wold tarry to heare. They wrapt their gowns about their left armes as Targets, and hauyng their daggers bloudy, cryed they had kylled a king and a Tyranne, and one bare an hatte vpon a speare, in to­ken of Libertie. Then they exhorted them to the common Liberty. wealth of their countrey: and remembred, olde Brutus and the oth made againste the old Kings. Some went among them, shewing their daggers, who though they were not at the fact, yet woulde they haue parte of the prayse, as Lentulus, Spintor, Fauorinus, Aquinus, Dolobella, Murcus, and Peticus, who wer not They that sought prayse found payne. then partakers of the glorie, but afterwarde tasted of the pu­nishment with the offenders.

The common people came not to them, which made them the more doubtful and in feare. As for the Senate, although for ignoraunce and tumult, they were fled, yet they had good truste in thē, as in their kinsefolkes and friends, and such as could as euil beare Tirannie as they: but the people they suspected, and The [...]e of [...] as many as had serued Caesar in warre, whereof there were not a fewe then present in the Citie, some discharged of the war­fare were appointed to habitations, and some that had bin at their dwelling places, were now come again to go the iourney [Page 143] wyth Caesar. They were afrayde also of Lepidus and his army in the Citie, and of Antony the Consull, leaste he would vse the people only, leauing the Senate, and worke them some displea­sure, being thus bestad, they wente to the Capitoll with the swordeplayers, where consulting what was best to be done, it seemed good to giue a largesse to the people, hoping that if some beganne to prayse their act, the other wold folow, for loue of liberty, and the desire of common wealth: for they thoughte y ^• people of Rome to be as sincere now, as they had heard it was when olde Brutus expelled the Kings, not vnderstanding that [...] they loked for two things contrarye in themselues, that they that loue libertie and would be corrupted, should be profitable to them at this present, wherof y ^e one was more easie to be had, as in a state for y ^e most part corrupted: for now the people was Causes of cor­ruption as Rome. mirt with strangers, & a libertyne was equal with a Citizen, & the fashion of a seruant, like to the maisters: for y ^• Senate er­cept, the rest was indifferēt to the seruantes. Further, y ^• distri­bution of corne, which was vsed only in Rome to be giuen to y ^• Distribution of Corne. poore, had brought y ^t idle & néedie vacabonds of Italy to Rome. Again, a nūber of olde worne souldiers out of wages, were not deuided into their coūtries as they wer wont seuerally, bicause some had serued in vniust wars, but would go into cōmon ha­bitations, Maisterle [...] ­men. & take other mens land & houses, remayning togither in tēples & cōmon places, vnder one bāner, & one chiefe, y ^t might apoint thē a prouince, & selling away their own, to be the more redy to go, they were sone bought for reward. Therfore it was not hard for Cassius to gather a nūber of such men, & bring them into y ^e cōmon place: & albeit they were hired, yet durst they not prayse y ^t was done, for feare of Caesars glory & others deuotion, but for y ^e cōmon welth sake, they cried for peace, & earnestly ex­horted the rulers vnto it, for thys was the deuise of the kyllers, to worke theyr owne safetye. And there coulde bée no peace vnlesse there were a forgetting, standyng in these termes.

Cynna a Pretor and a kinsemanne by maryage to Caesar, Cynna accuseth Caesar [...] beyonde all opinion, came among them, hauing on hys [Page 144] vesture of office, which he threw of, as giuen him of a Tiran, and called Caesar the Tiranne, and them that kylled hym, kil­lers of a Tiranne, and praysed the facte, as moste like to their progenitours, and that those men were to be called from the Capitoll, and to be honoured with dew rewardes. This Cinna sayde: but they, séeing the vncorrupted people was not myxte wyth them, did not call them from the Capitol, nor did anye thing else, but onely exhorted to peace. Then Dolabella a yong Dolabella man and a noble, appointed to be Consull, after Caesar had ben gone, for the reste of the yeare, hauing on the garment of a Consul, and the Maces of his office, was the second that spake euill, and pretended he was priuie to the deuise, and only sorte that his hand was not at the doing of it: and as some saye, hee decréed that that daye shoulde be honoured as the byrth day of the Citie. Then the hyred men toke harte, when they saw both a Pretor and a Consul to forgiue them, & they called Cassius and the rest out of the Temple, who were glad of Dola­bella a yong noble man & a Consul being most méete to match [...] and Cas­sius to the people. with Antony: only there came downe Cassius and Marcus Brutus with his bloudy hand, for they had striuē who should giue Cae­s [...]r moste woundes, and when they were amiddest the people, they spake nothing humbly, but as in noble and euident things one praysed another, calling the Citie now blessed, attributing muche to Decimus, that in so fitte a time bad serued them with swordplayers. Then they stirred the people, that they woulde do things worthy their auncestours, whiche had expelled kings, not reigning by violence as Caesar did, but being chosen lawfully: they also propoūded that Sextus Pompey, sonne to Pom­pey the greate, that hadde made warre agaynste Caesar for the common wealth, myght be called home, beyng yet in armes in Spayne againste Caesars Captaines, and lykewyse C [...]setius and Marul [...]s that were depriued and banished by Caesar, being Tribunes of the people. When they hadde thus sayde, they wente vppe againe to the Capitoll, for they dyd not truste verye muche in that multitude. Then their friendes and kins­folke might repaire vnto them into the Temple, of whom, they [Page 145] chose the most auntient to send to Lepidus and Antony for recon­ciliation, [...]. and regarde of libertie, and to saue the Countrey from the euils that might growe, vnlesse they be foreseene. This much did the messengers require, not praysing y ^e thing that was done, (for they durst not to Caesars friends) but desired to haue it borne with, for the worthynesse of the doers, not for hate to him, but for the loue of their countrey, and pitie of the Citie, nowe consu­med with continuall sedition, of whiche one more would vtterly destroy all good men of the same, and that it was not right that for any hate amongst a few, they shoulde worke the publike de­struction, but rather that for publike commodities, priuate enmi­ties mighte be wiped away. Antonius and Lepidus (as I sayde) minded to reuenge Caesars deathe, eyther for friendships sake, or The deuice of Antony and Le­pidus. for a practise betwéene them, or for desire of rule, and thynkyng all things would be the easier to them, if such notable men might be ridde out of the way, yet they feared their friendes and theyr kinsfolkes, and the Senate that enclined to them, and most of all Decimus, whome Caesar hadde appoynted to gouerne France theyr neyghboure, whereby he hadde a mighty armye. Therfore they thought it best to tarry for a better occasion, and deuise to gette Decimus army that was so valiant and expert, with laboures ne­uer left. ‘Hauing this fetch, Antony thus aunswered the messen­gers. For priuate displeasure we will worke nothing, but for Antonyes aun­svvere. offence and matter, wherein we are all sworne to Caesar to bée kéepers of his body, and defend it against violence, it is requisite by our oth to follow the fact that is done, and the rather to lyue with a few pure, than all to be in daunger of those execrations, yet for their honor that be of that opinion, we will debate with you in the Senate house, and take the way for the Citie, that by common consent shall séeme good.’ Thus Antony aunswered, safelye. They gaue thankes and departed with sure hope that al should haue gone well, and that the Senate woulde haue fauou­red their cause throughly▪ Antony in the meane time caused the officers to make watche for the Citie all nighte, and by turne to kéepe their seates as was wante in the daye, and to haue fires o­uer all the Citie, by meane whereof, the friends of y ^e offendoures [Page 146] went to euery Senatoures house, and requested them for them­selues, and for the Countreys common wealth. There ranne a­broade also the Captaynes of suche as should haue habitations, threatning mischiefe, vnlesse some did performe the lāds & places that was giuen and promised. The sincere sort of the Citie tooke good hearte, perceiuing the smal number of these doers. They en­clyned to the memorie of Caesar, and were of diuers opinions. Cae­sars money, and the bookes of his doings, were carryed to Anto­nie, Casars money and vv [...]itings sent to Antony. eyther bycause Calphurnie for the danger of hir house did send them to Antony, as more surer, or that Antony did so commaund it. This done, a decrée was made by Antony that nighte, to call the Senate before daye at the Temple of the Goddesse of the earth, not farre from his owne house, for neyther durst he goe to The Senate in the Temple of the Gods of the earth. the Senate house in the Capitoll, bycause of the sworde players gathered there, nor bring the armye into the Towne for trou­bling of it: notwithstanding Lepidus brought them in. Day dra­wing nigh, other Senatoures came to y ^• Temple of y ^• Goddesse of the earth, and Cinna the Pretor hauing on agayne his garmēt, which the day before he had throwen off, as giuen him of a Ty­rant, made hast thither, whome, when parte of the vncorrupted people, and parte of Caesars Souldioures sawe, béeyng in a rage, bycause the daye before, he was the firste that openly spake euill of Caesar, béeyng hys kinsman, they threwe stones at hym, and A Tault against [...]. droue hym into an house, and gote woodde to haue burned it, had not Lepidus come with the army and forbydden them. This was the firste token whereby Caesars friendes hadde confidence, that the conspiratoures and the hyred fellowes were afrayde.

In the Senate house there were fewe that were pure from violence and contention. The most parte with diuers deuice fa­uoured the manquellers, and thoughte them most worthye of trust to be there for common consultation, and of offenders to make them Judges, the whiche Antony dyd not lette, bycause he knewe they woulde not come, as they dyd not indéede. Then [...] of [...]ing the [...]. in tryall of the Senate, some very earnestly and playnely pray­sed the facte, namyng them Tyrant-kyllers, and wylled they shoulde be rewarded. Other denyed the reward, themselues not [Page 147] desiring it, nor hauyng done it for that intente, but thoughte it iust they should only be commēded as welldoers. Some would not allow that commendation, but onely thoughte it ynough if they were forgyuen. Thus did they deuise and forecast at the firste, to what the Senate woulde encline, that after by little and little, they myghte the easier obteyne the rest. The vncorrupted company did abhorre the acte as wicked, yet for the reuerence of their great houses, were not againste, but that they shoulde be saued: yet that they should be honored as well doers, they coulde not abide. Other spake againste this, that it was not conueni­ent so to haue them, as the rest, that belōged to their safety, shuld bée enuyed. And when one sayde, that theyr honour shoulde bée Caesars dishonoure, they aunswered, that it was not fytte a dead man shoulde bée preferred to the quicke. Another vehemently saying, that of two things one must be chosen, eyther to declar [...] Caesar a Tyrante, or to forgiue these by mercy, they tooke hold of this only, and required that voyces mighte be tryed of Caesar by oth, and that the decrées made of necessitie, shoulde not preiudice them, for whyles he ruled, they dyd nothyng fréely, but all for feare of themselues Pompey béeyng slayne, and wyth hym manye a thousande more. Antony markyng all thyngs de­ceytefully, perceyuing that ample and euidente matter of spée­ches was offered, determined to turne theyr cogitation wyth Antony▪ [...]tte [...]. a priuate care and feare of themselues, and vnderstandyng that a greate parte of these Senatoures, were appoynted to offices and Priestehoodes in the Citie, and to gouernements of armyes and prouinces by Caesar, for the tyme to come, (for hée shoulde bée long foorthe wyth hys armye, the space of fyue yeares) commaundyng silence as Consull, thus sayde.

‘They that woulde haue boyces tryed vpon Caesar, must know Antony [...]s [...] ­t [...]on. afore, that if he ruled as an officer lawfully chosen, then all hys actes and decrées must stande in force, but if by violence wée thinke he playd the Tyrant, then must his body be cast out of y ^• Citie vnburyed, and all his actes be reuoked: wherfore (as I sée) we must medle w ^t all y ^• world both by sea & land, & many be such, [Page 148] as though we would, will not obey vs, as I shall declare héere­after. Now what apperteyneth to vs alone (for this matter, tou­cheth only vs) I will put all things before you, that as in an ea­s [...]e platte you may see a shew of harder things. All we in man­ner haue borne office vnder Caesar, and yet doe beare, chosen, and made by him, and some are, to haue offices in time to come, as the lotte fals out, for you know he appoynted for fiue yeares the yearely offices of the Citie to you, and the regimentes of Coun­treys and armies. If you will willingly forgoe them (for that is in your power to do) this would I haue you first determine, and then procéede to other. Thus Antony did kindle a fire, not for Caesar, but for themselues, and helde his peace.’ Then they by and by in throngs with shoutes, starte vp, and denyed that any other triall shoulde be made by the voyces of the people, but that the things appoynted, should be assuredly holden. There were some vnder age, and other that mighte finde resistance in election, whome he chiefly stirred, of whome Dolabella the Consull was one, to whome it was not lawful to be consul by election, bycause he was not fiue and twenty yeares of age, wherefore he shewed a suddayne mutation of that he pretended the daye before, rebu­king Dolabella chan­ged. as many of them, as thought the conspiratours worthy of honor, that they that were in office, should be dishonored, by ma­king their securitie to haue the better shew. Other put Dolabella and the [...]est in hope, that they shoulde rece [...]ue thankes of the people, and straight resume their dignities, without any altera­tion of the officers, but to shewe a lawfuller way by common e­lection, and that it shoulde be an ornament to them to be aduan­ced, as well by the authoritie of the people, as by the appoynt­mente of one ruler: and this was no sooner spoken, but some of the officers, to deceyue the other, put off their robes, as to re­ce [...]e the same agayne more lawfully. Some perceyued the craft, and did not thinke to get by election, that they already had. The matter standing thus, Antony and Lepidus wente out of the Senate house, for certaine that came running from the multi­tude did call them, and as they were séene from aboue, and silēce hardly put to them that made much noyse, one cryed vnto them, [Page 149] whether of his owne minde, or that he was suborned, and bade them take héed, least they suffered the like. Then Antony losing A nevv st [...]rr [...] by Antony. his gowne, shewed his curet, incensing the lookers on, as though now no man coulde be safe, vnlesse he ware armoure, no not the Consull. ‘There was some cryed that the fact might be punished, and more made request for peace, to whom he thus sayd: Of that we will consider, as shall be fitte to be, and what it is, that it may auayle, but the suretie of it is hard to be found, since neyther oth nor execration could profit Caesar, and to them that called for re­uenge, he turned and commended them, as more carefull of their othes and honestie.’ ‘I would be (quoth he) youre Captayne, and crye as you do, but that I am a Consul, to whome belongeth ra­ther to speake for profite, than for iustice, for so doe they within persuade vs, and so Caesar himselfe, for the profite of the Citie, sparing them that he hadde taken in warre, was of the same de­stroyed. Thus wrought Antony artificially, & they that thoughte the fact to be punished, required Lepidus that he would punishe it.’ Lepidus intending to speake, they that stoode farre off, prayed hym to goe into the common place, that all might heare him indiffe­rently. ‘He wente straight forth, with opinion that the peoples minds were new turned, and when he was come to the place of spéech, he lamented wéeping, and thus sayd. Heere I was yester­day Lepidus to the people. with Caesar, and now am I héere to enquire of Caesars deathe, what will you haue done many cryed that they should reuenge Caesar. The hyred men cryed for peace in the Citie, to whome hée sayd, we will so, but what peace speake you of? with what othes can it be sure? for all our Countrey othes we ha [...]e sworne to Cae­sar, and we that are compted the least of them that did sweare, haue troden all vnder the foote. Then he turned to them that cry­ed for reuenge▪ Caesar sayd he, is gone from vs, an holy and hono­red man in déede, and we be afrayd to hurte the Citie, and them that be left. This do the Senate treate of, and manye thinkes it good: then they cryed, that he alone should take it in hand, I wyll (sayd he) for it is a iust oth to me alone, but it is not ynough that I and you alone doe will it, or that we alone can fulfill it.’ [...]an­dling the matter thus craft [...]ly, the hyred men, knowing that he [Page 150] was ambitioue, praysed him, and exhorted him to take the office of Caesars Priesthode, of the which he being very glad, sayde: ‘You shall remember me of this héereafter, if I shall be worthy of it,’ Caesars Priest­oode offered to Lepidue. ‘They that were hired, were the more instant for peace, bycause of the liberall spéech of the Priesthoode. Then sayde he, although it be vniust and wicked, yet will I doe it, bycause you will me.’ This said, he returned into the Senate house, where Dolabella all that time had bin importune for the continuance of his office. Antony gathering the peoples humor, looked ouer hym wyth a smiling countenance, and finding them to dissent among them­selues, and the people to doe nothing earnestly, hauing beholden all sufficiently, he determined to saue the mē, hiding one necessi­tie with another, that both they shuld be saued by especial grace, and that Caesars actes should be cōfirmed by decrée, & the Senates orders take effect: therfore silence being cōmanded, he sayd thus.

‘Of the Citizens offendoures (you men of equall honor) in this your consultation, I haue sayd nothing, but to them that contra­rywise A [...]t [...]ny to the Senate. desired a tryall of Caesar, I put forthe onely one of his de­crées, which hath not withoute cause kept you in contention tyll this time: for if we doe refuse those offices, we shall confesse so many worthy men, vnworthily to haue receyued them. Then cō ­sider that is not easie to be hard, and number in your mindes the Cities, the nations, the kingdomes, the regions, and (as I maye say) all things frō the East to the Weast, y ^• Caesar had by his ver­tue vanquished for vs, and all that by his power subdued, the same by law, clemencie, and curtesie he made assured vnto hym. Which of these do you thinke wil beare to be depriued y ^• things they haue enioyed, vnlesse you wil fyll all with warres, that are desirous to heale youre countrey that is nowe most féeble wyth disease. Those that be farre off, and kepte downe with feare and fight, I wil omitte to touch: but those that be not at hād only, and as I may say, euen at home through out all Italy, some haue re­ceyued rewards of victory, and by multitudes, with the armies, wherewith they serued, be of Caesar appoynted habitations by the same institution, whereof many a thousand be within this citie: what do you thinke they wil do, if you take from them that they [Page 151] had, or that they looked to haue of Cities and Countreys? Thys last night did shew vs an Image of this matter, for whē you did intreate for the offendoures, they on the contrary ranne aboute with threatnings. Do you thinke they can abide to sée Caesars bo­dy violated, torne & vnburyed (for these things by law are wente to be done againste Tyrants) whiche haue serued in the warres with him, and to haue the gayne gotten by the victories of France and England confirmed vnto them, when he that was the gyuer of them, is so despightfully handled? what thinke you the people of Rome will do? what thinke you the Italians? what hate shal you haue both of God and man, if you do so defile your empire, enlar­ged from the Oceane sea, to the people vnknowen: for you shall not lacke reproufe and blame for this youre inconstancie, more than they that thinke you worthy honor, that killed a Consull in the Counsell house, an holye man in an holy place, Senatoures being the doers in the sighte of the Gods, and dishonor him, that of his enimies is most honored: from these things as vnlawfull and not in your power, I do warne you to refrayne. Then thys sentence I giue, that Caesars actes and decrées doe remayne firme and stable, that the offenders be praysed in no wise, for it is not godly, iust, not consonant, Caesars actes being ratified, that of mer­cye onely you will pardon them for their friends and kinsfolkes sake, so as they do so accept it, and will of thē confesse it in thāke­ful part. When Antony had said this, with great contention and vehemency the decrée was made, all other being silent and con­tent:’ That there should be no action for Caesars death: That all his actes and decrées should be confirmed, so as they were commodi­ous for the citie. And this, with much adoe, did the friends of the Decrees. offendoures cause to be added for their safetie, that they were not more kepte for iustice sake, than for profite. Antony gaue place vnto it. These being decrées, they that were heads of men to be set in habitations, desired a priuate decrée by common authori­tie, that their places of inhabitance myghte bée made sure vn­to A decree for habitations. them, and Antony was not agaynste it, shewing some feare with the Senate. This decrée was made, and another like for them that went to their inhabitations.

[Page 152]The Counsell being thus broken vp, there were some that pers [...]oded Lucius Piso, to whome Caesar had lest his Testamente, [...] that it should neyther be brought forthe, nor his body buryed o­penly, [...] T [...]ment. least it mighte breede some newe tumult in the Citie. He being otherwise minded, was threatned to be called to aunswer, for that he defrauded the people of such substance due to the com­mon treasure, once agayne making signification of Tyrannie. ‘Then Piso cryed as lowde as he could, praying the Consuls that were yet present, to goe to counsell againe, and sayde. They that haue affirmed that one Tyrant is taken away, they in steede of [...] to the people. that one, be all Tyrants vnto vs, forbidding me to bury an holy Priest, & threaten me, if I bring forth his last will. They make confiscation of his goodes, as of a Tirant. His actes that maketh for them they ratifie, but those that he hath left for himselfe they reuoke, not Brutus and Cassius, but they that did incense them to this mischiefe. Of his Sepulture be you Lordes, of his Testa­ment, I will be, and shall not suffer him to be dectyued in my trust of faith, before some man taketh away my breath.’

