HOw many partes of reaſon bē ther? Eyght whiche eyght? Nowne / pronowne / verbe / aduerbe / partycyple / coniūccyon / prepoſycyon / and interieccyon. ¶ How many ben declyned & how many bē vndeclyned? Foure ben declyned & foure bē vndeclyned. whiche foure bē declyned? Nowne / ꝓnowne / v
er
be / & partycyple. whiche foure be vndeclyned? Aduerbe / cōiunccyon / prepoſycyō & interieccyon ¶ How many be declyned with caſe: and how many without caſe? Thre be declyned with caſe / & one without caſe. whiche thre be declyned with caſe? Nowne / ꝓnowne / & partycyple be declyned with caſe / & verbe all only without caſe. ¶ How knoweſt a nowne For all maner thynges that a mā may ſe / fele / or vnderſtande / that bereth the name of a thynge is a nowne.
¶ How many maner of nownes be there? Two. whiche. ii. A nowne ſubſtantyf / & a nowne adiectyf. ¶ How knowe you a nowne ſubſtantyfe? For he may ſtande by hȳ ſelfe without helpe of an other worde / & is declyned in latyn with one artycle or two at the mooſt in one caſe as hic magiſter / hic & hec ſacerdos. How know ye a nowne adiectyf? For he may not ſtāde by hym ſelfe without helpe of an other worde / & is declyned in latyn with thre artycles or with thre dyuers endynges ī one caſe / as no minaciuo hic et hec & hoc felix. bonus bona bonum.
¶ How many thynges longe to a nowne? vi. whiche. vi: qualyte / ꝯꝑyſon / gēdre / nōbre / fygure / & caſe what is a qualyte in a nowne? A ꝓperte by the whiche a nowne accordeth onely to one thynge / as a mā or to many thȳges as men ¶ How many degrees of comparyſon ben there Thre: whiche thre? poſytyf / cōparatyf / and ſuperlatyfe ¶ How knowe ye the poſytyfe degre? For he is foūder &
grounde of all other degrees of cōparyſon without makynge more or leſſe / as fayre whyte and blacke. ¶ How knoweſt the cōparatyf degre for he paſſeth the poſytyf with this aduerbe more / & his englyſſhe endeth in r / as more wyſe or wyſer. ¶ How knoweſt the ſuperlatyf degre for he paſſeth his poſityf wt this aduerbe mooſt / & his englyſſhe endeth in eſt / as moſt wyſe or wyſeſt.
¶ what nownes receyue cōparyſon / ſuche nownes adiectyfes yt may be made more or leſſe / as fayre fayrer fayreſt ¶ Of whom ſhall ye poſytyf degre be fourmed / he is not fourmed but all other degrees of cōparyſon bē fourmed of hym. ¶ Of whom ſhall the cōparatyfe degre be fourmed / of his poſytyf: of what caſe / ſomtyme of ye genytyf & ſomtyme of ye datyf. ¶ whā ſhall it be fourmed of the genetyf caſe / euermore whan his poſytyf degre is ye fyrſt declenſon / & the ſecōde by puttynge to this termynacyon or / as docti put therto or & it wyll be doctior. Out of this rule ben outtake. iii. excepcyons. The fyrſte excepcyon is of theſe two nownes. dexter & ſiniſter makynge dexterior and ſiniſterior. And nownes yt endeth in us / as amicꝰ amicitior / magnificus magniticentior.
Si tibi declinet poſitiuum norma ſecunde.
Taliter inde gradum debes formare ſecundum.
I breuias quē dat genitiuus et or ſuperaddes
Tolle ſiniſterior cui dextereor ſociatur.
Quod tibi prebet icus his iungas teſtis amicus.
¶ The ſecōde excepcyon is of theſe fyue nownes bonꝰ malus / magnus / paruus / & multus / & that make ye cō
paratyf degre vnruly.
Res bona res melior res optima res mala prior
Peſſima res magna res maior maxima rerum.
Parua minor minima dic multis plurimus addes.
Plurimus multus ſic comparat abſ
que
ſecundo
¶ The thyrde excepcyon is whan his poſytyue endeth in ius / in eus / in uus / or in uis / than the cōparatyfe degre ſhall be fulfylled with his poſytyue and this aduerbe magis / as pius magis pius piiſſmiꝰ / tenuis magis tenuis tenuiſſimus.
Quod fit in ius vel in eus uus aut uis or caruere
Per magis et pium quod comparat inſtituere.
¶ The comparatyf degre ſhall be fourmed of the datyf caſe / euermore whan his poſytyf degre is the thyrde de clenſon / by puttynge this termynacyon or / as nominati uo hic et hec et hoc felix / gtō felicis / dtō felici / put therto an or / than it wyll be felicior. ¶ Out of this rule take iuuenis makynge iuneor. potis potior nequā nequi or. And wordes of the thyrde declenſon yt ben conteyned in this verſe aboue. Quod fit in ius. &c. ¶ Of whome ſhall the ſuperlatyf degre be fourmed? Of his poſytyfe degre. Of what caſe? Sōtyme of ye nominatyf caſe ſom tyme of ye genytyf caſe / and ſomtyme of the datyf caſe. ¶ whan ſhall he be fourmed of ye nomynatyf caſe / euer more whā his poſytyf endeth in y• letter / by puttynge to this termynacyon rimꝰ / as niger put therto rimus & it wyll be nigerrimꝰ. Out of this rule bē out take memor yt maketh memoriſſimus. Dexter yt maketh dexterrimꝰ & dextimꝰ. Siniſter maketh ſiniſterimꝰ & ſiniſtimꝰ. Al ſo theſe nownes nuperus vetus & maturus & this worde dextero yt fourmeth the ſuperlatyf degre in rimꝰ / as nuperimus veterimus maturimus & dexterimus.
