¨A©1, a ²/eI/ ³n (pl µA's, a's ²/eIz/³) ´the first letter of the
English alphabet: ³He knows the subject from A to Z, ´knows it thoroughly. ¸A1
²/*eI ÚwAn/ ¸(a) ´(of ships) classified as first class. µ¥ Lloyd's. ¸(b)
´(colloq) excellent: ³an A1 dinner; feeling A1, ´in excellent health.¼
¨a©2 ²/E ³strong form: ²eI/, ±an ²/En ³strong form: ²an/ ³indef art ¸1 ´one: ³I
said ²Ú³a train was coming, not ²Ú³the train. ³I have a pen (pl some pens).
Have you a pen (pl any pens)? ´Cf ³some, any, several, a few ´with ³pl
nn. ¸2 ´(used in the pattern ·a + ³adj ´or ³pron ´of number and quantity): ³a
lot of money; a great many friends; a few books; a little more. ¸3 ´(with
possessives): ³a friend of my father's, ´one of my father's friends; ³a book of
John's, ´one of John's books. ¸4 ´(used in the pattern ·many/such/what +
a´): ³Many a man would be glad of the opportunity/such an opportunity. What an
opportunity you missed! ¸5 ´(used in the pattern ·half + a + ³n´): ³half a
dozen; half an hour; ´(before 1971) ³half a crown, ´the sum of 2s 6d. Cf ³a
half-crown, ´former coin worth 2s 6d (= 12§p). ¸6 ´(used in the pattern
·as/how/so/too + ³adj ·+ a´): ³He's not so big a fool as he looks. She's as
clever a girl as you can wish to meet. It's too difficult a book for me. ¸7
´that which is called; any; every (no ³article ´in ³pl´): ³A horse is an
animal. ´Cf ³Horses are animals. ¸8 ´(When two objects, articles, etc naturally
go together and are thought of as a unit, the ³indef art ´is not repeated): ³a
cup and saucer; a knife and fork. ¸9 ´(used with a person's name, and the title
³Mr, Mrs, ´etc to indicate that the person is perhaps unknown to the person
addressed): ³A Mr White has called. A Mrs Green is asking to see you. ¸10 ´one
like: ³He thinks he's a Napoleon, ´a man like Napoleon. ¸11 ·of/at a, ´(in some
phrases) the same: ³They're all of a size. Carry them three at a time. ·Birds
of a feather flock together, ´(prov) people of the same kind like to be
together. ¸12 ´(used distributively): ³twice a month; 20p a pound; 50p an hour;
sixty miles an hour.¼
¨aback© ²/EÚbak/ ³adv ´backwards. ·be *taken aÚback, ´be startled,
disconcerted.¼
¨aba®cus© ²/ÚabEkEs/ ³n (pl µ-cuses ²/-kEsIz/ ´or µ-ci ²/ÚabEsñI/³) ´frame with
beads or balls sliding on rods, for teaching numbers to children, or (still in
the East) for calculating; early form of digital computer.¼
¨abaft© ²/EÚbqft ³US: ²EÚbaft/ ³adv, prep ´(naut) at, in, toward, the stern
half of a ship; nearer the stern than; behind.¼
¨aban®don©1 ²/EÚbandEn/ ³vt ¸1 ¶[VP6A] ´go away from, not intending
to return to; forsake: ³The order was given to @ ship, ´for all on board to
leave the (sinking) ship. ³The cruel man @ed his wife and child. ¸2 ¶[VP6A]
´give up: ³They @ed the attempt, ´stopped trying. ³They had @ed all hope, ´no
longer had any hope. ³The new engine design had to be @ed for lack of financial
support. ¸3 ¶[VP14] ·@ oneself to, ´give oneself up completely to, eÔg
passions, impulses: ³He @ed himself to despair. ¸@ed ³part adj ¸1 ´given up to
bad ways; depraved; profligate: ³You @ed wretch! ¸2 ´deserted; forsaken.
¸@®ment ³n ¶[U].¼
¨aban®don©2 ²/EÚbandEn/ ³n ¶[U] ´careless freedom, as when one gives way to
impulses: ³waving their arms with @.¼
¨abase© ²/EÚbeIs/ ³vt ¶[VP6B] ·@ oneself, ´humiliate or degrade oneself: ³@
oneself so far as to do sth, ´lower oneself in dignity to the extent of doing
sth. ¸@®ment ³n ¶[U].¼
¨abash© ²/EÚba2/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´(passive only) cause to feel self-conscious or
embarrassed: ³The poor man stood/felt @ed at this display of wealth, ´was
confused, not knowing what to do or say.¼
¨abate© ²/EÚbeIt/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A,2A] ´(liter) (of winds, storms, floods,
pain, etc) make or become less: ³The ship sailed when the storm @d. ¸2 ¶[VP6A]
´(legal) bring to an end; abolish: ³We must @ the smoke nuisance in our big
cities. ¸@®ment ³n ¶[U] ´abating; decrease.¼
¨ab®at®toir© ²/ÚabEtwq(r) ³US: ²*abEÚtwqr/ ³n ´slaughter-house (for cattle,
sheep, etc).¼
¨abb_e© ²/ÚabeI ³US: ²*aÚbeI/ ³n ´(courtesy title for a) French priest, esp
one without official duties.¼
¨ab®bess© ²/Úabes/ ³n ´woman (³Mother Superior´) at the head of a convent or
nunnery.¼
¨ab®bey© ²/ÚabI/ ³n (pl µ-beys³) ¸1 ´building(s) in which men (³monks´) or
women (³nuns´) live as a community in the service of God. ¸2 ´the whole number
of monks or nuns in an @. ¸3 ´church or house which was once an @ or part of an
@. ¸the A@, ´often used of Westminster A@, London.¼
¨ab®bot© ²/ÚabEt/ ³n ´man (³Father Superior´) at the head of the monks in an
abbey or monastery.¼
¨ab®brevi®ate© ²/EÚbrivIeIt/ ³vt ¶[VP6A,14] ´shorten (a word, title, etc): ³@
January to Jan. µ¥ abridge. ¸ab®brevi®ation ²/E*brivIÚeI2n/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U]
´abbreviating or being @d. ¸2 ¶[C] ´shortened form (esp of a word). µ¥ App
2,9.¼
¨ABC© ²/*eI bi Úsi/ ³n ¸1 ´the letters A to Z of the (Roman)
alphabet. ¸2 ´simplest facts of a subject, to be learnt first.¼
¨ab®di®cate© ²/ÚabdIkeIt/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A] ´give up, renounce, a high office,
authority or control, responsibility. ¸2 ¶[VP2A] ´give up the throne: ³King
Edward ´V²_ ³@d in 1936 and was created Duke of Windsor. ¸ab®di®ca®tion
²/*abdIÚkeI2n/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´abdicating. ¸2 ¶[C] ´instance of this.¼
¨ab®do®men© ²/ÚabdEmEn/ ³n ¸1 ´(colloq = ³belly´) part of the body that
includes the stomach and bowels. µ¥ ´the illus at µtrunk. ¸2 ´last of the three
divisions of an insect, spider, etc. µ¥ ´the illus at µinsect.¼
¨ab®domi®nal© ²/abÚdomInl/ ³adj ´in, of, for, the abdomen: ³@ pains; an @
belt/operation. µ¥ intestinal.¼
¨ab®duct© ²/abÚdAkt/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´take or lead (esp a woman or
child) away unlawfully, by force or fraud. µ¥ kidnap. ¸ab®duc®tion ²/abÚdAk2n/
³n¼
¨abeam© ²/EÚbim/ ³adv ´(naut) on a line at a right angle to the length of a
ship or aircraft: ³The lighthouse was @ of the ship.¼
¨abed© ²/EÚbed/ ³adv ´(old use) in bed.¼
¨ab®er®ra®tion© ²/*abEÚreI2n/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´(usu fig) straying away from the
right path, from what is normal: ³stealing sth in a moment of @. ¸2 ¶[C]
´instance of this; defect: ³The delay was caused by an @ in the computer.
¸ab®er®rant ²/aÚberEnt/ ³adj ´straying away from what is normal, expected or
usual; not true to type.¼
¨abet© ²/EÚbet/ ³vt µ(-tt-) ¶[VP6A,14] ´(legal) help (sb) (³in ´doing wrong);
encourage (vice, crime): ³@ sb in a crime. ·aid and @ sb, ´(legal) be an
accomplice in his wrongdoing.¼
¨abey®ance© ²/EÚbeIEns/ ³n ¶[U] ´(formal) condition of not being in force or in
use for a time: ³The question is in @, ´is suspended, eÔg until more
information is obtained. ·fall/go into @, ´(legal) (of a law, rule, custom,
etc) be suspended; be no longer observed.¼
¨ab®hor© ²/EbÚhc(r)/ ³vt µ(-rr-) ¶[VP6A] ´think of with hatred and
disgust; detest: ³@ cruelty to animals. ¸@®rence ²/EbÚhorEns ³US: ²-Úhcr-/ ³n
¶[U] ´hatred and disgust: ³hold sth in @rence; his @rence of flattery. ¸@®rent
²/EbÚhorEnt ³US: ²-Úhcr-/ ³adj ´hateful; causing horror (³to ´sb, ³to ´his
feelings).¼
¨abide©1 ²/EÚbñId/ ³vt,vi (pt,pp µ@d³) ¸1 ¶[VP3A]
·@ by, ´(formal) be faithful to; keep: ³@ by a promise/decision. I @ by
(´colloq "stick to'³) what I said. You'll have to @ by the consequences,
´endure them. (Used only of undesirable consequences.) ¸2 ¶[VP6A] ´(esp with
³can't ´or ³couldn't´) ´endure; bear: ³She can't @ that man. ¸3 ¶[VP6A]
´(liter) wait for: ³@ the event; @ sb's coming. ¸abid®ing ³adj ´(liter)
never-ending; lasting.¼
¨abide©2 ²/EÚbñId/ ³vi (pt,pp µabode ²/EÚbE8d/³) ¶[VP2C] ´(in old
or liter use) rest, remain, stay: ³@ at/in a place; @ with sb.¼
¨abil®ity© ²/EÚbIlEtI/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´(potential) capacity or power (to do sth
physical or mental): ³to the best of my @, ´as well as I can. ³I do not doubt
your @ to do the work. ¸2 ¶[U] ´cleverness; intelligence: ³a man of great @. ¸3
¶[C] ³(pl µ-ties³) ´special natural power to do sth well; talent: ³a man of
many abilities.¼
¨ab initio© ²/*ab IÚnI2IE8/ ³adv ´(Lat) from the beginning.¼
¨ab®ject© ²/ÚabdZekt/ ³adj ¸1 ´(of conditions) wretched; miserable: ³living in
@ poverty. ¸2 ´(of persons, their actions, behaviour) degraded; deserving
contempt because cowardly or self-abasing: ³@ behaviour; an @ apology. ¸@®ly
³adv ¸ab®jec®tion ²/abÚdZek2n/ ³n¼
¨ab®jure© ²/EbÚdZ8E(r)/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´(formal) promise or swear solemnly on oath
or in public to give up, eÔg a belief, a right, evil ways: ³@ one's religion.
¸ab®jur®ation ²/*abdZ8EÚreI2n/ ³n ¶[U] ´abjuring; state of having been @d: ¶[C]
´action of this: ³an abjuration of faith.¼
¨ab®la®tive© ²/ÚablEtIv/ ³adj, n ´(gram) name of a form in Latin nouns
indicating an agent, instrument or cause. ¸the @ case, µ¥ case±1µ(3).¼
¨ab®laut© ²/Úablñ8t/ ³n ´(ling) systematic vowel changes in verb
forms of Indo-European languages (as in ³drive, drove, driven´).¼
¨ablaze© ²/EÚbleIz/ ³pred adj, adv ¸1 ´on fire, in a blaze: ³set it @. The
whole building was soon @. ¸2 ´(fig) shining; bright; excited: ³The streets
were @ with lights. Her face was @ with anger.¼
¨able© ²/ÚeIbl/ ³adj ¸1 ·be @ to do sth, ´have the power, means or opportunity
to do sth: ³Shall/Will you be @ to come? You are better @ to do it than I am.
µ¥ can±2µ, could. ¸2 µ(-r, -st) ´clever; capable; having or showing knowledge
or skill: ³an @ lawyer; an @ speech; the @st/most @ man I know. ¸*@-Úbodied
²/-ÚbodId/ ³adj ´physically strong. ¸*@ Úseaman, *@-*bodied Úseaman ³n ´(GB
abbr = ¸AÔB´) seaman trained and certified for all duties. ¸ably ²/ÚeIblI/ ³adv
´in an @ manner.¼
¨ab®lu®tion© ²/EÚblu2n/ ³n ´(usu ³pl´) (formal) ceremonial washing
of the hands or the body, esp as an act of religion: ³perform one's @s, ´(often
joc or fac) wash oneself.¼
¨ab®ne®ga®tion© ²/*abnIÚgeI2n/ ³n ¶[U] ´(formal) self-denial; (often
¸*self-Ú@´) self-sacrifice.¼
¨ab®nor®mal© ²/abÚncml/ ³adj ´different, often in an undesirable way, from what
is normal, ordinary or expected. ¸@®ly ³adv ¸@®ity ²/*abncÚmalEtI/ ³n
¶[U] ´quality of being @; ¶[C] ³(pl µ-ties³) ´sth that is @.¼
¨Abo© ²/ÚabE8/ ³n (pl µAbos³) ´Ï (derog) = µAborigine.¼
¨aboard© ²/EÚbcd/ ³adv, prep ´on (to) or in(to) a ship, aircraft, or (US) a
train or motor-coach: ³It's time to go @. All @! ´(iÔe Go or come @.) ³Welcome
@! ´(eÔg as a greeting by a stewardess on an aircraft.)¼
¨abode©1 ²/EÚbE8d/ ³n ¸1 ´(old or liter use) house; dwelling-place: ³take up
one's @ with one's parents-in-law, ´go and live with them. ¸2 ´(legal) ³place
of @, ´domicile. ·of/with no fixed @, ´having no fixed dwelling-place.¼
¨abode©2 ²/EÚbE8d/ ³pt,pp ´of µabide.¼
¨abol®ish© ²/EÚbolI2/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´put an end to, do away with, eÔg war,
slavery, an old custom. ¸abol®ition ²/*abEÚlI2n/ ³n ¶[U] ´@ing or being @ed
(esp used, in the 18th and 19th cc, of Negro slavery). ¸abol®ition®ist
²/*abEÚlI2EnIst/ ³n ´(esp) person who wished to @ Negro slavery.¼
¨A-bomb© ²/ÚeI bom/ ³n µ¥ atomic.¼
¨abom®in®able© ²/EÚbomInEbl/ ³adj ¸1 ´causing hatred and disgust (³to ´sb). ¸2
´(colloq) unpleasant; bad: ³@ weather/food. ¸@ Úsnowman, ´= µyeti.
¸abom®in®ably ²/-EblI/ ³adv¼
¨abom®in®ate© ²/EÚbomIneIt/ ³vt ¶[VP6A,C] ´detest; feel hatred or disgust for;
(colloq) dislike. ¸abom®in®ation ²/E*bomIÚneI2n/ ¸1 ¶[U] ´horror and disgust:
³hold sth in abomination. ¸2 ¶[C] ´sth that arouses horror and disgust (³to
´sb).¼
¨abo®rig®inal© ²/*abEÚrIdZEnl/ ³adj ´(of races of people, living creatures,
etc) belonging to, existing in, a region from earliest times, or from the time
when the region was first known. ¹ ³n ´@ inhabitant, plant, etc of a region.
¸abo®rig®ines ²/*abEÚrIdZEniz/ ³n pl ¸the @, ´the @ inhabitants. ¸Abo®rig®ine
²/*abEÚrIdZEnI/ ³n ´Australian @ person.¼
¨abort© ²/EÚbct/ ³vt,vi ¶[VP6A,2A] ´come to nothing; miscarry;
terminate prematurely: ³@ a space mission, ´cancel it in space, eÔg because of
mechanical trouble.¼
¨abor®tion© ²/EÚbc2n/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´(legal) expulsion of the foetus from the
womb during the first 28 weeks of pregnancy; helping or causing this: ³A@ was
formerly a crime in Britain. ¸2 ¶[C] ´instance of this; miscarriage of birth:
³have/procure an @. ¸3 ¶[C] ´creature produced by @; dwarfed or mis-shapen
creature; (fig) plan, effort, etc that has failed to develop. ¸@®ist ²/-Ist/
³n ´person who brings about an @; person who favours and supports legal @.¼
¨abort®ive© ²/EÚbctIv/ ³adj ´coming to nothing; unsuccessful; arrested in
development: ³plans that proved @; an @ rebellion. ¸@®ly ³adv¼
¨abound© ²/EÚbñ8nd/ ³vi ¶[VP3A] ·@ in/with, ´have, exist, in great numbers or
quantities: ³The river @s in fish. Fish @ in the river. The hut @ed with
vermin. Vermin @ed in the hut.¼
¨about©1 ²/EÚbñ8t/ ³adv of degree ´(contrasted with ³just ´or ³exactly´) a
little more or less than; a little before or after: ³@ as high as that tree;
for @ three miles; @ six o'clock; on or @ the fifth of May. I've had just @
enough ´(colloq understatement for "quite enough'). ³It's @ time you stopped
being so rude ´(colloq understatement for "quite time'). ·That's @ (the size
of) it, ´(colloq) That is how I assess it, how I see it.¼
¨about©2 ²/EÚbñ8t/ ³adv part ´(may usu be replaced by ³around ´in µ1, 2 ´and
µ3´) ¸1 ´(with ³vv ´of movement) here and there, in no particular direction:
³The children were rushing @. The boys were climbing @ on the rocks. Don't drop
cigarette ash @. Don't leave waste paper and empty bottles @ in the park. He's
taking Jane @ a lot these days, ´eÔg to dances, cinemas, theatres. ¸2 ´(with
other ³vv, ´indicating position, etc): ³There were books lying @ on the
floor/people sitting @ on the grass. ¸3 ´(with ³be´): ³There was no one @, ´no
one to be seen. ³There's a lot of influenza @, ´many people have it. ·be (out
and) @, ´be able to get out, work, etc after eÔg an illness. ·be up and @, ´be
out of bed and active. ¸4 ·bring sth @, µ¥ bring(4). ·come @, µ¥ come(11). ¸5
´facing round; in the opposite direction: ³It's the wrong way @. A@ turn!
´(GB), ³A@ face! ´(US), (mil commands) turn round to face the other way.
¸*@-Úface ³vi ´turn and face the other way. µ¹ ³n ´complete reversal of views,
actions, etc: ³He did a complete @-face. ¸6 ´(of two or more persons or groups)
·take turns @; (do sth) turn and turn @, µ¥ turn±1µ(4).¼
¨about©3 ²/EÚbñ8t/ ³prep ´(may usu be replaced by ³around ´or
³round ´in µ1, 2 ´and µ3´) ¸1 ´(with ³vv ´of movement) here and there, in no
particular direction: ³walking @ the town; travelling @ the world. ¸2 ´(with
other ³vv, ´indicating position, state, etc): ³idle men standing @ on street
corners; books and papers lying @ the room. I haven't any money @ me, ´iÔe with
me, in my pockets. ¸3 ´near to: ³I dropped the key somewhere @ here. ¸4
´concerning; regarding; in connection with: ³He is careless @ his personal
appearance. What do you know @ him? What is he so angry @? Tell me all @ it.
·How/What @«, ´used to ask for information, to make a suggestion or to get sb's
opinion: ³What @ his qualifications for the position? How @ going to France for
our holidays? ¸5 ´concerned or occupied with: ³What are you @? ´(= colloq "up
to?'). ³And while you're @ it«, ´while you're doing that«. ³Mind what you're @,
´Be careful what you do. ·go/set @ sth, ´deal with it: ³Do you know how to go @
it, ´deal with the task? ¸6 ´round (which is now more usu preferred): ³the
fields @ Oxford. She hung @ his shoulders. He has his wits @ him, µ¥ wit. ¸7 ·@
to + ³inf, ´on the point of (doing sth), just going to (do sth): ³As I was @ to
say, when you interrupted me« He was @ to start.¼
¨above©1 ²/EÚbAv/ ³adv ´(contrasted with ³below±1³, under±1µ(1) ´and
³underneath´) ¸1 ´at a higher point; overhead; on high: ³My bedroom is just @.
Seen from @, the fields looked like a geometrical pattern. A voice from @
shouted a welcome. ¸2 ´earlier (in a book, article, etc): ³As was stated @«;
See the statement @/the @ statement. ¸3 ´in Heaven: ³the Powers @, ´the
heavenly powers. ¸*@ Úboard ³adv ´without deception or concealment; honourably.
µ¹ ³pred adj ´frank; open. µ¥ underhand. ¸*@-Úmentioned, *@-Únamed ³adjj
´mentioned, named, @ (or earlier) in this book, article, etc.¼
¨above©2 ²/EÚbAv/ ³prep ´(contrasted with ³below±2³, under±2 ´and ³underneath´;
´@ may sometimes be replaced by ³over ´or ³beyond´) ¸1 ´higher than: ³The sun
rose @ the horizon. We were flying @ the clouds. ´Cf We flew ³over/across ´the
Sahara. ³The water came @ our knees. A captain in the Navy ranks @ a captain in
the Army. ¸2 ´greater in number, price, weight, etc: ³The temperature has been
@ the average recently. There is nothing in this shop @/over fifty cents. It
weighs @/over ten tons. Applicants must be @/over the age of 21. ¸3 ´more than:
³A soldier should value honour @ life. ·@ all, ´more than anything else. ·over
and @, ´in addition to. ¸4 ´too great, good, difficult, etc for: ³If you want
to learn, you must not be @ asking ´(= not be too proud to ask) ³questions. He
is @ meanness and deceit, ´does not show meanness or practise deceit. ³This
book is @ ´(now more usu ³beyond´) ³me, ´too difficult for me. ¸5 ´out of reach
of (because too great, good, etc): ³His heroism was @/beyond all praise. His
conduct has always been @ suspicion. ¸6 ´(various uses): ³the waterfall @ ´(=
up stream from) ³the bridge; live @/beyond one's means, ´in a style too
expensive for one's income; ³be @ oneself, ´in high spirits; ³get @ oneself,
´become conceited, too self-satisfied and lacking in self-control; ³She married
@ her station, ´married sb from a higher social class.¼
¨ab®ra®ca®dabra© ²/*abrEkEÚdabrE/ ³n ¶[U] ´magic jargon;
gibberish.¼
¨abrade© ²/EÚbreId/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´rub or scrape off, wear away (skin, etc) by
friction or hard rubbing.¼
¨ab®rasion© ²/EÚbreIZn/ ³n ¶[U] ´rubbing, scraping, or wearing off; ¶[C] ´area
where sth has been worn or scraped away: ³an @ of the skin.¼
¨ab®ras®ive© ²/EÚbreIsIv/ ³n ¶[U] ´substance (eÔg ³emery´) used for rubbing or
grinding down surfaces; ¶[C] ´particular type of @. ´¹ ³adj ´causing abrasion;
(fig) harsh, rough: ³an @ voice/character.¼
¨abreast© ²/EÚbrest/ ³adv ´(of persons, ships, etc) on a level, side by side,
and facing the same way: ³walking three @; warships in line @. ·be/keep @
(of/with), ´level with, not behind: ³You should read the newspapers to keep @
of the times, ´to be informed of the latest events, ideas, discoveries, etc.¼
¨abridge© ²/EÚbrIdZ/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´make shorter, esp by using fewer words: ³an
@d edition of "David Copperfield'; ´shorten (an interview, the time sth lasts).
µ¥ abbreviate. ¸@®ment, abridg®ment ³n ¶[U] ´abridging; ¶[C] ´sth, eÔg a book,
that is @d.¼
¨abroad© ²/EÚbrcd/ ³adv ¸1 ´in or to a foreign country or countries; away from
one's own country: ³be/go/live/travel @; visitors who have come from @. Do you
like it @/being @? ¸2 ´far and wide; everywhere: ³There's a rumour @ that«,
´People are saying that«. ¸3 ´(old use) out of doors: ³You were @ early this
morning.¼
¨ab®ro®gate© ²/ÚabrEgeIt/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´(formal) repeal or annul by authority.
¸ab®ro®ga®tion ²/*abrEÚgeI2n/ ³n¼
¨abrupt© ²/EÚbrApt/ ³adj ¸1 ´unexpectedly sudden: ³The road is full of @
turns. ¸2 ´(of speech, writing, behaviour) rough; brusque; disconnected: ³a
man with an @ manner, ´iÔe rather impolite, gruff, blunt; ³an @ style, ´eÔg of
speaking or writing. ¸3 ´(of a slope) steep. ¸@®ly ³adv ¸@®ness ³n¼
¨ab®scess© ²/Úabses/ ³n ¶[C] ´collection of thick yellowish-white liquid
(called ³pus´) formed in a cavity in the body: ³@es on the gums.¼
¨ab®scond© ²/EbÚskond/ ³vi ¶[VP2A,3A] ·@ (with) (from), ´go away suddenly,
secretly, and aware of having done wrong, esp to avoid arrest.¼
¨ab®sence© ²/ÚabsEns/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´being away (³from´): ³@ from school; during
his @ in America, ´while he was there. ³In the @ of the Manager ´(iÔe while he
is away) ³Mr X is in charge of the business. ·leave of @, µ¥ leave±2µ(1). ¸2
¶[C] ´occasion or time of being away: ³numerous @s from school; a long @; after
an @ of three months. ¸3 ¶[U] ´lack; non-existence: ³in the @ of definite
information. Cold is the @ of heat. ¸4 ·@ of mind, ´absent-mindedness (µ¥
´below).¼
¨ab®sent©1 ²/ÚabsEnt/ ³adj ¸1 ·@ (from), ´not present (at): ³@ from
school/work. ¸2 ´lost in thought; abstracted: ³When I spoke to him he looked at
me in an @ way but did not answer. ¸@®ly ³adv ´(rare) = @-mindedly. ¸*@-Úminded
³adj ´so deep or far away in thought that one is unaware of what one is doing,
what is happening around one, etc. ¸@-mind®ed®ly ³adv ¸@-minded®ness ³n¼
¨ab®sent©2 ²/EbÚsent/ ³vt ¶[VP6B,14] ·@ oneself (from), ´stay away (from):
³Why did you @ yourself (from school) yesterday?¼
¨ab®sen®tee© ²/*absEnÚti/ ³n ´person who is absent. ¸@ landlord, ´land or
house owner who habitually lives away from the place he owns. ¸@®ism ²/-IzEm/
³n ¶[U] ´habitual failure to be present, eÔg the practice of being absent from
work or regular duty frequently and without good reason.¼
¨ab®sinthe©, ab®sinth ²/ÚabsInT/ ³n ¶[U] ´bitter, green alcoholic drink made
with wormwood and other herbs.¼
¨ab®so®lute© ²/ÚabsElut/ ³adj ¸1 ´complete; perfect: ³A child usually has @
trust in its mother. When giving evidence in a law court, we must tell the @
truth. ¸2 ´unlimited; having complete or arbitrary power: ³An @ ruler need not
ask anyone for permission to do anything. ¸3 ´real; undoubted: ³It is an @
fact. He must not be punished unless you have @ proof of his guilt. ¸4
´unconditional; unqualified: ³An @ promise must be kept whatever happens. ¸5
´not relative; not dependent on or measured by other things. ¸@ zero, ´lowest
temperature theoretically possible, = ­273²Ø´15ÄC. µ¥ App 5. ¸@®ly ³adv ¸1
´completely: ³@ly impossible; @ly right. ¸2 ´unconditionally: ³He refused @ly.
¸3 ²/*absEÚlutlI/ ´(colloq, in answer to a question, or as a comment) quite so;
certainly. ¸ab®so®lut®ism ²/*absEÚlutIzEm/ ³n ´(pol) @µ(2) ´government;
despotism.¼
¨ab®sol®ution© ²/*absEÚlu2n/ ³n ¶[U] ´(RÔC Church) freeing (esp by a priest
in the sacrament of penance) from the consequences of sin: ³grant, pronounce ³@
from sin. µ¥ penance.¼
¨ab®solve© ²/EbÚzolv/ ³vt ¶[VP6A,14] ·@ (from), ´declare free (from
sin, guilt, a promise, duty, etc): ³I @ you from all blame/from your vows.¼
¨ab®sorb© ²/EbÚscb/ ³vt ¸1 ¶[VP6A] ´take or suck in, eÔg a liquid; take in, eÔg
heat, light, (fig) knowledge, etc: ³Paper that @s ink is called blotting-paper.
Dry sand @s water. The clever boy @ed all the knowledge his teachers could give
him. ¸2 ¶[VP6A] ´use up much of the attention, interest or time of: ³His
business @s him. He is completely @ed in his business. He was @ed ³in a book.
¸@®ent ²/-Ent/ ³adj, n ´(substance) capable of @ing: ³@ent cotton wool.
¸ab®sorp®tion ²/EbÚscp2n/ ³n ¶[U] ´@ing or being @ed; engrossment: ³Complete
absorption in sport interferred with his studies.¼
¨ab®stain© ²/EbÚsteIn/ ³vi ¶[VP3A,2A] ·@ (from), ´hold oneself
back, refrain: ³His doctor told him to @ from beer and wine. At the last
election he @ed (from voting). ¸@er ³n ´person who @s, esp ³total @er, ´one who
never takes alcoholic drinks.¼
¨ab®stemi®ous© ²/EbÚstimIEs/ ³adj ´sparing or moderate, esp in taking food and
drink; frugal: ³@ habits; an @ meal. ¸@®ly ³adv ¸@®ness ³n¼
¨ab®sten®tion© ²/EbÚsten2n/ ³n ¶[U] ·@ (from), ´abstaining, esp not using one's
vote at an election, etc; ¶[C] ´instance of this: ³six votes for, three against
and two @s.¼
¨ab®sti®nence© ²/ÚabstInEns/ ³n ¶[U] ·@ (from), ´abstaining, eÔg from food,
enjoyment, esp alcoholic drink. ¸*total Ú@, ´refraining completely from
alcoholic drink.¼
¨ab®stract©1 ²/Úabstrakt/ ³adj ¸1 ´separated from what is real or concrete;
thought of separately from facts, objects or particular examples: ³A flower is
beautiful, but beauty itself is @. ¸*@ Úart, ´art which does not represent
objects, scenes, etc in an obvious way, but abstracts and isolates features of
reality. µ¥ realism(1). ¸*@ Únoun, ´(gram) one that is the name of a quality
or state, eÔg ³length, goodness, virtue´. ¸2 ·in the @, ´regarded in an ideal
or theoretical way.¼
¨ab®stract©2 ²/EbÚstrakt/ ³vt ¶[VP6A,14] ·@ (from), ´take out; separate: ³@
metal from ore; ´(colloq) steal: ³@ a wallet from sb's pocket. ¸@ed ³adj ´not
paying attention; withdrawn in thought. ¸@®ed®ly ³adv ´in an absent-minded
way.¼
¨ab®stract©3 ²/Úabstrakt/ ³n ¶[C] ´short account, eÔg of the chief points of a
piece of writing, a book, speech, etc: ³an @ of a sermon.¼
¨ab®strac®tion© ²/EbÚstrak2n/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´abstracting or being abstracted. ¸2
¶[U] ´absent-mindedness: ³in a moment of @; with an air of @. ¸3 ¶[C]
´visionary idea; idea of a quality apart from its material accompaniments:
³Whiteness is an @. Don't lose yourself in @s, ´iÔe keep a firm hold on
reality. ¸4 ¶[U] ´formation of such an idea or ideas.¼
¨ab®struse© ²/EbÚstrus/ ³adj ´whose meaning or answer is hidden or difficult
to understand; profound. ¸@®ly ³adv ¸@®ness ³n¼
¨ab®surd© ²/EbÚs3d/ ³adj ´unreasonable; foolish; ridiculous: ³What an @
suggestion! It was @ of you to suggest such a thing. ¸@®ly ³adv ¸@®ity ³n
´(³pl µ-ties´) ¸1 ¶[U] ´state of being @; unreasonableness. ¸2 ¶[C] ´@ act or
statement.¼
¨abun®dance© ²/EÚbAndEns/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´great plenty: ³food and drink in @; live
in @, ´have plenty of those things that make life enjoyable. ¸2 ´(with ³indef
art´) quantity that is more than enough: ³an @ of good things.¼
¨abun®dant© ²/EÚbAndEnt/ ³adj ¸1 ´more than enough; plentiful: ³We have @ proof
of his guilt. ¸2 ·@ in, ´rich in; well supplied with: ³a land @ in minerals
´(³with an abundance of ´or ³abounding in ´are more usu). ¸@®ly ³adv´: ³I've
made my views @ly clear.¼
¨abuse©1 ²/EÚbjus/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ·@ (of), ´wrong use; ¶[C] ´instance
of this; ³an @ of trust. ¸2 ¶[C] ´unjust custom or practice that has become
established: ³remedy an @; put an end to @s. ¸3 ¶[U] ´angry or violent attack
in words; bad language; cursing: ³greet sb with a stream of @; shower @ on sb.¼
¨abuse©2 ²/EÚbjuz/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ¸1 ´make a bad or wrong use of: ³Don't @ your
authority/the confidence they have placed in you. ¸2 ´say severe, cruel or
unjust things to sb or about sb. ¸3 ´(old use) ill-treat. ¸4 ´(old use, esp in
the passive) deceive: ³She has been much @d.¼
¨abus®ive© ²/EÚbjusIv/ ³adj ´using, containing, insults and curses: ³use @
language to sb; become @, ´begin to insult and curse. ¸@®ly ³adv¼
¨abut© ²/EÚbAt/ ³vi µ(-tt-) ¶[VP3A] ·@ on, ´(of land) have a common boundary
with; border on. ¸@®ment ³n ´(eng) structure that bears the weight of a bridge
or an arch.¼
¨abysm© ²/EÚbIzEm/ ³n ¶[C] ´(poet) abyss.¼
¨abys®mal© ²/EÚbIzml/ ³adj ´(esp fig and colloq) bottomless; extreme: ³@
ignorance, ´(colloq) complete absence of knowledge. ¸@®ly ³adv¼
¨abyss© ²/EÚbIs/ ³n ´hole so deep as to appear bottomless: (fig) ³the @ of
despair. ¸the @, ´hell, or the lower world.¼
¨aca®cia© ²/EÚkeI2E/ ³n ¶[C] ¸1 ´(sorts of) tree from which gum is obtained. ¸2
³(false @ ´or ³locust tree) ´(sorts of) similar tree grown as an ornament in
parks and gardens.¼
¨aca®demic© ²/*akEÚdemIk/ ³adj ¸1 ´of teaching, studying; of schools, colleges,
etc; scholarly, literary or classical (contrasted with technical or
scientific): ³@ subjects; the @ year, ´(usu Oct to June in GB and US). ¸@
freedom, ´liberty to teach and to discuss problems without outside, eÔg
Government, interference. ¸2 ´too much concerned with theory and logic; not
sufficiently practical: ³The question/issue is @, ´is of no practical
consequence. ¸3 ´of an academy: ³@ rank/costume. ¹ ³n ¶[C] ´university teacher;
professional scholar. ¸aca®demi®cally ²/-klI/ ³adv¼
¨aca®dem®icals© ²/*akEÚdemIklz/ ³n pl ´academic costume (cap and gown), as
worn on ceremonial occasions.¼
¨acad®emy© ²/EÚkadEmI/ ³n (pl µ-mies³) ¸1 ´school for higher learning, usu for
a special purpose: ³a ·Ú³naval/·Ú³military @; an ·*³@ of ·Ú³music; a
·Ú³riding/·Ú³fencing @. ¸2 ´society of distinguished scholars; society for
cultivating art, literature, etc, of which membership is an honour: ³The Royal
A@ of Arts. ¸aca®dem®ician ²/E*kadEÚmI2n ³US: ²*akEdEÚmI2n/ ³n ´member of an
@µ(2)´, eÔg of the Royal A@ in GB or of the French A@.¼
¨ac®cede© ²/EkÚsid/ ³vi ¶[VP2A,3A] ·@ (to), ´(formal) ¸1 ´assent or
agree, eÔg to a request or proposal. ¸2 ´take up or succeed to, eÔg an office,
a post, a position of authority.¼
¨ac®cel®er®ando© ²/ak*selEÚrandE8/ ³n, adv, adj ´(music) (direction for)
increasing speed gradually. µ¥ rallentando.¼
¨ac®cel®er®ate© ²/EkÚselEreIt/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A] ´increase the speed of; cause
to move faster or happen earlier. ¸2 ¶[VP2A] ´(of a motion or process) become
faster. ¸ac®cel®er®ation ²/Ek*selEÚreI2n/ ³n ¶[U] ´making or being made
quicker; rate of increase; of speed per unit of time: ³a car with good
acceleration.¼
¨ac®cel®er®ator© ²/EkÚselEreItE(r)/ ³n ¸1 ´device, eÔg the pedal in a car, for
controlling speed. µ¥ ´the illus at µmotor. ¸2 ´(phys) device for accelerating
particles or nuclei, also called (colloq) an "atom-smasher'.¼
¨ac®cent© ²/ÚaksEnt ³US: ²Úaksent/ ³n ¶[C] ¸1 ´prominence (by means of stress
or intonation) given to a syllable: ³In the word "today' the @ is on the second
syllable. ¸2 ´mark or symbol, usu above a letter, used in writing and printing
to indicate the quality of a vowel sound or syllabic stress. µ¥ acute(5),
circumflex ´and µgrave±3µ. ¸3 ¶[U] ´individual, local or national
way of pronouncing: ³a Cockney @; speaking English with a foreign @; speak
without an @. ¸4 ³(pl) ´way of speaking which indicates a particular quality,
etc: ³in the tender @s of love. ¸5 ´(colloq) emphasis given to some aspect of a
display, performance, etc: ³At this year's Motor Show the @ is on sports cars.
´¹ ³vt ²/akÚsent/ ¶[VP6A] ´pronounce with an @; put emphasis on (a syllable or
word); make prominent or conspicuous.¼
¨ac®cen®tu®ate© ²/EkÚsent28eIt/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´give more force or importance to;
draw attention to. ¸ac®cen®tu®ation ²/Ek*sent28ÚeI2n/ ³n¼
¨ac®cept© ²/EkÚsept/ ³vt,vi ¶[VP6A,9,16B,2A] ¸1 ´(consent to) receive (sth
offered): ³@ a gift/an invitation. He asked her to marry him and she @ed
him/his proposal. I cannot @ your apology. ¸2 ´agree; recognize; regard with
favour or approval: ³I @ that the change may take some time. It is an @ed
truth/fact, ´sth that everyone believes. ¸3 ´(comm) take responsibility for:
³@ a bill of exchange; @ delivery of goods. ¸@®able ²/-Ebl/ ³adj ´worth @ing;
welcome: ³if this proposal is @able to you. ¸ac®cepta®bil®ity
²/Ek*septEÚbIlEtI/ ³n ¸ac®cept®ance ²/-Ens/ ³n ¶[U] ¸1 ´@ing or being @ed. ¸2
´approval; favourable reception: ³The proposal met with/found general @ance. ¸3
´(comm) agreement to pay; (legal) contract, bill of exchange, which has been
offered and @ed. ¸ac®cep®ta®tion ²/*aksepÚteI2n/ ³n ´generally @ed meaning of a
word or expression.¼
¨ac®cess© ²/Úakses/ ³n ¶[U] ¸1 ´way (in) to a place:
³easy/difficult of @´; (attrib) ³good @ roads, ´roads giving good @. ³The only
@ to the farmhouse is across the fields. ¸Ú@ road, ´= slip-road, µ¥
slip±2µ(10). ¸2 ·@ to, ´right, opportunity or means of reaching, using or
approaching: ³Students must have @ to good books. Only high officials had @ to
the Emperor. ¸3 ·an @ of, ´(old use) attack (of fever, etc); sudden attack,
outburst (of anger, rage, despair, etc). ¸@®ible ²/EkÚsesEbl/ ³adj ·@ (to),
´able to be reached, used, visited, etc: ³facts that are @ible to all; a
collection of paintings not @ible to the public; ´that can be influenced by: ³a
man who is not @ible to argument. ¸ac®ces®si®bil®ity ²/Ek*sesEÚbIlEtI/ ³n
¶[U].¼
¨ac®ces®sary© ²/EkÚsesErI/ ³n (pl µ-ries³), pred adj ´(US = ³accessoryµ(1)´)
(legal) person who helps in any act, esp a crime: ³an @ to a crime; He was
made @ to the crime. ·@ before/after the fact, µ¥ fact(1).¼
¨ac®ces®sion© ²/akÚse2n/ ³n ·@ to, ¸1 ¶[U] ´reaching a rank, position or state:
³the Queen's @ to the throne; on his @ to the estate/to manhood. ¸2 ¶[U]
´addition; increase; ¶[C] ´example of this: ³recent @s to the school library;
the @ of new members to a political party.¼
¨ac®ces®sory© ²/EkÚsesErI/ ³n (pl µ-ries³) ¸1 ´accessary. ¸2 ´sth extra,
helpful, useful, but not an essential part of: ³the accessories of a bicycle,
´eÔg the lamp, a pump; ³the accessories of a woman's dress, ´eÔg gloves, a
handbag.¼
¨ac®ci®dence© ²/ÚaksIdEns/ ³n ¶[U] ´(gram) that part of grammar which deals
with meaningful differences in the form of a word, eÔg ³have, has, had; foot,
feet, ´etc. The more usu term is now ³morphology. µ¥ syntax.¼
¨ac®ci®dent© ²/ÚaksIdEnt/ ³n ¸1 ¶[C] ´sth that happens without a cause that can
be seen at once, usu sth unfortunate and undesirable: ³There have been many
railway @s this year. He was killed in a road/motoring @. There has been an @
to« ·A@s will happen, ´(prov) Some unfortunate events must be accepted as
inevitable. ·meet with/have an @, ´experience one: ³I had a slight @ on the
way to work this morning. ²Ú¸@-prone, µ¥ prone. ¸2 ¶[U] ´chance; fortune: ³by @
of birth. ·by @, ´by chance: ³You might cut yourself by @; you would not cut
yourself on purpose. ·without @, ´safely. ¸Ú@ insurance, ´against injury,
damage or death which is the result of an @.¼
¨ac®ci®den®tal© ²/*aksIÚdentl/ ³adj ´happening unexpectedly and by
chance: ³an @ meeting with a friend. ¸@®ly ²/-tElI/ ³adv¼
¨ac®claim© ²/EÚkleIm/ ³vt ¸1 ¶[VP6A,16B] ´welcome with shouts of approval;
applaud loudly: ³@ the winner of a race; @ sb as a great actor. ¸2 ¶[VP23]
´make (sb) ruler, salute (sb) by @ing: ³They @ed him King. ´¹ ³n ¶[U]
´applause; approval: ³The play received great critical @.¼
¨ac®cla®ma®tion© ²/*aklEÚmeI2n/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´loud and enthusiastic approval of
a proposal, etc: ³elected/carried by @, ´without voting. ¸2 ´(usu ³pl´) shouts
or applause of welcome, acceptance: ³the @s of the crowd.¼
¨ac®cli®mate© ²/ÚaklImeIt/ ³vt,vi ´(= ³acclimatize´). ¸ac®cli®ma®tion
²/*aklñIÚmeI2n/ ³n¼
¨ac®cli®mat®ize© ²/EÚklñImEtñIz/ ³vt,vi ¶[VP14,2A] ·@ (to), ´get (oneself,
animals, plants, etc) used to a new climate, or (fig) to a new environment, new
conditions, etc: ³You will soon get @d. ¸ac®cli®mat®iz®ation
²/E*klñImEtñIÚzeI2n ³US: ²-tIÚz-/ ³n¼
¨ac®cliv®ity© ²/EÚklIvEtI/ ³n (pl µ-ties³) ¶[C] ´upward slope. µ¥ declivity.¼
¨ac®col®ade© ²/ÚakEleId ³US: ²*akEÚleId/ ³n ¶[C] ¸1 ´bestowal of a knighthood
by a tap on the shoulder with the flat of a sword. ¸2 ´(fig) praise; approval:
³the @s of the literary critics.¼
¨ac®com®mo®date© ²/EÚkomEdeIt/ ³vt ¶[VP6A,14] ¸1 ´have, provide,
lodging for: ³This hotel can @ 600 guests. ¸2 ·@ sb (with sth), ´grant sth to
sb; do sb a favour: ³The bank will @ you with a loan. ¸3 ·@ sth to, ´change sth
so that it fits with or is in harmony with (sth else): ³I will @ my plans to
yours. ¸ac®com®mo®dat®ing ³adj ´willing to oblige others; easy to deal with.¼
¨ac®com®mo®da®tion© ²/E*komEÚdeI2n/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´(GB) furnished, unfurnished
room(s), eÔg in a flat, house, hostel or in a hotel, etc: ³Wanted, @ for a
married couple with small child, in London, ´eÔg as in a newspaper
advertisement. ³Hotel @ was scarce during the Olympic Games. ¸2 ´(³pl, ´US)
lodgings; room(s) and food. ¸3 ¶[C] ´sth that helps; sth for convenience: ¸an
Ú@ ladder, ´(attrib) a portable one hung from the side of a ship. ¸4 ¶[U]
´(formal) compromise; settlement or adjustment (of one thing ³to ´another);
¶[C] ´example of this: ³come to an @, ´reach a compromise, eÔg in a dispute.
µ¥ agreement.¼
¨ac®com®pani®ment© ²/EÚkAmpEnImEnt/ ³n ¶[C] ¸1 ´sth that naturally or often
goes with another thing: ³Disease is often an @ of famine. ¸2 ´(music) (usu)
instrumental part to support a voice, choir or solo instrument: ³a song with a
piano @. ¸ac®com®pan®ist ²/EÚkAmpEnIst/ ³n ´person who plays a musical @.¼
¨ac®com®pany© ²/EÚkAmpEnI/ ³vt (pt,pp µ-nied³) ¶[VP6A,14] ¸1 ´go with:
³Warships will @ the convoy across the Atlantic. He was accompanied by his
secretary. ¸2 ´attend; characterize: ³fever accompanied with delirium;
lightning accompanied with thunder. ¸3 ´occur or do at the same time as: ³@
one's words with blows. ¸4 ´(music) play an accompaniment to: ³The singer was
accompanied at the piano by Gerald Moore.¼
¨ac®com®plice© ²/EÚkAmplIs ³US: ²EÚkom-/ ³n ¶[C] ´helper or companion (³in,
´esp, wrongdoing).¼
¨ac®com®plish© ²/EÚkAmplI2 ³US: ²EÚkom-/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´perform; succeed in
doing; finish successfully: ³@ a task; a man who will never @ anything. ·an
@ed fact, ´sth already done. ¸@ed ³adj ´clever; skilled (³in´): ³an @ed
dancer; ´well trained or educated in such social arts as conversation, art and
music: ³an @ed young lady. ¸@®ment ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´completion; finishing: ³the
@ment of their aims; difficult of @ment. ¸2 ¶[C] ´sth @ed, esp sth well done.
¸3 ¶[C] ´skill in a social or domestic art: ³Among her @ments were dancing,
playing the piano, sewing and cooking.¼
¨ac®cord©1 ²/EÚkcd/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ·of one's own @, ´without being
asked or forced; willingly. ·in/out of @ (with), ´in/out of harmony (with),
agreeing/not agreeing with. ·with one @, ´everybody consenting. ¸2 ¶[C]
´treaty, agreement (³between ´countries; ³with ´a country).¼
¨ac®cord©2 ²/EÚkcd/ ³vi,vt ¸1 ¶[VP2A,2C,3A] ·@ (with), ´match, agree (with);
be in agreement or harmony (with): ³His behaviour and his principles do not @
(well together). His behaviour does not @ with his principles. What you say
does not @ with the previous evidence. ¸2 ¶[VP13A,12A] ´(formal style) give;
grant: ³@ sb permission; @ permission to sb. He was @ed a warm welcome.¼
¨ac®cord®ance© ²/EÚkcdEns/ ³n ·in @ with, ´in agreement or conformity with: ³in
@ with your wishes; in @ with custom/the regulations.¼
¨ac®cord®ing as© ²/EÚkcdIG az/ ³conj ´in proportion as; in a manner that
depends upon: ³You will be praised or blamed @ as your work is good or bad.¼
¨ac®cord®ing to© ²/EÚkcdIG tE/ ³prep ¸(a) ´on the authority of: ³A@ to the
Bible, God created the world in six days. ¸(b) ´in a degree in proportion
to: ³He will be punished @ to the seriousness of his crime. ¸(c) ´in a manner
consistent with: ³The books are placed on the shelves @ to authors. ¸@®ly
³adv ¸1 ´for that reason; therefore. ¸2 ´as the (stated) circumstances
suggest: ³I have told you the circumstances, so you must act @ly.¼
¨ac®cord®ion© ²/EÚkcdIEn/ ³n ´(also ¸piano @ ´) portable musical instrument
with a bellows, metal reeds and a keyboard; (attrib) having narrow folds like
the bellows of an @: ³@ pleats in a skirt.¼
¨ac®cost© ²/EÚkost ³US: ²EÚkcst/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´go up to and speak to
first, esp a stranger in a public place; (of a prostitute) solicit: ³I was @ed
by a beggar/a prostitute.¼
¨ac®couche®ment© ²/EÚku2moG/ ³n ´(F) lying in; confinement; childbirth. µ¥ ³lie
in ´at µlie±2µ(1).¼
¨ac®count©1 ²/EÚkñ8nt/ ³n ¸1 ¶[C] ´(comm) statement of money (to be) paid or
received (for goods, services, etc): ³I have an @ with the Midland Bank, ´keep
my money with that Bank, pay my debts, etc by means of cheques from that Bank,
etc. ·open an @; open a bank/post office, etc @, ´start to keep one's money at
a bank, etc. ³ask a shop/shopkeeper/store to ·put sth down to one's @, ´ask him
to note the price of what is bought, for payment later. ·settle one's @ (with),
´pay what one owes (to a tradesman, etc); (fig) avenge oneself for an injury,
etc. ·send in/render an @, ´send a written statement of what is owed. Hence,
¸*@ Úrendered, ´an @ previously sent in but not yet paid. ·balance/square @s
(with sb), ´receive or pay the difference between debit and credit; (fig)
remove moral grievances between people by giving or taking punishment. ¸Úbudget
@, ´(with a shop) one used for buying goods, paying bills, etc by making
regular payments to the shop; (with a bank) special @ with a bank which makes
regular deductions for bills paid. ¸Úcurrent @, deÚposit @, Újoint @, Úprivate
@, Úsavings @, µ¥ current±1µ(3), deposit±1µ(1), joint±2µ, private(1) ´and
µsave±1µ(2). ¸2 ´(archaic) counting; calculation. ·money of @, ´used of sums of
money, not of coins or banknotes. µ¥ guinea. ¸3 ³(sing ´only³) ´benefit; profit:
³invest one's money to good @. ·turn/put sth to (good) @, ´use money,
abilities, talent, etc profitably: ³He turned/put his knowledge of Spanish to
good @. ·work on one's own @, ´for one's own purposes and profit, and at one's
own risk. ¸4 ¶[U] ·call/bring sb to @, ´require him to justify or explain his
conduct; state that he is answerable for sth. ¸5 ¶[C] ·give a good @ of
oneself, ´do well; act in a way that brings credit, eÔg by defeating opponents
in contests. ¸6 ¶[C] ´report; description; narrative: ³Don't always believe
newspaper @s of events. ·by one's own @, ´according to what one oneself says.
