Instructions of the Marshall for better inhabling of the Colonell or Gouernour, to the executing of his or their charges in this present Colony the 22. of Iune. 1611.

ALbeit the zeale which I beare vnto this businesse that we haue all now in hand touching the subsi­stance of this plantation, might iustly take vp all my [Page 35] spirits, and would require a large and passionate expla­nation of mine owne thoughts and promptnesse to gaine & possesse the hearts of all vnderstanding, noble and religious spirits therunto, yet I must craue pardon (considering at this time many present impediments) if I wrap vp any impatient desires & good affection hereunto, to all such vnto whom these necessarie ef­fects of my dutie and office shall appertaine, and must be declared in few words and aduises, appertinent yet (if not essentiall, as heat to bloud, to the aduancement hereof) my desire then by these is chiefly to let all the worthier & better sort to vnderstand, how well it shall become their Honors, birthes, breedings, reputations & fa [...]shes, to do their bests, and emulously to actuate in this worke, the vtmost of their cleerest powers of bo­dy and mind, where the trauaile of both is so deerely valued, & highly interpreted by al good and wise men, who knowing the grounds of all goodnes, cannot but know this, how this hazardous voyage (as yet but in her earely daies, reflecting onely the comfort of faire hopes) is vndertaken by you, more to honour God, your country, & to profit your knowledges, then for any other ends of profit, which speakes for you (in de­spight of enuie and calumnie) that you haue mindes much in loue with vertue, & are right noble & worthy instruments, to be imployed in so sacred and heroicke a cause, if it were well knowne heere the care that is had of this plantation in England, and the trauel that is taken therein, and the fire that doth not only burne in the generall body of our deare countrymen, to the encouragemet & ioy one of another amongst them­selues, but flames out (euen to the view of strange na­tions, as well our neighbours, as far remote) for the [Page 36] furtherance & aduancement of this honorable enter­prise, there is no man here would thinke that this my induction, had either fashion or purpose of a comple­ment. If the wisest man that euer spake or writ (except him that was both God & man) summed vp all the reckonings of worldly felicities in these two words Laecari & benefacere, imploying a cheereful mirth with well doing (from which it cannot be seuered) who hath more cause to be cheerefull, and inlie glad then you that haue the comfort of so great weldoing, to which no other may be compared? for what weldoing can be greater then to be stocks & authors of a people that shal serue and glorifie God, which is the end of all our Creation, & to redeeme thē from ignorance and infidelity, to the true knowledge and worship of God, whereby you are made partakers of this promise, that they which lead others into Righteousnesse, shal shine like the starres in the sirmament, wherein be right well assured, that your happinesse is enuied by many a right knowing, and excellent vertuous man in England, who cannot happly by reason of other their imployments and callings, bee partakers of that Comfort heere, as they are by their Endeauors there at home. I shall not need to aduise any Colonel, or Gouernor here for the present how to carry himself, for each mans owne ex­periēce here hath made him out goal vse of my admo­nitiō, which my affection wold willingly else afford if there were cause. Only to discharge my seruice to god whose souldier I doe now professe my selfe imprest, in this so glorious and great a cause of his, my duty to my Soueraigne Liege Lord and King, & to his High­nesse my Royall Prince and Master, to my Country [Page 37] and the expectation of many Honorable select, pain­ful, and Religious aduenturers, Patrones of this busi­nesse, I haue conceiued no whit impertinent to deli­uer and publish to euery imminent officer in this Co­lony heere present, and for the direction and guiding of such who may heereafter arriue heere such and so many few in structions as may the better inable them to execute their charges, no whit doubting, but euery Colonell, Gouernour Captaine, and other Officer may sufficiētly vnderstand his and their duties, as they are Souldiers, but happily not yet as they are, or may be Coloni, members of a Colony, which compriseth and inuolueth here, as well all the industrious know­ledges & practises of the husbandman & of his spade, as of the Souldier, and of his Sword, since as Monie is the paiment & wages of the one, so of the other are the fruits of the earth the tillage and manuring of the Land, and in very truth of more necessity & vse shall we heere be of the latter then of the other, whether of you be comprehended the souldier himselfe or his Sa­larie, since more easie it is to make a Husbandman a Souldier, then a Souldier a husbandman. And indeed the necessity of our subsisting, and the very daunger which our enemies of this Country can any way put vs vnto (our Companies and people well commaun­ded) requiring the choise rather of the one then the other. These beeing then the ends and intents of this work, and so vnderstood, by euery supreme and chiefe commander, I refer him to these following instru­ctions.

All Gouernors of Town or Towns, Fort or Forts, shall be ready (when so be it they shall be summoned thereunto) to take their Oaths of Allegeance vnto his [Page 38] Maiesty & of faithfulnes vnto such his maiesties Lief­tenant or to his Deputy or Deputies (authorised by Commission to command ouer and within the pre­c [...]ncts of this whole Colony, or Colonies, by the Te­nor of which Oathes they shall solemnly attest to per­form all Integrity, vprightnesse, Iustice and sincere ad­ministration of the discipline and Lawes in all causes and cases, for the good of the Colony or Colonies, prouided and declared, and shal indeuor the best they may, with all carefulnesse to aduance the dignity, and subsistance of the same, as well by giuing often in charge, and taking no lesse into their owne care, both the particular preseruation of all such helpes of what condition soeuer (especially of cattell, and al kinde of such breeders, which may ef [...]oones redound vnto the vtility and profit of the same, as by tendring the pro­uisions of the store, and t [...]e we [...]l husbanding of the same, be they of what seuerall qualitie soeuer Nor is he meanely to be watchfull, and iealous ouer his own waies and carriage in all particulars, making profes­sion, and practise of all vertue and g [...]odnes for exam­ple vnto others to imitate, it being true that exam­ples at all times preuaile farre aboue precepts, men beeing readier to bee led by their eies, then their eare, for seeing a liuely pattern of industry, order and com­linesse, wee are all of vs rather swayed vnto the same by a visible obiect, then by hearing much more in wel i [...]struct [...]d Arguments.

Euery such Gouernor therefore shall make it his firit duty to resort dayly and vsu [...]lly to the diuine Ser­uice, next to put in execution the Lawes duly against offenders and with all cherish and reward the well de­seruing, and lastly with all worthines & circumspecti­on [Page 39] on, abeare himselfe vnto and towards his Garrison, intreating all men as well strangers as others, with al Grace, humanity, and sweetnes of a noble nature, & manlinesse, vnto all which I hartily aduise, and with­all inioyne euery such Gouernor of Town or Towns, to be most indulgent, and carefull to performe, as hee will answer the contrary (beside with the losse of his own Honor, with such other penalties, as the neglect of so behoofefull and necessary businesse in him, may draw vpon the Colony.

Further he ought to be most vigilant, circumspect, and prouident for the conseruatiō, defending, & kee­ping the Town or Fort, for & vnto his Maiesty, wher­in he is placed cheefe commander, & therfore ought the more duely to strengthen his Iudgement, and re­member his reputation, that he fall into neither of those extreames, which the needy and prodigall are most what culpable of, the one wasting the stocks, commodities and prouisions of the store, by which he must subsist, and the other by being rauenous and corrupt in himselfe become likewise enforced to tol­lerate the same in his inferior captaines, and so leaue the poore Souldier and Labourer, miserably pilled, oppressed and starued.

Further hee ought to prouide that the companies be trained, and that they may bee made ready for the publique seruice, and for that the condition of this country doth require rather shot then other Armes, either for offence or defence, and time being pretious with vs in respect of our dayly labours and works a­broad belonging to our subsisting, in so much, as a small portion thereof may bee affoorded and allowed vnto such exercising and training, therefore it is ap­pointed [Page 42] by the Marshall, that the Captains that shall haue the Guard, during their time of Guard (their people as then being exempted from their dayly la­bour and work abroad) and their Officers shall teach euery Souldier to handle his peece; first to present it comely, and souldier like, and then to giue fire, by false firing, and so to fall his Piece to the right side with the nose vp, & when their souldiers are hardy and expert in this, they shall set vp a conuenient mark fast by the court of Guard, at which euery Souldier shall twice discharge his peece, at the releeuing of the watch, morning and euening, and he that shall shoot neerest the Gouernor shall do wel to allow some addition of victuals, or pay, or some prize of incouragement, that euery one may therby emulously contend to do best: Concerning the training, and cleanely exercising of their Armes, & their postures, the captains shall haue order and directions for the same vnder the Marshals hand which they shall put in Execution during the time of their Guard.

41 It is also required that the Gouernor neuer lie out of his Towne or Fort whereby hee may the bet­ter keepe good espiall vpon all officers, that they per­form their seueral duties each one in his place especi­ally in good obseruatiō of the watch & Guard, for the more confidēt securing the charge cōmitted to him:

Hee shall not suffer in his Garrison any Souldier to enter into Guard, or to bee drawne out into the field without being armed according to the Marshals or­der, which is, that euery shot shall either be furnished with a quilted coate of Canuas, a headpeece, and a sword, or else with a light Armor, and Bases quilted, with which hee shall be furnished: and euery Targi­teer [Page 41] with his Bases to the small of his legge, and his headpeece, sword and pistoll, or Scuppet prouided for that end. And likewisee euery Officer armed as be­fore, with a firelocke, or Snaphaūse, head-peece, and a Target, onely the Serieant in Garrison shall vse his Halbert, and in field his Snaphaunse and Target.

