NUMBER OF RELEVANT REFERENCES RETRIEVED
                  NUMBER OF RELEVANT REFERENCES RETRIEVED
                  TOTAL NUMBER OF REFERENCES RETRIEVED      X100
                  TOTAL NUMBER OF RELEVANT REFERENCES IN DATABASE
 NUMBER OF CELLS. THE NUMBER OF BITS PER CELL IS ALWAYS CONSTANT ON ONE
 THERE ARE A NUMBER OF DIFFERENT KINDS OF COMPUTERS. EACH COMPUTER
 3. <C 3> <P 41>
("SPECIAL CHARACTERS') MAY HAVE DIFFERENT CODES. IF INFORMATION IS TO BE
----------
----------
"AND' OCCURS IN A TEXT. THEY WOULD BE SOMETHING LIKE:
"ERROR' APPEARING VERY FREQUENTLY DURING YOUR FIRST FEW WEEKS OF COMPUTING.
"EXIT'. IT SEEMS MOST SENSIBLE TO OMIT THEM FROM THE CONCORDANCE BY
"GREAT-GRANDFATHER' IS DISCARDED, LEAVING ONLY THE PREVIOUS TWO VERSIONS TO
"OUTPUT' SOON BECOME COMMONPLACE TO HIM. IF HE MOVES TO WORK ON ANOTHER
"OWNED' RECORDS ARE STORED ON DISC. THE RECORDS CAN BE INTERRELATED IN MANY
"STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF DIALECTAL BOUNDARIES', "PHONOLOGICAL PATTERNING IN
A <1RECORD.>1 EACH RECORD IS BROKEN DOWN INTO A NUMBER OF DIFFERENT CATEGORIES
OF
A BILINGUAL CONCORDANCE CAN BE PRODUCED. THIS CAN BE USED TO FIND WHICH
A CONCORDANCE FIRST. FROM IT YOU WILL BE ABLE TO DECIDE WHICH FEATURES OF YOUR
A CORRECTION IS TO BE MADE, THAT PARTICULAR DIALOGUE WITH THE EDITOR MUST BE
A DACTYL (-UU), A TRIBRACH (UUU) OR A PROCELEUSMATIC (UUUU). THERE ARE
A DECIMAL POINT WHICH ARE KNOWN AS <1REAL>1  NUMBERS OR <1FLOATING POINT
NUMBERS.>1
A DIFFERENT MEASUREMENT OF STORAGE, WHICH IS CALLED A <1BYTE.>1 ONE BYTE HAS
A LIMITED NUMBER OF TAPE DECKS ON WHICH TAPES CAN BE MOUNTED. THIS
A LONG TIME, AS SO MANY ARE REQUIRED. THEREFORE A SERIES OF WHAT ARE CALLED
A PARITY CHECK IN THE SAME WAY AS MAGNETIC OR PAPER TAPE TO TEST FOR ERRORS
A SMALL PROGRAM TO CONVERT IT INTO THE FORMAT REQUIRED FOR <2FAMULUS.>2 IN
A SIMPLIFIED FORM THE LINES OF DATA
A TEXT SHOULD NOT BE LISTED IN A WORD INDEX UNDER THE ENGLISH WORD <1HIS.>1 THIS
A USERS' MANUAL FOR ANY PACKAGE WHICH THEY THINK SUITABLE FOR YOUR PROJECT.
A BULLETIN THREE TIMES A YEAR. IT HAS A NUMBER OF SPECIALIST GROUPS, SOME OF
ABANDONED. IN MANY OF THE CASES WHERE THE COMPUTER HAS BEEN
ABBREVIATED INTO A FORM WHICH A COMPUTER PROGRAM CAN THEN EXPAND. LET
ABLE TO MAKE ALLOWANCES FOR THEM. HE MAY FOR EXAMPLE BE ABLE TO COMPILE A
ABOUT THESE BEFORE YOU ORDER ANY TEXTS. THEY WILL PROBABLY GIVE YOU A SMALL
ABOUT THE SUBJECT BY READING OR ASKING PEOPLE. A VERY SIMPLE COURSE WILL
ABOVE WOULD BECOME
ABSTRACTS. IT USES A COMPREHENSIVE DICTIONARY, TOGETHER WITH RULES FOR
ACCORDING TO DIFFERENT FIELDS. THE SORTING PROCEDURES ARE VERY SIMILAR TO
ACCESS TIMES FOR THESE IS EVEN FASTER THAN FOR EXCHANGEABLE DISC, BUT THERE IS
ACCENTS, GERMAN UMLAUT OR SPANISH TILDE WILL BE AVAILABLE; BUT IF ANY OF
ACKNOWLEDGE. KIND PERMISSION HAS BEEN GRANTED BY PROFESSOR <2A.>2 PARPOLA TO
ACKNOWLEDGE THE ASSISTANCE OF THE ASSOCIATION FOR LITERARY AND LINGUISTIC
ACTUAL INSTRUCTIONS TO THE OPERATING SYSTEM ALSO VARY FROM ONE KIND OF
ACT, SCENE OR SPEAKER IN THE CASE OF A PLAY. IT IS THEN POSSIBLE TO INSTRUCT THE
ACT, SCENE AND SPEAKER FOR EACH WORD COULD INDICATE WHICH CHARACTERS
ACUTE ACCENT AND A NUMBER SIGN # FOR A GRAVE ACCENT. A CIRCUMFLEX COULD BE
ADOPTS A SLIGHTLY DIFFERENT METHOD. HIS PROGRAM BEGINS IN THE SAME WAY AS
ADVISERS AT THE COMPUTER CENTRE WILL KNOW IT AND THERE WILL THEREFORE BE
ADVANTAGES IN USING A COMPUTER IN THIS WAY ARE THAT INFORMATION WHICH IS
ADVANTAGE OF SEARCHING A TEXT FILE INTERACTIVELY IS THE VIRTUALLY INSTANT
ADVANTAGE OF WORKING FROM A WORD LIST RATHER THAN THE TEXT ITSELF, AS IN ALL
ADVANTAGE OF PROVIDING THE USER WITH A PIECE OF PAPER RECORDING HIS DIALOGUE
ADVISABLE TO KEEP AT LEAST THREE COPIES OF MATERIAL, SUCH AS A TEXT ARCHIVE,
AFTER ALL THOSE OF <2LADYLIKE.>2 IF THE HYPHEN WAS IGNORED COMPLETELY, THE
AFTER ANY CHANGES TO THE HARDWARE AND TO ENSURE THAT IT IS WORKING
AGAIN, IN THE COLLEGE FIELD THERE ARE ONLY SEVENTEEN POSSIBLE TWO-LETTER CODES.
AGAIN LEADS TO A SLIGHTLY UNSATISFACTORY AND MISLEADING APPEARANCE AND THE
ALIGNED TO THE LEFT, AND IN ALMOST ALL CASES ONE LINE IS GIVEN, A SENSIBLE
CHOICE
ALLOWS) THE GEOGRAPHICAL ORIGINS OF SCHOLARS. BY VARYING THE DATES SPECIFIED
ALLOWED TO DO AT A TERMINAL MAY ALSO VARY. THOUGH THIS IS THE EASIEST WAY
ALLITERATION MATHEMATICALLY HAVE ANY VALUE IN LITERARY RESEARCH. MERELY
ALLOWED FOR EACH TITLE. THIS IS CLEARLY VERY WASTEFUL OF COMPUTER STORAGE AS
ALLITERATION WHICH EXISTS SOLELY IN THE JUXTAPOSITION OF TWO WORDS WITH
ALLOW THE USER TO SPECIFY WHICH COMPUTER SYMBOLS CONSTITUTE THE ALPHABET
ALLITERATION. THE BUNCHING OF FUNCTION WORDS BEGINNING WITH A <1D>1 OR <1W>1 IN
ALL THE OCCURRENCES OF <1IN,>1 WHEREAS THEY MAY BE THE BEGINNING OF A TOTALLY
ALL THE INSTANCES OF A PARTICULAR CHARACTER, BUT IT TAKES MUCH LONGER TO INSERT
ALONGSIDE THOSE LINES WITH ALTERNATIVE SCANSIONS AS WELL AS BY THOSE LINES
ALPHABETICAL OR NUMERICAL ORDER ACCORDING TO VARIOUS FIELDS AND BOTH WILL BE
ALPHABETICAL ORDER OF WHAT COMES TO THE RIGHT OF THE KEYWORD (FIGURE <23.8)>2 OR
ALPHABET ORDER. IT CAN BE PROGRAMMED TO SORT ACCORDING TO ANY ALPHABET
ALPHABETICAL ARRANGEMENT OF THE CHIEF WORDS OR SUBJECTS IN A BOOK OR
ALPHABETIC WORDS. IN HIS DECIPHERMENT OF LINEAR <2B,>2 VENTRIS COMPILED GRIDS
ALPHABET ORDER AND HAVE A RIGID SEQUENCE OF NON-ALPHABETIC CHARACTERS.
ALPHABETIC. CONCORDANCES OF GREEK OR RUSSIAN OR SEMITIC LANGUAGES WHICH
ALREADY IN COMPUTER READABLE FORM CAN BE UPDATED MUCH MORE EASILY AND
ALREADY IN COMPUTER READABLE FORM, BUT IN A DIFFERENT FORMAT, THIS DOES NOT
ALREADY BEEN PREPARED. THERE ARE TWO MAIN SOURCES OF INFORMATION. THE
ALREADY EXIST.
ALSO THE APPLICATIONS FOR WHICH IT IS REQUIRED. THE EARLIEST LARGE INFORMATION
ALTERED TO THE CHOICE OF THE COMPILER OR EDITOR OF THE CONCORDANCE.
ALTHOUGH IT WAS BY NO MEANS THE FIRST TO BE DESIGNED. THE COMPUTER USER
ALWAYS POSSIBLE TO PREPARE MATERIAL ON PUNCHED CARDS. MANY TEXTS NOW IN
AMBIGUOUS, AND IT MAY EVEN BE POSSIBLE TO HAVE A SEPARATE ENTRY FOR THESE.
AMENDMENTS INSERTED AT THE APPROPRIATE PLACE. FOR THE SAKE OF SECURITY, THE
AMOUNTS OF SPACE WHICH DIFFER FROM RECORD TO RECORD. THIS IS IMPORTANT IN
AMOUNTS OF INFORMATION COMPARED WITH SCIENTIFIC OR MATHEMATICAL DATA.
AMOUNT OF STORAGE, OF COURSE, DEPENDS ON THE NUMBER OF BITS PER WORD. FOR
AN <1EA>1 AND THE ASTERISKS IMMEDIATELY DRAW HIS EYE TO THOSE LINES WHICH MAY
AN ELECTRIC TYPEWRITER, AND CAN HAVE ANY GOLF BALL HEAD INSERTED IN IT. AGAIN,
ANALYSIS. PROVIDED THAT SUFFICIENT THOUGHT IS GIVEN TO PREPARING THE TEXT,
ANALYSE THE MEANING OF A DOCUMENT AND ABSTRACT THE MOST SIGNIFICANT
ANALYSING TEXT, THAT IS LITERARY OR LINGUISTIC TEXT. IN THIS CHAPTER WE SHALL
ANALYSIS, AS WELL AS CONCORDANCING, CATALOGUING AND STYLISTIC ANALYSIS. SOME
AND IT IS ANTICIPATED THAT THESE SERVICES WILL BE EXPANDED TO COVER MORE ARTS-
AND SO THEY HAVE TO BE TOLD WHO YOU ARE -- THAT IS, YOUR ACCOUNT NUMBER,
AND TERMINALS FOR USERS TO USE. SOME LARGE USERS OF THE COMPUTER WILL ALSO
AND THEIR USE WILL ENSURE THAT YOUR DATA IS MORE ACCURATE. IT IS NOT QUITE SO
AND BACK-UP SERVICES.
AND WHAT YOU WANT TO DO -- THAT IS, WHICH COMPILER OR PACKAGE YOU WANT TO
AND IS PARTICULARLY RECOMMENDED FOR THE NON-MATHEMATICIAN. THE BUSINESS
AND SO IT IS INEVITABLY NOT COMPREHENSIVE. RECENTLY A CUMULATIVE EDITION OF
AND IT MAY MISS SOME WHICH IS RELEVANT. THESE TWO FACTORS ARE KNOWN AS
AND IN THIS CASE YOU MAY WELL HAVE TO WRITE IT ALL OUT FOR THEM IN
AND IT SHOULD BE POSSIBLE FOR THE READER TO DECIDE WHETHER THE COMPUTER CAN
AND THEN THE DOCUMENT REFERENCES OR THE ENTIRE DOCUMENTS MAY BE PRINTED
AND RODMAN FEATURES, USING WHICH HE WAS ABLE TO RANK HIS TEXTS ACCORDING
AND 1440-1459. IT WILL BE NOTED THAT THIS REQUIRES TWO DIFFERENT ITEMS TO BE
AND O APPEARING AS SEPARATE LETTERS. THESE EXPERIMENTS INDICATE THAT THERE
AND THE SORTING PROCEDURES REQUIRED BY THEM ARE SOME OF THE MOST WIDELY
AND PECULIARITIES IN A PROGRAM, THE STUDY OF THESE FEATURES CAN BE GREATLY
AND NAMES CAN BE CHECKED FURTHER BY COMPILING AN ALPHABETICAL LIST AND
AND TYPES UNDERNEATH, AS SHOWN IN FIGURE 8.7. STRESSED SYLLABLES ARE
AND UNDERSTAND, AND EVEN SINGLE LETTERS ALLOW UP TO TWENTY-SIX DIFFERENT
AND FOR <2FR>2
AND THIS FORMAT IS NOW THE STANDARD FOR LIBRARY CATALOGUING RECORDS ON
AND BENDER WITH THE ASSISTANCE OF A COMPUTER, THEIR STUDY WAS PERFORMED
AND INCLUDE THEM IN A SEPARATE APPENDIX AS WELL.
AND <1B>1.
AND IS UNLIKELY TO BE ERROR-FREE. IT IS PROBABLY ONLY POSSIBLE TO DISCOVER ALL
AND A CHIP CONTAINING ANY ONE OF MANY ALPHABETS COULD BE USED TO DISPLAY
AND WHEN IT REPLIES -- AUTOMATICALLY, OF COURSE -- HE PUTS THE TELEPHONE
AND LINGUISTIC STUDIES (PROCEEDINGS OF THE THIRD INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM);>1
BYTHE
AND THE OLD TAPE REPOSITIONED AT THE START OF THE NEXT CORRECT SECTION.
AND PROVIDED MANY VALUABLE COMMENTS AND SUGGESTIONS.
AND WOULD SOON BURN UP IF IT WAS NOT KEPT IN AN AIR-CONDITIONED
AND COMPLEX CALCULATIONS. THIS IS NO LESS TRUE IN THE HUMANITIES, WHERE THE
AND <2EBCDIC.>2 THE LETTERS AND NUMERALS NORMALLY HAVE THE SAME CARD CODE
AND 'THE CAT SAT ON THE MAT' WOULD APPEAR AS
AND DIACRITICS WHICH ARE NECESSARY TO REPRODUCE SOME TEXTUAL MATERIAL.
AND FOR LANGUAGES WHICH ARE NOT WRITTEN IN THE ROMAN ALPHABET, BUT THESE
AND SO IT CAN BE IGNORED FOR COMPUTER CODING. THOUGH FOR SOME COMPUTERS
AND WALLACE SOON FOLLOWED HIS LEAD IN THEIR STUDY OF THE <1FEDERALIST PAPERS>1
AND
ANOTHER BUT ARE USUALLY ON THESE LINES. THE AMOUNT OF WORK WHICH USERS ARE
ANOTHER. ANOTHER ADVANTAGE OF USING <2FORTRAN>2 IS THAT ALL THE PROGRAM
ANOTHER HAS BEEN ESTABLISHED AT OXFORD UNIVERSITY, WHICH SPECIALISES IN
ANOTHER, THE MEASURE OF SOUND MATCHING IN EACH FRAME IS EXPRESSED AS A
ANOTHER COMPUTER, BUT IT WOULD ONLY BE FEASIBLE FOR SMALL AMOUNTS OF DATA,
ANOTHER SYMBOL WHICH THE COMPUTER DOES NOT HAVE.
ANOTHER TO INDICATE A CAPITAL AT THE START OF A PROPER NAME. BOTH SYMBOLS
ANSWER TO THE DECISION IS 'YES' AND OTHERS IF THE ANSWER IS 'NO'. THE PROGRAM
ANYWHERE WITHIN A FIELD OR FIELDS. SOME PROGRAMS PERMIT A SEARCH FOR ALL THE
ANY TEXTS FROM THE ARCHIVE BUT MAKE A HIGHER CHARGE THAN DARTMOUTH OR
ANY DATA ORGANISATIONAL PROGRAMS. HE MERELY HAS TO DEFINE HIS DATA IN
ANYWHERE IN THE DATA AND SO * IS USED TO SEPARATE THE FIELDS, WHOSE LABELS
ANYONE PROPOSING TO PRODUCE A CONCORDANCE BY COMPUTER. IF A CONCORDANCE
ANY PROBLEM WHICH IS TO BE SOLVED BY USING A COMPUTER MUST BE DESCRIBED IN
APOSTROPHES AS WORD SEPARATORS, THE CONCORDANCE WOULD THEN NO DOUBT
APPLIED TO THE DATA MAY BE EXACTLY THE ONES YOU WANT TO USE ON YOUR DATA
APPEAR UNDER <2PHOTOS.>2 WE COULD CREATE AN EXTRA RECORD FOR <2FAMULUS>2
APPEAR ANYWHERE ELSE IN THE DATA. OUR TITLES WOULD THEN APPEAR AS
APPEARS AS
APPLICATIONS WAS THE RECATALOGUING OF THE PRE-1920 MATERIAL IN THE BODLEIAN
APPEAR TO THE COMPUTER AS <1A#.>1 THE ACCENT MAY, IF DESIRED, BE TYPED BEFORE
APPEARAS
APPLICATION. THE SWEDE, ELLEGARD, IN HIS STUDY OF THE <1JUNIUS LETTERS>1 WAS THE
APPEARS AT THE TOP OF THE ENTRIES FOR THAT WORD -- SOMEWHAT UNNECESSARY IF
APPARENT, AND THOSE ENTRIES MUST HAVE BEEN SELECTED MANUALLY. HE INCLUDES
APPLICATION OF THE COMPUTER IN LITERARY RESEARCH. INDEED IT WAS THE EARLIEST,
APPEAR IN THE ENGLISH ALPHABET ORDER ARE THE RESULT OF LAZY USE OF PROGRAMS
ARCHAEOLOGICAL OR HISTORICAL IT IS UNLIKELY TO BE ALREADY IN COMPUTER-
ARCHIVE OF ANCIENT GREEK LITERARY TEXTS, CONSISTING OF ALL EXTANT LITERARY
ARE UPDATED WEEKLY, IN OTHERS MONTHLY. OTHERS AGAIN OPERATE A DIFFERENT
ARE FED INTO THE MACHINE. INSTEAD THE USER SPECIFIES THE AMOUNT OF TIME HE
ARE NOW TWO ARCHIVES OF TEXTS IN COMPUTER READABLE FORM WHICH ARE KEPT
ARE USEFUL TO YOU. ON THE OTHER HAND, SOME COMPUTER COURSES FOR ARTS
ARE RECORDED ONCE IN A SPECIAL RECORD AT THE BEGINNING OF THE FILE AND NOT
ARE IN THE RANGE 1000 <2BC>2 TO 1000 <2AD.>2 THERE ARE ALSO A NUMBER OF CODINGS
ARE INCLUDING ALL THE PLAYS OF SHAKESPEARE. IT WOULD BE WASTEFUL OF TIME TO
ARE THEMSELVES TAGGED BY SUBFIELD MARKER. THESE VARIABLE FIELDS HOLD A
ARE USED TO CREATE, MAINTAIN, SORT AND PRINT FILES OF STRUCTURED TEXTUAL
ARE NOT TYPED, AND $$ TO INDICATE THE END OF THE RECORD.
ARE MOSTLY COMPATIBLE WITH ONE ANOTHER. THAT IS, A PROGRAM WRITTEN FOR A
ARE FED INTO THE VERIFIER, WHICH LOOKS LIKE ANOTHER CARD PUNCH. THE
ARE THOSE FOR <2FORTRAN>2 AND <2COBOL.>2 EXCEPT FOR THE SMALL OR MINI
ARE NOT WIDELY AVAILABLE AND SO WE MUST CONSIDER THE SITUATION WHERE ONLY
ARE MANY DIFFERENT PAPER TAPE CODES, EACH USING A DIFFERENT PATTERN OF HOLES
ARE BEING PERFORMED BY STANDARD PACKAGES, SUCH AS <2COCOA,>2 WHICH ARE
ARE USUALLY REQUIRED TO READ 7- AND 9-TRACK TAPES, AND SOME TAPE DECKS MAY
ARE CORRECTED, BY USE OF A TERMINAL, AS WILL BE DESCRIBED LATER.
ARE TO BE MADE ARE IDENTIFIED WITHIN A FILE EITHER BY THE LINE NUMBER OR BY
ARE TO BE TREATED SEPARATELY, FOR EXAMPLE, QUOTATIONS FROM ANOTHER AUTHOR.
ARE NOT CHEAP. THE COMPUTER CENTRE MAY HAVE WHAT APPEARS TO BE A LARGE
ARE SORTED BY RIGHT OR LEFT CONTEXT, THE FREQUENCY OF GROUPS OF CONSECUTIVE
ARE EASILY APPARENT AND CAN BE MARKED ALMOST AUTOMATICALLY. THE SAME IS
ARE TO FUNCTION AS DIACRITICS. THE MANUFACTURERS' SORTING PROGRAMS ARE
ARE INPUT PRECEDED BY A DOLLAR SIGN, E.G. <2$CLAUDIUS.>2 THE EDITOR OF THE
ARE IN NORMAL TYPESCRIPT. THESE WOULD BE TREATED IN THE SAME WAY AS
ARE NOT OMITTED SIMPLY BECAUSE THEY OCCUR FREQUENTLY, THE OMITTED WORDS
ARTEFACTS, AS WELL AS STATISTICAL CALCULATIONS OF FREQUENCIES OF OBJECTS FOUND.
AS UNITS OF FILE SPACE ON DISC, PERHAPS MAGNETIC TAPES AND EVEN PAPER FOR
AS BIOGRAPHICAL AND BIBLIOGRAPHIC REFERENCES. THE BOOK ITSELF CAN OCCUPY UP
AS WELL. THE DATA PREPARATION SERVICE WILL PREFER TO RECEIVE YOUR INFORMATION
AS ONE OR TWO SIMPLE PACKAGES. PROGRAMS SHOULD ALWAYS BE TESTED
AS A 1. THE SET OF BITS CAN THEN BE ADDED TOGETHER TO GIVE AN OCTAL NUMBER,
AS IT HAS STRESS, REPRESENTED BY 1, IN POSITIONS 2, 4, 6, 8 AND 10. VOWELS ARE
AS THE FIRST SYLLABLE OF A FOOT IS ALWAYS LONG, THIS LEADS TO THE FOLLOWING
AS TAPE OR DISC. THE COMPUTER CAN THEN ACCESS THE INFORMATION ON THE TAPE
AS A TAPE-RECORDER DOES. THEREFORE CARE MUST BE TAKEN NOT TO ERASE OR
AS FILES ON DISC. THE COMPUTER CAN BE INSTRUCTED TO MAKE CHANGES TO FILES BY
ASK FOR HELP. ONCE THE PROJECT GETS GOING, THE RESULTS WILL APPEAR RAPIDLY.
ASKED ON THE DATA PRODUCED.
ASSIST THE USER IF HE CANNOT REMEMBER WHICH INSTRUCTION TO ISSUE NEXT.
ASSIGNED IF THE MAIN TITLE WAS VAGUE OR GAVE LITTLE INDICATION OF THE SUBJECT
ASSOCIATED WITH IT. THIS CONTAINS THE TERMS WHICH ARE TO BE INCLUDED IN THE
ASSOCIATED WITH IT. A THIRD CATEGORY OF KEYWORDS WAS ALSO ALLOWED WHICH
ASSIGNED TO THE CORRECT ORDER.
ASSONANCE AND ALLITERATION BETWEEN THE TEN POSITIONS. AS WE HAVE SEEN
ASSISTED GREATLY WITH THE TYPING OF THE MANUSCRIPT, MARC WENTWORTH WHO
ASSEMBLING THE MATERIAL, USAGES OF WORDS WHICH ARE POTENTIALLY INTERESTING,
ASSOCIATES HIGHLY WITH <1H>1, WHICH WOULD BE EXPECTED, BUT THE CENTRAL DIAGONAL
ASTERISK IS THE NUMBER OF TIMES THE WORD OCCURS IN SO-CALLED "JUSTIFIED' LINES,
AT THE TERMINAL. SOME RETRIEVAL PROGRAMS MAY HELP THE USER BY RETAINING A
AT IRVINE UNDER THE DIRECTION OF PROFESSOR T. BRUNNER. THEY SUPPLY TAPES OF
AT DARTMOUTH OR IRVINE FOR GREEK. WHATEVER SCHEME YOU CHOOSE FOR CODING,
AT DARTMOUTH OR OXFORD. THERE NOW EXISTS IN CALIFORNIA A VERY LARGE
AT ALL, THE TAPE COMPLETE WITH ERRORS IS FED INTO THE COMPUTER AND THE ERRORS
AT LEAST THOSE USED IN THE ACADEMIC WORLD -- ARE USUALLY WRITTEN IN
AT LEAST ALL THE INFORMATION IS THERE. IF A <2KWIC->2TYPE CONCORDANCE WAS USED,
ATMOSPHERE. IT ALSO REQUIRES A CONSTANT RELATIVE HUMIDITY, SO THAT EXCESS
ATMOSPHERE OF POLISHED FLOORS AND A FEW HUMAN OPERATORS LOOKING
ATTENDANCE ON EVERY DAY FOR A WEEK AND FOR THIS REASON ARE OFTEN HELD DURING
ATTRACTED THE STUDENTS OF PARTICULAR SUBJECTS, AND (SO FAR AS THE RAW MATERIAL
ATTRIBUTED TO HIM.
ATTEMPTING TO COPY THE MATERIAL ON TO THE TAPE, HE SHOULD ALWAYS REMEMBER
AUTOMATICALLY. IF YOU ARE PLANNING TO USE A PACKAGE LIKE <2COCOA,>2 YOU CAN
AUTOMATIC SCANSION IS POSSIBLE AND INDEED PRACTICAL FOR RIGID METRES IN
AUTHOR, WITH CITATIONS OF THE PASSAGES CONCERNED'. THIS DOES NOT NECESSARILY
AUTOMATIC TASK WELL SUITED TO THE COMPUTER. WE HAVE SEEN THAT SOME
AVAILABLE ON EVERY KIND OF COMPUTER. FOR THIS REASON, COMPUTER PACKAGES --
AVERAGE SIZE OF A <2UK MARC>2 RECORD BEING 780 CHARACTERS. NATIONAL
BACKED TO MAKE TWO, THREE OR EVEN FOUR COPIES AT ONE PRINTING.
BASED SUBJECTS. ACCESS TO THE DATABASE IS PROVIDED TO ALL LIBRARIES AND OTHER
BASIC TEXT. THE MOST SATISFACTORY RESULTS WERE OBTAINED FROM THE FROMKIN
BASIC INSTRUCTIONS, NOT IN A HIGH-LEVEL LANGUAGE. SMALLER STILL ARE
BASIC INSTRUCTION SET OF THE SECOND MACHINE. THE MOST COMMON COMPILERS
BE RUN DURING THE NIGHT, WHEN IT HAS NO URGENT WORK TO BE DONE.
BE OF ANY USE IN A RESEARCH PROJECT. IF SO, SOME ADVICE ON HOW TO START WILL BE
BE AWARE THAT THIS MAKES PROGRAMMING MORE DIFFICULT IF YOU WANT TO WRITE
BE PRINTED AT THE TERMINAL. IF THESE ARE SATISFACTORY ALL OF THEM CAN THEN BE
BE WRITTEN ON TO MAGNETIC TAPES IN SEVERAL DIFFERENT FORMATS AND IT IS
BE TITLE, AUTHOR AND PUBLISHER. A COMPUTER FILE MAY CONSIST OF MANY
BE RETAINED.
BE FOUND BY PROOF READING. IF WE CONSIDER THE EXAMPLE OF THE HISTORY'S DATA
BE ADDED TO THE DATABASE AS THEY BECOME AVAILABLE. THE <2BLBSD>2 IS
BE POSSIBLE WITHOUT THE HELP OF A COMPUTER. THERE WAS ALSO MUCH EARLY
BE READ. IT TAKES UP TO FIVE MINUTES FOR A REEL OF TAPE TO BE WOUND FROM ONE
BE TRANSLITERATED AS <2TS>2 AND A AS <2YA.>2
BE REPUNCHED AND THE OFFENDING CARD CAN BE THROWN AWAY.
BE A POSSIBLE METHOD OF INPUT FOR ARCHAEOLOGICAL OR HISTORICAL DATA.
BE USED AND SETTING OUT ANY DEFECTS WHICH MAY BE ATTRIBUTED TO THE
BE WEIGHTED IF NECESSARY. HE FOUND THAT THE WORK ON THE <2IPA>2 TRANSCRIPTION
BE ABLE TO MARK THOSE HOMOGRAPHS WHICH ARE IMPORTANT FOR HIS RESEARCH,
BECAME APPARENT, FOR THE DATA CAN BE ACCESSED MUCH FASTER. IT IS NO LONGER
BECAUSE PROGRAMS WERE ALREADY WRITTEN TO OPERATE IN THIS WAY AND BECAUSE
BECOMES DAMAGED, OR "FAILS', AS THE TECHNICAL TERM IS, THE INFORMATION IS
BECOME AVAILABLE, WHICH USE METAL GRIDS CONTAINING THE SHAPES OF READY-
BEEN FOUND TO ANOTHER FILE, FOR EXAMPLE IF FURTHER SEARCHES ARE TO BE
BEEN KNOWN TO GO ASTRAY BECAUSE TOO MUCH WAS BEING EXPECTED OF THE
BEEN PUTTING OFF FOR A LONG TIME. YOU SHOULD ALWAYS START WITH A NUMBER OF
BEEN OMITTED AS THEY ARE OF NO USE FOR THIS PURPOSE. A <2KWIC>2 INDEX MAY BE
BEEN TRIED HAVE NOT BEEN UNIVERSALLY ADOPTED, BUT SOME OF THEM MAY BE
BEEN DISCARDED. IT IS A VERY SIMPLE OPERATION TO ASK THE COMPUTER TO DELETE
BEEN MUCH GROWTH RECENTLY IN THE USE OF <1MINI-COMPUTERS.>1 THESE ARE MUCH
BEEN ENCOUNTERED ELSEWHERE. MOST OF THESE ARE ACRONYMS SUCH AS:
BEEN INCLUDED.
BEEN DECIDED INTO WHICH CATEGORY AN ITEM SHOULD BE PLACED, THE SORTING AND
BEEN CHOSEN TO REPRESENT <1A%, A#>1 MUST ALWAYS BE GIVEN, NEVER <1#A.>1
BEEN VERY SUCCESSFUL. THE INFORMATION STILL HAS TO BE TYPED. A TRAINED TYPIST
BEFORE HE IS FINALLY SATISFIED. HE MAY ASK FOR SOME OF THE RETRIEVED RECORDS TO
BEFORE NEW DATA IS ADDED TO THE COMPUTER FILE. EACH NAME IS ACCOMPANIED
BEFORE, SIMPLE DIAGRAMS MADE ON THE LINEPRINTER PRESENT RESULTS IN A
BEFORE OR AFTER THE CHOSEN CUT-OFF CHARACTER -- THE COMPUTER MAY BE
BEGUN IN NORTH AMERICA, COVERING ALL COMPUTER APPLICATIONS IN THE
BEGINNING OF THE SECOND FOOT. FROM THE INFORMATION GIVEN IN THE FIRST SECTION
BEGAN TO MAKE PLANS FOR THE FIRST COMPUTER-AIDED PROJECT IN THE HUMANITIES
BEGAN TO MAKE CONCORDANCES WHICH WERE PUBLISHED IN A SERIES BY CORNELL
BEGINNINGS OF COMPUTING IN THE HUMANITIES. WHEN FATHER ROBERTO BUSA
BEGINNING WITH A CONSONANT, E.G. <1HERBST-TAG>1
BEGINNING OF THE WORD, SUCH AS AN ASTERISK. THE COMPUTER COULD THEN BE
BEGINNING WITH ROBERTO BUSA"S WORK ON THE <1INDEX THOMISTICUS>1. A WORD INDEX
BEHAVE AS IF THEY WERE FAST LINEPRINTERS AND PRINT TEXT ON TO FILM USING RATHER
BEING SEVEN DIFFERENT CATEGORIES OF RHYME WHICH WERE SELECTED BY HUMAN
BEING USED MORE FREQUENTLY FOR INPUT, AND THESE CAN BE OPERATED MUCH
BEST WAY TO LEARN. THESE COURSES ARE SOMETIMES PRESENTED ON VIDEOTAPE, BUT
BEST METHOD OF INPUT WOULD SEEM TO BE A <2VDU>2 OR A TELETYPE WITH A SPECIAL
BEST OUTPUT BY A PHOTOCOMPOSING MACHINE OR COMPUTER TYPESETTER. THE
BETWEEN THE BRITISH NATIONAL BIBLIOGRAPHY AND THE LIBRARY OF CONGRESS,
BETWEEN LIBRARIES WHO WILL USE THE INFORMATION IN MANY DIFFERENT WAYS. FOR
BIBLIOGRAPHICAL REFERENCE FOR THE ARTICLE WAS TO BE INCLUDED IN THE INDEX.
BIBLIOGRAPHY WHICH REQUIRED A DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF EACH BOOK, FOURTEEN
BIBLIOGRAPHICAL DETAILS AND THE TABLE CAN BE USED TO BROWSE THROUGH THE
BIBLIOGRAPHIES ARE NOW SO COMMONPLACE THAT THEY RARELY WARRANT
BIENNIAL EVENT AT EASTER AND HAS SO FAR BEEN HELD AT EDINBURGH, CARDIFF,
BINARY IN NATURE. MOST BIBLIOGRAPHIC MATERIAL IS TEXTUAL, BUT A DATE IS
BIOGRAPHICAL INFORMATION ABOUT A PERSON. IN COMPUTER TERMS A SET OF FILE
BITS WHICH HAVE 1 FOR PRESENCE OF A FEATURE AND 0 FOR ITS ABSENCE. THEREFORE
BLANK TAPE WITH ONLY THE SPROCKET HOLES PUNCHED AT EITHER END OF A PAPER
BODY OF OLD ENGLISH TEXTS HAS BEEN PUT INTO COMPUTER-READABLE FORM FOR THE
BOOK FOR PUBLICATION. IF THE WHOLE WORK IS IN MACHINE READABLE FORM, THE
BOOK, WITH ELEGANT CHARACTERS, JUSTIFICATION AND FULL DIACRITICS.
BORNE IN MIND. ONE IS THAT HOMOGRAPHS CAN EASILY BE DEDUCED FROM THE
BOUNDARY, E.G. <1TA-GE, FIN-DEN>1
BRACKETS SHOULD BE INSERTED AS FOLLOWS
BRACKETS, AND THE COMPUTER WOULD THEN BE INSTRUCTED TO OMIT ALL WORDS WITH
BRIGHTER. ONCE A TEXT HAS BEEN PREPARED FOR THE COMPUTER IT CAN BE KEPT IN
BROKEN OFF IN THE MIDDLE OF A WORD, AS IN FIGURE 3.5, POSSIBLY GIVING A
BUT THE RESULT IS THAT THE COMPUTER CAN BE ASKED TO FIND ALL THE LINES WHICH
BUT IN THIS FORM SOME OF THE INFORMATION IS LOST. IT TAKES A CLASSICAL SCHOLAR
BUT THEY MUST BE UNDERTAKEN IN ORDER TO OBTAIN A CLEAN ERROR-FREE TAPE. IT IS
BY A NOVICE, IT IS USUAL TO HAVE AN OPERATOR WHO IS TRAINED IN THEIR USE. THE
BY THIS BUT LOOK AT THE METHOD USED. THE PROCEDURES WHICH HAVE BEEN
BY AUTHOR OR DATE OR ANY OTHER FIELD, IF REQUIRED. <2FAMULUS>2 CAN PRINT THE
BY THREE OTHER FIELDS, THE TOWN OF THE ORIGINAL BEARER OF THE NAME, HIS OR HER
BY BERRY-ROGGHE AND WRIGHT IN <1COMPUTERS IN THE HUMANITIES;>1 BY THE
BY HAND.
BY 73/8 INCHES WIDE, WHICH IS DIVIDED INTO EIGHTY COLUMNS VERTICALLY AND
BY PRINTING IT ON WHAT IS CALLED A <1LINEPRINTER,>1 SO CALLED BECAUSE IT PRINTS
ONE
BY MAKING ONE PASS THROUGH THE FILE. IF THE USER HAS PASSED THE PLACE WHERE
BY AUTOMATION, BUT THIS IS SLIGHT COMPARED WITH THE AMOUNT OF WORK WHICH
BY DAVID PACKARD IN HIS LIVY CONCORDANCE, AMONG OTHERS. THE LINES OF
BY WEIGHTING THEM WITH A LOWER VALUE THAN CONTENT WORDS, SO THAT THEY WILL
BYOR
CABLES ARE REQUIRED TO CONNECT THE VARIOUS PIECES OF MACHINERY. THESE ARE
CALLED <2MEDLARS.>2 LOCKHEED OF CALIFORNIA ALSO OFFER OVER THIRTY DATABASES
CALCULATIONS. THE METRICAL DICTIONARY HE HAS PREPARED CAN BE USED FOR THE
CALLED <2IDMS>2 (INTEGRATED DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM). IT ALLOWS THE
CALLED <1COMPILATION>1 AND THE SPECIAL PROGRAMS TO DO THIS ARE CALLED
<1COMPILERS.>1
CALLED.
CALLED <2COCOA,>2 MAKES WORD COUNTS AND CONCORDANCES OF TEXTS. THERE ARE
CALLED <1BITS.>1 CONVENTIONALLY THEY ARE REPRESENTED BY 1S AND 0S, BUT THEY ARE
CALLED <1WORDS>1 IN COMPUTER TERMINOLOGY, WHICH IS CONFUSING FOR THOSE WHO
CANNOT SEE WHAT IS WRONG, YOU MUST ASK FOR HELP. THE ADVISORY SERVICE IS
CANNOT UNDERSTAND. WE HAVE SEEN THROUGHOUT THIS BOOK THAT VERY LITTLE
CAN BE RETRIEVED. THERE ARE SIX DIFFERENT RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN NUMERICAL
CANNOT DECIDE WHAT TO PUT IN THE INDEX. SOME SUCH INDEXING PROJECTS HAVE
CAN THEN BE BUILT UP AS MORE TEXT IS ANALYSED. THIS METHOD OF INVESTIGATING
CAN BE PRESENT IN THE SAME RECORD ALTHOUGH THEY CANNOT REALLY BE COMBINED
CAN BE SEEN FROM FIGURE 9.5. COMMON WORDS LIKE "AND' AND "THE', ETC., HAVE
CAN BE DONE USING A COMPUTER, BUT IN ADDITION THE COMPUTER ALLOWS THE
CAN BE AN AMUSING INTELLECTUAL EXERCISE, THOUGH ONE THAT DEMANDS THE
CAN BE TORN OFF, MANY INSTALLATIONS USE PAPER WHICH IS STRIPED ACROSS THE
CAN PERFORM SEVERAL DIFFERENT PROGRAMS AT THE SAME TIME AND CAN ALSO
CANNOT UNDERSTAND AND CANNOT DETECT AS AN ERROR. WHEN THE COMPUTER
CAN BE ACCOMMODATED ON THE MOST FREQUENTLY USED SIZE OF PAPER PAGE. AT
CAN BE USED ON ONE PAGE AND THEY ARE AVAILABLE IN MANY DIFFERENT TYPE SIZES.