·by/from all @s, ´according to what everybody, all the papers, etc say. ¸7 ¶[U]
´estimation. ·be (reckoned) of some/small @, ´be (considered) of some/low
value. ·take sth into @; take @ of sth, ´note or consider it; pay attention to
it. ·leave sth out of @, take no @ of sth, ´pay no attention to it. ¸8 ¶[U]
´reason; cause. ·on @ of, ´because of. ·on this/that @, ´for this/that reason:
³He's angry on that @. Don't stay away on @ of John/on John's @. ·on no @; not
on any @, ´in no case; not for any reason: ³Don't on any @ leave the baby alone
in the house.¼
¨ac®count©2 ²/EÚkñ8nt/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP3A] ·@ for, ¸(a) ´serve as an
explanation of; explain the cause of: ³His illness @s for his absence. Ah, that
@s for it! He has been asked to @ for his conduct, ´explain why he acted as he
did. ·There's no @ing for tastes, ´We cannot explain why people have
different likes and dislikes. ¸(b) ´give a reckoning of (money that has been
entrusted to one): ³The boy has to @ (to his parents) for the money they give
him for school expenses. ¸(c) ´destroy; kill; capture: ³We @ed for a fine brace
of partridges. ¸2 ¶[VP25] ´consider: ³In English law a man is @ed innocent
until he is proved guilty. ¸@®able ²/-Ebl/ ³adj ·@able (to sb) (for sth),
´responsible; expected to give an explanation: ³I'll hold you @able. A madman
is not @able for his actions.¼
¨ac®count®ancy© ²/EÚkñ8ntEnsI/ ³n ¶[U] ´profession of an accountant.¼
¨ac®count®ant© ²/EÚkñ8ntEnt/ ³n ¶[C] ´(in GB) person whose profession is to
keep and examine business accounts±1´. ¸chartered @, ´(abbr ¸CÔA´) µ¥ charter
³vµ(1) ´(US = ¸certified public @, ´abbr ¸CÔPÔA´).¼
¨ac®coutre®ments© ´(US = ¸ac®cou®ter®ments´) ²/EÚkutEmEnts/ ³n pl ´equipment;
trappings; (mil) soldier's kit excluding clothes and weapons.¼
¨ac®credit© ²/EÚkredIt/ ³vt ¶[VP14] ´(usu passive) ¸1 ´appoint or send (sb) as
an ambassador, with official letters of introduction: ³He was @ed to/at Lisbon.
¸2 ´= µcredit±2´. ¸@ed ³part adj ´officially recognized (person); generally
accepted (belief, opinion, etc); ´guaranteed to be of an approved quality.¼
¨ac®cretion© ²/EÚkri2n/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´increase by organic addition or growth; the
growing of separate things into one. ¸2 ¶[C] ´sth added; sth resulting from @.¼
¨ac®crue© ²/EÚkru/ ³vi ¶[VP2A,3A] ·@ (to sb) (from sth), ´come as a natural
growth or development: ³If you keep your money in the Savings Bank, interest
@s. A@d interest is interest due, but not yet paid or received.¼
¨ac®cu®mu®late© ²/EÚkjumj8leIt/ ³vt,vi ¶[VP6A,2A] ´make or become greater in
number or quantity; come or gather together; heap up: ³By buying ten books
every month, he soon @d a library. Dust soon @s if the rooms are not swept. By
working hard you may @ a fortune.¼
¨ac®cu®mu®la®tion© ²/E*kjumj8ÚleI2n/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´accumulating; collection:
³the @ of money/useful knowledge. ¸2 ¶[C] ´material, etc accumulated: ³an @ of
books/evidence/rubbish. ¸ac®cu®mu®lat®ive ²/EÚkjumj8lEtIv ³US: ²-leItIv/ ³adj
´arising from @; growing by a succession of additions.¼
¨ac®cu®mu®la®tor© ²/EÚkjumj8leItE(r)/ ³n ¶[C] ¸1 ´(GB) storage battery, eÔg
for a motor vehicle: ³charge/discharge/an @, ´cause a current to flow into/out
of it. ¸2 ´(in a computer) device which stores numbers and progressively adds
numbers.¼
¨ac®cu®rate© ²/ÚakjErEt/ ³adj ¸1 ´careful and exact: ³be @ in one's
work/in what one says; quick and @ at figures; take @ aim. ¸2 ´free from error:
³@ scales. Clocks in railway stations should be @. ¸@®ly ³adv ¸ac®cu®racy
²/ÚakjErEsI/ ³n ¶[U] ´exactness; correctness.¼
¨ac®cursed© ²/EÚk3sId/, ±ac®curst ²/EÚk3st/ ³adj ´(poetic) under a curse;
detestable; hateful.¼
¨ac®cu®sa®tion© ²/*akjuÚzeI2n/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´accusing or being accused. ¸2 ¶[C]
´charge of doing wrong, of having broken the law: ³bring an @ of theft against
sb; be under an @ of theft.¼
¨ac®cus®ative© ²/EÚkjuzEtIv/ ³adj, n ´(gram) (of the) form of a word when it is
the direct object of a verb or preposition. ¸the @ case, µ¥ case±1µ(3).¼
¨ac®cuse© ²/EÚkjuz/ ³vt ¶[VP6A,14] ·@ sb (of sth), ´say that (sb) has done
wrong, broken the law, is to be blamed: ³@ sb of theft/cowardice; be @d of sth.
¸the @d, ´the person(s) charged in a criminal case. ¸ac®cuser ³n ¸ac®cus®ing®ly
²/EÚkjuzIGlI/ ³adv ´in an accusing manner: ³He pointed accusingly at me.¼
¨ac®cus®tom© ²/EÚkAstEm/ ³vt ¶[VP14] ·@ (oneself) to, ´make used to: ³When he
became a soldier, he had to @ himself to long marches. ·become/be @ed to,
´become/be used to: ³The boy soon became @ed to hard work and poor food. This
is not the kind of treatment I am @ed to, ´not the kind I usually receive. ¸@ed
³part adj ´usual; habitual: ³in his @ed seat.¼
¨ace© ²/eIs/ ³n ¶[C] ¸1 ´the one on dice, on (playing-)cards or dominoes (¥
these words); card so marked: ³the @ of spades. ·an ace in the hole, ´(US sl,
from the game of poker) sth held in reserve, likely to turn failure into
success. ¸2 ´(colloq) person who is first-rate or expert at sth, esp an airman
or a driver of racing cars. ¸3 ·within an ace of, ´failing, escaping, by a
narrow margin: ³within an ace of death/of being killed.¼
¨acerb®ity© ²/EÚs3bEtI/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´(formal) bitterness of speech, manner,
temper. ¸2 ¶[C] ³(pl µ-ties³) ´instance of this; bitter remark, etc.¼
¨acetic© ²/EÚsitIk/ ³adj ´of vinegar or @ acid. ¸*@ Úacid, ´the acid contained
in vinegar. ¸acet®ate ²/ÚasIteIt/ ³n ´salt of @ acid: ³acetate silk,
´artificial silk made from cellulose acetate.¼
¨acety®lene© ²/EÚsetIlin/ ³n ¶[U] ´(chem) colourless gas (¸C¶c¸H¶c´) which
burns with a bright light, used in carbide lamps and for welding and cutting
metal. µ¥ oxyacetylene.¼
¨ache© ²/eIk/ ³n ¶[C] ³(sing, ´with or without the ³def art³) ´dull
continuous pain: ³have @s and pains all over. ´(@ ´is only combined with ³back,
ear, head, heart, stomach, tummy ´and ³tooth, ´as in ³back@. ´For other parts
of the body ³a pain/@ in my/his/the foot, etc ´is used): ³have a ²Ú³head@;
suffer from ²Ú³back@s/from (the) ²Ú³tooth @. ¸Úheart@, µ¥ heart(7). ´¹ ³vi ¸1
¶[VP2A] ´have a steady or continuous dull pain: ³My head @s/is aching. After
climbing the mountain, he @d all over. It makes my heart @, ´makes me sad. ¸2
¶[VP3A,4A] ·@ (for), ´have a longing: ³His heart @ed for her. He was aching for
home. He @d to be free.¼
¨achieve© ²/EÚt2iv/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ¸1 ´complete; accomplish; get (sth) done: ³He
will never @ anything, ´will not do anything successfully. ³I've @d only half
of what I hoped to do. ¸2 ´gain or reach by effort: ³@ one's purpose; @
success/distinction in public life. ¸achiev®able ²/-Ebl/ ³adj ´that can be @d.
¸@®ment ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´achieving: ³the @ment of an undertaking/of one's aims;
impossible of @ment; an @ment test ´(of skills, etc). ¸2 ¶[C] ´sth @d; sth
done successfully, with effort and skill: ³The inventor was rewarded by the
Government for his scientific @ments.¼
¨Achilles© ²/EÚkIliz/ ³n ¸the heel of @; @' heel, ´(fig) small but weak or
vulnerable point, eÔg in sb's character: ³Spelling is my @' heel.¼
¨acid©1 ²/ÚasId/ ³adj ¸1 ´sour; sharp to the taste: ³A lemon is an @ fruit.
Vinegar has an @ taste. ¸Ú@ drops, ´sweets of boiled sugar with an @ flavour.
¸2 ´(fig) sharp; sarcastic: ³an @ wit; @ remarks.¼
¨acid©2 ²/ÚasId/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´(chem) substance that contains hydrogen, which may
be replaced by a metal to form a salt: ³Vinegar contains acetic @.
H¶c³SO¶e ³stands for sulphuric @; ¶[C] ´example of this: ³Some @s burn holes in
wood and cloth. ¸@ test ³n ´(fig) test that gives conclusive proof of the value
or worth of sth. ¸2 ¶[U] ´(sl) ¸LÔSÔD´. µ¥ App 2. ¸@®ify ²/EÚsIdIfñI/ ³vt,vi
(pt,pp µ-fied³) ¶[VP6A,2] ´make or become @. ¸@®ity ²/EÚsIdEtI/ ³n ¶[U] ´state
or quality of being @. ¸@ic ²/EÚsIdIk/ ³adj ¸@u®lated ²/EÚsIdj8leatId ³US:
²-IdZ8l-/ ³adj ´made slightly @. ¸@u®lous ²/EÚsIdj8lEs ³US: ²-dZ8l-/ ³adj ´sour
in feeling or manner; sharp; bitter.¼
¨ack-ack© ²/*ak Úak/ ³n ´(mil sl) anti-aircraft gun/fire, etc.¼
¨ac®knowl®edge© ²/EkÚnolIdZ/ ³vt ¸1 ¶[VP6A,C,9A,24A] ´confess; admit the truth,
existence or reality of: ³He refused to @ defeat/that he was defeated. He would
not @ his mistake. He won't @ himself beaten. He @d having been frightened.
Does he @ the signature, ´agree or admit that it is his? ¶[VP25] ´(liter
style): ³We praise thee, O God, we @ Thee to be the Lord. ¶[VP16B] ³Stephen @d
Henry as his heir, ´recognized his claim to be heir. ¶[VP25] ³They all @d him
master, ´agreed that he was their master. ¸2 ¶[VP6A] ´report that one has
received (sth): ³@ (receipt of) a letter. ¸3 ¶[VP6A] ´express thanks for: ³We
must not fail to @ his services to the town. We should always @ gifts promptly.
¸4 ¶[VP6A] ´indicate that one recognizes (sb) by giving a greeting, a smile, a
nod of the head, etc: ³I passed her in the street but she didn't even @ me when
I smiled. ¸@®ment, ac®knowl®edg®ment ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´act of acknowledging: ³We are
sending you a small sum of money in @ment of your valuable help. ¸2 ¶[C] ´sth
given or done to @ sth: ³We have had no @ment of our letter, ´no reply. ³This
basket of fruit is a slight @ment of your kindness.¼
¨acme© ²/ÚakmI/ ³n ¸the @, ´summit; highest point of development;
point of perfection: ³the @ of his desires/skill.¼
¨acne© ²/ÚaknI/ ³n ¶[U] ´disease (common among adolescents) in which there are
pimples and blackheads on the face and neck.¼
¨aco®lyte© ²/ÚakElñIt/ ³n ´person who helps a priest in some religious
services, esp the celebration of Mass.¼
¨ac®on®ite© ²/ÚakEnñIt/ ³n ´(bot) (sorts of) plant with blue or purple flowers;
monkshood; drug from the dried poisonous root of one of these kinds, used to
slow down the action of the heart.¼
¨acorn© ²/ÚeIkcn/ ³n ´seed or fruit of the oak tree. µ¥ ´the illus at µtree.
¸Ú@-cup ³n ´cuplike holder of an @.¼
¨acous®tic© ²/EÚkustIk/ ³adj ´of sound, the science of sound and the sense of
hearing. ¹ ³n ¶[C] ´studio, hall, etc from the consideration of its @s (µ¥ 2
´below): ³Try recording the music in a better @. ¸acous®tics ³n ¸1 ´(with ³sing
v´) the scientific study of sound. ¸2 ´(with ³pl v´) the physical properties of
sound; the properties of a hall, etc, that make it good, poor, etc for hearing
music, speeches, etc: ³The @s of the new concert hall are excellent.¼
¨ac®quaint© ²/EÚkweInt/ ³vt ¶[VP14] ¸1 ·@ sb/oneself with, ´make familiar
with, reveal to: ³@ sb with the facts of the case; @ oneself/become @ed/make
oneself @ed with one's new duties. ¸2 ·be @ed (with sb), ´have met (sb)
personally: ³I am not @ed with the lady. We are not @ed.¼
¨ac®quaint®ance© ²/EÚkweIntEns/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´knowledge or
information gained through experience: ³He has some @ with German, but does not
speak it fluently. ·have a bowing/nodding @ with, ´have some @ with (a person,
a subject). ·make sb's @, make the @ of sb, ´get to know sb, eÔg by being
introduced. ·(up)on (further) @, ´when known for a (further) period of time. ¸2
¶[C] ´person with whom one is acquainted; person whom one knows (less
intimately than a friend): ³He has a wide circle of @s. ¸3 ´(older English,
collective): ³He has a wide @, ´many @s. ¸@®ship ²/-2Ip/ ³n ´(circle of)
@sµ(2)´.¼
¨ac®quiesce© ²/*akwIÚes/ ³vi ¸1 ¶[VP2A] ´agree; accept silently or without
protest. ¸2 ¶[VP3A] ·@ in, ´accept an arrangement, a conclusion, etc without
protest: ³Her parents will never @ in such an unsuitable marriage.
¸ac®qui®es®cence ²/*akwIÚesns/ ³n ´(act of) acquiescing. ¸ac®qui®es®cent
²/-Úesnt/ ³adj ´disposed to @.¼
¨ac®quire© ²/EÚkwñIE(r)/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´gain by skill or ability, by one's own
efforts or behaviour: ³@ a good knowledge of English/a reputation for
dishonesty/a taste for brandy. ·an @d taste, ´one that comes when one has
experimented with sth and, in the end, comes to like it: ³Retsina (´= the
resin-flavoured Gk wine³) is an @d taste for British people. ¸@®ment ³n ¸1
¶[U] ´acquisition (now the more usu word). ¸2 ¶[C] ´accomplishmentµ(3) ´(now
the more usu word).¼
¨ac®qui®si®tion© ²/*akwIÚzI2n/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´acquiring: ³He devotes his time to
the @ of knowledge. ¸2 ¶[C] ´sth acquired: ³my most recent @s, ´eÔg books I
have bought recently. ³Mr A will be a valuable @ to ´(= a valuable new member
of) ³the teaching staff of our school.¼
¨ac®quis®itive© ²/EÚkwIzEtIv/ ³adj ´fond of, in the habit of,
acquiring: ³@ of new ideas. ¸the @ society, ´that values the possession of more
and more material things.¼
¨ac®quit© ²/EÚkwIt/ ³vt µ(-tt-) ¸1 ¶[VP6A,14] ·@ sb (of/on sth), ´give a legal
decision that (sb) is not guilty, eÔg of an offence: ³He was @ted of the
crime/@ted on two of the charges. ¸2 ¶[VP16B] ´conduct (oneself): ³He @ted
himself well/like a hero. ¸@®tal ²/EÚkwItl/ ³n ¶[U] ´judgement that a person is
not guilty: ³a sentence of @tal; ¶[C] ´instance of this: ³three convictions and
two @tals.¼
¨acre© ²/ÚeIkE(r)/ ³n ¶[C] ´measure of land, 4Ô840 sq yds or about 4Ô000 sq
metres. ¸God's @, ´churchyard (for burials). ¸@®age ²/ÚeIkErIdZ/ ³n ¶[U] ´area
of land measured in @s: ³What is the @age of the London parks?¼
¨ac®rid© ²/ÚakrId/ ³adj ´(of smell or taste) sharp; biting: ³the @ smell of
burning feathers; ´(fig) bitter in temper or manner.¼
¨ac®ri®mony© ²/ÚakrImEnI ³US: ²-mE8nI/ ³n ¶[U] ´(formal) bitterness of temper,
manner, language. ¸ac®ri®moni®ous ²/*akrIÚmE8nIEs/ ³adj ´(of arguments,
quarrels, words) bitter.¼
¨ac®ro®bat© ²/ÚakrEbat/ ³n ´person who can perform difficult or unusual
physical acts with skill, eÔg on a tightrope or trapeze. ¸@ic ²/*akrEÚbatIk/
³adj ´of or like an @: ³@ic feats. ¸@®ics ³n pl ´(used with ³sing v´) @ic
tricks or feats: ³aircraft @ics.¼
¨ac®ro®nym© ²/ÚakrEnIm/ ³n ¶[C] ´word formed from the initial letters of a
name, eÔg ¸NÔAÔSÔA ²/ÚnasE/´, National Aeronautics and Space Administration. µ¥
App 2.¼
¨acrop®olis© ²/EÚkropElIs/ ³n ´fortified part of a Gk city in ancient times,
esp ¸the A@, ´that of Athens.¼
¨across©1 ²/EÚkros ³US: ²EÚkrcs/ ³adv ´(used with ³vv ´in the senses of the
³prep´): ³Can you swim @? Will you row me @? I helped the blind man @. Come @
to my office this afternoon. The river is half a mile @, ´= wide. ·@ from,
´(US) opposite: ³The bank is just @ from the school.¼
¨across©2 ²/EÚkros ³US: ²EÚkrcs/ ³prep ¸1 ´from one side to the other side of:
³walk @ the street; draw a line @ a sheet of paper; a bridge @ the river; row
sb @ a lake. ·*@-the-Úboard, ´including all groups, members, etc esp in an
occupation or industry: ³an @-the-board wage increase. ¸2 ´on the other side
of: ³My house is just @ the street. We shall soon be @ the Channel. He
addressed me from @ the room. ¸3 ´so as to form a cross; so as to cross or
intersect: ³He sat with his arms @ his chest. The two lines pass @ each other
at right angles. ¸4 ´(with ³vv´) µ¥ come(15), drop±2µ(13), get(17), put±1µ(11)
´and µrun±1µ(28).¼
¨acros®tic© ²/EÚkrostIk ³US: ²-Úkrcs-/ ³n ´word puzzle, word arrangement, in
which the first, or the first and last, letters of the lines make a word or
words.¼
¨acryl®ic© ²/EÚkrIlIk/ ³n ´(comm) ¸*@ Úfibre, ´(kinds of) synthetic fibre used
for making dress materials, etc. ¸*@ Úresin, ´(kinds of) transparent colourless
plastic widely used in industry, eÔg for plastic lenses, aircraft windows.¼
¨act©1 ²/akt/ ³n ¶[C] ¸1 ´sth done: ³To kick a cat is a cruel act.
It is an act of kindness to help a blind man across the street. ¸Acts (of the
Apostles), ´(NÔT) accounts of the missionary work of the Apostles. ¸2 ´process
of, instant of, doing; action. ·(catch sb) in the (very) act (of doing sth),
´while performing the action: ³The thief was caught in the act of breaking
into the house. In the act of ´(= While) ³picking up the ball, he slipped and
fell. ¸Act of God, ´sth which is the result of uncontrollable natural forces,
eÔg storms, floods, earthquakes. µ¥ ´also µgrace(3). ¸3 ´law made by a
legislative body: ³an Act of Parliament: the Acts of Congress.$¸4 ´main
division of a play: ³a play in five acts; Hamlet, Act 1, Scene 3. µ¥ scene(5).
¸5 ´one of a series of short performances in a programme: ³a circus/variety
act. ¸6 ´(colloq) pretence: ³Don't take him seriouslyÅit's just an @. ·put on
an act, ´(colloq) pretend; behave in an affected way (to get one's own way,
etc).¼
¨act©2 ²/akt/ ³vi,vt ¸1 ¶[VP2A,3A] ´perform actions, do sth: ³The
time for talking is past; we must act at once. The girl's life was saved
because the doctors acted so promptly. You have acted ´(= behaved)
³generously. ·act (up)on ³(a suggestion/sb's advice/an order), ´do what is
suggested, advised, etc. ¸2 ¶[VP2A,3A] ´do what is required; function
normally: ³The brakes wouldn't act, so there was an accident. The pump is not
acting well, ´not performing its proper function. ·act (up)on, ´have an effect
(up)on: ³This medicine acts on the heart/the bowels. ¸3 ¶[VP2A,C,3A] ´perform
in a professional or official capacity: ³The police refused to act, ´would not
interfere. ·act as, ´be, perform, as an interpreter, mediator, etc. ·act
for/on behalf of, ´represent (sb) as a solicitor, barrister in a legal case:
³A solicitor acts for his clients. ¸4 ¶[VP2A,C,6A] ´take part in a play on the
stage; take the part of, eÔg a character in a play or cinema film, or in real
life: ³Who is acting (the part of) Hamlet? She acts well. Don't act the
fool/ass/idiot, ´don't behave foolishly. ³Browning's plays won't act, ´are not
suitable for the stage. ³She's not really crying; she's only acting ´(=
pretending) ³in order to gain your sympathy. ¶[VP15B] ·act sth out, ´perform
actions which represent, and may help to release, the fears, inhibitions, etc
of a neurotic person. ·act Úup, ´(colloq) behave badly so as to attract
attention; cause pain, irritation, annoyance by functioning badly: ³My
leg/car/TÔV, etc has been acting ´(now more usu ³playing´) ³up all week.¼
¨act®ing© ²/ÚaktIG/ ³adj ´doing the duties of another person for a time: ³The
A@ Manager/Headmaster; A@ Captain. ´¹ ³n ¶[U] ´(art of) performing in a play
for the theatre, cinema, TÔV, etc: ³She did a lot of @ while she was at
college. ¸Ú@ copy, ´(of a script) one for the use of an actor or actress.¼
¨ac®tin®ism© ²/ÚaktInIzEm/ ³n ¶[U] ´property of light rays that
produces chemical activity and changes (as in photographic films). ¸ac®tinic
²/akÚtInIk/ ³adj ´of @: ³actinic rays, ´component of the sun's radiation.¼
¨ac®tion© ²/Úak2n/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´process of doing things; movement; (way of)
using energy, influence, etc: ³The time has come for @, ´We must act now. ³A
man of @ is not content just to talk. ·bring/call sth into @, ´cause it to
operate. ·put/set sth in @, ´cause it to start acting. ·put sth out of @, ´stop
it working; make it unfit for use. ·take @, ´begin to act. ¸Ú@ painting, ´form
of abstract painting in which paint is splashed, dribbled, etc on to the
canvas. ¸2 ¶[C] ´thing done; act: ³We shall judge you by your @s, not by your
promises. She is impulsive in her @s, ´does things impulsively. ·A@s speak
louder than words, ´Doing sth is more convincing than talking about it. ¸3 ¶[C]
¸(a) ´mechanism of a piano, gun or other instrument. ¸(b) ´manner of bodily
movement, eÔg of a horse when jumping, of an athlete. ¸4 ¶[C] ´legal process.
·bring an @ against sb, ´seek judgement against him in a law court. ¸5 ¶[U]
´fighting between bodies of troops, between warships, etc: ³go into @, ´start
fighting; ³killed in @. ¶[C] ´instance of this: ³break off the @, ´stop
fighting. ¸Ú@ stations, ´(mil) positions to which soldiers, etc go when
fighting is expected to begin. ¸@®able ²/-Ebl/ ³adj ´giving just cause for
legal @.¼
¨ac®ti®vate© ²/ÚaktIveIt/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´make active; (chem)
accelerate a reaction in, eÔg by heat; (phys) cause radiation from.
¸ac®ti®va®tion ²/*aktIÚveI2n/ ³n¼
¨ac®tive© ²/ÚaktIv/ ³adj ¸1 ´doing things; able to do things; in the habit of
doing things; energetic; characterized by activity: ³He's over 90 and not very
@. A boy with an @ brain will be more successful than a dull boy. Mount
Vesuvius is an @ volcano, ´is one that erupts. ³She has an @ ´(= lively)
³imagination. He takes an @ part in school affairs. ·on @ service, ´(Navy,
Army, Air Force) (GB) engaged in actual military service, esp in fighting
during a war; (US) on full duty, not in the reserves. ·under @ consideration,
´being considered or canvassed. ¸2 ´(gram) ¸the @ (voice), (a) ´form of a ³v
phrase ´not containing ³be + pp, ´as in: ³He was driving. ´Cf ³He was being
driven. µ¥ passive. ¸(b) ´sentence containing a ³vt ´in which the ³n ´or ³pron
´preceding the ³v, ´and agreeing with it (the grammatical subject), refers to
the doer of the action, iÔe the agent: ³The children finished the cake
´(active). ´Cf ³The cake was finished by the children ´(passive). ¸@®ly ³adv¼
¨ac®tiv®ist© ²/ÚaktIvIst/ ³n ¶[C] ´person taking an active part, eÔg in a
political movement.¼
¨ac®tiv®ity© ²/akÚtIvEtI/ ³n (pl µ-ties³) ¸1 ¶[U] ´being active or lively:
³When a man is over 70, his time of full @ is usually past. ¸2 ¶[C] ´thing (to
be) done; occupation: ³Classroom activities are things done by pupils in the
classroom; outdoor activities are things done outside. My numerous activities
leave me little leisure.¼
¨ac®tor© ²/ÚaktE(r)/ ³n ¸1 ´man who acts on the stage, TÔV or in films. ¸2
´person who takes part in a notable event, etc.¼
¨ac®tress© ²/Úaktrs/ ³n ´woman actor(1).¼
¨ac®tual© ²/Úakt28El/ ³adj ´existing in fact; real: ³It's an @
fact; I haven't invented or imagined it. Can you give me the @ figures, ´the
real figures, not an estimate or a guess? ³What is the @ position of affairs?
¸@®ly ²/Úakt28lI/ ³adv ¸1 ´in @ fact; really: ³the political party @ly in
power. He looks honest, but @ly he's a rogue. ¸2 ´strange or surprising as it
may seem: ³He @ly expected me to do his work for him! He not only ran in the
race; he @ly won it! ¸@®ity ²/*akt28ÚalEtI/ ³n (pl µ-ties³) ¸1 ¶[U] ´@
existence; reality. ¸2 ¶[C] ´(usu ³pl´) ´@ conditions or facts; realities.¼
¨ac®tu®ary© ²/Úakt28ErI ³US: ²-t28erI/ ³n (pl µ-ries³) ´expert who calculates
insurance premiums (by studying rates of mortality, frequency of fires, thefts,
accidents, etc). ¸ac®tu®ar®ial ²/*akt28ÚeErIEl/ ³adj ´of an @ or his work.¼
¨ac®tu®ate© ²/Úakt28eIt/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´(formal) cause to act: ³A great statesman
is @d by love of his country, not by love of power.¼
¨acu®ity© ²/EÚkjuEtI/ ³n ¶[U] ´(formal) acuteness.¼
¨acu®men© ²/EÚkjumen/ ³n ¶[U] ´sharpness and accuracy of judgement; ability to
understand clearly: ³business @.¼
¨acu®punc®ture© ²/Úakj8pAGkt2E(r)/ ³n ¶[U] ´(med) pricking or puncturing of the
living tissues of the human body with fine needles to cure diseise, to relieve
pain and as a local anaesthetic.¼
¨acute© ²/EÚkjut/ ³adj ¸1 ´(of the senses, sensations, intellect) keen, sharp,
quick: ³Dogs have an @ sense of smell. Our anxiety became more @. He felt @
remorse for his wrongdoing. A bad tooth can cause @ pain. He is an @ observer.
¸2 ´(of diseases) coming sharply to a crisis: ³The patient has reached the @
stage of the disease, ´the brief period during which the disease is severe and
at a turning point. ³Pneumonia is an @ disease, ´one that comes quickly to a
turning-point. µ¥ chronic. ¸3 ´(of sounds) high; shrill. ¸4 @ angle, ´angle of
less than 90Ä. µ¥ ´the illus at µangle. ¸5 @ accent, ´mark over a vowel (_Î),
as over ³e ´in ³caf_e. ¸@®ly ³adv ¸@®ness ³n¼
¨ad© ²/ad/ ³n ¶[C] ´(colloq abbr for) advertisement: ³"Want ads',
´in newspapers, etc.¼
¨ad®age© ²/ÚadIdZ/ ³n ¶[C] ´old and wise saying; proverb.¼
¨adagio© ²/EÚdqdZIE8/ ³n (pl µ-gios ²/-dZIE8z/³) adj, adv ´(music) (passage
played) gracefully and in slow time.¼
¨Adam© ²/ÚadEm/ ³n ¸*@'s Úapple, ´part that projects in the front of the
throat, esp in men, and moves up and down when one speaks. µ¥ ´the illus at
µhead. ·the old @, ´(facet) the immoral, selfish side of human nature. ·not
know sb from @, ´not know him at all. µ¥ know(2).¼
¨ada®mant© ²/ÚadEmEnt/ ³n ¶[C] ´kind of stone that, it is said, cannot be cut
or broken. ¹ ³pred adj ´unyielding; firm in purpose: ³He was @ to their pleas.
On this point I am @, ´Nothing can change my decision. ³I only wish he were
less @. ¸ada®man®tine ²/*adEÚmantñIn/ ³adj ´unyielding; inflexible.¼
¨adapt© ²/EÚdapt/ ³vt ¶[VP6A,14] ´make suitable for a new use, need, situation,
etc: ³When you go to a new country, you must @ yourself to new manners and
customs. Difficult books are sometimes @ed for use in schools. This book is @ed
to the needs of beginners/@ed for beginners. The play has been @ed from the
French, ´iÔe translated and changed to suit English audiences. ³Novels are
often @ed for the stage, television and radio. ¸@er, @or ²/-tE(r)/ ³nn ´person
who @s sth; device that enables sth to be used for a purpose, or in a way,
different from that for which it was designed, eÔg a fitting for taking
electric current from an outlet so that more than one piece of apparatus may be
used. ¸@®able ²/-Ebl/ ³adj ´able to @ oneself; able to be @ed: ³an @able man,
´one who can @ himself to circumstances, etc. ¸@a®bil®ity ²/E*daptEÚbIlEtI/ ³n
¶[U] ´power of @ing or being @ed. ¸ad®ap®ta®tion ²/*adapÚteI2n/ ³n ·@ation (of
sth) (for/to sth), ¸1 ¶[U] ´state of being @ed; @ing. ¸2 ¶[C] ´sth made by
@ing: ³an @ation (of a novel) for the stage/for broadcasting.¼
¨add© ²/ad/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A,14] ·add sth (to sth), ´join, unite,
put (one thing together with another): ³If you add 5 and/to 5 you get 10. The
house has been added to from time to time, ´new rooms, etc have been built on
to it. ³If the tea is too strong, add some hot water. ¸Úadding-machine ³n
´machine for calculating mechanically. ¸2 ¶[VP6A,9A] ´say further; go on to
say: ³"and I hope you'll come early,' he added. She added that«. ¸3
¶[VP15B,3A,2C] ´(special uses with ³adverbial particles ´and ³preps´):¼
·add sth in, ´include.¼
·add to, ´increase: ³This adds to our difficulties.¼
·add sth together, ´combine two or more things.¼
·add sth up, ´find the sum of: ³add up a column of figures; add up ten figures;
add them up.¼
·add up (to), ¸(a) ´give as a result, when joined: ³The figures add up to 365.
¸(b) ´(colloq) mean; indicate; amount to: ³All that this adds up to is that you
don't want to help, so why not say so at once? ¸(c) ´(colloq) make sense; be
plausible: ³It just doesn't add up.¼
¨ad®den®dum© ²/EÚdendEm/ ³n (pl µ-da ²/-dE/³) ´thing (omitted) that
is to be added.¼
¨ad®der© ²/ÚadE(r)/ ³n ´viper; any of several small poisonous snakes common in
Europe, Africa (eÔg the ³puff-@´) and Asia. µ¥ ´the illus at µsnake.¼
¨ad®dict© ²/EÚdIkt/ ³vt ´(usu passive) ·be @ed to, ´be given to, habitually or
compulsively: ³He is @ed to alcohol/smoking/lying/study/drugs. ´¹ ³n ²/ÚadIkt/
´person who is @ed, esp to sth harmful: ³a ·Ú³drug @. ¸ad®dic®tion
²/EÚdIk2n/ ³n ¶[U] ´being @ed; ¶[C] ´instance of this. ¸ad®dic®tive ²/EÚdIktIv/
³adj ´causing @ion: ³@ive drugs.¼
¨ad®di®tion© ²/EÚdI2n/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´process of adding: ³The sign ´+ ³stands for
@. ·in @ (to), ´as well (as). ¸2 ¶[C] ´sth added or joined: ³They've just had
an @ to the family, ´another child. ³He will be a useful @ to the staff of the
school, ´a useful new teacher. ¸@al ²/-2Enl/ ³adj ´extra; added: ³@al charges.
¸@®ally ²/-2EnElI/ ³adv¼
¨ad®di®tive© ²/ÚadItIv/ ³n ¶[C] ´substance added in small amounts for a special
purpose: ³food @s, ´eÔg to add colour; ³petrol @s, ´eÔg to reduce engine
knocking.¼
¨addle© ²/Úadl/ ³adj ´(usu in compounds) confused; muddled. ¸Ú@-brained,
Ú@-pated ²/-peItId/ ³adjj ´having confused ideas. ¸Ú@-head ³n ´person with
confused ideas. ¹ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A] ´confuse: ³@ one's head/brains. ¸2 ¶[VP2A]
´(of eggs) become rotten: ³@d eggs.¼
¨ad®dress©1 ²/EÚdres ³US: ²Úadres/ ³n ¸1 ´details of where a person
may be found and where letters, etc may be delivered: ³What's your
home/business @? Let me know if you change your @. ¸2 ´speech or talk (to an
audience). ¸*public Ú@ system, ´system using microphones, loudspeakers, etc for
amplifying speeches. ¸3 ¶[U] ´(old use) manner or behaviour, esp in
conversation: ³a man of pleasing @. ¸4 ¶[U] ·form of @, ´style of written or
spoken communication: ³polite forms of @. ¸5 ³(pl) ´(old use) polite attentions
or courtship: ³pay one's @es to a lady, ´seek to win her hand in marriage;
³reject sb's @es, ´show that one does not welcome sb's wishes to be friendly.
¸@ee ²/*adreÚsi/ ³n ´person to whom sth is @edµ(2)´. ¸A@o®graph ²/EÚdresE8grqf
³US: ²-graf/ ³n ´(P) machine for printing @esµ(1) ´on circulars, etc.¼
¨ad®dress©2 ²/EÚdres/ ³vt ¸1 ¶[VP6A,16B] ´make a speech to; speak
to, using a title: ³Mr Green will now @ the meeting. Don't @ me as "Colonel';
I'm only a major. ¸2 ¶[VP6A] ´write a destination on (with the name of the
person to whom sth is to be delivered): ³The letter was wrongly @ed. ¸3 ¶[VP14]
·@ sth to, ´send (a remark, complaint, etc) to: ³Please @ all enquiries to this
office. Please @ complaints to the manager, not to me. ¸4 ¶[VP14] ·@ oneself
to, ´(formal) work at, apply oneself to, be busy with (a task, etc): ³It's time
we @ed ourselves to the business in hand, ´time we got busy with the business
we are here for.¼
¨ad®duce© ²/EÚdjus ³US: ²EÚdus/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´(formal) put forward (as proof, as
an example): ³@ reasons/proof/authority.¼
¨ad®en®oids© ²/ÚadInãIdz ³US: ²-dEn-/ ³n pl ´(anat) soft, sponge-like growth
between the back of the nose and the throat, in some cases making breathing and
speech difficult: ³have one's @ out, ´iÔe by a surgical operation. ³She's
got @, ´(colloq) is suffering from inflammation of the @. µ¥ ´the illus at
µhead. ¸ad®en®oidal ²/*adIÚnãIdl/ ³adj ´of the @: ³an adenoidal youth, ´one
suffering from diseased @.¼
¨adept© ²/Úadept/ ³adj ´expert, skilled (³in ´sth; ³at ´or ³in ´doing sth). ¹
³n ´expert: ³I'm not an @ in photography.¼
¨ad®equate© ²/ÚadIkwEt/ ³adj ´satisfactory; sufficient; satisfying a
requirement: ³$10 a week is not @ to support a family. Are you getting an @
wage for the work you're doing? ¸@®ly ³adv ¸ad®equacy ²/ÚadIkwEsI/ ³n ¶[U]
´state of being @: ³He often doubts his adequacy as a husband and father.¼
¨ad®here© ²/EdÚhIE(r)/ ³vi ¶[VP2A,3A] ·@ (to), ´(formal) ¸1 ´stick fast (to):
³Glue and paste are used to make one surface @ to another. ¸2 ´remain faithful
(to); support firmly: ³@ to one's plans/to an opinion/to a political party/to a
promise. We decided to @ to the programme. ´(Cf ³depart from´). ¸ad®her®ence
²/-rEns/ ³n´: ³adherence to a plan.¼
¨ad®her®ent© ²/EdÚhIErEnt/ ³n ´supporter (of a party, etc, but not necessarily
a member): ³The proposal is gaining more and more @s.¼
¨ad®hesion© ²/EdÚhiZn/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´adhering; being or becoming attached or
united. ¸2 ¶[U] ´support: ³give one's @ to a plan. ¸3 ¶[U] ´(path) joining
together of tissues in the body, eÔg after an injury; ¶[C] ´instance of this:
³painful @s resulting from a wound that did not heal.¼
¨ad®hes®ive© ²/EdÚhisIv/ ³adj ´having the property of sticking: ³@
tape/plaster. ´¹ ³n ¶[C,U] ´@ substance, eÔg ³gum.¼
¨ad hoc© ²/*ad Úhok/ ³adj, adv ´(Lat) arranged for a particular purpose; not
pre-arranged; informal: ³an @ committee meeting.¼
¨adieu© ²/EÚdju ³US: ²EÚdu/ ³n, int (pl µ-s ´or µ-x ²/EÚdjuz ³US: ²EÚduz/³)
´(F) goodbye: ³bid sb @; make one's @/@s, ´say goodbye.¼
¨ad in®fi®nitum© ²/*ad *InfIÚnñItEm/ ³adv ´(Lat) without limit; for ever.¼
¨ad inter®im© ²/*ad ÚIntErIm/ ³adv ´(Lat) in the meantime.¼
¨adi®pose© ²/ÚadIpE8s/ ³adj ´of animal fat; fatty: ³@ tissue.¼
¨ad®jac®ent© ²/EÚdZeIsnt/ ³adj ´next ³(to), ´lying near ³(to) ´but
not necessarily touching: ³@ rooms; @ angles, µ¥ ´the illus at µangle. ³The
house @ to the church is the vicarage.¼
¨ad®jec®tive© ²/ÚadZIktIv/ ³n ´(gram) word that names a quality, or that
defines or limits a noun. ¸ad®jec®tival ²/*adZIkÚtñIvl/ ³adj ´of or like an @:
³an adjectival phrase/clause.¼
¨ad®join© ²/EÚdZãIn/ ³vt,vi ¶[VP6A,2A] ·@ (to), ´be next or nearest to: ³The
playing-field @s the school. The two houses @. ¸@®ing ³part adj´: ³@ing
bedrooms.¼
¨ad®journ© ²/EÚdZ3n/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A] ´break off, eÔg proceedings of a
meeting, etc for a time: ³The meeting was @ed for a week/until the following
week. ¸2 ¶[VP2C] ´(of a meeting, etc) be broken off in this way: ³The meeting
@ed at five o'clock. ¸3 ¶[VP2A,C] ´(colloq, of persons who have met together)
¸(a) ´break off proceedings and separate. ¸(b) ´go to another place: ³When
dinner was over they @ed to the sitting-room. ¸@®ment ³n ´@ing or being @ed.¼
¨ad®judge© ²/EÚdZAdZ/ ³vt ¸1 ¶[VP25,9] ´decide officially, by law: ³@ sb (to
be) guilty; @ that a man is insane. ¸2 ¶[VP14] ´award: ³@ land and property to
sb; @ a prize/legal damages to sb.¼
¨ad®ju®di®cate© ²/EÚdZudIkeIt/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A,14] ´(of a judge or
court) give a judgement or decision upon: ³@ a claim for damages. ¸2 ¶[VP2A,3A]
´sit in judgement in order to decide: ³@ (up)on a question. ¸3 ¶[VP25] ´declare
(sb to be): ³@ sb bankrupt. ¸ad®ju®di®ca®tion ²/E*dZudIÚkeI2n/ ³n
¸ad®ju®di®ca®tor ²/-tE(r)/ ³n ´judge; member of a jury, eÔg in a musical
competition.¼
¨ad®junct© ²/ÚadZAGkt/ ³n ¸1 ´sth extra but subordinate. ¸2 ´(gram) word(s) or
phrase added to qualify or define another word in a sentence.¼
¨ad®jure© ²/EÚdZ8E(r)/ ³vt ¶[VP17A] ´(formal) ask (sb) earnestly or solemnly;
require (sb) to do sth as though on oath or under penalty: ³I @ you to tell the
truth. ¸ad®jur®ation ²/*adZ8EÚreI2n/ ³n ¶[U] ´adjuring; ¶[C] ´earnest or solemn
request.¼
¨ad®just© ²/EÚdZAst/ ³vt ¶[VP6A,14] ·@ oneself/sth (to), ´set right; put in
order; regulate; make suitable or convenient for use: ³The body @s itself to
changes in temperature. You can't see well through a telescope unless it is @ed
correctly to your sight. She will have to @ herself to new conditions, ´change
her ways of living, thinking, etc. ³Please do not @ your sets, ´warning on a
TÔV screen that the controls need not be changed. ³You should @ your
expenditure to your income. ¸*well-Ú@ed, ´(psych) in harmonious relations with
other persons: ³a well @ed child. ¸@®able ²/-Ebl/ ³adj ´that can be @ed. ¸@er
³n ´(comm) person from an insurance company whose business it is to settle
amounts due when claims are made, eÔg for loss. ¸@®ment ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´@ing;
settling of, eÔg insurance, claims; ¶[C] ´act of @ing. ¸2 ¶[C] ´means of @ing
sth; part of an apparatus for @ing sth.¼
¨ad®ju®tant© ²/ÚadZ8tEnt/ ³n ¸1 ´(mil) army officer responsible for
general administration and discipline in a battalion. ¸2 ´(also ¸@ bird´)
large Indian stork.¼
¨ad lib© ²/*ad ÚlIb/ ³adv ´(abbr of ³ad libitum´) (colloq) freely; without
restraint. ¸ad-lib ³vi µ(-bb-) ¶[VP2A] ´(colloq) improvise, eÔg by making
additions to one's part in a play. µ¹ ³attrib adj ´made by @bing: ³@ comments.¼
¨ad libitum© ²/*ad ÚlIbItEm/ ³adv ´(Lat; abbr ³ad lib´) ´(music) (to be)
performed with omissions as desired. µ¥ obbligato(2).¼
¨ad-man© ²/Úad man/ ³n ´(colloq) man who composes commercial advertisements.¼
¨ad®mass© ²/Úadmas/ ³n ¶[U] ´that part of the public easily influenced by the
mass media. µ¥ media.¼
¨ad®min®is®ter© ²/EdÚmInIstE(r)/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A] ´control, manage, look after
business affairs, a household, etc: ³@ a country, ´govern it. ¸2 ¶[VP6A,14]
´apply; put into operation; hand out; give: ³@ the law; @ punishment to sb; @
relief/help to people who are suffering from floods; @ a severe blow to the
enemy; @ justice, ´do the work of a judge. ¸3 ¶[VP6A,14] ´cause to take: ³@ the
last sacraments, ´iÔe to a dying man. ³The oath was @ed to him. ¸4 ·@ to, µ¥
minister(2).¼
¨ad®min®is®tra®tion© ²/Ed*mInIÚstreI2n/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´management of
affairs, etc, esp public affairs, government policy, etc. ¸2 ¶[C] ´(often A@)
´(esp US) that part of the Government which manages public affairs: ³Successive
A@s failed to solve the country's problems. ¸3 ¶[U] ´the administering of
justice, an oath, a sacrament, relief, a remedy, a punishment. µ¥
ministration.¼
¨ad®min®is®tra®tive© ²/EdÚmInIstrEtIv ³US: ²-streItIv/ ³adj ´of the management
of affairs; of an administrationµ(2)´: ³an @ post; lacking in @ ability.¼
¨ad®min®is®tra®tor© ²/EdÚmInIstreItE(r)/ ³n ´person who administers; person
with ability to organize; (legal) person officially appointed to manage the
property of others, to take charge of an estate, etc.¼
¨ad®mir®able© ²/ÚadmErEbl/ ³adj ´excellent; causing admiration. ¸ad®mir®ably
²/-EblI/ ³adv¼
¨ad®miral© ²/ÚadmErEl/ ³n ´officer in command of a country's warships, or of a
fleet or squadron; naval rank above vice-@ and below (GB) @ of the fleet or
(US) fleet @. ¸@®ty ²/ÚadmErEltI/ ³n ¸1 ´office of @. ¸2 ´that branch of
Government which controls the Navy. ¸the A@ty, ´(GB) headquarters of the naval
administration. ¸*Court of ÚA@ty, ´court for deciding law questions concerning
shipping.¼
¨ad®mir®ation© ²/*admEÚreI2n/ ³n ¶[U] ¸1 ´feeling of pleasure,
satisfaction, respect (or, formerly) wonder: ³She speaks English so well that
her friends are filled with @. Everyone cried out in @. We were lost in @ of
the scenery. My @ for your skill is great. ¸2 ´(³sing ´with ³indef art´)
object that arouses @.¼
¨ad®mire© ²/EdÚmñIE(r)/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ¸1 ´look at with pleasure or satisfaction;
have a high regard for: ³Come and @ the view! Visitors to Britain usually @ our
policemen. ¸2 ´express admiration of: ³Don't forget to @ the baby. ¸ad®mirer ³n
´person who @s; man who finds a woman attractive: ³Mary and her many @s.
¸ad®mir®ing ³adj ´showing or feeling admiration: ³admiring glances; an admiring
crowd. ¸ad®mir®ing®ly ³adv¼
¨ad®miss®ible© ²/EdÚmIsEbl/ ³adj ¸1 ´(legal) that can be allowed as judicial
proof: ³@ evidence. ¸2 ´(formal) that can be allowed or considered.
¸ad®missi®bil®ity ²/Ed*mIsEÚbIlEtI/ ³n ¶[U].¼
¨ad®mis®sion© ²/EdÚmI2n/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´admitting, being admitted, to a society, a
school, a building such as a theatre, a museum, etc; fee, charge or condition
for this: ³A@ to the school is by examination only. Price of @, 10p. A@ free.
¸2 ¶[C] ´statement admitting sth; confession or acknowledgement: ³make an @ of
guilt; an @ that one has done wrong. To resign now would be an @ of failure.
