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INDEX absurdity, 333 n. 20 accomplishment, 19, 27, 29{-30, 32, 33, 35, 57, 59, 64{-5, 67, 70, 80, 82, 86, 87, 96, 103, 107, 131, 135{-7, 156, 177, 189, 197{-8 Accountability View, 279{-81, 283, 381 n. 27 Ackrill, J.L., 322 n. 23, 325 n. 35 act-morality, 195, 201, 261{-2 action, theory of, 10, 12, 101, 106, 127{-8, 321 n. 14 relation to desire, 99{-100, 102 }c and omission, 190 actual-desire account (of utility), 10{-11, 47, 106 Adams, R.M., 368 n. 6 addition, 14{-15, 34{-7, 76, 88{-9, 103{-5, 148, 338 n. 27 aggregation, 15, 34{-7, 88{-9, 103{-5, 144{-5, 178, 324 n. 33 alienation problem, 127, 130, 133, 139, 141, 180, 350 n. 3 all-purpose means to human ends, 43{-4, 49{-50, 70{-2 animals, obligations to, 315 n. 19, 368 n. 3 appropriation, as ground of ownership, 289{-92, 383 nn. 12{-13 Aristotle, 57{-9, 60, 61, 62, 68, 130, 237, 317 n. 13, 321 n. 15, 322 n. 23, 325 n. 34, 326 n. 41, 331 nn. 3{-4, 341 n. 33, 369 n. 12, 379 n. 18 Arnold, Christopher, 374 n. 4 Arrow, Kenneth J., 319 n. 10, 347 nn. 11{-12, 349 n. 23 atonement, 379 n. 17 Atonement View, 267{-70, 275, 279, 283, 381 n. 27 authority problem, 139{-40, 141, 155, 186, 191, 352 n. 26 autonomy, 10{-11, 32, 35, 36, 54, 58, 67, 71, 82, 83, 91, 107, 114, 131, 145, 156, 197, 225{-6, 234, 235{-6, 243{-4, 258, 265, 304, 308, 309, 311, 375 n. 17 right to }c, 233 contrasted to liberty, 374 n. 9 Axelrod, Robert, 365 n. 1, 380 n. 22 Baechler, Jean, 385 n. 16 Baier, Kurt, 219{-23, 358 n. 47, 369 nn. 20{-1, 370 n. 25, 374 nn. 44{-5 Bales, R.E., 368 n. 8 Barry, Brian, 319 n. 6, 326 n. 5, 366 n. 2 Baumgardt, David, 313 n. 1, 357 n. 44, 358 n. 45, 381 n. 29 Bayes, Thomas, 146 Beccaria, C., 357 n. 44 Becker, L.C., 385 nn. 17{-18, 389 n. 50 van Beethoven, Ludwig, 340 n. 28 Benn, S., 327 n. 10, 328 n. 12 Bentham, Jeremy, 7, 12, 13, 24, 38, 128, 129, 151, 168, 313 nn. 1{-2, 326 n. 39, 343 n. 6, 357 n. 44, 358 n. 45, 368 n. 5, 370 n. 25, 381 n. 25, 381 n. 29 Berlin, Isaiah, 342 n. 35, 374 n. 7 bodily integrity, right to, 224, 228, 233, 234, 328 n. 15 Bond, E.J., 321 n. 15, 321 n. 18 Borda, J.C., 344 n. 9 Brahms, Johannes, 182 Brams, S.J., 365 n. 1 Brandt, R.B., 314 n. 11, 316 nn. 22{-23, 319 nn. 9{-10, 323 n. 29, 324 n. 33, 325 n. 37, 368 n. 5, 386 n. 29 Braybrooke, David, 326 n. 3, 327 n. 6, 329 n. 24 breadth of the moral perspective, 193{- 206 Britton, Karl, 358 n. 47 Broome, John, 337 n. 15, 341 n. 34, 344 n. 8, 370 n. 24, 372 n. 28 Buber, Martin, 379 n. 13 Campbell, N.R., 343 n. 6 capacities, basic, 67, 226, 296, 328 n. 15 cardinal scales. See measurement. Care, 219 Categorical Imperative, 142, 143, 215{- 19, 258, 353 n. 28, 373 n. 36 Chapman, J.W., 385 nn. 16{-18, 389 n. 50 character, 352 n. 26 404 INDEX Christie, Agatha, 278 Clark, R.W., 332 n. 11 commitments, 78{-9 communal goods, 387 n. 39 compensation, 149, 180{-1 Completeness, Test of, 2{-3, 160 consequentialism, 195{-206, 369 n. 22, 370 n. 23 constructivism (in morals), 3 contractualism, 129, 142, 163, 167{-8, 170{-5, 183{-5, 190{-1, 193{-5, 211, 218{-19, 222, 230{-1, 258, 275, 281, 295, 298, 353 n. 28, 362 n. 34, 363 n. 42, 368 n. 3, 370 n. 25, 378 n. 6, 380 n. 23 Contributor's Dilemma, 373 n. 34 consumer sovereignty, 10 Cooper, Diana, 362 n. 34 co-operation, 121, 192{-5, 202, 204{-6, 221{-3, 250, 274, 281, 287{-9, 303, 305{-6, 388 n. 42, 389 n. 48 co-ordination, 192, 205 Correctness, Test of, 3{-4, 160 cost-benefit analysis, 341 n. 34 criterion of right and wrong, 197, 201{-2, 246, 