Cum rectus tenet r poteris rimus addere ſemper
In rimus at
que
timus dexter vel ſiniſter habetur
Et memor excipitur memoriſſimus hinc reperitur
Nuperus at
que
vetus maturus dextero iungis.
¶ Alſo the ſuperlatyf degre ſhall be fourmed of ye noīa tyf caſe in theſe. v. nownes / agilis / facilis / gracilis / humilis / & ſimilis / with theyr cōpoūdes by doynge awaye is & by puttynge to lunus / as agilis / do awaye is & put therto limus and it wyll be agillimus with double ll.
Dat tibi quin
que
limus que ſignat dictio fagus
Hec agilis gracilis humilis ſimilis faciliſ
que
.
Et ſua compoſit a que duplicell ſunt habenda.
¶ The ſuperlatyf degre ſhall be fourmed of ye genytyf caſe whan his poſytyf is the fyrſt declenſon and the ſeconde by puttynge to this lettre ſ / and ſimus / as nominatiuo albus a / ū, gtō albi / albe / albi. put therto ſ and ſi mus and it wyll be albiſſimus. Oute of this rule be out take theſe wordes that ben cōteyned in this verſe. Res bona. And this worde ꝓximus and other more yt ben cō
teyned in theſe verſes folowynge / that ſomtyme ben of the poſytyf degre and ſomtyme of the ſuperlatyf degre. And whan they ben. the polytyf degre they lacke the ſuperlatyf degre / as proximus proximior.
Proximus extremus quibus infimus adde ſup̄mus
Infimus addatur duplex gradus his tribuatur
Poſtremus ſequitur auctoribus vt reperitur
¶ The ſuꝑlatyf degre ſhall be fourmed of the datyf caſe whan his poſytyf is ye thyrde declenſon by puttynge to this lettre ſ / & this termynacyon ſimus. as ntō hic hec & hoc ſapiens. gtō ſapientis. dtō ſapiēti / put therto ſ / & ſimus & it wyll be ſapientiſſimꝰ. Out of this rule ben out take theſe thre nownes Iuuenis adoleſcens & ſenex / & theſe two aduerbes an & ſubter yt lacke ye ſuꝑlatyf degre
Ante ſenex iuuenis addoleſcens ſubter et addis
Sola quidem ſolis vtuntur comparatiuis.
¶ How many prepoſycyons or aduerbes ben ſette in ye ſtede of the poſytyfe degre / all theſe folowynge.
Bis ſeptem dicās aduerbia prepoſitas ve
Quas noſtri patres poſuere loco poſitiui
Ante citra prope poſt extra ſupra
que
vel infra
Intra nuper vltra pridem penituſ
que
.
¶ Whiche ben the cōparatyues yr ben euen in ſyllables with theyr poſytyf / yt ben cōteyned in theſe verſes.
Iunior et maior peior et prior et minor iſta
Et non plura ſuis equalia ſunt poſitiuis
Plus minus et primo ſunt hec in pectoris imo.
¶ With what caſe wyll the poſytyue degre be cōſtrued. with a noiatyf caſe by the ſtrenght of his degre: but by ye vertue of his ſygnyfycacyon he may be conſtrued with all caſes outtake ye noīatyf & the vocatyf wt the genytyf as magiſter eſt dignꝰ laudis: with a datyf caſe / as ſum ſimilis patri meo: with an accuſatyf caſe / as ſum albus faciē: with an ablatyf caſe / as ſum dignꝰ laude. ¶ with what caſe ſhal the comparatyf degre be conſtrued with by the ſtrenght of his degre he maye be conſtrued with an ablatyf caſe of eyther nōbre / as ſum doctior illo vel illis / or with a noīatyf caſe with this coniunccyon
quam
comynge bytwene / as Ego ſum doctior
quam
ille / or with an other obly que caſe / as mihi opponitur difficilius
quam
tibi ¶ With what caſe wyll ye ſuperlatyf degre be cōſtrued with the genytyf caſe that betokeneth but two thynges as ego ſum pauperrimꝰ ſociorū meorū / thā ye ſuꝑlatyfe degre may be chaūged in to the comparatyfe / as in this reaſon. I am wyſeſt of theſe twayne. Ego ſum ſapientior iſtorū duorū. Alſo the ſuperlatyf degre ſhal accorde in gendre with the genytyf caſe that foloweth.
Omne ſuperlatiuū genitiuo ſit ſociatum
At
que
ſuo generi conforme cupit retineri.
Vt pateat verum deus eſt ſic optima rerum
¶ Alſo the ſuperlatyue degre maye be cōſtrued with a
genytyue caſe ſynguler of a nowne collectyue / as Salomon fuit ſapientiſſimus populi. ¶ A nowne collectyue is the nowne that ye ſynguler nōbre ſygnyfyeth a multytude and then theſe.
Sunt collectiua populis gens quo
que
turba
Turma phalanx legio cunctis ſociare memento.
¶ Alſo ye comparatyue degre may be conſtrued by the vertue of this ſygnyfycacyon with all caſes that his poſytyues maye whyle theye be of one parte of reaſon.
Quam vult ſtructuram gradus offerri ſibi primus
Illam naturam gradus offerri ſibi primus
Quod ſapias verum dum parte manet in eadem
Tu prope ſiſte forum recto ſermone feretur.
Sta propiuſ
que
thorum nulla ratione tenetur.