·by/on his own @, ´as he himself admitted.¼
¨ad®mit© ²/EdÚmIt/ ³vt,vi µ(-tt-) ¸1 ¶[VP6A,14] ·@ sb (into/in),
´allow (sb or sth) to enter; let in: ³The servant opened the door and @ted me
(into the house). Only one hundred boys are @ted to the school each year. I
ordered that he was not to be @ted. Children not @ted. The windows are small
and do not @ enough light and air. ¸2 ¶[VP6A] ´(of enclosed spaces) have room
enough for: ³The harbour @s large liners and cargo boats. The theatre is small
and @s only 300 people. ¸3 ¶[VP6A] ´acknowledge, confess, accept, as true or
valid: ³@ a claim/an assumption. ¸4 ¶[VP6A,C,9,14,25] ´acknowledge; confess:
³The accused man @ted his guilt. I @ my mistake/that I was mistaken. He @ted
having done wrong. You must @ the task to be difficult (´more usu, ³that the
task is difficult). ³It is generally @ted that«, ´Most people acknowledge or
agree that«. ¸5 ¶[VP3A] ·@ of, ´(formal) leave room for: ³The words @ of ´(=
can have) ³no other meaning. It @s of no excuse, ´There can be no excuse for
it. ·@ to, ´make an acknowledgement; confess: ³I must @ to feeling ashamed of
my conduct. ¸@®ted®ly ²/EdÚmItIdlI/ ³adv ¸1 ´without denial; by general
admission: ³He is @tedly an atheist. ¸2 ´(usu in initial position) = "I
acknowledge, agree': ³A@tedly I've never actually been there.¼
¨ad®mit®tance© ²/EdÚmItns/ ³n ¶[U] ´act of admitting, being
admitted (esp to a place that is not public); right of entry: ³I called at his
house but was refused @, ´was not allowed to enter. ³No @ except on business.¼
¨ad®mix© ²/adÚmIks/ ³vt,vi ¶[VP6A,2A] ´mix; become mixed; add as an
ingredient.¼
¨ad®mix®ture© ²/adÚmIkst2E(r)/ ³n ´(formal) = µmixture.¼
¨ad®mon®ish© ²/EdÚmonI2/ ³vt ¶[VP6A,14] ´(formal) give a mild warning or a
gentle reproof to: ³The teacher @ed the boys for being lazy/@ed them against
smoking. ¸ad®mo®ni®tion ²/*admEÚnI2n/ ³n ¶[U] ´@ing, warning; ¶[C] ´instance of
this. ¸ad®moni®tory ²/EdÚmonItrI ³US: ²-tcrI/ ³adj ´containing admonition: ³an
admonitory letter.¼
¨ad nauseam© ²/*ad ÚnczIam/ ³adv ´(Lat) to the point of being disgusted;
(colloq) to a degree so as to cause annoyance, eÔg because of length or
repetition.¼
¨ado© ²/EÚdu/ ³n ¶[U] ´(archaic) fuss; trouble and excitement: ³Without
more/much/further ado, he signed the agreement.¼
¨adobe© ²/EÚdE8bI/ ³n ¶[U] ´sun-dried brick (not fired in a kiln), of clay and
straw: (attrib) ³an @ house.¼
¨ado®les®cence© ²/*adEÚlesns/ ³n ¶[U] ´period of life between childhood and
maturity; growth during this period. ¸ado®les®cent ²/-Úlesnt/ ³adj, n ´(person)
growing up from childhood (age 12 or 13 to 18).¼
¨adopt© ²/EÚdopt/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ¸1 ´take (sb) into one's family as a
relation, esp as a son or daughter, with legal guardianship: ³As they had no
children of their own, they @ed an orphan. µ¥ foster. ¸2 ´take, eÔg an idea or
custom, and use: ³European dress has been @ed by people in many parts of the
world. ¸3 ´accept, eÔg a report or recommendation: ³Congress @ed the new
measures. ¸adop®tion ²/EÚdop2n/ ³n ´@ing or being @ed: ³the country of his
@ion. ¸adop®tive ³adj ´taken by @ion: ³his @ive parents.¼
¨adore© ²/EÚdc(r)/ ³vt ¸1 ¶[VP6A] ´worship (God); love deeply and respect
highly. ¸2 ¶[VP6A,C] ´(colloq; not in progressive tenses) like very much: ³The
baby @s being tickled. ¸ador®able ²/-Ebl/ ³adj ´lovable; delightful. ¸ador®ably
²/-EblI/ ³adv ¸ador®ation ²/*adEÚreI2n/ ³n ¶[U] ´worship; love: ³his adoration
for Jane. ¸adorer ³n ´person who @s (sb). ¸ador®ing ³adj ´showing love:
³adoring looks. ¸ador®ing®ly ³adv¼
¨adorn© ²/EÚdcn/ ³vt ¶[VP6A,14] ´add beauty or ornament(s) to; decorate
(oneself ³with ´jewels, etc); add distinction to. ¸@®ment ³n ¶[U] ´@ing; ¶[C]
´sth used for @ing; ornament; decoration.¼
¨ad®renal© ²/EÚdrinl/ ³adj ´(anat) of or near the kidneys: ³@
glands.¼
¨ad®ren®alin© ²/EÚdrenElIn/ ³n ¶[U] ´(med) hormones secreted by the adrenal
glands, prepared as a substance used in the treatment of heart failure, etc.¼
¨adrift© ²/EÚdrIft/ ³adv, pred adj ´(of ships and boats) afloat, not under
control and driven by wind and water; loose: ³cut a boat @ from its moorings;
´(fig) at the mercy of circumstances: ³turn sb @, ´send him away, eÔg from
home, without money or means of livelihood.¼
¨adroit© ²/EÚdrãIt/ ³adj ·@ (at/in), ´clever; skilful; ingenious or resourceful
when ´dealing with problems. ¸@®ly ³adv ¸@®ness ³n¼
¨adu®la®tion© ²/*adj8ÚleI2n ³US: ²-dZ8Úl-/ ³n ¶[U] ´(the giving of) excessive
praise or respect, esp to win favour.¼
¨adult© ²/ÚadAlt/ ³adj ´grown to full size or strength; (of persons)
intellectually and emotionally mature. ¹ ³n ´person or animal grown to full
size and strength; (legal) person old enough to vote, marry, etc: ³education
for @s; @ education. ¸@®hood ²/-h8d/ ³n ´the state of being @.¼
¨adul®ter®ate© ²/EÚdAltEreIt/ ³vt ¶[VP6A,14] ´make impure, make poorer in
quality, by adding sth of less value: ³@d milk, ´milk with water added.
¸adul®ter®ant ²/EÚdAltErEnt/ ³n ´sth used for adulterating. ¸adul®ter®ation
²/E*dAltEÚreI2n/ ³n¼
¨adul®tery© ²/EÚdAltErI/ ³n ¶[U] ´voluntary sexual intercourse of a
married person with sb who is not the person to whom he or she is married; ¶[C]
³(pl µ-ries³) ´instance of this. ¸adul®terer ²/EÚdAltErE(r)/ ³n ´man who
commits @. ¸adul®ter®ess ²/EÚdAltErIs/ ³n ´woman who commits @. ¸adul®ter®ous
²/EÚdAltErEs/ ³adj ´of @.¼
¨ad®um®brate© ²/ÚadAmbreIt/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´(formal) indicate vaguely or briefly;
foreshadow (a coming event).¼
¨ad valorem© ²/*ad vEÚlcrEm/ ³adv ´(Lat) (of taxes) in proportion to the
estimated value of the goods.¼
¨ad®vance©1 ²/EdÚvqns ³US: ²-Úvans/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´forward movement; progress;
¶[C] ´instance of this: ³With the @ of old age, he could no longer do the work
well. Science has made great @s during the last fifty years. The country's
industrial @ has been remarkable. Has there been an @ in civilization during
the 20th century? ·in @ (of), ´before(hand): ³Send your luggage in @, ´before
you yourself leave. ³It's unwise to spend your income in @. Galileo's ideas
were (well) in @ of the age in which he lived. ¸2 ´(attrib use) in @: ³an @
copy of a new book, ´one supplied before publication; ³an @ party, ´party, eÔg
of explorers, soldiers, sent in @; ³have @ notice, ´eÔg of sb's arrival. ¸3
¶[C] ´money paid before it is due, or for work only partially completed. ¸*@
Úbooking, ´reservation (of a room in a hotel, a seat in a theatre, etc) in @ of
the time when it is needed.¼
¨ad®vance©2 ²/EdÚvqns ³US: ²-Úvans/ ³vi,vt ¸1 ¶[VP2A,B,3A] ´come or go forward:
³Our troops have @d two miles. He @d (up)on me in a threatening manner. Has
civilization @d during this century? The forces of the enemy @d against us. ¸2
¶[VP2A] ´(of costs, values, prices) rise: ³Stock market prices/Property values
continue to @. ¸3 ¶[VP6A,14] ´move, put or help forward: ³The date of the
meeting was @d from the 10th to the 3rd June. µ¥ postpone. ³May I @ my opinion
on the matter? He worked so well that he was soon @d ´(= promoted) ³to the
position of manager. Such behaviour is not likely to @ your interests. ¸4
¶[VP6A] ´increase, raise (prices); (= colloq, ³put up´): ³The shopkeepers @d
their prices. ¸5 ¶[VP12A,13A] ´pay (money) before the due date: ³He asked his
employer to @ him a month's salary. The banks often @ money to farmers for seed
and fertilizer. ¸ad®vanced ³part adj ´far on in life or progress, etc: ³@d in
years, ´very old; ³@d courses of study. The professor is engaged in @d studies.
µ¥ elementary. ³He has @d ideas, ´ideas that are new and not generally
accepted. ¸@d level ´(abbr ¸A level´) (of examinations of the General
Certificate of Education), securing admission, in GB, to a college or
university. ¸@®ment ³n ¶[U] ´promotion; preferment; improvement: ³The aim of a
university should be the @ment of learning.¼
¨ad®van®tage© ²/EdÚvqntIdZ ³US: ²-Úvan-/ ³n ¸1 ¶[C] ´sth useful or
helpful, sth likely to bring success, esp in competition: ³the @s of a good
education. Living in a big town has many @s, such as good schools, libraries
and theatres. ·have/gain/win an @ (over); give sb an @ (over), ´(have, give,
etc) a better position or opportunity: ³Tom's university education gave him an
@ over boys who had not been to a university. ·have the @ of sb, ´know sb or
sth that he does not know. ¸2 ¶[U] ´benefit; profit: ³He gained little @ from
his visit to London. ·take @ of sb, ´deceive him, play a trick on him. ·take
(full) @ of sth, ´use it profitably, for one's own benefit: ³He always takes
full @ of the mistakes made by his rivals. ·to @, ´in a way that enables sth
to be seen, used, etc in the best way: ³The painting is seen to better @ from
a distance. You should lay out your money ´(= decide how to spend or invest it)
³to the best @. ·be/prove to sb's @, ´be profitable or helpful to him. ·turn
sth to @, ´make the most of it; use it profitably. ¸3 ´(tennis) the first point
scored after deuce. ¹ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´benefit: ³In what way will it @ them?¼
¨ad®van®tage®ous© ²/*advEnÚteIdZEs/ ³adj ´profitable; helpful. ¸@®ly ³adv¼
¨ad®vent© ²/ÚadvEnt/ ³n ¸1 ´(usu ³sing ´with ³def art´) coming or arrival (of
an important development, season, etc): ³Since the @ of atomic power, there
have been great changes in industry. ¸2 ¸A@, ´(eccles) the coming of Christ;
the season (with four Sundays) before Christmas Day. ¸3 ´the second coming of
Christ at the Last Judgement. ¸Ad®vent®ist ²/ÚadvEntIst ³US: ²EdÚventIst/ ³n
´person who believes that Christ's second coming and the end of the world are
near.¼
¨ad®ven®ti®tious© ²/*advenÚtI2Es/ ³adj ´(formal) coming by chance;
accidental: ³@ aid.¼
¨ad®ven®ture© ²/EdÚvent2E(r)/ ³n ¸1 ¶[C] ´strange or unusual happening, esp an
exciting or dangerous journey or activity: ³A flight in an aeroplane used to
be quite an @. The explorer told the boys about his @s in the Arctic. ¸2 ¶[U]
´risk; danger, eÔg in travel and exploration: ³fond of @; a story of @. ´¹ ³vt
´(= ³venture, ´the usu word). ¸ad®ven®turer ³n ¸1 ´person who seeks @. ¸2
´person who is ready to make a profit for himself by risky or unscrupulous
methods. ¸ad®ven®tur®ess ²/-Is/ ³n ´woman @r, esp one who is ready to use guile
to obtain benefits. ¸ad®ven®tur®ous ²/-Es/ ³adj ¸1 ´fond of, eager for, @s. ¸2
´full of danger and excitement: ³an adventurous voyage. ¸@®some ²/-sEm/ ³adj
´(rare or liter) = adventurous.¼
¨ad®verb© ²/Úadv3b/ ³n ´(gram) word that answers questions with ³how, when,
where ´and modifies ³vv´, ³adjj ´and other ³advv´, etc, eÔg ³soon, here, well,
quickly. ¸ad®verb®ial ²/adÚv3bIEl/ ³adj ´of the nature of an @. ¹ ³n ´@ or
@ial phrase. ¸ad®verbi®ally ²/adÚv3bIElI/ ³adv¼
¨ad®ver®sary© ²/ÚadvEsErI ³US: ²-serI/ ³n ´(³pl µ-ries´) enemy; opponent (in
any kind of contest).¼
¨ad®verse© ²/Úadv3s/ ³adj ´unfavourable; contrary or hostile (³to´): ³@
weather conditions; @ winds, ´eÔg for a sailing-ship; ³developments @ to our
interests. ¸@®ly ³adv¼
¨ad®ver®sity© ²/EdÚv3sEtI/ ³n ´(³pl µ-ties´). ¸1 ¶[U] ´condition of
adverse fortune; trouble: ³be patient/cheerful in @. A brave man smiles in the
face of @. ¸2 ¶[C] ´misfortune; affliction.¼
¨ad®vert©1 ²/EdÚv3t/ ³vi ¶[VP3A] ´(formal) ·@ to, ´refer to (in speech or
writing): ³@ to a problem.¼
¨ad®vert©2 ²/Úadv3t/ ³n ´(GB colloq abbr for) advertisementµ(2)´.¼
¨ad®ver®tise© ²/ÚadvEtñIz/ ³vt,vi ¶[VP6A,2A,3A] ´make known to people (by
printing notices in newspapers, etc or by other means, eÔg TÔV): ³@ one's
goods; @ in all the newspapers; @ for an assistant in the local newspapers,
´announce that one wishes to engage an assistant. ¸ad®ver®tiser ³n ´person who
@s. ¸@®ment ²/EdÚv3tIsmEnt ³US: ²*advErÚtñIzmEnt/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´advertising:
(attrib) ³the @ment manager, ´eÔg of a newspaper. ³A@ment helps to sell goods.
¸2 ¶[C] ´public announcement (in the press, TÔV, etc): ³If you want to sell
your piano, put an @ in the newspaper. µ¥ commercial ³n.¼
¨ad®vice© ²/EdÚvñIs/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´(informed) opinion about what to
do, how to behave: ³You won't get well unless you follow your doctor's @. If
you take my @ and study hard, you'll pass the examination. You should take
legal @, ´consult a lawyer. ·act on sb's @, ´do what he suggests. ·(give sb) a
piece/bit/word/few words of @, ´(give) an opinion about what to do, etc. ¸2
¶[C] ´(comm) (usu ³pl´) news from a distance, esp commercial: ³@s from our
Tokyo branch. ¸Ú@-note, letter of @, ´(comm) formal notice of delivery of
goods, a business call, etc.¼
¨ad®vis®able© ²/EdÚvñIzEbl/ ³adj ´wise; sensible; to be advised or recommended:
³Do you think it @ to wait? ¸ad®visa®bil®ity ²/Ed*vñIzEÚbIlEtI/ ³n ¶[U].¼
¨ad®vise© ²/EdÚvñIz/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A,C,17,20,21,14] ´give advice to;
recommend: ³The doctor @d a complete rest. What do you @ me to do? Please @ me
whether I should accept the offer. We @d an early start/their starting
early/them to start early. Her father @d her against marrying in haste. Who is
the best man to @ me on this question? ¸2 ¶[VP6A,21,14] ´(comm) inform;
notify: ³Please @ us when the goods are dispatched/ @ us of the dispatch of
the goods. ¸3 ¶[VP3A] ·@ with (sb), ´(old use) consult; take counsel with.
¸ad®viser ³n ´person who gives advice, esp one who is habitually consulted:
³@r to the Government. ¸ad®vised ³adj ´(old use) considered; carefully thought
out; deliberate. ·ill @d, ´unwise; injudicious. ·well @d, ´wise; judicious.
¸ad®vis®ed®ly ²/EdÚvñIzIdlI/ ³adv ´after careful thought. ¸ad®vis®ory
²/EdÚvñIzErI/ ³adj ´of advice; having the power to @: ³an advisory
committee/council/panel.¼
¨ad®vo®cate© ²/ÚadvEkEt/ ³n ¸1 ´person who speaks in favour of sb
or sth (esp a cause): ³an @ of equal pay for men and women. ¸2 ´(legal) person
who does this professionally in a court of law in Scotland (= ³barrister ´in
England and Wales): ¸the Faculty of A@s, ´the Scots Bar. ¸Lord A@, ´principal
law officer in Scotland. ¹ ³vt ²/ÚadvEkeIt/ ¶[VP6A,C] ´support; speak publicly
in support of: ³Do you @ keeping all children at school till the age of
sixteen? ¸ad®vo®cacy ²/ÚadvEkEsI/ ³n ¶[U] ´pleading in support (³of ´a cause or
sb).¼
¨ad®vow®son© ²/*adÚvñ8zn/ ³n ´(GB, eccles) legal right to nominate sb for a
church benefice.¼
¨adze©, adz ²/adz/ ³n ´carpenter's tool (with a blade at right angles to the
handle) for cutting or shaping wood.¼
¨aegis©, egis ²/ÚidZIs/ ³n ´protection; sponsorship. ·under the @ of, ´with
the patronage or support of.¼
¨aeon©, eon ²/ÚiEn/ ³n ¶[C] ´period of time too long to be measured.¼
¨aer®ate© ²/ÚeEreIt/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´charge (a liquid) with air or
gas; expose to the chemical purifying action of air: ³@ the soil by digging.
Blood is @d in the lungs. ¸aer®ation ²/eEÚreI2n/ ³n¼
¨aer®ial© ²/ÚeErIEl/ ³adj ¸1 ´existing in, moving through, the air: ³an @
railway/ropeway, ´a system of overhead suspension for transport. ¸2 ´(archaic)
of or like air; immaterial. ¹ ³n ´that part of a radio or TÔV system which
receives or sends out signals, usu a wire or rod, or number of wires or rods (=
US ³antenna´).¼
¨aerie©, aery, eyrie, eyry ²/ÚeErI/ ³n ´eagle's nest; nest of other birds of
prey which are built high up among rocks; eagle's brood.¼
¨aero®bat®ics© ²/*eErEÚbatIks/ ³n ´(³sing v´) ¶[U] ´the performance of
acrobatic feats by airmen, eÔg flying upside down.¼
¨aero®drome© ²/ÚeErEdrE8m/ ³n ´(= US ³airdrome´) (dated) ground for the
arrival and departure and servicing of aircraft, with hangars, workshops, etc
(³airfield ´and ³airport ´are the more usu words).¼
¨aero®dy®nam®ics© ²/*eErE8dñIÚnamIks/ ³n pl ´(³sing v´) ¶[U] ´science dealing
with the flow of air and the motion of aircraft, bullets, etc through air.¼
¨aero®naut© ²/ÚeErEnct/ ³n ´person who pilots or travels in a balloon, airship
or other aircraft.¼
¨aero®naut®ics© ²/*eErEÚnctIks/ ³n ´(³sing v´) ¶[U] ´science and practice of
aviation (the more usu word).¼
¨aero®plane© ²/ÚeErEpleIn/ ³n ´(US = ³airplane´) heavier-than-air flying
machine with one or more engines. µ¥ ³aircraft, air-liner ´at µair±1µ(7).¼
¨aero®sol© ²/ÚeErEsol ³US: ²-scl/ ³n ¶[U] ´dispersion of fine solid or liquid
particles, eÔg of scent, paint, insecticide, detergent, released (in a mist) by
pressure from a container with compressed gas from a valve; ¶[C] ´(P) the
container itself.¼
¨aero®space© ²/ÚeErE8speIs/ ³n ´the earth's atmosphere and the space beyond,
considered as area available to air- or space-craft: ³the @ industry.¼
¨aer®tex© ²/ÚeEteks/ ³n ´(P) kind of loosely woven textile material
(as used for underwear).¼
¨aery© ²/ÚeErI/ ³n µ¥ aerie.¼
¨aes®thete©, es®thete ²/ÚisTit ³US: ²ÚesTit/ ³n ´person who has or claims to
have great love of and understanding of what is beautiful, esp in the arts.¼
¨aes®thetic©, es®thetic ²/isÚTetIk ³US: ²es-/ ³adj ´of the appreciation of the
beautiful, esp in the arts; (of persons) having such appreciation: ³@
standards. ´¹ ³n ¶[U] ´particular set of @ principles: ³the @ to which he
remained faithful. ¸aes®thet®ical, es®thet®ical ²/-kl/ ³adj ´= aesthetic.
¸aes®thet®ically ²/-klI/ ³adv ¸aes®thet®ics, es®thet®ics ³n sing-v ¶[U]
´branch of philosophy which tries to make clear the laws and principles of
beauty (contrasted with morality and utility).¼
¨aether© ²/ÚiTE(r)/ ³n µ¥ ether.¼
¨aeti®ol®ogy© ²/*itIÚolEdZI/ ³n µ¥ etiology.¼
¨afar© ²/EÚfq(r)/ ³adv ´(poet) ´far off or away. ·from @, ´from a distance.¼
¨af®fable© ²/ÚafEbl/ ³adj ´polite and friendly; pleasant and easy to talk to:
³@ to everybody; an @ reply. ¸af®fably ²/-EblI/ ³adv ¸affa®bil®ity
²/*afEÚbIlEtI/ ³n ´quality of being @ (³to ´or ³towards´).¼
¨af®fair© ²/EÚfeE(r)/ ³n ¶[C] ¸1 ´concern; sth (to be) done;
business: ³That's my @, not yours. ¸2 ´(³pl´) business of any kind; day-to-day
concerns of organization, etc: ³A prime minister is kept busy with @s of state,
´the task of government. ³When he asked me how much I earned, I told him to
mind his own @s, ´not to ask questions about my business, etc. ³We can't afford
a holiday in the present state of @s, ´while things remain as they are now.
¸Secretary of State for Foreign/Home/Welsh, etc A@s, ´titles of Government
Ministers in GB. ¸3 ·have an @ (with sb), ´have an emotional (and sexual)
relationship with sb to whom one is not married: ³The doctor, they say, is
having an @ with the rector's wife. ·@ of honour, ´duel. ¸4 ´(colloq)
occurrence; event; object: ³The railway accident was a terrible @. Her hat was
a wonderful @. What a ramshackle @ your old car is!¼
¨af®fect©1 ²/EÚfekt/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ¸1 ´have an influence or impression on; act
on: ³The climate @ed his health, ´injured it. ³Some plants are quickly @ed by
cold. Will the changes in taxation @ you personally, ´Will you have to pay more
(or less) in taxes? ³The rise in the price of bread will @ us all. ¸2 ´move the
feelings of: ³He was much @ed by the sad news. His death @ed us deeply. ¸3 ´(of
diseases) attack; cause a particular condition in: ³The left lung is @ed, eÔg
by cancer, tuberculosis. ¸4 ·well/ill @ed (towards), ´well/ill disposed (the
more usu word) or inclined (towards). ¸@®ing ³adj ´moving or touching (the
feelings): ³an @ing sight. ¸@®ing®ly ³adv ´tenderly; pathetically.¼
¨af®fect©2 ²/EÚfekt/ ³vt ¸1 ¶[VP6A,7A] ´pretend to have or feel
(ignorance, indifference); pretend (to do, etc): ³She @s an American accent.
³He @ed not to hear me. ¸2 ¶[VP6A] ´have a liking for and use (esp for
ostentation): ³He @s long and learned words, ´uses them instead of short and
simple words. ³She @s bright colours, ´wears brightly coloured clothes, etc.
¸@ed ³adj ´pretended; not natural or genuine: ³an @ed politeness; @ed manners;
with an @ed cheerfulness; written in an @ed style, ´showing a liking for an
artificial style.¼
¨af®fec®ta®tion© ²/*afekÚteI2n/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´behaviour that is not natural or
genuine: Keep clear of all @, ´Do not behave unnaturally; ¶[C] ´instance of
this: ³Her little @s annoyed me. ¸2 ¶[C] ´pretence (made on purpose, for
effect): ³an @ of interest/indifference/ignorance.¼
¨af®fec®tion© ²/EÚfek2n/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´kindly feeling; love: ³Every mother has @
for/feels @ toward her children. He is held in great @, ´is much loved. ¸2 ¶[U
´or ³pl¶] ·gain/win sb's @(s), ´win the love of. ¸3 ¶[C] ´(old use) disease;
unhealthy condition: ³an @ of the throat.¼
¨af®fec®tion®ate© ²/EÚfek2EnEt/ ³adj ´loving; fond; showing love (³to ´sb): ³an
@ wife; @ looks. ¸@®ly ³adv ·Yours @ly, ´used at the close of a letter, eÔg
from a man to his sister.¼
¨af®fi®ance© ²/EÚfñIEns/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´(usu passive; liter or old
use) promise in marriage: ³be @d to (sb), ´be engaged to marry him/her.¼
¨af®fi®da®vit© ²/*afIÚdeIvIt/ ³n ´(legal) written statement, made on oath, (to
be) used as legal proof or evidence: ³swear/make/take an @.¼
¨af®fili®ate© ²/EÚfIlIeIt/ ³vt,vi ¶[VP6A,14,2A] ·@ (to/with), ´(of a society or
institution, or a member) enter into association: ³The College is @d to the
University. Is the Mineworkers' Union @d with the TÔUÔC?¼
¨af®fili®ation© ²/E*fIlIÚeI2n/ ³n ¶[U] ´affiliating or being affiliated; ¶[C]
´connection made by affiliating. ¸Ú@ order, ´(GB, legal) order made by a
magistrate, determining the paternity of an illegitimate child and requiring
the father to contribute towards its support.¼
¨af®fin®ity© ²/EÚfInEtI/ ³n (pl µ-ties³) ·@ (between/to/for), ¸1 ¶[C] ´close
connection, structural resemblance (between animals and plants, languages,
etc) (or of one thing to/with another). ¸2 ¶[U] ´relationship; ¶[C] ´relation
(by marriage); similarity of character suggesting relationship. ¸3 ¶[C]
´strong liking or attraction: ³She feels a strong @ to/for him. ¸4 ´chemical or
physical attraction: ³the @ of common salt for water.¼
¨af®firm© ²/EÚf3m/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A,9,14] ´declare positively: ³@
the truth of a statement/@ that it is true; @ to sb that«. µ¥ deny. ¸2 ¶[VP2A]
´(legal) (of a person who has conscientious objections to swearing on the
Bible) declare solemnly but not on oath. ¸@®ation ²/*afEÚmeI2n/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U]
´@ing. ¸2 ¶[C] ´sth @ed; (legal) declaration made by @ingµ(2)´. ¸@®ative
²/EÚf3mEtIv/ ³adj n ´(answering) "yes': ³an @ative answer. The answer is in the
@ative, ´is "Yes'. µ¥ negative(1).¼
¨af®fix©1 ²/EÚfIks/ ³vt ¶[VP6A,14] ·@ sth (to), ´(formal) ´fix; fasten; attach:
³@ a seal/stamp to a document; ´add in writing: ³@ your signature to an
agreement.¼
¨af®fix©2 ²/ÚafIks/ ³n ´suffix or prefix, eÔg ³-ly, -able, un-, co-. µ¥ App 3.¼
¨af®fla®tus© ²/EÚfleItEs/ ³n ¶[U] ´(formal) ´divine revelation; inspiration.¼
¨af®flict© ²/EÚflIkt/ ³vt ¶[VP6A,14] ´cause bodily or mental trouble to: ³@ed
with rheumatism; feel much @ed at/by the news.¼
¨af®flic®tion© ²/EÚflIk2n/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´suffering; distress: ³help people in @.
¸2 ¶[C] ´cause or occasion of suffering: ³the @s of old age, ´eÔg deafness,
blindness.¼
¨af®flu®ence© ²/Úafl8Ens/ ³n ¶[U] ´wealth; abundance: ³living in @;
rise to @, ´become wealthy.¼
¨af®flu®ent©1 ²/Úafl8Ent/ ³adj ´wealthy; abundant: ³in @ circumstances. ¸the @
society, ´society which is prosperous and whose members are concerned with
material improvement.¼
¨af®flu®ent©2 ²/Úafl8Ent/ ³n ¶[C] ´stream flowing into a larger one (³tributary
´is the usu word).¼
¨af®ford© ²/EÚfcd/ ³vt ¸1 ¶[VP6A,7] ´(usu with ³can/could, be able to´) spare
or find enough time or money for: ³We can't @ a holiday/can't @ to go away this
summer. Are you able to @ the time for a holiday? ¸2 ¶[VP7] ´(with ³can/could´)
run a risk by doing sth: ³I can't @ to neglect my work. She couldn't @ to
displease her boss. ¸3 ¶[VP12A,13A,6A] ´(formal) provide; give: ³The trees @ a
pleasant shade. It will @ me great pleasure to have dinner with you.¼
¨af®for®est© ²/EÚforIst ³US: ²EÚfcr-/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´make into forest land.
¸af®for®est®ation ²/E*forIÚsteI2n ³US: ²E*fcr-/ ³n´: ³@ation projects,
´projects for planting large areas with trees.¼
¨af®fran®chise© ²/EÚfrant2ñIz/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´free from servitude.¼
¨af®fray© ²/EÚfreI/ ³n ¶[C] ´fight in a public place, causing or likely to
cause a disturbance of the peace: ³The men were charged with causing an @.¼
¨af®front© ²/EÚfrAnt/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´insult on purpose; hurt sb's feelings or
self-respect, esp in public: ³feel @ed at having one's word doubted. ´¹ ³n ¶[C]
´public insult; deliberate show of disrespect: ³an @ to his pride; suffer
an @; offer an @ to sb.¼
¨afield© ²/EÚfild/ ³adv ´far away from home; to or at a distance: ³Don't go
too far @.¼
¨afire© ²/EÚfñIE(r)/ ³pred adj ´(poet) on fire.¼
¨aflame© ²/EÚfleIm/ ³pred adj ´(poet) in flames; burning; red as if burning:
(fig) ³@ with passion. The autumn woods were @ with colour.¼
¨afloat© ²/EÚflE8t/ ³pred adj ¸1 ´floating; borne up, carried along, on air or
water: ³The ship stuck fast on the rocks and we couldn't get it @ again. ¸2 ´at
sea; on board ship: ³life @, ´the life of a sailor. ¸3 ´awash; flooded. ¸4
´(business) started; solvent: ³get a new periodical @, ´launch it. ¸5 ´(of
stories, rumours) current; in circulation.¼
¨afoot© ²/EÚf8t/ ³pred adj ¸1 ´in progress or operation; being prepared:
³There's mischief @. There's a scheme @ to improve the roads. ¸2 ´(old use) on
foot; walking.¼
¨afore© ²/EÚfc(r)/ ³adv, prep ´(naut) before. ¸@ the mast, ´as an
unlicensed seaman with quarters in the forecastle. ¸Ú@-said ³pron, adj ´(legal)
(that has been) said or mentioned before. ¸Ú@-thought, µ¥ malice.¼
¨a fortiori© ²/*eI *fctIÚcrñI/ ³adv ´(Lat) by a more convincing argument.¼
¨afoul© ²/EÚfñ8l/ ³adv ·run/fall @ of, ´(more usu ³run/fall foul of´) come into
collision with; get mixed up with.¼
¨afraid© ²/EÚfreId/ ³pred adj ¸1 ·@ (of), ´frightened (of): ³There's nothing to
be @ of. Are you @ of snakes? ¸2 ·@ of ´« ³gerund´; ·@ that, ´doubtful or
anxious about consequences: ³I was @ of hurting his feelings/that I might hurt
his feelings. She was @ of waking her husband, ´didn't want to wake him,
perhaps because he was ill or in need of sleep. ¸3 ·@ to ´« ³inf, ´worried,
filled with apprehension: ³She was @ to wake her husband, ´feared that he might
be angry with her. ³Don't be @ ´(= Don't hesitate) ³to ask for my help. ¸4 ·@
(that), ´(³that ´usu omitted) (a polite formula used with a statement that may
be unwelcome): ³I'm @ (that) we shall be late. We missed the last train, I'm
@. I'm @ I can't help.¼
¨afresh© ²/EÚfre2/ ³adv ´again; in a new way: ³Let's start @.¼
¨Af®ri®can© ²/ÚafrIkEn/ ³n, adj ´(indigenous inhabitant) of Africa.¼
¨Af®ri®kaans© ²/*afrIÚkqns/ ³n ´language developed from Dutch, one of the two
official European languages in the Republic of South Africa. ³adj ´of this
language or the people who speak it. ¸Afri®kaner ²/-ÚkqnE(r)/ ³n, adj ´(of) a
native @ speaker.¼
¨Afro-© ²/*afrE8/ ³pref ´(in compounds) of Africa or Africans: ³an
A@-hairstyle. ¸*@-ÚAsian ³adj ´of Africa and Asia. ¸*@-AÚmerican ³n ´American
of African descent. ¸*@-Úwig ³n ´wig in the style of hairdressing of some
African women.¼
¨aft© ²/qft ³US: ²aft/ ³adv ´(naut) at or near the stern of a ship, µ¥ ´the
illus at µship´: ³go aft; fore and aft, µ¥ fore.¼
¨after©1 ²/ÚqftE(r) ³US: ²Úaf-/ ³adj ´(attrib only) ¸1 ´later; following: ³in @
years. ¸2 ´(naut) toward the stern of a ship: ³the ·Ú³@ cabin; the ·Ú³@mast.¼
¨after©2 ²/ÚqftE(r) ³US: ²Úaf-/ ³adv ´later in time; behind in
place: ³He fell ill on Monday and died three days @ (later ´is more usu³). What
comes @? Soon @ (afterwards ´is more usu³), he went to live in Wales.¼
¨after©3 ²/ÚqftE(r) ³US: ²Úaf-/ ³conj ´at or during a time later than: ³I
arrived @ he (had) left. I shall arrive @ you leave/have left.¼
¨after©4 ²/ÚqftE(r) ³US: ²af-/ ³prep ¸1 ´following in time; later than: ³@
dinner; @ dark; @ two o'clock; soon/shortly @ six. ´Cf a little ³before ´six.
³@ that, ´then; next; ³the day @ tomorrow; the week @ next; ´(US) ³half @ ´(=
GB past) ³seven. ¸2 ´next in order to; following: ³Put the direct object @ the
verb. "Against' comes @ "again' in the dictionary. ¸3 ´behind: ³Shut the door
@ you when you leave the room. ¸4 ´in view of; as a result of: ³I shall never
speak to him again @ what he has said about me. ¸5 ·@ all, ¸(a) ´in spite of
all: ³A@ all my care, it was broken. ¸(b) ´nevertheless: ³He failed @ all, ´in
spite of all that had been done, etc. ¸6 ´(in the pattern: ³n @ n´, indicating
succession): ³day @ day; week @ week; time @ time, ´repeatedly, very often;
³shot @ shot. ·one (damned) thing @ another, ´succession of unpleasant
happenings, etc. ¸7 ´(indicating manner) in the style of; in imitation of: ³a
painting @ Rembrandt. ·(do sth) @ a fashion; a man @ my own heart, µ¥
fashion(1), heart(2). ¸8 ´(with ³vv, ´indicating pursuit, search, inquiry):
³The policeman ran @ the thief. Did they inquire @ me, ´ask for news of me?
·be/get @ sb, ´look for, in order to reprimand, punish, etc according to
context: ³The police are @ him. They'll be @ you if you steal apples from this
orchard. µ¥ ³look @, name sb @, take @, ´at µlook±1µ(6), name±2µ(1) ´and
µtake(16). ¸9 ´(Irish usage) preceding a gerund, making an equivalent of a
perfect tense: ³He's @ drinking, ´has been drinking.¼
¨after-© ²/ÚqftE(r) ³US: ²Úaf-/ ³pref ´second or later. ¸Ú@®care ³n ´further
treatment given to a person or class of persons, eÔg sb who has been ill or
offenders discharged from prison. ¸Ú@®damp ³n ´poisonous mixture of gases after
the explosion of firedamp in a coal-mine. ¸Ú@-effect ³n ´effect that occurs
afterwards, eÔg a delayed effect of a drug used medically. ¸Ú@®glow ³n ´glow in
the sky after sunset. ¸(the) Ú@®life ³n ¸(a) ´the life believed to follow
death. ¸(b) ´the later part of sb's lifetime (esp after a particular event).
¸Ú@®math ²/-maT/ ³n ´(of grass) crop from a second growth (after the hay
harvest); (fig) outcome; consequence: ³Misery is usually the @math of war.
¸Ú@®thought ³n ¶[U] ´reflection afterwards; ¶[C] ´thought that comes
afterwards.¼
¨after®noon© ²/*qftEÚnun ³US: ²*af-/ ³n ¶[U,C] ´time between
morning and evening: ³in/during the @; this/yesterday/tomorrow @; every @; on
Sunday @; on the @ of May 1st; one @ last week; on several @s; ´(attrib) ³an @
sleep/concert.¼
¨afters© ²/ÚqftEz ³US: ²Úaf-/ ³n pl ´(colloq) last (usu sweet) course at a
meal: ³What's for @? Is it fruit and custard?¼
¨after®wards© ²/ÚqftEwEdz ³US: ²Úaf-/ ³adv ´after; later.¼
¨again© ²/EÚgen/ ³adv ¸1 ´once more: ³If you fail the first time, try @. Say it
@, please. Do you think she will marry @, ´remarry? ³You must type this letter
@, ´retype it. ·now and @, ´occasionally. ·@ and @; time and (time) @,
´repeatedly; very often. ·(the) same @, ´formula for re-ordering, eÔg a drink.
¸2 ´(with ³not, never´) any more: ³This must never happen @. Don't do that @.
¸3 ´to or in the original condition, position, etc: ³You'll soon be well @. He
was glad to be home @. You won't get the money back @, ´won't regain it. ·be
oneself @, ´be restored to a normal (physical or mental) condition. ¸4 ·as
many/much @, ¸(a) ´the same number/quantity. ¸(b) ´twice as many/much; the
same in addition. ·half as many/much/long, etc @, ´half as many/much, etc in
addition. ¸5 ´(often preceded by ³and ´or ³and then´) furthermore, besides:
³Then @, I feel doubtful whether«.¼
¨against© ²/EÚgenst/ ³prep ¸1 ´(indicating opposition): ³Public
opinion was @ the proposal. ´Cf ³for, in favour of. ³We were rowing @ the
current. ´Cf ³with. It was a race @ time, ´an attempt to finish before a
certain time, before a possible happening, etc. ³She was married @ her will. Is
there a law @ spitting in the streets in this country? His appearance is @ him,
´is such that people are unlikely to favour or support him. ¸2 ´(with ³vv
´indicating protest): ³vote/cry out/write/raise one's voice @ a proposal. ¸3
´(with ³vv, ´to indicate collision or impact): ³The rain was beating @ the
windows. He hit his head @ the wall in the dark cellar. µ¥ ³run against ´at
µrun±1µ(21). ¸4 ´in contrast to: ³The pine trees were black @ the morning sky.
¸5 ´in preparation for; in anticipation of: ³take precautions @ fire; an
injection @ rabies; save money @ a rainy day, ´(prov) for a time of possible
need. ¸6 ´(indicating support or close proximity): ³Place the ladder @ the
tree. Put the piano with its back @ the wall. He was leaning @ a post. ¸7 ·over
@, ¸(a) ´facing, opposite to. ¸(b) ´(fig) in contrast with, in addition to.¼
¨agape© ²/EÚgeIp/ ³pred adj ´(facet) ´with the mouth wide open (owing to
wonder, surprise, or a yawn).¼
¨agar-agar© ²/*eIgqr ÚeIgq(r) ³US: ²*qg- Úqg-/ ³n ¶[U] ´(jelly-like substance
prepared from) seaweed.¼
¨ag®ate© ²/ÚagEt/ ³n ´(sorts of) very hard stone, a form of silica, with bands
or patches of colour.¼
¨agave© ²/EÚgeIvI ³US: ²EÚgqvI/ ³n ´(bot) (kinds of) tropical fleshy-leaved
plant (including ³sisal´), cultivated for their fibres and as a source of
intoxicating drinks, eÔg ³pulque.¼
¨age©1 ²/eIdZ/ ³n ¸1 ¶[C] ´length of time a person has lived or a
thing has existed: ³What's his age, ´How old is he? ³Their ages are 4, 7 and 9.
At what age do children start school in your country? What's the age of that
old church? When I was your age« I have a son your age, ´a son$the same age as
you. ³She ought to be earning her own living at her age, ´She's old enough now
to do this. ·be/come of age, ´be/become old enough to be responsible in law. µ¥
³age of consent ´at µconsent. ·be of an age, ´reach a stage in life when one
ought to do sth: ³He's of an age when he ought to be settling down, eÔg get a
good job, marry. ·over age, ´having passed a certain age or age limit: ³He
won't be called up for military service; he's over age. µ¥ ³age limit ´at
µlimit±1µ. ·under age, ´too young; not yet of age. ¸Úage-bracket ³n ´period of
life between two specified ages, eÔg between 20 and 30. ¸Úage-group ³n ´number
of persons of the same age. ¸2 ¶[U] ´later part of life (contrasted with
³youth´): ³His back was bent with age. If we could have the strength of youth
and the wisdom of age,«. ¸3 ¶[C] ´great or long period of time, with special
characteristics or events: ³the age of machinery; the atomic age; the
Elizabethan Age, ´the time of Queen Elizabeth ²¥ ´of England (1558Å1603). µ¥
³golden age, middle age, the Middle Ages, the Stone Age ´at µgolden(2),
middle(3), stone(1). ¸4 ¶[C] ´(colloq) very long time: ³We've been waiting an
age/for ages.¼
¨age©2 ²/eIdZ/ ³vt,vi (pres part µageing ´or µaging, ³pp µaged ²/eIdZd/³)
¶[VP6A,2A] ´(cause to) grow old: ³He's ag(e)ing fast. I found him greatly aged,
´looking much older. ¸aged ²/ÚeIdZd/ ³pred adj ´of the age of: ³a boy aged ten.
µ¹ ³attrib adj ²/ÚeIdZId/ ´very old: ³an aged man; the poor and the aged,
´those who are poor and old. ¸Úaging, Úage®ing ³n ¶[U] ´process of growing old;
changes that occur as the result of the passing of time. ¸Úage®less ³adj
´eternal; always young; not affected by time. ¸Úage-long ³adj ´lasting for
centuries; handed down the ages. ¸*age-Úold ³adj ´that has been known,
practised, etc for a long time: ³age-old customs/ceremonies.¼
¨agency© ²/ÚeIdZEnsI/ ³n (pl µ-cies³) ¸1 ´business, place of
business, of an agentµ(1)´: ³The Company has agencies in all parts of Africa.
He found a job through an employment @. Not all travel agencies are reliable.
¸2 ¶[U] ·the @ of, ´the operation, action of; ³Rocks are worn smooth through
the @ of water. He obtained a position in a government office through/by the @
´(= with the help or influence) ³of friends.¼
¨agenda© ²/EÚdZendE/ ³n ¶[C] ¸1 ´(list of) things to be done, business to be
discussed, eÔg by a committee: ³the next item on the @; item No 5 on the @. ¸2
´(comp) set of operations which form a procedure for solving a problem.¼
¨agent© ²/ÚeIdZEnt/ ³n ¸1 ´person who acts for, or who manages the business
affairs of, another or others: ³a ·Ú³house-@, ´one who buys, sells, lets and
rents houses for the owners; ³a ·Ú³literary @, ´one who helps authors to find a
publisher; ³a ·Ú³shipping or ·Ú³forwarding @, ´one who sends goods by rail,
sea, road, etc for merchants, manufacturers, etc. ¸Úlaw @, ´(in Scotland)
solicitor. µ¥ free±1µ(1), secret(1). ¸2 ´person used to achieve sth, to get a
result; (science) substance, natural phenomenon, etc producing an effect: ³Rain
and frost are natural @s that wear away rocks.¼
¨agent pro®voca®teur© ²/*aZon prE*vokEÚt3(r)/ ³n (pl µagents
provocateurs´, pronunciation unchanged³) ´(F) person employed to find suspected
criminals or offenders by tempting them to commit an offence openly.¼
¨ag®glom®er®ate© ²/EÚglomEreIt/ ³vt,vi ¶[VP6A,2A] ´gather, collect, into a
mass. ¹ ³adj ²/EÚglomErEt/ ´collected into, forming or growing into, a mass.
¸ag®glom®er®ation ²/E*glomEÚreI2n/ ³n ¶[U] ´action of agglomerating; ¶[C] ´(esp
untidy) heap or collection of @d objects, eÔg a sprawl of untidy suburbs.¼
¨ag®glu®tin®ate© ²/EÚglutIneIt/ ³vt ¶[VP6A,2A] ´join together as
with glue; combine. ¸ag®glu®ti®nat®ive ²/EÚglutInEtIv ³US: ²-tEneItIv/ ³adj
´(of languages) that combine simple words into compounds without change of form
or loss of meaning.¼
¨ag®grand®ize© ²/EÚgrandñIz/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´(formal) ´increase (in power, rank,
wealth, importance). ¸ag®grand®ize®ment ²/EÚgrandIzmEnt/ ³n´: ³a man bent on
personal @.¼
¨ag®gra®vate© ²/ÚagrEveIt/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ¸1 ´make worse or more serious: ³@ an
illness/offence. ¸2 ´(colloq) irritate; exasperate: ³He @s her beyond
endurance. How aggravating, ´annoying! ¸ag®gra®va®tion ²/*agrEÚveI2n/ ³n ¶[U]
´aggravating or being @d; ¶[C] ´sth that @s.¼
¨ag®gre®gate© ²/ÚagrIgeIt/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A,2A] ´bring or come together in a
mass. ¸2 ¶[VP2E] ´amount to (specified total). ¹ ³n ²/ÚagrIgEt/ ¸1 ´total
obtained by addition; mass or amount brought together. ·in the @, ´as a whole;
collectively. ¸2 ´materials (sand, gravel, etc) mixed with cement to make
concrete. ¸ag®gre®ga®tion ²/*agrIÚgeI2n/ ³n ¶[U] ´number of separate things,
materials, brought together into a mass or group.¼
¨ag®gres®sion© ²/EÚgre2n/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´unprovoked hostility, often beginning a
quarrel or war: ³It was difficult to decide which country was guilty of @
(on/upon the other). ¸2 ¶[C] ´instance of this.¼
¨ag®gres®sive© ²/EÚgresIv/ ³adj ¸1 ´quarrelsome; disposed to attack: ³an @ man;
a man with an @ disposition. ¸2 ´offensive; of or for attack: ³@ weapons. ¸3
´pushing; not afraid of resistance: ³A man who goes from door to door selling
things has to be @ if he wants to succeed. ¸@®ly ³adv ¸@®ness ³n ¸ag®gres®sor
²/-sE(r)/ ³n ´person, country, making an @ attack: (attrib) ³the aggressor
nation.¼
¨ag®grieve© ²/EÚgriv/ ³vt ´(usu passive) grieve: ³be @d. ·feel (oneself) much
@d (at/over sth), ´feel that one has been treated unjustly; be hurt in one's
feelings.¼
¨ag®gro© ²/ÚagrE8/ ³n ¶[U] ´(GB sl) aggression as shown by gangs of teenagers
towards other gangs, racial minorities, etc.¼
¨aghast© ²/EÚgqst ³US: ²EÚgast/ ³pred adj ´filled with fear or surprise: ³He
stood @ at the terrible sight.¼
¨agile© ²/ÚadZñIl ³US: ²ÚadZl/ ³adj ´(of living things) quick-moving; active.
¸@®ly ³adv ¸agil®ity ²/EÚd2IlEtI/ ³n ¶[U].¼
¨agin© ²/EÚgIn/ ³prep ´(used jocularly for) against, eÔg in: ³@ the
government.¼
¨ag®ing© ³n ´= ageing. µ¥ age ±2µ.¼
¨agi®tate© ²/ÚadZIteIt/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A] ´move or shake (aliquid); stir up
(the surface of a liquid). ¸2 ¶[VP6A] ´disturb; cause anxiety to (a person, his
mind or feelings): ³She was deeply @d until she learnt that her husband was
among the survivors. He was @d about his wife's health. ¸3 ¶[VP3A] ·@ for,
´argue publicly in favour of, take part in a campaign for: ³@ for the repeal of
a law; workers who @d for higher wages. ¸agi®tated ³part adj ´troubled.
¸agi®tat®ing ³part adj ´causing anxiety. ¸agi®ta®tion ²/*adZIÚteI2n/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U]
´moving or shaking (of a liquid). ¸2 ¶[U] ´excitement of the mind or feelings;
anxiety: ³She was in a state of agitation. ¸3 ¶[C,U] ´discussion or debate (for
the purpose of bringing about a change); ¶[U] ´social or political unrest or
trouble caused by such discussion: ³Small shopkeepers carried on a long
agitation against the big department stores. ¸agi®ta®tor ²/-tE(r)/ ³n ´person
who @s, esp politically.¼
¨aglow© ²/EÚglE8/ ³pred adj ¸1 ´bright with colour; in a glow: ³The
sky was @ with the setting sun. ¸2 ´(of persons) showing warmth from exercise
or excitement: ³@ with pleasure; ´shining: ³a face @ with health.¼
¨ag®nail© ²/ÚagneIl/ ³n ¶[U] ´torn skin at the base of a finger-nail.¼
¨ag®nos®tic© ²/agÚnostIk/ ³n ´person who believes that nothing$can be known
about God or of anything except material things. ¹ ³adj ´of this belief.
¸ag®nos®ti®cism ²/agÚnostIsIzEm/ ³n ¶[U] ´this belief.¼
¨ago© ²/EÚgE8/ ³adv ´(used to indicate time measured back to a point in the
past; always placed after the word or words it modifies; used with the simple
³pt´): ³The train left a few minutes ago/not long ago. That was many years/a
long while ago. How long ago is it that you last saw her? I met Mary no longer
ago than ´(= as recently as) ³last Sunday. It was seven years ago that my
brother died. ´Cf It ³is ´seven years ³since ´my brother died.¼
¨agog© ²/EÚgog/ ³pred adj ´eager; excited: ³@ for news; @ to hear the news.
The whole village was @. His unexpected return set the town @, ´eÔg was the
cause of many rumours about the reasons for his return.¼
¨ag®ony© ²/ÚagEnI/ ³n (pl µ-nies³) ¶[U,C] ´great pain or suffering (of mind or
body): ³She looked on in @ at her child's sufferings. I've suffered
agonies/have been in agonies with toothache. He was in an @ of remorse. ¸Ú@
column, ´newspaper column with advertisements for news of missing friends, etc.
