The letters vvhiche the Italians vse, are tvventy. A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I, L, M, N, O, P, Q, R, S, T, Ʋ, Z.

These are deuided in to vouelles, A, E, I, O, V: & into consonantes, vvhich are the rest.

Hovvbeit, H is no letter: but a signe of aspira­tion, or dravving of the breathe.

But Ʋ, is somtymes a consonant: as in these vvordes. Vênere, Venus: Verità, Truthe: Virtù, Vertue: Vità, Lyfe.

The like is I, for although the letter G, be ad­ded to vvords, that vvith the latins do begin vvith Iu or Ia, Io or Ie: as in Giouànni, Iohne: Giùsto, Iust: Giesù, Iesus: Giàsone, Iason: yet in pronoun­cing of the latter vouel the sounde is onely harde And the first cōsonant by that means is in reason conceiued

First of letters are framed syllables, and of syl­lables are made vvordes, and that of diuerse di­uersly.

[Page 2] Vouelles may be put in the begynning, mid­dest, and ende of a vvorde: as dothe appere by this vvorde, Amore, Loue.

But cōsonantes are set, either in the begynning, or in the middest of a vvorde, and in thende very seldom, as hereafter is shevved.

Further, many consonantes are put in syllables, before other consonantes: as B, before R, in brèue in bryefe: Ténebre, Darknesse: Libro, a Booke. And before L, as in Oblio, Forgeatfulnesse: Obliquo, Croked: Obligò, Bonde or duty.

C before R, as in Crudelè, Cruell: Credo, I be­leue: And before L, as in Clamòre, Clamour or crying out: Inclito, Renoumed: Inclinato and In­chinato, Inclined: Conclùdo and Conchiudo, I con­clude: so Conclusione and not Conchiusione, is rightly saide.

D before R, as in Dritto, Right: Padre, a Father: Madre, a Mother: Ladro, a Theefe.

F before R, as in Frutto, Frute: Fratello, a Bro­ther: Fraude, Fraude or disceite.

G before N, as in Benigno, benigne: ordigno, an instrument: Ingegno, vvyt: Lamagna, Almaigne: Compagno, a compaignion. And before R, as in Gratia, grace or fauour: Gràto, thankefull: Gràue, grave. And before L, as in Gloria, glorye: Consi­glio, Counsaile.

P before R, as in Prègio, the price: Sèmpre, alvvays: Prudente, prudent: Lèpre, a hare. And before L, [Page 3] as in Contèmplo, I do contemplate, or beholde di­ligently: Multiplico, I do multiply.

S before B, as in Sbassamēto, an imbasing: Shan­dito, a banished man. And before C, as in Scaccià­to, put avvay: Nasco I spring or am borne: Pasco, I feede. And before D, as in Sdègno, anger or dis­dain: Sdrucito, rypte. And before F, as in Sfacèn­dato, vnoccupied: Sfodràto, dravvne or vnshea­thed (as a svvorde). And before G, as in Sgomen­to, I feare: Sganno, I do deliuer from disceite. And before L, as in Sleàle, vnfaithfull: Slegato, vn­bounde. And before M, as Smembràto, dismēbred: Smorto, pale or vvanne. And before N, as in Snèr­uo, to debilitate or make feoble: Snello, nymble: Snòdo, I do vnknitt. And before P, as in Spirito, a spirit: Speranza, hope. And before Q, as in Squà­lido, sluttishe: Squàme, the skale of a fishe. And before R, as in Sregolato, vnruled. And before T, as in Studio, studye.

T before R, as in Trèmo, I tremble: Trònco, the stumpe or stem of a tree: Tranquillità, tranquil­litye or rest.

But the letter Z, neither goeth before, neither yet follovveth an other consonant in one selfe syl­lable.

Further, tovvching that vvhiche belongethe to the letters, it is very necessary to knovve, by vvhat reason the letters consonantes are doubled in a vvorde: the vvhiche I vvill shevve by ordre of the [Page 4] letters as briefly as I can, that therby the same may the more easely be commytted to memory.

B, therfore is doubled in thes vvordes, Dubbio, a doubt: Dèbbo, I ought, also Deggio: Sàbbia, gra­uell: Scàbbia, the skabbe: Abbète, a fyr tree: Hàbbia, he hathe, and also Hàggia: Robba, gooddes. & it is sayde, Rubàre, to steale: But Làbbro, a lippe: Fabbro, a carpenter: Libbro, a booke: Ebbro, drōke: maye either be vvritten thus, or vvith a single B. It is also doubled in the thirde personnes singular and plurall of the preter imperfectense of the sub­iunctiue mode: as Amerèbbe & Amerèbbono, Va­lerèbbe & Valerèbbono, Leggerèbbe, & Leggerèbbono, Vdirèbbe & Vdirèbbono: that is, he shold loue, they shold loue, he shold be vvorth, they shold be vvorth: he shold reade, thy shold reade: he shold heare, they shold heare. Againe it is doubled in this vvorde Obbietto, vvhiche is also saide Oggètto, that is, the obiect. Also in many verbes, vvhich are compound vvith the prepositiō Ad, changing the letter D, into B, vvher vvith the simple vvordes do begyn, as Abbàrbaglio, that is, I do dasell: Abbràccio, I do imbrace: There is excluded Abòn­do, that is, I do abbounde: & Abandóno, I do forsake.

C is doubled in thes vvordes, vvhiche are taken from the latin, hauing the letter X, in the first syl­lable: and of excellens, is made Eccèllente, of excep­to, Eccètto, and of exceptio, Eccettione. And in thes [Page 5] vvordes Occhio an eye, Ginocchio, a knee: vvhich haue in the plurall Occhi, & Ginòcchi: so Finòcchio, Fennell, & Finócchi. But here I vvill note by the vvaye, that the syllable Chi, is to be pronounced more mildely in those vvordes, then in Stocchi, arming svvordes: Fiòcchi, lockes of heare or vvoll, the vvhiche hathe othervvyse in the singular nom­ber Stòcco & Fiòcco. But this manner of pronuncia­tion, vvho can teache by vvriting? Further this let­ter is doubled in Sácco a sacke, Giáccio I lye, Ghiàc­cio, a froste. Lykevvyse in verbes compound vvith the preposition AD, the letter D being changed in to C, as vvee saide of late of the letter B, as Accòlgo, I do vvelcome: Accènno, I do nop. Accoppio, I do cople. Lastly in verbes begynning vvith RA, as Racconciàre, to repaire: Racomman­dàre, to recommende.

Further, D is doubled in Cadde, vvhich is the preterperfectense of the indicatiue mode, and third person singular, of the verbe Cádo or Cag­gio, I fall: and in Càddero, vhich is of the plurall nomber. It is doubled also in verbes compounde vvith the preposition AD, as are Addúco, I bring forthe: Addòrmo, I fall on sleepe: Addolcisco, I do svveeten: So likevvyse in the verbe Raddolcire. There are that do double it also in the verbe Tra­duco, but that is not allovved of vvith some.

Also, F is doubled in thes vvordes Offésa, Vfficio, Bèffe, Affànno, and very manny suche like. Like­vvise [Page 6] in verbes compounde vvith the preposition A D, as Afférmo, I affirme: Affrètto, I do make haste. The same is to be vnderstode of verbes com­pound vvith the preposition D I, as Differisco, Diffido, Diffinisco. And so likevvise of many ver­bes, taking theire originall from latin verbes that haue in the first syllable the preposition O B, B being chaunged into F, in this vvyse, Offéro, Offén­do, Offùsco.

Besides, G is vvont to be doubled, so often as I and O, or I & A, do meete together in a dipthonge, so that they make one syllable: as is seene in these vvordes, Sàggio, Sàggia, sage or vvyse, vvhich haue in the plurall Sàggi & Sàgge. Here is to be noted that the letter I of this last vvorde Saggè, and suche like, is of very many vvrongfully placed betwene G & E, to thende they maye saye Sàggie, Piàggie, Grèggie: vvhere they are to saye Sàgge, vvyse, Piàg­ge, Brymmes or Brinkes, Grègge, flockes. But con­trary vvyse vvhen I and O, do make tvvo sylla­bles, the G that goeth before them shalbe single, as Priuilégio, Régio, Litigio, Vestigio: vvee do saye also Dionigio & Dionigi, Dennys, Ambrògio & Am­bròsio. Neither is double G, vvrittē in those vvords, that do ende tvvo vvayes in I, as are Parisi & Parigi Parrys, Tùnisi and Tùnigi, Lùisi and Lùigi, Malagisi and Malagigi. But it is doubled in those that come from the latin ending in X, as Grex, from vvhence Grègge or Grèggia, poeticall: from Lex, Lègge: [Page 7] But from Fex, is made Fèccia, bycause the latin hathe in the genitiue singular Fecis. And from Rex, is made Re, asvvell in the singular as in the plurall nomber, although Poetes maye saye somtymes in the plural Règi. It is doubled also in certaine ver­bes ending in Gò, as Lèggo, Corrèggo, Veggo & also Vèggio. In fine, it is doubled in verbes compounde vvith the preposition A D, suche as are Agghiáccio, Aggiùngo, Agguàglio, & Aggiornàrsi.

Ther follovveth L, vvhiche is founde double in thes vvordes, Bèllo, Castèllo, Fratèllo, Fàllo, Cauàl­lo, Metàllo, and many suche like. Further, it is found doubled in the thirde personnes singular of the preterperfectense of the indicatiue mode, in those verbes that are of the first and fourth coniu­gation, vvhen in thende there is added an article, as Amòllo, Vdillo. It is doubled also in verbes com­pounde vvith the preposition A D, as Allàrgo, Al­lèuio, Allòggio, Alletto, Allènto, The selfe same is donne in verbes vvhervnto there is set before Ra, as is Rallènto, Rallègro, Rallùmo. Also I vvill not omit hovv in prose the moste parte do vse to vvrite, Dèllo, Allo, Dàllo, Dèlli, Alli, Dàlli, Dèlla, Alla, Dàlla, Dèlle, Alle, and Dàlle: for De lo, A lo, Da lo, De li, &c. as Poetes do vvrite. But Allùi, Dallùi, and suche like, I vvolde not vse, although very many do allovve of them.

