¶The discourse from time, to TIME HOVVE THIS SCIENCE of Architecture increased.
IN the beginning of the world, Nature by necessitie dyd firste inuent straunge maner of couertures or houses for the people to inhabyte in. But of all suche order and forme of buyldinges as were before Noes fludde, it shall not nede to make rehersall. But after the fludde of Noe, the people agayne, when they were increased and multiplied, did daylye more and more, seeke for theyr commoditie to be defended from the heate of the Sunne, and coldenesse of the ayer: some succoured thē selues vnder the shadowe of trees, and other taking occasion thereby, deuised to set vp forked stakes, with the forkes vp wardes, and there vpon layed bowes. Afterwardes they still deuised and daylye did practise more and more in that kinde. And in time, they perceyuing the vse of cutting with yron, did set vpright trees as they had before, wyth theyrstakes being done with their handes, and bycause they should not cleaue witth the heauines of theyr burdens aboue at the toppe, they compassed them about wyth ringes of Yron, and called them Pillers or Columnes. The forme and shape of which Pillers, they did imitate, fashioning them of stone. And then they callynge to theyr remembraunce the fludde of Noe, which had drowned all the world, deuised to build the to wre of Babilon. So they added in steede of the rynge aboue at the toppe of their pillers, these, which our author Vitrinius calleth Astragali, and Apophigis. So in proces of time, diuers witty men euer addinge some thinge thereto, at the last it came to some perfection. Then did they beginne to deuise and practise after dyuers fashions, and buylded a great parte of the tower. In which buylding came the deuision of tounges, or languages, whereby these buylders were parted and scattered abrode vpon the face of the earth, and inhabited many straunge countreyes, and began to buylde in Egipte, and after that in many other places, as semeth by the workes, which Belus, Ninus, and Semiramis buylded, which were spred so farre, as som men do suppose that Trier in lowe Doutcheland should haue bene buylded of the brother of Ninus as ye may perceyue by Berosus, Herodotus, and many other that are writers and witnesses of the same. Yea, shortly after was made Memphis, the whiche nowe is named Alkayre, the whiche was buylded by a kinge of Egipte, hauing in compasse round about, one hundred and fiftye stades, or as some interpretate it, so many furlonges, and in like maner the aunciēt citie of Thebes in Grece, besides many other cities, which were made before and after. In the which it is to be supposed, that there were sumptuous temples and Pallaces. So, that they were experte and began in the science to come to more perfection. And immediately after a wittie man named Dorus (the sonne of Helemer and Optix the Nymphe) inuented and made the firste piller drawen to perfection, and called it Dorica, after his owne name. Shortlye after him, there was Iôn, sonne of Xuthus, that was made gouernour of a part of Caria, which he had wonne, he in that countrey buylded these cities folowing, Priem, Samum, Teorem, Colophonem, Nachiū, Erithren, Phoceam, Clazomenas, Lebedum, Melyten, of the which, the citizeins afterwardes draue out of that countrey the Caryans, and called it Ionia, after theyr kinges name, and then they made their churches and Temples of their Goddes, and first began with Appollo his Temple, [Page] as they had sene it in Grecia before. And they not knowing any measure of pillours considered howe to make a iust Symetrie, that it might be comely and also stronge, toke their mesure by the foote of a stronge fashioned manne, findinge him to be in height sixe times, the length of hys foote, and so by that mesure finished all the partes of that piller, and called it Dorica, bycause they hadde sene it in the workes of Dorus, and so therewith finished the temple of Appollo, after that they deuised to make a temple to the goddesse Diana, wherein they dyd deuise an other Symetrie, for that temple, as they hadde done for the temple of Appollo, and fashioned it after the iuste measure of a woman, to the ende and purpose, it shoulde be more beautifull and sklender, making it eighte Diameters, in height, and called it Ionica, after their countrey, adding therunto in the stead of her shoowe, that which Vitruuius, nameth Spira, and in the Capitel, was set Voluta, in the steade of her heare, whiche trussed vp with a lace, on eyther side of her heade, for an ornature and garnishment of the Capitell They also fashioned the body of the pilloure, and filled it with Canalicoli, and Striges, as thoughe it were the plates of her garmentes. Then they being more delighted with the beautifulnes of the height therof added also an other Diameter, vnto the forsaid Dorica, and made it seuen Diameters, in heght. After that in the citie of Corinthe, was buried a certaine maiden, after whose burial her nourishe (who lamented much her death) knowing her delightes to haue bene in pretye cuppes and suche like conceytes in her life time, with many other proper thinges appertayninge onely to the pleasure of the eye, toke them, and brake them, and put them into a littell preatie baskette, and did sette the basket on her graue, and couered the basket with a square pauinge stone. That done, with weping teares she sayde Let pleasure go wyth pleasure, and so the nourishe departed. It chaūced that the basket was set vpon a certain roote of an herbe called Acanthus, in frenche Branckursine, or bearefote with vs, now in the spring time of the yere, when euery roote spreadeth fourth his leaues, in the encreasing they did ronne vp by the sides of the basket, vntill they coulde ryse no higher for the stone, that couered the basket, whiche being square and castinge hys sowre corners ouer the sydes of the rounde basket, constrained the braunches of the herbe to draw downwardes againe with a sertaine compasse, and so grewe to the fashion that Vitruuius, calleth Voluta. So is there also other smaller that come oute of the Caules, and stalkes, and are named in greeke Helices, and the basket beynge hydden vnderneth wyth a multitude of leaues. In thys cytie one Calimachus, an excellent Architectur, passyng or goinge thereby, regardinge the beawtifull worke of nature, afterwardes vsing then the measures of the forsayde Pillours, makynge the pillour Ionycke, vpon the whiche pillor or Scapus thereof, he set the Capitell, the whiche he hadde sene vpon the tombe of the mayden, the whiche garnished beatifully the whole pillor, whiche Capitell, was in height the thicknes of the pillor, and named it Corinthia, because it was made in the cytie of Corinthe, by thandes of Calimachus, who for the excellence of that arte was named Catatechnos, and after that this worke growing more and more to perfection came to the Romaynes, and so through oute all Italie, and manye other places, yea, and was throughlye practised by them. Then the Tuscanes, beginning to builde, hauing knowlaige of the pillor, whiche was firste inuented by the Ionians, vpon the Symetrie, of a strong manne inuented to buylde stronglye after the maner aforsayde, yea, and to garnishe also theyr cyties and townes beautifullye with a pillour of their owne deuise whyche yet at [Page ii] this present time, remayneth wholle in the citie of Forence and in the countreis there about they fourmed and fashioned that pillor, whyche to thys daye is named after the sayde countrey Tuscana. The Romains, then wel practised in their measures of all the rest of their Columes, and also desirous to encreace so noble an arte, by some noble accession, beholdyng and regardinge the beautifulnes of these foresayd pillors, that is to say. Tuscana, Dorica, Ionica, Corinthia, gathered oute of eche of the same pillers, that, whyche they thought moste faire, and made a piller of pleasure or triumphe, after the moste excellent maner that euer was before. This piller was firste buylded to his perfection in the time of Titus, Vespasianus, who sette it at hys triumphe in the higheste place of hys arche triumphall, and called it Composita, or as some doo name her Italica. These pillers, partelye for their beautye and comlines, partelye for their fortitude and strength, the writers of them, haue resembled and lykned to sertain feyned Goddes and Goddesses. As namely Tuscana, is applied vnto Atlas, the kynge of Mauritania: Dorica, vnto Hercules and the god Mars: Ionica to Diana, or Appollo. Corinthia vnto Vesta or some lyke virgin, and Composita, to Pandora, of Hesiodus, the which he faineth to haue ben endewed wyth diuers of those graces and coninge, wherwith the beforenamed Goddes and Goddesses were indewed, so that it semeth by the auncient writers and Authors, which haue made rehersall of these thinges, that they haue bene had in great estimation and prise, as ye maye wel parceyue by Ysis, whiche buylded a temple in Egipte for her father Iupiter, bycause her husbande Osiris, and she were in great estimation, and also for theyr beautifull inuentions and wysedome, were honored as goddes. This maye well be gathered by their pillers and ornamentes, that belong therunto, the whyche were noted and marked with He brewe letters, and also by the Sepulcres of Amasis, whych was made more, then. M. D yeres before the birthe of Christe, in the whiche one of the Pyramides was CCClx. thousande mens workes, the space of twentye yeares, the whyche remayneth in Egipte to be sene at this present daye, and manye other beautifull buildinges of that nacion. Reade. Diado. Sic. li. 1.2. Also it semeth by many other writers, that after Babell decaied, incontinently the Hebrues most triumphantlye florished in thys pointe. Thus we maye perceiue that the Hebrues, receyued their knowlage of the Babilonians, and the Grekes, receiued it of the Hebrues, in lyke case the Latines, and the Italians receiued their, from the Grekes, the whyche our Author Vitruuius, doth not deny, in makynge demonstrations to a Latine worke with Greke letters as vpon the inuention of the Grekes, whych concerninge hys science in Architectura, in the whyche thing Vitruuius, semeth muche to be cōmended, as one, that did not disdayne to acknowledge the authors and writers, out of whom he receiued his knowledge. In so muche, as in hys seuenthe booke of Architecture, he affirmeth (by naming the notablest of thē) that they which haue left these thinges in wryting, are to be commē ded, whose names also I thought not altogyther the metest to be omitted, & therfore do rebers these. Theodorus, which wrot of the Dorica. Etesiphon and Metageues, who wrote of the Ionica, which was set in the tēple of Diana, at Ephesis. Thē Hermogenes, hath writtē of Diana in Magnesia, after Argelius, which made the rehersal of the Corinthes. Fistly Sathirus, & Pitheus, who did speake of Māsolea, in Halicarnasso, last both Cares, Briaxes, Scopas, Praxiteles & many other, as Nexaria, Theosides, Philemon, Demophilos, Pollis, Leonides. Silamon, Melāpus, Sarnacus, Euphranor, al the which verly, are to be thanked & cōmended throughly [Page] For by them we know and perceiue (as thoughe we sawe in a loking glasse) the thinges, that haue bene sene, done and made long before. Neuertheles, it hath ben withdrawen and hidden (as almost al other knowlages, for a long season hath hene) through ignoraunce, for so it came to passe by the iniurie of time, that all sciences and learning haue bene kept secret and not spoken of, in so much that at this daye, there are many which name this order of building to be of the new facion. But it can not he new, that hath so many ancient Authors and maisters thereof, whom, namely the Noble writer or Author Pliny, hath in so great estimation, that for their sake he blameth al them greatly, that haue written and wrought any thing, and haue not named the authors and maisters, of whom they toke their inuention especially of suche great and vnspeakable worke, of which the honour and fame, hath bene asmuch vnto the maker therof, as it was vnto them that caused those thinges to be made. But now of thie thinges we haue spoken ynough, let vs therfore speake some what of the worthynes of this science, and of the office of an Architect.
VVhat the Office and Duetie is of him that vvyll be a Perfecte Architecte or Mayster of buyldings.