·pile on the @, ´(colloq) µ¥ pile±3µ(1). ¸ag®on®ized ²/ÚagEnñIzd/ ³adj
´expressing @: ³agonized shrieks. ¸ag®on®iz®ing ²/ÚagEnñIzIG/ ³adj ´causing @.¼
¨agora© ²/ÚagErE/ ³n ´(in ancient Greece) (place of) assembly; market-place.
¸@®phobia ²/*agErEÚfE8bIE/ ³n ¶[U] ´fear of (crossing) open spaces.¼
¨agrar®ian© ²/EÚgreErIEn/ ³adj ´of land (esp farmland) or land ownership: ³@
laws/problems/reforms/disputes.¼
¨agree© ²/EÚgri/ ³vi,vt ¸1 ¶[VP2A,3A,B] ·@ (to), ´say "Yes'; consent: ³I asked
him to help me and he @d. Mary's father has @d to her marrying John. He @d to
my proposal. ¸2 ¶[VP3A,B,4C,7A] ´(also with an ³inf ´or a ³that´-clause
without a ³prep´) be of the same opinion(s); be in harmony (³with ´sb
³on/about ´sth, ³as to ´how to do sth, etc): ³We @d to start early. I hope you
will @ with me that our teacher's advice is excellent. We all @d on the terms.
We @d on an early start/on making an early start/that we should start early/to
start early. We met at the @d time, ´at the time we had @d on. ³We are ´(=
have) ³all @d on finding the accused man innocent. We are all @d that the
proposal is a good one. We could not @ (as to) how it should be done. Have you
@d about the price yet? ¸3 ¶[VP2A,C] ´(of two or more persons) be happy
together; get on well with one another (without arguing, etc): ³We shall never
@. Why can't you children @ (together)? ¸4 ¶[VP3A] ·@ (with), ´match, conform
(with): ³Your story @s with what I had already heard. This bill does not @ with
your original estimate, ´the two are different. ¸5 ¶[VP3A] ·@ with, ´suit, eÔg
the health or constitution of: ³The climate doesn't @ with me. The mussels I
had for lunch haven't @d with me, ´have upset my stomach. ¸6 ¶[VP3A] ·@ with,
´(gram) correspond in number, person, etc with: ³The verb @s with its subject
in number and person. ¸7 ¶[VP6A] ´(of figures, accounts, proposals, etc)
accept or approve (as being correct): ³The Inspector of Taxes has @d your
return of income.¼
¨agree®able© ²/EÚgriEbl/ ³adj ¸1 ´pleasing; giving pleasure: ³She
has an @ voice. ¸2 ´ready to agree: ³Are you @ to the proposal? I'm @ to doing
what you suggest. ¸agree®ably ²/-EblI/ ³adv´: ³I was agreeably surprised,
´surprised and pleased.¼
¨agree®ment© ²/EÚgrimEnt/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´having the same opinion(s); thinking in
the same way: ³We are in @ on that point. I'm quite in @ with what you say.
There is no @ upon/about what should be done. ¸2 ¶[C] ´arrangement or
understanding (spoken or written) made by two or more persons, groups,
business companies, governments, etc: ³sign an @; an @ to rent a house. ·come
to/arrive at/make/reach an @ (with sb), ´reach an understanding.¼
¨ag®ri®cul®ture© ²/ÚagrIkAlt2E(r)/ ³n ¶[U] ´science or practice of farming;
cultivation of the soil. ¸ag®ri®cul®tural ²/*agrIÚkAlt2ErEl/ ³adj ´of @:
³agricultural workers.¼
¨aground© ²/EÚgrñ8nd/ ³adv, pred adj ´(of ships) touching the bottom in shallow
water: ³The ship went @/was fast @/ran @.¼
¨ague© ²/ÚeIgju/ ³n ´fever.¼
¨ah© ²/q/ ³int ´cry of surprise, pity, etc.¼
¨aha© ²/qÚhq/ ³int ´cry of surprise, triumph, satisfaction, etc, according to
context.¼
¨ahead© ²/EÚhed/ ³adv ·@ (of), ´in front; in advance: ³Tom was a quick walker
and soon got @ of the others. He ran on @. Standard time in Turkey is two hours
@ of Greenwich Mean Time. ·Full speed @! ´Go forward at full speed! ·go @, ¸(a)
´make progress: ³Things are going @. ¸(b) ´(colloq, also ·fire @´) ´continue
(with what you're about to say or do). ·in line @, ´(of warships) moving
forward, anchored, in a column or file. ·look @, ´(fig) think of and prepare
for future needs.¼
¨ahem© ²/EÚhEm/ ³int ´(usu spelling form of the) noise made when clearing the
throat; noise made to give a slight warning or to call sb's attention.¼
¨ahoy© ²/EÚhãI/ ³int ´greeting or warning cry used by seamen.¼
¨aid© ²/eId/ ³vt ¶[VP6A,17B,14] ´help: ³aid one another; aid sb to do sth; aid
sb with money. ´¹ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´help: ³aid programmes, ´those designed to give
help, eÔg to developing countries. ³He came to my aid, ´came to help me. ³What
is the collection in aid of, ´What is the money to be used for? µ¥
first±1µ(2), legal. ¸2 ¶[C] ´sth that helps. ¸visual aids, ´pictures, films,
film-strips, etc used in teaching. ¸Úhearing-aid, ´appliance that helps a deaf
person to hear.¼
¨aide-de-camp© ²/*eId dE Úkom ³US: ²Úkamp/ ³n (pl µaides-de-camp´, pronunciation
unchanged³) ´naval or military officer who helps a superior by
carrying orders, etc.¼
¨aide-m_emoire© ²/*eId *memÚwq(r)/ ³n ¸1 ´(in diplomacy) memorandum. ¸2
´document, list etc to remind sb of sth.¼
¨aigrette©, aigret ²/ÚeIgret ³US: ²*eIÚgret/ ³n ´tuft of feathers worn as an
ornament on the head; spray of gems or jewels in imitation of this.¼
¨ail© ²/eIl/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A] ´(old use) trouble: ³What ails him, ´What's
wrong with him, What's troubling him? ¸2 ¶[VP2A,B] ´be ill: ³The children are
always ailing, ´always in poor health.¼
¨aileron© ²/ÚeIlEron/ ³n ´hinged part of the wing of an aircraft that helps to
balance the aircraft and control ascent and descent. µ¥ ´the illus at
µaircraft.¼
¨ail®ment© ²/ÚeIlmEnt/ ³n ¶[C] ´illness.¼
¨aim©1 ²/eIm/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A,14,2A] ·aim (at), ¸(a) ´point (a gun, etc)
towards: ³aim a gun at sb. He aimed (his gun) at the lion, fired and missed.
¸(b) ´send, direct, eÔg a blow, object (³at ´sb or sth): ³Tom got angry with
his brother and aimed a heavy book at his head. ´(fig) ³My remarks were not
aimed at you. ¸2 ¶[VP3A, ³aim at doing sth; ´US ¶4A, ³aim to do sth¶] ´have
as a plan or intention: ³Harry aims at becoming/to become a doctor. What are
you aiming at?¼
¨aim©2 ²/eIm/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´act of aiming, eÔg with a gun: ³Take
careful aim at the target. He missed his aim, ´did not hit the target. ¸2 ¶[C]
´purpose; object: ³What's your aim in life, ´What do you want to do or be? ³He
has only one aim and object in lifeÅto make a fortune before he is fifty.¼
¸aim®less ³adj ´having no aim or purpose: ³an aimless sort of life.
¸aim®less®ly ³adv´: ³wandering about the town aimlessly.¼
¨ain't© ²/eInt/ ³c ´(vulg) contracted form of ³are/is/am not, ´and
³have/has notÔ´: ³I @ going. We @ got any.¼
¨air©1 ²/eE(r)/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´the mixture of gases that surrounds the earth and
which we breathe: ³Let's go out and have some fresh air. ·in the air, ¸(a)
´uncertain: ³My plans are still quite in the air. ¸(b) ´(of opinions, etc)
spreading about: ³There are rumours in the air that«. ¸(c) ´(mil) uncovered,
unprotected: ³Their left flank was left in the air. ·clear the air, ¸(a) ´make
the air (in a room, etc) fresh again. ¸(b) ´(fig) get rid of suspicion, doubt,
etc by giving facts, etc. µ¥ ´also µcastle, hot±1µ(8). ¸2 ·by air, ´in
aircraft: ³travel/send goods, etc by air; ´(attrib) of flying, aircraft, etc:
³air transport. ¸ÚAir Arm, the ÚAir Force, ´all the military aircraft, the
officers and men, etc of a country. ¸3 ¶[U] ´(radio) ·on the air,
´broadcast(ing): ³The Prime Minister will be on the air ´(= will be
broadcasting) ³at 9.15pÔm. ·go off the air, ´stop broadcasting: ³Why has that
station gone off the air? ¸4 ¶[C] ´(liter, naut) breeze: ³light airs, ´iÔe
almost a state of calm. ¸5 ¶[C] ´(music, dated) tune, melody. ¸6 ¶[C] ¸(a)
´appearance; manner: ³He has an air of importance, ´seems to be, looks,
important. ³The house has an air of comfort. ¸(b) ´(usu ³pl´) ·give oneself/put
on airs, ´behave in an unnatural way in the hope of impressing people. ·airs
and graces, ´foolish, exaggerated ways of behaving. ¸7 ´(compounds and attrib
uses) ¸Úair®bed ³n ´mattress inflated with air. ¸Úair-bladder ³n ´(in animals
and plants, esp seaweed) bladder filled with air. ¸Úair®borne ³adj ¸(a)
´transported by air. ¸(b) ´(of an aircraft) having taken off; in flight: ³We
were soon airborne. ¸(c) ´(of troops) specially trained for air operations:
³an airborne division. ¸Úair®brake ³n ´brake worked by compressed air. ¸*Air
(*Chief) ÚMarshal, *Air ÚCommodore ³nn ´highest ranks in the RÔAÔF.
¸Úair-conditioned ³adj ´(of a room, building, railway coach, etc) supplied with
air that is purified and kept at a certain temperature and degree of
humidity. ¸Úair-conditioning ³n ´this process. ¸*air-Úcooled ³adj ´cooled by a
current of air. ¸Úair cover ³n ´force of aircraft used to protect a military or
naval operation, eÔg an invasion. ¸Úair®craft ³n (pl ´unchanged³)
´aeroplane(s); airship(s). µ¥ ´the illus at the end of µair±1µ. ¸Úair®craft
car®rier ³n ´ship built to carry aircraft, with a long, wide deck for taking
off and landing. ¸Úair®craft®man ²/-mEn/ ³n ´lowest non-commissioned rank in
the RÔAÔF. ¸Úair®crew ³n ´crew of an aircraft. ¸Úair cushion ³n ´one inflated
with air. ¸Úair-cushion vehicle ³n ´vehicle or craft of the hovercraft type. µ¥
´the illus at µhovercraft. ¸Úair®drome ³n ´(US) aerodrome. ¸Úair drop ³n
´dropping
(of men, supplies) by parachutes from aircraft. ¸Úair duct ³n ´device, eÔg in
an aircraft or a ship's cabin, for directing a flow of air for the comfort of
passengers. ¸Úair®field ³n ´area of open, level ground, with hangars,
workshops, offices, etc for operations of (esp military) aircraft. ¸Úair®flow
³n ´flow of air over the surfaces of an aircraft in flight. ¸Úair®frame ³n
´complete structure of an aircraft without the engine(s). ¸Úair gun ³n ´gun in
which compressed air is used to propel the charge. ¸Úair hostess ³n ´stewardess
in an airliner. ¸Úair letter ³n ´sheet of light paper (to be) folded and sent,
without an envelope, cheaply by airmail. ¸Úair lift ³n ´large-scale transport
of persons or supplies by air, esp in an emergency. ¸Úair®line ³n ´regular
service of aircraft for public use. ¸Úair®liner ³n ´passenger-carrying
aircraft. ¸Úair lock ³n ¸(a) ´(bubble of air in a pipe causing) stoppage in
the flow of liquid. ¸(b) ´compartment with air-tight doors at each end.
¸Úair®mail ³n ¶[U] ´mail (to be) carried by air: ·Ú³airmail edition, ´(of
newspapers, periodicals) printed on thin light paper for sending by airmail.
¸Úair®man ²/-mEn/ ³n ´man who flies in an aircraft as a member of the crew,
esp a pilot; (RÔAÔF) man of any rank up to and including a Warrant Officer.
¸*air-Úminded ³adj ´looking upon flying as a normal and necessary method of
transport. ¸Úair pillow ³n ´air cushion. ¸Úair®plane ³n ´(US) aeroplane. ¸Úair
pocket ³n ´atmospheric condition (partial vacuum) causing an aircraft to drop
some distance: ³We had a bumpy flight because of air pockets. ¸Úair®port ³n
´public flying ground for commercial use by airliners. ¸Úair-pump ³n ´pump for
exhausting a vessel of its air. ¸Úair-raid ³n ´attack by aircraft that drop
bombs; (attrib, with hyphen): ³air-raid warnings/precautions; air-raid warden,
´person in charge of air-raid precautions. ¸Úair rifle ³n ´= air gun.
¸Úair®screw ³n ´aircraft propeller. µ¥ ´the illus at µscrew. ¸*air-*sea Úrescue
³n ´organization for, work of, rescuing airmen and passengers from the sea, eÔg
by the use of motor-boats or helicopters. ¸Úair-shaft ³n ´passage for air into
a mine. ¸Úair®ship ³n ´gas-filled flying-machine with engine(s). µ¥ balloon,
dirigible. ¸Úair space ³n ´part of the earth's atmosphere above a country:
³violation of our air space by military aircraft. ¸Úair speed ³n ´speed of an
aircraft relative to the air through which it is moving. ¸Úair®strip ³n ´strip
of ground for the use of aircraft, esp one made for use in war or in an
emergency. ¸Úair terminal ³n ´terminus (in a town or city centre) to or from
which passengers, etc travel to or from an airport. ¸Úair®tight ³adj ´not
allowing air to enter or escape. ¸Úair umbrella ³n ´= air cover. ¸Úair®way ³n
´route regularly followed by airliners; ³(pl) ´company operating a service of
airliners: ³British Airways. ¸Úair®woman ³n ´(WÔRÔAÔF) woman of any rank up to
and including a Warrant Officer. ¸Úair®worthy ³adj ´(of aircraft) fit to fly;
in good working order. ¸Úair®worthi®ness ³n ¸*air-to-Úair ³adj ´(of missiles)
fired from one aircraft against another. ¸*air-to-Úground ³adj ´fired from an
aircraft to hit a target on the ground.¼
¨air©2 ²/eE(r)/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ¸1 ´put (clothing, bedding, etc) into
the open air or into a warm place to make it quite dry: ³The mattress needs to
be aired. ¸2 ´let air into (a room, etc). ¸3 ´cause others to know (one's
opinions, a grievance, etc): ³He likes to air his knowledge, ´let people see
how much he knows. ¸air®ing ²/ÚeErIG/ ³n´: ³give sth an airing, ´expose it to
the air or to a fire; ³go for an airing, take the children for an airing, ´out
in the fresh air. ¸Úairing-cupboard ³n ´warmed cupboard in which to keep
bed-linen, towels, etc.¼
¨Aire®dale© ²/ÚeEdeIl/ ³n ´large rough-coated terrier (kind of dog).¼
¨air®less© ²/ÚeElIs/ ³adj ¸1 ´not having enough fresh air; stuffy: ³an @ room.
¸2 ´(of the weather) calm; still: ³Isn't it @ this evening!¼
¨airy© ²/ÚeErI/ ³adj ¸1 ´having plenty of fresh air moving through it: ³a nice
@ room. ¸2 ´of or like air; immaterial. ¸3 ´not sincere; superficial: ³@
promises, ´unlikely to be kept; ³an @ manner, ´careless and light-hearted.
¸air®ily ²/ÚeErElI/ ³adv¼
¨aisle© ²/ñIl/ ³n ¸1 ´passage in a church, esp one that is divided
by a row of columns from the nave; (in a small church) passage between rows of
pews (= seats). µ¥ ´the illus at µchurch. ¸2 ´(US) passage between any rows of
seats, eÔg in a theatre or railway coach; any long and narrow passageway.¼
¨aitch© ²/eIt2/ ³n ´the letter H. ·drop one's @s, ´fail to utter the sound
²/h/ ´at the beginning of a word, eÔg by saying ³'at ´for ³hat. ¸Ú@-bone ³n
´(cut of beef over the) bone of the rump.¼
¨ajar© ²/EÚdZq(r)/ ³pred adj ´(of doors) slightly open.¼
¨akim®bo© ²/EÚkImbE8/ ³adv ·with arms @, ´with the hands on the hips and
elbows bent outwards.¼
¨akin© ²/EÚkIn/ ³pred adj ·@ (to), ´of similar character; like: ³Pity is often
@ to love.¼
¨ala®bas®ter© ²/ÚalEbqstE(r) ³US: ²-bas-/ ³n ¶[U] ´soft, white stone like
marble in appearance, used for ornaments. ¹ ³adj ´like @ in smoothness and
whiteness.¼
¨`a la carte© ²/*q lq Úkqt/ ³adv ´(F) (of meals) ordered from a list, course
by course, not at a fixed price for the complete meal (as for ³table d'h^ote´).¼
¨alack© ²/EÚlak/ ³int ´(old use) cry of regret or sorrow.¼
¨alac®rity© ²/EÚlakrEtI/ ³n ¶[U] ´eager and cheerful readiness.¼
¨`a la mode© ²/*q *lq ÚmE8d/ ³adv ´(F) according to the latest fashion, ideas,
etc; (US) served with ice-cream: ³apple pie @.¼
¨alarm© ²/EÚlqm/ ³n ¸1 ¶[C] ´(sound or signal giving a) warning of danger;
apparatus used to give such a warning: ³a ·Ú³fire @. ·give/raise/sound the
@, ring a bell or in other ways send out a warning signal. ¸Ú@(-clock) ³n
´clock that can be set to ring a bell or sound a buzzer at a fixed time to
waken a sleeping person: ³set the @(-clock) for six o'clock. ¸2 ¶[U] ´fear and
excitement caused by the expectation of danger: ³He jumped up in @. I hope you
didn't take/feel @ at the news. ´¹ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´give a warning or feeling of
danger to; cause anxiety to: ³The noise of the shot @ed hundreds of birds.
Everybody was @ed at the news that war might break out. ¸@®ing ³part adj
´causing @. ¸@®ist ²/-Ist/ ³n ´person who raises @s with little cause.¼
¨alas© ²/EÚlas/ ³int ´cry of sorrow or regret.¼
¨alb© ²/alb/ ³n ´white vestment reaching to the feet, worn by some Christian
priests at ceremonies. µ¥ ´the illus at µvestment.¼
¨al®ba®tross© ²/ÚalbEtros/ ³n ´large, white, web-footed seabird, common in the
Pacific and Southern Oceans. µ¥ ´the illus at µwater.¼
¨al®beit© ²/*clÚbiIt/ ³conj ´(formal) though µ(1)´.¼
¨al®bino© ²/alÚbinE8 ³US: ²-ÚbñI-/ ³n (pl µ@s ²/-nE8z/³) ´animal or human being
born without natural colouring matter in the skin and hair (which are white)
and the eyes (which are pink).¼
¨al®bum© ²/ÚalbEm/ ³n ¸1 ´blank book in which a collection of photographs,
autographs, postage stamps, etc can be kept. ¸2 ´holder for a set of discs;
long-playing record with several pieces by the same musician(s), singer(s).¼
¨al®bu®men© ²/Úalbj8mn/ ³n ¶[U] ¸1 ´white of egg. µ¥ ´the illus at µfowl. ¸2
´substance as in white of egg, part of animal and vegetable matter.¼
¨al®chem®ist© ²/ÚalkImIst/ ³n ´person who studied or practised alchemy.¼
¨al®chemy© ²/ÚalkImI/ ³n ¶[U] ´chemistry of the Middle Ages, the chief aim of
which was to discover how to change ordinary metals into gold.¼
¨al®co®hol© ²/ÚalkEhol ³US: ²-hcl/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´(pure, colourless liquid
present in) such drinks as beer, wine, brandy, whisky. ¸2 ¶[U,C] ´(chem) large
group of compounds of the same type as @µ(1). ¸@ic ²/*alkEÚholIk ³US: ²-Úhcl-/
³adj ´of or containing @. µ¹ ³n ´person addicted to @ic drink. ¸@ism ²/-®IzEm/
³n ¶[U] ´addiction to @ic drink; diseased condition caused by this.¼
¨al®cove© ²/ÚalkE8v/ ³n ´recess; partially enclosed extension of a room, often
occupied by a bed or by seats; similar space within a garden enclosure.¼
¨al®der© ²/ÚcldE(r)/ ³n ´tree of the birch family, usu growing in marshy
places.¼
¨al®der®man© ²/ÚcldEmEn/ ³n (pl µ-men ²/-mEn/³) ´senior member of a city or
borough council in England and Ireland, next in rank to a mayor, elected by
fellow councillors. ¸@ic ²/*cldEÚmanIk/ ³adj¼
¨ale© ²/eIl/ ³n ¶[U] ´(GB) (kind of) beer; (old use) = beer. µ¥ ´also µginger.
¸Úale-house ³n ´(old name for) public house.¼
¨alee© ²/EÚli/ ³adv, pred adj ´(naut) at, on, towards, the lee or sheltered
side of a ship.¼
¨alert© ²/EÚl3t/ ³adj ´watchful; fully awake; lively: ³@ in
answering questions. ´¹ ³n ¸1 ·on the @, ´on the look-out (³for ´sth, ³against
´an attack, etc, ³to do ´sth). ¸2 ¶[C] ´(period of) watchfulness under enemy
attack, esp an air raid. ¸3 ¶[C] ´notice to stand ready: ³They received the @
at 10aÔm. ´¹ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´put (troops, etc) on the @. ¸@®ly ³adv ¸@®ness ³n
´being @ or prompt (³in ´doing sth).¼
¨alex®an®drine© ²/*alIgÚzandrñIn/ ³n ´(of verse rhythm) iambic line of six feet
or twelve syllables.¼
¨alexia© ²/EÚleksIE/ ³n ¶[U] ´(path) disease in which cerebral lesions cause
inability to read (popularly called "word blindness'). ¸alexic ²/EÚleksIk/ ´adj
of @: ³alexic ´children.¼
¨al®falfa© ²/alÚfalfE/ ³n ¶[U] ´(US) = µlucerne.¼
¨al®fresco© ²/*alÚfreskE8/ ³adj, adv ´(of meals) in the open air; out of doors:
³an @ lunch; lunching @.¼
¨alga© ²/ÚalgE/ ³n (pl µalgae ²/ÚaldZi/³) ´(bot) water plant of very simple
structure.¼
¨al®ge®bra© ²/ÚaldZIbrE/ ³n ´branch of mathematics in which signs and letters
are used to represent quantities. ¸@ic ²/*aldZIÚbreIIk/¸, @®ical ²/-kl/ ³adj
´of @. ¸@®ic®ally ²/-klI/ ³adv¼
¨alias© ²/ÚeIlIEs/ ³n (pl µ@es ²/-sIz/³) ´name by which a person is called on
other occasions: ³The criminal had several @es. ´¹ ³adv ´also called.¼
¨alibi© ²/ÚalIbñI/ ³n (pl µ@s ²/-bñIz/³) ¸1 ´(legal) plea that one was in
another place at the time of an alleged act, esp a crime: ³The accused man was
able to establish/prove an @. ¸2 ´(colloq) excuse (for failure, etc).¼
¨alien© ²/ÚeIlIEn/ ³n ´(legal or official use) foreigner who is not a subject
of the country in which he lives: ³An Englishman is an @ in the United States.
´¹ ³adj ¸1 ´foreign: ³an @ environment. ¸2 ·@ (to), ´differing in nature or
character: ³These principles are @ to our religion. ¸3 ´contrary or opposed
(³to´): ³Cruelty was quite @ to his nature.¼
¨alien®ate© ²/ÚeIlIEneIt/ ³vt ¶[VP6A,14] ·@ sb (from), ¸1
´estrange; cause (sb previously friendly) to become unfriendly or indifferent
(by unpopular or distasteful actions): ³The Prime Minister's policy @d many of
his followers. At various times artists have felt @d from society, ´felt shut
out from society. ¸2 ´transfer ownership of (property): ³Enemy property is
often @d in time of war, ´iÔe seized by the Government. ¸alien®ation
²/*eIlIEÚneI2n/ ³n ´alienating or being @d; estrangement; (theatre) critical
detachment (of actors and audience) from, emotional non-involvement in,
problems presented by a drama.¼
¨alien®ist© ²/ÚeIlIEnIst/ ³n ¸1 ´(US) expert on the mental competence of
witnesses in a law court. ¸2 ´(old use) specialist in mental illness (now
called a ³psychiatrist´).¼
¨alight©1 ²/EÚlñIt/ ³pred adj ´on fire; lighted up: ³The sticks were damp and
wouldn't catch @. ´(fig) ³Their faces were @ ´(= bright, cheerful) ³with
happiness.¼
¨alight©2 ²/EÚlñIt/ ³vi ¶[VP2A,3A] ¸1 ´get down (³from ´a horse, bus, etc). ¸2
´(of a bird) come down from the air and settle (³on ´a branch, etc). ¸3 ·@ on,
´(formal) (fig) find by chance.¼
¨align© ²/EÚlñIn/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A,2A] ´arrange in a line; bring into line (esp
three or more points into a straight line); eÔg of soldiers, form in
line: ³@ the sights of a rifle. ¸2 ¶[VP14,3A] ´bring, come, into agreement,
close co-operation, etc ³(with)´: ³They @ed themselves with us. ¸@®ment ³n
¶[C,U] ´(an) arrangement in a straight line: ³The desks are in/out of @ment.
There was a new @ment of European powers, ´a new grouping (colloq, ³line-up´)
´of powers.¼
¨alike© ²/EÚlñIk/ ³pred adj ´similar; like one another: ³The two
sisters are very much @. All music is @ to him, ´He has no ear for music,
cannot distinguish one kind from other kinds. ¹ ³adv ´in the same way: ³treat
everybody @; ´the same: ³summer and winter @.¼
¨ali®men®tary© ²/*alIÚmentErI/ ³adj ´of food and digestion. ¸the @ canal,
´parts of the body through which food passes (from the mouth to the anus).¼
¨ali®mony© ²/ÚalImEnI ³US: ²-mE8nI/ ³n ¶[U] ´money allowance (to be) paid by a
man to his wife, or former wife, by a judge's order, eÔg after a legal
separation or divorce.¼
¨alive© ²/EÚlñIv/ ³pred adj ¸1 ´living: ³Who's the greatest man @? You wouldn't
like to be buried @. ¸2 ´in force; in existence: ³If a claim is kept @, it is
more likely to be recognized. An awareness of the dangers of air-pollution
should be kept @ by the press and TÔV. ¸3 ·@ to, ´conscious or aware of: ³He is
fully @ to the dangers of the situation/public opinion. ¸4 ´active; lively: ³He
is very much @. ·Look @! ´Hurry up! Get busy! ¸5 ·@ with, ´full of (living or
moving things): ³The lake was @ with fish.¼
¨al®kali© ²/ÚalkElñI/ ³n (pl µ@s ²/-lñIz/³) ´(chem) one of a number of
substances (such as soda, potash, ammonia) that combine with acids to form
salts. ¸al®ka®line ²/ÚalkElñIn/ ³adj ´of @s: ³soil of alkaline peat.¼
¨all©1 ²/cl/ ³adj ¸1 ´(with ³pl nn´) ´the whole number of; (with ³sing ´material
or abstract ³nn´) ´the whole extent or amount of; (followed by the ³def art,
´demonstratives, possessives, and cardinal numbers): ³All horses are animals
but not all animals are horses. All five men/All five of them are hard workers.
All you boys need to work harder. You've had all the fun and I've had all the
hard work. He has lived all his life in London. ·of Úall people, ´specially;
particularly: ³Of all people he should be the last to complain, ´there is a
strong reason why he shouldn't. ³Why ask ²Ú³me to help, of ²Ú³all people? ´I am
the least likely person to be able to help, or the person to whom the speaker
has the least right to apply for help. ·of all the idiots/nitwits, ´an
expression of annoyance with sb who has behaved foolishly. ·on all fours, µ¥
four. ¸2 ³He spent all (of) that year ´(= the whole of that year) ³in London.
µ¥ whole(3). ¸3 ´(Cf ³all ´and ³every. All ´suggests the whole; ³every ´points
to each member of a group individually): ³All (of) the boys enjoyed themselves.
´Cf ³Every one of the boys enjoyed himself. ¸4 ·with all speed/haste, ´the
utmost possible. ¸5 ´any: ³beyond all doubt/argument/question, ´there can't be
any doubt, etc. ³He hates all ´(= any) ³criticism of his work. ¸6 *All ÚFools'
Day, ´1 Apr; ¸*All ÚHallows', *All ÚSaints' Day, ´1 Nov; ¸*All ÚSouls' Day, ´2
Nov.¼
¨all©2 ²/cl/ ³adv ¸1 ´quite; entirely: ³They were dressed all in black. ´Cf
³They were all dressed ´(= All of them were dressed) ³in black. Your hands are
all tar, ´(colloq) covered with tar. ³She was all ´(colloq = greatly) ³excited.
·all alone, ¸(a) ´not in the company of others. ¸(b) ´without the help and
company of other persons. ·all along, ¸(a) ´for the whole length of: ³There are
trees all along the road. ¸(b) ´(colloq) all the time; from the start: ³But I
knew that all along! ·all clear, µ¥ clear±1µ(4). ·all for, ´(colloq) strongly
in favour of; anxious to have, etc: ³I'm all for accepting the offer. ·all the
same, ´yet, nevertheless. ·all the same to, ´a matter not causing inconvenience
to; a matter of indifference to: ³If it's all the same to you«; It's all the
same to me whether you go or stay. ·all one to, ´a matter of indifference to:
³Do as you like; it's all one to me. ·all in, ¸(a) ´(colloq) exhausted; ³He was
all in at the end of the race. ¸(b) ³(all-in) ´inclusive of everything: ³an
all-in price; ³all-in wrestling, ´with no restrictions about methods or holds.
·all-out, ´(colloq) using all possible strength, energy, etc: ³He was going all
out/was making an all-out effort. ·all over, ¸(a) ´in every part of: ³He has
travelled all over the world. ¸(b) ´at an end. ·all right, ´(US) ¸al®right ¸(a)
´satisfactory, satisfactorily; safe and sound; in good order: ³Are you feeling
all right? ¸(b) ´(as a response to a suggestion, etc) Yes, I consent. ·all
there, ´(colloq) having one's wits about one; mentally alert. ·not all there,
´(colloq) not quite sane; mentally deficient. ·all told, ´altogether; as the
total: ³There were six people all told ´(= in all). ·all up (with), ´at an end,
over (with): ³It's all up with him now, ´He's likely to be ruined, to die, etc.
¸2 ·all the ³+ comp adj·, ´much; so much: ³You'll be all the better for a
holiday.¼
¨all©3 ²/cl/ ³n ·my/his/their, etc all, ´all that I/he/they, etc possess, value
most, etc: ³We must stake our all in this struggle. He had lost his all.¼
¨all©4 ²/cl/ ³pref ´(in compounds) ¸1 ´(prefixed to many ³adjj ´and
³pres participles´) in the highest degree; without limit: ·*³all-·Ú³merciful;
·*³all-·Ú³powerful; ·*³all-em²Ú³bracing. ¸2 *all-Úmains ³attrib adj ´(of a
radio receiver) adaptable to all voltages: ³an all-mains set. ¸*all-Úround ³adj
´having ability in many different ways: ³an all-round sportsman, ´good at many
different games and sports. Hence, ¸*all-Úrounder ³n ·an *all-*star Úcast,
´(for a play, etc) one with star performers for all the chief parts.
·*all-*time Úhigh/Úlow ³n ´(colloq) highest/lowest figure, level, etc on
record. ·*all-*up
Úweight, ´total weight of an aircraft, including crew, passengers, cargo, etc
when in the air.¼
¨all©5 ²/cl/ ³pron ¸1 ´everything: ³He wanted all or nothing. ¸2
·all of, ´every one, the whole: ³All of us want to go. Take all of it. ¸3
´(used in apposition, in the same way as ³both ´and ³each´): ³We all want to
go. Take it all. They were all broken. ¸4 ´(followed by a relative clause,
³that ´being omitted): ³All I want is peace and quiet. He took all there was.
¸5 ´(in prepositional phrases): ·above all, µ¥ above±2µ(3). ·after all, µ¥
after. ·(not) at all, ²/E Útcl/ ´(not) in any way, in the least degree: ³if you
are at all worried; not at all suitable for the post. ·Not at all, ´polite
formula in answer to an expression of thanks. Cf US: You're welcome. ·for all
³(his wealth/great learning), ´in spite of. ·for all I know/care, etc, ´(used
to show ignorance or indifference): ³He may be dead for all I know. ·in all,
µ¥ in±2µ(13). ·and all, ´as well; including: ³The dog ate the whole rabbit,
head, bones and all. ·once (and) for all, ´now and for the last or only time.
·It was all I/he, etc could do not to ³(laugh, etc), ´I/he, etc could hardly
refrain from (laughing, etc). ·all in all, ´of supreme or exclusive
importance, interest, etc: ³They were all in all to each other. ·(taking it)
all in all, ´considering everything. ·not as/so ³+ adj/adv + ·as all that, ´to
that extent; in that degree: ³It's not so difficult as all that, ´as is
suggested, supposed, etc. ·not all that ³+ adj/adv·, ´(colloq or vulg): ³It
isn't all that cheap, ´not cheap if all things are considered.¼
¨Allah© ²/ÚalE/ ³n ´name of God among Muslims.¼
¨al®lay© ²/EÚleI/ ³vt (pt,pp µ-layed³) ¶[VP6A] ´make sth (eÔg pain, trouble,
excitement, fears) less.¼
¨al®lege© ²/EÚledZ/ ³vt ¶[VP6A,9] ´declare; put forward, esp as a reason or
excuse, in support of a claim or in denial of a charge: ³In your statement you
@ that the accused man was seen at the scene of the crime. The statement @d to
have been made by the accused is clearly untrue. An @d thief, ´person who is
declared to be a thief. ¸al®le®ga®tion ²/*alIÚgeI2n/ ³n ¶[U] ´alleging; ¶[C]
´statement, esp one made without proof: ³You have made serious allegations, but
can you substantiate them? ¸al®leg®edly ²/-IdlI/ ³adv¼
¨al®le®giance© ²/EÚlidZEns/ ³n ¶[U] ´duty, support, loyalty, due (to a ruler or
government): ³Members of Parliament took the oath of @ to the Queen.¼
¨al®le®gory© ²/ÚalIgErI ³US: ²-gcrI/ ³n ¶[C] ³(pl µ-ries³) ´story, painting or
description in which ideas such as patience, purity and truth are symbolized
by persons who are characters in the story, eÔg Bunyan's ³Pilgrim's Progress.
¸al®le®goric ²/*alIÚgorIk ³US: ²-Úgcr-/, ¸al®le®gori®cal ²/-kl/ ³adj¼
¨al®le®gretto© ²/*alIÚgretE8/ ³n, adj, adv ´(I; music) (passage played) fast
and lively, but not so brisk as allegro.¼
¨al®legro© ²/EÚleIgrE8/ ³n, adj, adv ´(I; music) (passage played) in quick
time; fast and lively.¼
¨al®le®luia© ²/*alIÚlujE/ ³int ´= µhallelujah.¼
¨al®lergy© ²/ÚalEdZI/ ³n ¶[C] ³(pl µ-gies³) ´(med) (condition of)
being unusually sensitive to particular foods, kinds of pollen, insect stings,
etc (as in the case of a person who begins to suffer from asthma when he gets
a certain kind of dust or pollen into his nose or mouth). ¸al®ler®gen
²/ÚalEdZen/ ³n ´(med, science) anything that causes an @. ¸al®ler®gic
²/EÚl3dZIk/ ³adj ´of @. ·allergic to, ´having an @ to (sth); (colloq) having a
dislike of; unable to get on well with.¼
¨al®levi®ate© ²/EÚlivIeIt/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´make (pain, suffering) less or easier
to bear. ¸al®levi®ation ²/E*livIÚeI2n/ ³n¼
¨al®ley© ²/ÚalI/ ´(also ¸Ú@®way´) ³n (pl µ@s³) ¶[C] ¸1 ´narrow passage between
houses or other buildings (often a narrow street in a slum quarter). ¸*blind
Ú@, ´@ closed at one end; (fig) occupation, eÔg that of an errand boy, that
does not teach a trade or lead to a profession. ¸2 ´path or walk in a garden
or park. ¸3 ´narrow enclosure for such games as bowls and skittles.¼
¨al®liance© ²/EÚlñIEns/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´association or connection. ·in @ (with),
´joined or united (with). ¸2 ¶[C] ´union of persons, families, eÔg by marriage,
or states (by treaty): ³enter into an @ with a country.¼
¨al®lied© ²/EÚlñId/ ³pt,pp µ¥ ally.¼
¨al®li®ga®tor© ²/ÚalIgeItE(r)/ ³n ´reptile (like a crocodile but with a shorter
snout) living in the lakes and rivers of southeastern US, µ¥ ´the illus at
µreptile´; leather made from its skin. ¸@ pear, ´avocado.¼
¨al®li®ter®ation© ²/E*lItEÚreI2n/ ³n ¶[U] ´repetition of the first sound or
letter of a succession of words, eÔg ³safe and sound; apt @'s artful aid.
¸al®lit®er®ative ²/EÚlItrEtIv ³US: ²-tEreItIv/ ³adj ¸al®lit®er®ative®ly ³adv¼
¨al®lo®cate© ²/ÚalEkeIt/ ³vt ¶[VP6A,14] ·@ (to/for), ´give, put on one side, as
a share or for a purpose: ³@ duties to sb; @ a sum of money among several
persons; @ a sum of money to education. ¸al®lo®ca®tion ²/*alEÚkeI2n/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U]
´allocating or distributing. ¸2 ¶[C] ·@ (to/for), ´sth @d or assigned (to or
for a purpose, etc).¼
¨al®lot© ²/EÚlot/ ³vt µ(-tt-) ¶[VP6A,12A,13A,14] ·@ sth (to), ´make a
distribution of; decide a person's share of: ³@ sth to sb for a purpose; @
duties (to sb). Can we do the work within the time they have @ted (to) us? They
were @ted a house to live in. ¸@®ment ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´division; distribution (of
shares). ¸2 ¶[C] ´part or share, esp (in GB) small area of public land rented
as a vegetable garden.¼
¨allow© ²/EÚlñ8/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A,C,17,15B] ´permit: ³Smoking is not @ed here.
No dogs @ed, ´It is forbidden to bring dogs into this place (building, park,
etc). ³Please @ me to carry your bag. She is not @ed out after dark. ¸2
¶[VP12A,13A,14] ´give, let (sb or sth) have; agree to give: ³How much money
does your father @ you for books? He @s his wife $100 a year for clothes. She
@ed her imagination full play, ´did nothing to control it. ³The bank @s 5 per
cent interest on deposits. We can @ ´(= take off, deduct) ³5 per cent for cash
payment. ¸3 ¶[VP6A] ´(legal) agree that sth is right or just: ³The judge @ed
the claim. ¸4 ¶[VP25,9] ´admit (now the more usu word): ³We must @ him to be a
genius/@ that he is a genius. ¸5 ¶[VP3A] ·@ for, ´take into consideration: ³It
will take thirty minutes to get to the station, @ing for traffic delays. ·@
of, ´admit of (now more usu): ³The situation @s of no delay. ¸@®able ²/-Ebl/
³adj ´that is or can be @ed (by law, the rules, etc).¼
¨allow®ance© ²/EÚlñ8Ens/ ³n ¸1 ¶[C] ´sum of money, amount of sth,
allowed to sb: ³a dress @ of $70 a year. The Director has an entertainment @,
´money for entertaining important customers, etc. ¸2 ¶[C] ´(comm, fin)
deduction or discount. ¸3 ³(sing ´or ³pl) ·make @(s) for, ´allow for, µ¥
allow(5). ³We must make @(s) for his youth, ´remember that he is young, and not
be too severe, etc.¼
¨alloy© ²/ÚalãI/ ³n ¶[C,U] ´mixture of metals, esp a metal of low value mixed
with a metal of higher value: (used attrib) ³@ steel. ´¹ ³vt ²/EÚlãI/ ¶[VP6A]
´mix (one metal) with a metal or metals of lower value; (fig) spoil; impair.¼
¨all®spice© ²/ÚclspñIs/ ³n ¶[U] ´spice made from the dried berries of a W
Indian tree called the pimento.¼
¨allude© ²/EÚlud/ ³vi ¶[VP3A] ·@ to, ´refer (indirectly) to; mention (now the
more usu word): ³In your remarks you @ to certain sinister developments.¼
¨allure© ²/EÚl8E(r)/ ³vt ¶[VP6A,14,17A] ´tempt; entice; lure (now the more usu
word). ¹ ³n ¶[C,U] ´(liter) power to @; fascination. ¸allur®ing ³part adj
´charming; fascinating. ¸@®ment ³n ¶[C,U] ´that which @s; charm, attraction
(now the more usu words).¼
¨al®lu®sion© ²/EÚluZn/ ³n ¶[C] ·@ (to), ´indirect reference to: ³His speeches
are full of classical @s which few people understand. That man has a glass eye
but he doesn't like people to make any @ to it. ¸al®lus®ive ²/EÚlusIv/ ³adj
´containing @s.¼
¨al®luv®ial© ²/EÚluvIEl/ ³adj ´made of sand, earth, etc, left by rivers or
floods: ³@ soil/deposits.¼
¨ally© ²/EÚlñI/ ³vt (pt,pp µ-lied³) ¸1 ¶[VP14] ·@ (oneself) with/to, ´unite by
treaty, marriage, etc: ³Great Britain was allied with the United States in both
World Wars; ´Hence: ³the Allied ²/ÚalqId/ ³Powers. ¸2 ·allied to, ´(of things)
connected with: ³The English language is allied to the German language. ´¹ ³n
²/ÚalñI/ ³(pl µ-lies³) ´person, state, etc, allied to another; person who gives
help or support.¼
¨Alma Mater© ²/*almE ÚmqtE(r)/ ³n ´(Lat) name used for the university or school
that a person attended; (US) school song or anthem.¼
¨al®ma®nac© ²/ÚclmEnak/ ³n ´annual book or calendar of months and days, with
information about the sun, moon, tides, anniversaries, etc.¼
¨al®mighty© ²/clÚmñItI/ ³adj ´having all power; powerful beyond measure, esp
³A@ God. ´¹ ³n ¸the A@, ´God.¼
¨almond© ²/ÚqmEnd/ ³n ´(nut inside the) hard seed ³(stone-fruit)
´of a tree allied to the peach and plum: ³ground @s, ´@ nuts ground to powder.
³shelled @s, ´@ nuts removed from the shell or hard cover. ¸*@-Úeyed ³adj
´having eyes that appear to slant upwards and become narrower.¼
¨almoner© ²/ÚqmEnE(r) ³US: ²Úalm-/ ³n ¸1 ´(formerly) official who distributed
money and help to the poor. ¸2 ´(GB) hospital official in charge of social
service work for patients.¼
¨al®most© ²/ÚclmE8st/ ³adv ¸1 ´(with ³vv, advv, adjj, nn´; replaceable by
³nearly´): ³He slipped and @ fell. That's a mistake he @ always makes. Dinner's
@ ready. It's @ time to start. ¸2 ´(with ³no, none, nothing, never, ´not
replaceable by ³nearly; ´often replaced by ³hardly ´or ³scarcely ´with ³any´):
³A@ no one ´(= Hardly anyone) ³believed her. The speaker said @ nothing ´(=
scarcely anything) ³worth listening to.¼
¨alms© ²/qmz/ ³n pl ´(or ³sing´) ´money, clothes, food, etc given to the poor:
³give @ to sb; ask/beg (an) @ of sb. ¸Ú@-box ³n ¸Ú@-giving ³n ¸Ú@-house ³n
´(old use) house, founded by charity, in which poor people, no longer able to
earn money, may live without paying rent.¼
¨aloe© ²/ÚalE8/ ³n ¸1 ´plant with thick, sharp-pointed leaves. ¸2 ´(also
¸bitter @s´) juice from this plant, used in medicine.¼
¨aloft© ²/EÚloft ³US: ²EÚlcft/ ³adv ´high up, esp at the masthead of a ship, or
up in the rigging.¼
¨alone© ²/EÚlE8n/ ³pred adj, adv µ¥ lonely. ¸1 ´(= ³by oneself/itself´) without
the company or help of others or other things: ³He likes living @, ´by himself.
³The house stands on the hillside all @, ´with no other houses near it. ³You
can't lift the piano @, ´without help. ³His silence @ is proof of his guilt. ¸2
´(following a ³n ´or ³pron´) and no other: ³Smith @ ´(= Smith and no one else)
³knows what happened. You @ ´(= You and no other person) ³can help me in this
task. ¸3 ´(in the ³pred, ´with ³in´): ³We are not @ in thinking ´(= not the
only persons who think) ³that. ¸4 ·let @, ´without referring to or considering:
³He cannot find money for necessities, let @ such luxuries as wine and tobacco.
·let/leave sb/sth @, ´abstain from touching, moving, interfering with: ³You had
better leave that dog @; it will bite you if you tease it. ·let well @, ´do not
go further than what is already satisfactory.¼
¨along© ²/EÚloG ³US: ²EÚlcG/ ³adv ¸1 ´(used with ³vv ´to indicate onward
movement, often with the same sense as ³on´): ³Come @! The dog was running @
behind its master. ·Move @ please! ´eÔg a request by a policeman to people who
are holding up the movement of others. ¸2 ´(used, as are ³over, across, up,
down, ´in informal requests): ³Come @ and see me some time. ¸3 ·all @, µ¥
all±2µ(1). ·get @, µ¥ get(17). ´¹ ³prep ¸1 ´from one end of to the other end
of; through any part of the length of: ³We walked @ the road. There are trees
all @ the river banks. Pass @ the bus please! ´(a request that passengers
should move on so as to leave the entrance clear). ¸2 ·@ here, ´in this
direction. ¸@side ²/E*loGÚsñId/ ³adv, prep ´close to, parallel with, the side
of (a ship, pier, wharf).¼
¨aloof© ²/EÚluf/ ³adv ´apart. ·stand/hold/keep (oneself) @ (from),
´keep away from, take no part in sth: ³Buyers are holding @, ´making no offers
to buy. ¹ ³adj ´cool; remote (by nature): ³I find him rather @. He's a very @
character. ¸@®ness ³n¼
¨aloud© ²/EÚlñ8d/ ³adv ¸1 ´in a voice loud enough to be heard, not in a
whisper: ³Please read the story @. ¸2 ´loudly, so as to be heard at a distance:
³He called @ for help.¼
¨alp© ²/alp/ ³n ¸1 ´high mountain, esp one of those (¸the Alps´) between France
and Italy. ¸2 ´(in Switzerland) green pasture-land on a mountain-side.¼
¨al®paca© ²/alÚpakE/ ³n ¸1 ¶[C] ´sheep-like animal, kind of llama, of Peru. ¸2
¶[U] ´(cloth made from) its wool, often mixed with silk or cotton: ³an @ coat.¼
¨alpen®stock© ²/ÚalpEnstok/ ³n ´long, iron-tipped stick used in climbing
mountains.¼
¨al®pha© ²/ÚalfE/ ³n ´the first letter (A, ²É´) in the Gk alphabet. ·A@ and
Omega, ´the beginning and the end. µ¥ App 4. ¸Ú@ particle, ´helium nucleus
given off by a radio-active substance. ·@ plus, ´(of marks in an examination)
very good indeed.¼
¨al®pha®bet© ²/ÚalfEbet/ ³n ´the letters used in writing a language, arranged
in order: ³the Greek @; ´the ABC. µ¥ App 4. ¸@i®cal ²/*alfEÚbetIkl/ ³adj ´in
the order of the @: ³The words in a dictionary are in @ical order. ¸@i®cally
²/-klI/ ³adv¼
¨al®pine© ²/ÚalpñIn/ ³adj ´of the Alps; of alps: ³@ plants; an @ hut.
¸al®pin®ist ²/ÚalpInIst/ ´@ climber.¼
¨al®ready© ²/clÚredI/ ³adv ´(usu with ³v, ´but may be placed elsewhere for
emphasis) ¸1 ´by this/that time: ³The postman has @ been/has been @. When I
called, Tom was @ dressed. ¸2 ´(Cf ³yet ´which usu replaces ³already ´in neg
and interr sentences. In neg and interr sentences ³already ´is used to show
surprise.): ³Have you had breakfast @? Is it 10 o'clock @? You're not leaving
us @, are you? ¸3 ´previously; before now: ³I've been there @, so I don't want
to go again.¼
¨al®right© ²/clÚrñIt/ ³adj, adv ´= all right, µ¥ all±2µ(1).¼
¨Al®sa®tian© ²/alÚseI2n/ ³n ´(US = ³German shepherd´) large breed of dog, like
a wolf, often trained for police work. µ¥ ´the illus at µdog.¼
¨also© ²/ÚclsE8/ ³adv ´too; besides; as well. (In spoken English, ³too ´and
³as well ´are often preferred to ³also. Also ´in an affirm sentence is replaced
by ³either ´in a neg sentence.): ³Tom has been to Canada. Harry has @ been to
Canada. ´Cf ³Tom has not been to Brazil. Harry has not been to Brazil, either.
·not only« but @, ´both« and: ³He not only read the book but @ remembered what
he had read. ¸Ú@-ran ³n ´(racing) horse not among the first three at the
winning post; (fig) unsuccessful person in a contest.¼
¨al®tar© ²/ÚcltE(r)/ ³n ¸1 ´raised place (flat-topped table or platform) on
which offerings are made to a god. ¸2 ´(in Christian churches) the Communion
table, µ¥ ´the illus at µchurch´. ·lead (a woman) to the @, ´marry her.