CAN BE RE-RUN. HOMOGRAPHS ARE RECOGNISED TO BE A DIFFICULTY. IT IS FOR THE
CANNOT READ DIRECTLY FROM A BOOK. THEY CAN HOWEVER READ TYPESCRIPT. THIS
CAN NOW CONSIDER HOW OUTPUT OF A PUBLISHABLE QUALITY CAN BE PRODUCED BY A
CAN BE FED INTO FILES IN STAGES AND EACH STAGE CORRECTED BEFORE BEING COPIED
CAN ONLY READ CERTAIN TYPE FOUNTS AND THEY ARE VERY EXPENSIVE TO BUY. THE
CAPITAL LETTERS AS WE KNOW THEM IN EUROPEAN SCRIPTS. HEBREW IS THEREFORE A
CAREFULLY BEFORE YOU READ ALL OF THE TEXT, FOR A GOOD MANUAL SHOULD SHOW
CARDS WOULD BE REPLACED BY A <1FILE>1 WITHIN WHICH EACH OBJECT IS REPRESENTED BY
CARD AND THAT THERE SHOULD BE A BLANK CARD OR LINE TO SEPARATE EACH RECORD.
CARDS OR SLIPS OF PAPER WERE PREVIOUSLY USED. HOWEVER, IT MUST NEVER BE
CARDS. THE CARD-PUNCHING MACHINES USUALLY PRINT THE CHARACTERS WHICH THE
CARRIED OUT FIRST. EVEN A FEW LINES OF TEXT PREPARED IN THE CHOSEN FORMAT
CARDS ON A MACHINE CALLED A CARD <1REPRODUCER.>1 ONLY THE HOLES WILL BE COPIED.
IF
CAREFUL CONSIDERATION. MOST CONCORDANCE PROGRAMS OFFER SOME FLEXIBILITY IN
CARDS OR TAPE. MANY EDITORS DISPLAY THE CORRECTED LINE ON THE TERMINAL, SO
CAREFULLY, THE EDITOR MAY NOT REALISE THAT SOME HOMOGRAPHS EXIST. TO THE
CASE THREE FIELDS, FACULTY, COLLEGE AND DATE WOULD BE INSPECTED AND THE
CASE AND THE E IS CONTRACTED AND THEREFORE DOES NOT COUNT AS A SYLLABLE, OTT
CASE OF THE IAMBIC SENARII OF PLAUTUS WHICH HAVE BEEN THE SUBJECT OF A
CASES THE RESEARCHERS HAVE LEARNT TO PROGRAM THE COMPUTER THEMSELVES. THIS
CASE LETTERS ON THESE MACHINES. ON THE OTHER HAND, BECAUSE THEIR CHARACTER
CATALOGUE AS SHOWN IN FIGURE 9.2 OR AGAIN BY DATE AS IN FIGURE 9.3. A SIMPLE
CATHODE RAY TUBE <2(CRT)>2 WHICH IS PHOTOGRAPHED BY A CAMERA FACING IT.
CENTRE. THE COMPUTER WILL HAVE BEEN PROGRAMMED TO ACCEPT ONLY VALID USER
CENTURY <2BC>2 IS TYPED AS <23B>2 AND A DATE OF <23BC>2 IS TYPED AS <23BC).>2
THE TOWNS
CENTURY GERMAN VERSE, FOLLOWS MAGNUSON'S CONCEPT OF PHONOLOGICAL
CENTRES ARE LINKED UP IN THIS WAY IN ORDER TO POOL THEIR RESOURCES AND GIVE
CHANGES IN THE SCHOLARLY POPULATION OF MEDIEVAL OXFORD HAS BEEN BUILT UP.
CHARACTER. E.G. <2RESID*>2 WOULD FIND ALL THE WORDS WHICH BEGIN WITH THE
CHARACTER TAG OR LABEL CHOSEN BY THE USER, WHICH IS TYPED BEFORE THE
CHAPTER. INFORMATION WHICH IS BEING PROCESSED IS HELD IN THE COMPUTER'S
CHARACTERS. MOST LINEPRINTERS HAVE ONLY A LIMITED CHARACTER SET, FREQUENTLY
CHARACTER SET. AS WE HAVE SEEN ON SOME COMPUTERS, AND PARTICULARLY ON
CHARACTER TO REPRESENT A SINGLE CHARACTER WITHIN THE TEXT, PROVIDED THE
CHARACTERS. THIS MEANS THAT THEIR CHARACTER SET HAS ONLY 64 DIFFERENT
CHARACTERS TO AN INCH. AT THE NORMAL SPACING OF SIX LINES PER INCH, 66 LINES
CHARACTERS. BUT HOWEVER MANY CHARACTERS ANY PARTICULAR COMPUTER HAS, THE
CHARACTERS ARE TYPED A SMALL INCISION IS MADE INTO THE SIDE OF THE CARD.
CHARACTERS.
CHANGES OF TYPE FACES, FOR EXAMPLE IN A STUDY OF PRINTING.
CHARACTERS WHICH IT PRINTS ALONG THE TOP.
CHARACTERS, LIKE FULL STOPS, COMMAS, ETC. WITH SOME PROGRAMS IT IS ALSO
CHARACTER SHOWN. MORE RECENTLY MUCH CHEAPER COMPUTER TYPESETTERS HAVE
CHARACTERS MAY APPEAR AS DIFFERENT CHARACTERS WHEN ANOTHER OUTPUT DEVICE,
CHARACTERS WHICH THE USER OR THE COMPUTER TYPES APPEAR ON THE SCREEN,
CHANGES THE SURFACE OF THE PAPER. INSTEAD THE WHOLE PAGE MUST BE RETYPED
CHARACTERS ACROSS THE PAGE. SOME TELETYPES HAVE UPPER AND LOWER CASE
CHANGE OF FOUNT, CHANGE OF TYPE SIZE, ETC, ON EITHER KIND OF TYPESETTER THE
CHARACTER SET, LIKE A CARD PUNCH, AND OPERATE ONLY IN UPPER CASE LETTERS. IF
CHARACTER ARE THEN STORED INSIDE THE COMPUTER. THICK AND THIN LINES, AN
CHECK, SINCE THE COMPUTER CAN BE USED TO FIND ERRORS WHICH IN TEXT CAN ONLY
CHECKED TO ENSURE THAT IT CONTAINS ONLY THOSE CHARACTERS WHICH EXIST IN THE
CLAIMS THAT, ALTHOUGH HIS PROGRAM MADE EIGHT FALSE SCANSIONS IN 440 LINES OF
CLASSICAL ARABIC AND IT IS OF ONLY DOUBTFUL VALIDITY IN THE MODERN LANGUAGE,
CLEAR THAT THE MACHINE CAN TAKE AWAY MOST OF THE MECHANICAL WORK OF
CLEARLY, SO THAT THE USER OF THE CONCORDANCE KNOWS EXACTLY WHERE AND HOW TO
CLEAR.
CLOSELY RELATED VOCABULARY AND CAN BE APPLIED TO ANY TEXT OF WHICH THE
CLUSTERING METHODS; AND THE SCANSION METHOD IS NOT DESCRIBED, ALTHOUGH
CLUTTERED WITH NON-ALPHABETICAL CHARACTERS, BUT NO INFORMATION WILL HAVE
CODE 42, BY TAKING THE MIDDLE TWO DIGITS OF THE FIRST DATE TO COVER THE PERIOD
CODES, WHEREAS SINGLE DIGITS ALLOW ONLY TEN. TWO LETTER CODES ALLOW MORE
CODING DATES, IT DID REDUCE THE AMOUNT OF STORAGE AND CODING CONSIDERABLY.
CODE HAS BEEN DEVISED WITHOUT MUCH DIFFICULTY. CHINESE AND JAPANESE
CODING FOR EVERY DIACRITIC
CODING, BUT THE METHOD COULD EQUALLY BE APPLIED TO PHONETIC CODES. HE
CODING. AN ETA CAN OCCUR WITH A VARIETY OF DIACRITICS IN SEVERAL COMBINATIONS
COINCIDE AS IT RESULTS IN A 1 IN THOSE POSITIONS ONLY WHICH HAVE A 1 IN BOTH
COLLEGES ARE ENTERED AS TWO-CHARACTER CODES IN THE SAME FIELD, THE COMPUTER
COMPLICATED WORK AS THE PROJECT GROWS. THE CHOICE OF COMPUTER LANGUAGE
COMPUTER TO ANOTHER. YOU WILL CERTAINLY HAVE TO LEARN THEM AGAIN IF YOU
COMPUTING FACILITIES INITIALLY FOR RESEARCH AND LATER ALSO FOR TEACHING. AT THE
COMPUTER CAN ALSO BE USED TO SEARCH FILES OF INFORMATION TO FIND ALL THOSE
COMPUTER CENTRE TO HELP THEM. IF NOT, YOU MAY HAVE TO FIND OUT MUCH MORE
COMPUTER CENTRE DOES NOT HAVE A DATA-PREPARATION SERVICE, IT COULD BE A
COMPUTER, AND THE RESULTS WERE PRINTED OUT LATER. NOWADAYS IT IS COMMON
COMPUTER MAY BE ASKED SUCH QUESTIONS AS "WHO WERE ALL THE SCHOLARS WHO
COMPUTER CENTRE WILL NOT DO YOUR COMPUTING FOR YOU. YOU WILL HAVE TO LEARN
COMPATIBLE WITH <2IBM>2 COMPUTERS, AND NO OTHERS. FOR LINGUISTIC ANALYSIS
COMPUTER.
COMPREHENSIVE VIEW OF YOUR MATERIAL AND YOUR RESEARCH WILL BE THAT MUCH
COMPUTER-READABLE FORM PERMANENTLY AND CAN THEREFORE BE MADE AVAILABLE
COMPUTING. SOME ARE PROGRAMMERS WHO WORK ON PACKAGES FOR ARTS USERS,
COMPUTER APPLICATIONS IN THE HUMANITIES. TWICE A YEAR IT PUBLISHES A
COMPUTER AND NOT ENOUGH OF THE HUMAN.
COMPUTER ONLY DOES THE MECHANICAL PART OF SUCH AN INDEXING PROCESS. IT
COMPUTER. PACKARD AND MEYER'S HOMER BIBLIOGRAPHY IS ONE EXAMPLE. TWO
COMBINATION OF METRICAL FEATURES AND THE WORDS THEMSELVES MUST HAVE BEEN
COMPUTER PROGRAMS WHICH WILL GENERATE <2MARC>2 RECORDS ON TAPE FROM A
COMPILED WITH A <1STOP-LIST>1 SPECIFYING ALL THE WORDS NOT REQUIRED OR WITH A
<1GO-
COMPUTER TO COMPILE INDEXES OF BIOGRAPHICAL DATA OF STUDENTS WHO WERE AT
COMPLETE OCTAL REPRESENTATION OF THIS BIT PATTERN IS 105411, WHICH IS HOW
COMPUTER CHECKING WILL NOT OF COURSE FIND AS AN ERROR A VALID CODE WHICH IS
COMPUTER HAS TO BE TOLD THE STRESS FOR EVERY WORD. NORMALLY THIS WOULD BE
COMPUTER PACKAGES FOR THIS PURPOSE, AND THE COMPUTER USER IS FREED FROM
COMPUTER STUDY BY STEPHEN WAITE. PLAUTUS WROTE SOME TWO HUNDRED YEARS
COMPUTER FILE. THIS WAS DONE TO SAVE COMPUTER TIME IN SEARCHING THE FILE AS
COMPUTER THAT THE SEMI-COLCN IS USED TO DELIMIT THEM.
COMPLETELY. INFORMATION, THOUGH CONVENTIONALLY VIEWED AS RECORDS AND
COMPUTER CAN PRODUCE AN INDEX OF ALL THE WORDS, BUT EVEN IF THE LIST IS
COMPRESSED FOR TYPING, USING TWO-LETTER CODES. THERE IS NO NEED TO USE ONLY
COMPLETE SUBJECT CATALOGUE PRODUCED. MULTIPLYING OUR FIRST EXAMPLE ON
COMPUTER CENTRE WILL ALLOCATE SOME TAPES TO A USER, WHO WILL KNOW THEIR
COMPUTER WHEN A FINAL COPY SUITABLE FOR PUBLICATION IS REQUIRED, BUT THE
COMPUTERS, THERE ARE VERY FEW MACHINES WHICH DO NOT SUPPORT AT LEAST ONE
COMPUTER WAS NOT JUST A TOOL FOR THE SCIENTIST BUT COULD PROVIDE MUCH OF THE
COMPUTERS BEGAN TO BE USED MORE IN COMMERCE AND INDUSTRY, WHEN IT WAS
COMPUTER. ONE WAY OF CHECKING PUNCHED CARDS IS FOR A SECOND TYPIST TO
COMPUTER ROOM IS CALLED THE <1HARDWARE.>1 THE PROGRAMS WHICH OPERATE IN THE
COMPUTERS IN AUTHORSHIP STUDIES IN SEVERAL BOOKS AND ARTICLES ON PAUL'S
COMPUTER AT OXFORD UNIVERSITY COMPUTING SERVICE, WHOSE HELP I
COMPUTER IS PROGRAMMED TO RECOGNISE THIS. THE RUSSIAN LETTER N COULD THEN
COMPUTER IS CONTROLLED BY A LARGE PROGRAM CALLED AN <1OPERATING SYSTEM,>1 THIS
IN
COMPUTING. "THE SYSTEM IS DOWN' MEANS THAT FOR SOME REASON THE COMPUTER
COMPUTER BE BLAMED FOR ERRORS; THE DESIGNER OF THE COMPUTER SYSTEM OR THE
COMPUTER PROJECT ON CHINESE HAS USED THE STANDARD CHINESE TELEGRAPH
COMPUTER RATHER THAN ACTUALLY PROCESSING IT. THESE ARE VARIOUS DEVICES FOR
COMPUTER WITH 256 CHARACTERS, WHICH THEREFORE DISTINGUISHES LOWER CASE
COMPUTER IS NOW USED TO PERFORM PURELY MECHANICAL OPERATIONS FOR WHICH
COMPUTER SYMBOLS, THE NORMAL METHOD ADOPTED HAS BEEN TO USE THE SAME
COMPILED, KNOWN AS <1BINARY.>1
COMPUTER MAY NOT PERMIT SO MANY DIFFERENT CHARACTERS. COMPUTERS WHOSE
COMPUTER ROOM IS CONCERNED WITH GETTING INFORMATION INTO AND OUT OF THE
COMPLETELY. IN CODING CHINESE, THE MOST SENSIBLE PROCEDURE IS TO ALLOCATE A
COMPUTER <1INPUT>1 AND <1OUTPUT>1 AND WILL BE DESCRIBED IN MORE DETAIL IN THE
NEXT
COMPUTER TRANSCRIPTION OF THE TEXT. IF THEY ARE OMITTED, THE COMPUTER WILL BE
COMPUTER CHARACTER TO DENOTE EACH OF THE FOUR FORMS OF THE SAME LETTER. THE
COMPUTERS IN THE HUMANITIES IN THE LAST TEN YEARS. MANY MORE APPLICATIONS
COMPUTER MAKES A NEW VERSION OF THE FILE WITH THE CORRECTIONS INCORPORATED
COMPUTER "LEAD' THE VERB AND "LEAD' THE NOUN APPEAR TO BE INSTANCES OF THE
COMPUTER-READABLE FORM. SUPPOSE A COMPLETE TEXT HAD BEEN PREPARED FOR
COMPONENTS AND, WITH A STRICT METRICAL PATTERN, THIS WILL ALLOW THE
COMPUTER, BEING LINKED TO IT VIA A TELEPHONE LINE. THEY CAN BE USED IN THE
COMPUTER CAN COUNT AND SORT WORDS MUCH FASTER AND MORE ACCURATELY THAN
COMPUTER'S CHARACTER SET OR TYPED ON TO A SPECIAL PURPOSE KEYBOARD. WE
COMPUTER. IF NO ATTEMPT HAS BEEN MADE TO SEPARATE HOMOGRAPHS OR
COMPUTER ITSELF ARE KEPT ON DISC. THERE WILL NOT BE VERY MUCH SPACE LEFT FOR
COMPUTER TO SUPPLY CONTEXT OF A SPECIFIC NUMBER OF WORDS ON EITHER SIDE OF
COMPUTER ANALYSIS AND WAS NOW ERROR-FREE. THE TEXT WOULD THEN BE
COMPILATION OF SUCH WORD INDEXES OR CONCORDANCES IS A VERY MECHANICAL
COMPUTER MEMORY INSIDE THEM WHICH ALLOWS CORRECTIONS TO BE MADE TO A
COMPUTER DOES NOT REMOVE THE NEED FOR HUMAN THOUGHT AND JUDGMENT.
COMPUTER. IT IS CLEAR THAT THE STANDARD UPPER-CASE-ONLY LINEPRINTER OUTPUT,
COMPUTER-READABLE FORM HAVE BEEN PREPARED IN THIS MEDIUM. RESULTS ARE
COMPUTER SESSION. HIGH-SPEED TELEPHONE LINES ARE BEING USED MORE AND
CONCORDANCE PACKAGE SUCH AS <2COCOA>2 EITHER ON THEIR OWN MACHINE OR AT A
CONTAIN MUCH WIDER TERMS SUCH AS "POETRY' OR "BIOGRAPHY'. THREE SEPARATE
CONTINENT OF EUROPE. IT ALSO ORGANISES A NUMBER OF SMALLER LOCAL GATHERINGS,
CONTENTS OF A JOURNAL. IF A USER IS ONLY INTERESTED IN A PARTICULAR PERIOD, HE
CONDITIONED ATMOSPHERE OF THE COMPUTER ROOM AND WILL DETERIORATE IF LEFT IN
CONTAINING THE CAPITAL LETTERS AND NUMERALS.
CONTAINED IN THE INFORMATION TO BE PROCESSED. IN SUCH A CASE, THE COMPUTER
CONCORDANCES WERE OF COURSE MADE MANY YEARS BEFORE COMPUTERS WERE
CONVENTIONALLY TRANSLITERATED AS "TH' AS THAT IS THE SOUND IT REPRESENTS, BUT IN
CONSIDERED UNNECESSARY BY SOME PEOPLE, AND INDEED MANY TEXTS HAVE BEEN
CONCORDANCE OF, FOR EXAMPLE, FULL STOPS, AND RHYME MARKERS CAN ALSO BE
CONSISTING ONLY OF THE SCANSIONS FOR EACH LINE. HE IS THEN IN A POSITION TO ASK
CONCEPT OF KEEPING OLD VERSIONS OF THE DATA. WHEN NEW INFORMATION IS ADDED
CONCATENATION, DISAMBIGUATION AND AMALGAMATION, IN AN ATTEMPT TO
CONSIDERED USEFUL. IN MANY CASES MERE COUNTS WILL SUFFICE. WHICHEVER
CONSIDERABLE DOUBT WHETHER HIS METRE IS BASED ON THE LENGTH OF SYLLABLE OR IS
CONSISTS OF NINE CHARACTERS. THE DATES WERE REDUCED TO TWO CHARACTERS, BY
CONSISTING OF
CONSIDER THE VARIOUS WAYS IN WHICH THE COMPUTER CAN BE USED TO MANIPULATE
CONSIDERED FOR ANY BIBLIOGRAPHY PROJECT SIMPLY BECAUSE IT HAS BECOME A
CONFERENCES ON COMPUTERS IN ARCHAEOLOGY AND ON INFORMATION RETRIEVAL,
CONCORDANCES TO DIRECT THE READER TO THE APPROPRIATE PLACE.
CONSTANTLY IN USE BY THE OPERATING SYSTEM.
CONCORDANCE CAN THEN CHOOSE WHETHER TO INSTRUCT THE MACHINE TO TREAT THE
CONSTANT USE, AS ALL THE FILES WHICH ARE MOST FREQUENTLY USED BY THE
CONCORDANCE IS TO BE PUBLISHED AND MADE GENERALLY AVAILABLE, IT BECOMES A
CONCORDANCE OF THE ROMAN HISTORIAN AMMIANUS MARCELLINUS PRODUCED IN
CONSONANTS ARE ONLY RECOGNISED IF THEY HAVE THE SAME POSITION WITHIN A
CONCORDANCES LEMMATISATION IS NOT WORTH THE EFFORT INVOLVED. IN MOST CASES,
CONCORDANCES HAVE DEALT WITH THESE PROBLEMS.
CONCORDANCE THE KEYWORDS ARE ALIGNED DOWN THE MIDDLE OF THE PAGE. THIS IS
CONSIST OF VERY SHORT ABBREVIATIONS AND NUMBERS. THEIR FORMAT IS DESCRIBED
CONCORDANCES OF ALL THE QUOTED MATERIAL, MAYBE EVEN ONE FOR EACH AUTHOR
CONCORDANCE.
CONCORDANCE HAVE THE SAME FORMAT. SOME FORM OF MANUAL INTERVENTION OR
CONCLUDES THAT THE PHENOMENON OF ALLITERATION IS ONE OF DOMAIN OR LOCALE,
CONTEXT BUT CAN CAUSE ERRONEOUS RESULTS WHEN ONLY WORD COUNTS ARE USED.
CONSIDERABLY MORE CARE. A PUBLISHED CONCORDANCE SHOULD HAVE A GOOD
CONTEXT CAN ALSO BE ALIGNED TO THE LEFT OF THE PAGE, AS IN FIGURE 3.4. THE FIRST
CONCORDANCE OF ALL SHAKESPEARE'S PLAYS HAS BEEN PUBLISHED BY HIM AND IS
CONCORDANCE, WHICH WOULD PRODUCE AN APPENDIX OF FOREIGN WORDS SEPARATE
CONCORDANCE WAS THAT PRODUCED BY KOSKENNIEMI, PARPOLA AND PARPOLA ON
CONTEXT WHICH HAS CURLED ROUND COULD BE OMITTED, AS SHOWN IN FIGURE <23.7.>2
CONSIDERABLY AND MIGHT NOW BE A MORE SUITABLE MEDIUM FOR SUCH A LARGE
CONCORDANCES GROUP THE OCCURRENCES OF HOMOGRAPHS TOGETHER
CONTEXTS, AND THE KEYWORD IS ALSO PRINTED SOME DISTANCE ABOVE THE CONTEXTS.
CONTEXT BY POINTING TO THE ACTUAL PLACE IN A TEXT WHERE IT OCCURS. THEY ALSO
COOPERATION, A LITTLE MORE RESEARCH MAY BE NECESSARY TO FIND OUT IF A TEXT HAS
CORRECTLY. THE ORDINARY USER MAY BE CURIOUS ENOUGH TO DISCOVER THAT ALL
COULD PERHAPS BE SAID TO RESEMBLE GRAMOPHONE RECORDS. A MAGNETIC DISC IS
COULD BE PROGRAMMED TO RECOGNISE THAT, FOR EXAMPLE, A LETTER N AT THE END
COULD STAND FOR <2EXPLORATION, EXPLORING,>2 ETC. MOST INDEXES
COUNT OF CHARACTERS IN THE TITLE. OUR TITLES WOULD THEN BECOME
COUNTING THEIR OCCURRENCES. STORING THE SCANSIONS IN A COMPUTER FILE, AS
COURSES ARE PLANNED BY COMPUTER SCIENTISTS, THEY MAY INCLUDE NON-
COURSES OR MANUALS PROVIDED YOU IGNORE ALL THOSE EXAMPLES WHICH YOU
COURSE, ENTIRELY UP TO THE EDITOR TO DECIDE WHICH VERSION OF THE TEXT TO USE.
COUNTS WILL BE DISTORTED. THERE ARE SEVERAL WAYS OF DEALING WITH QUOTATIONS.
COULD BE INSTRUCTED TO LIST ALL THE OCCURRENCES OF <1A%>1 IMMEDIATELY AFTER BUT
COVERING ABOUT FIFTEEN DIFFERENT KINDS OF MATERIAL SUCH AS LITERATURE,
CREATED BY ONE OF THE PROGRAMS IN THE PACKAGE. EACH RECORD IS ASSIGNED A
CRITERIA VERY RAPIDLY. SEVERAL FILES OF THE SAME DATA MAY BE KEPT SORTED
CRITICISMS, IF ANY, ARE ATTRIBUTABLE TO THE COMPUTER ITSELF AND WHICH CAN BE
DACTYL. THE OCCURRENCE OF A DACTYL IN FOOT FIVE IS SO COMMON THAT A SCANSION
DATA WHICH ARE NORMALLY CALLED <1FIELDS>1. OBVIOUS EXAMPLES FOR A BOOK WOULD
DATES REFER TO CENTURIES RATHER THAN EXACT DATES (E.G. A DATE OF THE THIRD
DATABASE BUT WILL "OWN' A NUMBER OF SUB-RECORDS, THOSE OF ALL THE TITLES OF THE
DATA SIMPLY BY SUBSTITUTING THE FULL VERSION FOR THE CODE EVERY TIME THAT IT IS
DATA TO BE SORTED INTO ALPHABETICAL ORDER ACCORDING TO MANY DIFFERENT
DATE, AND A REFERENCE TO THE SOURCE DOCUMENT IN WHICH THE NAME IS
DATABASE TECHNOLOGY HAS BECOME INCREASINGLY USED IN COMPUTING. A
DATE CODES 42 AND 44, AS HE COMES IN TWO TWENTY-YEAR PERIODS, 1420-1439
DATA WHICH COULD USEFULLY BE ADOPTED BY OTHERS. A DATE SUCH AS 1428-1435
DATABASES ARE DESIGNED FOR SCIENTISTS AND SOCIAL SCIENTISTS. THE BEST KNOWN
DATA, AND THERE ARE MANY ARCHEOLOGICAL AND HISTORICAL EXAMPLES TO ILLUSTRATE
DEAL WITH SOME ASPECTS OF LITERARY ANALYSIS. EACH PACKAGE HAS ITS OWN SERIES
DEALING WITH HOMOGRAPHS IS TO PRE-EDIT THE TEXT IN SUCH A WAY THAT THE
DEAL WITH FOREIGN WORDS IS TO MARK THEM BY SOME SPECIAL CHARACTER AT THE
DECLENSION BOTH END IN <1A,>1 BUT THE A OF THE ABLATIVE IS LONG. THESE FORMS
WERE
DEFINITION OF AN IAMBIC PENTAMETER -- THAT IS, A SEQUENCE OF TEN POSITIONS IN
DENSITY IS 800BPI OR 1600 OR IT CAN NOW BE EVEN HIGHER. DIFFERENT TAPE DECKS
DENSITY OF THE FEATURES. CERTAIN TYPES OF PHONEME SUCH AS INITIAL SOUNDS CAN
DEPENDS ON THE BLOCK SIZE USED WHEN THE MATERIAL IS WRITTEN. IT ALSO DEPENDS
DEPEND ON THE HARDWARE FACILITIES AVAILABLE FOR STORING IT (TAPE OR DISC) AND
DEPENDS ON THE PROGRAMS BEING USED FOR THE ANALYSIS, BUT IT IS USUALLY
DEPENDS ON WHAT IS AVAILABLE AT THE COMPUTER CENTRE. THE MOST COMMONLY
DEPRESSED AT YOUR MISTAKES. REMEMBER THAT IT IS VERY RARE FOR A PROGRAM TO
DEPARTMENT HAS AN ALLOCATION OF TIME OR "MONEY' UNITS ON THE COMPUTER.
DESCRIBING THESE. A PUNCHED CARD IS SIMPLY A PIECE OF CARD <231/4>2 INCHES HIGH
DESCRIBED. DEVANAGARI HAS SOME FORTY-EIGHT SYMBOLS, BUT A TWO-CHARACTER
DESCRIBED BY WAITE AND DILLIGAN AND BENDER OR THEY MAY HAVE BEEN
DESCRIBES THE CODING SYSTEM USED. AT THE UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO, THE ENTIRE
DESIGNED WITH THEIR NEEDS IN MIND, THOUGH THERE IS NO REASON WHY THEY SHOULD
DESCRIBED.
DETERIORATE OVER A LONG PERIOD OF TIME. IT IS THEREFORE ESSENTIAL FOR AT LEAST
DETECTED AN ERROR AND STOPS. IT IS NORMALLY NECESSARY TO LEAVE A FOOT OR SO OF
DETAILS OF WHICH MAY BE FOUND IN ITS <1BULLETIN.>1 THERE ARE ALSO SPECIALIST
DETAILS OF WHICH MAY BE FOUND IN <1COMPUTERS AND THE HUMANITIES.>1
DETAIL IN THE REFERENCES AS POSSIBLE, AS LONG AS TOO MUCH SPACE ACROSS THE
DETERMINE. WHEN THE TEXT IS FED INTO THE COMPUTER, IT CAN BE GIVEN REFERENCE
DEVICES. THESE DEVICES, LIKE THE COMPUTER ITSELF, HAVE ONLY A LIMITED
DEVISE A CODING SCHEME TO SUIT YOUR TEXT. IF IT IS A NON-STANDARD ALPHABET IT
DEVICE AND ARE TRANSMITTED TO THE COMPUTER'S STORAGE DEVICES. THIS METHOD
DEVICE AND THE CONCORDANCE OUTPUT IN THE ORIGINAL SCRIPT. ONE SUCH
DIACRITICS. PAPER TAPE CAN ALSO BE USED TO DRIVE A TERMINAL WHICH RESEMBLES
DICTIONARY LOOK-UP PROCESSES, IS THAT WORDS WHICH OCCUR MORE THAN ONCE ARE
DICTIONARY HEADING. FOR THIS PURPOSE THE TEXT WAS PRE-EDITED AS IT WAS
DIFFERENT WORD. IT MAY ALSO BE NECESSARY TO INCLUDE INFORMATION ABOUT
DIFFERENT WAYS AND A VERY COMPLICATED NETWORK OF POINTERS ESTABLISHED. THE
DIFFERENT MATTER WHICH HAS ATTRACTED MUCH INTEREST RECENTLY. THIS IN EFFECT
DIFFERENT PATTERNS. ASSONANCE PATTERNS CAN BE FOUND BY THE REPETITION OF A
DIFFICULT TO WRITE SIMPLE PROGRAMS AND THESE CAN BE USED AS A BASIS FOR MORE
DIFFERENT PRONUNCIATION AND MEANING FOR EACH ONE. THE TREATMENT OF
DIRECTLY WITH THE COMPUTER FROM HIS OWN KEYBOARD AND IT RESPONDS TO HIM
DISCIPLINE OF ACCURATE LOGIC. IF THE LOGIC OF A PROGRAM IS WRONG, THE COMPUTER
DISCREPANCY NOTED AND CORRECTED IF NECESSARY. THIS METHOD IS QUITE EFFECTIVE
DISPLAYED EACH WORD IN TURN AND ITS METRICAL FORM WAS THEN TYPED IN, USING
DISTRIBUTION OF SCHOLARS AMONG THE COLLEGES OF THE UNIVERSITY, WHICH COLLEGES
DISTANCES ALONE.
DISPLAY CHARACTERS ON THE <2CRT>2 WHICH ARE RECORDED BY THE CAMERA. THE
DISTINGUISHED FROM THEIR HOMOGRAPHS, AND THEN THE COMPLETE CONCORDANCE
DISTRIBUTION OF STRESSES TO BE TAKEN INTO ACCOUNT IN DETERMINING WHERE THERE
DO IT BY COMPUTER, EVEN USING WAITE'S METHOD, AND THE RESULTS ARE MUCH
DO NOT REALISE THAT THEIR APPROACH IS NOT SUITABLE FOR NON-SCIENTISTS.
DO NOT GIVE FULL ENOUGH COVERAGE OF WHAT THE COMPUTER CAN DO. THE ARTS
DOCUMENT DESCRIBING THE TAPE FORMATS WHICH THEY CAN READ. BOTH ARCHIVES
DOES NOT HAPPEN IS TO USE WHAT IS CALLED A <1WRITE PERMIT RING>1, A PLASTIC RING
DOES NOT SHOW MUCH ALLITERATION. FROM THE INSPECTION OF HIS SONNETS,
DOLLAR AS A LETTER OF THE ALPHABET FOR SORTING, AND THUS LIST ALL THE PROPER
NAMES
DONE IN THE ARITHMETIC OR LOGICAL UNIT AND THE RESULTS TRANSFERRED BACK TO THE
DONE MANUALLY. ONCE THE PROGRAMS HAVE BEEN WRITTEN, THEY CAN BE RUN
DONE BY LOOKING THE WORD UP IN A COMPUTER DICTIONARY OF METRICAL FORMS. IN
DRAWN BY A NUMBER OF VERY TINY STRAIGHT LINES JOINED TOGETHER AT THE
E.G. FOOT THREE HAS 101, GIVING ONE 4, NO 2 AND ONE 1, A TOTAL OF 5. THE
EACH CHARACTER. THESE ARE KNOWN AS CARD CODES AND HAVE NAMES LIKE <2BCD>2
EACH LINE OF TEXT OR BY USING SPECIAL SYMBOLS TO ENCLOSE REFERENCE IDENTIFIERS
EACH SUCCESSIVE GROUP OF FIVE SYLLABLES WAS CLASSIFIED BY ITS SCANSION.
EACH RECORD TO INDICATE WHICH FIELDS ARE PRESENT AND WHERE THEY BEGIN AND
EACH OCCURRENCE OF THE WORD WOULD IN TURN BE ALIGNED IN THE CENTRE OF THE
EACH CHARACTER, INCLUDING THE STROKES UNDERNEATH, WAS TOO GREAT FOR AN
EACH KEYWORD IS USUALLY REFERRED TO AS THE CONTEXT, AND THE INDICATION OF
EACH LEMMA SO AS TO PRODUCE THE ARTICLE FOR EACH WORD.
EACH WORD INDIVIDUALLY. THE BEST OVERALL CRITERIA MUST BE CHOSEN, BUT THE
EACH CITATION IS ANOTHER MATTER FOR THE EDITOR OF THE CONCORDANCE TO
EARLIER THAN THE BEST KNOWN OF THE LATIN HEXAMETER POETS AND THERE IS
EASY TO FOLLOW. THEY APPEAR AT THE END OF THE CONTEXT FOR EACH ENTRY AND
EASY TO FIND BY PROGRAM, IT PRODUCED TOO MANY ERRORS TO BE USEFUL. LEIGHTON
EASY FOR THE READER TO FIND THE ENTRIES FOR A PARTICULAR WORD, BUT PERHAPS NOT
ECONOMICAL TO WRITE LARGE-SIZE BLOCKS OF, SAY, 4000 OR 8000 CHARACTERS RATHER
EDITOR CANNOT BE USED FOR YOUR PURPOSE, YOU WILL HAVE TO LEARN TO WRITE
EDITORS HAVE CHOSEN TO MAKE A SEPARATE WORD-INDEX OF ALL HYPHENATED
EDITION FOR A COMPLETE CONCORDANCE TO SHAKESPEARE.
EDITING WOULD BE REQUIRED IF PARTS OF A CONCORDANCE WERE TO BE REFERENCED IN
EDITOR TO SELECT THE METHOD OF DEALING WITH THEM THAT IS MOST APPROPRIATE TO
EFFECT ORGANISES THE WORK FLOW THROUGH THE MACHINE, THE AIM BEING TO UTILISE
EFFICIENT ACCESS OF THE DATA. IT CAN VARY FROM ONE FILE TO ANOTHER AND MAY
EIGHT BITS AND CAN BE USED TO REPRESENT ONE CHARACTER. THERE ARE 256
EIGHT LINES PER INCH THE PRINTING BECOMES VERY SQUASHED, AS SEEN IN FIGURE
EIGHT. SIMILAR BIT STRINGS ARE USED TO TEST STRESS MAXIMUM AND METRICALITY.
ELECTRONICS WHICH MAKE THEM WORK. THIS IS THE DOMAIN OF THE ENGINEERS AND
ELECTRICITY BILLS AND BANK STATEMENTS ARE NOW PRINTED BY COMPUTER, AND
ELEMENTARY AND WITHOUT ANY USEFUL SUBSTANCE, DO TRY AND FIND OUT MORE
ELECTRIC TYPEWRITER RIBBON AND THUS DID NOT REGISTER COMPLETE CHARACTERS ON
ELIMINATED AND WITH IT THE REQUIREMENT FOR EXTENSIVE PROOF-READING.
EMENDATION TO A TEXT TO BE CONCORDED, AND TO CHOOSE AN EDITION WHICH IS
EMENDATIONS, HIS CONCORDANCE IS LESS USEFUL, AS IT IS BASED ON A TEXT WHICH IS
EMENDATIONS HAVE BEEN MADE. THE METHODS OF DEALING WITH HYPHENATED
EMPLOYED TO INDICATE METRICAL FEATURES AND THE PUNCTUATION MARKS AND
ENCOUNTERED.
ENCOURAGE YOU TO USE THEM ECONOMICALLY. YOUR BUDGETS CAN BE INCREASED BY
ENCLOSING THEM IN SPECIAL CHARACTERS OR BY NOT PUTTING THEM INTO THE TEXT
END TO THE OTHER. ON THE OTHER HAND, IT IS QUITE FEASIBLE TO ACCESS
END IN THE RECORD.
ENSURE THAT IT IS WORKING SMOOTHLY. AT THE OTHER END OF THE SCALE, THERE HAS
ENTIRELY ON USING THE DATA FOR VARIOUS APPLICATIONS. ONE SUCH PACKAGE IS
ENTRIES.
ENTIRELY OF STRAIGHT LINES. THE COORDINATES OF THE SET OF LINES FOR EACH
ENTRIES IN THE CONCORDANCE.
EPISTLES, AND HAD ATTRACTED THE ATTENTION OF THE NEWSPAPERS. EVERYONE KNEW,
EQUIPMENT IS ALSO THERE AND YOU WILL NOT HAVE TO WALK FAR TO COLLECT PRINTOUT.
ERRONEOUS RESULTS THROUGH MALFUNCTION. THAT, OF COURSE, IS NOT TO SAY THAT
ERRONEOUS RESULTS NEVER COME OUT OF A COMPUTER. FREQUENTLY THEY DO, BUT
ERROR, WHICH WOULD INEVITABLY CREEP IN DURING CONVENTIONAL TYPESETTING, IS
ESSENTIALLY A TOOL FOR OTHERS TO USE. BUSA LED THE WAY, BUT HE WAS SOON
ETC
EVEN PARITY AND ENCOUNTERS A CHARACTER WITH AN ODD NUMBER OF HOLES, IT HAS
EVEN SO THE QUALITY OF THE PRINTOUT THEY PRODUCE IS BARELY SUITABLE FOR
EVERY POSSIBLE FEATURE AS OTT DOES, THOUGH IT COULD BE ARGUED THAT HIS BOOKS
EVERY RECORD INDICATING AT WHICH CHARACTER POSITION EACH FIELD BEGINS IN THE
EVER YOU COULD MANUALLY. THE COMPUTER WILL GIVE YOU A MUCH MORE
EVEN FOR SIMPLE REQUESTS. SUCH A SYSTEM IS BEING DEVELOPED AT THE INSTITUT
EVEN IF ITS NATURE APPEARS TO BE VERY DIFFERENT.
EXAMPLE, TREAT THE FRENCH PREPOSITION A% AS IDENTICAL WITH THE VERB <1A,>1 PART
OF
EXAMPLE, IN LATIN THE LETTERS "IN' FOLLOWED BY A LACUNA WOULD BE LISTED WITH
EXAMPLE A COMPUTER OF 96K 24-BIT WORDS WOULD BE A MEDIUM-SIZED
EXAMPLE BY ELISION. USING THE CONCORDANCE AS A REFERENCE TOOL, ANOTHER
EXAMPLE TAG 001 IS THE <2ISBN>2 OR <2BNB>2 RECORD NUMBER OF THE ITEM.