ARchitectur (by the common consent of many notable men) as Cesarius sayth, ys of all artes, the most noble and excellent, Contayning in it sundrie sciences and knowlaiges wherwyth it is furnished and adourned, as full well Vitruuius doth affyrme and declare by his writinge. For saith he, an Architecte must be sharpe of vnderstandinge and both quicke and apte to conceiue the trewe Instructions and meaninges of them that haue written therof: and must also be a perfect distributor of the great misteries, that he hath perceued and experymented, that playnlye and briefly he maye discusse and open demonstrations of that which shalbe done or mete to those persones, that shalbe the fownders of any noble workes wherfore he ought first to be a very good Grāmarian, then to haue experte knowladg in drawing and protracting the thinge, which he hath conceyued, Nexte he must haue a good sight in Geometrie, Consequently in Opticke and in suche lyke sciences he must haue good perceuerance. Likewise in Arithmeticke he must be very parfiact, and in histories singulerly well seene. He must also haue a good sighte in Musycke, and some knowlaige in Phisicke, not altogether ignoraunt in Astronomie, he must also besides all thise ben Philosophie, very experte. The causes why al thise sciences before named, ought to be in him that is a parfaict Architect and maister of buildinges be of Vitruuius in this sorte rehersed. If he haue (saith he) learninge he shall strengthen his memory, with all written bookes, and throughe drawing vtter his fantasie and shewe the trike or fascion of the thing that he goeth about to make And Geometrie teacheth vs the order of rules, Compasses, Squiers, Quadrantes, and Iuste waterleueles with manie other knowlaiges that procedeth thereof as Euclide, and other authours & also Sebastian Serli, in his first Chapiter reherseth, Opticke sheweth vs howe and by what meanes the lightes should be set into the House, And howe they should be brought from place to place, as to serue the hole house, and euery place therin, whiche Optica, is properly called perspectiue, and is of a furder speculacion, then therin can or nedeth to be exprest: which of Sebastian Serlius, in his second booke first second and thirde Chapiter is [Page iii] partely declared. Arithmeticke, teacheth vs innumerable poinctes most necessarily required to the parfaicte knowlaige of this art▪ for without yt, we can neither know or yet discusse the measures and harde sentences or questions of Symetrie, neither howe to accompte the Coste and charges of our labores. An Architecte also must haue a knowlaige in hystories, There be moreouer multitude of causes in buildinges, and very many ornatures and garnishinges of which he must nedes geue answere, from whēce they come, and for what purpose they are made, As for an example, If a maister workman should make ymages, figured like women, clothed and garnished after a beautifull soarte, which are named Cariatides, and set them in his worke for pillers and make ouer their heade Mutilos, and Coronas, yf yt were demaunded of him to what purpose those ymages wer made, then be shuld answer that Caria, a towne in Peloponeso, trayterously conspired with the Persians, against the Grekes: But the grekes getting the victorie ouer their enemies, agreed with one accord, and besieged Caria, and wan the citie, killed the men and toke the women, carieng them as bond women not suffering them to put of their Ryche ornamentes and Iewelles to the intent, that the showe of their triumphe, myght be thereby the more glorious. So they subdued, weare brought into bondage. For this cause and other suche lyke, the chief maisters of Architecture made in their common places and pallaces suche women to beare vp the burthen of their buildinges, the whiche was a remembraunce and memorial of their punishmentes for their mallice against the Grekes, sustained by the Cariatides, that is to saye, by the women of Caria. In lyke case dyd the Lacedemonians, whan they with so littell a power ouercame suche a great host of the Percians, and slew them. After which conquest in their triumphe, they builded a gallery whiche shoulde remayne vnto them for a perpetuall and euerlasting token of victorie and did set therin the figures, and counterfeites of the Percians, which before wer their prisoners, in their straung apparaill, standing in their pallaces, supporting their galleries, wherfore they were feared of their enemyes therby, and also yet encouraged the hartes of the Citizens, against their other enemies and backe frendes. Vpon this example Pausanias, did afterwarde make the counterfeates of the same Persiās, and vpon their heddes, he laide Epistilia, and Coronas, setting betwixt them Zophorus, the which was garnished and figured with the Ieweles, that they had taken from them being their enemies, As Cuppes, gobletes, cheines, girdelles, & suche lyke other Iewelles, which wer plentifull among the Persians, and vnder their fete was set Stylobata, wherin were written their titles, Many suche Histories an Architecte, ought of necessitye to know. Next vnto this doth follow Musicke, which also is verie necessary for an Architecte, for these causes must he haue, as it were a foresight in it, that therby the principall chambers of the house, shuld with suche order be made, that the voice or noyse of musicall Instrumentes, should haue their perfaict Echo, resounding pleasauntly to the eares of those that shalbe heares therof, as also the Romaines, vsed in all their pallaces & for many other necessities therunto belonging, of the which Vitruuius, maketh further demonstration, as the refreshing of the Melancolicke mindes, which ar alwaies trauailing for further knowlaige. But now consequently followeth the cause why he should haue sight in Phisicke, which through the knowlege of Astronomie, parfaictly doth declare the mouings of the heauens, and where vnto by their naturall inclinations they be disposed, as also the vnderstanding of the plages or Coastes of the word, which the Grekes call Climata, to thyntent that he maye shewe what ground plottes stande in the most bolsom ayer to builde vpon. And which also be the swet and holsome waters, the moste fertill and frutefull [Page] places, as namely for those plottes that stand cōtrary to thys order are not mete or necessarie to build vpon. This bolsome ground so found wheron Ye shall build, yemust furst haue knowlaige how to cast your ground plotte, wherin you must deuide all your seuerall places of offices appartayning to the furniture of your house, your principall chambers of rest and libraries, and such other like must receyue their lightes from the East, for that the sōne by natural heate at his rising draweth to him all corupte humors and euill vapors of the earth and quickneth the spirittes of man and beast, and if ye will cast therin baynes or hot houses, with winter Chā bers and parlors they shal receiue light from the west. For that side is defendid from the south windes which are greuous and contagious and also great wasters of all kinde of buildinges, as may welbe parceuyd by old Edifices. Your study places, were you wold write, draw or deuise, or the places wher your Sellers shuld be cast, ought to receiue their light from the northe, by cause in that parte are the lights, which are stedfast, As for lights other wayes appointed I referre to the builders of those works. But Vitruuius, maketh no further mention therof. Now also it belongeth to an Architecte, to haue the knowlaige of Astronomie, wherby he should directly know the foure principal places, which are East, west, north, and south, with that, whiche they call Equinoctium, and Solsticium, and the mouings of the sterres, for without this knowlaige none can attaine vnto the making of horologes, quadrantes, Clockes dialles, in the sonne necessary to be set in goodly Edyficies. It belongeth also to an Architect, to haue sight in Philosophie, which teaching to be of a noble courage as Vitruuius saith, and also gentil, curtious, faithfull and modest, not geuen to auarice and filthy lucre, as not to be troubled or corrupted with rewardes or giftes, but with grauity and Sagenes to cōceine al honor and dignity in al thinges conseruinge his good name and estimation. Let him also take a charge of workes in hand, being desired and not desirous of workes. He, which wold be an expert Architecte, ought to haue all these sciences and knowlaiges, To him that hath any science or knowlaige and iudgment therwith conceiued, it is most euident and plaine. Neuerthelesse it will sound straungely to some that a man shoulde learne so many sciences for the atteining of one, and kepe all them in memorie for the practise of the same: yet it is necessary and also mete, that although he be not parfaict in them or euery of them, yet he should haue some knowlaig in them and so it behoueth, neither it is requisit that he should be so parfaict a Gramariā, as was Aristarchus, and yet not altogether with out it. Nor in Musicke like vnto Aristoxenis, neither in painting like Apelles nor Plastes, or Stattuary like vnto Miron or Policrates, neither in Phisike like to Hippocrates, but yet in this and other not altogether ignoraunt. But yf à man myght be parfaict in al these sciēces as were Aristarchus, Samrius, Plulolaus, Architas, Tarentinus, Apollonius, Pergeus, Eratosthenes, Sireneus, Archimedes, Scopinas, (for all these were strōgely weaponed with al these sciēces before rehersed) he should be able to answer to all questiones therto apertaining. But I may pray as Vitruuius doth, saying, I pray O Caesar, and all other that rede this my writinges, if ther be any thing disagreing to any of these sciences beare with me for I cōfesse my selfe (saith he) not to be parfaict in any of the other sciences. But he nameth him selfe to be an Architect, wherein he thinketh him selfe parfait, But I the setter forth of this treatise in Englishe, acknolage myself not to be a parfaict Architecte, (as he saith) nor yet Gramariā, & though I haue put my selfe in prease, it is not through the depe knowlaige aboue rehersed, but I do it for to put in vre an entraūce or beginning to them which be therin Ignoraunt, & desyre further knowledge in these thinges, as hereafter appereth by the declaration hereof.
TVSCANA.
THe maner and forme of the fiue principall pillors, and their proper names with all their compoundes therto belonging and, their setting in their iust places by the order and rule of Symetria, and marked with the letters A. B. C. wherunto is made this piller Tuscana, as it is figured, inuented and made by the Ionians, vpon the Simetrie of a strong man. Renewed and found agayne by the Tuscanes and o them taketh his name.
❧ THVSCANA.
whose marke is K [...]th Proiecture or hāging ouer shalbe so muche as the pillor is diminished on eche side, the which is correspondent to the thicknes of Scapus beneth. Thus writeth Sebastian Serlias, of the proiecture of this Capitall. Neuertheles I haue sene in some places in Italie that the Proiecture, haue bene like to their height, by cause the pillor is so muche dyminished it should be therefore the more cōmely to haue the greater Proiecture, and yet shall those two wayes not differ muche one from the other. But yet of these two wayes let vs take the moste faire I haue also sene this pillor so placed that it hath bene. 7 Dyameters in heigthe, where as he supported no other pillors but his owne Trabiacions. So endeth the forme and measures of the Capitulum.
EPISTILIVM.
VPon the Capitall shalbe layde or set Epistilium, named also Trabes called in oure English tonge the Architraue the which is marked with Land is a modulus in height. The which height ye shal deuide into 6. parts wherof Tenia, to be the sixte part, & the other .5 partes is for Trabs. So done: vppō the Epistilium you shal set Zophorus being also a Modulus, in height and is marked with M. vppon Zophorus, shalbe set Coronix being in height also a Modulus, & that height you shall deuid into .4 partes geue one part vnto Cimatiū vnder Corona marked with N. but the other side of it is called Tenia, and geue likwise 2 parte vnto Corona marked w t O. & the fourth part which remaineth geue vnto Cymatiū ouer Corona which is marked w t P. In Corona, ye shal make Denticulos, the which are made like teethe and their Proiectures, shalbe like vnto their heightes, sauing only Corona which hangeth his height and halfe his height ouer. And thus endeth the mesures of the pillor called Tuscana. Now ye shal vnderstand, that the pillor which standeth in the myddell is your ground plotte, but the other whiche standeth by him, is made vpon the self same measure but that it is otherwise garnished whiche garnishmentes bring other measures for them. And as touching this pillor, I shall begin from the lowest parte of the Pedestall being Tenia inferior, deuiding his height into .8. partes. Geue .3. pa [...]tes vnto Plinthus & .4. partes geue also to Sima reuersa, and the eighte parte remaineth for the small edge vpon Sima. vpon the whiche is sette the bodye of the Pedestale, also the vpper Tenia ye shall deuide his height into 5 partes geue. 2 partes vnto Hypotrachelium, and also .2. partes vnto Cymatium, and the fift. part geue vnto his edge at the toppe of the Pedestale, nowe Basis, or Base, belonging to the sayde pillor is the height of a Modulus, or half the thicknes of the pillor, whose height ye shall deuide into .2. partes. Geue Plinthus one parte, and the second part deuide you into .3. partes Geue .2. partes vnto Torus, and the third part deuide also into .3. partes. Geue .2. partes to Sima and the third parte ye shall geue the edge vnder Sima So endeth the mesures of the Basis or Base, vpon the which Base shalbe set Scapus, or the body of the pillor, made after the maner & order as before is mē cioned vpō the which shalbe set the Capital the one Capital, is like to y e other sauing that it hath vpō Echinus a littel edge, which seteth forth Plinthus w t a more beautiful Proiecture. As cōserning y e Architraue or Epistiliū, that is, as before reherced a Modulus in height, which height ye shal deuide into .6. partes. Tenia, occupieth y e sixt part, y e other .5. partes ye shal deuid into .2. partes. Geue one part vnto y e half of Trochilus, the other part is left for y e flat square, that resteth vpon the Capital & so endeth y e Epistiliū. Now as touching y e fries or Zophorus, being also a Modulus in height, as is before rehersed of the other, is like vnto it but that this swellet houte [Page vi] [...] [Page vi] the fourth part of a round compas, that is drawen aboue & square being the height and bredth of a modulus wherwith endeth Zophorus, vpon the whiche shalbe sette Coronix, the one side is like vnto the other in the mesures, but that in this side Cymatium, is set vnder Corona, and vpon the other side Tenia is set vnder Corona, being of one heighte. This done and finished according to this rule so endeth the mesures and garnishmente of the first piller called Tuscana.