As concerning the letter M, it is doubled in these vvordes. Dàmma, Epigràmma, Fiàmma, Gèmma, [Page 8] Gierusalèmme, Boèmme. Also it is doubled vvhen Mi is put to a verbe in thende: as Emmi, it is to me: Dàmmi, giue me: Fàmmi, do me. Againe in the first personnes of the plurall nomber, of the pre­terperfectense of the indicatiue mode: As Amàm­mo, vvee haue loued: Valèmmo, vvee haue ben vvorthe: Leggèmmo, vvee haue redde: Vdimmo, vve haue harde: Fummo, vvee haue ben. Also in verbes compounde vvith the preposition A D, as Am­maèstro, I do teache: Ammonisco, I do Admonishe: Ammiro, I maruaile. VVee saye Rammentáre, to call to remembrance.

Further, N is doubled in these noumes: Dònna, Madònna, Sònna, Anno, Affànno, Iugànno, Senno, Innocente. It is doubled also in these vvordes vvhich are deriued from the latin noumes, vvherin M goeth before N, as of Somnus Sónno, Columna Co­lónna, Damnum Dànno, Scamnum Scànno, Autam­nus Autónno, & suche other like. It happeneth like­vvise so in the thirde personnes plurall, of the pre­sentense, of the indicatiue mode, of verbes that in the first person are of one syllable: vvherfore Ho, I haue, hath Hànno, they haue: Sto, I stande, hath Stanno, they stande: Fo, I doo or make, hathe Fanno, They doo or make: Do, I giue, hath Dàn­no, they giue. There is excepted So I am, vvhich hath Sóno (They are) vvith a single N. The thirde personnes plurall of the future tense, in the indica­tiue mode, haue also a double N, as Amerànno, they [Page 9] shall loue, Valerànno, they shalbe vvorth: Legge­rànno, & Vdirànno. Lykevvyse these preterperfe­ctenses in the singular nomber shalbe vvrittē vvith double N, Venni, I haue come: Venne he hath come: Tènni, I haue hilde: Tènne, he hathe hilde: in the plurall, Vènnero, they haue come: Ténnero, they haue hilde. Againe in verbes compounde vvith the preposition AD, as Annottàrsi, To vvaxe night: Annidàrsi, To be neasted: Annuntio, I do tell tydinges: Annullàre, to Adnull. Lastly it is doubled in verbes compounde vvith the preposition In, as Innouàre, & Innamoràrsi.

Novv follovveth P, vvhich is doubled in these vvordes: Zoppo, lame: Appetito, an appetite: Dop­pio, double: Coppia, as Vna coppia d'huomini da bene, A couple of honest men: Doppo After, hovvbeit Poetes do vvrite Dòpo. It is doubled also in these preterperfectenses: Ruppi, I haue broken: Ruppe, he hath broken: Ruppero, they haue broken. Sèppi, I haue knovvne: Sèppe, he hath knovvne: Seppero, they haue knovvne. So Sàppia I may knovve: Sappi­amo, vvee maye knovve: Sappiàte, you may knovv, Sappiàno, they maye knovve. Againe it is doubled in certaine noumes proper: as Filippo, Aristippo, Egèsippo, Ippolito, Ippodámia, Giosèppe. Also in verbes compounde vvith the preposition AD, as Ap­prouo, Appàre. And in these that are compounde vvith RA, as Rappòrto, I report: Rappèllo, I repeale or call backe. And to conclude, in the verbe Op­pòngo, [Page 10] Ilaye against.

Neither vvil I ouerpasse the letter Q, for al­though it be not doubled in any vvorde, never­thelesse in these vvordes Acqua, vvater, Acque vva­ters: Giàcqui, I haue layne: Giàcque, he hath layne: Giàcquero, they haue layne: & in like sorte of others that haue C before Q, it seemeth in the pronoun­cing to haue a sounde as though the Q vvere double. The same doth happen of these verbes Nocqui, I haue hurt: Nocque, he hath hurt: Noc­quero, they haue hurt: Nacqui, I haue ben borne: Nàcque, he hath ben borne: Nacquero, they haue ben borne: Piàcqui, I haue pleased: Piacque, he hath pleased: Piacquero, they haue pleased. Againe, in the verbes Acquisto, I gette: Acquèto, as mi ac­queto, I do quiet me.

R is founde diuersly doubled in vvordes: as first in verbes vvhose thirde personnes singular of the present tense in the indicatiue mode do ende in Re, suche as are Soccòrre, he doth succour: Abbórre, he doth abhorre: Córre, he runneth. There is excepted Móre, he dyeth. It is further­more doubled in verbes, out of vvhose middest, for elegancy of speache, there is taken avvaye the syllable Ne, and Glie, vvhich dyd go before the letter R, and an other R added in theire place: vvhervpon, of Tenerò is made Terrò, I shall holde: of Venerò is made Verrò, I shall come: of Coglierò Corrò, I shall gather: Cógliere, Córre, [Page 11] to gather: Venerèi, Verrèi, I sholde come: It is also doubled in these vvordes, Càrro, a carte: Tórre, a tovver: Térra, Arra, Orrèndo, vvhich are noumes: and in verbes, as Nàrro, I shevve: Attèrro, I cast to the ground: Serro, I shut: Afférro, I grype or holde fast: Sottèrro, I put in to the grounde. Lastly in verbes compounde vvith the preposition AD, as Arrestàrsi, to be arrested: Arrischio, I do hasarde: Arriuo, I do arriue: Arricchire, to en­ryche: Arrostisco, I do roste.

S is also doubled, for vvee saye Càssa, a chest: Osso, a bone: Fosso, a dyche. There are also verbes, as Pòsso, I can: Arrossisco, I blushe. Furthermore it is doubled in these noumes vvhich are takē from the latin vvordes, having the letter X: and by that means of Saxum, is made Sasso, a stone: of Luxu­ria, Lussuria lust: of Fixus, Fisso, and Fitto fixed: of Alexander, Alessàndro: of Dixit, Disse, he hath saide: of Vixi, Vissi, I haue lyved: of Rexi, Rèssi, I haue ruled: of Texo, Tesso, I do vveave. Againe it is doubled in noumes that come from the latines hauing P, and S: as for Ipse, vvee may saye Esso, he: for Gypsum, Gesso, plaister: for scripsit, Scrisse, he hath vvrittē. But P, is retained in these noumes proper, Ipsifile, Ipsicratea, & Capsa the proper name of a cittye. And I shall note by the vvaye, hovv P is taken avvaye, vvhen it goeth before the letter S, as Sàlmo for Psalmꝰ. Further, it is doubled in vvords that come from the latin, hauing B before S, as [Page 12] Assoluto from Absolùtus absolute: Asserto from ab­sorptus, supped vp. Assente from Absens, absent. Astèmio from abstemius, that absteineth from drinke. Asséntio from absyntium, vvormevvood. It is doubled also in the last syllable of the preter imperfectense of the optatiue mode, singular nomber: as Amàssi, I did loue, or thou didest loue: Amasse, he dyd loue: and in like sorte in thother coniugations. And also vvhen it is of the plurall nomber, in a middle syllable: as Amàssimo, vvee did loue, Amassero, they did loue. Lykevvise in the preterperfectense of the indicatiue mode, of verbes of the thirde coniugatiō: as Percòssi, I haue stryken: Percòsse, he hath stryken: Percòssero, they haue stryken. Againe in verbes compounde vvith the preposition AD, as Assàggio, I do assaye: As­sálto, I do assaulte: Assicùro, I do assuer: Asségno, I do assygne: Assòrdo, I make deafe: Assomiglio, I do resemble. VVee saye Rassùmo, I take againe: & Rassétto, I do set or agree.

Touching the letter T, it is foūde also doubled in these vvordes vvhich come from the latin, ha­uing B C, or P, before T: herevpon it is, that for Obtusus vvee saye Ottùso, dull or blunt: for ob­tineo Ottèngo, I do obtaine: for octo Otto eight: for doctus Dotto learned: for factus Fatto donne or made: for baptismus Battésimo baptysme: for septē Sétte seuen: for ruptus Rotto broken: and for cor­ruptus Corrotto corrupt. Hovvbeit Petrarke hathe [Page 13] vvritten Rapto of raptus, a snatching or taking a vvaye: VVherby he vvolde make a difference be­tvvene the noume Rapto, and the aduerbe Ratto, svvyftly. It is doubled againe in these diminutiues, Pouerétto, a little poure vvretche: Librètto, a little booke: Fanciullètto, a little childe: Boschetto, a little vvood. And to conclude, in verbes compounde vvith the preposition AD, as Attristo, I make sor­rovvfull: Attèrro, I cast to the grounde, &c.

V is doubled in these verbes Auuētàrsi, to be cast. Auuertire, to aduertyse or admonishe. Auuicinàrsi, to Approche. Auuedèrsi, to be advvares. Auuotirsi, to make a vovve. Auualèrsi, to vse any thing of an others or an others trauell. Notvvithstanding, Auenire and not Auuenire, is to be vvritten as many vvill haue it: For bycause Auuenire, is not deriued from the verbe Aduenio, but from the verb Euenit, to happen or come to passe: the vvhiche signification dothe aptly agree to Auenire.

Further, tovvching the letters X, Y, & K: vvee ought not to be ignorant, hovve they are in no vse vvith the Italiās, for that they are not nōbred emō ­gest the other letters. For in steade of Y, they vse I: for K, C: and for X, they vse S: as vvee haue shevved before, either doubled in the middest of a vvorde, or sometymes single in the middest of a vvorde, and alvvayes single in the begynning. And therfor in vvhat belongeth to the begynning, vve saye Senòcrate, for Xenocrates: Senofónte for Xenophon: [Page 14] and Serse for Xerses.