247, 251 Crusoe, Robinson, 152{-3 cruelty, 194, 368 n. 3 Curzon, Lord and Lady, 362 n. 34 Darwall, Stephen, 353 n. 28 Davidson, D., 345 n. 15, 347 n. 11 Da Vinci, Leonardo, 17, 21, 22 Darwin, Charles, 60 decision procedure, moral, 197, 200{-2 political }c, 246{-9, 251, 252 practical }c, 197{-202, 214, 240, 246{-8, 249{-52, 282, 311 reflective }c, 197{-202, 214{-5, 240, 246{-8, 249{-52, 282, 311 decision theory, 146{-7, 317 n. 1 "deep' utility function, 112{-13 deliberation, 1 prudential }c, 64{-8, 76, 78, 97, 105, 181, 198 moral }c, 76, 78, 198 practical }c, 135, 138{-9, 155{-62, 202 demerit, 264{-82 Denning, Lord, 380 n. 21 deontic categories, 260{-1 deontology, 150, 190{-1, 219{-23, 364 nn. 63{-4 desert, 254{-83, 291{-2, 294, 299, 378 n. 6, 385 n. 18, 386 n. 19 relation to equal respect, 254 relation to entitlement, 255, 264 relation to morality, 258, 264, 269{- 70, 272, 283, 291{-2 relation to personal identity, 257, 377 n. 3 relation to free will, 256{-7 desirability feature, 27{-31 desirable consciousness, 9 desire, 7, 10, 313 n. 10, 314 n. 11, 314 n. 14 }c of the dead, 17, 22{-3, 317 n. 5 immoral }c, 25{-6 irrational }c, 24{-5 sadistic }c, 25{-6 self-regarding/other-regarding }c, 24{-5 local/global distinction, 13, 15, 145, 148, 178, 180{-1, 202{-4, 314 n. 14 hierarchy of }c, 35{-6, 159{-62, 319 n. 12 definition of technical sense in informed-}c account, 14, 323 n. 29 actual-}c accounts of well-being, 10{-11, 47, 106 informed-}c accounts of well-being, 11{-15, 16, 17, 30{-3, 47, 56, 104, 107, 119, 121, 124, 136{-7, 157, 314 n. 16, 314 n. 18, 315 n. 19, 316 n. 25, 317 n. 1, 319 n. 12, 323 n. 26, 326 n. 41, 348 n. 19 determinism, 256{-7, 283, 381 n. 29 Diamond, P.A., 370 n. 24 Diggs, B.J., 175, 361 n. 12, 363 n. 45, 363 n. 48, 368 n. 7 Dillistone, F.W., 379 n. 17 diminishing marginal utility, 152, 299{- 300, 340 n. 28, 345 n. 15 discontinuity (of values), 85{-9, 97 distribution, 150{-1, 153, 168{-9, 239, 241, 284{-312, 378 n. 10, 383 nn. 10{-11, 388 n. 42 }c in prudence, 35, 150 moral subject of }c defined, 284{-5 Dostoevsky, Fyodor, 267{-9, 379 n. 14, 379 n. 16 Dualism of Practical Reason, 160{-2 Dunn, John, 385 n. 18 Dutch School (of painting), 86{-8 Dworkin, Ronald, 319 n. 6, 326 n. 1, 328 n. 17, 330 n. 27, 334 n. 21, 335 n. 7, 338 n. 20, 358 n. 47, 360 n. 1, 374 n. 405 INDEX Dworkin (cont.): 2, 375 n. 11, 378 n. 10, 386 n. 29, 387 n. 36 Edgeworth, F.Y., 344 n. 9, 358 n. 48 Edwards, Paul, 332 n. 18 Ellis, Brian, 343 n. 6 Elster, Jon, 316 n. 22, 355 n. 33, 369 n. 20, 380 n. 22 ends of life. See value, prudential enjoyment, 57, 59, 67, 70, 82, 113, 131, 156, 188 enjoyment account of well-being, 8, 18{- 20 envy, 300 equal respect, 142{-3, 163{-91, 195, 208{- 14, 239{-40, 245, 247, 253, 254, 287, 294{-5, 297{-301, 311, 360 n. 1, 370 n. 25, 372 nn. 26{-7, 387 n. 39 }c as ground for rights, 230{-2, 234, 235 equality, 220{-3, 233, 239{-40, 293{-301, 312, 363 n. 53, 378 n. 10, 386 n. 22, 386 n. 29, 386 n. 36 equal all-purpose means, 299{-301, 307{-8, 310{-11 }c chance, 210{-15, 219{-23, 370 n. 25, 371 n. 26, 374 n. 45 }c opportunity, 49{-50, 231, 297 }c resources, 231, 232, 240, 248, 295, 296 }c respect. See equal respect }c rights, 295 }c treatment, 153{-4, 170, 176{-83, 247 }c weight, 231 }c well-being, 210, 231, 232, 296, 297, 371 n. 26 ethical push/ethical pull, 26, 68{-70, 133, 160{-1, 319 n. 11, 325 n. 38 eudaimonia, 317 n. 3, 322 n. 23, 325 nn. 34{-5, 331 n. 5 experience machine, 9 Experience Requirement, 13, 16{-19, 21, 