Another way howe one may take the Pepins at the first comming of the licour or pressing.

WHich is: ye shal chose the greatest and fairest curnels or pepins, and take them forth at the first brusing of your frute, thē drye them with a cloth, and kepe them all the winter vntill S. Andrewes tide: then a little after sowe them in good earth, as thynne as ye do sowe Peason, and then rake them ouer as the other.

How one ought to vse his earth to sowe Pepins without dunging.

BVT in this maner of doing (in the spring) it is not so great néede for to rayse or digge the earth so déepe as that which is dunged in Winter: but to deuide your quarters, in couering your pepins not so much with earth as those which be sowne with good dung, but when ye haue sowne them, a litle rake them all ouer.

How ye ought to take heede of pultrie for scraping of your beddes or quarters.

AS soone after as your Pepins be sowne vpon your beddes or quarters, let this be done, one way or other, that is, take good héede that your hennes do not scrape your beddes or quarters, therfore sticke them all ouer light and thinne with bowes, or thrones, and take good héede also to swine, and other cattell.

How to weede or cleanse your beddes and quarters.

ANd when the Winter is past and gone, and that ye sée your Pepins rise and growe: so let them encrease the space of one yere, but sée to cleanse wéedes, or other things which may hurt them, as ye shal sée cause. And in the Som­mer when it shal waxe dry, water them hardely in the eue­nings.

How one ought to plucke vp the wilde cions.

AND when these wilde cions shall be great, as of the growth of one yere, ye must then plucke them vp all in the winter following, before they doe beginne to spring a­gaine. Then shall ye set them and make of them a wylde Orcharde as followeth.

How to dung your bastard or wilde young trees which come of Pepins.

ABout Aduent before Christmas, ye must digge & dung well the place where as ye wyll set them, and make your square of earth euen and plaine, so large as ye shall thinke good, then set your wilde trées so far one frō another as ye thinke mete to be graft, so that thei may be set in euē rankes and in good order, that when néede shall require, ye may remooue or renue any of them or any part thereof.

How ye ought in replanting or setting to cut of in the middes the principall great rootes.

IN what part so euer ye doe set any trées, ye must cut of the great maister roote, within a foote of the stocke, and all other bigge rootes, so that ye leaue a foote long thereof, and so let them be set, and make your rankes crosse wyse one from another halfe a foote, or thereabouts, and ye must also sée that there be of good dung more déepe and lower than ye do set your trées, to comfort the sayd rootes withall.

¶Howe ye ought to set your trees in ranke.

YE shal set your small yong trées in rankes, half a large foote one from another: and let them be couered as ye do set them, with good fat earth all ouer the rootes.

¶How to make the space from one ranke to another.

YE shall leaue betwene your rankes, from one ranke to another, one foote, or there aboutes, so that ye maye passe betwéene euery ranke for to cleanse them yf neede require, and also for to graffe any part or parcell thereof when time shalbe méete. But ye must note, in making thus your rankes, ye shall make so many allies as rankes. And if ye thinke it not good to make so many allies, then deuide those into quarters of fiue foote broade or thereabouts, and make or set foure rankes (in eche quarter of the same) one foote from another, as ye vse to set great Cabbage. And as soone after as ye haue set them in rankes and in good order as is aforesaide, then shall ye cut of all the sets euen by the grounde. But in thus doing sée that ye do not plucke vp or loose the erth which is about them: or if ye will, ye may cut them before ye do set them in rankes. If ye do so, sée that ye set them in such good order and euen with the erth, as is aforesayde. And it shal suffice also to make your rankes as ye shal sée cause. And loke that ye furnish the earth al ouer with good dung, without mingling of it in the earth, nor yet to couer the sayd plantes withal, but strowed betwixt: and ye must also loke well to the cleansing of wéedes, grasse, or other such things which will be a hurt to the growth of the plantes.

¶How to water plantes when they waxe drie.

IT shall be good to water them when the time is drye: in the first yeare. Then when they haue put foorth of newe cions, leaue no more growing but that cion which is the principall and fayrest, vpon euery stocke one: all the other cut of harde by the stocke: and euer as there do grow small twigs about the stocke, ye shall (in the moneth of March & [Page 5] Aprill) cut them al of hard by the stock. And if ye then stick by euery plant a prety wand, and so binde them with Wil­lowe bark, brier, or osiers, it shal profit them much in their growth. Then after fiue or sixe yeares growth, when they be so bigge as your finger, or thereaboutes, ye may then remoue any of them whereas ye wil haue them grow and remaine.

¶How one ought to remoue trees, and to plant them againe.

THe maner how ye ought to remoue trées, is shewed in the sixt Chapter folowyng: then aboute two or thrée yeares after their remouing, ye shall graffe them, for then they wyll be the better rooted. As for the others which ye leaue still in rankes, ye may also graffe them where as they stand, as ye shal see cause good. When ye haue plucked vp the fairest to plant in other places (as is aforesayde) al­so the maner howe to graffe them, is shewed in the fift Chapter folowing. But after they shall be so graft, in what place so euer it be, ye shall not remoue or set them in other places againe, vntil the graffes be wel closed vpon the head of the wilde stocke.

¶VVhen the best time is to replant or remooue.

WHen the hed of the stock shall be all ouerclosed about the graffes, then ye may when ye wyll, transplant and remoue them (at a due time) where they shal con­tinue. For with often remouing ye shal do them great hurt in their rootes, and be in daunger to make them die.

¶Of negligence and forgetfulnesse.

IF peraduenture ye forget (through negligence) and haue let smal cions two or thrée yeares grow about the rootes of your stockes vnplucked vp, then if ye haue so done, ye may well plucke them vp and set them in rankes, as the o­ther of the pepins. But ye must set the ranks more larger, that they may be remoued without hurting of eche others [Page 6] rootes: and cut of all the small twigs aboue as néede shal re­quire, though they be set or graffed. Order them also in all things as those small cions of a yeres growth.

It is not so conuenient to graffe the Seruice tree, as to set him.

WHere as ye shal see yong Seruice trées, it shalbe most profite in setting them, for if ye do graffe them, I be­leue ye shall winne nothing thereby. The best is onely to plucke vp the yung bastard trées when they are as great as a good walking staffe: then proyne or cut of their branches and cary them to set whereas they may be no more remo­ued: and they shall profit more in setting than graffing.

Some trees without graffing bring foorth good fruite, and some other being graffed be better to make Syder of.

IT is here to be marked that though the Pepins be sowen of the pomes of Peares and good Apples: yet ye shal finde that some of them doe loue the trée wherof they came: and those be right, which haue also a smooth barke, and as faire as those which be graffed: the which if ye plant or set them thus growing from the master roote without graffing, thei shal bring as good fruite, euen like vnto the Pepin wherof he first came. But there be other newe sortes commonly good to eate, which be as good to make Syder of, as those which shalbe graffed for that purpose.

When you list to augment and multiplie your trees.

AFter this sort ye may multiplie them, being of diuers sortes and diuersities, as of Peares or Apples, or such like. Notwithstanding, whensoeuer shall finde a good trée thus come of the Pepin, as is aforesayd, so shal ye vse him. But if ye will augment trées of themselues, ye must take graffes, and so graffe them.

Of the manor and chaunging of the fruite of the Pepin tree.

WHen so euer ye doe replant or chaunge your Pepin trées from place to place, in so remoouyng often the stocke, the frute therof shal also change: but the frute which doth come of graffing, doth alwayes kepe the forme & na­ture of the trée whereof he is taken: for as I haue sayde, as often as the Pepin trées be remooued to a better grounde, the frute thereof shall be so much amended.

How one ought to make good Syder.

HEre is to be noted if ye will make good Syder, of what frute so euer it be, beyng Peares or Apples, but speci­ally of good Apples, and wilde frute, haue alwaies a regard vnto the riping thereof, so gathered drye, then put them in dry places, on bordes, in heapes, couered with drye strawe, and whensoeuer ye will make Syder thereof, choose out all those which are blacke brused, and rotten apples, & throwe them away, then take and vse the rest for Syder: But here to giue you vnderstandyng, do not as they do in the coun­trey of Mens, which doe put their frute gathered, into the middes of their garden, in the raine and miselings, vpon the bare earth, whiche will make them to léese their force and vertue, and doth make them also withered and tough, and lyghtly a man shall neuer make good Syder that shall come to any purpose or good profite thereof.

To make an Orchard in fewe yeares.

SOme doe take yung straight slippes, whiche doe growe from the rootes, or of the sides of the Appletrées, about Michaelmasse, and doe so plant or set them (with Otes) in good grounde, where as they shall not be remoued, and so graffe (beyng well rooted) thereon. Other some doe take and set them in the spring time (after Christmas) in lyke­wyse, and do graffe thereon when they be well rooted: and both wayes do spring well.

[Page 8]And this maner of way is counted to haue an Orchard the sonest. But these trées will not endure past twentie or thir­tie yeares.

¶How one ought to set trees which come of Nuttes.

FOr to set trees which come of Nuttes: when ye haue eaten the fruite, loke that ye kepe the stones and curnels thereof, then let them be dried in the winde, without the vehe­mencie of the sunne, so reserue them in a boxe, and vse them as before.

¶Of the time when ye ought to plant or set them.

YE shall plant or set them in the beginning of Winter, or afore Michaelmasse, whereby they may the sooner spring out of the earth. But this maner of settyng is daungerous: for the winter then commyng in, and they beyng yong and tender in commyng vp, the colde will kill them. Therefore it shall be best to stay and reserue them til after Winter. And then before ye do set them, ye shal soke or stiepe them in milke, or in milke and water, so long tyll they do stinke therein: then shall ye dry them and set them in good earth in the chaunge or increase of the Moone, with the small ende vpwarde, foure fingers déepe, then put some sticke thereby, to marke the place.