EXAMINED THIRTY-THREE SAMPLES OF TEXT. THEIR CHIEF INTEREST WAS IN THE
EXAMPLE OF <2FIND2>2 PRINTOUT SHOWING SCHOLARS AT MAGDALEN IN THE PERIOD
EXAMPLE IN ENGLISH IS "LEAD', WHICH IS BOTH A VERB AND A NOUN, WITH A
EXAMPLE OF A CHINESE CHARACTER DRAWN ON A GRID OF 26 X 26 IS SHOWN IN
EXCHANGEABLE DISCS HOLD THIRTY MILLION, SIXTY MILLION, ONE HUNDRED MILLION
EXPECTED PROPORTION OF DISYLLABIC WORDS AT THE ENDS OF LINES. THEREFORE A
EXPLANATION. IN SOME CASES THE EXAMPLES MAY BE ON DATA WHICH IS DIFFERENT
EXPLAIN AS CLEARLY AS YOU CAN EXACTLY WHAT YOU WANT THE COMPUTER TO DO FOR
EXPLANATORY LEAFLET ON THEM WILL BE PROVIDED. IN SOME CENTRES THE TIME UNITS
EXPERIMENTS BEFORE MAKING THIS CHOICE AND ADMITS THAT HIS CRITERION IGNORES
EXPENSIVE MACHINES CAN DISPLAY ANY SHAPE ON THE <2CRT,>2 WHETHER CHARACTERS
EXTRA BENEFIT TO THEIR USERS. SUCH A LINKING OF COMPUTERS IS CALLED A
<1NETWORK.>1
EXTRA EFFORT.
FACE VARIES FROM ONE COMPUTER TO ANOTHER, BUT ALL HAVE RATHER INELEGANT
FACILITATE OPERATIONS WHICH REQUIRE A COMPLETE PASS OF THE FILE, SUCH AS
FAIRLY SHORT TEXT OR CONCORDANCE ON A FLEXOWRITER. PAPER TAPE IS ALSO PRONE TO
FAITHFULLY REPRESENTS THE MEANING OF THE ORIGINAL DOCUMENT. ONE SUCH
FAMILIAR WITH THE MACHINE. THE MAJOR AREAS OF COMPUTER APPLICATIONS IN
FASTER THAN A CARD PUNCH. FOR <2OCR>2 WORK ERRORS CAN BE INTRODUCED AT THE
FAVOURED WHICH WORD FORMS AND WHETHER THE LANGUAGE OF ONE PARTICULAR
FEATURES CAN BE DEFINED UNAMBIGUOUSLY, WAS SEEN TO BE A FURTHER
FEATURES WHICH THE COMPUTER MAY FIND CAN BE LOCATED IN THE ORIGINAL TEXT.
FEATURES. THE SCANSIONS MAY HAVE BEEN PERFORMED ENTIRELY MANUALLY AND
FEET, A FOOT BEING EITHER TWO LONG SYLLABLES (A SPONDEE) OR A LONG FOLLOWED BY
FEW DIFFERENT WORDS MAKE UP A HIGH PROPORTION OF THE WORDS USED IN A
FEWER RECORDS WILL BE FOUND THE NEXT TIME. FOR NUMERICAL DATA ALL THOSE
FIELDS, IS PRESENTED TO THE COMPUTER AS A SERIES OF SETS OF RELATED INFORMATION.
FIELD. A <2KWIC>2 INDEX OF ALL TITLES WILL HELP A READER TO FIND A BOOK OR
ARTICLE IF
FIELDS, WHICH CAN EITHER BE WHOLE NUMBERS <1(INTEGERS)>1 OR NUMBERS CONTAINING
FIELDS WERE USED, AND THESE DIFFERED FROM THOSE IN A LIBRARY INFORMATION
FIELDS. A SIMPLE SEARCH WILL SPECIFY ONLY ONE REQUEST BUT IT IS HOWEVER
FILE. THIS CAN BE DONE IN THE SAME SESSION. MORE SOPHISTICATED EDITORS ALLOW
FILE CAN BE EXPANDED TO HOLD ONE COMPLETE ENTRY FOR EACH SUBJECT TERM AND A
FILE, WE CAN EXAMINE SOME OF THE OPERATIONS WHICH CAN BE PERFORMED ON IT.
FILE BEING USED FOR COMPARATIVE PURPOSES. IN ALL CASES THE DATA WAS TAKEN
FILES OR <1DATABASES>1 AS THEY ARE NOW CALLED WERE STORED ON MAGNETIC TAPE AS
THIS
FILE AND PRINT OUT INDEXES OF ALL THE RECORDS WHICH SATISFY THE REQUEST. IN THIS
FINALLY FOLLOWING FROMKIN AND RODMAN. HE FIRST CALCULATED BOTH THE
FINISHED. LOADING AND UNLOADING TAPES ARE IN FACT THE CHIEF OCCUPATIONS OF
FINAL SYLLABLES WHEN THE NEXT WORD BEGINS WITH A CONSONANT. WORD ENDINGS,
FIND LINES WHERE CERTAIN FEATURES COINCIDE. A BOOLEAN <2OR>2 CAN BE PERFORMED
FINAL SYLLABLE BEING EITHER SHORT OR LONG. IN THE VAST MAJORITY OF HEXAMETER
FINDING THE AVERAGE WEIGHT OF POTTERY. FILES ORGANISED IN THIS WAY ARE CALLED
FINDING AND COUNTING THEIR OCCURRENCE IS MUCH SIMPLER TO PERFORM, AND THE
FIND OVER 4000 ARTICLES. THOUGH TECHNICALLY THESE DATABASES CAN BE SEARCHED
FINAL CATEGORY IS RESERVED FOR KEYWORDS WHICH ARE IN LATIN CHARACTERS. THIS
FIRST BE ESTABLISHED AND THE COORDINATES FOR EACH CHARACTER STORED ONCE. BY
FIRST TO USE A COMPUTER FOR STYLISTIC ANALYSIS; BUT IN 1960, WHEN HE WAS
FIRST PART OF PREPARING A TEXT IN COMPUTER READABLE FORM. THE TRANSCRIBED OR
FIRST RECORD SHOWS HOW IT EXPECTS TO FIND CONTINUATION CARDS. IN THE SECOND
FLEXOWRITER, WHICH WAS FITTED WITH A SPECIAL TYPE FACE FOR MEDIEVAL GERMAN
FLEXOWRITER, THE TAPE MUST BE COPIED ON TO A NEW TAPE. WHEN AN ERROR IS
FOLLOWED BY THE NUMBER OF TIMES WHICH THE WORD OCCURS. IN SOME CASES, THE
FOLLOWED IMMEDIATELY BY THE CORRESPONDING LINE FROM THE OTHER TEXT, AND
FOLLOWED BY A NUMBER OF SCHOLARS, WHO ALSO INVESTIGATED THE POSSIBILITY OF
FOLLOWS:
FOLLOWED THE RULES. GREENBERG REPORTS A SIMILAR SUCCESS RATE TO OTT BUT
FOLLOWED BY TWO OR MORE CONSONANTS WHICH ARE NOT A MUTE FOLLOWED BY A
FOLLOWING <2NOT>2
FOOT BOUNDARY. HE CAN SUMMARISE HIS FINDINGS AS SHOWN IN FIGURE 8.6
FOR <2OCR>2 TYPING ARE <2OCR A>2 AND <2OCR B,>2 AS SHOWN IN FIGURES 2.5 AND 2.6.
FOR THE <1INDEX THOMISTICUS,>1 A MAMMOTH TASK WHICH HAS PRODUCED WHAT IS
FORMED CHARACTERS WHICH CAN BE PROJECTED ON TO AN IMAGE AND
FOR A WORD. IN SOME CASES CROSS-REFERENCES HAVE BEEN INSERTED IN THE
FOR ANY FINAL VERSION FOR PUBLICATION, WHETHER IN BOOK FORM OR ON MICROFICHE.
FORMS OF ONE LEMMA ARE USUALLY CLOSE TO EACH OTHER IN ALPHABETICAL ORDER.
FORMS, AS WELL AS LISTING THEM IN THE MAIN CONCORDANCE. THIS WOULD BE
FOR EACH WORD, THE FORMS OF EACH LEMMA ALL APPEAR AS SUB-ENTRIES UNDER THE
FORM IS GENERALLY CONSIDERED EASIER TO USE, BUT IT DOES TAKE UP CONSIDERABLY
FOR THE COMPUTER AS <1A#,>1 THE # INDICATING A GRAVE ACCENT, THE COMPUTER
FOR LINES THE LENGTH OF SHAKESPEARE'S; BUT A FEW ENTRIES HAVE MORE THAN ONE
FORGOTTEN THAT THE COMPUTER IS ONLY A MACHINE. IT CAN ONLY DO WHAT IT IS TOLD
FORM OF KATAKANA, BUT THIS LOSES THE VISUAL REPRESENTATION OF THE TEXT
FOR THE COMPUTER ANALYSIS IS NOT WASTED BECAUSE INSUFFICIENT INFORMATION HAS
FOR THE COMPUTER, AND PLAIN PAPER CAN BE USED JUST AS WELL. GAS BILLS,
FOR A PROPER NAME AND % FOR A CAPITAL AT THE START OF A SENTENCE, "JACK AND
FOR STORAGE, AND IT CAN REPRESENT LOWER CASE LETTERS AS WELL AS UPPER CASE.
FOR THIS REASON THAT PAPER TAPE IS NOW LITTLE USED IN THIS MANNER. IF IT IS USED
FORM.
FORMS OF ONE LEMMA CAN THUS BE REDUCED TO ONE TERM, E.G. <2EXPLORE>2
FOR EACH RECORD WHICH CAN BE DIVIDED INTO FOUR PARTS:
FOR THE HEXAMETER LINES WHICH HAVE PREVIOUSLY BEEN FED INTO THE PROGRAM.
FORMAT IN WHICH IT WAS TYPED ENSURING THAT THE PROGRAMS WHICH OPERATE ON
FORMAT OF THE INPUT DATA REQUIRES THAT EACH FIELD SHOULD BE ON A SEPARATE
FORMAT IS DESIGNED FOR A SPECIFIC PROBLEM OR PROGRAM AND DOES NOT CONFORM
FORM AND A NUMBER OF COMPUTER PACKAGES FOR HANDLING <2MARC>2 TAPES
FOR QUEEN'S. A COMPUTER PROGRAM CAN ALSO BE USED TO CHECK DATES TO SEE
FOR VAGUE DATES, LIKE HELLENISTIC OR IMPERIAL, AND A MEANS OF DENOTING WHICH
FOR HANDLING TEXTUAL INFORMATION, BUT AS IT WAS ONE OF THE EARLIEST COMPUTER
FOR A CHARGE.
FOR COMMERCIAL APPLICATIONS, AS THAT IS WHERE MOST OF THEIR CUSTOMERS ARE.
FOR A USER TO OPERATE, IT IS ALSO THE MOST EXPENSIVE IN TERMS OF MACHINE
FOR YOURSELF. ALL UNIVERSITY CENTRES PROVIDE SOME KIND OF ADVISORY SERVICE FOR
FOR OTHER PEOPLE TO USE. INDEED IT IS COMMON PRACTICE FOR SUCH TEXTS TO BE
FORMULATING A REQUEST.
FOR <2FORTRAN>2 AND THIS COULD BE A SUITABLE CHOICE OF LANGUAGE IF YOU KNOW
FOR RESEARCH PURPOSES IN UNIVERSITIES.
FOR ARTS COMPUTING. IF YOU ARE LUCKY THEY MAY ALREADY HAVE SEVERAL PEOPLE
FOR SEARCHING ABSTRACTS AND INDEXES ON A COMPUTER FILE. MOST OF THESE
FOUND DIFFICULT ARE THOSE FOR WHICH THE RULES MUST BE RELAXED. COUPLED WITH
FOUND A "HIT' OR EXHAUSTED THE FIELD. SUCH A REQUEST IS PERFORMED ON THE
FOUND MAY BE TRANSFERRED TO ANOTHER FILE AND MANIPULATED AGAIN. THE MAIN
FOUND IN THIS CHAPTER. THIS ADVICE IS INEVITABLY GIVEN IN GENERAL TERMS, AS
FRAMES, DIVIDING TEXTS INTO LARGER AND LARGER UNITS. RECURRENCES OF
FREQUENCY WORDS, SINCE HE CAN THEN CALCULATE HOW MANY ENTRIES OR PAGES OF
FREQUENCY COUNTS ARE GIVEN FOR SOME VERY COMMON WORDS, INCLUDING
FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTIONS OF METRICAL FORMS AT WORD ENDINGS, A COMPLETE
FREEDOM OF INPUT FROM THE USER. SINCE THE USER'S REQUEST IS FORMULATED AS THE
FREQUENTLY USED REQUESTS. THE PROGRAMS MAY ALSO CONTAIN MESSAGES TO
FROM WHOM THE QUOTATIONS ARE MADE. IF NECESSARY, THE QUOTATIONS COULD BE
FROM THE MAIN CONCORDANCE. PROPER NAMES COULD ALSO BE LISTED SEPARATELY.
FROM DR <2A.B.>2 EMDEN'S BIOGRAPHICAL REGISTERS AND UPDATED BY SOME OF HIS
FROM ARTS DEPARTMENTS ALREADY USING THE COMPUTER AND A SPECIALIST IN THE
FROM YOURS, PERHAPS SCIENTIFIC OR COMMERCIALLY-ORIENTED. DO NOT BE PUT OFF
FROM A TERMINAL. IF THE COMPUTER HAS A GOOD EDITING PROGRAM AND ALLOWS A
FULL BIBLIOGRAPHIC DESCRIPTION AND SUBJECT INFORMATION UNDER A
FUNCTIONING AS IT SHOULD. IF IT IS MISWIRED IT WILL GIVE WRONG ANSWERS, BUT THIS
FUNCTION OF COMPILING A WORD INDEX OR CONCORDANCE OF A TEXT. SUCH
FUNDAMENTAL UNIT OF METRE IS AN IAMB (U--) OF WHICH THERE ARE SIX IN EACH
FURTHER RESEARCH FOR ONE OR TWO INDIVIDUALS ONLY CAN THEREFORE BE PRODUCED
FUR DEUTSCHE SPRACHE, MANNHEIM, INITIALLY IN CONNECTION WITH A PROJECT FOR
GAP RECURRENCE FUNCTION WHICH IS USED TO REPRESENT THE FREQUENCY AND
GARBAGE OUT' IS A SAYING IN COMPUTING WHICH IS ALWAYS TRUE, FOR THE MACHINE
GENUINE HYPHENS AND GIVE RISE TO SOME CURIOUS WORDS APPEARING IN THE
GENERAL VIEW OF INDEXING, CATALOGUING AND INFORMATION RETRIEVAE FOR
GENERATES LISTS OF VOWELS AND INITIAL CONSONANT CLUSTERS. THE OCCURRENCES OF
GENERATED AUTOMATICALLY AS GREENBERG, OTT AND PACKARD DID FOR CLASSICAL
GETTING MORE MILK OR MEASURING THE FLOUR ON THE SCALES IS EXACTLY WHAT
GIVEN TO THE EDITOR VARY FROM COMPUTER TO COMPUTER, BUT ALL WORK IN A
GIVING ONLY THE NUMBER OF TIMES WHICH EACH OCCURS, OR BY GIVING THEIR
GIVEN IN COLUMNS DOWN THE PAGE WITH ABOUT TWO AND A HALF LINES OF CONTEXT
GIVEN TO CHARACTERS WHICH HAVE BEEN USED TO MARK ACCENTS IN FRENCH. <1A,>1
GIVEN IN OXFORD, LECTURES WHICH ARE MOSTLY ATTENDED BY THOSE DOING
GIVES ITS INFORMATION FOR ELISION, AS THERE IS ONLY A SINGLE ELISION AT THE
GIVE YOU ENOUGH INFORMATION TO READ SOME MANUALS AND FIND OUT WHAT ELSE
GIVE SOME INSTRUCTIONS FOR TYPING SPECIAL CHARACTERS AND FOR CONTINUATION
GOES UNNOTICED.
GOOD.
GRAPHIC SYMBOL.
GRAPHIC SYMBOLS IT USES TO READ AND PRINT THESE CHARACTERS ARE NOT IDEALLY
GREW TOO BIG TO BE HELD ON DISC. THE ADVANTAGES OF DISC-BASED STORAGE SOON
GREAT DEAL OF SCHOLARLY ATTENTION, BUT IT IS A SUBJECT THAT, FOR CLASSICAL
GROUNDS THAT THE INFORMATION TO BE GAINED FROM A LIST OF ALL THESE WORDS WAS
GROUPING OF THEM WOULD NOT BE FOUND. LEIGHTON HAS OVERCOME THIS PROBLEM
GROWTH OF COMPUTER USAGE HAS ENABLED MUCH MORE RESEARCH TO BE DONE, AS
GROUPING THEM INTO TWENTY-YEAR PERIODS. 1428-1435 THEREFORE BECOMES DATE
GUIDES TO THE CONTENTS OF THE PERIODICALS. FOR THIS REASON ARTICLES MAY BE
HANDSET INTO THE MODEM BOX, PRESSES A BUTTON AND IS READY TO START A
HANDLING A TEXT BY COMPUTER. GREAT CARE MUST BE TAKEN TO ENSURE THAT THE
HANDLING COMPLEX PROBLEMS ON A COMPUTER, BUT A DIFFERENT APPROACH IS
HARDWARE EXPERTS WHOSE JOB IT IS TO ENSURE THAT THE MACHINERY ITSELF IS
HARM TO SUCH DELICATE ELECTRONICS, AND THEREFORE COMPUTER ROOMS MUST BE
HAS BEEN USED. IT WOULD SEEM SENSIBLE NOT TO MAKE ANY ALTERATION OR
HAS TO BE DEVISED TO REPRESENT EACH SYMBOL, AND THEN THE COMPUTER CAN BE
HAS NOW DEVELOPED A PROGRAM TO BREAK WORDS INTO THEIR SYLLABIC
HAS NO POWER OF THOUGHT.
HAS ALLOWED THEM MUCH MORE FLEXIBILITY AND IN ADDITION HAS INVOLVED THEM
HAS COME TO A SUDDEN HALT. IT MAY TAKE FROM A FEW MINUTES TO A FEW HOURS TO
HAS BEEN STORED WITH THE SCANSIONS. OTT MAKES USE OF THE COMPUTER'S
HAVE SEEN HOW TEXTUAL MATERIAL MUST EITHER BE TRANSCRIBED INTO THE
HAVE BEEN MOST CRITICAL, AND IT IS A PROBLEM WHICH DOES NOT HAVE ANY CLEAR
HAVE REPETITIONS ARE SHOWN IN THEIR METRICAL POSITIONS WITHIN A 16-LINE FRAME
HAVE SEEN SO FAR. THEY CAN, HOWEVER, ALSO BE LISTED ACCORDING TO THE
HAVE SEVEN BITS ACROSS THE TAPE OR MORE FREQUENTLY NINE BITS. THE SEVEN BITS,
HAVE NOW BEEN DEVELOPED IN THE FIELDS OF TEXTUAL CRITICISM AND POETIC
HAVE UTILITY PROGRAMS TO TRANSLATE FROM "FOREIGN' CARD CODES.
HAVE BEEN. THE CONCORDANCE WAS USED TO IDENTIFY HOMOGRAPHS AND FUNCTION
HAVE A SPECIFIC STRESS PATTERN SUCH AS 10101010, IGNORING ALL THE OTHER
HAVE A TERMINAL FOR THEMSELVES. THESE ARE USUALLY ALLOCATED BY THE CENTRE TO
HAVE ACCEPTED FORMATS IN WHICH THEY SUPPLY TAPES, BUT THEY MAY BE ABLE TO
HAVE HAD PREVIOUS EXPERIENCE OF PROBLEMS SIMILAR TO YOURS. IF THERE IS NO
HE WILL PROBABLY NEVER SEE HIS TAPES. THE COMPUTER OPERATORS WILL BE
HE IS NOT SURE OF THE EXACT TITLE. THE <2KWIC>2 INDEX IS REALLY A CONCORDANCE AS
HEADING. MANY COMPUTER-PRODUCED CONCORDANCES HAVE BEEN CRITICISED FOR
HEIGHTS BETWEEN THESE TWO VALUES. <1DISCONTINUOUS DATA>1 ALLOWS ONLY A FINITE
HELP TO SHOW IF A WORD OCCURS MORE FREQUENTLY IN ANY PART OF A TEXT OR DOES
HELD SO FAR IN MINNESOTA, LOS ANGELES AND WATERLOO, ONTARIO. THE
HELPED BY THE COMPUTER. THERE STILL DOES NOT APPEAR TO BE AN EFFECTIVE
HERE BECAUSE THEIR MATERIAL CAN BE PRINTED DIRECTLY FROM THE COMPUTER ON TO
HEXAMETERS.
HEXAMETERS. WHICHEVER METHOD OF GENERATING SCANSIONS IS ADOPTED, IT IS
HEXAMETERS. AS THE GREEK ALPHABET DISTINGUISHES LONG E AND O AS SEPARATE
HIATUS AND ELISIONS ARE MARKED, AND THE SCANSION IS CHECKED TO SEE WHETHER
HIGH-LEVEL LANGUAGES INTO THE MACHINE'S BASIC INSTRUCTIONS. THIS PROCESS IS
HIS NEEDS OR THE NEEDS OF THE SCHOLARS HE SERVES. THREE POINTS SHOULD BE
HIS LATEST COMPUTER CONCORDANCE IS PUBLISHED ON MICROFICHE.
HISTORICAL AND BIBLIOGRAPHICAL DATA. FOR THOSE WHOSE INTEREST IS AWAKENED,
HIS DATA AND A FEW SIMPLE INSTRUCTIONS SPECIFYING WHICH OF THE FUNCTIONS HE
HISTORICAL AND ARCHAEOLOGICAL DATA. THE TREATMENT OF SUCH MISSING DATA
HIS GRAMMATICAL ANALYSIS PROGRAM DESCRIBED IN CHAPTER FIVE, IT PROVIDES A
HOLDS THE TAPE IN THE TAPE-PUNCHING OR TAPE-READING MACHINE. THESE ARE
HOLES REPRESENT ALONG THE TOP OF EACH CARD, AS YOU CAN SEE FROM THE
HOLD FOR A VERY SMALL CHARGE. (THEIR FULL ADDRESS MAY BE FOUND ON P. 241.)
HOLDS TEXTS IN THEIR LANGUAGE. YOU MAY ALSO BE ABLE TO FIND OUT FROM THESE
HOME IF THERE IS ANOTHER PIECE OF EQUIPMENT, CALLED A <1MODEM,>1 WHICH LINKS THE
HOMOGRAPHS IS AN AREA WHERE REVIEWS OF COMPUTER-PRODUCED CONCORDANCES
HOPPER OR BIN AND CAN BE RETRIEVED FOR FURTHER USE.
HOW TO USE THE COMPUTER AND ORGANISE YOUR WORK FOR IT OR ELSE PAY
HUMANITIES HAVE SOME SIMILARITIES TO THOSE IN INDUSTRY. BOTH INVOLVE LARGE
HUMAN PROGRAMMING EFFORT TO WRITE. ONE INSTRUCTION IN A HIGH-LEVEL
HUMANITIES, NOT JUST IN LITERARY AND LINGUISTIC RESEARCH. THESE HAVE BEEN
HYPHENATED WORD DIFFERENTLY FROM ANOTHER. HYPHENS MUST NEVER BE
IDENTIFY THEM ARE DEALT WITH IN ONE OF TWO WAYS. EITHER A SPECIAL CHARACTER
IDENTICAL INITIAL CONSONANTS. THOUGH THIS LATTER TYPE OF ALLITERATION IS VERY
IDENTIFY WHICH FRAME IS REQUIRED. MICROFICHE READERS CAN NOW BE PURCHASED
IDENTIFIES ALL REPETITIONS OF SOUNDS IN A SPECIFIED NUMBER OF FRAMES AND
IDEA OF THIS BOOK TO ME AFTER ATTENDING MY LECTURES, PAUL GRIFFITHS AND LOU
IDENTIFIERS AND YOU WILL BE ISSUED WITH ONE OF THESE IF YOUR DEPARTMENT DOES
IDENTIFICATION NUMBER, AUTHOR AND TITLE, A SECOND MORE SPECIFIC TITLE WAS
IF IT IS IN A MUCH EXPANDED FORM LIKE A CONCORDANCE. THE CHANCE OF FURTHER
IMAGES ARE THEN REPRODUCED ON FILM OR PHOTORECORDING PAPER. THE MORE
IMMEDIATELY, THUS CREATING A DIALOGUE BETWEEN THE TWO. A TELETYPE
IMMEDIATE RESPONSE ENABLES THE USER TO REDEFINE THE SEARCH MANY TIMES
IMPORTANT IF THE PRINTING OF THE TEXT WAS BEING STUDIED. WHICHEVER METHOD
IMPLY THAT WORDS ARE TO BE PLACED UNDER THEIR DICTIONARY HEADING.
IMPRACTICAL TO PRODUCE SUCH ANALYSES WITHOUT THE ASSISTANCE OF THE
IMPRACTICABLE TO ATTEMPT AN AUTOMATIC SCANSION SIMILAR TO THAT FOR
IN THE INTRODUCTION, WHICH IS ITSELF A SEPARATE VOLUME, WRITTEN IN SIX
IN THE OCCURRENCES OF THE ENGLISH WORD "COME'. THE MOST OBVIOUS WAY TO
IN NEW DISCIPLINES WHICH MANY HAVE FOUND STIMULATING. IN ALL CASES THE
IN A HIGH-LEVEL PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE, FOR THEY CAN BE RECOMPILED INTO THE
IN 1949, THE POSSIBILITIES MUST HAVE SEEMED VERY DIFFERENT FROM NOW. BUSA
IN ARTS RESEARCH, BUT AS YET THERE EXISTS NO INTRODUCTORY GUIDE TO THE SUBJECT.
IN SUCH A WAY THAT NUMERICAL OPERATIONS WERE THE EASIEST TO PERFORM. SOON
IN COLLATING MULTIPLE EDITIONS OF <1A MIDSUMMER NIGHT'S DREAM' IN THE
IN THE POST FOR SOME TIME, FOR EXAMPLE CROSSING THE ATLANTIC BY SURFACE MAIL.
IN THE MANIPULATION OF STRUCTURED MATERIAL. THESE OPERATIONS ARE PERFORMED
IN THIS BOOK GIVES A LIST OF REFERENCES, MOST OF WHICH ARE CONFERENCE
IN ALPHABETICAL ORDER, TO GIVE A COUNT OF THE OCCURRENCES OF THE TERM. THE
IN THE SEARCH REQUESTS IT HAS BEEN A RELATIVELY SIMPLE MATTER TO REPEAT THESE
IN SEQUENCE, WHICH IS KNOWN AS <1SERIAL ACCESS.>1 IT IS NOT VERY EASY TO READ
THE
IN PAIRS IN A DACTYL AND SO THE SCANSION PROCEEDS AS FOLLOWS:
IN EACH RECORD, FOR EXAMPLE A FOUR-DIGIT DATE. VARIABLE-LENGTH FIELDS OCCUPY
IN OUR EXAMPLE LINE, WORD BOUNDARIES ARE REPRESENTED AS 001 000 101 100
IN THE SAME FIELD. ALTHOUGH SOME INFORMATION WAS LOST BY THIS METHOD OF
IN COMPILING A BOOK INDEX IS ONE WHICH WAS ADOPTED FOR THIS BOOK. THE TEXT
IN MEDIEVAL OXFORD AND EACH WAS REPRESENTED BY TWO LETTERS AS FOLLOWS
IN. SO FAR THE TEXT HAS BEEN TREATED AS A SERIES OF INDIVIDUAL WORDS WHICH
INADEQUATE FOR DETERMINING THE METRICAL FORM OF A WORD BECAUSE THE
INCLUDE A LARGE NUMBER OF WORDS WHICH CONSISTED SOLELY OF THE LETTER <2S.>2
INCLUDED. SUCH MAY BE THE CASE WITH THE ENGLISH WORDS "WILL' AND "MIGHT',
INCLUDED IN THE CONTEXT OF WORDS WHICH ARE REQUIRED AS KEYWORDS. A BETTER
INCLUDE AS MUCH INFORMATION AS POSSIBLE. EVEN IF IT IS NOT ALL REQUIRED AT
INCLUDES A SERIES OF STEPS WHICH MUST BE FOLLOWED IN THE CORRECT ORDER, BUT IN
INCLUDED SYMBOLS TO MARK ACCENTS, BREATHINGS AND CAPITALS, IN FACT ALL THE
INCH BETWEEN EACH. THEY ARE ALL MOUNTED TOGETHER ON A VERTICAL SPINDLE.
INCLUDED THE USE OF COMPUTERS FOR CATALOGUING AND CLASSIFICATION OF
INCORRECT INSTRUCTIONS, NOT OF THE MACHINE ITSELF. IN NO WAY CAN THE
INCLUDE MATERIAL FROM RELATED AUTHORS, BRINGING THE TOTAL NUMBER OF WORDS
INCLUDES AUTHOR AND SUBJECT INDEXES TO THE MATERIAL. THE SAME PERIODICAL
INCORPORATED INTO THE DATA. <2MARC>2 RECORDS ARE ALSO AVAILABLE FOR SERIALS,
INCLUDE ARROWS POINTING IN THE DIRECTION OF THE RHYME. HE MAKES THE SECOND
INDICATES THE ASSOCIATION OF EACH LETTER WITH ITSELF. IT CAN BE SEEN THAT T
INDISCRIMINATE CHOICE OF CONTEXT. I HOPE NOW TO DEMONSTRATE WHICH OF THESE
INDIVIDUAL PLAYS IN THE OLD-SPELLING EDITION, WHEREAS SPEVACK USED A NEW
INDISCRIMINATELY, SO THAT, FOR EXAMPLE, LATIN <1CANES,>1 MEANING "DOGS' AND
INDIVIDUAL SEARCHES. THE RESPONSE TIME IS VERY QUICK, SOME SEVEN SECONDS TO
INDICATING SUCH FEATURES AS HIS COLLEGE, HALL, FACULTY, RELIGIOUS ORDER, PLACE
OF
INDICATES THAT THIS PARTICULAR LINK OCCURS TWICE. LARGER AND LARGER NETWORKS
INDICATED BY TWO SUCCESSIVE ASTERISKS. THE <2ADD>2 FIELD CONTAINS A SERIES OF
INDEXES. AUTOMATIC INDEXING AND ABSTRACTING OF DOCUMENTS IS A VERY
INDEXES OR CATALOGUES IN A CATALOGUE-TYPE FORMAT WHERE THE KEY-ENTRY IS OFF-
INDEX TERMS, SEPARATED BY SEMICOLONS. IT WILL BE SEEN THAT SOME OF THESE
INDICATE THE RESULTS.
INDEX OF THE <2ADD>2 TERMS MERELY INDICATES THE NUMBER OF THE RECORD IN WHICH
INFORMATION MUST FIRST BE TYPED ON SPECIAL PAPER USING AN ELECTRIC
INFORMATION SHOULD BE INCLUDED ABOUT THE BASIS OF THE TEXT IF IT HAS NOT BEEN
INFORMATION HAVING TO BE READ.
INFORMATION THAT IS TRADITIONALLY HELD ON FILE CARDS, AND OTHERS AGAIN WHICH
INFORMATION ON TO THE TAPE FROM THE STORE. WHEN NEW INFORMATION IS WRITTEN
INFORMATION WHAT FORMAT OF MAGNETIC TAPE IT CAN READ. IF A USER TURNS UP AT
INFORMATION IS HELD IN THE COMPUTER AS PATTERNS OF BINARY DIGITS WHICH ARE
INFORMATION RANDOMLY ON DISC. EACH DISC SPINS RAPIDLY AND A READ HEAD IS
INFORMATION ON EACH CARD IS THEN RETYPED OVER THE CARD, AND IF IDENTICAL
INFORMATION FOR LATER USE, AND AFTER BEING READ THE CARDS OR TAPE PILE UP IN A
INFORMATION CAN BE RECORDED AT 200, 556 OR 800 ROWS PER INCH, COMMONLY
INFORMATION INSIDE A COMPUTER AND, IN THE CASE OF MAGNETIC TAPE, FOR
INFORMATION.
INFORMATION AND EVEN A SMALL CONCORDANCE DONE ON JUST A FEW PAGES OF TEXT
INFORMATION RELEVANT TO A PARTICULAR CASE. SUBSEQUENT PROGRAMS HAVE BEEN
INFORMATION RETRIEVALS HAVE SHOWN THAT THE COMPUTER IS MUCH MORE
INFORMATION SERVICES, WHO PAY A SUBSCRIPTION IN ADDITION TO THE COST OF
INFORMATION ON MAGNETIC TAPES IN 1969, AND SINCE 1971 THE BRITISH NATIONAL
INFORMATION FROM IT. IT MUST THEN GENERATE AN INTELLIGIBLE ABSTRACT WHICH
INFORMATION WHICH IS STRUCTURED IN SOME WAY. BY THIS WE MEAN THE SORT OF
INFORMATION WOULD PRINT
INFORMATION IN ONE FIELD, OTHER FIELDS CAN BE COMPARED UNTIL THE RECORDS ARE
INFORMATION WHICH NOW APPEARS AS ONE FIELD PER LINE. <2FAMULUS>2 EXPECTS TO
INFORMATION HAS BEEN ADDED TO THE COMPUTER FILES COVERING THE YEARS 1501-
INFORMATION, BUT IT IS POSSIBLE TO TEST SOME FIELDS. ANOTHER PROJECT IN
INFORMATION THAN TO THE COMPUTER OR INFORMATION ITSELF.
INFORMATION. UP TO TEN VARIABLE-LENGTH RECORDS ARE ALLOWED FOR EACH RECORD.
INFORMATION, AND SO THE CHECKING PROGRAM CAN ALSO ENSURE THAT EVERY FIELD IS
INFORMATION MAY BE MISSING FOR SOME FIELDS. EACH FIELD IS ASSIGNED A FOUR-
INFORMATION FOR THAT FIELD WHEN THE DATA IS FIRST INPUT TO <2FAMULUS.>2 THE
INHERENT DIFFICULTY.
INPUT. FOLLOWING THE LEMMA, EACH OF ITS FORMS APPEARS IN ALPHABETICAL
INPUT. IN 1973 THE FIRST VOLUME OF HIS MASSIVE WORK APPEARED. FURTHER
INPUT DEVICE ONLY READS THE HOLES. IT IS POSSIBLE TO MAKE A COPY OF A DECK OF
INPUT THE CODING TO THE COMPUTER AND SEARCH FOR PATTERNS AUTOMATICALLY.
INSTRUCT THE <2OCR>2 MACHINE TO IGNORE THE PREVIOUS CHARACTER. ONCE THE
INSTRUCTED TO LIST ALL THE WORDS BEGINNING WITH THAT SYMBOL AS A SEPARATE
INSTRUCTION TO THE OPERATING SYSTEM. SOME COMPUTER EDITING PROGRAMS WORK
INSERTED INTO THE TEXT AS CONTINUATION CHARACTERS AT THE ENDS OF LINES AS THEY
INSTRUCTIONS ARE PROGRAMMED.
INSTRUCTIONS, SUCH AS COMPARING CHARACTERS OR ADDING AND SUBTRACTING
INSTRUCTED TO IGNORE THEM. ONE BOX OF 2000 CARDS IS 14 INCHES LONG AND IT
INSTRUCTIONS IN LOGICAL SEQUENCE, PERFORMING THEM ONE BY ONE. THEREFORE
INSTRUCTION SET. OTHER COMPUTER PROGRAMS ARE USED TO TRANSLATE FROM THESE
INSTRUCTED BY THE COMPUTER TO LOAD THE TAPE ON TO A TAPE DECK WHEN A
INSTRUCTIONS. OBVIOUSLY WRITING PROGRAMS IN THE BASIC INSTRUCTIONS WILL TAKE
INSPECTED. THE COMPUTER WILL THEN PASS THROUGH THE WHOLE FILE AND PRINT OUT
INSIDE THE COMPUTER AND COMBINED WITH THE USE OF THE BOOLEAN OPERATIONS
INTRODUCTION EXPLAINING IN CLEAR TERMS EXACTLY HOW THE CONCORDANCE SHOULD
INTO IT. THE OLD VERSION CAN THEN BE ERASED BY SUPPLYING THE RELEVANT
INTEREST IN WORD INDEXING IN PISA. BY THE MIDDLE 60S, THE LONE PIONEER OF
INTO ANOTHER COMPUTER FILE FOR FURTHER ANALYSIS.
INTHE SAMEFIELD.
INTEGER, THE FIRST ONE INDICATING THE FIRST VOWEL PHONEME, THE SECOND FOR THE
INVESTIGATING SIGN FREQUENCIES HAS ALSO BEEN APPLIED TO LINEAR A AND
INVOLVE CALCULATIONS WHICH ARE MUCH MORE COMPLICATED. IN THE SCIENCES THE
INVARIABLY MEANS THAT IT HAS TO BE TYPED OUT ON ONE OF THE COMPUTER'S INPUT
INVENTED. MANY RESEARCHERS DEVOTED THEIR LIVES TO PRODUCING WHAT IS
INVESTIGATED. JOYCE STUDIED RHYMING WORDS FROM THE STANDPOINT OF
INVESTIGATED BY CONCORDANCES SORTED ON ENDINGS. THE AUTHOR OF THIS STUDY,
IS NOW BECOMING WIDELY USED IN THE COMMERCIAL WORLD. <2COM>2 DEVICES CAN
IS SIMPLY AN ALPHABETICAL LIST OF THE WORDS IN A TEXT USUALLY WITH THE NUMBER
IS BECAUSE ON A TYPEWRITER EACH LETTER OCCUPIES THE SAME AMOUNT OF SPACE,
IS PREPARED FOR THE COMPUTER IN SUCH A WAY THAT A LINE FROM ONE TEXT IS
IS USED FOR THE OPEN UNIVERSITY'S COMPUTER MARKED ASSIGNMENTS AND MAY
IS THE MOST FREQUENTLY USED CHOICE OF CONTEXT. IT IS EMINENTLY SUITABLE FOR
IS ALLITERATION. IT WILL ALSO ALLOW MEDIAL CONSONANTS TO BE CONSIDERED FOR
IS ONLY FOR THE BENEFIT OF AN INDIVIDUAL RESEARCH PROJECT AND NOT FOR
IS TO UNDERLINE THE KEYWORDS IN THE CONTEXT LINES OR TO PRINT THEM IN ITALICS.
IS CHOSEN, THE POINT TO REMEMBER IS THAT THE COMPUTER CANNOT TREAT ONE
IS ONE OF METAL CABINETS, TAPES WHIZZING ROUND AND A VERY CLINICAL
IS PREPARED. FOREIGN WORDS OR QUOTATIONS SHOULD BE CONSIDERED WITH CARE,
IS VERY UNLIKELY TO HAPPEN, AS A NUMBER OF SPECIAL TEST PROGRAMS ARE RUN
IS THE CASE ON <2ICL>2 1900 AND <2CDC>2 6600/7600 COMPUTERS. IBM 360/370 AND
IS NOT WORKING. IT MAY BE HARDWARE PROBLEMS -- THAT IS, SOMETHING WRONG
IS THE LANGUAGE USUALLY TAUGHT IN SPECIALISED COURSES FOR ARTS COMPUTING,
IS POSSIBLE.