NOwe for as moche as that you haue vnderstanding bowe all the partes of this piller & the rest of the pillors that shalbe, hath theyr mesures, ornatures, and names finished out of Icnographia or ground plot vpwardes to the very top of the same worke, wherfore I thought it good for the more perfection and exercises of the gentest reader to make a Rehersall of all the partes and passelles downwardes agayne endyng in Ichnographia where I began first▪ these be the names TRABEATIONIS. Cymatium, mar. P. Corona, mar. O. Tenia. mar. N. Zophorus, mar. M. Tenia in Epistylium, mar. L. CAPITVLI. Plinthus mar. K. Echinus, Et Annullus mar. I, Hypotrachelium mar. H. COLVMNA mar. F. Astragalus marked. G, Apophiges superior & inferior, SPIRA sine BASIS. Torus mar. E. Plinthus mar. D. STYLOBATAE. Tenia pro Coronice mar. C. Tenia pro Basis mar. B. Ichnographia mar. A. being the parfecte square or ground plot the beginning and foundacion of this worke.
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[Page vi] ❧ DORICA.
HERE FOLOVVETH THE MANER AND FORME of the second pillor called Dorica, being ascribed to Hercules and Mars, for his strength, accordinge to the rule aforesayde.
THis pillor called Dorica, shalbe .7. Diameters in height, with the Base, and Capitall Now if ye will set Stylobata, or Pedestal, vnder your pillor, thus ye shal begin. First you shall make a foure square, which shalbe your groūd, the which is in my figure marked with A. and then draw a lyne ouerthwart from the one corner to the other, which line is called Dyagonalis, and is marked with B. and that lyne being directly vpright set, one ende shalbe thē height of the square or body of the Pedestall marked with C. measure and deuide that height into 5. partes the which height of the Base of the Pedestall, shalbe as muche, as one of the .5. partes whiche is marked with D. and admitte also asmuche vnto the Coronix of the Pedestalle marked with E. so that the Pedestale is .7. suche partes in height like vnto the pillor, which is 7. Dyameters, in height. The height of the Basis of the Pedestale which is marked with D. shalbe deuided into .2. partes the lowest part is for Plinthus, marked with F. the second part deuide into .5. partes. Three of those partes geue vnto Torus, marked with G. the other .2. partes shalbe deuided into .3. partes, geue .2. partes vnto Astragalus, marked with H. the third parte is lefte for the edge which Vitruuius calleth Regula, the Proiecture, of eche side of the Base, of the Pedestall as Vitruuius saieth shalbe halfe a Modulus, but the antiques haue made their Proiectures like vnto their heightes. Then deuide the height of Coronix marked with E into .3. partes geue one vnto Astragalus, with his Regula, marked with I. the other .2. partes deuide into .3. partes admiting .2. of those partes to Cymatium, marked with K. and the thirde parte thereof is lefte for Regula, whose marke is L. the Proiectures of the same is like vnto their heightes. Thus endeth the Pedestale or Stylobata.
SPIRA SIVE BASIS.
VPon the Pedestale, you shall set Spiram which is the fote or Base of the pillor and is marked with M. being a Modulus in height. that height deuide into .3. partes one of those partes is for Plinthus marked with N. the other .2. partes deuide into. 4. partes. one of them shalbe for Torus, aboue marked with O. The other .3. partes that remayneth deuide into 2 partes, one of them geue vnto Torus, vnder marked with P. the rest is admitted vnto Trochitus, marked with Q. and eache of his rules to be either of them in height the seuenth part of that hole measure or parte. The Proiectures of the whole Basis, shalbe half a Modulus, on eche side, and thus endeth the mesures of the Basis.
SCAPVS SIVE COLVMNA.
VPon Spira, or Base of the pillor ye shal set Scapus, marked with R. being the tronike or body of the pillor the which is in height .6. Diameters. The thicknes of the pillor at the foote is deuided into .6. partes: and vnder the Capital, it is diminished one of the .6. partes that is half a parte on eyther side, and the .5. partes which remaigne, [Page vii] be for the thicknes of the pillor vnder the Capitale. From the whiche thicknes ye shall drawe downe perpendiculerly vnto the third part of the height of Scapus, whervpon is made the halfe compas the which .2. lynes shal make .2. crosses on eche side of the half compas one. Then mesure from the crosse by the side of the halfe compas vnto the lowest part of the half compas and deuide the same into .6. partes, drawinge them ouerthwarte the halfe compas from the one side of the pillor vnto the other marking the endes of the lynes with .1.2.3.4.5.6. then measure from the ouerthwarte lyne vnder the halfe compas, deuiding vpwardes to the highest of Scapus into .6. partes The which shalbe drawne ouerthwarte the pillor, the highest ouerthwarte line at the toppe of Scapus, marking that lyne with 1. on and so the other downewardes with 2.3.4.5.6. Then the strike marked with .1. one vnder the Capitall, is drawen downe on bothe the sides vnto the lyne that ledeth to the half compas, whiche is also marked with one. Then drawe downe righte from the strike .2. whiche is drawin ouerthwarte the pillor at the toppe vnto the other lyne, which leadeth to the half compas .2. and so downwardes from .3. perpendy culerly to the other lyne or crosse marked with .3. and so directly downwardes from .4. to .4. frō 5. to .5. and so likwise from. 6. to. 6. That done, take a rule, and drawe frō the 2. strikes which are the thicknes of the pillor vnder the Capitall to the end of the vpright line marked .2. which stayeth that lyne which is drawen ouerthwart the pillor marked also .2 and drawe from .2. to the end of the vpright lyne marked .3. and so likwise from .3. to .4. downewardes: and so from .4. to .5. and from .5 to .6. So done, ye haue closed vp the sides with the diminishinge of your pillor as ye may perceiue by your grounde plot, the other side is lefte vnclosed, wherin ye may perceue, where the lynes do stoppe, whiche be drawne vpwardes out of the half compas. The other side of the pillor I haue closed because ye shuld see it and the better vnderstand therby how to close and finish the diminishing of the pillors. At the toppe of Scapus, or Pillor, right vnder the Capitall, is made Astragalus, with his Regula being in height the sixte parte of Modulus. The which Regula, shalbe halfe so much in height as the height of Astragalus, marked with S. whose Proiectures, shalbe somuch as the pillor is diminished on eche side a like. If your pillor shall haue Canaliculos, there must be of those .20. round about Scapus, so done make a square so greate, as one of those .20. partes, then drawe from corner to corner ouerthwart the square, makyng a crosse in the mydell of that square. Then take a payre of compasses and set the one ende of your compasses in the middell of the crosse, and draw with the other poincte of your cō passes al a long by the side of your square frō the one corner to the other, compassing the same quarter as more plainely doth appere by your ground plot marked with A. the whiche ar the right Canalicoli, Beneth at the foote of Scapus, lieth Regula, being of the same height that Astragalus is of at the toppe, and so endeth Scapus.
CAPITAL.
VPpon the toppe of Scapus, you shall set the Capitall or hedde of the pillor marked with T. and is in heigth a iust Modulus, that height deuide into .3. partes Geue one part vnto Hypotrachelium marked with V. and the second part deuide into .3. partes .2. of those shalbe for Echinus, marked with .X. the rest is lefte for the .3. kinges which be called Apophiges, or. Anuli, Now the thirde and higheste parte, deuyde you also into .3 partes wherof .2 of those partes shalbe geuen to Plinthus marked with. Y. the thirde parte, [Page] whiche remaineth, geue to Cymatium, and his rule or Regula, which Regula, shalbe the thirde parte of that, which remaineth and lieth at the toppe of the Capitale. The Proiecture of this Capitale, shalbe correspondent with the proiecture of the Plinthus, at the foote of the pillor, and is marked with N the whiche Proiecture, is obserued of the Antiques, in the sayd pillor, which is already finished and standeth by. Howbeit Vitruuius writeth it to be made after this sorte, to wit, that the Proiecture of the Capitale shalbe the twelueth and sixte parte of a Modulus. Thus is finished the Capitale with all his Proiectures.
EPISTYLIVM.
VPon the Capitale, shalbe set Epistylium marked with A. the height therof shalbe a Modulus that height ye shall deuide into. 7. partes. Geue Tenia, marked with B. the seuenth parte, and geue Subtenia, and Gutta, pendante marked with C. the sixte part of a modulus to their height and that part deuide vnto .4. partes, Geue .3. vnto Gutta pendant being .6. in number, the fourth part shall be for the edge or Regula, in Epistylia vnder Tenia.
ZOPHORVS.
VPon Epistylium, shalbe set Triglyphi, marked with D. whose height muste be a Modulus and a halfe. Also the bredth therof shalbe a Modulus, and that bredth you shall deuide into .12. partes Geue 1. of those. vnto eche one of the Semicanalicoli, the which stand on either syde of the Triclyphi, so remayne yet .10. partes and .6. of those shalbe for Strie, or the flath whiche are marked with E. the other 4 partes are left for the Canalicoli, standing vpright within the Triglyphi, wher vpon ye shall set his Capitale, which also is called Tenia, being in height the sixte part of. Modulus and marked with F. Bitwixte the .2. Triglyphos, yow shall set Methopa, marked with G. being square so high as it is broad: and in that square shalbe made a bulles bed, his hornes bound about with rybandes: garnished with branches flowers and Iewelles, hanging at the endes of the Ribandes In euery second Methopa, ought to be made a faire basone or flat peace, the which inwardely: shuld be garnished but I am not hable to set fourth the bewtye therof in so small a figure.
The highest parte of TRABEATIONIS, called in English a Cornishe.
VItruuius teacheth vs that the height of it shuld be a Modulus, and that yow shall deuide into 2. partes the lowest parte deuide into .5. partes, Geue .1. to Cymatium vnder Corona also .1. other vnto Cymatium, aboue Corona, the other .3 partes geue vnto Corona, whose marke is H, that second parte which remayneth of the Modulus ye shall geue vnto Syma, marked with I. Then adde the eight part of a Modulus, to be the height for his edge or Regula, aboue Sima the proiectures to be like to their heightes, sauing that the Proiecture of Corona, must be twise his height by cause in it must be made, the order of Gutta, being right ouer Triglyphi, they shalbe, [Page] [Page viii] .18. in nomber .6. the one way and .3. the other. Right ouer Methopa, the Antiques vsed to cut in Corona Iupiters mark of the thunder bolte. Thus endeth the opinion of Vitruūius in these thinges. Neuertheles as ye may perseue by the muller or Coronicis, of the antiques that stādeth on the right side wherunto they haue added Echinus, and Denticuli, with Apophigis or rule & garnished it after many beautiful facions bringing their worke to a great height, the which height causeth a fairer Proiecture, which was for y e further setting fourth of their work [...] & was pleasant to the beholders therof. If it be a gate house or gallery of pleasure hauing Ionica, or Corinthia, of him supported or standing by him: then ought he to be richly garnished But if he stande in the gate of a citie or castel by force or strength, then ought he to be made with those strong measures, which are ascribed vnto him standing in the place of Mars, & Hercules whā he standeth with the other pillors he is like vnto Minerua, and therfore haue respecte vnto his place.