For to set them in the Spring time.

IF ye will plant or set your Nuttes in the Spring time, where ye wil haue them still to remaine and not to be re­moued, the best and most easy way is, to set in euery such place (as ye thinke good) thrée or foure Nuts nigh togither, and when they do al spring vp, leaue none standing but the fairest.

Of the donging and deepe digging thereof.

ALso where as ye shall thinke good, ye may plante or set all your nuttes in one square or quarter togithers, in good earth and donged in suche place and tyme, as they vse to plant. But sée that it be well donged, and also digged good and déepe, and to be well meddled with good dong throughout, then set your nuttes thrée fingers déepe in the earth, and halfe a foote one from another: ye shall water them often in the Sommer, when there is dry wea­ther, and sée to wéede them, and digge it as ye shall sée néede.

Of nuttes and stones like to the trees they came of.

IT is here to be noted, that certayne kindes of nuttes, and curnelles which doe loue the trées, wherof the fruite is like vnto the trée they came of, when they be planted in good grounde, and set well in the sunne, which be: the wal­nutte, chestnuttes, all kinde of peches, figges, almondes, and abrycotes, all these do loue the trées they came of.

Of the planting the sayde nuttes in good earth and in the Sunne.

AL the sayde trées do bring as good frute of the sayde Nuttes, if they be well planted, and set in good earth, and well in the Sunne, as the frute and trées they first came of.

Why frute shall not haue so good sauour.

FOr if ye plant good nuttes, good peaches, or figges in a garden full of shadowe, the which hath afore loued the Sunne, as the vine doth, for lacke thereof, their frute shall not haue so good sauour, although it be all of one frute: and likewise so it is with all other fruite and trées, for the goodnesse of the earth, and the faire Sunne, doth preserue them much.

¶To set the pine tree.

FOR to set the Pyne trée, ye must set or plante them of Nuttes, in Marche, or about the shewte of the sappe, not lightly after, ye must also set them where they may not be remooued after, in holes well digged, and well dunged not to be transplanted or remooued againe, for very hardly they will shewte foorth cions, being remooued, specially if ye hurt the maister roote thereof.

¶For to set Cherry trees.

FOr to set sowre Cheries which doe grow commonly in Gardens, ye shall vnderstande they may well growe of stones, but better it shall be to take of the small cions which doe come from the great rootes: then plant them, and sooner shall they grow than the stones, and those cions must be set when they are small, yong and tender: as of two, or thrée yeares groth, for when they are great, they profite not so well: and when ye set them, ye must sée to cut of all the bowes.

¶Trees of bastard and wilde Nuttes.

THere be other sortes of Nuttes, although they be well set in good grounde, and also in the sunne, yet wyll they not bring halfe so good fruite as the other, nor commonly lyke vnto those nuttes they came of, but to be a bastarde wilde sowre fruite, which is the Fylbert, small Nuts, of Plums, of Cheries, & the great Abricots: therfore if ye will haue them good fruite, ye must set them in maner and forme following.

¶How to set Filberdes or Hasell trees.

FOr to set Filberdes or Hasels, and to haue them good, take the small wandes that growe out from the roote of the Filbard or hasell trée, (with short beary twigges) and set them, and they shall bring as good fruite as the trée they came off: it shall not be néedefull to proyne, or cut of the branches therof when ye set them, if they be not great but those that ye doe set, let them be but of two or thrée yeares growth, and if ye shal sée those cions which ye haue [Page 11] planted, not to be fayre and good, or doe growe and pros­per not well, then (in the spring time) cut them of harde by the roote, that other small cyons may growe therof.

¶To set Damsons or Plum trees.

IN setting damsons or plum trées, which fruit ye would haue lyke to the trées they came off: if the sayde trées be not graft before, ye shall take onely the cyons that growe from the roote (of the olde stock) which groweth wyth small twigges, and plant or set them: and their fruite shalbe like vnto the trées they were taken off.

¶To take plum graffes, and to graffe them on other plum trees.

ANd if your Plum trées be graft already, and haue the lyke fruite that you desire, ye may take your graffes therof, and graffe them on your Plum trées, and the fruite that shall come thereof, shalbe as good as the fruite of the cion which is taken from the roote, bycause they are much of like effect.

¶To set all sortes of Cheries.

TO set all sortes of great Cheries, and others: ye must haue the graffes of the same trées, and graffe them on other Cherrye trées, although they be of a sower fruite, and when they are so graft, they wil be as good as the frute of the trée whereof the graffe was taken: for the stones are good, but to set to make wilde cyons, or plantes, to graffe on.

¶The maner how one may order both plum trees, and cherry trees.

FOR so much as these are two kinde of trées, that is, to vnderstande, the Cherry, and the Plum trée, for when they be so grafte, their rootes be not so good, nor so frée as the branches aboue, wherfore the cions that do come fro the rootes, shall not make so good and franke trées of. It is therefore to be vnderstoode, how the maner and sort is to make franke trées, that may put forth good cions in time to come, which is: when they be great and good, then if ye will [Page 12] take those cions or yong springes from the rootes, ye may make good trées thereof, and then it shal not néede to graffe them any more after: but to augment one by the other, as ye do the cions from the roote of the nutte, as is aforesayde, and ye shall do as followeth.

How to graffe Plum trees and Cherry trees.

YE may well graffe Plum trées, & great Cherry trées, in such good order as ye list to haue them, and as here­after shall be declared in the fifth Chapter followyng, for these woulde be graffed while they are yong and small, and also graft in the grounde, for thereby one maye dresse and trim them the better, and put but one graffe in eche stocke of the same. Cleaue not the heart, but a little on the one side, nor yet déepe, or long open.

How ye must proyne, or cut your trees.

FOr when your graffes be well taken on the stocke, and that the graffes do put foorth faire and long, about one yeres growth, ye must proyne, or cut the braunche of commonly in winter, (when they proyne their vines) a foote lower, to make them spred the better: then shall ye meddle all thorowe with good fat earth, the which will drawe the better to the place which ye haue so proyned or cut.

The conuenientest way to clense and proyne, or dresse the rootes of trees.

ANd for the better clensing and proyning trées beneth, is thus: ye shall take away all the wéedes, and grasse about the rootes, then shall ye digge them so rounde a­bout, as ye woulde séeme to plucke them vp, and shal make them halfe bare, then shall ye enlarge the earth about the rootes, and where as ye shall sée them grow faire and long, place or couche them in the sayde hole and earth againe, then shall ye put the cut ende of the trée where he is graft: somewhat more lower than his rootes were, whereby his [Page 13] cions so graft, shall spring so much the better.

When the stocke is greater than the graffes.

WHen as the trée waxeth or swelleth greater beneath the graffing, than aboue: then shal ye cleue the rootes beneath, and wreath them round and so couer them again. But sée ye breake no roote thereof, so wil he come to perfec­tion. But most men doe vse this way: if the stocke waxe greater than the graffes, they do slyt downe the barke of the graffes aboue, in two or thrée partes, or as they shall sée cause thereof, and so likewise, if the graffes waxe greater aboue than the stocke, ye shall slitte downe the stocke accor­dingly, with the edge of a sharpe knife. This may well be done at any time in Marche, April and Maye, in the cresce of the Moone, and not lightly after.

The remedie when any bough or member of a tree is broken.

IF ye shal chaunce to haue boughes or members of trées broken, the best remedy shall be, to place those bowes or members right sone againe, (then shall ye comfort the rootes with good newe earth) and bynde fast those broken bowes or members, both aboue and beneath, & so let them remayne vnto another yeare, till they may close and put forth of newe cions.

¶When a member or bough is not broken, how ro proyne them.

WHere as yée shall sée vnder or aboue superfluous Bowes: ye may cut or proyne off, (as ye shall sée cause) all such bowes harde by the trée, at a due tyme, in the winter folowing: But leaue all y ^e principall branches, and whereas any are broken, let them be cut off beneath, or else by the grownd, and cast them away: thus must ye do yearely, or as ye shall sée cause, if ye will kéepe your trées well and fayre.

How one ought to enlarge the hole about the tree rootes.

IN proyning your trées if there be many rootes, ye must enlarge them in the hole, and so to wreath them as is a­foresayde, and to vse them without breaking, then couer them againe with good fat earth, which ye shall mingle in the sayde hole, and it shall be best to be digged all ouer a lit­tle before, and sée that no branche or roote be left vncoue­red, and when ye haue thus dressed your trées, if anye roote shall put forth or spring hereafter out of the sayde holes, in growing, ye may so proine them as ye shal sée cause, in let­ting them so remaine two or thrée yeares after, vnto such time as the sayde graffes be sprong vp and well branched.

How to set small staues by to strengthen your cyons.

TO auoyde daunger, ye shall sette or pricke small staues about your cions, for feare of breaking, and then after thrée or foure yeares, when they be [...] [...]raunched: yée maye then set or plant them in good earth, (at the begin­ning of winter) but sée that ye cut of all their smal branches hard by the stocke, then ye may plant them where ye think good, so as they may remayne.

In taking vp trees note.

YE may well leaue the maister roote in the hole (when ye digge him vp) if the remooued place be good for hym cutte of the maister rootes by the stubbe, but pare not of all the small rootes, and so plante him, and he shall profyte more thus, than others with all their maister rootes. When as trées be great, they must be disbranched or bowes cut of, before they be set againe, or else they will hardly prosper. If the trées be great, hauing great braunches or bowes, when ye shall digge them vp ye must disbranch them afore ye set them againe, for when trées shalbe thus proined they [Page 15] shall bring great Cyons from their rootes, which shall be franke and good to replant, or set in other places, and shall haue also good braunches and rootes, so that after it shal not néede to graffe them any more, but shall continue one af­ter another to be frée and good.