IS INSTRUCTED TO MOVE ON TWO CHARACTERS AT A TIME THROUGH THIS FIELD AS IT
IS ADDED IF APPROPRIATE; ALSO THE NUMBER OF PAGES OR VOLUMES AND THE NAME
IS USED TO MAKE A SUPPLEMENTARY INDEX FOR SUCH ITEMS AS EUROPEAN BOOKS
IS NOT MUCH LOCAL EXPERTISE IN HUMANITIES COMPUTING. YOU WILL SEE THE WORD
IS <2LOUVRE>2 AND THE SECOND <2MONET OR MANET>2 OR WHETHER THE FIRST IS
IS RESERVED FOR ANY OTHER USEFUL INFORMATION, SUCH AS THE FORMAT OF BOOKS
IS ADVISABLE TO USE A TRANSLITERATION SCHEME ALREADY IN USE, SUCH AS THE ONE
IS MUCH MORE SCOPE FOR THE EXAMINATION OF PROSE RHYTHM. A DICTIONARY
IT IS USUALLY ALSO POSSIBLE TO SPECIFY AN EDITING INSTRUCTION WHICH IS TO BE
IT APPEAR TO "CURL ROUND'. AN EXAMPLE OF THIS APPEARS IN FIGURE 3.6. THIS
IT UNTIL ANOTHER IDENTIFIER IS ENCOUNTERED. WHEN THE LATTER METHOD IS USED,
IT IS NOT TOO DIFFICULT TO DEAL WITH THESE. MORE PROBLEMS ARISE WITH LANGUAGES
IT WOULD BE THEORETICALLY POSSIBLE TO CODE ALL THESE LETTER FORMS AS DIFFERENT
IT IS ESSENTIAL TO TAKE SUCH PRECAUTIONS. IN CONTRAST, MINICOMPUTERS CAN
IT WERE REQUIRED TO PRINT OUT THE MATERIAL IN HEBREW SCRIPT, THE COMPUTER
IT IS NOT NECESSARY FOR THE USER HIMSELF TO PAY. OFTEN EACH UNIVERSITY
IT IS ALMOST ALWAYS YOUR FAULT AND IF YOU CANNOT SEE THE MISTAKE YOU MUST
IT WAS CALLED <2BIRD,>2 BUT IT IS NOW MARKETED BY ICL'S SOFTWARE COMPANY
IT IS IMPORTANT TO USE A UNIQUE CODE FOR EACH CHARACTER OR SYMBOL IN THE TEXT.
IT CONFORMS TO AN IAMBIC SENARIUS. WAITE FINALLY ARRIVES AT A DATA FILE
IT IS FOUND. THIS CODING PROCESS CAN BE VERY TEDIOUS, BUT IT WOULD ALSO BE
IT IS UNABLE TO SCAN THE REST OF THE LINE.
IT IS USUALLY POSSIBLE TO REDUCE THE AMOUNT OF TYPING REQUIRED TO TRANSFER IT
ITALIC EFFECT, CAN BE CREATED BY DRAWING A SERIES OF LINES PARALLEL TO EACH
ITEM, ANOTHER POINTER IN THE CHAIN IS SET UP. THESE DATABASES CAN OF COURSE
ITS RESOURCES EFFICIENTLY. THE FASTER THE MACHINE CAN BE MADE TO WORK, THE
ITS PROGRAMS AS "THE SYSTEM'. "THE SYSTEM' HAS COME TO BE USED ALSO TO REFER
ITS OWN. THE TOTAL NUMBER OF CHARACTERS THEN REQUIRED IS SOMEWHERE IN THE
ITS USE IN THE HUMANITIES. IN THE SIMPLEST CASE, THE RECORD IS RETRIEVED IF THE
JOURNALS IF ANYONE ELSE HAS WRITTEN A PROGRAM WHICH MEETS YOUR NEEDS. IT
JUDGMENT. THE CODINGS SUCH AS )*)10)1)01)010,)ADE>2 MAY APPEAR STRANGE,
JUSTIFICATION.
KEYWORDS IN ALPHABETICAL ORDER OF THEIR ENDINGS. SUCH A CONCORDANCE IS
KEYBOARD, THIS MAKES INPUT OF NON-ROMAN ALPHABETS MUCH SIMPLER.
KEYWORD IS AT THE VERY BEGINNING OR END OF THE CONTEXT -- THAT IS, IT COMES JUST
KEYWORDS ASSOCIATED WITH THE MAIN TITLE. THESE KEYWORDS THEN APPEARED IN
KEYWORD INDEXES ARE FIRST COMPILED OF ALL THREE CATEGORIES OF KEYWORDS.
KEYS IS USED TO POINT TO THE APPROPRIATE RECORDS IN THE FILE. THE COMPUTER
KIND OF COMPUTER HE WILL FIND THAT A DIFFERENT SET OF TERMINOLOGY IS IN USE FOR
KNOWN AS A REVERSE CONCORDANCE AND IS USEFUL IN THE STUDY OF MORPHOLOGY,
KNOWN AS A <2KWIC>2 OR "KEYWORD IN CONTEXT' INDEX, AND IS THE FORM ADOPTED
KNOWN AS <1CARD READERS>1 AND <1TAPE READERS.>1 CARD READERS CAN PROCESS UP TO
ONE
KNOWN AS THE SPROCKET HOLES. THE TAPE PUNCHING MACHINE IS A SPECIAL KIND
KNOWN AS BITS PER INCH, ABBREVIATED TO <1BPI.>1 ON 9-TRACK TAPE THE RECORDING
KNOWN TERMS OR CONTROLLED VOCABULARY. THE COMPUTER THEN KEEPS A RECORD
KNOWN AS <2UNIMARC,>2 BUT THEY SHOULD BE ABLE TO PRODUCE <2UNIMARC>2
LABELS, AND ALSO WASTEFUL OF CARDS IF THEY ARE BEING USED AS THE INPUT
LANGUAGES. THE COMPLETED INDEX WILL COMPRISE OVER 60 VOLUMES, BUT
LANGUAGES WHERE THERE ARE PREFIXES AND INFIXES THAT REAL DIFFICULTIES ARISE.
LANGUAGE TEACHING OR STUDYING BILINGUAL TEXTS WHERE ONE LANGUAGE IS
LANGUAGE MAY BE EQUIVALENT TO FIVE OR MORE IN THE MACHINE'S BASIC
LANGUAGES, FOR EXAMPLE, TO DISTINGUISH PROPER NAMES. IT IS OFTEN ADVISABLE TO
LANGUAGES AND OTHER PACKAGES DO NOT CHANGE, BUT MANY OTHER TERMS DO.
LANGUAGES IT HAS BECOME SO WELL ESTABLISHED THAT ITS USE IS SELF-PERPETUATING.
LANGUAGE AND THEN LATER YOU CAN PROGRAM YOURSELF THE PROCEDURES WHICH
LANGUAGE <2COBOL>2 IS ALSO SUITABLE FOR SOME ARTS COMPUTING BUT IT IS RARELY
LANGUAGES WHERE THE METRE DEPENDS ON THE LENGTH OF SYLLABLE. IN THE CASE OF
LANGUAGES IT CAN PERFORM COUNTS AND STATISTICS REQUIRED OF VARIOUS METRICAL
LANGUAGES, IS SUITABLE FOR SOME AUTOMATION. THE OXFORD EXPERIMENT USED
LARGE NUMBER OF SUCH CONCORDANCES IN THE PAST FIFTEEN YEARS OR SO. THE
LARGE JOBS WHICH HAVE BEEN SUBMITTED DURING THE DAY AND SCHEDULE THEM TO
LARGE, THE SEARCH CAN BE MODIFIED USING BOOLEAN OPERATORS IN THE HOPE THAT
LARGER AMOUNTS OF TEXT. BOTH EXPERIMENTS IN OXFORD WERE PERFORMED ON
LEFT, BUT IN TRANSLITERATION THEY ARE TYPED INTO THE COMPUTER FROM LEFT TO
LEMMATISE WORDS, IT MUST EXPLAIN THAT THIS IS THE CASE. THE INTRODUCTION
LEMMATISATION -- THAT IS, THE CLASSIFICATION OF WORDS UNDER THEIR DICTIONARY
LEMMATISATION, THE FAILURE TO DISTINGUISH HOMOGRAPHS AND THE
LENGTH OF THE SYLLABLE RATHER THAN THE STRESS. THERE ARE A NUMBER OF FIXED
LENGTH RECORDS MUST BE PROCESSED FIRST IN ANY ANALYSIS OF THE DATA.
LETTERS AND LOOK LIKE ELECTRIC TYPEWRITERS; OTHERS HAVE A MORE RESTRICTED
LETTER A IS USUALLY DENOTED BY <2A,>2 B BY <2B,>2 Y BY G ETC. THE GREEK LETTER
THETA IS
LETTERS OF THE ALPHABET AND NUMERALS REPRESENTED ON A PUNCHED CARD.
LETTERS, IT MAY STILL BE ADVISABLE TO IDENTIFY PROPER NAMES WITH SOME SPECIAL
LETTERS WHICH HAVE DIFFERENT FORM AT THE END OF A WORD COULD BE CODED IN THE
LETTER. CHARACTERS MUST BE RESERVED FOR THE TEN DIGITS AND ALL POSSIBLE
LETTERS <2RESID.>2 THIS MAY BE INTENDED TO FIND ALL RECORDS CONCERNED WITH
LEVEL OF ASSISTANCE VARIES FROM CENTRE TO CENTRE, BUT IT IS THERE TO HELP YOU
LIBRARIES. PUBLISHING ON MICROFICHE WOULD HAVE REDUCED THE COST
LIBRARY INCLUDING MOST OF THE WELL-KNOWN CLASSICAL AUTHORS. RECENTLY
LIMITATION OF ONLY TEN FIELDS WOULD PROVE INSURMOUNTABLE IF ALL THE
LIMITATION BEING MORE OFTEN DUE TO THE PROGRAM WHICH WILL MANIPULATE THE
LINGUISTIC USAGE. I WOULD SUGGEST THAT THEY BE PRODUCED ON MICROFILM OR
LINE, AND A VERTICAL STROKE IS THEN USED TO INDICATE THE END OF THE FIRST LINE
IN
LINEPRINTER IS ADEQUATE AND NECESSARY FOR A FAST TURN-ROUND OF INTERMEDIATE
LINEPRINTER. COMPUTER PAPER IS ALWAYS FOLDED IN A CONCERTINA FASHION AND
LINEPRINTER IS THE NORMAL METHOD OF COMPUTER OUTPUT AND WILL CERTAINLY
LINE, THE COMPUTER WILL USE THIS INDEX, WHICH CAN BE SEARCHED RAPIDLY AS IT IS
LINGUISTIC RESEARCH WAS HELD IN CAMBRIDGE IN 1970. THIS HAS NOW BECOME A
LINE IS DISPLAYED ON THE TERMINAL SO THAT THE CORRECT SCANSION CAN BE TYPED
LINE NUMBERS OF THOSE LINES WHICH CONTAIN SOME UNUSUAL METRICAL FEATURE
LINES, THE FIFTH FOOT IS A DACTYL. EVERY FOOT BEGINS WITH A LONG SYLLABLE AND
LINE IS A NEW AUTHOR AND NOT A CONTINUATION OF THE TITLES FOLLOWING THE
LINE IS GIVEN WITH ITS SCANSION FOR THE FIRST FIVE FEET. THERE IS ALSO
INFORMATION
LINE WHICH SATISFIES CERTAIN CRITERIA, NOT JUST THOSE WHICH IMMEDIATELY STRIKE
LINE. THE IAMB CAN BE REPLACED BY EITHER A SPONDEE (--), AN ANAPAEST (UU--),
LIQUID IS ALWAYS LONG. A VOWEL FOLLOWED BY ANOTHER VOWEL IS SHORT, UNLESS
LIST OF ALL THE WORDS WHICH HE WOULD LIKE TO SEE UNDER ONE PARTICULAR LEMMA
LIST OF ALL THE WORDS IN THE TEXT IN ALPHABETICAL ORDER, WITH A COUNT OF THE
LIST OF COMMON SYNONYMS OR BY PROVIDING A FACILITY FOR BUILDING UP FILES OF
LISTED UNDER MANY HEADINGS RANGING FROM THE VAGUE SUCH AS "HEBREW
LITERARY RESEARCH ARE COVERED IN SUBSEQUENT CHAPTERS, TOGETHER WITH A
LITERATURE' TO DETAILED DESCRIPTIONS OF THE CONTENTS. FOR EACH PERIODICAL IT IS
LOCATING A UNIQUE SEQUENCE OF CHARACTERS. THE ACTUAL INSTRUCTIONS TO BE
LOCATE ENTRIES. A SIMPLE WORD COUNT OF FORMS IS USEFUL AS AN APPENDIX.
LOGICAL SEQUENCE A PROCESS WHICH IS KNOWN AS CONSTRUCTING AN <1ALGORITHM.>1
LOGIC OF THE PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE BUT FIND THAT MANY EXAMPLES ARE
LONG JOB FOR YOU OR YOUR ASSISTANTS. IT WILL ALSO BE AN EXACTING TASK, WHICH
LOOK-UP SIMILAR TO WAITE'S FOR PLAUTUS MAY WELL BE THE BEST APPROACH FOR
LOWER CASE IF THE COMPUTER ONLY POSSESSES A CHARACTER SET OF 64 SYMBOLS.
MACHINE TO ACCOMPANY EACH CITATION WITH WHATEVER COMBINATION OF THESE
MACHINE WAS GIVEN INSTRUCTIONS AS TO WHICH LANGUAGE IT WAS SORTING AT ANY
MACHINES, AND SO THEIR TEXT MAY HAVE MANY OF THE QUALITIES OF A PRINTED
MACHINERY ARE CALLED THE <1SOFTWARE.>1
MACHINE CALLED AN <1INTERPRETER>1 WHICH READS THE HOLES AND INTERPRETS THEM INTO
MACHINES MAY VARY CONSIDERABLY. WITHIN ONE MACHINE RANGE, COMPUTERS
MACHINES CAN USE UP TO 256 DIFFERENT CHARACTERS. IN PRACTICE THIS NUMBER IS
MACHINE NORMALLY PRINTS AT WELL OVER A THOUSAND LINES PER MINUTE. THE TYPE
MACHINE.
MACHINE, BUT IT MAY VARY FROM MACHINE TO MACHINE. THE CELLS ARE ALWAYS
MADE WITH THE COMPUTER. THE OPERATOR KNOWS ROUGHLY HOW MANY
MADE USING A SIMPLE PACKAGE LIKE <2FAMULUS.>2 IT WAS FELT INITIALLY THAT THE
MADE AVAILABLE FOR OTHERS TO USE AT LITTLE OR NO CHARGE.
MAGNETIC DISC IS MUCH FASTER THAN THAT FROM A TAPE. INFORMATION ON A
MAGNETIC TAPE MUST BE READ AND WRITTEN SERIALLY; I.E. TO READ FROM OR WRITE
MAGNETIC TAPE. THE BODIES INVOLVED BEGAN DISTRIBUTING CATALOGUING
MAINTENANCE. WHEN SEVERAL MILLION POUNDS WORTH OF EQUIPMENT IS AT STAKE,
MAIN MEMORY, ONE OR MORE OF THE METAL CABINETS. THE PROCESSING ITSELF IS
MAINTAIN THEIR AURA OF MYSTIQUE. A LARGE COMPUTER GENERATES A LOT OF HEAT
MAIN MEMORY BEFORE BEING PRINTED. COLLECTIVELY, THE MACHINERY IN A
MAKES A SECOND ATTEMPT TAKING <1MI>1 TO BE SHORT, SHORT SYLLABLES ALWAYS OCCUR
MAMMOTH UNDERTAKING WITHOUT SUBSTANTIAL MECHANICAL HELP.
MANY <2ANDS>2 IN A FILE, BUT THE PARTICULAR ONE WE WANT IS PRECEDED BY <2CAT.>2
MANUAL AND TRANSCRIBED THEM IN THREE DIFFERENT WAYS: ACCORDING TO THE
MANUFACTURERS' OWN SORTING PROGRAMS USUALLY ONLY ALLOW THE ENGLISH
MANUAL INTERVENTION IS NORMALLY REQUIRED TO DEAL WITH THE PROBLEMS POSED
MANY SETS OF INFORMATION, AND THESE ARE CALLED <1FILES>1. EACH FILE MAY HAVE
BEEN
MANY THOUSANDS OF TAPES, BUT ONLY A FEW WOULD BE IN USE AT ANY ONE TIME.
MANUFACTURER HAS ITS OWN SERIES OF MACHINES, SUCH AS IBM 370 AND <2ICL>2
MANY TIMES ON DIFFERENT MATERIAL FOR COMPARATIVE PURPOSES.
MANUALS, AT LEAST THOSE FOR PACKAGES, HAVE PLENTY OF EXAMPLES. LOOK AT THESE
MANNER, THE LONGEST TITLE MUST BE FOUND FIRST AND THAT AMOUNT OF ROOM
MANY COMPUTER APPLICATIONS IN THE SOCIAL AND BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES. IT IS
MANAGED TO CLASSIFY CORRECTLY ALL BUT THIRTY-FOUR SYLLABLES IN A TEXT OF OVER
MANNER WHICH IS MUCH EASIER TO READ THAN TABLES OF NUMBERS.
MANUAL CODING OF THE TEXT WHERE L REPRESENTED A LONG SYLLABLE AND S A SHORT
MARKER SYMBOLS WHEN THE TEXT IS PREPARED FOR THE COMPUTER DOES NOT
MARKERS INDICATING LINE NUMBER, PAGE NUMBER AND TITLE OF THE WORK, AND
MARKED WITH A W IN THE DICTIONARY TO SHOW THAT THEY WERE AMBIGUOUS. THE
MARKER. THE INFORMATION IN EACH FIELD IS DIVIDED INTO SUBFIELDS WHICH
MATERIAL FROM A PRINTED BOOK AND TRANSFER IT TO MAGNETIC TAPE OR DISC. THIS
MATERIAL. BUT, UNTIL A COMPLETE CONCORDANCE OF A WORK HAS BEEN INSPECTED
MATHEMATICAL SYMBOLS. BY USING SPECIAL SYMBOLS AND AN INGENIOUS
MATERIAL TO FIND THE DOCUMENTS RELEVANT TO A SPECIFIC CASE.
MATTER. FOUR TYPES OF KEYWORDS WERE USED. THE FIRST KEYWORD FIELD HOLDS
MATERIAL ON-LINE, AND THESE USUALLY INCLUDE PROGRARNS WHICH SET UP AND
MATERIAL FOR THIS BOOK. THE CONFERENCES ARE OPEN TO ALL. THOUGH THE <2UK>2
MATHEMATICAL EXAMPLES AND SHOULD BE MUCH EASIER TO UNDERSTAND. IF THESE
MATERIAL WRITTEN UP TO THE FOURTH CENTURY <2AD.>2 THIS ARCHIVE IS CALLED THE
MATHEMATICAL KNOWLEDGE IS REQUIRED TO USE A COMPUTER. HOWEVER, MOST
MATHEMATICAL EXAMPLES WHICH ARE NOT PARTICULARLY USEFUL TO THE ARTS USER.
MATHEMATICAL EXAMPLES. IT IS POSSIBLE TO LEARN TO PROGRAM FROM SUCH
MATHEMATICAL. THE SAME IS TRUE OF MANY COMPUTER PROGRAMMING MANUALS.
MATHEMATICAL GRAPH THEORY CALLING THEM NETWORKS OF SOUND. HIS NETWORKS
MATERIAL WHICH IS TRADITIONALLY RECORDED ON FILE CARDS, WHERE ONE CARD
MATERIAL CAN ALSO BE CHECKED IN THIS WAY.
MATCHED AGAINST THE VARIOUS <2MARC>2 FILES AND THE APPROPRIATE RECORDS SENT
MATERIAL IN LIBRARIES. IT IS CALLED <2MARC,>2 AN ACRONYM FOR MACHINE
MAY CONTAIN MANY SUCH DECISIONS. ALL MUST BE WORKED OUT BEFOREHAND IN
MAY BE WORTH APPROACHING THEM FOR A COPY OF THE PROGRAM RATHER THAN
MAY HELP YOU TO PLAN YOUR FUTURE COMPUTING.
MEAN THAT ANY MACHINERY HAS LITERALLY CRASHED TO THE FLOOR, MERELY THAT IT
MEASURED IN UNITS OF 1024 WORDS, ONE UNIT OF WHICH IS CALLED A K. THE ACTUAL
MEASURE RECALL IS TO CHECK THE DATABASE AND COUNT THE NUMBER OF RELEVANT
MEAN THAT YOU CANNOT USE IT. A SIMPLE COMPUTER PROGRAM CAN BE WRITTEN TO
MEANINGFUL WORDS IS CREATED WHICH CONTAINS REFERENCES INDICATING WHERE THE
MECHANICAL ASSISTANCE THEY TOO NEEDED IN THEIR WORK.
MEDIUM.
MEDIUM. IT IS BETTER TO CHOOSE A MORE COMPACT FORM OF DATA ENTRY AND WRITE
MEET OTHER PEOPLE WHO HAVE SIMILAR INTERESTS. THERE ARE NOW TWO MAJOR
MEETING IN DECEMBER EACH YEAR WHICH IS HELD EITHER IN LONDON OR ON THE
MEETINGS ARE FROM A VARIETY OF DISCIPLINES, BUT THEY ALL HAVE AN INTEREST IN
MERGING OF FILES IS PURELY MECHANICAL. ONE OF THE EARLIEST COMPUTER
MERELY THOSE ITEMS WHICH HAVE BEEN ADDED SINCE <2MARC>2 BEGAN.
MERGED WITH THE LARGER ONE. SOME FILES ARE SO LARGE THAT THEY MAY OCCUPY
METHOD IS TO PUT THEM IN THE ORDER IN WHICH THEY OCCUR IN THE TEXT AS WE
METRICAL INDEX AND AN EXAMINATION OF ALL VERSE AND TYPES BY METRE AND
METHOD OF MEASURING ALLITERATION. THE MATHEMATICAL METHODS WHICH HAVE
METRICAL VALUES TO THE LINES OF PLAUTUS. HE BEGAN BY MAKING FORWARD AND
METHOD IS CHOSEN THE ADVANTAGE OF USING THE COMPUTER IS THAT IT FINDS EVERY
MICROFICHE. MICROFICHE CAN BE PRODUCED BY MANY PHOTOCOMPOSING
MICROFICHE IF THEIR VOLUME WAS SUCH THAT THEY COULD NOT BE INCLUDED IN A
MICROFICHE. COMPUTER OUTPUT MICROFORM, OR <2COM>2 AS IT IS GENERALLY KNOWN,
MICROFICHES ARE 42 OR 48 MAGNIFICATION AND THUS HAVE 270 FRAMES OR PAGES
MIGHT BE FOUND IN A COMPUTER PROGRAM.
MINUTE DETAIL, LIKE:
MISLEADING INTERPRETATION OF THE TEXT. IF A <2KWIC>2 FORMAT IS CHOSEN AND THE
MISTYPED FOR 1977. SIZES, WEIGHTS AND CLASSIFICATION OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL
MODIFIED HIS PROGRAM TO PRINT ASTERISKS BY THE SIDE OF THOSE LINES CONTAINING
MODERN DATABASE MOVES AWAY FROM THE IDEAS OF SERIAL OR SEQUENTIAL FILES
MOISTURE DOES NOT DAMAGE THE CIRCUITRY. DUST CAN OBVIOUSLY DO A LOT OF
MONOTONOUS FOR A LINE IN WHICH THE SAME WORD IS REPEATED SEVERAL TIMES, BUT
MORE TO LINK ONE COMPUTER TO ANOTHER. A CARD READER AND LINEPRINTER, SAY IN
MORE SPACE ACROSS THE PAGE.
MORE PROGRAMS IT CAN PROCESS. SOME COMPUTER CENTRES MAY EMPLOY TWO OR
MORE RECENTLY DEVELOPED LANGUAGES LIKE <2PL/1, ALGOL68>2 OR <2SNOBOL.>2 OF
MORE HELP AVAILABLE TO YOU.
MORE THOROUGH. FINALLY, IT WILL ALSO GIVE YOU A TASTE OF ANOTHER DISCIPLINE
MORE LIKELY TO BE ACCURATE.
MOST BASIC STORAGE UNIT, THE BIT, IN REPRESENTING HIS MATERIAL. EACH LINE OF
MOVE TO LINE NUMBER 32
MOVE TO WORK ON A DIFFERENT KIND OF MACHINE. THE BASIC PRINCIPLES ARE MUCH
MUCH MORE PLEASING IN APPEARANCE.
MUCH CHEAPER TO PRODUCE THAT THE CHOICE IS OFTEN TO PUBLISH ON MICROFICHE
MUCH EASIER FOR THE COMPUTER PROGRAM IF ALL THE REFERENCES IN THE
MUCH USEFUL INFORMATION CAN BE OBTAINED FROM THE DATA BY MANIPULATING IT
MUCH THE SAME WAY AS PATTERNS OF WORDS. THE <2COCOA>2 CONCORDANCE
MUCH SIMPLER DATA FORMAT.
MUST UNFORTUNATELY ACQUIRE SOME OF THIS JARGON. TERMS LIKE "INPUT' AND
MUST INCORPORATE A NATURAL LANGUAGE PARSER, WHICH MUST BE QUITE COMPLEX
MUST DECIDE WHICH ENTRIES ARE USEFUL. A BETTER METHOD OF USING A COMPUTER
MYSTERIES OF THE COMPUTER AND MAY BE SKIPPED BY THOSE WHO ARE ALREADY
NAME OF THE TOWN CAN ALSO BE CHECKED IN THE SAME WAY. PERMISSIBLE DATES
NECESSARY, TELETYPES CAN BE EQUIPPED WITH A SPECIAL KEYBOARD AND CHARACTER
NECESSARILY MEAN THAT THEY ARE PRINTED IN THE CONCORDANCE. IT IS EASY ENOUGH
NECESSARY INSTRUCTIONS TO MAKE UP A PAGE OF PRINT CORRECTLY WITH PAGE
NECESSARY TO COMPUTING. IN FACT, MOST OF THE EQUIPMENT VISIBLE IN A
NECESSARY TO WRITE OUT LITERARY TEXT ON TO CODING SHEETS, BUT YOU WILL NEED TO
NECESSARILY BE TRUE, BUT THE METHOD CAN BE APPLIED FOR WHICHEVER DIRECTION
NECESSARY TO WRITE A SPECIAL PROGRAM AS PATTERNS OF RHYTHM CAN BE FOUND IN
NECESSARY IN SOME FORM FOR MANUAL PROCESSING. IN THE HISTORY'S PROJECT, THE
NEED TO BE USED TO OBTAIN RESULTS AT AN INTERMEDIATE STAGE.
NEED TO SEARCH THROUGH VAST AMOUNTS OF STATUTE AND CASE LAW TO FIND
NEED BE PRINTED OUT. THE USER MAY SPECIFY WHICH FIELDS ARE TO BE PRINTED FOR
NEED ONLY INSPECT THAT PART.
NEED INTERPRETATION. THE SAME IS TRUE FOR THE 5% CF LINES FOR WHICH IT WAS
NEITHER OF THE PREVIOUS TWO RULES APPLY. THE CLUSTER IS DIVIDED EVENLY
NEW TEXT, THE RIVERSIDE EDITION. INEVITABLY THE TWO HAVE BEEN COMPARED IN
NEW TAPE OR TO READ WHAT IS ALREADY ON A TAPE, WHICH IT DOES BY INTERPRETING
NEWSPAPERS, AND CHURCH SERMONS. ALL THE TEXTS IN IT WERE FIRST PUBLISHED IN
NON-STANDARD CHARACTER SET, WHAT IS TRANSMITTED TO THE COMPUTER CONSISTS OF
NORMALLY IN THE COMPUTER'S CHARACTER SET THAT A TEXT MAY REQUIRE, ALTHOUGH
NORMALLY INCLUDE UPPER CASE LETTERS, DIGITS AND A FEW PUNCTUATION AND
NORMAL ONE. THIS INFORMATION ABOUT MAGNETIC TAPES APPLIES IN ALL CASES
NORMALLY DATA WHICH APPEARS IN MANY DIFFERENT FIELDS IS STORED ONLY ONCE IN
NOT KNOWN, IT COULD BE REQUESTED TO FIND THE PLACE WITH AN INSTRUCTION
NOT PUBLISHED AND WHICH THEREFORE CANNOT BE CONSULTED BY OTHER SCHOLARS.
NOT REQUIRED AS KEYWORDS. THE LATTER ENSURES THAT WORDS WHICH ARE REQUIRED
NOT WORTH THE EFFORT INVOLVED IN INDEXING THEM. IT IS WELL KNOWN THAT VERY
NOT OCCUR AT ALL IN ANY PARTICULAR PART. IT IS USUALLY BEST TO SPECIFY AS MUCH
NOT BE ABLE TO READ CERTAIN DENSITIES. IT IS THEREFORE ESSENTIAL TO OBTAIN SOME
NOT ALREADY HOLD ONE. ON DIFFERENT COMPUTERS THEY ARE CALLED ACCOUNT
NOT AMBIGUOUS. CONSIDER THE FOLLOWING SEARCH REQUEST:
NOT BE USED FOR HISTORICAL OR OTHER DOCUMENTS. <2STATUS,>2 WRITTEN AT THE
NOTIONAL MONEY AGAINST PRIORITY SO THAT MORE UNITS ARE USED UP IF THE JOB IS
NOW THE MOST FREQUENTLY USED <2COM>2 OUTPUT. NORMALLY COMPUTER
NOW AS UNIVERSALLY USED AS THEY ONCE WERE, BUT WE SHOULD BEGIN BY
NOW HAVE THEIR SCANSIONS INSERTED IN THEM. A FURTHER PROGRAM THEN DERIVES
NOW RUNS ON SEVERAL KINDS OF COMPUTERS. IT IS A COLLECTION OF PROGRAMS WHICH
NUMBER OF OCCURRENCES OF THE KEYWORD IS GIVEN AS TWO DISTINCT FIGURES
NUMBER OF DISCS AND DISC DRIVES, BUT THE USER WILL FIND THAT THEY ARE IN
NUMBER OF TIMES EACH WORD OCCURS. REFERENCES, INDICATING WHERE EACH
NUMBERS, TITLES, FOOTNOTES, ETC. AS ANY CHARACTER CAN BE DISPLAYED ANYWHERE
NUMBERS DOES NOT PROVIDE MUCH USEFUL INFORMATION, BUT THE INCLUSION OF
NUMBERS OR NAMES, SO THAT HIS PROGRAM MAY REQUEST THE CORRECT TAPE; BUT
NUMBERS AFTER THE MANUFACTURERS NAME OR INITIALS. THE EARLY COMPUTERS
NUMBERS. TO ADD UP TWO NUMBERS MAY REQUIRE THREE OR FOUR OF THESE BASIC
NUMBER OF HOLES FOR EACH CHARACTER. A HOLE IS PUNCHED IN THE EIGHTH TRACK
NUMBER TO EACH CHINESE CHARACTER AND RECORD THE TEXT DIGITALLY. THE
NUMBERS ARE PRINTED IN COLUMNS ACROSS THE PAGE, THE STRIPES GUIDE THE
NUMBER COULD PERHAPS BE ACCOMPANIED BY A TRANSLITERATION. MORE THAN ONE
NUMBER WILL HAVE A CERTAIN AMOUNT OF COMPUTER TIME ALLOCATED TO IT AS WELL
NUMBER OF RECORDS IS THEN SEARCHED. IT CAN ALSO MERELY COUNT HOW MANY
NUMBERS JOB NUMBERS OR USERNAMES AND ARE USED BY THE COMPUTER CENTRE
NUMBER OF MAGNETIC TAPES REQUIRED BY A JOB, AS THE COMPUTER WILL ONLY HAVE
NUMBER WHICH IS USED TO REFER TO THAT ARTICLE IN THE INDEXES RATHER THAN
NUMERIC. HISTORICAL AND ARCHAEOLOGICAL DATA CAN INCLUDE MANY NUMERIC
NUMERIC CODES IN MODERN COMPUTING. LETTER CODES ARE MUCH EASIER TO READ
NUMBER OF RULES WHICH MUST BE SATISFIED FOR THE LINE TO SCAN SUCCESSFULLY. HE
NUMERIC ORDER OF ONE OR MORE OF THE FIELDS. IF MORE RECORDS ARE TO BE ADDED
NUMBER.
NUMBER OF DIFFERENT CLASSIFICATION SCHEMES.
NUMBER OF VALUES WITH A FIXED INTERVAL BETWEEN THEM.
OCCASIONALLY PRODUCES LISTS OF TEXTS IN MACHINE-READABLE FORM, AGAIN RELYING
OCCURRENCES OF HIGH FREQUENCY CONSONANTS AND THE LARGEST GAPS BETWEEN TWO
OCCURRENCES OF A WORD ARE TRANSLATED BY ONE FORM AND WHICH BY OTHERS.
OCCURRENCES OF THESE CONSONANTS. FROM THIS HE CAN DERIVE WHAT HE CALLS A
OCCURRENCES OF BOTH FORMS WOULD BE LISTED AS ONE ENTRY. IF THE HYPHEN WAS
OCCURS IN THE TEXT. WHEN EACH OCCURRENCE OF EACH WORD IS PRESENTED WITH
OCCURRING WORDS, OR THEY PRESENT THEM IN A CONDENSED FORM, EITHER BY
OCCURRENCE OF EACH WORD COMES IN THE TEXT, ARE ADDED IN FIGURE 3.2. FIGURE
OCCUR ABOVE A GIVEN FREQUENCY, OR SIMPLY TO SPECIFY A LIST OF WORDS WHICH ARE
OCCUR MANY THOUSANDS OF TIMES. THE TEXT ACCOMPANYING EACH OCCURRENCE OF
ODD NUMBERS REPRESENT STRESSED SYLLABLES AND EVEN NUMBERS UNSTRESSED
OF MOSTLY SCIENTIFIC PUBLICATIONS ON THEIR <2DIALOGR>2 SERVICE. RECENTLY
OF AT LEAST ONE LIBRARY WHICH HOLDS A COPY OF THE BOOK. ONE ADDITIONAL FIELD
OF THIS KIND ENABLES ANYONE TO USE THE COMPUTER SYSTEM AT A COST OF THE EXTRA
OF THE FREQUENCIES OF ALL THE LINEAR B SYMBOLS BY HAND. THE COMPUTER CAN
OF WORDS IS CONCERNED, OR PARTIALLY IGNORED, OR TREATED AS WORD SEPARATORS.
OF THREE IDENTICAL CONSONANTS WITHIN ONE LINE. HE CARRIED OUT A NUMBER OF
OF CHARACTERS ON EITHER SIDE OF THE KEYWORD. IN THIS CASE THE CONTEXT MAY BE
OF WORDS, MOSTLY VARIANT SPELLINGS, HAVE BEEN GIVEN A FULLER TREATMENT IN
OF TIMES EACH INDIVIDUAL WORD OCCURS AND SOME INDICATION OF WHERE THE WORD
OF ONE POEM. SINCE THE NUMBER OF SYLLABLE PAIRS VARIES FROM ONE FRAME TO
OF A CONCORDANCE, FOR THEY ENABLE A WORD TO BE LOCATED IN A MUCH WIDER
OF THEM IN A NUMBER OF RESPECTS. IN PARTICULAR, THEY HAVE CITED THE LACK OF
OF THE REEL -- THE CENTRE WILL NOT BE VERY HELPFUL UNTIL MORE INFORMATION IS
OF GREEK.
OF THESE. SOME OF THE OTHER PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES ARE NOT ALWAYS
OF CARDS INTO THE COMPUTER FOR EACH ANALYSIS. THE OBVIOUS SOLUTION WOULD BE
OF THESE THREE MAY BE USED IN HUMANITIES WORK, OR PERHAPS SOME OF THE,
OF TYPEWRITER, SOMETIMES CALLED A <1FLEXOWRITER.>1 IT CAN BE USED EITHER TO
PUNCH
OF MACHINES WHICH ARE ALL LINKED TOGETHER TO PERFORM THE VARIOUS FUNCTIONS
OF A WORD IS ALWAYS A FINAL FORM.
OF INSTRUCTIONS, AND IT TAKES ONLY A MATTER OF AN HOUR OR SO TO LEARN TO USE
OF COMPUTER TIME. INSTEAD THEY ARE KEPT IN A FORM WHICH IS ALREADY
OF THE ALLOWABLE INDEX TERMS, POSSIBLY INCLUDING SYNONYMS. ALL THE DIFFERENT
OF EACH FIELD. AN ENTRY APPEARS IN THE DIRECTORY FOR EACH FIELD IN THE
OF HIS BOOKS, OTT IS ABLE TO PRODUCE MANY DIFFERENT TABLES INCLUDING
OF THE LINE, IF IT MADE THE <1MI>1 OF <1MIHI>1 LONG, THAT SYLLABLE WOULD BE THE
SECOND
OF COURSE A NUMBER OF WRITTEN FORMS IN LATIN WHICH DO NOT HAVE A UNIQUE
OF TWO RHYMING WORDS POINT TO THE FIRST, NOT VICE VERSA, ON THE GROUNDS THAT
OF THE POSSIBLE FORMS, OR THE NUMBER OF TIMES A WORD END COINCIDES WITH A
OF A FOOT AND THEREFORE THE NEXT SYLLABLE <1HI>1 OF <1MIHI,>1 WOULD ALSO HAVE
TO BE LONG
OFTEN WORK WITHOUT THE NEED FOR THE AIR-CONDITIONED ENVIRONMENT. IN FACT
OLDER MACHINES, THE CHARACTER SET CONSISTS OF ONLY 64 GRAPHIC SYMBOLS. THIS
OLD FILE IS USUALLY RETAINED, GIVING RISE TO THE "GRANDFATHER, FATHER, SON'
OMISSIONS IN A TEXT, THEY SHOULD BE INDICATED IN SOME WAY. OTHERWISE FOR
ON UNTIDY PIECES OF PAPER. CODING SHEETS ARE RULED OUT IN EIGHTY COLUMNS,
ON COMPUTING TO THE EXCLUSION OF OTHER WORK. THE COURSES SHOULD INCLUDE
ON INFORMATION SENT IN BY THEIR READERS. IT IS ALWAYS WORTH LOOKING THROUGH
ON TAPE.
ON ONE FICHE. SOME ALSO HAVE INDEXING SYSTEMS, SO THAT THE USER CAN SOON
ON TO MAGNETIC TAPE FOR LONG-TERM STORAGE.
ON THE PAGE, THE PROGRAM CAN ALSO INTRODUCE VARIABLE-WIDTH SPACING AND
ON THE APPROPRIATE DECK AND RETURN IT TO THE RACK WHEN THE PROGRAM HAS
ON THE DENSITY AT WHICH THE INFORMATION IS RECORDED. ON 7-TRACK TAPE THE
ON ALL COMPUTERS, BUT SOME OF THE PUNCTUATION AND MATHEMATICAL SYMBOLS
ON TO PUNCHED CARDS AND THEN WANTED TO PERFORM SEVERAL DIFFERENT ANALYSES
ON THIS MATERIAL. IT WOULD BE NONSENSICAL TO ATTEMPT TO FEED ALL THOSE BOXES
ON WORD ACCENT, WORD BOUNDARIES, ELISION, HIATUS AND PUNCTUATION WHICH
ON THE IAMBIC VERSE OF GERARD MANLEY HOPKINS USING HALLE AND KEYSER'S
ON THE POSITION IN WHICH A NUMBER OF WORDS FREQUENTLY OCCUR. HE NOTES
ONCE, IT MAY BE NEEDED IN THE FUTURE, BY OTHER PEOPLE AS WELL AS BY THE ONE
ONE IS <2MEDLINE,>2 THE DATABASE OF MEDICAL PUBLICATIONS OPERATED FROM THE
ONES ARE NOW SPONSORED BY THE <2ALLC,>2 IT IS NOT NECESSARY TO BE A MEMBER OF
ONE TIME, THIS WOULD BE FEASIBLE.
