A Treatise of Scenes, or places to play in.

AMong all the things that may bee made by mens hands, thereby to yéeld admiration, pleasure to sight, and to content the santasies of men; I thinke it is placing of a Scene, as it is shewed to your sight, where a man in a small place m [...] sée built by Carpenters or Masons, skilfull in Perspectiue worke, great Palaces, large Temples, and diuers Houses, both neere and farre off; broad places filled with Houses, long stréets crost with other wayes: tryumphant Arches, high Pillars or Columnes, Piramides, Obeliscens, and a thousand fayre things and buildings, adorned with innu­merable lights, great, middle sort, and small, as you may sée it placed in the Figure, which are so cunningly set out, that they shew foorth and represent a number of the brightest stones; as Diamonds, Rubins, Saphirs, Smaragdes, Iacinthes, and such like. There you may sée the bright shining Moone ascending only with her hornes, and already risen vp, before the spectators are ware of, or once saw it ascend. In some other Scenes you may sée the rising of the Sunne with his course about the world: and at the ending of the Comedie, you may see it goe downe most artificially, where at many beholders haue bene abasht. And when occasion serueth, you shall by Arte sée a God descending downe from Heauen; you also sée some Comets and Stars shoot in the skyes: then you sée di­uers personages come vpon the Stage, richly adorned with diuers strange formes and manners of Apparell both to daunce Moris­coes and play Musicke. Sometimes you sée strange beasts, wherein are men and children, leaping, running, & Tumbling, as those kind of beasts vse to doe, not without admiration of the beholders: which things, as occasion serueth, are so pleasant to mens eyes, that a man could not sée fairer made with mens hands. But for that we are entred into another maner of Perspectiue worke, there­fore I will speake more at large thereof. This Perspectiue worke wherof I wil speake, although it be contrary to those rules which are shewed before, because these aforesayd are imagined to be vpon a slat wall: and this other rule because it is materiall and imbos­sed or raysed outward, therefore it is reason we obserue another rule therein, according to common custome. First, you must make a Scaffold, which must bee as high as a mans eye will reach, looking directly for ward; for the first part thereof which is marked C. But the other part behind it, whereon the Houses stand, you must rayse vp behind against the wall at least a ninth part thereof, that is, you must deuide the playne Stage or Scaffold in nine parts; and then you must make the Scaffold higher by a ninth part behind: then before at B. which must be very euen & strong because of the Morised dancers. This hanging downward of the Scaffold, I haue found by experience to be very pleasing, for in Vincente which is as sumptuous and rich a Towne as any in all Italy; there I made a Theater and a Stage of wood, then the which, I thinke, there was neuer a greater made in our time, in regard of the wonderfull sights that there were scene, as of Wagons, Elephants and other Moriscoes. There I ordained, that before the hanging Scene there should be a Scaffold made by water compasse, which Scaffold was 12. foot broad, and 60. foot long, according to the place wherin it stood; which I found to be very pleasing and fit for shew. This first Scaffold, because it was right, therefore the pauement therof must not obey the Horison, but the Quadrants, whereof on euery side were foure square, from whence at the beginning of the rising Scaffold B. all the Quadrans went to the outtermost Horison O. which with their due distances do shorten very well. And for th [...] some men haue placed the Horison of this Sciographies against the wall right aboue the Scaffold, whereby it séemeth the Houses runne all in one; therefore I determined to place the Horison before the doore, which pleased me so well, that I vsed the same kind of order in all these kind of works: and so I counsell those that take pleasure in such Arts, to vse and esteeme this way for the best, as I will shew in this Figure following, and haue also declared in the profill of the Theater and Scene.

And because the preparation for Comedies are done in thrée sorts, that is, Comical, Tragical and Satiricall; I will first entreat of the Comicall, whereof the Houses must be made as if they were for common or ordinarie people, which for the most part must be made vnder roofes in a Hall, which at the end thereof hath a chamber for the pleasure or ease of y ^e personages: and there it is that the ground of the Scaffold is made (as I said and shewed before) in the profil. Therefore C. is the first part being the flat Scaffold; and suppose that each Quadran containeth two foote on eyther side, so shal they vpon the hanging Scaffold before on the Base be also two foot broad, which is marked B. And (as I sayd before) my meaning is not to place the Horison hereof against the backe behind in the Scaffold, but as farre as it is from the beginning of the pauement B. to the wall, so farre I would also that men shall passe behinde through the wall, and so shall all the houses and other things show better in the shortening: and when by conuenient distances you haue drawne all the Quadrans towards the Horison, & shortened them, then you must shorten the houses right with the foure square stones; which houses are the great lines marked vpon the ground, aswell for those that stand vpright, as those that shorten. All such houses I alwayes made of spars, or rafter or laths, couered with linnin cloth; making doores and windowes, both before and in the shortening, as occasion fell out. I haue also made some things of halfe planks of wood, which were great helpe to the Paynters to set out things at life. All the spaces frō the backe to the wall marked A. shall be for the personages, to the which end the hindermost backe in the middle shall stand at the least two foot from the wall, that the personages may goe from the one side to the other, and not be séene. Then you must rayse a termination at the beginning of the pauement B. which shall be the poynt L. and from thence to the Horison there shalbe a line drawne, as it is marked in the profil with prickes, which shall be of like height; and where that toucheth the hindermost backe of the Scene or Scaffold, there the Horison of that backe shall stand: and that Horison shall serue onely for that backe. But if you stretch a corde or any other thing to the termination L. then you may fasten a thread to it, to thrust backward or forward, to vse it out of the stedfast Horison, & all the Ortographie of the houses before. But the Horison which goeth through the wall, shall serue for all the shortening sides of the houses: and for that men should breake the wall, if they would vse all this Horison in grosse, which may not bee done, therefore I haue alwayes made a small modell of wood and Paper iust of the same bignes, and by the same modell set it downe in grosse, from piece to piece. But this way will fall out hard for some men to vnderstand, neuerthe­lesse, it will be necessary to worke by models and experiments, and by studie a man shall sind the way: and for that a man can hardly finde any Halls how great soeuer, wherein he can place a Theater without imperfection and impediment; therefore to follow Anti­quities, according to my power and abilitie, I haue made all such parts of these Theaters, as may stand in a Hall. Therefore the part marked D. shall be the post scene, and the circular place marked E. shall bee the Orchestra: round about this Orchestra shall be the places for the noblest personages to sit, marked F. The first steps marked G. for the noblest women to sit vpon. The place H. is a way, so is the part marked I. In the middle betwéene these degrées are s [...]eps the easier to goe vp. The places marked K. must bee made so great backward as the Hall will afford, which is made somewhat slooping, that the people may see out ou [...] [...] others head.

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TOuching the dispositon of Theaters and other Scenes, concerning the grounds thereof, I haue spoken sufficiently; now I will speake of the Scene in Perspectiue worke: and for that Scenes are made of thrée sorts, that is, Comical, to play Comedies on, Tragicall, for Tragedies, and Satiricall for Satirs. This first shall be Comicall, whereas the houses must be flight for Citi­zens, but specially there must not want a brawthell or bawdy house, and a great Inne, and a Church; such things are of necess­tie to be therein. How to rayse these houses from the ground is sufficiently expressed, and how you shall place the Horison: neuer­thelesse, that you may be the better instructed (touching the former of these houses) I haue here set downe a Figure, for satisfaction of those that take pleasure therein; but because this Figure is so small, therein I could not obserue all the measures, but refer them to inuention, that thereby you may chuse or make houses which shew well, as an open Gallery, or lodge through the which you may sée an other house. The hangings ouer or shooting out, show well in shortening worke, and some Cornices cut out at the ends; accompa­nied with some others that are painted, show well in worke: so doe the houses which haue great bearing out, like lodgings or Ch [...]n­bers for men, and especially aboue all things, you must set the smalest houses before, that you may sée other houses ouer or aboue them, as you sée it here aboue the bawdy house: for if you place the greatest before, and the rest behind still lessen, th [...]n the place of the Scene would not be so well filled, and although these things vpon the one side be made all vpon one floore: Neuerthelesse, for that you place great part of the lights in the middle, hanging ouer the Scene or Scaffold, therefore it would stand better if the floore in the midst were taken away, and all the roundels and Quadrans which you sée in the Buildings, they are artificiall lights cutting through, of diuers colors; which to make, I will shew the manner in the last of this Booke. The windowes which stand before, were good to be made of Glasse or Paper, with light behind them. But if I should here write all that I know to serue for this worke, it would be ouerlong to rehearse; therefore I referre that to the wit and discretion of those that exercise and practise themselue [...] heerein.

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HOuses for Tragedies, must bee made for great personages, for that actions of loue, strange aduentures, and cruell murthers, (as you reade in ancient and moderne Tragedies) happen alwayes in the houses of great Lords, Dukes, Princes, and Kings. Therefore in such cases you must make none but stately houses, as you sée it hore in this Figure; wherein (for that it is so smal) I could make no Princely Pallaces: but it is sufficient for the workeman to sée the manner thereof, whereby he may helpe him­selfe as time and place serueth: and (as I sayde in the Comicall) hee must alwayes study to please the eyes of the beholders, and forget not himselfe so much as to set a small building in stead of a great, for the reasons aforesayd. And for that I haue made all my Scenes of laths, couered with linnen, yet sometime it is necessary to make some things rising or bossing out; which are to bee made of wood, like the houses on the left side, whereof the Pillars, although they shorten, stand all vpon one Base, with some stayres, all co­uered ouer with cloth, the Cornices bearing out, which you must obserue to the middle part: But to giue place to the Galleries, you must set the other shortening Cloth somewhat backwards, and make a cornice aboue it, as you see: and that which I speake of these Buildings, you must vnderstand of all the rest, but in the Buildings which stand far backward the Painting worke, must sup­plie the place by shadowes without any bearing out: touching the artificiall lights, I haue spoken thereof in the Comicall works. All that you make aboue the Roofe sticking out, as Chimneyes, Towers, Piramides, Oblisces, and other such like things or Images; you must make them all of thin bords, cut out round, and well colloured: But if you make any flat Buildings, they must stand some­what farre inward, that you may not see them on the sides. In these Scenes, although some haue painted personages therein like supporters, as in a Gallery, or doore, as a Dog, Cat, or any other beasts: I am not of that opinion, for that standeth too long without stirring or moouing; but if you make such a thing to lie sléeping, that I hold withall. You may also make Images, Histories, or Fables of Marble, or other matter against a wall; but to represent the life, they ought to stirre. In the latter end of this Booke I will shew you how to make them.

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THe Satiricall Scenes are to represent Satirs, wherein you must place all those things that bee rude and rusticall, as in ancient Satire they were made plaine without any respect, whereby men might vnderstand, that such things were referred to Rush call people, which set all things out rudely and plainely: for which cause Vitruuius speaking of Scenes, saith, they should be made with Trées, Rootes, Herbs, Hils and Flowres, and with some countrey houses, as you sée them here set downe. And for that in our dayes these things were made in Winter, when there were but fewe gréene Trées. Herbs and Flowres to be found; then you must make these things of Silke, which will be more commendable then the naturall things themselues: and as in other Scenes for Comedies or Tragedies, the houses or other artificiall things are painted, so you must make Trées, Hearbs, and other things in these; & the more such things cost, the more they are esteemed, for they are things which stately and great persons doe, which are ene­mies to nigardlinesse. This haue I séene in some Scenes made by Ieronimo Genga, for the pleasure and delight of his lord and pa­tron Francisco Maria, Duke of Vrbin: wherein I saw so great liberalitie vsed by the Prince, and so good a conceit in the workeman, and so good Art and proportion in things therein represented, as euer I saw in all my life before. Oh good Lord, what magnificence was there to be séene, for the great number of Trées and Fruits, with sundry Herbes and Flowres, all made of fine Silke of diuers collors. The water courses being adorned with Frogs, Snailes, Tortuses, Toads, Adders, Snakes, and other beasts: Rootes of Corrale, mother of Pearle, and other shels layd and thrust through betwéene the stones, with so many seuerall and faire things, that if I should declare them all, I should not haue time inough. I speake not of Satirs, Nimphes, Mer-maids, diuers monsters, and other strange beastes, made so cunningly, that they séemed in shew as if they went and stirred, according to their manner. And if I were not desirous to be briefs, I would speake of the costly apparel of some Shepheards made of cloth of gold, and of Silke, cunningly mingled with Imbrothery: I would also speake of some Fishermen, which were no lesse richly apparelled then the others, hauing Nets and Angling-rods, all gilr: I should speake of some Countrey mayds and Nimphes carelesly apparelled without pride, but I leaue all these things to the discretion and consideration of the indicious workeman; which shall make all such things as their paitcons serue them, which they must worke after their owne deuises, and neuer take care what it shall cost.

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Of Artificiall lights of the Scenes.

I Promised in the Treatise of Scenes to set downe the manner how to make these lights shining through, of diuers collours, & first I will speake of a sure collour which is like to a Zaphir, and yet somewhat fayrer. Take a piece of Salamoniacke, and put it into a Barbers Basen, or such like thing, and put water into it: then bruse and crush the Salamoniacke softly therein, till it be all molten, alwayes putting more water vnto it, as you desire to haue it light or sad collour; which done, if you will haue it fayre and cleare, then straine it through a fine cloth into an other ves­sell, and then it will be a cleare Celestiall blew, whereof you may make diuers kinds of blew with water. Will you make an Emerauld collour, then put some Saffron as you will haue it pale or high colloured; for heere it is not necessary to pre­scribe you any weight or measure, for that experience will teach you bow to doe it. If you will make a Rubbie collour, if you bee in a place where you may haue red Wine. then you néed not vse any other thing; but to make it pall with water, us need requireth: but if you can get no wine, then take Brazill beaten to powder, & put it into a Kettell of water with Allum, let it séethe, and skum it well; then strayne it, and vse it with water and Vinneger. If you will counterfeit a Ballayes, you must make it of red and white Wine mingled together; but white Wine alone will showe like a Topas or a Crisolite? The Conduit or common water being strayned, will be like a Diamond, and to doe this well, you must vpon a glassie ground frame certaine points or tablets, and fill them with wa­ter. The manner to set these shining collours in their places, in thus, Behind the painted house wherein these painted collours shall stand, you must set a thin board, cut out in the same manner that these lights shall be placed, whether it be round or square, cornerd or o [...]le, like an Egge; and behind the same board there shall be another stronger board layd flat behind them, for the bottels and other manner of glasses with these waters to stand in, must be placed against the holes, as it shall necessarily fall out, but they must be set fast, lest they fall with leaping and dancing of the Moriscoes. And behind the glasses you must set great Lampes, that the light may also be stedfast: and if the bottels or other vessels of glasse on the side where the light stands were flat, or rather hollow, it would show the clearer, and the collours most excellent and fayre; the like must be done with the holes on the shortening side: But if you néed a great light to show more then the rest, then set a torch behind, and behind the torch a bright Bason; the brightnes whereof will shew like the beames of the Sunne. You may also make glasse of all collours and formes, some foure square, some with crosses, & any other forme with their light behind them. Now all the lights seruing for the collours, shal not be y ^e same which must light the Scene, for you must haue a great number of torches before the Scene. You may also place certaine candlestickes aboue the Scene with great candles therein, and aboue the candlesticks you may place some vessels with water, wherein you may put a piece of Camphir, which burning, will show a very good light, and smell well. Sometime it may chance that you must make some thing or other which should séeme to burne, which you must wet throughly with excellent good Aquauite; and setting it on fire with a candle it will burne all ouer: and al­though I could speake more of these fires, yet this shal suffice for this time; & I will speake of some things that are pleasing to the behol­ders. The while that the Scene is emptie of personages, then the workman must haue certaine Figures or formes ready of such great­nes as the place where they must stand, will afford them to be, which must be made of passe board, cut out round and paynted, signifi­ing such things as you will, which Figures must leane against a rule or lath of wood, crosse ouer the Scene where any gate, doore, or way is made, and there some one or other behind the doore must make the. Figures passe along, sometime in forme of Musitions with instruments, and some like singers; and behind the Scene some must play on, vpon certaine instruments and sing also: sometime you must make a number of foote men and horsemen going about with Trumpets, Phifes and Drummes, at which time you must play with Drumbes, Trumpets and Phifes, &c. very softly behind, which will kéepe the peoples eyes occupied, and content them well. If it be requisite to make a Planet or any other thing to passe along in the Ayre, it must bee framed and cut out of paste-board; then in the hindermost and backe part of the houses of the Scene, there must be a piece of wire drawne aboue in the roofe of the house and made fast with certain rings behind to the paste-board painted with a Planet or any other thing that shalbe drawne softly by a man with a blacke thréed from one end to the other, but it must be farre from mens sight, that neither of the thréeds may bee séene. Some­time you shall haue occasion to shew thunder and lightning as the play requireth; then you must make thunder in this manner: com­monly all Scenes are made at the end of a great Hall, whereas vsually there is a Chamber aboue it, wherein you must roule a great Bullet of a Cannon or of some other great Ordinance, and then counterfeit Thunder. Lightning must be made in this maner, there must be a man placed behind the Scene or Scaffold in a high place with a boxe in his hand, the couer whereof must be full with holes, and in the middle of that place there shall be a burning candle placed, the boxe must be filled with powder of vernis or sulphire, and ca­sting his hand with the boxe vpwards the powder flying in the candle, will shew as if it were lightning. But touching the beames of the lightning, you must draw a piece of wyre ouer the Scene, which must hang downewards, whereon you must put a squib cone­red ouer with pure gold or shining lattin which you will: and while the Bullet is rouling, you must shoote of some piece of Or­dinance, and with the same giuing fire to the squibs, it will worke the effect which is desired. It would be ouerlong if I should speake of all things which are to be vsed in these affaires, therefore I will leaue speaking of Perspectiue things.

The forme of the Pantheon without.

THE Figure hereunder, sheweth the whole forme of the Pantheon right before, and although at this time men go downe into it by certaine steps; yet as it was made at the first it was seuen steps aboue the ground. It is no won­der that such and so old a piece of worke is yet whole and standing still, for that the foundation was not sparingly made; for it is thought that it was once as broad againe vnder as it is aboue, as it had beene found by the neighbour workemen: but let vs proceed to the particular measure thereof from the earth vpwards. I sayd before, that the Dia­ter of the Columens of the Portal is sixe Palmes & nine and twenty minutes, but the height is foure and fiftie Palmes and nine and twentie minutes, without the Bases and Capitals: the Bases are thrée Palmes and ninetéene minutes high, and the Capitals seuen Palmes and seuen and thirtie minutes high; the height of the Architrane is fiue Palmes, the Fréese is fiue Palmes and thirtéene minutes high; the Cornice is foure Palmes and nine minutes high, aboue from the top or Scina of the Cornice, to the poynt of the Geuell, are foure and thirtie Palmes, and nine and thirtie minutes. The Timpanum, that is, the flat part of the Gewell, is thought to haue bene adorned with siluer images, althought it is not set downe in writing; but considering the great power of such Emperors, I am perswaded that it was so, for if the Goathes, Wandals, or other nations (which spoyled Rome more then once) had beene desirous or couetous of Copper, they might haue taken it from the Architraues and other Ornamento in Portals in great abundance: but let it be as it will, there are Figures and tokens séene, which shew that there were Figures and tokens of Mettall standing thereon.

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The inner part of the Temple or Pantheon.

THis Figure following sheweth the Pantheon within, which forme (as I said) is taken from Sphera, because it is so wide from one wall vnto the other, as it is high from the Pauement to the open place vpon the top thereof; which widenesse and height are both a hundred ninetie and foure Palmes vpwards, from the Pauement to the highest; and from the Cornice to the highest part of the roofe is also the same measure, that is, each the halfe of one hundred ninetie and foure Palmes. The Quadrants in the roofe are all like that in the middle; and it is thought that they were also beautified ouer with Siluer plate by certaine remnants thereof yet remayning to be seene: for if they had beene of Copper, they would yet be séene there, or else those ouer the Portals would also haue beene taken away.

Let no man wonder that in these things (requiring Perspectiue Arte) that there is no Pauement or other shortening séene, but I make it onely out of the ground to shew the measure of the height thereof, that you might not misse it by shortening: But in the Booke of Perspectiue Arte these things are shewed in their right shortening manner (and that in diuers wayes) that is to say, in Superficies, and many bodies, and diuers sorts of houses, seruing thereunto: I will not now set downe the measure of Cornices downewards, for hereafter I will shew the Figures piece by piece, and thereof set downe a seuerall measure.

The Chappell in the middle, although here it showeth well with the other worke, yet many men are of opinion that it is not ancient, because the Arch thereof wanteth the fiue pillars, which is a thing neuer vsed by good Antiquities; but it is thought that it was made greater in the Christians time, as the Christians Temples alwayes haue one principall Altar which is greater then the rest.

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THis Ornament is yet standing aboue the Por­tall of the Pantheon, which is made in this manner, all of Copper plates, the halfe Circle is not there; but there was a crooked Superficies finely made of Copper: and many men are of opinion that the beautifying thereof was of Siluer, for the rea­sons aforesaid: but wherof it was, it is not well knowne; but it is true, it was excel­lent faire worke, conside­ring that which is yet to bee séene.

THis Figure here vnder set downe, showeth the manner of the Portall within, the which both on the sides and be­fore is well set out with Marble, and also without, although by continuance of time is much defaced. The foure Pillars are caneled with such a number of Canels, as you see it here vnder set downe; and because this round Columne is thinner aboue then the Diameter, where the edge or border of the Architrabe is as thicke as the Co­lumne: If a man would make the Architrabe equall with the foure cornerd Pillars, which lessen not aboue, then the edge would haue had no Perpendicular, for it world haue wanted as much as the lessening of the round Columnes. Thus the skilfull workeman hath placed the Architrabe so much right aboue the the foure Pillars, because such things show well. Touching the doores, they are twenty Palmes, and two minutes wide, and fortie Palmes and foure mi­nutes high. Of the other seuerall measures I will hereafter speake at large.

The Gate and Face within the Portall.

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This Base is one of those which standeth fast to the flat Pillars, in the second or­der, which for that they stand farre from mens sight, haue one Astragelus for two, not to shor­ten the worke.

THe proportion of this Doore is already set down touching bredth and height, but the Pilaisters thereof is the eyght part of the bredth of the widenesse of the light: and although Vitru­uius maketh y ^e Pilaister of Doriea and Ionica about the sixe part, yet this is not vnséemely, because it is Corinthe; for the Corinthian Co­lumnes are more fightly then o­thers, yet it séemeth to be so much thicker then the sides are of a good déepenesse, so that a mans fight be­holding them all at one time, it sée­meth not to be so small as in effect it is; the Pilaisters on the sides and the Superficies or Architraue vpon them is said to be all of one piece, and I for my part haue séene no diuision or parting therein: the particular measures stand here on the sides.

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The Cornice, Fréese, and Archi­traue stands aboue the Doore of the Pantheon, touching the measure thereof, the Architraue or Super­ficie is the eight part of the light; the Fréese, because it is vncut, is a third part lesse then the Superfi­cies, the Cornice is as high as the Superficie; the other members are proportioned according to the greatnesse, whereby a man may finde the rest with the Compasse;

TO shew all the parts of this most excellent and beautifull piece of worke it is conuenient to turne it on enery side, and therefore hauing shewed the outside thereof maiestically as it standeth, with all the things which you sée be­fore: now will I shew the lodge, she Portall and the entring into the Temple, side wayes as it standeth. Touch­ing the mensure, the thicknesse, and the height of the Columnes and the Pillars, it is before set downe, and there­fore néedelesse to be rehearsed, it sufficeth onely to see the disposition of the things within, which, although they be smal, they are drawne and proportioned in their measure according to the greatnesse. The small Pillars at the going into the Temple are fouresquare, in manner of Pillaisters, the measure thereof I will hereafter set downe, for they are also at the Corners of the Chappels within round about the Temple, and as much as the space of these thrée inter Columnes holds, so farre reacheth the Copper roofe, whereof I spake before.

The side of the Portall

The entring into the inner part of the Temple.

I Will not take vpon me to write of euery seuerall cutting or hollowing of the Columnes whereof there are many in the Pantheon, but onely of the Columnes before the great Chappell, because they are very fayre and excellent worke, I will shew something, to the which end the Figures marked with A. and B. shew the outward worke of the grauing of the Columnes of the great Chappell, that is, in the flat end in the vprightnesse and standing vp: touching the forme and the fashion it is sufficiently shewed in these two Figures; and thus will I shew you the measures thereof. The Ca­naels are foure and twenty in number, euery Canall being nine minutes and a halfe bread, the Thorus with the two Quadrats or lists are both together foure minutes and a halfe, for the Thorus is thrée minutes, and then there resteth a minute and a halfe, which deuided into two parts, euery Quadrate on eyther side is three quarters of a minute. This hollowing pleaseth the beholders passing well, and such worke is vpon the Basitica de foro transitorio, for the beautifying of a Gate, as it is shewed in the fourth Booke. The Base marked with C. is the Base of the sayd Columnes of the great Chappell in the Pantheon, whereof the height is two Palines and eleuen minutes and a halfe, which is in this manner diuided, The Plinthus vnder is ninetéene minutes high, the vndermost Thorus is seuenteene minutes, and the Quadrate aboue it is thrée minutes and a halfe: The first Scotie or Trachile is eight minutes and a third part, the Quadrate vnder the Astragal is halfe a minute, so is the other aboue the Astragall, the two Astragals are sixe minutes and a halfe, and so each Astragall is thrée minutes and a quarter. The second Scotie or Trochile aboue the Astragals is sixe minutes, the Supercilie (so named by Vitruuius) or the Quadrate vnder the second Thorus is one minute: That Tho­rus is seuen minutes and two third parts high, the Cincte, that is the band of the Columne aboue the Thorus, although the Base be not one, is thrée minutes; the Proiecture of this Base is thrée and twenty minutes proportioned in manner as it is here vnder shewed.

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THis Figure following representeth a part of the Pantheon within, that is, from the Pauement till you come vp to the second Cornice, which beareth vp the Tribune or the round roofe; and also aboue the Cornice you sée the beginning of the foure square hollowing of the said Tribune: This Figure also in the nether part sheweth the widenesse of one of the sire Chappels, whereof two are in forme of the halfe Circles, and the other foure in forme of a Quadrangle; yet in show they séeme all to be of one forme: each of these Chappels haue two round Columnes, and the corners haue their foure square Pillars, as you may sée in the ground of the Pantheon aforesaid, and in this Figure following. And although it be not set in Perspectiue manner, whereby a man might sée whether it were a rounde or foure square Chappell, that is omittted because of the measure thereof; notwithstanding this is made for a foure square, which you may sée by the forme of the blind windowes which are within the Chappell, for the other should runne more about. The thickenesse of these Columnes is fiue Palmes thrée minutes lesse, the height of the Bases is two Palmes and one and twenty minutes, the height of the Columnes without the Capitals is fourtie Palmes, the height of the Ca­pitals is fiue Palmes and thirtie minutes; and so the whole Columne with the Bases and Capitals: is fourtie and eight Palmes high. The height of the Architraue, Fréese and Cornice, are altogether thirteene Palmes and a halfe, and this height in all is deuided into ten parts, whereof thrée parts are for the Architraue; the other thrée are for the Sophero or the Fréese, and the other foure parts are for the Cornice: Touching the rest of the other members, I set downe no measures, because this is proportionably declared touching the principallest of them that stand on the side théereof marked with P. And in trueth, a man in this Cornice may perceiue the iudicious skill of the workeman, who therein touching the mutiles, would not cut any deatiles therein, thereby not to fall into that common errour, wherein so many ancient workemen haue fallen, and at this day more moderne workemen. The errour I meane is this, that all the cor­ners wherein mutiles stand, and vnder haue dentiles cut in them are vicious, and by Vitruuius are reiected in the second Chapter in his fourth Booke: and although that in this Cornice the forme of denticles are, notwithstanding, because it is vncut, it is not to be condemned in this respect. Aboue this Cornice there is a Podium, or a manner of bearing out, whereof the height is seuen palmes and sixe minutes, which commeth not farre out, for the Pillars stand not farre out from the Wall: the height whereof, together with the Architraue, Fréese and Cornice, is fourtie Palmes and sixe and thirtie minutes, which height being deuided into fiue parts, the one part shall be for the Architraue. Fréese and Cornice, the which Architraue, Fréese and Cornice proportioned according to the greatnesse, stands marked with the letter M. In this Cornice, and also in the Architraue, the members are so well deuided, part cut, and part vncut, that it darke­neth not the forme thereof, but rather the more, because vncut members are mixed with the cut members, and so you sée a wonderfull grace in them: the window aboue the Chappell is to giue light to the same Chappell, which light, although it be not principall, neuerthelesse, because it is radially drawne vp from the vppermost open place, it giueth the Chap­pell the dewe light: betwéene the Pillars, and also aboue the windowes, there are many fine stones intermixed, and the Fréese of the first Cornice is fine profill stone.

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THis Figure sheweth one of the Tabernacles which stand betwéene the Chappels, and the Pillars on the sides represent the foure square corneed Pillars of the Chapples, here againe you may sée the notable iudgement of this workeman, who séeking to ioyne the Architraue, Fréese and Cornice close to the wall, and marking that the foure square Pillars standing on the sides, were not so farre distant from

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the Wall, that a man might make the whole Proiec­ture of the Corni­ces therein: there­fore hee made the Scine theron, and the rest of the other members hee tur­ned into a Fastie, wherby the work was more séemely and accompanied with order. The two blinde win­dowes are thoght to haue beene pla­ced for idols. The foote of the Taber­nacle is 9. Pal [...] and 11. minutes high, the thicknes of the Columnes are two Palmes, the height sixt [...]ne Palmes without Bases or Capi­tals, the Bases are one Palme high, the height of the Capitals are two Palmes & a halfe; the Architraue is a Palme, y ^e Fréese also is as much, which is also of fine pros [...], but the height of the Cor­nice is a Palme [...] a halfe, the fronti­spice is 5. Palms high, y ^e Architraue aboue y ^e two grea­test Pillars, is a Palme and thrée quarters, the o­ther measures shal hereafter be shew­ed; & of these Ta­bernacles there are thrée with sharpe geuels, and thrée with round geuels, that is the fourth part of a Circle.

THese foure Figures hereunto annexed, are members of the Taberna­cles in great; as the letters A. B. C. D. shelde them. Touching their measures in height, it is shewed be­fore, and for the rest it is suf­ficient for the workeman that all things from mem­ber to member are set out in great, and proportionably with great diligence broght into this forme, although it may bee that such as study Vitruuius will, thinke this Cornice to bee too high for the proportion of the Archi­traue and Fréese; and I for my part would not make it so high, but to sée the same in a place that hath great di­stances, and which standeth not very high, it sheweth to bee in good proportion. The Capitall is farre from Vi­truuius order of writing, for it is higher without the A­bacus, then Vitruuius ma­keth it with the Abacus: not­withstanding, according to common opinion, they are the fayrest Capitals that are in Rome, (and not onely the Capitals of the Taberna­cles) but they also of the Chappels are of the like forme, and those of the Por­tall also in such sort, that I iudge (as I sayd at the be­ginning) that I haue not found a building of greater obseruation of order then this: but if I should wryte all that are in it, both within and without, I should per­aduenture be ouer tedious, therefore I wil make an end of this wonderful Building, and speake of other Anti­quities.