317 n. 5 "extended' utility function, 111{-12, 113 fairness, 48, 108, 120, 142{-3, 150, 153{-4, 191, 192{-223, 250, 287, 305, 330 n. 1, 373 n. 35, 373 n. 38 Feinberg, Joel, 317 n. 2, 317 n. 4, 326 n. 1, 326 n. 3, 327 n. 6, 327 n. 10, 328 n. 11, 377 n. 1, 378 n. 7, 378 n. 11, 380 nn. 20{-1 Finnis, John, 334 n. 21 Flew, Antony, 358 n. 47, 382 n. 5, 383 n. 10, 386 n. 36, 390 n. 61 flourishing. See human flourishing Foot, Philippa, 332 n. 15, 350 n. 1, 351 n. 13, 351 n. 22, 359 n. 57 foundationalism (in morals), 3 Frankena, W.K., 359 n. 54 Franklin, R.L., 358 n. 47 fraternity, 300{-1, 303, 310, 387 n. 39 free-rider problem, 206{-15, 223, 287, 372 n. 29, 373 n. 35 Freud, Sigmund, 8, 28, 123, 313 n. 9, 325 n. 36 Frey, R.G., 376 n. 22 fulfilment (of desire) technical definition of }c, 14 Gauthier, David, 175, 363 nn. 46{-8 Geach, Peter, 358 n. 48 Gewirth, Alan, 376 n. 20 Glover, Jonathan, 314 n. 15 Godlovitch, Roslind, 315 n. 20 von Goethe, Johann Wolfgang, 60 good semantic analysis of }c, 37, 325 n. 36 relation of }c and right, 69{-70, 77, 320 n. 13, 325 n. 38 Goodman, L.A., 344 n. 9 gratitude, 259{-63, 378 n. 4, 378 n. 8 Gravelle, H., 345 n. 15 Gray, John, 326 n. 41 "greatest happiness of the greatest num- ber', 151{-4, 358 n. 46, 358 n. 48, 359 n. 51, 359 nn. 54{-5 Griffin, James, 335 n. 4, 338 nn. 22{-3, 340 n. 28, 341 n. 34, 347 n. 11, 363 n. 50 Gross, John, 378 n. 8 guilt, 265{-82, 319 n. 12 Hahn, F., 313 n. 8 Haksar, V., 334 n. 25 Hals, Frans, 88 happiness, 13, 16, 24, 84, 90, 130, 150, 187{-8, 257, 282, 284, 309, 313 nn. 1{-2, 314 n. 14, 341 n. 30, 343 n. 1, 343 n. 6 Hardie, W.F.R., 322 n. 23, 325 n. 35, 331 n. 5 Hardin, Garrett, 388 n. 43 Hare, R.M., 143{-4, 200{-1, 323 n. 28, 347 nn. 11{-12, 348 n. 20, 354 nn. 406 INDEX Hare (cont.): 29{-30, 360 n. 4, 361 n. 11, 368 nn. 10{-11 Hargrave, R. M., 372 n. 27 Harrington, Michael, 383 n. 10 Harsanyi, 111{-12, 319 n. 8, 347 nn. 11{-13, 363 n. 54 Hart, H.L.A., 277, 338 nn. 24{-5, 374 n. 7, 381 nn. 26{-7 health, 42, 43, 45{-7, 49, 52, 123{-4, 226, 296{-7, 328 n. 16, 376 n. 23, 389 n. 46 hedonism, 32, 197{-8, 283, 341 n. 31, 343 n. 1, 347 n. 14, 381 n. 29 Hegel, G.W.F., 309 Helve$0tius, C.-A., 357 n. 44 Heyd, David, 364 n. 62 Hobbes, Thomas, 313 n. 10, 351 n. 13 Hodges, H.A., 379 n. 17 Hodgson, D.H., 368 n. 5 Hohfeld, W.N., 225, 374 n. 5 holism, 140, 143, 144, 355 n. 33 Hollis, M., 313 n. 8 Honore$0, A.M., 389 n. 50 de Hooch, Pieter, 86{-7 human flourishing, 56{-60, 70{-2, 161 reduction of morality to }c, 127, 128, 130{-3 human standing, 330 n. 26, 334 n. 25 }c as a prudential value, 67, 70, 81{-2, 91 }c as a ground for rights, 225{-8, 232, 233, 253, 298, 308, 309, 328 n. 15, 375 n. 17 Hume, David, 12, 14, 29, 128, 285{-6, 313 n. 1, 314 n. 14, 351 n. 13, 382 nn. 2{-4 Hutcheson, F., 357 n. 44 Huxley, Aldous, 71 ideal contractor, 163, 167{-8, 183{-5, 208, 239, 295, 361 n. 10, 361 n. 17 ideal observer, 163, 167{-8, 183{-5, 208, 239, 295, 361 n. 10, 361 n. 17 incentive, 300, 301, 303, 305, 307 incommensurability, 77, 335 n. 3 }c of scientific theories, 79, 336 n. 12 }c of values, 75{-6, 77{-92, 95, 243{-4, 315 n. 21, 345 n. 15 forms of }c of values: discontinuity, 85{-9, 243, 338 n. 27; incompar- ability, 79{-83; pluralism, 89{-92; trumping, 83; weighting, 83{-5 incomparability (of values), 79{-83 informed (definition of), 98{-9 technical definition of, 14 informed-desire account (of utility), 11{- 15, 16, 17, 30{-3, 47, 75 integrity, 337 n. 17, 352 n. 26, 364 n. 63 interest, 37 }c Theory of