¶ All nownes of the comparatyfe degre ben ye comyn gēdre of two outtake ſenex & ſenior ye ben onely ye maſcu lyne gendre in voyce & comyne ſygnyfycacyon.
Comparatiuis in or ſemper comunis habetur.
Mas tantū ſenior cui feminium prohibetur.
Adiectiua ſenes ſenior
que
ſimul recitetur.
Hic tamen ſumunt generis tamen omnis habetur.
I velc poſtulat or ſed dic tantum ſeniore
¶ How many gendres ben there in a nowne. ſeuen. whiche ſeuen. The maſculyne / the femynyne / ye neutre / the comyn of two / the comyn of thre / the epycene & yc dubyn ¶ How knoweſt the maſculyne gendre. For he is declyned with hic / as nominatiuo hic magiſter. ¶ How knoweſt yc femynyne gēdre. For he is declyned with hec / as ntō hec muſa. ¶ How knoweſt the neutre gēdre. For he is declyned with hoc / as nominatiuo hoc ſcānum.
¶ How knoweſt the comyn gendre of two. For he is declyned with hic and hec / as noīatiuo hic et hec ſacerdos. ¶ How knoweſt the comyn gendre of thre. For he is declyned
with hic & hec & hoc / as ntō hic et hec et hoc felix. ¶ How knoweſt the dubyn gēdre. For he is declyned wt hic and hec & a vel comynge bytwene / as hic vel hec dies / for a daye. ¶ And theſe nownes in theſe verſes ben ye dubyn gendre.
Margo dieſ
que
ſilex finis clunis quo
que
cortex
Hec veteres vere dubii generis poſuere.
Dama
que
panthera dicas epychena manere
¶ How knoweſt the epycene gendre. for vnder one voyce and vnder one artycle / he comprehendeth bothe male and female / as hic paſſer a ſparowe / hec aquila an egle. ¶ What nownes ben of the epycene gēdre. Nownes of ſmale byrdes / whoſe dyſcrecyon of kynde maye not be lyghtly knowen. ¶ And theſe nownes folowynge bē of the epycene gendre.
Paſſer muſtela miluus dicas epycene
Talpa
que
cum daina iungitur his aquila.
¶ How many nombres ben there. Two / whiche two / ye ſynguler nombre and the plurell nombre. ¶ Howe knoweſt the ſynguler nōbre. For he ſpeketh but of one thynge as a man. ¶ Howe knoweh the plurell nombre. For he ſpeketh of many thynges as men. How many fygures ben there. Thre / whiche thre. The ſymple compounde / & decompounde. Simplex as magnus. Compoūde as magnanimus. Decompounde as magnanimitas. ¶ How many caſes ben there. Syxe / whiche ſyxe. The noīatyf caſe / ye genytyf / ye datyf / ye accuſatyf / ye vocatyf and the ablatyf. ¶ How knoweſt ye nominatyf caſe For he cometh before the verbe and anfwereth to this queſtyon who or what. ¶ How knoweſt the gynytyf caſe / for of after a nowne ſubſtātyue / verbe ſubſtantyfe nowne partytyue / nowne dyſtrybutyf / comparatyfe or ſuperlatyue is the ſygne of the genytyue caſe. ¶ Alſo whan
there cometh two ſubſtātyues togyder yf the one be hauer of that other / the hauer ſhall be put in a genytyf caſe / as frater Iohīs / ye broder of Iohāne & of after a verbe adiectyf partycyple gerūdyf or ſupyne / & of after a ꝓ pre name is the ſygne of the ablatyf with a prepoſycyon
Poſt propriū nomen poſt mobile poſt quo
que
verbū.
Poſt
que
gerundiuum poſt participanſ
que
ſupinum
Si veniat ſenſus genitiui iungito ſextum
Cum reliquis ſextum non iungas ſed genitiuū
¶ How knoweſt ye datyf caſe. For to before a nowne or a pronowne is the ſygne of the datyfe caſe. ¶ How knoweſt the accuſatyue caſe / for he cometh after the verbe & anſwereth to this queſtyon / whome or what. Alſo to be fore a propre name of a towne or cyte / and in with a to before a parte of a mannes body is the ſygne of the accuſatyf caſe. ¶ How knoweſt the vocatyue caſe. For he clepeth or calleth or ſpeketh to. ¶ Howe knoweſt the ablatyue caſe. By my ſygnes / in with throughe before or fro than of after a comparatyue degre is ſyngne of the ablatyf caſe. And whan this worde in with a to cometh togyder it wyll ſerue to the accuſatyfe caſe / and in with out a to wyll ſerue to ye accuſatyue caſe / as in this verſe.
In to vult quartum ſine to vult iungere ſextum.
¶ How many declenſon ben there. fyue / whiche. v. the fyrſt / the ſeconde / ye thyrde / the fourth / & ye fyfth. ¶ How knoweſt the fyrſt declenſon. For the genytyf & ye datyf ſynguler / the noīatyf & the vocatyf plurell ſhall ende in e / the accuſatyf in am / the vocatyf ſhal be lyke the noīatyf / the ablatyf in a ye genytyf plurell in arū / the datyfe & ye ablatyf in is / & ſomtyme in abus / the accuſatyfī as
A veniens ex us ſine neutro tranſit in abus
Sicut mulabus azinabus cum dominabus
Hec animatorum ſunt diſcernentia ſexum
Iunges ambabus ex ambo duo
que
duobus.
Aſt animas famulas non regula des dedit vſus
¶ Alſo theſe nownes in theſe verſes ben ye fyrſt declenſon and the neutre gendre.
Paſcha polenta lota zizania mammona manna
Sunt neutri generis et declinatio prima.