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THis Temple of Bacchus is very ancient, and also whole inough, and also for worke, fayrenesse of stones, Plaister, both in the Pane­ment and in walles, also in the Tribunes or round toofes in the middle, and in the roofe of the round walke, made altogether after the order of Composita: the whole Diameter within from Wall to Wall, is 100. Palmes long, whereof the middlemost body set about with Pillars, containeth 50. Palmes: in the intercolumnes I find great difference to liken y ^e one to the other, because that the middle most intercolumnes or spaces betwéene the Columnes where you come in, and out of the Portall are 9. Palmes and 30. minutes; and the other right ouer against them are but 9. Palmes and 9. minutes: those that are ouer against the greatest Chappelare 8. Palmes and 31. minutes, and the other foure Columnes resting hold 7. Palmes 8. minutes, and some 7. Palmes 12. minutes. The widenesse of the entry within and of the foure cornerd Chappell ouer against it, follow the intercolumnes, and so doeth the widinesse of the two great places or round Chappels their intercolumnes. The other places or Chappels are 7. Palmes and 5. minutes broad. The measure of the Por­tall before, may be taken by the measure of the Temple, which Portall is round Re [...]sed: without before the Portall, there walking place made in forme of an Egge, which was 588. Palmes leng, and in the middle it was 140. Palmes broad; and as it appeareth by the decayed monuments, it was sull of Pillars, as it may be séene in the Figure.

The ground of the Temple of Bacchus

H Here before I shewed the ground of the Temple with the measure thereof, now in this Figure I will shew the Ortographie thereof within, for without it is wholy defaced; the height from the Pauement to the vppermost part of the roofe is 86. Palmes, the thicknesse of the Columnes is two Palmes and 14. minutes; the height of them is 22. Palmes and 11. minutes. The height of the Base is one Palme and 7. minutes. The height of the Capitall is 2. Palmes and a quarter. The height of the Architraue is one Palme and a quarter, so much also the Fréese holdeth. But the height of the Cornices are two Palmes and a halfe. The particular members, as of the Bases, Cornices and Capitals, you sée here vnder proportioned, according to their greatnesse, and marked in their seuerall places. This Temple standeth without Rome, and is dedicated to S. Annc.

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THE Ichnographie hereunder placed is the aforesayd walking place before the Temple of Bacchus, with a lodge round about it, as you may perceiue by some very ruinous places thereof, and all about betwéene each interco­lumne there was a place or seat beautified with small Pillars, where it is thought a certains Idoll stond, (and as it is sayd) this walking place was made Quale wife, yet very long as of 588. Palmes and 140. Palmes broad.

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The Temple of Bacchus (as I sayd) is full of many Ornaments, and of diuers Compartements, whereof I haue shew­ed some part, but not all. The thrée inuentions hereunder placed are in the same Temple, some of faire stone and the other of Pilaister.

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THis Temple of peace the Emperor Vespatian caused to bee made by the Market in Rome, which Temple is come mended of Plinie, for it was much beautified with grauen worke and Pilaister of Stucco; and besides these Orna­ments of the said Temple, after the death of Nero, Vespatian caused all the Images both of Copper and Marble to bee placed therein, which Ring Nero had gathered together out of diuers places, which were no small number. Vespatian also placed in it both his owne and his childrens Images made of a new kind of Marble brought out of Ethiopia, called Bassalto, being of an Iron collour, a kind of stuffe much commended in those times. In the said Temple and the prin­cipall Chappell thereof, there stood an Image of white Marble very great, made of many pieces; of which reliques there are many pieces yet to bée séene in Campidoglo; eassly vpō it, wherby a man may guesse and among other pieces there is a foote, whereof the greatnesse of the Image, and it was the nayle of the great Toe is so great that I sate made by an excellent workeman.

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THis Temple is measured with Elles, and the Elle is deuided into 12. parts, called ounces, the measure which standeth in the middle of the ground of the Temple is halfe an Elle: First, the length of the ladges about is 122. Elles, the bredth is 15. Elles, the widenesse of the places before in the lodgis containe 10. Elles, the thickenesse of the Pillars at the entrie is fine Elles, and betwéene the one Pillar and the other is 10. Elles, the goings in on both sides, both of the Portall and of the Temple are 16. Elles wide, the length of the whole Temple is about 170. Elles, the bredth containeth 125. Elles; the principall place in the middle of the Temple is 35. Elles. The sides of the Pilasters against the which the round Columnes stand are 9 Elles and a halfe, and the thickenesse of these Columnes are 4. Elles, 4. ounces and a halfe, and they are canelert, euery one hauing 24. Canels: the caue or hollowing of each Canell is 5. ounces broad, and the list thereof one ounce and a halfe; the bredth of the principall Chappell is about 32. Elles, and is halfe a Circle. Those on the sides marked A. B. are 37. Elles broad land goe 16. Elles into the Wall, which is lesse then halfe a Circle: the thickenesse of the Wall round about the Temple is 12. Elles, altough in many places, because of the Bowes, it is much thinner. The Circumferences of the Chappels are 6. Elles thicke, betwéene the one Pilaster and the other, if is 45. Elles; you may conceane the quantitie of the measure of many places and win­dowes with other particular things, by the measures aforesayd, for the Figure is proportioned. Touching the Orto­graphie, which is the Figure heceafter following, because the ground is all ce [...]red ouer with the ruines thereof; I could not measure it from the ground to the top, but as much as I conceiued by that part of the ground, and also of the raines which are there to be séene; I make this piece standing vpright. I am not certaine whether the Columnes haue this pedestall vnder them or not, because that men cannot sée the foot of the Columnes. And although that Plini much com­mendeth this Building, yet there are many vnhandsome things in it, specially the Cornices aboue the Columnes, which are not accompanted with any thing, but stand hare and naked alone.

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THis Building is called Templum pietatis, it is made altogether of a kind of rough stone, which is there called Tiburtium, after the Riuer of Ti­ber; but for that the stone is spongie and ful of holes, it was couered all ouer with a kind of Plaister called Stucco, it is very ruinous, for therein you sée no pro­portion of windowes: neuerthesse, I haue pla­ced them in the ground where I thought them fittest to stand. This Building is measured with an other Elle, which is deuided into 60. minutes; & the line through the middle of the ground of the Tem­ple is the third part of the said Elle: First, the Columes are an Elle & 18. minutes thicke; the intercolumnes 3. Elles and 14. minutes, the bredth of the gates is 4. Elles and 14. minutes and a half, the thicknes of the wall is one Elle and 20. minutes, the length of y ^e Temple is 18. Elles and 20. mi­nutes, the bredth of the Temple is 8. Ells and 30. minutes: the Gal­lery round about the Temple was flat roo­fed with foure square pearches: but how the broad place before the Temple was roofed I cannot cōceaue, because it is so ruinous. The columnes of this Tem­ple haue no Bases nor any Cinthie, or Proiec­ture, but stand bare vp­on their ground, & well made of Tiburtium, and couered ouer with Stuces. This Temple had the frōtespiee both behind and before.

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The height of the Columnes with the Capitall is 3. minutes lesse then 10. Elles, the thicknesse below (as I sayd be­fore) is 1. Elle and 18. minutes; and the thicknes aboue is 1. Elle and 15. minutes. The height of the Capital is 47. minutes, but the bozel & the rinetic of the Columnes are also reckoned with it; the height of the Archi­traue is 36. minutes, the height of the Fréeses is 1. Elle 165. minutes. The Cornice is 1. Elle & 8. mi­nutes high, & from thence vpwards, the Timpanum is two Ells and two minutes high. The other parti­cular members marked with y ^e caracters are in grea­ter forme, and accordingly propertioned.

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At Tinoue this Temple standeth vpon a Riuer, & is called the Temple of Vesta, the most part thereof is ruinated; it was well wrought after y ^e Corinthia manner: before it is raised by from the earth as the Base thereof standeth, but behind is more then 7. Elles of Wall vnder the Base.

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THis last Temple is measured with the last Elle of 60. minutes, and first, the Columnes are one Elle and 17. mi­nutes thicke, the intercolumnes 2 Elles and 34. minutes; betwéene the Columnes and the Wall is 2. Elles and a halfe: the Pedestall marked A. with the Columnes and their ornaments serue for the whole order of the Temple. The height of the Base of the Pedestall is 45. minutes, and the fielde of the Pedestall is 2. Elles and 48. minutes. The Cornice is 37. minutes and a halfe high, the height of the Base of the Columnes is 38 minutes and a halfe; the Tronke of the Columnes is 10 Elles high: the Capitall is an Elle and 24. minutes high. The Architraue, Fréese and Cornice all togetherare about two Elles and a halfe high. The Doore marked with S. Y. is 9. Elles in height, the bredth of the light vnder is 4. Elles 4. minutes, but the widenes aboue is 3. Elles 54. minutes, the which is lessened aboue, according to Vitruuius doctrine. The Antepagmentum is 52. minutes and a halfe broad, but the Supercilie (because of the lessening) is but 51. minutes; the Fréese is 30. minutes high, and the Cornice 24. The Window marked with T. X. is one Elle 46. minutes and a halfe broad, the height containeth 5. Elles 3. minutes, and is lessened aboue, as the Doore is. The Antepagmentum is 31. minutes and a halfe broad, and the Cornices con­tainesh as much, but the other particular members, are in greater forme marked with the same letters set by them, and well proportioned: This Window is wrought both within and without.

This is the third part of the common Elles of 60. minutes, wherewith the Temple aforesayd, and this also is measured.

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The old Roman Palme of 12. flugers, and 48. minutes.

WIthout Rome this ruinous Temple standeth, and for the most part is made of Bricke; you sée none of these ornaments therein which I haue here placed in Figure; but as it may be conceiued by the ground thereof, and also considering the proportioned height, it was made of that fashion as the pieces marked A. B. standing by the ground doe shew. Thus we haue the measure of the Ichnographie of the ground of the Temple, by the which measure a man may conceaue the worke of the Ortographie: This Ichnographie or platforme, is measured by the olde Romane Palme: and first, the doore of the Temple is 24. Palmes wide, the Diameter of this Temple is 69. Palmes and a halfe: the two places on the sides are as wide as the Deore; the Doore of the lesser Temple is also of the same bredth, so are the foure Chappels also where men goe in, of the same widenesse, but backward they arae wider, because the walles of the side runne to the Center of the Temple, and those foure Chappels (as it may be conceaued) re­ceiue their lights from the sides: the Diameter of the small Temple is 63. Palmes long; the little Chappels, both they that are hollowed out, and those that are eleuated, are 15. Palmes broad: but of those two eleuated or raysed Chappels, I cannot tell how they ended aboue, for there standeth not so much vpright as a man may conceaue any thing thereof cer­tainely, but onely a beginning aboue the earth; and (as I haue said) although a man cannot sée in what maner this Buil­ding stood aboue the ground, yet according to my conceipt, I haue made this Ortographie. And therefore on the one side marked B. representeth a piece of the great Temple, and the other marked with A. sheweth a part of the lesser Temple.

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THis Temple placed vnder this is without Rome, and is very much ruinated, and for she most part is made of Bricke, it is not very great, it cannot also be discerned, that it had any light in it but at the doores, and from the windowes aboue the Cornices. And all the rest of the holes were placed for Idols or such like things; the measure of this Temple was lost by the way, but yet I remember well that the Temple was a full Quadrant and a halfe, as well on the ground as aboue, therefore I set downe no other measure, but a skilfull workeman may helpe himselfe therewith by inuention.

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THis small Tem­pel is of no great compas, and all made of Bricke; it is measured by the olde Romane Palme, the length of the lodge or Gallery is 40. Palms, the bredth therof is 16. Palmes, the Doore is 10. Palms, the places in the walles within, are all of one widenes, that is, 14. Palmes; the space betwéen them is 6. Palmes, the rest may bee guessed by sight; for I guest the height from the Paue­ment to the Architraue to be 40. Palmes, and the Architraue, Fréese and Cornice to bee 9. Palmes: and touching the rest, I made ac­compt that if I allow­ed a Palme vpright for the round roofe, then the whole Tempel should be about 70. Palmes.

The ancient Roman Palme.

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THis Temple is without Rome, made part of Marble, and the rest of Brick, it is much decayed, it is thought that it was a Sepulchre, and on all sides it is right foure square; frō the one Wall to the other is 30. Palmes broad, the thicknesse of the walles is 2. Palms and a halfe, the wide­nesse of the Chappel is ten Palmes, the Doore is fiue Palmes broad, the height of the Pil­lars with Bases and Capitals is 22. Palms and a halfe; the thicke­nesse of the Pillars is not much aboue two Palmes: The Archi­trane, Fréese & Cornice are 4. Palmes high, from the Cornice to the height of the roofe is 11. Palmes: the height of the Bowes of the Chappel is 20. Palmes.

THis Temple hereunder set downe is A Tiuoli by the Riuer, much decayed, which had the frontispice before and behind the Columnes, on the sides are more then halfe without the wall; the widenesse of the Temple from the one wall to the other, is 11. Elles measure by the same measure that Templum pietatis is measured withall, the length of the Temple is 8. Elles, the thickenesse of the wall is one Elle and 11. minutes, the thicknes of the Columnes of the Portall is an Ell and a third part, the height of them with Bases and Capitals is about 12. Elles, the height of the Architraue, Fréese and Cornice is thrée Elles, the Frontispice from aboue the Cornice to the height is 3. Elles, the height of the basement is 3. Elles and a halfe. In the Fascie before, there is no show of a Doore, nor of any places in the Walles, by reason of the ruinousnesse thereof, but I haue drawne it out thus, to make the more show, because I iudge it had bene so; neither can you sée any windowes in the wales nor sides nor yet behind, although I haue placed them here in the ground, where I thought best. The measure of the members both of the Basement and the Cornices aboue, I will not name particularly, for they are proportioned according to Antiquitie, whereof you may sée some parts.

The third part of the Ell aforesayd.

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ALthough at the beginning of this Booke, I said I would speake onely of Antiquities, yet I will not omit withall to entreat of some moderne things made in our time, and specially, because our age hath flourished with so many good wits for inuention of Architecture. There was in the time of Pope Iulio the second, a workeman cal­led Bramant of Casteldurante in the Dukedome of Vrbin, who was a man of so great vnderstanding in Architec­ture, that it might be sayd (by meanes of the ayde and performents which the Pope gone him) that hee raysed by good Architecture againe, which from ancient time till then had bone hidden and kept secret: which Bramant in his time layd the foundation or beginning of the wonderfull worke of S. Peters Tempel in Rome, but being preuented by death, did not onely leane it vnfinished, but the modell thereof also was left vnperfect, wherein diuers ingenious workemen sought to busie themselues both to perfect and finish it; and amongst many others Raphael Durbin, Paynter, a man also very skilfull in Architecture, following Bramants steps, made perfect this draught, the which in my opinion is one of the fayrest draughts that are to be found, out of the which the ingenious workeman may helpe himselfe in many things. I will not set downe all the measures of this Tempel (because that it is well proportioned) and a man may by part of the measure find out the rest. This Tempel is measured with the old Romane Palme, and the broadest walkes therein is 92. Palmes broade, those of the sides are but halfe as much: by these two measures you may guesse the rest.

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IN the time of Iulius the second, there was in Rome one Balthazar Petrucio of Sienne, not onely an excellent Paynter, but also very skilfull in Architecture, who following the doctrine of Bramant, made a modell in forme hereunder set downe: whose meaning was, that the Temple should haue foure gates to go into it, and that the high Altar should stand in the middle thereof: at the foure Corners he made foure Sacristes, vpon the top whereof men might place the Clocke­towers for an ornament thereunto; and the first part or Facie thereof looked into the Citie. This Temple is measured with the olde Romane Palme, and first, it is in the middle from one Pilaster to another 204. Palmes, the Diameter of the Circle in the middle is 184. Palmes long. The Diameter of the foure small Circles is 65. Palmes. The Sacristes are 100. Palmes wide. The foure Pilasters in the middle make foure Bowes or Arches which beare vp the Lanthorne, and these foure Bowes or Arches are all full made, which are in height 220. Palmes, and aboue these Ar­ches a Tribune excellently set foorth with Columnes, with a round Roofe vpon it, which Bramant ordayned before hee died, whereof the ground is here set downe.

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THe Figure hereunder set down, is the ground of the Tribune that should haue gone aboue ouer the foure Bowes or Arches (as I sayd before) whereby a man may perceiue, that Bramant in such case was bolder to draw a piece of worke, then circumspect therein; because so great and massie a piece of worke should haue an excellent foundation to stand very fast, and not to be made vpon foure Bowes or Arches of such an height. And for confirmation of my spéech, the foure Pilasters, and also the Arches without any other waight vpon them, are already settled and suncke, yea, and rent in some places: Neuerthelesse, because the inuention is fayre and costly, and a thing a giue good instruction to a worke­man: I thought it good to place it here in a modell: but not to be tedious in setting downe the measures, I will shew some of the principallest; the rest you may finde with the small Palme which standeth here within the ground, which length containeth 50. Palms: the thickenesse of the first Columne without, is 5. Palmes, the thickenesse of the second Columne within, is 4. Palmes, and the thicknesse of the third Columne is 3. Palmes and thrée quarters. The widenesse of the Tribune within, is 188. Palmes, the Diameter of the small Lanthorne within the middle, is 36. Palmes, the rest you may guesse by the small Palms.

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THis is the Orthographie both within and without, drawne out of the Ich­nographie afore set downe, whereby you may conceaue the great masse & waight which should heue stood vpon the foure Archee; which waight may giue any wise workeman matter to consider, that it had bane futer to set it vpon the ground, and not in the ayre vpon such a height; and therefore I counsell all workemen rather to be doubtfull them too rash: for if hee bee doubtfull, he will make his worke surer, and not despise another mans counsell; which doing, hee shall seldome faile: but if hee be rash and stout, hee will not take any other mous aduise, but will trust only to his own inuention, wherby oftentimes his worke doeth him more shame then ho­nestie: therefore I conclude, that stoutnes proocéedeth from presumption, and pre­sumption from small vnderstanding; and I say, that doubtfulnesse or bashfulnesse is a vertue, making a man to thinke hea knoweth little, although his vnderstāding be great: the measute of this worke is to be found by the aforesayd small Palme.

[architectural drawing]

THis ground set vnder this, is also an inuention of Bramant, thought it was neuer made, which agréed with the old worke: that part which is marked with B. is S. Peters Church in Montorio without Rome; and that part marked with A. is an old Cloyster, but that part in the nuddle, Bramant ordayned, thereby to helpe himselfe with the old worke: the place marked C. signifieth a Gallery with foure Chappels in the corners. The place B. standeth vnder the ayre: the part marked E. is a litle Temple, which the said Bramant made: the measures whereof shalbe shewed in much greater forme in the leafe ensuing. I haue said nothing touching the measure of the ground, but I haue set this here onely forthe inuention.

[architectural drawing]

IN the last side I promised to shew Bramants Temple in greater forme, which is not very great, but was onely made an remembrance of S. Peter the Apostle, for it to said that hee was crucified in that place: the sayd Temple is to bee measured by the old Romane scote, which foote is sixtéene sh [...]g [...]s, and euery finger is foure minutes: whereof also you shall finde the measure by the Romane Palme, augmenting the said [...]oure fingers. The Diameter of this Temple is of flue and twenty foote, and two and twenty minutes. The widenesse o [...] the walke round about the Temple is se­uen foote, the thickenesse of the Columnes are one foote and 25 minutes. The widenesse of the Doore is thrée foote and a halfe: The Quadrants with the roundels within. which goe round about the Temple, shew the Laturary of the Temple aboue the Columnes: the thicknesse of the wall is fiue foote; the rest of the other measures you may conceaue by the first.

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The helfe of the Romane foote.

THis is the said Temple standing vp, which sheweth the one halfe without, and the other halfe within, and is made altogether after the Dorica, as you sée by the Figure. I will not speake of the particular measures: for by the ground you may conceaue this which stoods vpright, for that this (though it be small) is set downe by the measures thereof, and from the great reouced into the small.

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NOw I haue shewed the outside of S. Peters Temple, in this I will shew the innermost part, which is made with such proportion, that the workeman by the widenesse of the ground, may finde all the measures: and although that this Temple sheweth too high for the bredth, for that it is thought and shewed to be as high as it is broad: Notwith­standing, by the opennesse of the windowes, and the Nichens or Chappels that are in it, the height thereof is not amisse, and especially by meanes of the double Cornices, which goe round about, and couer much of the height together with the Proiecture, the Temple sheweth much more as it is.

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The halfe of the Romane foote, wherewith this foresayd Temple was measured.

THis Building is w thout Rome. at S. Sebastians, and is all fallen downe to the ground, especially the walks about, but the Building in the middle (because it is very sure worke) is yet whole, and is made of Bricke: you sée no or­naments in it at all, & it is darke, because it hath no light but at the Doore; and aboue the foure hollow places in the wall, some small Windowes. The ground of this worke is measured with the old Romish Palme, and the lengths with the bredths are measured with coodes, and euery roode is ten Palmes. First, the walke or Gallery marked A. is 49. roodes and 3. Palmes, the other two longer, are 56. roodes and 3. Palmes: the bredth of the walkes is 32. Palmes: the thicknesse of the corner Pillars, with all their members, is 12. Palmes: by the which measures you may conceaue the rest. Touching the Building in the middle, the place B. is vncouered, and is in length 7. roodes and 6. Palmes: the bredth is 3. roodes and 4. Palmes: the part marked C. is couered, and containeth 4. roodes in foure square. The foure Pilasters are ten Palmes thicke: the thickenesse of the wall round about the round Building, is 24. Palmes: the place marked E. is roost: and that part in the middle is a masse, which beareth the roofe; in the middle whereof, there is an opening: and this masse is beautified with many hollow seates in it, which stand right, and accompany those that stand in the wall: touching the heights (because of the brokennesse) I measured it not; and especially, because there was no beautifulnesse of Building.

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THis Theater Augustus made in the name of Marcellus his Nephew, and therefore it was called Marcellus Thea­ter, it standeth within Rome, you may at this day see part of it standing vpright, that is part of the Galleries with­out: it is onely of two rules, that is, Dorica and Ionica, a worke, in truth, that is much commended, although the Doricall Columnes haue no Bases, nor any Cinete or Proiecture vnder them, but stand playnely without any thing vnder, vpon the slat ground of the Gallery. Touching the ground of this Theater, men could not well conceaue it: but not long since, the great Patrician of Rome, going to make a house, the scituation whereof was to be set vpon part of the Theater (this house was made by one Balthasar of Sienna, an excellent workman) and as he caused the foundation to be digged, there were found many reliques of diuers Cornices of this Theater, and a great part of the same Theater was discouered, whereby Balthasar concerted the whole forme thereof, and measured it with great circumspec­tion, placing it in the forme following: my selfe being at that time in Rome, saw many of the Cornices, and found friendship to measure them, and in truth, there I found as excellent formes as euer I saw in any old Ruins, and most in the Capitals of Dorica, and also in the imposts of the Arches, which, me thinks, agrée well with the doctrine of Vitru­uius. Likewise the Freese, Trigliphen, and Methopen, agrée well inough: but the Dorica Cornice, although it be ve­ry full of members, and well wrought, yet I found it to differ much from Vitruuius instructions: for being licencious inough of members, was of such a height, that the two third parts of such height should haue béene inough to the Archi­traue and the Fréese. But I am of opinion therefore, (by the licence of these, or other Antiquities) that a workeman in these dayes should not erre, (which error, I meane, is to doe contrary to Vitruuius precepts) nor to bee peremptory that hee will make a Cornice, or other thing iust of the same proportion as hee hath séene and measured, and then set it in worke; because it is not sufficient for him to say, I may doe it: for ancient workemen haue done it, without considera­tion whether it be proportioned according to the rest of the building. Besides, although an old workeman was so bold, yet we must therefore not bee so, (but as reason teacheth vs) wee should obserue Vitruuius rules as our guide, and most certayne and insallible directions: for that from that time of great Antiquity, till now, there is no man found to haue written better, nor more learnedly of Architecture then he: and as in euery Arte there is one more learned then another, to whom such authority is giuen, that his words are fully, & without doubt beléeued. Who then will deny (if he be not ignorant) that Vitruuius, for Architecture, is worthy of the highest degrée? and that his writings where no other nota­ble reason or cause is to mooue vs) ou [...]ht for the worthinesse thereof to be inuiolably obserued, and to bee better credited, then any works of the Romanes? which Romanes, although they learned the vpright maner of building of the Greci­ens, neuerthelesse, afterward when they became Rulers ouer the Grecians, it may be that some of them thereby became licencious: but certaynely, if a man might sée the wonderfull works which the Grecians then did make, (which are now almost all spoyled and cast downe in time of warre) hee would assuredly iudge the Grecians worke to surpasse that of the Latines farre.

Therefore all those workemen that shall condemne Vitruuius writing, & specially in such cases as are clearely vnder­stood, as in the order of Dorica, whereof I spake, should erre much in the Art of Architecture, to gainesay such an Author, as for so many yéeres hath béene, and yet is approoued by wise men, learned. Now hauing made this digression, which was necessary for the good of those that would not haue considered so much, turning againe to the purpose, I say, that this ground was measured by the old Romane foote; and first, the place in the middle, marked A. which is called Orchestra, is in the Diameter 194. foot, and is halfe a Circle from one corner to the other: of the stages or seates, marked H. it is 417. foote: the place marked B. called Proscenium, is very spacious; and where C. standeth, is the Gallery, which they call Porticus of the Scene, in the middle whereof stood the Pulpit: that part marked with D. was a Portall, with Stayres on both sides, which went vp to the places marked E. called Hospitalia: the two Galleries on the sides marked G. they vsed to walke in: Of which things men can sée no more aboue the ground, for that they are couered with other houses. Touching the seuerall measures, as well of the Scene as of the Theatre, and of the de­grees, I will say no more: for that in the Amphitheatre called Coliseo, I will declare it more at large, whereby a man may conceaue how this stood: but that part without, which went about the Theatre, I will shew in the second Figure, which was measured (before this) with a common Ell, which is deuided into twelue parts, which parts are called ounces: and euery ounce hath fiue minutes; of which Ell, this is a third part.

The third part of the Ell.

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THis Figure following representeth that part without, of the foresayd Theater, and is measured with the Ell aforesayd: and first, the thickenesse of the Columnes beneath in the nether part of the first order, is an Ell and 43. minutes in Diameter: and the thicknesse of the Diameter aboue vnder the Capitall, is an Ell and 16. minutes: the height of the Capitall, is halfe the thickenesse of the Columnes beneath, the which Capitall is more perfecter marked in the fourth Booke, in the order of Dorica, in Folio E. 3. And the same Capitall is marked with B. Likewise also the impost, whereon the Arch r [...]steth, is as high also as the Capitall, and standeth also in the same leafe E. 3. The Pilasters, beside the Columnes, are 19. minutes: the widenesse of one Arch, is 7. Elles and 9. minutes: and the height is eleuen Elles and sixetéene minutes; the height of the Architraue, is 49. minutes: the height of the Fréese is one Ell and eyght minutes. The height of the whole Cornice, is an Ell, and fourtie minutes: the widenesse of the second Arch of the second order, is as wide as that below; but the height is ten Elles and fourtie and eyght minutes: the height of the Pedestall vnder the Columnes of this second order, is an Ell and fourtie and eyght minutes: the thickenesse of the Columnes, is an Ell and twenty & foure minutes: the height of the said Columnes without Bases or Capitals, is 11. Elles, 27. minutes: the height of the Bases is 44. minutes: the height of the Capitall, that is within the Volutes, from the list of the Columnes, to aboue the Capital, is 36. minutes: but the Volute hangs ouer the Astra­gall or Bozell 20. minutes and a halfe, which in all, from beneath the Volutes, to aboue the Abacus, is 47. minutes and a halfe: the breadth of the Abacus of the sayd Capitall is one Ell and a halfe: but the breadth of the Volutes is two elles: the height of the Architraue is 59. minutes: the height of the Fréese is 58. minutes: the height of the Cornice is an Ell, & 48. minutes: which Cornice, in truth, is halfe so much more as it should be (if we will credit Vitruuius precepts.) But I pray you, gentle Reader, estéeme me not presumptuous, neither yet account me for a corrector of the works of Antiquitie, from whence men learne so much: for my meaning is onely, willingly to let you vnderstand and know that which is well made from that which is ill made: and that I will not doe after my owne conceite, as if you were taught by me, but by the authority of Vitruuius: and also of good Antiquities, which are those which best agrée with the doc­trine of that Author. The Base of this second order, and the Pedestall vnder it, the Impost of the Arches, and withall, the Architraue, Fréese and Cornice, you shall altogether find in the fourth Booke of the order of Ionica in Folio K. the second, and are all marked with T. Likewise you shall find the Capitall in the same fourth booke, behind in the leafe I. the 4. marked with M.

The third part of the foresayd Ell, of 60. minutes.

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IN Dalmatia there is an ancient town called Pola, lying by the Sea side, wherin you may sée a great part of a Theatre; in the making whereof, the expert workeman did helpe himselfe with the hill whereon it standeth, vsing the hill for part of the degrées or steps to goe vp, and in the playne below, he made the Orchestra, Scene, and other buildings belong­ing to such a piece of worke. And in trueth, the tuines and the pieces which are yet at this day found, doe shew that it was a most beautifull and sumptuous piece of worke of stone and workemanship; besides this, there you may sée a great number of Columnes, some standing alone, others with Pilasters, and some Corners with foure square Pillars, and some halfe round, all bound together, and well wrought, after the Corinthia; for the whole work, both without and within, was made after the Corinthia manner. This Building was measured with a moderne or vsuall s [...]te; which foote is deuided into twelue parts, named ounces, whereof the one halfe hereafter followeth. The Figure hereafter following, sheweth the Ichnographie, and also the Profill of the Theatre, whereof this is the measure: the widenesse of the Orche [...]ra which is halfe a Circle, is in Diameter about 130. foote▪ the degrees or steps round about, with the two wayes or stréetes, are of 70. foot: the way marked T. comes euen with the plaine of the Pulpit of the Scene to the foure­téenth step. The widenesse of the Porticus round about the Theatre, is 15. foote, and the sides of the Pillars inward, is of 17. foot & a halfe, but the fore-rancke of the Pillars round about the Gallery, together with the Columnes, holdeth about five foot in bredth, and from the one Pilaster to the other, it is about 10. foot wide: and this is touching the ground of this Theater. The two greatest Quadrans marked O. are the Hospitalia, from the which places men went into the entry or passing through, marked T. which comes by to the street, halfe way to the steps, as you may perceiue by the Profill marked T. and vnder the going through, is part of the going in. The Hospitalia is flue and fourtie foote, the bredth of the Scene, is 21▪ foot, the bredth of the Porticus or Gallery before, is 27 foote, and the length is like the house, the Building which standeth aboue the ground of the Theatre, signifieth the Profill, which is cut through the sides of the Theatre. The Arch marked with A. signifieth the going in, the second Arch C. and B. are vnder the steps, the Cornice besides marked, with D. is the impost of the Arches: there néded no going vp to this Theatre, for the hill afore­sayd eased the workeman therein, and men might also got vp to the Theatre from the Scene, because it was ioyned to the sayd Theatre: but the Theatre of Marcellus is seperated from the Scene, and therfore the goings vp were necessary.

This is the halfe foote of measure, whereby this Theatre was measured with all the ornaments.