Value, 37{-8 interpersonal comparisons (of well- being), 76{-7, 94{-5, 105, 106{-24, 180, 316 n. 23 interval scales. See measurement intrapersonal intertemporal comparisons (of well-being), 94{-5, 107, 120{-1, 180, 316 n. 23, 324 n. 33 intuitions (moral), 1{-2, 78, 170{-1, 177{- 8, 231, 241{-2, 261, 291, 376 n. 23 isolated agent, 195{-202 Jespersen, O., 358 n. 48 Jones, Ernest, 313 n. 3 justice, 131, 133, 153, 170{-5, 183, 191, 239, 259, 262{-4, 284{-5, 319 n. 12, 330 n. 1, 375 n. 16, 388 n. 42 Kant, Immanuel, 14, 81{-2, 83, 142, 207, 215{-19, 258, 269, 275, 325 n. 38, 337 n. 16, 351 n. 22, 353 n. 28, 360 n. 4, 374 n. 42, 374 n. 9, 378 n. 5 Kavka, Gregory, 350 n. 2 Kenny, A.J.P., 314 n. 12 Kleinig, J., 377 nn. 1{-2 knowledge }c as a prudential value, 62, 67, 199 }c of other minds, 106{-7, 109 Kuhn, T.S., 336 n. 12 Kyburg, H.E. Jun., 343 n. 1, 345 n. 11 labour, as ground of ownership, 290{-2, 294, 299, 301{-2, 383 n. 12, 385 n. 18 Lane, R.E., 386 n. 19 Layard, P.R.G., 349 n. 23 Leha$0r, Franz, 182 levels of discrimination, 344 n. 9 levels of moral thought, 46, 200{-4, 207, 223, 239{-42, 246{-53, 282, 295{-9, 311{-12, 368 n. 11 Hare's two-level view, 200{-1 lexical priority. See orderings liberalism, 91{-2, 343 n. 36 liberty, 67, 83, 84, 85{-6, 91{-2, 170, 226, 233, 234, 235, 236{-9, 244{-5, 280{-1, 292{-3, 294, 299, 304, 308, 309, 311, 407 INDEX liberty (cont.): 338 n. 25, 386 n. 22, 386 n. 25 }c contrasted with autonomy, 374 n. 9 narrow and broad conceptions of }c, 226, 229{-30, 234, 292{-3 negative and positive }c, 225, 227, 375 n. 10 strong and weak }c, 227, 233 life (value of), 82, 91, 171{-5, 334 n. 21 right to }c, 226, 233, 386 n. 25 Locke, John, 222, 385 n. 18 Lockean Proviso, 288, 289{-90, 293, 302, 304, 305, 307{-8, 312, 383 nn. 13{-14, 389 n. 45 Lucas, J.R., 375 n. 10, 378 n. 9, 383 n. 7, 387 n. 36, 388 n. 40, 389 n. 48 Luce, R.D., 365 n. 1 Lyons, David, 376 n. 19, 381 n. 29, 386 n. 22 McCloskey, H.J., 374 n. 4, 374 n. 6 McDermott, Michael, 348 n. 17 McDowell, John, 321 n. 15, 322 n. 19, 322 n. 23, 332 n. 14, 334 n. 23, 352 n. 25, 364 n. 60 MacIntyre, Alasdair, 322 n. 20, 336 n. 12, 341 n. 30, 358 n. 47 Mackie, J.L., 185, 236{-8, 240, 249, 349 n. 24, 354 n. 30, 360 n. 5, 361 nn. 7{-9, 361 n. 11, 361 n. 15, 364 n. 56, 376 n. 18, 376 n. 22, 377 n. 35 Markowitz, H., 344 n. 9 Marx, Karl, 308, 309, 383 n. 8 Matson, Wallace, 382 n. 5, 383 n. 11, 390 n. 61 maximax, 338 n. 27 maximin, 171{-5, 183{-5, 218, 231, 232, 241, 298 maximization, 34{-7, 75, 77, 90, 102, 144{-7, 150{-5, 168{-9, 176{-83, 193, 204, 207{-15, 219, 235, 242, 243{-53, 277, 298{-9, 311, 341 n. 31, 355 n. 33, 370 n. 25 meaning of life, 314 n. 14 measurement, 16, 75{-7, 81, 93{-5, 324 n. 33, 341 n. 34, 343 n. 1, 343 n. 4 cardinal }c, 75, 89, 94, 98{-102, 104, 344 n. 9, 345 n. 15 ordinal }c, 93, 95{-8, 101, 103 scales of }c, 77, 335 n. 3; interval scales, 93{-4, 100, 102, 120; ratio scales, 93{-4, 100, 345 n. 12 probability in }c of well-being, 101{-2 concept of "zero' well-being, 100, 345 n. 12 Melden, A.I., 374 n. 6 mental-state account (of utility), 8{-10, 16, 18, 75, 104, 106 merit, 258{-64, 291{-2, 378 n. 10, 385 n. 18 Order of }c, 262 meta-ethics, 4 method (in normative ethics), 2{-4, 78{-9 Mignonette, 381 n. 28 Mill, John Stuart, 7, 12, 13, 38{-9, 116{-17, 128, 129, 147{-8, 150, 151, 154, 168, 228{-30, 238, 244, 313 nn. 1{-2, 319 n. 9, 326 nn. 40{-1, 349 n. 22, 357 nn. 38{-9, 358 n. 46, 360 n. 4, 368 n. 5, 370 n. 25, 374 n. 7, 376 n. 19, 381 n. 29 Miller, David, 