The Gouernour shall haue a Principall care, that he vse his Garrison to the dayly wearing of these Ar­mors, least in the field, the souldier do finde them the more vncouth strange and troublesome.

Lastly the Gouernor shall haue a singular care to put in execution all such Orders and Instructions as shall bee deliuered vnto him from the Generall, or his deputie or deputies, concerning the imployments of his Garrison vpon such manuall works and duties, as shall be thought necessary and conuenient for the better subsisting both of the Laborer, and Garrison committed vnto him▪ In which is not to bee forgot­ten the chary conseruation of powder, and munition, which will the better inhable him for the defence of his Charge.

The Gouernor shall be better instructed by taking notice of the Lawes published, that these following abuses are prouided for, impious and malicious spea­king against the holy and blessed Trinity, Blasphemy, and taking Gods holy name in vain, traiterous words against his maiesties person, or Royall Authority, vn­reuerent Demeanor towards the Ministers and prea­chers of the same, the detestable crime of Sodomie, in­cest, theft, murther, false witnessing, treason against the Person of the Generall, and principall Com­maunders of this Colony, and their designes, a­gainst Detracting, Murmuring or slaundering of the [Page 42] Right Honorable, the Councell resident in England, and the Committies there, the generall Councel and Subalternate Commanders, heere, as also against in­temperate raylings & base vnmanly speeches vttered in the disgrace one of another, all which the Marshall Law, as well as the Ciuil Magistrate is to punish, but these which concerne in particular the military Dis­cipline, to inable your iudgement for your sentence to be required, that it may with greater cleerenes, and vnderstanding, called to censure offences in the Mar­shal court be deliuered, I haue abstracted, as followeth

1 Conference with the enemy, without leaue or warrant, frō the Lord Generall, Lieute [...]ant Generall, Marshall, or chief & principal cōmand for the presēt.

2 The designes, enterprises, and estate of the Colo­ny, reuealed to what enemy soeuer, by priuy messen­gers, or missiues, or otherwise in what sort soeuer.

3 The not present aduertising, & giuing notice vn­to a che [...]fe Commaunder, of such things as any man knoweth intended any way, or by any body, for the domage, mischiefe or ill of the Colony, or the con­cealement in any one of any matter of importance, and moment for the good of the Colony.

4 Running vnto the enemy, or intending, and plot­ting to runne albeit preuented.

5 Of any one taken prisoner by the enemy, hauing meanes to escape, & not returning to the Colony a­gaine, vnlesse hee haue giuen faith.

6 Of attempting commotion, giuing occasion of sedition, or Muteny in the Colony, or seducing any labourer or souldier from their duty, diuine, ciuill, or martiall, or from their appointed works and labours.

7 Of disclosing or giuing the word vnto the ene­my, [Page 43] or vnto any other, where it [...] be giuē.

8 Of receiuing, or protecting [...], [...]nger, or suspected spie, or supposed enemy, into [...], or a­ny couert, without making it knowne to the General, or chiefe officer, and without leaue from him so to do.

9 Suspitious and priuily entring into the Campe Town, or Fort, or going out by any other waies and issues, then those which are accustomed, as ouer the Ramparts, Pall [...]zadoes, Trenches, &c.

10 Of doing any act, or contriuing any practise, which may preiudice the seruice of his Maiesty com­manded for the good of the Colony, by the Generall, or chiefe Officer.

11 Of breaking the Truce, or peace at any time cō ­cluded with the Indian, without leaue & warrant ex­presly giuen, by h [...]m who hath power so to doe.

12 Of pillaging, or violently forcing from any In­dian to friend, without leaue.

13 Of ransacking, ransoming, or violently outra­ging, and dispoiling the Country people, or making war vpon them, be it in body or goods, vnles they be declared enemies, & warrant giuen to make prise of.

14 Of laying violent hands on his Captaine or o­ther superiour officer, and generally vppon any one whatsoeuer, to whom duty & obedience is due, espe­cially if it be in the executing of his Office.

15 Of him who shall see his superior, or chiefe offi­cer in danger, and shall not doe his indeauour to res­cue and relieue him with all his force, and power.

16 Of him who shall violently or hardly intreate, or kill his souldier, without good, & lawfull occasion, or that he haue deserued so to be intreated, not to sa­tisfie his owne pleasure and appetite, to punish in co­lour, [Page 44] and reuenge, thereby thinking to make himselfe more redoubted, a braue man, & to be feared, remem­bring well, the life of a souldier, or a laborer, belongs to none to take away, but to the Lord Generall, Lief­tenant General, Marshal, or their deputy or deputies.

17 Of killing any one, except it be in his own defēce.

18 Of striking or fighting with an other man, ha­uing a quarrell vnto him, and not holding his or their hands when an officer or third party comes between and cries, Holah.

19 Of making debate, raising question, or laying his hand on his sword, and drawing it in the Court of Guard, in Ambush or other place, where he ought to be modest, peaceable, silēt, & to keep himself in couert.

20 Of assaying or indeuouring by brauery, & chief­ly by trechery, to outrage or iniury any one without a cause, in deed or in words, priuately behind his backe like a slie coward, or openly to his face, like an arrogāt russian, since words are the parents of blowes, & from quarrels infinite disorders, and mischiefes gather head whether in Campe, Towne, or Fort.

21 Of reuenging a new wrong, or old iniury, by any course, contrary to the peace of the camp or Colony.

22 Of running where any quarrell is a foote, and companies gathered together, furnished with other Armes then his sword.

23 Of taking away any mony in brauery, wonne from another, or gotten by play otherwise without the will and consent of him, from whom he wonne it, or cheating or cosenage in play.

24 Of not repairing to the place of Armes, or Co­lors at the publique beating of the Drum.

25 Of wilfully firing any place, without order from the superior officer.

[Page 45] 26 Of sacriledge or taking any goods out of Chur­ches, or Temples, be they sacred or prophane, without licence from the chiefe commander.

27 Of a souldier enrowling himselfe in two com­panies at one time.

28 Of going out of one company into another, without leaue of his Captaine.

29 Of absenting himselfe from the Campe, towne, or fort, without permission of a superiour officer.

30 Of him that shall receiue his pay, and shall go a­way without speaking a word, it is a case capital, and worthy of death.

31 Of suborning souldiers the one from the other, which is an euill example, and which doth draw many inconueniences with it.

32 Of quarrels, debates, and reuenge.

33 Of failing to go, or refusing to follow, where his ensigne shall march, or else where that he shall be commaunded by those who haue authoritie so to commaund without enquiring the cause.

34 Of abandoning his ensigne without leaue or go­ing from the place assigned him, be it in fight, in the court of guard, Centinels, or other part, not brought of by those who placed him there, or others hauing the same authority.

35 Of a Souldier not doing his endeuour to reco­uer his ensigne, if the enemie haue taken it.

36 Of being wanting at his watch, vpon his time appointed, or of going of the Guard without leaue, albeit vnder a colour of espie.

37 Of being found sleeping in Centinell, or of him who placed vpon some Guard or watch by his negli­gence hath giuen meanes to the enemie, to doe some [Page 46] spoile in the campe, towne, or fort, and to surprise them at vnawares.

38 Of running away from the battell, conflict, or assault, &c. and of him that marcheth too slowly, or maketh delaies in any other sort.

39 Of a Souldier faining himselfe sicke, when any seruice is to be performed.

40 Of yeelding vnto the enemy, a place which he hath in gard, without doing first his duty to the vtter­most, & be not cōstraind vnto it, according to the qua­lity of the same, & the state wherunto he shalbe drawn.

41 Of being appointed to defend a breach, trench, or passage, cōmitted vnto his charge, & do forsake it alto­gether, without being forced therunto by the enemy.

42 Of entring into any place taken by force, & pil­laging the fame, not following his colors, or forsaking the fame, without a publike proclamatiō, made by the chiefe commander, that it shal be lawful so to pillage.

43 Of a soldier being found vnfurnished of his arms, and of such furniture, as he is appointed to weare and ought to haue, by losing them in play, or in cowardly runing away, or otherwise by his default or negligēce.

44 Of a souldiers going from his quarter, town, or fort, without he haue leaue f [...]om a superior officer.

45 Of a souldier aduancing himselfe, to go before the troopes, be it to come first to his lodging, or for a­ny other occasion, or wandring heere and there, and stragling when he should march.

46 Of not retiring so soone as the drum or trumpet shall sound retreat, whether it be comming out of a­ny towne, or skirmish or any other fight.

47 Of speaking loud, or making a noise in the battel or any other place, where silence is to be vsed, except those who haue power to command.

Instructions of the Marshall for the better inhabling of the Captaine of the watch, to the executing of his charge in this present Colony. the 22. of Iune. 1611.