¶How to couche the rootes when they are proyned.

IN setting your trées agayne, if ye will dresse the rootes of such as ye haue proyned, or cut of the branches before, ye shall leaue all such small rootes, which growe on the great roote, and ye shall so place those rootes in replanting againe not déepe in the earth, so that they maye soone growe, and put forth cions: which being well vsed, ye may haue fruite so good as the other afore mencioned, being of thrée or foure yeares growth, as afore is declared.

¶What trees to proyne.

THis way of proyning is more harder for the greate Cherry (called Healmier) than for the plum trée. Also it is verye requisite and méete for those cyons or trées which be graft on the wilde sowre Cherry trée, to be proyn­ned also, for diuers and sundry causes.

¶Why the sowre cherry dureth not so long as the healmier or great cherry.

THe wilde and sowre cherry, of his owne nature wil not so long time endure, (as the great healme cherry,) ney­ther can haue sufficient sappe to nourish the graffes, as the great healme cherry which is graft, therfore when ye haue proyned the braunches beneath, and the rootes also, so that ye leaue rootes sufficient to nourishe the trée, then set him. If ye cut not of the vnder rootes, the trée will profite more easier, and also lighter to be knowne when they put forth cyons, from the roote of the same, the which ye may take hereafter.

To graffe one great Cherie vpon another.

YE must haue respect vnto the healme Cherrie, which is gratf on the wilde goynire (which is another kinde of grate Cherrie) & whether you do proyne them or not it is not materiall: for they dure a long time. But ye must sée to take away the cions that doe growe from the roote of the wilde goynire, or wilde Plum trée: bicause they are of nature wilde, and doe draw the sap from the sayde trée.

¶Of deepe setting or shalow,

TO set your stockes or trées somewhat déeper on the hye groundes than in the valleyes, bycause the sunne (in Sommer) shall not dry the roote: and in the low grounde more shallow, bycause the water in winter shal not dround or annoy the rootes. Some doe marke the stocke in taking it vp, and so to set him againe the same way, bicause he wil not alter his nature: so likewise the graffes in graffing.

Trees taking roote prickt of braunches.

THere be certayne which take roote, being pricked of braunches proyned of other trées, which be, the Mulberrie, the Fig trée, the Quince trée, the Seruice trée, the Pome­granade trée, the Apple trée, the Damson trée and diuers sortes of other Plum trées, as the Plum trée of Paradise. &c.

¶How one ought to set them.

FOr to set these sortes of trées, ye must cut off the cions, twigges or boughes, betwixt Alhallowtide and christ­masse, not lightly after. Ye shal choose them which be as [Page 17] great as a little staffe or more, and looke whereas ye can finde them fayre, smooth, and straight, and full of sap wyth­all, growing of yong trées, as of the age of thrée or foure yeares growth or there abouts, and looke that ye take them so from the trée with a brode chysell, that ye breake not, or lose any part of the barke thereof, more than halfe a foote beneath, neyther of one side or other: then proyne or cut of the braunches, and pricke them one foote deepe in the earth, well digged and ordered before.

How to binde them that be weake.

THose plantes which be slender, ye must proyne or cut of the branches, then binde them to some stake or such like to be set in good earth and well medled with good dung, and also to be well and déepely digged, and to be set in a moyst place, or else to be well watered in Sommer.

How one ought to digge the earth for to set them in.

AND when that yet woulde set them in the earth, yée must first prepare to digge it, and dung it well thorow out, a large foote déepe in the earth. And whē as ye will set them euery one in his place made (before) with a crowe of yron, and for to make them take roote the better, ye shall put with your plantes, of watered otes, or barely, and so yée shall let them growe the space of thrée or foure yeares, or when they shall be well branched, then ye may remoue thē and if ye breake of the old stubby roote and set them lower, they wil last a long time the more. If some of those plantes do chaunce to put forth cions from the roote, and being so rooted, ye must plucke them vp though they be tender, and set them in other places.

Of Cions without rootes.

IF that the sayde plantes haue of Cyons without rootes, but which come from the trée roote beneath, then cut them not off till they be of two or thrée yeares growth, by that tyme, they wyll gather of rootes to be replanted in other places.

To plant the Figge tree.

THe sayde plantes taken of figge trées graffed, bée the best: ye may likewise take other sortes of figge trées, and graffe one vpon the other, for lyke as vpon the wylde trées doe come the Pepins, euen so the figge, but not so soone to prosper and growe.

How to set Quinces.

LYkewise the nature of Quinces is to spring, if they be pricked (as aforesayde) in the earth, but sometimes I haue graffed with great difficultie (saith mine author) vpon a whyte throne, and it hath taken, and borne fruite to looke on, fayre, but in tast more weaker than the other.

The way to set Mulberies.

THere is also another waye to set Mulberies as follo­weth, which is, if ye do cut in winter certayne great Mulberye bowes, or stockes, asunder in the bodye (wyth a sawe) in troncheous a foote long or more, then yée shall make a great furrowe in good earth, well and déepe, so that ye may couer wel againe your troncheons, in setting them an ende halfe a foote one from another, then couer them a­gaine, that the earth may be aboue those endes, thrée or foure fingers high, so let them remayne, and water them (in Sommer) if néede be sometimes, and clense them from all hurtfull wéedes and rootes.

Note of the same.

THat then within a space of tyme after, the sayde tron­cheons will put forth Cyons, the which when they bée somewhat sprigged, hauing two or thrée small twigges, then yée maye transplant or remooue them where they list: but leaue your troncheons styll in the earth, for yée wyll put forth many mo cions, the which, if they shall haue scan­ty of roote, then dung your troncheons within, wyth good earth, and likewyse aboue also, and they shall doe well.

The time meete to cut cions.

YE shall vnderstande that all trées the which commonly doe put foorth cyons, if ye cut them in winter, they will put forth and spring more aboundantlye, for then they be all good to set or plant.

To set bush trees, as Goose bearies, or small Reysons,

THere be many other kindes of Bushe trées, which wil grow of cions pricked in the grounde, as the Goose be­rye trée, the small Rayson trée, the Barbery trée, the Blackthrone trée, these with many others, to be planted in winter, wil grow without rootes: ye must also proyne them and they will take well ynough, so likewise ye may pricke (in Marche) of Oziars in moyst groundes, and they wyll grow, and serue to many purposes for your garden.

The first way to graffe all sortes of trees.

ANd first of all it is to be noted, that all sortes of franke trées, as also wilde trées of nature, may be graft wyth graffes, and in the scutchin, and both doe wel take, but specially those trées which be of like nature: therefore it is better so to graffe, howbeit, they may well grow and take of other sortes of trées, but certayne trées be not so good, nor will prosper so well in the ende.

How to graffe Apple trees, Peare trees, Quince trees, and Medler trees.

THey graffe the Peare graffe, on other Peare stockes, & Apple, vpon apple stocke, crabbe or wilding stocke, the Quince and Medler, vpon the white throne, but most com­monly they vse to graffe one apple vpon another, and both Peares and Quinces, they graffe on Hawthrone and crab stocke. Another kinde of fruite called in Frenche Saulsay, they vsed to graffe on y ^e willow stocke, the maner therof is hard to do, which I haue not séene, therefore I will let passe at this present.

The graffing of great Cherries.

THey graffe the great Cherry, called in French Heaul­miers, vpon the crabbe stocke, and another long Cher­ry called Guyniers vpon the wilde or sower Cherry trée, and likewise one Cherry vpon another.

To graffe Medlers.

THe Misple or Medlar, they maye be graffed on other Medlers, or on whyte throne: the Quince is graffed [Page 21] on the white or blacke throne, and they do prosper well. I haue graffed (sayde hée) the Quince vpon a wilde Peare stocke, and it hath taken and borne fruite well and good, but they will not long endure. I beleeue (sayth he) it was by­cause that the graffe was not able ynough to draw the sap from y ^e Peare stocke: some graffe the Medler on y ^e quince, to be great. And it is to be noted although the stocke, & the graffe be of contrarie natures, yet notwithstanding ney­ther the graffe nor scutchin, shall take any parte of the na­ture of the wilde stocke, so graffed, though it be Peare, Ap­ple, or Quince, which is contrarye against many whiche haue written, that if ye graffe the Medler vpon the quince trée, they shall ve without stones, whiche is abusion and mockery. For I haue (sayth he) proued the contrarie my selfe.

Of diuers kindes of Graffes.

IT is very true that one may set a trée which shal beare diuers sorts of fruit at once, if he be graffed with diuers kinde of graffes, as the black, whyte, and gréene cherry togithers, and also Apples of other trées, as Apples and Peares togithers, and in the scutchion (ye maye graffe) likewyse of dyuers bindes also, as on Peares, Abricotes, and Plums togither, and of others also.

Of the Graffing the Figge.

YE may graffe the figge trée vpon the peache trée or a­bricote, but leaue a branche on the stocke, & that must bée accordinge for the space of yeares, for the one shall change sooner than the other. All trées aboue sayde, do take very well, being graffed one with the other, and I haue not knowne or found of any others, howbeit (saith he) I haue curiously sought & prooued, bicause they say one may graffe on colewoortes, or on Elmes, the which I thinke are but iestes.

Of the great Abricotes.