326 n. 5, 327 n. 7, 327 n. 10, 382 n. 4, 385 n. 18 minimum provision; minimum accept- able level of well-being, 43{-5, 67, 172, 231, 232, 298 }c as a right, 226, 233, 252{-3, 292{-3, 303{-4, 305, 307{-9, 311{-2 Mishan, E.J., 341 n. 34 Moberly, E.R., 379 n. 17 Moberly, W.H., 380 nn. 20{-1 monism/pluralism (of values), 31, 59, 89{-92 relation of }c to commensurability, 89{-92, 98, 342 n. 35, 343 n. 36 Moore, G.E., 368 n. 5 moral psychology, 204, 249{-51 Morgenstern, Oskar, 102, 151{-2, 345 nn. 13{-15, 358 nn. 48{-9, 359 n. 52, 365 n. 1 Morris, Herbert, 378 n. 12 Morton, Adam, 313 n. 9 motivation, 12, 15, 28{-31, 64, 99, 132{-3, 138{-41, 155{-6, 163{-7, 169, 173{-4, 184, 306{-7, 321 n. 14 "subjective }cal set', 134{-41 Mozart, Wolfgang Amadeus, 182 Murray, Gilbert, 332 n. 11 Nagel, Thomas, 321 n. 16, 330 n. 28, 331 n. 5, 333 n. 20, 335 n. 5, 363 n. 53, 364 n. 58, 364 n. 61, 364 nn. 63{-4 Narveson, Jan, 322 n. 21, 358 n. 47 naturalism (in morals), 3 need accounts of well-being, 40{-53, 327 n. 8 408 INDEX needs }c defined, 41 basic }c defined, 41{-2, 328 nn. 12{-13, 329 n. 19 instrumental }c defined, 41 distinction between absolute and instrumental }c, 327 n. 6 ellipsis in }c-statements, 327 n. 7 indeterminacy of basic }c, 42{-5, 48 }c contrasted with desires, 40{-1, 45{-6, 48, 296{-7 relation of }c to obligation, 40, 45{-7, 72, 296{-7 Nell, Onora, 373 n. 37 von Neumann, John, 102, 151{-2, 345 n. 13, 345 n. 15, 358 nn. 48{-9, 359 n. 52, 365 n. 1 neutrality between conceptions of the good, 49{-51, 53{-4, 71{-2, 122{-4, 297, 300, 335 n. 28 Newton-Smith, W.M., 336 n. 12 Nietzsche, Friedrich Wilhelm, 60, 267, 331 n. 9, 332 n. 10, 379 n. 15 Norman, Richard, 321 n. 15 Nozick, Robert, 9, 133, 228, 290, 305, 313 n. 5, 319 n. 11, 335 n. 6, 351 n. 12, 355 n. 56, 361 nn. 15{-16, 374 nn. 3{-4, 375 n. 12, 382 n. 5, 383 n. 6, 388 nn. 11{-13, 385 n. 15, 386 n. 22, 386 n. 24, 389 n. 47, 390 n. 61 Nuremberg, 268 Nussbaum, Martha Craven, 332 n. 14, 337 n. 18 Oates, Capt., 185, 364 n. 57 objective }c defined, 32 contrast between "}c' and "subjective', 32{-4, 53, 71{-2, 137, 330 n. 26 }c accounts of well-being, 40{-55, 56, 107, 119, 122 }c-list accounts of well-being, 33{-4, 54{-5, 107, 323 n. 26 obligation }c of special relations, 78{-9 personal and impersonal }c, 186{-91 }c and supererogation, 190 Olson, Marcus, 366 n. 2 ordering, 81, 337 n. 15 complete }c, 90 lexical }c, 78, 83, 159, 245, 371 n. 26 partial }c, 81, 96, 337 n. 15 strong }c, 81, 337 n. 15 vague }c, 81, 96 weak }c, 81, 95, 98, 337 n. 15 ordinal scales. See measurement Orwell, George, 24 Overvold, M.C., 316 n. 25 ownership. See property Oxfam, 219, 261 Oxford University, 262{-3 pain, 7, 8, 80, 83, 84, 145, 283, 313 n. 2, 315 n. 19 parenthood, 78{-9, 307 Pareto, Vilfredo, 149, 316 n. 23 Parfit, Derek, 107, 202{-4, 215, 314 n. 13, 316 n. 24, 317 n. 5, 323 n. 26, 324 n. 31, 338 n. 27, 347 n. 6, 350 n. 3, 353 n. 27, 354 n. 32, 365 n. 1, 366 n. 2, 368 n. 6, 369 n. 13, 369 n. 17, 373 n. 31, 373 nn. 33{-4, 377 n. 3 partiality, 64, 186{-91 Passmore, John, 331 n. 3 paternalism, 10, 71, 227{-8 Paton, H.J., 373 nn. 37{-8, 374 nn. 41{-2 Pennock, J.R., 385 nn. 16{-18, 389 n. 50 perfectionism, 56{-72, 87, 135, 300, 330 n. 1, 331 n. 3 prudential }c, 56{-60, 330 n. 2 moral }c, 60{-4, 330 n. 2, 331 n. 9 Perry, R.B., 325 n. 37 personal aims reduction of morality to }c, 127, 133{-41, 161{-2, 164, 186 personal identity, 257, 324 n. 31, 354 n. 32, 377 n. 3 personal relations, 19, 35, 57, 59, 67{-8, 70, 