Much stirre and businesse did rise of this among them all, and specially by them that supposed to get somewhat by his Testa­ment: therefore it was thought conuenient that his Testament should be brought abroade, and that his body shoulde be buryed Caesars Testa­ment. openly, and so the Counsell rose. ‘ Brutus and Cassius vnderstanding of this, did send to the multitude to call them to the Capitoll, and when many came running thither with greate hast, Brutus sayd thus. Nowe O Citizens, we be héere with you, that yester­day were in the common court, not as m [...] fleeyng to the Temple [...] to the people. that haue done amisse, nor as to a fort, hauing committed all wée haue to you, but the sharpe & strāge mishap of Cinna, haue cōpel­led vs thus to do. We haue herd what hath bin obiected against vs of oure enimies, touching the oth, and touching cause of doubt, y ^• in peace can be no suretie. What we haue to say herein with you O Citizens, we will conferre, with whome we haue to do concerning other common matters.’ ‘When Caius Caesar frō France inuaded his Countrey with enimies armes, and Pompey, a singulare fauourer of the people, had suffered, as euery man [Page 153] knoweth: after hym a nūber of good Citizens wente into Iberia & Libya, & were destroyed. We at his desire gaue him security, and as it should séeme, afrayde of himselfe, seking to make his Tyrāny sure, we sware vnto it. If he had required vs to swere not only to confirme the things past, but also to haue bene hys slaues in time to come, what woulde they then haue done that nowe lie in wayte for our liues? I suppose verye Romaines in­déede, wyll rather choose certaine death, as they haue oft done, than by an othe to abyde willing seruitude. If Caesar hitherto haue gone aboute nothing to make vs seruile, we confesse we haue broken our othe: but if neyther offices in the Citie, nor prouinces in y ^• country, nor armies, nor dignities of the church, nor assigning of inhabitance, nor other honours be left to vs, or had the cōsent of the Senate, or the allowance of the people, but did all by his owne commaundement: if his ambition was neuer satiate, as Syllas was, who, when he had ouerthrown his enemies, restored to vs the common wealth: if he making an­other armye for a long time, toke awaye our election for fiue yeares, what libertie was this, when no hope coulde appeare? what should we say of the peoples chiefe officers, Sesetius and Marullus, were they not with contumely thrust frō the sacred & inuiolate offices? and where the lawe and othe of our aunce­stours do not suffer any actiō to be made against y ^• Tribunes, yet Caesar banished them and shewed no cause: whither thē haue offēded against the holy Tribunes, we, or Caesar? being a sacred and inniolate man, to whom, not willingly, but of necessitie, we graunted these things, nor before he came agaynst his country in armour, and had killed so many noble Citizens. The office of the Tribunes can not be holy nor inniolated, to the whiche our fathers in time of common welth dyd sweare without cō ­pulsion, with intent to haue it euerlasting. The reuenewe and accompt of the Empire, where became it? who brake open the Treasure house against our wills? who caught the money vn­touched and vnremouable? who thretned death to the Tribune that resisted him? but what oth (saye they) shall be sufficient to preserne peace? if there be no Tyranne, there needes no oth: our [Page 154] forefathers neuer had néede of anye. But if any other wil as­pire to tyrannie, there is no fayth, no not with an othe, between the Romames and a Tiranne. Thus we speake now in perill, and will euer speake it for our country. For being in honoure and safety with Caesar, we preferred the honour of our countrey before our owne: wel they vse calumniation againste vs and stirre you for the habitations. If here be any present, eyther y ^• hath, or shalbe appointed to those inhabitance, I pray you do so much at my request as giue a token of your selues. Many dyd so: then sayde he: Oh well done (good men) that you be come to do as other do, and it is conuenient that you which indifferent­lye doe trauayle and laboure for youre countrey, shoulde receyue equal reward of the same. The people of Rome did ap­point you to Caesar againste the English and French men: it is therefore reason, that hauing done good seruice, you receyue as good rewards. But he bound you with oths and vnwillingly led you against the Citie: he led you likewise against the beste Citizens in Libya: likewise against your wils. If your trauayle had ben only in this, paraduenture you would haue bin asha­med to ashe recompence: but the seruice that you did in France and England, no enuie, no time, no obliuion of man, can put out of memorie: and for these, the beste recompence which the people was wont to giue to the old souldiers, not taking away mens landes or houses that had not offended, nor giuing to one that was an others, nor thinking they ought to recompence with iniustice, nor when they had conquered their enimies, to take away all their land, but made a particion, and appointed some of their souldiers to dwel there, as a garrison for the cō ­quered places, and many times when the Land that was won wold not suffise, they eyther diuided of the common, or bought more of newe: So did the people place you, without any others displeasure. But Sylla and Caesar who inuaded their countrey as enimyes, hauing néed of garde & garison vpon theyr countrey, dyd neyther send you to liue in any of your owne countryes, nor bought any land for you, nor bestowed that vpon you that they had got from other, nor vpon composition restored the ho­nours [Page 155] on them, from whome they were taken, althoughe they had the treasure and conquered lande, but toke from Italy that had not offended, nor done any thing amisse, by lawe of warre. or rather of robbery, lands, houses, Sepulchres and Temples, which we would not take from our greatest strange enimyes, only setting a ta [...]e of the tenth part vpon them: but they haue made diuition to you of that which was your owne countrey­mens, and them that sente you to serue Caesar in the Frenche wars, and made many vowes for your victories, and appoin­ted you by companies to conuenient dwelling places, with en­signes and discipline of Souldiours: So as you can neyther enioye peace, nor be sure of them that be thrust out, for who so euer is put out and spoyled of hys owne, he will remaine to spie a tune for to be euen with you. This was the cause why the Tirannes would not let you haue any land, which mighte haue bene giuen you by other meanes, that hauing euer eni­mies that laye in wayte, you shoulde be sure kepers of their power, whiche by iniustice did contine we yours. For, the good will that Tirans haue of their garde, is that they he as far in doing wrong, and feare, as themselues. And this they (O▪ God) d [...] cal a cohabitation, wherby lament of countreymen mighte be made, and insurrection, of them that haue done no wrong, & then for this purpose haue made vs enimies to our own coun­trey [...]olk [...], for the [...] singular profit [...] & we, whō now y ^• chiefe offi­cers of y ^• countrey, do say they saue vs for mercies sake, do con­firme pres [...]tly, & herafter wil confirme, y ^• same to be bond to you for euer, of the which we take god to witnesse, that ye haue & shal haue al you haue had, & that none shall take it frō you: not Brutus, not Cassius, not they y ^• for your liberties haue put al their selues in peril, & we y ^• [...]e only accused in this matter, will saue our selues, & be to you & to your allied friends, a special cōfort, & y ^• that is most pleasant to you to heare. At the first occasiō that shal be offered, we wil giue you the price for the land y ^• is takē frō other, of the cōmon reuenew, that you shall not onely haue your setting setled, but also voyde of al e [...]combraunce.’

Whi [...]es Brutus thus spake, al the hearers cōsidering with thē selues that he spake nothing but right, did like them wel, & as [Page 156] men of courage and louers of the people, had them in great ad­miration, and were turned into their fauour, and determined to doe them good the next day▪ whiche being come, the Consuls called the people to an assembly, and repeated the opinions.

Then Cicero did speake very much in the prayse of forgetting Cicero. This forgetful­nesse vvas cal­led Amn [...]ftis af­ter the maner of the Gr [...] ans. Prutus and Cas­sius reconsiled vvith the Con­sulles. of iniuries, of the which they reioiced, and called Brutus and Cas­sius from the Temple. They desired pledges, to whom Lepidus & Antonies sonnes were sente. When Brutus & Cassius were séene, there was such a noyse, as the Consuls that would haue sayde somwhat, could not be suffered, but wer first required to shake hands and be at one, which they dyd. And the Consuls mindes were troubled with feare or enuye, that these men and their friends should preuayle in that common cause. Then was Ca­sars testament with the writings for the dispositiō of his goods, Casars testamēt. brought forth, which the people commaunded to be red. There Octauius. was Octauius his nephew by his sisters daughter, foūd to be his sonne by adoption: His gardings were giuen the people for so­lace, and to euerye Citizen of Rome that was present, seauentie fiue drāmes of Athens. Now was the people streyght turned This dramme vvas the value of a grote. to anger, being abused by the name of a Tyranne, that in hys testament had shewed most loue to his country. And one thing séemed most to be pitied, that Decimus Brutus, one of the killers Decimus Brutus heyre to Caesar in remaynder. was made his sonne among his second heyres: for the R [...]maines maner was, to their first heyres to adde the second, y ^• if the first The people turned. take not, the fe [...]ōd may. With this they were much troubled, thinking it a wicked and abhominable an, that Decimus should conspire againste Caesar, whome hée had made one of his chil­dren.

Piso brought forth Caesars body, to the which, infinit numbers in armes ran, to kepe it, & with much noyse & pōpe, brought it to the place of spéech. There was much lamētation & weeping, ther was rushing of harnesse togither, with repentaunce of the forgetting of reuēgeance. Antony marking how they were af­fected, did not let it slippe, but toke vpon him to make Caesars [...]n­neral sermon, as Consul, of a Consul, friend, of a friend, & knif­man, of a kinsman (for Antony was partly his kinsman) and to [Page 157] vse craft againe. And thus he said:

‘I do not thinke it méete (O Citizens) that the buriall praise Antony of Caesa [...] of suche a man, should rather be done by me, than by the whole country. For what you haue altogither for the loue of hys ver­tue giuen him by decrée, aswell the Senate as the people, I thinke your voice, and not Antonies, oughte to expresse it.’

This he vttered with sad and heauy cheare, and wyth a fra­med voice, declared euerything, chiefly vpon the decrée, where­by he was made a God, holy & inuiolate, father of the country, benefactor and gouernor, and suche a one, as neuer in al things they entituled other man to y ^• like. At euery of these words An­tonie directed his countenance & hands to Caesars body, and with vehemencie of words opened the fact. At euery title he gaue an addition, with briefe speach, mixte with pitie and indignation. And when the decrée named him father of the Country, then he saide: This is the testimony of our duety.

‘And at these wordes, holy, inuiolate and vntouched, and the re­fuge of all other, he said: None other made refuge of hym. But, he, this holy and vntouched, is kylled, not takyng honoure by violences whiche he neuer desired, and then be we verye thrall that bestowe them on the vnworthy, neuer suing for them. But you doe purge your selues (O Citizens) of this vnkindnesse, in y ^• you nowe do vse suche honoure towarde hym being dead.’

Then rehearsing the othe, that all shoulde kéepe Caesar and Caesars body, and if any one wente about to betraye hym, that they were accursed that would not defende him: at this he extol­led hys voice, and helde vp his handes to the Capitoll, saying:

‘O Iupiter Countries defendour, and you other Gods, I am ready to reuenge, as I sware and made execration, and when it séemes good to my companions to allowe the decrées, I desire them to aide me. At these plaine spéeches spoken agaynst the Senate, an vpr [...]are being made, Antony waxed colde, and re­canted hys wordes. It séemeth (O Citizens) (saide hée) that the things done haue not bin the worke of men▪ but of Gods, and that we ought to haue more consideration of the present, than of the past, bycause the thyngs to come▪ maye bring vs to greater [Page 158] danger, than these we haue, if we shall returne to oure olde, and waste the reste of the noble men that be in the Cittie. Therfore let vs send thys holy one to the number of the blessed, and sing to him his due hymne and mourning verse.’

When he had saide thus, he pulled vp his gowne lyke a man Antoni [...] gesture in the time of the tunerall of Caesar. beside hymselfe, and gyrded it, that he might the better stirre his handes: he stoode ouer the Litter, as from a Tabernacle, looking into it, and epening it, and firste sang his Himne, as to a God in heauen. And to confirme he was a God, he held vp his hands, and with a swift voice, he rehearsed the warres, the fights, the victories, the nations that he had subdued to his Countrey, and the great [...]ooties that he had sent, making euery one to be a mar­uell Then with a continuall crie,

This is the only vnconquered of all that euer came to han [...]s with hym. Thou (quoth he) alone diddest reuenge thy countrey being iniured. 300. years, & those fierce nations that onely inua­ded Rome, & only burned it, thou broughtest them on their knées.

And when he had made these and many other inuocations, he tourned hys voice from triumphe to mourning matter, and began to lament and mone him as a friend that had bin vniustly vsed, & did desire that be might giue hys soule for Caesars. Then falling into moste vehement affections, vncouered Caesars body, holding vp his vesture with a speare, cut with the woundes, and redde with the bloude of the chiefe Ruler, by the which the peo­ple lyke a Quire, did sing lamētation vnto him, and by this pas­sion were againe repleate with ire. And after these spéeches, o­ther lamentations wyth voice after the Country custome, were sung of the Quires, and they rehearsed again his acts & his hap.

Then made he Caesar hymselfe to speake as it were in a lamē ­table sort, to howe many of his enimies he hadde done good by name, & of the killers themselues to say as in an admiratiō. Did I saue them that haue killed me? This the people could not abide, cal­ling to remembraunce, that all the kyllers (only Decimus except) were of Pompeys faction, and subdued by hym, to whom, in stead of punishment, he had giuen promotion of offices, gouernments of prouinces & armies, & thought Decimus worthy to be made his [Page 159] heyre & son by adoption, and yet cōspired hys death. While the matter was thus handled, and like to haue come to a fray, one Caesars shape shevved in vvaxe. shewed out of the Litter the Image of Caesar, made of ware, for hys vody it selfe lying flat in the Litter, could not be séene Hys picture was by a deuise turned about, & .xxiij. woūds wer shewed ouer al his body, & his face horrible to behold. The people séeing this pittifull picture, coulde beare the dolour no longer, but Change of peo­ples [...]des. The Senate house set a fire vvherein Caesar, vvas killed. One Cynna k [...] ­led an other. thronged togyther, and beset the Senate house, wherein Caesar was kylled, and set it a fyre, and the kyllers that fledde for their liues, they ranne and sought in euery place, and that so outragi­ouslye both in anger and dolour, as they kylled Cynna the Tri­bune being in name lyke to Cynna the Pretor that spake euill of Caesar, and wold not tarry to heare the declaration of his name, but cruelly tore him a peeces, and lefte not one parte to be put in graue. They caried fire against other mens houses, who manlye T [...]uite and rage of people▪ defending themselues,, and the neighbours entreating them, they refrayned from fyre, but threatned to be in armes the next day. Wherefore the strikers hid themselues, and fled out of the Citie. The people returned to the Litter, & caried it as an holye thing, to be buried in an holy place among the Gods, but bicause the Priests did deny it, they brought hym againe into the com­mon place, where the Pallaice of the old Kings were, and there, with al the bourds & tymber, which they could find in the place, which was muche, beside that euery man broughte of himselfe, with garlandes and other gifts of priuate persons, makyng a so­lemne Caesars f [...]uera [...] shew, they buryed the body, and abode al night about the fyre. In the whiche place, at the first was made an Altare, but nowe there is a temple of Caesar, where he is thought worthy di­uine A Temple to Caesar. honors. For his son by electiō, Octauius, taking the name of Caesar, & disposing the state after his example, which then takyng the beginning, & he excéedingly aduancing to the degrée it is now did thinke his father to deserue honors equall with the Gods, The Romaines vsed to giue di­uine honours [...] their princes. the which at this time hauing their originall, y ^• Romaines now vse to giue the same to hym that ruleth the estate, vnlesse he be a Tyranne, or diffamed at his death, that in olde tyme could not suffer the name of a Kyng alyue.

[Page 160]Thus Caesar was killed, on the day which they cal the Ides of Marche, whiche daye of the Moneth, the Soothsayer sarde hée [...] in Marche she. 9. dayes fol­lovving the first 7. daies. shoulde not passe, at the whiche, he, in the morning mocked him, saying, the Ides be come: to whome he aunswered boldlye againe, but they be not yet gone. Caesar scorneth the Soothsaiers.

Thus hée despising as well the foresayings of this constāt Soothsayer, as all other tokens spoken of before, went abroad, & was killed y ^•, lvj. yere of his age. A man most happy & fortunate in al his noble actions, and most like vnto Alexander the great, A comparison betvvene Alex­ander and Caesar. for they both were very ambitions, and valiant and swifte to execute their enterpryses, in perils moste bolde, of their bodies most carelesse, and did not more trust in Soldiours seruice, than in courage and fortune, of the which the one, in the heate of som­mer through places voide of water, went to Ammon, and ranne Ammon in the dserts o [...] [...] ­ [...]t, vvhere [...] ­p [...]ter gaue o [...]a­ [...]les. In India at the pl [...]e called [...]. Pamphilia in Asia the lesse. ouer the gulfe of Pamphilia, of the crosse surgyng Sea, fortune staying the ragyng waues whiles he passed, and sendyyg hym rayne when he wente by lande, he assayde the Indian Sea that was not Nauigable. He was the firste that scaled a town, and alone mounted the enimies wall, & alone receyued .xiij. woūdes on his body, euer inuincible, and alwayes getting victory at the first or the second Battayle. He subdued manye barbarous na­tions Alexanders a [...]. in Europe, and ouercame the Grecians, a valiant people, and louing libertie, and before him, obeying none, but Philip, & that a litle whyle, for an honour to appeare in his feates of warre. Asia, (as a man may say) he ranged all ouer, and briefely for to tell his fortune and Empire, as much land as he saw, he gotte. And conceyuing and determining a Conquest of the rest in his mind, he was destroyed.

To Caesar the Ionian sea gane place in the middest of winter, and shewed it selfe cauline to his nauigation. He also sayled the Bryttaine Ocean, not attempted before, and fallyng vpon the C [...]s [...]s a [...]. rockes of Englande, he had the shipmayster runne a shore and [...]itte their shippes. In an other sea, striuing with the streame alone in the night in a little boate, he badde the Mayster let the sayles go to the winde, and trust more in Caesars fortune, than in the Sea. Against his enimses alone he hath lepte many tymes. [Page 161] and all the reste haue bin afraide. He alone did fighte with the Frenche thirtie times, til he had subdued fourtie nations of thē, whiche were so terrible to the Romaines, as olde and holy men, Al ages and de­grees must striue against the frēch. by lawe were priuiledged from warre, except when the French enimie came, for then both horse and olde men muste go foorth. At Alexandria, being left alone to fight on the bridge, and beset on euery side, he threwe off his purple, and leapte into the sea, and being sought of hys enmmies, he diued in the bottome a greate while, and only sometime rose to take breath, til a friend­ly shippe came nighe hym, to whome he helde vp his hands, she­wed himselfe, and was saued.

Falling into the ciuill wars, eyther for feare, (as he did say) or for desire of rule, hée didde matche wyth the valiauntest Cap­taines in his tyme, in many and great battailes, not Barbari­ans onelye, but also Romaines, whiche in manhoode and fortune dydde excel, and ouercame them all, eyther at the firste or at the seconde battatle. Hys armye not being inuincible, as Alex­anders, Caesar had los [...]e sometymes. for in France, C [...]tta and Titurus hys lieutenants were eui­dently ouercome with a greate losse, and in Spaine, Petreius and Aff [...]anius helde hym besieged. In Dyrrachio and Libya, they fled fowly awaye, and in Spaine they were afraide of young Pompey. But Caesar himselse was euer voide of feare, and in the ende of euerye warre, had the victorie.

The Romaine Empire from the weaste to the floude Euphra­tes, Euphrates [...] floud of Macedonia, running into the redde Sea by Babylon. by force, or by fayre meanes he obtayned, muche surer and stronger than Sylla.

He shewed hymselfe to be a King in spight of them al though he woulde not receiue the name. And he also hauing made deter­mination of other warre, was taken away. Besyde forth, their armies were alike: prompte to them bothe with a beneuolente minde: and in sighte, of lyke fiercenesse: disobedient many times to them both, and ful of sedition for their long laboures. Neuer­thelesse, when they were deade, bothe after one sorte did lament and mone, and thought them worthy diuine honors. They were both in body of good complexion and fayre: bothe of them hadde [Page 162] their petigrée from Iupiter, Alexander from Aeacide and Her­cules, Caesar and Alex­ander lyke. and Caesar from Anchises and Venus. As both were desirous to conquere with whome they contended, so easy to be entreated and to forgiue them whom they had subdued, and beside forgiue­nesse, woulde do them good also, séeking nothing else but victory.

Thus farre they were alyke, but in rising to their rule, they were not of lyke power: for the one rose from a Kingdome en­creased Alexander and Caesar vnlyke. by hys father Phillip, the other from a priuate estate, yet noble and renoumed, and very néedy of mony. Of tokens, whiche to them both were great, they were alyke contemners, yet ney­ther of them angrye wyth the Diuiners, that didde foreshewe their death. The tokens were like many times to them both, & to like effect. Twice to them bothe were vnluckye signes, in the whiche the first shewed to them both doubtfull danger. Alexan­der These people be of India and called Malli of Plu [...]a [...]th. among the Oxidi [...]nes, scaling the wall before the Macedonians, being vtterly destitute by breaking of the ladders, leapte boldly among hys enimies within, where he was sore hurt in y ^e breast, & in the necke, & beaten down with a mighty mace, so as he was Perill of Alex­ander. hardely saued by the Macedonians, that for very shame burste o­pen the gates. Caesar in Spaine, when his army was very feareful Perill of Caesar. of Pompey the young, and refused to go to the fight, can betwéene them both, & receyued .ij. C. dartes vpon his Target, his armye ran in for feare and shame, and saued hym. So the firste vnluc­ky sacrifices didde signifie perill of death to them both, and the seconde, death it selfe indéede.

Pythagoras a Soothsayer, tolde Apollodorus that was afraide of Alexander and Ephestion, that he shoulde not néede to feare, for by the sacrifice, he founde that both of them shoulde shortely bée dead. And comming to passe, that Ephestion died by and by after, Apollodorus was afraide that some treason had bin wroughte a­gainste the King, and tolde hym what the Soothsaier had sayde: [...]e smiled, and asked of Pythagoras what the token did pretende, he aunswered the laste day, whereat he smyled agayne, and thanked Apollodorus of hys faithfulnesse, and the Soothsayer of his con­fidence. To Caesar (as we haue sayde) the laste tyme that hée [Page 163] wente into the Senate, the same tokens happened. Whereat he laughed, and saide: The like was séene in Spaine, and when the Diuinour aunswered, that then he was in daunger, but nowe the token signifieth more certaine death, then r [...]lenting some­what to this free spéeche, he sacrificed againe, till he tarryed so long aboute the sacrifices, that he was angry, and went in and was kylled.