THus hauinge finished all the measures ending now at the highest of TRABEATIONIS. I shall name al the partes and parssels with their markes whereby is knowen the thing that is wrighten or spoken of to the clearnes or opening of matters, and an excercise for the reader to know the names by, I haue more at large spokē of this matter in the ending of the Tuscan piller, therfore I shall begine in TRABEATIONIS: REGVLA. & Sima, marked with I. Cymatiū, & Corona, marked with H. Cymatiū inferior (Echinus Regula, Denticulos) added Tenia, marked with F. Triglyphi, marked with D. Methopa, marked with G. Tenia, marked with B. Regula and Gutta, marked with C. CAPITVLI, marked with T. Regula Cymatium Plinthus, marked with Y. Echinus marked w t X. Annulitres. Hipotrachelium, marked with V. COLVMNA or SCAPVS. Apophiges Superior & Apophiges inferior, marked with R. SPIRA or BASIS, marked with M. Torus superior, marked with O. Regula. Scotia, marked with Q. Regula Torus Inferior, marked with P. Plinthus, marked with N. STYLOBATA. Coronix marked E. Regula, marked with L. Cymatium, marked with K. Astragalus, marked with I. to the antike pillor is added Corona, Regula, and Sima, Quadratum, Diagonium, marked with C. the diagonall line marked B. Ichnographia, or ground plot marked with A. BASIS, marked with D. Regula, Astragalus, marked with H. Torus, marked G. Plinthus marked F. in the finished pillor or BASIS, is as followeth Regula Cymatium reuersa. Regula Sima. Reuersa Regula, Plinthus, which maketh an end for this piller.
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[Page viii] ❧ IONICA.
THE MANER FORME AND ORDER of the Symetria, or measure of Ionica, whiche was deuised by the Ionians and set in the temple of Diana.
STylobata, or Pedestale of Ionica, you shal make the boddy therof after this sorte. The flat stone, which is marked with A. shalbe a square and a halfe in height, and that height you shal deuide into .6. partes, & adde therto such an other part for the height of the Base of this Pedestale which is marked with B & set also such an other like part for the height of the Coronix of this Pedestale marked with C. So done, y e Pedestale is .8. partes in height, y e height of the base marked w t B. ye shal deuide into .5. parts. Geue .1. part vnto Astragalus & his Regula, marked with D. the which Regula, occupieth the third parte of that one parte. Geue also to Sima reuersa, with his edge marked with. E, one parte, wherof his Edge occupieth the third parte. Then ye shall geue an other parte vnto Torus, marked with F. and the other .2. partes you shall geue vnto Plinthus, marked with G. The Proiecture of them shalbe like vnto their heightes. Now the height of Coronix, marked with C. ye shal deuid into 10. partes, wherof you shall geue .3. vnto Cymatium, and his Edge marked with H. and also geue .3. partes vnto Corona, marked with Land also geue .3. vnto Syma, marked with K. the tenth parte is left, for the Astragalus & his edge marked with L. The Proiectures be like vnto their heightes but that Corona, doth sayle ouer twise his height. Thoughe this pillor and al other pillors if it were so that they had double Plinthus, it should not be without good cause, for the antiques haue made three Plinthus, one aboue an other, the occasion wherof is this, that the earthe should not ouer growe the Base of the Pedestale, and so hyde the chief thinge wherupon do reste the whole ordenaunces yea and in many other places, they are necessary the which al Architectes, and masters of buildinges ought to knowe, and many moo of those and such other ought to be knowen of them of necessitie. The occasion or cause for the whiche I haue begonne this order or rule, first with the Pedestale, (the which rule differeth from Vitruuius, for he beginneth first with the pillor, neuertheles they come to one purpose in the parfection) is for this, that firste in my Pedestale, I haue drawen the ground plotte, whiche the Greekes call Ichnographia. For that same house or building cannot stande or endure whiche hath no good foundacion. So this is the foundation through the whiche we knowe and finde all the measures and vprightes belonging to the pillor. In it is also found the Trabiations, the height of the Pedestale, and the bredth therof, also the height of his Base and Coronices, and the Diameter and the thicknes of the pillor aboue vnder the Capitalle, and likewise the heighte of Spira, or Base of the pillor: and the height of Scapus, and also the height of his Capitale, with all the whole Proiectures, and measures whiche issueth oute of this Ichnographia. Now to come to the right vnderstandinge of these measures before rehersed, ye shall beginne thus. The bredth of the square, whiche is the bredthe of the Pedestale, marked with A. yow shall deuide into .11. partes wherof .8. shalbe the Diameter, or thicknes of the pillor the whiche pillor in height shalbe .8. Diameters, with the Base and Capitalle, the whiche heighte of the Capitale, occupieth the third part of the Diameter, and the Basis marked with M. shalbe half the thicknes of the pillor in height, thus writeth Vitruuius, in his third booke and third Chapiter.
BASIS.
THe Basis, or fote of the pillor shalbe a Modulus in height: which is marked with M. that height you shal deuide into .3. partes, geue one part vnto Plinthus marked with. N that which remaineth deuide into .7. partes geue .3. vnto Torus, marked with. .O. the other .4. partes deuide into .16 parts, geue Trochilus superior with his Astragali, and rules .8. of those partes, wherof Trochilus, occupieth .6 partes, vnto the highest Astragalus, and his edge shalbe geuen a part and half a part, & vnto the litle edge vnder Torus geue also half a part, which maketh vp the rest of the .8. partes. The other .8. partes geue vnto Trochilus inferior, and deuide them also as is before rehersed. The Proiecture, of the Plinthus, must be the eighte and the sixtenth part of the thicknes of the piller which is the sailing out on eache side of the Base of the pillor and doth answer vnto the bredth of the body of the Pedestale, and is agreabel with the forsaid groūd plot. The Antiques haue made also a base, which differeth not farre from the declaration of Vitruuius and after this facion they haue ordeined their Base y e height therof to be a Modulus, and that height deuide into .2. partes, wherof geue Plinthus one part, as before is taught by Vitruuius. Then that, which remaineth deuide also into .3. partes, wherof the highest part shalbe geuen to Torus, the other .2 parts which remaine, deuide either of thē into .6. parts wherof the highest Astragalus & his rule occupieth .1. part, the which rule is half the height of Astragalus, also the edge, that lieth vnder Torus shal be half a part in height, and that which remaineth is for Trochilus superior, wherwith finisheth the first .6. partes. Nowe geue also .1. part to the lower Astragalus, and his Edge The lowest edge that standeth vppon Plinthus shalbe in height half a part, the .4. partes and a half that remaine, shalbe lest for the Trochilus inferior. The Proiecture of the Plinthus, is before rehersed, but because this Torus is sklenderer then that, the which Vitruuius speaketh of, it bringeth a more bewtifulnes to the Proiecture, which can not be here expressed as any man of knowlaige will confesse.
SCAPVS.
VPon the base you shal set Scapus, marked with R. being .7. Diameters in height and therto adding the sixte part of the Diameter The which height of Scapus ye shall deuide into .3. partes vpon the third parte make halfe a compas, then deuide the thicnes of the pillor beneth into .6. partes .5. of those partes shalbe the thiknes of the pillor or Scapus, at the toppe, that is half a part diminished, one either side of Scapus, from thence drawe downe right one both sides vnto the third parte of the pillor vpon the which is made the halfe compas The whiche .2. lines maketh .2. crosses vppon the half compas, Then measure from the crosse downewardes euen a longe by the side of the halfe compas, that standeth vpon the third parte of the pillor deuiding it into .6. partes and drawe these lines ouerthwart the halfe compas and marke the vpper line with .1. and so marke downewardes the next with .2. and so with the reste as followeth .3. 4. 5. 6. then deuide from the lowest of the half compas vpwardes vnto the toppe of the pillor vnder the Capitall, also into .6. partes drawing them ouerthwarte the pillor and marke them also downewardes with .1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. or deuide it into so many parts, as you will, the moo, the better, & the parfaicter you shall diminishe your pillor. Then shal ye begine after this maner & draw frō the strike .2. downwardes vnto the strike & crosse, which [Page] is drawen ouerthwarte the halfe compas, and is also marked with .2. and drawe also from the strike .3. y e which hath also a crosse made vpon the halfe cōpas, drawing vpwardes vnto y e strike marked with .3. the which is drawn ouerthwart the pillor aboue, & so drawe from .4. to .4. from 5. to .5. and from .6. to .6. The line vnder the Capitall, at the toppe of the pillor marked with .1. from thence drawe with a rule downewardes to the ende of the vprighte line, which staieth at the ouerthwart line marked .2. closing vp the side of the pillor, and from .2. vnto 3, downewardes, and also from .3. vnto 4 from .4. vnto .5. and from .5. vnto .6. Then is that side full finished and made vpright. At the foote of Scapus, is a littell small edge, standing vppon Torus whose height shalbe the ninthe part of Modulus, wherof his Proiecture shalbe of like height. Also at the toppe of the pillor lieth Astragalus, and his fillet being half so high as the Astragalus, & also aboue the Astragalus, is a littel Edge, the which belongeth to the Capital: The measure of his Astragalus, and his Edge, which belongeth vnto Scapus is foūd out be the litel cōpas, which is the eye of Voluta, whose marke is .X. if the pillor shalbe garnished with Canalicoli ther shalbe in number .24. rounde about the pillor or Scapus, and euery of them deuide into .5. partes .4. of those partes is the bredth of Canalicoli, and the fifth parte is for Striae, which are also called Femora. The ground plotte therof standeth besid the pillor which is marked with .S. wherin ye may see the maner or making of Canalicoli, being half a compas inwardes, the whiche, differeth far from the order of Dorica, as it appereth by your ground plotte. Thus endeth the maner and making of Scapus, with his mesures.
CAPITAL.