THe great Abricote they graffe in Sommer in the scut­chion or shielde, in the sap or barke of the lesser Abri­cote, and be graffed on Peache trées, Figge trées, and principally on Damson or Plum trées, for there they wyll prosper the better.

Of the Seruice tree.

OF the Seruice trée, they say and write, that they may hardly be graft on other Seruice trées, eyther on apple trées, Peare, or Quince trées, and I beléeue this to be very harde to doe, for I haue tried (saith he) and they woulde not prooue.

The setting of Seruices.

THerefore it is much better to set them of curnels, as it is aforesayde, as also in the seconde Chapter of the planting of cions, or other great trées, which must be cut in winter, as such as shalbe most méete for that purpose

Trees which be very harde to be graffed in the shielde or stutchion.

ALl other maner of trées aforesayde, doe take verye well to be graffed wyth Cyons, and also in the shielde, except Abricotes on Peches, Almondes, Percigniers, the Peache trée, doe take hardlye to be graffed, but in the shielde, in Sommer, as shal be more largely hereafter de­clared. As for the Almonde, Percigniers and Peaches, ye may better set them of curnels and Nuttes, whereby they shall the soner come to perfection to be graffed.

How a man ought to consider those trees, which be commonly charged with fruite.

YE shall vnderstand, that in the beginning of graffing, ye must consider what sortes of trées doe most charge the stocke with braunche and fruite, or that doe loue the countrey or grounde whereas you intende to plant or graffe them: for better it were to haue abundance of fruit than to haue very fewe or none good.

Of trees where on to choose your graffes.

OF suche trées as ye will gather your graffes to graffe with, ye must take them at the endes of the principall braunches, which be also faire and greatest of sap, hauing two or thrée fingers length of the olde wood, with the newe, and those cions which haue of eyes somewhat nigh togi­ther, are the best, for those which be long or farre one from another, be not so good for to bring fruite.

Those Cions towarde the East are best.

YE shall vnderstande, that those cions which doe growe on the east, or Orient part of the trée, are best: ye must not lightlye gather of the euill and slender graffes, which growe in the middes of the trées, nor any graffes which doe growe within on the braunches, or that doe springe from the stocke of the trée, nor yet graffes which be on ve­rye olde trées, for thereby ye shall not lightly profite to any purpose.

To choose your tree for graffes.

AND when the trées, where as you intende to gather your graffes, be small and yung, as of fyue or sixe yeares growth, do not take of the highest graffe there of, nor the greatest, except it be of a small trée of two or thrée yeares, the which commonly hath to much of top or wood, otherwyse not, for ye shall but marre your graffing.

How to keepe graffes along time.

YE may kéepe graffes a long time good, as from all hal­lowtyde (so that the leaues be fallen) vnto the time of graffing, if that they be well couered in the earth halfe a foote déepe therein, and so that none of them doe appeare without the earth.

How to keepe graffes before they are budded.

YE shall not gather them except ye haue great néede, vn­till Christmas or there abouts, and put them not in the [Page 24] grounde, nigh any walles, for feare of Moles, Mice, and water marring the place and graffes. It shall bée good to kéepe graffes in the earth before they begin to bud, when that ye will graffe betwixt the barke and the tree, and when the trées begin to enter into their sappe.

How one ought to beginne to graffe.

YE may well begin to graffe (in cleauing the stocke) at Christmasse, or before, according to the coldenesse of y ^e time, and principally the Healme or greate Cherrye, Peares, Wardens, or forwarde fruite of Apples: and for Medlers it is good to tarry vntill the ende of Ianuarie and Februarie, vntyll March, or vntyll such time as ye shall sée the trées beginne to bud or spring.

When it is good graffing the wilde stockes.

IN the spring time it is good graffing of Wilde stockes, (which be great) betwixt the barke and the trée, such stoc­kes as be of a latewarde Spring, and kept in the earth be­fore. The Damson or Plum tarieth longest to be graft: for they do not shewe or put forth sap so sone as the others.

Marke if the tree be forwarde or not.

YE ought to consider alwayes whether the trée be for­warde or not, or to be graffed soone or latewarde, and to giue him also a graffe of the lyke haste or slownesse. Euen so ye must marke the time, whether it be slow or for­warde.

When one will graffe, what necessaries he ought to be furnished withall.

WHensoeuer ye go to graffing, sée ye be first furnished with graffes, clay and Mosse, clothes, or barkes of Sallowe to binde the graffes, or clouen briers, or small O­siers to binde likewise withall. Also ye must haue a small Sawe, and a sharpe knife, to cleaue and to cut graffes with all. But it were much better if ye shoulde cut your graffes [Page 25] with a great penknyfe, or some other like sharpe knife, ha­uing also a small wedge of harde wood, or of yron, with a hoked knyfe, and also a small mallet. And your wilde stoc­kes must be well rooted before ye do graffe them: and be not so quicke to deceyue your salues, as those which doe graffe and plant all at one time, yet they shall not profite so well, for where the wild stock hath not substance in him selfe, much lesse to giue vnto the other graffes, for when a man thinkes some times, to forwarde him selfe, he doth hynder hym selfe.

¶Of graffes not prospering the first yere.

YE shall vnderstand, that very hardly your graffes shal prosper after if they doe not profite or prosper well in the first yeare, for when so euer (in the first yeare) they profite well, it were better to graffe then somewhat lower than to let them so remaine and growe.

¶For to graffe well and sounde.

ANd for the best vnderstanding of graffing in the cleft, ye shal first cut away all the small cions about the bo­dy of the stocke beneath, and before ye begin to cleaue your stocke, dresse and cut your graffes somewhat thicke and ready, then cleaue your stocke, and as the cleft is smal or great if néede be, pare it smoth within, then cut your in­cision of your graffes accordingly, & set them in the cleftes as euen, and as close as ye can possible.

¶How to trim your graffes.

YE may graffe your graffes full as long as two or thrée truntchions or cut graffes, which ye may lykewyse graffe withall very well, and be as good as those which doe come of olde wood, and oftentimes better, as to graffe a bough, for often it so happeneth, a man shall finde of oy­lettes or eyes harde by the olde slender wood, yet better it were to cut them of with the olde wood, and chose a better [Page 26] and fayre place, at some other eye in the same graffe, and to make your incision therevnder, as aforesayde, and cut your graffes in making the incision on the one side nar­rows, and on the other side brode, as the inner side thinne, and the outside thicke, bicause the outside (of your graffe) must ioyne within the cleft, with the sappe or barke of the wilde stocke, and it shall so be set in: see also that ye cut it smooth as your cleftes are in the stock, in ioyning at euery place both euen and close, and especially the ioyntes or cor­ners of the graffes on the heads of the stocke, which must be well and cleane pared before, and then set fast thereon.

How to cut graffes for Cherries and Plummes.

IT is not much requisite in the healme Cherrie, for to ioyne the graffes (in the stocke) wholy throughout, as it is in others, or to cut the graffes of great Cheries, dam­sons or plums, so thin and playne as ye may other graffes, for these sort haue a more greater sap or pithe within, the which ye must alwayes take héede in cutting it to nygh on the one side, or on the other, but at the ende thereof chiefly, to be thinne cut and flat.

Note also.

ANd yet if the sayde incision be more strayter and clo­ser on the one side than on the other side, pare it where it is most méete, and where it is to straite, open it with a wedge of yron, and put in a wedge of the same woode a­boue in the cleft, and thus may ye moderate your graffes, as ye shall sée cause.

Howe in graffing to take heede that the barke doe not ryse.

IN all kinde of cutting your graffes, take héede to the barke of your graffes, that it doe not ryse (from the wood) on no side thereof, and specially on the outside, therefore ye shall leaue it more thycker than the inner syde: also ye must take héede when as the stockes doe [Page 27] wreath in cleauing, that ye may ioyne the graffe therein accordingly: the best remedie therfore is, to cut it smooth within, that the graffe may ioyne the better, ye shall also, vnto the most greatest stockes, choose for them the most greatest graffes.

¶How to cut your stocke▪

HOwe much the more your stocke is thinne and slen­der, so much more ye ought to cut him lower, and if your stocke be as great as your finger, or therea­bouts, ye may cut him a fote, or halfe a foote from the earth and digge hym about and doong him with goates doong, to helpe him withall, and graffe him but with one graffe or Cion.

¶If the wilde stocke be great and slender.

IF your wilde stocke be great, or as big as a good staffe ye shall cut him rounde of, a foote or thereaboutes aboue the earth, then set in two good graffes in the head or cleft thereof.

¶Trees as great as ones arme.

ANd when your stocke is as great as your arme, yée shall sawe him cleane of rounde, three or foure foote, or thereaboutes, from the earth, for to defende him, and set in the heade three graffes, two in th [...] left, and one betwixt the barke and the trée, on that side which ye may haue most space.

¶Great trees as bigge as your legge.

IF the stocke be as bigge as your legge, or thereaboutes, ye shall saw him fayre and cleane off, foure or fyue foote hie from the earth, and cleaue him a crosse (if ye will) and set in foure graffes in the cleftes thereof, or else one cleft onely, and set two graffes in both the sides thereof, and o­ther two graffes, betwixt the barke and the trée.

¶When the graffes be pinched wyth the stocke.

YE must for the better vnderstanding, marke to graffe betwixt the barke and the trée, for when the sap is full in the wood of wilde stockes being great, then they do com­monly pinche or wring the graffes to sore, if ye do not put a small wedge of gréene wood in the clift thereof, to helpe them withall against such daunger.

¶Howe ye ought to cleaue your stockes.

WHen so euer ye shall cleaue your wilde stockes, take héede that ye cleaue them not in the middes of the harte or pithe: but a litle on the one side, which side ye shall thinke good.