¸Ú@-piece ³n ´painting or sculpture placed behind an @.¼
¨al®ter© ²/ÚcltE(r)/ ³vt,vi ¶[VP6A,2A] ´make or become different;
change in character, appearance, etc: ³The ship @ed course. That @s matters/the
case, ´makes the situation different. ³These clothes are too large; they must
be @ed. He has @ed a great deal since I saw him a year ago. ¸@®able ²/-Ebl/
³adj ´that @s or that can be @ed. ¸@®ation ²/*cltEÚreI2n/ ³n ¶[U] ´@ing; making
a change; ¶[C] ´act of changing; change that is the result of @ing: ³There
isn't much @ation in the village; it's almost the same as it was twenty years
ago. For making @ations to a suit of clothes, $1.20.¼
¨al®ter®ca®tion© ²/*cltEÚkeI2n/ ³n ´(formal) ¶[U] ´quarrelling; ¶[C] ´quarrel;
noisy argument.¼
¨al®ter ego© ²/*altEr ÚegE8 ³US: ²ÚigE8/ ³n ´(Lat) one's other self; very
intimate friend.¼
¨al®ter®nate©1 ²/clÚt3nEt/ ³adj ¸1 ´(of things of two kinds) by turns, first
the one and then the other: ³@ laughter and tears. Tom and Harry do the work
on @ days, ´eÔg Tom on Monday, Harry on Tuesday, Tom on Wednesday, etc. ¸2
´(of leaves along a stem) not opposite. ¸@®ly ³adv¼
¨al®ter®nate©2 ²/ÚcltEneIt/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A,14] ´arrange or perform by turns;
cause to take place, appear, one after the other: ³He @d kindness with
severity, ´was kind, then severe, then kind again, etc. ³Most farmers @ crops.
µ¥ rotation(2). ¸2 ¶[VP3A] ·@ between, ´pass from one state, etc to a second,
then back to the first, etc: ³He @d between high spirits and low spirits. ·@
with, ´come one after the other, by turns: ³Wet days @d with fine days.
¸*alternating Úcurrent, ´current that reverses its direction at regular
intervals, the cycle being repeated continuously, the number of complete
cycles per second being known as the ³frequency. µ¥ direct±1µ(5).
¸al®ter®na®tion ²/*cltEÚneI2n/ ³n¼
¨al®ter®na®tive© ²/clÚt3nEtIv/ ³adj ´(of two things) that may be had, used, etc
in place of sth else: ³"Either' and "or' are @ conjunctions. There are @
answers to x±2 ´= 16 (iÔe x = +4 or x = ­4). ¹ ³n ¶[C] ¸1 ´choice between two
things: ³You have the @ of working hard and being successful or of not working
hard and being unsuccessful. Is there no @ to what you propose? ¸2 ´one of more
than two possibilities. ¸@®ly ³adv ´as an @: ³a fine of $10 or @ly six weeks
imprisonment.¼
¨altho© ²/clÚDE8/ ´(US spelling for) although.¼
¨al®though© ´(US also ¸altho´) ²/clÚDE8/ ³conj µ¥ though.¼
¨al®tim®eter© ²/ÚaltImitE(r) ³US: ²*alÚtImItEr/ ³n ´barometer, eÔg as used in
aircraft, for showing height above sea-level.¼
¨al®ti®tude© ²/ÚaltItjud ³US: ²-tud/ ³n ¸1 ´(not of living things)
height, esp above sea-level. ¸2 ´(usu ³pl´) place high above sea-level: ³It is
difficult to breathe at these @s. ¸3 ´(astron) angular distance of a celestial
object above the horizon.¼
¨alto© ²/ÚaltE8/ ³n (pl µ@s ²/-tE8z/³) ¸1 ´(musical part for, a person having
a) male singing voice between tenor and treble; counter tenor; female voice of
similar range (³contralto´). ¸2 ´instrument with the same range: ³@-saxophone.¼
¨al®to®gether© ²/*cltEÚgeDE(r)/ ³adv ¸1 ´entirely; wholly: ³I don't @ agree
with him. It's @ out of the question. ¸2 ´(of a total quantity) taken as a
whole: ³You owe me $3 @. ¸3 ´(modifying a complete sentence) on the whole;
considering everything: ³The weather was bad and the trains were crowdedÅ@, it
wasn't a very satisfactory excursion.¼
¨al®tru®ism© ²/ÚaltruIzEm/ ³n ¶[U] ´principle of considering the well-being and
happiness of others first; unselfishness; ¶[C] ´instance of this. ¸al®tru®ist
²/ÚaltruIst/ ³n ´person who follows @. ¸al®tru®is®tic ²/*altruÚIstIk/ ³adj
¸al®tru®is®ti®cally ²/-klI/ ³adv¼
¨alum© ²/ÚalEm/ ³n ¶[U] ´white mineral salt, used medically, in dyeing, etc.¼
¨alu®min®ium© ²/*alj8ÚmInIEm/ ´(US = ¸alu®mi®num ²/EÚlumInEm/´) ³n ¶[U] ´light
white metal (symbol ¸Al´) extracted chiefly from bauxite, used for making hard,
light alloys for cooking utensils, electrical apparatus, etc.¼
¨alumna© ²/EÚlAmnE/ ³n (pl µ@e ²/-ni/³) ´(US) girl or woman who was a pupil or
student of a school, college or university.¼
¨alum®nus© ²/EÚlAmnEs/ ³n (pl µ-ni ²/-nñi/³) ´(US) boy or man who was a pupil
or student of a school, college or university.¼
¨al®veolar© ²/alÚvIElE(r)/ ³n, adj ´(phon) (consonant) made by the
tongue against the gum behind the upper front teeth, eÔg ²/t, d, s/´.¼
¨al®ways© ²/ÚclweIz/ ³adv ¸1 ´at all times; without exception: ³The sun @ rises
in the east. (Always ´may be modified by ³almost, nearly ´or ³not.) He's nearly
@ at home in the evening. ´Cf ³not @ ´and ³hardly ever´: ³I'm not @ at home on
Sundays, ´iÔe I'm occasionally away from home. ³I'm hardly ever ´(= very
seldom) ³at home on Sundays. ¸2 ´(usu with the continuous tenses) again and
again; repeatedly: ³He was @ asking for money. Why are you @ finding fault?¼
¨am© ²/³after "I': ²m ³otherwise: ²Em, ³strong form: ²am/ µ¥ be±1µ.¼
¨amah© ²/ÚqmE/ ³n ´(in the East) nursemaid; maidservant.¼
¨amain© ²/EÚmeIn/ ³adv ´(old use, or poet) ¸1 ´violently. ¸2 ´in haste.¼
¨amal®gam© ²/EÚmalgEm/ ³n ¸1 ´alloy of mercury. ¸2 ´soft mixture, eÔg one used
for filling holes in decayed teeth.¼
¨amal®ga®mate© ²/EÚmalgEmeIt/ ³vt,vi ¶[VP6A,2A] ´(of classes, societies, races
of people, business companies) mix; combine; unite. ¸amal®ga®ma®tion
²/E*malgEÚmeI2n/ ³n ¶[U] ´mixing; combining. ¶[C] ´combination; union.¼
¨am®anu®en®sis© ²/E*manj8ÚensIs/ ³n (pl µ-ses ²/-siz/³) ´person who
writes from dictation or copies what sb else has written.¼
¨ama®ryl®lis© ²/*amEÚrIlIs/ ³n ´(kinds of) lily-like plant growing from a
bulb.¼
¨amass© ²/EÚmas/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´pile or heap up, collect: ³@ riches/a fortune.¼
¨ama®teur© ²/ÚamEtE(r)/ ³n ¸1 ´person who paints pictures, performs music, acts
in plays, etc, for the love of it, not for money; person playing a game, taking
part in sports, etc, without receiving payment: (attrib) ³an @
painter/photographer. µ¥ professional. ¸@®ish ²/-rI2/ ³adj ´inexpert;
imperfect. ¸@®ism ²/-IzEm/ ³n¼
¨ama®tory© ²/ÚamEtErI ³US: ²-tcrI/ ³adj ´(formal) of or causing (esp sexual)
love; of lovers; of making love.¼
¨amaze© ²/EÚmeIz/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´fill with great surprise or wonder: ³You @ me!
I was @d at the news/@d to hear that«. ¸amaz®ing ³part adj ¸amaz®ing®ly ³adv´:
³He's doing amazingly well. ¸@®ment ³n ¶[U] ³I heard with @ment that«; His
@ment at the news was immense. He looked at me in @ment.¼
¨Ama®zon© ²/ÚamEzEn ³US: ²-zon/ ³n ¸1 ´(in old Gk stories) female warrior. ¸2
´(small ³a´) tall, vigorous woman.¼
¨am®bas®sa®dor© ²/amÚbasEdE(r)/ ³n ¸1 ´minister representing the Government of
his country in a foreign country: ³the British A@ to Greece. ¸2 ´(often ³A@
Extraordinary´) ´minister sent by the Government of one State to the Government
of another on a special mission. ¸3 ´authorized representative.
¸am®bas®sa®dress ²/amÚbasEdrIs/ ³n ´female @. ¸@®ial ²/am*basEÚdcrIEl/ ³adj µ¥
diplomat, embassy.¼
¨am®ber© ²/ÚambE(r)/ ³n ¶[U] ´hard, clear yellowish-brown gum used for making
ornaments, etc; its colour (seen in traffic lights between red and green).¼
¨am®ber®gris© ²/ÚambEgris ³US: ²-grIs/ ³n ¶[U] ´wax-like substance present in
the intestines of whales and found floating in tropical seas, used as a
fixative in perfumes.¼
¨am®bi®dex®trous© ²/*ambIÚdekstrEs/ ³adj ´able to use the left hand or the
right equally well.¼
¨am®bi®ence© ²/ÚambIEns/ ³n ´environment; atmosphere.¼
¨am®bi®ent© ²/ÚambIEnt/ ³adj ´(formal) (of air, etc) on all sides;
surrounding.¼
¨am®bi®guity© ²/*ambIÚgjuEtI/ ³n (pl µ-ties³) ¸1 ¶[U] ´state of being
ambiguous. ¸2 ¶[C] ´expression, etc that can have more than one meaning:
³Let's clear up the @ in this paragraph.¼
¨am®bigu®ous© ²/amÚbIgj8Es/ ³adj ¸1 ´having more than one meaning: ³"More' is
@ in "Ask me more difficult questions.' ¸2 ´of uncertain meaning or intention:
³He gave me an @ glance. ¸@®ly ³adv¼
¨am®bit© ²/ÚambIt/ ³n ´(often ³pl´) ´bounds; extent; range of power or
authority.¼
¨am®bi®tion© ²/amÚbI2n/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´strong desire (³to be ´or ³do ´sth, ³for
´sth): ³A boy who is filled with @ usually works hard. His @ to become prime
minister is likely to be realized. ¸2 ¶[C] ´particular desire of this kind:
³He has great @s. ¸3 ¶[C] ´object of such a desire: ³achieve one's @(s).¼
¨am®bi®tious© ²/amÚbI2Es/ ³adj ¸1 ´full of ambition: ³an @ boy; @
for fame; @ for one's children; @ to succeed in life. ¸2 ´showing or needing
ambition: ³@ plans; an @ attempt. ¸@®ly ³adv¼
¨am®biva®lent© ²/amÚbIvElEnt/ ³adj ´having either or both of two contrary or
similar values, meanings, etc. ¸am®biva®lence ²/-lEns/ ³n¼
¨amble© ²/Úambl/ ³vi ¶[VP2A,C] ´(of a horse) move along without hurrying,
lifting the two feet on one side together; (of a person) ride or walk at an
easy pace. ¹ ³n ´slow, easy, pace: ³He was coming along at an @.¼
¨am®bro®sia© ²/amÚbrE8zIE ³US: ²-E8ZE/ ³n ¶[U] ´(Gk myth) the food of the gods;
anything that has a delightful taste or smell.¼
¨am®bu®lance© ²/Úambj8lEns/ ³n ´closed vehicle for carrying people who are ill,
wounded in war or hurt in accidents.¼
¨am®bus®cade© ²/*ambEÚskeId/ ³n, vt ´= µambush.¼
¨am®bush© ²/Úamb82/ ³n ¶[C,U] ´(the placing of) troops, etc, waiting to make a
surprise attack: ³fall into an @; be attacked from (an) @. ·lie/wait in @
(for), ´be hidden waiting to attack. ´¹ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´attack from such a
position.¼
¨ameba© ²/EÚmibE/ ³n ´= µamoeba.¼
¨ameer© ²/EÚmIE(r)/ ³n ´= µamir.¼
¨ameli®or®ate© ²/EÚmilIEreIt/ ³vt,vi ¶[VP6A,2A] ´(formal) (cause to) become
better. ¸ameli®or®ation ²/E*milIEÚreI2n/ ³n¼
¨amen© ²/qÚmen ³US: ²*eIÚmen/ ³int ´(eccles) word used at the end of a prayer or
hymn and meaning "May it be so'.¼
¨amen®able© ²/EÚminEbl/ ³adj ·@ (to), ¸1 ´(of persons) responsive; willing to
be guided or controlled: ³@ to kindness/advice/reason. Do you find your wife
@? ¸2 ´(legal) (of persons) responsible (³to´); in a position where one must
do certain things or be punished for not doing them: ³We are all @ to the law.
¸3 ´(of cases, situations) able to be tested or dealt with: ³The case is not @
to ordinary rules.¼
¨amend© ²/EÚmend/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A,2A] ´make or become better; improve; free
from faults or errors: ³He'll have to @ his style of living. ¸2 ¶[VP6A] ´make
changes in the wording of a rule, a proposed law, etc. ¸@®able ²/-Ebl/ ³adj
¸@®ment ³n ¶[U] ´@ing; ¶[C] ´change proposed or made (³to ´a rule, regulation,
etc).¼
¨amends© ²/EÚmendz/ ³n pl ·make @/all possible @ (to sb) (for sth), ´give
compensation: ³make @ to sb for an injury.¼
¨amen®ity© ²/EÚminEtI/ ³n (pl µ-ties³) ¸1 ³(pl) ´things, circumstances,
surroundings, that make life easy or pleasant: ³an exchange of amenities, ´of
courtesies, polite expressions; ³a town with many amenities, ´eÔg a park, a
public library, playing fields; ³the amenities offered by a Bank, ´eÔg the
provision of travel cheques, payment of standing orders. ¸2 ³(sing)
´pleasantness: ³the @ of the climate.¼
¨Amer®ica© ²/EÚmerIkE/ ³n ´the United States of @.¼
¨Ameri®can© ²/EÚmerIkEn/ ³adj ´of N or S America, esp the UÔS. ¸Ú@
organ, ´small organ with reeds but no pipes. ¸Ú@ plan, ´(at hotels) system of
charges including room, all meals and service. ¹ ³n ´native or inhabitant of
America; citizen of the UÔS. ¸@®ism ²/-IzEm/ ³n ¶[C] ´word or phrase typical of
@ English; ¶[U] ´loyalty to the UÔS or to things typically @.¼
¨am®ethyst© ²/ÚamITIst/ ³n ´precious stone, purple or violet.¼
¨ami®able© ²/ÚeImIEbl/ ³adj ´good-tempered; kind-hearted; easy and pleasant to
talk to: ³I've always found him a most @ fellow. ¸amia®bil®ity
²/*eImIEÚbIlEtI/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´friendliness. ¸2 ³(pl) µ(-ties) ´friendly remarks:
³after a few amiabilities. ¸ami®ably ²/-EblI/ ³adv¼
¨amic®able© ²/ÚamIkEbl/ ³adj ´peaceable; done in a friendly way: ³When
countries cannot settle a dispute in an @ way, they should settle it by
arbitration. ¸amica®bil®ity ²/*amIkEÚbIlEtI/ ³n ¸amic®ably ²/-EblI/ ³adv´:
³live together amicably, ´peacefully, in a friendly way.¼
¨amid© ²/EÚmId/, ±amidst ²/EÚmIdst/ ³preps ´(poet) among; in or into the
middle of.¼
¨amid®ships© ²/EÚmId2Ips/ ³adv ´(naut) half-way between the bows and stern of
a ship: ³Our cabin is @.¼
¨amir©, ameer, emir ²/EÚmIE(r)/ ³n ´title used by some Muslim rulers.¼
¨amiss© ²/EÚmIs/ ³pred adj, adv ´wrong(ly); out of order: ³There's not much @
with it. Nothing comes @ to him, ´(colloq) He's ready to welcome, is able to
use, anything that comes to him. ·take sth @, ´take offence at it, be hurt in
one's feelings: ³Don't take it @ if I point out your errors.¼
¨am®ity© ²/ÚamEtI/ ³n ¶[U] ´friendship; friendly relations (between persons or
countries): ³live in @ with sb; a treaty of @.¼
¨am®me®ter© ²/ÚamItE(r)/ ³n ´meter that measures electric current
in amperes.¼
¨am®mo®nia© ²/EÚmE8nIE/ ³n ¶[U] ´strong, colourless gas (¸NH¶d´) with a sharp
smell, used in refrigeration and for the manufacture of explosives and
fertilizers; solution of this gas in water. ¸am®mo®ni®ated ²/EÚmE8nIeItId/ ³adj
´combined with @.¼
¨am®mon®ite© ²/ÚamEnñIt/ ³n ´coiled shell of an extinct mollusc.¼
¨am®mu®ni®tion© ²/*amj8ÚnI2n/ ³n ¶[U] ´military stores, esp of explosives
(shells, bombs, etc) to be used against the enemy.¼
¨am®nesia© ²/amÚnizIE ³US: ²-ÚniZE/ ³n ¶[U] ´(path) partial or total loss of
memory.¼
¨am®nesty© ²/ÚamnEstI/ ³n (pl µ-ties³) ¶[C] ´general pardon, esp for offences
against the State: ³The rebels returned home under an @.¼
¨amoeba© ²/EÚmibE/ ³n (pl µ@s ´or µ@e ²/-bi/³) ´(zool) simple microscopic form
of living matter, found in water, soil and animal parasites, always changing
shape and too small to be seen except with the help of a microscope. ¸amoebic
²/EÚmibIk/ ³adj ´of, caused by, amoebae: ³amoebic dysentery.¼
¨amok© ²/EÚmok/ ³adv ´(also ¸amuck´) ·run @, ´run about wildly and act
violently.¼
¨among© ²/EÚmAG/, ±amongst ²/EÚmAGst/ ³preps ¸1 ´(showing position)
surrounded by; in the middle of: ³a village @ the hills; sitting @ her
children; hiding @ the bushes. ´(Note that the ³n ´or ³pron ´after ³among
´must be ³pl) ´Cf Switzerland is situated ³between ´France, Italy, Austria and
W Germany. ¸2 ´(also with a ³pl n ´or ³pron, ´or a collective ³n, ´to show
inclusion, association, connection): ³You are only one @ many who need help.
A@ those present were the Prime Minister, the Bishop of Barchester and Mrs
Proudie. I saw him @ the crowd. ¸3 ´(followed by a superl) one of: ³Leeds is @
the largest industrial towns in England. ¸4 ´(indicating division,
distribution, possession or joint activity to, for or by more than two
persons): ³He divided his property @ his sons. You must settle the matter @
yourselves. They had less than $10 @ them, ´all of them together had less than
$10. µ¥ between±2µ(7). ¸5 ´(after a ³prep´): ³Choose one from @ these.¼
¨amoral© ²/*eIÚmorEl ³US: ²-ÚmcrEl/ ³adj ´non-moral; not concerned
with morals.¼
¨am®or®ous© ²/ÚamErEs/ ³adj ´easily moved to love; showing love; of (esp
sexual) love: ³@ looks; an @ young man; @ poetry. ¸@®ly ³adv¼
¨amor®phous© ²/EÚmcfEs/ ³adj ´having no definite shape or form.¼
¨amor®tize© ²/EÚmctñIz ³US: ²ÚamErt-/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´(legal) end (a debt) by
setting aside money regularly for future payments. µ¥ ³sinking fund ´at
µsink±1µ(7). ¸amor®ti®za®tion ²/E*mctIÚzeI2n ³US: ²*amErtI-/ ³n¼
¨amount© ²/EÚmñ8nt/ ³vi ¶[VP3A] ·@ to, ´add up to; be equal to: ³His debts @ to
$5Ô000. What he said @ed to very little indeed, ´didn't mean much, wasn't
important. ³Riding on a bus without paying the fare @s to ´(= is the same thing
as) ³cheating the bus company. It @s to this, that«, ´It means that«. ¹ ³n ¸1
´total; whole: ³He owed me $100 but could pay only half that @, ´could only pay
$50. ¸2 ¶[C] ´quantity: ³A large @ of money is spent on tobacco every year.
³There is still quite an @ of prejudice against him. ·any @ of, ´large
quantity: ³He has any @ of money, ´is very rich. ·in large/small, etc @s,
´large/small, etc quantities at a time.¼
¨amour© ²/EÚm8E(r)/ ³n ¶[C] ´(fac) love affair: ³Don't bore us with accounts of
your @s.¼
¨amour-propre© ²/*am8E ÚproprE/ ³n ´(F) self-respect; self-esteem.¼
¨amp© ²/amp/ ³n ´(abbr) = µampere.¼
¨am®pere© ²/ÚampeE(r) ³US: ²ÚampIEr/ ³n ´unit for measuring electric current.¼
¨am®pheta®mine© ²/amÚfetEmin/ ³n ¶[C,U] ´(med) (trade name ³Benzedrine´)
(variety of) drug used medically, eÔg for slimming, and by drug addicts seeking
euphoria.¼
¨am®phib®ian© ²/amÚfIbIEn/ ³n ¸1 ´animal able to live both on land and in
water, eÔg a frog. ¸2 ´aircraft designed to take off from and alight on either
land or water. ¸3 ´flat-bottomed vehicle able to move in water and on land:
(attrib) ³@ tank.¼
¨am®phibi®ous© ²/amÚfIbIEs/ ³adj ´adapted for both land and water: ³@ vehicles,
´vehicles that can cross rivers, etc as well as move on land; ³@ operations,
´military operations in which land forces use @ vehicles when making an
invasion from the sea.¼
¨amphi®theatre© ´(US = ¸-ter´) ²/ÚamfITIEtE(r)/ ³n ¸1 ´round or
oval unroofed building with rows of seats rising behind and above each other
round an open space used for public games and amusements. ¸2 ´(not US) rows of
seats similarly arranged in a half-circle in a theatre. ¸3 ³(natural @) ´level
space with hills rising on all sides.¼
¨am®phora© ²/ÚamfErE/ ³n (pl µ@s ´or µ@e ²/-ri/³) ´two-handled jar, used in
ancient Greece and Rome for holding wine or oil.¼
¨ample© ²/Úampl/ ³adj µ(-r, -st) ¸1 ´large-sized; with plenty of space: ³This
new car has an @ boot. There's @ room for the children on the back seat. ¸2
´plentiful: ³He has @ resources, ´is wealthy. ¸3 ´sufficient; quite enough:
³$5 will be @ for my needs. ¸am®ply ²/ÚamplI/ ³adv´: ³amply supplied with
money, ´having more than is needed; ³amply rewarded, ´well rewarded.¼
¨am®plify© ²/ÚamplIfñI/ ³vt (pt,pp µ-fied³) ¶[VP6A] ¸1 ´make larger or fuller,
esp give fuller information, more details, etc, about: ³@ a story/an account.
¸2 ´increase the strength of (voltage or current, etc). ¸am®pli®fi®ca®tion
²/*amplIfIÚkeI2n/ ³n ¸am®pli®fier ²/ÚamplIfñIE(r)/ ³n ´appliance for @ing.¼
¨am®pli®tude© ²/ÚamplItjud ³US: ²-tud/ ³n ¶[U] ´(formal) breadth; largeness;
abundance.¼
¨am®poule© ´(US also ¸am®pule´) ²/Úampul/ ³n ´small container, esp for a
hypodermic injection.¼
¨am®pu®tate© ²/Úampj8teIt/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´cut off, eÔg an arm, a leg, by surgery.
¸am®pu®ta®tion ²/*ampj8ÚteI2n/ ³n¼
¨amuck© ²/EÚmAk/ ³adv µ¥ amok.¼
¨amu®let© ²/Úamj8lIt/ ³n ´sth worn in the belief or hope that it will protect
the wearer (³against ´evil, etc).¼
¨amuse© ²/EÚmjuz/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ¸1 ´make time pass pleasantly for: ³The boys @d
themselves (by) drawing caricatures of their teacher. Keep the baby @d with
these toys. ¸2 ´make (sb) laugh or smile: ³His foolish mistakes @d all of us.
The children were @d at/by the storyteller's jokes. We were @d to learn that«.
¸amus®ing ³part adj ´causing laughter or smiles: ³an amusing story/storyteller.
¸@®ment ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´state of being @d: ³She couldn't hide her @ment at his
foolish mistake. To the great @ment of everybody, the actor's beard fell off.
He looked at me in @ment. ¸2 ¶[C] ´sth that makes time pass pleasantly: ³There
are plenty of @ments hereÅcinemas, theatres concerts, football matches, and so
on. ¸Ú@ment arcade, ´room or hall containing pin-tables, gambling machines,
etc, esp in large towns, seaside resorts, etc. ¸Ú@ment park/grounds, ´place
with swings, roundabouts, shooting galleries, and other means of amusing
oneself. ·places of @ment, ´cinemas, theatres, etc. ·do sth for @ment, ´do it
as a means of passing time pleasantly, not for a serious purpose.¼
¨an©1 ²/En ³strong form: ²an/ ³indef art µ¥ a±2µ.¼
¨an©2 ²/an/ ³conj ´(old use) if.¼
¨anach®ron®ism© ²/EÚnakrEnIzEm/ ³n ¶[C] ¸1 ´mistake in dating sth; sth out of
date now or in a description of past events: ³In the sentence "Julius Caesar
looked at his wrist-watch and lifted the telephone receiver' there are two @s.
¸2 ´person, custom, attitude, etc regarded (unfavourably) as out of date: ³Most
young people in Britain regard Tory politicians who shoot grouse in Scotland as
dreadful @s. ¸anach®ron®is®tic ²/E*nakrEÚnIstIk/ ³adj¼
¨ana®conda© ²/*anEÚkondE/ ³n ´large snake of tropical S America, esp the kind
that crushes its prey.¼
¨anae®mia© ´(US = ¸ane®mia´) ²/EÚnimIE/ ³n ¶[U] ´lack of enough blood; poor
condition of the blood, causing paleness. ¸anaemic ´(US = ¸anemic´) ²/EÚnimIk/
³adj ´suffering from @.¼
¨an®aes®thesia© ´(US = ¸an®es®thesia´) ²/*anIsÚTizIE ³US: ²-ÚTiZE/ ³n ¶[U]
´state of being unable to feel (pain, heat, cold, etc); branch of chemistry
concerned with substances producing this state. ¸an®aes®thetic ´(US =
¸an®es®thetic´) ²/*anIsÚTetIk/ ³n ¶[C] ´substance (eÔg ether, chloroform),
technique, that produces @: ³under an anaesthetic. ¸general anaesthetic, ´one
affecting the whole body, usu administered in hospital. ¸local anaesthetic,
´one administered by injection and affecting only part of the body, eÔg into
the gums by a dentist. ¸an®aes®the®tize ´(US = ¸an®es®the®tize´) ²/EÚnisTEtñIz/
³vt ¶[VP6A] ´make insensible to pain, etc. ¸an®aes®the®tist ´(US =
¸an®es®the®tist´) ²/EÚnisTEtIst/ ³n ´person trained to administer
anaesthetics.¼
¨ana®gram© ²/ÚanEgram/ ³n ´word made by changing the order of the letters in
another word (eÔg plumÅlump): ³Let's play @s, ´make words of this kind.¼
¨anal© ²/ÚeInl/ ³adj ´(anat) of the anus.¼
¨ana®lects© ²/ÚanElekts/, ±ana®lecta ²/*anEÚlektE/ ³n pl ´collection of
pieces of literature: ³Confucian @.¼
¨an®al®gesia© ²/*analÚdZizIE ³US: ²-ZE/ ³n ¶[U] ´(med) absence of, condition of
not feeling, pain. ¸an®al®gesic ²/*analÚdZisIk/ ³n ´substance, eÔg an ointment,
which relieves pain.¼
¨anal®og®ous© ²/EÚnalEgEs/ ³adj ·@ (with), ´similar or parallel (to): ³The two
processes are not @ (with each other). ¸@®ly ³adv¼
¨ana®logue© ´(also ¸-log´) ²/ÚanElog ³US: ²-lcg/ ³n ¸1 ´sth that is similar to
another thing: ³meat @, ´artificial prepared substitute for meat (usu of soya
beans). ¸2 ¸Ú@ computer ³n ´one which can perform operations on numbers, the
numbers being represented by some physical quantity or electrical signal. µ¥
³digital computer ´at µdigit.¼
¨anal®ogy© ²/EÚnalEdZI/ ³n (pl µ-gies³) ¸1 ¶[C] ´partial likeness or agreement.
·draw an @ between, ´describe the similarities: ³The teacher drew an @ between
the human heart and a pump. ¸2 ¶[U] ·by/from @; on the @ of, ´by a process of
reasoning between parallel cases: ³argue by @; argument by/from @.¼
¨ana®lyse© ´(US = ¸-lyze´) ²/ÚanElñIz/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ¸1 ´examine (sth) in order
to learn what it is made up of: ³If we @ water, we find that it is made up of
two parts of hydrogen and one part of oxygen. ¸2 ´(gram) split up (a sentence)
into its grammatical parts. ¸3 ´study or examine in order to learn about: ³The
leader tried to @ the causes of our failure. ¸4 ´= µpsycho@.¼
¨analy®sis© ²/EÚnalEsIs/ ³n (pl µ-yses ²/-Esiz/³) ¸1 ¶[U] ´(eÔg of
a book, a character, a situation) separation into parts possibly with comment
and judgement: ³critical @ of literary texts; expert @ of market trends, ´iÔe
of how prices, sales, etc are likely to go; ¶[C] ´instance of this; statement
of the result of doing this. µ¥ synthesis. ¸2 ´= µpsycho@. ¸ana®lytic
²/*anEÚlItIk/, ¸-i®cal ²/-kl/ ³adj ´of @; using @. ¸ana®lyti®cally ²/klI/ ³adv¼
¨ana®lyst© ²/ÚanElIst/ ³n ¸1 ´person skilled in making (esp chemical) analyses:
³a food @. ¸2 ´= µpsycho@.¼
¨ana®lyze© µ¥ analyse.¼
¨ana®paest© ´(US = ¸-pest´) ²/ÚanEpist ³US: ²-pest/ ³n ´(of verse rhythm) foot
consisting of two unaccented syllables followed by one accented syllable,
(²@Ô@Ô´Å) as in eÔg "I am ²Ú´mon/arch of ²Ú´all/I sur²Ú´vey'. ¸ana®paes®tic,
´(US = ¸-pestic´) ²/*anEÚpistIk ³US: ²-Úpest-/ ³adj¼
¨an®archy© ²/ÚanEkI/ ³n ¶[U] ´absence of government or control; disorder;
confusion. ¸an®arch®ism ²/-IzEm/ ³n ¶[U] ´political theory that government and
laws are undesirable. ¸an®arch®ist ²/-Ist/ ³n ´person who favours @; person
who wishes to overthrow all established governments. ¸an®archic ²/EÚnqkIk/
³adj ¸an®archi®cally ²/-klI/ ³adv¼
¨anath®ema© ²/EÚnaTEmE/ ³n ¸1 ´(eccles) formal declaration of the Church,
excommunicating sb or condemning sth as evil. ¸2 ´sth that is detested. ¸@®tize
²/EÚnaTEmEtñIz/ ³vt,vi ´curse.¼
¨anat®omy© ²/EÚnatEmI/ ³n ¶[U] ´science of the structure of animal bodies;
study of their structures by separation into parts. ¸ana®tomi®cal
²/*anEÚtomIkl/ ³adj ¸anat®om®ist ²/-Ist/ ³n ´person who dissects corpses;
person who studies or teaches @.¼
¨an®ces®tor© ²/ÚansestE(r)/ ³n ´any one of those persons from whom one is
descended, esp one more remote than a grandparent. ¸@ worship, ´the
worship of one's @s as spirits or gods. ¸an®ces®tress ²/-trIs/ ³n ´woman @.
¸an®ces®tral ²/anÚsestrEl/ ³adj ´belonging to, having come from, one's @s: ³his
ancestral home. ¸an®ces®try ²/ÚansestrI/ ³n (pl µ-ries³) ´line of @s.¼
¨an®chor© ²/ÚaGkE(r)/ ³n ´heavy piece of iron with a ring at one end, to which
a cable is fastened, used for keeping a ship fast to the sea bottom or a
balloon to the ground; anything that gives stability or security. ·let
go/drop/cast the @, ´lower it. ·weigh @, ´raise it. ·come to @; bring (a ship)
to @, ´stop sailing and lower the @. ·lie/ride/be at @, ´be made fast and held
safe by the @. ¸@®man ²/-mEn/, ´one who co-ordinates the work of a group of
persons who work together, eÔg in a radio or TÔV studio. ¹ ³vt,vi ¶[VP6A]
´make (a ship) secure with an @; ¶[VP2A] ´lower an @. ¸@®age ²/-rIdZ/ ³n
´place where ships may @ safely.¼
¨an®chor®ite© ²/ÚaGkErñIt/ ³n ´hermit.¼
¨an®chovy© ²/Úant2EvI/ ³n (pl µ-vies³) ´small fish of the herring family; it
has a strong flavour and is used for sauces, etc: (attrib) ³@ paste/sauce.¼
¨ancient© ²/ÚeIn2Ent/ ³adj ¸1 ´belonging to times long past: ³@ Rome and
Greece; the @s, ´the civilized people who lived long ago. ¸2 ´(often hum) very
old: ³an @-looking hat.¼
¨an®cil®lary© ²/anÚsIlErI ³US: ²ÚansElerI/ ³adj ¸1 ´helping,
providing a service to those carrying on the main business of an enterprise:
³The transport corps is @ to the infantry. ¸2 ´subordinate ³(to)´: ³@
roads/undertakings/industries.¼
¨and© ²/³usu forms: ²En, End´; ³(after ²t,d,f,v,T,D,s,z,2,Z³) often ²n³;
³strong form: ²and/ ³conj ¸1 ´(connecting words, clauses, sentences): ³a table
and four chairs; learning to read and write. ´(When two ³nn ´stand for things
or persons closely connected, the determining word is not repeated before the
second ³n´): ³a knife and fork. ´Cf a knife and a spoon; ³my father and mother.
´Cf my father and my uncle. ¸2 ´(Note ³twenty-five ´but ³five and twenty,
´sometimes used in telling the time): ³five and twenty to six. ¸3 ´(In
constructions replacing an ³if-´clause): ³Work hard and you will pass ´(= If
you work hard, you will pass) ³the examination. ¸4 ´(indicating intensive
repetition or continuation): ³for hours and hours; for miles and miles; better
and better. We knocked and knocked, ´continued to knock. ¸5 ´(colloq) to: ³Try
and come early. Go and buy one.¼
¨an®dante© ²/anÚdantI/ ³n, adj, adv ´(I; music) (piece of music to be played)
in moderately slow time.¼
¨and®iron© ²/ÚandñIEn/ ³n ´iron support (usu one of a pair) for holding logs in
a fireplace. Also called ³firedog.¼
¨an®ec®dote© ²/ÚanIkdE8t/ ³n ´short, usu amusing, story about some real person
or event.¼
¨ane®mia©, ane®mic µ¥ anaemia, anaemic.¼
¨anem®om®eter© ²/*anIÚmomItE(r)/ ³n ¶[C] ´(met) instrument for measuring the
force and velocity of the wind.¼
¨anem®one© ²/EÚnemEnI/ ³n ¸1 ´(bot) (also called ³wind-flower´) small
star-shaped woodland flower; cultivated varieties of this flower. ¸2 ¸Úsea @,
´popular name of a creature living in the sea, having a tube-like body with
tentacles.¼
¨anent© ²/EÚnent/ ³prep ´(old use, or Scot) concerning; about.¼
¨an®er®oid© ²/ÚanErãId/ ³adj, n ¸@ (barometer), ´one that measures air-pressure
by the action of air on the elastic lid of a box partly exhausted of air.¼
¨an®es®thesia© ³n µ¥ anaesthesia.¼
¨anew© ²/EÚnju ³US: ²EÚnu/ ³adv ´again; in a new or different way.¼
¨angel© ²/ÚeIndZl/ ³n ¸1 ´(esp in Christian belief) messenger from God (usu
shown in pictures as a human being in white with wings). ¸2 ´lovely or innocent
person. ¸3 ´(as a compliment to sb who is kind, thoughtful, etc): ³Thanks,
you're an @! ¸@ic ²/anÚdZelIk/ ³adj ´of or like an @. ¸@i®cally ²/-klI/ ³adv¼
¨an®gelica© ²/anÚdZelIkE/ ³n ¶[U] ´sweet-smelling plant, esp the kind used in
cooking and medicine; its stem, boiled in sugar.¼
¨an®gelus© ²/ÚandZIlEs/ ³n ´(also ¸A@´) (bell rung in RÔC churches at morning,
noon and sunset to call people to recite) prayer to the Virgin Mary.¼
¨anger© ²/ÚaGgE(r)/ ³n ¶[U] ´the strong feeling that comes when one has been
wronged or insulted, or when one sees cruelty or injustice; the feeling that
makes people want to quarrel or fight: ³filled with @ at what he saw; speak in
@; do sth in a moment of @. ´¹ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´fill (sb) with @; make angry: ³He
is easily @ed.¼
¨an®gina pec®toris© ²/an*dZñInE ÚpektErIs/ ³n ´(Lat) (path) heart disease
marked by sharp pain in the chest.¼
¨angle©1 ²/ÚaGgl/ ³n ¸1 ´space between two lines or surfaces that meet.
¸Ú@-dozer ³n ´mechanical scraper used for levelling roads or ground surfaces.
µ¥ bulldozer. ¸Ú@-iron ³n µL´-shaped length of iron or steel used to strengthen
a framework. ¸Ú@-park ³vt,vi ´park a vehicle at an angle to the side of the
roadway, etc: ³cars @-parked as close as herring-bones. ¸2 ´(fig) point of
view: ³Try looking at the affair from a different @. What @ are you writing the
story from? ´¹ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ³@ the news, ´present it to the public in a
particular way (usu to suit the bias of the writer or his employer).¼
¨angle©2 ²/ÚaGgl/ ³vi ¶[VP2A,3A] ¸1 ´fish (for trout, etc) with a rod, line,
hook and bait. ¸2 ·@ for, ´(fig) use tricks, hints, etc in order to get sth: ³@
for compliments; @ for an invitation to a party. ¸ang®ler ²/ÚagglE(r)/ ³n
´person who @s. Cf ³fisherman ´using nets, etc. ¸ang®ling ³n ¶[U] ´(art, sport
of) fishing with a rod.¼
¨Ang®li®can© ²/ÚaGglIkEn/ ³n, adj ´(member) of the Church of England.¼
¨ang®li®cize© ²/ÚaGglIsñIz/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´make English or like English: ³@ a
French word. ¸ang®li®cism ²/ÚaGglIsIzEm/ ³n ´English way of saying sth.¼
¨Anglo-© ²/*aGglE8/ ³pref ´English: ³@-French relations, ´between GB and
France. ¸*@-ÚCatholic ³n, adj ´(member) of the party in the Anglican Church
that insists upon its unbroken connection with the early Christian Church and
that objects to being called Protestant. ¸*@-ÚIndian ³n, adj ¸(a) ´(person) of
British birth, living or having lived, in India. ¸(b) ´(person) of mixed
British and Indian blood; Eurasian. ¸*@-ÚSaxon ³n, adj ´(person) of English
descent; one of the group of people who settled in England (from NÔW Europe)
before the Norman Conquest; their language (also called ³Old English´).¼
¨Anglo®mania© ²/*aGglE8ÚmeInIE/ ³n ´excessive love of and admiration for
English customs, etc.¼
¨Anglo®phile© ²/ÚaGglE8fñIl/, ±Anglo®phil ²/ÚaGglE8fIl/ ³n ´person who loves
England or English things.¼
¨Anglo®phobe© ²/ÚaGglE8fE8b/ ³n ´person who hates or fears England or English
things.¼
¨Anglo®pho®bia© ²/*aGñlE8ÚfE8bIE/ ³n ´excessive hatred or fear of England and
of English things.¼
¨an®gora© ²/aGÚgcrE/ ³n ¸1 ¶[C] ´long-haired cat, goat or rabbit. ¸2 ¶[U]
´material made from wool of @ goats.¼
¨an®gos®tura© ²/*aGgEÚstj8ErE/ ³n ¶[U] ´bitter liquid, used as a
tonic, made from the bark of a S American tree.¼
¨angry© ²/ÚaGgrI/ ³adj µ(-ier, -iest) ¸1 ´filled with anger ³(with ´sb, ³at
´what sb does or says, ³about ´sth): ³He was @ at being kept waiting. He was @
with himself for having made such a foolish mistake. He will be @ to learn ´(=
when he learns) ³that you have disobeyed his orders. ¸2 ´(of a cut, sore,
wound) red; inflamed. ¸3 ´(of the sea, sky, clouds) stormy; threatening.
¸ang®ri®ly ²/-ElI/ ³adv¼
¨angst© ²/aGst/ ³n ¶[U] ´(G) feeling of anxiety (eÔg caused by considering the
state of world affairs).¼
¨an®guish© ²/ÚaGgwI2/ ³n ¶[U] ´severe suffering (esp of mind): ³She was in @
until she knew that her husband's life had been saved. ¸@ed ³adj ´expressing
@: ³@ed looks.¼
¨angu®lar© ²/ÚaGgj8lE(r)/ ³adj ¸1 ´having angles or sharp corners. ¸2 ´(of
persons) with the shape of the bones showing under the skin; (of a person's
nature, etc) rather stiff and awkward: ³an @ gait. ¸@®ity ²/*aGgj8ÚlarEtI/ ³n
(pl µ-ties³).¼
¨ani®line© ²/ÚanIlin ³US: ²ÚanElIn/ ³n ´substance obtained chemically from
coal-tar, used in the manufacture of dyes, drugs, etc.¼
¨ani®mad®vert© ²/*anImadÚv3t/ ³vi ¶[VP3A] ·@ (on), ´(formal) make (esp
critical) remarks (about sb's conduct). ¸ani®mad®version ²/*anImadÚv32n ³US:
²-Zn/ ³n ´criticism.¼
¨ani®mal© ²/ÚanIml/ ³n ¸1 ´living thing that can feel and move about. Men,
dogs, birds, flies, fish and snakes are all @s. ¸the Ú@ kingdom, ´one of three
divisions (the others being ³vegetable ´and ³mineral). µ¥ ´the illus at µape,
bird, cat, dog, domestic, fish, insect, large, reptile, sea, small. ¸2
´four-footed @ (eÔg a dog or a horse): ³@ husbandry, ´the breeding of cattle,
sheep, horses, etc. ¸3 ´@ other than man. ¸4 ´(used attrib) of the physical,
not spiritual, side of man: ³@ needs, ´eÔg food; ³@ desires. ·@ spirits,
´natural lightheartedness. ¸@®cule ²/*anIÚmalkjul/ ³n ´microscopically small
@.¼
¨ani®mate© ²/ÚanImEt/ ³adj ´living; lively. ¹ ³vt ²/ÚanImeIt/ ³v ¶[VP6A,14]
·@ sb/sth (to/with sth), ´give life to; make lively; inspire: ³A
smile @d her face. There was an @d discussion. The news @d us to
greater efforts/with greater enthusiasm. All his life this great
man was @d by a passion for truth and justice. ¸*@d carÚtoon ³n
´cinema film made by photographing a series of drawings. ¸ani®ma®tion
²/*anIÚmeI2n/ ³n ¶[U] ´(esp) liveliness; ardour.¼
¨ani®mism© ²/ÚanImIzEm/ ³n ¶[U] ´belief that all objects (trees, stones, the
wind, etc) have souls.¼
¨ani®mos®ity© ²/*anIÚmosEtI/ ³n ¶[U] ·@ (against/towards/between), ´strong
dislike, active enmity; ¶[C] ³(pl µ-ties³) ´instance of this.¼
¨ani®mus© ²/ÚanImEs/ ³n ¶[U] ´animosity; (with ³indef art´) ´instance of this:
³an @ against me.¼
¨an®ise© ²/ÚanIs/ ³n ´plant with sweet-smelling seeds. ¸ani®seed ²/ÚanIsid/ ³n
¶[U] ´seed of @, used for flavouring.¼
¨ankle© ²/ÚaGkl/ ³n ´joint connecting the foot with the leg; thin part of the
leg between this joint and the calf. µ¥ ´the illus at µleg. ¸Ú@ socks, ´short
ones just covering the @s. ¸ank®let ²/ÚaGklIt/ ³n ´ornament for the @.¼
¨anna© ²/ÚanE/ ³n ´former copper coin in Pakistan and in India, a
sixteenth part of a rupee.¼
¨an®nals© ²/Úanlz/ ³n pl ´story of events year by year; record of new knowledge
or discoveries written year by year; yearly record of the work of a learned
society. ¸an®nal®ist ²/ÚanElIst/ ³n ´writer of @.¼
¨an®neal© ²/EÚnil/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´cool (metals, glass, etc) very slowly after
heating, in order to toughen and temper.¼
¨an®nex©1 ²/EÚneks/ ³vt ¶[VP6A,14] ¸1 ´take possession of (territory, etc). ¸2
·@ (to), ´add or join (sth) (as an extra part ³to ´sth). ¸@®ation
²/*anekÚseI2n/ ³n ¶[U] ´@ing; ¶[U] ´instance of this, that which is @ed.¼
¨an®nex©2 ²/ÚanEks/ ´(also ¸an®nexe´) ³n ¶[C] ¸1 ´smaller building added to, or
situated near, a larger one: ³an @ to a hotel. ¸2 ´addition ³(to ´a document).¼
¨an®ni®hi®late© ²/EÚnñIEleIt/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´destroy completely; end the
existence of (eÔg ´an army, a fleet): ³The invasion force was @d. ´(fig) ³Radio
communication has @d space. ¸an®ni®hi®la®tion ²/E*nñIEÚleI2n/ ³n ¶[U] ´complete
destruction (of military or naval forces, etc).¼
¨an®ni®ver®sary© ²/*anIÚv3sErI/ ³n ¶[C] ³(pl µ-ries³) ´yearly return of the
date of an event; celebration of this: ³my wedding @; the @ of Shakespeare's
birth; an @ dinner, ´one held to celebrate an @.¼
¨Anno Domini© ²/*anE8 ÚdomInñI/ ³x ´(Lat) (abbr ¸AÔD ²/*eI Údi/´) in the year
of our Lord: ³in ¶AÔD ³250, ´250 years after the birth of Jesus. µ¥ ³before
Christ ´(¶BC´) at µbefore±3µ; ¥ ¶BC ´in µApp 2.¼
¨an®no®tate© ²/ÚanEteIt/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´add notes (to a book, etc) explaining
difficulties, giving opinions, etc: ³an @d text/version. ¸an®no®ta®tion
²/*anEÚteI2n/ ³n ¶[U] ´annotating; ¶[C] ´note or comment.¼
¨an®nounce© ²/EÚnñ8ns/ ³vt ¶[VP6A,9,14] ¸1 ´make known: ³Mr Green @d (to his
friends) his engagement to Miss White. It has been @d that Mr Green and Miss
White will be married in May. The book was @d as in preparation. The Government
@d that the danger was past. ¸2 ´make known the arrival of: ³The secretary @d
Mr and Mrs Brown, ´spoke their names as they entered. ¸3 ´say that sb is about
to speak, sing, etc (eÔg in a TÔV programme). ¸@®ment ³n ¶[C] ´sth said,
written, or printed to make known what has happened or (more often) what will
happen: ³a broadcast @ment. An @ment will be made next week. A@ments of deaths,
marriages and births appear in the newspapers. ¸an®noun®cer ³n ´(esp) person
who @s speakers, singers, etc in a radio or TÔV broadcast.¼
¨an®noy© ²/EÚnãI/ ³vt ¶[VP6A ´esp in passive¶] ·be @ed with sb/at
sth/about sth, ´irritate; make rather angry: ³He was @ed with his wife because
the dinner was badly cooked. I felt @ed when
he refused to help. Do stop @ing your father! He was @ed to learn that the
train would be delayed. He felt/got/was @ed with the boy for being so
stupid/was @ed at the boy's stupidity. ¸@®ing ³part adj´: ³It's @ing to miss a
train. How @ing! The @ing thing about it is that«, ´What causes trouble or
irritation is that«. ¸@®ance ²/-Ens/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´vexation; being @ed: ³with a
look of @ance; much to our @ance; subject a person to @ance, ´worry him. ¸2
¶[C] ´sth that @s: ³All these little @ances did not spoil her sweet temper.¼
¨an®nual© ²/Úanj8El/ ³adj ¸1 ´coming or happening every year. ¸2
´lasting for only one year or season. ¸3 ´of one year: ³his @ income; the @
production. ´¹ ³n ¸1 ´plant that lives for one year or season. ¸*hardy Ú@,
´(joc) event, etc which often recurs (and is considered tiresome or
monotonous). ¸2 ´book, etc that appears under the same title but with new
contents every year. ¸@®ly ³adv¼
¨an®nu®ity© ²/EÚnjuEtI ³US: ²-Únu-/ ³n ¶[C] ³(pl µ-ties³) ´fixed sum of money
paid to sb yearly as income during his lifetime; form of insurance to provide
such a regular, annual income. ¸an®nui®tant ²/EÚnjuItEnt ³US: ²-Únu-/ ³n
´person who receives an @.¼
¨an®nul© ²/EÚnAl/ ³vt µ(-ll-) ¶[VP6A] ´put an end to, eÔg an agreement, a law,
etc; declare (that sth, eÔg a marriage, is) invalid, of no effect. ¸@®ment ³n¼
¨an®nu®lar© ²/Úanj8lE(r)/ ³adj ´(rare) ring-like.¼
¨an®nun®ci®ate© ²/EÚnAnsIeIt/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´(formal) announce; proclaim.¼
¨an®nun®ci®ation© ²/E*nAnsIÚeI2n/ ³n ¸the A@, ´(eccles) the announcement by
the angel Gabriel to Mary that she was to be the mother of Jesus Christ;
festival that commemorates this, 25 Mar.¼
¨an®ode© ²/ÚanE8d/ ³n ´(electr) (US also called ³plate) ¸1 ´positively charged
electrode (from which current enters). µ¥ cathode. ¸2 ´negative terminal of a
battery.¼
¨ano®dyne© ²/ÚanEdñIn/ ³n, adj ´(medicine, drug) able to lessen pain; (sth)
able to give comfort to the mind.¼
¨anoint© ²/EÚnãInt/ ³vt ¶[VP6A,23,14] ´apply oil or ointment to (esp as a
religious ceremony): ³@ sb with oil. The Lord @ed thee King over Israel ´(µ¥ ²¥
´Sam 15:17). ¸@®ment ³n¼
¨anom®al®ous© ²/EÚnomElEs/ ³adj ´irregular; different in some way from what is
normal. ¸@ verb, ´verb that forms its interr and neg without the helping verb
³do ´(eÔg ³must, ought´). ¸@®ly ³adv ¸anom®aly ²/EÚnomElI/ ³n (pl µ-lies³) ´@
thing: ³A bird that cannot fly is an anomaly.¼
¨anon©1 ²/EÚnon/ ³adv ´(old use) soon. ·ever and @, ´every now and then.¼
¨anon©2 ²/EÚnon/ ³x ´(in footnotes, etc) short for ³by an anonymous author.¼
¨ano®nym®ity© ²/*anEÚnImEtI/ ³n ¶[U] ´state of being anonymous.¼
¨anony®mous© ²/EÚnonImEs/ ³adj ´without a name, or with a name that is not
made known: ³an @ letter, ´not signed; ³an @ gift, ´from sb whose name is not
known; ³an author who remains @. ¸@®ly ³adv¼
¨anoph®eles© ²/EÚnofIliz/ ³n ´=(zool) (kinds of) mosquito, esp the kinds that
spread malaria. µ¥ ´the illus at µinsect.¼
¨an®or®ak© ²/ÚanErak/ ³n ¶[C] ´jacket with a hood attached, worn as protection
against rain, wind and cold; wind-cheater.¼
¨an®other© ²/EÚnADE(r)/ ³pron, adj µ¥ other. ¸1 ´an additional
(one): ³Will you have @ cup of tea? Where shall we be in @ ten years, ´ten
years from now? ³I don't like this hat; please show me @ (one). ¸2 ´a similar
(one): ³This young man is very clever; he may be @ Edison, ´an inventor as
clever as Edison. ¸3 ´a different (one): ³We can do that @ time. That's quite
@ matter. Taking one thing/year, etc with @, ´on the whole, taking the average
(of good and bad, etc). ·one @, µ¥ one±3µ(3).¼
¨answer©1 ²/ÚqnsE(r) ³US: ²Úan-/ ³n ·@ (to), ¸1 ´sth done in return; reply:
³Have you had an @ to your letter? She gave no @, ´said nothing in return. ³I
have a complete @ to the accusation, ´can prove that it was wrongly made. ·in
@ (to), ´as a reply (to): ³in @ to your letter. The doctor came at once in @ to
my telephone call. ¸2 ´solution; result of working with figures, etc: ³The @ to
´3 Ø 17 ³is ´51. ·have/know all the @s, ´know, or believe one knows, a great
deal about sth.¼
¨answer©2 ²/ÚqnsE(r) ³US: ²Úan-/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A,9,12A,2A] ´say, write or do,
sth in return (to): ³@ a question; @ the teacher. He @ed nothing. What shall I
@? Have you @ed his letter? He @ed that he knew nothing about it. No one @ed.