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THis Theater (as I haue sayd) was very rich of ornaments, all of stone, and made of Corinthia worke, very well and richly wrought, and by as much as is séene by the ruines which lie scattering about the Scene, was very beau­tifull of Columnes vpon Columnes, both double and single, and also in the innermost and outtermost parts, with diuers ornaments of Doores and Windowes. The innermost part of the Building is much ruinated: and touch­ing the measures, I can say little; but of the outtermost parts, I will say somewhat of their measures. The first, a ru­sticall or clounish order, wherein there is no Columnes, is eleuated from the earth, together with the whole Cornice, mar­ked E. about 16. foote: the height of the first Pedestall, is flue foote, the height of the Columnes with the Bases and Capitals, is 22. foot; the thickenesse of the Pillars, with the Columnes, is 5. foote: the thicknesse of the Columnes a­lone, is two foote and a halfe: the widenesse of the Arches, is about ten foote: and their height twenty foots: the height of the Architraue, Freese and Cornice, is about flue foote; the second Pedestall marked X. is of foure foote and a halfe: the height of those Columnes are about sixtéene foot, the Architraue, Fréese and Cornice, is foure foot high. I set not downe the measures of the particular members, but in the Figure you may conceaue them; for they are iust of the same propor­tion: I set not downe the measure of the Scene, nor of the other parts within: onely I haue here set foorth a part of the Porticus of the Scene, which is marked P. And also the Cornice, Fréese and Architraue marked F. was in the highest thereof. the Capitals marked S. stoode within, with some halfe round Columnes, raysed out of some Pilasters, things that were very well wrought: all which things (as I sayd before) are so sumptuous, both for stone and workemanship, as they may well be compared with those of Rome: the Cornice, Fréese and Architraue, marked A. was in the highest part of the Theatre: the Cornice marked B. is the impost of the second Arch: the Architraue, Fréese and Cornice, mar­ked C. is the Cornice aboue the first Arch, the Cornice marked D. is the impost of the Arch: the Cornice marked with E. goeth aboue the rusticall basement round about the Building: this line hereunder is halfe a foote, [...]f the whole foote wherewith this Building was measured. And wonder not, gentle Reader, that I set not downe all the measures more precisely; for these things of Pola, were measured by one that had more vnderstāding in casting, then in measuring.

The halfe foote, whereby this is measured.

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AT Ferenten, an old Towne lying by Veterben, there is yet to bee séene the forme of a Theatre, much decayed, being of no great workemanship, and lesse ornaments, for any thing a man may perceaue by the same; for there are no pieces to be seene whereby a man may conceyt any matter of importance. But you may yet sée in the Por­ticus going from the Theatre, there were foure square Pillars, also the Stayres thereof were very simple and playne: and because it is so much decayed, you can hardly discerne how they stood. The Scene of this Theatre is much different from others, as you may sée in the ground thereof: neither is there so much standing aboue ground, that a man may perceaue how the Scene and the Pulpit thereof stood. This ground was measured by the ancient foote, and first, speaking of the Orchestra A. which is halfe a Circle, the Diameter thereof is 141. foot and a halfe long. The body of the Theatre, that is, from the Orchestra, to the outtermost of the Corner Pillars of the Porticus, is 35. foot: the Pillars of the corner on eyther side, is 5. foote broad: the entry of the Porticus on the side of the Scene, is 8. foote: the vault vn­der the Stayres, is 22. foote: the thickenesse of the Wall about the Orchestra, is 3. foote and a halfe: the Hospitalia, marked X. is in length 40. foot and a halfe; and in bredth 30. foote: the widenesse of the Porticus about the Theatre, is 11. foote: the Pillars are thicke and broad, 3. foote and 3. quarters: the widenesse of the Arch, is 9. foote: the iust bredth of the Orchestra marked B. is 20. foote: the place of the Pulpit C. is in length 40. foote and a halfe; but the bredth is 12. foote: the going through, is 9. foote. The place marked D. should be the Porticus behind the Scene: yet there is no shew of any Columnes; but it sheweth that there was a wall standing by the water side. The bredth of this place, is 19. foot and a halfe. Without this Theatre there standeth the foundation of two Buildings, but they are so much decayed, that you can find no end of them: neuerthelesse, the Building marked F. for as much as you see of it, shew­eth that it was ioyned to other things. The widenesse wherein the F. standeth, is 31. foote. The 2. small places or stancies holding vp the one side, are eyght foot and a halfe; and on the other side, ten foot and a halfe. The Arches where the foure Columnes stand (which I take be made in that manner) are in length 27. foot and a halfe, and in bredth ten foot and a halfe. The bredth of the Building marked E. is twenty foot: the hollow places in the sides, are 17. foote: the length of all together, is 60. foote, and is distant from the Theatre one hundred and one and fortie foot: and from the other Building, seuentie foote and a halfe.

The halfe of the olde foote.

[architectural drawing]

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THE Figure vnder this, marked A. I thinke to haue bene the Scene of a Theatre, it standeth betwéene Fondi and Torracina; but there is so little to be séene of the Theatre, that I measured it not: neither did I measure this part of the Scene, which is more decayed then it sheweth here: but as I fote on horse-back, I made a slight draught there­of. The Doore marked B. standeth at Spolet [...], and is very olde, made after the Dorica maner, which likewise I did not measure, but made onely the inuention and forme thereof. The Gate marked C. is betweene Foligus and Rome, out in the stréet: and although it séeme a licentious and vnséemely thing, that the Arch should breake the passage of the Archi­traue, Fréese and Cornice; yet neuerthelesse, the inuention disliked mee not. I measured onely the bredth and the l [...]n [...]th, the which I found to bee eighteene foote, and one and twenty foote and a halfe. I thinke it had béene a small Temple, or a Sepulchre; but be what it will, it sheweth well to a mans sight.

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IT is sayd, that this building was cal­led, Porticus, of Pompeo: others say, that it was the house of Mario: but it is called by the Common people, Caca­bario: which building, as farre as I can learne, was onely made for men to ease themselues in: for there is no dwelling in it at all: and although this building at this day is almost decayed, yet it was very great, and contayned many places, as you sée by many houses of this build­ing which are found in the earth. Where the Line standeth, is now the way to goe from Campo Floro, to the Iewes place: and where the Crosse is now, the houses of Sancta Crose stand: where G. stāds, is the Iewes place: where the M. stand­eth, bee the Marcellarii: where the C. standeth, is the Church [...]yard of S. Sal­uatorie: and where the E. ie cut through, is the Fore-front of the houses of Cel­sis: so that thereby you may see the great compas thereof. The thrée round things were Stayres to goe vp to the two emp­tie Roundles. And for that there is no shew of Stayres to be séene in those two, it is to bee conceaued, that they were o­pen places to make water in, (for such things are necessary.) The ground of this worke is measured by the same Ell that the Theater of Marcellus was measured withall: which measure you you shall finde here, after the Obiliscen, and (halfe an Ell shalbe thirty minutes.) And first, the thicknesse of the Pilasters is thrée Elles and a halfe: the thicknesse of the Columnes is two Elles: the In­tercolumnes, are on all sides, nine Elles and a halfe: the Pilasters of the foure Corners, are so much more thē the outer­most Corners stand ouer them: which Corners were made with good iudge­ment, for they vphold the Corner by strength, and with beauty of worke. Hereby workemen may learne how to make Corners with Columnes, and with Pilasters bound together, that the Corner may also be foure square, as the Columne is, which giueth the Corner more fastnesse, then if the same Corner were drawne along the Pilaster: and for the Corners which are drawne in, if you see them ouer the side in Diagonall maner, where the two round Columnes couer the Corner, then they will séeme vnperfit Corners, and specially, because they are séene on all sides.

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TOuching the Ichnographie, I haue sayd inough; now I must speake something of the forme aboue the ground, al­though there is not much thereof to be séene: neuerthelesse, there is yet so much standing vpright (although it be hidden) that thereby the backe part therof without, is to be conceaued, which, in trueth▪ is an ingenious inuention, for a fast worke, and especially in the first order, which you call Dorica, although it hath neyther Architraue, Trig­liph, nor Cornice: But yet there is the forme, and that very subtilly made, with great strength and fayre Building (as well of hard stone as of Bricks) as you may sée in the Figure following. The thickenesse and bredth are shewed before: the height of the Columnes with Bases and Capitals, seuentéene Elles: and the height of the Arches, fiftéene Elles. The height of the Cunco that is, the shutting stone aboue the Arch, is 2. Elles: the height of the binding, which is in stead of an Architraue, is 2. Elles, and so much is the Facie aboue it. The second order séemeth vnsupportable, for that there is a waight of Pilasters standing aboue an open hole: a thing which in trueth is false & erronious to speake in reason. Neuer­thelesse, for that the first Order is so fast and strong, by meanes of the shutting stone aboue in the Arch; as also with the crosse stone vpon it, with the fast Facie vpon that, and by reason of the good shoulders of the Arch, which altogether shew to be such a strength (as in effect it is) that the Pilasters that rest vpon it, séeme not to oppresse the worke, as they would, if it were a simple Arch, with an Architraue, Fréese and Cornice: for which cause I blame not this inuention therein. The widenesse of this Arch is 4. Elles: the height is nine Elles: the bredth of the Pilasters, is two Elles and an halfe: the thicknesse of the Columnes, is an Ell and a sixt part in Diameter: the height of the Columnes is eleuen Elles and an eyght part with Bases and Capitals, and are made after the Corinthia manner. The height of the Archi­traue, Fréese and Cornice, is two Elles and thrée quarters. Although I can giue no particular measures of this Cor­nice, Fréese and Architraue, because such things are not to be séene, yet there is onely so much wall, that thereby a man may conceaue the Freeses, Cornices and Architraue.

The third part of the Ell, wherewith this is measured.

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[architectural drawing]

AMong other faire Antiquities in Rome, there are two Columnes of Marble, all cut full of Histories, very good im­bust worke. The one is called Antonianas Columne, the other Traians Columne: and for that Traians Columne is the wholest, I will speake somewhat thereof. This Columne, as men say, the Emperour Traian caused to be made, which is all of Marble, and made of many pieces; but so closely iorned together, that they séeme to bee all one piece: and to giue the particular measure thereof, I will begin at the foots of the Basement thereof: And first, the degrée or step in the first rest, is thrée Palmes high, the Plinthus of the Base, is a Palme and eyght minutes high; the carued or grauen Base is as much: the flat of the Basement is 12. Palmes and sixe minutes high: the grauen Cornice is a Palme and an halfe high. The place where the Feston hangeth in, is two Palmes and ten minutes high: the whole Base of the Columnes, is sixe Palmes and 28. minutes, and is deuided in this manner: the Plinthus where the Eagle standeth vpon one corner (but you must imagine that there is one at euery corner) is thrée Palmes and ten mi­nutes high: the Thorus aboue it, is thrée Palmes and eyght minutes high: the Cincte is ten minutes high. The height of the Columne, that is, the body, is 18. Palmes and 9. minutes: the Astragall with the Quadrants or lists vnder the Echine, is 10. minutes. The height of the Echine, is 2. Palmes and 2. minutes: the height of the Abacus, is 2. Palmes & 11. minutes: about vpon this Columne, there is a Pedestal of a round forme, through the which men crept frō the winding Stayres, and may goe easily round about, because the plaine ground thereof, is 2. Palmes and a halfe broad: the height of this Pedestall is 11. Palmes; but the Base is two Palmes, and the Cornice aboue, is a Palme high. The Crowne aboue the Pedestall, is thrée Palmes and a halfe high: the thickenesse of this Pedestall, is 12. Palmes and ten minutes: the thickenesse of the Columne aboue, is 14. Palmes, and the thicknesse below, is 16. Palmes: the round­nesse marked A. in flat forme, sheweth the thicknesse aboue: and the Circle marked B. is the thicknesse below. The vndenesse of the winding Stayres, is 3. Palmes, and the Spill foure Palmes. The bredth of the Basement, is 24. Palmes and 6. minutes; in the which space are cut two Compartements, wherein is contained an Epitaph, vnder which many Trophees are cut: and in the Epitaph are these letters hereunder written.

This Columne is histographied with excellent good cut worke, and drawne along with Berries; it is also flinted in Doricall manner: in the flintings the Figures are made in such sort, that rising vp or bearing out of the Figure, the forme of the Columnes and flinting, is nothing disparaged; betwéene which Figures there stand some Windowes, which giue light to the winding Stayres: and although the said Windowes are placed orderly, yet they hinder not the Historie at all, and yet they are 44. in number, and I will shew the whole Columne in the Figure following: but these are the members thereof, openly written and set downe. All these members are measured with the olde Romane Palme, as you find it before vpon the round.

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I Haue before sufficiently spoken of the bredth of Traians Columne, and of the particular maner thereof, now I will shew the whole Columne proportioned as it is: So then, the Columne marked with T. representeth Traians Co­lumne: but from whence the Obelisces spring or procéede, and how they were brought to Rome, and to what end they serue, I will not speake of, for that Pliny declareth it at large: onely I will set the measure here, and shew the forme of some things which I haue séene and measured within Rome: And first, the Obelisce, marked O. is without the Cape­na, and is all grauen and cut with Egyptian letters: the thicknesse thereof in the foote, is ten Palmes and a halfe: the height is 80. Palmes: and this onely was measured with the ancient Palme: but the other thrée by it were measured by a moderne or vsuall Ell of 60. minutes, whereof the line that is betwéene the Obelisces, is the halfe, and is deuided into 30 parts. The Obelisce marked P. standeth in Vaticano (that is) at S. Peters, and is of Egyptian stone: in the top whereof (they say) the Ashes of the Emperour Gaius Caesar stand: the thicknesse thereof below, is 4. Elles and 42. minutes: the height is 42. Elles and a halfe: the part aboue, is thrée Elles and foure minutes thicke: and vnder at the foote standeth these letters.

The Obelisce marked Q. lyeth at S. Rochus, broken in the middle of the stréet in thrée pieces, and [...] say likewise, there lyeth buried in the earth a Ladie called A l [...] Augusta: the thickenesse beneath of the said Obelisce on each Facie, is two Elles and 24. minutes: the height is 26. Elles and 24. minutes: the thickenesse aboue, holdeth an Ell and 35. minutes: the Basement was all of one piece, and the Obelisce marked R. is in circo Antonino Caracalla, and is broken, as you sée in the forme. The thickenes of the Obelisce, is two Elles and 25. minutes below, and aboue one Ell and 33. minutes: the height is 28. Elles, and 16. minutes: and all the Pedestals are proportioned thereafter. And although (paraduenture) there are more of them in Rome, which I haue not séene, yet these which I haue séene, are here set downe to your sight, as being hast knowne.

[architectural drawing]

THIS Amphitheater of Rome, called Colisced, Vespasionus the Emperour caused to bee made in the middle of the City, as Augustus had appoynted it before: the Ichnographie I haue deuided into 4. parts (as the building is of 4. Orders) that you may vnderstand it the better, because of the great artificialnesse thereof. This ground is measured by the ancient Palme: and first, beginning at the out­termost parts: The Pilasters before are 10. Palmes and 6. minutes broad: the thicknes of the Columne is foure Palmes; but the Pilaster on eyther side is thrée Palmes and 2. minutes: the widenes betweene y ^e Pilasters is 10. Palmes; but the 4. principall go­ings through hold 22. Palmes: the thicknesse of the Pilasters in the sides are 12. Palms. The widenesse of the first Porticus is 22. Palmes. The 2. Porticus inwards, is 20. Palmes broad, & both of them roofed. The other measures towards the Center, because they lessen themselues, & will not set downe, but by these outward you may conceaue it, because they are all pro­portioned according to the s [...]me: the outtermost part of the 2. Ichnography is like the 1. but the G [...]ll [...]ries are a Palme broader: for the Pilasters are

The Degrées ioyned thus.

The third Ground.

The second Ground.

not so thicke on the sides as the vnder­most: the inwardest Gallery is crosse r [...] ­sed. And in this P [...]ticus there are some small Tribunes marked X. in the mid­dle whereof, there stand foure square holes, and I thinke also they are made t [...] giue light to those places. The 3. ground without is also like the 2. but the walk­ing places are so much wider, as the Pi­lasters are thinner: and the outtermost walking place is crosse roofed, and the in­nermost round. All y ^e doores marked V. came to the Stayres, that thereby eue­ry one might goe into his place, accor­ding to his degrée. The 4. ground is like [Page 30] [...]. also without, but there are [...] nor Arches, y ^e Colfines are [...] spaces betwéene both, there [...] [...]es, as you shall sée in y ^e Or­ [...]. This 4. & last ground, ma­ [...] [...]; [...]bt whether the whole space [...]; [...]h [...] 2. walking places was co­ [...] [...]t, onely for y ^e it is so much de­ [...] a mā can see no signes of Pi­la [...] [...]thin; but in the outward part [...] some beginnings of Arches [...] & short ioyned to the wall, [...] [...]nd sheweth; & men did clime [...] [...]e [...]s, y ^t were fast to y ^e wall, as [...] [...]derstand, to the outtermost

This Space, from the [...]e Shaft to the other, were Degrées where the people sate easily.

Steps betwéene the Degrées.

The fourth Ground.

The first Ground.

windowes, as you may better cenc [...]iue of it in y ^e Profill, on y ^e side of y ^e stayres in y ^e fi­gure following. The spaces, as well are y ^e 2. shafts, contayne y ^e steps or degrées for men to sit on; & euery degrée was so bread y ^e a man (sitting easily) might go vpon the same without troubling another: within these degrees there were lesse steps, for ease▪ y ^e euery man might go into his place, as in y ^e figure G. & H. is shewed: in which degrees, there are some hollow Chānels, from the top to y ^e bottom, to auoid the wa­ter downwarde; as also for mens water, as you may sée in the figure H. These de­grées to sit on, hung downward a good sin­ger, that no water should stay vpon them: which degrées were excellently well ioy­ned together, as in the figure I. sheweth.

I Haue shewed the Ichnographie of the Romish Colisco, in foure sorts, euen like as the building is of foure sorts or or­ders: now I must shew the Profill thereof, by the which a man may conceaue a great part of the inward things: therefore the Figure following sheweth the whole building aboue y ^e earth, as if it were cut through in the middle. In which Figure, first you sée all the degrées whereon the Spectators sate: there also you may perceiue how many wayes the goings vp were, which (in truth) were very easte to go vp & downe, so that in short time the Amphitheater was filled with a great number of men, without hindrance one of another. You may also sée in the outward part, how the thicknes of the Pilasters, and the walles vpwards lessened, which on the inside are drawne in, and being so drawne in, giueth the building great strength: and to shew it to be true, you may sée there, at this day, some part of the Facies without, yet whole, from the top to the bottome, and yet the inward parts are decayed, and that hath the drawing inward of the Cen­trée dens, which made the worke slighter, taking, as it were, a forme of a Piramides. But this is not obserued in the common building in Venice, but rather the contrary, because the walles without are in Perpendicular maner, and les­sen inwards: and this they doe (for want of ground) to get the more space vpwards, but that which helpeth such buil­dings, is, that there are no Arches in it, nor Roofes, of any maner, that force the walles to giue out, but the number of Bea [...] & which are layd and fastned in the walles, bind the walles and the roomes of the house together, and so such buildings stand fast so long as the Beames indure, which men from time to time renue: neuerthelesse, these kinds of buildings last not so long as the ancient buildings did, made in such order as you sée in the Colisco, whereof I will speake agayne. And withall, (as I sayd) the innermost part being so ruinous, that men sée no part of the innermost worke, which is cut off by the line that hath Shafts or Arrowheads at the ends: and for that you sée no parts thereof at all, whether that the vppermost parts of the highest steps, vpwards to the top, were all couered with double Galleries, or that the Porticus was alone, and the other left open: therefore I haue made it in two maner of wayes: the one is (as you see in the same Profill) ioyned with all the worke: and the other maner is, which standeth without the degrées or steps, which order also agréeth with the other, if you set it so, that the two Lists in the Pedestals méete each with the other: but for that you sée some remaynders of the crossed Roofes, which yet hang within on the walles, as the fourth ground sheweth, the which, I iudge, was onely a Porticus, and that the other part was vncouered to receiue the people, and being so, must receiue them better then if the Galleries had béene double: Now to turne to the beginning of the degrées or steps, that I leaue nothing vntouched, as néere as I can, I say, by meanes of the ruines, and filling vp with matter fallen, the playne, or the place in the middle is so filled vp, that a man cannot marke how high the first de­grées of the playne were eleuated: but by the instructions of those that haue séene the end, the first degrée was so high, that the wild and vntamed Beasts could not hurt the beholders: and there was also a Borstwering, and other stréetes, of a reasonable bredth to go round about, as it is shewed where it is marked with C. The two open places, the least and the greatest Arch, were to bring in light. The places standing vp about the degrées or steps which are couered and mar­ked A. are D [...]res, whereby men went without, vp the Stayres to the Theater.

The Profill of the Amphitheater of Rome.

THE outward part, that is, the Orthographie of the Romish Coliscco, is made of foure stories: and the first story next aboue the ground, is made after the manner of Dorica: and although there are in the Freese neither Tr [...] ­gliphes nor Metophes, nor yet guts in the Epistolie or Architraue; neither Fulmines and guts vnder the crowne, yet it may be called Dorica. The second Order, is after the manner of Ionica: and although the Columnes be not fluited, yet in effect they may be called Ionica. The third Story, is after the manner of Corinthia, but firme worke without cutting, vnlesse it be the Capitals, the which with their height are not exquisitely made. The fourth Story, is Composita; other call it Latina, because it was inuented by the Romanes: some others call it Italica. But it may well be called Composita, were it but for the mutiles which stand in the Fréese, for that no other Story haue their mutiles in the Fréese, but that. Many men aske why the Romanes made this Building of foure Orders, and made it not all of one forme or order as many others are, as that of Verona, which is all of rusticall worke, and that of Pola also. A man may answere thereunto, that the old Romanes, as rulers ouer al, & especially of those people, from whence the thrée former Orders had their beginning, would set those 3. generations one aboue another: & aboue all those orders, the Composita, as found by themselues; thereby signifying, that they as tryumphers ouer those people, would also tryumph with their workes, placing and mingling them at their pleasures. But omitting these reasons, we will procéed to the measures of the outtermost parts and Orthographie. This Building was eleuated from the earth two degrées: the second degrée was fiue Palmes broad, and the first two Palms; the height was little lesse then a Palme: the Base of the Columne was not two Palmes, no more is the Dorica: the Columne is foure Palmes thicke and two minutes: the height is 38. Palms and 5. minutes, with Base and Capitall: the height of the Capitall is about two Palmes: the Pilasters on eyther side of the Columnes, are thrée Palmes and thrée minutes: the widenesse of the Arch is twenty Palmes, and the height is 33. Palmes: from vnder the Arch, to the Architraue, is fiue Palmes and sixe minutes: the height of the Architraue is two Palmes and eyght minutes: the height of the Fréese is thrée Palmes and two minutes: the Cornice as much. The Pedestall of the second Order, is eyght Palmes and ten minutes high: the height of the Columnes, with Bases and Capitals, is fiue and thirty Palmes, the thicknesse is foure Palmes: the Pilasters and Arches are like those be­neath: but the height of the Arch is thirty Palmes: from vnder the Arch, to vnder the Architraue, is fiue Palmes and sixe minutes: the height of the Architraue is thrée Palmes: the height of the Fréese, is two Palmes and nine minutes: the height of the Cornice, is thrée Palmes and nine minutes. The Pedestall of the fourth Order, called, Composita, (héere our Author hath forgotten the third Order, but howsoeuer, it differeth not much from the Ionica) the Pedestall of the Composita, is twelue Palmes high: the vnder-Base thereof, is foure Palmes: the height of the Pillars, with Bases and Capitals, is thirty eyght Palmes and sixe minutes: the height of the Architraue, Fréese, and Cornice, is a­bout ten Palmes, deuided in thrée, one part for the Cornice, the second for the Fréese, wherein the Mutiles stand, and the third for the Architraue. But for what cause, or reason, the workeman set the Mutiles in the Fréese, (things, which, peraduenture, before that time were neuer made) I haue deliuered my opinion thereof in my fourth Booke, in the be­ginning of the Order of Composita. The Pillars of the fourth Order are flat, and rise but a little: all therest are round Columnes, (that is to say) thrée fourth parts, rising out of the Pilasters: the Mutiles aboue the windowes vpheld some beames, the which are boared through with holes for men to draw cords to couer the hole Amphitheater, as well a­gainst the Sunne as the rayne: for what cause the Columnes are all of one thicknesse, and lessen not one more then the other (as it séemeth they should; and as Vitruuius would) as the second Order are lessened a fourth part, I haue also declared my opinion in the fourth Booke, and the ninth Chapter. In the treatise of making Columnes, longer or shor­ter; and that the particular members may also be noted, I haue marked them also by the Orthographie of the Colisceo, which are proportioned according to the principall, together with their Caracters whereunto they are likened.

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IN [...]pello, a very old Towne in Italy, there is a very olde P [...]rtor Gate, the worke whereof is Dorica, al­thou [...] hath neither Trigliphes, Methopes nor Guts: the two Towers on the sides thereof may bee called Mo­derne worke, [...] regard of the Ornaments aboue: which Towers are both of one fashion, although I haue lest one of them out. The Ichnographie is vnderneath the Figure, and was measured with the ancient foote: and from one Tower to the other, are 60. and 10. foote: the middle Gate is 20. foote wide: each Posterne Gate is 10. foote wide: the Pilasters betweene the 2. Ports or Gates, are 10. foote broad: the height I set not downe, but onely the iunention, because it pleased me well. The Stayres vnder the Towers, with the ground, E. are by our Author made on both sides: but according to his ground, the Stayres must come as they stand aboue the ground C. or [...]lse not, then the ground must bee made like D. This, and other things more (although there consisteth no great matter therein) [...] thought good to note, that you may know that I haue set thē downe péece by péece as I found them.

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THese Cornices, Basements & Bases, are reliques of Antiquitie: and that which is marked A. a piece of the Columnes with Architraues, Fréeses & Cornices; and also with the Basement aboue, which was all of one stone: the height thereof was 11. ancient foot, proportioned in that manner, it was found without Rome by the Riuer of Tiber. The order marked B. was found in the foundation of S. Peters, and Bramant caused it to bee buried againe in the ground, in the same place: all the members also were of one piece; it was 6. ancient foot high, & proportioned thereafter. The Base marked C. is at S. Markes, very well wrought, of Corinthia worke, but not very great, it is a foot & an halfe high, and proportioned accordingly. The Basement marked D. was found in a place called Capranica, very well wrought: the height of y ^e Base, without Plinthus, is 2. Palmes, and also proportioned thereafter. The Base marked E. was not very great: it was found among certaine rumes, and by reason of the Astragalu [...] which it had aboue the Thorns, therefore I estéeme it to bee Composita: and although I set downe no other proportion of all the particular measures, yet they are collected and set downe out of the great, into the small measure orderly.

[architectural drawing]

AMong many fayre Antiquities that a [...] called La arena, whereof this is the [...] thereof, & also how the seats or steps sto [...] from without, went vp vpon the inward [...] to sit in, euery one according to his estate [...] stood in the said steps: the Figure B. she [...] or seates: you sée also, how y ^e steps were pl [...] the water and pisse that fell downe with [...] slope, that water might fall off, and not [...] these two here below, and also of other s [...] was measured with the foot where with y ^e [...] ward parts) the thicknes of the Pilaster, [...] then each Pilaster that beareth vp the [...]rch [...] is 11. foot & an halfe: but the 4 princ [...] the Porticus, going round about, is 13. [...] 9 foot and a halfe broad; and also round [...] broad, and roofed also. But at the two pr [...] lasters▪ as it appeareth in the ground: [...] the measures, you may conceaue.

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[...]a, there is an Amphitheater of rustical worke, [...] sheweth also a part standing vpright in the side [...]es vpon the steps were little doores, whereby men [...] the seats, and frō thence went to the places for men [...]e. The Figure marked A. sheweth how the doores [...]he goings downe & steps were made, in the degrées the gutters on the sides of y ^e stayres were to auoyd [...]ing any man: the steps also were made somewhat them. In the inner part are many little doores, like [...]ical & rude worke. The greatnes of this Building [...]f Pola is measured: and first, (speaking of the out­ [...] & a 3. part: the flat Pillars, are 3. foot & a 3. part: [...]ot and a halfe broad: the widenes of the Arches, [...]. The Pilasters on the sides, are 6. foot thicke: [...] & roofed round: this Porticus in the middle, is [...] Porticus in the lowest part, is 8. foot & an halfe [...]ings in, there are 5. broad roofes vpon the Pi­ [...] [...]dlemost is broader then the other. The rest of the measures, you may conceaue.

TOuching the Ichnographie of the sayd Amphitheater, I haue set downe the principall measures, and partly spoken of that part which standeth vpright: now I will speake of the outward part, which worke can no otherwise bée called, then rude and rusticall, and haue likewise spoken of the thicknesse and breadth, therefore I will rehearse it no more: onely of the height I will say some thing: And first, the height of the first Arch is 23. foote: the height of the Pillars 27 foote: the Forme of the Architraue, Fréese and Cornice, is 6. foote high: the Place brest high aboue the Corince, is 2. foote and a halfe high: the height of the second Arch is 24. foote, and his widenesse 12. foote: the height of the Pillars is 24. foote and a halfe: the height of the Cornice, Fréese and Forme of the Architraue, is 5. foote and a halfe: the Borstwering or Place brest high of the third Order or Story, is 4. foote and a halfe high: the widenes of the Arch is 9. foote and 3. quarters: the height of the Arch is 17. foote and a halfe: the height of the broad Pillers is 20. foote and a halfe: against these Pillars, as farre as a man may perceiue, there were Images, of good bignesse, set: the third and last Cornice is 5. foote high. But I will not set downe the particular measures of the Cornices, for that I haue set them downe with great diligence, according to the greatnesse in this small Forme, which shall be the first Figures in the side following, and there below, the Profill or cutting of the outermost part of the Amphitheater shall stand. And thirdly, there followeth the Orthographie of a péece of the sayd Amphitheater without, which is all wrought after the rusticall manner, with stones of Verona, being very hard: but the Cornices are somewhat better made: which Cornices haue diuers and seuerall Formes of the Romanes, and are very like vnto the Cornices of the Amphitheater of Pola. Touching the playnenesse of this Amphitheater, which by the Common people is called, La arena, (taken from arena) which is sand, which was therein strowed for certayne Playes or sports, which were there presented or Acted: and therefore I could not sée the ground thereof: but as it was told me by some old men of Verona, when the Playes were there made vpon the sand, then presently there came water, in the sight of all the beholders, which past through some Conduits, and in short space filled all the place full, so that there they might make battailes, and thrust one at another with Scutes and Boates, in the water, and the place dryed vp agayne, as at the first. This, and many other things, men may beléeue, if we consider the great magnificence of the Romanes, in the Antiquities of Verona. There are yet vpon the great Ri­uer of Adixe two fayre ancient Bridges, betwéene the which two Bridges, there was a most fayre and notable Spectaele, whereon there might stand a great number of people, to behold the Playes and sports there made in Boates, vpon the water: which Spectacle was made along by the water side, against a hill: and higher vpwards, aboue this Spectacle, there was a Theater, the Scene whereof, and the Spectacle ioyned together: (and for that, as I sayd before, the Theater was made very artificially in the hill, so is it aboue the Theater in the height of the hill) there was a great building, which surpassed all the other: but the ruines of these buildings are so many, and so cast downe in processe of time, that it would be great charges and losse of tune to find them out: but for that in many places of the hill I haue séne some parts there­of, therefore it makes me wonder thereat. It was also, with good reason, that the Romanes made such things at Ve­rona (for that, in my opinion, it is the best scit [...]ated place of all Italy) as well for playnes as hilles, and also for waters; and specially, the men of that Towne are very familiar and friendly people.