¶ How knoweſt the ſeconde declenſon. For the genytyf caſe ſynguler / the noīatyf & the vocatyf plurel endeth in i / ye datyf and the ablatyf in o / ye accuſatyf inum. Whan the noīatyf caſe endeth in ror in m / the vocatyf ſhall be lyke hym. Whan ye noīatyf caſe endeth in us / ye vocatyf ſhall ende in e / as ntō hic dominus / vtō o domine.
Us mutabis in e per cetera cuncta ſecunde
Filius excipitur quo in i vel in e reperitur.
¶ Whan that noīatyf caſe endeth in ius / yf it be a propre name of a man the vocatyfe ſhall ende in i / as nominatiuo hic laurentius. vocatiuo o laurenti.
Cum proprium datius tenet i quintus iaciens us.
¶ The genytyf plurell in orū / the datyf & the ablatyf in is / the accuſatyue in os / yf it be a propre nowne. Of the neutre gendre to haue thre caſes lyke in ye ſynguler nō
bre and thre in the plurell / as nominatiuo hoc ſcānum / actō hoc ſcānum / vocatiuo o ſcānum. Et pluraliter ntō hec ſcāna / accuſatiuo hec ſcāna / vocatiuo o ſcāna. Out take ambo and duo.
Recto cum quarto ſit quinto neutra tenenta.
Ambo duo
que
mari neutrum faciunt ſimulari
¶ How knoweſt the thyrde declenſon? For the genytyfe caſe ſynguler endeth in is / the datyf in i / the accuſatyue in em or in im / the vocatyf ſhall be lyke the nomynatyfe the ablatyf in e or in i. The nomynatyf ye accuſatyf and the vocatyf plurell endeth in es / the genytyfe plurell in um or in ium / the datyf and the ablatyfe plurell in bus
¶ How knoweſt the fourth declēſon. For they genytyf ſynguler / the nomynatyfe accuſatyfe and the vocatyfe plurell endeth in us / the datyf in ui the accuſatyf in um ye vocatyf ſhall be lyke ye noīatyf / the ablatyfe in u. The genytyf plurell in uum / the datyf and ablatyf in bus.
¶ Alſo theſe nownes that ben cōteyned in theſe verſes hath u before bus in ye datyf and ye ablatyf plurell. Out take theſe in theſe verſes folowynge.
Ante bus u ſeruant ficus tribus arcus acuſ
que
Artus cum verubus portus partuſ
que
lacuſ
que
.
Et ſpecus et quercus illis penis aſſociamus
¶ Howe knoweſt the fyfth declenſon. For the genytyf & the datyf ſynguler endeth in ei / ye accuſatyf in em ye vocatyf ſhall be lyke the nomynatyf / the ablatyf in e. The nomynatyf the accuſatyue and the vocatyfe plurell endeth in es / the genytyf plurell in erū the datyfe and the ablatyf in ebus. ¶ Alſo theſe nownes of the fyfth declē
ſon lacke the genytyf datyfe and the ablatyf plurell out take theſe in theſe verſes folowynge.
Deſunt plurali genitiui ſiue datiui
Et ſexti quinte niſi res ſpecieſ
que
dieſ
que
Progenies vel maneries dic materieſ
que
Aſt acies facies predictis addere debes.
Ut brito teſtatur ſpes iſtis conſociatur
¶ Of the pronowne.
HOw knoweſt thou a pronowne. For he is a parte of reaſon declyned with caſe that it ſette for a propre name / and betokeneth as moche as a ꝓpre name of a man / and otherwyſe receyueth certayn perſones and certayn nombres. ¶ How many pronownes ben there. xv. whiche. xv. Ego / tu / ſui / ille / ipſe / iſte / hic / is / meus / tuus / ſuus / noſter / & veſter / ſimiliter noſtras & veſtras ¶ How many ben prymatyues and how many ben dyryuatyues.
viii. ben prymatyues and. vii. deryuatyues whiche. viii. ben prymatyues. Ego / tu / ſui / ille / ip̄e / iſte hic / and is. whiche. vii. ben dyryuatyues. Meus / tuus / ſuus / noſter / veſter / noſtras & veſtras. Of theſe. vii. dyryuatyues ſome ben onely relatyues / & ſome ben relatyues and demonſtratyues bothe.
Tantum demonſtrat ego tu ſimul hic ſimul iſte
Iure relatiue gaudet is at
que
ſui.
Monſtrant vel referūt ille vel ipſe tibi
¶ How knoweſt a pronowne demōſtratyf. For by hym is ſome thynge ſhewed. How knoweſt a pronowne relatyf / for by hym is ſome thynge ſhewed yt is ſayd before How many pronownes hath the vocatyf caſe / & how many lacketh. iiii. hath ye vocatyf caſe / & all other lacketh.
Quatuor exceptis pronomina nulla vocabis.
Tu meus et noſter noſtras hec ſola vocantur.