¶Howe to graffe the braunche of great trees.

WHen so euer ye woulde graffe great trées, as great as your thigh, or greater, it were much better to graffe onely the braunches thereof, than the stocke or body for the stocke will rotte, before the graffes shall couer the heade.

¶Howe to cut brauches olde and great.

BVt if the braunches be to rude, and without order (the best shall be) to cut them all off, & within thrée or foure yeares after they will bring fayre newe Cions a­gaine and then it shall best to graffe them, and cut of all the superfluous and ill braunches thereof.

¶How ye ought to byride your graffes throughout for feare of wyndes.

ANd when your graffes shalbe growne, ye must binde them, for feare of shaking of the wynde, and if the trée be free and good of him selfe, let the Cions growe still, and ye may graffe any part or branche ye will, in the cleft, or betwixt the barke and the trée, eyther in the scutchion, [Page 29] and if your barke be fayre and lose.

¶To set many graffes in one cleft.

WHen ye will put many graffes in one cleft, sée that one incision (of your graffe) be as large as the other, not to be put into the cleft so slightly and rashely, and that one side thereof be not more open than the other, and that these graffes be all of one length: it shall suffice also, if they haue thrée eyes, on cache graffe without the ioynt thereof.

¶Howe to sawe your stocke, before ye leaue hym.

IN sawing your stocke, sée that ye teare not the barke a­bout the heade thereof, then cleaue his heade with a long sharpe knife, or such like, and knocke your wedge in the intos thereof, (then pare him on the heade rounde about) and knocke your wedge in so déepe till it open méete for your graffes, but not to wide, then holding in one hande your graffe, and in the other hande your stocke, set your graffe in close, barke to barke, and let your wedge be great aboue at the heade, that ye may knocke him out fayre and easily againe.

¶If the stocke cleaue to much or the barke do open.

IF the stocke do cleaue to much, or open the barke with the woode to low, then softly open your stocke with your wedge, and sée if your incision of your graffe be all méete and iuste, according to the cleft, if not, make it vntill it be méete, or else saw him off lower.

¶How graffes neuer lightly take.

ABoue all thinges ye must consider the méeting of the two sappes, betwixt the graffe and the wylde stocke, which must be set iust one with another, for ye shall vn­derstande, [Page 30] if they do not ioyne, and the one delight with the other, beyng euen set, they shall neuer take togither, for there is nothing onely to ioyne their increase, but the sap, recounting the one against the other.

¶How to set the graffes right in the cleft.

WHen the barke of the stocke is more thicker than the graffe, ye must take good héede of the setting in of the graffe in the cleft, to the ende that his sap may ioyne right with the sap of the stocke, on the inside, and ye ought lyke­wise to consider of the sap of the stocke, if he do surmount the graffes on the outsides of the cleft to much or not.

¶Of setting in the graffes.

ALso yée must take good héede, that the graffes he well and cleane set in, and ioyne close vpon the head of the stocke: lykewise that the incision which is set in the cleft, doe ioyne very well within on both sides, not to ioyne so euen, but sometimes it may doe seruice, when as the graffes doe drawe to much from the stocke, or the stocke also on the graffes doe put forth.

¶Note also.

ANd therefore when the stocke is rightly clouen, there is no daunger in cutting the incision of the graffe, but a little straight rebated, to the ende thereof, that the sappe may ioyne one with the other, the better & closer togither.

¶How ye ought to drawe out your wedge.

WHen your graffes shall be well ioyned within the stock, draw your wedge fayre & softly forth, for feare of displacing your graffes, ye may leaue within the cleft a small wedge of such gréene wood, as is aforesayde, and ye shall cut it of close by the head of your stocke, and so couer it with a barke as followeth.

¶To couer your cleftes on the heade.

WHen your wedge is drawne forth, put a gréene pill of thicke barke of willow, crabbe, or apple, vpon your cleftes of the stocke, that nothing may fall betweene: then couer all about the cleftes on the stocke head two fingers thicke with good clay, or nie about that thickenesse, that no winde nor rayne may enter. Then couer it rounde with good mosse, and then wreth it ouer with clothes, or pilles of Willow, Bryar, of Oziars, or such like, then binde them faste, and sticke certayne long prickes on the graffes heade amongs your cyons, to defende them from the Crowes, Iayes, or such like.

¶How ye ought to see to the bynding of your graftes.

BVT alwayes take good héede to the binding of your heds, that they waxe slacke, or shagge, neyther on the one side or other, but remaine fast vpon the clay, which clay remaynes fast (likewise on the stocke head) vnder the binding thereof, wherefore, the sayde clay must be modera­ted in such sort as followeth.

¶How ye ought to temper your clay.

THe best way is therefore, to trie your claye betwixt your handes, for stones and such like, and so to temper it as ye shall thinke good, if so it require of moystnesse or drynesse, and to temper it with the heare of Beastes, for when it dryeth, it holdeth not (otherwise) so well on the stocke, or if ye kneade of mosse therewith, or mingle haye thinne therewith: some do iudge, that the mosse doth make the trées mossie. But I thinke (sayth he) that commeth of the disposition of places.

¶To bushe your graffe heades.

WHen ye shal binde or wrappe your graffe heads with bande, take small thornes, and binde them within, for to defend your graffes, from Kites, or Crowes, or other daunger of other foules, or pricke of sharpe white stickes thereon.

¶The second way to graffe hie braunches on trees.

THe seconde maner to graffe, is straunge ynough to many: this kinde of graffing is on the toppes of bran­ches of trées, which thing to make them grow light­ly, is not soone obtayned: wheresoeuer they be graffed, they do onely require a fayre yong wood, a great Cion or twig, growing hyest in the trée toppe, which cions ye shall choose to graffe on, of many sortes of frutes if ye wil or as ye shal thinke good, which order followeth.

TAke graffes of other sortes of trées which yée woulde graffe in the top thereof, then mount to the toppe of the trée which ye woulde graffe, and cut of the toppes of all such braunches or as many as ye woulde graffe on, and if they be greater than the graffes, which ye would graffe, ye shall cut and graffe them lower, as ye doe the small wilde stocke aforesayde. But if the cions that you cut, be as great as your graffe that you graffe on, ye shall cut them lower betwixt the olde wood and the newe, or a little more higher, or lower: then cleaue a little and choose your graffes in the like sorte which ye woulde plant, whereof ye shall make the incision short, with the barke on both sides lyke, and as thicke on the one side as the other, and set so iust in the cleft, that the barke maye be euen and close, as well aboue as beneath, on the one side as the other, and so bynde him as is aforesayde. It shall suffice that euery graffe haue one oylet, or eye, or two at the most, without the ioynt, for to leaue them to long if shall not be good, and ye must dresse it with clay and mosse, and binde it as is aforesayde. And likewise ye may graffe these as ye do the little wild stocks which should be as great as your graffes and to graffe them as ye do those with sappe lyke on both sides, but then ye must graffe them in the earth, as thrée fingers off, or there abouts.

The thirde maner of graffing, is of graffes which may be set betwixt the barke and the tree.
To graffe betwixt the barke and the tree.

THis maner of graffing is good when trées doe begin to enter into their sappe, which is, about the ende of Fe­bruarie, vnto the ende of Aprill, and specially on great wilde stockes which be harde to cleaue, ye may set in foure or fiue graffes in the head thereof, which graffes ought to be gathered afore, and kept close in the earth till then, for by that time aforesayde, ye shall scantly finde a trée but that he doth put foorth or budde, as the Apple called Capendu, or such like. Ye must therefore sawe these wilde stockes more charily, and more higher, so they be great, and then cut the graffes which ye woulde set togither, so as you would sette them vpon the wilde stocke that is cleft, as is afore rehear­sed. And the incision of your graffes must not be so long nor so thicke, and the barke a little at the ende thereof must be taken away, and made in maner as a launcet of yron, and as thicke on the one side as the other.

Howe to dresse the heade, to place the graffes betwixt the barke and the tree.

ANd when your graffes be ready cut, then shal ye clense the head of your stock, and pare it with a sharpe knife, round about the barke therof, to the ende your graffes may ioyne the better thereon, then by and by take a sharpe penknife, or other sharpe poynted knife, and thrust it down betwixt the barke and the stocke, so long as the incision of your graffes be, then put your graffes softly downe therein to the hard ioynt, and sée that it doe sit close vpon the stocke heade.

Howe to couer the heade of your stocke.

WHen as ye haue set in your graffes, ye must then co­uer it well about, with good tough clay and mosse, as is sayde of the others, and then ye must incontinent enuy­ron or compasse your head, with smal thorny bushes, & bind them fast thereon all about, for feare of great byrdes, and lykewise the wynde.

Of the maner and graffing in the shielde or scutchion.

THe fourth maner to graffe, whiche is the last, is to graffe in the scutchion, in the sap, in Sommer, from a­bout the ende of the moneth of Maye, vntill August, when as trées be yet strong in sap & leaues, for otherwayes it can not be done, the best time is in Iune and Iuly, so it is some yeares when the time is very drie, that some trées doe holde their sappe very long, therefore ye must farie fill it re­turne.

For to graffe in Sommer so long as the trees be full leaued.

FOr to beginne this maner of graffing well, ye must in sommer when the trées be almost full of sap, and when they haue sprong forth of new shewtes being somewhat hardened, then shall ye take a braunch thereof in the top of the trée, the which ye will haue graffed, & choose the highest, and the principallest braunches, without cutting it from the old wood, & choose therof, the principallest oylet or eie, or bud­ding place, of eche braunche one, with which oylet or eye, ye shall begin to graffe, as followeth.