DIrectly and right vpon the top of Scapus you shall set this Capitall following, whiche is marked with .T. being in height the third part of a Diameter, the bredth of the Abacus marked with V is a Diameter, & therto also adde, the eighteneth part of a Diameter. That same part deuide into 2. partes The which .2. partes shalbe set one parte on eyther side of the Abacus, the whiche shal aide the Proiectures: so done Abacus is the in bredthe .19. partes, then tel from the vttermost part of Abacus inwardes, one part and a halfe of those .19. partes and there drawe a strike downe right perpendiculerly, as ye maye perceue by your figure here expressed whiche on both sides of the Capitall, hangeth a line with a plommett at eche ende. Then deuide the hanging line from the highest of the Abacus, downewardes into 6. partes a and half of suche measure as is before rehersed, wherof the height of y e Abacus is one & a half, of the which remaineth yet .8. partes on the hanging line, the which partes shal serue for Voluta, marked w t .X. & those parts shalbe thus deuided. Betwixt the Abacus & the litell round Cōpas, shalbe .4. parts & beneth the litel cōpas is .3. partes and the compas it self is also .1. part. That part, which is the litell cōpas ye shal deuid his height into .6. parts Then take a paire of compasses and set the one poincte of the compasses in the toppe of the small compas whiche I haue marked with .1. & the other fote of the cōpas ye shal set vpon y e line vnder the Abacus, & then turne the compas aboute & drawe downewardes vnto the lowest of those .8. partes belō ging to Voluta, vntil ye come to the line wher at the plomet doth hang and there stay with that poinct of the cōpas, & bring the other poinct of the cōpas downe vpon y e lowest strike of y e litle cō pas, which is marked w t .2. Thē turne vpwards y e lowest poinct of the cōpas vntil ye come to y e hā ging line, wher ye shal stay. The other fote ye shal set vpō the strike marked .3. being within y e litle cōpas. Thē cōpassing about w t y e highest part of the cōpas downwards vntil ye cōe again to the [Page X] hāging line and so remoue the highest part of the compas setting it on the strike .4. within the litle compas, and drawe vpwardes with the other poincte of the cōpas vntill ye come to the perpendiculer line, staing againe there, and then set the other foote of the compas right vppon the strike marked with .5. also being within the litle compas, and drawe downe wardes againe vnto the forsayde line, and so set the highest poinct of the compas vppon the strike marked with .6. being also within the litle compas. Then drawe with the other poinct of the compas vpwardes again which doth inclose the litle compas. In the which cōpas may be made a rose or some other flower. Then shall ye perceue that the Astragalus, and his .2. edges are Iuste the height of the litle compas, which is the eye of Voluta, and then shall the height of Echinus be .2. of those parte that Voluta was made with, the whiche Echinus is marked with Y. also that space that lieth betwen Echinus, & Abacus shalbe .2. of those parts in height. So done ye haue y e trewe height & bredthe of y e forfront & face of the Capital. It is also nedefull to know how to forme & facion the side of the Capitall, The maner & facion therof standeth betwixt the .2. pillers. The Abacus, that lieth vpon Voluta, is iust .4. square flat like to a trencher, the Proiecture is as muche as one of the .19, partes on eche side of the Abacus, from the which ye shall draw downe the .2. sides of Voluta, which is 8. of those partes, the .2. Edges that stand on eche ende of the Rolle or Voluta shal haue .1. part betwixt them both. Thē take a paire of cōpasse & set the one poinct of the compas at the lowest and inner parte of the litle edge marked with .1. and bring the other poinct of the compas into the innermost corner of the other edge whiche is marked w t .2. drawe from thence downewardes to the figure 3. then set the poinct againe in the place marked with .2. & drawe with the other poinct of the cōpas downe to this figure .3. againe, and it shall make a crosse, vppon that crosse, set the one poinct of the compas, & with y e other poinct of the compas draw from the strike marked w t .1. vnto the other strike marked with .2. & it wylle shew you the diminishing of Voluta in the middel, through which diminishing you shal perceue the endes of the Canaliculi. So done the side of the Capitall, is twise so broade as it is in height, the Proiecture of Echinus, is like and equall with the Proiecture of Regula at the foote of Scapus, and so ende the Proiectures, and mesures of this Capitall also the. Antiques in diuers of their edifices, hath made Echinus, to be in Proiecture like vnto Abacus.
EPISTILIVM.
OVer the Capital or hed of the piller ye shal set Epistilium, or Architraue whose marke is A. the height therof shalbe a Modulus, and that height ye shall deuide into .7. partes, one of those ye shall geue vnto Cymatium marked with B. his proiecture is like vnto his height. The other .6. partes ye shal deuide into .12. partes geue .3. vnto the lowest Fascia marked with C geue .4. vnto the second Fascia marked w t D. & also geue vnto the third Fascia the .5. partes which remaineth, the which is marked w t E. whose Proiecture or hanging ouer shalbe right and Equall with the thicknes of the piller bynethe aboue the Base. Now vnderstand that the Proiecture of these .2. highest Fascias shalbe so muche as the piller is diminished vpon the one side vnder the Capitall the which is the twelfthe part of the diameter, the which part you shall deuide into .9. partes, geue .5. vnto the highest Fascia, marked with E. for his Proiecture, the other .4. partes shal serue for the Proiecture of the middle most Fascia marked with D. the lowest Fascia, findeth his owne Proiecture as before is rehersed.
ZOPHORVS.
VPon the Epistiliū, ye shall set Zophorus, which is called in our Englishe tounge the frize. If any thing shalbe therin grauen or cut, then it ought to be y e fourth part higher thē the Epistiliū. If nothing shalbe wrought win y e Frize thē shal y e frise be thē fourth parte smaller then the Epistilium, Then deuide the Frize marked with F. into .7. partes, one such parte adde therto for Cymatium, marked w t G. let his Proiecture be also as muche as his height. That donne ye shall begin with the Coronix, marked with H. the which is the highest parte of the Trabeation. Ouer Cimatium, shalbe sette Denticuli, marked with. I. whose height shalbe so much as the height of the myddlemost Fascia, and his fillet to be the sixt part of Dē ticuli, and aboue Denticuli, ye shall sette Corona marked with K. and the height therof shalbe also like vnto the mydell Fascia That height deuide into .4. partes, one of those partes admit vnto Cymatium aboue Corona, the Proiecture of the Denticuli and Corona with Cymatium, hangeth ouer so much as the frize is in height, if the frize be the fourthe part diminished. Thus writeth oure Author Vitruuius. Ouer Corona shalbe set Sima, marked with L. whose height shalbe the eight part higher then Corona, with his Cimatiū & his Edge at the toppe to be the Sixte part of Sima added therto, the Proiecture to be like vnto his height and so endeth the measures of Ionica.
THus haue ye endid at y e hiest part of Trabeationis whose marke is H. Regula the edge of Sima marked L. Cymatium, Corona, marked K. added ouer the womā Mutilos, & his Capital, Denticulus, marked I. Zophorus, marked. F Cimatiū marked G. EPISTYLIVM marked A. Cimatiū marked B. Fascia prima, marked C. Fascia Secūda marked D. Fascia Tertia marked E. CAPITVLI, marked T. Cymatium. Abacus, marked V. Frons Voluta, marked X. Astragalus. COLVMNA, vpon the pillor noted Scapus, marked R Apophigis superior. Apophigis Inferior. BASIS, marked M. Torus marked O. Regula, Scotia, Superior, marked P. Regula, Astragalus Primus, Astragalus Secundus marked Q Regula, Scotia, Inferior, Regula. Plinthus, marked N. Coronix, marked C. Regula. Cimatium marked H. Corona, marked I. Regula, in the finished piller is added Echinus, Regula Sima, marked K Astragalus marked L Regula. Quadratum. Sesquialtera. BASIS, of the pedestalle marked B. Regula, Cimatium inuersa addid Regula Astragalus marked D. Sima Reuersa marked E. Regula, Torrilus, marked. F. Plinthus Primus marked G. Astragalus, Regula, Plinthus inferior being added vnto the Base of the pedestall for to increase his height and also for an other purpos most nesseseary if the pillor stand on the ground and no stepes vnder the pedestall in the which bodye of the pedestall is demonstrated Ichnographia, where in I begane and also make an ende
❧ CORYNTHIA [Page]
HERE BEGINETH THE PILLOR that was founde in Corinthia, by Callimachius the excellent Architect of Corinthe.
TO beginne with the Pedestal of Corinthia, ye shal enter thus, The flat stone or body of the Pedestal shalbe a square & .2. third partes in height the which is marked with A. whose height ye shal deuide into .7. partes, adde such a part vnto the Base of the Pedestall, marked with B, and asmuche for the Coronix, whose marke is C. Then deuide the Base of the Pedestall marked with B. into .7. partes, Geue one vnto Cymatium, marked with D. and one vnto Astragalus, with his Regula, marked with E. Then geue .2. vnto Syma reuersa marked with F. with his fillet, Then geue one part vnto Torus, marked with G. the other .2. partes admitte vnto the highest Plinthus, marked with H. the Proiecture, of this Base is like vnto his height The other Plinthus, is added therunto, the cause wherof, is mencioned and declared before in Ionica, Thē deuide Coronix, marked with C. into .10. partes Geue vnto Cymatium aboue marked with. I .3. partes of the which his fillet shall haue .1. part Then admit also .2. partes to Corona, marked with K. and also .2. partes vnto Syma and his fillet or edge marked with L. the other .2. partes geue vnto Cymatium with his edge marked with M. and the tenth parte admit vnto Astragalus & Regula, marked with N. vnder Cymatium, the Proiecture ye shal make like vnto their height sauing onely Corona, whiche ought to hange ouer .2. third partes more then his height the which is a beautie vnto the whole Coronix and so endeth the measures & Proiectures, therunto belonging.
BASIS.
NOw ye shal finde the measures of the thicknes of the pillor, which is the Diameter, as doth follow, deuide the bredthe of the boddye of the Pedestal into 6. partes, wherof the diameter or thicknes of the piller shalbe .4. such parts & y e height of the pillor shalbe 9. Diameters, wherof the Capitall shal haue .1. Diameter, for his height, & also the height of the Base shalbe halfe a Diameter, which base is marked w t O whole height ye shall deuide into .4. partes wherof the Plinthus, marked with P. occupieth .1. part. The other .3. partes deuide into 5. parts. Geue vnto Torus, aboue which is marked with Q. one part, & the Torus, beneth shalbe y e forth part greater thē the Torus aboue, & is marked with R. that which remaineth betwen the .2. Torus deuide into .2. partes, of the highest part ye shall make Trochilus, marked with S. wherof the Astragalus, shalbe the sixte part, and his edge shalbe half his height, the other edge that lieth vnder the highe Torus, shalbe in height the third parte more thē the height of the other edge. The second part that remaineth is for the nethermost Trochilus or Scotia, marked with T. whose Astragali, shall also be in height the sixte part of Trochilus, and his edge shalbe halfe his height, the other edge that lieth on the nether most Torus, shalbe in height .2. third partes of the height of Astragali, the Proiecture of this base is thus. If this pillor stande vppon any other pillor, then shall the Proiecture therof be like vnto y e Proiecture of y e Base of Ionica, & if this piller stand vppō y e groūd, or being alone by himself thē shal this Proiecture of the Base be like y e Proiecture, of the Base of Dorica, & thus endeth the Base of Corinthia.
SCAPVS.
VPon the Base or foote of the piller ye shall sette Scapus, marked with V. whose height is .7. Diameters and a halfe, whose thicknes is diminished the sixte part of the toppe of Scapus, vppon either side half a parte as is before sayde vppon the third part of the height of Scapus, ye shall make the half compas, through the which ye may finde a faire diminishing as I haue said before in Thuscana, Dorica, and Ionica. If this piller be garnished and filled with Canaliculi, and Striges, whiche Vitruuius calleth Femora, there shalbe .28. in number rounde about the pillor. The mesures of them I haue before rehersed in the Ionica, sauing onely from the third part of the pillor downewardes, Astraguli be made and set vpright round aboute the piller within the Canaliculi, the maner therof you shall finde in the ground plot, the which standeth here betwene the .2. pillers & is marked with X. The Proiecture, of Them doth answer iustly with the thicknes of the pillor: at the toppe of the piller shalbe made Astragalus & his edge, the which shalbe the twelfte parte of a Diameter in height. The Proiecture therof is somuche, as the piller is diminished on either side, and thus finisheth Scapus.
CAPITAL.