The like happened to Alexander when he came from India to Babylon with his army, where being nigh, the Chaldeans exhor­ted hym to refraine at this presente, to whome hée rehearsed a verse.

‘The best Prophet is he, that coniectu [...]eth honestly.’

Then the Chaldeans warned hym the second tyme, not to go wyth his army on y ^• weast side, but to compasse & take the City Alexander con­temneth tokens. on the Easte, and stay there: with that (they say) he was content, and beganne to go about, but being angry at the moory and fen­ny way, he contemned the seconde warning, and went in at the Euphrates▪ & Pallacotta, floudes. Weaste. Then he sayled vpon Euphrates to the floud Pallacotta, that receyueth Euphrates, and runneth into the Fennes, whereby Assyria is kept from ouer-flowing. He minded to haue defended thys floud with a wall, and whiles he was sayling vpon it, they say he scorned the Chaldeans, bycause he safely had entred Babylon, and was come forth againe to saile, but it was but deferred till he came againe, for then he dyed out of hande.

The lyke contempt Caesar séemed to vse, for the Soothsayers Caesar contem▪neth tokens. hadde appoynted the daye of hys death▪ and saide hée shoulde not passe the Ides of March: & when that day was come, he laughed at hym, and sayd, the Ides were come, but that very day he was kylled. Both they despised y ^• Prophe [...]es alyke, but were not an­gry with the Prophets, yet they both dyed as they were tolde. They were both studious of learning and vertue, aswel of their own coūtry, as of Gréek & other strāgers. Alexāder delighted in [Page 164] the Brachmanes, whiche among the Indians be reputed moste lear­ned Prachm [...]es vver the vvise Philo­sopers of India, chosen to it by consent. and wise men, as the Magies among the Persians. Caesar dealte with the Aegiptians, when he putte Cleopatra in hys kyngdome, wherby he directed many ciuil things in Rome: & among other, he turned the order of the yeare, being without certaintie, bycause of the odde moneths (for they measured it by the Moone) to the course of the Sunne, as the Aegiptians doe. It was hys happe that none dydde escape that soughte hys death▪ but by hys heyre receyued worthye punishemente, as Alexander dydde them, that kylled Phil­lippe hys father. Howe that was done the bookes in order shall declare. (⸪)

The thirde Booke of Ciuill Dissention.

THus C. Caesar, y ^t was most worthy of rule among y ^e Romaines, was slayn of his enimies, & buried of the people Of al his killers punishment, & how the best of them soonest receyued it, this Booke & the next shal declare, & likewise comprehende al the other Ciuill strifes, that the Romaines had among thēselues.

The Senate blamed Antony for the funerall of Caesar, by [...] ▪ [...] the [...] ­te [...]feyte [...]. the which the people was so stirred, as they did forthwith de­spise the law of Obliuion, and ranne with fire to the houses of the strykers. This vnkindnesse, with one inuention, he turned into beneuolence. Amatius, a coūterfaite Mariane, pretending to be Marius sonne, was for that name accepted of the people, & by this counterfaiting, being taken as a kinsman to Caesar, he made most mone for his death, and set vp an Aulter where he was buried. He had a rowte of R [...]ians about him, & was e­uer terrible to the killers, of the whiche some were fled out of the citie, and so many as had by Caesar, the gouernment of pro­uinces, were gone to their charges. Decimus Brutus was gone Lombardy. Asia the [...]esse. to Fraunce next Italie: Trebonius into Asia aboute Ionia: Tullius Cimber into Bythinia. But Cassius & Marcus Brutus with whome the Senate bare most, and were likewise chosen of Caesar to be Presidents for the yéere to come▪ as Cassius in Syria, & Brutus in Macedonia, being yet officers in Rome, of necessitie and law, (as Pretors) must attend vpon the dispatch of thē that should haue places appointed to liue in, & gaue audience to anye other that made su [...]e to sell the partes of their places, which by law was forbiddē to be done within .xx. yeres. With these Amatius did conspire, & only e [...]pected occasiō. At the talke of this cōspiracy. Antony, as Consul, came vpon them, & apprehended Am [...]io, & A [...]o put to death by Antony. without iudgemēt, put him to death very stoutly. The Senate marueled at this matter, as great & beside law, yet the commo­ditie of it, they embraced very ioyfully: for without such stout­nesse, they thought Brutus & Cassius could not be in safetie. The companions of Amatius and other people with them, for the [Page 166] loue of him, were much greued at this fact, chiefly that Antony should so dispatche one that was honoured of the people. They could not abide so to be despised, wherefore, with shoutes they went crying out of Antony, & commaunded the Magistrate to erect an aulter to Amatio, & there to make the firste sacrifice to Caesar. They were driuen out of the common place by the soul­diours The [...]o [...]ice [...] of Ama [...] pu­nished. that were sent of Antony, wherewith they were more greued and made greater noyse: some of them brought forth the settles of Caesars pictures pulled downe, and whereas one sayde he could bring them to a shop where his images were defaced, they straight way followed him, & when they saw it, they set al a fire, till other were sent of Antony which killed parte of thē that stoode to their defence, and parte they tooke, & as many as were bonde they hanged, and the frée men, they threw downe headlong: and thus, this tumult ceased. But extréeme hate of excéeding loue, was now wrought in the people, agaynst An­tony. The Senate was glad, as though there was none other feare to be had touchyng Brutus and Cassius.

And further, where Antony purposed to call home Sextus Antony preten­deth to call home yong Pompey. Pompey, sonne to Pompey the great, who yet was loued of al mē, out of Spayne, where still he made warre with Caesars Capi­taynes, and for his fathers goods confiscate, to giue him of the common, fiue thousand millions of Drammes of Athens, and Millions be here ten thou­sande. to make him admirall of the sea as his father was, and to vse the Romaine nauies, where so euer they were, to al occasions: The Senate not a litle marueled▪ & accepted his offer, spending an whole day in the prayse of Antony, for they knewe no man more accepted, nor better beloued of the people than Pompey.

Brutus and Cassius the most honorable of all other, & of Pom­peis faction, thought to holde their safetie with sure hande, and that the course that they had takē should preuayle, and the peo­ples authoritie be surely cōfirmed, and that their estate should Cicero prayseth Antony. The Senate gi­ueth a garde to Antony. stande. Cicero for this, made continuall prayse of Antony, and the Senate consideryng that the people euidently did meane euill to him, gaue him leaue to chose him a gard for his person of the olde Souldiours that resorted to him: he, eyther bycause [Page 167] he had done all to this ende, or for that he would embrace this occasion so fauourable, picked out at length a garde of .vj. M. Antony choseth a legion for his garde. not of the common Citizens, whom he knew he might haue at his pleasure at any other time, but of all the leaders and Cap­taynes of experience and estimation in Caesars army. Of these, hée chose chiefe officers in comely order, whome he vsed hono­rably, and made them partakers of ordinary Counsels. The The Senate in a ielousie of Antony. Senate dryuen into a iealousie for this number and choyse, counsayled hym to reduce this garde as enuious, to a conue­uient number: he promysed so to doe, when he had quieted the tumultes of the people.

Nowe where by decrée he had stablished all that Caesar had done and would doe, and had the wrytings of memoriall in his Phaberius▪ in the Greeke. Taberius in the Latten. custodie, and [...]aberius Caesars Secretary at his commaunde­ment, for Caesar goyng away, lefte all his determinations with Antony, he added many things to the behoofe of many men: he gaue graunts to Cities, Princes, and to his owne garde. And he made knowne to all them, that coulde clayme any thyng by Caesars assignation, that they takyng the benefite, might yéelde Antony abuset it Caesars testamēt. him the thankes, and by this meane he brought many into the Senate and degrée to himselfe, & the other, he wan with faire promise, that they did no more maligne agaynst his garde.

Brutus & Cassius perceiuing nothing, neither of the people, nor of the soldiours to appeare peaceable for thē, neither vnlikely but y ^• cōspiracie of Amatio might be done against thē by some other, neither well abiding variable Antony, that bare himself so boldly of his army, nor seyng that the peoples rule could be cōfirmed by these doings, but suspecting that Antony wrought against it, they put their chiefe trust in Decimo, who had thrée Legions, lying in the sides of Italy. They wrote secretely to Trebonius in Asia, and to Tullius in [...]ythinia, to gather money closely, and loke aboute for an armye. They were desirous to take the prouinces that Caesar had appointed thē, but y ^• time did not yet suffer them. They thought it not conuenient to leaue their office in the Citie, before the end of the same, and to run into suspition of desire of rule of nations. They chose rather for [Page 168] their necessitie, to spende the meane time, as priuate men, than to be officers in the Citie, where they could neyther be sure of themselues, nor do anye thing to their honour, in the seruice of their countrey. Being in this case, and the Senate perceyuing their minde, they thought good to make thē purueyers of grain [...] and Cas­sius made pur­ueyers. for the Citie, from euery countrey, til the time might serue thē to take the charge of their prouinces: and thus they did, that Brutus and Cassius shoulde not séeme to flée. So great a care and reuerence was there of them, that for them chiefly they mayn­tained the other killers. When Brutus and Cassius wer gone out of the Citie, and Antony nowe alone ruled all, he coueted the presidentship of some prouince, and the armye therof: he was chiefly desirous of Syria, but knowing he was alredy suspected, he thought he should be more, if he required any, for the Senat had secretly wrought Dolobella to be against him, who was the other Consul, and always at strife with Antony. Antony seing that Dolobella was a yong man and ambitious, perswaded him to aske Syria, in Cassius place, and their army that was made a­gainste the Parthians, but not to aske it of the Senate, (for that was not expedient) but of y ^• people, by a law. He was perswa­ded by and by, and propounded the lawe. The Senate aleaged that he brake Caesars actes: he answered, that the war of Parthi [...], was appointed to no man by Caesar, and that Cassius, who was sent to Syria, was the first that had altered Caesars decrées, in gi­uing leaue to them that wer assigned dwellings in the coūtry, to sel their portions before twenty yeares determined by law: A de [...]ice to [...]e­ [...]. & that he could not take it wel, being Dolobella, not to be thought worthy of Syria, before Cassius. The Senate persuaded Asprin [...] one of the Tribunes, to find a fault in the assebly by some tokē, hoping that Antony would haue allowed it, being Consul, and officer of the tokens, and stil (as they thought) at variance with Dolobella.

The electiō now being come, & Asprina affirming the tokē to be vnlucky, & then the maner was to send other into it, Antony was angry at the subtilty, & cōmaunded the cōpanies to make choyce for Dolobella. And so was Dolabella made president of Dolabella presi­dent of Syria. [Page 169] Syria, and generall of the army against the Parthians, and of the legions that Caesar had gathered for this purpose, and left in Ma­cedonia. This was the first time that Antony séemed to fauoure Dolabella. This being done of the people, Antony required Mace­donia Macedonia [...] to Antony. of the Senate, thinking they would be ashamed to denye it him, séeing Dolabella had Syria, and nowe voyde of an office. The Senate gaue it him vnwillingly, and maruelled that he woulde deliuer the armye that was there to Dolabella, whome yet they Cyrene a Citie and a prouince in Affrica, novv Corciria. Creta, an Ilande in the middest of the Sea, novv Candia. Syrene and Creta to Brutus and Cassius. Octauius Caesars nephevv, at Va­lona, vvhich is on the other side of the gulfe of Venice. were glad shoulde haue it before Antony. Nowe Brutus friendes thought good to aske Antony other prouinces for Brutus and Cas­sius, so Cyrene and Creta was giuen them, or as some saye, both Creta and Syrene to Cassius, and Bythinia to Brutus. And these were the doings at Rome.

Octauius, Caesars sisters nephew, was made of Caesar generall of the horsemen for one yeare, and this honor Caesar vsed to gyue to his friends from yeare to yeare. He being yet yong, was sent of Caesar to Velona to apply his booke, and to be trayned in feates of warre, there to remayne whilest he wente againste his enimies, and to exercise himselfe with the bands of Horsemen that came from Macedonia, with other great Captaynes of the armie that resorted thither to visit hym, as Caesars kinsman, whereby he was knowen to many, and wanne the loue of the army, for he recey­ued them that came to him with great curtesie. Hauing bin now sixe monethes in Velona, about the euening, it was told that Caesar was slayne in the Senate house, of them that he loued best, and might doe most with hym. Of further matter nothyng being yet tolde, he stoode in feare and doubt, whether it were the whole publike worke of the Senate, or some priuate practise, or whe­ther the doers were punished of the more parte, or whose acte it was, or whether the multitude did ioyne with them. After thys, his friendes sente to hym from Rome, wishing him to goe to the host of Macedonia for his suretie, in the which place, after it shuld be knowen, that it was no common fact, he might be a terror to his enimies, in reuenging of Caesar, and diuers of the Captaynes promised him, that if he woulde come to them, they woulde sée hym safe. His Mother, and Philip his Father in lawe wrote vn­to [Page 170] him, to take nothing vpon him, nor to be encouraged, re­membring that after Caesar hadde ouercome his enimies, he was thus vsed of his déerest friendes. The priuate life at this prosent Octauius sayleth into Italy. was further off from perill, and nowe rather to be chosen, and if he were with them at Rome, he should be well kept. Octauius by these persuaded, without further knowledge, what was done after Caesars deathe, embracing the Captaynes, sayled ouer the Ionian Sea, not taking land at Brunduse, bycause he did not trust the army that was there, and therefore was well ware: but at another Citie not farre off, called Lupio, where he stayed, and receyued Lupio Iezze, a port Tovvne. aduertisementes from his friends, of Caesars deathe, of the peoples tumult, of the publication of his testamente, and of the orders taken, and was aduised to beware of Caesars enimies, by­cause he was named his sonne and heire, & counselled him not to take the inheritance vpon him. But he thinking it a dishonor, as wel of this, as not to reuēge Caesars death, wēt to Brunduse, sēdyng afore to search, that there should be none of the strikers in anye awaite. The army of that place did méete him, and receyued him as Caesars sonne, where with good courage he made sacrifice, and The army at Brunduse recey­ueth Octauius. Adoption. straightway accepted the name of Caesar, for the Romaines vsed to giue their name to them whome they made their children by a­doption, which he did not only admitte, but changed his name frō Octauius, Octauius sonne, to Caesar, Caesars sonne, which continued till his ende. By and by was there great repaire of mē to him, some as Caesars friendes, some as his seruantes, and fréemade men, and Octauius recey­ued the name of Caesar. some souldioures with them, some bringing preparation & mo­ney toward Macedonia, and some other reuenues of other prouin­ces to Brunduse. He then trusting vpon the multitude that came vnto him, and in Caesars glory, and in the beneuolence of all mē to him, tooke his iourney toward Rome, accompanyed with a conue­nient number, which dayly like a streame did increase, being safe from open force, by the multitude of people, not without suspitiō of deceypt, bycause all that came with him almost were of newe acquaintāce, and euery citie did not fauour him. But Caesars soul­dioures, and such as were by his appoyntmēt placed, came from Resort to yong Caesar. the habitations to the fauour of this yong man. They lamented [Page 171] for Caesar, and complayned of Antony that woulde not reuenge so great a mischiefe, affirming that they, if any man woulde be their guide, would reuenge his death. Octauius Caesar gaue them great prayse, and willed thē to be quiet for the time, and came to Ter­racina, about fiftie miles from Rome, where it was told him, that [...]. Syria and Macedonia was taken from Brutus & Cassius by the Con­suls, and that to comforte them, Creta and Syrene were graunted them, and that certayne banished men were reuoked, and that Pompey was restored, and that many were made Senatoures by Caesars determination, and diuers other things. Being come to Rome, his mother, & Philip, and their friendes came vnto him, and againe prayed him, not to dissente from the Senate, bycause it was decréed, that there shoulde be no question of Caesars deathe. Further, they feared Antony and his power, who neyther came himselfe to méete Caesars sonne, nor sent any man to receyue hym, all the whiche Octauius tooke very temperately, and said, it was In desire of Octauius. méete that he should goe first to Antony as a yong man to an el­der, and a priuate man to a Consul, and that he would obserue y ^• Senate as should be conuenient. ‘And though (quoth he) there be a decrée, that no man should persecute the killers, and yet if anye mā durst take it in hand, bath the people and the Senate by law, and the goods by iustice, yea and peraduenture Antony also wyll be helps to it, & if he did refuse the inheritāce & adoptiō, he should offend againste Caesar, & defraude the people of their distribution. In the end he knit vp his spéech, that it was not onely honest for him, to put himselfe in dāger for this matter, but also if néede be, to lose his life, otherwise he should séeme vnworthy the choyce y ^• Caesar had made of him in so great matters, séeing he himself was wont to contemne all maner of perill. Then turning to his mo­ther, Octauius vvords to his mother. he rehearsed those words that Achilles spake to Thetis.’

This word (quoth he) did winne Achilles immortall fame, but much more the déede, and that he ought to reuenge Caesar, not as a friende, but as a father: not as a fellowe Souldiour, but as a Generall: not dying by lawe of warre, but murthered [Page 172] wickedly in the Senate house. For this spéeche, his mother, from feare, turned to you, embraced him, affirming he only was wor­thy for Caesar. This talke being ended, she prayed that all myghte haue lucky and prosperous successe with spéede, yet she perswa­ded him at the firste, rather to vse policie and sufferance, than playnenesse and boldnesse, when he commending hir, aunswered he would so do. In the nighte, he sent to his friendes, and prayed them the nexte morning to be with him in the cōmon place wyth the other multitude. In that place méeting with Caius Antonius, brother to Marcus Antonius, a Pretor of the Citie, he sayde vnto him, that he did accept the adoption of Caesar, for it was the man­ner Adoption. of Rome, that the adopted children should exhibite testimonie to the Pretors, which beyng registred, he straighte wente out of the common place to Antony the other Con [...]ull, who was then in Pompeys gardings, whiche Caesar had giuen him: and when hée had tarryed at the gate a long whyle, he entred into a suspition The meeting o [...] Octauius and Antony. of Antonies alteration. Being at length lette in, due salutations and intretaynmēts were betwéene them, and bycause they must talke of things that were expedient, Octauius Caesar sayd thus.

‘I (Father Antony) for the benefites that Caesar shewed to thée, Octauius Orati­on to Antony. and the thankes thou gauest to him, requiring thée to be a father to r [...]e, do prayse thée for the things thou hast done for him, and I will be thy debtor of thankes for them, but wherein I maye blame thée, I will speake it frankely, for dolor doth thereto driue me. When he was slayne, thou wast not present, the quellers holding thée withoute the dores, for eyther shouldest thou haue saued him, or haue bin in the like daunger thy selfe: of the whych if the latter must haue happened. It is well now that thou wast absente. When some decréed them to be honored as againste a Tyrant▪ thou denyedst it effectually, for the whych I know thou [...] as a succes­sour of his [...] is they [...]. deseruest cléere thankes: but if thou knowest that those men did conspire thy death, not as one that woulde reuenge Caesar (as we thinke) then were they not Tyrantkillers, and for that they fled to the Capitoll, as to a Sanctuary like offendors crauing mer­c [...]e, or into a sorte, as enimies for their strength, wherefore obli­uion and acquitall of the murther, was required for thē, though [Page 173] some of the Senate or the people were corrupted of them, and if thou hadst bin otherwise minded, thy office did require thee to punish so great a fault, and to correct them that did erre, yet did­dest thou send pledges of thine owne into the Capitoll, for the as­surance of the manquellers. Well, graunt the corrupted sort did force thée to it, but when Caesars Testament was redde, and thou madest his funerall Oration as righte was, and the people for the fresh memorie of Caesar, carryed a fire againste them, and for their neyghboures sake, spared them: and agayne, they were in armes twice the next day, why didst not thou help the people as their leader, with fire or armoure, to punishe the murtherers? if any punishment ought to be of them that are euident offendors, by thée, a friende to Caesar, a Consull, and Antony. Marius Ama­tius, by commaundement of thy great power, was put to deathe, but the quellers thou susferedst to slée, and to runne to certayne prouinces, which wrongfully they holde, hauing killed him that gaue them. Syria and Macedonia, thou and Dolabella, doyng well, when thinges were setled, tooke from them, for the whiche I would thanke thée, if thou hadst not straight appoynted them to Creta and Cyrene, and thought fugitiues worthy prouinces, euer to be as garrisons against me. Decimus hauyng France our ney­bour, you haue suffered, he also being made ruler of that, and o­ther by my father, but some will say, the Senate did determine it, yea and thou didst confirme it, and satest as chiefe in that Se­nate, the which thou chiefly of all others for thy selfe, oughtest to haue resisted. To giue them obliuion of their faul [...]o, was as a granting only of their liues, but to assigne prouinces and honor, was a contumelie of Caesar, and an ouerthrow of the iudgement. Therefore as passion dothe carrie me peraduenture beyonde the due respect of my yeares and reuerence to thée, I will speake it, both as to a sure friende of Caesar, and of him, though worthye much honor and power, and also, as to one, that mighte haue bin his heire, if he had knowen that thou hadst come of Aeneas, ra­ther than Hercules, for that did he muche consider, when he tooke order for his succession. But for the tyme to come, O Antony, for the Gods of friendship, and for the dutie to Caesar, if thou wilt [Page 174] change any of the things done, as thou must if thou wilt, if not, at the least help to further me, that minde to be reuenged of y ^e quel­lers, with the people, and such of my fathers friends as I haue: and if any respect of men, or of the Senate doth moue thée, be not angry with me. Thou knowest what a charge I and my house haue about these matters, for the performing of the distribution that my father gaue to the people, and for the care thereof, that by delaying of them, I might not séeme vnthankefull, nor they y ^t should receyue habitations in the countrey, shoulde be consumed by me, tarrying in the Citie. Of al that was to thée brought im­mediately after y ^e death of Caesar, to be in safetie for danger of his house, the iewels & apparel, I thinke good thou shalt haue, and al other things which thou wilt, but for the distributiō, giue me the coyned gold which he had gathered for his determinate warres, which shall suffice me to deuide amōg thrée hūdred thousand mē. The residue of the charges, if I may be so bold, I will eyther of thée, or by thy helpe, borowe it of publike money, and forthwith make sale of my priuate substance. Whilest Caesar spake thus, Antony was astonished at his courage and boldnesse, farre be­yond the opiniō of his yeares, and being gréeued with his spéech made without reuerence of him, & specially for that he required the money, he answered him sharply after this manner.’