SIthence, as in euery liuing creature, there be many and sundry members, & those distinct in place and office, and all yet vnder the regiment of the soule, and heart, so in euery army, commonwealth, or Colonie (all bodies a like compounded) it cannot be otherwise for the establishment of the same in perfect order and vertue, but that there should be many differing parts, which directed by the chiefe, should helpe to gouerne and administer Iustice vnder him. And if it be thus in this ciuil Audit, & courts of a well setled State, much more sure as it required, to be in their beginnings, and no lesse shall we read, how that first & great comman­der ouer the Colony of the children of Israel, condu­cting them from Aegypt to make their plantation in the land of Promise, appointed Captains ouer Tribes and hundreds for the wars, and Elders to sit vpon the bench (whilest vnto himselfe all great causes were brought, whether martial, or ciuil to direct and deter­mine it otherwise being impossible, so many and infi­nite occasions both being to be thought vpon, and re­quiring iudiciall audience, should euer come by one mā (of how indefatig [...]ble a spirit soeuer) to be decided or determined. Out of this example cōmended vnto vs by the holy writ, it may wel be, that many Officers are still continued in all vnited societies, religious and wel gouerned: hauing then thus religion, beside prescrip­tion and reason, (which mine owne breeding hath taught me how to make the best vse of, to be my guids in this new settlement, and in this strange and heathe­nous [Page 48] (contending with all the strength and powers of my mind and body, I confesse to make it like our na­tiue country, I am not a little careful to adhere & take vnto mine owne endeuours, as many furtherances, as may helpe to work out with me the ends of this great imployment, which hath now possessed and furnished all states of Christendom with discourse and expecta­tiō what may be the issue therof, & to what perfection so great, & frequent leuies of monies, & annuall trans­portations for these foure yeares of men, and prouisi­ons, may bring this English plantation vnto: And as I haue constituted subalterne officers according both to the ancient & moderne order of the wars, and well approued the gouernment & magistracy, resembling and maintaining the lawes of England, so I haue taken paines to present so many & such instructions to such speciall officers (whom our necessity teacheth to esta­blish amongst vs) as may most neerest concerne them for the present, (leauing out yet I confesse many ap­pertinent ones, which the time & our earely daies here of settlement may not yet admit of. Let me aduise therfore euery officer now established, to hold it a ser­uice of duty faithfully to execute such orders and in­structions, as I haue made it my mindes labour to ex­presse and draw out for him: and amongst the rest (our no little safety consisting in our watch & guard as wel by day as night, we being set down in a stranger land, sauage, and trecherous, and therfore many sodaine and barbarous accidents to be feared, I haue as followeth extracted the duty of the captaine of the wrath an of­fice not meanly appertaining and necessary vnto this Colony, and whose ignorance, and supine negligence may much indanger the safetie thereof.

[Page 49] That Captaine who is Captaine of the watch, must haue a speciall care of the safeguard and pre­seruation of the Towne or Fort committed to his charge, and of the liues and goods of the soldiers, and Inhabitants, that through his defect, negli­gence, or Ignorance in his charge, he giues not oportunity to the enemie to execute any of his deseignes, for the indamaging of the place or the Inhabitants: Now for the more faithfull executing of his charge, he shall doe well to take notice, that being the chiefe commander of the watch, he he is to answere for all Disorders, Misrules, Riots, Tumults and what vnquietnesse soeuer, shall hap­pen in the Towne or Fort, and that if any of these shall fall out to be, he is to commit the parties so offending, to the Prouost Marshall, making the Gouernour there-with acquainted, that the of­fender may receiue such punishment, as his fault shall deserue, of what quallity soeuer he be.

At the setting of the watch, he is to repayre to the place of Arms, with his Gorget about his neck, if his company haue not the Guard, there to be present with the Sargeant Maior, at the drawing of the Billets for the Guards, that he may the bet­ter know the strength of his watch, and how the companies are disposed vpon their Guards.

He is to remaine from the setting of the watch v­pon the main court of Guard, or Guard appointed for him & his Rounders that if any occasion pre­sent it selfe wherin his endeauour is to be vsed, hee may be the readier found to receiue the cheife Offi­cers direction, or to reforme any abuses that shall [Page 50] come to his knowledge, by the misdemea­nors of any to bee found in the campe, towne or fort.

The Ports being shut, and the word deliuered out from the Gouernor, he is to see that al his Gen­tlemen, appointed for his assistants, doe come vpon their guard, where he is so to order it that by draw­ing of Billets according to their lots, they may ex­ecute their rounds, whither first, second, third. &c. and after the Corporalls haue set out their centi­nells, hee is to passe from his court of guard, with three or foure of his assistants, and so to make the round about the campe, towne, or fort, from guard to guard, receiuing from euery Corporal the word of guet, that their be no error, or abuse, by variety of word: after which he is to goe into the court of guard, to see that such officers, rounders, and sol­diers, apoynted for that guard, bee there present vpon their guard, then hee shall search the peices whither they be charged with Bullet, and that the soldiers bee furnished with poulder and match for the better defence of the guard, committed to his charge, so commanding and inioyning euery offi­cer, and soldier to execute his duty, for ther better security of the campe, towne, or fort: hee shall de­part to the next guard there to doe the like, and so from guard to guard, vntill hee hath visited all the guards and centinells of his watch, giuing in charge to the officers of each guard to send forth their rounders, according to their order and di­rections.

Further hee shall command all disordred people [Page 51] (vntimely sitting vp late in vsuall assemblies, whi­ther in priuat meetings, publike tap-houses or such like places) vnto their rests, for which he shall cause all fire and candles to bee put out and raked vp in the towne, and such night walkers, or vnruly per­sons whome hee shall meete in the streets, he shall either send to their lodgings, or to the Prouost Marshall, according as their misdemeanou [...] shall require.

Hee being returned to his owne court of guard shall see his rounders set forth euery one accor­ding to his order of Billet, from houre to houre, and he shall informe him-selfe from these rounders which walke their rounds, two howers before day breake, whither the Captaines and their guards, and their companies bee in armes according to their duties: if they bee not hee shall walke around towards the morning vnto those Guards, and cause them to be put in armes, and shall informe the go­uernour of those Officers neglects, that they may receiue punishment: after this at the discharge of the watch, hee is with his guard to attend the Serjeant Major for the safe opening of the Ports.

At the opening of the Ports, hee shall cause the people to stay that are to goe out of the Towne, a pretty distance from his guard, that they may giue no incombrance to his guard, vntill such time, as he hath sent out certaine Serjeants to discouer forth right, and vpon each side, as farre as the lim­mits of that fort are prescribed: At the returne of the Serjeant, hee shall cause those of the [Page 52] Towne to goe out leisurely and without thron­ging or confusion, and those without to come in, in like manner, warning the Gards to stand in armes one houre after.

From thence hee shall returne to the maine Guard or place of armes to assist the Serieant Ma­ior for the disposing of such men as are appoynted vnto [...]eir seuerall busines and workes of the Co­lony for the whole day following: and likewise to see that those Captaines, who haue the Guard, do put in execution the cōmandements of the Mar­shall for the trayning and disciplining of their men for the better inabling them to the seruice of the Colony.

After which he shall do well to present himselfe before the Gouernour, or chiefe Officer, to vnder­stand his further commaunds.

It shall bee his duty the time beeing come, when the general morning worke is to be left off, to cause the Drum to beate, and with his Guard of Roun­ders to assist the Captaines or Capt. to bring the laborers into the Church to heare diuine seruice, which beeing ended hee is to returne to the maine Court of Guard, there to be present for the orde­ring of all matters whatsoeuer to happen, during his time of being Captaine of the watch, and when it shall so fall out that the Indians do at any time come in way of trade or visitation vnto the Camp, towne or fort, he shal leaue order with the Guards that the suffer not them to enter before such time as they haue made him acquainted first of their beeing there, who shall informe the Gouernor to [Page 53] know his pleasure, which beeing vnderstood hee shal so accomplish, at al times, appointing Guards vppon such Indians, that they do not steale any of out [...]ooles, Axes, Howes, Swords, Peeces or what thing else; and that none of our people talke pub­likely or priuately with them, or that they truck or trade with them, or doe any other vnorderly Act, without leaue granted for the same from the Go­uernour, or chiefe Officer, the omission of which duty, will bee required at his hands.

Hee must likewise take notice of all such brea­ches of the publique Lawes and Articles, as shall bee committed in the time of his Guard, and ac­cordingly command such persons to the Prouost Marshall, as shall bee found trespassers and brea­kers of the said Lawes and Articles.

At the time or houres appoynted for the after­noone worke of the Colony, euery labourer to his worke, and euery craftsman to his occupation, Smiths, Ioyners, Carpenters, Brick makers &. He shall cause the drumme to beate againe, to draw and call forth the people vnto their labour, when againe the worke on all hands towards night being to bee left off, hee is to cause the drumme likewise then to beate, and as before assist the Capt: with the whole company to bring them to euening prayer.

If it shall so bee that hee bee Capt. of the watch vpon Sonday, it shall be his duety to see that the Saboath be no waies prophaned, by any disorders, gaming, drunkennes, intemperate meeting, or such like, in publike or priuate, in the streetes or within the houses.

[Page 54] It shall be his duty halfe an houre before the di­uine seruice, morning & euening, to shut the Ports and place Centinels, and the Bell hauing tolled the last time, he shal search all the houses of the towne, to command euery one, of what quality soeuer (the sick and hurt excepted) to repaire to Church, after which he shall accompany all the guards with their armes, (himselfe being last) into the Church, and lay the keyes before the Gouernor.

If at any time any alarme be taken, he is to streng­then himselfe from the maine court of gard, taking a competent proportion of that guard, for the se­curing of his person, and so to repaire to the place where the alarme was giuen, to enforme himselfe by what means the alarum came, causing his roun­ders to command all guards to be in armes for the readier execution and resistance of any perill, and conseruation of their charge, and if he find the ala­rum to be truly giuen, and that the enemy approch the Fort, towne, or campe, he is to send to aduertise the Gouernor or chiefe officers to know his di­rections for the assembling of guards, and ordering and drawing a force, for the better preuention of the enemies designes.