OF this Capitall, Vitruuius maketh mencion in his fourth boke and first chapiter vppon the said Scapus, which is the body of the piller, ye shal set the Capital being a Diameter in height, and is marked with Y. that height deuide into .7 partes, admit one vnto Abacus, marked with A. the which part ye shal deuide into .3 partes geue .1. vnto Cimatium and his edge, the other .2. partes geue vnto Plinthus, the other .6. partes that remained from the Abacus downewardes, deuide into .3. partes, geue one part vnto the shortest leaues and also one other to the height of the myddle leaues The third part is left for the height of Clauiculi, Vitruuius calleth it in the makinge of the Capitale of Ionica, Voluta, and is in this Capitall marked with B. being that which goeth out of Caulis, and turneth to y e 4 Corners of the Abacus and they be in nomber .8. rounde about the Capital, the which closeth togither at the .4. corners of the Capitall, also there be other smaller, that are called Helices, the which springe out of that which is the budde or Caules, and growe vpwardes right vnder the Abacus and haue but halfe the height of the other greater Helices, or Volutas and also .8 of them be rounde about growinge also .2. and .2. togithers vnder the .4 forefronts of the Abacus, ouer the whiche standeth the flower or Rose in the myddell of the Abacus whose height is equall with the thiknes or height of Abacus, being .4. roses or flowers in nōber in the .4. frontes of the Abacus. Also vnder the Abacus is a certaine square edge named Tenia, whose height is half somuche, as the Abacus is in height, his Proiecture answereth to the thicknes of the pillor or Scapus, beneth: the which is the Diameter, Concerning the other Proiectures, they beginne thus. The Proiecture of the Abacus answereth & is like vnto the Proiecture of the Plinthus of the Base or foote of the piller, and sailleth ouer some what more then the Plinthus. Nowe to knowe how muche the Abacus hangeth ouer more then the Plinthus of the Base of the pillor, the which is shewed in the ground plotte named Ichnographia, and is marked with C. whiche grounde is to be made thus. Make you a rounde compas beinge of the thicknes of the piller then make a square without that compas and also make an other compas, so grate as [Page Xii] maye be, touching the .4. corner: of the sayd square, also set that cōpas within an other square, touchinge the .4. sides of the great compas. So done we shall come to the right ground and fascion of the Abacus, the which lieth on the vasse or basket, that was founde on the maydens tōbe in Corinthe, as before is rehersed. Now let vs finishe and ende the ground plotte of the Capital That space which is left bitwene y e two squares righte in the myddell of one of the sides, deuyde you into .4 partes Then take a paire of compas, setting the one poinct of the compas righte in the Corner of the greate square beinge marked with .5. and the other poincte of the compas bring vnto the other corner of that square marked with .6. and so drawe downewardes towardes .7. then bring that poincte of the compas, vppe agayne and set it in the place that it came from, and bringe downe the other poincte of the compas, from .5. vnto .7. and there it shall make a crosse. Then set the poinct of the compas, in the middes of the crosse and the other poinct of the compas sette vppon the strike betwen the 2. squares, the which is marked with .3. and so drawe with the compas from .3 to .5. and againe from .3. to .6. and vse all the other sides in lyke maner, and so through it ye shall knowe the trewe Proiecture. Nowe to knowe whither this grounde be vprighte or not, ye shall make a strike ouerthwarte the greate square from corner to corner, that line is named Diagonus, whose marke is C. being in lenght .2. Diameters So done is the grounde plotte of this Capitall, vpright and trewe, the which bringeth with it, his trewe Proiecture. Also ye shall perceiue in this Capital, marked with Y. that frō the vttermost of the Abacus, marked with A. is drawen a line by the side of the Capital, downewardes vnto the Astragali, that lieth vnder the Capitall, whose Proiecture, is so muche as the pillor is diminished on the one side. Then shall the Proiecture of the Voluta or greate Helices, marked with B touche the line that is drawen by the side of the Capitall. The long leaues also vnder the Voluta, shall touche that line and in lyke case the shorte leaues. So done you haue your right and parfaicte grounde and the trewe vprighte measures of this Capitall with all his Proiectures. Touchinge this pillor that standeth on the other side, the whiche is Antique: it standeth, in an Arch triumphale, whose height is .29. modernelles and .15. minutes, the length of which elle, containeth .22. inches and a halfe. In Pantheon within Rome, and diuers other places in Italie are these pillers founde standing in good estate. For this cause haue I sette this Antique pillor here beside that ye should perceiue the beawtie whiche is in it, the whiche differeth littell from the firste inuention of Vitruuius. The bodie of this saide pillor is garnished with Canaliculi, & the nōber of thē is .26. or 28. whose Capital, is a Diameter, in height beside the Abacus, and the Abacus added therto is the seuenth parte of a Diameter, his height to maintaine: the Antiques affirme that the firste Author hath mente it thus the Capitall to be a Diameter in height beside the Abacus, the height therof is before rehersed: also asmuche as they haue added vnto the Capitall, somuche haue they diminished of the height of Scapus, So that the pillor remaineth yet .9. Diameters in height, yea and some hath added the seuenth parte therto. Neuertheles it is beawtifull that they haue made, the other I do leaue to the disresciones of them whiche are or wilbe maisters in this worthie science, of Architecture. And thus finisheth the order of this Capitall.
ARCHITRAVE, FRISE, AND CORNISHE.
AS touching the Architraue, frise, & Cornish, bilōging to Corinthia, Vitruuius, maketh no great mencion therof, Neuertheles he doth describe the beginning of Mutuli to be necessarie in all Mullers to be made as ye may perceiue by the antique workes or buildings. But this Architraue, frise, and Cornishe, shalbe like vnto that whiche was made for the Ionica, but vnto this Cornishe, is added Echinus, marked with G. standing betwixt Denticuli and Corona, being in height like vnto the vndermost Fascia, marked with D. the Proiecture of the Cornish, is increased somuche as Echinus is in height also vnto the Architraue is added vnder the seconde Fascia, marked with E. Astragalus, being in height the eight parte of that Fascia, make also that Astragalus, to be in height the eight part of the highest Fascia, marked with F the whiche Astragalus, shalbe as it were certaine rounde beryes and the other Astragalus, that lieth vnder the myddle Fascia, shalbe wrothonne like a wreath: as concerning the Frise, it is to be ordered as before is mencioned in the measures of the Ionica, the proiecture of the foresaid Architraue, is before rehersed in Ionica.
Now it behoueth to make mention of an other order and cōmen rule that the antiques heretofore haue vsed in their time of buildinges appertaining to the whole Trabeations of the Corinthe, the measures is as hereafter followeth. Deuide the height of the pillor with the Base and Capitall, into .4. partes, the which whole Trabeationes, shalbe in height asmuche as .1. of the .4. partes of the height of the pillor, and that height deuide into .10. partes, wherof ye shall geue .3. vnto the height of Epistilium, the which we call Architraue, marked with .I. and also geue .3. vnto the height of Zophorus, which we cal y e frese, marked with K. those .4. which remaigne geue vnto y e Cornish, which Vitruuius called Coronices, marked with L. Cōcerning these .4. partes that are geuen vnto Coronix, deuide you into .9. partes geue .1. vnto Cymatium marked w t. M. and geue also 2. parts vnto Echinus, with his edge whose marke is N. and also geue 2. such partes vnto Mutili, whiche is also named Modiglions, with his Cymatium marked with O also geue .2. of those partes vnto Corona, and his Cymatium, which is the forthe parte of Corona, and is marked with P. and the other .2 partes geue vnto Syma, and his edge at the top which is the eight part of the whole Syma, which is marked with Q. The Proiecture, shalbe as before is rehersed sauing onely that Mutili, shall hange ouer so farre as ye maye conueniently not hyddinge or shadowing his Cymatium the which doth answere right to the Proiecture of Corona. Vitruuius declareth also the whole height of the Trabeationes, to be the fifthe part of the length of the pillor, & so he writteth that it was made in Theatrum, wherof he maketh mention in his fifth booke and seuenth chapiter, this Trabeatione, is of that height the whiche he spake of and is marked with H. Now as touching the other side that standeth ouer y e garnished pillor, that is also antique, it is inriched beawtifull [...]e hauinge in it Denticuli, Echinus, and also Mutuli, the which Vitruuius, doth not allowe saing in his forth booke and second Chapiter, that Denticuli, & Mutili ought not to stande, or be made in one Cornishe or Coronix as ye may perceue by the other Coronices for that which standeth in the myddes hath Mutili, and Echinus, and hath not Denticuli, also the other Coronices that standeth ouer the Image hath in it Denticuli, & Echinus, but not Mutuli. So that which hath Mutili hath not Denticuli, and likewise that, whiche hath Denticuli must not haue Mutili, So that both these Coronices, haue their alteraciō ye both obserue the Rule of Vitruuius, To the third Coronix, that the antiques, haue deuised in their [Page xiii] buildinges they haue added Mutilos or Denticul [...] according to their willes & haue garn [...] it most triumphantly, as is manifest in diuers of their doinges. For the which they ought [...]cōmended. For Vitruuius saith, that Mutili shalbe a necessary thinge in all Coronices, as [...]teacheth also, that Denticuli should be obserued in Ionica, seing that it may be suffered i [...] [...] nica, it is necessarye to be obserued in Corinthia, and is made in Italie to their commend [...] and fame, whose Proiecture therby doth more abound in beawtie. Thus ende the measure [...] the makinge of Corinthia.
NEuerthelesse I thinke it good to make a brief rehesall, retourning to the place [...] I began at, & also for that her is added diuers thinges, in the .3. chaunges of y e Tr [...] tions in inglishe called architraue, frise, and Cornishe, the first and higest is R [...] Sima marked. Q. C. matium Corona marked P. Cymatium Mutili marked O. Regula Ec [...] marked G. Astragalus & Apophiges Denticuli Cymatium marked M ZOPHO [...] marked K. EPISTYLIVM marked I. Cymatium Fascia marked F. with his Ast [...] lus. Fascia secunda marked E. Astragalus Fascia tertia marked D. CAPITVLI m [...] Y. Abacus marked A. Flos Voluta Maiores marked B. Voluta Minores. Folia Minorae [...] lis Folia media. Folia ima, COLVMNA marked V. Astragalus Apophigis Superior [...] [...] ferior. BASIS marked O. Torus Superior marked Q. Regula, Scotia superior. mar [...] Regula Astragalus Primus, Astragalus Secundus Regula, Trochilus marked T. R. [...] Torus inferior marked R. Plinthus marked P. STYLOBATA, Coronicis ma [...] C. Cymatium marked I. Corona marked K Sima marked L. Cymatium marked Astragalus et Apophigis marked N. Quadratum Proportionis super Bipartient [...] Tertia marked A. BASIS. to the same marked B. Cymatium Reuersa marked D. Astragalus marked E. Sima Reuersa marked F. Torulus marked G. Plinthus marked H. Astragalus et Regula, Plinthus inferior, last of all ICHNOGRAPHIA the ground plotte and foundation where with this worke began and also endeth.
❧ COMPOSITA [Page]
¶COMPOSITA OR ITALICA THE TRYVMPHANT pillor, deuised by the Romanes, and setcheth his compoundes out of all the other before rehersed and written.
THis pillor named Composita shalbe .10. Diameters in height, the which Dyameters are drawen ouerthwart the pillor, whereof the Capitall. is a wholle Dyameter in height, and Spira or Base is halfe a Diameter in height. Now as concerning y e measures of the Pedestal, the bredth of the square stone which is the bodye of the Pedestall shalbe doubled in the height, whiche Philander nameth the quadrante of the double proportio which is marked with A whose height shalbe deuided into .8. partes, one suche part ye shall adde to the height of his Coronix, marked with B. asmuche you shall adde vnto his Base marked with C the other measures therin belonging shalbe as before is rehersed in the Corinthia, but in this Base is added Cymatium which lieth betwene Astragalus, & the square of the pedestall. Also Coronix is to be made as before is rehersed in Corinthia, but that in this, they haue added Denticulos, the which he betwene Cymatium and Echinus, throughe the which it mounteth to a forther Proiecture, the which the Romaynes haue done for the more pleasure of the eye. As touchinge the bodye of the Pedestall they haue garnished it beautifully after diuers sortes as by these finished figures, ye maye perceiue. Nowe as the other Pedestalles before mencioned, were parted and deuided into so many partes as the pillors were Diameters in height, so is this Pedestall 10. partes in height of the which, the Base occupieth the lowest part, which is marked with C. Also y e double square occupieth eight partes to his height, & the tenth part is admitted to Coronix, marked with B.