‘If Caesar, togither with his inheritāce and name (O sonne) had Antonyes aun­svvere to [...]. left thée also the state, thou mightest well haue required an ac­compt of common things, and I must haue aunswered: but if the Romaines haue by oth decréed, that no man shall receyue rule by inheritance, nor no man be a successour to Kings, whome they did expell, whiche was chiefly obiected againste the father of the quellers, affirming they killed him as a King, and not as a Cap­tayne, I ought not to aunswere thée touching any of these pub­like causes, and by the same reason, I do deliuer thée of the gy­uing of thankes, whiche thou owest to me therefore, for it was done not for thy sake, but for the peoples, yet one of the grea­test actes that euer was done for Caesar, and for thée: for if I of mine owne boldnesse and hate to them, had ouerpast the honors [Page 175] for the strikers as killers of a Tyrante, Caesar had bin iudged a Tyrant, to whome, neyther glory, nor honor, nor establishmente of his actes had bin made, neyther Testament, sonne, or substāce had bin stayd, nor his bodye bin thought worthy buriall, no not as a priuate man, for the law doth commaund the bodyes of Ty­rants to be cast vnburied, their memorie to be raced, and theyr goodes to be made common, all the which I fearing, did contend for Caesars immortall glorye, and for his publike buriall, neyther without perill nor enuie of mine owne person, of men fierce and full of bloudshed, and as thou mayst know, conspiring agaynste me, and of the Senat that could euill beare thy fathers gouerne­ment: but I thought rather to offer my selfe to peril and trouble, than to suffer Caesar to be dishonored and vnburyed, the best of all other men, most fortunate in his affaires, and of all other vsing me most honorably. By these mine onely perils, thou hast pre­sently these singulare benefites of Caesar, his bloud▪ his name, hys dignitie, and his substance, for all the whyche, thou oughtest ra­ther to giue me thankes, than to reprehende me for anye thyng done for the appeasing of the Senate, for the recompence of such as had deserued, or for other commodities and considerations, séeyng thou art yong in respect to me: therefore this shall be suf­ficient, for that thou spakest héerein. Thou doest glance at mée, as though I were desirous of rule only, which I neuer coueted, and yet haue bin thought not altogither vnworthy of it. Thou sayest I am sory, for that I was not made heire by his testa­ment, yet by thine owne confession, I am content with the peti­grée of Hercules. For thy necessitie, that thou wouldest borrow of the common treasure, I thinke thou didst but dissemble, bycause thou canst not be ignorant, that all is cōsumed, & that thy father had y ^e receypt of all the reuenue, since he came to his authoritie, being brought to him in steade of y ^e treasure house, & to be found in his substance, whē we had determined to search for thē. This cā be no wrōg to Caesar being dead, nor be called vniust, though he wer aliue, y ^t being required, would yéeld thée accōpts: & whē thou shalt find y ^e many priuate men will cōtend w ^t thée for hys goodes, thou shalt wel perceiue thou c [...]st not obteine thē without great [Page 176] controuersie. As for the money which thou sayest was left wyth me, neyther was the summe so greate, nor nowe they be in my handes, for all were distributed to officers and magistrates, as Tyrants goodes, Dolabella and my bréethren onely excepted, and by me bestowed vpō such purposes, as Caesar had appointed: & whē thou shalt haue the rest, thou shalt bestow it rather vpon thē that may hinder thée, thā on the people, if thou béest wise, whome they will sende away (if they be wise) to their habitations. For the people as thou oughtst to know (being lately trayned in Gréeke letters) is vnstable, and euer mouing as waues in the Sea, now People vn­stable. comming, now going. After the which sorte, the people haue set alo [...]te oure ambitious men, and broughte them downe as lowe agayne.’

Octauius beyng gréeued with many of these things that tended to contumelie, wente his way, often calling vpon his fathers name. He put to sale his whole substance by and by that came Octauius selleth [...] substance. vnto him by inheritance, coueting to winne the people by thys liberalitie, bycause Antony appeared a manifest enimie vnto him. The Senate intending to make enquirie by decrée for the publike treasure, many of them were afrayde of yong Caesar, for the beneuolence of his father had with the Souldyers and the people, and for the present large [...]e in alluring of them, by consu­ming of his substance which was verye greate, many thinkyng that he woulde not liue in the rate of a priuate man, and chieflie for that Antony woulde agrée with him, bycause he was yong, famous, and rich, and would still vsurp Caesars former dominion. Some were ioyfull of these things, that these men shoulde be at variance, and by the inquisition of the moneys, Caesars ryches should wast, and they haue abundance of the common treasure, bycause muche of the publike store would be found among Cae­sars goodes. Manye of them called Caesar into the lawe for their lands, euery one clayming his owne, and for that muche was common, by reason of condemned, banished, and attaynted men. These controuersies they brought before Antony, or before Do­labella, the other Consul. If any matter were heard before other Judges▪ Caesar had euer the worst, bycause of Antonyes friend­ship, [Page 177] albeit he shewed by record what his father had purchased, & that al his acts were ratifyed by the last decrée of the Senate. Many other actions of iniurie were put vp againste him extra­ordinarily, and they grew infinit, in so much as Pedius and Pina­rius, to whom Caesar had giuen a portion of land, complayned of Antony for thēselues and for Caesar, as they that suffered wrōg by the Senates decrée, affirming he ought to reiect onely mat­ters of despight, and al other of Caesars doings he should confirm. He answered, that things done peraduēture, had some contra­rietie with the Senates decrée, and (quoth he) the decrée may be written contrary to the meaning. For where only obliuion of iniuries was graunted, there was no alteratiōs of the former procéedings, neyther for his sake, nor to be playne, for anye of their sakes, rather than a deuice to apea [...]e and stay the people which was in tumulte, and that it were more iuste to vse the meaning of the decrée, rather than the wordes: neyther was it méete to resist so many men, that by sedition were fallen from their owne, or their auncestours possessions, for one yong man that beyonde all hope had gotten so muche of other mens sub­staunce, and none of his owne, vsing fortune not for honoure, but for insolencie. Yet he sayd he would fauour them, whē they had diuided with Caesar. Thus did Antony answere Pinarius, who streight made diuision, least their partes shoulde be consumed in sutes, not for themselues but for Caesar, whom not long after they must gratify in all.

The time of playes drew nygh, which Caius Antonius, bro­ther to Antony, should exhibite for Brutus as Pretor, being ab­sent, Playes for Brutus. in as good sortas might be, bicause Brutus had made great preparation for the same, thinking by this liberality & pastime, the people would be wonne to cal him and Cassius home again. But now Caesar working y ^e multitude to the contrary, did giue among the ambitious sort (as euery man first came) al the mo­ney that he had got by his sale, to preuent the others whole purpose. He went into euery common market, commaunding to be proclamed, y ^t they should sel al his goods, thoughe that he had were neuer so good cheape, bycause of the doubtful and sus­pitious [Page 178] controuersie of the lawe and of his harte. Where­by hee turned all the people to beneuolence and pitie, as vn­worthye to suffer so muche. For whereas beside his owne he­ritage he had solde his priuate substaunce that ca [...]e to him by his father Octauius, or by any other waye, and all that his mo­ther and hir husband Philip hadde, and clayming a portion of more goods of Pedius and Pinarius, he determined to sell all, as though Caesars substaunce woulde not suffice, onely bycause of his v [...]ratiōs. The people thinking no lōger y ^• to be Caesars gifte, but Octauius liberalitie, they had inwarde compassion of him, wondring at his great attemptes, and well perceyuing that he would not long passe for Antonies displeasure.

Now were the playes of Brutus shewed in most ample man­ner. The playes di­sturbed. When certaine hyred men, did cry that Brutus and Cassius might be called home, and the rest of the Theatre did agrée vn­to them for their pardon, the other rushed in by heapes, and marred all the playe, and quenched their instant request. Bru­tus and Cassius vnderstanding that Caesar had dashed their hope in the shewe, they determined to goe to Syria and Macedonia by force, as prouinces appointed to them before Antony and Do­lobella.

This being euident, Dolobella also went into Syria, and made hast by the way, to make money in Asia. Antony desired much to haue the army of Macedonia, as very fit for the maintenāce of his power, being in vertue best, and in power most, (for they were sire legions) beside other number of Archers, Darters, and light armed, with many horsemen and other greate furni­ture for the warre, al the whiche he feared should follow Dolo­bella into Syria, going against the Parthians, whether Caesar had appointed them. He minded to haue them himself, bycause they were nyghe to the sea of Ionia, frō whence he might soone bring The G [...]tas, [...]e a people of Sythia in Europe. The name novv [...] turned into the Thracians. them into Italie In the meane time a sodaine rumor came, that Geetes, knowing of Caesars death, did inuade Macedonia. Wher­fore Antony required his armie of the Senate, that he myght punish the Geetes, bycause they were first appointed against thē of Caesar, & so that all was nowe quiet wyth the Parthians. The [Page 179] Senate suspected this rumor, and sente to vnderstande the cer­tainty of it.

Antony, to deliuer them of feare and suspition hereof, decréed Antony deuiseth to stoppe the creation of a Dictator. that for no cause it should be lawfull to create a Dictator, nor that any man should take it, though it were giuen him: and if any man did perceyue anye to contemne this order, it shoulde be lawfull to kill him wheresoeuer he were mette. By this meanes he did temper the hearers, and practising with Dolo­bellas friend to giue him one legion, he was chosen captaine of the army, & Lieuetenant of Macedonia. Hauing now what hée would, he sent his brother Caius in al hast to cary the decrée to y ^• army.

They that wente to vnderstande of the Geetes being re­turned, affirmed that they sawe no Geetes in Macedonia, but they added (either saying true, or being taught of Antony what they shold say:) It was to be feared, if the army were taken away, the Geetes would ouerrunne Macedonia.

Whiles this was doing in Rome, Cassius and Brutus did gather money and men, and Trebonius that was gouernour in Asia did Dolobella kept out. Ephesus, novv [...]ogli [...] i [...] Ion [...]. Dolobella taketh S [...]yr [...]s. make Cities strong for them, and woulde not admit Dolobella neither at Pergamo nor at Smirna, onlyhe appointed him a mar­ket place out of y ^• wals as to a Consul. He therfore went about with anger to winne the walles: Trebonius not obtayning, pro­mised he should be receiued at Ephesus: he going thither, Trebo­nius sent certaine aloofe to sée his doings: who, when night was come, séeing him going on, not suspecting anye thing else, lefte a fewe to followe hym, and returned to Smirna. Dolobella ha­uyng layde wayte for thys matter, turned vppon these fewe, and slewe them, and streight in that nighte came to Smirna, whyche findyng without watche, he toke wyth a scale. Tre­bonius was founde in bedde, and desyred hée mighte bée broughte to Dolobella, and that hée woulde wyllinglye followe them. One of the Captaynes loked on hym, and sayd: Come on, giue vs thy heade, for thy heade, not thée, are we commaunded to bring: and when he had thus sayde, he stroke off hys heade streighte. When daye was come, Dolobella [Page 180] caused Trebonius heade to be set vp ouer the iudgemente place wher he was wōtto giue audiēce. The army (in fury) y ^• folowed [...] killed and [...]p [...]ghtfully vsed. y ^• cāpe, & the people (b [...]cause Trebonius was priuy to Caes [...]s deth, and helde Antony with a tale without, when the [...] killed Caesar in the Senate house) did vse his body very spightfully, & threw his head vpon a pauemēt of stone, like a balfrō one to another, Trebonius one of the cons [...]ita [...]ors vv [...] the first that vva [...] killed. which whē they had scornefully vsed, they crushed and brake it a pieces. And this was the first of Caesars strikers that receiued this punishment.

Antony intended to bring the army from Macedonia into I­talie, and wanting other pretence thervnto, desired the Senate, that in steade of Macedonia he might haue Fraunce within the Alpes, of the which De [...]us Brutus Albinus was ruler remem­bring that Caesar brought his army from thence, when he ouer­came [...] novv [...]. Pompey: but when it was perceyued, that he minded to bring that army not into Italy but into Fraunce, and the Senat considering that part of Fraunce to be as a strong sort for thē, was grieued, and now vnderstoode the deceytes of Antony, re­penting Senate vvor­keth [...]e [...]etly a­gainst Antony. they had giuen Macedonia vnto hym. Therefore they sent pri [...]e messengers to Decimus, to kepe his prouince strong­ly, and to gather other army and money, that he might resiste Antony. So muche were they troubled and in anger against Antony. And he, contrary to the Senats minde, entending to aske it of the people by lawe, as Caesar once obtayned it before, and as Dolabella had Syria, now of late. And to afra [...] y ^• Senate, he commaunded his brother Caius to transport the army of [...] shevv [...] Macedonia by the Ionian Sea to Brunduse, and there to doe what Antony should require.

Nowe was there playes to be [...]hewed by [...]itonius the [...], & of hou [...]es as vvel pro [...]n [...] a [...] holy. ouers [...]r of victuals. At the whiche Caesar hadde prepared a crowne and a chayre of golde for his father, as in al shewes they had ordeyned, so to honour him.

C [...]i [...]s sayde he woulde not admitte Caesar to be honored in the charges y ^• be should make. Wherefore Octa [...]i [...]n brought him before Antony the Consul: Antony sayd he would put it to the Senate. Whereat Octauian being offended, Doe [Page 181] so (quoth he) and I will set the Chaire till thou ha [...]e made the decree.

Antony was angry and forbad hym. He forbadde it also in o­ther [...]. playes after to be made, and that was somewhat vnreaso­nable, for Octauius hymselfe did exhibit it, being instituted of hys father, to Venus his parent, to whome in the common place, hee builded a Temple wyth a Cou [...]te.

Of thys did manifeste hate grewe agaynste Antony of all men, as thought he did not rather [...] Octauius Caesar now, th [...]n [...] contemne the former vnthankfully. Young Caesar with a mu [...] ­tude as a guarde wente among the people, and such as had bin benefited by hys father, or serued hym in the wars [...]u [...]ouslye, hée besoughte them, that they woulde not suffer hym thus, to [...] be so many waies despised, but both reuenge Caesar their chiefe­tayne and benefactour so dishonoured of Antony, and desen [...]e themselues, who should haue none assurance, vnlesse the things that he had decréed were established. He went vp to euery highe place of the Citie and cried vpon Antony:

‘Be not angry with Caesar for me, nor dishonor him that hath [...] Antony. moste honoured thée O Antony, and was moste affectionated to thée, do me what [...]n [...]ury thou wilt, but saue his substaunce from spoile, till the Citizens haue their parte, all the reste take vnto thée. It shal be sufficient for me, though I be poore, to be succes­sor to hys glorye, so thou wilte suffer the people [...]o haue their portion.’

After these wordes, there was euident and continuall excla­mation againste Antony, and although he sharpelye threatned Octauius, and that hys threats were openly known, yet did they the more s [...]irre at it. Wherfore the chiefe of the Capitains that serued in Antonies guard, in great estunation wyth hym, and The [...] of▪ Antony in [...] ­uour of Octaui­nus. had bin before with Caesar, desired him he woulde leaue his dis­pight, as well for their cause, as for his own, hauing serued vn­der Caesar, and receyued so many good turnes of him.

Which things Antony consideryng, and confessing them to be true, and halfe ashamed they shoulde be layde vpon hym, and nowe shoulde haue néede of Octauians helpe, for the prouince of [Page 182] France, he beganne at lengthe to bée quiet, and to shewe, that Antony re [...]eth some thyngs were doone againste hys wyll,

But bycause the young manne was so hawtie at those yeares, hée dydde reuoke certaine thynges, for that he hadde no regarde nor reuerence to the Capitaines and olde officers: yet for theyr sakes he woulde reframe hys anger, and returne to his olde conditions, if hée also woulde leaue hys insolent behauiour.

The Captaines being gladde of this, brought them togither, & when they had declared their griefs they set them at one. Now Reconciliation of Antony and Octaui [...]. was the law called vppon for France, the Senate being against it, and entending to prohibite it, if Antony woulde propounde it to them, and if hée didde not, but require it of the people, they woulde set the Tribunes to be againsteit, and some there were, that woulde haue it frée from al Lieutenants ouer that nation, so muche afraide were they of it.

Antony did obiect vnto them, that they would truste Decimus with it, that was one of Caesars killers, and distruste hym that did not kill hym that wanne that prouince, and made it fall to his knées, casting forth openly against them al, as though they had bin desirous of that was doone to Caesar.

The courte daye being come, the Senate willed the assem­bly The Senate ta­keth a [...]ard [...] ▪ of the companyes to be gathered, and in the night, they sette vppe Tentes in the common place, and called a bande of Souldioures to desende them from all happes.

The people being offended, laboured for Antony by the helpe of Octaui [...], that sate among the Tentes, who entreated [...] novve [...]eth for Antony. for hym: for hée was very much afraid, least Decimus shoulde be Gouernoure of a Prouince of suche importaunce, and an armye so greate, béeyng one that hadde kylled hys fa­ther: and for thys cause hée beganne to fauoure Antonie, wyth whome he was reconciled, trusting to gette some good at hys hande.

The Tribunes being corrupted of Antony, and keping si­lence, Tribunes cor­rupted. the lawe tooke place, and the armye being nowe at the sea, [Page 183] was for reasonable consideration assigned to Antonie.

One of the Tribunes being dead, Octauius much fauoured Fla­minius against the next election, and bycause the people thought [...] ▪ The people mindeth to make Octauius [...]. himselfe woulde haue the office, but refused to aske it, bycause of his yong yeares, they determined neuerthelesse at the election, to make him Tribune. The Senate had enuy at his encrease, & were afraide, if he were Tribune, he would accuse his fathers killers to the people. And Antonie not regarding to breake friendship with Octauius, whither it were to please the Senate, and to quiet their minds, for the late lawe made for hys Pro­uince, Antony againste Octauius, aga [...]. or for their sakes that shoulde go to inhabite as Consull, hée decréed that Caesar shoulde deale with no man but lawfullye, otherwise he woulde further by al means his auctoritie against hym.

Thys declaration beyng vnpleasaunte to Caesar, and con­tumelious bothe to hym and the people, they were angrye, and entended to make stirre at the election, and to affraye An­tonie, Sedition procu­red. and by the helpe of the other Tribunes, to reuoke the de­crée.

Octauius Casar, as one euidently deceyued, sente manye to the Citties that hys father made for to inhabite, to shew them how hée was vsed, and to knowe their minds therin.

He sent some also as cariers of victual into Antonies campe, to mingle among them, chiefelye to deale wyth the boldest of them, and among the reste to scatter libells: and thus hée dydde.

The Capitaines and chiefe men with Antony, finding time conuenient, saide thus vnto him:

‘Wée (O Antonie) that wyth thée haue serued Caesar, The oration of the Capitaynes to Antony. and gaue to hym chiefe aucthoritie, and till this daye haue remayned as assured seruauntes of it, haue knowne that hys killers and the Senate fauouring them, didde as muche hate and séeke to dispatch vs. But when the people did disturbe them, we were encouraged agayne, bycause wée sawe that Caesar [Page 184] was not forgotten lacked no friendes, nor destitute of fauoure: yet did wee put all our truste in thée, as in Caesars friende, and nexte him, most acquainted in the seruice of warre, and nowe our Generall and for al respects most sit for it. When our eni­mies did rise, and boldly force Syria and Macedonia, and prepared mony and men against vs, and the Senate maintainyng Deci­mus, and thou consuming the tyme in contention with Caesar Octauius, not without cause, we were afraide, that in tyme to come, thys dissention [...]etwéene you, woulde raise a greater warre than hathe beene, and gyue occasion to our ennimies to do what they woulde againste vs: all the whyche, seeyng thy selfe doest vnderstande, we beséeche thee, that for Casars sake, and for oure loue, whiche hath doone nothing to offend thée, and for the com­modities that may rise both to thée and vs, that whilest thou mayest, thou wouldest agrée with Octauius, whiche onlye is suf­ficient, entending to be reuenged of the strykers. The whiche thing, cleare of all care, shall stay thée in aucthoritie, and place vs in securitie, that now are in doubt both for thée, and for oure selues.’