82, 86, 87, 107, 131, 145{-6, 156, 189{-90, 196, 197{-8, 261{-2, 300{-1, 307, 337 n. 18 personhood. See human standing Peters, R., 327 n. 10, 328 n. 12 Petrarch, 338 n. 22 Pettit, Philip, 355 n. 33 plan of life, 34, 43{-4, 47, 86, 229, 233, 245, 292, 311, 314 n. 14, 338 n. 25, 375 n. 17 Plato, 155, 319 n. 12, 329 n. 22 Platts, Mark, 321 n. 15 pleasure, 5, 7, 8, 34, 35, 36, 67, 89, 90, 103, 104, 144, 145, 283, 284, 313 nn. 1{-2, 319 n. 9, 341 n. 30, 343 n. 6. See also enjoyment pluralism. See monism/pluralism Popper, Karl, 338 n. 22, 358 n. 47 409 INDEX practical reason. See reason practicalities, as ground for rights, 228, 232, 234, 235, 252{-3 preference, 7, 8, 9, 348 n. 20, 349 n. 23 basic }c, 87{-8, 103 role of }c in interpersonal comparisons, 109{-13, 117 prescriptivity, 143{-4 Priestley, J., 357 n. 44 Prisoner's Dilemma, 153, 165{-6, 192{-3, 204{-6, 207, 274, 302{-3, 305, 365 n. 1, 369 n. 21 privacy, right to, 233{-4 private sphere, as ground for rights, 228{-30, 232 probability }c in measurement of well-being, 101{-2, 345 nn. 14{-15 profile of prudential values, 114{-15, 117{-19, 122, 131, 189 promises, 78{-9, 194, 250, 335 n. 9, 362 n. 34 property, 79, 285, 286, 288, 290, 292{-3, 304, 305, 307{-10, 312, 385 nn. 16{-18, 386 n. 22, 386 n. 25, 389 n. 50 prosperity, 83, 85 prudence }c defined, 4 theory of }c, 36, 56, 61{-2, 64{-70, 72, 107, 146, 197, 202, 243{-5, 308 relation of }c to morality, 4, 130{-3, 156{-62, 181{-3, 195 See also value, prudential public goods, 149 punishment, 205, 270{-83, 378 nn. 5{-6, 379 n. 14, 379 n. 16, 380 nn. 20{-1, 380 nn. 23{-7. capital }c, 276, 380 n. 19, 380 n. 24 quantitative attribute, 343 n. 6 "value' as a }c, 89, 98, 160 Quinton, A.M., 277, 350 n. 2, 381 n. 26 Raiffa, H., 365 n. 1 Raimes, James, 358 n. 50 Ramsey, F.P., 146, 317 n. 1 ranking. See ordering Rashdall, Hastings, 331 n. 9, 332 n. 12 ratio scales. See measurement rationality. See reason, rationality Rawls, John, 107, 154, 167{-8, 170{-5, 239, 320 n. 13, 322 n. 23, 323 n. 27, 325 n. 38, 326 n. 1, 327 n. 9, 328 n. 17, 329 n. 18, 329 nn. 20{-1, 330 n. 27, 330 n. 1, 334 n. 22, 335 n. 28, 336 n. 14, 338 nn. 20{-2, 338 n. 25, 341 n. 31, 347 n. 4, 347 n. 14, 347 n. 16, 348 n. 21, 349 n. 24, 349 n. 26, 353 n. 28, 357 n. 35, 358 n. 47, 359 n. 56, 361 n. 10, 361 nn. 14{-15, 361 nn. 17{-20, 361 nn. 22{-4, 362 nn. 25{-40, 363 n.41, 363 n. 53, 363 n. 55, 375 n. 12, 376 n. 21, 376 n. 23, 378 n. 6, 382 n. 5, 383 n. 7, 383 n. 10 Raz, Joseph, 335 n. 2 realism (in morals), 3 reason, rationality, 57{-8, 68{-70, 79, 82, 141{-2, 153{-5, 173{-5, 184, 218, 314 n. 16, 363 n. 48 dualism of }c and desire, 27{-30, 155, 321 n. 14, 321 n. 18, 322 n. 19 consumer }c, 345 n. 15 means-end }c, 29{-30, 32, 64{-5, 134{- 41, 146{-7 practical }c, 12, 57{-8, 62{-4, 67, 78{-9 reduction of morality to }c, 127, 141{-55, 162, 173{-5, 353 n. 28 reasons distinction between internal and ex- ternal }c, 134{-9, 351 n. 22 hierarchy of }c, 159{-62, 319 n. 12 Rees, R., 345 n. 15 Regan, Donald, 366 n. 2, 368 n. 5, 369 n. 22 Reich, Charles A., 383 n. 9 Rembrandt Harmensz van R{in, 61, 86{-8 Repentance View, 266{-70, 278{-81, 381 n. 27 representation theorem, 95, 96 Repugnant Conclusion, The, 338 n. 27 Requirement of Psychological Realism, 127{-8, 134, 139, 141, 163{-7, 169, 173, 183{-5, 190{-1, 350 n. 1 Rescher, Nicholas, 358 n. 47, 359 n. 55 retributivisim, 274, 277, 282{-3, 381 n. 27 revealed preference, 10 reward, 262{-3, 270 Richards, D.A.J., 326 n. 3, 327 n. 8, 368 n. 3, 378 n. 