BASIS or SPIRA.
RIght and directely vpon the middell of the Pedestall shalbe set Spira or the Base of the pillor marked with D. whose height shalbe a Modulus, or halfe the thiknesof the pillor, y e which height ye shal deuid into .6. partes geue one part vnto Torus aboue marked with E. y e other .5, partes shalbe deuided into .3 partes geue one part vnto Plinthus marked with F. the other .2. partes you shall deuide into .12 partes wherof ye shal geue .5. partes vnto Torus the lower marked with G. geue also .2. partes to the two Astragali with their Rute whose marke is. H. the which edge or regula, is in height y e one half of .1. Astragalus, geue also .1 parte vnto that, which is marked with I. some name it Echinus, but the garnishing therof is not like Echinus, which lieth vnder the higher Torus, whose edge shalbe half a part. So that the highest Torus, & Scotia, marked with K (the which y e grekes call Trochelon) be very nigh of one height. The Proiectures of this Base are as before is rehersed in Corinthia.
SCAPVS.
THe body of y e pillor shalbe .8.½ Diameters in height, y e which are drawen ouerthwart the pillor Now as touching the diminishing of the pillor aboue ye shall begin thus vppon the third Diameter there ye shal trie the middle of the pillor vnder the Capital. Then deuid the thicknes of your pillor into .6. partes that is .3. on eche side of y e middle of the pillor and ye shall sette .5. suche partes for the thicknes of the pillor vnder the Capitall, [Page] which shalbe .2. and a halfe on eche side of the pillors myddel, from the which thiknes of the pillor vnder the Capitall drawe both the sides downe wardes perpendiculerly vppon the thirde Diameter wheron ye shall make a half cyrcle so greate as it maye be within the Diameter or thiknes of the pillor and it shall make on eche side a crosse ouer the perpendiculer line, measure from the crosses downewardes euen vpon the strike of the half cyrcle or compas to the ouerthwart strike vpon the third Diameter & deuide it into .6. partes, making .6. lines crossing ouer the half cyrcle. And ye shall begin to drawe from the line marked .2. in the halfe cyrcle vnto the ouerthwart line at the toppe of the pillor marked with .2. and also from the line of the halfe cyrcle .3. drawe vpwardes perpendiculerly to the ouerthwarte strike marked with .3. and so drawe vpwardes from 4. to the ouerthwarte line marked .4. and so from .5. to .5. and also perpendiculerly drawe from 6. to .6. Then take a rule and drawe from Diameter vnto Diameter downewardes, closing vp y e side of the pillor as you may perceue by your figure, for I haue drawen & closed the one side of the pillor, and the other side I haue lefte open that ye should plainely perceiue the working therof, the height of the Diameter, vnder the Capitall. ye shall deuide into 12. partes the higest part shalbe deuided into .3 equall partes, wherof ye shal geue .2. vnto Astragalus, marked with L. and the third part shalbe geuen to the edge or Senta, which is marked with M. Also an other litle square edge, which lieth vpon the Base being at the lowest parte of Scapus shalbe in height like vnto Astragalus, at the top of Scapus. Concerning the garnishing of the body of the pillor or Scapus, which oure authour calleth Canaliculi and Striges, the antiques haue deuised so many sundry sortes, that herin the beawtye of them cannot be expressed. But amonge all other in Pantheon, is a pillor thus deuided. Ther be Canaliculi, round abought the pillor .24. in number, and eache of them in deuided into 9. partes, of the whiche partes .4. is geuen vnto that, whiche oure authore nameth Stryges, vpon the which are made vpright in the middle therof Astragali, whose bredthe is .2. of those .4. partes, the other .2. partes are lefte for Stryges. So that vpō eache side of the Astragali, is left one part. The other .5. partes are left for Canaliculi, the which are hollowe inwardes. There is an other pillor, the which standeth in Basilia del foro transitorio, in Rome, the which is made much after one fashion but that the Architect hath made his Canaliculi, somwhat biggar or largar. And that measure is thus. The pillor rounde about shalbe deuided into .28. or .32. partes The occasion wherfore the number of those doth differ, is for the placinge of the pillor standing farre or nighe vnto the eye, for if this piller stande farre from the eye, there shalbe in number .24. and at the most but .26. And if the pillor standeth nigh vnto the eye, there shalbe in number .28. or .30. and at the moste, they made 32. rounde about the pillor. Nowe eche of those partes shalbe deuided into .3. partes, let .2. of those partes be geuen to Canaliculi, the thirde parte ye shal deuide into .4. partes wherof geue .2. vnto Astragalus, and the other .2. that remaine, geue vnto the Strigeus, that stande on eche side of the Astragalus, the bredthe of eche of them is a parte, as ye may perceiue by this Ichnographia the whiche figure is and standeth here betwene your 2. pillors being your parfaicte ground of the bodye of the pillor or Scapus, whiche is marked with N. Thus finishinge the measures, the Prouctures shalbe as is before declared in making of the other pillors.
CAPITAL.
ON the toppe of Scapus, or pillor shalbe sett the Capitall, whose height shalbe a Diameter, in the which Capitall Abacus with his long and shorte leaues, and his Caules out of the which spring the smaller Helices, be a portion taken from Corinthia. Also they haue brought to pas in this Capitall, Voluta and Echinus and Astragalus, with his rule, which is and are portiones of Ionica. The measures of this Capital are thus. From the pillor vpwardes to the toppe of the Capitall, that is marked with O whose height is a Diameter shalbe deuided into .7 partes, wherof one shalbe geuen to Abacus, lung at the toppe of the Capitall, which is marked with P. the which partes, some Architecles haue added to the height of the Capitall, so that they haue made it to be in height a Diameter, and the seuenth parte of a Diameter, as before is rehersed in the Capitall of Corinthia, but so muche as they haue added to the height of the Capital, somuche haue they abated from the height of Scapus. Nowe of the forsaid .7. partes, doo remaygne yet 6. the which shalbe reduced into .3 partes, the one shalbe geuen vnto the shorte leaues for their height, the second part shalbe added vnto the height of the myddle leaues, and the third part vnto Voluta, marked with Q. as for the height of Echinus, marked with R. shalbe founde in the makinge of Voluta, as before is mencioned in Ionica. The Proiecture of this Abacus, whose marke is P. shalbe euen so muche as is the Proiecture of the Plinthus, the which is the lowest parte of the Bases, of the pillor euen as it is before saide in the ground plot of Corinthia, This done drawe from the vtter moste of the Abacus, downewardes along by the side of the Capitall, vnto the vttermost of the Astragali lienge vnder the Capitall, whose Proiecture, shalbe so muche as it is in height This done you shall cause Voluta to touche the strike that you haue drawen by the side of the Capitall, and also the myddell and longe leaues vnder Voluta, shall haue their Proiecture to touche that line, and also the shorts leaues shall touche the same. This done ye haue the true measures and proiectures of this Capitall, but there be diuerse other beawtifull Capitalls, belonging to this pillor whiche hereafter more plainlye shall appere.
EPISTYLIVM.
THe height of this Epistilium, or Architraue marked with. S. shalbe the thiknes of the pillor aboue vnder the Capitall, but if this pillor shall stande nighe vnto the eye then make the height therof, as before is rehersed in the other pillors, which height shalbe deuided into .7 parts wherof one shalbe geuen vnto Cimatiū marked with T. the other .6. parts, deuided into .12. partes, geue .3. of them to the firste Fascia, marked with V. also geue .4. to the second Fascia, marked with X and geue 5. vnto the thira Fascia, marked with Y. vnder the second and third Fascia, shalbe added Astragali with Apophigis, to the garnishing therof, the Proiectures, and measures shalbe as is before rehersed in Corinthia. Vpon the Epistiliū, ye shall sete Zophorus or Frese marked A. wherin Mutili doth stand being in height like to Epistiliū, the Mutili shall stande right ouer the pillor, their bredth shalbe the fifte parte lesse then the thicknes is of the pillor vnder the Capital, and they be marked with B. whose height shalbe deuided into .6. partes, Cimatium occupieth somuche as one of the .6. partes added for that whiche is the Capitall vnto the Mutili, & is marked with C. the space betwene the .2. Mutili, shalbe somuche, as twyse the bredth of Mutili, the Proiectures of Mutilos shalbe asmuche as the wholle Mutili is in height. As touching the Coronices, the one side differeth from the other, both being [Page] fayre, take of them which pleaseth your mynde best, their heightes shalbe like vnto y e height of Mutilos. Then ye shall deuide that side ouer the pillor into .7. partes. Geue .4. vnto Corona, marked with D. also geue .2. vnto Cymatium, marked with E. the seuenth parte is lefte for Supercilium or Regula, marked with F. The Proiecture therof shalbe lyke their heightes the other side of the Coronix, ouer y e maiden which is marked with G. shalbe deuided into .2. equal partes, the lowest parte shalbe geuen vnto Corona, the seconde parte shalbe deuided into .5. partes, geue one vnto that with his edge which is like to Echinus, geue .3. vnto Cimatiū. and the fifthe parte, geue vnto Supercilium. The Proiectures of Mutilus with the Coronix shalbe somuche as they be both in height, Mutilus standing in Zophorus, the antiques haue deuised for a commoditie and a beawtie to their edifices. But the cause why they were sette in Zophorus with diuers other monuments therto belonging herafter shalbe declared as time shall serue. Thus haue I finished for this time the figures, garnishementes, and measures, of these fiue pilleres before specified.
¶ OF AN OTHER AVTENTIKE PILLER AND A nescessarie Companion to the before named pillers made by the Athenieus to his perfection named ATTICVRCA.
OF this piller Plinius maketh rehersall and as he saith is a corner pillor, being foure square, whose Diameter marked with A. (saith he) is like vnto the roūd pillers, which he standeth by but in y e Diagonall line marked B. he is thicker then the rounde pillers. It is that piller which Vitruuius nameth Atticurga or Attica, made by, y e Atheniens, the which natiō vsed also y e mesures of Corinthia in their pillers. So that the Capital of this foresaide piller, is much like to y e Capital of Corinthia. The Spira, or Base of the saide Attica, wherwith also they vsed to garnish Corinthia, Vitruuius, also, witnesseth of suche a pillor, declaring and saith, that Spira attica should be like vnto Spira or Base Ionica. Thus haue you all the maner and measures of pillers that anye notable maisters of Architecture or Authours therof haue written. As in order do followe. Tuscana conteineth in height .6. Diameters Dorica .7. Diameters in height. Ionica .8. Diameters in height, Corinthia .9. Diameters in height, and Composita, contaigneth .10. Diameters in height, Nowe of this forsayde pillor Atticurga, I finde no mencion made of his height. But of the multitude of his Canaliculi, whiche be .7. on either side of the pillor. And as touchinge his height, wherof no mention is made, it is to be thought that he must beare suche height as the rest of the pillors for Vitruuius saith that y e highest pillor passeth not .10 Diameters, in height so that his height may be agreable to the height of those round pillors that are Ioyned with him, whither they be Composita or Corinthia, which I my selfe haue sene in Rome in the arke triumphant of Seuerus, beinge ioined with Composita, also in Pantheon where his three sides plainely are sene, the fourth standing in the wal, the Capital and base is like to the round pillers, wherwith he stādeth being Corinthia. The Proiecture of his base was like vnto Spira attica, the which is halfe a Modulus, on either side of the Base, the which Vitruuius more plainly at large declareth.