No one was able to @ him a word ´(µ¥ ´Matt 22:48). ³A@ me this question. ·@ the
door/the bell, ´go to the door when sb has knocked or rung the bell. ·@ the
telephone, ´pick up the receiver and @ the caller. ¶[VP2C,15B] ·@ (sb) back, ´@
impolitely, interrupt, esp when being corrected or scolded. ¸2 ¶[VP6A] ´fulfil;
be suitable or satisfactory for: ³Will this @ your purpose? ¸3 ¶[VP2A]
´succeed; be satisfactory: ³This plan has not @ed; we must find a better one.
¸4 ¶[VP3A] ·@ to the name of, ´(of a pet animal) have the name of: ³The dog @s
to the name of Spot. ·@ to a description, ´correspond to it, be as described:
³He doesn't @ to the description of the missing man that appeared in the
newspapers. ¸5 ¶[VP6A,3A] ·@ (to) the helm, ´(of a ship) change course when the
helm is moved: ³The ship no longer @s the helm, ´cannot be steered. ¸6 ¶[VP3A]
·@ for, ´be responsible for: ³I can't @ for his honesty, ´cannot guarantee that
he is honest. ³I will @ for it ´(= promise) ³that the next one will be better.
You will have to @ for ´(= suffer for) ³your wrongdoing one day. He has a lot
to @ for, ´is responsible for, to be blamed for, many things. ¸@®able ²/-Ebl/
³adj ¸1 ´that can be @ed. ¸2 ´(³pred ´only) responsible (³to ´sb ³for ´sth).¼
¨ant© ²/ant/ ³n ´small insect, proverbial for industry, that lives in highly
organized societies. µ¥ ´the illus at µinsect. ¸Úant-eater ³n ´name of various
animals that live on ants. ¸Úant-hill ³n ´pile of earth, etc, over an
underground nest of ants; cone-shaped nest of white ants. ¸*white Úant ³n
´white ant-like insect (termite) that destroys wood, etc by eating it.¼
¨an®tag®on®ism© ²/anÚtagEnIzEm/ ³n ¶[C,U] ´(instance of) active opposition:
³the @ between the two men; feel a strong @ for/toward sb, ´find oneself
strongly opposed to him.¼
¨an®tag®on®ist© ²/anÚtagEnIst/ ³n ´person struggling against another;
opponent.¼
¨an®tag®on®is®tic© ²/an*tagEÚnIstIk/ ³adj ·@ (to), ¸1 ´hostile; opposed;
contrary. ¸2 ´(of forces) acting against each other. ¸an®tag®on®is®ti®cally
²/-klI/ ³adv¼
¨an®tag®on®ize© ²/*anÚtagEnñIz/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´make an enemy of (sb); irritate
into conflict: ³I advise you not to @ him.¼
¨ant®arc®tic© ²/anÚtqktIk/ ³adj ´of the south polar regions. ¸the
*A@ ÚCircle, ´the line of latitude 66§ÄS.¼
¨ante©1 ²/ÚantI/ ³n ´stake in the game of poker that a player must put down
after looking at his cards or before ´he can draw new cards. ·raise the @,
´increase one's stake (or contribution to sth).¼
¨ante©2 ²/ÚantI/ ³pref ´before: ³@nuptial, ´before marriage.¼
¨ante®ced®ent© ²/*antIÚsidnt/ ³adj ·@ (to), ´(formal) previous (to). ´¹ ³n ¸1
´preceding event or circumstance. ¸2 ³(pl) ´ancestors; past history of a person
or persons. ¸3 ´(gram) noun, clause or sentence, to which a following pronoun
or adverb refers. ¸ante®ced®ence ²/-ns/ ³n ´priority.¼
¨ante®cham®ber© ²/ÚantIt2eImbE(r)/ ³n ´room leading into a large room or hall.¼
¨ante®date© ²/*antIÚdeIt/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ¸1 ´put a date on, eÔg a letter,
document, etc, earlier than the true one; give an earlier date than the true
one to (an event). ¸2 ´come before in time: ³This event @s the arrival of
Columbus by several centuries.¼
¨ante®di®luvian© ²/*antIdIÚluvIEn/ ³adj ´of, suitable for, the time before the
Flood, (Genesis); old-fashioned; out of date. ¹ ³n ´old-fashioned person.¼
¨ante®lope© ²/ÚantIlE8p/ ³n ´deer-like, fast-running animal with thin legs. µ¥
´the illus at µlarge.¼
¨ante mer®id®iem© ²/*antI mEÚrIdIEm/ ³adv ´(Lat) (abbr ¸aÔm´) time between
midnight and noon: ³7.30aÔm. µ¥ ³pÔm ´at µpost meridiem; ¥ App ´(6).¼
¨ante®na®tal© ²/*antIÚneItl/ ³adj ´existing or occurring before birth;
pre-natal: ³@ clinics, ´for pregnant women.¼
¨an®tenna© ²/anÚtenE/ ³n (pl µ@e ²/-ni/³) ¸1 ´jointed organ found in pairs on
the heads of insects and crustaceans, used for feeling, etc. µ¥ ´the illus at
µinsect. ¸2 ³(pl ´also µ@s³) ´(esp US) (kind of) radio or TÔV aerial.¼
¨ante®nup®tial© ²/*antIÚnAp2l/ ³adj ´before marriage: ³an @ contract.¼
¨ante®pen®ul®ti®mate© ²/*antIpIÚnAltImEt/ ³adj ´last but two: ³the
@ syllable.¼
¨an®ter®ior© ²/anÚtIErIE(r)/ ³adj ´(formal) coming before (in time or
position).¼
¨ante®room© ²/ÚantIr8m ³US: ²-rum/ ³n ´antechamber; waiting-room.¼
¨an®them© ²/ÚanTEm/ ³n ´musical composition, usu for choir and organ, to be
sung in churches. ¸*national Ú@, ´song or hymn of a country, eÔg "God Save the
Queen'.¼
¨an®ther© ²/ÚanTE(r)/ ³n ´(bot) part of the stamen containing pollen. µ¥ ´the
illus at µflower.¼
¨an®thol®ogy© ²/*anÚTolEdZI/ ³n ¶[C] ³(pl µ-gies³) ´collection of poems or
pieces of prose, or of both, by different writers, or a selection from the
work of one writer.¼
¨an®thra®cite© ²/ÚanTrEsñIt/ ³n ¶[U] ´very hard form of coal that burns with
little smoke or flame.¼
¨an®thrax© ²/ÚanTraks/ ³n ¶[U] ´infectious, often fatal, disease of sheep and
cattle that may be transmitted to human beings.¼
¨an®thro®poid© ²/ÚanTrEpãId/ ³adj ´man-like. ¹ ³n ´@ animal, esp an ape, eÔg a
gorilla.¼
¨an®thro®pol®ogy© ²/*anTrEÚpolEdZI/ ³n ¶[U] ´science of man, esp of the
beginnings, development, customs and beliefs of mankind. ¸an®thro®pol®ogist
²/*anTrEÚpolEdZIst/ ³n ´expert in @. ¸an®thro®po®logi®cal ²/*anTrEpEÚlodZIkl/
³adj¼
¨anti-© ²/*antI ³US: ²*antñI/ ³pref ´against: ·*³@-bal·Ú³listic;
·*³@-·Ú³clerical; ·*³@-·Ú³christian, ´opposed to Christianity.¼
¨anti-air®craft© ²/*antI ÚeEkrqft ³US: ²-kraft/ ³adj ´used against enemy
aircraft: ³@ guns.¼
¨anti®biotic© ²/*antIbñIÚotIk/ ³n, adj ´(med) (substance, eÔg ³penicillin´)
´produced by moulds and bacteria, capable of destroying or preventing the
growth of bacteria.¼
¨anti®body© ²/ÚantIbodI/ ³n ¶[C] ³(pl µ-dies³) ´(physiol) (kinds of) substance
formed in the blood tending to inhibit or destroy harmful bacteria, etc.¼
¨an®tic© ²/ÚantIk/ ³n ´(usu ³pl´) ´grotesque movement, step, attitude, intended
to amuse, eÔg by a clown at a circus; queer behaviour.¼
¨an®tici®pate© ²/anÚtIsIpeIt/ ³vt ¶[VP6A,C,9] ¸1 ´do, make use of, before the
right or natural time: ³Don't @ your income, ´order goods, etc before you
receive your income. ¸2 ´do sth before sb else does it: ³It is said that
Columbus discovered America, but he was probably @d by sailors from Norway who
reached Labrador 500 years earlier. ¸3 ´see what needs doing, what is likely to
happen, etc and do what is necessary: ³He tries to @ all my needs, ´satisfy
them before I mention them. ³A good general tries to @ the enemy's movements.
¸4 ´expect (which is the more usu word): ³We don't @ much trouble. The
directors @d a fall in demand/that demand would fall. ¸an®tici®pa®tory
²/an*tIsIÚpeItErI/ ³adj¼
¨an®tici®pa®tion© ²/an*tIsIÚpeI2n/ ³n ¶[C,U] ·(in) @ (of), ´action of
anticipating; sth anticipated: ³We bought an extra supply of coal in @ of a
cold winter. Thanking you in @, ´in advance and expecting you to do what I have
asked.¼
¨anti-cli®max© ²/*antI ÚklñImaks/ ³n ¶[C] ´sudden fall from sth noble, serious,
important, sensible, etc; descent that contrasts with a previous rise.¼
¨anti-clock®wise© ²/*antI ÚklokwñIz/ ³adv ´in the direction opposite to the
movements of the hands of a clock.¼
¨anti®cyc®lone© ²/*antIÚsñIklE8n/ ³n ¶[C] ´(met) area in which atmospheric
pressure is high compared with that of surrounding areas, with an outward flow
of air; the area is characterized by quiet, settled weather. µ¥ depression(4).¼
¨anti®dote© ²/ÚantIdE8t/ ³n ¶[C] ´medicine used against a poison, or to prevent
a disease from having an effect: ³an @ against/for/to snakebite.¼
¨anti®freeze© ²/ÚantIfriz/ ³n ¶[U] ´substance (usu a liquid) added to another
liquid to lower its freezing point, eÔg as used in the radiator of a motor
vehicle.¼
¨anti-hero© ²/ÚantI hIErE8/ ³n (pl µ@es ²/-rE8z/³) ´(in fiction and drama)
protagonist lacking the traditional characteristics of a hero, such as courage
and dignity.¼
¨anti®knock© ²/*antIÚnok/ ³n ¶[U] ´substance added to the fuel in a motor-car
engine to reduce noise. µ¥ knock±2µ(3).¼
¨anti®log®ar®ithm© ²/*antIÚlogErIDEm ³US: ²-Úlcg-/ ³n ´number to which a
logarithm belongs: ³1Ô000, 100 and 10 are the @s of 3, 2 and 1.¼
¨anti®ma®cas®sar© ²/*antImEÚkasE(r)/ ³n ´covering to protect the back or arm of
a chair or sofa from grease-marks.¼
¨anti®mony© ²/ÚantImEnI ³US: ²-mE8nI/ ³n ¶[U] ´easily broken silvery white
metal, (symbol ¸Sb´) used in alloys, esp metal for type±1µ(3).¼
¨an®tipa®thy© ²/anÚtIpETI/ ³n ·@ (to/towards/against) (between ³two persons·),
¶[U] ´strong and decided dislike; ¶[C] ³(pl µ-thies³) ´instance or object of
this: ³feel/show a strong/marked @ ³to a place/against sb. ¸anti®pa®thetic
²/*antIpEÚTetIk/ ³adj¼
¨anti-per®son®nel© ²/*antI *p3sEÚnel/ ³adj ´(usu of mines±2µ(3)´) designed to
kill or wound human beings (not to destroy vehicles).¼
¨an®tipo®des© ²/anÚtIpEdiz/ ³n pl ´(usu ¸the @´) (two) place(s) on the opposite
sides of the earth, esp the region opposite our own.¼
¨anti®quar®ian© ²/*antIÚkweErIEn/ ³adj ´connected with the study, collection or
sale of antiquities: ³an @ bookseller. ´¹ ³n ´antiquary.¼
¨anti®quary© ²/ÚantIkwErI ³US: ²-kwerI/ ³n (pl µ-ries³) ´person who studies,
collects or sells, antiquities.¼
¨anti®quated© ²/ÚantIkweItId/ ³adj ´obsolete; out of date; (of persons) having
old-fashioned ideas and ways.¼
¨an®tique© ²/anÚtik/ ³adj ´belonging to the distant past; existing since old
times; in the style of past times. ¹ ³n ¶[C] ´material, (eÔg a piece of
furniture, a work of art) of a past period (in GB at least 50 years old, in US
100 years). ¸the @, ´@ style in art. Cf ³second-hand, ´usu of things more
recent.¼
¨an®tiquity© ²/anÚtIkwEtI/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´old times, esp before the Middle Ages;
great age: ³the heroes of @; a city of great @, ´eÔg Athens; ³in remote @. ¸2
³(pl µ-ties³) ´buildings, ruins, works of art, remaining from ancient times:
³Greek and Roman antiquities.¼
¨an®tir®rhi®num© ²/*antIÚrñInEm/ ³n (pl µ@s³) ´(bot) genus of
plants; snapdragon.¼
¨anti-Sem®ite© ²/*antI ÚsimñIt ³US: ²Úsem-/ ³n, adj ´(person) prejudiced
against Jews, hating Jews. ¸anti-Sem®itic ²/*antI sIÚmItIk/ ³adj
¸anti-Semi®tism ²/*antI ÚsemItIzEm/ ³n¼
¨anti®sep®tic© ²/*antIÚseptIk/ ³n, adj ´(chemical substance) preventing a
wound, etc from becoming septic, esp by destroying germs.¼
¨anti®so®cial© ²/*antIÚsE82l/ ³adj ¸1 ´opposed to social laws or to organized
societies. ¸2 ´likely, tending, to interfere with or spoil public amenities:
³It is @ to leave litter in public places/to play a transistor in public. ¸3
´not sociable.¼
¨anti®tank© ²/*antIÚtaGk/ ³attrib adj ´for use against military tanks: ³@
guns/ditches.¼
¨an®tith®esis© ²/anÚtITEsIs/ ³n (pl µ-ses ²/-siz/³) ¸1 ¶[U] ´direct opposite
(³of, to´). ¸2 ¶[U] ´opposition (³of ´one thing ³to ´another, ³between ´two
things); ¶[C] ´instance of this; contrast of ideas vividly expressed, as in
"Give me liberty, or give me death'. ¸anti®thetic ²/*antIÚTetIk/,
¸anti®theti®cal ²/-Ikl/ ³adj ¸anti®theti®cally ²/-klI/ ³adv¼
¨anti®toxin© ²/*antIÚtoksIn/ ³n ´substance (usu a serum) able to counteract a
toxin or disease.¼
¨anti®trade© ²/*antIÚtreId/ ³adj ¸Ú@ wind, ´wind that blows in the opposite
direction to a trade wind. ¹ ³n ´(usu ³pl´) ´@ wind.¼
¨ant®ler© ²/ÚantlE(r)/ ³n ´branched horn; branch of a horn (of a stag or other
deer). µ¥ ´the illus at µlarge.¼
¨an®to®nym© ²/ÚantEnIm/ ³n ¶[C] ´word that is contrary in meaning to another:
³Hot is the @ of cold. µ¥ synonym.¼
¨anus© ²/ÚeInEs/ ³n ´(anat) opening at the end of the alimentary canal,
through which waste matter passes out. µ¥ ´the illus at µalimentary.¼
¨an®vil© ²/ÚanvIl/ ³n ¸1 ´large, heavy block of iron on which a smith hammers
heated metal into shape. ¸2 ´(anat) bone in the ear. µ¥ ´the illus at µear.¼
¨anxiety© ²/aGÚzñIEtI/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´emotional condition in which there is fear
and uncertainty about the future: ³We waited with @ for news of her safe
arrival. Tom's foolish behaviour caused his parents great @. ¸2 ¶[C] ³(pl
µ-ties³) ´instance of such a feeling: ³All these anxieties made him look pale
and tired. The Budget statement removed all anxieties about higher taxes. ¸3
¶[U] ´keen desire: ³@ for knowledge; his @ to please his employers.¼
¨anxious© ²/ÚaGk2Es/ ³adj ¸1 ·@ (about/at/for), ´feeling anxiety; troubled: ³I
am very @ about my son's health. He is @ for/about her safety/at her
non-arrival. ¸2 ´causing anxiety: ³We have had an @ time. His illness has been
a very @ business. ´has caused us anxiety. ¸3 ·@ to/for/about/that, ´strongly
wishing: ³He was @ to meet you/@ for his brother to meet you. We were @ that
help should be sent promptly/@ for help to be sent. ¸@®ly ³adv¼
¨any©1 ²/ÚenI/ ³adj ¸1 µ¥ some±1µ(1) ´(in neg and interr sentences, and in
clauses of condition, etc´) ¸2 ´(in affirm sentences, with negation implied,
eÔg with a ³v ´such as ³"prevent', ´after the ³prep "without', ´after such
³advv ´as ³"hardly'´)´: ³We did the work without any difficulty. I have hardly
any leisure nowadays. Please try to prevent any loss while the goods are on
the way. ¸3 ´(usu stressed; usu in affirm sentences) no matter which: ³Come
any day you like. You will find me at my desk at any hour of the day, ´at all
times. ³We must find an excuse, any excuse will do. ¸4 ·in Úany case, ´whatever
happens, whatever the circumstances may be. ·at Úany rate, ´at least. ¸5
´(colloq; used in affirm and neg sentences, with ³sing ´common ³nn ´for ³a(n)
´or ³one´): ³This bucket is uselessÅit hasn't any handle.¼
¨any©2 ²/ÚenI/ ³adv of degree ´(used in neg, interr and conditional
sentences, in contexts where negation or doubt is indicated or implied, and
with comparatives. Cf the similar use of ³no ´and ³none´.) at all; in any
degree: ³Is your father any better? They were too tired to go any further. The
children didn't behave any too well, ´iÔe they behaved rather badly. ³If it's
any good/use, I'll buy it. ·(not) any the better/the worse (for), ´(not) at all
better/worse for: ³He got wet through in the rain yesterday but isn't any the
worse for it, ´has not suffered in any way.¼
¨any©3 ²/ÚenI/ ³pron µ¥ some±2µ.¼
¨any®body© ²/ÚenIbodI/ ³n, pron ¸1 ´(in neg, interr, etc sentences: µ¥
somebody, someone´). ¸2 ´(in affirm sentences) no matter who: ³A@ will tell you
where the bus stop is. A@ who saw the accident is asked to communicate with the
police. That's @'s guess, ´(colloq) is quite uncertain. ·@ else, µ¥ else. ¸3
´person of importance: ³You must work harder if you wish to be @. Was she @
before her marriage, ´Had she any social position? ³He'll never be @.¼
¨any®how© ²/ÚenIhñ8/ ³adv ¸1 ´in any possible way; by any possible means: ³The
house was empty and I couldn't get in @. ¸2 ´carelessly; without order: ³The
work was done all @. ¸3 ³(adv ´or ³conj) ´in any case; at any rate: ³A@, you
can try, ´even if there's not much chance of success. ³It's too late now, @.¼
¨any®one© ²/ÚenIwAn/ ³n, pron ´= µanybody.¼
¨any®place© ²/ÚenIpleIs/ ³adv ´(esp in US) = µanywhere.¼
¨any®thing© ²/ÚenITIG/ ³n, pron ¸1 ´(in neg, interr, etc sentences: µ¥
something´) (note the position of the ³adj´): ³Has @ unusual happened? ¸2 ´no
matter what: ³I want something to eat; @ will do. ·be @ but, ´be definitely
not: ³He's @ but mad. ¸3 ´(used adverbially, to intensify a meaning): ³The
thief ran like @ when he saw the policeman. ·(as) easy as @, ´(colloq) very
easy.¼
¨any®way© ²/ÚenIweI/ ³adv ´= µanyhow(3).¼
¨any®where© ²/ÚenIweE(r) ³US: ²-hweEr/ ³adv ¸1 ´(in neg, interr, etc sentences:
µ¥ somewhere´) (note the use of @ with post-adjuncts): ³I'll go @ (that) you
suggest. Are we going @ (in) particular? ¸2 ´(used as a ³prep ´object): ³That
leaves me without @ to keep all my books. ¸3 ´no matter where: ³Put the box
down @. We'll go @ you like.¼
¨aorta© ²/eIÚctE/ ³n ´chief blood-vessel through which blood is carried from
the left side of the heart. µ¥ ´the illus at µrespiratory.¼
¨apace© ²/EÚpeIs/ ³adv ´(old use, or liter) quickly: ³Ill news spreads @.¼
¨apache© ²/EÚpa2/ ³n ´(in Paris) hooligan; rough.¼
¨apa®nage© ´(also ¸ap®pan®age´) ²/ÚapEnIdZ/ ³n ¶[U] ¸1 ´natural accompaniment;
sth that necessarily goes with sth else. ¸2 ´property, etc coming to sb because
of birth or office.¼
¨apart© ²/EÚpqt/ ³adv ¸1 ´distant: ³The two houses are 500 metres
@. The negotiators are still miles @, ´show no signs of agreeing. ¸2 ´to or on
one side: ³He took me @ in order to speak to me alone. Why does she hold
herself @, ´iÔe not mix with other people? ·joking/jesting @, ´speaking
seriously. ·set/put (sth/sb) @ (from), ´put (it) on one side; reserve it; make
(sb) (appear) special: ³His far-sightedness set him @ from most of his
contemporaries. ¸3 ´separate(ly): ³I can't get these two things @. He was
standing with his feet wide @. ·@ from, ´independently of; leaving on one side:
³@ from these reasons. ·tell/know two things or persons @, ´distinguish one
from the other. µ¥ come(15), pull±1µ(7), take±1µ(16).¼
¨apart®heid© ²/EÚpqtheIt/ ³n ´(S Africa) (policy of) racial segregation;
separate development of Europeans and non-Europeans.¼
¨apart®ment© ²/EÚpqtmEnt/ ³n ¸1 ´single room in a house. ¸2 ³(pl) ´set of
rooms, furnished or unfurnished, either owned or rented by the week or month,
eÔg for a holiday at the seaside. ¸3 ´(US) set of rooms in a large building
(called ³an ·Ú³@ house´)´, usu on the same floor. (US @ = GB ³flat; ´US ³@
house ´= GB ³block of flats; ´US ³@ hotel ´= GB ³service flats.´) µ¥ tenement.¼
¨apa®thy© ²/ÚapETI/ ³n ¶[U] ´absence of sympathy or interest; indifference
³(towards). ¸apa®thetic ²/*apEÚTetIk/ ³adj ´showing or having @.
¸apa®theti®cally ²/-klI/ ³adv¼
¨ape© ²/eIp/ ³n ¸1 ´tailless monkey ³(gorilla, chimpanzee, orang-outang,
gibbon). ¸2 ´person who mimics others: ³play the ape, ´mimic. ¸3 ´(colloq)
clumsy, ill-bred person. ¹ ³vt ´imitate (sb's behaviour, etc).¼
¨aperi®ent© ²/EÚpIErIEnt/ ³n, adj ´(formal) laxative.¼
¨aperi®tif© ²/EÚperEtIf ³US: ²E*perEÚtif/ ³n ¶[C] ´alcoholic drink, (eÔg
³vermouth´) taken before a meal.¼
¨ap®er®ture© ²/ÚapEt2E(r)/ ³n ´opening, esp one that admits light, eÔg to a
camera lens.¼
¨apex© ²/ÚeIpeks/ ³n (pl µ@es ´or µapices ²/ÚeIpIsiz/´) top or highest point:
³the @ of a triangle; at the @ of his career/fortunes.¼
¨apha®sia© ²/EÚfeIzIE ³US: ²-ZE/ ³n ¶[U] ´(path) loss of ability to use speech
or to understand speech (as the result of brain injury).¼
¨aphid© ²/ÚeIfId/ ³n ´= µaphis.¼
¨aphis© ²/ÚeIfIs/ ³n (pl µaphides ²/ÚeIfIdiz/³) ´very small insect that lives
by sucking juices from plants; plant louse.¼
¨aph®or®ism© ²/ÚafErIzEm/ ³n ¶[C] ´short, wise saying; maxim.¼
¨aph®ro®dis®iac© ²/*afrEÚdIzIak/ ³n, adj ¶[C,U] ´(substance, drug) exciting
sexual desire and activity.¼
¨api®ary© ²/ÚeIpIErI ³US: ²-IerI/ ³n (pl µ-ries³) ´place with a number of hives
where bees are kept. ¸api®ar®ist ²/ÚeIpIErIst/ ³n ´person who keeps bees.
¸api®cul®ture ²/ÚeIpIkAlt2E(r)/ ³n ´bee-keeping.¼
¨apiece© ²/EÚpis/ ³adv ´to, for or by, each one of a group: ³They cost a penny
@, ´each.¼
¨apish© ²/ÚeIpI2/ ³adj ´of or like an ape; foolishly imitative.¼
¨aplomb© ²/EÚplom/ ³n ¶[U] ´self-confidence; assurance (in speech or
behaviour): ³He answered with perfect @.¼
¨apoca®lypse© ²/EÚpokElIps/ ³n ´revelation (esp of knowledge from God). ¸the
A@, ´the last book in the Bible, recording the revelation to St John.
µ¥ App 10. ¸apoca®lyp®tic ²/E*pokEÚlIptIk/ ³adj ´of or like an @ or the A@.¼
¨Apoc®ry®pha© ²/EÚpokrIfE/ ³n pl ´(with ³sing v´) those books of the Old
Testament that are considered of doubtful authorship by the Jews and were
excluded from the Bible at the time of the Reformation. µ¥ App 10.
¸apoc®ry®phal ²/EÚpokrIfl/ ³adj ´of doubtful authority or authorship.¼
¨apo®gee© ²/ÚapEdZi/ ³n ¸1 ´(astron) position (in the orbit of the moon or any
planet) when it is at its greatest distance from the earth. ¸2 ´(fig) highest
point.¼
¨apolo®getic© ²/E*polEÚdZetIk/ ³adj ´making an apology; expressing regret;
excusing a fault or failure: ³He was @ about/for arriving late. He wrote an @
letter. ¸apolo®geti®cally ²/-klI/ ³adv ¸apolo®get®ics ³n ´(usu with ³sing v´)
the art or practice of explaining or justifying a religious belief, political
creed, etc. ¸apolo®gist ²/EÚpolEdZIst/ ³n ´person who engages in @s.¼
¨apolo®gize© ²/EÚpolEdZñIz/ ³vi ¶[VP2A,3A] ·@ (to sb) (for sth), ´make an
apology; say one is sorry: ³You must @ to your sister for being so rude.¼
¨apol®ogy© ²/EÚpolEdZI/ ³n (pl µ-gies³) ¸1 ¶[C] ·@ (to sb) (for sth),
´statement of regret (for doing wrong, being impolite, hurting sb's feelings):
³offer/make/accept/refuse an @; offer sb an @; make one's apologies (to sb),
´eÔg for being late, for not being able to come. ¸2 ¶[C] ´explanation or
defence (of beliefs, etc). µ¥ apologetics. ¸3 ·an @ for, ´a poor specimen of,
eÔg a dinner/letter.¼
¨apo®phthegm©, apo®thegm ²/ÚapETem/ ³n ¶[C] ´short, pointed or forceful
saying.¼
¨apo®plexy© ²/ÚapEpleksI/ ³n ¶[U] ´loss of power to feel, move, think, usu
caused by injury to blood-vessels in the brain. ¸apo®plec®tic ²/*apEÚplektIk/
³adj ´connected with, causing @; suffering from @: ³an apoplectic stroke/fit;
´(colloq) red in the face; easily made angry.¼
¨apos®tasy© ²/EÚpostEsI/ ³n ¶[U] ´giving up one's beliefs or
faith; turning away from one's religion; ¶[C] ³(pl µ-sies³) ´instance of this.
¸apos®tate ²/EÚposteIt/ ³n, adj ´(person) guilty of @.¼
¨a pos®teri®ori© ²/*eI *posterIÚcrñI/ ³adv, adj phrase ´(Lat) (reasoning) from
effects to causes, eÔg saying, ³"The boys are tired so they must have walked a
long way'. µ¥ a priori.¼
¨apostle© ²/EÚposl/ ³n ¸1 ´one of the twelve men (¸the Twelve A@s´) chosen by
Jesus to spread his teaching; missionary of the early Christian Church, eÔg St
Paul, the A@ to the Gentiles. ¸2 ´leader or teacher of reform, of a new faith
or movement. ¸apos®tolic ²/*apEÚstolIk/ ³adj ¸1 ´of the @sµ(1) ´or the times
when they lived. ¸2 ´of the Pope.¼
¨apos®trophe©1 ²/EÚpostrEfI/ ³n ´the sign ' used to show omission of letter(s)
or number(s), (as in ³can't, I'm, '05, ´for ³cannot, I am, 1905), ´for the
possessive (as in ³boy's, boys'´), ´and for the plurals of letters (as in
³There are two l's in "Bell'´). µ¥ App 9.¼
¨apos®trophe©2 ²/EÚpostrEfI/ ³n ´passage in a public speech, in a poem, etc
addressed to a particular person (who may be dead or absent). ¸apos®tro®phize
²/EÚpostrEfñIz/ ³vt ´make an @ to.¼
¨apoth®ecary© ²/EÚpoTIkErI ³US: ²-kerI/ ³n (pl µ-ries³) ´(old use, but still in
Scot) person who prepares and sells medicines and medical goods. ¸apothecaries'
weight, µ¥ App 5.¼
¨apo®thegm© µ¥ apophthegm.¼
¨apothe®osis© ²/E*poTIÚE8sIs/ ³n (pl µ-ses ²/-siz/³) ¸1 ´(of a human being)
making or becoming a god or a saint: ³the @ of a Roman Emperor. ¸2 ´release
from earthly life. ¸3 ´glorification; glorified ideal.¼
¨ap®pal© ´(US also ¸ap®pall´) ²/EÚpcl/ ³vt µ(-ll-) ¶[VP6A] ´fill with fear or
terror; dismay; shock deeply: ³They were @led at the news. ¸@®ling ³adj´:
³When will this @ling war end? ¸@®ling®ly ³adv¼
¨ap®pa®nage© µ¥ apanage.¼
¨ap®par®atus© ²/*apEÚreItEs ³US: ²-ÚratEs/ ³n ¶[C] ³(pl µ@es³) ´(rarely ³pl;
´sometimes ·a piece of @´) ¸1 ´set of instruments or other mechanical
appliances put together for a purpose: ³a heating @, ´eÔg for supplying steam
heat throughout a building. ¸2 ´bodily organs by which natural processes are
carried on: ³Your digestive @ takes the food you eat and changes it so that it
can be used to build up the body.¼
¨ap®parel© ²/EÚparEl/ ³n ¶[U] ´(old use, or liter) ´dress; clothing. ¹ ³vt
µ(-ll-, ´US µ-l-) ´dress; clothe.¼
¨ap®par®ent© ²/EÚparEnt/ ³adj ¸1 ´clearly seen or understood: ³It was @ to all
of us«, ´We all saw clearly«; ³as will soon become @, ´as you will soon see.
¸2 ´seeming; according to appearances: ³in spite of her @ indifference,
´although she seemed to be indifferent. ¸@®ly ³adv¼
¨ap®par®ition© ²/*apEÚrI2n/ ³n ¶[C] ´the coming into view, esp of a
ghost or the spirit of a dead person.¼
¨ap®peal© ²/EÚpil/ ³vi ¶[VP2A,3A] ·@ (to sb) (against/for/from sth), ¸1 ´make
an earnest request: ³The prisoner @ed to the judge for mercy. At Christmas
people @ to us to help the poor. ¸2 ´(legal) take a question (to a higher
court, etc) for rehearing and a new decision: ³@ to another court; @ against a
decision; @ from a judgement. ¸3 ´go (to sb) for a decision: (football, etc) ³@
to the linesman; @ against the referee's decision; ´(cricket) ³The captain @ed
against the light, ´said the light was too poor for further play. ¸4 ´attract;
move the feelings of: ³Bright colours @ to small children. Do these paintings
@ to you? ´¹ ³n ¸1 ·an @ for, ´an earnest call for: ³make an @ for help. ¸2
¶[C] ´(legal) act of @ingµ(2)´: ³an @ to a higher court; an @ from a decision;
to lodge an @; ¶[U] ³to give notice of @; acquittal on @. ¸3 ¶[C] ´(esp in
sport) act of @ing: ³an @ to the referee. ¸4 ¶[U] ´interest; (power of)
attraction: ³That sort of music hasn't much @ for me/has lost its @. ¸5 ¶[U]
´supplication: ³with a look of @ on her face, ´asking for help or sympathy.
¸@®ing ³adj ¸1 ´moving; touching the feelings or sympathy. ¸2 ´attractive.
¸@®ing®ly ³adv¼
¨ap®pear© ²/EÚpIE(r)/ ³vi ¸1 ¶[VP2A,C] ´come into view, become visible: ³When
we reached the top of the hill, the town @ed below us. The ship @ed on the
horizon. ¸2 ¶[VP2A,C] ´arrive: ³He promised to be here at four but didn't @
until six. ¸3 ¶[VP2A,C] ¸(a) ´(of an actor, singer, lecturer, etc) come before
the public: ³He has @ed in every large concert hall in Europe. ¸(b) ´(of a
book) be published: ³When will your new novel @? ¸(c) ´(legal) present oneself
publicly: ³The defendant failed to @ before the court. ¸4 ¶[VP2A,4D,E] ´seem:
³Why does she @ so sad? He @s to have many friends. You don't want to @ a fool,
´to look like a fool. ³The house @ed (to be) deserted. It would @ that his
intention was/His intention @s to have been to arrive yesterday. There @s to
have been a mistake. So it @s. It @s not. It @s to me that«/It begins to @
that«, ´It looks as though«.¼
¨ap®pear®ance© ²/EÚpIErEns/ ³n ¶[C] ¸1 ´act of appearing: ³make an @; make
one's first @, ´(of an actor, singer, etc) appear in public for the first
time. ·put in an @, ´show oneself, attend (a meeting, party, etc): ³I don't
want to go to the garden party but I'd better put in an @. ¸2 ´that which
shows or can be seen; what sth or sb appears to be: ³The child had the @ of
being ´(= looked as if it were) ³half starved. She has a slightly foreign @.
We mustn't judge by @s, ´by what can be seen outside, by outward looks. ·keep
up @s, ´maintain an outward show (in order to hide what one does not wish
people to see, eÔg by buying smart clothes and spending little on food, etc).
·in @, ´so far as @ is concerned; outwardly: ³In @ it is a strong building.
·to/by/from all @(s), ´so far as can be seen: ³He was to all @(s) dead.¼
¨ap®pease© ²/EÚpiz/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´make quiet or calm: ³@ sb's anger; @ sb's
curiosity/hunger. ¸@®ment ³n ¶[U] ´appeasing, eÔg by making concessions to
potential enemies.¼
¨ap®pel®lant© ²/EÚpelEnt/ ³adj ´(legal) concerned with appeals. ¹
³n ´(legal) person who appeals to a higher court.¼
¨ap®pel®la®tion© ²/*apEÚleI2n/ ³n ¶[C] ´(formal) name or title; system of
names.¼
¨ap®pend© ²/EÚpend/ ³vt ¶[VP6A,14] ·@ sth (to), ´(formal) add in writing or in
print; add (sth) at the end: ³@ a clause to a treaty; @ a seal or signature to
a document.¼
¨ap®pend®age© ²/EÚpendIdZ/ ³n ¶[C] ´sth added to, fastened to or forming a
natural part of, a larger thing.¼
¨ap®pen®dix© ²/EÚpendIks/ ³n ¸1 ¶[C] ³(pl µ-dices ²/-dIsiz/³) ´sth added, esp
at the end of a book. ¸2 ¶[C] ³(pl ´also µ@es´) small out-growth on the surface
of a bodily organ, esp ¸(Úvermiform @) ´a worm-like appendage of the large
intestine. µ¥ ´the illus at µalimentary. ¸ap®pen®di®ci®tis ²/E*pendIÚsñItIs/ ³n
¶[U] ´diseased condition of the vermiform @, requiring in many cases a surgical
operation. ¸ap®pen®dec®tomy ²/*apenÚdektEmI/ ³n (pl µ-mies³) ´removal by
surgery of the vermiform @.¼
¨ap®per®tain© ²/*apEÚteIn/ ³vi ¶[VP3A] ·@ to, ´(formal) belong to as a right;
be appropriate: ³the duties @ing to his office.¼
¨ap®pe®tite© ²/ÚapItñIt/ ³n ¶[U] ´physical desire (esp ³for ´food): ³She is
suffering from lack of @. If you eat a lot of chocolate before supper, it will
spoil/take away your @, ´prevent you from enjoying your supper. (fig) ³He had
no @ for the fight. ¶[C] ´instance of such a desire: ³The long walk gave him a
good @. ¸ap®pe®tizer ²/ÚapItñIzE(r)/ ³n ´sth done (eÔg a walk) or served (eÔg
olives, a short alcoholic drink) in order to stimulate the @. ¸ap®pe®tiz®ing
³adj ´pleasing to, exciting, the @: ³an appetizing smell from the kitchen.¼
¨ap®plaud© ²/EÚplcd/ ³vi,vt ¸1 ¶[VP6A,2A,B] ´show approval (of) by clapping
the hands: ³The audience @ed (the singer) for five minutes. He was loudly @ed.
¸2 ´express approval of: ³I @ your decision.¼
¨ap®plause© ²/EÚplcz/ ³n ¶[U] ´loud approval; hand-clapping: ³greeted with @;
win the @ of the audience.¼
¨apple© ²/Úapl/ ³n ´(tree with) round fruit with firm juicy flesh and skin
that is green, red or yellow when the fruit is ripe. µ¥ ´the illus at µfruit.
·the @ of one's eye, ´sb or sth dearly loved. ·@ of discord, ´cause of quarrel.
·upset the/sb's Ú@-cart, ´spoil the/his plans. ·in *@-*pie Úorder, ´in perfect
order, with everything in the right place. ¸Ú@®jack ³n ´(US) brandy distilled
from fermented cider. ¸*@ Úsauce, ´(US = ¸Ú@®sauce´) ³n ¸(a) ´sliced @s
stewed. ¸(b) ´(US colloq) nonsense: insincere flattery. ¸Adam's @, µ¥ Adam.¼
¨ap®pli®ance© ²/EÚplñIEns/ ³n ¶[C] ´instrument or apparatus: ³an @ for rescuing
sailors from a wrecked ship, ´eÔg a rope that can be fired from a gun;
³household @s, ´eÔg a washing-machine, a food-mixer.¼
¨ap®pli®cable© ²/ÚaplIkEbl/ ³adj ·@ (to), ´that can be applied; that is
suitable and proper: ³Is the rule @ to this case?¼
¨ap®pli®cant© ²/ÚaplIkEnt/ ³n ·@ (for), ´person who applies (esp for a
position): ³As the wages were low, there were no @s for the job.¼
¨ap®pli®ca®tion© ²/*aplIÚkeI2n/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ·@ (to sb) (for sth), ´making of a
request: ³A list of new books may be had on @ to the publishers; ¶[C] ´request
(esp in writing): ³The manager received twenty @s for the position. We made an
@ to the court for an enquiry. ¸Ú@ form, ´form to be filled in when applying
for sth. ¸2 ¶[U] ·@ (of sth) (to sth), ´putting one thing on to another: ³This
oil is for external @ only, ´to be used only on the surface; ¶[C] ´substance
used: ³The doctor ordered an @ of ice to the forehead. Both cold and hot @s are
used to help people who are in pain. ¸3 ¶[U] ·@ (of sth) (to sth), ´bringing a
rule to bear on a case; putting to practical use: ³the @ of the rule to this
case; the @ of a discovery/a new process, etc to industry. ¸4 ¶[U] ´effort;
attention: ³If you show @ in your studies ´(= If you work hard) ³you will
succeed. My work demands close @, ´iÔe I have to concentrate my thoughts on
it.¼
¨ap®plied© µ¥ apply.¼
¨ap®pli®qu_e© ²/aÚplikeI ³US: ²*aplIÚkeI/ ³n ¶[U] ´(esp in dress-making)
ornamental work made of one kind of material, or material of one colour,
applied to the surface of another. ¹ ³vt ´ornament in this way.¼
¨ap®ply© ²/EÚplñI/ ³vt,vi (pt,pp µ-lied³) ¸1 ¶[VP2C,3A] ·@ (to sb) (for sth),
´(formally) ask for: ³@ to the Consul for a visa. You may @ in person or by
letter. ¸2 ¶[VP6A,14] ´lay one thing on or in another; cause (sth) to serve a
purpose by doing this: ³@ a plaster to a cut; @ the brakes ´(of a motor
vehicle, etc); (fig) ³We intend to @ economic sanctions. ¸3 ¶[VP6A,3A] ·@ (to
sth), ´(cause to) have a bearing (on); concern: ³The rule cannot be applied in
every case. What I have said does not @ to you. ¸4 ¶[VP14] ·@ oneself/one's
mind/one's energies (to sth/to doing sth), ´concentrate one's thoughts, etc on
a task, give all one's energy and attention to: ³@ your mind to your work. We
must @ our energies to finding a solution. ¸5 ¶[VP14] ´make practical use of
(research, a discovery): ³We can @ his findings in new developments. ¸ap®plied
³part adj ´put to practical use: ³applied mathematics, ´eÔg as used in
engineering; ³applied art, ´eÔg as used in textile designs, for pottery, etc.¼
¨ap®point© ²/EÚpãInt/ ³vt ¸1 ¶[VP6A,14,16A] ·@ sth (for sth), ´choose, decide,
fix (a time/date, etc): ³The time @ed for the meeting was 8.30pÔm. We must @ a
time to meet again/a time for the next meeting. ¸2 ¶[VP6A,14,16A,23,25] ·@ sb
(to sth), ´choose for a post; set up by choosing members: ³They @ed White (to
be) manager. Smith was @ed to the vacant post. The newly-@ed officials are all
expert. We must @ a committee. ¸3 ¶[VP9] ´(formal or older use) give orders: ³@
that sth shall be done. ¸4 ·well/badly @ed, ´well/badly equipped. ¸@ee
²/EpãInÚti/ ³n ´person @ed to an office or position.¼
¨ap®point®ment© ²/EÚpãIntmEnt/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´appointing: ³meet sb by @, ´after
fixing a time and place. ¸2 ¶[C] ´arrangement to meet sb: ³make/fix an @ with
sb; keep/break an @. I have an @ with my dentist at 3pÔm. ¸3 ¶[C] ´position or
office: ³get a good @ in a business firm; an @ as manager. ¸4 ³(pl) ´equipment;
furniture.¼
¨ap®por®tion© ²/EÚpc2n/ ³vt ¶[VP6A,12B,13B,14] ·@ (among/to),
´divide; distribute; give as a share: ³I have @ed you different duties each day
of the week. This sum of money is to be @ed among the six boys.¼
¨ap®po®site© ²/ÚapEzIt/ ³adj ´strikingly appropriate for a purpose or occasion:
³an @ remark. ¸@®ly ³adv¼
¨ap®po®si®tion© ²/*apEÚzI2n/ ³n ¶[U] ´(gram) addition of one word or group of
words to another as an explanation: ³In the sentence, "Herr M¢uller, our new
teacher, is a German', ´teacher ³is in @ to ´M¢uller; teacher ³and ´M¢uller
³are in @.¼
¨ap®praise© ²/EÚpreIz/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´fix a price for; say what sth is worth: ³@
the ability of one's pupils; @ property (at a certain sum) for taxation.
¸ap®praisal ²/EÚpreIzl/ ³n ´valuation.¼
¨ap®preci®able© ²/EÚpri2Ebl/ ³adj ´that can be seen, measured or felt: ³an @
change in the temperature. ¸ap®preci®ably ²/-EblI/ ³adv¼
¨ap®preci®ate© ²/EÚpri2IeIt/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A] ´judge rightly the value of;
understand and enjoy: ³You can't @ English poetry unless you understand its
rhythm. We all @ a holiday after a year of hard work. ¸2 ¶[VP6A] ´put a high
value on: ³We greatly @ all your help. ¸3 ¶[VP2B] ´(of land, goods, etc)
increase in value: ³The land has @d greatly since the new railway was built. ¸4
¶[VP6A,9,10] ´realise and understand: ³I @ your anxiety about your son's
illness.¼
¨ap®preci®ation© ²/E*pri2IÚeI2n/ ³n ¸1 ¶[C,U] ´(statement giving) judgement,
valuation: ³Write an @ of a new symphony. She showed little or no @ of good
music. ¸2 ¶[U] ´proper understanding and recognition: ³in sincere @ of your
valuable help. ¸3 ¶[U] ´rise in value, eÔg of land, business shares.
¸ap®preci®ative ²/EÚpri2jEtIv/ ³adj ´feeling or showing @µ(2)´: ³an
appreciative audience; appreciative of kindness. ¸ap®preci®ative®ly
²/EÚpri2jEtIvlI/ ³adv¼
¨ap®pre®hend© ²/*aprIÚhend/ ³vt ¸1 ¶[VP6A,9] ´(old use) understand: ³You are, I
@, ready to«. ¸2 ¶[VP6A,9] ´(formal) fear: ³Do you @ any difficulty/that there
will be any difficulty? ¸3 ¶[VP6A] ´(legal) ´arrest, seize: ³@ a thief.
¸ap®pre®hen®sible ²/*aprIÚhensEbl/ ³adj ´capable of being @edµ(1)´.¼
¨ap®pre®hen®sion© ²/*aprIÚhen2n/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´grasping (of ideas);
understanding: ³quick/slow of @. ¸2 ¶[C,U] ´fear; unhappy feeling about the
future: ³feel @ for sb's safety; filled with @; entertain an @ of failure. ¸3
´(legal) seizing: ³the @ of a thief/deserter.¼
¨ap®pre®hen®sive© ²/*aprIÚhensIv/ ³adj ´uneasy; worried: ³@ of further defeats;
@ for sb's safety; @ that sb will be hurt.¼
¨ap®pren®tice© ²/EÚprentIs/ ³n ´learner of a trade who has agreed to work for a
number of years in return for being taught. ¹ ³vt ¶[VP6A,14] ·@ (to), ´bind as
an @: ³The boy was @d to a carpenter. ¸@®ship ²/-tI2Ip/ ³n ´(time of) being an
@: ³serve one's @ship (with sb).¼
¨ap®prise© ²/EÚprñIz/ ³vt ¶[VP14] ·@ of, ´(formal) inform: ³be @d of sb's
intentions; be @d that«.¼
¨ap®pro© ²/ÚaprE8/ ³n ·on @, ´(comm sl) on approval: ³goods on @, ´to be
returned if not satisfactory.¼
¨ap®proach© ²/EÚprE8t2/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A,2A] ´come near(er) (to): ³A boy of
eighteen is @ing manhood. As winter @ed the weather became colder. ´(fig) ³Few
writers can even @ Shakespeare in greatness. ¸2 ¶[VP6A] ´go to (sb) with a
request or offer: ³When is the best time to @ my employer about an increase in
salary? He is rather difficult to @, ´It is not easy to get on friendly terms
with him. ¹ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´act of @ing: ³The enemy ran away at our @.