6 right relation of }c to good, 69{-70, 77, 320 n. 13, 325 n. 38 rights, 78, 162, 224{-5, 270, 328 n. 15, 374 n. 4 substantive theory of }c, 64, 224{-5, 410 INDEX rights (cont.): 234{-5, 253, 375 n. 17 }c as ground for distribution, 292{-4, 302{-4 civil }c, 226, 233, 386 n. 25 human }c, 43, 78, 159, 224{-53, 293, 295, 308, 375 n. 15, 375 n. 17, 386 n. 25 Robbins, Lionel, 108, 119, 347 n. 10 roles, moral significance of, 220{-3, 289{- 92, 301{-2 Ross, W.D., 258, 259{-62, 371 n. 26, 378 n. 4 rough equality, 81, 96{-8, 104 roughness (in relation to values), 80{-1, 96{-8, 104 Russell, Bertrand, 23, 60, 66, 332 n. 11, 332 n. 17 Ryan, Alan, 381 n. 29, 390 n. 52 same-level principles, model of, 176{-83, 211, 242, 298{-9, 311 satisficing, 355 n. 33 Savage, L.J., 345 n. 14 scales of measurement. See measurement Scanlon, T.M., 174, 323 n. 25, 323 n. 27, 326 n. 1, 329 n. 21, 329 n. 23, 330 n. 27, 349 n. 26, 363 nn. 42{-4, 377 n. 29 scepticism moral }c, 127 }c about the material world, 127 Schelling, T.C., 341 n. 34 Schneewind, J.B., 313 n. 4 Schwartz, T., 328 n. 16 Scitovsky, Tibor, 314 n. 10, 343 n. 1 Scott, D., 343 n. 5 Seabright, Paul, 355 n. 33 Searle, J.R., 335 n. 9 secondary qualities, 188 self, conceptions of the, 68, 155{-62, 173, 334 n. 22 self-interest, 161, 172{-6, 184, 202{-4 reduction of morality to }c, 127, 128{-33, 140, 164 selfish/selfless action, 316 n. 25, 317 n. 5, 319 n. 12 Sen, A.K., 176, 241, 313 n. 8, 315 n. 21, 316 n. 22, 316 n. 27, 322 n. 24, 324 n. 32, 326 n. 2, 347 n. 11, 357 n. 37, 361 n. 14, 363 n. 49, 369 n. 20, 387 n. 36 separateness of persons, 154, 169{-70, 180{-1, 184, 230{-1, 240, 361 n. 16, 370 n. 25 Shakespeare, 334 n. 24 shame, 265 Shapley, L., 347 n. 3 Shelley, Percy Bysshe, 60 Shubik, M., 347 n. 3 Sidgwick, Henry, 9{-10, 13, 39, 160, 313 n. 1, 313 n. 4, 313 n. 7, 326 n. 42, 347 n. 14, 350 n. 3, 358 n. 46, 360 n. 61, 368 n. 5 Siegel, S., 343 n. 4, 345 n. 15 Simon, Herbert A., 355 n. 33 Simpson, A.W.B., 381 n. 28 Singer, M.G., 370 n. 23, 373 n. 40 Slote, Michael, 324 n. 30, 324 n. 33, 325 n. 38 social welfare function, 357 n. 43 Socrates, 60, 116{-17, 120{-1, 238 Sorites Paradox, 87 Stevens, S.S., 93, 343 n. 2 Strauss, Richard, 182 strength (of desire), 98{-9, 115{-16, 315 n. 21 technical definition of }c, 14{-15 subjective, 343 n. 1, 349 n. 25 }c defined, 32 contrast between "}c' and "objective', 32{-4, 53, 71{-2, 137, 330 n. 26 }c value, }c utility, 101{-2 Summers, R.S., 383 n. 7 Sumner, L.W., 316 n. 24, 316 n. 26, 317 n. 5, 373 n. 30 supererogation, 190, 260, 364 n. 62 Suppes, P., 343 n. 3, 343 n. 15, 345 n. 15, 357 n. 34 taste, 16, 28, 53, 70, 105, 110, 112{-13, 116, 119, 120, 121, 136 expensive }c, 48{-9, 328 n. 17, 329 n. 19 }c model of valuation, 53{-4, 71{-2, 349 n. 23 Taylor, Charles, 337 n. 17, 338 n. 19 Taylor, Gabriele, 379 n. 13 Theory of Descriptions, 23 theory, moral, 2, 78{-9, 277 Theory of Games, 365 n. 1, 369 n. 20 Theory of Types, 24 Thomson, Garrett, 321 n. 17, 326 n. 4 Thomson, J.J., 374 n. 1 Tolstoy, Leo, 66, 332 n. 16 Torgerson, W.S., 343 n. 4 Tribe, Laurance, 340 n. 28 Trivers, Robert, 380 n. 22 411 INDEX trumping (of values), 78, 83, 159, 224, 245, 253, 329 n. 24, 338 n. 20 type/token distinction, 85{-6 Ullmann-Margalit, Edna, 350 n. 4 understanding }c as a prudential value, 48{-9, 54, 67, 86, 131, 156 role of }c in identifying prudential values, 27{-31, 33{-4, 64{-8, 136{-7, 140 uniqueness theorem, 95 United Nations Declaration of Human Rights, 375 n. 15, 386 n. 25, 389 n. 46 