The chiefetaynes hauyng sayde thus muche, Antony thus aunswered:

‘What beneuolence and loue I haue euer borne to Caesar, Antonius [...] to the Captaynes. in all hys causes, offeryng my selfe to moste perills of all o­ther, you that haue béene in Souldiour fare with me, and pre­sent to euery thing that hathe bin done, can well testifie. How muche loue and good will he shewed to me, euen till his last day, I shall not néede to repeate. For his quellers, waying both th [...]se, me [...]ut [...] to haue kylled me with him: as thoughe I be­ing a [...], they coulde not thinke their intentes to▪ consiste in safetye. And if anye manne dydde affraye them from that mynde, it was not doone for desire and care of my life, but for a respecte onelye that they woulde not séeme to persecute their ennimies, but to dispatche a Tyran. Who then can thinke that I doe forgette Caesar my benefactour, or haue more estéemed his enimies than him, or woulde willingly forgyue them his death, that haue sought mine, as this new Caesar [Page 185] thinketh? How then commeth the obliuion of his deathe, and their aduancemēt to prouinces: for this he obiecteth against me, and not the Senate? Heare you then how it hathe come to passe. Caesar being slayne in the Senate house, euery man was afrayd, and I most of all for Caesars friendship, and ignorance of the facte, for I neyther hearde of the comuration, nor vnderstoode howe manye were of the conspirancie. The people was in tumulte, and the strikers with the swordplayers tooke the Capitoll, and made themselues fast, and the Senate was of their side, whyche is nowe more euident, bycause they decréed honors to them, as to the killers of a Tyrant, and if Caesar were a Tyrant, then must we haue bin destroyed strayght, as friends to a Tyrante. So I béeyng troubled with tumult, with feare and sorrow, coulde not vse reason, nor bée without perplexitie, as you maye perceyue, if you will consider, for on the one side, was néede of boldnesse ve­hemente, and on the other dissimulation extreame. Firste thys was to be done (the residue easlie followyng) to take away the honor to be gyuen to the strikers, againste th [...] whiche I onely standyng, resisted both the Senate, and them, and broughte to passe with greate payne, vsing eindente courage, onely offering my selfe to that perill, supposing that wée, Caesars friendes, should be in suretie, if he [...] were not condemned as a Tyrant. The lyke feare troubled our enimies and the Senate, that if he were not iudged a Tyrant, they shoulde be accompted manquellers. And for thys contention, I thoughte it best to gyue place, and to al­low obliuion of hys death, in stead of honor to be giuen to them, that I mighte wynne of them, as muche as by necessitie I coulde. And this was the manner of my doings, that neyther I dyd suffer Caesars name to be abolished, nor his substance to bée confiscate, nor his adoption (in the whiche this man nowe most gloryeth) to be dissolued, nor his testament to be frustrated. Hys bodye I caused to be buryed princely, and honoures due vnto him before, to be consecrated as immortall, and all his actes and decrées to be kept firme and sure, and hys sonne and our friends the Captaynes and the Souldioures, to be in good safetie, and to liue in honor in stead of rebuke. Thinke you the obteyning of [Page 186] these thynges of the Senate for Obliuion, were but small and trifles? or doe you thynke wythout Ob [...]uion the Senate would haue graunted them? whyche for these causes (I thynke) is playnely to bee performed, for a true dealyng wyth the strikers, and for animmortall glory of Caesar, and all oure weale and sure­tie. The whyche I haue not done of that purpose, but to turne the course to the contrarye. For when I hadde brought the Se­nate to that that was profitable to vs, and allowed the killers to remayne in quiet, I did ouerthrowe the Obliuion, not by de­crée nor statute (for that I coulde not) but by an earnest iealou­sie of the people, bringing Caesars bodye to be buryed in the com­mon place, and causing hys woundes to bée séene of the multi­tude, shewyng his vesture bloudy and mangled, and declaring his vertue and beneuolence to the people, wéeping when I made the mourning Oration. I called hym by the name of a kylled God. These were my wordes and workes, whereby the people was so prouoked, as in stead of Obliuion, they tooke fire, and wente to the quellers houses, and in the ende drone them out of the Citie. Howe thys was contrarye to the Senate, they béeyng gréeued wyth it, it was euidently séene. For they accused me first of am­bition, and appoynted prouinces to Brutus and Cassius, Syria, and Macedonia, whyche were full of greate armyes. And least they shoulde séeme to make hast before theyr tyme, they gaue them pretence to prouide grayne for the Citie. Wherefore a greater feare dyd yet trouble me, for lacke of an appoynted armye, as menne naked to syghte wyth so manye well armed, my fel­lowe béeyng a man suspected, and disagréeyng from me, and one of the conspirators agaynste Caesar, and appoynted to bée héere at the daye of hys deathe. For these thyngs béeyng in great trouble, and séekyng with spéede to disarme oure enimies, and to arme oure selues, I kylled Amatius. I thoughte good to call home Pompey, that by thys meane I mighte ioyne the Senate a­gayne. Yet not much trustyng them, I persuaded Dolobelia to aske Syria, not of the Senate, but of the people, by a lawe to bée made: and in hys sute I furthered hym, of a friende to make hym an enimie to the strikers: and that it shoulde séeme verye [Page 187] vnfytte for the Senate to denye me Macedonia, séeyng they hadde graunted Syria to Dolobella, for otherwise woulde they not haue graunted mée that prouince, nor delyuered me that armye, excepte they hadde firste graunted to Dolabella the same, to goe agaynste the Parthians: nor they woulde not haue taken from Brutus and Cassius, Syria and Macedonia, vnlesse they hadde ap­poynted some other prouinces to them for theyr suretie. Néedes must they appoynte one for another, but what man­ner ones, Cyrene and Creta, voyde of armies, whyche they oure enimies, in contempte, haue lefte as vnprofitable, and by vio­lence, haue entred the other, whyche wée tooke from them. Thus was oure armye putte from oure enimies to Dolabella, by deuice and sleighte, and exchange of other prouinces: for where warre was not, there must thinges bée done by lawe. This béeyng thus broughte to passe, and oure enimies gathering a­nother armye, I hadde néede of the same my selfe, that was in Macedonia, yet wanted occasion to require it. When the fame came that the Getes woulde inuade Macedonia, whyche not bée­yng beléeued, espies were sente to vnderstande the truth, I de­creed, that no man ought to aske the Dictatorshippe, nor to take it though it were gyuen hym. By the whych thyng they béeyng chiefly allured, appoynted me the armye, and then dyd I thinke my selfe equall with mine enimies, not these that be euidente, as Octauius thynketh, but other moe in number, greater in po­wer, and not yet appearing. When I had done this, one of the strikers remayned still hard at our sides, Decimus Brutus. He bée­yng a gouernoure of a greate countrey, and a mighty armye verye bolde, I deuised to take hys prouince from hym, yet wyth a regarde of the Senate, promising to delyuer Mace­donia voyde of armye. The Senate takyng the thyng euill, and perceyuing some deuice to bée hadde, what and howe greate matter was written to Decimus, you knowe, and to stirre the Consulles agaynste mée, wherefore wyth the more boldenesse dyd I practise to wynne that prouince, not by the Senate, but by the people and lawe, and to haue the armye of Macedonia come to Brund [...]s [...], to [Page 188] vse at all oportunities▪ and with the Gods help, we will vse them as necessitie shall compell vs. Thus from muche feare, wherein we were at the first, we be turned into safetie of them that haue to doe wyth vs, and into boldnesse agaynste oure foes, whose courage beginnes to shrinke, and ours to increase. You sée what repentance they make of their decrées, and what payne it was to mée to take France, gyuen to another man. You knowe what they wrote to Decimus, and what they persuaded the Consuls a­gaynste me for that matter, but wyth the Gods of oure Coun­trey, wyth dutifull mynde, and wyth oure valiante actes, by the whyche Caesar was a conqueroure, wée wyll reuenge him, labou­ring with our bodyes, and counselling wyth oure mynds. These thyngs (O Souldioure fellowes) I woulde haue secrete, al­though howe I haue done them, I haue tolde you, with whome I will participate all thyngs both in worde and déede, the which you may shewe to any other that do not knowe it, onely Octauius except, who is most vnthankefull to vs.’

When Antony hadde thus saide, it séemed to the Captaynes that he had done all things with great art and policie, to deceiue the quellers whome he hated, and therefore they were desirous to reconcile them with Caesar once agayne, and persuaded them to méete in the Capitoll.

Not long after, Antony did cause some of his gard to be ap­prehended by his friendes, as entised by Octauius to destroy him, Nevv despight [...] of Antony a­gainst Caesar. eyther to discredite Octauius, or for that he thoughte it true, lear­ning it of such as were sente to hys Campe. He declared this to be done by all coniecture, to dispatche hys person, whiche mat­ter béeyng quietly heard, caused muche adoe and indignation a­mong the people. A fewe that were grounded vppon reason, were glad that Antony myghte doe Caesar good, and also hurte at hys pleasure, bycause hée was terrible to the strikers, and if hée were once dispatched, they myghte wyth the more securitie, doe theyr feates, bycause the Senate chiefly fauoured them. Thus the wyser sorte did thinke: but the multitude séeyng that despight and hynderance was dayly offered to Octauius, they thoughte it not vnlike to be a calumniation, and yet supposed it not good [Page 189] nor honest, that Antony beyng Consull, shoulde bée in daunger of hys person. Octauius Caesar with greate anger and furie wente among them that were of thys opinion, and cryed, that hée was circumuented of Antony, for the frendshyppe that he onely had with the people, and ranne to Antonyes house, and there he ex­claymed Caesar exclay­meth agaynste Antony. and called the Gods to witnesse, with all execrations and othes, prouoking hym to come to tryall: and bycause no bo­dye came to hym, he sayde to hys friendes, I am contente to bée iudged by hys owne people. And with that, he brake in at the dores, but béeyng kepte backe, he sware, and rebuked them that kepte the gates, bycause they stopped hym from making fur­ther tryall wyth Antony. He wente hys way, and protested to the people, that if any hurte came vnto hym, it shoulde come by Antonyes meanes.

Hauyng spoken this with greate vehemencie, it gréeued the people, and some of them repented of theyr former opinion. Some stoode in doubte, and [...]usted neyther of them. Some thoughte it a dissimulation betwéene them, the better to bryng to passe, that they had agréed vpon in the Temple againste their enimies: and some thought Antonie deuised it, to haue a greater garrison about him, and to turne mens good will from Octauius.

Nowe was there secrete intelligence gyuen to hym, that the Antonyes armye at Brunduse discontented. armye at Brunduse, and the ordinarie Souldioures, were angrye with Antonie, bycause he neglected Caesars death, and that they woulde reuenge it to their power, and that Antonie was gone in hast to Brunduse for this cause: Octauius was afrayde, least he re­turning Antonyes goyng to Brunduse, su­spected to Caesar. with his armye, shoulde finde hym vnprouided. He tooke mony, and wente to Campania, to winne the Cities that were inhabited by such▪ as had serued his father, and first he per­suaded Celatia and Silio, two Townes about Capua. He gaue eue­rie Octauius goeth to make men. Celatia in Latio. Silio, Cas [...]ilinum in Campania, not farre from Capua. Feare in the Citie. man fiue hundred drammes, and had tenne thousande menne, neyther armed, nor distributed into due bands and order, but on­ly as a gard of his person vnder one ensigne. They in the Citie were afrayde of Antonies commyng with his army, and when they heard that Octauius was comming with another, they were in a double feare, and some tooke it well, that they mighte vse [Page 190] Octauius against Antony. Some that sawe theyr reconciliation in the Capitoll, thought it but a dissimulation, and a recompence of the one to be in authoritie, and the other to persecute the quellers.

In thys disquietnesse, Carnutiw. the Tribune, enimie to An­tony, and friende to Octauius, wente to knowe the truth, whyche [...]. béeyng done, hée declared to the people that there was playne variance betwéene Antony and Octauius, and that it stoode them in hande to make Octauius theyr friende, séeyng they had none o­ther armye to resist Antonyes Tyrannie. When he had sayde [...] [...] Tri­bune▪ [...] yo [...] Casar against Antony. thus, he willed Octauius to enter, who lay a little withoute the Citie at the Temple of Mars. Hée dyd so, and came to the Temple of Iupiters chyldren, about the whyche the Souloioures stoode with theyr weapons openly. Carnutius spake firste against ‘ Antony. Then Octauius hymselfe reuiued the memorie of hys father, and shewed what iniurie Antony hadde done hym, Octauius to the people. whereby he was forced to gette an armye for hys suretie, wyth the whyche he woulde obey, and serue his Countrey in all thyngs, nowe readye agaynste Antonie. When he hadde thus sayde, the Counsell was broken vp.’

The armye that thoughte otherwyse, bycause of theyr re­conciliation, and that they were onely broughte to preserue Octauius person agaynste hys quellers, séemed to bée gréeued, that suche wordes shoulde bee spoken agaynste Antonie, then béeyng a Generall of an armye, and Consull of the Citie: and some desired to goe home, as to arme themselues, for they coulde abyde none other, but theyr owne armies: and some tolde the very truth. Octauius army goeth from him.

Octauius beganne to doubt agayne, séeyng it came otherwyse to passe than he thought, and therefore gaue place to the occa­sion, trustyng to wynne them rather by gentlenesse than by [...] giueth [...] to the souldyoures. force, wherefore some he sente to bée armed, and some to theyr home agayne, promising them all for theyr laboures, and hy­dyng hys griefe, he gaue them newe giftes, and promised them more liberally to requite them, and that he woulde vse them in all hys enterprises, rather as hys fathers friendes, than as hys [Page 191] Souldioures. When he hadde so sayde, one thousande, or thrée at the most (for in thys the Writers vary) he wanne to tarrie, the rest wente awaye. They remembryng the toyle of tyllage, and the gayne of warfare, and the wordes of Caesar, that easilie dyd drawe them, and the giftes they hadde receyued, with the hope of that they shoulde receyue, as the variable nature of people is, beganne to repent, and turning occasion to dutie, they armed themselues, and returned to him, and he went to Rauenna Octauius armye returneth to him. Ar [...]uum a Citie in Tuscane, thirty myles from Florence. for more reuenue, and when he hadde gone ouer the Countrey, and gotten more menne one after another, he sente them to A­rezz [...].

In this meane time of the fiue Legions of Macedonie, foure were come to Antonie to Brunduse, accusing him, as one that neg­lected Caesars deathe: and bycause they gaue no gréetyng to hym when they broughte hym to hys seate, as to heare somewhat firste sayde of themselues, he was offended with their silence, Antony offended vvith the Souldioures. and coulde not refrayne, but rebuked them of vnthankefulnesse, that where by hym they were called from the iourney into Par­thia, to remayne in Italie, they did not acknowledge anye thanke A mutiny in Antonyes Camp. for it. Then he blamed them for bearing with the rashe yong man, (for so he called Caesar) that they woulde not discouer to hym suche persons, as he had sente to make difference betwéene them: but he woulde fynde them out hymselfe, intendyng to leade them to the wealthie prouince of Celtica, and to gyue e­uery one that woulde abide with hym, one hundred drammes. The Souldyoures laught at his miserable offer, and the more The Souldy­oures laught at the miserie of Antony. he was angry, the more were they in disorder and tumulte, wherefore he rose and sayde, You shall learne to be ruled.

Then he enquired of the Chiefetaynes, who were the se­ditious? (for among the Romaines they vsed to note euerye manne by writing) and by lawe of warre he chose them out, but hée dyd not kyll euery tenth manne, but parte of them, thinking by a fewe, to affray the rest. They, not to feare, but rather to anger and hate, tourned his doings, whiche thyng when they perceyued, that were sente thyther by [Page 192] Octauius, they threwe billes aboute the Campe, conteyning the niggardnesse and crueltie of Antonie, with an vnthankefulnesse T [...] [...]a▪ [...]y in [...]ng. to Caesar that dead was, and the liberalitie and gentlenesse of him that now they might help. Antonie with great diligence soughte out the authors, with threatning of greate payne to them that dyd not disclose them, but when he coulde not finde anye out, hée was muche offended, that the whole army should fauoure them: and when he hearde of the extraordinarie bands that were gone to Caesar Octauius, and what was done for him at Rome, he was troubled, and came agayne to the army and sayde. ‘It did greeue him to doe that he had done for the necessitie of Souldious disci­pline, taking but a few, in stead of many, according to the lawe, Antony to his Souldyoures. and that they did well knowe, that Antonie was neyther cruell, nor sparing, but (quoth he) let anger go, let this be ynough, both of punishment, and of offence, and as for the hundred drammes, he meante it not as a gifte, (for Antonies fortune requyred o­therwyse) but as a welcome of fyrste acquayntance betwéene them, rather than a gifte, hée wylled them to haue it, and that by the lawe of their Countrey and Souldyoures order, they oughte to bée obediente to hym in thys, and in all other thyngs.’

Thus he sayd: yet dyd he not adde anye more to the somme, least the Captayne shoulde séeme to giue place to the Souldi­oure, and they eyther for repentance or for feare, accepted it, and hée changed the officers of hys Campe, eyther for the dis­pleasure of thys sedition, or for some other suspition. The rest, with suche furniture as he had, deuiding his host, he sent by sea to Arimeno.

He takyng one bande of the most likely men, both in bodye and obedience, wente towarde Rome, from thence to goe also Arimeno in [...] ▪ to Arimeno. Hée proudely entred the Citie, leauyng one bande withoute the Citie in Campe, and wyth them that were a­boute hym armed, hée caused hys house to bée garded in the nyghte for hys safetie, to whome he gaue watchwordes, in dy­uers parts, as a garrison in the Citie. He assembled the Senate, intending to haue accused Octauius for his doings, but at [Page 193] his entry, it was tolde him that the martiall legion by the way was gone to Octauius. And as hée stoode in doubt and feare what Tvvo legion▪ reuolte to Octa­uius frō Antony. to doe, it was also shewed hym, that the fourthe legion follo­wing the Martials example, was likewise reuolted to Octa­uius. Being much troubled, he entred, and made a shew as he had called the Senate for an other purpose, & tarried not long there, but went to the gates, and from thence to the Cittie of Alba, to stay the reuolters. But being put from the walles, hée re­tourned, and to the other legions hée sente fiue hundred drams Tibur [...], novv T [...]uol [...]. a man, and with them that he hadde, hée wente to Tiburo, ha­uyng suche prouision as they bee wonte that goe agaynst theyr enimies.

Nowe was it euident that warre woulde followe, for Decimus meante not to leaue hys Prouince.

Antony beeyng in thys place, almoste all the Senate, and manye of the Gentlemen came to do hym honor, and so dyd a great part of the people, synding hym gyuyng othe to hys soul­diors that were presente, and of other that hadde serued him béefore, whyche resorted to hym in greate number. And they fréely sware to Antony, that they woulde not breake The Senatoures and Citizens svvorne to An­tony. faith and beneuolence wyth hym. So as nowe a man mighte doubte, who they were, that a little before hadde spoken a­gainste Antony for Octauius Caesars sake.

Antony thus wyth great pompe, approched Arimeno, where was the beginning of Fraunce Cel [...]ca his armye. Beside these newe Souldioures, was thrée legions from Macedonia, for nowe all were come vnto hym, and the olde Souldioures that then serued, were counted twice so good as the yong.

So hadde Antony an armye of foure legions of experte Antonies armye▪ Souldioures, beside suche as bée wonte to followe as ven­turers, and the olde guarde of hys person, wyth other n [...]we chosen.

Lepidus in Iberia, hadde thrée legions, Asinius Pollio, twoo, Lepidus▪ Asinius Pollio, Plancus. and Plancus in further Fraunce, thrée, all the whyche séemed to take Antonies parte.

Octauius Octauius Caesar had twoo choise legions that wente from An­tony▪ [Page 194] one of yōg souldiors, and two of them that serued him first, neyther full in number, nor furnished in armoure, yet supplyed of the newe commers. He gathered these togither at Alba, and sent them to the Senate.

They dydde so muche reioice in Octauius, as a man myghte doubte that anye dydde before honoure Antony: yet were they The Senate mi­staked o [...] Octauius us and Antony bothe. not content that the legions that went from hym, shoulde goe to Octauius, and not to them Neuerthelesse, they praysed them and Caesar, promising shortly after to determine by decrée what was to bee doonc, when the newe Magistrates hadde theyr of­fices.

It was euident in the ende, that they woulde bend against Antony, and bycause they had no army, and coulde gather none wythout the Consuls auctoritie, they deferred all till the newe election.

Caesars army offred him Maces and Sergeants prepared, and prayed him to take vpon hym the Lieutenantship and leading of their warre, they being euer vsed to such auctoritie.

He thanked them for the honoure, but referred the matter to the Senate, & them that wolde haue gone by heaps for this pur­pose, he forbad, and staied them that would haue sent Ambassa­dours, that the Senate (quoth hée) maye take order for it of themselues, vnderstanding of your offer, and my refusall. They hardly beeyng contented this waye, and the Capitaines constru­ing it as men had in some suspition, he declared vnto them, that the Senate dyd not rather encline to him for good will, than for feare of Antony, and want of army, til we (quoth he) haue dispatched Antony.

The murtherers being friends and kinsemen to the Senate, wil gather power for thē, whych I perceyuing, wil pretend to obey them. And this is not to be disclosed, for if we take power vppon vs, they will call it violence and contumelic: but if wée make daunger of it, they will peraduenture giue it vs, fearing otherwise wée shal haue it by you.

When hée hadde thus sayde, hée sawe the twoo legious [Page 195] that came to him from Antony, shewing the shape of battayle, A [...]he [...]re of fight by tvvoo legions. contending together in as vehement wise, as thoughe they hadde béene fighting indéede (kylling onely excepted) and hée béeing delighted with this feate, and glad to take the occasion, didde gyue to euery man other fiue hundred drammes, and if anye necessitye by the warre shoulde followe, hée promised to them, hauing the better hande, fyue thousande drammes a man.

Thus did Caesar with liberalitie of rewarde, winne them that were hys hyred menne, and these were the dooyngs in Italy.

In Fraunce, Antony commaunded Decimus to go into Mace­donia, Antony vvar­neth Decimus oute of his Pro­uince. to obey the people, and saue himselfe.

Decimus sente him the letters of the Senate verye well written, signifying, that as well oughte hée to obey the Senate, as he the people. Antony appoynted hym a daye when hée woulde vse hym as an enimie. Decimus required hym to ap­poynt a longer daye to hymselfe, that hée shoulde not too soone be made an enimye to the Senate. Antony, that was too good for hym in the fielde, yet thoughte it better to goe vnto the Ci­ties, and they receyued hym.