Lastly the letter Z, vvhich is the last of all the letters, that the Italians do vse, is doubled vvhen it is placed betvvene tvvo vouelles: as in Bellèzza, Dolcèzza, Gentilèzza. But vvhen any consonant goeth before it, then is it put single: as in Spe­rànza, Partènza, Licènza, Sapienza. But here is to be noted, that Z is not rightly doubled in this vvorde Mezo, although it be betvvene tvvo vouelles: Notvvithstanding Petrarke hath donne othervvayes, being brought thervnto for necessities sake in thendes of his verses, for the keping of his rysme. For vvhen vvee pronounce Mèzo, it appereth plainely (vvho that obserueth the Italian pronunciation) not to be pronounced like vnto Pèzzo, a peece: Auèzzo, accustomed, and suche like. And bycause sometymes, not onely like consonantes are doubled in a vvorde, but also di­uerse: and not onely doubled, but are founde also tripled: therfore I do iudge it necessary to declare the reason therof. This therfore is first to be consi­dred, hovv that the Italian speache doth not suffer tvvo like consonantes to be put before vvordes. For if any sholde thus vvrite, Ssoperbo, Vuenere, he should not do Italian like. And yet, there is no lack, but that tvvo diuerse consonantes maye be set before in very many vvordes, as maye be seene in Spèro, Stùdio, Scàrico, Crèdo, Prèzzo. Yea, and somtymes three also are founde before in Italian [Page 15] vvordes: as in Stràda, Stràle, Stratagèma, Stràno, Stringo, Strètto, Sprèzzo, Splendòre, Splèndido, Scri­uo. Further, there cannot be put three diuerse con­sonantes in the middest of a vvorde, and therfore vvee saye not, Constànte, Transfórmo, Transmùto, Obstácolo, Substègno, Postpòsto: But Costânte, Tras­fórmo, Trasmùto, Ostácolo, Sostègno, Pospòsto: There are excepted, Mòstro, Sèmpre, Sepòlero, Tèmpro, Abbrèuio, Accrèsco, Attrauèrso.

Moreouer, H thorough vse of a knovvne aspi­ration, ought not to remaine vnknovvne: and hovv that of the most Italian vvriters it is put almost in to all those vvordes, that vvee receiue from the la­tines, and in the vvhich the latines them selues do vse an aspiration: as in Húomo, from homo: Hu­màno, from humanus: Ho, from Habeo, &c. But since in our age the cause is taken avvay, vvhy the vse of a knovvne aspiration is sought for, suerly me thinketh theffecte ought to cesse: that is, that H be no more put in to Italian vvordes (as vvee do pronounce very fevve of them) for a signe of a more grosse spirit. And notvvithstanding that the vse of this aspiration seemeth to me, to be coupled to fevve vvordes, yet suerly it is chiefly to be re­tained in this vvorde Huomo, to hide the foule­nesse, that this dipthonge VO, (being placed as it vvere in the head) seemeth to bring vnto this noume. Further, it is not to be remoued from this verbe Ho, I haue: and that for a difference to be [Page 16] had, betvvene that Ho and O, an aduerbe of cal­ling, and O, a voice of separation. Againe, be­tvvene Ha, (he hathe) and A, the preposition ser­uing to the Datiue case. Lastly, to thende it maye be preserued in these syllables, Che, Chi, Ghe, Ghi, in the vvhich assuredly there is a signe of a more grosse spirit, vvherby these syllables do differ from them vvhich haue Ce, Ci, Ge, Gi. For vvhat the difference is, vvhether vvaye thou shalt pro­novvnce: they rightlye knovve, that haue the Ita­lian manner of pronouncing.

Touching that vvhich doth belonge to the vouelles, it is to be knovvne hovve they do cleaue togeather in dipthonges: vvhich are AV: as Aura, Làura, Màuro.

EV, as Eúro, thest vvinde: Scèuro, deuided or seperated:

IE, as Viène, he cometh: Brièue, Brief: Tiéne, he holdeth: Iéri, yesterdaye: Pièno full: Fieno heye.

IA, as Cianciàre, to babble: Ciànce, bablinges or trifles: Biànco, vvhite: Caccia, hunting.

IO, as Fióre, a flovver: Sciocco, folyshe: Sciolgo, I loose: Scioperàto, vnoccupied.

IV, as Ciùrma, a company: Schiuma, frothe or skume: Più, more: Giù, doune.

IVO, as Figliuolo, a sonne: Giuoco, playe or sporte.

VO, as Huòmo, a man: Vòpo, neede: Vòuo, an egge: Buòno, good: Cuoco, a cooke.

[Page 17] VI, as Guida, a guide: Piacqui, I haue pleased: Acquisto, I geat: Quinto, fiue.

VE, as Piacque, It hathe pleased: Acque vva­ters: Adunque, Then or therefore, Lingue, tonges.

VA, as Acqua, vvater: Lingua, a tonge: Gua­dàgno, gaine.

AI, as Fài, thovv makest: Stài, thovv standest: Amài, I haue loued: Lài, lamentacions: Farài, thovv shalt make.

VAI, as Guái, vvoose, or sorrovves.

IEI, as Miéi, myne.

EI, as Lèi, shee: Costei, this vvomā: Sèi, be thovv.

VOI, as Tuói, thyne: Suói, thers: Buòi, oxen: Vuòi, vvylt thovv.

Here is to be remembred, that althoughe Tuò, Suò, Io, Lèi, Lùi, Nòi, Vòi, Tuòi, Sùoi, Mièi, Vuòi, Buòi, for the most parte be of one syllable, asvvell in prose as in verse, yet tovvching verse, they are alvvayes in thende tvvo syllables.

Neither vvill I omyt hovv farre the pronoun­ciation of vouelles, is to be obserued: O and E are pronounced somtymes more darkely, and som­tymes more clearly. And most darkely in these vvordes Amòre, Colòre, Ardòre, and suche like. But E is pronounced more clearly in this vvorde Erba: and O, in this vvorde Ottima. Neuerthelesse the manner of pronouncing, cannot be shevved by vvriting: vvherfore it is to be learned of him, that hath th' Italian tonge.

TH'Italian speache hath certaine articles, vvhich [Page 18] are set before noumes improper: vvherof some be masculine, and some feminine: and that, asvvel in the singular: as in the plurall nomber, as herafter appereth.

• Arti­cles.
  • Masculine
    • Singular nomber.
      • Il, lo: the, him, it.
    • Plurall nomber.
      • i, li, gli: the, them.
  • Feminine
    • Sing. nom.
      • La: the, her, it.
    • Plur. nom.
      • Le: the, them.

It lacketh cases: vvherin as it is like vnto the Hebrue tonge, so is it vnlike, either to the Greke, or Latine tonges. VVerfore in varying of the ar­ticles, by sundry cases, it taketh these prepositions: De for the genitiue: A for the datiue, and Da for the ablatiue. In the vocatiue, it vseth for a signe of that case O, an aduerbe of calling. In the nomina­tiue and accusatiue, Articles are also vsed: as here­after it may appere.

• Arti­cles.
  • Ma­scu­line.
    • Singular nomber.
      • Nominatiue: Il, lo: the, it.
      • Genitiue: Del, dello: of the, him, it.
      • Datiue: Al, allo: to the, hym, it.
      • Accusatiue: il, lo: him, it
      • Vocatiue: ô, o.
      • Ablatiue, Dal, dallo: from the, him, it.
    • [Page 19] Plur. nomb.
      • Nomi. i, li, gli: the.
      • Geni. de i, de'delli, degli: of the, the.
      • Dati. a i, a', alli, à gli: to the, the.
      • Accu. i, li. gli: the, them.
      • Voca. ò, o.
      • Abla. da i, da', dalli, dagli: from the, them.
  • Femi­nine.
    • Sing. nomb.
      • Nomin. la: the, it.
      • Geni. della, or de la: of the, her, it.
      • Dati. àlla, or à la: to the, her, it.
      • Accu. la: the, her, it.
      • Voca. o: o.
      • Ab. dalla, or da la: from the, her, it.
    • Plur. nomb.
      • Nomi. le: the.
      • Gen. dèlle, or de le: of the, them.
      • Dati. àlle, or à le: to the, them.
      • Accu. le: the, them.
      • Voc. o: o.
      • Ab. dalle, or da le: from the, them.
  • Articles ioined to other pre­positions.
    • Ne, in
      • Néllo, Nel: in the, it.
      • Nèlli, Ne gli, Ne i. Ne': in the.
      • Nella: in the, it.
      • Nelle: in the.
    • Per, for, by, or tho­rough
      • Per lo, Pel, Pèllo: for by, or tho­rough the, it.
      • Per li, Per gli, Pèlli, Pèr i, Pe i, Pe', for, by, or thorough the.
      • Per la
        • for, by, or thorough the, it
      • Per le
      • [Page 20] Con: vvith
        • Con lo, Col, Còllo: vvith the, vvith it.
        • Con li, Con gli, Còlli, Co i, Co': vvith the.
        • Con la, Còlla
          • vvith the.
        • Con le, Còlle

All articles almost, are vsually placed before noumes cōmon. I saye almost, bycause somtymes th'article la, is placed before noumes proper: as in his place shalbe shevved.

Euery Italian noume doth end in some vouell, as Dio, Angelo, Cièlo, Huòmo, and others almost innumerable.

But yet somtymes they do forgo it, chieflye in vvordes, vvhere those letters that the latines do call liquides, videlicet L, N, and R, do preceede the last vouell: as Dèbil, Fel, Mel, Fedel, Van, Pensiér, for Dèbile, Fèle, Mèle, Fedèle, Vàno, Pensièro.

And this is vsually donne, vvhen the vvorde fol­lovving shall begyn vvith a consonant: as Van de­sio, Pensièr canuto: that is, a vaine desier, a graue thought: Also Fedel compàgno, Mel dolce: vvhere no Apostropha is added, bycause they do not for­go theire vouelles for others follovving: and ther­fore vvee say, Gran còsa, Buòn Ghristiàno, San Pàolo: for Grande Cosa, Buòno Cristiàno, Santo Pàolo: vvhich last manner of speaches are muche more improper, then the former.

But from this rule are excepted these noumes, Còllo a neck, Apòllo, Vòlo a flight, Affànno griefe, Ingànno deceipt, Oscùro, Dùro, & Chiàro. For hardly vvee say Col, Apol, Vol, Affan, Ingan, Oscur, [Page 25] Dur, Chiar: although Petrarke (and that very seldome) hath vsed these tvvo last.

Neyther do these vvordes Animo, Abisso, Pègno, Sostègno, and such like: suffer any abridging.

Further th' Italian noumes, do vse to let slip the last vouell, vvhen the vvorde that follovveth doth begyn vvith a vouell, and for the vouell omitted, to vvrite an Apostropha, thus: Vostr' òcchi, Molt ànni, &c. Whervpon, it doth appeare to be chiefly in vse in noumes adiectiues.