The big Cions are best to graffe.

PRincipally ye must vnderstād that the smallest & naugh­ty oylettes or buddes of the sayde cions, be not so good to graffe, therefore choose the greatest and best ye can find, [Page 35] first cut of the leafe hard by the oylet, then ye shall trench or cut (the length of a barly corne) beneath the oylet round about the barke, harde to the wood, and so likewise aboue: then with a sharpe point of a knife, slyt it downe halfe an yuche beside the oylet or budde, and with the pointe of a sharpe knyfe softly raise the sayd shield or scutchion, round about, with the oylet in the middest, and all the sap belon­ging there vnto.

¶How to take of the shield fro the wood.

ANd for the better raysing the saide shielde or scutchion from the wood, after that ye haue cut him round about, and then slit him downe, without cutting anye part of the wood within, ye must then rayse the side next you that is slit, and then take the same shielde betwixt your finger and thumbe, and plucke or raise it softly of, without brea­king or broosing anye part thereof, and in the opening or plucking it of, holde it (with your fynger) harde to the wood, to the ende the sap of the oylet, may remaine in the shielde, for if it go of (in plucking it) from the barkes, and sticke to the wood, your scutchion is nothing worth.

¶To knowe your scutchion or shielde, when he is good or badde.

ANd for the more easier vnderstanding, if it be good or badde, when it is taken from the wood, looke within the sayde shielde, and if ye shall sée it cracke, or open within, then it is of no value, for the chiefe sap doth yet remaine behinde with the wood, which should be in the shield, & ther­fore ye must choose and cut another shielde, which must be good and sounde, as aforesayde, and when your scutchion shall be well taken of from the wood, then holde it drye, by the oylet or eye, betwixt your lippes, vntill ye haue cut and taken of the barke from the other cion or braunch, and set hym in that place, and looke that ye do not fowle or wet it in your mouth.

¶Of yong trees to graffe on.

BVt ye must graffe on such trées, as be from the bignesse of your little finger, vnto as great as your arme, ha­uing their barke thin and slender, for great trées com­monly haue their barke hard & thick, which ye can not wel graffe this waye, except they haue some braunches with a thin smooth barke, méete for this way to be done.

¶How to set or place your shielde,

YE must quickly cut of rounde the barke of the trée that ye will graffe on, a little more longer than the shielde that ye set on, bicause it maye ioyne the sooner & easier, but take héede that in cutting of the barke, ye cut not the wood within.

¶Note also.

AFter the incision once done, ye must then couer both the sides or ends well & softly withall, with a little bone or horne, made in maner like a thin skinne, which ye shall laye it all ouer the ioyntes or closings of the sayde shielde, somewhat longer and larger, but take héede for hurting or crushing the barke thereof.

¶How to lift vp the ba [...]ke, and to set your shielde on.

THis done, take your shield or scutchion, by the oylet or eye that he hath, and open him fayre and softly by the two sides, and put them straight waye on the other trée, where as the barke is taken of, and ioyne him close barke to barke thereon, then plain it softly aboue and at both the endes with the thinne bone, and that they ioyne aboue and beneath barke to barke, so that he maye féede well the braunch of that trée.

¶How to binde on your shield.

THis done, ye must haue a wreath of good hemp, to bind the said shield on in his place: the maner to hinde it is this, ye shal make a wreath of hempe togither as great as a Goose quill, or there aboutes, or according to the bignesse or smalnesse of your trée: then take your hempe in the midst, that the one halfe may serue for the vpper halfe of y ^e shield, in winding and crossing (with the hempe) the saide shield, on the braunche of the trée, but sée that he binde it not to straite, for it shal let him frō taking or springing, and like­wise their sap can not easily come or passe from the one to the other: and sée also that wet come not to your shield, nor likewise the hempe that ye binde it withall. Ye shal begin to binde your scutchion first behinde in the middes of your shielde, in comming still lower and lower, & so recouer vn­der the oylet, and tayle of your shielde, binding it nie togi­thers, without couering of the saide oylet, then ye shal re­turne againe vpward, in binding it backward to the midst where ye began. Then take the other part of the hempe, and binde so likewise the vpper part of your shield, and in­crease your hempe as ye shall neede, and so returne againe backward, and ye shall binde it so, till the fruites or cliftes be couered (both aboue and beneath) with your sayde hempe, except the oylet and his tayle, the which ye must not couer, for that tayle will shed apart, if the shielde doe take.

¶On one tree ye may graffe or put two or three shieldes.

YE may verie well if ye wil, on euery trée graffe two or thrée shieldes, but sée that one be not right against ano­ther, nor yet of the one side of the trée, let your shieldes so remaine bounde on the trées, one Moneth or more after they be graffed, and the greater the trée is, the longer to remaine, and the smaller the lesser time.

¶The time to vnbinde your shielde.

ANd then after one moneth or sixe wéekes past, ye must vnbinde the shielde, or at the least, cut the hempe be­hynde of the trée, and let it so remaine vnto the Winter next following, and then about the moneth of March, or Aprill if ye will, or when ye shall sée the sap of the shielde put forth, then cut the braunch aboue the shielde thrée fin­gers all about all of.

¶Howe to cut and gouerne the braunches graffed on the trees.

THen in the next yeare after that the cions shal be well strengthened, and when they do begin to spring, then shall ye cut them all harde of by the shielde aboue, for if ye had cut them so nigh in the first yere, when they began first to spring or budde, it shoulde greatly hinder them a­gainst their increase of growing: also when those cions shall put forth of faire wood, ye must binde and staye them in the mids, faire and gently with small wandes, or such like, that the winde or weather hurt them not. And after this maner of graffing, is practised in the shield or sutchiō, which way ye may easily graffe the white rose on the red, and likewise ye may haue roses of diuers colours & sortes vpon one braunch or roote: this I thought sufficient and méete to declare, of this kinde of graffing at this present.

¶The sooner ye transplant or set them, it shall be the better.

YEe ought to transplant or sette your trées, from Alhalowtide vnto Marche, and the sooner the better, for as soone as the leaues are falne from the trées, they be méete for to be planted, if it be not in a verie colde [Page 39] or moyst place, the which then it were best for to tarry vnto Ianuary, or February: to plant in the frost is not good.

To plant or set towardes the South, or Sunny place, is best.

AFore ye do pluck vp your trées for to plant them, if ye will marke the southside, of ech trée, that when ye shall replant them, ye may set them againe as they stood be­fore, which is the best way as some doe say. Also if ye kéepe them a certaine tyme, after they be taken out of the earth, before ye replant them again, they wil rather recouer there in the earth, so they be not wette with raine, nor otherwise, for that shall be more contrary to them than the great heate or drought.

Howe to cut the braunches of trees before they be set.

Whensoeuer ye shall set or replant your trées, first ye must cut of the boughes, & specially those which are great braunches, in such sort that ye shall leaue the small twigs or sprigs on the stockes of your braunch, which must be but a shaftment long or somewhat more or lesse, accor­ding as the trée shall require which ye doe set.

Apple trees commonly must be disbraunched before they be replanted or set.

ANd chiefly the Apple trées beyng graffed or not graffed, doe require to be disbraunched before they be sette a­gaine, for they shall prosper thereby, much the better: the other sortes of trées may well passe vnbraunched, if they haue not to great or large braunches: and therefore, it shal be good to transplant or set, as soone after as the graffes are closed on the head of the wilde stocke, as for small trées which haue but one cion or twigge, it néedes not to cut them aboue, when they be replanted or remooued.

All wylde stockes must be disbraunched, when they are replanted or set.

ALl wilde trées or stockes which ye thinke for to graffe on, ye must first cut of all their braunches before ye set them againe, also it shall be good, alwayes to take héede in replanting your trées, that ye doe set them againe, in as good or better earth, than they were in before, and so euery trée according as his nature doth require.

What trees loue the fayre Sunne and what trees the colde ayre.

COmmonly the most part of trées doe loue the Sunne at noone, and yet the South winde ( or vent d'aual) is ve­ry contrary against their nature, and specially the Al­mond trée, the Abricote, the mulbery trée, the Figge trée, and the pomgranade trée: certaine other trees there be whi­che loue colde ayre, as these: the Chestnut trée, the wylde and eager Cherry trée, the Quince trée, and the Damson or Plum trée: the Walnutte looueth colde ayre, and a stony white grounde: Peare trées loue not greatly plaine pla­ces, they prosper well ynough in places closed with walles or high hedges, and specially the Peare called bon Crestien.

Of many sortes and maners of trees, following their nature.

THe Damson or Plum trée, doth loue a colde fat earth, and clay withall, the (healme) great Cherry, doth loue to be set or planted vpon clay. The Pine trée, loueth light earth, stony and sandy. The Medlar commeth well ynough in all kinde of groundes, and doth not hinder his fruit to be in the shadowe and moyst places. Hasell nut trées, loue the place to be cold, leane, moyst and sandy. Ye shall vnderstand that euery kinde of fruitefull trée, doth loue, and is more fruitfull in one place, than another, as according vnto their [Page 41] nature, neuerthelesse we ought to nourishe them (all that we may) in the place where we set them in, taking them fro the place and grounds they were in. And ye must also consider when one doth plant them, of the great and lar­gest kinde of trées, that euerye kinde of trée may prosper and growe, and it is to be considered also, if the trées haue commonly growne afore so large in that grounde or not, for in good earth, the trées maye well prosper and growe, hauing a good space one from another, more than if the ground were leane and naught.

¶How to plant or set trees at large.