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GReat things, and in diuers formes, were made by the famous Romanes; but by the [...]uines thereof men can not iudge whereunto they serued, & principally this Building which was named Lesette Zone di Seuero: of which Building you sée a corner of the House yet standing, which is of 3. roofes, all Corinthia worke. But it may be séene, that from the roofe it was made of another manner of Buildings, because some Pillars were hollowed and crefted, and some smooth; besides, the Capitals and other formes are not all of one worke. I haue not measured the height of this Building, but onely the ground and thicknesse of things: and for as much as I can conceaue, the roofes aboue lessen one more then another, the fourth part, as Vitruuius writes in his description of Theaters. This Figure hereunder, sheweth the ground of the Building, & also the skie or roofe of the Lacunary a­boue the Columnes: it was measured with the foote that measured the Theater of Pola. [...]rst, the thickenesse of the Wall, is 3. foot and an halfe: betwéene the one Wall & the other, it to 4. foot and an halfe: betwéene the Wall and the Columnes, is 5. foot and 3. quarters: and so is the space betwéene the Columnes: the thicknesse of a Columne is 2. foot and 4. quarters. In this Building you sée no Chambers at all, nor any shew or signes of Stayres, or goings vp into the lodgings: but men may conceaue, that it was much greater, and that in other places both Stayres and Chambers might haue stood; and to speake trueth, this Building, when it was whole, was a notable piece of worke, in regard of the great number of Co­lumnes and Pillars that were in it, together with the costly worke thereof.

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AT Pola, a town in Dalmatia, this Amphitheater is in the middle of the Town, & yet very whole: which building hath nothing but y ^e first wings with­out, with the 4. counterforts, ache made of 3. Pi­lasters, which, I beléeue, were made for y ^e strength­ning thereof, because this wall stood thus alone: so that nothing at all was made of the Building with­in, but the outtermost wall, with the Arches mar­ked A. But by the shew of some holes which are within the wall, men may iudge, that there they made y ^e stayres and seats of wood, when they made their sports, and held their feasts: neuerthelesse, for a beautifying of the Figures, I haue set down the part within, as in my opinion, it should bee made. This Amphitheater was measured with a mo­derne foote, which is shewed here vnder the ground: the widenes of the Arches is 9. foot, & 2. ounces, but he 4. principal Arches are 15. foot wide, y ^e forefront of the Pilasters is 4. foote & 2. ounces: the flat Pil­lar, is 2. foote and 2. ounces broad: so the Pilasters on each side, are one foote broad: the Pilasters in the sides, are 5. foote and 3. ounces: betwéene the Pilasters of the counterforts, and the other Pila­sters, it is 3. foote and 4. ounces.

TOuching the Orthographie, or the ground of the Amphitheater of Pola, I haue sufficiently spoken: but now I must shew the Orthographie of the part standing vp, beginning at the n [...]ther part: as touching the Basement, it hath no terminations of measures, (the cause why, is,) for that the Hill is not euen: for in the Hill the Pedestall is not onely lost, but also the whole first order of the Arches, with all their Cornices vpon them, and the Hill is the height of the plaine of the second Story; therefore I will set downe no height of the measure of the Basements: but will brain from thence vpwards. The height of the Pedestall vnder the Pillar, is 2. foot and an halfe: the height of the Pillar, of flat Columne with the Capitall, is about 16. foot: the height of the Arch, is 17. foot and an halfe: the Archi­traue is a foot and 9. ounces high: the height of the Freese, is 9. ounces: the height the Cornice, is one foot & 10. ounces: the height of the borst-wering or place brest-high (if there bee any other) aboue the Cornice, is ae high as y ^e Cornice: the height of the Pillar is 21. foot & 9. ounces, with the Capitall: the height of the Arch, is 18. foot and one ounce: the thick­nesse of the Arch, is 1. foot and 9. ounces: the Architraue, Freese and Cornice, are of the same height that the vndermost is: the Basement marked X. is 4. foot and 4 ounces. From the Basement to vnder the Cornice, is 19 foot: the height of the Cornice is one foot and an halfe. And this is touching the Orthographie of the Amphitheater, the which Orthographie is on the next side, marked P. and for that (as in the Treaty of y ^e Ichnographia I haue sayd) the Amphitheater hath some Pilasters on foure sides, which were made for strengthening & counterforting of the walls: the which wall stood within, without any thing else; and therefore I meane to shew how it stood: the Figure marked Q. sheweth the sides of this coun­terfort: & that part marked H. representeth a Pilaster: that part marked I. sheweth the Profill of y ^e wall of the Amphithe­ater: betwéene the Pilaster H. and the wall or Pilaster marked I. is a going through of three foot and an halfe wide: so that two men may goe through together. These counterforts haue their ground in euery order or story, whereon the peo­ple might stand; but there are no stayres nor signes of stayres, but were made of wood, as may be seene by some holes before the windowes. And that the Cornices of this present Building may be the better vnderstood, therefore I haue set them there besides in greater forme, that a man may know their members, by their Caracters or Letters which they are marked withal. The manner of this Cornicement is much different frō the Romish, as men may sée: and I, for my part, would not make such Cornices in my worke; but with the Theater of this Towne, I would serue my turne, because they are of a better manner of worke. I am of opinion, that this was an other workeman, different from the other, and it may be that this workeman was a high Almaine, because the Cornices are made much after the Dutch manner.

The halfe common foot, wherewith the Amphitheater is measured.

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AT Mount Cavallo within Rome, where now the stone horses Praritiles and Phidia stand, is the ruines of a most costly Pallace, whereof one part stood vpon the hill, but the part of the goings vp was made right against the descending of the third part whereof standeth hereunder. And first in the Niches or hollow places, marked T. and N. were found the figures of Tiberius and Nilus which are now set in Beldeuerie: the place marked A. is a stréete or way of 10 Elles broade: the part marked B. is 12. Elles foure square: the part marked C. is 36. Elles in length, and 18. Elles brood: the place D. is 36. Elles foure square: the walkes round about are 4. Elles each of them: the places E. are Courts, whereof each of them are 114. Elles long, and in bredth 62. Elles and a halfe. The Galleries F. are 13. Elles broad: the greatest Stayres, to goe vp to the playne of the Pal [...]ace, are 11. Elles wide: that part by the Corners marked K. is 12. Elles and a halfe broad, and long 16. Elles and a halfe: the parts H. are Cornterforts to hold vp the Stayres. The place G. is a Court, which gaue light to the place within: the two goings in marked l. were to goe vp the Stayres, and the building began where the Stayres stand. The great stately Frontispice in the middle of the building, was of such breadth, as the middlemost part held without the Courts or Gallerities. The two Figures, K. and ✚. which stand without the building, the one sheweth the Corner K. in greater and persiter forme, and the other is a Corner of the Court D.

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THese 3. Figures are members of y ^e aforesaid Pallace: the part vnderneath in suiall forme, signifieth the Profill of the first part of the Pallace, that is, the stayres whereby men went vp to the plaine of the Bail­ding, because it was vpon the hill: and they were magnificent and stately. That part vpon the hill, where the Columne F. is marked, is the side of the saw building. This great Pillar marked F. is y ^e corner Pill [...]r of the frontispice, which is 4. square; but all the rest are round; for that round Pillars are not fit for corners: this Pillar is thrée Elles broad in the lowest part, and aboue, it is 2. Ells and 2. third parts: the height, with Base and Capi­tall, is 39. Elles, and is fluited from the top to the bot­tome. The height of the Architrauce, is two Elles and an halfe: as also the Fréese, which is sinely cut, and the height of the Cornice is thrée Elles and an eyght part, and all proportioned according to the greatnesse. The Fréese on the sides was an hundred Elles long: the Cornicement with the Frontispice, as much as thrée Mutiles containeth, is of one piece of Marble; and the Frontispice rose vp in the middle one sixt part.

AMong the ruines of Rome, there are many things found out, the which a man cannot marke nor imagine what they haue béene: a man also seeeth there many ruines, which are now cast downe and ouerthrowne; whereby a man may conceaue the high mindes of the Ancient Romanes: amongst which Antiquities, this hereafter follow­ing, is one, as you may perceaue by that which yet standeth. This Building is called the Basilica del foro transitorio: and a man may imagine the greatnesse thereof by the height of this Pillar, although you sée not the ending thereof vpwards; for the vppermost Cornice is not there in the worke, neither is there any pieces thereof among the ruines to be sound, whereby a man should conceaue what stood aboue such a Building. This ruine was measured with a common or moderne Ell, which is deuided into 60. minutes: the halfe whereof standeth betweene the Obelisces: this Columne stood 7. degrées eleuated from the earth, of indifferent height: the thicknesse of the Columne marked C. is 3. Elles in Diameter: beneath at the Base and in the vpper most part, vnder the Capitall, the Diameter is 2. Elles and 40. minutes: the height of the trunke or bare Columne, without Base or Capital, is 24. Elles and 55. minutes: the height of the Base below, is one Ell and an halfe: the height of the Capitall, is 3. Elles and 26. minutes: the height of the Architraue, is two Elles, and 23. minutes: the Cornice betwéene the Columne and the counter-pillar, which Cornice is marked D. is 1. Ell and 48. minutes: the Cornice aboue (as I haue sayd) is not found there: the counter-columne is flat, and is of the same proportion like the round Columne, and lesseneth also aboue, as the round doeth. The Capitall is formed like the Capitals of the Pantheon of the Rotund: the Base marked C. is placed there besides in better forme, and is proportioned in measure like the greater: likewise, there also you sée the Cornice D. in greater forme. I haue set downe the measure of the greatest Columne C. now will I speake of the lesser, marked B. which Columne vnder it, hath a very fayre Basement: the height whereof, is 6. Elles: the this kenesse of the sayd Columne in Diameter beneath, is one Ell and a third part; and it is lessened aboue accordingly, as the greatest is: the height thereof with the Base & Capitall is 13. Elles and 2. third parts: the height of the Base, is halfe the thicknes of the Columne be­neath, and is fashioned like the greater: the height of the Capitall is one Ell & an halfe: which Capitall is very well made, and the forme thereof in great, is séen in my other 4. Booke, in the beg [...]ng of y ^e Composita. This Columne is sluited, as the Figure thereof sheweth, and hath also a flat Columne of the same forme: the Architrane, Fréese and Cornice aboue this Columne, are about 4. Elles: which Cornice hath the Mutiles without Dentiles, and is very like the worke of the Pantheon; and by as much as I could perceaue, this lesse Columne ser [...]d for an ornament of a Gate or Doore of the sayd Ba [...]lica.

The third part of the common Ell, wherewith this is measured.

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THe Romanes (because of their great proud mindes) alwayes sought to build things of great maiestie, which might shew their great power both by Water and Land: and to that end they made the wonderfull Hauen of Ostia, for the ease of the Citie of Rome: which, in trueth, (in regard of the commoditie and greatnesse of the Building thereof, and specially the great strength thereof) may well bee called wonderfull. It is of forme Hexagoniick, that is, 6. cornerd: and each Facie is 116. roodes long, and each tood is 10. Palmes: by these principall measures, you may vnderstand the greatnesse therof, euery Facie had a large walking place, with Galleries round about, & 4. Appertiments also, compassed with Galleries, and a walking place in the middle. Along the water side there were trunckes of Columnes orderly pla­ced, whereunto the ships were fastened; and at the mouth of the Hauen, there were towers to defend it from the enemie in time of néed. And for that you can hardly perceaue the Appertiments in so small a forme, therefore I haue placed them beneath in greater forme, and marked them with A. and B.

The Hauen of Ostia.

THe Thermes of Titus are lesse then the other; and therefore by the people they were called Thermi minori: neuerthelesse, (after my opinion) they are well made: the Ichnographie of these Thermes is measured with the ancient Palme. First, the Diameter of the round forme marked A. is about 150. Palmes: the part B. is in length 80 Palmes, and in bredth 51. Palmes: the part C. is 80. Palmes in length, and in bredth 60 Palmes. The forme D. is about 100. Palmes in Diameter: and the Portall E. is 50. Palmes: the part F. is 120. Palmes long, and 70. broad: the eyght ranked part marked G. is about 100. Palmes: the round part H. is 150. Palmes in Diameter. The part 1. is 100. Palmes, and is almost two foure squares: the two parts, each marked with K. is 30. Palmes on eyther side. The part L. is 125. Palmes, in length, the bredth 30 Palmes. The roundnesse marked M. is about 120. Palmes in Diameter. That part mar­ked N. is 148. Palmes long, and 57. broad. The part O. is the same: the preseruation of the water followeth after.

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THe preseruing, or the place where the water of the Thermes of Titus, the sonne of Vespatianus was kept, is won­derfully made, and very Artificiall, and that is, for that the Arches of these preseruatiues are placed in such good or­der, that a man, standing in the going through of the one, séeeth them all ouerthwarts: and this is the place which the people commonly call, The seuen Halles, and it was for this cause, because the spaces are seuen in number: and in them you sée ouerthwarts, backwards and forewards, alwayes 7. in number: the thicknesse of the walls, is foure foot and an halfe: the widenesse of the Arches is sixe foot: from one Arch to the other, are 27. foot: the widenesse from one wall to the other, is 15. foots, and they are round roofed, of an indifferent height. The walles and roofes are playstered with most hard plaister.

The old Romane Palme.

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IN Rome and elsewhere there are many Bridges made by the Romanes, but I will here shew the inuention of [...]oare onely, that you may sée their manner of making of Bridges.

This Bridge is called Ponte S. Angelos, because it standeth vpon Tiber, by the Towne of Inghelenborch: by the ancient Romanes, it was called Ponte Elio, of Elio Adrianus.

This Bridge was went to be cal­led Ponte Tarpeio: others call it, Ponte Fabricie: and in our time it is called, Ponte de quatro capi.

This Bridge is cal­led Pontus Miluius, but cōmonly it is cal­led Ponte Molle.

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This Bridge in former times, was called the Se­nates Bridge: o­thers cal it Ponte palatino: but now it is called Ponto S. Maria, and also Ponte Sisto.

AMong other Thermes which are in Rome, I finde this of An­toniano to be [...] better to bee no­ted then the rest; and although y ^t the Thermes of Dioclesian are greater, yet in this I find much fayrer correspon­dencie and knit­ting together in euery part, then in the others: for that in the place C. they might make all kind of Playes or sports without any hin­derance. And for that y ^e Thermes were specially made for men to bathe in, as they were vsed for di­uers sports to be made in them, so was the preser­uation of the wa­ter made behind y ^e building, mar­ked A. where, by meanes of the Pipes, they were alwayes filled to serue for such v­ses.

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This ground is measured with the common Ell, the third part whereof is here­under set downe by the side of the Building. The line in the middle of the place, is 100. Elles, by the which you shall almost find all the measures, whereof, for bre­uitie, I will not speake directly, but onely of the principal things. First, one of the places for the kéeping of the water, is thirtie Elles long: and 16. Elles broad. The part X. is 81. Elles long, and the bredth 44. Elles: the round Building D. is in Diame­ter 86. Elles. The place mar­ked B. C. is 700. Elles long. The part in the mid­dle. marked G. is in length a­bout 105. Elles, and in bredth 60. Elles.

FOr that in the ground before set downe, by rea­son of the smalnesse of the figures, which could not be made greater in this Booke, a man can not so wel know the particular partes, therefore I haue in these two sides set downe some parts more plain­ly, as the ingenious workeman, by the letters wherewith they are marked, may sée and find them, when he compareth them with the whole ground.

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AL though these Figures stand thus without order, and in many pieces; yet the wife workeman shall know, that they are members of the Thermes afore shewed, beholding the letters which stand in them (which comparing with the others) he shall find what parts they are. Also, he must know, that the parts H. and X. belong not to the part F. for the Figures hereunder are three seuerall parts; although, for necessitie sake, they are set one by an­other. I haue also not set downe the particular measures: for the workeman shal bester helpe himselfe with the inuention, then with the measure.

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ABout seuen miles from Alcaire there is a Piramides, whereof I will shew the forme, and also set downe the measure, as I had it from a Gentleman of Venice, who measured the same himselfe, and was hoth vpon it, and within it. This Piramides was measured by Paces, and euery Pace is more then thrée ancient Palmes: the Base, on euery side is 270. Paces, and is right foure square: it is all of hard stone, and you may clime vpon it without, (but not easily) vn­to the top: for euery Pace is thrée Palmes and a halfe high: but there are not so many Playnes, that a man may easily set his foot vpon them: the number of the Paces or steps, from the Bases to the top, or the highest part, is 210. and they are all of one height; so that the height of the whole Piramides is as much as the Base. Many beléeue that this Pi­ramides was a Sepulchre: for that within it, there is a place in the middle, whereon lyeth a great stone: thereupon men presume, that some great person hath there béene buried: but going in, vpon the left hand, you find a going vp of stone, which turnes about the Piramides within, through the which you goe vp the Station, in the top within. About the middle of this Piramides there is another going in, but it is fast shut: on the top of this Piramides, there is a faire flat or playne, about 8. Paces broad on euery side, whereby workemen know, that it was the same playne that was made at the finishing of the Piramides. Not farre from thence, there is a head of hard stone, with part of the brest all of one stone; the face whereof is 10 Paces long: and in this Figure there are some Egyptian letters: of this Pirami­des and head, Peter Martir writeth, and hath also séene and measured them, which differ not much.

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ALthough the Gréekes were the principall founders and inuentors of good Architecture (as our Master Vitruuius, and many other Authors witnesse) neuerthelesse, by reason of their great warres, and their Land so often ouerrun and spoyled by the enemies, a man can hardly stade any good worke standing whole in all Grecia: but as some men haue told me, there are yet the ruines of a Bailding, which, as men conceaue, was of one hundred Columnes; whereof no man c [...]n by casting know the height. But (with our Authors licence) for that he makes this by report, and hath no measure thereof, I haue onely set the fourth part of the ground by the halfe of the Building (which he hath thereto pla­ted) whereby the workeman may conceaue the whole ground, and the whole Figure thereof.

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BYS. G [...]orge Belabro, you may sée this building hereunder, which was made by the Bankiers & Oxensellers, in the tune of Lucius Sep­timus Seuerus, and Marcus Aurelius Antonius: which Building is of Composita worke, wellset foorth on euery side with grauing. Let no man wonder, that the Fréese & the Architraue are couered with this table, for that there being much writing to bee set into it, the Freese was not great inough to containe so many letters: therefore the workeman made it so, and brake not the order of Architecture at all, [...]ang th [...]n [...] proportion thereo. in the corners.

I Will not set the measure of this Building at large, because it was lost after it was measured [...] but as I remember, the widenesse betwéene the one and the other Pilaster was 12. old foote. The height of that widenesse was 20. foot: the thickenes of the Pilasters, with all the Co­lumnes which are flat, is 4. foot and an halfe: and so much the Architraue, Fréese and Cornice containeth.

This is the ground of the said Building, in the roofe there are 15. Quadrans, well wrenght.

THe works hereunder are the ornaments of the foresaid building, the which, in trueth, is as brauely set forth, as any other worke in Rome, for there is no space without grauing; and also well made: all things very correspondent, onely the vppermost Cornice; the which, in re­gard of the richnesse of the grauing, is much confused: it is also vicious from the Echine down-wards, for 2. causes; the one is, that betweene the Echine with y ^e Duale, and the Duale, & the Dentiles, there is no parting of list or cimatie: for it is very necessary to deuide the one frō the other, & especially when they are all

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cut. The other is of greater impor­tance, y ^e vnder the Dentiles there are two works of one fashion & cutting, which I should not haue made so: but I say expressy it is not to be done, nor such things men ought not to doe.

The innermost part whereupon the roofe or seeling dosh rest.

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The bottome of the Architraue.

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In the furthest part of the roofe, are 27. Quadrans.

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THE Thermes of Dioclesian, in trueth, is a most rich Building, by that which is séene in th [...] ruines, which are yet standing about ground: besides, the Appertements of diuers formes, with rich ornaments, and the great number of Pillars that were there, are wit­nesses of their magnificence: by the deuiding this ground, and by the diuers formes therein, the ingenidus workem [...]n may bee well holpen. But a man can not denie, but that there is much discordance in it, which in our time would not bee borne withall: this I speake, not to cor­rect such puissant Emperonts, nor so many good workemen as were in those dayes: although they as then were not so skilfull, as a great number were at other times: but I say this onely, for the good of them that will not thinke scorne to read this my writing. It is true, that the fayrest part of a Building is the correspondencie thereof, and the appendances of the same, not troubled with things which trouble mens sight: therefore I said, if the way A. B. were like the way C. D. then the whole Building would stand better behind, in such sort, that all the wayes would be frée, and not cumbred with any thing. Also the part of the Building in the middle marked A. which standeth without

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the wall to y ^e Thea­ter word, would not hinder y ^e way, but there would test the space be­twéene it and the Theater, which in other Theaters is called Prosenium: and by this means al the waies would be wide, whereby the building would be much more cor­respondent. I will not speake of the o­ther A. C. & B. D. which disagrée in forme: but in the parts without, a discréet workeman of himselfe may well perceaue, how much discordance is found therein, neuerthelesse (as I sayd before) there are so many, and so fayre inuentions in the diuisions, that they will bee no small helpe to an ingenious worke­man, and such as are vpholders and warranters of An­tiquities, shall, if it please them, excuse mee, for being too plaine with them; for I refer my selfe alwayes to the iudgement of the learned.

This Ichnograhyie is measured by the ancient Palme: but, for that in this ground I haue béene more curious of the inuention, then of any other thing, therefore I set not downe the particular measures, which, in trueth, would be euerlong to rehearse: but I haue with great diligence set this sméll forme in so good proportion in sorts, that the cunning Architector may in a manner find the measures, vsing the same small Palme, which standeth in the halfe Circle, deuided in 10 parts, and each part is 10. Palmes: so the whole line is 100. Palines: thus with a Compasse to your hand, you may partly conceaue the measure of this Building. Touching the Orthographie. I haue not let it downe at all, for 3. causes: First, because of the great ruines, there is little sight to be had thereof: the 2. because of the difficultie to measure the same: the 3. for that, in tru [...]to, a man séeeth this building was not made in that fortunate time of good workemen; for in it are many discordances and vnfit things, but yet great and costly ornaments. But for that men in so small a forme of Ichnographie can not perfectly shew the forme of euery part and member, there­fore hereafter I will shew the part in the middle more plainely.

The ancient Palme.

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FOr that (as I sayd) the ground of Dioclesians Therme, being placed in so small a forme, can hardly be measured from part to part; therefore I haue made a part thereof in greater forme, which standeth hereunder, and is like the middle thereof, as the letter A. sheweth: and the liue in the middle thereof, is also 100. Palmes, like the other, whereby a diligent workeman [...]ay al [...]ost find all the measures thereof with a payre of Compasses.

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THe Therme made by Dioclesian, was vsed for diuers comman and open sports, and specially to bathe in; where­unto it behoueth to haue great quantitie of water, which was brought by Pipes a great way off; and it was kept in certaine Cesternes, which stood in the Thermes of Dioclesian, in this manner as is hereunder set downe: it was made with Pilasters, and aboue it was crosse roofed, with walles about them, of very good stuffe; which was so firme, [...]at at this day it is yet to be séene: the thickenesse of the Pilasters is of each side foure foote: betwéene each two Pilasters is 12. foote of the old Romane foot, although the sayd Therme is measured with Palmes: and this line hereun­der is halfe an olde foote.

The halfe ancient foot.

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IN Rome there are many ancient Tryumphant Arches, among the which, this Building, by the greatest number, is accounted for a Tryumphant Arch: yet by the knowledge that men haue of it, it is thought to be a Porticus, or a Gal­lery, like vnto a Burse or Erchange for Marchants: it may be it was made by some one nation alone; as yet to this day in great Townes and Cities, euery nation hath a seuerall place, although they are not by that meanes deuided. This Porticus or Gallery stood in Nel foro Boario, and in ancient time was called, The Temple of Ianus: which is mea­sured with the ancient Palme. This Building hath foure gates, as the ground hereunder doeth shew: betwéene the one and the other Pilaster, there are 22. Palmes: round about this Porticus, there are 48. niches or hollow places: but there are no more then 16. to set Images therein; all the rest are but for shewes, as being not déepe inough cut into the wall: which places were beautified with small Pillars somewhat bearing out from the wall, as you sée them, and were Corinthia worke, but now it is spoyled of all such ornaments.

The ground of the Figure following.

THe height of the Arch is 44. Palmes: the height of the Bases beneath, marked E. is 1. Palme and an halfe. The Facie D. within the cor­ners, is turned into a Cornice, and is the like height. The iudgement of the workman pleased me well in y ^e piece, which is, that he made no Cornice in the inuermost part, that might trouble the people that should be therein: the height of the other Cornices are not measured, but the formes of them diligently counterforted, follow hereafter.

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THe fiue places of Cornices hereunder set downe, are the ornaments of the Porticus aforesayd. The Base E. and the Facie D. were measured, and in this forme, the great measure set downe; but the other were counterfeited by sight, with these heights where they stand: and there is little difference betwéene the one and the other, for parts, and also in height. The Figure C. is the Facie vnder the first Niche or hol­low place.

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THe Arch Tryumphant, next following, is called Titus Arch Tryumphant; whereof this Figure hereunder, is the ground, and is measured with the ancient foote. The widenesse of the Arch is 18. foote and 17. minutes. The thick­nesse of the Columne, is a foote and 26. minutes and an halfe. The foote wherewith this is measured, is of 64. minutes, whereof the halfe is here set downe.

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I Haue spoken of the widenesse and thicknesse, now I will set downe the height: And first, the height of the Bow of Arch is as much agayne as the breadth. The Base of the Pedestall is 2. foote 4. minutes lesse in height. The Cor­nice of the Pedestall is 35. minutes high. The height of the Bases of the Columnes is about one foote: all these parts, and also the Capitall of the Columne, well proportioned in measure, stand in the beginning of the Composita Or­der, in my fourth Booke. The flat of the Pedestall is foure foote and a halfe high. The height of the Columne without Base and Capitall 17. foote and 13 minutes. The height of the Capitall is 1. foote and 27. minutes. The height of the Architraue is one foote and 19. minutes. The Fréese is one foote and 17. minutes. The Cornice is 2. foote and 6. minutes high. The Basement of the Epitaph is of the same with the Fréese. The height of the Epitaph is 9. foote and 12. minutes: the breadth is 23. foote: which members shall hereafter be set downe, and figured more at large.

‘ SENATVS
POPVLVSQVE ROMANVS,
DIVO TITO DIVI VESPA
SIANI, F. VESPASIANO
AVGVSTO.’

IT would be troublesome both to the writer and to the Reader, if I should set downe all the parts of these Ornaments, from member to member, as they are diligently measured; & that not onely with foote, but also with parts of minutes: but I haue taken the paynes onely to set the same downe out of the great into the small forme, in such sort, that he that is discréete, may with his Compasse find the proportion thereof. It is true, that the Ornaments of the most part of the Tryumphant Arches in Rome are much contrary to Vitruuius writing; and this, I thinke, is the cause, that the sayd Arches are, for the most part, made by the Roofes of other buildings, (that is, of as many sorts of péeces as they could get:) and it may be, that the workemen in those dayes were selfe willed, and stood not much vpon obseruation, because they were things seruing for Tryumphs, and it may bee (as it hapneth oftentimes) made in haste. That part here on the side set downe, marked A. is the Base of the Epitaph. B. is the highest Cornice, Fréese, and Architraue: which Cornice, in my opin [...]on, is very licencious for diuers reasons: The first, it is proportioned too high: from the nether Architraue, and aboue it, there are too many members, and especially Mutiles and Dentiles, which standing alike in one Cornice, are dislilted by Vitruuius, notwithstanding it is very well wrought, and specially the Scima a­boue: but had I such a Cornice to make (obseruing the right order) I would make the Scima lesse, and the Cornice more: I would leaue the Mutiles as they be, and I would not cut the Denticules, but the Cimated. The Archi­traue hereof pleaseth mee well inough. The two members marked C. shew the Facie and the Profill of the Mensola, which is the closing stone of the Arch. The members marked with E. are, in truth, rich for worke, but yet so rich, that the one darkeneth the other: but if the parts were so deuided, that the one were grauen, and the other playne, I would commend it more. And herein the workeman that made the Pantheon, was very iudicious, for that you sée no such confusion in his Ornaments. The worke vnder this Arch is very well made and deuided; it is also a fayre Com­partment, and rich of worke. But it may be, that such as are too much conceited to commend Antiquities of Rome, will (peraduenture) thinke that I am too bold to censure vpon that which hath béene made by such skilfull ancient Ro­manes; but in this respect. I would haue them take my spéeches in good part, for that all my intent is, to shew it them that know it not, and such as will subiect themselues to heare my opinion: for it is not sufficient to make ancient things as they stand, but it is another thing with Vitruuius aduice to chuse out the best and fayrest, and to reiect the worse. It is true, that the chiefest part of an Architector is, that hee mistaketh not himselfe in giuing his censure, as many doe, who being obstinate in their opinions, make all things as they haue séene them, and hereby couer their vnskilful­nesse, without giuing any other reasons of things: and there are some that say, Vitruuius was but a man, and that they also are men sufficient, to make and inuent new things, without regarding, that Vitruuius confesseth to haue learned it from so many skilfull men, partly in his owne time, as also by meanes of the writing of other work men.

[architectural drawing]

BEneath the Campi [...]oglio there is a Tryumphant Arch, which by the inscription may be conceiued to be made in the tune of Lucius Septimus Seuerus, and vnder his name, and by that which men marke and sufficiently find, it is made with Roofes of other buildings: it is also well adorned with good cutting and grauing: it is richly wrought both on the sides, and also before and behind: it was measured by the old Romane Palme of 12. fingers, euery finger of 4. minutes, which in to tall maketh 48. minutes. The widenesse of the Arch in the middle is 22. Palmes, 15. minutes and a halfe. The widenes of the Arches on the sides is 9. Palmes, 30. minutes. The thicknesse of the Arch in the [...]es is 23. Palmes, 25. minutes. The little Gates within the Arches are 7. Palmes and 30. minutes wide. The breadth of the Pilasters with the Columnes is 8. Palmes and 7. minutes. The thicknesse of the Columnes is 2. Palmes, 30. minutes. The thicknesse of the flat Columnes is 28. minutes. This Arch is now vnder the earth as farre as about the Pedestall, (for so high the earth is there raysed with the ruines) but there was a part left vncouered to unasure it, but they could not come to the Base to take the measure thereof, because it was troublesome to remoue the ruines.

The ground of the Arch Tryumphant of Lucius Septimus.