Lastly, the Italian poetes do depriue many noumes, not of theire vouelles onely, but of theire last syllables: or at least do take from those sylla­bles L: for to obserue number in verse: vvhervpon it is, that they say somtymes, Anima' and Amài for Animàli: Lacciuo' for Lacciuoli: Caua' & Cauai for Caualli: Be' and Bei for Bèlli: Que' and Quèi for Quèlli: Ta' and Tài for Tali: Quà and Quai for Quàli.

Hovv beit this is nothing at all vsed, vhen the vvorde that follovveth doth begyn vvith a vouell: as the vvritinges of approued aucthors in sundry places beare vvitnesse.

Proper names of men and the singu­lar nōber do end in.

• A, Auèa, Pitàgora, Lucà, Andrèa, Porsèna.
• E, Césare, Aristòtile, Scipiòne, Platòne.
• I, Giouànni, Luigi, Dionigi.
• O. Alessàndro, Piètro, Pàolo.
• V. Giesù, Artù.

Proper names of Citties, the mascul gender do end in.

• E, Liòne.
• I, Parigi, Brindisi, Ragùsi.
• O, Milàno, Còmo, Pèsaro.
• V, Corfù, Cefalù, Perù.

Proper names of families ending in.

• A, Colònna, Carràfa, Gonzàga, Còssa Aùstria, Aragòna.
• E, Dèntice, Pònte, Este.
• I, Medici, Gritti, Piccolòmini, Vènti, Tornaquinci, Doni, &c.
• I, or O, Quirini & Quirino, Soderini and Soderino, &c.
• I, or E, Caualcànti or Coualcànte,
• O, Auolo, Tolèdo.

Further, these surnames are not vsed after one selfe manner and therfore it shall not be amysse to shevv you hovv they are vsed in speach: for vve say Pompèo Colònna, Pompey Colūna, Maria Colonna, Mary Columna. I Colonnesi: those of Columna.

VVee say further Càrlo d'Austria: Quei della casa d'Austria Ferrànte, d'Aragòna: Quei d'Ara­gona: for Aragonesi doth signifie those that are af­fected to that familie.

Tovvching the seconde sorte: vvee say Camillo, Dèntice, Diàna, Dèntice, Il Dèntice, I Dèntici, le Den­tici. Againe Andrèa Pònte, or da Ponte: Caterina Pònte, Il Ponte, or da casa Ponte, Quel, or Quei da casa ponte. Also Ercole da Este, Caterina da Este, Quei da Este.

The surnames of the third sort are thus vsed: for [Page 27] vvee say: Còsmo Mèdici, or Còsmo de'Medici: Lu­crètia Mèdici or de'Medici: Il Mèdici, I Medici:

So Francèsco Dòni, Giouànna Dòni, Il Dòni: like­vvise Alessàndro Piccolòmini, Il Piccolòmini, Portia Piccolomini, la Piccolomini.

VVee say further Piètro Quirini, or Quirino: Ca­milla de' Quirini, or Quirina, but not Camilla Qui­rini: vvhich is not in vse. Againe it is rightly sayde il Quirino, but not il Quirini. But if any shall obiecte, vvhy is it rightly sayde? il Mèdici, il Doni: I ansvver, that the surnames of Medici and Dòni haue none other termination that is in vse. But the surname Quirini hath bothe Quirino for the men, and Quirina for the vvomen. By this means vvee say Antonia Quirina, and not Quirini, but de' Qui­rini: vvhere, notvvithstanding vvee may say Cate­rina Medici, and not Mèdica.

Likevvise the examples of the fifte sorte shalbe, Guido Caualcànte or Caualcànti: Il Caualcànte, I Caualcànti: Giùlia Caualcànte.

And tovvching those of the laste sorte, vve say Alfónso d'Aualo, Pietro di Tolèdo.

Noumes ap­pellatiues of the masc. gēder and singular number do end in.

• A, Sofista, Poèta, Proféta, Podestà, Piàneta.
• E, Onore, Amòre, Colòre, and Fànte, vvhich is of the fe. gēder, also Signòre.
• O, & E, Caualièro (vvith the Poetes, or Caualière (vvith those that vvrite in prose) of the vvhich sorte there are many other like noumes.

[Page 28] This noume Pàri doth belonge to bothe gen­ders: vvherfore vvee say I Pàri tuoi, I Pàri vòstri, Le pàritùe, Le pàrivòstre: that is, thyne, or your like, and this onely in the plurall nomber. For in the singular vvee say Tùo pàri, and Tuà pari, that is thy like.

VVee say further, vn Pàio di Calze: duc pàia, tre pàia, quattro pàia, &c. Di polli: by the vvhich forme of speaches, it is apparant vvhat difference there is betvvne Pàri, Paio, and Pàia: for Pari declareth similitude, Paio and Paia, fellovvship.

But the reader is here to be admonished, that these vvordes Pàio, Pari, and Paia, do belong also vnto the verbe Parere, to seeme. In this sorte

• Io Pàio I seeme
• Tu Pàri Thovv seemest.

• Io Paia He seeme.
• Tu Pàia Thovv seemest
• Colui Pàia I seemeth.

Noumes ad­iect. of the singular nōber and mas. gēder do ende in.

• O, Diuino, Bèllo, Vmàno, Fiero, Altièro, Orrendo, Ornato, &c.
• E, Celèste, Fedèle, Dòlce, Vmile, &c. vvhich are also of the femin. gēder.

Tovvching these noumes, vvhen they are of the plurall nomber, they do ende all in I, as do Huo­mini, Cieli, Angeli, &c. And that asvvell vvhen they [Page 29] ende in O, in the singular nomber: as vvhen they ende in E.

Notvvithstanding such are excepted as in the plurall nomber haue double terminations: that is, in I, and are of the masculine gender: and in A, chaunging the masculine gēder in to the feminine as here follovving doth appeare.

Noumes in the plurall nomber en­ding in.

• A, Dita, Làbbra, & Labbia, Ginòcchia, Bràccia, Lègna, Vestigia, Risa, &c.
• I, Diti, Labbri, Ginocchi, Bràcci, Le­gni, Vestigij, Risi.

But those that ende in A, are most in vse vvith such as vvrite in prose.

And suerly, noumes of the femi. gender do not ende after that māner: as it may here after appeare.

• Proper names of women the singular nōber do ende in.
  • A, Cornèlia, Làura, Tùllia, Lucrètia, Mària, &c.
  • E, Beatrice, Rachèle, Berenice, Pe­nèlope, &c.
  • O, Glicèrio, Calisto, Dido, Sàfo, Ca­lippo, Ino, &c.
• Proper names of Citties of the feminine gender ending in.
  • A, Ròma, Venètia, Pàdoua, Veròna, Fio­rènza, &c.
  • E, Auignòne, Cartagine, Atène.
  • I, Nàpoli, Costantinòpoli.
  • O, Corinto, Sèsto, Abido, Effeso, Argo.
• • A, Anima, Amicitia, Dònna, Signòra.
  • E, Opinione, Lettione, Affettiòne.
  • O, Màno.

• [Page 30] Nomes appel­latiues of the feminine gen­der and singu­lar number ending in.
  • A & E
    • A, Onestà, Arma, Lòda, Fròda, Frònda, àla.
    • E, Onestate, Arme, Lòde, Frode, Frònde, àle.
  • V & E
    • E, Virtùte, Seruitùte, Grùe:
    • V. Virtù, Seruitù, Grù.
  • A & O
    • A, Orècchia, Foglia, Cèrchia, Chiòstra, G'elsa:
    • O, Orècchio, Fòglio, Cèrchio, Chiòstro, Gelso.

But vvhen they ende in O, they are of the mas­culine gender Orècchia, and Fòglia are often in vse, as are Cèrchio, Chiòstro, and Gelso: but the rest not so.

Noumes adie­ctiues of the feminine gen­der and singu­lar number ending in.

• A, Biànca, Bèlla, Diuina, Ornàta, Fièra, Rèa, &c.
• E, Fedèle, Crudèle, Fòrte: the vvhich are also of the masculine gender.

Further, such noumes shall haue I, in the plu­rall number, as in the last place haue E in the sin­gular: But if in the singular they haue A, they shall haue E in the plurall. VVhere vpon it is, that those that haue double terminatiōs in the sin­gular number, haue them also double in the plu­rall: as here follovving it maye appere.

• [Page 31]Sing. nom.
  • A, Fontàna
    • Plu. nomb.
      • E, Fontàne
      • I, Fonti
  • E, Fònte
• Sing. nom.
  • A, Arma
    • Plu. nomb.
      • E, àrme
      • I, àrmi
  • E, Arme
• Sing. nom.
  • V, Virtù
    • Plu. nomb.
      • V, Virtù
      • I, Virtùti
  • E, Virtùte
• Sing. nom.
  • A, Bontà
    • Plu. nomb.
      • A, Bontà
      • I, Bontàti
  • E, Bontàte
• Sing. nom.
  • A, Orècchia
    • Plu. nomb.
      • E, Orècchie
      • I, Orècchi
  • O, Orecchio

But Manò, thorough a certaine vse of speach, though it be of the feminine gender, doth end (in the singular nomber) in O, as Mano: vvhervpon it follovveth, that in the plurall it doth end in I, as Mani.

Although th' Italian tonge (as vvee haue before declared in the declining of the articles) hath nei­ther cases, nor declension of noumes as are in the Latin, and Greke tonges: yet doth it receiue all manner of variation: vvhich is such, as doth de­pende [Page 32] vpon prepositions, either by them selues alone, orioyned vvith th' articles.

• Nom. sing. L' Amico vènne: A frend hath come.
• Gen. Mi ricòrdo dell' amico: I do remember me of a frende.
• Dat. Compiàccio all' amico: I please (or content) a frende.
• Accus. Amo l' amico: I loue a frende.
• Vocat. O amico vièni: Oh frende come.
• Ablat. Mi pàrto dall' amico: I departe from a frēde.
• [Page 33] Nom. plu. Gli amici vènnero: the frēdes haue come.
• Gen. Mi ricòrdo de gli amici: I do remember me of the frendes.
• Dat. Compiàccio à gli amici: I please (or content) the frendes.
• Accus. Amo gli amici: I loue the frendes.
• Vocat. O amici venite: Oh frendes come.
• Ablat. Mi parto da gli amici: I departe from the frendes.