Decimus béeyng afrayde that hée shoulde not when hée would, enter anye of them, fayned he hadde receyued letters from the Senate, to returne to Rome wyth hys army, and so as one goyng home into Italy, he was receiued in euery place.

But when he came to Mutina, a plentifull Citie, he shutte Mutina a Citie in Lumbar [...]y, rovv Modena. Decimus taketh Modena for hys defence. the gates, and commaunded the Citizens to bring all thynges foorthe, that was necessarye for foode, and caused al their beasts to be kylled and poudred, for feare the siege woulde laste long, and so he tarryed for Antonies comming.

Hys armye was a number of Sworde-players, and thrée legions armed, whereof one was of new Souldiours with­oute experience, the other two of former seruice, and very faith­full to hym.

[Page 196] Antony with anger came againste Decimus, and caste a trenche aboute the Cittie, and so was Decimus besieged. In Rome, the Consuls according to the yeare, being chosen, dydde straighte assemble the Senate with sacrifices in the Temple agaynste Antony.

Cicero and his friends, did require he might be iudged an eni­mie, Cicero againste Antony. bycause, he by force of armes, didde take the Prouince of France, contrarie to the Senats pleasure, to trouble hys coun­trey, and bycause he had brought that army into Italie, that was appoynted hym againste the Thracians.

They alleadged also againste hym, that after Caesar he sought to rule, being armed in the Citie with so many band-leaders, and vsing his house as a forte full of Souldiours and Ensigns, and in all hys dooyngs more insolent, than became a yearely officer.

Lucius Piso, one that fauoured Antonies faction (and a man Lucius Piso a­gainste Cicero. verye notable among the Romaynes) and other that fauou­red Piso for Antonies cause, required hée myghte bée called in­to iudgement, bycause it was not the manner of theyr coun­trey to condemne anye manne before hée were hearde, nor conuenient, that hée that was yesterdaye a Consull, should thys daye be an enimy, especially hauing bene so ofte praysed bothe of Cicero and of other.

The Senate stoode doubtfull in the cause all the night. Senate againste Antony.

The nexte day in the morning, béeyng agayne assembled, the Ciceronians wyth greate instaunce, hadde decréede An­tony an ennimye, hadde not Saluius the Tribune dissolued the counsell till the nexte daye. In these offices hée hathe moste po­wer that maye prohibite.

The Ciceronians dydde spitefully laboure againste hym, and Ad [...]ra againste Antony. ranne among the people, to styrre them vppon hym, and cited Saluius to aunswere. He wythoute feare came foorthe, till the Saluius. Senate stayed hym, fearing leaste he should incense the people to drawe them to the memorye of Antonie, they were not ignoraunte, that they condemned a noble manne wyth­out iudgement, nor that the people had gyuen hym France: [Page 197] but for feare of the strykers, they were angry with hym, by­cause he first brake the lawe of Obliuion, & therefore they chose Octauius, agaynst him before, who not being ignoraunt therof, was desirous to dispatch Antony.

The Senate being thus affected, the voyces notwithstan­ding were deferred to the Tribunes. Yet it was determined, that Decimus shoulde be praysed for that he had not giuē, place to Antonie in Celtica: And that Caesar with the Consuls Hircius & Pansa, should ioyne with such armies as he now had, & that an Image of gold should be made to honour him, & that he might giue voyce among the Senatours, and be allowed to be Con­sull Honours giuen to Octanius. ten yeares before the lawe: and that the legions that went from Antony to him, shoulde haue as muche giuen them of the Treasure, as Caesar had appointed to them after the victorie: all the which being decréed, they brake vp, euen as already Anto­ny had, being an enemy in déede, no Tribune daring speake for him the next daye.

Wherefore his wife, and hys mother, wyth his sonne being yet yong, and his other friendes and familiars, all the night went to the great mens houses, to beséech them, and the next daye came to the Senate house, suing to euerye man, fal­ling to their féete, with wéeping and wayling in blacke habite, they cryed out at the counsel dore: and some, for the lamentable voyces and behauiour, & for the sodennesse of the matter, were moued with compassion: wherefore Cicero being afrayde, he spake thus vnto the Senate.

‘What we ought to decrée of Antony, yesterday we did de­termine, Cicero against Antony. for when we gaue honour to his aduersaries, we cō ­demned him as an enimie. Saluius, was only an impediment a­gainst vs, eyther for that he thinketh himselfe more wise than we, or for the friendship he beareth to Antony, or for ignorāce of the matter. Euerye one of these, is to our great shame, that al we should haue lesse wit than one: and also to Saluius, if he do prefer his friendship before the cōmon wealth. But, whē he hath not well vnderstand this present case, he should haue giuen credite to the Consul, the Pretors, and to the Tribunes [Page 198] his fellowes, and to the other Senatoures in number and wor­thinesse so manye, who for oure age and experience, oughte to knowe Antonie▪ better than Salu [...]o. In publique causes and iudgementes the more parte euer hath the right, but if causes muste vee knowne, and nowe learned agayne, I wyll re­peate them briefelye, and touche the moste principall mat­ter.’

‘When Caesar was deade, Antony tooke awaye oure com­mon money, the rule of Macedonia he hadde by vs, but into Fraunce he entred violently without vs. The army that was delyuered hym againste the Thracians, hée brought into Italie againste vs, requiring these deceitfully of vs, and not obtay­ning, hee did them of himselfe. At Brunduse he [...] ordained a princelye bande to be aboute hym, and openlye in Rome, men in armour dyd guarde and watche hym vnder ensignes. He broughte from Brunduse an other armye to the Cittie readye to all attemptes, aspiring to the things that Caesar (whom hée lamented) coueted: and when yong Caesar prepa­red againste hym another armye, hee was afrayde and wente into Fraunce, as a place fittest to vse force a­gainste vs, bycause Caesar from that place did inuade vs, and got the rule ouer vs, and giuing terrour to his armye, that they mighte sticke to him in all hys vnlawfull doo­yngs, by lotte, hee caused them to dye, neither making anye mutinie, nor forsaking their charge and order in battell, for the whiche onelye the lawe of armes, (I thinke,) hath appoynted that punishemente, whyche, fewe Capitaynes scarcelye in greate perills woulde vse for ne­cessitie: But hee at a worde and a ieste giueth death to Citizens, and death not of them that deserue, but of suche as he woulde choose: wherefore they that coulde, haue forsaken hym, and you yesterdaye dyd determine to rewarde them, as those that hadde doone well. They that coulde not escape awaye, for feare doe dwell with him, and as enimies inuade youre lande, and besiege youre armye: and youre generall, and whom you appoynted [Page 199] to remaine in Fraunce, Antony commaundeth hym to de­parte.’

‘Whether then haue we iudged Antony an ennimye, or doeth hée vse vs as enimyes? Oure Tribune wyll not know this, tyll Decimus be deade, and tyll that prouince so greate and so nygh vnto vs, and after the prouince, the armye also of Decimus maye be in Antonies power, to worke hys hope agaynste vs. For by lyke the Tribunes wyll not [...]o soone decrée hym to be an ennimye, tyll hee bée Lorde o­uer vs.’

Whyle Cicero was thus saying, hys friendes made a greate noyse continuallye:, and woulde not suffer anye manne to speake agayne, tyll Piso rose vppe, when as the Senate for the reuerence of him commaunded silence, and then the Ciceronians stayde, and Piso thus beganne to speake:

‘The lawe, (O Senatours) doth allowe the accused to Piso against [...] haue hys cause heard, and when he hath aunswered for him­selfe, to be iudged accordynglye: Cicero the moste vehement Oratoure, I doe chalenge, who durste not accuse Antony when he was presente, and in hys absence hath layde greate matter to his charge, the greatest and doubtfullest whereof I wyll note, and wyth shorte aunswere shewe them to bée false.’

‘Hee sayeth, that Antony after Caesar▪ deathe, dyd take the publique money as hys owne, the lawe calleth suche one [...]. Theefe, and not an enimye, appointyng the payne. Therefore when Brutus hadde slayne Caesar, and accused hym to the people, for spoyling the common money, and leauing the [...]te [...] nothyng, Antony by and by did decrée, that the matter [...] [...]t searched [...] approued hys sentence by publique [...], appointyng a rewarde of the tenthe [...], to them that woulde declare it, whych we wyll double if any man can accuse Antony of that. And thus much concer­ning the money.’

[Page 200] ‘The prouince of Fraunce we did not appoint to Antony: the people did by lawe, Cicero being present, in such sort as manye other be giuen, and heretofore gaue the same to Caesar in like maner. Part of the decrée is, that Antony should make warre vpon Decimus if he would not giue place vnto him, and that the army prepared against the Thracians, (who stirreth not) shoulde be led against him, if he resisted. Cicero doth not iudge Decimus an enemye that maketh warre againste the lawe, but Antony, that obeyeth the lawe. If he condemneth hym, hee condemneth them that made the lawe, whome hee ought by persuasion to pacific, and not to prouoke by contu­melie. Neither ought he to credite that place to Decimus, whō the people haue bannished for murder, & discredite Antony, to whom the people haue giuen it by law. It is no good counsel to make diuision with the people, especially in daūgerous times, nor to forget, that this belongeth chiefly to the people, to iudge of friendes and foes: for by the auntient lawes, the people only is Lord of war and peace, in the whiche at this time notwith­standing they haue not appointed, nor commaunded, nor vsed their priuiledge ouer vs. But (he saith) Antony killed certain Souldiours, being general and appointed therevnto by you. Neuer was there Captaine generall, that was charged wyth that offīce. For the lawes haue not thought it méete, that the Captaine should be subiect to the Souldiours: and there is no­thing worse in a campe, than disobedience, by the whiche some conquerours haue bene ouerthrowen. None of them that were punished, haue complayned, nor none of their friendes or kins­folke. But Cicero hath accused, and finding fault at their death, instead of such honor as hath ben wont to be giuen to such ex­ecuters, he wil haue Antony exclaymed an enimy. How Anto­nies army was disordered, & how they dis [...]ayned hym, it is en [...] ­dēt, by the two legions y ^• are fled frō him, whō you cōmanded to serue vnder him [...] they, contrary to y ^• law of souldiers, haue not fled frō him to you, but to Octa. Caesar, which Cicero, prayseth also, & yesterday would haue thē rewarded of y ^• commō Trea­sure, whiche example I pray God you do not one daye repent, [Page 201] to suche inconuenience hath enmity caried Cicero. He accu­seth Antonies Tyranny also, and murder of souldiours, wher­as they that séeke mischiefe to their countries, euer do please their armies, and not so punish thē. And bycause he can accuse Antony of none other matter of Tiranny after Caesars rule, go to, I wil aske him questions of euery thing. Whom hath An­tony killed vnharde, as a Tyrant, who now him selfe vnhard is in daunger to be condemned? whome hath he vanished? whom hath he cast out? hath he bin so to euery particular man? hathe he layde traynes for vs all at once when (O Cicero) he decreed forgetfulnesse of all things done? or that no man shoulde prose­cute the murder? or that a search shoulde be made of common Treasure? or when he called home Pompey, your Pompeis sonne? or when he wished he might be recompenced of the common, for his fathers substaunce? or when he dispatched the counter­fayte Marius? whom then you al praysed and now only, in that Cicero will not, you disprayse? or when he determined that no Dictator should be created or spoken of: or when he ordayned that he that would, shoulde dye for it. These were the things that Antony did to vs in two monethes, when he alone re­mayned in the Cittie after Caesar: when by and by the people pursewed the stickers, when by and by we were afrayde of things to come. When, if he woulde haue taken his occasion and haue bene vmust, he coulde not haue had a better, yet hée dyd not vse hys power to the contrary. What did not he alone rule, when Dolobella was gone into Syria? What dyd not he vse hys army preste, to al purposes in the Citie, whyche you appointed to hym? did he not watch the Citie? was not he him­self garded by night for feare of his enimies? had he not occasiō by Caesars death, his friend, and benefactour, and most deare to the people? Had he not another, more nere whē his body was laid for of mē, of whom he neyther banished, nor put to death any but rather fauoured them as much as by reasō & honesty he coulde, not enuying them? These you sée. O Romaines, be the greatest, and most doubtful matters that Cicero hathg a­thered against him, and to hys accusations he ioyneth deuina­tion: [Page 202] as thoughe Antony woulde haue broughte so greate an armye, againste the Cittie, but that hee was a­frayde of Octauius Caesar, that preuented hym wyth an other armye. If to entende onely so, bee the parte of a manne that is an ennimye, why doeth hee not counte hym one that came and encamped in the Cittye, and gaue you no warnyng of it? If Antony woulde come, howe hapte it hee came not? was hée afrayde of Caesars thrée thousande vnarmed, he hauyng thirtye thousand well ar­med? They came onely to Caesar for to helpe to a pacifycation betwéene them, but when they saw that warre would follow, they forsooke hym. If he were afrayde when hée had thyrtie thousande? howe came he hither with one thousande? with the whyche goyng to Tibure, howe manye dyd wee sende vnto hym? howe manye of vs wente to bee sworne of hym, that were not sworne before? what prayses dyd Cicero make of hys good gouernemente and vertue? howe woulde Antony, if hee hadde knowen thys, haue lefte wyth vs the pledges that nowe bee without the Senate house, hys mother, hys wife and hys young sonne, whyche lamente and feare nowe, not of Antonies doyngs in the common wealthe, but for hys ennimyes po­wer.’

‘Thys I haue rehearsed vnto you, as an example of Antonies innocencye, and Ciceros mutabilitye. And to them that well wyll consyder, I wyll giue thys exhorta­tion: neyther to charge the people nor Antony, ney­ther to bring in generall enimetie and daunger, the com­mon wealthe, beyng sickely, and wantyng them that spée­d [...]c might relieue it: but to make the Cyttie strong before they abroade doe styrre anye tumulte, whereby wee maye resiste anye that wyll ryse againste vs, and [...]ge of them as wee shall thinke good, and performe what wee haue iudged. But howe can thys bée done? If wee can suffer Antony for the loue or fauour of the [Page 203] people, to haue Fraunce, if wee call home Decimus wyth hys three legions, and when hée is come, sen [...]e hym into Macedonia, retayning hys legions, and calling for the two legions that wente from Antony, wee doe require them (as Cicero sayeth of Caesar) to bee in the Ci­tie, so as hauyng fiue legions, wee maye confyrme what wee will by decree, and not be driuen to hang of anye mans hope.’

‘Thys haue I spoken to the hearers, without enuye or e­mulation. But for them that inconsiderately and vnadui­sedly séeke to trouble▪ you for priuate grudge or displeasure, I shall beséeche the Judges not to bée to quicke nor swifte againste so greate men, and leaders of so mightye armyes, that they doe not force them to make warre againste their wyli, remembryng Marcus Coriolanus, and the late Caesar, whom, bringing an armye likewise, and offring verye good conditions of concorde, wee rashelye condemned as eni­mye, and of necessitie made him to bee so indéede. Let vs beare wyth the people, that while earst did stirre againste the strykers of Caesar, that we séeme not, to hys reproch, to giue them prouinces of nations, nor prayse Decimus, bycause hee despiseth the peoples lawe, and condemne Antony, by­cause hee receyueth Fraunce by the peoples order. And it behoueth them that bee of good iudgement, to redresse them that goe astraye, and the Consuls and Tribunes to prouide for the daungers of the present state.’

Thus dyd Piso speake in defence, with cries and sharpe wordes, and was the onlye cause why Antony was not iudged a rebell. Yet coulde he not obtayne that hee shoulde haue the prouince of Frenche Celtica. For the friendes and kinsefolke of the killers for feare did lette it, leaste the warre shoulde ceasse, and hee bee at one with Octauius, and they both reuenge Caesars deathe. Wherefore theyr practise and deuise was to kepe Antony and Octauius styll at debate.

[Page 204]It was decréed that Antony should receiue Macedonie, in stead of Lombardie. Al other orders, eyther of ignoraunce or of pur­pose, they committed to Cicero to appoint, and to giue answere to Embassadours. He hauing this sentence, dyd thus deter­myne.

That Antony shoulde streight departe from Modena, and The decrees of Cuer [...] against Amony. leaue Celtica to Decimo: and to be within the compasse of the floud Rubicone (which diuideth Italie from Lombardie) by a daye prefixed, and committe all his matters to the Senate.

Thus Cicero ambitiously and vniustly dyd appointe his de­terminations, not for anye so great priuate enmitie, but as it shoulde séeme, by destinye that was determined to trouble the state with mutation, and bring himselfe to some euill happe in the ende.

At this instante they were come that broughte the ashes of Trebonius, and the despight vsed to him, which being throughly knowne, the Senate did easilye decrée Dolabella to bée a re­bell. Dolabella decla­red a rebel.

When the messengers were come to Antony, they were a­shamed of their strange commission, and sayd nothing, but de­liuered the decrée vnto him▪ He with great anger did [...]ueigh a­gainst the Senate & Cicero, maruelling that they would thinke The ansvvere of Antony to the decree. Caesar a Tyranne or a king: ‘that had so muche augmented the state of Rome, and not accompte Cicero so, whome Caesar toke in warre, and yet did not kill, whereas Cicero doeth preferre hys killers, before his friendes, and hated Decimus, when he was trusty to Caesar, and loued him euer since he was a killer of him, & would ayde him that only by Caesar kept Celtica, & iudge hym a rebell that had it by the people. To the legions that were as­signed by decrée, and reuolted, the Senate giueth rewarde, but none to them that remayne in their duety: and so cor­rupt (quoth he) the discipline of war, not belonging to me, but to the Citie. To the quellers, he could graunt obliuion of the facte, to whiche I consente for two noble mennes sake: but Antonye and Dolobella hee iudgeth enimyes, bycause [Page 205] wee kéepe that was giuen vs, for that is the verye cause. Antony to the Senate. But if I leaue Celtica, I am neither enimy nor tyranne.’ I pro­test I will dissolue that forgetfulnesse, that shall not be verye acceptable to hym.

Many things after this sorte spake Antony, and wrote thys Antony to Cicero aunswere to the decrée, that to the Senate he woulde obey as to hys Countrey, but to Cicero, that wrote the commaundement, thus he spake:

The people haue giuen me Celtica by lawe: Decimus, that wil not obey, I will remoue, and reuenge the matter of murther in hym for all, that the Senate may be purged of the [...]aulte they Antony conde [...] ­ned. be in, whereof they be ful for Ciceroes sake, to helpe Decimus. When Antony had thus saide, he wrote it by and by. Where­fore the Senate iudged hym an enimy, and the armye with him, vnlesse they wente from hym.

Macedonia and Illiria with the armies of both, they appointed The povver of Marcus Brutus in Asia, Macedonia and Slauonia. to Marcus Brutus, till the common wealth were brought to better state. He had an armye of hys owne, and had receyued one of Appuleius. He had shippes bothe gallies and hulkes, and sixtéen thousand talents of money, and greate plenty of armour, which he founde in the Citie of Demeatride, layde vp there by Caesar, all Demeatride, a tovvne in Thes [...] salie, that vvas called Pagasa, novve Demea­trida. Syria appoynted o Cassius. the whiche the Senate confirmed by the decrée, that hée mighte vse to the benefit of hys country.

Syria was by the Senate appoynted to Cassius, and commaun­ded to make warre vppon Dolobella, and all that had prouinces or armies of the Romaines from the Ionian Sea to the Easte, were charged to obey Brutus and Cassius. Wherefore Cassius and Brutus estate was sodainely in great fame.

When Octauius Caesar vnderstoode these thynges, hée was in doubt, for where he thought the lawe of Obliuion to procéede of a conueniēcie of humanitie, and a respect of pitie of their kins­folke that were men in like aucthoritie, and therfore had appoin­ted them to prouinces for a shorte tyme for their securitie, as Celtica to Decimus, to note Antony of Tyranny, and by that de­uice to induce hym againste Antony.

Nowe that Dolobella was condemned as a rebell, for killing [Page 206] one of the quellers, and that mightye nations were giuen in prouince to Erutus and Cassius, and manye armies wyth greate speedin [...]ie appointed to them, with abundaunce of money: and that they were made Generalles of all the people from Ionia to India. He perce [...]ued that all this tended to the aduauncement of Pompeys parte, and to the vtter destruction of Caesars: And that the Senate wente aboute to deceyue hym as a youngman: (the plotte wherof he conceiued in his mynd,) and that when he was VVhen hey [...]. made a Capitaine against Antony, it was meant to take his ar­mye from him, and that the Consulls being in the fielde, there was no néede of any other Capitayne, and that onely honours were gyuen to the Souldiours that reuolted from Antony, and hys vnhonoured: and that this warre would worke his infamy, be [...]ng vsed to none other intent of the Senate, but to the destru­ction of Antony. He kept the considerations secrete to hymselfe, and mak [...]ng sacrifice for the charge gyuen hym, he thus sayd to hys armye.

‘This honour, (O fellow Souldiours) I may thanke you [...] to the souldiours. for, not onelye nowe, but from the tyme you gaue mée power. For your sakes the Senate haue gyuen i [...] me, and therfore, for this also you know I am youre debtor of thankes, whiche, if the Gods shall gyue vs god lucke, I will requite abundantly. Thus did he speake to win [...]e hys armye and marched foorth.’

Pansa, one of the Consuls, lead his army, ouer Italy, Hirti­us, [...]. the other Consull, diuided with Caesar: and as he was secrete­ly instructed of the Senate, he required in the di [...]ision, the two legions that went from Antony, bycause they were counted the best Souldiors. Caesar did grant euery thing, and when they had diuided, they encamped togither that wynter.