BEfore I haue set downe all the measures of this Arch, touching the Ichnographie, that is the thicknesse and br [...]dth, now I will speake of the height. The height of the middlemost Arch, is 45. Palmes and 3. minutes. The height of the Arches besides, are 25. Palmes. The height of the Pedestall, is about 10. Palmes. The thickenesse of the Columnes is 2. Palmes and 30. minutes in Diameter beneath: but aboue vnder the Capitall, they are 2. Palmes and 16. minutes. The height of them, is 23. Palmes and 25 minutes. The height of the Architraue, in one Palme and 30. minutes. The height of the Fréese, is one Palme, and 3. minutes. The height of the Cornice, is two Palmes and 14. minutes. The height of the Plinthus, aboue the Cornice, marked ✚. is 29. minutes. The Base aboue the Plinthus, is halfe a Palme. The vppermost Cornice, is one Palme and 2. minutes, and proportioned in a greater forme.

[architectural drawing]

IN the side before, I haue set downe all the heights and bredths of the Arch Triumphant, of Lucius Septimus Seuerus: now I will shew the particular, and seuerall parts thereof, as I said before. There is no measure of the Base of the Pe­destals; but it may be thought, that they containe as much at the least, as the Cornice of the Pedestals: which Cornice is a Palme, and so much the Base may hold: of which part, the forme standeth heere in the middle, marked G. The Base of the Columne standeth thereby marked F. the which Base hath a stone or counter-Base vnder the Plinthus: and this may peraduenture be done, because the Columnes could not reach to such a height as they should. The Capi­tall is here not set downe, because you shall see the like in the beginning of the Order, called Composita, in my fourth Booke, for this is Composita worke. The height of the Architraue, is one Palme and 30. minutes: the Fréese is 9. Palmes and 3. minutes: which Freese, for that it is full of grauing, sheweth of a small height where it standeth: and by Vitruuius writing, it ought to stand the fourth part higher then the Architraue; and this is lesse. The height of the Cor­nice, is two Palmes and 14. minutes: which in trueth is much too high, according to the proportions of the other mem­bers; and it sheweth so much the greate [...] because it hath more proiceture of height: and this makes me specially beléeue, that this Arch is made of diuers pieces o [...] the [...] buildings, because of the shrinking of the members. The forme of the Architraue, Fréese and Cornice, is marked [...]th B. The height of the Base, aboue the said Cornice, is halfe a Palme: the height of the last Cornice, is a Palme and two minutes, and hath such a great proiecture, and hanging ouer, as you sée in the Figure: and in such place, I blame not the Cornice; but affirme that it was made with great iudgement: for that the great proiecture makes the Cornice shew great [...] because it is seene from vnder vpwards, and for that there is like matter, it is not in vaine for the building. This [...] here is marked with A. The Cornice which beareth vp the greatest Arch is marked with C. whereof the Prose [...]re is much too great: and for my part, in such a subiect, I would rather giue iudgement that it should be high [...] it with the bearing out, it should not hinder the sight of the Arch. That worke marked D. commeth right on the Facie, which goeth from Columne to Columne, aboue the two little Arches; and this accompanieth the Cornice C. The Cornice marke [...] with E. is that which vpholdeth the smal Arch, the which Cornice hath a Scima, wh [...] should not make fi [...]ch a piece of worke: for that all Cornices, whose crownes haue not their iust Proiecture, are [...] for the [...] of a Cornice, is, that the crowne bee of a good height, and of a good proiecture: wherefore [...] for a co [...]-rule, that the crownes that are higher then their Scima, and those at least, that shall haue as [...] Proiecture [...] height, shall alwayes be commended by men of vnderstanding. This I thought good to set downe [...] ruse [...] thereof that know it not.

[architectural drawing]

IN the kingdome of Naples, viz. betwéene Rome and Naples there are many Antiquities; for that the Romanes had great pleasure in those places: among the which, this Tryumphant Arch is séene, being yet all whole and fayre to sight: and therefore I thought it good to set it among the number of the rest of the Arches (which were made by the Romanes.) This Arch is at Beneuente, on this side of Naples, and was measured with a moderne Ell, whereof the third part is hereunder set downe. The Figure here below, is the Ichnographie of the same Arch; and to shew by whom this Arch was made, is néedlesse, because it may be vnderstood by the writing that standeth thereon. The widenesse of the Arch, is ryght Elles: the thicknesse of the Columnes is an Ell: the Pilaster vnder the Arch, is also as broad: the inter-columne holds thrée Elles: the height of the Arch, is almost as much againe as the bredth: the height of the Base of the Pedestall, with the vnder-Base, is one Ell, ten ounces and sixe minutes: the flat of the Pedestall, is two Elles, ten ounces and sixe minutes: the height of his Cornice, is nine ounces: the height of the Bases of the Columnes, is seuen ounces: the height of the Columnes, without Bases or Capitals, is nine Elles and foure ounces. The thicknesse of the Columnes be­neath, is an Ell in Diameter, and aboue is lessened a sixt part: the height of the Capitall, is an Ell, fiue ounces and an halfe: the height of the Architraue, is 15. ounces: the Fréese is seuentéene ounces high: the height of the Cornice, is oue Ell, thrée ounces and an halfe: the Plinthus, which standeth as counter-Base aboue the Cornice, is 19. ounces and a quarter high: the Base standing vpon it, is 11. ounces high: the height of the Epitaph, is foure Elles and two ounces: the height of the outtermost Cornice, is one Ell and thrée minutes: the height of the impost of the Arch, is halfe an Ell.

This Ell wherewith the [...]ch [...] [...]ed, is deuided into 12. ounces, and each ounce into 5. minutes, which comes from 1 [...] [...] to 60. minutes: and this is the third part of the sayd Ell.

[architectural drawing]

IMP. CAESARI. DIVI NERVAE FILIO,
NERVAE TRAIANO OPTIMO AVG
GERMANICO PONT. II. MAX. TRIB. I.
POTEST. XVIII. IMP. VII. COS. VII. PP.
FORTISSIMO PRINCIPI. S. P. Q. R.

THe Ornaments of the Arch of Beneuenten, which I haue shewne in the leafe before, are here, according to the mea­sure set downe, with the Originall. The Base of the Pedestall, and the Cornice thereof, marked F. are, in truth, two péeces of goed proportion, and fayre péeces for Cornicements. The Base of the Pedestall, together with the Counterbase vnder it, is one Ell, 10. Ounces and 6. minutes high: the Cornice of the sayd Pede [...]tall is 9. Ounces high: the Base of the Columne is 7. Ounces high, and is of Corinthia worke, very well proportioned according to the Columne, and standeth heere marked with F. I haue not set the Capitall here: for that men (as I sayd before) shall find such a one in the beginning of the Compesita, in my fourth Booke, because this Arch is Composita worke. The Arch, Fréese, and Cornice, which stand aboue this Columne, are here marked with C. which péeces are also well pro­portioned on the remnant of this building: and although that the Cornice is somewhat higher then Vitruuius would haue it, neuerthelesse it is well proportioned of members, and the same flat is not in it that is found in other Cornices, which haue the Mutiles and the Dentiles standing together: but this workeman, being circumspect therein, would not cut the téth in the Dentiles, although he hath set the torme thereof in the Cornice, to stanne such a slaunder. The same consideration the workeman that made the Panth [...]on had, in the first Cornice aboue the Chappels, round about the Temple within: and therefore I counsell a workeman, to auoyde such a scandall, and not to repose himselfe vpon the doing of licencions and wilfull workemen, and excuse themselues, saying, Ancient workemen made it, and therefore I may make it as well as they. And although some will argue and say, Why, so many workemen, and in so many pla­ces of the world, (not onely in Italy) but also in diuers other places, haue made Cornices, with Mutiles, and ingrauen Dentiles, and that such a custome is now turned into a Law, yet I would not obserue the same in my workes nor counsell others thereunto. The Countr [...] base, vnder the Epitaph, aboue the Cornice, marked B. is 19. Ounces and a halfe high: the height of the Base thereupon is 11. Ounce [...]: the height of the Epitaph is 4. Elles 4. Ounces: the height of the Cornice is one Ell and 3. Ounces. I much commend the Base of this Epitaph. I commend the Base of this E­pitaph, with so little proiecture, for the séeing vp vnder it, but the Cornice whereof I will speake, is much too high, ac­cording to the proportien of the Epitaph: but were it of lesse height, and the Crowne more, and of more proiecture, I iudge, it would stand better, and I should commend it more: also, if there were not so much caruing or grauing in it: for the members ought so to be deuided, that the one were playne, and the other grauen. But there are many worke­men, and most at this day, that, to make men take pleasure in their had workemanship, make so many cuttings in it, that thereby they confound workemanship, and take away the beauty of forme from it: and if euer, in times past, that fast and single things, vncut, were by skilfull workemen commended, at this time they are not so. This Figure, marked D. is the Impost of the Arch, and is well knowne for such a member; the same Cornice changeth it selfe in a Facie, which goeth round, as you sée, and is halfe an Ell high: and although this Impost of the Arch sheweth no Sculpture, yet is it grauen where it standeth; but I forgot to draw it is.

[architectural drawing]

BY the Amphitheater of Rome, which by the people is called Colisceo, there standeth a very faire Tryumphant Arch, which is wonderfull rich of Ornaments, Images, and diuers Histories, it was dedicated to Constantine, and is vsually called, Larco de Trafill. This fayre Arch, although it is now buried a great part within the earth, by meanes of the ruines, and rising of the earth, is neuerthelesse of great height, and the Gates and passages through it, are yet higher then two foure squares. This Arch (as is before sayd) is passing fayre to the eye, and wonderfull rich of Ornaments & grauing. It is very true, that the Cornices are not of the best maner, although they be excéeding richly gra­uen, whereof I will speake hereafter. This ground hereunder, sheweth the Ichnography of the sayd Arch Trium­phant, and was measured with the old Romish Palme: the breadth of the greatest Arch is 22. Palmes and 24. minutes: the widenesse of the lesser Arches on the sides is 11. Palmes, 11. minutes and a halfe. The thicknesse of the Pilasters are 9. Palmes and 4. minutes: the thicknesse of the Arches in the sides, is 21. Palmes and a halfe: thus the place with­in the Arch is almost foure square: the thicknesse of the Pedestals is 3. Palmes and 29. minutes: the thicknesse of the Columnes is 2. Palmes and 26. minutes; which Columnes are stricked or hollowed, by some called chaneld, and are whole round with their Pillars behind them.

The ground of the Arch Tryumphant of the Emperour Constantius.

THe widenesse and thicknesse of this Arch, is sufficiently set downe; now I will speake of the height thereof: and first, the Base of the Pedestall, with the Plinto, is one Palme and 30. minutes high. The height of the flat, is 7. Palms and 5. minutes: the height of the Cornices of the Pedestals, is 42. minutes: the height of the counter-Base, vnder the Base, or the Plinthus of the Columne, is fiftie and two minutes: the height of the Base is 60. minutes: the height of the body of the Columnes, without Base or Capitall, is 26. Palmes and 25. minutes: the height of the Capitall, is 2. Palmes and 35. minutes, and is Composits. The height of the Architraue, is one Palme and 11. minutes but the Fréese is much lesse, and yet grauen; which, as I haue sayd, at other times is contrary to the doctrine of Vitruuius. The height of the Cornice is a Palme and 21. minutes. The height of the counter-base, vnder the second story, is 3. Palms and 9. minutes: from thence to the highest part of the Cornices, is 21. Palmes: but the height of that Cornice is 33. minutes. The Pedestals aboue the same Cornices were not measured, and thereon stood Images, and aboue the Cor­nices marked B. were Images placed against the 4. Pillasters, which represented the prisoners with whom hee went in tryumph. The letters which stand here, are aboue the Arch, in the place maked A. besides many others, which stand in diuers places of the Arch.

[architectural drawing]

I Haue spoken of the proportion of the measures of the Tryumphant Arch of the Emperour Constantine: now I will speake of the seuerall parts and Cornicements, and set their measures downe. And first, the Base marked F. is of the Pedestall of the said Arch: the height whereof, is a Palme and 30. minutes. The height of the Plinthus vnder the Base is 28. minutes: the rest of the parts are measurably deuided, and proportioned accordingly. The height of the Cornices of the Pedestall, which stand marked vnder the Base E. is 42. minutes, and is also proportioned according to the principall. The counter-Base, vnder the Base of the Columnes (which I thinke were placed there accidentally) to heighten the Columnes, is 32. minutes high: the whole height of this Base of the Columnes, is 53. minutes: touching the height of the Columnes, I spake before, and also of the Capitals; of which Capitals, the forme standeth not here, for that the like doth stand in my fourth Booke, of the Order of Composita: the height of the Architraues, Fréeses and Cor­nices, is also spoken of before: and this Cornice is very séemely, for that there is no licenciousnesse in it, which is in some other Bases of this Arch; as it is in the impost of the middlemost Arch, marked C. the which impost is greater and of more members and parts, then the great and principall Cornice, and is altogether confused in members, and that which is most intolerable, the Dentiles and Mutiles are one aboue the other: and although the Dentiles were not there, yet there néeded not such a Cornice to beare vp an Arch. Herein the workeman of the Theater of Marcellus was more cir­cumspect then this: for the imposts of the Arches of the said Theater, are the fayrest and best of shew for imposts that euer I saw, and such, as from the which a man may learne to make the like. The impost of the lesser Arches marked D. is one Palme and 23. minutes and an halfe high: the which impost would stand much better, if the two flats betwéene the Astra­gall aboue, and the Echine vnder, were turned into playnnesse only; which then would serue for an Abacus, or also for a crowne, hauing the due Proiecture. The Base vnder the second story marked A. is 16. minutes high: the height of the vppermost Cornice, is 43. minutes, which height should bee too little in so great a distance, if it were not that the great Proiecture or Gallery, or ouerhanging holpe it not; because they are seeing vpwards, from vnderneath, which sheweth it to be much greater then it is: therefore I much commend this Cornice in this respect. And truely, all the Cornices, whereof the crowne hath more proiecture then height, answere alwayes better, and may be made thinner of stone, so that the members of the building endure lesse wayght: neuerthelesse, you must not make them of too many licen­cious proiectures: but you shall read hereof in Vitruuius, where he entreateth of the Order of crownes, after the maner of Ionica and Dorica: for he doeth there teach you clearely inough.

[architectural drawing]

This Fi­gure should [...]and in Folio 52. and the Fi­gure in Fo­lio 52. should stand in this place.

WIthout Ancouen vpon the hauen, there is an head which reacheth it selfe a good way into the Sea, which we [...] not made without great cost and charges: it was to defend the ships from the Leuant sea. Vpon the end of the height thereof, standeth an Arch tryumphant, all of Marble and Corinthia worke; and there is nothing in it but the Capitals, which are done in very good worke: and in trueth, this building is so handsome, and of so good correspondencie, the members also agr [...]ing with the whole body, that a man, although he vnderstand no Art, would neuerthelesse take pleasure in the beautie thereof. And those that vnderstand somewhat, séeing such congruitie, are not ouely well contented, but also thanke the good workeman, that hath giuen vs somewhat in these dayes to learne out of this fayre and well made building: in the ornaments whereof, there is the order of Corinthia as well obserued and kept, as in any other Arch that is to be found, and by reason of the strength thereof, it is all whole; onely it is vnfurnished of many ornaments. This faire Arch, as it is conceyued, Nerua Traianus caused to be builded: whereupon, in the highest part of the Arch (as it is sayd) his Image was erected, sitting on horse backe, séeming to threaten she clouds and people, ouer whom he looked and gouerned, lest they should rebell againe: which Image was of Copper excellently well made. There were also betwéene the Columnes, aboue the Cornices, certaine Images of Copper, as the letters in those pla­ces written, doe shew: there are also tokens of holes, which shewes that there were Kings of Copper, or other such like things hanging in them, which might bee taken from the Eothes, Vandals, or other enemies. This building was measured by the ancient foote, the ground whereof standeth hereunder. The widenesse of the Arch is ten foote: the thickenesse inwards is nine foote and two minutes: the thicknesse of the Columnes is two foote, 11. minutes: the Intercolumnes, for spaces betwéene the Columnes, is 7. foote, 5. minutes: the Columnes stand without the wall, 1. foote and 11. minutes: the height of the Arch is 25. foot and 1. third part: and this height, although it holdeth more then two foure squares, is not therefore misshapen, when you behold the whole masse together: the height of the Pedestals with all their Cornices, is 5. foote: the breadth is thrée foote, 15. minutes and a halfe: the height of the Ba­ses of the Columnes, together with the Vnderbases are 1. foote and 36. minutes: the height of the Columnes to the Capitals, is 19. foote, 22. minutes and a halfe: the thicknesse vnder the Capitall is one foote and 56. minutes: the height of the Capitall is 2. foote, 24. minutes, with the Abacus; and the Abacus is 10. minutes: the sayd Capitall you shall find in my fourth Booke, in the beginning of the order of Corinthia: the height of the Architraue is one foote and 12. minutes: the height of the Freefe is one foote and 18. minutes: the height of the Cornice is 1. foote and 22. mi­nutes: the height of the Plinthus aboue the Cornice, is one foote, 6. minutes and a halfe: the height of the Base aboue the sayd Plinthus, is 30. minutes: the height of the Epitaph vnder the Cornice, is 6. foote and 22. minutes; but the Cornice aboue it was not measured.

The halfe of the old Romish foote.

The ground of the Arch tryumphant of Ancouen.

‘Imp. Caesari Diui Neruae. F. Neruae Traiano
Optimo Augusto. Germanico Dacico. Pont.
Max. Tri. Pot. xix. Imp. xi. Cos. vi. P. P. Pro
­videntissimis Principibus. S. P. Q. R.
Quod accessum Italiae, hoc etiam addito. Ex Pe­
cunia sua, Portututiorem Nauigantibus reddiderit.’

IN my opinion, I haue sayd enough of the measure of the Arch of Ancona, yet that the parts of the Cornices may be the better vnderstood, I will shew them here greater: and first, I will set downe the lowest parts, as they stand aboue the ground of the worke. The height of the Pedestall, marked G. is sayd to be of 5. foot, with all the Cornices there­of: but the height of the Plinthus of the Base, is 18. minutes: the Base aboue the Plinthus, is 19. minutes, and a third part high: the Cornice of the Pedestall, is 20. minutes, and a third part high; so much doeth the stone also hold, standing thereby, marked F. which, by my aduice, is placed there, to heighten the Columnes, and sheweth not badly, but more, because it is set forth with a list round about it; whereby the Base differeth from the Plinthus: and so, in my opinion, standeth well. The Base, which is Corinthia, together with the Cincte of the Columne, is 43. minutes high: and the Proiecture, is 16. minutes and an halfe in bredth: the thicknesse of the Pedestall, is 3. foote, 15. minutes and an halfe: the thicknesse of the Columne, is 2. foote, 11. minutes: and there stand 13. hollowings, or chanels, without the Pilaster: the widenesse of one chanell, is 7. minutes and a halfe: and the List which parteth them, is 2. minutes and a halfe. The height of the Capitals are the thicknesse of the Columnes below, without the Abacus: which Capitall hath a very fayre forme, whereby we may be perswaded and beleeue, that Vitruuius doctrine is false, and that Vitruui­us vnderstood the height of the Capitall without Abacus: (and for this cause) for that the most part of the Capitals that I haue séene and measured, are most of such height, and higher, and specially the Capitals that stand in the Rotund: whereof, in the beginning of this Booke you may sée one. The height of the Architraue aboue the Columne, is one foote and twelue minutes. The height of the Fréese, is one foote and eyghtéene minutes. The height of the Cornice, is one foote and two and twenty minutes. These thrée are marked together with an A. The Plinthus aboue the Cor­nice is one foote, sixe minutes and an halfe high: The Base vpon it, is thirtie minutes: the space wherein the let­ters are written, is sire foote and two and twenty minutes, and is marked with ✚. The Impost of the Arch is marked D. the height whereof is 1. foote and fiftéene minutes: but the vppermost Cornice, as I haue sayd, was not measured. The height of the Mensole in place of the closing stone, marked B. aboue the Arch, is thrée foot and 30. minutes: and hath a foote and 14. minutes without the wall, in the vppermost part; and in the parts below, it comes out a foot. The foure tables with the Cornices vpon them, which stand betwéene the Columnes, are thought to be placed there, for hol­ding vp of halfe Images: the forme whereof, standeth here marked E. and is there also by the Profill on the side, where­by a man may sée how they are wrought: for they are full of worke, euen to the Center. The height of the Cornices, standing aboue them, is 32. minutes: and although I haue not shewed all the Proiectures & heights from part to part, yet I haue with great diligence reduced them from the great, into a small forme, and were (as I sayd before of the rest) measured with the old Romane foot.

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THe Towne of Pola in Dalmatia, is adorned with many Antiquities: besides the Theater & Amphitheater, where­of I spake before, there are other Buildings, whereof now I will speake. There is an Arch Tryumphant, of Corinthia worke, rich of ornaments, for Figures, works, and strange deuices; so that from the Pedestal vpwards, there is no worke nor space lest vngrauen, not onely before, but also on the sides, and within, and vnder in the Arch, wherein are many and diuers works, so that it would require long time to declare them particularly: therefore I will shew such parts thereof as are necessary for a workeman, for inuention and Arte. The ground of the Arch following standeth hereunder, measured with a Moderne or common foote, whereof the halfe is here set downe. The Arch is 12. foot and a halfe wide: the height is about 21. foot. The Pilasters in the sides inward are 4. foot thicke. The thicknes of a Columne is one foote, 9. ounces and a halfe. The Intercolumne is 2. foot, 3. ounces and a halfe. The Pilaster of the Arch is one foot, 2. ounces broad. The height of the Plinthus vnder the Base of the Pedestall, is one foote. The Base is 4. ounces high. The flat of the Pedestall is 3. foot: the Cornice 4. ounces. The Plinthus marked D. vnder the Columnes is 4. ounces. The height of the Base with the Plinthus is 10. ounces and one quarter. The height of the Columne is 16. foote, one ounce and 3. quarters. The height of the Capitall is 2. foot and one ounce. The height of the Architraue is one foote and one ounce. The height of the Fréese is one foote and 2. ounces. The height of the Cornice is one foote and 10 ounces. The height of the Plinthus aboue the Cornice is one foote and 2. ounces. The height of the Base of the Pedestall, and also of the Plinthus vpon it, is one foote and 2. ounces: but the height of the Base alone is 10. ounces. The height of the flat of the Pedestall is 2. foote and one ounce. The Cornice is 6. ounces. The Cauet aboue the Cornice, (which Vitruuius, as I thinke, calleth Corona lisis) is 5. ounces: and this is the measure of the ground following.

The halfe common foote.

This is the ground of the Arch triumphant of Pola.

The measure of this present Arch is set downe before: in this side following, the particular parts shall bee shewed. These great letters hereunder, stand in the Fréese, marked Y. SALVIA. POSTVMA. SERGI, DE SVA PECVNIA. These vnder marked, stand in thrée Pedestals, marked X. H. A.

• L. SERGIVS. C. F. AED. II. VIR.
• L. SERGIVS. L. F. LEPIDVS. AED. TRI. MIL. LEG. XXIX.
• C. SERGIVS. C. F. AED. II. VIR. QVINQ.

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IN the side before, I haue spoken of the vniuersall measure of the Arch triumphant of Pola, and haue also shewed the Figure thereof, and partly set downe some of the richest and fairest ornaments of the same: Now I will set downe the particular measures of the parts thereof: and first, I will begin with y ^e nether parts, as that was placed first aboue the ground. The height of the Plinthus vnder the Base of the Pedestall, is one foot; although that vnder it there lieth another of much more height, but it is vnder the earth: the height of the Cimatie turned about aboue it, with the Astragalus, is 4. ounces: the flat of the Pedestall, is 3. foot high: the Cimatie aboue, it is 4. ounces, & so much also is the vnder-Base, aboue the Cimatie: the height of the Base of the Columnes, is 10. ounces, and is very well cut and grauen: and although the forme is Dorica, yet the delicate works thereof shew that it is Corinthia: the Columnes are fluited or chaneled from the top to the bottom; and there are also many hollowings without the Pilaster, as the Figure hereafter doeth shew. The height of the Capitall with the Abacus, is two foote and one ounce: the which Capitall is higher then the thicknesse of the Columne beneath. Neuerthelesse, it is very well, and sheweth pleasing to sight; it is also richly wrought, as it is here shewed in the Figure thereof: and alwayes, as the Capitall of Corinthia is in such proportion a­gainst the Columne, I would thinke it better to the view of workemen; then if with the Abacus it had but the height of the Diameter of the Columne: and although Vitruuius writeth thus (as is before sayd) yet may his text be falsified. The height of the Architraue, is one foot and one ounce: the height of the Fréese, is one foote and two ounces: the height of the Cornice, is a foote and ten ounces: which Cornice is very licencions, although it be rich of worke, because such rich­nesse of worke confoundeth it: but that which is most vnséemely in it, is the Echine with the Ouale aboue the Seima, a thing, in trueth, much vnsightly: and that, which is more worthy laughter, is, that the said Echine in the vpper part, is cut through, without being couered with any list, that it might not bee consumed with the water. But there hath al­wayes béene licencious workemen, as there are yet in our dayes, who, to please the people, make much grauing in their workes, without respecting the qualities of the orders, and will also in Dorica worke, which should bee fast and strong, vse much grauing and cutting, as in Corinthia worke, which, by their folly, asketh many ornaments. But wise and iudicious workemen will alwayes obserue Decorum: and if they make worke after Dorica maner, they will follow good Antiquities: which, for the most part, agrée with Vitruuius precepts. If they make any worke after the Corinthia maner, then they couer them with Ornaments, as that kind of worke requireth. This I haue set downe, to aduertise those thereof that know it not; for they that know it, néede not my aduice. Now to come to the pur­pose agayne: Aboue this Cornice there is a Basement, which maketh out thrée Pedestals; the Plinthus vnder the Base­ment, which is there set against the proiecture of the Cornices, (for otherwise, in looking vp, it would darken the Base) is a foot high; aboue it standeth the Base, whereof the height is 10. ounces: the flat of the Basement, is 2. foot & 1. ounce high: the Cornice aboue it, is halfe a foote high; which Cornice is very seemely, and the parts thereof deuide themselues very well from each other, for that betwéene the two carued members there standeth one playne aboue: the Cornice is that member or part, called Corona lisis, as I vnderstand Vitruuius, whereof the height is 5. ounces. Aboue these there are some stones that shew to no end at all, but it may be thought, that some things stoode vpon them: the height of these stones is 10. ounces: the height of the Impost of this Arch is 10. ounces; the which Impost is very licenciously made: and although those 3. members one aboue the other, are diuers, yet they are like each other in proiecture: and therefore in the worke they stand to no good effect: the other parts you shall know by the Caracters in the great Arch.

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IN Verona, there are many tryumphant Arches; among the rest, there is one Gate, called Castel Vecchio: the which, truely, is of good proportion: this Arch, as men conceaue, was wrought both before and behind, and also on the sides: it had two goings in, as you may perceaue by the ground which is yet séene, although I shewed but one side onely. This building was measured by the same foot, wherewith the Arch of Pola aforesayd was measured. The widenes of this Arch is ten foote and an halfe: the thicknesse of the Columnes, is two foot and two ounces: the intercolumnes, are 4. foot and 3. ounces: the Pilaster or Pillar of the Arch, is 2. foote and 2. ounces broad. The thickenesse of the Arch in the sides inward, is 4. foot and an halfe: the widenesse of the Tabernacle betwéene the Columnes, is two foot and ten ounces: and thus much for the widenesse and thickenesse: but comming to the height, the Base of the Pedestall of the Co­lumnes, together with the Plinthus, is one foote and thrée ounces high: the flat of the Pedestall, is foure foot, thrée ounces and an halfe: the Cornice is ten ounces and an halfe: the height of the Base of the Columnes, is one foot: the height of the body of the Columne, without Base or Capitall, is 17. foote and thrée ounces: the height of the Capitall, is two foot, foure ounces and an halfe. The height of the Architraue, is one foot and an halfe: the height of the Fréese is one foote, 7. ounces and an halfe: the height of the Cornice, is one foot and ten ounces: and although that in this Figure there is the Frontispice, yet you sée it not in the Arch; for from the first Cornice vpwards there is nothing at all: neuerthelesse, al­though the wall is this yéere consumed▪ yet you may sée there some signes, whereby a man may conceaue that the Fronti­spice hath béene there. The vppermost Cornice is not there, and therefore I set no measures, according to all Antiqui­ties: but I haue made one, with such measure and formes, as my selfe would haue made it, hauing for a common rule, that the vppermost things stand the fourth part lesse, then the nethermost: this Cornice therefore, shall be the fourth part lesse then that which standeth vnder it, and is thus deuided, that the whole height should be set in foure parts and an halfe: the halfe part shall be for the Astragal with the list, and the fourth part shalbe for the Scima. The Proiecture must be like the height, & so shall this vppermost Cornice be made in maner aforesaid. Betwéene the Columnes stand Tabernacles, wherein there were Images, whereof the widenesse is two foot and ten ounces: the height is seuen foote, and the depth thereof in the wal, is one foote and ten ounces: the height of their Basement, is 4. foot, with the Base and Scima: the little Pillars on eyther side, are halfe a foot thicke: the Architraue is 7. ounces and an halfe: the Fréese is 6. ounces high: the height of the Cornice without the Scima is 4. ounces: the height of the Timpanum of the Frontispice, is 8. ounces. Aboue these Tabernacles are small tablets with other Cornices: the which tablets are two foot broad, and hold one foot in height: the height of each Cornice is 11. ounces: the height of the opennesse of the Arch, although it be somewhat dig­ [...]d below, is yet twise higher then broad: for the widenesse thereof, is 10. foote and a quarter: and the height is 25. foote and an halfe. The Capitall vnder the Arch, is as high as broad: the worke of this Arch is Composita, and brauely set out with Images of Marble and Copper, as you may perceaue in the voyd places.

This is the ground of the Arch following.

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THis forme of the Arch Tryumphant of Castel Vecchio in Verona, is made as it is here set downe: and although from the Freeses vpwards, there are no signes of ornaments; neuerthelesse, it did stand so. And for that the parts hereof are o [...]mall that you can hardly vnderstand them, in the next side they shall bee for downe in a greater and playner form. This Arch tryumphant (by that which is found written within the inner parts thereof) by some is sayd, that Vitruuius caused it to be made: but I beleeue it not, and that for two reasons or causes. First, that I see not in the Inscription, that it saith, Vitruuius Polio: but it is possible that it was another Vitruuius that caused it to be made. The second reason is this, that Vitruuius Polio, in his writing of Architecture, doeth vtterly condemne and reiect Mu­tiles and Dentiles, standing together in one Cornice, and such a Cornice is found in this Arch. And therefore I conclude, that Vitruuius, the great and learned Architector, made it not: but bee it as it will, this Arch hath a good forme and pro­portion.

These letters are vnder the Taber­nacle in the Pedestall. C. GAVIO. C. F. STRABONI.

These letters are cut in she inward side of the Arch. L. VITRVVIVS. LL. CERDO ARCHITECTVS.

These letters are also in the Pede­stall of the Tabernacle. M. GAVIO. C. F. MACRO.