• Nom. sing. Fù amico vero. He vvas a tru frende.
• Genit. Non è vfficio di amico. It is not the office (or duty) of a frende.
• [Page 34] Dat. Io ne parlài ad amico fidàto. I haue spokē ther­of to a trusty frende.
• Acc. Mai non visit ài amico à me più caro di te: I dyd neuer visit a frende more deare to me thē thou.
• Vocat. Amico vieni. Frende come.
• Ablat. Da amico, còme sèi tu, ricèuo ogni cosa in buòna parte: From a frende as thou art, I receiue euery thing in good parte.
• Nom. plu. Furono amici veri: They vvere tru frēdes.
• Cenit. Non è vfficio di amici: It is not the office (or dutie) of frendes.
• Dat. Io ne parlài ad amici fidati: I haue spokē therof to trusty frendes.
• Accu. Mai non visitài amici à me piu cari di voi: I did neuer visit frendes more deare to me thē you.
• Vocat. Amici venite: Frendes come.
• Ablat. Da amici come sete voi, ricèuo ogni cosa in buona parte: From frendes as you are, I receiue euery thing in good parte.

I vvill adde here, in vvhat sorte most of the nou­mes that vvee do vse, are deriued vnto vs from all the declensions of the latin noumes. But I vvilbe more briefe herein, then peraduenture the matter shall seeme able to some: bothe bycause I desier breuity: as to thende the reader instructed in the latin, vvhen by these, that I shal novv tovvche he shall as it vvere in searching take holde, he may by hym selfe call more to remembrance.

• Of the 1. noumes masc▪ and femi. en­ding in.
  • A, Poèta, Proféta, Pitàgora, Euange­lista, Fèmina, Erba, Tàuola, Càrta, Fenestra.
  • E, Anchise, Penèlope.
• Of the 2. nou­mes of bothe genders en­ding in.
  • O, Antònio, Virgilio, Milàno, Cauàllo, Libro, Làuro, &c.
  • I, Dionigi, Parigi, Luigi.
• Of the 3. en­ding in.
  • A, Poèma, Stratagèma, Dogma, &c.
  • E, Cèsare, Lettiòne, Pàllade, Rachèle, Nièue, Scùre, &c.
  • I, Filli, Mèri, Cariddi, Tifi, &c.
• [Page 37] Of the 4. vvhich end in.
  • O, Màno, Còrno, Effétto, Affétto, Di­fétto, Rispétto, Sénso, Gústo, Intel­létto, Vdito.
  • A, Vista or Vedúta, Vdita.
• Of the 5. which end in.
  • E, Spècie, Effigie, Tempèrie, Congèrie.
  • I, Di, Mezodi.

Th' Italian speache doth lack noumes compa­ratiues: But in stedde therof they vse the positiue, vvith the aduerbe Più, more: thus, Più dotto, Più bèlle, Più fórte. VVhose signification is increased by adding of the aduerbes, Molto, and Assai: as Assài più or Mòlto più, or Assai molto più, or Molto Assai più Dotto: euery one of these vvayes is rightly saide.

But tovvching their vse, they do requier a ge­nitiue case, in this sorte: Io so no più dòtto di te, I am better learned then thou. Also, Ciceròne fu più eloquente di Ortènsio, Cicero vvas more cloquent then Hortensius. VVee haue also these manner of speaches in the comparatiue degrees: Tu non sèi il più dòtto del mòndo: Tu sèi il più ricco della compa­gnia: Io sòno amico de i più dòtti: Tu sèi de i più dotti: Tu sèi stimàto tra i più dotti: Tu ti puòi paragonàre à i più dòtti.

The superlatiue is not so vsed, as it can declare comparison, but vvorthynes: For vve saye not, Ciceròne fu eloquentissimo de' Romàni, since such a [Page 38] phrase of speache is all together latin: But vvee say Ciceròne fù eloquentissimo: vvithout addition of any other person, in comparison of vvhome Ci­cero may be.

Vno, is of the singular nomber, Vni of the plu­rall, and bothe of the masculine gender. Vna, is of the singular nomber, Vne of the plurall, and both of the feminine gender. And vvee do vse Vno, and Vna, vvhen vvee nomber: But Vni and Vne, in this sorte: as L'ùne e l'àltre: Gli ùni e gli àltri, bothe thone and thother none othervvayes then the la­tines do vse Vtrique and vtraeque.

Due, and in verse (vvho that vvill) Duò: neuer Dùa, or Duoi, though many do vse them. Further they do belong to either gender: the vvhich is like­vvise to be vnderstode of all the other numbers that follovve. VVee say also Ambidùe: vvhich is vnderstode of tvvo males, or at least th'one of the tvvo being a male: and Ambedùe of tvvo females. But Ambodùe, Amendùe, Amendùne, and Amēdùni: although approued auctors do vse them: yet vvold not I vvillingly vse them.

VVee saye further Ambo: in the same fignifica­tion that the latines doo.

• Trè: three, Quàttro: fovver,
• Cinque: fiue, Sèi: six.
• Sètte: seuen, Otto: eight,
• [Page 39] Nòue: nyne, Diece: ten,
• Vndici: eleuen, Dòdici: tvvelue,
• Trèdici: thertene, Quartòrdici: sovvertene,
• Quindici: fiuetene, Sèdeci: sixtene,
• Dicessètte: seuentene, Diciòtto: eitghtene,
• Dicennòue: nynetene, Vènti: tvventy,
• Vent'ùno or vna: tvventy one,
• Venti dùe: tvventytvvo, Vèntitre: tvventythree,
• Venti quattro: tvventyfovver,
• Vènti cinque: tvventyfiue, and so forvvardes,
• Trènta: therty, Quarànta: forty.
• Cinquànta: fiuety, Sessànta: sixty, or three skore,
• Sett ànta: seuenty, or three skore and ten,
• Ottànta: eighty, or fovver skore,
• Nouànta: nynety, or fovver skore and ten,
• Cènto: An hundred,
• Cènto & vno, or vna: an hundred and one,
• Cènto & due: an hundred and tvvo,
• Cènto & tre: an hundred and three,
• Cènto & quàttro: an hundred and fovver. And so forvvardes.
• Dugènto: tvvo hundred,
• Trècento: three hundred,
• Quàttrocènto: fovver hundred,
• Cinquecènto: fiue hundred,
• Seicènto: six hundred, Settècento: seuen hundred,
• Ottocènto: eight hundred, Nouecènto: nyne hūdred.
  • Mille: A thousand, Due mila: tvvo thousand,
• Tre mila: three thousand,
• Quattro mila: fovver thousand.
• [Page 40] Cinque mila: fiue thousand,
• Sei mila: six thousand,
• Sette mila: seuen thousand,
• Otto mila: eight thousand,
• Noue mila: nyne thousand,
• Diece mila: ten thousand.
• Vndici mila: eleuen thousand,
• Dodici mila: tvvelue thousand,
• Tredici mila: thertene thousand, & so forvvardes.
  • Cento mila: an hundred thousand,
• Dugento mila: tvvo hundred thousand.
• Trecento mila: three hūdred thousand, & so vnto.
  • Vn miliòni: a million, or ten thousand thousand.
• Due miliòni: tvvo millions,
• Tre milioni: three millions, And so in like sorte in­finitely.

Further, vve say Vn pàio, due paia, a couple, tvvo couple: Vn centinàio, due centinàia, one hundred: tvvo hundredes: Vn migliàio, due migliaia: one thousand, tvvo thousandes, &c.

Also: Vna decina, due decine: one tenthe tvvo tenthes, &c. Vna dozina, due dozine: one dosen, tvvo dosen, &c. Vna ventina, due ventine, one skore tvvo skore, &c. Vna trentina, due trentine: one therty, tvvo thertyes, &c.

• Primo and Primiero: the first.
• Secondo: the second, Tèrzo: the therde,
• Quarto: the fourthe, Quinto: the fifte,
• [Page 41] Sèsto: the sixte, Settimo: the seuenthe,
• Ottàuo: the eight, Nòno: the nynthe,
• Dècimo: the tenthe, Vndecimo: the eleuenthe.
• Duodècimo: the tvvelf, Decimo tèrzo & Terzodecimo,
• Decimo quarto and Quarto dècimo,
• Decimo quinto and Quarto dècimo,
• Decimo sesto and Sesto dècimo,
• Decimo sèttimo and Dicisettèsimo,
• Decimo ottàuo and Deciottèsimo,
• Decimo nono, and vigesimo, and ventèsimo,
  • Vigesimo primo: Vigesimo secundo. And so vnto.
• Trigèsimo, and Trentèsimo: the thertithe,
• Quatragesimo, and Quarantèsimo: the fortythe,
• Quinquagesimo, and Cinquantèsimo: the fiuetithe,
• Sessagèsimo, and Sessantèsimo: the sixtithe,
• Ottuagèsimo, and Ottantèsimo: the eightithe,
• Nonagèsimo, and Nouantesimo: the ninetithe,
• Cētèsimo the hūdreth, Dugētesimo: the tvvo hūdreth.
• Trecentesimo, Quattrocentèsimo,
• Cinquecentesimo, Seicentèsimo,
• Settecentèsimo, Ottocentèsimo,
• Nouecentèsimo, Millesimo: the thousanthe, &c.

Il Quàle & la Quale, are noumes that are most often placed in speache, and alvvayes are referred to somthing that vvent before: and therfore of the Grammarians are called relatiues. They are al­vvayes ioyned vvith an article: for Quale vvithout [Page 42] an article, is rather a noume of quality, then a re­latiue. Further it maye be declined, in suche sorte, as is set out by the example follovving.

• Nom. sing. Il Quàle, la Quàle, the vvhich.
• Genit. Del Quàle, della Quàle, of the vvhich.
• Dat. Al Quàle, alla Quàle, to the vvhich.
• Accus. Il Quale, la Quàle, the vvhich.
• Ablat. Dal Quàle, dalla Quàle, from the vvhich.
• Nom. plu. I Quàli, le Quàli, the vvhich.
• Genit. Dei Quàli, delle Quàli, of the vvhich.
• Dat. Ai Quàli, alle Quàli, to the vvhich.
• Accus. I Quàli, le Quàli, the vvhich.
• Ablat. Dai Quàli, dalle Quàli, from the vvhich.

But in the oblique cases there is also Cùi: that dothe belonge to bothe genders, and nombers. And maye be declined in this vvyse.