Lastly, when the guard is set, and another Cap­taine hath the watch, hee shall present himselfe be­fore the Gouernor or chiefe Commander, to giue account vnto him of all such accidents, trespasses and neglects, as haue beene committed during the time of his watch.

Thus to conclude, though his office amongst ma­ny others be a chief and principall office, and there [Page 55] be many weighty and frequent duties required in this great duty of the Captaine of the watch, yet these are the most essentiall and necessariest which I can yet aduise, the neerest to concerne vs.

Instructions of the Marshall, for the better in­abling of a Captaine, to the executing of his charge in this present Colonie. Iune the 22. 1611.

THat Captaine that will honestly and religiously discharge himselfe, and the duty entrusted to him, shall doe well to conceiue of himselfe, as the maister of a family, who is at all times so to gouerne himselfe, as knowing assuredly that all the crimes and trespasses of his people vnder him shall bee ex­acted at his hands, not onely by his superior offi­cer and Iudge here, but by the great Iudge of Iud­ges, who leaues not vnpunished the sinnes of the people, vpon the Magistrates, in whose hands the power and sword of Iustice and authority is com­mitted, to restraine them from all delinquences, mis­deeds and trespasses. And moreouer since the Cap­taine is to know, that not onely the command of their ciuill duties is at his directions, for which he is to answer, but likewise al their actions and practises which shal breake forth in them, contrary to the di­uine prescriptions of Piety and Religion: their per­iuries, blasphemies, prophanenesse, ryots, and what disorders soeuer, and generally all their breaches of both the sacred Tables, diuine, and morrall, to GOD and man, and in this place most espe­cially, where the worke assumed, hath no other ends [Page 56] but such as may punctually aduance the glory, and propagation of the heauenly goodnesse, for which so many religious lawes and ordinances are establi­shed, and declared, all tending to the subsisting of a Colony, the first seed-plot and settlement of such a new temporary kingdom and state, as may reduce, and bring poore misbeleeuing miscreants, to the knowledge of the eternall kingdom of God (there­fore by him first shut vp in misbeliefe, that in his due time, when it should so please him, hee might againe on them shew mercy) It is carefully there­fore by each Captaine to be considered, how pre­tious the life of a poore souldier is, but how much more pretious his soule, and that he make consci­ence how he expose the first to apparant ruine and mischiefe, or suffer the other to run on into head­long destruction: for the first let his wisedom, knowledge, and circumspection be euer awake, and ready how to imploy, and when and with what as­surances, regards and cautions, either left to his owne power, or prescribed him by vertue of these from the Marshall, and for the other, let him first be mindfull to giue witnesses in his owne life, how carefull hee is to please God, who must blesse all that he vndertakes, and walke himselfe in a noble example of Iustice and truth; which doth not one­ly enforce a reputation and respect from other men, but an imitation and following of the like by other men: And vnto this may the diuerse and frequent changes and strictnesse of the place where we are, and the hardnesse of the many with whom he shal haue to do, with other chances & difficulties [Page 57] be motiues sufficient to perswade him, in which yet let him remember this, that it is in vaine in such place as heere, to pretend onely to bee vertuous and religious, except a man bee vertuous and reli­gious indeed, and that vertue extend it selfe to ex­ample. But since I assure my selfe that of this ad­uice no Capt. voluntarily imploying himselfe in such a busines as this is, and onely for the businesse sake, hath any need, I commend him to the fol­lowing instructions.

Euery Captaine shall (if conueniently hee may) present himselfe before his Colonel or Gouernor, once a day, to vnderstand his commands, the which hee must bee carefull, neither to exceed at any time, nor bee defectiue in their full accom­plishment, albeit he shall haue a shew and present­ment at any time of a better aduantage, since con­cerning his imployment hee may bee ignorant of the chiefe commaunders ends.

Hee shall doe well to haue a speciall eye and re­gard ouer his company, that they as well br [...]ake not the publique Lawes, and Orders pre­scribed them, but also performe all dueties and seruices vnto which they shall bee for the present commaunded, the which that he may with the bet­ter aptnesse and conueniency draw them vnto, it shalbe his duty to haue knowledg, and take notice of euery one of his vnder Officers, offices and du­ties; that he may the readier reforme faults com­mitted, eyther by negligence, or ignorance, and at the time of watch he shall send his Serieant to the Serieant maior for the word, and if he haue [Page 58] the watch himselfe, hee shall after the word giuen out, call vpon his court of guard, all his company (vnlesse his Centinels) and assembled together, humbly present themselues on their knees, and by faithfull and ze [...]lous prayer vnto almighty God commend themselues and their indeauours to his mercifull protection.

After prayer, either the Captaine himselfe, or some one of his vnder officers, shall accompany the Centinell to the place of Guet, after which he shall search all the pieces vpon the court of guard, that they be charged with bullet against the Captaine of the watch or Serjeant Major shall come to visit them, and also that they be furnished with Poulder and Match, for the discharge of their duties, during the time of their watch and ward: and it is his duty, after that the Serjeant Major or Captaine of the watch haue made their round some time after mid­night to walke his round, to see that his Centinels do hold good watch in their guet, & that all things bee quiet and peaceable, and no disorders in the towne, and that if alarum be giuen, he giue order to his Centinels to take it with al secrecy, without any tumult or noise made, for the [...]act performance whereof, he must haue especiall care that he weaken not his guard, by giuing leaue vnto any of them to be absent from the guard, but vpon iust and lawfull cause, & reason to be alledged: likewise he is to ap­point certaine gentlemen for rounders in his com­pany, the which are to make their said rounds from houre to houre, according to the directions of the Captaine of the watch.

[Page 59] Further, about two houres before day, the Cap­taine shall put on his armes, and cause all his com­pany to arme themselues, and so to stand in armes vntill one houre after the discharge of the watch in the morning, which time expired, he shall returne with his company vnto the court of guard, and there, with publike praier, giue vnto almighty God humble thankes and praises, for his mercifull and safe protection that night, and commend himselfe and his, to his no lesse mercifull protection and safegard for the day following.

And because that, during the watch, that time is appointed for the exercising of his men, and fashi­oning them to their armes, he shall set vp a conue­nient marke by his court of guard, where hee shall teach his men the exercise of their armes, both for the comely and needfull vse therof, as the offensiue practise against their enemies, at which marke his men shall discharge their pieces twice, both mor­n [...]ng and euening, at the discharge of the watch, ha­uing procured from the Gouernor some prize of incouragement due vnto him that shall shoot nee­rest, then he shall file and ranke, & exercise his men in such military actions, according vnto such forme and exercise, as he shall receiue from the Marshall, not forgetting by the way, that all the Courts of guard, and all the members of the watch and ward, are vnder the command of the Capt. of the watch.

Further, the Captaine is to make it his especial du­ty to haue religious and manly care ouer the poore sick soldiers or labourers vnder his command, for which cause he shall visite such as are sick, and pro­uide so that they bee attended, their lodgings [Page 60] kept sweet, and their beds standing the same heigth from the ground which is prouided for in the pub­lique Iniunctions, as likewise hee shall call for such things for them out of the store, or from the Phisi­tions or Surgeons chest, as the necessitie of their sicknesse shall require.

Further he is to know, because we are not onely to exercise the duty of a Souldier, but of the hus­bandman, and that in time of the vacancie of our watch and ward wee are not to liue idely, therefore the Captaine sending his Serieant to the Serieant Maior for the word, shall likewise giue in charge vnto his Serjeant to make demand of the Serieant Major, what seruice, worke, and businesse he hath in charge, from the Gouernor, to command him and his men to goe vppon him the next mor­ning, after notice whereof, he shall so prouide, that he and his men be ready at the relieuing of the mor­ning watch, the Drum summoning him there-vnto to effect the same, for which he shall bring [...]is men vnto the place of Armes, by the maine Court of guard, where the Serjeant Major, or the Captaine of the watch, shall conduct them to the place of the subsisting businesse, prouiding them such labouring and needfull Instruments or tooles, as the worke for the present shall require, in which worke the Captaine himselfe shall do exceeding worthily to take paines and labour, that his Souldiers seeing his industry and carefulnesse, may with more cheerful­nesse loue him, and bee incouraged to the perfor­mance of the like in that businesse wherevpon they are imploied, contrariwise himselfe taking his case, [Page 61] and inioyning them to toile and worke, may breed both a wearinesse of the businesse in the imployed, and giue a way vnto much hatred, and contempt vnto himselfe.

Now concerning the tooles and instruments, and the furnishing his soldiers therewith, the Captaine shall send his Serieant to the store to make demand thereof, and leauing a note vnder his hand for the receipt of the same, thereby charging him-selfe to the redeliuerie of them againe at the finishing of the worke. The companies thus furnished, and be­ing assembled in the place of armes, the Serieant Maior or Captaine of the watch, vpon their knees shall make their publike and faithfull prayers vnto almighty God for his blessing and protection to attend them in this their businesse the whole day after succeeding, which done the Serieant Maior or Captaine of the watch shal extract out of the com­panies howsoeuer deuided, and deliuer vnto euery Maister of the worke appointed, his propper and seuerall Ging, to take their wayes therevnto, where the said Maisters and ouer-seers of such workes shal be present with them to labour, and hold to la­bour such his Ginge vntill 9. or ten of the clock, ac­cording vnto the coldnesse or heate of the day, at which time he shall not suffer any of his company to be negligent, and idle, or depart from his worke, vntill the Serieant maior, or Capt. of the watch causing the drum to beat shall fetch them in vnto the Church to heare diuine seruice, which beeing effected, euery man shall repaire to his lodging, to prouide himselfe of his dinner, and to ease and rest [Page 62] himselfe vntill two or three of the clocke in the af­ter-noone, acording to the heat and coldnesse of the day, at which time the drumme beating, the Capt: shall againe draw forth his company vnto the place of Armes as a foresaid, to bee disposed of as before vppon their worke vntill fiue or six of the clocke, at which time the drumme beating as before, at the command of the Sarjeant maior or Capt. of the watch, they shalbe by one of them brought in againe vnto the Church to Euening prayer, which beeing ended they shall dismisse the company; those that are to set the watch, with charge to prepare their Armes, the others vnto their rests and lodgings.