¶ THE CHAVNGE OF THE FIVE PILLERS ORDERLY to be vsed eche of them in his kynde whiche order of buildinges be named of Vitruuius as followeth PICNOSTYLOS, SISTYLOS, DIASTYLOS, ARIOSTYLOS, EVSTYLOS, whose pictures insew [...]th demonstrated in order.
NOwe for somuche as I haue rehersed the beginning and the Institution of this arte of Architecture, naming the writers and authors of the said science, and declared the measures geometrycall therto belonging in their simetries, with all their garnishementes: it is therfore also requisit to reherse and to let you vnderstand, by what meanes the order of the before named pillers shalbe altered in their standing, adding, or abating to or fro, euery of them accordingly as they shalbe placed, by whiche knowledge or like knowledges many may come to the righte perfectiō, vpon whiche occasion it shalbe declared what mention Vitruuius doth make in the third boke and second Chapiter & also the opinion of Sebastianus Serlius and other vpon the same, how far and how nere the pillers shalbe set a sunder: Saying that this order of Picnostylos ought thus to be made, that which is the space betwene the .2. pillers shalbe a Diameter and a halfe the piller being in height .10. Diameters. Sistylos is that which hath .2. Diameters betwixt the .2 pillers, whose height shalbe 9. Diameters and a halfe. Diastylos shall thus be made, the pillers shall stand .3. Diameters one from an other, whose height shalbe .8. Diameters and a halfe. Ariostylos is that, which hath the space or bredth betwene the pillers .4. 5. or .6. Diameters, and at the furdest .7. Diameters, the whiche pillers comonly are .8. Diameters in height: but in the Eustylos the authors differ. the one saith that his measure is like Diastyli, and the other saith that it ought to be like Sistyli, and so because Diastyli is .8. Diameters and a halfe and Sistyli .9. and a halfe, therfore oure authoure hath made betwene them both an vniformity, and causeth Eustylos to be .9. Diameters in height. This done Areostyli is .8. Diameters in height. Diastyli .8. Diameters and a halfe. Eustylos 9. Diameters. Sistyli .9. and a halfe, and Picnostyli .10. Diameters. Nowe like as Tuscana, Dorica, Ionica, Corinthia, & Composita, increase their heightes by Diameters, so do these .5. here before rehersed increase their heightes by Modulus or half Diameters, and you shal also garnish & fashion them according to their lengthes, as I haue by their lenght shewed before their similitude and strength, whiche you shall see and perceiue more plainely in the demonstrations followinge.
AREOSTYLOS.
BEginning with this first being Areostylos, as Cesarianus saieth, ought to be in height .8. Diameters, and the distaunce betwene the .2. pillors to be 4. 5. or .6. Diameters as is before rehersed, whiche piller for his strength is likned or to be sembled vnto Tuscana necessary for all foundations and fortifications both to withstande great forse, & supporte wayghtie burdens, as y e maister builder can vse him, which is to be sene in diuers places in Italie, calling it Rusticke or Rughe hewed stone, and in other places to be otherwise garnished.
DIASTYLOS.
THe second order as I haue placed it, is that whiche Vitruuius calleth Diastylos, whose height (saith he) is .8 Diameters and a halfe, and the distaunce betwene the .2. pillers ought to be .3. Diameters or .4. at y e furdest. which pillor is likned vnto Dorica made to his perfection in the tēple of Mars. which also is a piller to garnishe cyties and gates somwhat pleasaunt and stronge as is to be sene in diuers places, as also gates of pallaces with the vtter galleries.
EVSTYLOS.
THe third order is that whiche Vitruuius calleth Eustylos, the whiche oure Author hath brought to a vniformity, saying the piller to be in height .9. Diameters, & the distaūce betwen the .2. pillers to be .2. Diameters & a quarter, as Guliheline Philander affirmeth, but at the furdest .2. Diameters and a halfe or .3. which piller is likned vnto Ionica builded to his parfection in the tēple of Diana & Apollo & to be vsed in many meane edifices to be garnished accordinglye.
SISTYLOS.
THe fourth order is that whiche Vitruuius calleth Sistylos, whose height (saith he, is) .9. diameters and a halfe, whose pillers standeth distant one from the other .2. Diameters, or .2. and a halfe at the fourdest and after this maner it was made in the temple of Fortune, which piller is likned vnto Corinthia, whose measures are slender & serueth to garnish princes pallaces and for diuers other thinges necessarye whiche multitude nedeth not to be rehersed, but as time shall serue they maye be practised and brought in vre to diuers vses most necessarie.
PICNOSTYLOS.
THe first & last order is that which Vitruuius, calleth Picnostylos whose height saieth he is .10 Diameters whose pillers standeth distant frō eche other a Diameter, & a halfe or .2. at y e furdest & thus was it made in the tēple of Venus which piller is sembled or to be compared vnto Composita hauing in it the full beawtie of al the forsaide measures and garnishments, for al excellent artificers, beawtifully to set furth whether it be in golde or siluer or other riche stone or fine woodes in marketrey or imbosinge or caruing as shalbe thought pleasaūt & necessary for noble & mighty prīces or for diuers other estates louers of excellency or cōninge.
¶ AN OTHER RVLE GEVEN BY VITRVVIVS for these three orders of pillers Dorica, Ionica, Corinthia, to be vsed as folowith.
HOw if you will begin with the order of Dorica, you shall deuide his height with the Base and Capitall into .15. partes, one of those partes shalbe the height of the Base and asmuche vnto the height of the Capital, whiche shalbe the Modulus of the worke. If it shalbe the order of Ionica, you shall deuide the height of Scapus, with the Base and Capitall into .8. partes and a halfe, and one of those partes shalbe the Diameter of the whole worke, whose Base shalbe a Modulus in height, his Capital shalbe as before is rehersed in Ionica▪ also if you will make an order of Corinthia, ye shall make it as I haue now rehersed of this laste piller, sauing onely that in the stede of the Capitall of Ionica, ye shall set the Capitall of Corinthia, which is a dyameter in height. Now ye shall vnderstand that Vitruuius doth not will Dorica, Ionica, and Corinthia, to stande one vpon an other but he willeth the Edifice to be all of Dorica, orels all of Ionica, or all of Corinthia, and they to stande one vppon an other, alway d minishinge, so that the higher they stand, the lesser or sklenderer they muste be, for, as he saieth, a tree is no where so greate as at the ground, and so groweth smaller and smaller vpwardes vnto the toppe. likewyse, he willeth the lowest pillor to be strongest made vpon the measure, as before is sayd, and the second pillor, that standeth ouer him, both in height and bredthe shall diminishe his fourthe parte. And his Architraue, frese or Cornish shalbe in heigth the fiueth parte of the height of that piller, and so settinge the one vpon the other, diminishinge after this sayde order. Some of the antiques aforsaid haue obserued these orders and measures, as Sebastianus, doth witnesse in his third boke and fourth Capiter that there are many edifices of the antiques wherin all the orders of these pillers haue bene sette one vppon an other: garnishing them accordinglye as it is yet to be sene in the Amphitiatrum named Collosseum in Rome whose excellent and praise worthy doing shalbe more plainely sette fourth hereafter.
¶ HERE IS AN OTHER NECESSARIE Rule appointed of Vitruutus for the diminishing of Scapus, vnder the Capitall by the increasing of his height.
| fotes | diam | pairt |
| 15 | 6 | 5 |
| 20 | 6½ | 5½ |
| 30 | 7 | 6 |
| 40 | 7½ | 6½ |
| 50 | 8 | 7 |
| 60 | 8½ | 7½ |
| 70 | 9 | 8 |
| 80 | 9½ | 8½ |
| 90 | 10 | 9 |
| 100 | 10½ | 9½ |
| 110 | 11 | 10 |
VItruuius, in his third booke and third Chapiter; sainth thus if Scapus amounte in heighte from .15. fote vnto .20. the Diameter is to be deuided into .6. partes & a halfe, & y e thicknes of the pillor vnder the Capitall, shalbe .5. and a halfe. And if Scapus, Amounte from .20. vnto .30. foote then shall the Diameter be deuided into .7. partes, wherof .6. partes shalbe the thicknes of the pillor vnder the Capitall and so augmenting and diminishing after this order vntill Scapus, if it were possible, shoulde amounte to the number of 110. foote whiche is the ende of this table that standeth here beside wherin ye maye perceiue in euery .10. foote increassinge in height doth shew the thicknes of Scapus vnder the Capitall, so that the 110. foote in height of Scapus, the Diameter to be deuided into .11. partes, then shalbe the thicknes of Scapus, vnder the Capitall .10. of those .11. partes, & so furth if nede shall require.
¶ AN OTHER EXAMPLE TO BE obserued very necessary for the maister builder or Architecte that is for the inlarging of the Epistilium, when the pillor amounteth to certaine heightes.
| 15 | 1/13 | ½ |
| 20 | 1/13 | |
| 25 | 1/12 | ½ |
| 30 | 1/12 | |
| 35 | 1/11 | ½ |
| 40 | 1/11 | |
| 45 | 1/10 | ½ |
| 50 | 1/10 | |
| 55 | 1/9 | ½ |
| 60 | 1/9 |
VItruuius in the latter ende of his tird boke declaring when the piller that is to saye Base Scapus, and Capitall amounteth from .15 foote to .20. fote in height, then shal the height of the wholle pillor be deuided into .13. partes, on such a part shalbe the height of the Epistilium, also if the pillor do increase from 20. to .25 fote then shall the piller be deuided into 12. partes and a half wherof the height of the Epistilium shall occupie one suche part, also if the piller surmount frō .25. to .30. the height of the pillor must be deuided into .12 partes wherof the height of the Epistilium, shall occupie one such part & so forth as the colume increaseth in height so increaseth the height of Epistilium, as in this table is euidenly discussed the encreasing from .15. to .60. foote increased by .5 at ones the whiche pillor of .60. foote in height shalbe deuided into .9. partes, where of the Epistiliū occupieth for his height one such part, and so passing forward as necessitie shall requyre in order as is before mencioned.
Therbe also diuers other orders of measures and example that the Antiques alwayes vsed in their times, which shoulde be to tedious for the hearer, and to long for the Reader, hauing no figures out of the whiche springeth both desire and also encouragment to the same. Thus ending this treatie of the Introduction and measures of these forsayd pillers, whiche are the original first grounds and entring into this noble science of Architecture, practised and alowed by right mighty and worthye potentates, and Emperours for perpetuall memorye of their victorious and triumphant feates, the Elegance therof, of all antiquitie hath bene and yet presentely is as a parfaicte example and a myrroure to behold, lerne and take trewe measures, aswell to all suche, as delight in durable Edifices and buildinges, as also to all noble parsonages and Architectures, whiche do or shall take pleasure to erecte & builde the like to any beawte and perfection accord nge to the deuise and myndes of the forsaid Authours Vitruuius, and Sebastianus Serlius, to whom vndoubtedly, the praise and cōmendation is chiefly to be attrybuted and geu n. I submyt my trauel, vnto allother that in any parte be or shalbe of more parfaict & deper learninge, knowledge and experience, and of like well wylling affection, wherwthi I do offer this my poore atemptes and smal trauailes.