• [Page 43] Genit. Mi parlò tuo pàdre, di cùi è il cauallo: thy father hath spokē to me, vvhose horse it is.
• Dat. Io vidi il tùo fratèllo, à cùi dièdi il libro: I haue seene thy brother, to vvhome I haue geuē the booke.
• Accus. Io hauèua familiarità col tùo amico cùi morde il cane arrabbiàto: I had familiarity vvith thy frend, vvhome a mad dog did bite.
• Ablat. Andài à trouàre Antònio, da cui riceuèi le tùe lettère: I haue gon to finde out anthony, from vvhome, I haue receiued thy letters.

And although this noume dothe lacke his no­minatiue case, and is declined onely in the oblique cases by adding of prepositions, as vvee haue be­fore shevved: yet you shall here and there finde emongest good aucthors these formes of speache: Il cùi valore: la cùi bontà: I cùi amòri: le cùi ric­chezze: And thus it is needeful to declare them: as, Il valòr di cùi, the vvorthynesse of vvhome, La bontà di cùi, the goodnesse of vvhome, Gli amòri di cui, the loues of vvhome: Le ricchèzze di cùi, the riches of vvhome.

It may also be rightly said by the oblique cases: as, Del' cui valore, for Del valore di cui, vvhose vvorthinesse, Della cùi bontà, for Della bontà di cùi, vvhose goodnesse, Dei cui amòri, for De gli amòri di cui, vvhose loues: Delle cùi ricchèzze, for Delle ricchezze di cui, vvhose riches, &c.

For by vvhome that vvill, it maye be runne thorough all the cases in like sorte, vvhich I do [Page 44] omit for breuities sake: but hereby it may easly be seene that the articles Il, La, I, and Le, do not in those phrases of speache properly belong to the noumes Cùi, but to the noumes Valóre, Bontà, A­mòri, and Ricchezze.

Further, it is vsed in the datiue case vvithout a preposition, in this sorte: Cùi non bàsta for a cùi non bàsta, to vvhome it suffisethe not: cùi diède il Re po­testà, &c. for a cùi diède, &c, to vvhome the king gaue povver.

But touching the vse of the noume Il Quale, there is no cause vvhy I sholde curiously endeuour my selfe to alleadge many thinges: since it is al one vvith the latin relatiue. Therfore I vvill here note hovv that, Che, for the most parte is put in place therof: And that in the nominatiue and accusatiue cases of bothe the numbers, in this sorte: L'huòmo, che pènsa èsser sàuio, mòlte vòlte è sciòcco, the man that thinkethe hym selfe vvyse, many tymes is a foole. Againe L'huòmo, ch'io àmo, è dòtto, the man that I loue, is learned. The like examples may be brought of the plurall number.

But sithence vvee haue made mention of Che, it is to be noted, that thesame may somtymes be ioyned vvith prepositions in this vvyse: di Che, à Che, da Che, in Che, con Che, per Che. It is also ioy­ned vvith articles, thus: Ilche, Delche, Alche, Nelche: But vve do not say Colche, so neither Per il che, by­cause the first is not in vse; & the later is vsed but thus, Il perche. And no bodie, but such as lack iud­gement [Page 45] of the eare, vvill confesse that Per il Che, is more rightly said, then Il perche: hovvbeit Boccace doth vse this often tymes, in his manner of speach, but th' other neuer.

Somtymes Che is doubled in this sorte Che che, and signifyeth Qualúnque cosa, as Che che sià, vvhat soeuer it be, Che che hàbbia détto, vvhat soeuer he hath said.

Againe, therof is made Chiúnque, vvho soeuer: and is of three syllables. But betvvene Chiunque and Qualunque, this is the difference, that thone is not ioyned to a substātiue, but the other is: and yet, that also somtymes is seperated from it. For Petrarke speaketh thus, Chiúnque albérga, vvho­soeuer hosteth: vvhere Chiunque is of it selfe vvith­out adding of any noume substantiue. Againe, he saiethe aftervvardes, Qualúnque animàle, vvhat soeuer liuing creature: vvhere Animàle, a noume substātiue is ioyned to the noume Qualúnque. Yet he said somtymes, and that but once: Gióir di qua­lunque, the gladding of vvhat soeuer.

From this Che taking E, and adding I, is made chi: the vvhich is put often tymes for Colui, Quéllo, Coléi, Quella, Coloro, Quélli, & Quèlle pronoumes: in this vvise: Chi ha smarrita la stràda, tórni indiètro: for Colúi, or Quello, il quàle ha smarrúa, &c. vvho that hath myssed his vvay, let hym retourne back.

Further Chi doth many tymes signifie, vvho? an interrogation, and that thoroughout all the cases: as.

By the

• Nom. Chifu? vvho vvas it? chiilféce? vvho hathe donne it?
• Geni. Di chiseitu figliuòlo? vvhose sonne art thou?
• Dat. A chi l'hài dàto? to vvhome hast thou geuen it.
• Accus. Chi battèsti? vvhome hast thou beaten?
• Ablat. Da chi l'hài vdito? from vvhome hast thou harde it?

Besides vvee say: Chi qua e Chi là, some here, & some there: Chispogliàua quèsto, e chi quèllo: some did spoile this man, and some that man.

Lastly vvee say Chi chesia, vvho soeuer it be.

First the noume Altri, that vvith this voyce is onely content, and doth belong to euery number, and gender, is thus vsed: Ma quàndo àltri volèsse oppòrsi, But vvhen an other vvolde be contrary. Also, Altridice, an other sayth.

But in the oblique cases, it hath, Altrùi: vvher­fore vvee say: Io pòrto la pèna dell' altrui colpa, It may also be saide, della còlpa altrui: that is, I suffer the punyshement of an others fault. All' altrùi va­lòre, or al valòre altrui, to an others vvorthynesse. Dall' altrui forza, or Dalla forza altrui: By an o­thers strength.

[Page 47] But the noume Altro, hath in the plurall Altri, and is of the masculine gender: as Altra, vvhich is of the feminine hath in the plurall nomber Altre. the vvhich noume doth differ from the noume Al­tri: in this that it is neuer coupled to a substantiue: But Altro is often, & alvvayes referred to the afore named personnes. For vvee say: Làltro tùo amico, gli àltri tuòi amici, l'àltra tùa amica, l'altre tùe ami­che: And in like sorte thorough out all the cases, the vocatiue except. It is vsed also in the neuter gender, and vvee say: Altro domàndo, I requier an other thing. Auzi àltro, rather some other thing. But then it doth forsake the article, as by exam­ple, apperethe.

Alcuno, some bodie, hath in the plurall Al­cùni, some: as Alcùna, some bodie, hath Alcu­ne, in the plurall, some. And that thorough out all the cases: and they are of the feminine gender.

But the noume Ogniùno, Ciascùno: that is, euery one, eache one: Also Niùno, Verùno, Nessúno, Nullo: that is, none, no one, no bodie: do vvant the plurall nomber: vvhich doth also fayle them, vvhē they be of the feminine gender, as Ogniúna, Cias­cúna, Niúna, Verùna, Nessúna, Nulla.

And although this noume Nulla, be many tymes vsed in the neuter gender, and signifieth, nothing: as Núlla pòsse leuàr, (saieth the Poet); I can take nothing avvaye: yet doth it signify also som thing: as Vuòitu nulla? vvil you any thing?

[Page 48] Lastly it is to be knovvne, hovv that all these noumes do refuse the articles: for vve do not say, l' Alcùno, l'Ogniuno, il Ciascùno, il Nessuno, &c.

A Pronoume vve call that vvorde, that is v­sed in the stedde of a noume: such as is also a pro­noume bothe vvith the Greckes & latines. VVher­for some are primatiues, and some deriuatiues: they haue also nombers, genders, and personnes, as haue the Grecke & Latin pronoumes. But vvhat they haue that is either like, or vnlike vnto them, the diligent reader may easly perceiue, asvvell by the handling novv of them, as by the types here follovving.

• [Page 49] Certaine Pronoumes.
  • Primitiues.
    • Mas. gen.
      • Sing. nom.
        • Io, I: Tu, thou: Se, hym: Egli, Ei, E', Quèllo, colúi, he: Esso, he there: Quèsto, Costui, this man: Cio, that: Cotèsto, that man.
      • Plu. nom.
        • Noi, vve: Voi, you: Eglino, Quel­li, Lòro, Colóro, they: Essi, these there: Quèsti, costóro, thes men: Cotèsti, those men.
    • Femi. gen.
      • Sing. nom.
        • Ella, Lei, Quèlla, Colei, she: Essa, she there: Quèsta, Costéi, this vvoman: Cotesta, that vvhoman.
      • Plu. nom.
        • Elleno, Elle, Quelle, they: Esse, those there: Queste, thes vvo­men: Cotéste, those vvomen.
  • Deriua­tiues.
    • Mas. gen.
      • Sing. nom.
        • Mio, myne: Tuo, thyne: Suo, his: Nóstro, ours: Vostro, yours.
      • Plu. nom.
        • Miéi, myne: Tuoi, thyne: Suòi, thers: Nostri, ours: Vostri, yours.
    • Femi. gen.
      • Sing. nom.
        • Mia, myne: Túa, thyne: Sua, hers: Nostra, ours: Vostra, yours.
      • Plu. [...]om.
        • Mie, myne: Tue, thyne: Sue, hers: Nostre, ours: Vostre, yours.

• [Page 50] Pronoumes belonging to bothe genders.
  • Io,
  • Tu,
  • Colóro,
  • Costóro,
  • Lóro,
  • Se.

• Nom. sin. Quèsto, Costùi, this man.
• Genit. di Quèsto, costúi, of this man, or this mans.
• Dat. à Quèsto, costúi, to this man.
• Accus. Quèsto, costúi, this man.
• Ablat. da Quèsto, costúi, from this man.
• Nom. plu. Quèsti, Costoro, these men.
• Genit. di quèsti, costòro, of these men, or these mēs.
• Dat. à quèsti, costòro, to these men.
• Accus. Quèsti, costòro, these men.
• Ablat. da quèsti, costòro, from these men.

• Nom. sing. Quésta, Costèi, this vvoman.
• Geni. di questa, costéi, of this womā, or this vvomās.
• Dat. a quèsta, costei, to this vvoman.
• Accus. Questa, costei, this vvoman.
• Ablat. da questa, costei, from this vvoman.
• Nom. plu. Quéste, Costòro, these vvomen.
• Genit. di quèste, costòro, of these vvomen, or these vvomens.
• Dat. á quèste, costòro, to these vvomen.
• Accus. Quèste, costòro, these vvomen.
• Ablat. da quèste, costòro, from these vvomen.