IN this thing ye shall consider, ye must giue a competent space, from one trée to another, when as ye make the holes to set them in, not to nie, nor y ^t one trée touch so ano­ther. For a good trée planted or set well at large, it profiteth oftentimes more of fruite, than thrée or foure trées, set to nighe togithers. The most greatest and largest trées com­monly are Walnuttes, and Chestnuttes, if ye plant them seuerally in ranke, as they doe commonly grow vpon high waies, beside hedges in fieldes, they must be set .xxxv. foote a sunder, one from another, or there aboutes, but if ye will plant many ranks in one place togithers, ye must set them the space of .xlv. foote, one from another, or thereaboutes, and so farre ye must set your ranks one from another. For the Peare trées and Apple trées, and other sortes of trées which may be set of this largenesse one from y ^e other, if ye doe plant onely in rankes by hedges in the fields, or other­wise, it shal be sufficient of .xx. foote one from another. But if ye wil set two ranks vpon the sides of your great alleyes in gardens, which be of ten or twelue foote broad, it shal be then best to giue them more space, the one from the other in ech ranke, as about .xxv. foote: also ye must not set your trées right one against the other, but entermedling or be­twéene euery space, as they may best grow at large, that if [Page 42] néede be, ye may plant of other smaller trées betwéene, but sée that ye set them not to thick. If ye list for to set or plant all your trées of one bignesse, as of yong trées like rods, being Peare trées, or Apple trées, they must be set a good space one from another, as of .xxv. or .xxx. foote in square, as to say, from one ranke to another. For to plant or sette of smaller trées, as Plum trées, & Apple trées, of the like big­nesse, it shall be sufficient for them .xiiij. or .xv. foote space, in Quarters. But if ye wyll plant or set two rankes in your alleyes in gardens, ye must deuise for to proportion it after the largenesse of your saide alleyes. For to plant or sette eager or sowre Cherry trées, this space shall be suffi­cient ynough y ^e one from the other, that is, of x. or .xij. foote, and therefore if ye make of great or large alleyes in your garden, as of ten foote wide or there abouts, they shal come wel to passe, and shal be sufficient to plant your trées, of .ix. or .x. foote space? and for the other lesser sorts of trées, as of Quince trées, Figge trées, Nut trées and such like, which be not commonly planted, but in one ranke togithers.

Ordering your trees.

WHen that ye plant or set ranks, of euery kind of trées togithers, ye shall set or plant the most smallest to­wards the sunne, & the greatest in the shade, that they may not annoy or hurt the small, nor the small the great. Also whensoeuer ye wil plant or set of Peare trées, & Plum trées (in any place) the one with another, better it were to set the Plum trées next the sunne, for the Peares wil dure better in the shade. Also ye must vnderstande, when he set or plant many ranks of trées togithers, ye must haue more space betwixt your rankes and trées, (then when ye set but one ranke) that they may haue rome sufficient on euerye side: ye shal also scarcely set or plant Peare trées, or Apple trées, or other great trées, vpō dead, or mossie barrē ground vnstirred, for they increse (theron) to no purpose. But other [Page 43] lesser trées very well may growe, as Plum trées and such like: nowe when all the sayd things aboue be considered, ye shall make your holes, according to the space that shal he re­quired of euery trée that ye shall plant or sette, and also the place méete for the same so much as ye may conuenient, ye shall make your holes large ynough, for ye must suppose that the trée ye do set, hath not the halfe of his rootes he shall haue hereafter, therefore ye must helpe him and giue hym of good fat earth, (or dung) all about the rootes when as ye plant him. And if any of the same rootes be to long, and bruysed or hurt, ye shall cut them cleane of, a slope wyse, so that the vpper side (of eache roote) so cut, may be longest in setting, and for the small rootes which come foorth all about thereof, ye may not cut them of as the great rootes.

Howe ye ought to enlarge the holes for your trees, when ye plant them.

WHen as ye sette the trées in the holes, ye must then enlarge the rootes, in placing them, and sée that they take all downewards, without turning any rootes the ende vpwarde, and ye must not plant or set them to déepe in the earth, but as ye shall sée cause. It shall be sufficient for them to be planted or set (halfe a foote, or there aboutes) in the earth, so that the earth be aboue all the rootes halfe a foote or more, if the place be not very burning and stonie.

Of dung and good earth, for your plantes and trees.

ANd when as ye woulde replant or set, ye must haue of good fatte earth or dung, well medled with a part of the same earth where as yée tooke your Plantes out of, wyth all the vpper crestes of the earth, as thick as ye can haue it: the sayde earth which ye shall put about the rootes, must not [Page 44] be put to nigh the rootes, for doubt of the dung being layd to nigh, which will put the sayde rootes in a heate, but let it be well medled with the other earth, and well tempered in the holes, and the smallest and slendrest cions that turnes vp among those rootes, ye may plant therewith very well.

If ye haue wormes amongest the earth of your rootes.

IF there be wormes in the fat earth or dung, that ye put about your rootes, ye must meddle it well also, with the dung of oxen or kyne, or fleckt sope ashes about the roote, whiche will make the Wormes to die, for otherwyse, they will hurt greatly the rootes.

To digge well the earth about the tree rootes.

ALso ye must digge well the earth, principally all round ouer the rootes, and more oftner, if they be drie, than if they be wet: ye must not plant or set trées when it ray­neth, nor the earth to be very moyst about the rootes. The trées that be planted or set in valleyes, commonly prosper well by drought, and when it rayneth, they that be on the hilles are better by watring with drops, than others, but if the place or grounde be moyst of nature, ye must not plant or set your trées so déepe thereon.

The nature of places.

ON high and drie places, ye must plant or set your trées a little more déeper, than in the valleys, & ye must not fill the holes in high places, so full as the other, to the ende that the raine may better moysten them.

Of good earth.

YE shal vnderstand that of good earth, cōmonly commeth good fruite, but in certaine places (if that they might [Page 45] be suffered to growe) they would season the trée the better. Otherwise they shall not come to proofe, nor yet haue a good taste.

With what ye ought to binde your trees.

WHensoeuer your trées shalbe replanted or set, ye must knocke in (by the roote) a stake, and binde your trées thereto for feare of the winde: and when they do spring, ye shall dresse them and binde them with bandes that may not breake, which handes may be of strong soft hearbe, as Bul­rushes or such like, or of olde linnen clowtes, if the other be not strong ynough, or else ye may bind them with Oziars, or such like, but for feare of fretting or hurting your trées.

The first councell is, when your trees be but plantes (in drie weather) they must be watred.

THE yong trées which be newly planted, must somety­mes (in Sūmer) be watred when the time waxeth drie, at the least the first yeare after they be planted or set. But as for other greater trées which are wel taken & rooted a good time, ye must dig them al ouer the rootes after Alhal­lowtide, & vncouer them foure or fiue foote compasse about the roote or trée: and let them so lie vncouered vntill the lat­ter ende of Winter. And if ye do then meddle about eache trée of good fat earth or dung, to heate and comfort the earth withall, it shall be good.

With what dung ye ought to dung your trees.

ANd principally vnto mossie trées, dung them with hogs dung medled with other earth of the same ground, and the dung of Oxen to be next about the rootes, and ye shall also abate the mosse of the trées, with a great knife of wood, or such like, so that ye hurt not the barke thereof.

When ye ought to vncouer your trees in Sommer.

IN the tyme of Sommer, when the earth is scantly halfe moyst, it shall be good to digge at the foote of the trées, al a­bout on the roote, such as haue not béene vncouered in the Winter before, and to meddle it with good fat earth: and so fill it againe, and they shall doe well.

when ye ought to cut or proyne your trees.

ANd if there be in your trées certain branches of super­fluous wood that ye will cut of, tary vntill the time of the entring in of the sappe, that is, when they begin to bud, as in March and Aprill: then cut of as ye shal sée cause, all such superfluous braunches hard by the trée, that therby the other braunches may prosper the better, for then they shall sooner close their sappe vpon the cut places than in the Winter, which should not do so well to cut them, as certain do teach which haue not good experience. But for so much as in this time the trées be entring into the sap, as is afore­sayde. Take héede therefore in cutting then of your great braunches hastily, that through their great waight, they do not cleaue or seperate the barke from the trée in any part thereof.

Howe to cut your great braunches, and when.

ANd for the better remedie: First you shall cut the same great braunches halfe a foote from the trée, and after to sawe the rest cleane of hard by the body of the trée, then with a brode Chisell cut all cleane and smooth vpon y ^e place, then couer it with Oxe dung. Ye may also cut them well in Winter, so that ye leaue the trunke or braunch somewhat longer, so as ye may dresse and cut them againe in March and Aprill, as is before mentioned.

¶Howe ye ought to leaue these greae braunches cut.

OTher thinges here are to be shewed of certaine great and old trées only, which in cutting the great braun­ches thereof truncheon wise, doe renewe againe, as Wallnuts, Mulbery trée, Plum trées, Cherry trées with others, which ye must disbraunch the bowes thereof euen after Alhallowtide, or as soone as their leaues be falne of, and likewise before they begin to enter into sap.

¶Of trees hauing great braunches:

THe sayde great braunches, when ye shall disbraunche them, ye shall so cut them of in suche truncheons, of length on the trée, that the one maye be longer than the other, that when the cions be growne good and long there­on, ye may graffe on them againe as ye shall sée cause, ac­cording as euery arme shall require.

¶Of barrennesse of trees, the time of cutting yll braunches, and of vncouering the rootes.