[architectural drawing]

BEcause I haue not fully written the particular measures of the members of the aforesayd Arch, neither haue I shewed it in such forme that a man may conceaue the particular measures: therefore you may sée them here set out in greater forme, and in such sort as they are: and first, the height of the Plinthus, vnder the Base of the Pedestall, marked G. is a foote and thrée ounces. The height of the Base abous vpon it, is 6. ounces. The flat of the Pe­destall, marked F. is 4. foot, 3. ounces and an halfe high. The Cornice vpon it, is 10. ounces and an halfe high. The Base of the Columne, is one foote high. The Plinthus of this Base turneth into a Corona lisis; which me thinkes, is very pleasant: for that I haue two some Gréeke Pedestals so. The Columne is strycked, chanelled or hollowed, from the toy to the bottom. The height of the Capitall of this Columne, is one foot, 4. ounces and an halfe: but the forme is not here, because it is shewed in the beginning of the Order of Composita: which Capitall, in effect, is Composita, al­though the Arch may be wholly accompted to bee Corinthia: and this Capitall standeth in that place, maked C. Also, in the same place you see the Capitall of the impost of the Arch, which is marked with D. But the little Capitall of the Ta­bernacle betweene the Columnes, is here marked H. And the Cornice also, with the Ease, marked E. is that which is vnder the Tabernacle. The Figure C. is the table aboue the sayd Tabernacles, and the Figure marked D. is the Architraue, Fréese and Cornice, of the Frontispicium of the Tabernacle. The Figure marked with B. is the worke which goeth about the Arch: the Cornice marked A. is the principall Cornice aboue the Arch; the which, in effect, is very comely, and well wrought: yet it is vicious, as I haue often sayd; that is, the Mutiles and the Dentiles therein are by Vitruuius reiected, with many strong reasons. But in this, many men affirme, that fithence Vitruuius time, many workemen haue made Mutiles with Dentiles, in most places of Italy, and there round about, so that now there is no question made thereof; but euery man hath libertie to make that in his worke which he findeth and séeth in Antiquities: whereunto I answere, that disprouing the same, they haue prooued their cause to be good. But if they will acknowledge Vitruuius for a learned Architector, as most workemen affirme, then (reading Vitruuius with good iudgement) they must confesse and acknowledge, that they haue done amisse therein.

The halfe of the foot, wherewith the Ichnographie, and the Orthographie, together with the ornaments of this Building, are measured.

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IN Verena, at the Gate Dei Leoni, there is a Tryumphant Arch, with two like goings through, which I neuer saw in any other place besides, but many with 3. Arches: which building, although it hath the figure of 6. windowes, yet go they not through, neyther yet very déepe in the wall: whereby you may iudge, that some round Images stoode in them. Aboue the first Cornice this building is hollow, in maner of a Nich or seate, but not very déepe in the wall, but yet with helpe of the proiecture, or striking out of the Cornice, men might stand there to doe some thing or other, while the Tri­umph lasted: but for that this concerneth the workeman very little, I will speake of the measures. And first, the ope­ning of the 1. Arch is 11. foote wide, and 18. foote high: the Blocke vnder the Pedestall, is one foote high: the Base of the Pedestall is 3. Ounces: the flat of the Pedestall is 2. foote and one Ounce high: and the Cornice is 3. Ounces: the height of the Bases of the Columnes is 8. Ounces and a halfe: the height of the Columnes, without Bases or Ca­pitals is 12. foote and 1. third part: their thicknes is 1. foot, 4. Ounces: the height of the Capitall is 1. foote, 8. Oun­ces: the height of the Architraue is one foote, 5. Ounces: the height of the Fréese is one foote, 8. Ounces; and so much is the height of the Cornices: from the Cornices to the second Roofe is 3. foote and a halfe, whereon there are certayne Mu­tiles, whereupon Images had stoode, made fast to the 7. Pilasters, betwéene which, little windowes, beautified with small pillars, stand, but not much bearing out: the widenes of a window is 2. foote, 2. Ounces: their height is 4. foot, 3 Ounces: the height of the greatest Columnes is 5. foote, 4. Ounces, with Bases and Capitals which are flat, not not much raysed vp. The height of the second Architraue is 6. Ounces and a halfe: the height of the Fréese is one foot and a halfe: the height of the Cornice is 10. Ounces and a halfe: the Corona licis aboue the same Cornice, is 10. Oun­ces high. The Base of the second Pedestall is one foote, the flat o [...] it selfe is 3. foote, 7. Ounces and a halfe high: the Base of the second Columne is 8. Ounces: the height of the Columnes is 8. foote. 3. Ounces and a halfe. The thick­nesse of the sayd Columnes is 10. Ounces and a halfe: the height of the Capitall is one foote, one Ounce and a halfe: the height of the Architraue is one foote and one Ounce: the height of the Fréese is 1. foote, 2. ounces: the height of the Cornice is one foote, whereon there standeth some part of the wall, but a man cannot perceiue what it might be. This Arch is not very thicke, neyther beautified on the sides; for that behind this Arch there is another, standing so néere to­gether, that a man can hardly goe betwéene them both, as I will shew hereafter when I speake of the other figure: the windowes stand not in any good order, but somewhat vnséemely: for the 2. windowes are not right in Perpendicular vpon the sharpe poynt of the Frontispice, but some part aside, which sheweth not well: and for that I could not endure such disorder, I haue placed them orderly. The Capitals of these Arches are part Composita, and part Corinthia, as hereafter I will set downe in Figure.

Louing Reader, Corottus, a Paynter in Verona, hath counterfeited this Arch: the Cornice vnder the Timpanum is not there: for he placeth there certayne order of figures resting vpon the Architraue: the which Architraue, you must vnderstand, is betweene the 2. Columnes ouer each Arch, and is somewhat flat, because of the writing following.

Ouer this Arch, on the right haud, these letters following stand. ‘ T. FLAVIVS P. F. NORICVS, IIII. VIR. ID. V. F. BAVIA. Q. L.
PRIMA SIBI, ET POLICLITO, SIVE SERVO, SIVE LIBERTO MEO,
ET L. CALPVRNIO VEGETO.’

[architectural drawing]

HEre before, I spake of the vniuersall measure of the sayd Arch, and thereunto set downe the forme, according to the proportion of the same, but cannot giue perfectly the particular parts in so small a forme. Of which members, for that there are diuers ornaments in them, I will in this lease declare them: touching the height and thicknesse, I will speake no more; for I haue done it already: but I will onely shew which they are. The Figure marked G. is the first Pedestall, with the Bases, and the beginning of the Columnes, the which is hollowed: all the members are proportioned according to their greatnesse. The Capitall marked E. hauing the Architraue vpon it, followeth vp­on the first Columne, as the hollowing sheweth. The Figure marked D. is the Architraue, Fréese and Cornice toge­ther, which stand aboue the first Columne: which Cornice, by the authoritie and example, which is by me in many pla­ces alledged, the iudicious Reader may know, whether they be erroneous or good. The Capitall marked F. is that, which vpholdeth the Arch vpon the fouresquare Pillars; these two Capitals are called, Latine worke, and very fayre. I will not, as I haue said, speake of the measures, for that this Figure is proportioned after the principall, and with great diligence transported from the great into the small.

The halfe of the common foote, wherewith the aforesayd double Arch, with the following ornaments, is measured.

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AS I sayd before, the Arch is very rich of ornaments, and among them, some very fayre and perfect; some also very vicious & ill made: and in trueth, I finde nothing that more misliketh me, then the Cornice marked D. in the other lease, for the reasons before shewed: but all the rest before set downe are of good proportion, as well the workes as the Cornices. And as the parts of the first story are, so are these following of the second story. The Mutiles marked H. are in the beginning of the second story aboue the Frontispicie: vpon which Images (as I haue declared) there were Images fastened against the flat Pilasters. The window marked I. is the forme of one of the Windowes with the Cornice vpon it and therefore iust of his measure. That Capitall and the Base marked K. is of the same windowes, shewed in greatest forme, that the members may be the better vnderstood. That Base and Ca­pitall marked L. is the little Pillar betweene the Pilasters and the window: and in trueth, in these two Bases, that is, that of the greatest of the small Pillars ioyned with the lesser, the workeman was very iudicious to accord or agrée the one with the other, that the greatest Pillar should haue his due Base, and the lesser should also haue a lesse Base, accor­ding to proportion, which I commend much. The Architraue, Fréese and Cornice, marked C. sheweth that of the se­cond story, aboue the small Pillars: this Cornice is very séemely, and not confused with cutting. The Pedestall mar­ked B. sheweth that of the last story, whereof the Base marked M. doth rest: also the Capitall which standeth aboue, is his companion, and is truly Corinthia, the which is confirmed to the principall, for worke and fashion, and in my o­pinion, very séemely. That Architraue, Fréese, and Cornice, marked A. sheweth the last Cornice: the Architraue is not vicious, because it hath onely two Facies; for if it had thrée, it would, by the farre distance, stand cumbred: the Cor­nice with the Mutiles, liketh me well, because it hath no Dentiles; and is also well deuided with members: neither is it confused with much grauing, but hath a séemely Proiecture, which heaueth vp the height thereof a little.

The halfe of the common foot.

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THis Arch tryumphant was made before the Arch aforesayd, which the table sheweth, wherein there standeth P. VALERIVS. Q. CECILIVS. Q. SERVILIVS: P. CORNELIVS. it is thought it was set vp in the time of Hanibal. This is measured with the same measure that the other is: the widenes of each Arch is 11. foote the height is 17. foote the Pilasters of the Arch are one foote, 8. ounces broad: betwéene the 2. Pilasters are 5. foote, 4. ounces: the sides, eche holdeth 3. foot. The Cimatie vnder the C. in place of an Architraue, is 6. ounces and an halfe: the height of the Fréese, is one foote. 7. ounces and an halfe: the list aboue the Freese is 2. ounces: the Cimatie vnder the Dentiles, is 4. ounces and a quarter: and the Cimatie aboue it, is one ounce and an halfe. That Astragall is one ounce. The Cima­tie vnder the crowne, is one ounce and a third part: the crowne is 3. ounces and an halfe high: the Cimatie thereof, is 2. ounces and a quarter. The Scime is 3. ounces and an halfe high: but the list is 2. ounces: the Proiecture of all, is as much as the height. The Basement aboue this Cornice, is one foote, one ounce and an halfe in height: the thicknesse of the hollowed Columnes, is 1. foot, 3. ounces: the height without Capitals, is 7. foot, one ounce and an halfe. The Capi­tall is 10. ounces high. This Columne hath no Base nor Cinthe. Carettus, who also counterfeited this Arch, séeeth but foure places where Histories are grauen, and 5. Columnes in this third story: in the second story but 4. windowes, and 5. Pilasters: and aboue them, 5. Columnes: the third Cornice you cannot come vnto.

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THis figure

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B. is the Architraue, Fréese & Cor­nice aboue the windows, and the height of the first Facie is 8. ounces, & a 3. part. The second Facie, is 9. ounces & an halfe. The Tenia is thrée ounces. The Fréese is 1. foot and 4. ounces high: y ^e breath of y ^e triglyphs is one foot: the list thereabout is a 3. part of an ounce. The other aboue that, is 1. ounce and a 4. part. The Cimatie vnder y ^e Den­til, is 2. ounces and a 4. part. The height of the Dentile is 4. ounces and a 3. part. The Couet aboue it, is 1. ounce. The Astragals art 3. quarters of an ounce: the Cimatie aboue it, is 1. ounce and a quarter: the height of y ^e Corona is 4. ounces: the Ci­maty is 2. oun­ces: the height of the Scime is 4. ounces: the list is 2. oūces & an halfe: the Proiecture of all, is like the height y ^e whole height may be called Dorica. only the grauē Astragall: but it was a toy of the worke­mans brauie. Many other things are in Verona, wher­of I will not speak, because they are very licencious; & specially the Arch triumphant, called De. Bursari, because it is barbarous worke [...]

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HAuing spoken of many Antiquities, and placed them in Figure; it is requisite that I also shew some of those that were made in these dayes, and specially, of Bramants worke, although I haue not altogether omitted it, hauing shewed the wonderfull worke of S. Peters Church, and other things belonging to holy Temples. And in truth, a man may well say, that he restored good and perfert Architecture, as yet, by the meanes of Iulio P. M. many fayre pieces of worke were made by him in Rome, do witnesse; of the which, this set here, is one: this is a Gallery made in Beluedere, in the Popes Court, wherein are two fayre things to be séene: the one is, the strength thereof; the which, for that the Pilasters are of so great bredth and thicknesse, will last, while the world endureth: the other, for that there are so many accompagments so well set out, with good inuention, and excellent proportion: this worke is measured with the ancient Palme. The bredth of the Arches, is 18. Palmes: and so much are the Pilasters: the bredth of the Pi­lasters is deuided into 11. parts: one part on eyther side of the Pilaster, which beareth the Arch shall haue, which is two parts: other two parts shall be giuen vnto one Columne, that is 4. parts: 2. parts shall be giuen to the little Pilasters of the Niches, or hollow seates, and 3. parts to the Niches themselues: so are the 11. parts distributed. The height of the Pedestals shall be halfe the widenesse of the Pilasters. The height of the Base of the Pedestals, shall haue one part of the before sayd 11 parts. The Cornice is the 9. part lesse then the Base. The height of the Columnes, with Bases and Capitals, are of 9. Diameters, and thereunto also the seuenth part. The Base is halfe the thickenesse of the Co­lumnes. The Capitall is of the same thickenesse: and the seuenth part for the Abacus. The height of the Architraue, Fréese and Cornice, is as much as the Pedestall without his Base. And this height is deuided into 11. parts, foure for the Architraue, 3. for the Freese, because it is vngrauen, and 4. for the Cornice, as the halfe Circle of the Arch is drawne; then the heights of the lights will be double: after that, the imposts being drawne in their places, the which are of halfe a Columne thicke, and so the Niches or seates, and the Quadrans aboue them, haue their certaine proportion.

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BEcause I could not (by reason of the smalnesse of the Figure) perfectly shew the parts of the Gallery aforesayd, therefore I haue shewed them hereunder in greater forme: the part C. is the Pedestall of this Gallery, and vpon it the Base of the Columne slandeth, proportioned according to the great: the part B. sheweth the impost of the Arch, with a part thereof. The Figure marked A. sheweth the Architraue, Fréese & Cornice aboue the Columnes. The generall measures, touching the height, are already sh [...]wne, therefore not to be mentioned againe: for they are pro­portioned after the great. In this Cornice the workeman was very iudicious, that he suffered the Corona to go through vnbroken; and suffered the other parts of the Corona to beare outwards, which is very séemely, and the crowne the stron­ger, and kéepeth the whole worke from water: with which inuention, the workeman may helpe himselfe in diuers acci­dents; for the reaching out of Cornices stand not alwayes well, but in some places well, and in some places ill; and the bearings out vntolerable, where the Columnes on the sides haue no Pilasters: of these bearings out, I will say more in the fourth Booke, in the handling of foure maner of Simmetrie of Columnes.

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IN the leafe before, I shewed a piece of worke of Bramants making: and now I will shew another of his workes, from whence a wise workeman may helpe himselfe much, by meanes of the diuers and sundry ornaments that are in it. In this Gallery, the workeman would shew thrée stories or orders one aboue another, viz. Dorica, Ionica, and Corin­thia: and in trueth, the orders were faire, well set out, and placed: notwithstanding, that the Pilasters of the first story or order being Dorica, were somewhat too weake, and the Arches too wide, to the proportion of the Pilasters; and therewith the weight of the wall of the Ionica order standing vpon it, was an occasion that it was broken, ruinated and decayed in short time. But Balthazar of Sciene, a skilfull workeman, repayred the decayed ruines, making counter Pilasters, with vnder-Arches: therefore I haue said, wise workemen may learne of this building; not onely to imitate fayre and well made things, but also to beware of errors, and alwayes to consider what wright the nethermost story is to sustaine: therefore I counsell a workeman rather to be timerous, then ouer-bold; for if he be timerous, he will alwayes chuse the surest way, and make his worke with consideration, and will vse counsell, yea of such as are lesse skilfull then himselfe, of whom sometime men often learne: but if he be high-minded, and trusteth too much to his own skill and know­ledge, then he will scorne another mans counsell, whereby oftentimes he deceyueth and ouer-shooteth himselfe; so that oftentimes his worke falleth out badly. Now I will turne to speake of this Gallery, and set downe some notes of the proportion thereof. The widenesse of the Arch shall bee deuided into eyght parts, whereof thrée parts shall be for the bredth of the Pilasters, and the height of the Arch shall containe 16. of such parts. The forepart of the Pilasters shall be deuided into foure parts, whereof two parts shall be for the Pilasters of the Arches, and the other two shall be for the thicknesse of the Columnes: the height of the Pedestals shall containe halfe the widenesse of the lights: the height of the Columnes shall bee eyght parts of their thicknesse, with the Bases and Capitals. The height of the Architraue, Fréese and Cornice, is a fourth part of the length of the Columne. The second story shall bee lesse then the first by a fourth part, viz. That from the Pauement of the Dorica story, to the highest of the Cornice, shall be deuided into 4. parts, and 3. of them shall be for the whole story of the Ionica worke, and so shall all the parts particularly bee lessened in themselues a fourth part. The like also shall be done with the third story, which is Corinthia, in regard of the second order, although it standeth not here, because the Figure is drawne too great: but not to put the Reader in a maze or doubt at the Columnes which stand here in the middle, as desirous to know how they end at the top; you must vnderstand, that you shall finde such inuention in the fourth Booke, in the Order of Dorica in the side H 2. that al­though that those Columnes are Ionica in the sayd Booke, notwithstanding, you may make them Corinthia. And that the workeman might the better vnderstand the members and Cornicements of this worke, I haue shewed them in grea­ter forme, and proportioned them according to the principall: I speake of the members of the first story: for a man could not easily come to measure the other.

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AT Beluedere, at the entry of the Popes Court, through the Callery, which I haue set downe before, for the pla­ces alwayes goe vpwards, there is a going vp which is very fayre: at the head wherof, you come to a plaine, which hath the forme of a Theater; the ground whereof is shewed vnder this: and thereto I haue set the Profill, that you may vnderstand it. Here I haue kept no account of the measures, destring onely to shew the inuention of the stayres, and the halfe Circle as it standeth. This halfe Circle is very much eleuated from the Court of the Popes house to the Palace-ward: and behind the halfe Circle, you [...] a great playne with fayre appertements; at which place, you goe through the two Gates, which you sée in the sides of this ha [...] Circ [...]; in which places there are many faire Ima­ges, and among the rest Laocoon, Apollo, Tyber, Venus, Cleopatra, and Hercules.

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T [...] the Orthography of the ground shewed Folio 69. and as I haue sayd, I will not speake of the measure [...]eof, but onely of the inuention: and although that here on eyther side, onely one Pilaster, with his Columnes, [...]s shewed, yet is it not vnlike some Galleries, whereof I haue spoken before, and that appeareth by the double Co­ [...]mnes, together with the Niches or hollow seates, with the Quadrans aboue them. In Beluedere there are many other things, which I haue showne, & among other things, there are wonderfull winding Stayres, in the ground whereof, there standeth a Fountayne, flowing excéedingly with water, the which going vp is all full of Columnes in the innermost part: which Columnes are of foure Orders: viz. Dorica, Ionica, Corinthia, and Composita: but that which is most wonderfull and ingenious, is that betwéene one and the other Order, there is no difference or distance, but men goe from the Dorica to the Ionica, and from the Ionica to the Corinthia, and from the Corinthia to the Compo­sita, with such cunning, that a man cannot perceiue where one Order endeth and goeth into the other: so that I am of opinion, that Bramant neuer made a fairer nor costlier piece of worke then this.

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Wyll out Reme, at Mente Mario, there is a very fayre place, with all things belonging to a place of pleasure, of which particular parts I will rather refrayne to speake, then not shew them sufficiently, onely I will speake of a Gallery, with the Facies thereof, made by an excellent workman Raphael Durbin, who hath made diuers appertements and be­ginnings to oth [...]r workes, as the Courtill, although that it is fouresquare, yet he had fashioned it round, as the founda­tion partly sheweth. That Vestibul [...]n marked A. and the two places, B. and C. stand not in such forme, but I haue placed them there to fill vp the ground: for the part C. endeth in an hill, as also the part E. but in the other side of the Gallery m [...]ked F. there is no halfe Circle, and that was left out, not to pinch some of the appertements, but to accom­pany other members by it. The order of this Gallery is very fayre: the roofe whereof is concordickly, altred: for that the andole part is with a round tribune; and those two on the sides are crosse-wise. In which roofe, and also in the walles, [...]anvan Vdenon hath made wonderfull great pieces of paynted worke: so that regarding the fayre and excellent worke­manship of Architecture, with the beautifying of paynting, together with diuers ancient Images, this Gallery may well be called, one of the fayrest that euer was made. And whereas it is spoken of an halfe Circle which doth not answere the rest, neither the workeman not willing to leaue it vndecked or vnfurnished, his Disciple Iulio Romano, in the Facie thereof, paynted the great Gyant Poliphemus, with many Satyres round about: which worke, Cardinall de Medicis, that after was Pope, by the name of Clement, caused to be made. The measure of this Gallery I will not set downe, but the inuention shall suffice the workeman, for that all things are proportioned according to the great; and hereafter you shall see it made vpright, together with the Facie of the Gallery, but the Niches or hollow seates on the sides are not there.

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B [...] thee part following, marked B. A. you may conceiue the roofe of the aforesayd Gallery, the sayrenesse whereof consis [...]eth march in the corner marked ✚ (the which giueth to vnderstand also the thrée others, being well placed) and s [...]ew well in the heading vp of the tribune in the middle, going alwayes binding with the duplication of Pillars, to each Facie of the Pilasters: which Pillars (in regard the Coronas remayne whole) make not the Pilaster shew b [...]e, but ra­ther [...]ch bre k [...] o [...] Pilasters into two Pillars, maketh a large seeing vpwards, and stands (neuerthelesse) in manner and place [...] a fra [...]e Pillar: for the Base of the sayd Pilasters follow also. And for that in the Figure following in the Pilaster, there is but one Pillar with a peece shewed, yet to make it better to be vnderstood, is, that each Facie of the Pi­lasters within the Gallery is to be deuided into thrée, of the which a man may make two flat Pillars, and at the corners one Intercolumne: so that (as it is sayd) although there are two flat Pillars with one Intercolumne, yet, altogether, it is but one Pilaster.

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AMong other Cities of Italy, Naples is called, La Gentile, and that not onely in respect of the great Barons, Lords, Earles, Dukes, and great numbers of Gentlemen therein, but also, because it is so well furnished with stately Houses and Palaces, as any other parts of Italy. And among other pleasant places that are without the Citie, there is a place called Poggio Reale, which King Alphonsus caused to be made for his pleasure, in that time (then most fortunate) when Italy was in peace, and now vnfortunate, by reason of the discords therein. This Pa­lace hath a very faire scituation, and is well deuided for Roomes, for that in each corner thereof might bee lodged a strong company of men: in the middle there are sixe great Chambers, besides the Roomes vnder the ground, together with some secret Chambers. The forme of this faire building in the ground, as also, the building that standeth vpright, is here set downe in the next leafe: the measure thereof I set not downe vnto you, onely, because I will shew you the inuention: for a workeman may imagine of what greatnesse he will haue a Chamber, being all of one greatnesse; and then from those Chambers he may imagine all the measures of the rest of the building: which building the Noble King vsed for his pleasure, because men accustomed to dwell in the Countrey in the Summer time. The Court of this Palace is compassed with double Galleries: and in the middlemost place, marked E. men go downe a payre of Stayres into a fayre eating place, in which place, the King and his Lords vsed to banquet and eate at pleasure; in which place he caused certayne secret places to bee opened, whereby in the twinckling of an eye, the place was full of water, so that they sate all in water: likewise at this Kings pleasure, all y ^e water voyded out of the roome againe, but there wan­ted no shifts of clothes to put on, nor yet rich and costly beds for them to lye in, that would rest themselues. O voluptu­ous Italians, how are you impouerished by your discords! I will not speake of the most beautifull Gardens, filled with all kind of flowres, with diuers compartements of the Orchards and Trées of all kind of Fruits, with great abundance of Fish-ponds and Fishes, of places and cages of diuers Birds both great and small, of fayre stables, filled with all sorts of Horses; and of many other fayre things, which I will not speake of, for that Marcus Antonius Michaell, a Gen­tleman of that Towne, very learned in Architecture, hath séene it, and hath written of it at large in a Latine Epistle, which he sent to a friend of his. But to turne againe to the parts of the said Palace, which is right foure square, it is within, Galleried round about, one aboue the other: in the foure Corners, within the thicknesse of the walls, stand the winding stayres to goe vp into the building. The foure Galleries without, marked B. are not there, but for the com­moditie and beautifying of the house, they would stand well there.

IN this Figure hereunder, I haue shewed the Orthographie both within and without: the part marked A. sheweth the part without: the part marked B. representeth the Galleries within: the part C. sheweth the ruines within. I haue not set downe the couering or roofe of this house: for according to my opinion, I would haue playstered such a buil­ding, that it might onely be vsed for a walking place, to behold the countrey about.

The ground of the Poggio Real of Naples.

COnsidering the fayre Building of Poggio Real, I haue thought good to set downe such an other here in this place; but in other forme for appertements, and peraduenture with more ease, for that the places are all of one greatnes, which is not so good a forme: but it is necessary that the first should be greater then the second. In this place I make you no place for lights within, for that it is a place in the countrey, being not cumbred on the sides; it hath light inough on all the foure corners: but some men may say, that the Hall with the foure Chambers, because they haue no light but through the galleries, are darke, for it is no perfect couer: to which I answere, that the house being made to be vsed in the time of great heat, hauing no place in the middle, the Hall and the Chambers will alwayes be cold, by reason the Sunne cannot come vnto them. These places will be very pleasant at none time, for that the said places haue not so great lights as the other dwellings; yet haue they so much light as they néed: such like may be séene in Bolonia, which are made in this manner with Galleries, and daily inhabited. This Building is so dispused, that the corner places being of great thickenesse, the rest shall be strong inough, yea, although the walls had no great thicknesse, in regard they are all counterforts one to the other, yet shall they be of sufficient strength. I will not speake of the measures, for that this be­ing proportioned, the skilful workman may imagine (according to his pleasure that caused it to be built) first the greatnes of the roome, then deuide it into so many féet or other measures, thereby to measure all the rest of the building, as the situation of the place may beare it. Then this building, aboue all things, shall be placed, that the Sunne may rise vpon one of the corners, and so shine vpon all the sides thereof: for if it stands with one side to the East, and the other to the West, then it will follow, that the North side shall neuer enioy the Sunne-shine vpon it, which were rumaticke and vn wholesome.

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MEn may build in diuers and sundry sorts vpon the ground aforesayd: but for that this is a place of pleasure, I thought good, for the brauenesse thereof, to make it after the Corinthia maner. I will not trouble my selfe to speake of the measures nor heights; for in my fourth Booke, in the Order of Corinthia, O 2. you shal find a Trea­tise, which, together with the iudgement of y ^e wise workman, will serue to set down this measure. And, for that in this Facie there is no shortening at all, whereby you may know the Galleries, the flat and closed places eche from o­ther; therefore I will set downe the two highest sides at eche end: you must conceaue it to haue flat Pillars from beneath vpwards; that part betwéene both, which is lower, you must suppose hath two Galleries, one aboue the other, the Co­lumnes whereof would be round: the same is to be vnderstood to be both behind, and on both sides. Men may also make aboue the Galleries a Tarrace or Pauement, to defend the raine, the Gallery being made with a Leane-to, or Raile, out of the Cornices of the first order of the Figures aforesayd: and so also the Hall in the middle, together with the 4. Cham­bers of y ^e second story, would haue more light. For 2. causes I haue made the small windows aboue the great, in the first story. The 1. is, if you will make the windowes so low, that a man sitting, may easily sée out of them, then (if you should make the windowes no higher then the doore) there would bee too much space betwéene the windowes and the roofe of the house, which would greatly darken the house: and otherwyse the windowes bring much more light into the Hall. The 2. is, that the Chambers by the Hall néed not bee of such height, but you may make hanging Chambers therein, whereto those windowes will serue. I might speake of many other things, which I referce to the iudgement of the workeman.

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AT first, I was not minded to set this ground, nor yet the building of the 100. Columnes, placed in M. 1. in this Booke; for that they are things which the Author hath made by reports and heare-say, which I estéeme not wor­thy to be set by things that are counterfeyted and measured: yet that it should not be sayd, that I haue published this Bo ke lame and vnperfect, and not full as the Author made it, which might haue giuen slanderous and enui­ous persons occasion to scorne and scandalize this Booke; therefore I haue not onely set this héere, but also added this o­ther Figure following by him set downe in the leafe R. 3. And now to turne to this ground, our Author sayth, that in Ierusalem (as it was told him) on a hill, there is a building cut out of a reasonable greatnesse, in manner hereunder set downe: and for that by meanes of the widenesse of the middlemost part, the roofe should not fall in, therefore the two Pilasters were left in the middle, and withall, two of a middle sort by them, with two lesse also before, vnderholding the roofe, which altogether were cut out of the rocke with instruments. In the first entry are foure little Chappels. In the middle there are 18. and behind there stand 2. and a doore locked, which sheweth, that men went further: the grea­test Chappel is wide the length of a man, whereby you may iudge the greatnesse of the building. This place hath no light, nor can be perceaued that it had any light. The Chappels are taken out, as the Figures A. and B.

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FOr that our Author before, speaketh of an Arch trium­phant in Verona, called Dei Bursari, which he termeth to be barbarous and confused of parts and members, as (ac­cording to the writing of Vi­truuius of good Antiquities) in effect it is: Neuerthelesse, for that Iohannes Carottus (which our Author alledgeth) hath set it downe for an orna­ment of Verona, in his booke of Antiquities, much better, and with more deliberation then all y ^e rest of the Figures by him made (for in trueth, y ^e rest are very grosse: There­fore I thought it good to shew it here to the curious Reader that he may sée and also note (by Vitruuius rule aforesaid) what is good or ill in it, which may peraduenture please some of this countrey better then another, because they vse to séeke for much worke in their Architecture. And for y ^t this Figure was too great in forme, therfore I haue here set downe but the halfe; and you must conceaue the other side, that is, an Arch with windowes and other orna­ments, like these: the foot of Verona, wherwith this buil­ding is measured, standeth here on the sides in halfe pro­portion: of which foot, one small standeth in the Pede­stal, vnder y ^e great Columne; whereby the measure is to be conceyted: for the sayd Ca­rottus giues no other war­rant of all his Figures (but onely of the Figure of the wonderfull spectacle, as hee termeth it) with the Theater aboue it: but aboue all, with the goings vp to the hill, where a Temple of Ianus standeth, as our Author shew­eth afterward in Folio l. 3. in this present Booke. Of this building, Carottus saith more then of all the rest: and for that I may satisfie the Rea­der at full, of all that is sayd in this Booke, therefore I haue caused this figure to bée printed alone, because it was too great, and (in my opini­on) too grose, to set hereby. Vale.

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Corrections of the aforesayd text, by S. Serlie.

I Haue perused Vitruuius writing néerer, and with more deliberation, where hee speaketh of the Cimatie Dorica, and the Astragalo Lesbium, in the Sima Sculptura: and I find, that Sima Sculptura is meant of flat cutting, rising very little: now, for that I haue found many such like in Antiquities, viz. where the Astragals, Leaues, and Egges, &c. haue but small or little Proiecture or rysing vp, therefore I set this for instruction of Translators, to be corrected touching Doores.