·easy/difficult of @, ¸(a) ´(of a place) easy/difficult to get to. ¸(b) ´(of a
person) easy/difficult to meet and talk to. ·make @es to sb, ¸(a) ´try to
obtain his interest, attract his attention. ¸(b) ´offer, try, to enter into
personal relations with (eÔg of a man who wants intimate friendship with a girl
or woman). ¸2 ¶[C] ´approximation: ³an @ to perfection. ¸3 ¶[C] ´way, path,
road: ³All the @es to the Palace were guarded by soldiers. ¸@®able ²/-Ebl/ ³adj
´(of a person or place) that can be @ed; accessible.¼
¨ap®pro®ba®tion© ²/*aprEÚbeI2n/ ³n ¶[U] ´(formal) approval; sanction.¼
¨ap®pro®pri®ate©1 ²/EÚprE8prIEt/ ³adj ·@ (for/to sth), ´suited to; in keeping
with: ³Sports clothes are not @ for a formal wedding. Write in a style @ to
your subject. ¸@®ly ³adv¼
¨ap®pro®pri®ate©2 ²/EÚprE8prIeIt/ ³vt ¶[VP6A,14] ¸1 ´put on one side for a
special purpose: ³$20ÔÔ000 has been @d for the new school buildings. ¸2 ´take
and use as one's own: ³He often @s my ideas. ¸ap®pro®pri®ation
²/E*prE8prIÚeI2n/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´appropriating or being @d; ¶[C] ´instance of
this. ¸2 ¶[C] ´sth, esp a sum of money, that is @d: ³make an appropriation for
payment of debts; Senate A@s Committee, ´(US) one which deals with funds for
defence, welfare, etc.¼
¨ap®pro®val© ²/EÚpruvl/ ³n ¶[U] ´feeling, showing or saying, that one is
satisfied, that sth is right, that one agrees to sth: ³Your plans have my @.
Does what I have done meet with your @? She gave a nod of @/nodded her @.
·goods on @, ´to be returned if not satisfactory.¼
¨ap®prove© ²/EÚpruv/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP3A] ·@ of sth/sb, ´give one's
approval of: ³Her father will never @ of her marriage to you. I cannot support
a policy of which I have never @d. ¸2 ¶[VP6A] ´confirm; agree to: ³The minutes
(of the meeting) were read and @d. The expenditure has been @d. ¸Ú@d school,
´(GB) boarding school for training and educating children under 17 who are sent
there by magistrates for juvenile offences or because in need of care and
protection. (US = ³reformatory, reform school). ¸ap®prov®ing®ly ³adv¼
¨ap®proxi®mate©1 ²/EÚproksImEt/ ³adj ·@ (to), ´very near correct; about right:
³a sum of money @ to what will be needed. The @ area of my land is half an
acre. ¸@®ly ³adv¼
¨ap®proxi®mate©2 ²/EÚproksImeIt/ ³vi,vt ¸1 ¶[VP3A] ·@ to, ´come near to (esp in
quality or number): ³His description of the event @d to the truth but there
were a few inaccuracies. ¸2 ¶[VP6A,3A] ´bring or come near to.
¸ap®proxi®ma®tion ²/E*proksIÚmeI2n/ ³n ¶[C] ´almost correct amount or estimate;
¶[U] ´being or getting near (in number or quality).¼
¨ap®pur®ten®ance© ²/EÚp3tInEns/ ³n ´(usu ³pl´) (legal) sth that belongs to or
usu goes with another thing: ³the house and its @s, ´the lesser rights and
privileges that go with ownership of the house.¼
¨apr`es-ski© ²/*apreI Úski/ ³attrib adj ´of the evening period after skiing: ³@
fun and games; @ clothes.¼
¨apri®cot© ²/ÚeIprIkot/ ³n ´(tree with) round, orange-yellow or orange-red
fruit with soft flesh and a hard stone-like seed; colour of this fruit when
ripe.¼
¨April© ²/ÚeIprEl/ ³n ´fourth month of the year. ¸*@ Úfool, ´person who is
hoaxed on ²*´All ²Ú´Fools' Day (1 April).¼
¨a priori© ²/*eI *prñIÚcrñI/ ³adv, adj ´(Lat) (reasoning) from cause to effect,
eÔg saying, ³"The boys have walked a long way so they must be tired.' µ¥ a
posteriori.¼
¨apron© ²/ÚeIprEn/ ³n ¸1 ´loose garment worn over the front part of the body to
keep clothes clean; any similar covering. ·tied to his mother's/wife's
Ú@-strings, ´too long or too much under her control. ¸2 ´hard-surfaced (tarmac,
concrete, etc) area on an air-field, used for manoeuvring and (un)loading
aircraft. ¸3 ¸Ú@ stage, ´(in some theatres) part of the stage jutting out into
the audience. µ¥ proscenium.¼
¨apro®pos© ²/*aprEÚpE8/ ³adv, pred adj ´to the purpose; well suited (to what is
being said or done): ³His suggestion is very much @. ·@ of ³prep ´concerning,
with reference to.¼
¨apse© ²/aps/ ³n ´semi-circular or many-sided recess, with an arched or domed
roof, esp at the east end of a church. µ¥ ´the illus at µchurch.¼
¨apt© ²/apt/ ³adj µ(-er, est) ¸1 ·apt (at doing sth), ´quick-witted: ³one of my
aptest pupils; very apt at picking up a new subject. ¸2 ´to the point; well
suited: ³an apt remark. ¸3 ·apt to do sth, ´having a tendency, likely to do
sth: ³Cast iron is apt to break. He's a clever boy but apt to get into
mischief. ¸apt®ly ³adv ´suitably, justly. ¸apt®ness ³n¼
¨ap®ti®tude© ²/ÚaptItjud ³US: ²-tud/ ³n ¶[U] ·@ (for), ´natural or acquired
talent: ³He shows some @ for languages. ¶[C] ´particular talent: ³He has a
singular @ for dealing with a crisis. ¸Ú@ test, ´test to discover and assess
skills.¼
¨aqua®lung© ²/ÚakwElAG/ ³n ´(P) breathing unit (face mask, valve
unit and cylinder(s) of compressed air or oxygen) used for underwater swimming
or diving. µ¥ ´the illus at µfrogman.¼
¨aqua®mar®ine© ²/*akwEmEÚrin/ ³n ¶[C,U] ´bluish-green (jewel).¼
¨aqua®naut© ²/ÚakwEnct/ ³n ´person trained to live for a long period, in a
structure submerged in the sea, to study marine life, etc.¼
¨aqua®plane© ²/ÚakwEpleIn/ ³n ´board on which a person stands while being
pulled along by a fast motor-boat. ¹ ³vi ´ride on such a board.¼
¨aquar®ium© ²/EÚkweErIEm/ ³n (pl µ@s, -ria ²/-rIE/³) ´(building with an)
artificial pond or tank for keeping and showing living fish and water plants.¼
¨Aquar®ius© ²/EÚkweErIEs/ ³n ´the eleventh sign of the zodiac. µ¥ ´the illus
at µzodiac.¼
¨aqua®tic© ²/EÚkwatIk/ ³adj ¸1 ´(of plants, animals, etc) growing or living in
or near water. ¸2 ´(of sports) taking place on or in water, eÔg rowing,
swimming.¼
¨aqua®tint© ²/ÚakwEtInt/ ³n ¶[U] ´process of etching on copper, the picture
being made by letting acid bite into a plate covered with a layer of resin
dust; ¶[C] ´picture made in this way.¼
¨aqua®vit© ²/ÚakwEvIt/ ³n ¶[U] ´strong Scandinavian liquor flavoured with
caraway seed.¼
¨aque®duct© ²/ÚakwIdAkt/ ³n ´artificial channel for supplying water, esp one
built of stone or brick and higher than the surrounding land.¼
¨aque®ous© ²/ÚeIkwIEs/ ³adj ´of or like water: ³an @ solution.¼
¨aqui®line© ²/ÚakwIlñIn/ ³adj ´of or like an eagle: ³an @ nose, ´hooked like an
eagle's beak.¼
¨Arab© ²/ÚarEb/ ³n ´name applied to any of those Semitic people who speak
Arabic and claim descent from the inhabitants of the Arabian Peninsula who, in
the 7th c, were conquerors of N Africa, Syria and Mesopotamia: ³the military
conquests of the @s; the @ League.¼
¨ara®besque© ²/*arEÚbesk/ ³n ¶[C] ´(art) elaborate design of leaves, branches,
scrolls, etc; (ballet) pose of a dancer on one leg, the other stretched
backwards.¼
¨Ara®bian© ²/EÚreIbIEn/ ³n, adj ´(person) of (Saudi) Arabia or the Arabs. ¸the
@ Nights, ´famous stories of the Arabs in ancient times. ¸the @ camel, ´the
dromedary.¼
¨Ara®bic© ²/ÚarEbIk/ ³adj ´of the Arabs. ¸@ numerals, ´the signs 0, 1, 2, 3,
etc. µ¥ App 4. ´¹ ³n ´language of the Arabs.¼
¨Ara®bist© ²/ÚarEbIst/ ³n ´student or specialist in Arabic culture, language,
affairs, etc.¼
¨ar®able© ²/ÚarEbl/ ³adj ´(of land) suitable for ploughing; usually ploughed.¼
¨arach®nid© ²/EÚraknId/ ³n ´(zool) member of the genus including spiders,
scorpions and mites.¼
¨ar®bi®ter© ²/ÚqbItE(r)/ ³n ¸1 ·@ (of), ´person with complete
control (of ´sth): ³the sole @ of their destinies. ¸2 ´= µarbitrator.¼
¨ar®bitra®ment© ²/qÚbItrEmEnt/ ³n ¶[U] ´(formal) deciding of a dispute by an
arbiter; ¶[C] ´decision made by an µarbiter.¼
¨ar®bit®rary© ²/ÚqbItrErI ³US: ²-trerI/ ³adj ¸1 ´based on opinion or impulse
only, not on reason. ¸2 ´dictatorial; using despotic power.¼
¨ar®bi®trate© ²/ÚqbItreIt/ ³vt,vi ¶[VP6A,2A] ·@ (between), ´decide by
arbitration; judge between ´two parties to a dispute (usu at the request of the
two parties): ³Mr X has been asked to @ the dispute/to @ between the employers
and their workers. If countries would always @ their quarrels, wars could be
avoided.¼
¨ar®bi®tra®tion© ²/*qbIÚtreI2n/ ³n ¶[U] ´(attempt at a) settlement of a dispute
by the decision of a person or persons chosen and accepted as judges or
umpires: ³refer a wage dispute to @; submit a claim for @. ¶[C] ´instance of
such a settlement. ·go to @, ´arbitrate: ³The Union agreed to go to @, ´iÔe for
a settlement of their claims.¼
¨ar®bi®tra®tor© ²/ÚqbItreItE(r)/ ³n ´(legal) arbiter; person appointed by two
parties to settle a dispute.¼
¨ar®bor© µ¥ arbour.¼
¨ar®bor®eal© ²/qÚbcrIEl/ ³adj ´(formal) of, living in, connected with trees: ³@
animals, ´eÔg squirrels, monkeys.¼
¨ar®bour© ´(US = ¸ar®bor´) ²/ÚqbE(r)/ ³n ´shady place among trees, esp one made
in a garden, with climbing plants growing over a framework.¼
¨arc© ²/qk/ ³n ´part of the circumference of a circle or other curved line. µ¥
´the illus at µcircle. ¸Úarc-lamp, Úarc-light ³nn ´brilliant light produced by
electric current flowing across a space between two carbon rods.¼
¨ar®cade© ²/qÚkeId/ ³n ´covered passage, usu with an arched roof, eÔg a passage
with shops or market stalls along one or both sides; covered market.
¸aÚmusement @, µ¥ amusement.¼
¨Ar®cad®ian© ²/qÚkeIdIEn/ ³adj ´of an ideal rustic simplicity; simple and
innocent. ¹ ³n ´person with @ tastes.¼
¨ar®cane© ²/qÚkeIn/ ³adj ´secret; mysterious.¼
¨arch©1 ²/qt2/ ³n ¸1 ´curved structure supporting the weight of what is above
it, as in bridges, aqueducts, gateways, etc. µ¥ ´the illus at µaqueduct,
church. ¸2 ´(also ¸Ú@®way´) passageway under an @, built as an ornament or
gateway: ³a triumphal @. ¸3 ´any curve in the shape of an @, eÔg the curved
under-part of the foot, µ¥ ´the illus at µleg´; a structure for supporting
climbing roses, etc. ¹ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A] ´form into an @: ³The cat @ed its back
when it saw the dog. Horses @ their necks. ¸2 ¶[VP2C] ´be like an @: ³The trees
@ over the river.¼
¨arch©2 ²/qt2/ ³attrib adj ´mischievous in an innocent or playful way (esp of
women and children): ³an @ glance/smile. ¸@®ly ³adv¼
¨arch-© ²/qt2/ ³pref ´chief; notable; extreme: ²*³@-²Ú³enemy.¼
¨ar®chae®ol®ogy© ´(also ¸ar®che®ol-´) ²/*qkIÚolEdZI/ ³n ¶[U] ´study of ancient
things, esp remains of prehistoric times, eÔg tombs, buried cities.
¸ar®chae®ologi®cal ²/*qkIEÚlodZIkl/ ³adj ´of @. ¸ar®chae®ol®ogist
²/*qkIÚolEdZIst/ ³n ´expert in @.¼
¨ar®chaic© ²/qÚkeIIk/ ³adj ¸1 ´(of eÔg a word in a language) not now used
except for special purposes. ¸2 ´of ancient times. ¸ar®cha®ism ²/ÚqkeIIzEm/ ³n
¶[C] ´@ word or expression; ¶[U] ´use or imitation of what is @.¼
¨arch®angel© ²/ÚqkeIndZl/ ³n ´angel of high rank.¼
¨arch®bishop© ²/*qt2ÚbI2Ep/ ³n ´chief bishop. ¸@®ric ³n ´position or rank of an
@; church district governed by an @.¼
¨arch®deacon© ²/*qt2ÚdikEn/ ³n ´(in the C of E) priest next below a bishop,
superintending rural deans. ¸@ry ³n (pl µ-ries³) ´position, rank, residence, of
an @.¼
¨arch®dio®cese© ²/*qt2ÚdñIEsIs/ ³n ´diocese of an archbishop.¼
¨arch®duke© ²/*qt2Údjuk ³US: ²-Úduk/ ³n ´(title given to) son or nephew of
former Emperors of Austria.¼
¨archer© ²/Úqt2E(r)/ ³n ´person who shoots with a bow and arrows. ¸arch®ery
²/Úqt2ErI/ ³n ¶[U] ´(art of) shooting with a bow and arrows.¼
¨arche®type© ²/ÚqkItñIp/ ³n ´prototype; ideal form regarded as a pattern not to
be changed. ¸arche®typal ²/*qkIÚtqIpl/ ³adj¼
¨archi®man®drite© ²/*qkIÚmandrñIt/ ³n ´head of a monastery in the Gk Orthodox
Church.¼
¨archi®pel®ago© ²/*qkIÚpelEgE8/ ³n (pl µ@s, @es ²/-gE8z/³) ´(sea with a) group
of many islands.¼
¨archi®tect© ²/ÚqkItekt/ ³n ´person who designs (and supervises the
construction of) buildings, etc.¼
¨archi®tec®ture© ²/ÚqkItekt2E(r)/ ³n ¶[U] ´art and science of building; design
or style of building(s). ¸archi®tec®tural ²/*qkIÚtekt2ErEl/ ³adj ´of @: ³the
architectural beauties of a city.¼
¨ar®chives© ²/ÚqkñIvz/ ³n pl ´(place for keeping) public or government records;
other historical records. ¸archi®vist ²/ÚqkIvIst/ ³n ´person in charge of @.¼
¨arch®way© ²/Úqt2weI/ ³n µ¥ arch±1µ(2).¼
¨arc®tic© ²/ÚqktIk/ ³adj ´of the north polar regions: ³the A@ Ocean; @ weather,
´very cold weather. ¸the *A@ ÚCircle, ´the line of latitude 66§ÄN.¼
¨ar®dent© ²/Úqdnt/ ³adj ´full of ardour: ³@ supporters of the new
movement. ¸@®ly ³adv¼
¨ar®dour© ´(US = ¸-dor´) ²/ÚqdE(r)/ ³n ·@ (for), ¶[C,U] ´warm emotion;
enthusiasm.¼
¨ar®du®ous© ²/Úqdj8Es ³US: ²-dZ8-/ ³adj ¸1 ´(of work) needing and using up much
energy. ¸2 ´(of a road, etc) steep; hard to climb. ¸@®ly ³adv¼
¨are©1 ²/E(r) ³strong form: ²q(r)/ µ¥ be±1µ.¼
¨are©2 ²/q(r)/ ³n ´metric unit of area, = 100 square metres. µ¥ App 5.¼
¨area© ²/ÚeErIE/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´surface measure: ³If a room measures 3 Ø 5 metres,
its @ is 15 square metres/it is 15 square metres in @. ¶[C] ´instance of this
measurement. µ¥ App 5. ¸2 ¶[C] ´region of the earth's surface: ³desert @s of
North Africa; the postal @s ´(more usu ³districts´) ³into which London is
divided. ¸3 ¶[C] ´(fig) scope or range of activity: ³the @ of finance. The @s
of disagreement were clearly indicated at the Board Meeting, ´The subjects on
which members of the Board disagreed became clear. ¸4 ¶[C] ´small courtyard
giving light to the windows of basement rooms, eÔg kitchen, scullery, in an
old-fashioned town house, usu with stone steps from the street pavement:
³sitting on the @ steps.¼
¨areca© ²/ÚarIkE/ ³n ´kind of palm-tree from which areca-nut (betel-nut) is
obtained. µ¥ betel.¼
¨arena© ²/EÚrinE/ ³n (pl µ@s³) ´central part, for games and fights, of a Roman
amphitheatre, µ¥ ´the illus at µamphitheatre´; (fig) any scene of competition
or struggle: ³the @ of politics.¼
¨aren't© ²/qnt/ ³c ´= are not: ³aren't I? ´= am I not?¼
¨ar^ete© ²/aÚreIt/ ³n ´(F) (esp of mountains in Switzerland) sharp ridge. µ¥
´the illus at µmountain.¼
¨ar®gent© ²/ÚqdZEnt/ ³n, adj ´(in heraldry and poetry) silver (colour).¼
¨ar®gon© ²/Úqgon/ ³n ¶[U] ´chemically inactive gas (symbol ¸Ar´), present in
the atmosphere (0²Ø´8 per cent), used in some kinds of electric lamps.¼
¨Ar®go®naut© ²/ÚqgEnct/ ³n ´(myth) one of the heroes who sailed in the ship
Argo ²/ÚqgE8/ ´with Jason in search of the Golden Fleece.¼
¨ar®gosy© ²/ÚqgEsI/ ³n (pl µ-sies³) ´(poet) large merchant ship, esp one with
valuable cargo.¼
¨ar®got© ²/ÚqgE8/ ³n ¶[U] ´jargon; slang.¼
¨ar®gue© ²/Úqgju/ ³vi,vt ¸1 ¶[VP2A,C,3A] ·@ (with sb) (about/over
sth), ´express disagreement; quarrel: ³Don't @ with me; my decision is final.
Why are they always @ing? ¸2 ¶[VP2A,3A,9] ·@ (for/against/that«), ´maintain a
case, give reasons (in support of, for, against, esp with the aim of persuading
sb): ³He @s soundly. You can @ either way, for or against. He was arguing that
poverty may be a blessing. ¸3 ¶[VP14] ·@ sb into/out of doing sth, ´persuade by
giving reasons: ³They tried to @ him into joining them. ¸4 ¶[VP6A] ´debate:
³The lawyers @d the case for hours. ¸ar®gu®able ²/Úqgj8Ebl/ ³adj ´that can be
@d about. ¸ar®gu®ably ²/-EblI/ ³adv¼
¨ar®gu®ment© ²/Úqgj8mEnt/ ³n ¸1 ¶[C] ·an @ (with sb) (about/over sth),
´(perhaps heated) disagreement; quarrel: ³endless @s about money; an @ with
the referee. ¸2 ¶[U] ´reasoned discussion: ³It is beyond @ that «; ¶[C] ·an @
(for/against), ´instance of this: ³an @ for not gambling; I have no wish to
engage in (an) @ with you. ¸3 ¶[C] ´summary of the subject matter of a book,
etc. ¸ar®gu®men®ta®tive ²/*qgj8ÚmentEtIv/ ³adj ´fond of arguingµ(1)´.¼
¨ar®gu®men®ta®tion© ²/*qgj8menÚteI2n/ ³n ¶[U] ´process of arguing; debate.¼
¨Ar®gus© ²/ÚqgEs/ ³n ´(Gk myth) monster with a hundred eyes. ¸*@-Úeyed ³adj
´observant; vigilant.¼
¨aria© ²/ÚqrIE/ ³n ´(³pl µ@s´) song for a single voice (esp in 18th c operas
and oratorios).¼
¨arid© ²/ÚarId/ ³adj ¸1 ´(of soil, land) dry, barren; (of climate, regions)
having not enough rainfall to support vegetation. ¸2 ´(fig) uninteresting.
¸arid®ity ²/EÚrIdEtI/ ³n ¶[U] ´dryness.¼
¨Aries© ²/ÚeEriz/ ³n ´the Ram, the first sign of the zodiac. µ¥ ´the illus at
µzodiac.¼
¨aright© ²/EÚrñIt/ ³adv ´(archaic) rightly: ³if I heard @. ´(Before a ³pp ´use
³rightly, ´as in ³to be rightly informed.´)¼
¨arise© ²/EÚrñIz/ ³vi (pt µarose ²/EÚrE8z/, ³pp µarisen ²/EÚrIzn/³)
¸1 ¶[VP2A] ´come into existence; come to notice; present itself: ³A new
difficulty has @n. If the need should @«; Before they could start a mist arose.
¸2 ¶[VP3A] ·@ from, ´result from: ³Serious obligations may @ from the proposed
clause. ¸3 ¶[VP2A] ´(old use) get up; stand up.¼
¨ar®is®toc®racy© ²/*arIÚstokrEsI/ ³n (pl µ-cies³) ¸1 ¶[U] ´government by
persons of the highest social rank; ¶[C] ´country or state with such a
government. ¸2 ¶[C] ´ruling body of nobles; the social class from which these
nobles come. ¸3 ¶[C] ´best representatives in any class: ³an @ of talent.¼
¨ar®is®to®crat© ²/ÚarIstEkrat ³US: ²EÚrIst-/ ³n ´member of the class of nobles;
person of noble birth. ¸@ic ²/*arIstEÚkratIk ³US: ²E*rIstE-/ ³adj ´of the
aristocracy; having the ways and manners of an @: ³with an @ic bearing.
¸@i®cally ²/-klI/ ³adv¼
¨arith®me®tic© ²/EÚrITmEtIk/ ³n ¶[U] ´science of numbers; working with numbers.
¸ar®ith®meti®cal ²/*arITÚmetIkl/ ³adj ´of @. ¸@al progression, ´series of
numbers showing an increase, or decrease, by a quantity that is always the
same, eÔg 1, 2, 3, etc, or 7, 5, 3, etc. ¸arith®me®tician ²/E*rITmEÚtI2n/ ³n
´expert in @.¼
¨ark© ²/qk/ ³n ´(in the Bible) ¸1 ´covered ship in which Noah and his family
were saved from the Flood. ¸2 Ark of the Covenant, ´wooden chest in which
writings of Jewish law were kept.¼
¨arm©1 ²/qm/ ³n ¸1 ´either of the two upper limbs of the human body, from the
shoulder to the hand: ³She was carrying a child in her arms. He was carrying a
book under his arm, ´between the arm and the body. ³She had a basket on her
arm, ´with the handle supported on her arm. ·baby/child/infant in arms, ´child
too young to walk. ³(hold, carry sth) ·at arm's length, ´with the arm fully
extended. ·keep sb at arm's length, ´(fig) avoid becoming familiar with him.
³(welcome sb/sth) ·with open arms, ´warmly, with enthusiasm. ·walk
*arm-in-Úarm, ´(of two persons) walk side by side, with the arm of one round
the arm of the other. ¸Úarm-band ³n ´armlet. ¸Úarm®chair ³n ´chair with
supports for the arms. ¸Úarmchair critic, ´person who offers criticism but is
not actively involved. ¸Úarm-hole ³n ´hole (in a shirt, jacket, etc) through
which the arm is put. ¸Úarm®let ²/-lIt/ ³n ´band (of cloth, etc) worn round the
arm (on a sleeve). ¸Úarm®pit ³n ´hollow under the arm near the shoulder. ¸2
´sleeve: ³The arms of this coat are too long. ¸3 ´large branch of a tree. ¸4
´sth shaped like or suggesting an arm: ³an arm of the sea; the arms of a chair.
¸5 ´(fig) ·the (long) arm of the law, ´the authority or power of the law.
¸arm®ful ²/Úqmf8l/ ³n ´as much as one arm, or both arms, can hold: ³carrying in
books by the armful.¼
¨arm©2 ²/qm/ ³n ´branch or division of a country's armed forces: ³the infantry
arm; the air arm.¼
¨arm©3 ²/qm/ ³vt,vi ¶[VP6A,14,2A] ·arm (with), ´supply, fit, weapons and
armour; prepare for war: ³a warship armed with nuclear weapons; armed with a
big stick; ´(fig) ³armed with patience/with answers to all likely questions.
Their former enemy is arming again ´(= rearming). ¸the armed forces/services,
´the military forces. ¸armed neutrality, ´policy of remaining neutral but
prepared for defence against aggression.¼
¨ar®mada© ²/qÚmqdE/ ³n ´great fleet of warships, esp ¸the A@, ´the fleet sent
by King Philip ²¢ ´of Spain against England in 1588.¼
¨ar®ma®dillo© ²/*qmEÚdIlE8/ ³n (pl µ@s ²/-lE8z/³) ´small burrowing animal of S
America, with a body covered with a shell of bony plates, and the habit of
rolling itself up into a ball when attacked. µ¥ ´the illus at µsmall.¼
¨Ar®ma®ged®don© ²/*qmEÚgedn/ ³n ¸1 ´(biblical) (scene of) the last battle to be
fought between the forces of good and evil, prophesied to happen at the end of
time. µ¥ Rev 16:16. ¸2 ´(fig) any similar dramatic conflict.¼
¨ar®ma®ment© ²/ÚqmEmEnt/ ³n ¸1 ´(usu ³pl´) ´military forces and their equipment;
navy, army, air force. ¸2 ´(usu ³pl´) ´weapons, esp the large guns on a warship,
military tank, etc: ³the ²Ú³@s industry. ¸3 ¶[U] ´process of getting military
forces equipped; preparation for war.¼
¨ar®ma®ture© ²/ÚqmEt28E(r)/ ³n ´(electr) that part of a dynamo which rotates in
a magnetic field and in which the current is developed; coil(s) of an electric
motor.¼
¨ar®mis®tice© ²/ÚqmIstIs/ ³n ´agreement during a war or battle to stop fighting
for a time. ¸ÚA@ Day, ´11 Nov, kept as the anniversary of the @ that ended
fighting in the First World War (US = ³Veterans' Day´). µ¥ remembrance.¼
¨ar®moire© ²/Úqmwq(r) ³US: ²qmÚwqr/ ³n ¶[C] ´large cabinet or wardrobe.¼
¨ar®mor© µ¥ armour.¼
¨ar®morial© ²/qÚmcrIEl/ ³adj ´of heraldry; of coats of arms. µ¥
arms(2)´: ³@ bearings, ´a coat of arms.¼
¨ar®mour© ´(US = ¸ar®mor´) ²/ÚqmE(r)/ ³n ¶[U] ¸1 ´defensive covering, usu
metal, for the body, worn in fighting: ³a suit of @. ¸2 ´metal covering (steel
plates, etc) for warships, tanks, motor vehicles, etc. ¸3 ´(collective) tanks,
motor vehicles, etc protected with @. ¸Ú@-plate ³n ´sheet of metal used as @.
¸@ed ³part adj ¸1 ´covered or protected with @: ³an @ed cruiser/car. ¸2
´equipped with tanks, vehicles, guns, etc, that are protected with @: ³an @ed
column/division, ´etc. ¸@er ³n ¸1 ´manufacturer or repairer of arms and @. ¸2
´man in charge of fire-arms. ¸@y ²/ÚqmErI/ ³n (pl µ-ries³) ´place where arms
are kept.¼
¨arms© ²/qmz/ ³n pl ¸1 ´weapons (note, ³fire-arm, ´used in the ³sing ´form):
(attrib) ³an @ depot; The soldiers had plenty of @ and ammunition. ¸Ú@-race,
´competition among nations on military strength. ¸Úfire-@, ´those requiring
explosives. ¸Úsmall @, ´fire-@ that can be carried by hand, eÔg revolvers,
rifles, light machine-guns. ·lay down (one's) @, ´stop fighting. ·take up @;
rise up in @, ´(liter or fig) get ready to fight ³(against). ·under @,
´provided with weapons and ready to fight. ·(be) up in @ (about/over), ´(usu
fig) be protesting vigorously. ¸2 ´(heraldry) pictorial design used by a noble
family, town, university, etc. ¸*coat of Ú@, ´such a design, eÔg on a shield.
µ¥ ´the illus at µarmour.¼
¨army© ²/ÚqmI/ ³n (pl µ-mies³) ¸1 the @, ´the military forces of a country,
organized for fighting on land: ³be in the @, ´be a soldier; ³go into/join the
@, ´become a soldier. ¸Ú@ Act ³n ´body of laws regulating the conduct of
soldiers. ¸Ú@ corps ³n ´main subdivision of an @. ¸Ú@ list ³n ´official list of
commissioned officers. ¸2 ´organized body of persons: ³the Salvation A@´; large
number: ³an @ of workmen/officials/ants.¼
¨ar®nica© ²/ÚqnIkE/ ³n ¶[U] ´medical substance (made from a plant) used for
healing bruises and sprains.¼
¨aroma© ²/EÚrE8mE/ ³n ¸1 ´sweet smell, fragrance: ³the @ of a cigar. ¸2 ´(fig)
quality or surrounding atmosphere considered typical: ³the @ of wealth.
¸aro®matic ²/*arEÚmatIk/ ³adj ´fragrant; spicy: ³the @tic bark of the cinnamon
tree.¼
¨arose© ²/EÚrE8z/ ³pt ´of µarise.¼
¨around©1 ²/EÚrñ8nd/ ³adv ¸1 ·(all) @, ´on every side; in every direction; here
and there: ³From all @ we heard the laughter of children. Don't leave your
clothes lying @. ¸2 ´(colloq) not far away (in place or time): ³I'll be @ if
you should want me. I'll be seeing you @, I expect. ·have been @, ´have
travelled widely, have had experience of life and the world: ³She's obviously
been @ a lot. µ¥ about±2µ(1,2,3), round±2µ, shop ³vµ(1), sleep±2µ(2).¼
¨around©2 ²/EÚrñ8nd/ ³prep ¸1 ·(all) @, ´throughout: ³He's been all @ India. ¸2
´encircling (wholly or partially): ³Take your arm from @ my waist. Go for a run
@ the block. µ¥ about±3µ(1,2,3), round±4µ.¼
¨arouse© ²/EÚrñ8z/ ³vt ¶[VP6A,14] ¸1 ´awaken: ³behaviour that might @
suspicion; sufferings that @d our sympathy; @ sb from his sleep. ¸2 ´cause (sb)
to become active; stir (sb) up from inactivity; stimulate sexually: ³fully @d.¼
¨ar®peg®gio© ²/qÚpedZIE8/ ³n (pl µ@s³) ´(I; music) the playing of the notes of a
chordµ(2) ´in (usu upwards) succession.¼
¨ar®que®bus© ²/ÚqkwIbEs/ ³n ´early kind of portable gun, supported on a tripod
or a forked rest, used before muskets were invented.¼
¨ar®rack© ²/Úarak/ ³n ¶[U] ´strong alcoholic drink made in Eastern countries.¼
¨ar®raign© ²/EÚreIn/ ³vt ¶[VP6A,14] ´(legal) bring a criminal
charge against (sb); bring (sb) before a court for trial: ³@ed on a charge of
theft. ¸@®ment ³n ´@ing or being @ed.¼
¨ar®range© ²/EÚreIndZ/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A] ´put in order: ³She's good at
arranging flowers. I @d the books on the shelves. Before going away, he @d his
business affairs. ¸2 ¶[VP6A,15A,3A,4C] ´make plans in advance, see to the
details of sth: ³A marriage has been @d between Mr Brown and Miss White. The
Tourist Bureau @d everything for our journey to Rome. I have @d to meet her at
ten o'clock. I have @d for a car to meet you at the airport. The meeting @d
for tomorrow has been postponed. I can't @ for everything. ¸3 ¶[VP3A] ·@ (with
sb) (for/about sth), ´come to an agreement. ¸4 ¶[VP6A,14] ·@ (for), ´adapt (a
piece of music): ³@ a piece of music for the violin. ¸5 ¶[VP6A] ´settle, adjust
(now the more usu words): ³Mrs White often has to @ disputes/differences
between the two boys.¼
¨ar®range®ment© ²/EÚreIndZmEnt/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´putting in order; arranging or
being arranged: ³The @ of the furniture in our new house took a long time. ¸2
³(pl) ´plans; preparations: ³Have you made @s for your journey to Scotland?
I'll make @s for somebody to meet you/for you to be met at the airport. ¸3 ¶[U]
´agreement; settlement: ³The price of the house is a matter for @, ´is a matter
to be settled by discussion. ³We can come to some sort of @ over expenses. ¸4
¶[C] ´result or manner of arranging: ³an @ ´(eÔg of orchestral music) ³for the
piano. I have an @ by which I can cash my cheques at banks everywhere in
Britain.¼
¨ar®rant© ²/ÚarEnt/ ³adj ´(always of sth or sb bad) in the highest degree: ³an
@ liar/knave/dunce/hypocrite/rogue; @ nonsense.¼
¨ar®ras© ²/ÚarEs/ ³n ´tapestry, esp the kind formerly hung on the walls of
rooms.¼
¨ar®ray© ²/EÚreI/ ³vt ¶[VP6A,15A] ´(liter) ¸1 ´place (esp armed forces, troops)
in order for battle: ³The Duke and his men @ed themselves against the King,
´took up arms against the King. ¸2 ´dress: ³@ed in ceremonial robes; @ed like a
queen. ´¹ ³n ´(liter) ¸1 ´order: ³troops in battle @. ¸2 ´clothes: ³in holiday
@; in bridal @. ¸3 ·@ (of), ´display: ³a fine @ of tools; an imposing @ of
statistics.¼
¨ar®rears© ²/EÚrIEz/ ³n pl ¸1 ´money that is owing and that ought to have been
paid: ³@ of rent/wages. ·be in/fall into @ (with), ´be late in paying. Cf ³be
behindhand with. ¸2 ´work still waiting to be done: ³@ of correspondence,
´letters waiting to be answered.¼
¨ar®rest© ²/EÚrest/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ¸1 ´put a stop to (a process or movement):
³Poor food @s the natural growth of children. ¸2 ´catch (sb's attention): ³The
bright colours of the flowers @ed the child's attention. ¸3 ´seize (sb) by the
authority of the law: ³The police @ed the thief and put him in prison. ´¹ ³n
´act of @ing (a wrongdoer, etc): ³The police made several @s. ·under @, ´held
as a prisoner. ·be/place/put under @, ´be/be made a prisoner: ³The officer was
put under @. ¸@er ³n ¸Ú@er hook, ´device for reducing the speed of aircraft as
they land on the deck of an aircraft carrier. ¸@®ing ³adj ´striking; likely to
hold the attention.¼
¨ar®ri`ere pens_ee© ²/*arI*eE ÚponseI ³US: ²ponÚseI/ ³n ´(F)
ulterior motive; mental reservation.¼
¨ar®ri®val© ²/EÚrñIvl/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´act of arriving: ³on @ home; on his @;
waiting for the @ of news; to await @, ´(on a letter, parcel, etc) to be kept
until the addressee arrives. ¸2 ¶[C] ´sb or sth that arrives: ³There are
several new @s at the hotel. The new @ ´(colloq = The newborn child) ³is a
boy.¼
¨ar®rive© ²/EÚrñIv/ ³vi ¶[VP2A,C,3A] ¸1 ´reach a place, esp the end of a
journey: ³@ home; @ at a port; @ in harbour. ¸2 ´come: ³At last the day @d. Her
baby @d ´(= was born) ³yesterday. ¸3 ¶[VP3A] ·@ at, ´reach (a decision, a
price, the age of 40, manhood, etc). ¸4 ¶[VP2A] ´establish one's position or
reputation.¼
¨ar®ro®gant© ²/ÚarEgEnt/ ³adj ´behaving in a proud, superior manner; (of
behaviour, etc) showing too much pride in oneself and too little consideration
for others: ³speaking in an @ tone. ¸@®ly ³adv ¸ar®ro®gance ²/-Ens/ ³n ¶[U].¼
¨ar®ro®gate© ²/ÚarEgeIt/ ³vt ¶[VP14] ´(formal) ¸1 ·@ to oneself, ´claim or take
without right: ³He @d to himself the dignity of a chair´, claimed to be a
university professor (although he was only a lecturer). ¸2 ´attribute unjustly;
ascribe: ³Don't @ evil motives to me.¼
¨ar®row© ²/ÚarE8/ ³n ¸1 ´thin, pointed stick (to be) shot from a bow. µ¥ ´the
illus at µarchery. ¸2 ´mark or sign (²`´) used to show direction or position,
eÔg on a map or as a road sign. ¸Ú@®head ³n ´pointed end of an @.¼
¨ar®row®root© ²/ÚarE8rut/ ³n ¶[U] ´starchy food made from the powdered root of
a plant.¼
¨arse© ²/qs/ ´(US = ¸ass ²/as/´) ³n ´(Ï not in polite use) buttocks; anus.
·silly @, ´fool. ¸Ú@®hole ´(US = ¸Úass®hole´) ³n ´anus.¼
¨ar®senal© ²/ÚqsEnl/ ³n ´building(s) where weapons and ammunition are made or
stored; (fig) reserve of strength.¼
¨ar®senic© ²/ÚqsnIk/ ³n ¶[U] ´(chem) brittle, steel-grey crystalline chemical
element (symbol ¸As´), used in glass-making, dyes, etc; white mineral compound
of @, a violent poison.¼
¨ar®son© ²/Úqsn/ ³n ¶[U] ´act of setting sth on fire intentionally and
unlawfully, eÔg another person's property or one's own with the purpose of
claiming under an insurance policy.¼
¨art©1 ²/qt/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´the creation or expression of what is
beautiful, esp in visual form; fine skill or aptitude in such expression: ³the
art of the Renaissance; children's art; the art of landscape painting. The
story is developed with great art. ¸the *fine Úarts, ´drawing, painting,
sculpture, architecture, music, ballet. ¸a *work of Úart, ´a fine painting,
piece of sculpture, etc. ¸an Úart gallery, ´one for the display of works of
art. ¸an Úart school, ´one at which the arts of painting, etc are taught. ¸2
¶[C] ´sth in which imagination and personal taste are more important than exact
measurement and calculation: ³History and literature are among the arts/the
arts subjects ´(contrasted with science/science subjects). ³Teaching/Public
speaking is an art. ¸*Bachelor/*Master of ÚArts, ´(abbr ¸BÔA/MÔA´) ´person who
has passed the examination and fulfilled other conditions for the award of a
university degree in this branch of learning. ¸3 ¶[U] ´cunning; trickery; ¶[C]
´trick: ³In spite of all her arts, the young man was not attracted to her. ¸the
black art, ´magic (used for evil purposes). ¸4 ´(attrib) relating to artµ(1)´;
of artistic design: ³an ·Ú³art historian/critic; art needlework/pottery.¼
¨art©2 ²/qt/ ³pres t ´form of ³be ´(archaic) used with ³thou´:
³thou art, ´you are.¼
¨ar®te®fact© µ¥ artifact.¼
¨ar®ter®ial© ²/qÚtIErIEl/ ³adj ´of or like an artery: ³@ blood: @ roads,
´important main roads; ³@ railways/traffic.¼
¨ar®terio®scler®osis© ²/q*tIErIE8sklEÚrE8sIs/ ³n ¶[U] ´chronic disease with the
hardening of the arteries, hindering blood circulation.¼
¨ar®tery© ²/ÚqtErI/ ³n (pl µ-ries³) ¸1 ´one of the tubes carrying blood from
the heart to all parts of the body. µ¥ ´the illus at µrespiratory. ¸2 ´main
road or river; chief channel in a system of communications, etc: ³arteries of
traffic.¼
¨ar®tesian© ²/qÚtizIEn ³US: ²-iZn/ ³adj ¸@ well, ´perpendicular well producing
a constant supply of water rising to the surface without pumping.¼
¨art®ful© ²/Úqtfl/ ³adj ´cunning; deceitful; clever in getting what one wants.
¸@ly ²/-fElI/ ³adv ¸@®ness ³n¼
¨ar®thri®tis© ²/*qÚTrñItIs/ ³n ¶[U] ´inflammation of a joint or joints; gout.
¸ar®thri®tic ²/qÚTrItIk/ ³adj¼
¨ar®ti®choke© ²/ÚqtIt2E8k/ ³n ¸1 globe @, ´plant like a large thistle, with a
flowering head of thick, leaf-like scales used as a vegetable. µ¥ ´the illus at
µvegetable. ¸2 ¸Jerusalem @, ´plant like a sunflower, with tuberous roots used
as a vegetable.¼
¨ar®ticle© ²/ÚqtIkl/ ³n ¶[C] ¸1 ´particular or separate thing: ³@s of clothing,
´eÔg shirts, coats; ³toilet @s, ´eÔg soap, toothpaste. ¸2 ´piece of writing,
complete in itself, in a newspaper or other periodical: ¸*leading Ú@, ´(in a
newspaper) @ expressing the views of the editor(s). ¸3 ´(legal) separate clause
or item in an agreement: ³@s of apprenticeship/employment. ¸4 ´(gram) ¸definite
@, ´"the'. ¸indefinite @, ´"a', "an'. ¹ ³vt ´bind, eÔg an apprentice by
@sµ(3)´: ³an @d clerk.¼
¨ar®ticu®late©1 ²/qÚtIkj8lEt/ ³adj ¸1 ´(of speech) in which the separate sounds
and words are clear. ¸2 ´(of a person) able to put thoughts and feelings into
clear speech: ³That man is not very @. ¸3 ´jointed. ¸@®ly ³adv¼
¨ar®ticu®late©2 ²/qÚtIkj8leIt/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A,2C] ´say (words) distinctly;
speak (distinctly). ¸2 ¶[VP15A,2C] ´connect by joints: ³bones that @/are @d
with others. ¸an @d vehicle, ´having parts joined in a flexible manner, eÔg a
tractor flexibly joined to the part that carries the load.¼
¨ar®ticu®la®tion© ²/q*tIkj8ÚleI2n/ ³n ¶[U] ¸1 ´production of speech sounds:
³The speaker's ideas were good but his @ was poor. ¸2 ´(connection by a)
joint.¼
¨ar®ti®fact©, ar®te®fact ²/ÚqtIfakt/ ³n ¶[C] ´artificial product;
something made by human being(s), esp a simple tool or weapon of archaeological
interest.¼
¨ar®ti®fice© ²/ÚqtIfIs/ ³n ¸1 ¶[C] ´skilful way of doing sth. ¸2
¶[U] ´cunning; ingenuity; trickery; ¶[C] ´trick.¼
¨ar®ti®fi®cer© ²/qÚtIfIsE(r)/ ³n ´skilled workman. ¸engine-room @, ´(rank in
the Navy of a) skilled mechanic.¼
¨ar®ti®fi®cial© ²/*qtIÚfI2l/ ³adj ´not natural or real; made by the art of man:
³@ flowers/teeth/light; @ silk, ´(old name for) rayon; ³@ manures, ´chemical
manures (not dung); ³@ tears, ´not caused by genuine sorrow; ³@ manners,
´affected, not natural manners. ¸@ respiration, ´method of forcing air into the
lungs, eÔg to a man nearly drowned. µ¥ ´also µinsemination. ¸ar®ti®fi®ci®ally
²/-2ElI/ ³adv¼
¨ar®til®lery© ²/qÚtIlErI/ ³n ¶[U] ´big guns (mounted on wheels, etc); branch of
an army that uses these.¼
¨ar®ti®san© ²/*qtIÚzan ³US: ²ÚqtIzn/ ³n ´skilled workman in industry or trade;
mechanic.¼
¨art®ist© ²/ÚqtIst/ ³n ¸1 ´person who practises one of the fine arts, esp
painting. ¸2 ´person who does sth with skill and good taste: ³an @ in words.¼
¨art®iste© ²/qÚtist/ ³n ´professional singer, actor, dancer, etc.¼
¨ar®tis®tic© ²/qÚtIstIk/ ³adj ¸1 ´done with skill and good taste, esp in the
arts; able to appreciate what is beautiful. ¸2 ´having or showing good taste.
¸3 ´of art or artists. ¸ar®tis®ti®cally ²/-klI/ ³adv¼
¨art®istry© ²/ÚqtIstrI/ ³n ¶[U] ´artistic skill or work; qualities of taste and
skill possessed by an artist.¼
¨art®less© ²/ÚqtlIs/ ³adj ´(contrasted with ³artful´) natural; simple;
innocent: ³as @ as a child of 5. ¸@®ly ³adv ¸@®ness ³n¼
¨arty© ²/ÚqtI/ ³adj ´(colloq) pretending or falsely claiming to be artistic.
¸*@-Úcrafty, ´(colloq) of, using, making, handmade articles, esp in a way that
is considered affected.¼
¨arum© ²/ÚeErEm/ ³n ¸@ lily, ´tall white lily.¼
¨Aryan© ²/ÚeErIEn/ ³adj ´of the family of languages called Indo-European, iÔe
related to Sanskrit, Persian, Greek, Latin and the Germanic and Slavonic
languages; of a race using an @ language. ¹ ³n ´person whose mother tongue is
one of the @ languages; (popular sense, now discredited) person of Germanic or
Scandinavian ancestry.¼
¨as©1 ²/Ez ³strong form: ²az/ ³adv ´(followed by ³as, conj´) ´in the
same degree: ³I'm as tall as you. Is it as difficult as they say it is? ´(In a
neg sentence ³as ´is often replaced by ³so´): ³It's not so difficult as I
expected.¼
¨as©2 ²/Ez ³strong form: ²az/ ³conj ¸1 ´when; while: ³I saw him as he was
getting off the bus. As a child, he lived in India. As he grew older he became
less active. ¸2 ´(expressing reason) since; seeing that: ³As he wasn't ready in
time, we went without him. ¸3 ´(in comparisons of equality, in the patterns:
³as + adj/adv + as; not as/so + adj/adv as´): ³I want a box twice as large as
this. It isn't as/so big as you think it is. ´(Used in numerous proverbial
phrases): ³as easy as ABC; as heavy as lead. ´(Note the ³pronouns ´in these
examples): ³You hate him as much as I, ´iÔe as much as I hate him; ³You hate
him as much as me, ´iÔe as much as you hate me. (When there is no ambiguity,
the object form of the ³pronoun ´is used in speech): ³At your age, you can't
expect to play football as/so well as me ´(= as I do). ¸4 ´(introducing a
concessive clause, usu replaceable by a construction with ³although´): ¸(a)
´with an ³adj ´or ³adv´: ³I know some of the family secrets, young as I am,
´although I am young. ³Much as I like you ´(= Although I like you much), ³I
will not marry you. ¸(b) ´(with ³vv´, esp ³may, might, will, would´): ³Try as
he would ´(= Although he tried, However hard he tried), ³he could not lift the
rock. ¸5 ´(introducing adverbial clauses of manner) in the way in which: ³Do as
I do. Do it as I do it. Leave it as it is. ¸6 ´(introducing a complement of
manner) like: ³Why is he dressed as a woman? ¸7 ´(used to avoid repetition in
the predicate): ³Harry is unusually tall, as are his brothers, ´and his
brothers are also unusually tall. ¸8 ´in the capacity or character of: ³He was
respected both as a judge and as a man. Looking at Napoleon as a statesman, not
as a soldier«. ¸9 ´(used in ¶[VP16B] ´after ³regard, view, represent, treat,
acknowledge, ´and ³vv ´similar in meaning but not after ³consider, ´to
introduce a predicative): ³Most people regarded him ´(= looked upon him) ³as a
fool. ´Cf Most people ³considered him (to be) ´a fool. ³Do you treat all men as
your equals? ¸10 ´(used to introduce illustrations or examples; usu preceded by
³such´; ´replaceable by ³for instance, for example ´or ³like´): ³Countries in
the north of Europe, such as Finland, Norway, Sweden,«. ¸11 ·as if; as though,
´(introducing a clause of manner, with a ³pt ´in the clause): ³He talks as if
he knew all about it. He looks as if he had seen a ghost. It isn't as though he
were poor. ´(followed by a ³to´-infinitive): ³He opened his lips as if to say
something. ¸12 ·Úas for, ´with reference to (sometimes suggesting indifference
or contempt): ³As for you, I never want to see you here again. ·Úas to, ´about;
concerning (better avoided except when the words following ³as to ´are shifted
to the beginning of a sentence for prominence): ³As to your brother, I will
deal with him later; ´(with a gerund) ³As to accepting their demand,«. ¸13
´(used as a ³conj ´to introduce relative clauses, chiefly after ³same ´and
³such´): ³Such women as knew Tom ´(= Those women who knew him) ³thought he was
charming. Such women as Tom knew ´(= Those women whom Tom knew) ³thought he was
charming. You must show my wife the same respect as you show me, ´the respect
that you show me. ³We drove out of the town by the same road as we had entered
by. ¸14 ´(introducing a non-defining relative clause, the antecedent being
inferred): ³Cyprus, as ´(= which fact) ³you all know, is in the Mediterranean.