ONE FORMAT AND PARTS IN ANOTHER FORMAT. REFERENCES ARE AN IMPORTANT PART
ONE THOUSAND CHARACTERS PER SECOND. THE COMPUTER STORES UP THE
ONE. OTHER FEATURES SUCH AS ELISION AND HIATUS WERE MARKED AND A SPECIAL
ONLY THOSE RECORDS WHICH HAVE THE REQUIRED INFORMATION IN THAT FIELD OR
ONLY ONCE, FOLLOWED BY THE AUTHOR FIELDS AND THEN BY ALL THE REFERENCES
ONLY A PATTERN OF BITS. IF THIS PATTERN OF BITS IS SENT TO ANOTHER DEVICE FOR
ONLY IN UPPER CASE. THE LATTER IS MUCH EASIER ON THE EYE, BUT HAS BEEN FOUND
ONLY A MATTER OF A FEW MINUTES TO LEARN THE COMPUTER TRANSCRIPTION
ONLY UPPER CASE LETTERS, NUMERALS AND PUNCTUATION SYMBOLS. THE SIZE OF THE
ONLY POSSIBLE QUANTITY FOR A SYLLABLE COMING BETWEEN TWO LONG SYLLABLES.
ONLY BE HELD ON DISC.
ONLY CODED ONCE IN THE DICTIONARY.
OPERATING SYSTEM. LARGE COMPUTERS RUN MANY PROGRAMS AT THE SAME TIME
OPERATING SYSTEM TO CONTROL THEM, AND ARE FREQUENTLY PROGRAMMED IN THEIR
OPERATOR HAS GIVEN SOME INSTRUCTIONS TO THE OPERATING SYSTEM WHICH IT
OPERATORS IN MODERN COMPUTER CENTRES.
OR A SPECIAL DELETE CHARACTER (A QUESTION MARK ? IN FIGURE 2.5) USED TO
OR NOT AT ALL. THOSE WHO ARE USING A COMPUTER ARE AT A DISTINCT ADVANTAGE
OR PICTURES. THE SHAPES ARE MADE UP ENTIRELY OF STRAIGHT LINES. A CURVE IS
OR MISREADS. AN EXPERIMENT WITH THIS MACHINE FOUND THAT THE TOTAL HEIGHT OF
OR 7-TRACK TAPE AS IT IS CALLED, CAN BE USED TO REPRESENT ONE 6-BIT CHARACTER
OR TWO HUNDRED MILLION CHARACTERS. THE SPEED OF ACCESS OF INFORMATION FROM
OR THOUGHT THAT THEY KNEW, THAT THE COMPUTER COULD BE USED TO SOLVE
OR DISC MUCH FASTER THAN IT CAN FROM CARDS, AND THE OPERATOR IS RELIEVED OF
OR M IS FOLLOWED BY A WORD BEGINNING WITH A VOWEL OR <1H,>1 THE WORD ENDING
ORDER. THE KEYWORD AND SUCCEEDING WORD ARE PRINTED IN BOLD TYPE IN THE
ORDER AND THE NUMBER OF OCCURRENCES OR 'FREQUENCY COUNT' FOR EACH KEYWORD
ORDER AND INCLUDE IN ITS ALPHABET SYMBOLS, SUCH AS ASTERISKS, WHICH ARE NOT
ORDERS, E.G. GREEK AND ENGLISH OR RUSSIAN AND ENGLISH. PROVIDED THAT THE
ORDER TO MAKE USE OF IT. IN THE EARLY DAYS OF COMPUTING, IT WAS SOON REALISED
ORGANISING COMPUTER USERS VARY FROM COUNTRY TO COUNTRY, BUT IN MOST CASES
ORGANISE QUEUES OF PROGRAMS WAITING TO RUN. TO DO THIS, THE OPERATION OF THE
ORGANISATIONS HAVE EACH DIVERGED SLIGHTLY FROM THE INTERNATIONAL FORMAT
ORGANISE THE DATA. MANY COMPUTER MANUFACTURERS ARE NOW PROVIDING
ORIGINALLY DESIGNED TO SEARCH THOSE STATUTES RELEVANT TO ATOMIC ENERGY BUT HAS
ORIGINAL. THESE TASKS ARE VERY LABORIOUS AND FREQUENTLY LEAD TO MORE ERRORS,
ORIGIN, WHETHER HE HELD ANY OFFICE, ETC., AS WELL AS AN INDICATION OF THE DATE
OTHERS ARE COMPUTER USERS FROM THE HUMANITIES, MANY OF WHOM WRITE THEIR
OTHER DATABASES AND IS THEREFORE SUFFICIENTLY COMPREHENSIVE. AN APPROACH
OTHER PEOPLE HAVE DONE IN SIMILAR CIRCUMSTANCES.
OTHER, WHEN THE CHARACTER IS DRAWN AT THE SMALL SIZE REQUIRED FOR PRINTING,
OTHERS LIKE <2FAMULUS>2 AND <2INFOL>2 WHICH SORT AND CATALOGUE THE KIND OF
OTHER PLAYS OF PLAUTUS AND ONLY THE NEW WORDS IN THESE PLAYS NEED BE ADDED
OUT ABOUT THE TECHNICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THESE TAPES FIRST. INFORMATION CAN
OUTPUT, SUCH AS THE LINEPRINTER, IT MAY WELL APPEAR AS A COMPLETELY DIFFERENT
OUTPUT CAN RESEMBLE A PRINTED BOOK. ALL THAT IS NEEDED IS A COMPUTER
OVERWRITE INFORMATION WHICH IS REQUIRED. ONE WAY OF ENSURING THAT THIS
OWN PROGRAMS. THE FIRST SUCH MEETING ON COMPUTERS IN LITERARY AND
PACKAGE, AND ALTHOUGH THEY MAY BE VERY USEFUL ONCE YOU HAVE STARTED TO USE
PACKAGES TO SUIT YOUR REQUIREMENTS. MOST CENTRES NOW HAVE ACCESS TO A
PACKAGES ARE NOT COMPILED EVERY TIME THEY ARE USED: THAT WOULD BE A WASTE
PAGE IS NOT OCCUPIED. REFERENCING THE WORDS IN A PLAY MERELY BY LINE
PAGE SO THAT ITS POSITION IN A LINE WOULD BE EASIER TO SEE. ANOTHER POSSIBILITY
PAGE. THE STRIPES ARE TO ASSIST THE READER. WHEN, FOR EXAMPLE, ROWS OF
PAIRS AVAILABLE FOR COMPARISON. CHISHOLM IS THEN MERELY INVESTIGATING THE
PAPER BY RUBIN IN <1COMPUTERS AND THE HUMANITIES>1 VOLUME 4; BY EDINBURGH
PAPER TAPE. IN THE CASE OF 9-TRACK TAPE, EIGHT SPOTS OR BITS ARE USED TO
PAPER USED FOR PRINTING VARIES FROM ONE INSTALLATION TO ANOTHER. THE WIDTH IS
PARTICULARLY AFFECTS THE ARTS USER WHO OFTEN HAS AMOUNTS OF DATA WHICH ARE
PARTICULAR PHRASE CAN BE GROUPED TOGETHER. IT IS ALSO POSSIBLE TO PLACE THE
PARTICULAR EDITION OF THE TEXT WITH AN INDICATION OF WHAT, IF ANY,
PARTICULAR LANGUAGE OR TEXT. THE EDITOR OF A CONCORDANCE MUST DECIDE
PART OF <1AVOIR,>1 SHOULD NOT BE CONFUSED WITH <1A%,>1 THE PREPOSITION. IF
<1A%>1 WAS CODED
PART OF THE EDITOR. IT IS USUALLY BEST TO PRODUCE A SIMPLE WORD COUNT FIRST ON
PARTICULARLY IF A WORD INDEX OR CONCORDANCE IS TO BE MADE. FOR EXAMPLE, THE
PARTICULAR VOWEL NUMBER AND THEN REPRESENTED AS ANOTHER BIT STRING.
PARTIALLY OR WHOLLY DEPENDENT ON THE STRESS OF INDIVIDUAL WORDS. THE
PARTICULARLY THAT FORMS OF THE POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVE MAKE UP A LARGER THAN
PATTERNS EITHER OVERALL OR IN CERTAIN POSITIONS IN A LINE. IT IS POSSIBLE TO
SCAN
PATTERN OF LONG SYLLABLES AGAINST ALL THE POSSIBLE COMBINATIONS OF SCANSIONS
PAYROLLS, MUCH FASTER THAN THE HUMAN BRAIN. COMPUTER APPLICATIONS IN THE
PENTAMETERS. YOU MAY FIND THAT THE SCIENTISTS REGARD YOUR WORK AS
PENCIL MARKS ON A PREPRINTED FORM ARE DETECTED BY ANOTHER KIND OF SCANNING
PEOPLE AT EACH COMPUTER CENTRE HAVE THEM.
PEOPLE WHO WRITE COMPUTER MANUALS ARE MATHEMATICIANS AND SCIENTISTS AND
PEOPLE WHICH HAVE BEEN PLANNED BY COMPUTER SCIENTISTS ARE VERY SIMPLE AND
PERFORMED ON THAT PART OF THE DATA. THIS SAVES COMPUTER TIME AS A SMALLER
PERIODICAL <1COMPUTERS AND THE HUMANITIES>1 BEGAN IN 1966 AND COVERS ALL
PERFORM THE SAME TASK ON SYMBOLS OF UNDECIPHERED SCRIPTS. A CODING SYSTEM
PERHAPS A MORE USEFUL CONCORDANCE. I WOULD SAY THAT FOR MOST
PERHAPS. IT IS POSSIBLE TO HAVE SPECIAL CHARACTERS MADE FOR A LINEPRINTER SO
PERSON USING IT IS ALWAYS THE ONE AT FAULT.
PER ROW, WITH THE EXTRA SPOT BEING USED TO CHECK PARITY, JUST AS IN THE CASE OF
PERFORM ANY AUTOMATIC CHECKING ON THE REFERENCE FIELD BECAUSE IT CONTAINS
PERSON MAY MEASURE 5'6" AND ANOTHER 5'7", BUT WHERE THERE MAY BE MANY
PHOTORECORDING PAPER, BUT SOME MACHINES ALSO ALLOW MICROFILM OR
PHONOLOGICALLY USING A DICTIONARY LOOK-UP FROM THE BASE TEXT. THREE RULES
PHOTOCOMPOSING OR COMPUTER-TYPESETTING DEVICE. THESE MACHINES CONTAIN A
PHOTOCOMPOSER OR <2COM>2 MACHINE IS CAPABLE OF PRODUCING PRINT EQUAL TO
PHOTOGRAPHED. THE NUMBER OF CHARACTERS AVAILABLE IS MUCH LOWER THAN ON A
PHONEMIC TRANSCRIPTION, USING A WORD LIST AND DICTIONARY LOOK-UP METHOD.
PHYSICALLY MUCH BIGGER IN RELATION TO THEIR POWER. MODERN TECHNOLOGY HAS
PLANNED TO MAKE A TABLE OF CONTENTS ON THE LINES OF THE WELLESLEY INDEX TO
PLAYS. HIS CONCORDANCES HAVE BEEN CRITICISED ON THIS COUNT, A CRITICISM
PLAYS. THE ITEMS ARE LINKED BY A SERIES OF POINTERS WHICH INDICATE WHERE THE
PLEASING APPEARANCE TO THE PRINTOUT THAN AN UPPER CASE ONLY MACHINE; BUT
POETRY BEING COMPILED AT SOUTH CAROLINA, WHICH EXPECTS TO INCLUDE OVER
POSSIBLE TO PERSUADE SOMEONE AT THE COMPUTER CENTRE TO DO IT FOR YOU.
POSSIBILITIES.
POSSIBLE TO FILL UP THE WIDTH OF THE LINEPRINTER'S LINE OR TO A SPECIFIED NUMBER
POSSIBLE TO DRAW OR PRINT ANY CHARACTER OF ANY ALPHABET. THE DESIGNS MUST
POSITIONS IN STRESSED AND UNSTRESSED SYLLABLES. THE SECOND PROGRAM
POSITIONED WHEREVER IT IS REQUIRED. NORMALLY A DISC WOULD CONTAIN SEVERAL OR
POSSIBLE DIACRITICAL MARKS. THIS MAY WELL LEAD TO A TEXT WHICH APPEARS
POSSIBLE HOLES ACROSS THE TAPE AND IS THEREFORE KNOWN AS 8-HOLE TAPE OR 8-
POSSIBLE COMBINATIONS OF 1S AND 0S IN EIGHT BITS, AND SO THESE "BYTE'
POSSIBLE TO ALLOW FOR IT IN SOME WAY AND IT SHOULD NOT BE CONSIDERED AS AN
POSSIBLE VALUES IS INFINITE. SUCH IS THE CASE FOR HEIGHTS OF PEOPLE WHERE ONE
POSITION ONE MAY BE UNOCCUPIED.
POSSIBILITIES AND ARE ALSO MORE MEANINGFUL. THERE WERE SEVENTEEN COLLEGES
POWERFUL TOOL FOR ANALYSING GREEK HEXAMETER POETS.
PRACTISED IF ALL THE INFORMATION IS PREPARED FOR THE COMPUTER AT THE SAME
PRACTICE FOR SCHOLARS TO PERFORM ALL THESE TASKS BY HAND. IT IS MUCH FASTER TO
PREPARATION SERVICE, AT THE TIME OF WRITING FOR A CHARGE OF AROUND $$30 FOR
PRECISION AND RECALL AND CAN BE MEASURED AS PERCENTAGES AS FOLLOWS:
PREPARATION SERVICE WHICH CAN TRANSLITERATE FROM A NON-ROMAN ALPHABET,
PRECISION=        ---------------------------------------   X100
PREPARATION OF AN INDEX OF A TEXT ARE OVER, BUT WE SHALL SEE THAT USING A
PREVIOUSLY PUBLISHED.
PRESERVED ON THE COPY AND CAN THEN BE RESTORED TO ANOTHER TAPE. IT IS
PRESENT MORE PROBLEMS. ONE POSSIBILITY FOR JAPANESE IS TO USE THE SYLLABIC
PREPARED FOR COMPUTER USE WITHOUT IT; BUT IT MAY BE ESSENTIAL IN SOME
PRECEDING RECORDS FIRST. RECORDS ON DISC MAY STILL BE STORED SERIALLY TO
PRESENCE OR ABSENCE OF A PARTICULAR FEATURE. ALL THREE TYPES OF INFORMATION
PRESERVED. THE NAME ITSELF IS TRANSLITERATED FROM GREEK AND THIS FIELD IS
PREVIOUS ONE. A PROGRAM COULD EXPAND THE INFORMATION INTO
PRESENT.
PRINTED BEFORE 1800. IN THE FINAL PRINTOUT THE AUTHOR'S NAME WILL APPEAR
PRINTING. THESE BUDGETARY CATEGORIES VARY FROM CENTRE TO CENTRE, BUT AN
PRINTED ON THE LINEPRINTER.
PRINTED BACK IN CAMBRIDGE. IN THE <2UK,>2 AT LEAST, THE UNIVERSITY COMPUTER
PRINTOUT, IT WOULD PRODUCE ALMOST 70 PAGES OF CONCORDANCE.
PRINTING, ANOTHER METHOD ADOPTED BY WISBEY AT CAMBRIDGE WAS TO
PRINTOUT UPPER CASE ONLY AND LOOKED VERY UGLY. SINCE THEN A COMPLETE
PRINTING IS THAT THE MATERIAL DOES NOT HAVE TO BE RETYPED IF IT IS ALREADY IN
PRINTOUT WOULD BE PRODUCED IF ALL THE WORDS WERE TO BE CONCORDED. IN A
PRINTS THE RESULTS AS SHOWN IN FIGURE <28.3.>2 HERE ONLY THE SYLLABLES WHICH
PRINT OUT THE TEXT, TOGETHER WITH ITS SCANSION, OR WRITE THE SCANSION PATTERNS
PRINTED MUSIC, MUSIC MONOGRAPHS AND SOUND RECORDINGS, AND THERE ARE
PROCEEDINGS. YOU MAY ALSO DISCOVER AN ARTICLE IN ONE OF THESE BOOKS ABOUT
PROGRAMMING. THESE ARE FREQUENTLY "CRASH COURSES' OF THE KIND THAT REQUIRE
PROVIDE FOR BOTH TEXTUAL AND NUMERICAL DATA. ONE SUCH PACKAGE CALLED
PROGRAMS WHICH CAN SORT AND SEARCH THESE FILES. THOUGH THEY MAY NOT
PRODUCTION RUNS, AND SUCH A SERVICE IS VERY USEFUL FOR THIS. ONCE THE
PROGRAMS WHICH YOU COULD USE. THEY WILL PROBABLY RECOMMEND YOU TO READ
PROVIDE DATA PREPARATION OPERATORS TO DO THIS FOR YOU, BUT SOME DO NOT, IN
PROCESS. A NUMBER OF REQUESTS WERE PREPARED AND SUBMITTED AS A JOB TO THE
PROBABLY BE LEFT TO BE DONE OVERNIGHT. THE COMPUTER WILL STORE UP ALL THE
PROBABLY ALSO SUPPORT OTHER COMPUTER LANGUAGES WHICH ARE MORE SUITABLE,
PROGRAM WORKS, LARGE JOBS CAN THEN BE RUN AS NORMAL AND CAN VERY
PROGRAM WAS WRITTEN AT QUEEN'S UNIVERSITY, BELFAST. THE ORIGINAL VERSION OF
PROGRAMS YOURSELF. LEARNING TO PROGRAM MAY BE FRUSTRATING IN THE EARLY
PROOF-READ. CHARACTERS WHICH ARE REJECTED BECAUSE THE MACHINE IS UNABLE TO
PRODUCE ANY OR ALL FOUR KINDS OF CONCORDANCES WHICH HAVE SO FAR BEEN
PROGRAM TO INTERPRET THE TYPESETTING CODES AND INSTRUCT THE PHOTOCOMPOSER
PROGRAMMING ALLOWS A BILINGUAL TEXT TO BE SORTED ACCORDING TO TWO ALPHABET
PRODUCE PAPER TAPE FROM THE COMPUTER AND THEN FEED IT THROUGH A
PROCESS AND THEREFORE WELL SUITED TO THE COMPUTER. THERE HAS INDEED BEEN A
PROCESSED BY THE COMPUTER IN SOME WAY, PERHAPS TO MAKE A CONCORDANCE.
PROGRAMMED TO COMPILE A CONCORDANCE OF EACH SYMBOL. WHEN THE SYMBOLS
PROVIDES A USEFUL LOOK-UP TABLE OF INFINITIVES OF VERBS, ALTHOUGH NOUNS
PROVIDED.
PROGRAMMED TO EXTEND THE CONTEXT INTO THE OTHER HALF OF THE LINE, AND MAKE
PRONOUNS, PARTS OF THE VERB "TO BE' AND SOME PREPOSITIONS. A LARGER NUMBER
PROGRAM APPEAR AS FIGURES 3.1, 3.2 AND <23.3.>2 THE FIRST SHOWS A WORD COUNT, A
PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE, A HIGHLY ARTIFICIAL "LANGUAGE' WHICH IS TOTALLY
PROGRAMMING WOULD THEN BE NECESSARY TO READ IT BACKWARDS. THE
PROVIDED THE ILLUSTRATION OF A CHINESE CHARACTER (FIGURE 2.7), AND, ABOVE ALL,
PRODUCED WORD INDEXES TO A NUMBER OF EARLY MIDDLE HIGH GERMAN TEXTS IN
PROGRAM REQUESTS IT. THEY WILL THEN TAKE THE TAPE OUT OF THE RACK, MOUNT IT
PROGRAMMED TO TRANSCRIBE IT BACK INTO THE ORIGINAL SCRIPT IF NECESSARY.
PROGRAM WILL BE SO CONSTRUCTED THAT SOME PARTS OF IT WILL BE EXECUTED IF THE
PROBLEMS OF DISPUTED AUTHORSHIP. IN MANY AUTHORSHIP STUDIES WE SHALL SEE
PROVIDED SOME MATERIAL AND SUGGESTIONS FOR CHAPTER NINE, EWA KUS WHO
PROGRAM, IT IS POSSIBLE TO RETAIN THE DISTINCTION BETWEEN UPPER AND LOWER
PROBLEM A DECISION MAY NEED TO BE TAKEN WHICH DEPENDS ON WHAT IS
PROGRAM IS RUNNING. THEY ARE GIVEN ONLY ONCE IN A PROGRAM, TOGETHER
PROGRAM TO CHANGE THE LAYOUT OF A SORTED FILE RATHER THAN ATTEMPT TO DO THE
PROGRAMS TO DEAL WITH PATTERNS OF METRE. IN SOME CASES, IT NEED NOT BE
PROGRAM SHOULD BE ABLE TO ASSUME THAT THIS IS TRUE AND ONLY DISCOUNT THIS IF
PRODUCES A THIRD BIT STRING WHICH HAS A 1 IN ALL POSITIONS WHERE EITHER OF THE
PRODUCE INDEX TERMS AND PARAPHRASES OF ABSTRACTS. IT IS ARGUABLE WHETHER
PROGRAM TO DERIVE THE RHYTHM OF GREEK PROSE WAS RECENTLY DEVELOPED IN
PROGRAM WHICH CAN THEN BE USED TO SCAN THE BASIC TEXT AUTOMATICALLY.
PROGRAM WAS USED IN ONE PROJECT TO SEARCH FOR METRICAL PATTERNS IN RUSSIAN
PUBLICATION OF THE METHOD USED. ONE EXCEPTION IS A BIBLIOGRAPHY OF SCOTTISH
PUBLISHED PROCEEDINGS OF THESE MEETINGS HAVE FORMED VALUABLE SOURCES OF
PUBLICATION PURPOSES. AN UPPER AND LOWER CASE LINEPRINTER PRODUCES
PUBLISHED FROM 1969 TO L972. PROFESSOR T.H. HOWARD-HILL BEGAN WORK ON
PUBLISHED CONCORDANCES EITHER OMIT COMPLETELY THE MOST FREQUENTLY
PUBLICATION OF HIS CONCORDANCES CONSISTED OF A REPRODUCTION OF COMPUTER-
PUBLISHED CONCORDANCE. ALTERNATIVELY THEY COULD BE KEPT ON MAGNETIC TAPE,
PUBLICATION, THE EDITOR WILL OBVIOUSLY BE AWARE OF ITS SHORTCOMINGS AND BE
PUBLICATION. THE CHARACTERS WHICH THEY PRINT WILL STILL NOT INCLUDE ACCENTS
PUBLICATION, BUT IT WOULD NOT HAVE BEEN POSSIBLE TO ATTEMPT SUCH A
PUNCHED, AND IT MAY BE WORTH SOME EXTRA MONEY TO HAVE THE DATA VERIFIED
PUNCTUATION SYMBOLS AND THERE ARE THEN VERY FEW CHARACTERS LEFT TO IDENTIFY
PUNCHED CARDS, WHICH WERE THEN VIRTUALLY THE ONLY MEANS OF COMPUTER
PUNCHED CARDS, MAKING THE PROCESS MUCH SLOWER THAN IT WOULD OTHERWISE
PURPOSE KEYBOARD, WHICH CAN ACCOMMODATE ALL THE EXTRA CHARACTERS NOT
PURPOSES FROM THE BASIC TEXT. THIS TEXT WAS THEN TRANSFORMED INTO A
PUT INTO THE MACHINE, AND <1C>1 IN THE PRINTOUT MARKS THIS FEATURE. FIVE TYPES
OF
QUANTITIES.
QUANTITY OF THE FINAL SYLLABLE IS FREQUENTLY INFLUENCED BY THE NEXT WORD, FOR
QUITE CHEAPLY. THE COST OF PUBLISHING MATERIAL BY CONVENTIONAL MEANS HAS
QUOTATIONS BY A SPECIAL REFERENCE CHARACTER AND THEN COMPILE ADDITIONAL
RATHER THAN TO DO THE COMPUTING FOR YOU. A NUMBER OF CENTRES NOW HAVE
RATIO OF THE NUMBER OF SOUND REPETITION PAIRS TO THE TOTAL NUMBER OF SYLLABLE
RATHER CONCENTRATES ON THE RESULTS OBTAINED, MUCH OF THE DISCUSSION CENTRES
READ THEOLOGY AT MERTON BETWEEN 1400 AND 1460?' LT WILL SEARCH THE ENTIRE
REASON WHY A DATABASE OF TEXTUAL MATERIAL USUALLY HAS A THESAURUS
READABLE FORM. MUCH OF THE RESEARCHER'S TIME WILL BE SPENT IN COLLECTING AND
REASONABLE AMOUNT OF TERMINAL USAGE, YOU WILL BE ABLE TO USE THAT METHOD
READER IN CAMBRIDGE, THE PROGRAM RUN IN EDINBURGH AND THE RESULTS
READY TO BE PROCESSED BY THE COMPUTER, LITTLE HUMAN EFFORT IS REQUIRED TO
REALLY A SERIES OF DISCS STACKED ONE ON TOP OF ANOTHER WITH A GAP OF ABOUT AN
REACHED, THE FLEXOWRITER IS STOPPED, THE CORRECTION TYPED ON TO THE NEW TAPE
REALISED THAT A MACHINE COULD HANDLE LARGE FILES OF DATA, SUCH AS LEDGERS AND
REALLY TOO LONG FOR ONLY ONE COMPUTER CHARACTER TO BE USED FOR EACH RUSSIAN
READER TO SEE WHICH NUMBERS ARE IN THE SAME ROW. THEY ARE NOT NECESSARY
REALLY ELECTRONIC PULSES. THE COMPUTER'S MEMORY IS DIVIDED UP INTO A LARGE
REALISED THE POSSIBILITY OF USING A COMPUTER TO SEARCH LARGE FILES OF LEGAL
REACH A WIDER AUDIENCE BECAUSE THEY ARE NOT ONLY IN COMPUTER READABLE
READ DATA FROM EIGHTY-CHARACTER CARDS AND THE SINGLE S ON THE LAST LINE OF THE
RECORDS WHICH SATISFY SPECIFIC SEARCH CRITERIA. THIS PROCESS IS KNOWN AS
RECORDS AND A FILE OF BIBLIOGRAPHICAL DATA ARE VERY SIMILAR IN NATURE, AND
RECORDS WHICH HAVE A VALUE GREATER OR LESS THAN A SPECIFIC VALUE IN ONE FIELD
RECALL=           ---------------------------------------   X100
RECORD ONLY RETRIEVED IF IT SATISFIED ALL THE REQUEST. NOT ALL OF EACH "HIT'
RECORD
RECORDS SATISFY A SEARCH REQUEST AND NOT PRINT THEM OUT. IF THE NUMBER IS TOO
RECORDS FOR INTERNATIONAL EXCHANGE. <2MARC>2 DATA FIELDS ARE VARIABLE LENGTH.
RECORD THE FIELDS <2AUTH>2 AND <2ISBN>2 ARE MISSING. IN THE DATA INPUT THIS WAS
RECORDED AS INTEGER NUMBERS, EACH PHONEME BEING ASSIGNED A UNIQUE
RECORDS.
RECORD. AN EXAMPLE GIVING AUTHOR, TITLE AND PLACE OF PUBLICATION WOULD BE
RECORD WITH A TOTAL OF TWELVE CHARACTERS FOR EACH FIELD.
RECORD UNTIL A NEW AUTHOR IS ENCOUNTERED. THE FOLLOWING COULD REPRESENT IN
RECOGNISED STANDARD. MATERIAL OBTAINED FROM ELSEWHERE MAY EASILY BE
RECORD THE FIXED-LENGTH RECORDS USUALLY PRECEDE THE VARIABLE-LENGTH ONES ON
REDUCED THE PHYSICAL SIZE OF COMPUTER STORAGE TO A FRACTION OF WHAT IT WAS IN
REDUCED TO A MANAGEABLE SIZE BY A COMPREHENSIVE STOP-LIST, THE HUMAN
REDUCING THE TOTAL AMOUNT OF STORAGE SPACE ON A COMPUTER TAPE OR DISC
REFERENCES ARE LIKELY TO BE FOUND AND CAN HELP A USER TO CONSTRUCT A FRUITFUL
REFERENCES MANUALLY. EXPERIMENTS TO COMPARE COMPUTER AND HUMAN
REFERENCES THE EDITOR THINKS APPROPRIATE. THE IMPORTANT POINT IS THAT IT IS
REFERENCES WITHOUT THE CONTEXT.
REGION OF 130 PLUS NUMERALS. FORTUNATELY THERE IS NO PUNCTUATION IN
REJECT THE RECORD AS ERRONEOUS AND IT CAN BE CORRECTED. THIS KIND OF
RELY ON SCHOLARS FILLING IN QUESTIONNAIRES TO KEEP THE DIRECTORY UP TO DATE
RELATIONSHIPS CAN ALSO BE COMBINED WITH THE LOGICAL OPERATORS TO FIND VALUES
RELATIVE FREQUENCY OF ALL SOUNDS IN PREVOCALIC, VOCALIC AND POSTVOCALIC
RELIABLE COMPUTER APPLICATION IN LITERARY RESEARCH, THE SIMPLE MECHANICAL
RELEVANT TO THE NEEDS OF ARTS RESEARCHERS AND COULD ALSO BE USED FOR <2MARC>2
REMOTE SITE OVER A NETWORK. WHEN WORKING ON A TEXT IT IS OFTEN USEFUL TO MAKE
REPEATED UNTIL THE END OF THE FILE OR SOME OTHER CONDITION IS REACHED. THE
REPETITION OF SOUNDS, ALBEIT SYLLABLES NOT SINGLE PHONEMES, AND EXAMINING
REPLACE THE FIRST OCCURRENCE OF THE CHARACTERS <2AND>2 IN THAT LINE BY <2BUT>2
REPRODUCE ILLUSTRATIONS FROM <1MATERIALS FOR THE STUDY OF THE INDUS VALLEY
SCRIPT;>1 BY
REPRESENT DATA (E.G. ONE BYTE) AND THE NINTH TRACK IS A PARITY TRACK.
REPRESENTED BY AN <1AT>1 SYMBOL @ AND A CEDILLA BY A \\ OR $ SIGN, PROVIDED
THESE
REPRODUCTION OF A CARD IN FIGURE 2.1. THIS IS ONLY FOR VISUAL RECOGNITION: THE
REPRESENT THE LEFTMOST SYLLABLE IN THE LINE SO THAT SCANSION OF A LINE SUCH AS
REPEATED IN ALL THE RECORDS. SUCH A FILE WOULD USUALLY BE IN ALPHABETIC OR
REPRESENTS ONE PARTICULAR OBJECT SUCH AS A BOOK, A PIECE OF POTTERY OR
REQUIRED. IF YOU ATTEND AN ARTS COMPUTING COURSE WHICH APPEARS TO BE VERY
REQUIRED ANGLES. ANY SHAPE CAN BE DRAWN BY THE COMPUTER, IF THE RELEVANT
REQUESTED TO USE MAGNETIC TAPES INSTEAD.
REQUIRED, OTHERS DRAW STRAIGHT LINES IN ALL DIRECTIONS LIKE THE CHINESE
REQUIRED AND THEY ARE SOMETIMES CALLED DISC PACKS. TYPICAL SIZES OF
REQUIRES A PARSING PROGRAM, SIMILAR TO THOSE USED IN MACHINE TRANSLATION, TO
REQUESTED SPECIFICALLY. THEY DRAW HISTOGRAMS SHOWING THE DISTRIBUTION OF
RESPONSE, BUT IT CAN BE MORE EXPENSIVE OF COMPUTER TIME. A CONCORDANCE
RESULTS, BUT FOR PUBLICATION THE QUALITY OF ITS PRINTING IS NOT SUITABLE. THE
RESPECTS. LIKE THE TELETYPE IT CAN BE FITTED WITH A SPECIAL KEYBOARD. THE
RESULTS ARE PLEASING TO THE EYE. THE KEYWORDS STAND OUT WELL AND IT IS VERY
RESEMBLES A TYPEWRITER AND HOLDS PAPER WHICH ALLOWS UP TO EIGHTY
RESULTS ARE MUCH MORE COMPREHENSIVE THAN COULD EVER HAVE BEEN OBTAINED
RESEARCH IN ARTS SUBJECTS. CHAPTERS ONE AND TWO INTRODUCE MANY OF THE
RESEARCHER HAD LABORIOUSLY PREPARED THE WHOLE OF THE PLAYS OF SHAKESPEARE
RESULTS. OTT NOTES THAT VERY FEW ERRONEOUS SCANSIONS WERE FOUND AND THEY
RESOURCES. ON TAPE, THEN, EACH RECORD APPEARS IN SERIAL ORDER, AND AS IN OUR
RESULTS ARE MUCH EASIER TO FOLLOW.
RETYPE THEM USING A CARD <1VERIFIER.>1 CARDS WHICH HAVE ALREADY BEEN PUNCHED
REVIEWED AND DISCUSSED IN HEBREW JOURNALS.
REVIEWS, THOUGH HOWARD-HILL WAS AIMING TO MAKE CONCORDANCES OF
REVERSE CONCORDANCES OF THE TEXTS. A SIMPLE WORD LIST WOULD HAVE BEEN
RHYME SCHEMES AND SYNTAX. FIGURE 3.10 SHOWS AN EXAMPLE. ONCE THE TEXT IS
RHYME WORDS IS VERY CLOSE TO THAT DESCRIBED IN CHAPTER FOUR FOR ANALYSING
RHYME SCHEME. THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THESE WORDS CAN THEN BE
RHYME SCHEME CAN BE SPECIFIED.
RHYME SCHEME TO <1THEE>1 IN TEN OF SHAKESPEARE'S SONNETS. THE NUMBER 2
RHYTHM AND METRE. A METRICAL STUDY CONSIST OF TWO STAGES. THE FIRST SCANS
RIGHT. THERE WOULD BE NO SENSE IN TYPING THE TEXT BACKWARDS, AS SPECIAL
RISEN SO SHARPLY THAT MICROFICHE AND MICROFILM ARE VERY REAL ALTERNATIVES.
ROLL THE TEXT UP THE SCREEN AS MORE INFORMATION IS TYPED AT THE BOTTOM, SO
ROLL OF PAPER INSERTED IN IT. FIGURE 2.2 SHOWS A PIECE OF PAPER TAPE
ROOM FOR STORAGE. ONE CARD HOLDS A MAXIMUM OF EIGHTY CHARACTERS; BUT IT IS
RULES FOR WRITING ARABIC SCRIPT ARE SO RIGID THAT THE COMPUTER CAN BE
RULES GOVERNING SYLLABLE LENGTHS. THESE CAN BE WRITTEN INTO A COMPUTER
SAME WORD, AS THEY ARE BOTH SPELLED THE SAME. SOME COMPUTER
SAME WAY AS THE NORMAL FORM, AS THEY HAVE NO SEMANTIC SIGNIFICANCE. IF EVER
SAME LENGTH, A TITLE SUCH AS <1LOOT>1 WOULD OCCUPY AS MUCH ROOM AS <1THE>1
SATISFY YOUR NEEDS EXACTLY, EVERY COMPUTER MANUFACTURER PRODUCES SOFTWARE
SCANSION. FOR EXAMPLE THE NOMINATIVE AND ABLATIVE SINGULAR OF THE FIRST
SCANSION.
SCANSIONS INTO THE TEXT. EACH WORD IS LOOKED UP IN THE DICTIONARY AND ITS
SCANSION THUS FOUND, IF A WORD IS FOUND TO BE MARKED WITH A <2W,>2 THE ENTIRE
SCENE OR ACT DEVIATED FROM ANOTHER, ABBREVIATED FORMS OF REFERENCES, LIKE
SCHOLAR, BUT THE COMPUTER IS USED TO PERFORM THE COUNTS AND THE
SCIENTIST.
SCIENTIFIC APPLICATIONS, THOUGH OFTEN USING MUCH LESS DATA, FREQUENTLY
SCREENFUL OF DATA BEFORE IT IS TRANSMITTED TO THE COMPUTER. OTHERS SIMPLY
SEARCH TERMS ARE FIRST FOUND FROM A PRINTED THESAURUS BEFORE ANY CONTACT IS
SEARCH TERMS TO CONSIST OF COMPLETE WORDS AND FOR THEM TO BE FOUND
SEARCHED FOR RECORDS WHICH SATISFY CERTAIN CRITERIA. THERE EXIST VERY MANY
SEARCH TERM MATCHES THE WHOLE OF THE FIELD INSPECTED. SOMETIMES WHEN
SEARCH REQUEST AND THE USER MAY SPEND SOME TIME STUDYING IT BEFORE
SEARCHES FOR THE ONE OR ONES REQUIRED.
SEARCHES THE INDEX TO FIND OUT WHERE A PARTICULAR DATA ELEMENT IS STORED AND
SECTIONS OF THE MANUSCRIPT, <2T.H.>2 ASTON OF THE HISTORY OF THE UNIVERSITY WHO
SECOND VOWEL, AND SO ON. THIS LINE GIVES A SERIES
SEE WHAT THE PACKAGE DOES FROM EXAMPLES RATHER THAN FROM A DETAILED
SELECTING ONLY A FEW WORDS AS KEYWORDS CAN ALSO PROVIDE MUCH USEFUL
SELECTION OF CRITERIA IS ENTIRELY UP TO THE EDITOR OF THE CONCORDANCE.
SENTENCE, $ AT THE BEGINNING OF A PROPER NAME AND \\ FOR A LONG DASH,
SEPARATE KEYWORD HEADING. IF THE COMPUTER WAS TOLD TO TREAT ALL THE
SEPARATING THEM AND THEN LOOKING THROUGH IT CAREFULLY. SOME MARKER
SEPARATELY IN ALL BUT THE FIRST FEW VOLUMES.
SEPARATORS, WHICH ARE TO HAVE NO EFFECT ON THE SORTING OF WORDS, AND WHICH
SEPARATED BY AN ASTERISK. THE INTRODUCTION EXPLAINS THAT THE FIGURE AFTER THE
SEPARATE WORK IN LATIN HEXAMETERS. IN THE FIRST SECTION OF EACH BOOK EACH
SERVICE, CALLED A "CAFETERIA' OR "DEBUG' SYSTEM FOR VERY SMALL JOBS SUCH AS
SERIES OF CONFERENCES ON COMPUTING IN THE HUMANITIES. THE DELEGATES TO THE
SERVICE OF CURRENT AND RETROSPECTIVE <2UK>2 AND LIBRARY OF CONGRESS FILES FOR
SET OF TERMS WHICH FIND A MANAGEABLE NUMBER OF REFERENCES.
SET FOR TYPING FOREIGN LANGUAGES, THUS SOLVING SOME OF THE PROBLEMS OF
SET IS LARGER, BYTE MACHINES HAVE UPPER AND LOWER CASE LETTERS AS NORMAL
SET OUT TO COMPILE A COMPLETE WORD INDEX AND CONCORDANCE TO THE WORKS OF
SET TO THE LEFT AND IS NOT REPEATED FOR SUBSEQUENT ENTRIES UNTIL A NEW KEY
SEVERAL ATTEMPTS TO GET IT RIGHT, BUT ONCE IT IS CORRECT IT CAN BE RUN MANY
SEVERAL 2400 FOOT TAPES.
SEVEN OF THOSE EIGHT CASES. HE ALSO NOTES THAT THE LINES WHICH THE PROGRAM
SEVEN FEET WHICH CONTRADICTS THE RULE OF SIX FEET PER LINE. THE COMPUTER THEN
SHAPE IT HAS SEEN ON A <2VDU>2 SCREEN. THE OPERATOR CAN THEN KEY IN THE
SHAPES OF THE CHARACTERS IT DISPLAYS ARE STORED ON A SMALL ELECTRONIC CHIP,
SHOULD THEREFORE ONLY SERVE AS A GUIDE.