¶ How many thynges longe to a ꝓnowne. Syxe / whiche. vi. Qualite / gēdre / nombre / fygure / perſon / & caſe. ¶ How many perſones ben there. thre. Whiche thre / ye fyrſte / the ſeconde / the thyrde ¶ How knoweſt the fyrſte perſone / for he ſpeketh of hym ſelfe / as I or we. ¶ How knoweſt ye. ii. perſone: for he ſpeketh to an other: as thou or ye. ¶ How knoweſt ye thyrde ꝑſone / for he ſpeketh of an other as he or they & euery nowne pronowne & partycyple is the thyrde perſone / outtake ego nos tu & vos / wt oblyques / & the vocatyue caſe. ¶ How many declēſons of pronownes ben there. iiii. Whiche. iiii. the fyrſte / ye ſeconde / the thyrde / the fourth. ¶ How knoweſt ye fyrſt declenſon / for the genytyf caſe ſynguler endeth in i or ī is: & ye datyf in i. ¶ How many pronownes ben of ye fyrſt declenſon. iii. whiche. iii. Ego tu ſui. ¶ How knoweſt the ſeconde declenſon / for the genytyfe caſe ſynguler endeth in ius or in ius / & ye datyf in i or in c. ¶ How many pronownes
ben of that declenſon? fyue / whiche fyue? Ille ipſe / iſte / hic / & is. viii. nownes with theyr compoundes
Vnus vllus totus ſolus alter alius aliquis vter
Cum natis alius vter alter ſolo quis vnus
Totus et vllus habe pronoīs iſta ſecunde.
¶ How many of theſe. viii. nownes haue ye vocatyf caſe & how many lacketh. Thre hathe the vocatyue caſe and all other lacketh. whiche thre hathe ye vocatyf caſe. Vnꝰ totus and ſolus.
Pone vocatiuos cum totus ſolus et vnus
Sed non in reliquis quorū genitiuus in ius.
¶ How knoweſt the thyrde declenſon. For the genytyfe caſe ſynguler endeth in i in e & ī i / & datyf in o in e and in o. How many pronownes conteyneth he. v. whiche. v. Meꝰ tuꝰ ſuus noſter veſter. ¶ How knoweſt ye fourth declēſon. For the genytyf caſe ſynguler endeth in atis & ye datyf in ati. ¶ How many pronownes ben of ye declē
ſon. ii. whiche. ii. nr̄as & vr̄as: & a nowne gentyle: as cuias atis. Here is dyfferēce betwene cuias atis & cuiꝰ a / ū.
Cuias de gente vel de patria ſolet eſſe.
Cuius de gente cuium de re petet apte.
HOw knoweſt a verbe. For he is a parte of reaſon declyned with mode & tenſe without caſe or artycle / & betokeneth to do to ſuffre or to be. How many thynges longe to a verbe. vii. whiche. vii. mode / cōiugacyon gendre / nombre / fygure / tyme / & perſone. ¶ How many modes ben there. v. whiche. v. the indicatyf / imperatyf / oꝑtatyf / coniūctyf / & the infinityf. ¶ How knoweſt ye indicatyf mode. For he ſheweth a reaſon ſothe or fals by ye way of aſkynge or of tellynge. ¶ How knoweſt the imperatyf mode. For he byddeth or cōmaundeth. How knoweſt ye oꝑtatiue mode. For he wylleth or deſpreth / &
this worde wolde god is ſygne of the optatyf mode. Alſo theſe thre englyſſhe wordes / wolde / ſholde / or were / are the ſygne of ye optatyf mode preſentēs & theſe. iiii. latyn wordes folowynge by ye ſygnes of ye optatyfe mode Des optatiuo vtinam ne quatinus oſi.
¶ How knoweſt the coniūctyue mode / for he ioyneth a verbe to hym / or is Ioyned to an other. And theſe wordes folowynge ſerue to the coniunctyue mode.
Si
quam
uis
quam
quam
tam et licet at
que
priuſ
quam
Ante
quam
an donec vt poſt
quam
ſiue quouſ
quam
.
Cum niſi quin acſi quo coniungit tibi recte
Indicat et quando dum ſunt ſicut cetera plura
¶ How knoweſt the infynytyf mode / for to before a verbe is ſygne of ye infynytyf mode / or elles whan there cometh two verbes togydet without a relatyf or a coniūccyon ye latter ſhalbe ye infynytyf mode ¶ How many cō iugacyons ben there. iiii. whiche. iiii the fyrſt / the ſeconde / ye thyrde / ye fourth. ¶ How knoweſt ye fyrſt coniugacyon / for he hath a longe before ye re in ye infynytyf mode of ye actyf voyce / or in ye imꝑatyf mode of ye paſſyue voyce vt amare. ¶ How knoweſt the ſeconde cōiugacyon / for he hath an e longe before ye re in ye infynytyf mode of ye actyf voyce or ye imꝑatyf mode of ye paſſyue voyce / as docere. How knoweſt the thyrde cōiugacyon. for he hath an e ſhorte before ye re ī the infynytyf mode of ye actyf voyce / or in the imperatyf mode of the paſſyf voyce / as legere ¶ How knoweſt ye fourth coniugacyon / for he hath ani longe before there in the infynytyf mode of the actyf voyce / or ye imperatyf mode of the paſſyf voyce as audire. ¶ How many gēdres of verbes ben there. v. whiche. v. actyf / paſſyf / neutre / comyn & deponēt. How knoweſt a v
er
be actyf / for he endeth in o & may take r vpō
o & make of hym a paſſyfe / & of a verbe actyf cometh. ii. partycyples / but of a verbe actyf yr lacketh the ſupynes cometh but one partycyple. All maner verbes that betoken drede lacketh ſupynes outtake theſe in theſe verſes
Abſ
que
ſupinis ſunt omnia verbatimoris.
Formido / trepido / dubito / tremit excipiantur
Et vereor veritum dat vt auctores memoriantur
¶ All theſe verbes ben verbes actyues yt lacke ſupynes
Reſpuo linquo tenet diſco poſco metuo
que
Sileo cū renuo cauet addimus vrget et ango.
Hec ſunt actiua tamen illis nulla ſupina.