ANd for that our Author hath set this correction of the Cimatie and Astragall here, wherein, in my opinion, there con­sisteth no great matter, I thinke it not amisse to helpe him a little in this matter touching doores, wherein consisteth much. For where Vitruuius saith, that you must deuide the part from the Pauement to the Lacunary in 3. parts and an halfe, it must be vnderstood, aboue towards the Timpanum marked B. and then the doore would bee well, and the Corona would be like the Plinthus of the Capitall. Now, for that the text is so different in other places, as in the middle of the Models, whereof Caesarianus sayth, that he hath found 3. or 4. sorts; so it is to bee feared, that this also is not well vnderstood. Thus much I haue (with your licence) thought good to set downe here, that the building should not be left vnperfect, as our Athor doeth. For although he sets downe the Figures of more doores, yet hee sheweth not how they shall stand in the Building aforesayd.

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• A. Antipagment or Pilaster.
• B. Supercilie.
• C. Hiperthire.
• D. Corona.

FOr that men in our time doe not vse Doores lessened aboue, as they did in ancient time; which I, for some rea­son, doe not discommend, yet some skilfull workeman haue many, which most part of common workemen like not. If then the workeman will make a Thiromatum or Doore simply, with little beautifying, after the Dorica order, then he may obserue this order and measure hereafter following, whereof the light or that which is open, shall be twice as high as broad. The Antipagmentum or Pilaster shall be the sixt part of the bredth of the light: with­out the Antipagmentum you must make an Echine with two Lists, which shall be the fift part of the Pilasters or Anti­pagmentum, although in the Gate, spoken of before, it is the sixt part: neuerthelesse, for that I haue séeue in Antiquities, in a meane Gate of 12. parts, I haue done it here also, as I promised: you must not make the Echim [...]s of the 4. part of the Circle, but it must be flatter and lower, which Vitruuius calleth, Cimatium Lesbium. The rest of the Pilaster shall be deuided into 9. parts, whereof 5. shall be for the greatest Facie, and 4. for the lesser Facie. Aboue the Antipagmen­tum, that is, the Supercilium, the Cornice shall be set of the same height that the Supercilium is, and shall bee deuided in 3. euen parts: the first, for the Cimatie with the Astragall: the second, for the Corona, with her Cimatie: and the third, for the Scima: But there is also the eyght part added thereunto, and the Proiecture bearing out or shooting ouer, shall be according to the rule aforesayd, set downe in the beginning of this Booke.

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• A. Great Fascie.
• B. Lesser Fascie.
• C. Astragall.

ALthough that in the Order of Dorica Vitruuius maketh mention of one Doore or Gate onely, and darkly inough (in my opinion) as I shewed before, I thinke it requisite, that men shall not onely vse one sort of Doores or Gates, but also of diuers sorts and fashions, to beautifie a piece of worke, and to please diuers minds: Therefore, when a man will make a handsome Gate, he may follow this Figure: that is, to set the bredth of the Doore twice in the height: and the Pilaster must bee made of an eyght part of the light, and the Columnes of the third part of the bredth; which shalbe set 9. times in the height: and although it be more then the measure set down, yet it is not false, because same part is made vp in the wall: also some Antiquities vse it, which in such cases are not one reurious. Vpon the Columnes you must set the Architraue as high as the Pilasters or Supercilie. The Fréese shalbe 3. parts of the thicknesse of the Columnes, vpon euery Columne there shalbe Trigliphes set, and from the one Trigliph to the other, there shall be thrée Trigliphes and fiue spaces deuided. The other particular members, as Base, Capitall, Fréese, Trigliph and Cornice, follow the rule aforesayd. Now, for that some Fastigies, Frontispicies, Couerings and Geuels, are higher then Vitru­uius sets them downe, their common rule shalbe, that you deuide the Cornice from one corner to the other, as from A. to B. in 2. parts, and the halfe shall hang downewards, strayght by the Lead to C. and then the one foot of the Compasse set vpon the C. and the other foot of the Compasse on the corner A. drawing it about to the corner of the Cornice B. that vpper part of the Circular line, shall be the due height of the Fastigium or Geuell.

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• A. Supercilie.
• B. Epistilie or Architraue.
• C. Zophorus or Fréese.

ALteration oftentimes is better and more estéemed, then perfect simple forme in her owne nature: therefore it is the more pleasing, when a piece of worke is made of diuers members and parts, although of like nature, as you may perceyue in the Figure following, wherein there are Trigliphs and Mutiles, all in one order: which, in effect, I neuer saw in any Antiquities or writings. But Balthazar of Sienne, one that read and sought out all Antiqui­ties, may, peraduenture, haue séene some, or at least himselfe was the Inuentor thereof, placing Trigliphes aboue the Doore, where they beare least stresse, and the Mutiles aboue the firme part of the Pilasters, which beare all the wayght of the Fastigium, and in my conceyt, séemely, and was much commended by Clement the seuenth, who, assuredly, was a man excellently séene in all Artes. This part shall haue the light double proportioned; but the Pilaster shall be the 7. part of the height, and the Supercilies the halfe thereof. The bredth of the Trigliphes and Mutiles, is the halfe of the Supercilies, and the height a double bredth, making 2. Mutiles ouer one Pilaster, and 4. Trigliphs ouer the Doore: the spaces shall be all 4. square. Aboue the Mutiles and Trigliphes, you must set the Capitall or Abacus: the height or thicknesse whereof, shalbe a 4. part lesse then the bredth of the Trigliph, and the Cimatie the 3. part of the Abacus: The height of the Corona with her Cimatie, shalbe as broad as the Trigliph is, and the Scima also as much: the bea­ring of the Corona before, shall bee as much as the space from one Abacus to another, that in the ground there may be perfect foure squares: But the Proiecture or ouer-bearing both on the right hand and on the left, shalbe halfe so great as before. The Proiecture of the Scima and the Cimatie, shall be each according to their height. That Fastigium in the highest part, shall be a fift part of the widenesse, from the one corner of the Scima in the right line, to the other.

[architectural drawing]

ALthough a man may make diuers kinds of Gates in Dorica worke, yet for that at this day men couet after nouel­ties, especially, when they are made by rule and reason, although the Columne, Fréese and other members are mixed with rusticall Building, yet héerein you may sée forme and fashion: and whereas I haue sayd, that a man should vse rustical and boorish works in Forts and Fortresses; now this may serue for a change, but not without, for receiuing of shot in them, &c. The light thereof is also double in height: the Columnes two times so broad as the Pi­lasters, being 14. Models high, with Capitals, Trigliphes, Fastigium, &c. Let the Reader doe his pleasure further herein, for me thinkes there consisteth little herein, and there is inough sayd as before.

[architectural drawing]

MY meaning was, in the beginning of this Booke, to speake onely of the ornaments of the fiue Orders of Buil­dings, as of Columnes, Pedestals, Epistiliums, Zophorus, Cornices, Gates, Windowes, Niches, & such like things. But, after that I determined to augment and enrich this Volumne, in shewing diuers Facies or fore­parts of Edificies, Temples, Palaces and Houses, &c. And for that, when as the Columne standeth vpon the ground, they are commendable; yet oftentimes it falleth out, that men haue not their Columnes thicke inough, nor long inough, as they desire, so that it is necessary to place Pedestals vnder them: therefore I haue made this order fol­lowing, the proportion whereof shall be as followeth: that the widenesse shall be double in the height: the Pilaster with the Arch, shalbe a 12. part of the widenesse: the Columne as thicke againe: the inter-Columne halfe the widenesse of the light or Doore: the widenesse of the Niches, 2. Columnes thicke, and 4. in height: the Pedestals, 4. Columnes thicke in height: his bredth, and the rest, as is before sayd. The Columne, with the Base and Capitall, shalbe 9. parts high: the Epistilium is halfe a Columne thicke: the Trigliph of the same bredth, and twice so high with the Capitall. The Trigliphes placed as you sée them, the Corona and the rest of the members shalbe made as is before shewne. The height of these Geuels somewhat excéed Vitruuius writings: but I haue séen such an other, somewhat higher, in Antiquities, be­ing made of the sixt part of the Corona in length. The Acroteria shalbe of height and bredth like the Columne aboue, without Cornice: and the middlemost a sixt part higher, as also the Columne a 9. part, being made fast in the wall.

A. A. A. Acroteria.

THis Figure following, may be vsed by the learned workeman for diuers things, and may bee altered according to the accidents that shall happen: it will also serue for a Painter to beautify an Pillar withall as men at this day doe in Italy: it may also s [...]rue for an Arch tryumphant, if you take away the Basement in the middle. Likewise, you may beautifie a Gate withal, leauing out the wings on the sides: sometimes, for setting foorth a Window, a Niche, a Tabernacle, or such like things: which proportion shall be made thus, The opennesse or widenesse shall bee deuided in 5. parts, and one of them shall be the thickenesse of the Columnes: the Facies or List round about shall bee halfe a Columne thicke. The height of the light shall be the thicknesse of 7. Columnes and the Base and Capitall together of the thickenesse of a Columne, and in all, shall be eyght parts high. That Pedestall shalbe 3. Columnes thicke in height, the bredth or forepart like the Plinthus vnder the Columne. The inter-Columnes on the sides shall be one Columne thicke, and in the Corners shall stand the fourth part of a Columne: the wings on the sides, wherein the Niches are, shall be of the thicknesse of a Columne and a halfe, but the Niches a Columne broad, and 3. in height. The Architraue shall haue the halfe thicknesse, and the Trigliph also as broad, but the height without the Capitall shall bee a 4. square, and two 3. parts; whereby, placing the Trigliphes on the right side, and on the left, right aboue the Columnes, and betwéene both 3. Trigliphes, and 5. Methophes more: the diuisions shall rightly come to be 4. square in the spaces. The Corona and the Frontispicie, and all the other parts, as well below as aboue, shall be made as is taught in the be­ginning. And for that the Trigliphes on the sides differ from Vitruuius doctrine; yet, notwithstanding, I haue seene them in Antiquities stand vpon the corners, the workemen may, at their good pleasures, make them in worke, or beare them out, as occasion shall serue. Further, I had no meaning to set any grounds or platformes in this fourth Booke, for that it is intended to be intreated of elsewhere; yet such forefronts as are hard to be vnderstood, I wil set the Ichnogra­phie or ground, for more light to the Reader.

[architectural drawing]

[architectural drawing]

ALthough in Antiquities, as farre as is found, when workemen had placed the Epistilia vpon the round Columne, they set nothing else but the Fastigium vpon that, vsing the some order in Churches and Temples, and not in any other buildings: Neuerthelesse, I will not omit to set downe some maner of Houses without Arches: for if you will make Arches with their fouresquare Pillars and round Columnes before them for beautifying of the worke, séeking to make much light in your Callerie, the Pillars with the Arches will hinder a great deale of light: Then if you will set the Arches onely vpon the round Columnes, that were altogether false, for that the foure corners of the Arch would surpasse the roundnesse or body of the Columnes: therefore I intend, to make some Houses and other Buildings without Arches, both of this order, and also of the other. This shall therefore be made in this maner, that the greatest inter Columne shall be the thicknesse of foure Columnes, and the smallest of one and an halfe. The height of the Co­lumnes shall be of nine parts, with Bases and Capitals: the Architraue, Fréese, and Cornice, &c. shall bee made accor­ding to the former rule: the widenesse of the windowes are of two Columnes thicknes: the height a fouresquare and two third parts: and their Pilasters one sixt part of the light, hauing the Cornice aboue, like the Capitall. The doore shall be of the bredth of thrée Columnes, and seuen in height: and so shall the lights of the windowes, and of the doores, bee all one height. The Trigliphes and Methophes shall bee deuided, as you may perceiue. The second story shall bee lesse or shorter by a fourth part, according as Vitruuius giueth counsell: so also, shall the Architraue, Fréese, and Cornice bee a fourth part lessened: the windowes thereof, with the Pilasters, should bee as broad as the lowest. The ornaments in the Niches shall stand in Perpendicular, with the Columnes: and the hol­lowings of the Niches, shall be as broad as the inter-Columnes: their heights shalbe of two foure squares and an halfe: the third story shall be shorter a fourth part then the second: The Architraue, Féese and Cornice accordingly: but being together deuided in thrée parts, one shalbe for the Architraue, the second, for the Fréese and Mutiles or Mogdilions, and the third, for the Cornice: You shall find the particular measures hereof after the Composita: the windowes shall also be as broad as the lowest, but the Niches shall be a fourth part lesse: the rest you shall lightly [...]nd.

[architectural drawing]

[architectural drawing]

ALthough in the Thuscan Order, in the Facie 13. I haue shewed the like inuention, this, notwithstanding, dif­fereth: for that this Gallery would bee round roofed, and where the Arches are, the crossings would be made as you see in the ground. And for that the Columnes cannot vphold the sides, alwayes giuing out, therefore aboue the Columnes, you shall lay or fasten Iron bindings, in the sides, as you sée it in the platforme, but they will last longer, if they be made of brasse. The proportion of this Facie shall be made thus: The greatest Intercolumnes shall be 4. Columnes thicke, and the least two. The height of the Columnes, with Bases and Capitals, shall hold 7. times their thickenesse. The Epistilium shall bee thrée foure parts of a Columne thicke: aboue the which, there shall be a halfe Circle made, the br [...]adth thereof shalbe halfe a Columnes thicknesse: vpon the Arch you shall set the Cor­nice of the height of the Epistilium. Betwéene both the Arches there shall be the maner of a window made, the wide­nesse whereof shall be like the Intercolumnes vnder it: and the List or edge, as broad as the Arch. That C [...]t as Trochile, and the Echine aboue the windowes, and part of the Cornices, shall, neuerthelesse, beare out somewhat aboue the windowes, for to beautifie the same. The widenesse of the Doores shall bee two Columnes, and one fourth part. The Pilaster or Antipagmentum, shall bee a sixt part of the light: the height of the light shall reach to the Supercilie, iust vnder the Capitall of the Columne: which forme of Capitals shall follow aboue the doores and windowes. The light of the windowes shall bee in breadth two Columnes in thicknesse: but these thicknesses aforesayd, in these cases, are to be vnderstood as the Columnes fall out. The length of the light shall be a foure square and a halfe: The Niches shall also be of the same height. The Roofe aboue, or the second Stage, as you will terme it, shall bee lesse or shorter a fourth part, deuided in this sort: The Podium or part brest high, of one Columne and a halfe in thicknesse. The rest shalbe deuided in fiue; one of them shall be Architraue, Fréese and Cornice. The Niches with the Ornaments shall stand in Perpendicular aboue the windowes, betwéene the Arches, but shalbe in bredth fiue parts: two parts shall be the Columnes, the rest the Niches with the Pilasters. The Cornice aboue the Niches shall be the bredth of one of these Columnes: and the Bases, the halfe bredth thereof. The windowes betwéene the Niches, shall in the light contayne one fourth part lesse then the doore, and of double height: but of the rest of the Ornaments (for that this worke is some­what mixed) you shall find further satisfaction in the Ionica and Corinthia. The Trigliphes in this comp [...]tion, be­twixt the one and the other, will not make their Methopes right foure square, because I haue set thrée Trigliphes a­boue each window, and as many ouer euery of the Niches, as you may sée in the figure: wherein, if there be any thing wanting in the measure, or else what, I alwayes referre my selfe to the rule set downe in the beginning.

[architectural drawing]

[architectural drawing]

FOr that sometimes, some men will haue altogether Arches and Galleries, and for that it is confused worke, to place Arches vpon round Columnes, yet a man may make fouresquare Pillars vnder them with Bases and Capitals, like the other. And although this house is whole, which is but little for a man that hath a great liuing, yet you may set it foorth in 5. Arches, also in 7. Arches. The Deuision whereof may be, that each Intercolumne may be of the thicknesse of foure Columnes. The height of the Columnes with Bases and Capitals of sixe parts: and aboue them the Arches to be set of the bredth before, of halfe a Columne: the opennesse shall bee of double proportion. Aboue the Arches you must place the Architraue, Fréese, and Cornice: the height of them all shalbe of 2. Columnes thicknesse: and being deuided in 3. parts and a halfe, one part shalbe the Architraue, halfe a part for the Frése, and one part for the Cor­nice: for the other part, you shall follow the rule aforesayd. The doore shalbe two Columnes outward: the Pilaster, the sixt part of the light: but the Cornices of the doore, and the windowes, shall haue the height of the Capitals. The win­dowes shalbe a Columne and a halfe bearing out: and their length or height, shall be taken in Diagonall maner. The corner Columnes shalbe as broad as the other: but they shalbe of 8. parts and a halfe high. The second story aboue this, shalbe a fourth part lesse: the corner Columnes, with Architraue, Fréese and Cornice, lessened accordingly: The windowes aboue the Arches, with the Pilasters, stalbe as wide as those below: but the height of the 2. fouresquares, and the Fréese aboue them, shall bee as broad as the Supercilium: the Cornice also as much: The small windowes a­bone them, are made for two purposes: The first, the Romes being high, as they shew outwardly, will make the cham­bers and other roomes much lighter. Secondly, for necessity a man map make hanging chambers in them, and then those lights will serue to good purpose. The third story shalbe lesse then the second a fourth part: and the same being deuided in 5. parts, one part shalbe for the Architraue, Fréese and Cornice: and that part deuided in 3. one part shalbe for the Architraue and Fréese, and the third for the Cornice: and in the Fréese, the Mutiles and Mogdilions shalbe deuided, as you sée them. The lights of the windowes shalbe as the others, but they shall bee a twelfth part higher, because they are further from the sight: the Pilasters, Fréese and Cornice, shalbe like the other. The Frontispice and Arches shall be made, as I haue sayd, in the doores and gates of the Order of the Dorica: for beautifying, or to place another row of Arches in it, you may set Acroteries or Pilasters vpon them, which will passe well in the making of their fire places, or chimneyes for anoyding of smoke. The spaces betwéene the windowes, that remayne white, are left to bee paynted, as the workeman will, or at the pleasure of the owner of the house. But for more security of this building, it shalbe ne­cessary to place these Iron bands in it, or at least, ouer the [...]allary, as is taught before.

[architectural drawing]

[architectural drawing]

IN the famous Towne of Venice, because houses stand néere together, they are forced to make their lights as they may, to that then Building differeth much from that Building of Italy: notwithstanding, the workeman may giue them light mough, obseruing Antiquities, which shall be thus mads and deuided: You shall deuide the widenesse of an Arch in 2. parts and an halfe: whereof one shall be for the bredth of the whole Pillar: the thickenesse whereof shalbe the halfe, the round Columnes also as much: the height of the Arch shalbe of one 4. square, and two 3. parts: you may also make them of two 4. squares, heightning the rest accordingly. The Impost or Capitall vnder the Arch, shall haue the halfe thickenesse of the Columne, according to that which is shewed before, of the Theater of Marcellus. The Doore shall be of thrée Columnes thicke in widenesse, the height of a fouresquare and two 3. parts: the Pilaster or An­ti [...]ag ment [...]m shalbe of the 8. part of the light: the Corona shalbe like the Capitall: but the Scima being set vpon it, you shall make the Fastigium as is before sayd, and aboue it giue more or lesse light, as the house requireth. If the building stand in a fleld or an open place, you make shops, which shall well fall out with the building: aboue the Columnes, the E­pistili [...]m must be set of halfe a Columne thickenesse: the bredth of the Trigliphes also as much: the height shall be made more or lesse, at the workemans will, that the spaces may be 4. square; whereupon you must set the Cornice of a 6. part higher then the Epistilium: the particular parts and measures, you shall make according to the rule before set downe. The story aboue shall be a 4. part lesse making a Plinthus vnder the Columne, of such a height, as the Proiceture of the Cornice beareth: the rest must be deuided in 5. parts, one part shall be the Archtraue, Fréese, and Cornice, (which as be­fore is taught) shall also bee deuided in thrée parts. The Columnes which vphold the Architraue, shall bee nine parts high, the lesser Columnes which vphold the Arch, are thinner then the rest a third part: the spaces in the middle, vnder the Arches shall bee twice so, wide as the sides: so then, the Cornices being placed vpon the Columnes which beace the Arch, and the halfe Cirde made vp to the Architraue, also, the eyes or h [...]les besides the Arch, then it will bee excéeding light and where there wanteth a Chamber, you may shu [...] the mid [...]lemost lights, and the shes shall serue for windowes. Neuer thelesse, this order being obserued both without and within, it will not stand much amisse; for the place shut vp, shall be for a Fire place or Chimney, which ought alwayes to bee made betwéene two windowes, like to a mans face, where the windowes are the eyes, and the Chimney the nose, which alwayes orawes the smoke.

[architectural drawing]

[architectural drawing]

TO deuide this present Facie, sayth the Author (for otherwise he maketh no preface) you shall deuide the bredth in 14. parts, and one of these parts shall be for a Columne: the middlemost inter-Columne shall be of 6. parts, and the other each of 3. parts: the windowes shall be of a Columne and an halfe: the height of them, two 4. seuares and an halfe. The Pilasters shall be of the sixt part of this light: the windowes in the first story are of the same bredth: the nethermost, shall be a perfect 4. square, and the other of a 4. square and an halfe. The port or Gate shalbe 5. Columnes wide, that the Columnes may haue a fast foundation: the height of this Gate is a 4. square, and of two 3. parts: the Arch-stones, and the rest, you shall see sufliciently in the Figure: from below vnder the Arch, vntill you be aboue the Facie, shall he 2. Colummes thicke. And although that all other stories or buildings, being one story a­boue another, would alwayes bee shortened a fourth part: yet in this case, (by my aduice) for that the compartition of the Columnes, being aboue this rusticke worke, and that the rough worke should not take too much place when it is of sufficient strength, it is requisite that it should bee of the same height. Aboue the first order, as you shall make a Podium of a Columne & an halfe high, whereon you must set the Columnes in order (as it is taught) the height without the Podium shall be deuided in 5. parts, whereof 4. shall bee for the Columnes, the other for their ornaments, whereof the Trigliphes shalbe deuided, as you sée, obseruing the rule aforsayd. The middlemost shalbe dealt thus, that the small Columues shall be the halfe of the greater, and the middlemost inter-Columne shalbe as broad againe as those that stand on the sides, which shall be like eyes of the windowes. Aboue the windowes, to make more light, you shall make the eyes, and aboue the smallest spaces in the middle, you shal make that you sée héere in the Figure, for to accom­pany the same eyes. And although there rest particular parts, you shall alwayes seeke them forward, where you shall be assured to find them. The third order or story and that which belongeth thereunto, shall also be made lesse a 4. part; but the windowes as broad as the lowest, as also their heights, and all other things, you may easily find with the Com­passe. The raysing vp in the middle without the Frontispicium, shall bee halfe the third order in height: for the rest, a workeman may adde and diminish at his pleasure.

[architectural drawing]

BEfore, I hane shewed in two figures, how to make the Facies or forefronts of Houses after the Venetians maner: but for that in such works men would willingly haue some places bearing out, which are, for the most part, made o­uer the water, for fresh ayre of the water, whereon the most part of buildings haue their fayrest forefronts or Fa­cies; as also, to sée the tryumphes oftentimes made there in Boates and Ships: to which purpose, the sayd bea­rings or iuttyings out serue well, and yet neuerthelesse, are vnséemely things, and haue no other supporters but the Mogdilions: Now, such things as haue not their foundation strongly layd and made, hurt the walles of the house or building, whereof ancient workemen were very carefull, and made no such bearing out, but onely Cornices: therefore I say, if a man will make any such things in any building with good aduice, it is necessary that the first wall should bee so thicke, that it may stand so farre out as the flat of the bearing out requireth, as may bee perceyued in the round: and for that the middlamost wall standeth out more then the sides, if you will not make it so thicks, then you may make a strong Arch within, to vphold the middlemost, although it be hollow and of small weyght. This bearing out, is to bee vnderstood aboue the Facies of the rusticall worke: which being made, then the compartement of the Facies shall bee aboue this, so that the middlemost part shall be of thrée portions, and the sides of thrée and an halfe, I meane within the walles, as the ground sheweth. The height of this second order or story, shall be like the vndermost, according to the rules aforesayd: and first, you shall make the Podium of an indifferent height, to leane vpon: then that which resteth shall be deuided in fiue parts, one of those shall bee the Epistilium, with the rest of his parts. The widenesse of the middle most part, must be thus: the opennesse with the Arch must be as great agains as the sides, and the height dou­bled; so the Architraues being set vpon the Columnes, for the vpholding of the Arch, all the Wind [...]s shall bee vpon a rome: likewise also, for more commoditie of light and ornament, the eyes of the Wind [...] shall bee made. These ornaments, together with many other things, if a man, in regard of cost, will not make them of Marble, or of other stones, they may be set foorth with painting. The third order or story shall also bee a [...]th partlesse then the second: and so euery other part thereof accordingly, following the rule aforesayd: and although the Ionica be set be­fore the Dorica, which ancient worknen some time haue done, you shall find the proportio [...] [...] roof [...] in his place.

[architectural drawing]

[architectural drawing]

ALthough the workeman hath séene so many inuentions in this Dorica worke, yet they will not further him for ornaments of Chimneyes: but I will set two sorts thereof here in Figure, one indifferent whole, & in the thicke­nesse of the wall, for a small round Chamber or House: the other, for a greater place without the wall, drawne with Mogdilions: for if a small Chamber should be cumbred with a Chimney, it is requisite to make it wholy within the thicknesse of the wall, and the height of the opening being made, according to the situation of the place, shall be deuided into foure parts and an halfe, and shall be the bredth of the Pilaster, but the Architraue shall containe the halfe: the Tenia or List, going round about, shall bee a seuenth part, and all his other Lists of the same bredth: the Tri­gliphes and Mogdilions, shall be halfe the bredth of the Architraue, but their height you shall take in this manner, that the Mutiles stand aboue the Pilasters, and the Trigliphes deuided betwéene both, the Methopes may haue their fouresquare of the bredth of the Architraue, but yet the Methopes or spaces betwixt the Mogdilions, shall not bee fouresquare. The Capitals of the Mutiles and Trigliphes, shall bee so high as halfe the bredth of the Trigliphes. The Corona, with the Scimatie and Scima, shall bee so high as the Architraue; and being deuides in two parts, one part shall be for the Corona; of the other you must make thrée parts, one for the Cimatie with the List, the other shall be for the Scima with his List. The bearing out of the Corona shall be so great or little, that the spaces betwéene the Capitals of the Trigliphes in the ground of the Corona, may be fouresquare, for that, if men will sit round about it, they may haue their place of sight. The Prdiecture of the Scima with the Cimatie, shalbe made like that height which standeth aboue, at the discretion of the workeman. But if the Chimney be very small for a little roome or Cham­ber, then a man shall make the Pilaster of the seuenth part of the height of the opening.

[architectural drawing]

THis other Chimney without the wall, shall be made thus, when the height and widenesse of the place, according to the situation, is appoynted, the same height, from the ground vp to the Architraue, shall be deuided in 4. parts, one part for the Architcaue, Freese, & Cornice, their parts being made according to the rule aforesayd: and whereas they shew greater, that is, because men sée them vnderneath, the bredth of the Modiglions shall be the 7. part of their height: the Capitals the halfe of that bredth, and shalbe deuided as it is said of the Doricall Capitals: some lessen the bredths of these Modiglions vnderneath the fourth part, that the foote of them may giue out a fourth part, so that the Plinthus vnder the foote, is as broad as the vppermost part. But if you will make such Modiglions all of one bredth, I would commend it in a great worke, for that the vndermost drawing to the wall, & going from our sight, lessen themselues: for that the part which receaueth the smoke, is Piramides-wise, which wil not stand well in a great height. You may set it vpon the first Cornice higher or lower, as you will, or according to the situation of the place. This buil­ding of Chimneyes may be made in great forme: but if you will make them small, then you shall deuide the height from the Pauement to the Architraue in 5. parts, whereof one shall be for the Cornice: the bredth of the Modiglions shall be the ninth part of that height, the Capitall of halfe the bredth: and thus it will bee more seemely in amndifferent meane forme. This I speake by experience, for that I haue obserued this greatest measure in small formes in making of Chim­neyes, but they prooue too great.

S. Serlii vpon the speach aforesayd.

LOuing Reader, there are many things which cannot fully, from poynt to poynt, bee shewed in Figure, vnlesse the workeman must helpe himselfe by practise, like as the Cincte or band of these Volutes: which (if the Capitall bee very great) will stand well: if the bredth contayneth the fourth part of the eye, and if the Capitall bee of indifferent greatnesse, then it must be made of a third part of the eye: but if the Capitall be small, then it must bee the halfe of the eye, alwayes at the workemans discretion: for I haue séene it so in Antiquities, although they differ. The thicknesse being marked aboue, vnder the Abacus, then you must place the Compasse a little below the figure 1. from aboue the Catheta downe wards: then agayne, you must place the Compasse a little aboue the figure 2. drawing your line from be­neath vpwards to the Catheta.

Now, whereas I haue sayd, that the last Booke promised by Vitruuius, is not found, by meanes whereof, diuers opi­nions are spred abroad touching the same, some affirming, that in Vitruuius time, there were many vnskilfull worke­men (as there are now also) hauing better fortune, then good vnderstanding: (others) that presumption, sister to vnskil­fulnesse, beareth such sway among common workemen, that vnderstand not themselues, it is thought, that Vitruuius refused, or at least, would not publish it, in regard of the vnthankfulnesse of such as neglect good learning. Some also affirme, that it was too hard a matter for him to place them in figures; which I can hardly iudge to bee the mind of such an Author. But whereas some affirme, that this last Booke was so pleasing and acceptable, in regard of the figures there at large set out, and he being ouer-carefull in looking vnto it, was robbed thereof, among other riches and trea­sures, by vnskilfull persons: this I beléeue best, is as warre, which is enemy to all good Artes, which yet, at this day, is especially to be lamented, for that men by the figures, might haue made diuersities of worke in the right maner.

[architectural drawing]

• a. Catheta.
• b. Eye.
• c. Canels, or Fluitings
• d. Stricks or lines drawne.

I Haue declared hereafter, according to Vitruuius writing, how to make Ionica worke, as farre as my learning shall serue. Now, I will shew how some Antiquities in Rome, of that worke, are made, yet standing. The Capitall M. standeth yet in the Theater of Marcellus, whereof I will set downe some general measures: the forehead of this Aba­cus is like vnto the Columne below. The Volutes giue out a sixt part of the Abacus, and so farre out as the halfe of the Abacus: the height of the Capitall is a third part of the Columne below; but for that some workemen thought that Capitall to be but barely set foorth, they haue added the Fréese which you sée in the Capitall, vnto it, making the height of the Capitall of 2. third parts, of the Columnes thickenesse below, which Capital is at this day to bee séene in Rome, with others of the like.

[architectural drawing]

ANd for that it may sometimes happen to the workeman, to make a fouresquare shutting with Ionica Capitals, so that some workmen haue erred in placing of the Volutes; to helpe or case you of that errour, it shalbe néedfull to make the corner Capitals, as you sée them in this ground: of such Capitals, there was the like found in Rome, which caused many to study, where it was made, in such maner, for it was called, The confused Capitall: but at last, after long disputation, it was concluded, that it had stood in an open corner, shutting vp the order of the Columnes marked A. But if the workeman haue flat Columnes to place against the wall, in this Corner, that the Volutes may come alike on both sides, the workeman may place them, as in the ground B. is set downe.