[Page 53] Touching th'other pronoumes, that is, the deri­uatiues, they follovve altogeather the declensiō of those noumes, that do ende in O, if they be of the masculine gender, or in A, if they be of the femi­nine gender.

But the pronoume Ciò, is alvvayes of the sin­gular number, and neuter gender.

These Pronoumes Egli, Ei, E', and Ella do alvvayes sarue to the nominatiue case: as Egli disse, he hath said: Ella volse, she hath torned.

The like is of these pronoumes Eglino, & Elleno, (vvhich Orators & such as vvrite in prose do vse) for they also sarue to the nominatiue case: and vve say Eglino dissero, they haue said: Elleno vòlsero, they haue torned.

Againe: these pronoumes Egli, and E, som­tymes are filling vvordes, and are rather vsed for a grace in speach, then of any necessity: as Egli non ha guàri di tempo, for Non ha guàri di tempo, it is no longe tyme: Againe, Eparrà mēzògna, for Parrà menzògna, it shall seeme a lye.

• [Page 54]Pronoumes.
  • Lui
  • Lei
    • Do sarue to the
  • Loro
  • Genit. Ci siàmo ricordàti di Lúi, Léi, Lòro, VVe haue remembred vs, of hym, her, them.
  • Dat. Dissi à Lúi, Léi, Lòro, I haue tolde hym, her, them.
  • Accus. Vidi Lúi, Léi, Lòro, I haue seene hym, her, them.
  • Ablat. Horiccuúto cio da lui, Léi. Lòro: I haue receiued that from hym, her, them.
  • Nom. Costúi, Costéi; Colúi, Coléi disse, this man, this vvoman; he, she hath said. Costòro, Colòro, dissero, thes, they haue said.

• Pronoumes.
  • Costúi
  • Colúi
  • Costéi
    • do sarue to the
  • Col [...]i
  • Costoro
  • Coloro
  • Gen. Mi ricòrdo di Costúi, costéi, colúi, coléi, costòro, coloro: I do re­member me of this mā, this vvo­man, hym, her, these, them.
  • Dat. Io dissi à costúi, costei, colúi, coléi, costoro, colòro: I haue tolde to this man, this vvoman, hym, her, these, them.
  • Accus. Io àmo costúi, costéi, colúi, coléi, costòro, colòro: I loue this man, this vvvoman, hym, her, these, them.
  • Abl. Io l'ho vdito da costúi, costèi, colúi, coléi, costòro, colòro, I haue harde it f [...]om this man, this vvo­man, hym, her, these, them.

[Page 55] Further the articles, Li, gli, and Le, are often tymes vsed for these pronoumes, Lúi and Léi: And that onelye in the datiue case, in this vvise: Le di, or dille, for di à Léi, tell her: Dà gli or Dàlli, for Dà à Lúi, guie hym: and remember that these articles Gli, and Le, vvhich are of the plurall number, are vsed for Lúi and Léi: pronoumes of the singular nomber.

Againe the articles Lo, La, Gli, and Le are vsed for these pronoumes Lúi, Léi, and Loro: and that in the accusatiue case onelye, thus: Lo batté, and Battéllo, for Batté lúi or Quéllo, he hath beaten hym: La Baciò, & Baciòlla, for Baciò Lei or Quella: he hath kissed her: Gli percosse, and Percòssegli, for Percosse Loro, or Quelli, he hath striken them: Le baciò, and Baciòlle, for Baciò loro or Quelle: he hath kissed them.

• Pronoume.
  • Se
    • serueth to the
  • Genit. Nessuno si dismentica di se: no body is forgeatfull of hym selfe.
  • Dat. Catòne diéde à se la mèrte: Cato hath geuen to hym selfe the deathe.
  • Accus. Ciascùno ama più se, che gli àltri: Eache one louethe hym selfe, more then others.
  • Ablat. Quèsto lo disse da se, he hathe tolde hym this of hym selfe.

But this Pronoume Se, is often ioyned vvith [Page 56] Stésso, in the singular nomber, and masculine gen­der: and Stèssi, in the plurall nomber, the same gen der. Also Stessa in the feminine gender, and sing. nom. and stesse, in the plurall nomber, and the same gender: the vvhich is done thorough out all the oblique cases, except the vocatiue, in this vvyse.

Di Se stesso, of hym selfe: Di se stesta, of her selfe: Di se stessi, of them selues: Di se stesse, of them selues. Also Ase stèsso, to hym selfe: A se stessa, to her selfe: A se stessi and A se stesse, to them selues. Againe, Se stèsso, hym selfe: Se stessa, her selfe: Se stessi and Se stesse, them selues. To conclude, Da se stesso, by hym selue: Da se stessa, by her selfe: Da se stessi, and Da se stesse, by them selues. The same is to be vnderstode of Medèsimo, Medèsima, Medèsimi, Medèsime:

These are also ioyned to all other pronoumes: for vve say: Io stesso or medesimo, I my selfe: Di me stèsso, or medesimo, of my selfe: And so in like sorte thorough out all the cases, the vocatiue except. In the plurall number vve say, Noi stèssi or medesi­mi, vve our selues: Di noi stèssi, or medèsimi, of vs our selues: &c. Also Tu stesso, Tu stessa, thovv thy selfe: Io stessà, I my selfe. Nòi stèsse, vve our selues: Di nòi stèsse, of vs our selues: Di vòi stèsse, of you your selues.

Egli stesso, he hym selfe: Di lùi stèsso, of hym selfe: Ella stèssa, she her selfe: Di lei stèssa, of her selfe: &c. Eglino stèssi, they them selues: Di lòro [Page 57] stèssi, of them selues, &c. Elleno stesse, they them selues: Di lòro stesse, of them selues, &c.

But to vvhat ende do I staye vpō somany exam­ples: since these vvordes do not onely accompanye all the Pronoumes, but Noumes also? For many tymes vve speake in this vvise, il Re stesso, or medèsi­mo, the king hym selfe: La Regina stessa, or medesi­ma, the Queene her selfe: i Cieli stèssi or medesimi, the selfe heauens: Le stèlle stesse, or medessime, the selfe starres.

Neither is it to be omitted hovv that Stesso doth receiue in the beginning the letter I, vvhen an ar­ticle goeth before it, that doth ende in a vouell, the vvhich article doth forsake his vouell, and taketh an Apostropha.

• Pronoumes.
  • Esso
  • Essa
    • do sarue to the
  • Essi
  • Esse
  • Nomi. Esso or Essa fú, disse, fece: he or shee hathe ben, hathe said, hathe donne: Also, Essi or Esse fúrono: they haue ben.
  • Gen. Miricorderò di Esso or Essa, Essi, Esse: I shalbe myndefull of hym, or her, them.
  • Dat. Il diède ad esso, &c: he hathe geuen it to hym, &c.
  • Ablat. L'ho vdito da Esso, &c: I haue harde it from hym, &c.

Hovvbeit all these, except the Nominatiue case vvere better explained by the Pronoumes Lúi, Léi, and Lóro: so that one sholde speake more rightly [Page 58] in this sorte: Lo mi ricòrdo di lúi, Léi, Lóro: L'ho dáto à lúi, Léi, Lóro: Ho vedúto Lúi, Léi, Lóro: L'ho ri­ceuúto da lúi, léi, lóro.

Further those Pronoumes, are ioyned to cer­taine Noumes thoroughout all the cases, the voca­tiue except: as appereth by this tipe follovving.

• the Pronoume Esso, is ioyned to certaine noumes in the
  • Nom. Esso Re disse, the Kinge hath saide.
  • Genit. Vàgo di Esse giouani, de­sirous of the yonge vvomen.
  • Dat. Dièdi il libro ad esso giùdice, I gaue the booke to the iudge.
  • Accus. Percòsse Essi nemici, he did strike th' enemies.
  • Ablat. Il riccuci da Essi amici, I haue receiued it from frendes.

Lastly, thus th' Italians do say, Con esso Lùi, Lèi, Lèro: for con Lùi, Lèi, Lòro, vvith hym, her, them. Also, Con ésso téco, for Con tèco or Téco, vvith thee: Con èsso mèco, for Con mèco or meco, vvith me: Con èsso séco, for Con séco or Seco, vvith hym. Againe, Con èsso nói, vvith vs: Con èsso voi, vvith you.

They say also Con èsso le màni, vvith the handes. Con èsso vn còlpo, vvith one blovve. And not a fevv of these kinde of speaches, do th' Italians vse, they chiefly that inhabit Tuscane: Hovvbeit, I vvolde not haue them to be generally vsed.

These Pronoumes Quèsti, Quèi or Quègli, are accustomed for the most parte to be put in stedde [Page 59] of the Pronoumes, Quèsto, Quèllo; or Costui, and Colui: & that many times in the Nominatiue case, and by it selfe, vvithout the adding of any sub­stantiue: Hovvbeit they are alvvayes referred to some man, that a little before hathe ben mencio­ned: as by a fevv examples shall plainely ap­peare. For vve say, Ciceròne fu non sólo Oratòr s [...]m­mo, ma anchòra óttino cittadino: Questi giouò mòlta alla sua patria: Cicero vvas not onely an excellent Orator, but a very good Citizen: this man hathe greatly profited his contry. Also, Quégli parlo, he hathe spoken. And suche like almoste inumerable, thovv shall finde, in the Tuscane vvriters. But (to speake frely vvhat thinke) I can skarse be brought to allovv of it: For to me it seemethe a kinde of speache to greatly affected.

Therfore Quésto and Quéllo, vvhen they are of the masculine gender, do requier a noume substā ­tiue: as Quésto Re, this King, Quéllo préncipe, that prince. But vvhen they are of the neuter gender, they put avvay the noume substantiue, and ther­fore vve say Quèsto che io dico, è cosi this vvhich I do tell, is thus. Againe Quéllo non è cosi, that is not so.

Touching the vvhich Pronoumes, this is not to be forgotten, that vvhen they are expressed by the genitiue plurall, they are vvont to be depriued of theire helpes: that is (vvith the Tuscanes) of the preposition Di, in this sorte: A càsa quésti vsurài, for à càsa di questi vsurài: to the house of these vsurers.