SHOULD PERHAPS ALSO BE INCLUDED. FATHER BUSA DECIDED TO PRE-EDIT HIS TEXT
SHOWN IN FIGURE 2.8 WAS TYPESET BY COMPUTER AND SHOWS THE RANGE OF
SHOULD COME IMMEDIATELY AFTER ALL THE INSTANCES OF <2ILL>2 BUT UNDER A
SHOULD DESCRIBE THE CHOSEN METHOD OF REFERENCING AND RELATE IT TO THE
SHOULD NOT BE DELETED. IF THE EDITOR OF A CONCORDANCE DOES MAKE HIS OWN
SHOWING THAT ALLITERATION OCCURS IN POSITIONS ONE, THREE, FOUR AND EIGHT.
SHORT SYLLABLE, 2 A LONG SYLLABLE AND & AN ELISION. THE PROGRAM CAN EITHER
SHOWN IN FIGURE 9.1. THE FILE CAN BE RAPIDLY INVERTED TO MAKE A PUBLISHER
SHOULD SUFFICE TO EXPERIMENT WITH PARTICULAR PROGRAMS BEFORE A LARGE BATCH
SIMPLE COMPUTER PROGRAM, BUT AMBIGUOUS CODES CANNOT BE RESOLVED
SIMILAR OPERATIONS WILL BE PERFORMED ON THEM. BOTH WILL BE SORTED INTO
SIMILAR WAY. INSTRUCTIONS LIKE
SIMPLE FUNCTIONS, RATHER LIKE POWERFUL PROGRAMMABLE CALCULATORS.
SIMPLE TO USE AND READILY AVAILABLE IN UNIVERSITY COMPUTER CENTRES. IN OTHER
SIMPLE PROCEDURES SUCH AS SEARCHING, SORTING AND COUNTING, WHEREAS THE
SIMILAR MANNER. IT IS NORMALLY HALF-AN-INCH WIDE AND IS WOUND ON REELS
SIMPLE CASE BECAUSE THE ALPHABET IS SHORT, ONLY TWENTY-TWO LETTERS. THE FIVE
SINGLE SYMBOL TO REPRESENT EACH GREEK LETTER. Q COULD BE USED FOR THETA, Y FOR
PS,
SIX SS, BUT THE FIGURE GIVEN IS DUE TO THE DISTRIBUTION OF MANY OTHER S<1S>1 IN
THE
SIXTEEN IF THE FIFTH FOOT IS ASSUMED ALWAYS TO BE A DACTYL). THIS IS NOT THE
SIX FEET CAN BE CONSIDERED AS A MAXIMUM OF EIGHTEEN SYLLABLES, ALLOWING
SLIGHTLY BETTER PRINTOUT, BUT IT IS NOT REALLY SUITABLE FOR HIGH QUALITY
SMALL AMOUNTS OF TEXT WITHIN A SHORT TIME SCALE AND DESERVE FURTHER WORK.
SMALL COMPUTER IN THE RANGE WILL ALSO WORK ON A LARGER ONE. PROGRAMS CAN
SMALLER COMPUTERS AND ARE USUALLY DEDICATED TO PERFORMING ONE TASK ONLY.
SO THAT THE OCCURRENCES OF SELECTED WORDS COULD BE INSPECTED IF REQUIRED.
SO CONVENIENT FOR THE USER, AS MUCH REWINDING IS REQUIRED. MICROFICHE IS
SO FAR AS TO BLAME THE COMPUTER FOR THE USE OF A PARTICULAR EDITION. IT IS, OF
SO EASY ONCE THE INDIVIDUAL CONTEXTS NEED TO BE INSPECTED. SPEVACK'S FIRST
SO THAT LIBRARIES COULD HOLD THEIR ENTIRE CATALOGUE ON COMPUTER TAPE, NOT
SOLUTION TO THIS PROBLEM. THE INDEXES ARE NOT CLUTTERED WITH LONG
SOLUTION EXCEPT EXTENSIVE HUMAN INTERVENTION BASED ON CAREFUL APPRAISAL OF
SOLUTION STILL MIGHT BE TO RETAIN THE QUOTED WORDS IN THE MAIN CONCORDANCE
SOLUTION HERE.
SOMETIMES PUT ON SPECIAL COURSES FOR ARTS USERS. THESE WILL CONTAIN NON-
SOME OF YOUR OWN PROGRAMS AS WELL. IT IS ALWAYS WORTH FINDING OUT WHAT
SOMEBODY ELSE TO DO IT FOR YOU. THE CENTRE MERELY PROVIDES THE MACHINERY
SOMEWHAT AMUSING AND CERTAINLY ESOTERIC. TRY TO IGNORE THIS ATTITUDE AND
SOME OPPORTUNITY FOR YOU TO TRY OUT SOME SMALL PROGRAMS ON THE COMPUTER.
SOME CARE MAY BE NEEDED IN INTERPRETING RESULTS AS NON-STANDARD
SOME LANGUAGES, SUCH AS CLASSICAL LATIN AND GREEK, METRE DEPENDS ON THE
SOME PRINTOUT ARE REQUIRED, SPECIAL STATIONERY CAN BE USED WHICH IS CARBON-
SOMEWHAT OUT OF PLACE. A COMPUTER IS NOT JUST ONE MACHINE, BUT A COLLECTION
SOME ARE EVEN USED ON NORTH SEA OIL RIGS.
SOON WEARS OUT THE TAPE, AND IT MAKES VERY INEFFICIENT USE OF COMPUTER
SORTING ONESELF.
SORTED INDEXES. IT DOES NOT DECIDE WHICH TERMS ARE TO BE INCLUDED IN THE
SPACE FOR SMALL FILES OF DATA; BUT ONCE THIS GETS LARGE OR FULL, HE WILL BE
SPECIFICALLY TO ACT AS A CLEARING HOUSE FOR THAT MATERIAL. ONE ORGANISED BY
SPECIALIST ADVISERS FOR COMPUTING IN THE HUMANITIES OR WHAT THE COMPUTER
SPENDING A LONG TIME TRYING TO WRITE ONE YOURSELF. THE GENERAL BIBLIOGRAPHY
SPECIALISTS PREFER TO CALL "NON-NUMERIC' COMPUTING. THESE PEOPLE MAY WELL
SPEECH. THEY ARE INCLUDED AS KEYWORDS IN THE CONCORDANCE BUT ARE INDEXED
SPEED OF 10 CHARACTERS A SECOND, IT WOULD TAKE SOME TIME TO PRINT EVEN A
SPECIAL WAY. FOR EXAMPLE, THE ITALIAN WORD "COME' SHOULD NOT BE INCLUDED
SPECIAL TREATMENT. IT HAS BEEN KNOWN FOR THEM TO BE INCLUDED AS ORDINARY
SPECIFICATIONS -- THESE ARE NORMALLY WRITTEN ON A STICKY LABEL ON THE OUTSIDE
SPECIAL HEADS, WHICH EITHER READ THE INFORMATION RECORDED ON THE TAPE, I.E.
SPECIAL PRE-PRINTED STATIONERY IS USED ON THE LINEPRINTER. IF SEVERAL COPIES OF
SPOTS ACROSS THE TAPE. EACH MAGNETISED SPOT REPRESENTS A BIT AND TAPES CAN
SQUARE BRACKETS FROM THE MAIN CONCORDANCE. ANOTHER METHOD IS TO MARK
START A COMPUTER PROJECT. IT WILL NOT BE VERY EASY AT FIRST, PARTICULARLY IF
THERE
STAGES BUT VERY REWARDING WHEN EVERYTHING FINALLY WORKS. IT IS NOT AT ALL
STAGE ONE, THE COLLECTION OF MATERIAL. THIS MEANS THAT ALL THE MATERIAL TO BE
STANDARD INFORMATION SUCH AS THE LENGTH OF THE RECORD, AND STATUS OF
STANDARD EQUIPMENT CAN BE USED. INPUT IS THE MOST TIME-CONSUMING PART OF
START IT AGAIN, DEPENDING ON THE NATURE OF THE FAULT.
STILL BE FOUND BUT ONLY IN HIGHER CONCENTRATIONS.
STORED ON DISC. <2IDMS>2 HAS MANY APPLICATIONS IN THE COMMERCIAL WORLD
STORED AS A VERY LONG SEQUENCE WHERE IT IS NECESSARY TO READ EVERYTHING UP TO
STORAGE IS MEASURED IN WORDS TEND TO USE ONLY SIX BITS TO REPRESENT
STOPS WORKING IN THIS WAY, IT IS FREQUENTLY SAID TO "CRASH'. THIS DOES NOT
STRUCTURED FILES. SOME MAY BE ORIENTED TOWARDS TEXTUAL DATA, WHILE OTHERS
STRUCTURE. THE NUMBER OF FIELDS PER RECORD MAY ALSO BE QUITE LARGE, ITS
STRUCTURED, MAINLY TEXTUAL, DATA AND USES A LENGTHY CHECKING PROGRAM
STRESS AND PUNCTUATION ARE RECORDED AS BIT STRINGS IN A SIMILAR MANNER TO
STUDIES ON DIFFERENT PERIODS OF THE UNIVERSITY HISTORY, SO THAT A PICTURE OF THE
STUDY LATIN PROSE RHYTHM. THE RHYTHM OF PROSE TEXT HAS NOT RECEIVED A
SUBSEQUENTLY BEEN USED FOR A NUMBER OF DIFFERENT APPLICATIONS, INCLUDING
SUBSIDIARY FIELDS IS SHOWN IN FIGURE 9.4.
SUBSCRIBERS. REQUESTS FOR INDIVIDUAL RECORDS CAN ALSO BE MET. THESE ARE
SUBSIDIARY INFORMATION. THE COMPUTER WAS ONLY USED TO SORT AND FILE THE
SUCH PERSON YOU WILL HAVE TO EXPLAIN YOUR PROJECT TO A COMPUTER SPECIALIST
SUCCESSFUL THAN THE HUMAN AT FINDING INFORMATION, BUT ITS PRECISION IS NOT SO
SUCH AS <2SNOBOL>2 (OR <2SPITBOL>2 AS IT IS SOMETIMES CALLED) OR <2ALGOL68>2 OR
SUCH AS
SUCH AS A LINEPRINTER, IS USED FOR CHECKING INTERMEDIATE RESULTS. HOWEVER,
SUCH AS AN @ IS SUBSTITUTED FOR THEM, OR THE READER STOPS AND DISPLAYS THE
SUCH AS [[GREEK]] ,ETC. THESE DIACRITICS CAN BE CODED FOR THE COMPUTER
SUCH AS WE SAW ON PAGE 26, IS OF SUCH A POOR QUALITY THAT IT IS UNSUITABLE FOR
SUCH FIELD, PROVIDED OF COURSE THAT THIS SPECIAL CHARACTER IS NOT EXPECTED TO
SUCH RESEARCH INEVITABLE, PARTICULARLY FOR INDEXING AND ABSTRACTING
SUCH AS PERSONNEL RECORDS, BANK ACCOUNTS AND STOCK HOLDINGS. IT IS EQUALLY
SUCH AS THOSE WITHOUT STRESS MAXIMUM. THEIR PROGRAM KEEPS TOTALS OF
SUCH FEATURES AS CAPITAL LETTERS AND FOREIGN WORDS. IT MIGHT JUST BE POSSIBLE
SUCH DIACRITICAL MARKS. IN FRENCH AN ASTERISK * COULD PERHAPS BE USED FOR AN
SUIT A VARIETY OF CRITERIA ALTHOUGH IT IS NOT SO EASY TO CHOOSE THE CONTEXT FOR
SUITED TO REPRESENTING LITERARY MATERIAL.
SUPPLIED BY THE USER. PROGRAMS ARE NOT PROCESSED IN THE ORDER IN WHICH THEY
SUPPLIED ABOUT THE FORMAT OF THE TAPE.
SYLLABLE, I.E. IF BOTH ARE PREVOCALIC OR POSTVOCALIC. THE TEXT IS TRANSCRIBED
SYLLABLE IS THUS DISCOUNTED. THE FOLLOWING SYLLABLES CAN BE RECOGNISED AS
SYLLABLES, ONCE THE SCANSION IS COMPLETE THE SAME KIND OF QUESTIONS MAY BE
SYLLABLE IS IGNORED (ELIDED).
SYLLABLES ARE DISTINGUISHED BY THE NUMERALS 0, 2, 4, 6 AND 8. WHEN THE
SYLLABLE FINAL FOOT IS ALSO CLEAR. THE COMPUTER THEN ATTEMPTS TO FILL IN THE
REST
SYMBOLS FOR LONG LINES OF TEXT. IT IS NOT VERY LIKELY THAT YOU WILL FIND A DATA
SYMBOL CAN THEN BE INSERTED IN THE TEXT BEFORE THOSE WORDS WHICH NEED TO BE
SYMBOLS IS APPARENT. THE SYMBOLS CAN BE DRAWN ON A COMPUTER GRAPHICS
SYMBOL $ USED TO INDICATE A WORD BOUNDARY, AS IT WAS NOT POSSIBLE WITH
SYMBOLS. USAGE OF PUNCTUATION COULD BE INSPECTED BY MAKING A
SYMBOLS, AS THERE ARE 64 POSSIBLE COMBINATIONS OF SIX BITS. THESE WOULD
SYMBOL. THE COMPUTER COULD THEN DISTINGUISH THE TOWN READING FROM THE
SYMBOLS EXIST ON THE COMPUTER TO BE USED. THE FRENCH WORD <1A%>1 WOULD THEN
SYSTEM OF ALLOCATING TIME WHICH IS DIVIDED INTO SHARES OF DAILY USAGE. YOU
SYSTEM. THE FOURTEEN FIELDS CONSISTED OF TWO MAIN CATEGORIES. IN THE FIRST
SYSTEM CALLED <2LOUISA>2 IS AN INDEXING SYSTEM WHICH DEALS ONLY WITH
TAKE APPROPRIATE ACTION WHEN COMPARING WORD COUNTS. ANOTHER MEANS OF
TAPES. THERE HAVE ALSO BEEN A NUMBER OF RETROSPECTIVE CONVERSION PROJECTS
TAPE BACKWARDS ONCE THE END HAS BEEN REACHED THOUGH IT CAN BE REWOUND TO
TAPES, WHICH ARE MUCH CHEAPER, COULD EASILY BE USED INSTEAD IF THE DATA FILE
TAPE SO THAT IT CAN EASILY BE FED INTO A READER. THIS BLANK TAPE IS CALLED
TAPE. THIS COULD PERHAPS BE NECESSARY IF INFORMATION IS TO BE TRANSFERRED TO
TEAR EASILY OR BECOME ENTANGLED, AND IT IS NOT EASY TO HANDLE IN LARGE
TECHNICAL MATERIAL.
TECHNICAL DETAILS MAY BE DIFFICULT FOR THE NEW USER TO UNDERSTAND; BUT BEFORE
TECHNICAL INFORMATION ABOUT MAGNETIC TAPE FORMATS BEFORE ATTEMPTING TO
TELEPHONE TO THE TERMINAL. THE USER DIALS THE COMPUTER'S TELEPHONE NUMBER
TEN PIECES OF TEST DATA RANGING FROM A SHAKESPEARE SONNET TO A <2SNOBOL>2
TENDED TO OMIT OR IGNORE WORDS WHICH OCCUR VERY FREQUENTLY, MOSTLY ON THE
TERMINAL ITSELF. WORKING IN THE CENTRE ITSELF IS OFTEN EASIER, AS ALL THE OTHER
TERMINATED AND ANOTHER BEGUN WHICH PUTS HIM BACK TO THE BEGINNING OF THE
TERMINAL) TO A COMPUTER IN EDINBURGH. THE CARDS WOULD BE FED THROUGH A
TERMS OF THE DATABASE MANAGEMENT PROGRAM AND THEN MAY CONCENTRATE
TERMS CONSIST OF SEVERAL WORDS. THESE ARE WHAT <2FAMULUS>2 CALLS DESCRIPTOR
TERMINAL OPERATING INTERACTIVELY. A FILE HELD ON MAGNETIC TAPE MUST BE
TERM IS FOUND. SUCH A SIMPLE AUTHOR CATALOGUE FOR A FEW TRAVEL BOOKS IS
TERMS, AND IT IS POSSIBLE TO MAKE AN INDEX OF THEM BY INDICATING TO THE
TESTING PROGRAMS. USUALLY SEVERAL DIFFERENT COMPILERS ARE PROVIDED AS WELL
TESTS TO ENSURE THAT YOUR CODING WILL WORK OUT AS YOU WANT. YOU WILL HAVE TO
TEXT TO STUDY FURTHER. EVEN WITHOUT A STANDARD PROGRAM FOR CONCORDANCES
TEXTS. WRIGHT'S CALCULATIONS WERE MADE ON LETTERS RATHER THAN PHONETIC
TEXT. THE ANSWER IS THAT THERE ARE MACHINES WHICH CAN READ, BUT THEY
TEXTUAL DATA. <2FAMULUS>2 WAS DEVELOPED AT THE SOUTH WEST AND FOREST
TEXTUAL RATHER THAN NUMERICAL. WRITTEN IN <2SNOBOL,>2 THE PROGRAM GIVEN
TEXT IS ADEQUATELY REPRESENTED SO THAT THE EFFORT INVOLVED IN PREPARING A TEXT
THAN A LIMITED NUMBER OF TERMINALS TO BE OPERATIONAL AT ONE TIME. THE
THAT YOU WANT TO START YOUR PROJECT ON ONE COMPUTER AND THEN MOVE IT TO
THAN BY READING MANUALS. MANY BEGINNERS AT COMPUTING DO NOT LIKE TO FEEL
THAT THE MATERIAL IS THEN READY FOR COMPUTER TYPESETTING. SUCH
THAT A MACHINE KNOWS BETTER THAN THEY DO, BUT IF THERE IS SOMETHING WRONG
THAT ACHIEVED BY CONVENTIONAL TYPESETTING METHODS, AND IT SHOULD BE USED
THAT WHAT IS TYPED GRADUALLY DISAPPEARS FROM VIEW, THOUGH THE COMPUTER
THAT ARE UNDER NO CIRCUMSTANCES THE SAME. A SIMILAR TREATMENT COULD BE
THAT THE USER CAN ENSURE THAT IT IS CORRECT BEFORE SENDING IT TO THE COMPUTER.
THAT A WORD OCCURS MORE THAN ONCE IN THE SAME LINE. A BETTER ALTERNATIVE IS
THAT THE OLD SPELLING MAY OCCASIONALLY LEAD THE READER ASTRAY IN THE SEARCH
THAT THE LINE NUMBER REFERENCES OF WHERE THEY OCCUR IN THE TEXT ARE ALSO
THAT THIS SECOND STUDY DOES NOT DISCUSS THE COMPUTER METHODS USED BUT
THAT IT BEGINS WITH A VOWEL. THE RHYMED CAESURA IS MARKED WHEN THE TEXT IS
THAN ONE SCANSION IS PROPOSED AND THE REMAINING 1-2% OF LINES ARE
THAT ONE PASS, OR AT MOST TWO, IS ALL THAT IS REQUIRED BY ONE PROGRAM.
THAN TO ATTEMPT TO AUTOMATE IT, BUT SHE NEVERTHELESS FOUND IT WORTHWHILE TO
THAT MANY PEOPLE WERE WRITING WHAT WAS ESSENTIALLY THE SAME PROGRAM AND
THAT THE LATIN WAS A QUOTATION. SIMILARLY IF THERE ARE LACUNAE OR OTHER
THAT EFFORT WAS BEING DUPLICATED. INSTEAD THEY COLLABORATED, AND THE RESULT
THAT PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES AND PACKAGES HAVE NAMES WHICH WILL NOT HAVE
THAT THERE ARE OTHER, MUCH BETTER, MEANS OF PRODUCING OUTPUT DIRECT FROM A
THAT THE COMPUTER CAN BE USED TO FIND MUCH MORE EVIDENCE THAN COULD BE
THAN TO WRITE BLOCKS OF INDIVIDUAL 80-CHARACTER <1CARD IMAGES,>1 AS THEY ARE
THAT IT WILL PRINT ACCENTS, BUT THESE ARE VERY EXPENSIVE. IT WILL BE SEEN LATER
THERE WILL BE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN ONE COMPUTER CENTRE AND ANOTHER, AND
THE MAIN SUBJECT INDEX WITH THE MAIN TITLE AS SUBSIDIARY INFORMATION
THE CENTRE IF YOU FIND YOU NEED MORE TIME.
THERE IS THE BROWN UNIVERSITY CORPUS OF A MILLION WORDS OF PRESENT-DAY
THE STUTTGART WATER BOARD. THE PARSER IS HOWEVER INTENDED TO BE USED WITH
THERE ARE SEVERAL FIXED-LENGTH ENTRIES IN ONE FIELD THE COMPUTER IS INSTRUCTED
THERE SHOULD BE SOMEBODY AVAILABLE TO ANSWER QUESTIONS.
THE ASSOCIATION TO ATTEND THE MEETINGS. THE <2ALLC>2 NOW HOLDS A ONE-DAY
THE COMPUTER YOU MAY FIND THEM A LITTLE DIFFICULT AT FIRST. MOST COMPUTER
THERE CAN BE SEVERAL ENTRIES IN THESE FIELDS. FOR EXAMPLE, SINCE ALL THE
THE VACATION. THIS IS THE BEST WAY TO LEARN, AS YOU CAN CONCENTRATE ENTIRELY
THE SAME, BUT THE DETAILS VARY.
THE PEOPLE THEY FEEL NEED THEM MOST AND THEY MAY HAVE TO PAY FOR THE
THEM AS NEW TERMS ARE ENCOUNTERED. IT MUST NOT BE FORGOTTEN THAT THE
THE FIRST SEVEN YEARS OF THE <1DIRECTORY OF SCHOLARS ACTIVE>1 WAS PUBLISHED,
WHICH
THEM ABOUT IT.
THERE FOR JUST THIS PURPOSE AND YOU WILL OFTEN LEARN MORE BY TALKING TO OTHERS
THE COMPUTER VERSION OF THE TEXT.
THESE GROUPS MAY BE FOUND IN THE BULLETIN AND THEY SHOULD BE AWARE OF WHO
THESE LISTS TO SEE IF ANYBODY ELSE IS WORKING ON THE SAME TEXT AND WRITING TO
THE PARALLEL LINES APPEAR TO BE JOINED UP, THUS GIVING A SINGLE THICKER LINE.
THE OCCURRENCES OF A PARTICULAR WORD SHOULD BE LISTED. THE MOST USUAL
THE BASIS OF <1ON-LINE>1 OR <1INTERACTIVE>1 WORKING, WHERE THE USER COMMUNICATES
THEM IN 1965. HE CHOSE TO USE AS HIS TEXT THE OLD-SPELLING EDITION OF THE
THE PAGE.
THE KEYWORD OR TO ASK IT TO EXTEND THE CONTEXT UP TO A SPECIFIC CHARACTER OR
THE CORRECTION IN THE EDITING INSTRUCTION. IN THIS EXAMPLE THE EDITOR HAS BEEN
THEIR RELATIONSHIP WITH EACH OTHER WITHIN SPECIFIC UNITS OF THE POEMS WHICH
THEIR CHARACTERS ONLY FROM VERTICAL LINES, AND FOR THIS A VERY FINE DEFINITION
IS
THE TREATMENT OF HYPHENS. THEY CAN EITHER BE IGNORED, AS FAR AS THE ORDERING
THE USER TO STORE LARGE QUANTITIES OF TEXT. HE MAY WELL BE ALLOCATED SOME DISC
THE CHOICE OF A PARTICULAR EDITION OF A TEXT. SOME REVIEWERS HAVE EVEN GONE
THE COORDINATES FOR THE LETTER <2A>2 AND INSTRUCTS THE PHOTOCOMPOSING MACHINE
THE WORD OCCURS ONLY ONCE, BUT VERY USEFUL IN A LARGE TEXT WHERE A WORD CAN
THE USER TO JUMP ABOUT THE FILE MAKING CORRECTIONS AT RANDOM.
THE COMPUTER ITSELF PERFORMS AS IT COUNTS AND SORTS WORDS. LEXICOGRAPHY, ON
THE HOMOGRAPHS IN A TEXT BY MAKING A COMPLETE CONCORDANCE WITHOUT
THE TEXT TO HIS MEASURE. IT WOULD PERHAPS BE MORE MEANINGFUL TO ADD THE
THE EXTRA EFFORT IS ON THE PART OF THE COMPUTER. IT MAY TAKE A LITTLE LONGER FOR
THE TRADITIONAL METHOD BEING TO RECORD EACH USAGE OF EACH WORD ON A SLIP.
THEIR FAILURE TO DO THIS. ONE DICTIONARY DEFINES A CONCORDANCE AS "AN
THE SPEAKERS' NAMES AS PART OF THE CONTEXT ON THOSE LINES WHICH BEGIN A
THE COMPUTER AND WHAT METHODS ARE AVAILABLE FOR INPUT AND OUTPUT. THE
THE CONTEXTS GIVEN FOR THAT WORD. THUS IT IS NOT SO EASY FOR THE READER TO SEE
THE CIRCUMSTANCES. WHEN PREPARING A TEXT FOR THE COMPUTER, PROPER NAMES
THEM. THE CRITERION FOR LISTING MORE THAN ONE LINE OF CONTEXT IS NOT
THE ONES SHOWN IN OUR EXAMPLES, ARE ADEQUATE, PROVIDED THEIR MEANING IS
THE INDUS VALLEY INSCRIPTIONS (SEE FIGURE 3.12). A SIMILAR METHOD OF
THE HUMAN BRAIN. THE DAYS WHEN A PERSON DEVOTED HIS LIFE TO THE MANUAL
THE OTHER HAND, DEMANDS HUMAN EFFORT ON A MUCH LARGER SCALE. THERE ARE
THE COMPUTER. THIS ENABLES THE EDITOR TO DECIDE WHETHER TO INCLUDE HIGH-
THE WORDS THAT SURROUND IT, THE WORD INDEX BECOMES A CONCORDANCE. THE
THE MACHINE TO INCLUDE EVERY WORD, BUT IT REQUIRES NO MORE EFFORT ON THE
THE TEXT UNTIL IT IS FREE OF ERROR. IF SUCH A TERMINAL IS NOT AVAILABLE, IT IS
THE NON-STANDARD TERMINAL COULD BE USED FOR PROOF-READING AND CORRECTING
THE RHYME IS CONSIDERED TO GO. FIGURE 8.4 SHOWS ALL WORDS LINKED BY THE
THE QUANTITY OF INFORMATION WOULD BE VERY MUCH LARGER IF IT WAS HELD IN FULL.
THEREFORE 65 OR 7776 THEORETICAL POSSIBILITIES FOR EACH LINE AND IT WOULD BE
THE COMPUTER.
THE OUTPUT FORMAT IS NOT APPROPRIATE, IT IS MUCH EASIER TO WRITE A SMALL
THE DATABASE. WHEN NEW RECORDS ARE ADDED TO THE FILE CONTAINING THE SAME
THE FIRST BIT IS A 1, IT COUNTS AS 4, THE SECOND BIT COUNTS AS 2, AND THE THIRD
BIT
THEIR DISPOSAL, AND THE ENTIRE DICTIONARY WAS TRANSFERRED TO THE MACHINE BY
THERE ARE FIXED RULES FOR DETERMINING WHEN A SYLLABLE IS LONG. A VOWEL
THE WRONG ONE FOR THAT RECORD, E.G. MA FOR MAGDALEN INSTEAD OF ME FOR
THE COMPUTER, FOR EXAMPLE, TO SEARCH FOR ALL THE LINES WHICH BEGIN WITH EACH
THEY MAY HAVE BEEN GENERATED BY A DICTIONARY LOOK-UP SYSTEM SUCH AS THOSE
THE <2ADD>2 FIELD WOULD GIVE US SIX RECORDS. THE FIRST TWO WILL SUFFICE TO
THE SECTION WHICH IS REQUIRED. IN <1RANDOM ACCESS>1 FILES AN INDEX OR DIRECTORY
OF
THE FIRST BOOK OF THE <1ODYSSEY,>1 IT RECOGNISED THAT IT MAY HAVE BEEN FAULTY IN
THE ORIGINATING STRINGS.
THE VERSE AND THE SECOND INVESTIGATES THE FREQUENCIES OF SPECIFIC METRICAL
THEREFORE A VALUABLE SOURCE OF BIBLIOGRAPHIC MATERIAL IN COMPUTER READABLE
THE NUMBER 2 TO INDICATE A LONG SYLLABLE AND 1 FOR A SHORT SYLLABLE. THERE ARE
THE STORAGE MEDIUM, THOUGH THIS DOES NOT NECESSARILY MEAN THAT THE FIXED-
THEY OCCUR, BUT USING ANOTHER <2FAMULUS>2 PROGRAM CALLED <2MULTIPLY>2 THE
THE FOLLOWING EXAMPLE IT IS ASSUMED THAT * AND $$ WILL NEVER APPEAR
THE LENGTH OF EACH SYLLABLE CAN EASILY BE DETERMINED. IT NOW SEEMS CLEAR THAT
THEY DO STATE THAT IT WAS PERFORMED BY A <2FORTRAN>2 PROGRAM AND THAT
THE RHYME IS NOT NOTICED UNTIL THE SECOND WORD IS REACHED. THIS MAY NOT
THE RECORD (NEW, CHANGED, DELETED).
THE SCANSION FOR EACH LINE BY CONSIDERING ELISIONS AND LENGTHENING SHORT
THE EYE.
THE HEXAMETER, THERE ARE ONLY THIRTY-TWO POSSIBLE SCANSIONS FOR EACH LINE (OR
THE CONVENTIONAL RECORD AND FIELD FORMAT WITHOUT CONSIDERATION OF HOW IT IS
THEN USED TO FIND ALL OCCURRENCES OF ALL COMBINATIONS OF SYLLABLES. ANOTHER
THEN FINDS THAT PLACE ON DISC IMMEDIATELY WITHOUT HAVING TO READ ALL THE
THE DATA ALWAYS KNOW THAT THIS IS ITS FORMAT. THIS ECONOMY OF STORAGE CAN BE
THE SORTING PROCESS AND IF TWO RECORDS ARE FOUND TO HAVE THE SAME
THE POINT. THE HISTORY OF THE UNIVERSITY PROJECT HAS BEEN USING THE
THE BEGINNING. DATA WHICH IS STORED ON TAPE IS THEREFORE ORGANISED SO
THEY ARE THE FAULT OF THE PERSON WHO IS USING THE COMPUTER WHO HAS GIVEN IT
THE EARLY 1960S. WISBEY HAS CONTINUED HIS WORK SINCE MOVING TO KING'S
THEM SUCCESSFULLY.
THE TEXT.
THE FINAL CHAPTER GIVES A BRIEF GUIDE ON HOW TO START A COMPUTER PROJECT IN
THEM AFTERWARDS. THE FIRST FOUR LINES OF THE <1ILIAD>1 ARE GIVEN BELOW WITH THE
THESE <2SNOBOL>2 IS PARTICULARLY SUITABLE FOR ANALYSING INFORMATION WHICH IS
THE FOLDS ARE PERFORATED SO THAT EACH SEPARATE DOCUMENT OR PIECE OF OUTPUT
THE COMPUTER HAS TAKEN OVER THE TIME-CONSUMING TASKS OF PERFORMING LONG
THE COMPUTER, WHETHER IT IS HARDWARE OR SOFTWARE. WE HAVE ALREADY SEEN
THE COMPUTER CENTRE CARRYING A MAGNETIC TAPE WHICH HAS NO TECHNICAL
THESE HAS FOUR DIFFERENT FORMS, DEPENDING ON WHERE IT OCCURS WITHIN A WORD,
THE FORM OF A PROGRAM. THIS INVOLVES BREAKING THE PROBLEM DOWN INTO VERY
THESE CHARACTERS APPEAR IN THE TEXT, THEY SHOULD ALSO APPEAR IN THE
THE ACADEMIC WORLD.
THE CUMBERSOME CHORE OF HANDLING CARDS.
THE HOT ATMOSPHERE OF A STUDY OR OFFICE. HOWEVER, THEY WILL WITHSTAND BEING
THE DAYS EVEN OF <2ATLAS,>2 WHICH WAS IN USE UNTIL 1973.
THE PATTERN OF HOLES AND TYPING THE CORRESPONDING CHARACTERS ON A SHEET OR
THEY USED A COMPUTER TO COUNT THE WORDS AS WELL. MEANWHILE IN BRITAIN A
THE COMPUTER CAN ALSO BE PROGRAMMED TO KEEP TRACK OF THE LINE NUMBERS IN
THE SAME CONVENTIONS ARE USED ALL THE WAY THROUGH THE TEXT. ONCE <1A#>1 HAS
THE PRINTING IS ALSO REQUIRED, THE CARDS MUST THEN BE FED THROUGH ANOTHER
THE LETTER, GIVING <1#A.>1 IT DOES NOT MATTER WHICH OF THESE IS CHOSEN, PROVIDED
THIS IS THE ONLY PROGRAM YOU NEED WHICH IS NOT ALREADY WRITTEN, IT MAY BE
THINKS HIS JOB MIGHT TAKE AND POSSIBLY ALSO A PRIORITY -- THAT IS, HOW SOON HE
THIS PRODUCES OUTPUT WHICH LOOKS LIKE TYPESCRIPT, NOT LIKE PRINTING. AT A
THIS METHOD IT IS POSSIBLE TO PRINT EVEN CHINESE USING THE COMPUTER. AN
THIS IS YET ECONOMIC, BUT THE VOLUME OF MATERIAL NOW BEING PUBLISHED MAKES
THIRTY-EIGHT DIFFERENT FEATURES AUTOMATICALLY AND MANY MORE CAN BE
THIS FIELD IS ONE OF THE SEVENTEEN POSSIBILITIES. IF IT IS NOT, THE COMPUTER
WILL
THIS REASON THE FORMAT OF THE RECORDS IS LENGTHY AND COMPLICATED, THE
THIS PROGRAM EVERY TIME MORE DATA HAS BEEN ADDED TO A TAPE.
THOSE RECORDS FOUND AND THE OTHERS WILL BE OMITTED. FIGURE 9.6 SHOWS AN
THOROUGHLY ON SMALL QUANTITIES OF DATA BEFORE THEY ARE PUT INTO LARGE
THOSE TWO LINES ARE SPECIFIED AS THE CONTEXT OF ANY WORD APPEARING IN THEM,
THOSE TWO VOWELS CONSTITUTE A DIPTHONG. WHEN A WORD ENDING WITH A VOWEL
THOUSANDS OF SUCH RECORDS WHICH ARE ALL DESCRIBED BY THE SAME FIELD
THOSE USED FOR CONCORDANCE PROGRAMS. SEVERAL FIELDS CAN BE CONSIDERED IN
THOSE OF WAITE ON PLAUTUS. FIRST, A CONCORDANCE WAS MADE FOR REFERENCE
THOUSAND CARDS PER MINUTE, AND THE SPEED OF TAPE READERS IS IN THE ORDER OF
THREE HISTORICAL DATABASES HAVE BECOME AVAILABLE FOR COMPUTER SEARCHING,
THROUGH A TERMINAL DIRECTLY INTO COMPUTER FILES. MANY COMPUTER CENTRES
THREE BASIC STAGES IN COMPILING A DICTIONARY. THE FIRST STAGE CONSISTS OF
THREE FOR EACH FOOT. THESE EIGHTEEN SYLLABLES ARE REPRESENTED BY EIGHTEEN
THREE PROGRAMMERS WHOSE JOB IS JUST TO LOOK AFTER THE OPERATING SYSTEM AND
THREE OF THE ROWS FOR EACH CHARACTER. THE EXAMPLE IN FIGURE 2.1 SHOWS THE
THUS JUSTIFY THE TEXT TO THE RIGHT-HAND AS WELL AS TO THE LEFT-HAND MARGIN.
THUS CREATING THE APPROPRIATE CROSS-REFERENCE.
TIME OF WRITING THERE IS NO CHARGE FOR APPROVED RESEARCH WORKERS IN THE <2UK>2
TIMES ON DIFFERENT DATA AND THE RESULTS WILL COME OUT VERY QUICKLY. IF YOU
TIME SPENT IN PARSING THE REQUEST, BUT IT IS DEBATABLE WHETHER IT IS WORTH THE
TIMES. THAT IS ONLY ONE ENTRY IN A WORD COUNT, BUT AT 65 LINES PER PAGE OF
TIME. IT WOULD NOT BE SUITABLE FOR A FILE WHICH IS TO BE CONTINUALLY UPDATED
TO MOVE ALONG THE FIELD IN STEPS OF SO MANY CHARACTERS UNTIL IT HAS EITHER
TO SEARCH THE TEXT FOR INSTANCES OF PARTICULAR WORDS OR PHRASES. THE USAGES
TO BE RUN VERY QUICKLY. WORK IS ALSO NORMALLY SCHEDULED ACCORDING TO THE
TO SEARCH A DATABASE INTERACTIVELY FROM A TERMINAL. THE ADVANTAGE OF
TO TEN FIELDS. APART FROM THE USUAL TITLE-PAGE INFORMATION, THE EDITOR'S NAME
TO RECORD THE AMOUNT OF COMPUTER TIME EACH USER HAS. THEY WILL ALSO BE
TO INFORMATION WHICH IS ALREADY IN COMPUTER-READABLE FORM, USUALLY STORED
TO BE USED FOR SORTING AND ALSO TO SPECIFY WHICH SYMBOLS ARE WORD
TO DRAW THE LETTER AT THE APPROPRIATE POSITION ON THE CATHODE RAY TUBE.
TO OMIT THEM FROM THE PRINTOUT IF DESIRED.
TO BE PRONE TO ERROR IN READING, PARTICULARLY IN THE CONFUSION OF LOWER CASE
<1H>1
TO LIST A LINE ONCE FOR EACH TIME A WORD OCCURS IN IT. THIS MAY BE
TO GENERATE THE REQUIRED CHARACTERS. THE PROGRAM CAN INCLUDE THE
TO BE THE BEST APPROACH, SO THAT FOR EXAMPLE ALL THE OCCURRENCES OF <2LADY->2
TO THE LEFT OF THE KEYWORD (FIGURE 3.9). IN THIS WAY ALL THE INSTANCES OF A
TO THE DICTIONARY AS THEY ARE REQUIRED, IN THE LAST CENTURY IT WAS COMMON
TO ANY RECOGNISED STANDARD. SUCH A STANDARD DOES EXIST FOR BIBLIOGRAPHIC
TO THEIR ALLITERATION. IT IS ARGUABLE WHETHER THESE ATTEMPTS TO MEASURE
TO FIND ALL THE POSITIONS IN THE LINE WHERE THERE IS ALLITERATION. THIS
OPERATION
TO THE FILE, THEY ARE FIRST SORTED INTO THE SAME FORMAT AND THIS SMALL FILE THEN
TO COMPUTER READABLE FORM. THE MATERIAL MAY BE REPETITIVE AND CAN THUS BE
TO THE LIBRARY ON MAGNETIC TAPE. <2MARC>2 RECORDS FROM OTHER COUNTRIES WILL
TO CREATE A NEW "SON', THE LAST BUT TWO VERSION OF THE FILE, THE NEW "SON'S'
TO DO, NOTHING MORE. COMPUTERS RARELY, IF EVER, GO WRONG AND PRODUCE
TO ANY OTHER SET OF PROGRAMS AND IS A COMMON AND AMBIGUOUS TERM IN
TO DO, NOT WHAT THE PROGRAMMER INTENDED TO ASK IT TO DO. 'GARBAGE IN,
TO A TAPE, IT OVERWRITES AND CONSEQUENTLY ERASES WHAT WAS THERE BEFORE, JUST
TO ANY PART OF THE TAPE, ALL THE PRECEDING INFORMATION ON THE TAPE MUST FIRST
TO ANALYSE AND HE USED THE COMPUTER ONLY TO DO THE CALCULATIONS. MOSTELLER
TO FIT THEM IN, BUT IT IS QUITE FEASIBLE TO USE MORE THAN ONE COMPUTER
TO OVER TEN MILLION. INITIALLY HE HAD THOUGHT OF USING FILE CARDS FOR WHAT WAS
TO REPRESENT THE CHARACTERS. THERE ARE ALSO OTHER WIDTHS OF PAPER TAPE,
TO BE HIS LIFE'S WORK. IN 1951 HE BEGAN TO DIRECT THE TRANSFER OF TEXTS TO
TO ENQUIRE ABOUT CARD CODES BEFORE STARTING. MOST COMPUTER INSTALLATIONS
TO FEED THEM IN ONCE AND THEN STORE THE TEXT ON SOME MAGNETIC MEDIA, SUCH
TO ASK THE PEOPLE AT THE COMPUTER CENTRE WHICH IS GOING TO READ THE
TOGETHER, OR WHETHER TO IGNORE THE DOLLAR COMPLETELY AND THUS PUT
TOLD TO FIND THE PLACE TO BE CORRECTED BY LINE NUMBER. IF THE LINE NUMBER WAS
TOO LARGE FOR ONE USER'S ALLOCATION OF DISC SPACE AND THEREFORE MUST BE KEPT
TOOL FOR OTHER PEOPLE TO USE. IT IS ESSENTIAL FOR THEM TO BE AWARE OF WHICH TEXT
TOTAL AMOUNT OF STORAGE REQUIRED IS MUCH LESS THAN FOR A SERIAL FILE, AS
TPEWRITER OFTEN NEEDS ADJUSTMENT FOR <2OCR>2 WORK, WHICH RENDERS IT
TRANSFER THE DATA TO ANOTHER COMPUTER FILE OR TAPE IN THE REQUIRED FORMAT. IF
TRANSLITERATION.