[architectural drawing]

THe Epistilium or Architraue is made thus: If the Columne be of 12. to 15. foote high, the Architraue shalbe the halfe of the Columne beneath: if it be of 15. to 20. foote high, then it shalbe deuided in 13. parts: one shalbe the height of the Architraue; and from 20. to 25. foote, the Columne shall be deuided in 12. parts and a halfe: one part shalbe giuen to the Architraue: If the Columne be of 25. to 30. foote high, then the Epistilium shall be the twelfth part of that height: It the Columne be higher, you must increase the Architraue more: for the further it goeth from a mans sight, so much [...]re it loseth of the greatnesse. The Architraue being made of his due light, and deuided in 7. one shalbe the Cimatie: the Proiecture thereof, also as great. That which is ouer, is deuided in 12. thrée shalbe giuen to the first Facies, foure to the second, and fiue to the third. The thicknesse of the Architraue vnder, shalbe like the Columne aboue, in the thinnest part: but the thicknesse of the Architraue aboue, shalbe like the thicknesse of the Columne below. The Zophorus or Fréese shall haue the measure according to the length of the worke: but if there be somewhat to cut or graue in it, then it must be made a fourth part higher then the Architraue: but if it be made playne, without cutting or grauing, then it must be a fourth part lesse. The Cimatie must be set vpon the Fréese, which must be the seuenth part of the same Fréese: and the proiecture also as much. Aboue the Cimatie must the Denticules be pla­ced, in height, like the middlemost Facie: and the Proiecture like the height. The bredth of their téeth must be double in height. The intercutting or hollowing betwéene the téeth, shalbe a third part lesse. The Cimatie is the sixt part of the Dentile. The Corona, with the Cimatie thereof, is the greatnesse of the middlemost Facie. The Proiecture of the Corona, with the Denticules, is as much as the height of the Fréese, with the Cimatie. The Scima is an eyght part higher then the Corona. The rule or list thereof shall be a sixt part, and the Proiecture like the height. Also our Author affirmeth, that all Ecphores or corners will stand well, when their Proiecture is like the height.

Scima

Cimatium,

Denticuh,

Cimatium,

Zophorus,

Cimatium,

iij. fascia Episti.

ii. fascia li.

i. fascia um,

[architectural drawing]

FOr that the works of Rome differ from the writing of Vitruuius, I will frame another Columne, whereof the Architraue, Fréese and Cornice, shall be the fourth part of the height of the Columne: which 4. part deuided in 10. parts, thrée shall be for the Architraue, deuided after the rule aforesayd: 3. for the Fréese, and 4. for the Cornices: which 4. shall bee de­uided in 6. whereof one shall be giuen to the Denticules, one to the Cimatie which vpholdeth the Mutiles, and two to the Mutiles and the Corona; the rest to the Scima. The Proiecture of all, shall beat least as much as the height: vpon such a Cornice was four writ­ten, A Sante Sabina, at Rome, in a building of the order of Ionica.

ANd if sometimes it be necessary to rayse vp Columnes, being not com­pelled or pinched by any thing therea­bout, then the proportion of y ^e Pedestal shall be thus; it shall be as broad before as the Plinthus of the Columne: but the height of the flat of the Pedestall shalbe a fouresquare, and a fourth part: which deuided in sixe parts, one shall be for the Base, and one for the Cornice, which in all is eyght parts: so shall the Pedestal be of eyght parts like the Co­lumne. This must alwayes be vnder­stood, in common, that it is left at the discretion of the workeman.

[architectural drawing]

BY reason of the great difference, which I finde in things of Rome, from those which Vitruuius writeth of; there­fore I haue here shewed some of them, that are best knowne at this day, extant in Rome to be séene in worke. The Cornice, Fréese, and Architraue marked T. is in the Theater of Marcellus, in the Ionica order, aboue the Dorica; the Pilaster with the Base thereupon, also marked T. is in the same order, vnder the Ionica Columne. The Cor­nice for the impost of an Arch, also marked T. is of the same order, and vpholdeth the Arch. The Cornice with the Mutiles marked A. was found at S. Adrians, and S. Laurence, in Rome. That Architraue marked F. was found in Nel Friulle: which Architraue, for that it had thrée Facies without Astragals, I iudge to be Ionica. Here is nothing said of the measures hereof, for I haue diligently reduced them from the great into the small: which measures are easie to be found with the Compasse.

[architectural drawing]

ALthough that the Thiromatum [...]onleum, that is, the doore by Vitruuius deserived, in my opinion, not proportioned to answere the building (as it ought to do:) therefore I will speake thereof, according to my knowledge: I say then, that Vitruuius writing is not right, touching the height of the light of y ^e Thiromatum Doricū, viz. from the Pauement to the Lacunary, there were 3. parts and an halfe made, and two parts thereof were for the height of the light, whereby the Coroun was very high, as also of the Dorica. But there followeth yet another errour, viz. making the Gate or doore 5. parts high, setting thrée parts thereof below, as Vitruuius saith; also lessened in the vpper part, like the Dorica: then I finde, that the widenesse thereof commeth to be broader then the inter-Columme in the middle, making a Temple of 4. Columnes, with the measure which Vitruuius hath set downe in his 3. Booke, as I haue set it downe here in Figure, that workemen may sée the correspondencie of this Gate or Doore, with the Temple thereof; which, in my opinion, is not iust, for this cause, for, if the doore of the Dorica, which order of Columnes is lower then that of Ionica, hath the height of 2. fouresquares, and a little more, I say, the Ionica doores, whose Columnes are higher, ought to be higher also for light, then the Dorica. But it is not so much, according to Vitruuius Booke, which sayth, 5. parts in height, and 3. parts in bredth: but let all this he spoken with reuerence of so great an Author. Neuerthelesse, taking the parts in Vitruuius Booke, which may be to some purpose, I will make another Figure thereof, without lessening it aboue: but he that for his pleasure will lessen it aboue, obserueth the Dorica order.

The Translator.

WHat Vitruuius sayth, touching the height of the light of the Doore or Gate of this Dorica building, there is suffi­ciently spoken: but touching the widenes of this Gate or Doore, where he sayth, that the height or opennesse thereof should be deuided into two parts and a halfe, and the widenesse thereof, to haue one part and a halfe: It may be (as it is in other places) that the place is falsified; and it may also be, that it is a quarter too much: for if it be made of 10. in height, and 5. in bredth, the light then being of 2. fouresquares, would bee reasonable, so the Intercolumnes were as wide as from the Dorica: for it is of foure Diameters, and this but of thrée Columnes wide, and the Antipagmen­tum would not be darkened; so that leaning out but a quarter, this building would thereby be made perfect.

[architectural drawing]

I Say, that the light of this doore ought at least to be of 2. fouresquares high, the Antipagmentū or Pilaster shalbe the 1 [...]. part of that height, made in such maner as is said of the Epistilume Ionicum, & thereto the Astragals shalbe added, as it is shewed in the Figure E. If a workeman will cut any thing in the Fréese aboue the Supercilium, then it must be a 4. part higher then the Supercilium: but if you leaue it plaine, it must be a fourth part lesse. The Corona, with the other members, shall be as high as the Supercilium, deuided as you see it in the Figure F. The Ancones or Prothirides, shall be broad aboue, like the Pilaster, but in the nether part, like the height of the hanging light, shalbe lessened a fourth part, from the which the leaues hang, us you sée in the Figure F. That part of the Circle, in stead of the Fastigium, shal haue his height made in this maner; with a Compasse you must reach the two corners of the Scima in the vppermost part, and one foot of the Compasse sinking to the point of the crosse, with the other foot, the part of the Circle being drawne, shalbe the height, which will be the third part of a Circle: which maner of making or not making of a Fastigium, shalbe alwayes referred to the pleasure of the workeman; it may also serue for windowes.

Aneenes, or P [...]ol [...] ­ [...]des.

THe light of the Gate following, is more then of double proportion, viz. of two fouresquares and a quarter: the flat of the Pilasters shall be the 8. part of the bredth of the light, and the Columnes shall be twice as thicke: the same Columne shall be lessened aboue a sixt part: the height shall be of 9. parts, with Bases and Capitals, according to the measure aforesaid. And although these Columnes hold a part more then the rule aforesayd, yet it is not there­fore trueth, for that the 2. third parts stand onely without the wall, bearing no other waight then the Frontispicium: further, if by any accident these Columnes should excéed 9. parts, yet were it not to be blamed: for they are onely set for an ornament, being made fast in the wall. The height of the Architraue shall be like the Supercilies ouer the doore: the Fréese shall be cut, and shall be made higher, as is before: if it be not cut, you may lessen it so much lower: the Cornice shall be higher, like the Epistilium or Architraue: with the other parts you must handle, as it is said in the beginning of this order. The Frontispicie shall bee referred to the will of the workeman, eyther to make it higher or lower, by any of the aforesayd rules. By this inuention, a workeman may helpe himselfe in many things, making the light high or low, as need shall require; as sometimes of a fouresquare, or of two third parts: but if the workeman bee not otherwise compelled, I should best commend the double proportion, that is, of two fouresquares.

[architectural drawing]

ALthough I haue set this rusticall Gate in the order of Thuscana, and not onely in many places applyed it to the Thuscana, but also mixed it with the Dorica, yet I haue placed it here with the Ionica: although it is not there­fore to be set in all buildings that are made after the Dorica, neuerthelesse, to good intent and purpose, as without in the countrey, in such a case also, it is not to bee discommended in a Citie or Towne, for a Marchants or Law­yers house; in which places it is tolerable. But in what place soeuer a man will make it in a maner of bearing ouer, then the proportion of this worke shall be thus: the light vp to the Arch shalbe two fouresquares, and the Pilaster the 8. part of the bredth of the light: the Columne shall hold the fourth part thereof, but the height shalbe 9. parts with Bases and Capitals. The Arch of the halfe shalbe deuided in 13. parts and a quarter, because the middlemost stone shall hol [...] a quarter more then the rest. The Architraue, Fréese and Cornice, are together the fifth part of the Columnes: of which thrée pieces, the workeman shall make 11. parts: 4. for the Architraue, 3. for the Fréese, and 4. for the Cornice. The height of the Podium shalbe the bredth of the light. The Cornice and the Base, may be taken out of the aforesayd Sti­lobato: but the other Base, Capitall, Architraue, and Cornice, shalbe made as it is sayd in the beginning. The Arch­stones and the other that bind the Columnes, you may sée in the Figure.

[architectural drawing]

[architectural drawing]

ALthough the height of this Arch is not of double proportion, as the most part of those which I haue shewed, yet it is not false, but is made by good discretion, for that it may sometime fall out, that in the compartition of a Facies, vpon occasion of any necessary height, and to make the Arches vnequall, which should be so to place the principall gate in the middle, which in such case should not attayne to such height: but if we be not constrayned by any ne­cessity, I more commend the double height, then any other proportion. The widenesse then betwéene one Pilaster and the other shalbe 3. parts, and the height 5. but afterwards the widenesse being deuided in 5. then the whole Pillars which stand before the 2. Pilasters, haue 2. parts, and the thicknesse of the Columnes shalbe of one part: the Pilasters shall each of them be of halfe a Columne in thicknesse: likewise the Arch, and the Impost which vpholdeth the Arch, are of the same height made, as it is shewed in the Theater of Marcellus marked T. The Columnes shalbe 9. parts high, with Bases and Capitals, made according to the rule, in the beginning of this Chapter set downe: the doore in the middle shalbe halfe the widenesse betwéene the Pilasters: the height shalbe found in this maner: The Pilaster be­ing made of the sixt part of the light, the Cornice like the eyes of the Impost, placed aboue it, and the Scima vpon that, making afterward the Fréese the fourth part lesse then the Antipagmentum, then the height will find it selfe, which will be little lesse then two fouresquares. The Frontispice shalbe made according to a rule set downe in the Dorica: the Architraue, Fréese and Cornice shalbe made in height, of the fourth part of the heights of the Columnes, by the rule a­foresayd. The Story aboue shalbe lower by one fourth part: so shall the Architraue, Fréese and Cornice bee of the fift part of that height, which shalbe the fourth part of the height of the Columnes: but touching the deuision of the parti­cular members, you shall find them in full measure in the Order of Composita. The windowes being made with Arches, shalbe in bredth like the doore: likewise the Pilasters and the Arches, but their height shalbe two fouresquares and a halfe, which is to giue more light in the chambers. The Columnes shalbe flat, and one fourth part shorter th [...]n the lower. The bredth of the Niches betwéene the Columnes and the windowes, is one Columne and a halfe, the height of foure Columnes thicknesse. Thus of any parts or members that bee resting, you shall find meanes to make them by the prescription of the aforesayd rules of that order: for of this Corinthia, you shall find the measure in the beginning of that order. Aboue this story, he that will, may make a walking place, well defended from water: and that the height of this Podium were of reasonable height to leane vpon, or to rest vpon with a mans armes, these Facies would bee a great beautifying to the building, and much ease to the inhabitants.

[architectural drawing]

[architectural drawing]

SOmetime, as is sayd, a workeman shall find a great number of Columnes, but so low, that they will not reach high inough for his worke, if he cannot helpe himselfe therewith, and apply such members, to serue the building which he hath in hand: therefore if the height of the Gallery riseth higher then the Columnes, then in the middle of the Facie you may make an Arch, being vpholden by the Architraue, which shalbe aboue the Columnes, which Archi­traue shall bee the Impost or vpholding of a round roofe. But where the Arch shall be, there shall be a Crociere, as the workeman may see in this ground: and for strengthening thereof, let there be Iron or mettall barres layd ouer, as it is taught in the Dorica Order. But the deuiding of this Facie shalbe such, that the middlemost Intercolumne shalbe of 6. Columnes thicknesse: and the height of the Columne, with Bases and Capitals shalbe of 8. parts: the Architraue holdeth as much as the Columne is in thicknesse aboue: likewise the Arch: aboue the which the workeman shall make a Cornice, which height shall hold a fourth part more then the Architraue, without the Thorus vnder, with the List: which Cornice shall also serue for a Capitall vpon the Pillars, aboue the Columnes, and shalbe of the same bredth that the Columne is aboue. The Intercolumnes on the sides shalbe of 3. Columnes in thicknesse: the height of the doore shalbe so, that the Architraue vnder the Arch shall serue for the Cornice aboue the doore, changing partly her members, as it is figured. Vnder the Cornice there shalbe a Fréese set, which shalbe a fourth part lesse then the Architraue, the Supercilies with the Pilaster of the same height. But as much as shalbe vnder the Supercilies, to the stayres, of that halfe, the bredth of the light shalbe made; and so the light shalbe of two fouresquares. The windowes shall stand as the eyes of the doore stand, and their widenesse shalbe of two Columnes thicknesse, but the height shalbe taken in Diagonall maner: the second Order or Story shalbe a fourth part lesse then the first; the Podium being taken of a reasonable height, that which resteth shalbe deuided in 5. parts, foure whereof shall be for the height of the Columnes, the other for the Ar­chitraue, Fréese and Cornice, obseruing the giuen measures of such a Story. The bredth of the window in the middle, is with the Antipagmentum as wide as the light of the doore, but the light shalbe double in height: in the Ornaments a­boue, workemen may follow and obserue the rule set downe. The windowes on the sides shall be like those that stand be­low, and their height like the greater: the raysing vp in the middle aboue the second story, shall also be a fourth part lesse then the other, and euery part thereof lessened accordingly: for the light thereof, the order of the lowe [...] story is obser­ued: but the making of this third story, or the not making thereof, is at the pleasure of the workman.

[architectural drawing]

[architectural drawing]

AS it is said in the beginning of this Booke, the maner and order of the Ionica being made after the Feminine kind, it is so likewise a materiall thing, that hauing a Chimney to make of that order, wee must, as néere as we can, make some shew of that sexe therein: the proportion whereof shalbe thus, that y ^e height of the opennesse, being placed, it shalbe from the ground of the Chamber or Hall, to the Architraue, eyght parts high, and that shall be ac­cording to the placing of the Columnes, which shall be such like, monsters or strange formes (as we call them) made in this maner, which shal serue for Mogdilions. The Architraue, Fréese and Cornice, shall be the fourth part of the height, as it is before sayd. The table vpon the Capitals, which couereth the Architraue and the Fréese, I iudge, that ancient workemen haue vsed to finde more space to write in, and also, for that they were desirous of nouelties: which table, whe­ther it be made or not made, is referred to the will of the workeman. The second order, with the Dolphins, is made for two causes, the one is, to make the mouth of the Chimney, which doeth receyue the smoke wider: the other is, to make a Piramicall forme, making the necke of the Chimney in a Chamber, but it is still at the will of the workeman, to make them more or lesse, or not at all.

[architectural drawing]

THis other maner of Chimney is very easie for small roomes, and they are vsed to be made lower then a mans sight, that the fire, which is enemy tom [...]s eyes, may warme the rest of a mans body. The widenesse of this Chim­ney is a full fouresquare: the Pilaster shall haue a sixt part of the widenesse: the Cimatie the seuenth part of the Pilaster. Of the rest you may make 12. parts, 3. shalbe giuen to the first Facie, 4. the second, and 5. the third Facie: and for more beautifying, a man may also make the Astragals, as you sée them here in the sides. The height of the Vo­lutes shalbe like the 3. Facies without the Cimatie, and of them must be made 3. equall parts, one part for the Fréese, with the chanelature or hollowing, and the other for the Echine, with the Astragall and List, the third shall bee giuen to the Volutes, which shall hang on the sides like the Cimatie, but the leaues shall hang downe as low as the Architraue. The height of the Corona, with the two Cimaties, and the Scima, are like the second and third Facie, together with the Cimatie: but the Proiecture of Corona, Cimatie, and Scima, each of them hold as much as the height. This like forme I haue made in worke, very well liked of: but, as is sayd of the other, if by occasion of worke it taketh ouermuch place, then you may make the Pilasters of the 8. part of the widenesse, so will they be much more séemely of themselues. That part made ouer for an Ornament, is also at the workemans will, for this Chimney is to stand in the thicknesse of a wall, so that this Ornament, of this Order, would serue for a window or doore.

FOr that ancient workemen haue vsed diuers mixings of worke, therefore I will not set downe those that are best knowne and composed, for that the workeman may chuse out of them such as he thinketh will serue his turne best. The Capitall hereunder set, marked T. is composed of Dorica, Ionica, and Corinthia: the Abacus and Cimatie is Dorica: the Echine and Strike, is Ionica: the Astragal and Leaues, are Corinthia, as also the Base with the two Thorus, is Dorica: but by the 2. Scoties, and the Astragals, as also, because of the beautifulnesse thereof, it shew­ [...]th to be Corinthia; which things are in Tresteuere in Rome: the Capitall X. and also the Base, are of 2. kinds, Dorica and Corinthia. The Abacus of the Capitall, and also the Base, is Dorica; but the Base, by meanes of the liuelinesse of the worke, may be named Corinthia, and so are the Leaues of the Capitall of Corinthia: but for that the Abacus is foure­square, and all the other members round: therefore you shall cut the Rose vnder the Abacus in the 4. corners, as you sée it in the Figure. The Capitall A. with the monstrous horse, in place of Caulicules, may be called Composit [...], and is in the Basilico del foro transitorio. The strikes of the Columne are different from others, as you may see them beside the A. The Base X. is Composita, and is in Rome: the Capitall is méere Corinthia, and is at the 3. Columnes, beside the Colises. The Capitall C. is composed of Ionica and Corinthia; and is in an Arch tryumphant in Verona. The Capitall D. is in the same Arch, on some flat Columnes. The Base Y. is Composita, with the Astragalus, which standeth vpon the vppermost Thorus, and is of Antiquitie in Rome.

[architectural drawing]

[architectural drawing]

YOu sée not many Arches tryumphant made of Composita, and the most part are made of pieces, taken ont of other buildings: neuerthelesse, hauing shewed a generall rule for them; therefore I will not set downe any other inuen­tion of Edifices of that kinde: for the prouident workeman, as necessitie requireth, may helpe himselfe with the inuentions aforesayd, changing them into Composita. But I will shew two orders of Chimneys of each sort of worke, the one within the wall, & the other without. This Chimney, which should stand cleans within the [...]all, if you will make it in a small place, the height shalbe no higher then to a mans shoulders, that's mans eye and sight may not be hurt by the fires and the widenests;e shalbe according to the bignesse of the place wherein it should bee set. The height by to the Architraue, shalbe deuided in 4. parts, one shalbe the bredth of the Antepagmentum or the Pilaster, wrought in such maner as you sée it heere set downe. And in this Composita, (because it is frée [...] [...]en the other) I haue made this Pilaster very much differing from the rest, neuerthelesse, taking a part of this inuention from an ancient stoole, which is at S. Iohn de La [...]era [...]ēs in Rome. The Architraue shalbe of halfe the bredth of the Pilasters: the Cimatie of the sixt part: the rest shalbe deuided in 7. whereof 3. parts shalbe for the first Facie, and 4. for the second. The Asteagalus shalbe made of a halfe part, taken betwéene both the Facies. The Fréess, because it is cut, shalbe made the fourth part higher then the Architraue: the Cornice is the height of the Architraue, and there shalbe 7. parts made of it▪ 2. for the Cimatie vnder the Corona: other 2. for the Cor [...]a: and one for the Eimatie thereof. The 2. that re [...]ine, are for the Scima; and the Proiecture of all shalbe like the height. But if you make the Pilaster of the Art part of his height, and the other members duni [...]ished accordingly, it will be much more séeruely and specially, if the worke bee of small forme. For the ornaments aboue the Cori [...]ce, you may chuse whether you will maks them or not that i [...] referred to the workeman.

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AMan may make other drnaments of Chimneyes of this Composita worke, & in diuers formes as this, because it is more licentious then the other maner of building: and for a changing of the other forme, you may also make this by this rule. The height of the Architraue being of a reasonable mans stature, you shall deuide the same in 8. parts, whereof one shalbe for the bredth of the Modiglions or Rolles: Vitruuius calleth them Prothyrides. The height of the Pedestals shalbe as high as if they were to sit vpon. The order aboue the Modiglions, which holdeth no rule at all, shalbe two parts and an halfe of the bredth of the Modiglions. And for that also I haue sayd, this maner is without rule, therefore the leaues and other parts, shalbe referred to the workeman. Men may also sometimes set the Dorica and the Ionica, and sometimes the Corinthia aboue the Modiglions: and for that the funnell, which receyueth the smoke, is wyde, therefore you may make the small order aboue it, which will giue it a fayrer forme then the vsuall, which goeth like a Piramides, or sharpe vp.

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Of foure maner of Simmetries.

THe Workenan is to haue a great iudgement, because of the diuersitie of composition in Ornaments of buildings, for that there are some places in Architecture, of the which there may, almost, certayne rules be giuen, for they are no accidents that happen contrary to our opinions, for euery day we sée some Columnes, that with their different positions, shew different measures in themselues, according to the places where they stand. These alterations are so made in buildings in 4. wayes, that is, setting the Columnes almost in an Insule, without any companion to helpe it eyther on the sides or behind. These certaynely beare a great waight, and in their height they goe not aboue the aforesayd rule: the example hereof is in the first Columne marked A. but if you place them against the wall (though they bee round) by the which being vnderholden and holpen, a man may make another thicknesse higher aboue the same: the ex­ample thereof is in the Columne B. Or also drawing alone two third parts from the wall, there may yet a thicknesse or wall go higher then the other, for that you sée the like in some buildings, that rise to nine thicker & a halfe, and most in the Coliseo of Rome, in the Order of Dorica, as it is shewed in the 3. Columne C. but they are more holpen when they haue Pilasters on the sides, which bearing all the waight, giue the workeman meanes to make the Columnes more séemely, and so slender, that they may be sayd rather to be placed there to fill a roome for beautifying, then for strength. You may al­so draw a Columne two third parts out of the wall, and on each side set halfe a Pillar, which will helpe the Columnes so well, that you may make another thicknesse aboue: and in this case, the Architraue, Fréese and Cornice may beare out vpon the round Columne, yea although it were flat, because the halfe Pillars would hold the Architrane, &c. on the sides: but vpon one Columne alone, it is vicious to make such worke bearing out, for the other parts besides should be abando­ned without any helpe. This example you sée in the Columne D. But when the Columnes haue any waight to beare vp, without the helpe of another, and shall haue fit Intercolumnes, it shall not be thought méete to excéede order, yea, although they haue Story vpon Story to beare vp: it is reason that they should be made b [...]tter, that the worke may be more durable: and although the Pedestall be a great helpe to rayse vp Columnes, neuerthelesse, if the Columnes be high inough, I would thinke it better if the Columnes had them not, specially in the lowest Story, but in the third and fourth Story with reason. Podiums and Pedestals also serue to rayse vp Columnes, which the [...] Romanes obserued in Theaters and Amphitheaters.

But touching the setting of Columne vpon Columne, there are diuers reasons: The first is, that the Proiecture of the Pedestals of the Columnes placed aboue, should go no further out, then the thicknesse of the vndermost Columne; and this should be a most certayne reason: but for that the second Story should lessen much from the first, and would serue no more for any other Story, considering the great lessening ensuing, another reason, and more to the purpose, is this: That the flat of the Pedestall ought, at least, to be in Perpendicular with the Columne below, and to set the Co­lumne aboue this Pedestall, lessened a fourth part from that which standeth vnder, as well in thicknesse as in height: so this rule agréeth with that of Vitruuius in Theatrum: which figure is aboue the Columne A. and if you will not les­sen the Columne so much, then you must make the vppermost Columne as thicke as the nethermost is in the vppermost part: but in this case, the flat or massy part of the Pedestall would be broader then the nethermost Columne is thicke be­low: neuerthelesse, those of the Theater of Marcellus worke that effect. The example hereof is in the Columne B. and these thrée reasons are probable inough. But the ancient Romanes, in the great Edifice of the Coliseo, made the Columne Ionica, Corinthia and Composita all of one thicknesse; and the Dorica, vnder all the other, they made thicker, about the twentieth part. And this (in my opinion) they did by good aduice: for if they had lessened all the Columnes the fourth part, one aboue the other, the last, in so great a building, by reason of the great distance, would haue shewed very small, which we now sée to be of good correspondence, by reason of the height. The shewing of this is in the Columne C. And as the Columne aboue the Columne D. is lesse then that which standeth lowest one fourth part: for that, if a man hath a reasonable house to make of 3. Stories, so I would not thinke it amisse, that a man should lessen euery Sto­rie the fourth part, according to Vitruuius aduice: but if the building be high, then you were better obserue the Order of the Coliseo, that the Stories Dorica, Ionica and Corinthia, may each bee about one height, but the Story aboue in­creaseth in height about the fift part: and this is so (as I haue sayd) because of the great distances which part, by meanes of the great distance, séemes to be of the height that the rest are: and although that the shewing of these Columnes is Doricall, yet it is so in all sorts of Columnes.

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Of Bricke.

HAuing spoken of so many and diuers Ornaments of stones, it is requisite, that I should also shew how they are to be placed in worke; and specially, when a man is to mixe hard stones & bricks together, which requireth great diligence and Arte: for that bricks are like flesh in a péece of worke, and hard stones like the bones to knit and hold them together: which two things, if they be not well and fastly bound together, they will, in time, decay: and therefore the foundation being made in such maner as the place affordeth, it is requisite, that the prouident workeman should make ready, all the hard stones, and also the bricks, with the rest of the stuffe belonging thereunto, and so should come to lay and ioyne the hard stones and the bricks together, all at one time: and it is requisite, that the hard stones should be set so farre with­in the wall, that although there were no morter to hold them together, yet they should, of themselues, stand fast in the wall: which doing, the worke will be strong and continue hard. The example hereof is séene in the other side, by the fi­gure A. where it is also shewed, how a man may make places brest high, without feare. And if you haue Pedestals with Columnes to set vpon them, where hard and soft stones are mixed together, if the hard stones be not well ioyned with the soft, as you sée in the figure B. the worke will not continue long. And if the Columnes be of diuers péeces, some of them (that is the least) shall goe déepe into the wall, to hold the other the faster. But if the Columnes bee of one péece, them they would stand, at least, a third part within the wall; but the Bases and Capitals must enter much more into the wall, and aboue all the Corona and other Cornices, which beare farre out from the wall. The innermost part that is vnwrought, must counteruayle that which is without, that it may beare it selfe: but if at the same time a man will make any worke or Facie vpon the stones, then it is requisite, that the workeman, before he begins to lay any worke a­boue the ground, should make ready all his stones, together with the other stuffe belonging thereunto: and so laying and knitting the stones with the bricks together, I say, that he shall doe well to set some of the stones so déepe into the wall, that they may hold the other péeces together by force, ioyning well in, as you sée it in the figure C. that in time they may not ryue and breake asunder one from the other. But that the wall, made of bricke, should not sinke, and sinking, should breake the thinnest parts, by reason of the waight aboue, it is necessary to haue bricke well burnt, and morter well tempered, & betwéene the stones little morter, & wel layd and ioyned one vpon the other: And aboue all, such worke would not be made by any force, nor waight vpon waight, to be packt in haste, but you must let it rest somewhat from lay to lay: for if a man wil worke in haste, and set great waight vpon it, it is most certayne, the wall will sinke, and the stones being not able to beare she waight, will breake; but if it be made with leyser, then the stuffe will be as it should be: ne­uerthelesse, I would alwayes more commend the worke that is wholy bound in the wall, then that which is ioyned to­gether or couered; and specially, in my opinion, men should not make them in walles that stand outward, for that the houses which haue béene made so in former time, by ancient workemen, and were couered ouer with Marble and other fine stones, are now séene all without stones before, and nothing but the wall of bricke, that stood behind them, standeth still: but those buildings, where the hard stones are bound and ioyned into, and with the bricks, are yet stand­ing: neuerthelesse, if you will make such worke simple, I thinke this the surest way, although some workemen, in di­uers places of Italy, haue made some building, with simple walles, leauing places in them for hard stones to be put in, and after, at another time, haue put in such Ornaments: neuerthelesse, for that such things are not well fastened in the wall, but in a maner hackt, you may in many places sée the péeces falne, and euery day more and more decay.

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Of the Frames of Doores

IF men make Doores, Gates, or Leaues (as we terme them) all of one piece, so that there needeth in that case ney­ther wood nor yron vnto them, they make the hookes of the same piece or Mettal. But those that are made of wood, and then couered ouer with Copper of reasonable thickenes, which, if it bee of flat plates, you must fasten one vpon the o­ther, and yet, although they be well ioyned & pind, or payled together, neuerthelesse, the nature of wood is such, that it will [...]ke or swell, as the time of the yeere is brie or moyst: if therefore you will make such a doore, that w [...]l be co­uer [...]d ouer with Copper, Yron, or any Mettal, you see the surest way here in the side, in the figures A. and B. for wood neu [...]r waxeth longer, but remayneth still in the same forme; which is referred to the workeman, to make them thicke or [...]hinne, as hee will, according to the waight that they shall beare, and you may also fill the spaces of the same wood. And for that all the ancient doores or goings through, are commonly fourth [...]are, onely those of gates of Tow [...]es, or tryumphant Arches, which are roost: neuerthelesse, in our dayes many do [...] are made round aboue, peraduenture for more strength; and also, for that in some cases they become the houses well, whereof I haue shewed a figure, and [...] that, in trueth, a man cannot conceaue all things: for many accidents happen to a workeman at such time when he is to deuise sou [...] new worke.

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