SOmetimes a man hath certaine olde trées, which be al­most spent, as of the Peare trées and Plum trées, and other great trées, the which beare scant of fruite, but when as ye shall sée some braunches well charged there­with, then ye ought to cut of all the other yll braunches and bowes, to the ende that those that remaine may haue the more sap to nourishe their fruite, as also to vncouer their rootes after Alhallowtide, and to cleaue the most greatest rootes therof (a foote from the tronke) and put in­to the sayde cleftes, a thin slate of hard stone, there let it re­maine, to the ende that the humour of the trée, may enter out thereby, and at the ende of Winter ye shall couer him againe with as good and fat earth as ye can get, and let the stone alone.

¶Trees the which ye must help or pluck vp the rootes.

AL sortes of trées which spring cions from the rootes, as Plum trées, all kinde of Cherry trées and small Nutte trées, ye must helpe in plucking their Cions from the rootes in Winter, assone as conueniently ye can, after the leafe is fallen. For they do greatly pluck down & weaken the said trées, in drawing to them the substance of the earth

¶What doth make a good Nutte.

BVt chiefly to plant these Cions, the best waye is to let them growe and be nourished two or thrée yeares from the roote, and then to transplant them or set them in the Winter, as is aforesaid. The Cions which be taken from the foote of the Hasel trées, make good Nuttes, and to be of much strength & vertue, when they are not suffred to grow to long from the roote or foote aforesaide.

¶Trees eaten wyth beastes, must be graffed agayne.

WHen certaine graffes being well in sappe, of thrée or foure yeres or thereabouts, be broken or greatly en­domaged with beastes which haue broken therof, it shal lit­tle profite to leaue those graffes so, but it were better to cut them and to graffe them higher or lower than they were before. For the graffes shall take as wel vpon the new as olde Cion being graffed, as on the wilde stock: but it shall not so soone close, as vpon the wilde stock head.

How your wylde stocke ought not hastily to be remoued.

IN the beginning when ye haue graffed your graffes on the wilde stock, do not then hastily pluck vp those Cions or wilde stockes so graffed, vntill ye shall see the graffes put forth a new shewte, the which remayning stil, ye may graffe thereon againe, so that your graffes in hasty remoo­uing may chaunce to die.

¶when ye cut of the naughtie Cions from the wood.

WHen your graffes on the stockes, shall put foorth of newe wood, or a newe shewte, as of two or thrée foot [...] long, and if they put foorth also of other small superfluous cions (about the sayd members or braunches that ye would nourishe) cut of all such yll cions, harde by the heade, in the same yeare they are graffed in, but not so long as the wood is in sappe, till the winter after.

¶Howe sometimes to cut the principall members.

ALso it is good to cut some of the principall members or braunches in the first yeare if they haue to many, and then agayne within two or thrée yeares after when they shal be well sprong vp, & the graffes well closed on the head of the stock: ye may trim and dresse them againe, in taking away the superfluous braunches if any there remaine, for it is sufficient ynough to nourishe a yong trée, to leaue him one principall member on the heade, so that he may be one of those that hath ben graffed on the trée before, yea and the trée shall be fayrer and better in the ende, than if he had two or thrée braunches or precidens at the foote. But if the trée haue ben graffed with many great cions, thē ye must leaue him more largely, according as ye shall sée cause or néede, to recouer the cleftes on the head of the sayde graffe or stocke.

¶Howe to guide and gouerne the sayde trees.

WHen that your trées doe begin to springe, ye must or­der & sée to them well the space of thrée or foure yeres, or more, vntil they be well and strongly growne, in helping them aboue in cutting the small twigges, and superfluous wood, vntill they be so hie without braunches as a man, or more if it may be, and then sée to them well, in placing the [Page 50] principal branches if néede be, with forkes or wandes prickt right and well about them at the foote, and to proyne them so that one braunch doe not approche to nigh the other, nor yet frette the one the other, when as they doe enlarge and growe, & ye must also cut of certaine braunches in the trée, where as they are to thicke.

A kinde of sicknesse in trees.

WHen certaine trées are sicke of the Gall, whiche is a kinde of sicknesse that doth eate the barke, therefore ye must cut it, & takes out all the same infection with a che­sil, or such like thing. This must be done at the ende of win­ter, then put on that infected place of oxe dung, or hogges dung, and binde it fast thereon with clowtes, and wrappe it with oziars, so let it remaine a long time, till it shal recouer againe.

Trees which haue wormes in the barke▪

OF trées which haue Wormes within [...] barkes is, where as ye shall see a swelling or rysing therein, ther­fore ye must cut or cleane the said barke vnto the wood, to the ende the h [...]m or may also vntill: out thereat, and with a little hooke ye must: plucke or draw out the sayd wormes, withall the rotten wood that ye can sée, then shall ye put vp­on the sayd place, a playster made of Oxe dung, or of Hogs dung mo [...] and beaten with Sage, and a little of, vnfleckt lime, then let it be all well blende togither, and wrap it on a cloth, and bind it fast and close theron so long as it will hold. The lies of wine shed or poured vpon the rootes of trées (the which he somewhat sicke through the coldnesse of the earth) which lyes doth them much good.

Snayles, Antes and wormes doth marre trees.

ALso ye must take héede of all maner of yong trées▪ and specially of those graffes, the which many wormes and [Page 51] flyes doe endomage and hurte in the time of Sommer, those are the snailes, the pismiars, or antes, the field snaile which hurteth also all other sortes of trées that be great, principally in the time y ^t the Cuckowe doth sing, & betwixt Apryll, and Midsomer, while they be tender. There be little beastes calles Sowes, which haue many legs: and some be of them graye, some blacke, and some hath a long sharpe snowte, which be verie noysome, & great hurters of yong graffes, and other yong trées also, for they cut of in eating the tender toppes (of the yong cions) as longe as ones synger.

¶Howe ye ought to take the sayde wormes.

FOr to take them well, ye must take héede and watch in the heate of the daye (your yong trées) and where yée shall sée any, put your hand softly vnderneath, without shaking the trée, for they will sodainely fall, when one thinkes to take them: therefore as soone as you can (that they flie not away nor fall) take him (quickly on the cion) with your other hande.

¶To keepe antes from yong trees.

FOr to kéepe the yong trées from snayles and Antes▪ it shal be good to take ashes and to mingle vnsseckt lyme, beaten in powder therewith, then lay it all about the roote of the trée, and when it raineth, they shall be beaten downe into the ashes and die: but ye must renewe your ashes after euerie raine from time to time: also to kéepe them moyst, ye must put certaine small vessels full of wa­ter, at the foote of your saide trées, and also the lyes of wine, to be spreade on the grounde there all aboutes. For the best destroying of the small snayles on trées, ye must take good héede in the spring time; before the trées be lea­ued, then if ye shall sée as it were small weartes, knobbes or braunches on the trées, the same will be snayles. [Page 52] Prouide to take them away faire and softly, before they be full closed, and take héede that ye hurt not the wood or barke of the sayd trée, as little as ye can, then burne those braun­ches on the earth, or al to tread them vnder your féete, and then if any doe remayne or renewe, looke in the heat of the day, and if ye can sée any, which will commonly be on the cleftes or forkes of the braunches, and also vpon the braun­ches lying like toftes or troupes togyther, then wrap your handes all ouer with olde clothes, (and bind of leaues be­neath them & aboue them,) and with your two hands rub them down therin, and strait way fire it, if ye do not quick­ly with diligence, they will fall, and if they fall to the earth, ye can not lightly kill them, but they will renewe agayne, these kinde of wormes are noysome flyes which he verye straunge, therefore take héede that they doe not cast a cer­taine rednesse on your face and body, for where as there be many of them, they be daungerous: it is straunge to tell of these kinde of wormes, if ye come vnder or among the trées, where as be many, they will cast your face & hands, (your couered body, as your neck, brest and armes) full of small spottes, some red, some black, some blewishe, which wil so tingle and trouble you like netles, sometimes for a daye, or a daye and a night after: they be most on Plum trées, and Apple trées, nighe vnto moyst places, and yll ayres yet neuerthelesse, by the grace of God there is no daunger (that I vnderstande) to be taken by them. Ye shall vnderstande that if it be in the euening, or in the mor­ning, when it rayneth, they will remayne about the graf­fing place of the trée, therefore it will be harde to finde them, bicause they are so small. Moreouer, it such braun­ches do remayne in the vpper part of the bowes or trée, ye shall bynde of drye strawe about the bowes all vnder, then wyth a wispe on a poles ende, set fyre on all, and burne them.

¶A note in spring tyme of Fumigations.

HEere is to be vnderstande and noted, that in the spring time onely when trées doe beginne to put forth leafes and blossomes, ye must then alwayes take héede vnto them, for to defend them from the frost, (if there come any, with fumigations or smokes made on the wind side of your Orchards, or vnder your trées) with straw, hey, dry chaffe, dry Oxe dung, of saw dust dried in an ouen, of tanners oze dryed likewise, of Galbanum, of olde shooes, thatche of houses, of haire and such like, one of these to be blende with another: al these be good against the frost in the spring time, and specially good against the east winde, which brée­deth (as some saye) the Caterpiller worme.

To defend the Caterpiller.

AND some doe defend their trées from the Caterpiller when the blossoming time is drie (if there be no frost) by casting of water, or salt water, euerie second or thirde day vpon their trées, (with instrumentes for the same, as with squirtes of wood or brasse or such like) for in kéeping of them [...], the Caterpiller can not bréede theron: this experience haue I knowne prooued of late to be good. For to conclude, he that will set or plant trées, must not passe for any paines, but haue a pleasure and delight therein, in remembring the great profite that com­meth therby: against scarcenesse of corne, fruit is good stay for the poore, and often it hath bene séene one aker of orchard ground worth foure akers of wheate grounde.