¶ How knoweſt a verbe paſſyfe? For he endeth in r and may do away his r & turne agayne to his actyf. ¶ How many partycyples come of a verbe paſſyf. ii. whiche. ii. one of the pretertc̄s / an other of the laſt futertēs in dus ¶ How knoweſt a v
er
be neutre? For he endeth ī o / & may not take r vpon o / nor make of hym a paſſyue. ¶ How many partycyples come of a verbe neutre. ii. as dothe of a verbe actyfe / but of ſuche verbes neutres yt lacke ſupynes cometh but one partycyple. & all verbe neutres that betokeneth ſhynynge or drede / lacke ſupynes / out take theſe in theſe verſes folowynge.
Que dant ſplendorē vel que dant verba timorem.
Nulla ſupmantur:ſed quatuor excipiantur.
Unde choruſco facit atum / dat fulgeo fulſum
Et verear veritum formido ſupinat in atum.
¶ All verbe neutres of the ſecōde coniugacyon makyn ye the pretertens in uilacke ſupynes. Outtake theſe in theſe verſes folowynge.
En per uineutra tacuere ſupina ſecunde.
Formatitum doleo / noceo / placco / valeo
que
.
Pareo preber itum / licet ac oleo taceo
que
.
Pertineo cohibet his attinco ſociato
Cum dat ui pateo paſſum: lateo latitum dat
Dat careo carui caritum caſſum ve ſupino
Pando pati pateo paſſum fecere ſupino
¶ And of ſom verbe neutres / as verbe neutre paſſiues cometh thre partycyples / as of audio cometh audiēs auſus auſurus.
Neutra paſſiua dant participantia trina.
Audeo cum ſoleo fio cum gaudeo fido
Quin
que
puer numero neutra paſſiua tibi do
¶ All theſe verbes that ben cōteyned in theſe verſes bē verbe neutre paſſyues.
Exulo vapulo veneo fio nubo liceo
que
.
Senſum paſſiui ſub voce gerunt aliena.
¶ How knoweſt a verbe deponēt. For he hathe a lettre of the paſſyue and ſygnyfycacyon of ye actyue / but ther ben foure verbes deponentes that haue noo pretertēs yt ben conteyned in theſe verſes folowynge.
Quafuor hec liquor medeor veſcor reminiſcor.
Nam circūloquium de ſe dant preteritorum.
¶ How knoweſt a verbe comyn. For it hath a lettre of ye paſſyue & ſygnyfycacyon of the actyue & paſſyue bothe
Largior experior veneror moror oſculor hortor
Criminor amplector tibi ſunt communia lector
Sibene connumeres interpretor hoſpitor addes
¶ How many partycyples come of a verbe comyn. iiii. as largiens largitus largiturus largiēdus ¶ How many tens ben there in a verbe. Fyue whiche fyue / the preſentens / the preterimꝑfectens / the preterꝑfectēs / ye preterpluꝑfectens / & the futertens. ¶ How knoweſt ye preſentens / for he ſpeketh of the tyme yt is now: as I loue. ¶ How knoweſt the preterimperfectēs. For he ſpeketh of ye tyme that is lytel paſt without one of theſe ſygnes
haue or had / as I loued. ¶ How knoweſt the preterperfectens? For he ſpeketh of the tyme yt is fully paſt with this ſygne haue / as I haue loued. ¶ How knoweſt the preterpluperfectens? For he ſpeketh of the tyme that is more than fully paſt / wt this ſygne had / as I had loued ¶ How knoweſt the futertens? For he ſpeketh of the tyme that is to come with this ſygne ſhall / as I ſhall loue ¶ How many perſonnes be ther. thre. whiche. thre. the fyrſt as lego / the ſeconde as legis / the thyrde as legit.
HOw knoweſt an aduerbe. For he is a parte of reaſon vndeclyned / yt ſtandeth nexte the verbe to declare & fulfyll ye ſygnyfycacyon of the verbe. ¶ How many thynges longe to an aduerbe. iii. whiche. iii. ſygnyfycacyon comparyſon & fygure. ¶ How many aduerbes of places bē there. iiii. Whiche. iiii. Vnde frome whens Vbi where. Quo whether. Qua wherby.
Vnde vbi quo vel qua loca querunt quatuor isſta.
Quo petit ad / qua per / in vbi / vnde petit de.
¶ How many degrees of comparyſon ben there? Thre: whiche thre. The poſytyfas docte / the comparatyfe as doctus / the ſuperlatyfas doctiſſime.
¶ Of the partycyple.
HOw knoweſt a ꝑtycyple? For he is a parte of reaſon declyned with caſe ye taketh parte of a nowne ꝑte of a verbe / parte of both. What taketh he of a nowne gendre & caſe. What of a verbe / tyme & ſygnyfycacyon. What of bothe. Nombre and fygure. ¶ How many thynges longe to a partycyple. Syx whiche ſyxe gendre caſe tyme ſygnyfycacyon / nombre and fygure ¶ Howe many gēdres ben there in a partycyple. iiii. whiche. iiii. The maſculyne as lectus / the femynyne as lecta / ye neutre as lectū / ye comȳ as hic ethec et hoc legēs ¶ How many caſes ben there in a partycyple. Syxe as in a nowne.