TRANSLITERATED GREEK ALPHABET AND THOSE USED TO REPRESENT DIACRITICS. THE
TRANSLITERATION OR TRANSCRIPTION OF INPUT. ALTHOUGH THE TELETYPE MAY HAVE A
TRANSCRIBING FOR COMPUTER INPUT, IT WOULD BE MORE SENSIBLE TO CHOOSE A
TRACK TAPE. A ROW OF TINY HOLES BETWEEN THE FIFTH AND SIXTH TRACK SIMPLY
TRANSCRIBED INTO A FORM WHICH THE COMPUTER CAN READ, AND THIS ALMOST
TRANSFERRING INFORMATION FROM ONE COMPUTER TO ANOTHER, SUPPOSE THAT A
TRANSLITERATED INTO THE COMPUTER'S CHARACTER SET. IN GREEK, FOR EXAMPLE, THE
TRANSLITERATED TEXT MUST THEN BE TYPED ON TO A SUITABLE COMPUTER INPUT
TRANSFER INFORMATION FROM ONE COMPUTER TO ANOTHER ON MAGNETIC TAPE. THE
TRANSFERRED FROM ONE COMPUTER TO ANOTHER ON PUNCHED CARDS, IT IS ADVISABLE
TRANSFER IT TO THE CORE STORE OR MEMORY OF THE COMPUTER, OR WRITE NEW
TREATED AS A WORD SEPARATOR, THE TWO HALVES WOULD BE CONSIDERED AS SEPARATE
TRUE OF STAGE DIRECTIONS AND FOREIGN WORDS AND TO A LESSER EXTENT QUOTED
TWELVE ROWS HORIZONTALLY. SPECIAL KEYBOARD DEVICES, CALLED <1CARD PUNCHES,>1 ARE
TWO SHORTS (A DACTYL). THE LAST FOOT OF EACH LINE IS ALWAYS TWO SYLLABLES, THE
TWO ORIGINATING STRINGS HAVE A 1.
TWO LETTER CODES, RATHER THAN THE FULL VERSION OF THE DATA, WERE STORED IN THE
TWO TOGETHER AND INDICATE THE NUMBER OF JUSTIFIED LINES WITHIN THIS TOTAL.
TWO COPIES TO BE KEPT OF MATERIAL WHICH IS STORED ON MAGNETIC TAPE. IF ONE
TYPESET FOR PUBLICATION RATHER THAN BE PRESENTED IN LINEPRINTER SYMBOLS. IF
TYPED INTO THE MACHINE, AS FOR EXAMPLE IN THE ROSSLYN STUDY ON <1VOLNY,>1 OR
TYPED INTO THE COMPUTER TOGETHER WITH THE PAGE NUMBER AND ANY OTHER
TYPED IN FULL WERE THE NAME OF EACH PERSON AND A FOUR-DIGIT IDENTIFICATION
TYPING. AN EXAMPLE FROM ONE OF THE COMPUTER PROJECTS AT OXFORD ILLUSTRATES
TYPE THE NAME OF THE AUTHOR FOR EVERY PLAY. INSTEAD IT COULD BE GIVEN ONCE
TYPING STAGE. THEY CANNOT BE CORRECTED USING CORRECTING FLUID, AS THIS
TYPEWRITER FITTED WITH A SPECIAL RIBBON AND <2OCR>2 GOLF BALL HEAD. THE
TYPESETTER WITHOUT ANY FURTHER NEED FOR PROOF-READING. ONCE THE MATERIAL
TYPES FASTER THAN A KEY PUNCH OPERATOR, BUT NOW <2VDUS>2 AND TELETYPES ARE
TYPESETTER WHICH CONSTRUCTS SHAPES OUT OF STRAIGHT LINES, BUT SEVERAL FOUNTS
TYPING IS COMPLETE, ERRORS CAN BE INTRODUCED AGAIN AT THE READING STAGE.
TYPE FACES TO SUIT THEIR READER. ONE IN PARTICULAR HAS LITTLE STROKES OR BARS
UGLY LINEPRINTER-TYPE CHARACTERS AT SPEEDS OF UP TO 10,000 LINES PER MINUTE.
UNABLE TO PROVIDE AN UNEQUIVOCAL SCANSION. GREENBERG PRINTS MESSAGES
UNABLE TO GIVE ASSISTANCE FOR <2COBOL>2 PROGRAMS.
UNABLE TO DISTINGUISH WORDS WHICH SHOULD BE DISTINGUISHED. IT WOULD, FOR
UNAMBIGUOUS. THE COMPUTER OPERATES WITH A VERY BASIC SERIES OF
UNDERLINED. <1B>1 INDICATES THAT THE NEXT WORD BEGINS WITH A CONSONANT, AND
<1A>1
UNDER THE APPROPRIATE LEMMA. THE THIRD STAGE IS TO EDIT THE EXAMPLES FOR
UNDERNEATH THE CHARACTERS. THESE ARE READ BY THE MACHINE AND INCORPORATE
UNDER A SEPARATE HEADING FROM ALL THOSE OF <1A.>1
UNDECIPHERED OR NOT WELL UNDERSTOOD. IF A TEXT EXISTS IN TWO LANGUAGES AND
UNDERNEATH. THE SECOND TITLE IF PRESENT ALSO HAS A SERIES OF KEYWORDS
UNDERSTAND THE TECHNICALITIES, BUT DO ASK SOMEONE AT THE COMPUTER CENTRE
UNEQUIVOCALLY LONG ACCORDING TO THE RULES DESCRIBED ABOVE.
UNFORTUNATELY ITS PRICE PUTS IT OUT OF THE REACH OF ALL BUT THE MOST AFFLUENT
UNIVERSITIES IS CALLED <2FAMULUS>2 AND IT SERVES AS A USEFUL EXAMPLE FOR
UNIQUE NUMBER IN ASCENDING ORDER AS IT IS ADDED TO THE FILE. THE FIELD LABELS
UNLIKELY THAT YOUR LOCAL COMPUTER CAN READ ALL OF THEM. YOU MAY NOT
UNPUBLISHED RECORDS. THERE ARE NOW ALMOST 30,000 BIOGRAPHICAL RECORDS ON
UNRECOGNISED CHARACTER.
UNSUCCESSFUL IT WAS LATER FOUND THAT THE LATIN AUTHOR HAD NOT IN FACT
UNSUITABLE FOR TEXT, AS THEIR SPECIFICATIONS ARE TOO INFLEXIBLE. CAREFUL
UNSATISFACTORY FOR NORMAL TYPING. TWO TYPE FACES WHICH ARE COMMONLY USED
UPDATED BY A SPECIAL PROGRAM WHICH COPIES IT TO ANOTHER TAPE WITH THE
UPDATE THE DATABASE. WHEN THE DATABASE IS CHANGED, AN ALPHABETICAL LIST OF
UPPER CASE LETTERS, PROPER NAMES, DIACRITICS AND UNUSUAL PUNCTUATION; BUT
US SUPPOSE THAT WE ARE COMPILING A CATALOGUE OF ELIZABETHAN LITERATURE AND
USAGE. A CENTRE WHOSE COMPUTER IS HEAVILY OVERLOADED MAY NOT ALLOW MORE
USED TO FORMULATE THE RESULTS.
USED TO IDENTIFY HALLS, ORDERS, OFFICES, ETC. THE ONLY TWO FIELDS WHICH WERE
USED MERELY TO FIND PATTERNS WITHIN THE CODING. FIVE DIFFERENT SYMBOLS WERE
USED PROCESSES IN COMPUTING. ONE OF THE COMMONEST INDEXING PACKAGES IN
USER TO WRITE PROGRAMS IN <2COBOL>2 OR <2FORTRAN,>2 WHICH VIEW THE DATA IN
USERS -- THAT IS, STAFF WHOSE JOB IT IS TO HOLD A "SURGERY' TO HELP USERS, THE
USE MORE THAN ONE COMPUTER CHARACTER FOR EACH CHARACTER IN YOUR TEXT BUT
USER WISHES, NOT AS THE COMPUTER IS PROGRAMMED TO EXPECT, THE PROGRAM
USE. THEY ALSO SCHEDULE OR ORGANISE THEIR WORK DEPENDING ON INFORMATION
USED COMPUTER LANGUAGE IN THE ACADEMIC WORLD IS <2FORTRAN.>2
USER IS NO LESS INTELLIGENT THAN THE SCIENTIST AND IS NO LESS CAPABLE OF
USER MAY THEN NEED TO REFINE THE REQUEST SEVERAL TIMES BEFORE HE IS SATISFIED,
USED FOR CHARGING IF REAL OR NOTIONAL MONEY IS INVOLVED. EACH ACCOUNT
USER.
USER MAY NOT BE ABLE TO UNDERSTAND THE EXAMPLES. HE WILL UNDERSTAND THE
USED IN THE ACADEMIC WORLD AND AN ACADEMIC COMPUTER CENTRE MAY BE
USED TO MAKE PATTERNS OF RECTANGULAR HOLES IN THE COLUMNS. EACH COLUMN IS
USE ONE SYMBOL TO INDICATE A CAPITAL LETTER AT THE START OF A SENTENCE AND
USED TO REPRESENT ONE CHARACTER AND NORMALLY HOLES ARE PUNCHED IN UP TO
USING DIFFERENT MARKER SYMBOLS PRECEDING OR FOLLOWING THE <2H,>2 AND THE
USING A SPECIAL PROGRAM, CALLED THE <1EDITOR.>1 THE PLACES WHERE THE CORRECTIONS
USING THE COMPLETE BIBLIOGRAPHIC REFERENCE.
USING A COMPUTER TO COMPILE INDEXES OF TEXTS. ONE OF THE EARLIEST WORKERS IN
USUALLY NECESSARY FOR WHAT IS CALLED <1CONTINUOUS DATA>1 WHERE THE NUMBER OF
USUALLY AVAILABLE TO USERS AT ALL, BUT ARE EMPLOYED TO STORE FILES WHICH ARE
USUALLY MUCH LESS SPACE AVAILABLE, PARTICULARLY ON DRUMS. THESE ARE NOT
USUALLY POSSIBLE TO COMBINE REQUESTS TO MAKE THEM MORE SPECIFIC USING
USUALLY BE MOVED FROM ONE RANGE OF COMPUTER TO ANOTHER IF THEY ARE WRITTEN
USUALLY 120, 132 OR 160 CHARACTERS ACROSS THE PAGE AND THERE ARE TEN
USUALLY LOWER, BECAUSE THE MACHINERY USED TO INPUT MATERIAL TO THE
USUALLY BE OMITTED FROM THE COMPUTER TEXT. NEITHER OF THESE LANGUAGES HAS
USUALLY LAID UNDER THE FLOOR, WHICH NEEDS TO BE EASILY ACCESSIBLE FOR
USUALLY EITHER 5- OR 7-TRACK.
USUALLY MUCH LESS, AS INFORMATION IS RARELY TYPED TO THE END OF A CARD.
UTILITY PROGRAM WHICH MAKES COPIES OF MAGNETIC TAPES, IT IS SENSIBLE TO RUN
VALUES. THEY ARE USUALLY (BUT NOT IN <2FIND2)>2 ABBREVIATED AS FOLLOWS:
VARY IN SIZE FROM TWO LINES UPWARDS.
VARIOUS FORMS WITH DIFFERENT DIACRITICS WOULD THEN APPEAR AS SEPARATE
VAST NUMBER OF TABLES. HE HAS PUBLISHED A NUMBER OF BOOKS IN THE SERIES
VERSE. THE VERSE, PASTERNAK'S <1VOLNY,>1 WAS CODED BY HAND AND THE MACHINE
VERSE AUTOMATICALLY IN SOME LANGUAGES, BUT IT IS NOT SO EASY IN OTHERS. IN
VERY VARIED INFORMATION. IN THIS PROJECT THERE SHOULD BE NO MISSING
VERSE RHYTHM BY RUDOLPH HIRSCHMANN. HIS INPUT CONSISTS OF THE BASIC TEXT
VERSE WHERE THE LINES ARE OF A REASONABLE LENGTH, BUT IS NOT SO APPLICABLE FOR
VERSE WITH SHORT LINES OR FOR PROSE TEXT, IT IS QUITE POSSIBLE TO PROGRAM THE
VERY FREQUENTLY IN COMPUTING IN THE COMMERCIAL WORLD. A FILE OF PERSONNEL
VERIFYING THE MATERIAL. IT WILL THEN HAVE TO BE TYPED ON PUNCHED CARDS OR
VERBAL FORM "READING' IN THE FOLLOWING SENTENCE
VERY CLEAN. COMPUTER ROOM FLOORS ALWAYS CONSIST OF A SERIES OF TILES, AS MANY
VISUALLY SEARCHING THAT FOR ANY OBVIOUS SPELLING ERRORS. IT IS NOT POSSIBLE TO
VOCALISATION IS NORMALLY OMITTED FROM HEBREW AND ARABIC TEXTS, AND IT CAN
VOLUMES OF THE SERIES HAVE APPEARED IN QUICK SUCCESSION, AND THE 60-ODD
VOLUMES ARE NOW ALMOST COMPLETE. IT MAY SEEM A LONG TIME BEFORE
VOWELS IT IS EASIER THAN IN LATIN TO PRODUCE AUTOMATIC SCANSIONS. PACKARD
VOWELS ARE STRESSED THESE NUMERICAL VALUES ARE INCREASED BY ONE, SO THAT ALL
WANTED TO MAKE A CROSS-REFERENCE FOR THE TERM <2BLACK AND WHITE>2
WANTS IT TO BE DONE. SOME COMPUTER CENTRES NOW LINK THEIR BUDGETING OF
WANT TO ANALYSE TEXT WITH REAL WORDS ON THE COMPUTER. COMPUTER STORAGE IS
WAS ALL THAT WAS AVAILABLE. RECORDS ON MAGNETIC TAPE CAN ONLY BE ACCESSED
WAS READ, AND, AS ITEMS FOR INCLUSION IN THE INDEX WERE FOUND, THEY WERE
WAS ALL IN UPPER CASE) AND DEAL WITH ACCENTS AND DIACRITICS. THE EXAMPLE
WAS IN GENERAL UNSATISFACTORY BUT UNDOUBTEDLY AN IMPROVEMENT ON THE
WAS FORMED IN LONDON. IT IS NOW AN INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION AND PUBLISHES
WAS A NUMBER OF GENERAL-PURPOSE COMPUTER PROGRAMS CALLED <1PACKAGES.>1 EACH
WAY THAT ANY PART OF IT COULD BE ACCESSED WITHOUT ALL THE PRECEDING
WAY OF DOING IT. REMEMBER THAT ACCURACY IS MORE IMPORTANT THAN COST. YOU
WELL AS NOT ALLOWING FOR STILL LONGER TITLES TO BE ADDED IN THE SAME FORMAT.
WELL KNOWN AND GENERALLY AVAILABLE, SUCH AS THE OXFORD CLASSICAL TEXTS FOR
WERE MOSTLY IN WORDS LIKE <1AUREA>1 WHERE THE FINAL A IS THE LONG A OF THE
ABLATIVE
WERE TAPES SO THAT RECORDS WERE ONLY ACCESSED SERIALLY. THIS WAS MOSTLY
WERE DEVISED FOR IDENTIFYING SYLLABLE BOUNDARIES. THESE WERE
WERE THOSE CONCERNED WITH THE AUTHOR SUCH AS HIS EPITHET AND DATES, AS WELL
WERE MUCH LESS POWERFUL THAN OUR PRESENT-DAY ONES, BUT THEY WERE
WHAT COMES OUT OF THE MACHINE AS WELL AS WHAT GOES IN. IT IS OFTEN EASIER TO
WHAT ARE ESSENTIALLY THE SAME FEATURES. THE NAMES OF THE PROGRAMMING
WHETHER BY USING A PHONEMIC TRANSCRIPTION OR BY ALLOWING FOR EXCEPTIONS
WHEN HE WAS PRESENT. A NUMBER OF CONVENTIONS WERE USED FOR CODING THIS
WHERE MOST COMPUTING CONSISTS OF PROCESSING VERY LARGE STRUCTURED FILES
WHETHER THEY ARE IN A VALID RANGE. THIS WOULD DETECT FOR INSTANCE 2977
WHEREAS IN A BOOK THE SPACING IS VARIABLE BECAUSE OF THE RIGHT-HAND
WHEN IT IS TYPED INTO THE COMPUTER. FOREIGN WORDS COULD ALSO BE TREATED IN A
WHERE THE SPELLINGS MAY HAVE BEEN AFFECTED BY THE COMPOSITOR'S NEED TO FIT
WHERE THE KEYWORD OCCURS IN THE TEXT IS KNOWN AS THE REFERENCE. IN THIS
WHETHER TO INCLUDE THESE OR NOT. FOR A COMPUTER-PRODUCED CONCORDANCE,
WHERE MATERIAL IS BEING TRANSFERRED FROM ONE COMPUTER CENTRE TO ANOTHER.
WHEN NECESSARY TO MAKE AN EVEN NUMBER. IF THE TAPE READER IS WORKING IN
WHERE LETTERS WHICH HAVE NO PRECEDING SYMBOL REPRESENT LOWER CASE. ON A
WHEN TWO DIFFERENT TYPISTS ARE USED, BUT IF THE SAME MISTAKE IS MADE TWICE IT
WHETHER IT IS THE FIRST LETTER, LAST LETTER, ONE IN THE MIDDLE OR ONE STANDING
ON
WHICH SCANS LATIN HEXAMETERS. HIS PROGRAM WOULD OPERATE ON A LINE OF
WHICH SYLLABLES RECEIVING PRIMARY STRESS OCCUPY EVEN-NUMBERED POSITIONS,
WHICH INDICATES THE IAMBIC SENARII IN THE <1TRUCULENTUS.>1
WHICH THE INFORMATION OCCUPIES. IF ALL FIELDS IN A BIBLIOGRAPHIC FILE WERE THE
WHICH RHYME WITH EACH OTHER, PROVIDED IT HAS BEEN FED THE APPROPRIATE
WHICH ARE NOTEWORTHY IN SOME RESPECT.
WHICH ARE MADE FOR CUMULATIVE PUBLICATION KEEP SUCH THESAURI, UPDATING
WHICH GOES INTO THE COMPUTER IS ACCURATE, THE OUTPUT IS ALSO ACCURATE, EVEN
WHICH CANNOT NECESSARILY BE CAPTURED BY THE MEASUREMENT OF MEDIAN GAP
WHICH WILL HOLD ABOUT TWENTY LINES OF TEXT. SOME <2VDUS>2 HAVE A TINY
WHICH ARE BOTH AUXILIARY VERBS AND NOUNS. PRE-EDITING SEEMS TO BE THE ONLY
WHICH WOULD BE INTERPRETED AS LOOK FOR THE FIRST LINE CONTAINING <2CAT AND.>2
WHICH ASSUME THE NORMAL SEQUENCE OF CHARACTERS. THE COMPUTER
WHICH ARE SPELLED THE SAME BUT HAVE A DIFFERENT MEANING. A PARTICULAR
WHILE IGNORING THE OTHERS. A CONCORDANCE WHICH IS TO FORM THE BASIS OF
WHICH IS NOT AT ALL RELATED TO THE USE OF A COMPUTER. ABOUT THE SAME TIME
WHICH ARE ORIENTED TO PARTICULAR LANGUAGES. THE NAMES OF THE CHAIRMEN OF
WHICH CASE YOU WILL EITHER HAVE TO DO IT YOURSELF OR PAY SOMEONE TO DO IT.
WHICH IS BOTH EXACTING AND REWARDING FOR THE ARTS USER AS WELL AS FOR THE
WHICH IS SCRATCHED AND IN MANY CASES WILL STOP DEAD SO THAT THE INFORMATION
WHICH ARE NOT WRITTEN IN THE ROMAN ALPHABET. THEY MUST FIRST BE
WHICH HAS TAKEN A LONG TIME TO PREPARE. MOST COMPUTER CENTRES HAVE A
WHICH CAN BE INSERTED IN THE BACK OF A TAPE REEL. INFORMATION CAN ONLY BE
WHICH COMES AFTER THE SCRATCH IS ALSO INACCESSIBLE. TAPES CAN ALSO
WHICH HOLD UP TO 2400 FEET OF TAPE. A COMPUTER INSTALLATION MAY POSSESS
WHO WISH TO USE THEIR UNIVERSITY COMPUTER CENTRE. THE METHODS OF
WHO MAY NEVER HAVE HEARD OF TERMS LIKE TEXTUAL CRITICISM OR IAMBIC
WHO ORIGINALLY PREPARED THE TEXT. A SMALL PILOT STUDY SHOULD ALWAYS BE
WHOLE LINE AT A TIME. AN EXAMPLE OF LINEPRINTER OUTPUT IS SHOWN IN FIGURE
WILL NOT HAVE FORGOTTEN IT. THE <2VDU>2 IS QUIET -- UNCANNILY SO IN SOME
WILL NOT WANT TO SPEND MANY MONTHS CORRECTING DATA WHICH HAS BEEN BADLY
WILL PROBABLY BE ALLOCATED ONLY SMALL COMPUTER RESOURCES TO BEGIN WITH TO
WILL COMPEL YOU TO MAKE SOME DECISIONS ABOUT YOUR TEXT THAT YOU MAY HAVE
WILL EXECUTE THE PROGRAM EXACTLY AS IT IS AND DO WHAT IT WAS ACTUALLY ASKED
WILL PERFORM A VARIETY OF RELATED FUNCTIONS, AND THE USER HAS ONLY TO PRESENT
WITH COLUMNS FOR EACH FIELD AND ENTER INFORMATION ON THESE SHEETS AS SOON AS
WITH THE VOWELS OF ALL STRESSED SYLLABLES MARKED AND HIS PROGRAM CONTAINS A
WITH MORE MATERIAL.
WITH EACH RECORD. INSTEAD A SMALL DIRECTORY IS PRESENT AT THE BEGINNING OF
WITH AN INDICATION THAT IT SHOULD BE TAKEN AS THE AUTHOR OF EVERY FOLLOWING
WITH ANY EXTRA CONSONANTS PLACED TO THE RIGHT OF THE SYLLABLE
WITH THE COMPUTER. ANOTHER KIND OF COMPUTER TERMINAL IS A <1VISUAL DISPLAY>1
WITHOUT SETTING OUT THE LIST IN A FORM SUITABLE FOR PUBLICATION. HE WILL ALSO
WITH FEWER CLERICAL ALTERATIONS TO THE COMPUTER OUTPUT.
WITHIN OR OUTSIDE A PARTICULAR RANGE.
WITH THE PHYSICAL MACHINERY -- OR IT MAY BE SOFTWARE -- THAT IS, A USER OR
WITH AN INDICATION OF HOW MANY TIMES THEY ARE TO BE DONE.
WITHIN THE TEXT. EACH IDENTIFIER WOULD THEN REFER TO ALL THE TEXT WHICH FOLLOWS
WORD ENDING.
WORD BOUNDARIES WERE RETAINED. RHYME WAS ALSO CODED IN LETTER FORM, THERE
WORD LIST OF THE TEXT WAS PRODUCED TO WHICH THE METRICAL FORMS WERE ADDED.
WORDS WHICH NEED TO BE MARKED IN THE MACHINE-READABLE TEXT.
WORD STRESS IN THE SAME TEXTS OF PLAUTUS. IT IS UNFORTUNATE FOR OUR PURPOSES
WORDS AND THESE WORDS ARE HOMOGRAPHS OF OTHER WORDS WHICH ARE TO BE
WORK.
WORDS, WHICH LEADS TO HIGH COUNT OF OCCURRENCES FOR WORDS LIKE "ENTER' AND
WORK ON ANOTHER SERIES OF SHAKESPEARE CONCORDANCES WAS BEGUN BY MARVIN
WORDS THUS DISTORTING THE VOCABULARY COUNTS FOR <2LADY>2 AND <2LIKE>2. SOME
WORDS, APOSTROPHES, PROPER NAMES AND QUOTED MATTER SHOULD ALL BE SET OUT
WORD. IT IS THEN LEFT TO THE USER OF THE CONCORDANCE TO SEPARATE THEM AND TO
WORDS FROM THE SAME LEMMA ARE GROUPED FAIRLY CLOSELY TOGETHER. IT IS ONLY IN
WORDS ARE LISTED SEPARATELY OR CORRECTLY. THIS INVOLVES CONSIDERABLE WORK
WORDS WHICH BEGIN WITH A SERIES OF LETTERS BY SPECIFYING A TRUNCATION
WORK FIRST TIME AND VERY SURPRISING IF IT WORKS THE SECOND TIME. IT MAY TAKE
WORDS OCCUR IN THE DOCUMENTS. WHEN THE USER MAKES AN INITIAL QUERY ON-
WORLD AND FOR THAT REASON ARE IMPORTANT TO STUDENTS OF JEWISH HISTORY AND
WORKING, MACHINES COULD NOT COPE WITH THE LARGE QUANTITY OF TEXT HE WANTED
WORD <1HIS>1 IN THE LATIN PHRASE <1IN HIS MORIBUS>1 WHICH APPEARED AS A
QUOTATION IN
WOULD ELIMINATE THE MOST LABORIOUS PART OF ANY COMPUTER-AIDED ANALYSIS OF
WOULD OF COURSE STILL APPEAR IN THE CONTEXT OF OTHER KEYWORDS. MOST OF THE
WOULD BE INTERPRETED AS
WOULD INTERPRET IT AS THE LATTER. TO ENSURE THAT IT IS CORRECTLY UNDERSTOOD,
WOULD LIKE TO PERFORM ON THE DATA. MORE AND MORE PACKAGES HAVE BEEN
WOULD BE GIVEN WHEN A SENTENCE BEGINS WITH A PROPER NAME. IF $ WAS USED
WOULD TAKE OVER FORTY BOXES TO HOLD THE COMPLETE WORKS OF SHAKESPEARE.
WOULD HAPPEN UNLESS THE COMPUTER WERE TOLD BY SOME IDENTIFYING SYMBOL
WRITTEN SERIALLY, AS IF IT WERE A TAPE; OR IT COULD HAVE BEEN SET UP IN SUCH A
WRITTEN IN IT. ALL COMPUTERS EXCEPT THE VERY SMALL ONES SUPPORT COMPILERS
WRITE YOU  A TAPE IN A DIFFERENT FORMAT IF YOUR COMPUTER CANNOT READ THEIR
WRITTEN OUT NEATLY, PROBABLY ON COMPUTER CODING SHEETS, AND CERTAINLY NOT
WRITTEN IN RECENT YEARS. FOR HUMANITIES APPLICATIONS, ONE SUCH PACKAGE,
WRITTEN TO THE TAPE WHEN THIS RING IS IN PLACE.
YOU.
YOUR TEXT. AGAIN IT MAY BE WORTH FOLLOWING UP THE AUTHOR TO ENQUIRE ABOUT
A COMPUTER PROGRAM CAN BE WRITTEN TO CHECK THAT EACH CODE APPEARING IN
A COMPUTER PROGRAM MAY BE COMPARED TO A COOKING RECIPE, WHICH
A DISTINCTION IS ALSO MADE BETWEEN WHAT ARE CALLED <1FIXED-LENGTH FIELDS>1 AND
A DIFFICULTY OF MUCH LARGER DIMENSION IS THAT OF HOMOGRAPHS -- WORDS
A FILE OF MANY RECORDS CAN BE SORTED INTO ALPHABETICAL ORDER OF PUBLISHER,
A FURTHER STUDY BY WAITE INVESTIGATED THE INTERPLAY OF VERSE ICTUS AND
A MASTER ITEM SUCH AS OUR SHAKESPEARE WILL APPEAR ONLY ONCE IN THE
A NUMBER OF SUCCESSFUL ATTEMPTS HAVE BEEN MADE TO USE THE COMPUTER FOR
A NUMBER OF COMMERCIAL ORGANISATIONS PROVIDE BIBLIOGRAPHICAL SERVICES
A PROGRAM HAS ADDED THE FIELD LABELS TITL, <2AUTH,>2 <2PUB>2, ETC, TO THE
A REVISED VERSION WAS INTRODUCED IN 1968, AS A RESULT OF COLLABORATION
A RECENT STUDY IN OXFORD HAS PROVED THAT IT IS ALSO POSSIBLE TO SCAN
A SECOND INTERACTIVE PROGRAM WAS THEN RUN FROM A TERMINAL TO INSERT THE
A THIRD POSSIBLE METHOD IS TO KEEP A TABLE OR DIRECTORY AT THE BEGINNING OF
A THREE DIGIT TAG IS USED TO INDICATE EACH FIELD AND THERE IS ALSO A DIRECTORY
A THIRD DIFFICULTY ARISES IF THE EDITOR HAS CHOSEN TO OMIT SOME FREQUENT
A TEXT MUST CONTAIN REFERENCE IDENTIFIERS IN SOME FORM SO THAT ANY
A BOOLEAN <2AND>2 OPERATION SHOWS WHERE ASSONANCE AND ALLITERATION
ACCURACY OF THE DATA IS OF COURSE ESSENTIAL, BUT STRUCTURED DATA IS EASIER TO
ACCURACY IS OF VITAL IMPORTANCE WHEN TYPING ANY MATERIAL FOR THE
ACROSS THE ATLANTIC A NUMBER OF SCHOLARS IN THE FIELD OF ENGLISH STUDIES
ADD THE MILK TO THE BOWL
ADD A PINCH OF SALT TO THE BOWL
ALAN JONES AND MY HUSBAND MARTIN WHO BOTH READ THE ENTIRE MANUSCRIPT
ALBAN <2D.>2 WINSPEAR; AND BY CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS FROM <2R.L.>2
ALLITERATION AND SOUND PATTERN STUDIES ARE ALSO SUITABLE FOR COMPUTER
ALLITERATION FOR T WOULD BECOME
ALREADY A NUMBER OF COMPUTER CONCORDANCES HAVE APPEARED AS MICROFICHE.
ALTHOUGH YOU WILL PROBABLY NOT HAVE TO PAY TO USE THE COMPUTER, THE
ALTERNATIVELY SECTIONS OF CORRECTED TAPE CAN BE SPLICED OR GLUED INTO THE
AMERICAN ENGLISH, MADE UP OF 500 SAMPLES EACH OF 2000 WORDS AND
AMONG THE EARLIEST USERS OF SUCH COMPUTER PACKAGES WERE LAWYERS WHO
AN INDEX OF TERMS IN THE <2ADD>2 FIELD USING THE TITL FIELD AS SUBSIDIARY
AN EXAMPLE FROM HIS PROGRAM IS SHOWN IN FIGURE 8.5 WHERE 1 INDICATES A
ANOTHER ALTERNATIVE IS TO RETAIN THE INFORMATION IN A COMPUTER FILE IN THE
ANOTHER PROBLEM FACING THE EDITOR OF A CONCORDANCE IS THE ORDER IN WHICH
ANOTHER MEANS OF TRANSFERRING INFORMATION IN AND OUT OF COMPUTERS IS BY
ANOTHER INDEXING PROJECT AT THE OXFORD CENTRE FOR POSTGRADUATE HEBREW
ANY INDEXES OR CATALOGUES PRODUCED BY <2FAMULUS>2 CAN BE COMPUTER-
ARTS USERS INEVITABLY HAVE A LOT OF DATA TO BE PROCESSED. IF IT IS
AS FAR AS TEXTUAL MATERIAL IS CONCERNED, OPTICAL CHARACTER READING HAS NOT
AS THE CHARACTERS ARE DRAWN RATHER THAN PRINTED, IT IS THEORETICALLY
AS IN THE CASE OF <2FIND2,>2 IT MAY BE FOUND TO BE JUST AS USEFUL FOR THE ARTS
AS IT STANDS THIS REQUEST IS AMBIGUOUS. IT IS NOT CLEAR WHETHER THE FIRST TERM
ASKING OTHER USERS AT THE COMPUTER CENTRE MAY BRING TO LIGHT SOME CHEAP
ASSONANCE IN THIS LINE WOULD BE RECORDED AS
AT THIS STAGE THE FIRST TWO FEET ARE ESTABLISHED AS TWO SPONDEES AND THE TWO
ATLAS
ATOMIC ENERGY RESEARCH ESTABLISHMENT, HARWELL, IS ONE EXAMPLE. IT WAS
BEFORE ANY INFORMATION CAN BE ANALYSED BY COMPUTER, IT MUST FIRST BE
BENDER RECORD THE PHONEMES WHICH GIVE ASSONANCE OR ALLITERATION AND THE
BETWEEN EACH BLOCK THERE IS A GAP OF 1/2 OR 3/4 INCH. IT IS THEREFORE MORE
BIBLIOGRAPHY HAS BEEN PRODUCED BY COMPUTER TYPESETTING FROM <2MARC>2
BINARY FIELDS INDICATE ONE OF TWO POSSIBLE STATES -- THAT IS, NORMALLY THE
BOOLEAN OPERATORS <2AND, OR>2 AND <2NOT>2 WITH THE FOLLOWING CONNOTATIONS:
BOOLEAN OPERATORS. SOMETIMES BRACKETS ARE NEEDED SO THAT THE REQUEST IS
BREAK THE EGG INTO THE BOWL
BRITAIN WAS PROFESSOR <2R.A.>2 WISBEY WHO, WHEN HE WAS AT CAMBRIDGE,
BURNARD OF OXFORD UNIVERSITY COMPUTING SERVICE WHO COMMENTED ON
BUSA"S PROJECT ILLUSTRATES THE OLDEST AND STILL THE MOST WIDELY USED AND
BUSA HAD BEEN FOLLOWED BY A NUMBER OF OTHER SCHOLARS, WHO FOUND THAT THE
BY EXTRACTING DATA FROM THE RAW MATERIAL IN THIS WAY THE HISTORY OF THE
CAMBRIDGE, COULD BE USED AS WHAT IS CALLED A <1REMOTE JOB ENTRY>1 STATION
<2(RJE>2
CARDS AND PAPER TAPE ARE READ INTO THE COMPUTER VIA PERIPHERAL DEVICES,
CATALOGUING AND INDEXING ARE AGAIN MECHANICAL FUNCTIONS. ONCE IT HAS
CHARACTERS WHICH ARE MISREAD GO COMPLETELY UNDETECTED UNTIL THE DATA IS
CHISHOLM, IN INVESTIGATING PHONOLOGICAL PATTERNING IN NINETEENTH-
CODES.
CODING TEXTS WHICH ARE WRITTEN IN THE ROMAN ALPHABET THEREFORE INVOLVES
COLLEGE, LONDON, AND ALTHOUGH HIS EARLY WORK WAS PUBLISHED IN BOOK FORM
COLLEGE, KEEPS CLASSICAL TEXTS, BOTH GREEK AND LATIN, AND NOW HAS A LARGE
COMPUTER IN LITERARY AND LINGUISTIC RESEARCH,>1 ED, <2R.A.>2 WISBEY. THE PAGE
FROM
COMPUTER PEOPLE ARE FOND OF JARGON. THEY HAVE NAMES FOR EVERY PART OF
COMMERCIAL AND HUMANITIES APPLICATIONS ARE CHARACTERISED BY RELATIVELY
COMPUTER PEOPLE OFTEN CALL THEIR COMPUTER "THE MACHINE' AND REFER TO IT AND
COMPUTING FROM WHOSE <1BULLETIN>1 SEVERAL ILLUSTRATIONS ARE REPRODUCED.
COMPUTING COURSES ARE, HOWEVER, OFTEN DIRECTED AT SCIENTISTS, AND THE ARTS
COMPUTER BOARD, A GOVERNMENT BODY, WHICH WAS SET UP TO PROVIDE
CONCORDANCE), APPEARS BY PERMISSION OF THE OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS.
CONCORDANCES OF BILINGUAL TEXTS HAVE BEEN MADE AND CAN BE USEFUL IN
CONCORDANCES NEED NOT NECESSARILY BE MADE FROM TEXTS MADE UP OF
CORRECTIONS TO THEM CAN BE INSERTED IN BRACKETS IN THE TEXT, BUT THE ORIGINAL
COUNCIL OF EUROPE LEGISLATION IN BOTH ENGLISH AND FRENCH. ANOTHER SIMILAR
CRAWFORD, SHIBAYEV AND RABEN AND LIEBERMAN IN <1THE COMPUTER IN LITERARY>1
DATASKIL AS <2QUOBIRD.>2 AN EXPERIMENTAL VERSION OF IT CALLED <2QUILL>2 EXISTS
DIACRITICAL MARKS IN GREEK CAN ALSO BE DEALT WITH IN THE SAME MANNER.