All these duties the Captaine must not be igno­rant nor negligent to put in execu [...]ion, as being duties which will be exactly required at his hands by the Marshall, as also so to behaue himselfe that he may be as well beloued as obeyed of his souldi­ers, that thereby they may as well know, how to obey, as he to command, and that he endeuour by all meanes to conserue his men, as annoy his ene­my, & painefully to execute with al diligence such matters as he is inioyned by his superiors, and to haue no apprehension of feare, but of shame and infamie.

Instructions of the Marshall for the better enabling of a Lieftenant to the executing of his charge in this present Colonie Iune the 22. 1611.

WHen the Captaine is present he is to be assi­sting to his Captaine, in prouiding that all directions that are commanded by the Superior [Page 63] Officer, as well his Captain as other, be put in exe­cution, that the company be well and orderly go­uerned, and such duties duly and dayly performed as are inioyned by the Gouernor or cheife officer; and likewise that the duties of the inferiour officers or Soldiers be no lesse diligently and sedulously discharged, for he being, as is said, a helpe, and aide vnto his Captaine, is therefore accountant to and with his Captain for such omissions, disorders and neglects, as the company shalbe found faulty in.

He ought faithfully to informe his Capt: of all a­buses, disorders, neglects, and contempts that shall happen in the company, of what nature or condi­tion soeuer they bee.

If his Captain shal at any time demand his opini­on in any matter of consequence, he shall faithful­ly and sincerely deliuer it, but not presume to ad­uise his Capt. vndemanded, vnles it be vpon extra­ordinary occasiō of present and imminent perill.

It shalbe his duty in all quarrels, braules, debates, and discontentments of his soldiers to accord and agree them without partiallity, and with the least troubling of his Cap. with the same, & if he cannot with his curtesies, and gentle interposition worke them into peaceable agreement, hee shall then acquaint his Captaine, and afterwards faithfully put in execution his Captaines directions.

He ought to traine & exercise the company that they may be expert in the vse of their armes when they shall be commanded to publike seruice. He ought likewise to see that the inferiour officers be duly obei'd the one by the other without singu­larity or contradictiō, & the soldiers obey thē all [Page 64] in generall, each one according to his place.

By his care euery Squadron shal haue his armes seruiceable and cleane, and at the setting of the watch that they be prouided of pouder, match, and bullet, for the defence of the guard, and if the com­pany be vnfurnished to aduertise his Captaine, or send his Serieant to the munition Maister, that order may bee presently taken for the supplie thereof.

Hee shall doe well, if conueniently he may, mor­ning and euening (or at least once a day) to present him-selfe before his Captaine, to know his com­mands, and to informe his Captaine, of the state of his Companie.

It shalbe his duty to haue care that the compa­ny bee ready (as is exprest in the Captaines duty) to go forth and attend the daily businesse, and pub­like labour appertayning to the Colonie, which shalbe comaunded by the chiefe officer, In which hee shall haue a hand in executing, and an eye in ouer-seeing, that euery one take his due paines, and not loyter, and idlely mispend the time appoynted vnto the dispatch of such businesse.

Hee is to haue a hearty and religious care that the souldiers doe not make breach of the lawes, and duties, diuine, ciuill, or martiall, inioyned them to obserue vpon so necessary reasons and strict penalties, but that he informe, correct and punish to the vtmost of his authority limited, the trespas­sers of the same, or the omission of any duty what­soeuer, with the approbation of his Captaine.

Hee is not to make it his least care to ouer-see [Page 65] and take charge of the lodging and bedding of all in generall in his company, that according vnto the pub­like edict the preseruation of their healths be prouided for, and that one point of slothfullnesse in the common soldier preuented, and met with, of lying vpon or to neere the ground, which neglect in the officer hath bin the losse of many a man.

For his order of command and march in the field, and quartering he shalbe appoynted the manner there­of by the Marshall, when occasion of seruice shall so re­quire, like-wise the order of trayning and exercising his Captaines company he shall haue vnder the marshalls hand.

Hee is amongst other his duties most carefully, like a charitable and wel instructed Christian, mercifull and compassionate, make often and daily suruey of such of his company as shalbe visited with sicknesse, or wounded by any casualty of warre, gunpoulder, or o­ther-wise, in which hee shall take such order that the lodgings of such as shalbe so sicke or hurt, be sweet and cleanely kept, them-selues attended and drest, and to the vttermost of his power to procure either from the store, or the Phisition and Surgeons chest, such com­forts, healps, and remedies, as may be administred and applied vnto them, and to haue care that they be not defrauded of those meanes and remedies which are for them deliuered out of the said store or chests.

And for that this officer is in the abscence of his Cap­taine to be called vnto the Marshall Court as his depu­tie, for the better inhabling of his iudgement, when his opinion is to be required in the censure of offences and crimes of what quality soeuer, which shalbe brought [Page 66] thither to be sentenced, I refer him to the abstract of the lawes in breefe anexed vnto the duty of his Capt.

Instructions of the Marshall for the better enabling of an Ensigne to the executing of his charge in this present Colonie, Iune the 22. 1611.

IT is requisite for euery soldier to stand vp­pon his credit and reputation, proposing vnto himselfe that their can be no lesse e­quall, or to be compared with dishonour, & sure in matters of armes and their execution, what dis­honour can bee greater then the losse of the ensigne, for which it ought to be committed to the charge of a right valiant, and well gouerned soldier, who may not leaue nor loose it, but where the losse of his life shall quit him of that duty.

So farre as toucheth his command, or gouernment in the company, he is to know that he hath no com­mand where his Captaine or Lieftenant are present, but in their absence I referre him to the duty of the Capt: which he is to execute as religiously, painfully, and circumspectly as the Captaine: he beeing answe­rable vnto his Captaine for all defects, neglects, disor­ders, and contempts of duties, in his company what­soeuer.

In the gouernment of his company he is to be asist­ant vnto his superiour officers, in teaching and ina­bling all his inferiours, euery one his perticular duty, with faire perswasion and all gentlenes, and sweetnes of command, and if any thing shall happen, either dis­orders or neglects of duties, it shall be fit for him to [Page 67] aduertise his superior officers that redresse may be had, for he hath no power of himselfe in their presence to punish, correct, or do any act of executions vpon his companions.

When the time of exercise and training shalbe of the companie, he shall be there ready and assistant vnto his superiour officer (if so be it his coulours be not drawne forth) for the better furtherance of him in the so training, and disciplining of the men.

Hee shall see all commands of his superior Officers put in execution, and not stand ignorantly in defence (as some haue) and it is the property of the ignorant so to do, that he is tyed to no other duties, but to the car­rying of his coulours. For no inferiour officers duty, whether Sargeant or corporalls, but he is to performe and execute (if they shall be by any disaster, defeate, or visitation of sicknesse disabled personally to dis­charge it themselues) being so commanded by his Su­perior officers, during the time of guard, yea the duty of the Centinell he is to vndergoe, and from which neither the Captaine nor Lieftenant are exempted vp­on vrgent occasion.

In the hapning of any dispute, quarrell, or debate a­mongst the soldiers, the same being brought to his knowledge, he shall do his best to end and compound, whose authority & perswasions, if they shal not be po­werfull enough to reconcile & set at one, he shal then informe his Lieftenant, or Captaine: that order with the most speed & conuenience, may be taken therein.

He shall hold it his duty to visit the sick or hurt in his company, and to his power of them take the same care, and make the same charitable prouision [Page 68] for, as is inioynd both the Captaine and Lieftenant.

It is his duty to command the Corporalls to bring their squadrons to his lodging, who shal conduct them to his Lieftenant, and they both conduct them to their Captaine, at the beating of the Drum, whither for any manuall labour and worke, for the Colony, or whither to bee lead vnto the Church at any time to heare di­uine seruice.

He is to visit the armes of the Company, and at the setting of the watch to take care, and so at all time, that they be not vnseruiceable, and if any want bee then of ma [...]ch, poulder, or bullet, or what else defect, hee is to aduertise his Superior Officers, that they may then and at all other times bee supplied and amended.

To bee breefe hee is an assistant to the Lieftenant in the same nature that the Lieftenant is to the Cap­taine, and may not by any meanes intrude into the command of the one or other, they being present.

In the absence of the Captaine, and Lieftenant (when hee is then to bee Captaine of the watch) I re­ferre him to the duty of the sayd Captayne of the watch.

For his Order of march, and flying of his collours, and his carriage in the field, and vpon seruice, he shal­bee ordred and instructed by word of mouth from the Marshall, when occasion shalbe offered.