United States Supreme Court of }c, 375 n. 15 immigration to }c, 389 n. 48 universalizability, 143{-4 utilitarianism, 7, 22, 27, 31, 77{-8, 104, 147, 151, 167{-70, 172{-3, 176, 183{-5, 190{-1, 193{-5, 207, 211{-12, 230, 234, 238, 240, 258, 259, 264, 266, 274, 275, 277, 295, 299{-300, 309, 313 n. 1, 314 n. 17, 315 n. 21, 316 n. 27, 317 n. 1, 322 n. 20, 325 n. 38, 330 n. 1, 334 n. 22, 341 n. 30, 341 n. 32, 360 n. 4, 366 n. 2, 370 n. 25, 371 n. 26, 373 n. 30 act }c, 195{-6, 198{-9, 201{-2, 368 n. 5 average }c, 168 classical }c, 7, 33{-4, 283, 309 co-operative }c, 369 n. 22 ideal }c, 32 indirect }c, 211, 377 n. 28 negative }c, 84, 338 nn. 22{-3 rule }c, 166, 281 utilitarian accounts of well-being, 7{-20, 21{-39, 121 utility, 7{-20, 21{-39, 101{-2, 313 nn. 1{-2, 315 n. 21, 316 n. 27, 319 nn. 9{-10, 322 n. 22, 322 n. 24, 326 n. 41, 343 n. 1, 344 n. 9, 345 n. 15 accounts of }c: actual-desire account, 10{-11, 47, 106; formal account, 31{-2, 235{-6, 243, 322 n. 24; informed- desire account, 11{-15, 16, 17, 30{-3, 47, 56, 104, 107, 119, 121, 124, 136{-7, 157, 235{-6, 314 n. 16, 314 n. 18, 315 n. 19, 316 n. 25, 317 n. 1, 319 n. 12, 323 n. 26, 326 n. 41, 348 n. 19; mental state account, 8{-10, 16, 18, 104, 106, 119; neutral account, 32 }c functions: "extended' }c function, 111{-12, 113; "deep' }c function, 112{- 13, 347 n. 14, 347 n. 16, 348 n. 21 principle of }c, 150 vagueness (in relation of values), 80{-1, 96{-8 value, 27, 37{-8, 77, 322 n. 22 absolute }c, 30 moral }c, 3, 77, 282, 319 n. 12, 387 n. 39 prudential }c, 3, 30, 34, 37{-8, 52{-3, 59{-60, 61, 64{-72, 77, 79, 84, 103, 131, 137, 157, 188{-9, 250, 272, 282, 296, 301, 309, 311, 332 n. 19, 333 n. 20, 334 n. 21, 336 n. 14, 341 n. 34, 343 n. 1, 387 n. 39 subjective }c, 101{-2, 106 distinction between personal and impersonal }c, 186{-9 Interest Theory of }c, 37{-8 relation of desire and }c, 26{-31, 136{-7 Vermeer, Jan, 86{-7 Vickers, J.M., 313 n. 8 Virginia Declaration of Rights, 286 n. 25 virtues, 63{-4 Waldron, Jeremy, 385 n. 14, 387 n. 39 Walters, A.A., 349 n. 23 Walzer, Michael, 389 n. 48 Warnock, G.J., 249, 360 n. 5, 361 n. 6, 361 n. 9, 377 n. 35 Weak Equity Axiom, 176, 241, 363 n. 49 weighting (of values), 83{-5 well-being, 1, 316 n. 27, 317 n. 3, 320 n. 13, 327 n. 8, 343 n. 1 accounts of }c: actual-desire account, 10{-11, 47, 106; informed-desire ac- count, 11{-15, 16, 17, 30{-3, 47, 56, 104, 107, 119, 121, 124, 136{-7, 157, 235{-6, 314 n. 16, 314 n. 18, 315 n. 19, 316 n. 25, 317 n. 1, 319 n. 12, 323 n. 26, 326 n. 41, 348 n. 19; mental state account, 8{-10, 16, 18, 104, 106, 119; need account, 40{-53; objective account, 40{-55, 107; perfectionist account, 56{-60, 330 n. 2; utilitarian account, 7{-20, 21{-39 Wellman, Carl, 375 n. 15 Whichcote, Benjamin, 379 n. 18 White, A.R., 326 n. 3 Wiggins, David, 314 n. 14, 314 n. 17, 321 n. 15, 326 n. 3, 326 n. 5, 327 n. 7, 327 n. 10, 329 n. 24, 336 n. 11, 336 n. 13, 341 n. 33 412 INDEX Williams, Bernard, 134{-9, 249{-51, 315 n. 21, 319 nn. 6{-7, 322 n. 24, 336 n. 11, 336 n. 13, 341 n. 32, 341 n. 34, 343 n. 1, 350 n. 2, 351 nn. 7{-8, 351 nn. 13{-15, 351 nn. 17{-18, 351 n. 22, 352, . 24, 352 n. 26, 357 n. 37, 358 n. 47, 359 n. 57, 364 n. 60, 364 n. 63, 368 n. 5, 369 n. 19, 377 n. 28, 377 nn. 35{-6 Winet, M., 343 n. 5 Wolff, R.P., 358 n. 47 Wollheim, Richard, 321 n. 15, 326 nn. 1{-3 Wright, Wilbur and Orville, 17 "zero' well-being. See measurement zero-one rule, 120 Zeigler, Philip, 362 n. 34 Ziff, Paul, 325 n. 36 Zinnes, J.L., 343 n. 3, 343 n. 5