DIFFERENT KINDS OF COMPUTERS USE DIFFERENT PATTERNS OF HOLES TO REPRESENT
DILLIGAN AND BENDER DO NOT SEEM TO HAVE HAD AN INTERACTIVE TERMINAL AT
DISTRIBUTION OF DIALECT ITEMS', COPYRIGHT PERGAMON PRESS LTD. I
DISCS HAVE MANY ADVANTAGES OVER MAGNETIC TAPE, BUT UNFORTUNATELY THEY
DO MAKE THE MOST OF THIS OPPORTUNITY, AS TRYING IT FOR YOURSELF IS BY FAR THE
EACH RECORD MUST OF COURSE BE DESCRIBED BY THE SAME FIELDS, THOUGH
EACH BEGINS WITH TWO NUMERIC INDICATORS AND ENDS WITH A SPECIAL
EACH CHARACTER IS FIRST DESIGNED ON AN ENLARGED GRID AND IS MADE UP
EARLY COMPUTERS HAD SPLENDID NAMES LIKE <2ENIAC, EDSAC, ORION,>2
EDINBURGH UNIVERSITY PRESS AND MINNESOTA UNIVERSITY PRESS FROM PAPERS
ENGLISH, FOR EXAMPLE, METRE DEPENDS ON THE STRESS OF A SYLLABLE AND THE
ENGLISH LITERATURE. BOTH THESE ARCHIVES WILL SUPPLY COPIES OF THE TEXTS THEY
ENOUGH TEXT MUST BE GIVEN TO IDENTIFY THE LINE UNIQUELY. THERE MAY BE
ERROR CORRECTION IS HOWEVER FAIRLY SIMPLE, AS USUALLY ONLY ONE CARD NEEDS TO
EVERY TIME THE COMPUTER IS REQUIRED, FOR EXAMPLE, TO PRINT AN <2A,>2 IT CALLS UP
EVEN SO, A SEARCH MAY PRODUCE SOME INFORMATION WHICH IS NOT RELEVANT
EXCHANGEABLE DISCS CAN BE REMOVED FROM THE SPINDLE OR REPLACED AS
F FOR PLTI, ETC. A GREEK WORD SUCH AS <1BEOS>1 WOULD THEN APPEAR IN COMPUTER
FIGURE 2.7. SOME PHOTOCOMPOSING MACHINES WHICH WORK IN THIS WAY DRAW
FINALLY, I WOULD LIKE TO THANK RICHARD NEWNHAM WHO FIRST SUGGESTED THE
FIXED DISCS AND DRUMS MAY ALSO BE USED AS STORAGE DEVICES. THE AVERAGE
FOR COMPILING CUMULATIVE INDEXES IT IS NECESSARY TO USE A THESAURUS OF
FOR EACH ARTICLE UP TO EIGHT CATEGORIES WERE ALLOWED. APART FROM THE
FOR OTHER LANGUAGES IN WHICH THERE IS NO LESS ACTIVITY BUT PERHAPS LESS
FOR THOSE WORKING ON LITERARY TEXTS, THE SITUATION IS BECOMING MUCH
FOUR LINES OF POETRY CODED FOR AN UPPER CASE ONLY COMPUTER WOULD
FRANCE, BERNARD QUEMADA AND A GROUP OF OTHERS STARTED WORK ON THE
FROM THESE EARLY BEGINNINGS THERE HAS BEEN A LARGE GROWTH IN THE USE OF
FROM CROWN TO TAIL-FIN FLOATING, FRINGED THE SPINE,
GERMAN VERSE' AND "THE USE OF THE COMPUTER IN PLOTTING THE GEOGRAPHICAL
GERMAN CAN BE A PROBLEM. IF THEY ARE IGNORED COMPLETELY, AN UNUSUAL
GREEK. HEXAMETERS ARE THE EASIEST METRE TO SCAN. EACH LINE CONSISTS OF SIX
GREEK AS <2QEOS.>2 MANY GREEK TEXTS PREPARED FOR COMPUTER ANALYSIS HAVE
GREEK AND LATIN. EVEN TYPOGRAPHICAL ERRORS SHOULD ALSO BE LEFT AS THEY ARE.
HARVEST HOUSE, FROM <1IT'S GREEK TO THE COMPUTER>1 BY ANDREW Q. MORTON AND
HEBREW LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE. THE INDEXES ARE INTENDED TO SERVE AS
HEBREW PERIODICALS DATING BETWEEN THE FRENCH REVOLUTION AND THE FIRST
HERE WE ARE USING % TO REPRESENT A CAPITAL AT THE BEGINNING OF A LINE OR
HIGH-FREQUENCY WORDS ARE TREATED IN ONE OF TWO DIFFERENT WAYS. ONLY
HISTORICAL DATA ALLOWS MORE OPPORTUNITIES FOR REDUCING THE AMOUNT OF
HISTORY OF THE UNIVERSITY'S FILE TO LOOK FOR COLLEGES, FACULTIES AND DATES AS
HORACE AS FOLLOWS:
HOWEVER, IT IS NOT ALWAYS NECESSARY TO LEARN TO PROGRAM A COMPUTER IN
HOWARD-HILL PUTS THE KEYWORD TO THE LEFT OF THE PAGE (SEE FIGURE 3.11),
HOWARD-HILL USED COMPUTER TYPESETTING FOR HIS CONCORDANCES, AND THE
HYPHENATED WORDS AND WORDS CONTAINING APOSTROPHES OR DIACRITICS NEED
IF MAGNETIC TAPE CAN BE COMPARED WITH TAPE-RECORDER TAPE, MAGNETIC DISC
IF IT IS 'AND', ADD 1 TO A COUNTER AND GO BACK TO GET THE NEXT WORD
IF A TAPE BECOMES SCRATCHED, THE TAPE DECK WILL BE UNABLE TO READ THE SECTION
IF IT IS NOT "AND' GO BACK TO GET THE NEXT WORD
IF IT IS LESS THAN 1/2 PINT ADD SOME MORE MILK
IF SUFFICIENT SPECIAL CODES HAVE BEEN INSERTED IN THE INPUT TO INDICATE
IF THE TEXT INCLUDES A SIZEABLE AMOUNT OF QUOTED MATERIAL, THE VOCABULARY
IF THERE ARE NO PACKAGES TO SUIT YOUR REQUIREMENTS AND THE TERMINAL
IF ALL ELSE FAILS, THE TEXT WILL HAVE TO BE PREPARED SOMEHOW. IF YOUR
IF THE COMPUTER CENTRE ALREADY DOES SOME ARTS COMPUTING, IT WILL
IF THE INFORMATION WAS ORIGINALLY TYPED ON PUNCHED CARDS OR PAPER TAPE, IT
ILLUSTRATIONS BY SHAW, CHISHOLM, LANCE AND SLEMONS ARE REPRINTED FROM
IN RECENT YEARS THERE HAS BEEN CONSIDERABLE GROWTH IN THE USE OF COMPUTERS
IN THE HISTORY'S DATA, INFORMATION FOR MOST OF THE OTHER FIELDS WAS
IN BRIEF, EVERYTHING WHICH CAN BE DONE WITH THE TRADITIONAL FILE CARD SYSTEM
IN MANY APPLICATIONS BOTH INSIDE AND OUTSIDE THE ACADEMIC WORLD, THE
IN THIS CHAPTER I HAVE ATTEMPTED TO SHOW HOW THE COMPUTER CAN BE USED
IN 1973 AN ASSOCIATION FOR LITERARY AND LINGUISTIC COMPUTING <2(ALLC)>2
IN THE EARLY DAYS OF COMPUTING, RETRIEVAL WAS PERFORMED AS A BATCH
IN HIS <1INDEX THOMISTICUS,>1 BUSA PROVIDES A DIFFERENT LAYOUT. HIS ENTRIES ARE
IN THIS CHAPTER WE HAVE SEEN HOW TEXTUAL MATERIAL CAN BE PREPARED FOR
IN SOME CONCORDANCES OF CLASSICAL TEXTS MADE IN OXFORD, ALL PROPER NAMES
INCLUSION OF <2I'LL>2 UNDER <2ILL>2 WOULD DISTORT THE WORD COUNTS OF TWO WORDS
INFORMATION IS TRANSFERRED TO AND FROM THE TAPE IN SECTIONS KNOWN AS BLOCKS.
INFORMATION RETRIEVAL IS A VERY COMMON USE OF COMPUTERS FOR ALL KINDS OF
INSTRUCTIONS ARE PRESENTED TO THE COMPUTER IN THE FORM OF A COMPUTER
INTERNATIONAL PHONETIC ALPHABET, THEN FOLLOWING CHOMSKY AND HALLE, AND
IS IT "AND'?
IT IS HIGHLY UNLIKELY THAT A COMPUTER WHOSE CHARACTER SET INCLUDES FRENCH
IT IS MORE DIFFICULT TO WRITE A PROGRAM FOR THE CHECKING OF TEXTUAL
IT WILL ALSO BE NECESSARY TO FIND OUT WHAT FACILITIES, IF ANY, THE CENTRE OFFERS
IT IS OFTEN POSSIBLE TO LINK MANY TERMS TOGETHER WITH A COMBINATION OF
IT MUST BE EMPHASISED THAT FOR PUBLICATION THE EDITOR MUST TAKE
IT IS NOT TRUE THAT A COMPUTER SORTS WORDS ONLY ACCORDING TO THE ENGLISH
IT IS PERHAPS APPROPRIATE NOW TO CONSIDER HOW SOME PUBLISHED
JILL WENT UP THE HILL' WOULD BE CODED FOR A 64 CHARACTER SET COMPUTER AS
KISS, ARMSTRONG, MILROY AND PIPER IN <1THE COMPUTER AND LITERARY STUDIES;>1 BY
LARGE COMPUTERS, SUCH AS THOSE FOUND IN UNIVERSITY COMPUTER CENTRES,
LEARNING TO PROGRAM A COMPUTER IS NOT AT ALL DIFFICULT. ON THE CONTRARY, IT
LEAVITT ATTEMPTS TO QUANTIFY ALLITERATION IN A DIFFERENT MANNER. HE USED
LEIGHTON MEASURED ALLITERATION IN GERMAN SONNETS BY THE BASIC CRITERION
LET US NOW CONSIDER THE INSTRUCTIONS FOR COUNTING ALL THE TIMES THE WORD
LIBRARY, OXFORD. THE INTRODUCTION OF MODERN METHODS IN ARCHAEOLOGY HAS
MACHINES WHICH CAN READ ARE CALLED <1OPTICAL CHARACTER READERS>1 <2(OCR).>2 THEY
MAGNETIC TAPES ARE EASILY DAMAGED. THEY MUST BE KEPT IN THE AIR-
MAGNETIC TAPE LOOKS VERY MUCH LIKE TAPE-RECORDER TAPE AND BEHAVES IN A
MANY COMPUTER PACKAGES EXIST WHICH CAN MAKE INDEXES AND CATALOGUES,
MANY COMPUTER CENTRES PROVIDE COURSES FOR THEIR COMPUTER USERS TO LEARN
MANY LARGE ACADEMIC COMPUTER CENTRES ALSO PROVIDE A FAST TURN-ROUND
MANY COMPUTER MANUALS ARE WRITTEN BY THE PROGRAMMERS WHO WROTE THE
MANY RECENT BIBLIOGRAPHIES HAVE BEEN COMPILED WITH THE HELP OF A
MANY REVIEWERS OF COMPUTER-PRODUCED CONCORDANCES HAVE BEEN CRITICAL
MATERIAL HELD IN A DISC-BASED FILE CAN BE UPDATED VERY EASILY, USUALLY BY A
MEASURE OUT THE MILK
MERTON, BUT IT WILL FIND COMMON TYPING ERRORS SUCH AS WU INSTEAD OF <2QU>2
METRICAL ANALYSIS CAN THEN BE AIDED CONSIDERABLY BY THE MACHINE. IN ALL
MIDDLE HIGH GERMAN DACTYLS WERE THE SUBJECT OF A COMPUTER STUDY OF
MINOAN HIEROGLYPHS.
MIX THOROUGHLY
MODERN DATABASES THEREFORE REQUIRE VERY COMPLICATED PROGRAMMING TO
MOST ALPHABETIC SCRIPTS CAN BE DEALT WITH IN THE WAYS THAT HAVE BEEN
MOST PEOPLE WHO USE COMPUTERS HAVE NO KNOWLEDGE AT ALL OF THE
MOST PAPER TAPE NOW IN USE IS 1 INCH WIDE. IT HAS A MAXIMUM OF EIGHT
MOST PROGRAMS ARE WRITTEN IN <2FORTRAN>2 BECAUSE EVERYBODY KNOWS
MOST COMPUTERS HAVE A STANDARD PACKAGE TO PERFORM RETRIEVALS ON
MOST PROGRAM PACKAGES WHICH HAVE BEEN WRITTEN FOR ANALYSING LITERARY TEXT
NATIONAL LIBRARY OF MEDICINE, WASHINGTON <2D.C.,>2 WHICH WAS ORIGINALLY
NEITHER WILL THEY CATER FOR ANY CHANGE OF TYPE FOUNT -- INTO BOLD OR ITALIC,
NO ATTEMPT IS MADE AT LEMMATISATION; BUT FOR ENGLISH TEXT THE VARIOUS
NOTE THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN LT AND <2LE>2 AND BETWEEN <2GT>2 AND <2GE>2
NOW THAT WE HAVE SEEN HOW INFORMATION CAN BE CODED AND STORED IN A
ON THE BASIS OF THESE RULES, OTT WAS ABLE TO DEVISE A COMPUTER PROGRAM
ON THE BASIS OF HIS AUTOMATIC SCANSIONS, OTT HAS GONE ON TO PROVIDE A
ONCE YOU HAVE BEGUN YOUR PROJECT, OR EVEN BEFORE YOU START, IT IS USEFUL TO
ONE IS TO INSERT SOME TERMINATING CHARACTER SUCH AS * AT THE END OF EVERY
ONE OBVIOUS ADVANTAGE OF USING A COMPUTER TYPESETTING DEVICE FOR
ONE FURTHER POINT CAN BE MADE ABOUT HOWARD-HILL'S CHOICE OF LAYOUT.
ONLY UPPER CASE LETTERS CAN BE REPRESENTED WITH ANY EASE ON PUNCHED
ONLY SEVEN OF THE TRACKS ARE ACTUALLY USED TO REPRESENT EACH CHARACTER.
ONLY THESE CODES WERE TYPED IN THE COLLEGE FIELD. A SIMILAR SET OF CODES WERE
OPTICAL READING HAS HAD SOME SUCCESS IN THE AREA OF MARK SENSING, WHERE
OTHERS ARE EVEN MORE NAIVE. <2PL/1>2 IS MERELY PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE 1,
OTHER APPLICATIONS OF COMPUTERS WERE SOON REALISED AND EXPLOITED.
OTT REPORTS SUCCESS IN ABOUT 95% OF SCANSIONS. IN ANOTHER <23->24% MORE
OTT. FOR SOME REASON, THE AUTHORS CHOOSE TO USE THE RIGHTMOST BIT TO
OTT STORES THE WORD BOUNDARY INFORMATION FOR THIS PARTICULAR LINE. 040000
OTT'S BY FINDING ALL THE LONG SYLLABLES. IT THEN ATTEMPTS TO MATCH THIS
OUTPUT CAN ALSO BE OBTAINED FROM A COMPUTER ON PUNCHED CARDS OR PAPER
OXFORD, 1979 <2S.H.>2
OXFORD, WHICH IS COMPILING A LEXICON OF GREEK PERSONAL NAMES, HAS
OXFORD. INITIALLY THE PERIOD UP TO 1500 WAS COVERED, BUT RECENTLY MORE
OXFORD AND HAS HAD SOME SUCCESS, BUT GREEK HAS THE ADVANTAGE OF LONG E
OXFORD AND WILL ONLY PROVIDE ONE MAGNETIC TAPE FORMAT, WHICH IS ONLY
OXFORD AND ASTON (BIRMINGHAM). IN 1973 A SERIES OF CONFERENCES WAS
PACKARD IN <1TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN PHILOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION>1 VOLUME
104; BY
PACKARD REPORTS 98% SUCCESS WITH HIS PROGRAM TO SCAN GREEK
PAPER TAPE HAS TWO ADVANTAGES OVER PUNCHED CARDS: IT OCCUPIES LESS ROOM
PART OF A SUBJECT INDEX OF <2ADD>2 TERMS WITH THE AUTHOR, TITLE AND PUBLISHER AS
PEOPLE FREQUENTLY ASK WHETHER THERE ARE MACHINES WHICH CAN READ
POUR SOME FLOUR ON TO THE WEIGHING SCALES UNTIL 4OZ IS REGISTERED
PRESERVING THE DISTINCTION BETWEEN UPPER AND LOWER CASE HAS BEEN
PROFESSOR <2J.>2 RABEN AND QUEEN'S COLLEGE, FLUSHING, NEW YORK FROM THE
PROFESSOR S.V.F. WAITE, AT THE KIEWIT COMPUTATION CENTER, DARTMOUTH
PUT THE FLOUR IN A BOWL
RANGE EXPERIMENT STATION IN BERKELEY, CALIFORNIA, IN THE LATE 1960S AND
READING IS BORING.
READABLE CATALOGUING. <2MARC>2 WAS DEVISED AT THE LIBRARY OF CONGRESS IN
RECENTLY NEW METHODS OF DATA STORAGE HAVE BEEN DEVISED AND THE TERM
REPEAT THE LAST INSTRUCTION UNTIL THERE IS 1/2 PINT
RUSSIAN OR GREEK LETTERS ON THE SCREEN. COMBINED WITH AN APPROPRIATE
\QUODCUMQU(E) OSTENDIS MIHI SIC INCREDULUS ODI\
\QUODCUMQU(E) OSTENDIS MIHI SIC INCREDULUS ODI\
\QUODCUMQUE OSTENDIS MIHI SIC INCREDULUS ODI\
\QUODCUMQU(E) OSTENDIS MIHI SIC INCREDULUS ODI\
SANSKRIT VERSE AUTOMATICALLY AS AGAIN THE RULES FOR SCANSION ARE RIGID AND
SCOTTISH CLERGYMAN NAMED ANDREW MORTON HAD PUBLICISED THE USE OF
SECONDLY, IN SOME TEXTS, PARTICULARLY POETRY, WORDS ARE DELIBERATELY
SEMITIC LANGUAGES SUCH AS ARABIC AND HEBREW ARE WRITTEN FROM RIGHT TO
SHAKESPEARE EXAMPLE ABOVE INFORMATION WHICH OCCURS IN MANY RECORDS IS
SIMPLE AND COMPLETELY UNAMBIGUOUS STEPS. AT VARIOUS STAGES IN THE
SO FAR WE HAVE CONSIDERED THOSE SITUATIONS WHERE THE FIELD AND RECORD
SOME RANGES OF COMPUTERS, SUCH AS <2ICL>2 2900S OR <2IBM>2 360S AND 370S, USE
SOME LINEPRINTERS HAVE UPPER AND LOWER CASE LETTERS AND CAN GIVE A MORE
SOME LAWYERS WERE EARLY COMPUTER USERS TOO. AS EARLY AS 1962, THEY
SOME PACKAGES REQUIRE DATA TO BE IN A PARTICULAR FORMAT. IF YOUR DATA IS
SOME OTHER MANUFACTURERS OF <2OCR>2 EQUIPMENT HAVE DESIGNED THEIR OWN
SOME COMPUTER-PRODUCED CONCORDANCES HAVE BEEN CRITICISED HEAVILY FOR
SOME EXAMPLES OF WORD INDEXES AND CONCORDANCES MADE BY THE <2COCOA>2
SPECIAL SYMBOLS MUST ALSO BE USED TO DENOTE A CHANGE FROM UPPER TO
SPECIAL COMPUTER INPUT DEVICES DO EXIST FOR REPRESENTING LITERARY MATERIAL
SPEVACK, AN AMERICAN NOW WORKING IN GERMANY. SPEVACK CHOSE TO USE A
STAGE DIRECTIONS IN A PLAY ARE ANOTHER EXAMPLE OF WORDS WHICH REQUIRE
STUDIES USES <2FAMULUS>2 TO COMPILE SUBJECT INDEXES TO A COLLECTION OF
SUCH MACHINES, IF THEY ARE SERVING ONLY ONE PURPOSE, DO NOT NEED AN
SUCH GROUPING OF DATA INTO BANDS OF MEASUREMENTS IS COMMON PRACTICE IN
SUCH A PROGRAM WOULD ALSO INTERPRET CODES FOR CAPITALISATION (IF THE TEXT
SUPPOSE THAT THE LETTER H IS USED TO REPRESENT THE GREEK ETA IN THE COMPUTER
SYNONYMS MUST ALSO BE CONSIDERED WHEN SEARCHING TEXT, WHICH IS ONE
TAKE SOME FLOUR
TAKE THE NEXT WORD
TAKE AN EGG
TAKE SOME MILK
TAPES ARE NORMALLY IDENTIFIED BY A SERIAL NUMBER OR NAME. THE
TELETYPE TERMINALS OR <2VDUS>2 CAN BE SITUATED MANY MILES AWAY FROM THE
THE TRADITIONAL INPUT MEDIA OF PUNCHED CARDS AND PAPER TAPE ARE NOT
THE POPULAR IMAGE OF A COMPUTER, AS SEEN IN FILMS AND ON THE TELEVISION,
THE PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT WHICH IS REQUIRED FOR COMPUTERS HELPS TO
THE EARLIEST COMPUTERS WERE DESIGNED FOR SCIENTIFIC WORK AND WERE CREATED
THE AMOUNT OF INFORMATION WHICH CAN BE STORED ON A MAGNETIC TAPE
THE MOST FREQUENTLY USED COMPUTER LANGUAGES ARE <2FORTRAN>2 AND
THE RUSSIAN ALPHABET HAS THIRTY-THREE LETTERS IN THE MODERN SCRIPT AND IS
THE EXAMPLES OF COMPUTER PRINTOUT WERE PRODUCED ON THE <2ICL>2 1906A
THE ARABIC ALPHABET AND ITS DERIVATIVES HAVE MORE LETTERS, AND EACH OF
THE COMPUTER PROGRAM IS WRITTEN IN A SYMBOLIC FORM USING A COMPUTER
THE EXAMINATION OF FEATURES OF AN AUTHOR'S STYLE, PROVIDED THAT THOSE
THE SAME SET OF INSTRUCTIONS MAY BE EXECUTED MANY TIMES OVER WHEN A
THE CHIEF DISADVANTAGE OF PAPER TAPE IS ERROR CORRECTION. USING A
THE INSTRUCTIONS ARE GIVEN IN LOGICAL SEQUENCE. THE REPEATED SEQUENCE OF
THE CHIEF DISADVANTAGE OF PUNCHED CARDS IS THAT THEY OCCUPY A LOT OF
THERE ARE MUCH BETTER WAYS OF TRANSFERRING LARGER QUANTITIES OF
THE HOLES DOWN THE SIDE OF THE PAPER ARE THERE MERELY TO HOLD IT IN THE
THE INFORMATION IS RECORDED ON THE TAPE IN A SERIES OF ROWS OF MAGNETISED
THE PIECE OF TAPE SHOWN HERE IS EVEN PARITY, I.E. THERE IS ALWAYS AN EVEN
THE MOST COMMON MEANS OF OBTAINING INFORMATION FROM A COMPUTER IS
THE EIGHTH IS KNOWN AS THE <1PARITY TRACK,>1 WHICH IS A KIND OF CHECKING DEVICE.
THE COMPUTER CAN ONLY BE OF MARGINAL HELP IN COMPILING AN INDEX TO A
THE PREVIOUS CHAPTERS HAVE BEEN CONCERNED WITH THE USE OF COMPUTERS IN
THERE ARE THEN THREE SYLLABLES LEFT UNSCANNED. THIS SCANSION WOULD RESULT IN
THE METHOD OF ORGANISING RECORDS WITHIN A FILE IS FUNDAMENTAL TO THE
THE COMPUTER CAN BE PROGRAMMED TO SELECT FROM A POEM ALL THOSE WORDS
THE COMPUTING PART OF THE STUDY INITIALLY ADOPTED SIMILAR METHODS TO
THE AIM OF <2MARC>2 IS TO COMMUNICATE BIBLIOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
THERE MAY BE MANY CATEGORIES OF INFORMATION MISSING, FOR EXAMPLE, IN
THE FULL VERSIONS CAN BE PRINTED OUT BY ANY PROGRAM WHICH OPERATES ON THE
THERE HAVE THEREFORE BEEN A NUMBER OF ATTEMPTS TO WRITE SPECIAL-PURPOSE
THE BRITISH LIBRARY BIBLIOGRAPHIC SERVICES DIVISION NOW PROVIDES A
THE INFORMATION CONTAINED IN EACH FIELD MAY BE TEXTUAL OR NUMERIC OR
THE BEST WAY OF PREPARING SUCH INFORMATION IS TO RULE OUT SHEETS OF PAPER
THE SEPARATE BIT STRINGS CAN BE COMBINED USING BOOLEAN OPERATIONS TO
THE $$ SIGN IS USED TO INDICATE THAT THE INFORMATION FOLLOWING IT ON THE SAME
THE <2COCOA>2 PROGRAM WAS ALSO USED IN A BRIEF EXPERIMENT IN OXFORD TO
THERE ARE TWO FREQUENTLY USED METHODS OF STORING VARIABLE LENGTH FIELDS.
THE SCANNING PROGRAM OPERATES ON THIS TRANSCRIPTION AS ITS INPUT AND
THE OTHER METHOD IS TO PRECEDE EACH TITLE WITH A NUMBER INDICATING THE
THE RESULT INDICATES THAT ASSONANCE AND ALLITERATION COINCIDE AT POSITION
THE NAME OF EACH SCHOLAR IS ACCOMPANIED BY A NUMBER OF FIELDS
THE INITIAL CONSONANTS ARE STORED AS THE FOLLOWING CHARACTER CODES:
THESE CAN ALWAYS BE CHANGED TO ANOTHER SYMBOL LATER ON IF YOU WISH BY A
THE COMPUTER CENTRE WILL HAVE A NUMBER OF CARD PUNCHES, TAPE PUNCHES
THE COMPUTER CAN ALSO BE ASKED TO TRANSFER THOSE RECORDS WHICH HAVE
THE MOST RECENT ATTEMPTS AT ON-LINE RETRIEVAL SYSTEMS ALLOW COMPLETE
THE METHODS OF ORGANISING WORK VARY FROM ONE COMPUTER CENTRE TO
THEY EXPLAIN THE LOGIC AND SYNTAX OF THE LANGUAGES WELL, BUT ILLUSTRATE IT BY
THE TABLE OF CONTENTS WITH ITS REFERENCE NUMBER PROVED TO BE A NEAT
THERE ARE A NUMBER OF COMPUTER PACKAGES WHICH CAN SEARCH TEXTUAL
THERE ARE OTHER POSSIBLE SOURCES OF TEXT IF THE ONE YOU REQUIRE IS NOT HELD
THE COMPUTER CENTRE WILL TELL YOU WHETHER THEY HAVE ANY STANDARD
THE RETRIEVAL OF TEXTUAL INFORMATION IS MORE COMPLICATED. IT IS USUAL FOR
THE TWO MEASURES ARE INVERSELY RELATED TO EACH OTHER. THE ONLY WAY TO
THERE ARE A NUMBER OF COMMERCIAL BUREAUX WHICH PROVIDE A DATA
THE COMPUTER CENTRE MAY HAVE OTHER INFORMATION RETRIEVAL OR DATABASE
THESE THREE INDEXES CAN THEN BE MERGED TO FORM A MASTER SUBJECT INDEX. A
THERE ARE SEVERAL WAYS OF FINDING OUT IF A TEXT IS ALREADY AVAILABLE. THERE
THE VOLUME OF THE RAW MATERIAL IS SUCH THAT IT WOULD HAVE BEEN TOTALLY
THESAURUS LINGUAE GRAECAE AND IS LOCATED AT THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA
THE TEXTS THEY SUPPLY ARE ON MAGNETIC TAPES AND IT IS IMPORTANT TO FIND
THE AMOUNT AND CHOICE OF INFORMATION TO BE GIVEN AS THE REFERENCE FOR
THEY ARE DRIVEN BY A MAGNETIC OR PAPER TAPE CONTAINING INSTRUCTIONS TO
THE SECOND STAGE IS TO SORT THE SLIPS INTO ALPHABETICAL ORDER AND FILE THEM
THE SLASHES (/) ARE CALLED DELIMITERS AND SERVE TO SEPARATE THE ERROR FROM
THE DISCUSSION OF HOMOGRAPHS LEADS TO THE DIFFICULT QUESTION OF
THEY MAY NOT BE AS CONVENIENT TO USE AS AN ORDINARY BOOK, BUT THEY ARE SO
THE CHOICE OF A CONTROVERSIAL TEXT SHOULD ALWAYS BE JUSTIFIED AND ADEQUATE
THE TELETYPE IS A SOMEWHAT NOISY DEVICE, THOUGH IT DOES HAVE THE
THE PRODUCTION OF WORD INDEXES AND CONCORDANCES IS THE MOST OBVIOUS
THE OUTPUT FROM PHOTOCOMPOSING MACHINES IS USUALLY IN THE FORM OF
THE LAYOUT OF KEYWORDS AND CONTEXTS IS CLEAR, BUT THE REFERENCES ARE NOT
THE FORMER IS NOT VERY PLEASANT FOR THE HUMAN EYE AND IS FREQUENTLY TYPED
THE EDITOR OF A CONCORDANCE MUST CONSIDER IF THERE ARE ANY WORDS WHICH
THE RESULTING OUTPUT COULD THEN BE PRINTED DIRECTLY ON TO A COMPUTER
THERE ARE SEVERAL POINTS WHICH HE COULD CONSIDER IN CHOOSING HIS TEXT. IF A
THERE ARE SPECIAL INSTRUCTIONS FOR INSERTING AND DELETING COMPLETE LINES, AND
THESE HIGH FREQUENCY WORDS ARE OFTEN OF MOST INTEREST TO THOSE STUDYING
THE CORRECTION OF DATA IS MUCH EASIER USING AN EDITOR THAN REPUNCHING
THE INTRODUCTION ALSO EXPLAINS THE ARRANGEMENT OF THE ENTRIES, INDICATING
THEY COULD BE MARKED BY SPECIAL CHARACTERS IN THE TEXT, SUCH AS SQUARE
THE JUSTIFIED LINES THEMSELVES ARE MARKED BY AN ASTERISK. HIS CONTEXT IS
THE EXAMPLES FROM VERSE SHOWN ABOVE GIVE JUST ONE LINE OF CONTEXT. THIS
THE MAKING OF CONCORDANCES AND WORD INDEXES IS THUS A LARGELY
THEREFORE THE CHOICE OF CONTEXT FOR EACH KEYWORD CAN BE PROGRAMMED TO
THE OXFORD SHAKESPEARE CONCORDANCES, ONE VOLUME PER PLAY, WERE
THIS BOOK IS INTENDED TO FILL SUCH A NEED. IT IS BASED ON A SERIES OF LECTURES
THIS MAY BE DONE EITHER BY GIVING THE LINE NUMBER AND OTHER IDENTIFIERS ON
THIS WAS DONE USING A COMPUTER TERMINAL INTERACTIVELY. THE COMPUTER
THIS IS RATHER WASTEFUL OF TYPING TIME BECAUSE OF THE REPETITION OF THE FIELD
THIS SCANSION WOULD FORCE THE WORD <1SIC>1 TO BE SCANNED AS LONG AS THAT IS THE
THIS USE OF BIT STRINGS IS THE MOST ECONOMICAL WAY OF STORING INFORMATION
THIS PROJECT ILLUSTRATES HOW SEVERAL DIFFERENT KINDS OF INDEXES CAN BE
THIS FINAL CHAPTER SHOULD HAVE GIVEN YOU SOME IDEAS ON THE BEST WAY TO
THIS PACKAGE ALLOWS SEVERAL FIELDS TO BE SPECIFIED IN THE SEARCH REQUEST. THE
THIS WOULD ENSURE THAT BOTH TERMS WITHIN THE BRACKETS ARE CONNECTED TO
THOMAS AQUINAS, SOME EIGHT MILLION WORDS IN ALL. HE ALSO PLANNED TO
THOSE CARDS WHICH HAVE NO INCISION CAN BE CHECKED MANUALLY AND ANY
THOUGH <2MARC>2 IS MUCH MORE COMPLICATED IN FORMAT, IT SHOULD BE
THOUGH THE KIND OF DATA WE ARE DISCUSSING MAY BE VERY LARGE IN QUANTITY,
THOUGH MOST OF THEIR INFORMATION IS KEPT AS BIT STRINGS, DILLIGAN AND
THOSE UNIVERSITIES WHICH ARE NOW ENLIGHTENED ABOUT ARTS COMPUTING
THOSE WHO HAVE PREPARED MANUAL INDEXES OR CONCORDANCES TO TEXTS HAVE
THREE SYLLABLES THEN REMAIN UNSCANNED, SO THE FIFTH FOOT MUST THEREFORE BE A
TO CONCLUDE OUR INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTERS, WE CAN BRIEFLY SURVEY THE
TRANSCRIBING THE MATERIAL INTO THE COMPUTER'S CHARACTER SET IS ONLY THE
TRESOR DE LA LANGUE FRANCAISE, AN ENORMOUS UNDERTAKING WHICH WOULD NOT
TRE*SOR DE LA LANGUE FRANCAISE AT NANCY ALSO MAKES AVAILABLE FRENCH TEXTS
TREATING THE HYPHEN AS A CHARACTER WHICH AFFECTS THE SORTING OF WORDS SEEMS
TRY THE EXAMPLES DURING THE PROGRAMMING COURSE IN ORDER TO LEARN THE
TWO OPTIONAL UNSTRESSED SYLLABLES ARE PERMITTED AT THE END OF A LINE, AND
TWO PROGRAMS HAVE BEEN WRITTEN TO SCAN LATIN HEXAMETERS AND ONE FOR
TWO <2SNOBOL>2 PROGRAMS THEN OPERATE ON THE DATA. ONE COUNTS THE
UNIVERSITY OF WATERLOO PRESS FROM THE PAPER BY JOYCE IN <1COMPUTING IN THE>1
UNIVERSITY. IN HOLLAND, FELICIEN DE TOLLENAERE ALSO MADE PLANS IN THE EARLY
UNIVERSITY OF WALES PRESS FROM PAPERS BY FORTIER AND MCCONNELL,
UNIVERSITY PRESS FROM PAPERS BY DE TOLLENAERE, BERRY-ROGGHE, OTT, WAITE,
UNIVERSITY PROJECT HAS BEEN ABLE TO ANALYSE COMPREHENSIVELY THE
UNIVERSITY COMPUTER CENTRES IN THE <2UK>2 ARE FUNDED LARGELY BY THE
UNIVERSITY'S PROJECT IN OXFORD WHICH WAS DESCRIBED EARLIER IN THIS CHAPTER.
UNUSED COLUMNS ON THE RIGHT ARE READ AS BLANKS, AND A PROGRAM CAN BE
USING A TELETYPE OR <2VDU>2 TERMINAL IS THE BEST WAY OF MAKING CORRECTIONS
VARIOUS FEATURES OF ENGLISH PROSODY HAVE BEEN INVESTIGATED BY DILLIGAN
VICTORIAN PERIODICALS. IN THE TABLE EACH ARTICLE IS ASSIGNED AN IDENTIFICATION
VOLUME 3; BY THE AMERICAN PHILOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION FROM THE PAPER BY
WAITE'S METHOD INITIALLY REQUIRES MUCH MORE WORK ON THE PART OF THE
WAITE AND DILLIGAN DO, SEEMS TO BE MORE SENSIBLE THAN GENERATING LISTS OF
WAITE THEREFORE ADOPTED THE DICTIONARY LOOK-UP METHOD FOR ASSIGNING
WE SHALL NOW CONSIDER HOW THE COMPUTER CAN BE USED IN THE STUDY OF
WE HAVE NOW COVERED THE MAJOR AREAS OF COMPUTER USAGE IN THE HUMANITIES
WE HAVE NOW SEEN THAT THERE ARE A NUMBER OF DECISIONS TO BE MADE BY
WE HAVE NOW DEALT WITH ALL THE MAJOR METHODS OF COMPUTER INPUT, AND
WENDY ROSSLYN, FELT THAT IT WOULD TAKE LESS TIME TO DO THE CODING MANUALLY
WHAT IS REALLY NEEDED TO PRODUCE HIGH-QUALITY OUTPUT IS A
WHEN THEY ARE BEING USED, THE TAPES ARE MOUNTED ON A TAPE DECK WHICH HAS
WHEN ALL WORDS HAVE BEEN PROCESSED, PRINT OUT THE NUMBER OF "AND'S.
WHEN PREPARING A TEXT FOR THE COMPUTER, IT IS ALWAYS IMPORTANT TO
WHEN WRITING A PROGRAM SUCH AS THIS, IT IS OF COURSE NECESSARY TO TEST THE
WHEN DISCS FIRST BECAME AVAILABLE, THEY WERE FREQUENTLY USED AS IF THEY
WHEN BOTH FIXED-LENGTH AND VARIABLE-LENGTH FIELDS ARE PRESENT IN EACH
WHEN THE INFORMATION IS RECORDED IN THIS WAY IT CAN EASILY BE EVALUATED FOR
WHEN A WORD OCCURS MORE THAN ONCE IN A LINE, THAT LINE OCCURS ONLY ONCE IN
WIDMANN, "THE COMPUTER IN HISTORICAL COLLATION: USE OF THE IBM 360/75
WINDING A TAPE BACKWARDS AND FORWARDS SEVERAL TIMES IN THE SAME PROGRAM
WISHART AND LEACH REPORT ON A STUDY OF PROSE RHYTHM IN PLATO WHICH
WISBEY, LIKE MOST OTHER CONCORDANCE MAKERS, DOES NOT LEMMATISE, BUT HE
WITH MANY OF THE DIACRITICS REMOVED, THE TEXT BECOMES CLEARER TO READ
WITH A LITTLE EXPERIENCE YOU WILL GRADUALLY BEGIN TO BE MORE AMUSED THAN
WITH MOST CONCORDANCE PROGRAMS IT IS POSSIBLE TO OMIT ALL WORDS WHICH
WORLD WAR. THESE PERIODICALS COVER A PERIOD OF UPHEAVAL IN THE JEWISH
WORDS CONTAINING APOSTROPHES ARE A SIMILAR CASE. OBVIOUS EXAMPLES ARE
WRIGHT EXPECTED A HIGHER FIGURE FOR S WITH ITSELF AS THERE WERE TWO LINES WITH
YOU WILL FIRST NEED TO REGISTER AS A COMPUTER USER AT YOUR LOCAL COMPUTER
YOU WILL ALSO HAVE TO LEARN SOME BASIC INSTRUCTIONS FOR THE COMPUTER'S
YOU WILL BE ABLE TO EXTRACT MUCH MORE INFORMATION FROM YOUR DATA THAN
YOU DO NOT NEED TO UNDERSTAND THE TECHNICALITIES, BUT MAKE SURE THAT THE
0000001100
0000001 100
001 001. THESE EIGHTEEN BITS ARE THEN GROUPED INTO THREES, ONE GROUP FOR
0010010000
0010001101
0010000000
0010000001
0010001101
0010000001
0010010000
1. A LABEL WHICH CONSISTS OF TWENTY-FOUR CHARACTERS AND CONTAINS
1. BETWEEN WORDS
1000 CARDS. IF YOU NEED TO USE ONE OF THESE, IT IS ADVISABLE TO SHOP AROUND.
1010101010
1420-1439. IF THE SCHOLAR WAS RECORDED AS 1438-1445 HE WAS ALLOCATED TWO
1440-1459, THAT IS, AT THE TIME OF ITS FOUNDATION.
15,000 ENTRIES. AS THE AIM OF THE PROJECT WAS TO COMPILE A GOOD LITERARY
1540 FOR OXFORD AND UP TO 1500 FOR THE UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE, THIS LATTER
16,000 SYLLABLES. HE PRINTS OUT EACH LINE OF TEXT WITH THE SYLLABIC CATEGORIES
1960S FOR A WORD INDEX TO THE GOTHIC BIBLE, WHICH WAS PUBLISHED IN 1976. IN
1965. ITS ORIGINAL FORMAT WAS BASED ON THAT LIBRARY'S OWN CATALOGUE CARDS.
1961. THERE IS ALSO A MANUAL WHICH IDENTIFIES EACH SAMPLE OF TEXT AND
1972, THERE WERE OVER 125,000 WORDS, OF WHICH THE WORD "ET' OCCURRED 4501
2. A DIRECTORY WHICH GIVES THE LENGTH IN CHARACTERS AND STARTING POSITION
2. IMMEDIATELY BEFORE ALL FREE LEXICAL ITEMS AND DERIVATIONAL SUFFIXES
2.3. THE REASON WHY THIS PRINTING APPEARS SOMEWHAT UGLY IS THAT THE
2.4; BUT SOME CENTRES NOW PRINT AT THIS SPACING TO SAVE PAPER CONSUMPTION.
28 42 26 38 2 54 4 2 28 44
2900. THE SIZE AND POWER OF THE COMPUTERS IN EACH SERIES OR RANGE OF
3HR4WWN, <2A2UTO6US D6E>2 3EL4WRIA <2TE5UCE K4UNESSIN>2
35MM MICROFILM WAS THE EARLIER TYPE OF MICROFORM TO BE USED, BUT IT IS NOT
4. THE BIBLIOGRAPHIC INFORMATION IS CONTAINED WITHIN VARIABLE FIELDS.