Thus mutch is needfull for him to know touch­ing his command, and his carriage to his officers and company, so far forth as hee and they are sol­diers, and as the necessity of this present state and condition which we are in doth require. But con­cerning the publike and dayly manuall businesse [Page 69] which appertaine to our setling there as Planters of a Col [...]nie, he is to make it his duty, to be a diligent not onely ou [...]r-seer, but labourer, himselfe accompanying therein, and seconding the example of his Captaine, and industrious Lieutenant, that the necessary and daily taskes of such workes and husbandry (without which we cannot here keepe footing, nor possibly subsist) may be in due time accomplisht and brought to passe.

Instructions of the Marshall for the better enabling of a Serjeant to the executing of his charge in this pre­sent Colonie, Iune the 22. 1611.

THat Captaine who shall dispose of a H [...]lbert, by vertue whereof a Serjeant is knowne, ought to make choise of a man well approoued, that hath passed the in­ferior grades of a resolute spirit, quick apprehension, and actiue body, for it is a place of great paines and promptitude, and that Ser­jeant who will be able to execute his duty in sinceritie and vprightnesse, must not be slack to punish where it is deserued, nor ouer rash to abuse his authority, vnbe­fitting an officer of such moment.

This officer hath in the absence of his superior offi­cers the command of the company, to see them doe their duties, and obserue lawes and orders in all things, and punishment of them by his Halbert, or otherwise in his discretion, for defect or negligence in any part of order.

This officer is to attend vpon the Serjeant Major for the word vpon the shutting in of the Ports, at the [Page 70] Gouernors lodging or place of armes, according as the Serjeant Major shall appoint, then he is to giue the word to his Captaine, Lieftenant, and Ensigne, and vn­to his corporall or corporalls hauing the guard.

Hee must see the Soldiers of his company furnished and prouided with munition, as shotte, poulder, and match, at the setting of the watch.

Hee is to call, or cause to bee called the Corporalls roule, to see who are absent or negligent in the dis­charge of their duties.

Hee is to see each souldiers armes cleanly kept, and seruiceable, and if default be, he is to reprooue the cor­porall for his negligence in the ouer-sight of that du­tie, and to punish the souldier.

Hee must see the souldiers practise their armes, and therefore it is requisite that he know the vse of all sorts of armes himselfe.

If the watch be set by squadrons, he shall leade that squadron, that is to watch to the Parado, and there draw Billets for his guard, and from thence lead them to the guard.

He shall see the setting out of the Centinels, and after shall haue care that silence and good order be kept vp­on the guard, and that no man depart from the guard without the leaue of him, or his corporall, and that no man be absent aboue one halfe houre, hauing a special regard that hee weaken not his guard, by giuing leaue vnto aboue two at a time to be absent, least he disable himselfe in the performance of that duty of trust and charge which is committed vnto him of the guard.

Hee shall see that his corporall or corporals, do put his or their squadrons into armes, two houres before [Page 71] the relieuing of the watch, who shall so abide in armes, at least one whole houre after.

If the watch be set by whole companies, it is his duty to place euery souldier in his order, and to see them march in ranke and file, and himselfe being eldest Serje­ant to march vpon the right point in the vaunt-guard: if he be the yongest he is to march vpon the left point in the rere-ward, each taking care of halfe of the compa­ny, vnlesse when more companies march together, they be appointed any other place by a superior officer. When the Serjeant is appointed to lead out any shot, he shall goe vpon the side of the vtmost ranke, and see that they take their leuell, & giue fier, and do all things with comlinesse and leisure, & so likewise in the retrait.

A Serjeant of each company, presently after the dis­charge of the watch shall bee in the place of armes, or market place, to attend the Captaine of the watch to the opening of the Ports, that they may be imploied by him, for the discouery without the forts, of any ambu­shes or attempts of the enemy, with such guard as hee shall appoint them, the Captaine of the watch hauing caused all those of the towne, about, to go forth, to for­beare and stay vntill the said Serjeants returne, which Serjeants are to command those that are comming in, to stay vntill those in the towne are comming forth, & then they shal discouer right forth before the Port, and to both sides of the Port, so farre vntill the discoue­rers of the other forts meete where they end; the discouerers being returned, those of the towne shall be suffered to passe out leisurely, & after those being with­out shal come in as leisurely, without throng or crowd, that they be the better discerned by the guard what they are. The Ports beeing open, the Serjeants shall [Page 72] returne to their guards, where they shall instruct their souldiers in the practise of their armes, and shall shew them the ready vse of them, and doe their indeauours by their best meanes, to incourage the towardly, and instruct the ignorant.

If vpon his guard, in the absence of his superior offi­cer, any soldier of his guard shall offend, hee shall ey­ther punish him by his Halbert, or if the qualitie of the offence so deserue he shall disarme him, and keepe him prisoner vpon the guard, vntill the watch bee releiued, and then hee shall bring him to his superior officers, that he may receiue condigne punishment according to the condition of his offence.

The Serjeant ought to know euery souldier, and to take notice of their particular lodgings, and to make it a point of his duty to see that they keepe their lodgings cleane, and that their beds doe stand a yard about the ground, to haue an eye into their diet, their thriftinesse and conuersation, to aduise them to the best, whereof he is to make report vnto the Captaine or chiefe offi­cer, that they may receiue estimation for good, and punishment for euill behauiour.

He is to informe himselfe of the sick, or hurt, in the company, and to visit them once a day, and to inquire whether they bee not defrauded by the Phisitions and Surgeons, of such necessary helpes as are deliuered vn­to them, for their preseruations and recoueries, and to informe his Captaine of the negligence and abuse of such, who should in that case deale vniustly with them that their dishonesty may receiue due punishment.

He is likewise to addresse himselfe vnto the Serjeant Major, and Store-maister, for the supplying of his [Page 73] company with munition, and victuals, vpon any occa­sion: and concerning the munition, he is to haue a prin­cipall care, that the souldier doe not spend it away in vaine, but onely at such times as they are appointed for exercising and training.

He is likewise to take notice of all defects and abuses in his company, and to enforme his superiour officers, that they may be redressed, and Iustice take place,

He shall with great diligence attend the commands of his Captaine, and of the Serjeant Major, and at all times put them in present execution, rebuking such as doe amisse, shewing them their faults, and teaching them by a good example in himselfe, to tread in the way of all ciuilitie and goodnesse. If any debate shall happen betweene souldier and souldier, hee hauing knowledge thereof, shall doe his indeauor to agree, and reconcile them, that it come not to his superior officers, and if through obstinacie hee cannot agree them, hee shall commit them, or informe his superior officers, who may take order therein.

He is to prouide that none of the company bee ab­sent when the Drum shall call them forth to worke, in which workes he is to be a president himselfe, both by labouring in the same, and calling vpon others to doe the like,

He is to goe to the Store, to take out such Tooles, as are required for the workes in hand, and there to vn­der-write vnto the booke of the store-Maister, or vnto a note to be filed, thereby charging himselfe to be ac­countable for the said tooles, when the worke shall be performed, ouer which he is to haue a regard, that they be not neglectfully layed vp, spoyled nor broken [Page 74] without examining by what meanes they came so bro­ken, that the wilfull breaker thereof may receiue pu­nishment, and the said toole or tooles so broken, with­all the pieces, he shall bring vnto the store, to shew the same for his better discharge.

Instructions of the Marshall for the better enabling of a Corporall vnto the discharge of his duty in this pre­sent Colonie, Iune the 22. 1611.

THe Corporall is in grade and dignity a­boue the priuate souldier, and therefore care ought to bee had in the choosing of this officer, for that it is an office of good account, and by neglect of this duty, many inconueniences may come vpon a camp, towne, or fort, therefore it is fit that hee surmount and excell his inferiors in valour, diligence and iudgment, and likewise in the practise and vse of all sorts of armes, whereby he may the better bee enabled to instruct and teach this squadron committed to his charge.

The Corporall ought (hauing the third part of the company giuen him in command) to sort and assist them in their quartering or lodging, to haue a care that they be cleane and sweet, and that their beds in the same bee laide three foote from the ground, hee is to carry a hand ouer their dye [...], thriftinesse, and conuer­sation, and to aduise and instruct them at all times to demeane themselues as good Christians ought to do, and to make report thereof vnto his Captaine or chiefe officer, that from them they may receiue credit [Page 75] and estimation for good behauiour, and punishment and disgrace for their misdemenours.

Hee is to haue a speciall care of their Armes to see them duly furnished and kept in order, and when the Drum beateth to bee in a readinesse at the Colonies; and if any bee absent, hee shall make it knowne to his Serjeant or superior officer.

When he marcheth, hee is to lead a file, hee ought to bee daily conuersant with his little company com­mitted vnto his charge, and the company beeing in the field, to lodge with them, and prouide to his power for their wants, and to instruct and teach them how to vse and handle the weapon they carry: Likewise, to remember well how each one is armed and appoin­ted when hee receiueth him into charge, then to see no part of his furniture or armes bee broken or spoi­led, but to haue care that they bee preserued cleane and seruice-able.

Hee ought to haue a vigilant eye vpon the good behauiour of his company, not suffering them to vse any vnlawfull and prohibited games, nor that they giue them selues to excesse of drinking, surfitting and ryot, but that they bee conformable to all the Martiall lawes: that they likewise make spare of their pay or victuals, the better to furnish themselues in comely and decent manner, with apparell and other necessaries fitte and requisite for them, wherein the Corporall ought to vse his vtmost endeauour.