¶ How many tens ben there in a partycyple. iii. ye preſentens / the pretertēs / & the futertc̄s. ¶ How many maner of partycyples ben there. iiii. whiche. iiii. The partycyple of the preſentens / a partycyple of the pretertēs a partycyple of the fyrſt future / & an other of ye latter future. ¶ Howe knoweſt a partycyple of the preſentens? By his englyſſhe & by his latyn. How by his englyſſhe. For his englyſſhe endeth in ynge or in ande / as louynge louande / and his latyn endeth in ans or in ens: as amās docens. ¶ How knoweſt thou a partycyple of ye pretertens. By his englyſſhe and by his latyn. How by his englyſſhe? For it begynneth with I / as I loued / and his latyn endeth in tus or in ſus / as amatus viſus. ¶ How knoweſte a partycyple of the fyrſt futertens. By his englyſſhe and by his latyn. How by his englyſſhe. For it be gynneth with to without be / as to loue / & his latyn endeth in rus / as amaturus docturus. ¶ How knoweſt a partycyple of the latter futertens. By his englyſſhe & by his latyn. How by his englyſſhe. For it begynneth wt to and be / as to be loued / and his latyn endeth in dus / as amandus docendus.
Ens ans preſentis ſemper dictemporis eſſe.
Tus ſus preteriti: rus dus ſic eſſe futuri
¶ Whiche ben the actyf ſygnyfycacyons / ens ans & rus
And tus ſus and dus be of the paſſyf ſygnyfycacyon.
Ens ans rus et agunt / & tus ſus dus patiuntur
Si deponctis bene preteritum recitabis
Hinc ſemper ſenſus vis vtriuſ
que
datur.
Idcirco ſemper dicetur conuenienter.
Nos ſimul a nobis auxiliatus eris.
¶ Of whome ſhal ye partycyple of the preſentēs be fourmed. Of ye fyrſt ꝑſone ſynguler nombre of ye preterimpfectens of the indycatyf mode by chaūgynge bam in to
n and s / as amabā chaūge bam in to n and s / & it wyl be amās. Out of this rule ben outtake tens of ibam quiēs of quibam / with theyr compoundes makynge the genytyf in vntis / excepte ambientis of ambientis.
Ens entis donat ſed ab hinc tu pauca retractes
Semper iens vel quiens cū natis format in vntis.
Ambo participem recte formabit in entis
¶ Of whome ſhall ye partycyple of ye preſentes be fourmed. Of ye latter ſupyne by puttynge to this lettres / as lectu / put therto s / & it wyll be lectꝰ. ¶ Of whome ſhall the ꝑtycyple of the fyrſt futur be fourmed. Of ye latter ſupyn / by puttynge to this termynacyō rus / as lectu / put therto a rus & it wyll be lecturus. Outtake naſciturus of naſcor and ignoſciturus of ignoſco.
Naſcor et ignoſco contra normam duo noſco
Hec et non plura per rus formare futura.
¶ Of whome ſhall ye partycyple of the laſt futur be fourmed of the genytyf caſe ſynguler nombre of the partycyple of ye preſentēs by chaūgynge tis ī to dus / as amā
tis chaunge tis in to dus / & it wyll be amandus.
Ens ans preſentis dus formes de genitiuo
Tus rus poſtremum ſus fac formare ſupinum
¶ How many maner of wyſe maye ye voyce of the partycyple be chaunged in to a nowne: iui. maner of wyſe. the fyrſt by cōpoſycyon / as doctus indoctus. The ſecōde wyſe by cōparyſon / as doctus doctior doctiſſimꝰ. The thyrde wyſe whan he maye be conſtrued with an other caſe than the verbe that he cometh of / as ſum doctus grammatice. The fourth wyſe whan he lygnyfyeth noo tens as amādus id eſt dignus amari worthy to be loued.
Dum mutat regimen fit participans tibi nomen.
Dum perdit tempus dū comparat aſſociamus
Sit tibi compoſitum dum ſimplex ſit tibi verbum.
¶ Of the coniunccyon.
HOw knoweſt a cōiunccyon. For he is a parte of reaſō vndeclyned yt bȳdeth or Ioyneth wordes of ſetences togyder in ordre. ¶ How many thynges longen to a coniunccyon thre: Whiche thre. Power / fygure / and ordre. Two nomynatyfe caſes ſynguler with an et cōiūccyon copulatyf comynge betwene wyl haue a verbe plurell. Yf nether of theym be a negatyfe two ſubſtā
tyues ſynguler wt an et coniunccyon copulatyf comynge betwene wyll haue an adiectyf plurell. Yf neyther of thē be a negatyf two antecedēs ſynguler with an et coniūccyon copulatyf comynge bytwene wyll haue a relatyf plurell. Yf nether of them be a negatyue / two nomynatyf caſes ſynguler / two ſubſtantyues ſynguler / two antecedēs ſynguler with a vel coniūccyō dyliūctyfe comynge bytwene ye verbe the adiectyue & the relatyf folowynge accorde with hym that is nexte hȳ / as vir vel mulier eſt alba vel pulchritudo decora. ¶ Howe many maner of wyſe maye this coniūccyō be put betwene vnlyke caſes. iii. maner of wyſe / the fyrſt whan he is put after a pronowne poſſeſſyue / as hecres eſt mea & fratris mei / ye ſeconde wyſe whan he is put after a worde that is ꝯſtrued with dyuers caſes / as miſerior tui et ſocio tuo ye thyrde wyſe whan he is put after a propre name of a cyte or towne / as moratus ſum Oxome et londoniis.
HOw knoweſt a prepoſycyō: For he is a parte of reaſon vndeclyned / yt is ſet before all other partes of reaſon in appoſycyon or cōpoſycyon. In appoſycyon whan he ſerueth to no caſe. In cōpoſycyon whan he ſerueth to no caſe and is compounded with an other worde. Alſo theſe prepoſycyons that ben conteyned in this verſe wyll ſerue to to the accuſatyf caſe.
¶ Da prepoſitiones caſus accuſatiui: vt ad apud. &c.