At the ende of winter, Decimus beganne to lacke victual, wherefore Hirtius and Caesar wente to Mutina, that Antony [...] of [...], one of [...] o [...] Italy, and [...] and [...]. shoulde not get from them Decimus armye opprest with famine.

Antony holding Mutina straighte, they with all their forces woulde not fight with hym, but tarried for Pansa. Diuers skir­mishes were made, in the whyche, thoughe Antony hadde the greater number of horse, yet the narrownesse of the fielde, and [Page 207] the ditches about the riuers, did kéepe backe the multitude of horsemen. And thus went the matter at Mutina.

In Rome in the absence of the Consuls, Cicero dydde al, as the Cicero rule [...]h all at Rome. peoples ruler. He assembled the Senate euerye daye: hée made prouision of armour, compelling workemen without payment: He gathered money, and putte great impositions vppon An­tonies friendes. They suffered it patiently to auoide displeasure, til Publius Ventidius that had serued vnder Caesar, and was friende Ventidius ma­keth Rome afraid and Cicero to flee. to Antony, could not abide the sharpenesse of Cicero, but wente to Caesars habitations, where he was well knowne, and gotte twoo legions, whyche he ledde to Antonie, by Rome, to take Cice­ro. Great trouble grew of this, insomuche as manye wente awaye wyth their wiues and children for feare, and Cicero Cicero fleeth. fledde oute of the Cittie, whyche when Ventidius knewe, hée tourned straighte to Antony, and being stepte by Caesar and Hir­tius, La M [...] ca de▪ An­cona the coūtry of Ancona. hée wente to Picene, where he gathered another legion, and stayed to sée what would come.

The Consull and Caesar, séeing that Pansa drew nighe with hys hoste, sente Cars [...]leius the leader of Caesars chiefe bande, and Carsuleius. the Martiall legion to helpe him to passe the straights.

Antonie dydde not muche care for the passage, so he mighte The stratage [...] of Antony. otherwise hinder them, and being desirous of the [...]ight, could not vse his horsemen in the playne, bycause of the Fenny place full of ditches. He hidde twoo of hys beste legions in the Fenne, the waye béeing made by hande, and straighte, and on both sides couered with réedes.

Carsuleius all the nighte passing [...]hys place, by the breake of day, was come to the way made with hand. With the Martialls Souldioures and fyue other bandes, they wente vppon the made way, being cleare of ennimyes, and beholde the Fenne on euerye syde, and when they sawe the stirring of the réedes, and some glittering of terg [...]ts and headpéeces, they began to suspect, when as the chiefe band of Antony sodainelye appeared afore them.

The Martiall legion being on both sides beset, and hauing [Page 208] no roomth to shifte abroad, forbad the newe souldiours to take anye paines wyth them, leaste for lacke of experience they shoulde trouble them, they placed Caesars thiefe bande againste Antonies, and they diuiding themselues to twoo, encountred with bothe legions. Pansa was Capitaine of the one parte, and The notable fighte of the Martiall legion againste tvvo of Antonies, and the tvvo chiefe handes of Anto­ny and Octauius. This battell is declared in the tenth booke of [...] hys E­P [...]stles. Cars [...]leius of the other. And bycause there was two Fens, there was two fights: and bycause of the straight place, the one could not sée the other: and vppon the verye waye, the two chiefe bandes beganne another fight betweene themselues. Antonies men entended to be reuenged of the Martialls, bycause they were fugitiues, and to vse them as traytoures. The Marti­alls woulde bée reuenged of them, as suspected of theyr fellowes deathes at [...]unduse. Béeyng thus priuie one to ano­thers doings, and that they were the strength of eyther armye, they hoped by thys onely feate, that the warre woulde be deter­mined. The one was ashamed that two legions shoulde be ouer­come of one, the other sought glorye, that one legion shoulde de­feate two: and so they ioyned battel for anger and emulation▪ ra­ther of themselues, than of their Capitaynes, trying now their owne matter. And for their experience, they neyther made crie, as though they had not stroken one another, nor in the fight any of them vttered anye voyce, neither when he had the better, nor when he had the worse. They fetched no compasse nor course, but stoode firme, as in Fennes and ditches, where they could not one put another backe, but with their shorte swords, they clas­ped togither, as in a wrestling place. No blowe was giuen in vaine▪ but either woundes or slaughter followed, and only sighes in steede of voice. He that fell had straight another putte in hys place. There was no néede of exhortation or calling on, euerye man by his owne experience was a Captayne to hymselfe. And when they had ouerlaboured, they woulde staye to take breath, as men do in places of exercise, and straighte close agayne.

The young souldiours stoode in a maze to sée thys feate doone with so good order and silence: all these continuing beyond mans nature, the chiefe band of Caesar was all slaine. The Martialls vnder Carsuleius hadde rather the vpper hande of their enimies, [Page 209] who not disorderedly but in ray, withdrew thē selues. They vn­der Pansa dyd abide it out, and equally stoode to it on bothe sides, till Pansa was wounded with a darte in the belly, and was caried Pansa the [...]. to bononia. Then they, at the firste retyred in order, but after they turned more swiftely as flying, which when the yong Souldi­ours sawe, they fled with confusion and crie to the campe: which Torquatus the Pretor had prouided whyles they were fightyng, foreséeing the néede of it, to the whiche the new Souldiours ran with great violence, beyng Italians as well as the Martials, but exercise maketh them of one nation so much to differ in vertue. Exercise The Martials dyd not enter the trench for dishonour, but stoode before it, and weary though they were, remayned ready to resist any assaulte, and to abide the ende of the matter. Antony dyd not touche the Martialles, bycause he knewe them valiant, but the young Souldiours he chased, and made greate slaughter a­mong them.

Hirtius, at Mutina, hearyng of the fight, beyng aboute eyght Hirtius. myles distant, came in baste with the other legion that was fled from Antony. The sunne was now goyng downe, and Anto­nies Souldiours hauing the victory, went singing to their camp. Hirtius appeared to them, he beyng in good order with one legion The fight vvith Hirtius [...] men. sounde and valiante, and they out of order. Wherefore of ne­cessitie, they placed themselues in due sort, and shewed many va­liant and noble feates: but although they were coragious, yet beyng weary, they were ouercome of the other that were freshe, and the most parte slayne of Hirtius in this feate: albeit he did not folow them, for feare of the Fennes, and the night comming on, [...], u [...]rth [...] ovven. did seuer them. The Fenne in most places was filled with har­nesse and dead men, and with half dead and wounded. They that were safe, dispaired of themselues for wearinesse. But the horse­men The horse men of Antony. of Antony rode about al night, and gathered them togither: some they caried themselues: some they brought home on horse­backe: some they badde take holde by the horse tayle, to goe the faster, and séeke to saue themselues. Thus Antony hauyng fought very nobly, loste his force by the commyng of Hirtius: wherefore he abode in a village in the fielde without a campe. [Page 210] The Village is called French Market. The halfe of eyther syde [...]ts. was slayne, and C [...]s [...]rs bande of his person vtterly destroyed. Of Hirti [...]s Souldioures few were left, all the which the nexte mor­ning remoued their Camps to Mutina.

After this losse, Antony determined no more to giue battell to hys enimies, nor to admitte any attempt to the same, but with his Horsemen only to molest them daye by day, till he had got­ten Decimus to yéelde, being driuen by hunger. For this cause Hirtius and Caesar the rather prouoked hym to fight: and whereas they did perceyue, that Antony woulde not come forth, keēpyng his men in order, they went to the other side of the Citie, whych, (bicause it was the harder to approch, was the lesse kept) y ^• with their whole army they myght enter by force. Antony made re­sistance only with his horsemen, but they being put backe by o­ther horse, and the army passing as it would, Antony was afraid▪ of the Citie, and brought forth two legious. They glad of thys, retired, and foughte with them, and whilest Antony from other [...]he [...] ▪ campes sent for m [...] legions, as in a troubled time of so greate and suddayne attempt, the whiche being long a comming, Caesars men ouerthrew Antonies in the fight, and Hirtius droue Antony to his Campe, where fighting manfully before Antonies Tente, he was slayn, whose body Caesar louing▪ in great spéed recouered, [...]. [...]ay [...]. and gote the Campe, till shortlye hée was repulsed by Antony. Both of them watched all night in armoure. Antony being fal­len with this seconde losse, streighte after the battell called hys friends to counsell. They thought, according to his former mea­ning, to kéepe still the s [...]ge at M [...]dena, and not to come to anye fight, for both the losses were like, Hirtius slayne, and Pansa hurte. In Horsemen, he the better, and Mutina broughte to extreame want, must needes shortly giue ouer. Thus his friends thoughte good, and it was best indede, but Antoni [...] (God now striking him) was afraide least Caesar shoulde procéede to the obteyning of the Citie, as he did the day before, or by making walles entrenche hym, hauing many pioners for the purpose, and then his Horse should do him no good: he said, Lepidus and Plancus wil despite me, as one ouercome, but if we goe frō Modena, Ve [...]tidius wil streight [Page 211] come to vs with thrée legions, from the marches of An [...]on [...], and, then being so strong, Lepidus and Pl [...]ncus will take my part. Thus he said, and as a man not afrayde in perils, he leuyed his séege, and went straight toward the Alpes. When Decimus was dely­uered of the séege, he began to feare Caesar as an enimie, bycause both Consuls were now gone, wherefore he make the bridges of the riuer before day, & sent to him, both acknowledging hym De [...]m [...] [...] to O [...]. the author of his safetie, and prayed him, that hauing the floude betwixte them, he woulde come to a talke, with witnesse of Citi­zens, where he would let him vnderstand, that very wicked For­tune forced him to conspire against Caesar, being thereto driuen of other. ‘ Octauius angerly aunswered the messengers, refusing the thankes that Decimus gaue him for I (quoth he) came not to saue Octauius aun­svvere to [...] ­cimus. Decimus, but to ouerthrow Antonie, with whome to be reconcy­led, there is no reason, but to come to spéech or fighte of Decimus, his nature abhorred it: let him therefore kéepe himselfe, so long as it shall so séeme to them of the Citie.’ When Decimus heard this, not being farre from the floud, he called to Caesar by name, and with a loude voyce, redde vnto him the Senates letters, by the which they had giuen him the prouince of Celtica [...]. And he for­bad also Caesar, that without the Consuls, he shoulde not passe the bridge into any others prouince, nor follow Antonie, for he was able ynough to do it. Octauius séeyng him in such boldnesse by the Senate, when he mighte by his commission haue taken him, hée spared him, and wente to Bononia to Pansa, from whence he wrote to the Senate of all things, and so did Pa [...]s [...], whose letters Cicero Th [...] [...]e o [...]ly. [...] to the S [...]n [...]y. S [...] o [...] [...] [...]y [...]s. did reade to the people of Rome, as from the Consull, but Caesars, were redde to the Senate onely. There was decréed generall Processions of fiftie dayes agaynste Antonie, the like whereof was not done of the Romaines, neyther for the warre of Fraunce, nor none other battayle.

The Consulles armyes were appoynted to Decimus, Pansa béeyng yet aliue, but not lyke to scape, and Decimus made gene­rall Decimus made generall. alone agaynste Antonie, and publike Prayers were made, that Decimus myghte ouercome Antonie: so greate an hate and displeasure was growen agaynste Antonie. [Page 212] [...]o the two legions that fledde from Antony, was confirmed to euery Souldiour accordyng to the former promise, fiue thousand D [...]ammes of the common treasure, as to Souldiours of con­quest: and it was graunted them in solemne feastes to weare a crowne of D [...]ue leaues. Of Octauius nothing was mentioned, not [...] so much as his name, so soone dyd they contemne him, as though Antony had bene vtterly destroyed. They wrote also to Lept­ [...], [...]cus, and Asinius, to fight with Antony, when they should [...]gh hym. These were done in Rome. Pansa beyng at poynt of death by reason of his wounde said thus to Caesar sittyng by him: ‘ [...] is a friende to thy father as to my selfe, whome I coulde [...] not [...]eage beyng slayne, not able to resiste so many, whome, thou also haste done wisely to obey, although thou haddest an armie. They at the firste fearyng thée and Antony, a manne moste ambitious, and enclinyng towarde Caesars sentence, haue bene content to suffer you to be at variance, and consume your selues, and when they sawe that thou wast Lorde of an army, as iyong man, they set thée foorth with some countenance and slen­der honours. After thou wast stronger and of more estimation, and that thou wouldest not recerue the autoritie vnder the army that they gaue thée, they were troubled, and they appoynted thée to ioyne with vs, that wée mighte take from thée the twoo legi­ons, which were moste practised, hopyng that if any of you were ouercome, the other alone shoulde be the more weaker, and af­ter hym destroy al Caesars friendes and set vp Pompeys. This was the summe of the determination. I and Hirtius haue done our cō ­mission, to represse Antony that grewe into suspition. Now that he is ouercome, wae thought it beste for thée to be at one with him, doyng thée this benefite▪ in remembraunce of Caesars amitie, onely that whiche we supposed will further thy felicitie in tyme to come. Afore this time to haue giuen thée this Consell had not benefitte, but nowe that Antony is broken, Hirtius dead, and I not like to liue, oportunitie serueth to speake, not that thou shoul­dest thanke me when I am dead, but that thou beyng borne to great felicitie (as thy déedes do shewe) mightest knowe what is beste for thée, and the chayse and destiny of Hirtius and mée. [Page 213] The armye that thou gauest vs, we thinke it most fitte to gyue thée agayne, and so we do. The yong Souldyoures if thou coul­dest keepe, I would also giue thée, but it would much offende the Senate, bycause the officers of them, were sent as kéepers to vs, and it would worke th [...] enu [...]e, and put thée to more trouble than néedes, therefore Torquatus the Pretor shall haue them. When he had thus sayd, and deliuered them to Torquatus, he dyed:’ and they Pansa the Consul dyeth. as the Senate commaunded, were sent to Decimus. Caesar deliue­red Hirtius and Pansa to their funerall with greate honor, and The Consuls buryed honou­rably. sent them to Rome with great shew. In Syria and Macedonia at this time diuers things happened.

Iulius Caesar when he passed by Syria, left a Legion there, myn­ding Cecilius Bassus. then to go against the Parthians, Cecilius Bassus had the charge thereof, but Iulius Sextus, a yong man, and allyed to Caesar, had the Iulius Sextus. dignitie, who ledde the legion without order, to delitious and li­centious life, the which when Bassus reproued, he vsed him wyth despightefulnesse, and Bassus againe calling him, and he grudging The mutiny of the army in Syria. at it, he commaunded he should by force be broughte before him. At the which whē tumult and fray was made, the army not bea­ring Inlius kylled. this despighte, killed Iulius, whereof they streighte repented thē, for feare of Caesar. Then making oth one to another, that vn­lesse forgiuenesse and faith were giuen them, they woulde fyght to deathe, and compelling Bassus to that oth, they gathered ano­ther legion, & trayned them to their exercise. Thus some do write of Bassus. But Libo writeth, that Bassus was of Pompeys parte, and after the battayle, liued priuately in Tyro, where he did corrupte some of the Legion, who killed Sextus, and after obeyed Bassus. But howsoeuer the matter wente▪ they valiantly resisted Sextius Murcus, that was sente of Caesar with thrée Legions, till Murcus Sextius Murcus. Minutius Crispus. Bythinia in Asia the lesse, nexte Troy. Cas [...]ius obtey­ned the Le­gions. did call to Minutius Crassus, that was ruler of Bythinia, who came into his ayde with thrée other Legions, and when Bassus was be­séeged of these, Cassius came in great hast, and receyued by and by the two legions of Bassus, and also wanne the fire legions that be­séeged him, by friendship, who obeyed him as vnder-Consul. For (as I sayd before) it was decréed, that all should obey Cassius and Brutus.

[Page 214] Albienus at that time, being sente of D [...]lobella into Aegipt, Albienus brought from thence foure legions, whiche being scattered after the ouerthrowe of Crassus and Pompey, or else lefte of Caesar wyth Cleopatra, Cassius comming suddaynely vpon hym, compelled him to deliuer his Legions in Palestina, being afrayd with foure Le­gions Palestina nexte India and Ara­bia. to fighte with eyghte. So Cassius beyonde expectation, was Lord of twelue full Legions, and Dolobella going out of Asia in­to Cassius, Lord of tvvelue Le­gions. [...]a [...]dicea, a noble Citie in Asia, [...]igh the [...]ond [...]y [...]us. Liodicea, where for frendship he was receyued, he followed and beséeged, whiche thyng when the Senate hearde, they were glad.

In Macedonia, Caius Antonius, brother to Antonius Marcus, dyd make warre with Brutus, hauing one Legion of armed Citi­zens, and being inferioure to Brutus, he layde traynes for hym, which Brutus escaping, did catch him with the like traynes, and doing nothing to him nor them that he had taken, he badde his owne Souldioures to be familiar with their enimies, but they refusing that familiaritie, and not admitting their conu [...]rsati­on, he suffered them freely to departe, when he had them at ad­vantage. They goyng another way, he appeared suddaynely vnto them in another straight, where he dyd not touche them, P [...]us getteth legions in Macedonia. but gently receyued them. They remembring that he was euer thought to be the most courteous Citizen, and worthy the opi­nion that he had of wisedome and mildenesse, they accepted hys courtesie, and gaue themselues vnto him. Caius also yéelded to hym, and was in honor with Brutus, till he was founde manye Brutus the gē [...]le. times corruptyng the army, and so put away.

Thus Brutus to his former army, had syxe Legions, and pray­sing the Macedonians, he gathered of them two legions more, whome he exercised after the Italian manner.

These thyngs were done in Siria and Macedonia.

In Itali [...], Caesar tooke it euill, that Decimus was made Generall agaynste Antonie before him▪ He hidde hys anger, Octa [...]us desireth Triumph▪ The Senate de­nyeth Triumph [...]. and desired that hée myghte make a Triumph for the feates hée hadde done, and béeing reiected of the Senate, for requiring greater thynges than belonged to hys age, [Page 215] hée was afraide, least if Antonie were ouerthrowen, they woulde more despise him, and therefore desired to haue conference with hym, as Pansa counselled hym when hée dyed.

All the Souldioures and Captaynes of Antonies that he had taken, hée vsed courteously, and tooke them as hys owne, and Caesar vseth An­tonyes Souldi­oures vvell. them that woulde, he sente to Antonie, as a signification, that he was no enimie to hym.

To Ventidius that was friend to Antonie, and hadde broughte thrée legions, he drewe nygh wyth hys army, and when he had Octa [...]ius Caesar practi [...]eth vvith Ventidius, An­tonyes friende. made hym afrayde, he did nothing to hym, but graunted hym eyther to ioyne with hym, or to goe to Antonie fréely with hys armie, and to protest, that for lacke of knowledge, he had [...]mit­ted the common profite. When Ventidius heard thys, he wente to Antonie.

In the meane tyme, Octauius Caesar honoured Decius, one of Antonies Captaynes whome hée hadde taken at Muti­na. He gaue hym leaue to go [...] to Antonie if he woulde, and he Octauius saying to Decius, a Cap­tayne of An­tonyes. demaunding of hys mynde towarde Antonie, hée sayde, he had shewed sufficiente and manye tokens to them that coulde per­c [...]yue, and to them that woulde be ignorante, more woulde not suffice.

Thus dyd Caesar signifye to Antonie.

To Le [...]idus and Asinius he more playnely signifyed of the de­spight against hym, and of the myghtie preparation of the kyl­lers, Octauius dealeth vvith Iepidus and Asinius. makyng them afrayde, that to increase Pompeis faction, all Caesars friendes one after another, shoulde be serued as Anto­nie was, whych he, through ignoraunce and suspition of a feare, did longer suffer. He allowed well they shoulde obey the Se­nate Octauius pra [...]e vvith Antonyes friends. for a fashion, but for theyr owne suretie they shoulde a­grée togyther whylest they myghte, and that they shoulde héerein reprooue Antony, and to vse the manner of the le­gionaries, not to departe from them when the seruice was done, nor to leaue the trade of warre and disseuer, (leaste thereby the Enimie myghte take some aduantage,) [Page 216] but rather togither inhabite others places, thereto desirous for their power, than seuerally euery man in his countrey consume his owne. This did Caesar send to Lepidus and Asinius. Deci [...]us ar­mye olde and famished, was full of sicknesse, and loosenesse of bo­dye, Decimus army after [...]ger, [...] for plenty. Plancus [...]oyneth vvith Decimus. and the newe Souldioures were yet vnexercised▪ but Plancus with his ordinarie armye drew nigh vnto him, & Decimus wrote to the Senate, that Antonie shoulde be caught in his snares, bée­ing tyred with things past.

P [...]mpeys friends hearing of this, did maruellously reioyce, cry­ing now to be time, to restore their Countreys libertie. Euerye man made sacrifices, and elected tenne men to punishe Antonies A creation of tenne men in Rome. power. And this was a forme to abolish Caesars decrées, whiche Antonie put in vre by his remembrances, doing little or nothing of himselfe: whiche thing the Senate well perceyuing, did by oc­casion disanull some, and so they hoped to dissolue all: and the tenne men did commaund, that whosoeuer hadde receyued anye [...]di [...]t of tenne men. thing by Antonies authoritie, contrarye to the Senate, they should restore it, and declare it, and to them that disobeyed, a pu­nishment was threatned. Pompeys secte required the rule of Con­suls, in stead of Hirtius and Pansa, for the rest of the yeare. Caesar did the like, not of the Senate, but of Cicero, priuately sendyng to Octa [...]ius requi­reth to be Con­sull vvith Cicero. him, and exhorting him to be in office with him, bycause he was more sage, more experte, and better acquainted with the office than he, and that he only would thinke it a benefyte to beare the name, that he might haue an honest pretence to leaue his armye, for the which cause he had required a triumph.