In presence of his Captaine, or superior officer, hee is to take vppon him no more then the conditi­on of his office doth require, but diligently to at­tend and execute what they shall command, that his [Page 76] example may serue for a President to the rest of his squadron.

At the setting of the watch hee is to see that they be furnished with poulder, Bullet and match, and that their armes be seruiceable and soldier-like.

If the company watch by squadrons, he and his squa­dron shall be brought by the Serjeant vnto the place of watch, and from him receiue the word and directions, in what maner, and where he shall place his Centinels, whether by day or night [...] which hee is to see per­formed.

When the Corporall with his squadron shall bee brought to the place where he and they shall watch, he and they must prouide eft-soones for wood for fyring vpon the guard, that beside for their owne comfort, they may haue fire ready alwayes vpon the guarde to light their match vpon any proffered occasion.

Hee is to cause silence to bee kept vppon the court of guard, and to gouerne the watch, so that the labour bee equally diuided of his squadron, either in watch, worke, or seruice, and to take care in all respects, that they performe the duties of good and honest soldiers.

His Centinels being placed, hee is to let none passe without the word, vnlesse it bee the Captaine of the watch, or Serjeant Major, vnto whom (after hee shall haue perfect knowledge of them,) hee is to deliuer the word at their first round, but before the deliuery of the word, hee shall take the Captaine of the watch and Serjeant Major alone within his guard, the corporall beeing accompanied with halfe a dozen of shot with Match in Cock, to haue an eye ouer the rest of the rounders that accompany the Captaine of the watch [Page 77] or Sarjeant Major, and not to suffer the rounders to come within the centinell, & if at any time of the night after their first round, the Serjeant Maior or Captaine of the watch shall goe their round, as it is their duties, then they are to giue the word to the Corporal, vnlesse they mistrust the doubt the memory of any Corporall: the Corporall is not to goe out single to take the word of any round but to take two, or three, or more of his guard with him, and if it shalbe a round of more then two, then hee shall [...]w out all his men in his guard in their armes, the Corporall shall at no time (to receiue the word) passe beyond the Centinell, but make him that hath the word to come forward within the Centinell, and shall cause the rest to stand without the Centinell, and those that are out by the Corporall for his guard shall keepe their eies and armes in a rea­dinesse ouer him that is to giue or take the word of the Corporall, vntill such time as the Corporall be satisfi­ed of him.

He must make good his guard vntill he bee releiued the which hee shall the better doe if hee keepe his men together vpon the guard; he must visite the Centinels sometimes vnawares to them, and must be ready to go to them at the first call.

Hee shall put his men in armes two houres before the discharge of the watch, so to remayne one houre after.

Hee shall warne his Centinells to make noe alarum but vpon iust cause, and then with as much silence as may be, and in like silence hee must aduertise the Cap­taine of the watch, and the next guards vnto him, and so without notice or signe of contusiō from one guard [Page 78] vnto an other.

If vpon his guard any of his soldiers shal misdemeane himselfe, or offend in any of the publique lawes, diuine, ciuill, or martiall, he shall bring him to his superior of­ficer, then vpon the guard, that he may receiue punish­ment.

His duty is to prouide that none of his Squadron, be absent, when the drumme shall call to any labour, or worke, or at what time soeuer they shall be com­manded there vnto for t [...] [...]eruice of the Collonie, in the performance of which said workes he is to be an example of the rest of his Squadron by his owne labouring therein, and by encouraging and calling vpon others at any time negligent, idle and slothfull, that thereby giuing encoraging to his supe­rior officers he may be held by them worthy of a high­er place.

Hee must likewise receiue such instruments and tooles, as spades, shouels, axes, &c. imployed in the worke, from his Sarjeant to dispose, and to deliuer the same vnto the labourers with all the care he may, to his vtmost, that none of them be broken, lost, or wilfully spoiled, without drawing the parties so brea­king, loosing and wilfully spoyling the same into punishment; and after the worke done he shall ga­ther the said tooles in againe and re-deliuer them vp vnto his Sargeant, all, and the same, who is to be accountable vnto the maister of the store vnto whose booke he hath vnderwritten for the receipt of them.

And by reason he is well knowing of euery man [Page 79] in his Squadron, and thereby cannot but misse the pretence of any man from any duty whatsoeuer, sooner then haply the superiour officers may, his care shall bee to attend his squadron to the vsuall workes and day-labours, and vnto frequent pray­ers, and the deuine seruice at all times, and vp­pon all the dayes in the weeke, giuing due notice vnto his superiour officer, of the neglect of ey­ther duties in their kinde [...]hat reformation may follow.

Hee shall not suffer any gaming, heare any prophane lewd speeches, swearing, brawling, &c. or see any disorder whatsoeuer vppon his court of guard, or else-where, without present in­formation giuen thereof vnto his superiour officer, that the offenders may bee duly puni­shed.

Hee shall take notice of all bands and procla­mations published by the Generall, procuring a copie of the same from the Prouost Marshall, the same duly to bee read vnto his squadron, that they may bee made the perfecter in the know­ledge of them, and thereby learne the better to forbeare the trespassing in forbidden things, re­membring the penaltie of the same, and execute things commanded, considering the reward there­of, whether in Campe, Towne or Forte, Field or garrison.

Hee shall read, or cause to bee read, the Souldiers dutye, euery time of his guarde in some conuenient time and place, during [Page 80] the same, thereby to remember them the better of their generall duties.

Instructions of the Marshall for the better en­abling of a priuat soldier, to the executing of his duty in this present Colonie. Iune 22. 1611.

IT is requisite that he who will enter in­to this function of a soldier, that he de­dicate himselfe wholly for the planting and establishing of true religion, the honour of his Prince, the safety of his country, and to learne the art which he prosesseth, which is in this place to hold warre, and the seruice requisite to the subsisting of a colonie: There be many men of meane descent, who haue this way attained to great dignity, credit, and honor.

Hauing thus dedicated himselfe with a constant resolution, he ought to be diligent, carefull, vigi­lant and obedient, and principaly to haue the feare of God, and his honor in greatest esteeme.

In making choyse of his familiar accquaintance, let him haue care that they be of religious and ho­nest conditions, not factious nor mutenous mur­murers, nor euill languaged and worse disposed persons: his choyse beeing made he is to carry him selfe discreete, temperate, quiet and friendly, with­holding himselfe from being to lauish of speech, for such as take liberty vnto themselues to talke li­centiously, to slander, raile, and backbite others, do vsually make bankrout of their friends, of esti­mation, and of their owne peace and quiet of conscience.

[Page 81] He must be carefull to serue God priuately and pub­liquely; for all professions are therevnto tied, that carry hope with them to prosper, and none more highly then the souldier, for hee is euer in the mouth of death, and certainly hee that is thus religiously armed, fighteth more confidently and with greater courage, and is thereby protected through manifold dangers, and otherwise vnpreuentable euents.

He must bee no blasphemer nor swearer, for such an one is contemptible to God and the world, and shall be assured to be found out and punished by the diuine Iustice: whereof we haue instant examples.

He must refraine from dicing, carding, and Idle ga­ming: for common gamsters, although they may haue many good parts in them, yet commonly they are not esteemed according to their better qualities, but cen­sured according to their worst, procuring enemies, questions, brawles, and a thousand following incon­ueniences.

He must not set his minde ouer-greedily vpon his belly, and continuall feeding, but rest himselfe conten­ted with such prouisions as may bee conueniently pro­uided, his owne labour purchase, or his meanes reach vnto: aboue all things he must eschew that detestable vice of drunkennesse; for then a man is not apt nor good for any thing, and by that beastly disorder, many great armies haue miscarried, and much disquiet and tumults raised in campe, and ciuill townes, wherevpon doth fail the sword of Iustice vpon their necks, which in that case they haue compelled to be drawne.

Chastitie is a vertue much commended in a souldi­er, when vncleanesse doth defile both body and soule, [Page 82] and makes a man stinke in the nostrils of God & man, and laieth him open to the malice & sword of his ene­my, for commonly it makes a man effeminate, coward­ly, lasie, and full of diseases, & surely such who haue vn­lawful women stil trudging about with thē, or in whom custome hath taken away the sence of offending in that kind, commonly come to dishonorable ends.

He is tyed in his entring or inrowling into any com­pany, to take his oath of faithfulnesse, and sincere ser­uice to his Prince, Generall and Captaine: to be con­formable to the lawes prouided for the aduancement of the intended businesse, and for the cherishing of the good therein, and punishment of the euill.

He must be true-hearted to his Capt. and obey him and the rest of the officers of the Campe, Towne, or Fort, with great respect, for by the very oath which he taketh hee doth binde himselfe and promise to serue his Prince, and obey his officers: for the true order of warre is fitly resembled to true religion ordeined of God, which bindeth the souldier to obserue iustice, loyaltie, faith, constancie, patience, silence, and aboue all, obedience, through the which is easily obteined the perfection in armes, and is as a meanes to atchieue great enterprises, though neuer so difficult: certainly, who wanteth the vertue of obedience and patience, though neuer so valiant otherwise, yet is he vnworthy of the same name.

A souldier must patiently suffer the aduersities and trauailes which do fall out in the courses and chances of warre: he must not be ouer-greedy, nor hasty of his pay, albeit he may stand in some want thereof, but must with a chearfull alacrity shew his constancy, auoyding [Page 83] by al possible meanes, rebellions and mutenies, which most vpon such pettish occasiones are runne into: by no meanes must hee bee a pertaker with such mutiners, for the end of such is sharpe and shamefull death.