[Page 60] The Pronoume Cio, the vvhich vve haue said before to be the neuter gēder: is vsed in these sortes of speache: as Cioè, that is: Sopra ciò, thervpon: Oltre à ciò, besides that: Ciòche, vvhatsoeuer: Ac­ciòche, to thende that: Perciòche, bycause that: Perciò, therfore.

But in vvhat belongethe to the Pronoume Co­tèsto, it is geuen to thinges and personnes, that are out of the pronouncer, vverfore vve say to hym, vvith vvhome vve speake: Cotésto libro, il quale tu hai nelle màni, è bello, that booke, vvhich thovv hast in thy handes, is a faire booke. VVee vse this Pro­noume also in the neuter gender, in this vvise, Co­tésto, che tu dici, é véro, that that thovv saiest, is tru.

To conclude, it semeth behouefull to speake not a little of Ci and Ne, vvich are vsed for Noi, Mi for Me, Vi for Voi, and Ti for Te. But bycause they are for the most parte fixed to verbes, as it often happeneth in the Hebrue tonge: thersore vve do referre them to that place vvhere vve shall entreat of those verbes.

There are fovver cōiugations of Verbes, vvhich are chiefly knovvne bytheire infinitiue modes.

The first cōiugation is of Verbes that in th'infi­nitiue mode haue A, long before RE: as Amare, to loue: Cantare, to sing: Volare, to fly: Mangiare, to eate, &c.

The secōde is of Verbes that haue E, lōg before [Page 61] RE: as Valére, to be vvorthe: Hauére, to haue, Te­uére, to holde, &c.

The thirde is of Verbes that haue E, shorte before RE: as Léggere, to reade: Scriuere, to vvrite: Viuere, to liue: Ridere, to laugh, &c.

The fourthe is of Verbes that haue I, longe be­fore RE: as Vdire, to heare: Morire, to dye: Fi­nire, to ende. &c.

These they are Mi, Ti, Si, Ci, Ne, Vi: The vvhich, vvith vvhat elegancy they cleaue vnto Verbes, and vvhat theire significatiōs are, shall clearly appeare by that, vvhich shalbe said of the vse of them.

First, they are comonly set before and after Verbes: as Mi àma, amami, Ti àma, àmati, Si àma, àmasi, Ci àma, àmaci, Ne àma, àmane, Vi àma, amaui. [Page 119] But this ought to be donne vvith iudgement: For it is not allvvayes, nor in euery place vvell sytting. For this manner of speache shalbe lesse affected, Che ti disse colui? then Che disseti colui? vvhat hath he said vnto thee? Also vvee shall speake vvith lesse curiosity, to say, Se tu mi àmi non ti nuocerà, then Se àmimi non noceràtti: If thovv loue me it shall not hurte thee. But suche à iudgement can hardly be taught, or not at all by preceptes, since it ought to be compared vvith the often reading of Aucthors, and vse of the tonge. And yet this is to be maked, that so oftē as these vvordes do follovve the verbe, they do depende on the accent, as if they vvere all one vvorde: as Amami, Amati, Amasi, Amaci, A­mane, Amaui.

Further they do double the consonant, vvhen they are set after Verbes, hauing the accent in the last syllable: as Amommi, Amòtti, Amòssi, Amòcci, Amònne, Amònni: of the Preterperfectense Amò, he hath loued. And so likevvyse Ameràmmi, Ame­ràtti, Ameràssi, Ameràcci, Amerànne, Amerànni: of the Future tense Amerà, he shall loue.

Besides, Mi, Ti, and Si, do allvvayes retaine the letter I, vvhen they cleaue to a verbe hauing none other vvorde set betvvene them: as by th'ex­amples follovving may appeare. But if any other vvorde come betvvene them, the then change I, into E, vvherof this is an example: Me non battèsti tu, thovv hast not beaten me. The like dothe hap­pen in comparing of personnes togeather: vvher­vpon [Page 120] vvee say, Tu conòsci me & lui, thovv hast knovvne me and hym. Tu vedi me & io vèggio te, thovv seest me, & I see thee. Tu feristi me, & quello non toccasti, thovv hast vvounded me, and hast not toutched hym.

In like sorte they are vsed, vvhen a verbe of the Infinitiue mode doth follovv them: For vvee say, Ragionàsi, Me hauèr prèso mòglie, It is reported that I haue takē a vvife. còrre fàma, Me essere inamoràto, the rumor is, that I am in loue. But these speaches sholde be more rightly expressed thus: Ragiònasi, che io ho prèso moglie. And Còrre fama che io sòno inamorato.

Lastly, they chaunge I into E, vvhen the Ad­verbe Come, goeth before them, In this sorte: Io non sóno auàro come te, I am not couetous, as thovv art. Tu non séi liberále, come me, thou art not libe­rall, as I am.

Toutching their signification and the vse of them: it shalbe more plainely shevved by these types follovving.

• Mi
  • Me: mi batte, or Battèmmi, he hath beaten me.
  • To me: Mi diede, and Diedemi, he hath geuen me, or to me.

• Ti
  • Thee: Ti battè, and Battèti: He hath beaten thee.
  • To thee: Ti diede, & Diedèti: He hath geuen thee or to thee.

• [Page 121] Si
  • Hym selfe: Si vccise, and Vccisesi: He hath kylde hym selfe.
  • To hym selfe: Si diéde, & Diedesila mòrte, He hath geuen hym selfe the death: or to hym selfe.

• Ci
  • Vs: Ci percòsse, & Percòsseci, He hath strykē vs.
  • To vs: Ci diéde, and Diedeci, He hath geuen vs, or to vs.
  • Here or thether: Ci fu, fúcci, He hath ben here.
  • Ci andò, andocci, He hathe gone thether.

Here is to be remembred hovv that these a forsaide vvordes are many tymes vsed for ornamēt sake: as Io mi crèdo, for Io crèdo. Tu ti pensi, for Tu pènsi. Egli si crède, for Egli crede. And Boccace doth thus speake: Natural còsa, è di ciascuno, che ci nàsce, for che nàsce.

• Ne
  • Vs: Ne abbracciò, Abracciónne: He hath im­brased vs.
  • To vs: Ne diède, Dièdene, He hath geuen to vs.

• Vi
  • You: Vipercòsse, Percòsseui, He hath striken you.
  • To you: Vi diéde, Dièdeui, He hath geuen to you.
  • There or thether: Vifu, Fúuui, he hath ben there.
  • Vi Andò, Andòuui: He hath gon thether.

[Page 122] These vvordes follovving do linke togeather, and are many vvayes vttred in speach: & that vvith no meane elegancy. And therfore hovv that is to be donne, may easly be perceiued by these types that follovve.

• Mi Ti
  • Me to thee: Io miti racommàndo, and Racco­mandomiti, I do recommende me vnto thee.
  • Thee to me: Tu miti raccomàdàsti, and Rac­comàndasti miti: thou hast recommēded thee vnto me.

• Mi Si
  • Me to hym: Egli mi sielésse; Elesse misi per grandissimo amico, he hath chosen me vnto hym for a most great frende.
  • Hym to me: Eg li misi raccomandò, and Raccomandò misi, he hath Recommēded hym vnto me.

• Mi ci
  • Me there or thether: Mi ci fermái, and fer­máimici due giórni, I haue staied there tovv dayes: Mi ci fé andare, Fémmici an­dare, he caused me to go thether.
  • To me here: Mici diède, Diède mici mog lie, he gaue vnto me here a vvyfe.

• Mi vi
  • Me to you: Io miui raccomàndo, Raccommàn­domiui, I recommende me vnto you.
  • You to me: Voi miui raccomandàste, Racco­mandàste miui, you haue you recommen­ded vnto me.
  • [Page 123] Me there or thether: Miui vesti, vestimmiui, he hath apparelled me there.
  • Miui menò, Menòmmiui: he hath brought me thether.
  • To me there: Miui comprò; Comprommiui, vn giardino: he hath there bought vnto me a gardyne.

• Ti ci
  • Thee to vs: Dio tici diéde, diédetici per Padre, God hath geuen thee vnto vs for a fa­ther.
  • Vs to thee: Dio tici diède, dieditici per com­pagni: God hath geuen vs vnto thee for compagnions.
  • Thee here or thether: Io tici vidi, viditici: I haue seene thee here.
  • Io tici menài, Menàitici, I haue brought thee thether.
  • To thee here: Dio tici diède, diedetici mo glie: God hath here geuen to thee a vvyfe.

• Ti si
  • Thee to hym: Dio tisi elèsse, Elessetisi per fi­gliolo: God hath chosen thee to hym for his childe.
  • Hym to thee: Egli ti si raccomànda, Racco­mandatisi: He doth recommande hym vnto thee.

• Ci si
  • Hym to vs: Eg li ci si offérse, Offersecisi: He hath offred hym selfe vnto vs.
  • [Page 124] Vs to hym: Ci si prèsse, Prèssecisi per compa­gni: He hath taken vs vnto hym for com­pagnions.
  • Hym here or hether: Ci si vccise, Vccisecisi: He hath here slaine hym selfe.
  • Ci si lasciò condúrre, Lasciòccisi condúrre: He hath suffred hym selfe to be brought hether.
  • Here to hym: Ci si diéde, Diédecisi la mòrte: He hath geuen hym selfe here the death.

• Vi si
  • Hym to you: Vi si raccomanda, Raccoman­dauisi, he doth recōmēde hym vnto you.
  • You to hym: Vi si elésse, Elésseuisi Dio per si­gliuoli: God hath chosen you vnto hym for his children.
  • Hym there or thether: Vi si vccise, Vcciseuisi. He hath there slayne hym selfe.
  • Vi si lasciò, Lasciòuisi condúrre. He hath suf­fred hym selfe to be brought thether.
  • There to hym: Visicomprò, Comproúuisi vna vigna: He hath there bought to him selfe a vigne.

• Vi ci
  • You to vs, or vs to you: Dio vicidiède, Diè­deuici per compagni: God hath geuen vs vnto you, or you to vs for compag­nions.
  • You here: Vi ci battérono, Battérouuici, they haue beaten you here.
  • [Page 125] You hether: Vi ci menàrono, Menàronuici, they haue brought you hether.
  • To you here: Vici compràste, Compràsteuici vna càsa: You haue bought vnto you here a house.