Cicero héereby being blowen vp with ambition, sayde, he per­ceyued The ambition of Cicero. a conspiracie to be wrought by the Captaynes abroade, and therefore he thought good to pleasure this yong man, béeyng not well intreated, and Lorde of a greate armye, and rather to graunte him an office in the Citie before his time, than to force him to be in armes, least he might do something that should not content the Senate, and wished some of the wise antients might be appoynted, as a maister of his yong yeares. But the Senate laughed at Ciceros ambition, and the kinsmen of the killers were Cicero is laughed [...]. against it, [...]earing that Caesar would accuse them when he should [Page 217] be Consull, and for diuerse lawfull causes made delay in the ele­ction.

Antonie in this tyme passed the mountaines. Hauing persua­ded Culeo suffereth Antony to passe the mountaines. Culeo a Capitaine of Lepidus, and keper of the passage, to cre­dite hym, he drewe nighe the [...]ioude where Lepidus was, and lay without trenche or ditche, bicause he would shew he was friend to him. Diuerse messages were sent betwéene them. Antony re­cording diuers friendshippes and pleasures, affirmed, that if he Pract [...]se be­tvvene Antony & Lepidus. woulde not agrée, all they of Caesars [...], shoulde be broughte to the like calamitie.

Lepidus being afraide of the Senate, that hadde commaunded hym to make warre vppon Anto [...], affyrmed yet that he [...] it againste his will. Now Lepidus his army reuer [...]cing the dig­nitie of Antonie, and perceiuing the messengers betwéene them, and delighting in the quietnesse of his souldiours, secretly firste mingled among thē, & after openly, as with their fellow citizens and souldiors: and when they were forbidden by the Captains, they making no accompte of their commaundemente, made a bridge of boats ouer the riuer, that they mighte the better come The tenth legiō beganne to re­uo [...]te from Lepi­dus▪ Laterensis. togither: and the legion called the tenth, sometime wont to bée led of Antonie, prepared for him in their ten [...]s.

Laterensis, one of the noble Senatoures perceyuing thys, opened the matter to Lepidus, who giuing no credite to hym, wil­led the armye to bée diuided into diuerse partes, as to be sent to diuers vses to trie their treason or faith. Lepidus deuided them into thrée, and commaunded them in the night [...] that they shoulde conduct a Treasourer of the armye that was comming Lepidus souldi­oures lets in Antony. at hand. They passing the last watch, and arming themselues as to a iorney, went to the strongest parte of the campe, and ope­ned the gates to Antony, who ranne into Lepidus Tentes, all the armye bringing hym and praying Lepidus of mercie and peace for the afflicted Citizens, Lepidus leapte oute of hys Antony and Le­pidus ag [...]ee. bed without his clothes, and promysed so to do [...], and em­bracing Antony, excused the necessitie. Some saye he dydde knéele to Antonie, as one that was a cowarde and of small experience, the whyche all writers do [...] not allowe, nor I [Page 218] thinke it to be probable, for hée hadde done no parte of an [...] [...]athe greate povver againe. ennimye againste Antony, whereby he should bée asrayde of hym.

Thus Antony was risen agayne to greate power, and béecame moste fearefull vnto his ennimyes, for hee hadde the Armye that hée ledde from Modena: hée hadde receyued thrée legions by the waye, of Ventidius, and newe hadde the fellowshippe of Lepidus, wyth seauen legions, armed wyth all kynde of furniture, and preparation requisite.

Lepidus bare the name among them, but Antonie had the direction of all.

When this was shewed at Rome, a maruellous and suddayne mutation of mindes followed: some, from greate boldenesse fell to feare: some from great feare were lifted vppe to courage.

The decrées of the tenne men were broken wyth spighte, Alteration in Rome. and the creation of Consulles was instantelye called for.

The Senate stoode in doubte what to doe, and feared that Caesar and Antonie woulde agrée.

They sente secreatelye Lucius and Pansa, to Brutus and The Senate sē ­deth Lucius and Pansa to Brutus and Cassius. Cassius, as to viewe publique playes, that they sette foorthe in Grecia, and secreatlye required them, that as soone as might bée, they woulde come to helpe them.

From Libya they called twoo of the thrée legions vnder S [...]xtius, and the thirde, they commaunded to be gyuen to Cor­nificiu [...], that was ruler of the other Libya that obeyed the Se­nate.

They were afrayde of these, when they remembred they The feare of the Senate. hadde serued vnder Iulius Caesar, and were enclined to hys do­ings.

This doubtefulnesse droue them to this pointe, that by­cause they feared newe Caesar woulde consente wyth Antonie, Nevve Caesar chosen lie [...]te­nāt to Decimus. they chose hym agayne verye vnfitlye lieutenaunte vnder Detimus, but Caesar for anger, as continuallye vsed with dispight, [Page 219] stirred his armye, that they shoulde be sente to a néedye iorney before they were paide the fyue thousande drammes, promi­sed Caesar stirreth his souldioures a­gainste the Se­nate. them for the fyrste, and counselled them to sende to the Se­nate for it, and they sent the Captaines of the bandes.

The Senate knowing wherefore they were taughte to come, aunswered they woulde sende their Ambassadoures vn­to them, whome they thus instructed.

That they shoulde priuatelye speake to the twoo legions that wente from Antonie, and teache them not to putte Senate sendeth to the souldi [...]. their truste in one, but in the Senate onelye, whose power was eternall, and that they shoulde goe to Decimus, whi­ther they woulde sende them theyr money, and pretended they hadde readye to gyue them the one halfe, and that tenne men shoulde be appointed for the payment, not namyng Caesar for the eleuenth.

The Messengers, bycause the legions would not be spoken to, without Caesar returned in vaine.

Caesar woulde no more haue other to speake to the Souldi­oures, nor tarrye anye longer, but himselfe wente to the ar­mye béeyng assembled, and shewed what despight the Senate had done him, and that they ment to destroy euerye one of Caius Caesars friendes.

He badde them beware of them, that woulde haue them [...], his souldioures againste the Se­nate. tourne to a Capitayne, by sentence of gods iudged an ennimy, and so from one ennimye to another, eyther to bée vtterlye de­stroyed, or to be at debate among themselues, for the feate at Mutina being common, rewarde is onelye appointed to twoo legions, to worke strife and discorde among them.

‘You knowe (quoth hée) why Antonie is persecuted, and what the Pompeyans haue propounded in Rome agaynste them that haue receyued giftes by Caesars appointement.’ ‘What truste can you haue, eyther of the lande, or the mo­ney that hée gaue you, or of my safetye, so long as the kyllers kinsemen doe beare rule in the Senate? As for my selfe, I am readye to take suche ende as shall happen vnto [Page 220] me, and it shall be myne honoure to suffer for my fathers de­fence: but for you, so manye, and so worthye men, my whole care is, béeyng in perill for my fathers sake and mine. You know that I am cleare from al ambition, since I refused the au­thoritie that you woulde haue giuen me, with the ceremonies of a Magistrate. Nowe I see that bo [...]e oure safeties doeth [...] desi­reth to be declared [...] by the souldioures. consist, if I be of you declared Consull, for so shall the things be made sure vnto you, that my father hathe giuen you: the landes and habitations that be due vnto you, you shall obtaine, and all youre giftes to the vttermoste: and I séeking the pu­nishment of the strihers, will, wyth you, dispatche our other e­nimies,’

When hée hadde thus saide, the armye chearefully made a noise, and sent the Capitaines againe to Rome to require the Consulshippe for Caesar. When the Senate obiected against hys age, the Captaines, as they were instructed, saide that in olde tyme Coruinus was Consull before hys tyme, and after hym Consulls vnder age. Coruinus. Scipio. Scipio, bath the firste and the seconde, and by their youth, the Countrey was aduaunced. Comming to later tyme, they broughte forth Pompey and Dolobella, and Caesar himselfe, to whom it was graunted to be Consull tenne yeares béefore hys tyme.

The Capitaines speaking thus with much boldenesse, some of the Senatoures coulde not abide, that they béeyng but band­leaders, should vse suche frée spéech before the Senate, and rebu­ked The Senate re­buketh the souldioures. them, as menne more insolent than became Souldioures duety.

When the whole armye heard this, they were more angry, and desired they might straighte be led to the Cittie, that they might make Caesars sonne a Consull by a famous election, whose father they extolled with immortall praise.

When Octauius sawe this vehemencie, by and by from that Octauius [...]o [...]th against the [...]. assemblye, he marched forward with eight legions of footemē, and a sufficient number of horsemen, and all prouision accor­dingly, and when he was paste the floude Rubicone, from Celtica into Italy, as his father did afore, whē he moued ciuil war, he de­uided his army into. ij, parts, y ^• one he commaūded to follow at [Page 221] leysure, the other and y ^e better, he toke with him, & made much spéede, minding to take them vnprouided He met with part of the money that the Senate had sent the souldiours for a re­warde, and being afrayde of the bringers of this gifte, he sent [...] secretiye some afore to afraye them, whereby they wyth their The feare at Rome. money fledde awaye. When the report of his comming was at Rome, great was the trouble and tumulte, running hyther and thyther to sende their wiues and children, and to carye their chiefe substaunce, eyther into the countrey or so the strongest parts of the Citie. For it was not throughly known, whyther he came onlye to aske the Consulshippe. But when they heard that he came as an ennimy wyth an angry armye, they were afrayde of al hands.

The Senate was greatly stroken that they had no power Alteration in Rome. sufficient, and as in suche feare happeneth, one of them acce­sed an other: some, bycause they tooke awaye the army from Antony wyth suche dispight: some, bycause they had suspi­tion of the Triumphe, whiche was but right: some for hatred and diuision of the money: some, bycause he was not appointed the eleuenth manne in the distribution: some, bycause the rewards were not giuē, neither soone ynough, nor ful ynough, sayd the army was become their enimy▪ & blamed this conten­tion so much out of season, Brutus and Cassius being so farre off, and Antonius and Lepidus their ennimies so nygh, whome per­ceyuing to be redy to agrée wyth Caesar, made the feare to grow the greater.

Cicero, that before was the great styrrer, did nowe no where Cicero not see [...]. appeare. In euerie manne was maruellous mutation in eue­rye matter: and for the two thousande and fiue hundred drams that shoulde be giuen to two legions, to giue fiue thousande drammes to eight legions, and in stéede of tenne men, to make Caesar the distributour alone, and to graunte hym to aske the Consulshippe in his absence. Ambassadours went in haste t [...] Inconstancie [...] the Senate. make thys message with diligence, who were not out of the towne before the Senate repented them, as they that oug [...] not so cowardly to be troubled, nor to receiue another [...]ran [Page 222] without bloudshed, and that it was not the vse to aske the Con­sulship by force, nor that Captaynes shoulde rule the Countrey at their pleasure, and that they in the Citie shoulde arme them­selues, and alleage the lawes againste them that came to in­uade the Countrey: and if they woulde néedes procéede, rather to suffer the séege till Decimus and Plancus myghte come: and bet­ter to defend themselues to death, than willingly to receyue ser­uitude without redresse.

They recyted the olde examples of the Romanes in suffe­rance and Counsell for their libertie, whiche they woulde in no wise giue ouer. And when the two legions called from Libya, dyd that day arriue at the porte, they thoughte that the Gods did exhort them to mainteyne their libertie: and repenting now themselues, they woulde reuoke all that they had done, ( Cicero Cicero seene agayne. now appearing among them.) Therefore all men that were of age, were appoynted to serue.

The two Legions that came from Libya, and wyth them a Tvvo Legions [...]iue agayne. thousande Horse, and one Legion that Pansa lefte them, were putte togither, all the whiche was deuided. One parte kepte the hyll Ianiculo, where all theyr money lay. Another kepte the passage of the floud, by the officers of the Citie deuiding them­selues: and some hadde broughte their moneys to the porte in Shippes and boates, that if they were ouercome, they myght escape by Sea.

Thus they dyd with greate boldnesse and spéede, trustyng thereby to affray Caesar, or to moue hym without his army to aske the Consulshippe of them, or manfully to defende them­selues, and that the state myghte change to contrarie fortune, whyles they did fyght for their libertie.

Caesars mother and his sister they coulde not fynde, neyther Caesars mother and sister sought for. by priuie nor open search, wherefore they made a greate stirre, béeyng spoyled of so great pledges, and thoughte that the Caesa­rians did not encline to them, bycause they had so surely hid them from them.

Some of the messengers remayning yet wyth Caesar, the contrarye determination was tolde him: wherefore they de­parted [Page 223] from him with shame: he with the armye béeyng the rather styrred, came forwarde wyth greate hast, fearing the women myghte take hurte. And to the people that was in tumulte, he sente hys Horsemen afore, willing them no more to bée afrayde: whereat euery man reioysing, he tooke the pla­ces aboue Mount Quirinale, no man daryng to encounter or re­siste Mount Quiri­nale, one of the seuen hilles of Rome. Mutation in Rome. hym.

Wherefore an other maruelous mutation was séene of the sodayne. So many noble menne that wente vnto hym and receyued hym, the common people folowyng and v­sing Honour gyuen to Octauian. the Souldiours in battayle raye, as men quiet in peace, hée leauyng hys armye in that place, the nexte daye came in­to the Cittie with a sufficient Garde aboute hym: they of the Cittie mette wyth hym all the waye on euery side, and salu­ted hym, omittyng no parte of humanitie nor humble seruice. His Mother and hys Sister from the Temple of Vestae wyth Legions of the Senate goe to Caesar Octauius. the holy Nunnes, ranne out to embrace hym. The thrée legi­ons dispising theyr Capitaynes, sente Embassadours vnto him to yéelde themselfe. Cornutus one of theyr chiefe Capi­taynes, Cornutus himself. killed hymselfe, the other trusted to hys promisse and fayth.

Cicero hearyng of these promyses, practysed to come before hym by hys friendes, whiche beyng done, he excused hymselfe, and extolled the perswasion that hée had vsed to the Senate Cicero [...]. for hys Consulshippe: he answeared onely with a taunt, that he was the laste of hys friendes that came vnto him.

In the nyghte a sodayne rumour was raysed, that twoo le­gions of Caesars, the Martiall and the fourth, were reuolted to the Cittie, as grieued they should be brought to betraye their Light credite to a vayne rumor. countrey. The officers and the Senate gaue fayth vnto the rumour very lightly, and though the other army was at hand, they thought with these menne so valiant, they might resist the reste of Caesars hoste, till more power mighte come to them from other place. And in the nyghte, to be sure, they sente Ancona. Acilius Crassus into Picena to gather an armye, and they [Page 224] commaunded one Apuleius a Tribune to runne to the people wyth thys ioyful tydings: and the Senate that night, came to the Counsell▪ Cicero standing at the dore and receyuing them with greate ioye and gladnesse: and when it was knowne it was but a false rumor, he fledde his waye in a waggon.

Caesar laughing at them, broughte his armye nygher the Citie, to the place called the fielde of Mars. He hurt none of the officers, not so much as Crassus, y ^t was posting into Picene, al­thoughe Acilius Crassus. hee was broughte vnto hym in a seruile habite, but spared all, to the opinion of hys humanitie, albeit, not long after, he put them to death.

The common treasure founde in Ianiculo or in any other Octauius dealing in the Cities. place, be commaunded to be brought togither: and al that was afore appointed by Cicero, he distributed to his army, two thou­sande and fiue hundred drammes to euery man, the residue he promised to giue them. When he had done this, he retyred from the Citie, till the election of the Consuls, when, he was chosen, and with him, Q. Pedius, as he desired, who had left a por­tion Octauius and Q. Pedius Consuls. of Caesars inheritaunce vnto hym.

Then he came into the Cittie as Consul, and sacrifised. And there appeared to him twelue Gripes, as did to Romulus A token of xii. Vultures. when he builded the Cittie. The sacrifices being ended, hée gaue himselfe in adoption, to his father, according to the lawe Curiate, that is▪ to be confirmed in adoption by the people.

For the Romaines call Curias, companies or wardes of the peo­ple Cur [...]. Phratri [...]. deuided, as the Grecians, do call Phratriae, fellowshippes and Frater [...]i [...]ies. This vse among the Romaines, was most effectuall in the lawe for them that be without fathers: and they may as well as Legitimate children commaunde the kinsefolke and frée made men of them that doe adopte them. And it was one of Caius Caesars glories, that he had manye riche frée made men: and chiefly for this cause peraduenture, thys Caesar, in his first adoption by testament, had néede of this also.

He dissolued by a newe lawe that Dolobella shoulde not be iudged a rebell, and that the lawe mighte procéede for Caesars killing.

[Page 225]wherefore accusations were written agaynste them by Caesars [...] a­gainst the [...] Caesar▪ friends, to them as strikers, to the other, as priuie only: for thys was obiected againste some of them, and to some, bycause they woulde not be seene when Caesar was kylled. And to all these, a day certayne was assigned by Proclamation, when they shoulde appeare to make their annswere, all the whiche fayling at the day, Caesar himselfe markyng the iudgementes, none was par [...] ­ [...]ed of the faulte, but one noble man, who then had no hurte, but Many conde [...] ­ned for Caesars death. shortly after was condemned to deathe wyth the other. And at thys tyme Q. Gallius, brother to Marius Gallius, Antonyes friende, Q▪ Gallius con­demned. béeyng a Pretor in the Citie, dyd desire of Caesar the Lieutenant­shippe of Libya, whyche when he hadde obteyned, he wroughte wyles agaynste Caesar. The other Pretors depriued him of hys office, and the people and the Senate condemned him to deathe. Caesar commaunded hym to goe to hys brother that was wyth Antony, and when he had taken Shyppe to goe, he was neuer séene after.

When Caesar had done these greate things, he enclined to paci­fication with Antony. When he had hearde that Brutus▪ hadde twenty Legiōs, against y ^t which he would haue Antonyes help, he wente out of the Citie towarde the Ionian Sea, and makyng small iourneys, be tarried to sée what the Senate would do. Pe­dius when Caesar was gone, perswaded, that before grudge should [...] councell▪ growe to extremitie, they woulde agrée Antony and Lepidus. And although they perceyued that this agréement was not for theyr sake, nor for their Countrey, but onely to helpe Caesar agaynste Brutus and Cassius, yet did they by necessitie determine it, and re­uoked the sharp decrées made against Antonie and Lepidus, and all the Souldioures vnder them, and to sende them other more fauourable, for the whyche Caesar wrote his letters of congratu­lation vnto them, and promised to helpe Antonie againste Deci­mus, if néede were. The Senate vsed lyke friendly manner re­ward P [...] Cae [...] him, and gaue him their harty thākes, and Antonie wrote that he would plague Decimus for Caesar, and Pl [...]n [...], for himselfe, and ioyne with Caesar. Thus they wrote one to another.

Whilest Antonie pursued Decimus, Asinius Pollio came vnto [Page 226] him with two Legions, and practised to haue him pacifyed Plancus reconcy­led vvith Antony. wyth Plancus, and Plancus with thrée Legions agréed with Antony, in so muche as nowe Antony hadde a most myghtie power.

Decimus hadde tenne Legions, whereof foure moste war­like being féebled with hunger, were yet vexed with sicke­nesse.

Of newe taken, there was syxe Legions, but vnexperte and fearefull. Wherefore Decimus doubting to fyghte, deter­mined Decimus is driuē to flee, and hys army forsaketh him. Rauenna. Aquileia. to flée to Brutus into Macedonia, and not to passe by the Mountaynes, but by Rauenna and Aquileia. And bycause Caesar was comming that waye, hée tooke a longer and an har­der R [...]n [...] is a floud in Italy, that run­neth not farre from [...]. iourney to passe by Rene, and goe to the wilde places of barbarous people, where the newe Souldioures, oppressed with wante and heate, forsooke hym, and wente to Caesar, and after them the foure Legions of older Souldioures wente to Antony. Then to the other multitude (the Frenche Horsemen men, béeyng the gard of hys person only except) he gaue leaue (if they woulde) to goe euery man to hys owne, and gaue them such golde as he hadde, so as when he came to the Rene, he had but Decimus forsakē. thrée hundred, where, bycause the passage was hard, they all forsooke hym saue a fewe, whyche fewe also shortly dyd leaue hym, and wyth tenne onely, changing hys garmente lyke a French man, whose language he coulde speake, he wente forthe as one of that nation, not with ha [...]ty iourneys, but easlie to A­quileia, thynking with so fewe he myghte wel escape: but bée­yng taken of Théeues and bounde, he asked what Prince was [...] is taken vvith the eues. Lorde of that parte, they sayde Camillus. He muche estéemyng the name of Camillus, desired he myght be broughte to hym, who Camillus. when he sawe hym in apparance, spake fayre to hym, and rebu­ked the takers, that without regard, hadde so euill entreated so noble a man, but priuily he sent vnto Antony, and Antony mo­ued Barbarous [...]. [...] is killed of one Camillus, by the com­maundemente of [...]. with the mutation, coulde not abyde to sée him, but willed Camillus to kyll hym, and sende hym hys head, whyche when he sawe, he commaunded it to be buryed.

Thys ende hadde Decimus, a Captayne of Caesars Horsemen, [Page 227] [...]na by hym made Ruler of olde France, and for the yeare to come elected Consull, and Gouernoure of the other Fraunce, and was the seconde of the kyllers that nexte Trebonius was pu­nished, a yeare and a halfe after Caesars deathe. And this verye tyme Minutius Basill [...]s one of Caesars quellers also was kil­led Minuti [...] Basil [...] killed of his ovvne men. of hys owne seruauntes, bycause he had made some of them Eunuches for pu­nishmente.

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