If in Skirmishes Incounters, or surprise of towne the enimies be vanquished, let him set all his care and dili­gence in execution of the victorie with his Armes, & not in rifling and spoiling for trash, for so he shal be ac­counted an vnruly freebooter, beside innumerable are the disorders and mischefes which do happen by raue­nous Pillagers, many times to the dishoner of the acti­on, and to the losse of their liues, therfore he shall pur­sue the victorie vntil the enimy be wholy ended & the place fully caried and possessed, the Guards placed, and liberty granted from the chiefe Commander to sack & spoile, wherein by any meanes let him auoid murther and crueltie, and violation of women, for those are odious to God and man, rather in such cases let him shew himselfe pittiful and mercifull vnto the van­quished, rather defending the sillie women and Chil­dren then procuring their hurt and damage, for in so doing it will be right acceptable to God and his Com­manders.

Such Armes as he is apointed to serue with, whither Musket, Caliuer or Target, let him be very dilligent to vse all his industrie to excell in the vse of them, for therby he may conserue his owne life and his fellows, for the which purpose he shall call vpon his Serjeant and his Corporall to instruct him therein, vntill hee come vnto perfection.

He must learne the seuerall sounds of the Drumme, [Page 84] whereby hee may obey that which he is commanded; for the Drum often-times is the voice of the Comman­der, hee shall carefully note and marke the signes made by the Captaine and officers, without talking or prat­ling vnto his next companions: for that is vnbesitting a Souldier, and makes him vncapable to heare what is giuen in command.

In skirmishes and incounters he shal be resolute and valiant, for that souldier which is timorous and fearfull can neuer bring his heart to any hearty enterprise, nor dareth to attempt any hotte, bold, or audacious charge or seruice, by reason of his cowardly spirit and feare.

Hee must bee carefull to bee alwayes vigilant and ready, beeing placed for a Centinell, or in the Court of guard, where he shall not put of his armes, vntill hee haue leaue from the Captaine: for therein consisteth the security of the Campe, Towne, or Fort.

Hee shall doe well to keepe his fidelity vnspotted to his Prince and Generall, although his sufferings may bee intolerable and infinite, and shall not flye vnto the enemy: for to bee branded with infamie of a traytor is a fowle and odious offence, and rigourously punished among all nations, and neuer yet traitor came to good end; of which we haue examples infinite.

Hee must not bee shifting from company to com­pany, but serue in the company where hee first began, and if at any time hee shall depart for his preferment, let him demand the good liking of his Captaine, who if hee shall denie it him in such a case, it shall bee imputed no offence in him to appeale vnto the Gene­rall or chiefe officer.

[Page 85] At the sound of the Drumme, for the setting of the watch with his arms being fix and seruiceable he shall repaire to his colours, and it shall be commendable in him by the way to call vpon his Corporall, so that all the Squadron meeting together at the Corporals lod­ging may attend the Corporall vnto the colours, and if he be vnprouided of munition he shall acquaint his Corporall therewith, who shall see him furnished.

When the company or squadron march to the guard he shall hold that order in which he was placed by his Serjeant, marching in a comely and gracefull manner, and being armed at the place of guard he shall pose his armes according vnto the Corporalls direction, and behaue himselfe in all his actions as befitting a religi­ous Soldier in that holy place of guard, without doing any act of prophanesse, disorder, or ought els, tending to the pollution of the same either in word or deed.

When his Corporall shall appoint him forth for Centinell, he shall shoulder his peice, both ends of his match being alight, and his peice charged, and p [...]ined, and bullets in his mouth, there to stand with a carefull and waking eye, vntill such time as his Corporall shall relieue him, and to let no man passe nor come vp to him, but to force him stand, and then to call his Cor­porall.

He must harken diligently and looke well about him from his place of Centinell for the approch of a­ny about the Camp, Towne, or Fort, or the dich there­of, or if he heare any noyse, to call his Corporall to ad­uertise him of the same.

He must haue a speciall care that he sleepe not vpon his Centinell, nor set his armes out of his hands: for [Page 86] therein he maketh himselfe subiect for any passenger by to take away his life, beside the generall inconueni­ence that may come vpon the Camp, Towne or Fort.

His Corporall hauing releiued him and brought him to the guard, he shall do well to read the Lawes and or­dinances for the gouernment of the Camp, Towne, or Fort, constituted and prescribed by the Marshall, the better to enable his memory for the exact obser­uance of those lawes whereby he shall not only auoyd the trespassing against the same, but also get the repu­tation of a well ordered and gouerned soldier.

Such gentlemen or others, as are appointed by their Captaine for rounders, and approoued by the Serje­ant Major or Captaine of the watch, amongst them those rounders that are appointed to attend the Cap­taine of the watch on his guard are to receiue their di­rections from him, as Likewise those of the companies vpon the guards for their order of rounding, according to the time of the night in what hower they shal make their Rounds,

The Rounders from the guard, from the Captaine of the watch, are to visit the Centinells, and Courts of guards, making their rounds vpon the rampart, hark­ning and listening and looking ouer into the ditches, if they can heare or see, or discouer any troopes, or men neere the town, taking care besides that there be good watch kept both by the Centinells, and vpon the court of guard, and if any noyse or tumult be neere the ram­part, they may step downe and informe themselues of it, and bring the trespassers to the next guard, commit­ting them there vntill after the round made they haue acquainted the Capt. of the watch of such disorders. [Page 87] The rounds frō the Ports are to round the streets to take in charge that no disorders, breaking vp, or fiering of houses of y ^c store, or roberies, magazin, riots or tumult in Taphouses, or in the streetes, or in priuat houses at houres vntimely be committed, and the offenders to bring to the next guard, and to informe the Captaine of the watch; All rounders are to be subiect and obedi­ent vnto the Captaine of the watch and his commands during his time of watch.

Two houres before day he must be ready in arms with his peice charged & prouided, & a match a light at both ends and bullets in mouth, there to attend the com­mand of the Corporall vntill further directions be gi­uen, and at the time appoynted for the exercise of his armes, he shall be tractable and obedient to his officers executing such commands as they shall impose vpon him, that he may be the better trained and inhabled to offend his enemy, and to defend himselfe.

He shal be carefull to obserue al words of command, postures and actions, according to the order of trai­ning published by the marshall.

The exercise being ended and the prisewon and lost he shall pose his armes at the court of Guard, and ther giue diligent atendance that he be at no time absent from his Guard, aboue one houre, without leaue from his Officer, and that not without leaue of his Officer.

The watch being relieued and he free from the guard he is to dispose of the rest of the time for his owne perticular vse vntill next morning at the discharge of the watch: when at the call of the drumme, he shall attend at his corporalls lodging ther to receiue such instrument, or toole as the busines [Page 88] of that day shall require, from whence he shall march to the place of armes or maine court of guard; there to be disposed of by the captaine of the watch for that day seruice of the Colonies, in which he shall doe his best indeauour like a painfull and industrious seruant of the Colonies to discharge his duty for the furtherance of his worke, and incouragment of such who shall be the more stirred vp by his example of goodnes, to the imi­tation of the like: and thus doing, he shall giue cause vnto the Generall, vnto his Captaine, and chiefe offi­cers, to take notice of his painfulnesse, who may accor­ding to his desert in time giue him aduancement for the same.

He shall continue at his worke vntill the drumme beate, and that his Captaine, his officers or ouerseers of the worke, giue order unto a cessation for the time, and for the same purpose attendeth to lead him in, whom he shall orderly and comely follow into the Camp, Towne or Fort, by his said Captaine, officer or ouerseer him meeting, to be conducted vnto the church to heare diuine seruice, after which he may repayre to his house or lodging to prepare for his dinner, and to repose him vntill the drumme shall call him forth a­gaine in the afternoone, when so (as before) he shall a­company his chiefe officer vnto the field, or where els the work lieth, and there to follow his easie taske vntill againe the drumme beat to returne home: at which time according as in the forenoone, he shall follow his cheife officer vnto the church to heare diuine seruice and after dispose of himselfe as he shall best please, and as his owne businesse shall require; with this caution carefully to preserue the toole or Instrument with [Page 41] which he wrought to serue his turne againe the next day as he will answere the contrary vpon the perill prescribed

Concerning his order of march and carriage in the field when occasion shall present it selfe, he will easily acquire and learne the same by experience, prouided that he be carefull to march, ranke, and file, and not straggle, or be disobedient vnto proclama­tions of the General for therin consisteth the princi­cipall part of his duty, vntill when I leaue him with this caueat, that he diligently marke, consider and re­member the orders, which the higher officers do ob­serue, in ordering their files and rankes, and suruey­ing their squadrons of footmen, and to the placing of the great Artillery in the march and setled campe, and the plot of the quartering, according to the dis­position of the ground where the campe shall then be, with the manner of entrenching, placing of Ordi­nances & Guards for the defence of the same, that in the knowledge and execution of these duties, the Ge­nerall hauing vnderstanding of his promptitude and diligence may conferre vpon him, and call him vnto place of preferment and commaund.

That there be no neglect found in him, in his mar­ching to the Guard or Field, and that in the same he doe not forget or leaue behinde him any peece or parcell of his Armes appointed him by the Marshall for his owne defence, or offence of the enemie.