¶ And all theſe prepoſycyons that be conteyned in this verſe wyll ſerue to the ablatyf caſe. ¶ Da prepoſitiōes caſus ablatiui: vt A abs &c. ¶ Alſo theſe prepoſycyons that ben conteyned in this verſe wyll ſerue to bothe.
Da vtriuſ
que
prepoſitiones: vt in ſub ſuper &c.
¶ What is the properte of a prepoſycyon in cōpoſycyon to chaunge to make leſſe or to fulfyll the ſygnyfycacyon of the worde that he is compounded with.
Senſum prepoſite complent mutant minuunt ve
Clarus preclarus ridet ſubridet apollo
Impius incurus ſubtriſtis et hec tibimonſtrant
Adiuncte voces ſemper partē
que
ſubintrant.
Vt docuit ſani ſententia nos priſciani.
¶ Whiche prepoſycyons ſtandeth euer in appoſycyon & neuer in compoſycyon.
Cum tenus abſ
que
ſine penes ac apud prepoſitiue
Semper ſtare petunt nun
quam
ſtant compoſitiue
¶ A prepoſycyon in compoſycyon often tymes ſerueth the ſame caſe that he dothe in appoſycyon.
Verbo compoſito eadem quando
que
locabis
Quem dat componens vt vis exire penates
¶ How many prepoſycyons ſtandeth euermore in compoſycyon & neuer in appoſycyon and ſerueth to no caſe.
Indiuiſiue ſunt voces prepoſiue
An di diſre ſe co con plures neſcio vere
¶ How knoweſt a very prepoſycyon from an aduerbe ſeruynge an accuſatyue caſe put in the ſtede of a prepoſycyon maye neuer be put without his caſe.
Ad per apud propter penes obtrans erga
que
preter
Prepoſitiue mere dic hec quartum retinere
¶ Of the interieccyon.
HOw knoweſt an interieccyon? For he is a parte of reaſon vndeclyned: that betokeneth paſſyō
of a mannes ſoule with an vnperfyte voyce / with Ioye ſorowe / wonder / drede / or indygnacyō / as hate / hey / fye alas / weleawaye / ſo how / out out and other lyke. Euge ones is as moche for to ſaye as wel thou be / & euge euge is as moche for to ſaye in englyſſhe as out out.
Euge ſemel carum: bis dictum ſignat amarum.
Heu dolet heuſ
que
vocat donati regula ſic ſtat.
¶ How many caſes maye an Interieccyō be ioyned to / to all caſes. To a nomynatyf caſe / as Prohdolor pater meus eſt infirmus. To a genytyfe caſe / as O miſere vite. To a datyfe caſe / as heu miht. To an acccuſatyue caſe as heu me. To a vocatyf caſe as O filicare. To an ablatyf caſe / as O caſu duro.
Accuſatiuis heu iungas ſiue datiuis.
¶ Sōtyme a nowne is put by hȳ ſelfe as an interieccy on as infādū / ſōtyme wt an other nowne / as vbi gratia / ſomtyme with a pronowne / as veſtri gratia.
Interiectiue dic nomina pluralocari
Et pronomen eis quando
que
petit ſociari
Infandum ſic me miſerum tibi teſtificatur
Verbi gratia veſtri gratia ſic
que
locantur
¶ Of concordes of gra
̄mer.
hOw many concordes of grāmer ben there? Fyue whiche fyue? The fyrſt bytwene the nomynatyf caſe & the verbe. The ſeconde betwene the adiectyfe and the ſubſtantyf. The thyrde bytwene the relatyf and the antecedens. The fourthe bytwene the nowne partytyf & the genytyf caſe that foloweth. The fyfth bytwene ye ſuperlatyf degre and the genytyf caſe that foloweth. In how many ſhall the nomynatyfe caſe and the verbe accorde. In two / whiche two. In nombre and ꝑſone. In how many ſhall the adiectyue & the ſubſtātyue accorde. In thre / whiche thre. In caſe gendre & nombre. In how
many ſhal the relatyf & the antecedens accorde. In. iii. whiche. iii. In gendre / in nōbre / & perſone. In how many ſhall the nowne partytyf and the genytyf caſe ys foloweth accorde. In one / whiche one. In gendre onely. In how many ſhall the ſuperlatyf degre & the genytyfe caſe that foloweth accorde. In one / gendre onely.
¶ Rule of verbe.
¶ How many tens ben fourmed of the preterperfectens of the indicatyfe mode. vi. whiche. vi. The preterpluꝑfectens in the ſame mode. The preterpluperfectēs of ye oꝑtatyue mode. The preterperfectēs the preterpluperfectens & the futertens of the coniūctyf mode. And the preterpluperfectens of the infynytyfe mode. How many chaungeth i in to e / and how many holdeth i ſtyll.
Thre chaūgeth i in to e / &. iii. holdeth I ſtyl / whiche. iii. chaungeth i in to e. The preterpluperfectens of ye indycatyfe mode / as amaui / chaūge i in to e / and put therto a ram & it wyll be amauerā. The preterperfectēs of the coniunctyf mode as amaui / chaunge i in to e & put therto a rim / & it wyll be amauerim The futertens of the ſame mode / as amaui / chaunge i in to e / & put therto a ro & it wyll be amauero. whiche thre holde I ſtyll. The preterpluperfectēs of ye cōiunctyue mode / as amaui holde i ſtyll & put therto ſ & ſem & it wyll be amauiſſem. The preterpluperfectens of the Indicatyfe mode / as amaui holde i ſtyll & put to ſand ſe and it wyll be amauiſſe.