To shut your eyes to facts, as many of you do, is foolish. ¸15 ·Úso as to, ¸(a)
´(introducing an infinitive of purpose): ³He stood up so as to ´(= in order to)
³see better. ¸(b) ´(introducing an infinitive of manner): ³It is foolish to
behave so as to annoy ´(= in ways that annoy) ³your neighbours. ¸16 ·as good
as, ´the same thing as: ³Will he be as good as his word? ´Will he do what he
promised? ³He's as good as dead, ´almost dead, sure to die soon. ¸17 ·as/so
long as, ¸(a) ´on condition that: ³You can go where you like so long as you get
back before dark. ¸(b) ´while: ³You shall never enter this house as long as I
live in it. ¸18 ·as much, ´so; (what really amounts to) that: ³I thought as
much. ¸19 ·as far as, µ¥ far±1µ(2). ·as such; such as, µ¥ such ³pron. ¸20
·(just) as soon; as soon as (not), µ¥ soon(3,5). ·as well (as), µ¥ well±2µ(8).¼
¨as®bes®tos© ²/azÚbestos/ ³n ¶[U] ´soft, fibrous, grey, mineral substance that
can be made into fire-proof fabrics or solid sheeting and used as a
heat-insulating material.¼
¨as®cend© ²/EÚsend/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A,2A,C] ´go or come up (a mountain, river,
etc): ³We watched the mists @ing from the valley. The path @s here. ¸2 ·@ the
throne, ´become king or queen.¼
¨as®cend®ancy©, -ency ²/EÚsendEnsI/ ³n ¶[U] ´(position of) having power.
·gain/have the @ (over sb)´: ³He has the @ over his rivals/his party.¼
¨as®cend®ant©, -ent ²/EÚsendEnt/ ³n ·in the @, ´rising in power and influence.¼
¨as®cen®sion© ²/EÚsen2n/ ³n ´act of ascending. ¸the A@, ´the departure of Jesus
from the earth, on the fortieth day after the Resurrection.¼
¨as®cent© ²/EÚsent/ ³n ¶[C] ´act of ascending; way up; upward
movement: ³The @ of the mountain was not difficult. I have never made an @ ´(=
have never been up) ³in a balloon. The last part of the @ is steep.¼
¨as®cer®tain© ²/*asEÚteIn/ ³vt ¶[VP6A,9,8,10,17] ´find out (in order to be
certain about); get to know: ³@ the facts; @ that the news is true; @ whether
the train stops at X; @ what really happened. ¸@®able ²/-Ebl/ ³adj ´that can be
@ed.¼
¨as®cetic© ²/EÚsetIk/ ³adj ´self-denying; austere; leading a life of severe
self-discipline. ¹ ³n ´person who (often for religious reasons) leads a
severely simple life without ordinary pleasures. ¸as®ceti®cally ²/-klI/ ³adv
¸as®ceti®cism ²/EÚsetIsIzEm/ ³n¼
¨as®cor®bic© ²/EÚskcbIk/ ³adj ¸@ acid, ´(also known as ³vitamin C´) ´vitamin
found in citrus fruits and vegetable products, used against scurvy.¼
¨as®cribe© ²/EÚskrñIb/ ³vt ¶[VP14] ·@ to, ¸1 ´consider to be the cause,
origin, reason or author, of: ³He @d his failure to bad luck. This play has
been @d to Shakespeare, ´it has been said that Shakespeare was the author. ¸2
´consider as belonging to: ³@ a wrong meaning to a word. ¸as®crib®able ²/-Ebl/
³adj ´that can be @d: ³His quick recovery is ascribable to his sound
constitution. ¸as®crip®tion ²/EÚskrIp2n/ ³n ´ascribing: ³The ascription of
this work to Schubert may be false.¼
¨as®dic© ²/ÚazdIk/ ³n ´device using reflected sound-waves, for
detecting submarines, etc.¼
¨asep®tic© ²/*eIÚseptIk/ ³adj ´(of wounds, dressings, etc) free from bacteria;
surgically clean. ¸asep®sis ²/*eIÚsepsIs/ ³n ¶[U] ´@ condition.¼
¨asex®ual© ²/*eIÚsek28El/ ³adj ¸1 ´without sex or sex organs: ³@ reproduction.
¸2 ´(of a person) showing no interest in sexual relations. ¸@®ity
²/eI*sek28ÚalEtI/ ³n¼
¨ash©1 ²/a2/ ³n ´forest-tree with silver-grey bark and hard, tough wood; ¶[U]
´wood of this tree. ¸Úash-key ³n ´winged seed of the ash. µ¥ ´the illus at
µtree.¼
¨ash©2 ²/a2/ ³n ¶[U ´or ³pl´, but not with numerals¶] ¸1 ´powder that remains
after sth has burnt: ³Don't drop cigarette ash on the carpet. Remove the
ash(es) from the stove once a day. The house was burnt to ashes. ¸2 ³(pl) ´the
burnt (= cremated) remains of a human body. ¸Ash Wednesday, ´first day of Lent.
¸Úash-bin, Úash-can ³nn ´(esp US; µ¥ dustbin´) large rigid receptacle for
ashes, cinders, kitchen waste, etc. ¸Úash-pan ³n ´tray (in a fireplace, stove,
etc) into which ashes drop from a fire. ¸Úash-tray ³n ´small (metal, glass,
etc) receptacle for tobacco ash.¼
¨ashamed© ²/EÚ2eImd/ ³pred adj ·@ (of/that/to do sth), ´feeling shame: ³You
should be @ of yourself/of what you have done. He was/felt @ to ask for help.
He felt @ that he had done/of having done so little. I feel @ for you, ´on
your account, as if I were you. ¸asham®ed®ly ²/EÚ2eImIdlI/ ³adv¼
¨ashen© ²/Úa2n/ ³adj ´of ashes; pale; ash-coloured: ³His face turned @ at the
news.¼
¨ashore© ²/EÚ2c(r)/ ³adv ´on, on to, the shore. ·go @, ´(of a sailor, etc)
leave a ship to go on land. ·run/be driven @, ´(of a ship) be forced to the
shore, eÔg by bad weather.¼
¨ashy© ²/Úa2I/ ³adj ´of or like ashes; covered with ashes; ash-coloured, pale.¼
¨Asian© ²/ÚeI2n ³US: ²ÚeIZn/ ³n, adj ´(native) of Asia.¼
¨Asi®atic© ²/*eI2IÚatIk ³US: ²*eIZI-/ ³n, adj ´(native) of Asia (³Asian ´is the
preferred word).¼
¨aside© ²/EÚsñId/ ³adv ´on or to one side: ³He laid the book @, ´put it down
and stopped reading it. ³We turned @ ´(= away) ³from the main road. The
decision/verdict was set @, ´made of no effect. ³Please put this @ for me,
´reserve it. ³Joking @, ´iÔe speaking seriously,«. ¹ ³n ¶[C] ´words spoken @,
esp (on the stage) words that other persons (on the stage) are supposed not to
hear.¼
¨as®in®ine© ²/ÚasInñIn/ ³adj ¸1 ´of asses. ¸2 ´(colloq) stupid.¼
¨ask© ²/qsk ³US: ²ask/ ³vt,vi ´(³pt,pp µasked´) ¸1 ¶[VP6A,12C,14 ´often with
the indirect object omitted in ¶12C] ´call for an answer to; request
information or service: ³Did you ask the price? Ask (him) his name. May I ask
(you) a question? Have I asked too much of you/asked you for too much? You
asked of me more than you asked of the others. He asked a favour of me. We must
ask him about it. He asked me for help. ¶[VP8,20] ³I will ask (him) how to get
there. Did you ask (her) which to buy? ¶[VP10,21] ³They asked (me) what my name
was, where I came from, and why I had come. Please ask (her) when she will be
back. ¶[VP3A] ·ask after, ´ask for information about: ³He asked after you/your
health. ¸2 ¶[VP6A,17,15B,3A] ´invite: ³We asked him to come again. I've been
asked (out) to dinner. Mr Brown is at the door; shall I ask him in? ·ask for
trouble, ´(colloq) ·ask for it, ´behave in such a way that trouble is likely;
invite trouble. ¸3 ¶[VP7A,9,17,10] ´request to be allowed: ³I must ask you to
excuse me/ask to be excused. He asked permission to get up. He asked to get
up/that/if he might get up. ¸4 ¶[VP6A,12C,14] ´demand as a price: ³He asked
(me) $25 a month as rent for that house. You're asking too much. What are they
asking for the house? ¸5 ·ask the banns, ´(old use; now usu ³put up ´or
³publish´) ´publish them.¼
¨askance© ²/EÚskans/ ³adv ´(only in) ·look @ at sb/sth, ´look at with
suspicion.¼
¨askew© ²/EÚskju/ ³adv, pred adj ´out of the straight or usual (level)
position: ³hang a picture @´; ³have one's hat on @´: ³cut a plank @, ´aslant.¼
¨ask®ing© ²/ÚqskIG/ ³n ·for the @, ´by requesting: ³You may have it/It's yours
for the @, ´You have only to ask for it and it will be given to you.¼
¨aslant© ²/EÚslqnt ³US: ²EÚslant/ ³adv, prep ´in a slanting direction ³(to)´:
³The wrecked coach lay @ the railway track.¼
¨asleep© ²/EÚslip/ ³adv, pred adj ¸1 ´sleeping: ³He was fast @. He fell/dropped
@ during the sermon. ¸2 ´(of the arms or legs) without feeling (as when under
pressure).¼
¨asp©1 ²/asp/ ³n ´= µaspen.¼
¨asp©2 ²/asp/ ³n ´(zool) small poisonous snake of Egypt and Libya.¼
¨as®para®gus© ²/EÚsparEgEs/ ³n ¶[U] ´plant whose young shoots are cooked and
eaten as a vegetable; the shoots.¼
¨as®pect© ²/Úaspekt/ ³n ¸1 ´look or appearance (of a person or thing): ³a man
of fierce @´; ³a man with a serious @. ¸2 ´front that faces a particular
direction: ³a house with a southern @. ¸3 ´(fig) particular part: ³study every
@ of a subject, ´study it thoroughly. ¸4 ´(gram) verb form which relates
activity to passage of time. ¸as®pec®tual ²/aÚspekt28El/ ³adj´: ³There is an
@ual difference between "I saw him ´cross ³the road' and "I saw him ´crossing
³the road'.¼
¨as®pen© ²/ÚaspEn/ ³n ´kind of poplar tree with leaves that move in
the slightest wind.¼
¨as®per®ity© ²/aÚsperEtI/ ³n (pl µ-ties³) ´(formal) ¸1 ¶[U] ´roughness;
harshness (of manner); severity (of weather): ³speak with @. ¸2 ´(with ³pl´)
´instance of one of these qualities: ³the asperities of winter in Labrador; an
exchange of asperities, ´eÔg of hard or bitter words.¼
¨as®perse© ²/EÚsp3s/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´(formal) slander; say false or unkind things
about: ³@ sb's good name/honour/reputation. ¸as®per®sion ²/EÚsp32n ³US: ²-Zn/
³n ´(only in) ·cast aspersions (up)on sb/sb's honour, etc, ´slander him; say
false things about him.¼
¨as®phalt© ²/Úasfalt ³US: ²-fclt/ ³n ¶[U] ´black, sticky substance like
coal-tar used for making roofs, etc waterproof, and mixed with gravel or
crushed rock, for making road surfaces. ¹ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´surface (a road) with
@.¼
¨as®pho®del© ²/ÚasfEdel/ ³n ¸1 ´sort of lily. ¸2 ´(poet) immortal flower of
the Gk Elysium ²/IÚlizIEm/ ´(home of the dead).¼
¨as®phyxia© ²/asÚfIksIE/ ³n ¶[U] ´condition caused by lack of enough air in
the lungs; suffocation. ¸as®phyxi®ate ²/EsÚfIksIeIt/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´make ill,
cause the death of, through lack of sufficient air in the lungs: ³The men in
the coal-mine were @ted by bad gas. ¸as®phyxi®ation ²/Es*fIksIÚeI2n/ ³n ¶[U]
´= asphyxia; suffocation.¼
¨as®pic© ²/ÚaspIk/ ³n ¶[U] ´clear meat jelly: ³chicken in @.¼
¨as®pi®dis®tra© ²/*aspIÚdIstrE/ ³n (pl µ@s³) ´plant with broad, pointed leaves,
usually grown as a house plant.¼
¨as®pir®ant© ²/EÚspñIErEnt/ ³n ·@ (to/after), ´person who is ambitious for
fame, etc: ³an @ to high office.¼
¨as®pir®ate©1 ²/ÚaspErEt/ ³n ´(phon) the sound of "h'; sound with an "h' in it:
³Mind your @s, ´be careful to make the "h' sounds where necessary.¼
¨as®pir®ate©2 ²/ÚaspEreIt/ ³vt ´(phon) say with an "h' sound: ³The "h' in
"honour' is not @d.¼
¨as®pir®ation© ²/*aspEÚreI2n/ ³n ¶[C,U] ¸1 ·@ (for/after); @ (to do/be),
´aspiring; desire: ³his @s for fame; his @ to be an actor; the @s of the
developing countries. ¸2 ´aspirating.¼
¨as®pire© ²/EÚspñIE(r)/ ³vi ¶[VP3A,4A] ´be filled with high ambition: ³@ after
knowledge; @ to fame; @ to become an author.¼
¨as®pirin© ²/ÚasprIn ³US: ²-pEr-/ ³n ¶[U] ´(P) medicine used to relieve pain
and reduce fever; ¶[C] ´tablet or measure of this: ³Take two @s for a
headache.¼
¨ass©1 ²/as/ ³n ¸1 ´animal of the horse family with long ears and a tuft at the
end of its tail; donkey; stupid person. ¸2 ·make an ass of oneself, ´behave
stupidly so that one is ridiculed.¼
¨ass©2 ²/as/ ³n ´(US vulg) = µarse.¼
¨as®sa®gai© ²/ÚasEgñI/ ³n ´= µassegai.¼
¨as®sail© ²/EÚseIl/ ³vt ¶[VP6A,14] ·@ (with), ´attack violently;
pester: ³@ sb with questions/insults; be @ed with doubts. ¸@®able ²/-Ebl/ ³adj
´that can be attacked. ¸@®ant ²/-Ent/ ³n ´attacker.¼
¨as®sas®sin© ²/EÚsasIn ³US: ²-sn/ ³n ´person, often one hired by others, who
assassinates. ¸@®ate ²/EÚsasIneIt ³US: ²-sEn-/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´kill sb (esp an
important politician, ruler) violently and treacherously, for political
reasons. ¸@®ation ²/E*sasIÚneI2n ³US: ²E*sasEnÚeI2n/ ³n ¶[U] ´murder of this
kind; ¶[C] ´instance of this.¼
¨as®sault© ²/EÚsclt/ ³n ·@ (on/upon), ´violent and sudden attack: ³They made an
@ on the enemy's positions. The sonic boom was an @ on our nerves. The enemy's
positions were taken by @. ·@ and battery, ´(legal) beating or hitting sb. ¸Ú@
craft ³n ´portable boat with an outboard motor, used for making attacks across
rivers, etc. ¹ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´make an @ on; attack (eÔg a fortress) by a sudden
rush.¼
¨as®say© ²/EÚseI/ ³n ¶[C] ·@ (of), ´test of the fineness, purity, or quality
(of precious metals, ores, etc): ³make an @ of an ore. ´¹ ³vt ¸1 ¶[VP6A] ´test,
eÔg the purity of a metal, analyse, eÔg an ore, etc. ¸2 ·@ (to do sth),
¶[VP6A,7A] ´(old use) attempt, eÔg sth difficult.¼
¨as®se®gai© ²/ÚasEgñI/ ³n ´throwing-spear with a wooden haft, used by S African
tribes.¼
¨as®sem®blage© ²/EÚsemblIdZ/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´bringing or coming together; assembly
(now the usu word): ³the @ of parts of a machine. ¸2 ¶[C] ´collection of things
or (joc) persons.¼
¨as®semble© ²/EÚsembl/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A,2A] ´gather together; collect: ³The
pupils @d/were @d in the school hall. ¸2 ¶[VP6A] ´fit or put together (the
parts of): ³@ a watch/car.¼
¨as®sem®bly© ²/EÚsemblI/ ³n (pl µ-lies³) ¸1 ¶[C] ´number of persons
who have come together, esp a meeting of law-makers: ³the Legislative A@; the
school @, ´the daily @ of pupils and staff. ¸Ú@ room(s), ´public hall in which
meetings, balls, etc take place. ¸2 Ú@ hall, ´one where a school meets for
prayers, etc; workshop where parts of large machines, eÔg aircraft, are put
together. ¸Ú@ line, ´stage of mass production in which parts of a machine,
vehicle, etc move along for progressive @. ¸3 ´military call, by drum or bugle,
for soldiers to assemble.¼
¨as®sent© ²/EÚsent/ ³n ·@ (to), ´official agreement, eÔg to a proposal; (royal)
agreement (to a bill passed by Parliament). ·by common @, ´everybody agreeing.
·with one @, ´unanimously; nobody opposing. µ¥ accord±1µ(1), dissent. ´¹ ³vi
¶[VP2A,3A] ·@ (to), ´give agreement (eÔg to a proposal).¼
¨as®sert© ²/EÚs3t/ ³vt ¸1 ¶[VP6A] ´make a claim to, eÔg one's rights. ¸2
¶[VP6A,9,25] ´declare: ³@ one's innocence/that one is innocent; @ sth to be
true. ·@ oneself, ´display authority, self-confidence.¼
¨as®ser®tion© ²/EÚs32n/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´insisting upon the recognition of one's
rights: ³self-@. ¸2 ¶[C] ´strong statement; claim: ³make an @.¼
¨as®sert®ive© ²/EÚs3tIv/ ³adj ´having or showing positive
assurance: ³speaking in an @ tone. ¸@®ly ³adv¼
¨as®sess© ²/EÚses/ ³vt ¶[VP6A,14] ¸1 ´decide or fix the amount of (eÔg a tax or
a fine): ³Damages were @ed at $100. ¸2 ´appraise; fix or decide the value of
(eÔg property), the amount of (eÔg income), for purposes of taxation; (fig)
test the value of: ³@ a speech at its true worth. ¸@®ment ³n ¶[U] ´@ing; ¶[C]
´amount @ed. ¸@or ²/-sE(r)/ ³n ¸1 ´person who @es property, income, taxes, etc.
¸2 ´person who advises a judge, magistrate or official committee, etc on
technical matters.¼
¨as®set© ²/Úaset/ ³n ¸1 ´(usu ³pl´) anything owned by a person, company, etc
that has money value and that may be sold to pay debts. µ¥ liability. ¸2
´valuable or useful quality or skill: ³Good health is a great @.¼
¨as®sev®er®ate© ²/EÚsevEreIt/ ³vt ¶[VP6A,9] ´(formal) assert solemnly: ³@ one's
innocence/that one is innocent. ¸as®sev®er®ation ²/E*sevEÚreI2n/ ³n¼
¨as®si®du®ity© ²/*asIÚdjuEtI ³US: ²-Údu-/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´constant and careful
attention to what one is doing: ³He plans everything with unfailing @. ¸2 ³(pl
µ-ties³) ´constant attentions ³(to).¼
¨as®sidu®ous© ²/EÚsIdj8Es ³US: ²-dZ8Es/ ³adj ´diligent; persevering: ³@ in his
duties. ¸@®ly ³adv¼
¨as®sign© ²/EÚsñIn/ ³vt ¸1 ¶[VP13A,12A] ·@ sth (to sb/sth), ´give for use or
enjoyment, or as a share or part in a distribution, eÔg of work, duty: ³Those
rooms have been @ed to us. Your teacher @s you work to be done at home. ¸2
¶[VP13A,B] ´name, put forward as a time, place, reason, etc: ³Has a day been
@ed for the trial? Can one @ a cause to these events? ¸3 ¶[VP13A,17] ·@ sb
(to/to do), ´appoint, name: ³A@ your best man to the job. Two pupils were @ed
to sweep the classroom. ¸4 ¶[VP14] ·@ to, ´(legal) transfer property, rights,
etc. ¸@®able ²/-Ebl/ ³adj ´that can be attributed or @ed: ³@able to several
causes. ¸@®ment ³n ¶[U] ´@ing; ¶[C] ´that which is @ed.¼
¨as®sig®na®tion© ²/*asIgÚneI2n/ ³n ¶[C] ´appointment, eÔg of a time
and place for a furtive meeting between lovers.¼
¨as®simi®late© ²/EÚsImEleIt/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A,2A] ´absorb (food) into the body
(after digestion); be thus absorbed: ³We @ some kinds of food more easily than
others. Some kinds of food @ easily. ¸2 ¶[VP6A,2A] ´(allow people to) become
part of another social group or state: ³The UÔSÔA has @d people from many
countries, ´has absorbed them, so that they are Americans. ¸3 ¶[VP6A] ´absorb,
eÔg ideas, knowledge. ¸4 ¶[VP3A] ·@ to, ´make or become like. ¸as®simi®la®tion
²/E*sImEÚleI2n/ ³n ¶[U] ´assimilating or being @d.¼
¨as®sist© ²/EÚsIst/ ³vt,vi ¶[VP6A,17,14,2A,3A] ·@ (sb) (with sth/in doing
sth/to do sth), ´(formal) help: ³@ (sb) with the form-filling; @ sb to fill in
the forms. Two men are @ing the police in their enquiries, ´are answering
questions which may lead to the arrest of the criminal(s), or perhaps their own
arrest as the criminals. ¸@®ance ²/-Ens/ ³n ¶[U] ´help: ³give/lend/render @ance
(to sb); come to sb's @ance; be of @ance (to sb). ¸@®ant ²/-Ent/ ³n ´helper:
³an @ant to the Manager; @ant master, ´in a school; ³a ·Ú³shop-@ant, ´one who
serves customers.¼
¨as®size© ²/EÚsñIz/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´trial by a judge and jury. ¸2 ³(pl)
´(until 1971) sessions held periodically in every English County to try civil
and criminal cases before High Court Judges: (attrib, ³sing´) courts of @;
judges on @; @ towns. µ¥ ³Crown Court ´at µcourt±1µ(1) ´for the new system.¼
¨as®so®ci®ate©1 ²/EÚsE82IEt/ ³adj ´joined in function or dignity: ³an @ judge.
´¹ ³n ´person who has been joined with others ³in ´work, business or crime;
person given certain limited rights in an association; companion.¼
¨as®so®ci®ate©2 ²/EÚsE82IeIt/ ³vt,vi ·@ with ¸1 ¶[VP14] ´join or connect: ³@
oneself with sb in a business undertaking; @ one thing with another. We @ Egypt
with the Nile. I don't wish to @ myself with what has been said, ´don't want
anyone to think that I have a part in it, or approve of it. ¸2 ¶[VP3A] ´be
often in the company of: ³Don't @ with dishonest boys.¼
¨as®so®ci®ation© ²/E*sE8sIÚeI2n/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ·@ (with), ´associating; being
associated; companionship: ³I benefited much from my @ with him/from our @. His
English benefited through his long @ with British children. ·in @ (with),
´together (with). ¸2 ¶[C] ´group of persons joined together for some common
purpose: ³the ·Ú³Automobile A@; the ·*³Young Men's ·Ú³Christian A@. ¸3 *A@
Úfootball, ´(common abbr ³soccer´) ´game in which two teams of eleven players
use a spherical ball that must not be touched with the hands except by the
goalkeeper or when throwing in. µ¥ ´the illus at µfoot. ¸4 ´connection (of
ideas).¼
¨as®son®ance© ²/ÚasEnEns/ ³n ´agreement between stressed vowels in two words,
but not in the following consonants, as in ³sharper ´and ³garter.¼
¨as®sorted© ²/EÚsctId/ ³part adj ¸1 ´of various sorts; mixed: ³a
pound of @ toffees, ´toffees of different kinds, mixed together. ¸2 ´matched,
suited, one to another: ³an ill-@ couple, ´husband and wife who get on badly.
¸as®sort®ment ²/EÚsctmEnt/ ³n ´@ collection of different examples of one class
or of several classes: ³This shop has a good assortment of goods to choose
from.¼
¨as®suage© ²/aÚsweIdZ/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´make (sth, eÔg pain, suffering, feelings,
desire) less.¼
¨as®sume© ²/EÚsjum ³US: ²EÚsum/ ³vt ¸1 ¶[VP6A,9,25] ´take as true before there
is proof: ³You @ his innocence/him to be innocent/that he is innocent before
hearing the evidence against him. He's not such a fool as you @d ´(= supposed)
³him to be. Assuming this to be true«. µ¥ presume(1). ¸2 ¶[VP6A] ´take up;
undertake: ³@ the direction of a business; @ office; @ the reins of government,
´begin to govern. ¸3 ¶[VP6A] ´take upon or for oneself sth not genuine or
sincere: ³@ a look of innocence; @ a new name.¼
¨as®sump®tion© ²/EÚsAmp2n/ ³n ¸1 ¶[C] ´sth taken for granted; sth supposed but
not proved: ³Their @ that the war would end quickly was proved wrong. ·on the @
that, ´accepting it to be true that«. ¸2 ¶[C] ·@ of, ´the act of assumingµ(2)´:
³his @ of office/power/the presidency. ¸3 ¶[C] ·@ of, ´the adopting of a
manner, etc which is not genuine: ³with an @ of indifference, ´pretending not
to be interested. ¸4 the A@, ´reception into Heaven in bodily form of the
Virgin Mary; Church feast commemorating this.¼
¨as®sur®ance© ²/EÚ28ErEns/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´(often ³self-@´) confidence
in oneself; belief and trust in one's own powers: ³He answered all the
questions with @. A businessman, to be successful, should act with perfect
(self-)assurance. ¸2 ¶[C] ´promise; statement made to give confidence: ³He gave
me a definite @ that the repairs would be finished by Friday. ¸3 ¶[U] ´(chiefly
GB) insurance on sth that is certain: ²Ú³life @, ´because death is certain. µ¥
insurance. ¸4 ¶[U] ´impudence (the much more usu word). ¸5 ·@ (in), ¶[U]
´certainty; confidence ´(the much more usu word). ·make @ doubly sure, ´remove
all possible doubt.¼
¨as®sure© ²/EÚ28E(r)/ ³vt ¸1 ¶[VP11] ´say positively, with confidence: ³I @ you
(that) there's no danger. ¸2 ¶[VP11,14] ´cause (sb) to be sure, to feel
certain: ³We tried to @ the nervous old lady that flying was safe. He @d me of
his readiness to help. ¸3 ¶[VP6A] ´ensure (the more usu word): ³Nothing can @
permanent happiness. ¸4 ¶[VP6A] ´insure, esp against the death of sb or
oneself. ¸as®sured ³part adj ´sure; confident. ·rest @d (that), ´feel confident
(that). ¸as®sur®ed®ly ²/EÚ28ErIdlI/ ³adv ´surely; confidently.¼
¨as®ter© ²/ÚastE(r)/ ³n ´garden plant with flowers that have white, pink or
purple petals round a yellow centre.¼
¨as®ter®isk© ²/ÚastErIsk/ ³n ´the mark *, used to call attention to something,
eÔg a footnote, or to show that letters are omitted, as in ³Mr J´***³s, ´for
³Mr Jones.¼
¨astern© ²/EÚst3n/ ³adv ¸1 ´in or at the stern of a ship. µ¥ ´the illus at
µship. ¸2 ´backward: ³Full speed @! ¸3 ·fall @ (of), ´fall behind (another
ship).¼
¨as®ter®oid© ²/ÚastErãId/ ³n ¶[C] ´any of many small planets between the
orbits of Mars and Jupiter. µ¥ ´the illus at µplanet.¼
¨asthma© ²/ÚasmE ³US: ²ÚazmE/ ³n ¶[U] ´chronic chest disease marked
by difficulty in breathing. ¸asth®matic ²/asÚmatIk ³US: ²az-/ ³adj ´suffering
from @; of @.¼
¨astig®ma®tism© ²/EÚstIgmEtIzEm/ ³n ¶[U] ´defect in an eye or lens that
prevents correct focusing. ¸as®tig®matic ²/*astIgÚmatIk/ ³adj¼
¨astir© ²/EÚst3(r)/ ³adv, pred adj ¸1 ´in motion; in a state of excitement:
³The whole village was @ when news came that the Queen was coming. ¸2 ´(dated)
out of bed and about: ³You're @ early this morning.¼
¨as®ton®ish© ²/EÚstonI2/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´surprise greatly: ³The news @ed
everybody. You look @ed at the news. I was @ed to see him there. I am @ed that
he didn't come. ¸@®ing ³part adj ´very surprising: ³It is @ing to me that he
should be absent. ¸@®ment ³n ¶[U] ´great surprise: ³I heard to my @ment that«;
He looked at me in @ment.¼
¨astound© ²/EÚstñ8nd/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´overcome with surprise; shock.¼
¨as®tra®khan© ²/*astrEÚkan ³US: ²ÚastrEkEn/ ³n ¶[U] ´skin of young lambs with
wool in tight little curls: (used attrib) ³an @ coat/cap.¼
¨as®tral© ²/ÚastrEl/ ³adj ´of or from the stars.¼
¨astray© ²/EÚstreI/ ³adv, pred adj ´out of, off, the right path, esp (fig)
into wrong-doing: ³The boy was led @ by bad companions.¼
¨astride© ²/EÚstrñId/ ³adv, pred adj, prep ´with one leg on each side (of):
³riding @; sitting @ his father's knee.¼
¨as®trin®gent© ²/EÚstrIndZEnt/ ³n ´(kind of) substance that shrinks soft
tissues and contracts blood-vessels, thus checking the flow of blood. ¹ ³adj
´of or like an @; (fig) harsh; severe. ¸as®trin®gency ²/EÚstrIndZEnsI/ ³n¼
¨as®tro®dome© ²/ÚastrEdE8m/ ³n ´small, transparent observation dome on the top
of the fuselage of an aircraft, used by the navigator.¼
¨as®tro®labe© ²/ÚastrEleIb/ ³n ´instrument used in the Middle Ages to determine
the height of the sun, etc. µ¥ sextant.¼
¨as®trol®ogy© ²/EÚstrolEdZI/ ³n ¶[U] ´art of observing the positions of the
stars in the belief that they influence human affairs. ¸as®trol®oger
²/-EdZE(r)/ ³n ´expert in @. ¸as®tro®logi®cal ²/*astrEÚlodZIkl/ ³adj¼
¨as®tro®naut© ²/ÚastrEnct/ ³n ´person who travels in a spacecraft. ¸@®ics
²/*astrEÚnctIks/ ³n sing-v ´science and technology of travel through outer
space.¼
¨as®tron®omy© ²/EÚstronEmI/ ³n ¶[U] ´science of the sun, moon, stars and
planets. ¸as®tron®omer ³n ´student of, authority on, @. ¸as®tro®nomi®cal
²/*astrEÚnomIkl/ ³adj ´of the study of @; (colloq; of a quantity) very large:
³an astronomical amount.¼
¨as®tro®phys®ics© ²/*astrE8ÚfIzIks/ ³n pl sing-v ´science of the chemical and
physical conditions of the stars.¼
¨as®tute© ²/EÚstjut ³US: ²EÚstut/ ³adj ¸1 ´quick at seeing how to gain an
advantage. ¸2 ´shrewd; clever: ³an @ lawyer/businessman. ¸@®ly ³adv ¸@®ness ³n¼
¨asun®der© ²/EÚsAndE(r)/ ³adv ´(liter) ¸1 ´(of two or more things) apart:
³Parents and children were driven @ ´(= separated) ³by the war. ¸2 ´into
pieces: ³tear sth @.¼
¨asy®lum© ²/EÚsñIlEm/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´refuge; safety; protection from persecution,
etc: ³ask for political @; ¶[C] ´place where this is found or given. ¸2 ¶[C]
´(formerly) institution where mentally ill people were cared for, now called a
³mental home/hospital/institution.¼
¨at© ²/Et ³strong form: ²at/ ³prep ¸1 ´(place and direction) ¸(a)
´(indicating the place in or near which sth or sb was, is or will be): ³at his
office; at my uncle's; at the station. ´Cf ³in ´for countries and large towns,
and places important to the speaker. ¸(b) ´(towards; in the direction of):
³look at sth/sb; shoot/aim a gun at sth; rush at the enemy; laugh/growl at
sb/sth; throw sth at sb, ´iÔe intending to hit him. µ¥ ³throw to ´at
µthrow±2µ(1)´; ³talk at sb, ´iÔe make an indirect attack on him, µ¥ ³talk to
´at µtalk±1µ(1). ¸(c) ´(indicating an attempt to get or reach sth, an
uncompleted or imperfect action): ³The drowning man clutched at the oar, ´tried
to seize it. ³He had to guess at the meaning. ¸(d) ´(indicating distance):
³hold sth at arm's length. It looks better at a distance. ¸(e) ´(indicating a
point of entrance or exit) through; by: ³What the teacher says often goes in
(at) one ear and out (at) the other. ¸2 ´(time and order) ¸(a) ´(indicating a
point of time): ³at 2 o'clock; at sunset; at any moment; at this (point), ´when
this happened. ¸(b) ´(of age): ³He left school at (the age of) 15. ¸(c)
´(indicating order): ³at the third attempt; at first; at last. ¸(d)
´(indicating frequency): ³at (all) times; at regular intervals. ¸3 ´(activity,
state, manner) ¸(a) ´(indicating occupation): ³at work; at play. What is he at
now, ´What is he doing? ·*hard Úat it, ´working hard. ¸(b) ´(after ³adjj´):
³busy at his tasks; good at translation. ¸(c) ´(state, condition): ³at
war/peace; at leisure. ¸(d) ´(manner): ³at a gallop; finish something at a
sitting, ´iÔe during one continuous period of activity. ¸4 ´(rate or degree,
value, cost) ¸(a) ´(rate): ³at full speed; at a snail's pace. ¸(b) ´(value,
cost, etc): ³at immense cost; sell sth at a loss; buy articles at 20p and sell
them at 25p. ¸(c) ´(with ³superl´): ³at its/his/their, etc best; at least; at
(the) worst. ¸5 ´(cause) ¸(a) ´(after ³vv´): ³The pupils marvelled at the
extent of their teacher's knowledge. ¸(b) ´(after ³adjj ´and ³pp's´):
³impatient at the delay; delighted at the idea of going to England. µ¥ ´also ³n
´entries for ³at hand, at last, in at the death ´and others.¼
¨ata®brine© ²/ÚatEbrin/ ³n ¶[U] ´(P) bitter-tasting, anti-malarial
drug.¼
¨ata®vism© ²/ÚatEvIzEm/ ³n ´reappearance in a person of a characteristic or
quality that has not shown itself for several or many generations. µ¥
reversion, throwback. ¸ata®vis®tic ²/*atEÚvIstIk/ ³adj¼
¨ate© ²/et ³US: ²eIt/ ³pt ´of µeat.¼
¨atel®ier© ²/aÚtelIeI ³US: ²*atlÚjeI/ ³n ´(F) workshop; studio.¼
¨athe®ism© ²/ÚeITIIzEm/ ³n ¶[U] ´belief that there is no God. ¸athe®ist
²/ÚeITIIst/ ³n ´person who believes that there is no God. ¸athe®is®tic
²/*eITIÚIstIk/ ³adj ´of @ or atheists.¼
¨athirst© ²/EÚT3st/ ³pred adj ·@ (for), ´(liter) thirsty, eager (for news,
etc).¼
¨ath®lete© ²/ÚaTlit/ ³n ´person trained for competing in physical exercises and
outdoor games, eÔg a person good at running, jumping, swimming, boxing.¼
¨ath®letic© ²/aTÚletIk/ ³adj ¸1 ´of athletes. ¸2 ´physically strong, with
well-balanced proportions between the trunk and limbs: ³an @-looking young
man.¼
¨ath®let®ics© ²/aTÚletIks/ ³n pl ´(usu with ³sing v´) practice of physical
exercises and sports, esp competitions in running, jumping, etc.¼
¨at-home© ²/Et ÚhE8m/ ³n µ¥ home±1µ(1).¼
¨athwart© ²/EÚTwct/ ³adv, prep ·@ (of), ´(naut) from one side to the other
side.¼
¨atishoo© ²/EÚtI2u/ ³int ´(hum) spelling form used to indicate a
sneeze.¼
¨at®las© ²/ÚatlEs/ ³n ´book of maps.¼
¨at®mos®phere© ²/ÚatmEsfIE(r)/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´esp ¸the @, ´mixture of gases
surrounding the earth. ¸2 ¶[U] ´air in any place. ¸3 ¶[C] ´feeling, eÔg of
good, evil, that the mind receives from a place, conditions, etc: ³There is an
@ of peace and calm in the country quite different from the @ of a big city.¼
¨at®mos®pheric© ²/*atmEsÚferIk/ ³adj ´of, connected with, the atmosphere: ³@
conditions. ¸*@ Úpressure, ´pressure at a point due to the weight of the column
of air above that point, about 14§ lb or 6²Ø´6 kg per square inch at sea level.
¸at®mos®pher®ics ³n pl ´electrical discharges that occur in the atmosphere and
cause crackling sounds in radio receivers.¼
¨atoll© ²/Úatol/ ³n ´ring-shaped coral reef(s) almost or entirely enclosing a
lagoon.¼
¨atom© ²/ÚatEm/ ³n ¸1 ´smallest unit of an element that can take part in a
chemical change: ³A molecule of water ´(H¶c´O) ³is made up of two @s of
hydrogen and one @ of oxygen. µ¥ electron, neutron, nucleus, proton. ¸*@ Úbomb,
´= atomic bomb. ¸2 ´very small bit: ³blow sth to @s, ´destroy it by explosion.
³There's not an @ of truth ´(= no truth at all) ³in what he said.¼
¨atomic© ²/EÚtomIk/ ³adj ´of an atom, or atoms. ¸Ú@ bomb, ´bomb of which the
destructive power comes from the release of @ energy in the shortest possible
time. ¸*@ Úenergy, ´energy obtained as the result of nuclear fission. ¸*@
Úpile, µ¥ reactor. ¸*@ Úweight, ´weight of an atom of an element expressed on
a scale in which an atom of oxygen is 16. µ¥ nuclear.¼
¨at®om®ize© ²/ÚatEmñIz/ ³vt ´reduce to atoms. ¸@r ³n ´device for producing a
fine spray, eÔg of perfume.¼
¨atonal© ²/eIÚtE8nl/ ³adj ´(music) not conforming to any system of key or mode.
¸@®ity ²/*eItE8ÚnalEtI/ ³n¼
¨atone© ²/EÚtE8n/ ³vi ¶[VP2A,3A] ·@ (for), ´make repayment: ³@ (for) a fault by
doing sth. How can I @ for hurting your feelings? How can I @? ¸@®ment ³n ¶[U]
´atoning: ³make @ment for a fault. ¸the A@ment, ´the sufferings and death of
Jesus.¼
¨atop© ²/EÚtop/ ³adv ·@ (of), ´(US) on top (of).¼
¨at®ra®bil®ious© ²/*atrEÚbIlIEs/ ³adj ´(rare) melancholy; acrimonious.¼
¨atro®cious© ²/EÚtrE82Es/ ³adj ¸1 ´very wicked or cruel: ³an @ crime. ¸2
´(colloq) ´very bad: ³an @ dinner; @ weather. ¸@®ly ³adv¼
¨atroc®ity© ²/EÚtrosEtI/ ³n ¶[U] ´wickedness; ¶[C] ³(pl µ-ties³) ´wicked or
cruel act: ³the atrocities of which the enemy forces were guilty.¼
¨atro®phy© ²/ÚatrEfI/ ³n ¶[U] ´wasting away (of the body or part of it, or
(fig) of a moral quality). ¹ ³vt,vi ¶[VP6A] ´cause @ in; ¶[VP2A,B] ´suffer @.¼
¨atta®boy© ²/*atEÚbãI/ ³int ´(US colloq) (expressing encouragement or
admiration) Bravo!¼
¨at®tach© ²/EÚtat2/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP14] ·@ sth (to sth), ´fasten or join: ³@
labels to the luggage; @ a document to a letter; the sample @ed to the letter;
a house with a garage @ed. A@ed you will find/A@ed please find«, ´(business
style) You will find, @ed to this letter«. ¸2 ¶[VP14] ·@ oneself to, ´join eÔg
as a junior, and perhaps unwelcome, member: ³@ oneself to a political party/to
a travelling circus. ¸3 ·be @ed to, ´be bound to by love or affection: ³She is
deeply @ed to her young brother. He is foolishly @ed to old customs. ¸4 ¶[VP14]
·@ sth to sth, ´consider to have; connect with: ³Do you @ much importance to
what he says? ¸5 ¶[VP3A] ·@ to, ´go with, be joined to: ³No suspicion/blame @es
to him, ´He cannot be suspected/blamed. ¸6 ¶[VP6A] ´(legal) seize by legal
authority: ³Part of his salary was @ed by shopkeepers to whom he owed money. ¸7
·@ed to, ´(mil) appointed to another unit for specialist duties: ³a gunnery
officer @ed to an infantry regiment. ¸@®ment ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´act of @ing or
joining; being @ed. ¸2 ¶[C] ´sth @ed, esp an accessory @ed to sth larger. ¸3
¶[C] ´affection; friendship: ³have an @ment for sb. ¸4 ´legal seizing of goods,
etc. ¸5 ·on @ment to, ´(temporarily) appointed to.¼
¨at®tach_e© ²/EÚta2eI ³US: ²*atEÚ2eI/ ³n ´person who is attached to the staff
of an ambassador: ³the naval/military/press @. ¸@ case ²/EÚta2I keIs/ ³n
´small, flat, rectangular box or holder for documents.¼
¨at®tack© ²/EÚtak/ ³n ¸1 ¶[C] ´violent attempt to hurt, overcome, defeat: ³make
an @ upon the enemy; ¶[U] ³The enemy came under @. A@ is said to be the best
form of defence. ¸2 ¶[C] ´adverse criticism in speech or writing: ³a strong @
against/on the Government's policy. ¸3 ¶[C] ´start, occurence, eÔg of disease:
³an @ of fever; a ·Ú³liver @; a ·Ú³heart @, ´pain in the region of the heart,
with irregular beating. ¸4 ¶[U] ´way of beginning an activity, eÔg playing the
violin, playing a stroke in cricket. ¹ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´make an @ upon: ³@ the
enemy; @ the Prime Minister's proposals; a disease that @s children. Rust @s
metals. ¸@er ³n ´person who @s.¼
¨at®tain© ²/EÚteIn/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A] ´succeed in doing or getting: ³@ one's
hopes/object/the end one has in view. ¸2 ¶[VP3A] ·@ to, ´reach, arrive at: ³@
to perfection/power/prosperity; @ to man's estate, ´reach manhood. ¸@®able
²/-Ebl/ ³adj ´that can be @ed: ³The goal is not yet @able. ¸@®ment ³n ¸1 ¶[U]
´act of @ing: ³easy/difficult/impossible of @ment, ´easy, etc to @; ³for the
@ment of ´(= in order to @) ³his purpose. ¸2 ¶[C] ´(usu ³pl´) sth @ed; skill
or accomplishment in some branch of knowledge, etc: ³legal/linguistic @ments;
a scholar of the highest @ments.¼
¨at®tain®der© ²/EÚteIndE(r)/ ³n ´(legal) forfeiture of property and civil
rights following sentence of death or outlawry. ¸Bill of A@, ´Parliamentary
Bill imposing this penalty without trial.¼
¨at®tar© ²/ÚatE(r)/ ³n ¶[U] ³@ of roses, ´perfume from rose petals.¼
¨at®tempt© ²/EÚtempt/ ³vt ¸1 ¶[VP7A,6A] ´make a start at doing sth;
try: ³The prisoners @ed to escape/an escape but failed. You have @ed ´(= made a
start at performing) ³a difficult task. Don't @ impossibilities, ´Don't try to
do impossible things. ¸2 ¶[VP6A] ³@ sb's life, ´(old use) try to kill him. ¹ ³n
¶[C] ¸1 ·@ to do sth; @ at doing sth, ´@ing; effort to do sth: ³They made no @
to escape/at escaping. His first @ at English composition was poor. They failed
in all their @s to climb the mountain. ¸2 ·@ at, ´sth not very well done: ³Her
@ at a Christmas cake had to be thrown away. ¸3 ·@ on/upon, ´attack on: ³make
an @ on sb's life; an @ on the world speed record.¼
¨at®tend© ²/EÚtend/ ³vi,vt ¸1 ¶[VP3A,2A] ·@ (to), ´give care and thought (to):
³@ to one's work; @ to what sb is saying, ´listen carefully; ³@ to the wants of
customers, ´try to supply them. ³Are you being @ed to? ´(in a shop) Is anyone
serving you? ³You're not @ing, ´not listening, not paying attention. ¸2
¶[VP6A,3A] ·@ (on/upon), ´wait on; serve; look after: ³Which doctor is @ing
you, ´giving you medical care? ³The patient has three nurses @ing (on) him. She
has many servants @ing upon her. He had the honour of @ing upon the Prince. ¸3
¶[VP6A] ´go to; be present at: ³@ school/church; @ a meeting/lecture. The
lectures were well @ed, ´there were good audiences. ¸4 ¶[VP6A] ´(formal)
accompany: ³a method that is @ed by some risk; Our plans were @ed with great
difficulties. May good luck @ you!, ´(formal) May you have good luck!¼
¨at®tend®ance© ²/EÚtendEns/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ·in @ (on/upon), ´act of attendingµ(2)´:
³Major X was in @ upon the Queen. Now that the patient is out of danger, the
doctor is no longer in @. µ¥ dance±2µ(2). ¸2 ¶[C,U] ´(time of) being present,
at school etc: ³The boy was given a prize for regular @, ´for attending school
regularly. ³How many @s has he made? Is @ at school compulsory? ¸3 ¶[C] ´(with
³adjj´) number of persons present: ³There was a large @ at church this
morning.¼
¨at®tend®ant© ²/EÚtendEnt/ ³n ¸1 ´servant or companion. ¸2 ³medical
@, ´doctor. ¸3 ³(pl) ´persons who accompany an important person: ³the Prince
and his @s. ´¹ ³adj ¸1 ´accompanying: ³famine and its @ diseases, ´the diseases
that result from famine; ³old age and its @ evils, ´eÔg deafness. ¸2 ´waiting
upon: ³an @ nurse.¼
¨at®ten®tion© ²/EÚten2n/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´act of directing one's thoughts to sth:
³Pay @ to what you're doing, ´Don't let your thoughts wander. ³A teacher must
know how to secure the @ of his pupils. No @ was paid to my advice, ´no one
took it. ³Give your whole @ to what you are doing, ´iÔe think of nothing else.
³He called/invited my @ to some new evidence, ´asked me to examine it. ³He
shouted to attract @, ´to make people notice him. ³A@, Mr Roberts, ´(in comm or
official correspondence) This letter, memorandum, etc is to be dealt with by Mr
Roberts. ¸2 ´(often ³pl´) kind or polite act: ³They showed the old lady
numerous little @s, ´were kind and helpful in numerous ways. ³A pretty girl
usually receives more @(s) than a plain girl, ´finds men more willing to do
things for her. ·pay one's @s to a lady, ´(dated) court her, be polite and
kind in the hope of winning her affections. ¸3 ¶[U] ´(mil) drill position in
which a man stands straight and still: ³come to/stand at @; ´(as a military
command): ³A@! ´(shortened to ³'shun ²/2An/´).¼
¨at®tent®ive© ²/EÚtentIv/ ³adj ·@ (to), ´giving or paying attention: ³A speaker
likes to have an @ audience. Please be more @ to your studies. A good host is @
to (the needs of) his guests. She was always @ to her young brother. ¸@®ly
³adv´: ³They listened @ly to the teacher.¼
¨at®tenu®ate© ²/EÚtenj8eIt/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´(formal) make thin or slender; weaken;
reduce.¼
¨at®test© ²/EÚtest/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A] ´be or give clear proof of:
³The man's ability was @ed by his rapid promotion, ´His promotion was proof of
his ability. ³These papers @ the fact that«. ·@ a signature, ´make it legal by
witnessing it. ¸*@ed Úmilk/Úcattle, ´certified free of disease, esp
tuberculosis. ¸2 ¶[VP6A] ´declare on oath; put (a person) on oath; cause (sb)
to declare solemnly: ³I have said nothing that I am not ready to @, ´to say on
oath. ¸3 ¶[VP2A] ´enrol for military service (by taking the oath of
allegiance). ¸4 ¶[VP3A] ·@ to, ´bear witness to: ³feats which @ to his strength
of will.¼
¨at®tic© ²/ÚatIk/ ³n ´space within the roof of a house: ³two small rooms in the
@.¼
¨At®tic© ²/ÚatIk/ ³adj ´of ancient Athens or Attica.¼
¨at®tire© ²/EÚtñIE(r)/ ³n ¶[U] ´(liter or poet) dress: ³in holiday @. ´¹ ³vt
¶[VP6A] ´(dated) dress: ³@d in white/satin.¼
¨at®ti®tude© ²/ÚatItjud ³US: ²-tud/ ³n ¶[C] ¸1 ´manner of placing or holding
the body: ³He stood there in a threatening @. ·strike an @, ´suddenly and
dramatically take up an @. ¸2 ´way of feeling, thinking or behaving: ³What is
your @ towards this question, ´What do you think about it, how do you propose
to act? ³We must maintain a firm @, ´not show signs of weakness.
¸at®ti®tu®din®ize ²/*atIÚtjudInñIz ³US: ²-ÚtudEn-/ ³vi ¶[VP2A] ´strike @s;
speak, write, behave in an affected way.¼
¨at®tor®ney© ²/EÚt3nI/ ³n (pl µ@s³) ¸1 ´person with legal authority to act for
another in business or law: ³letter/warrant of @, ´written authority by which a
a person appoints another to act for him; ³power of @, ´authority so given. ¸2
*A@ ÚGeneral, (a) ´legal officer with authority to act in all cases in which
the State is a party, usu ³district @. ¸(b) ´(US, in some States) public
prosecutor. ¸3 ´solicitor.¼
¨at®tract© ²/EÚtrakt/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ¸1 ´pull towards (by unseen
force): ³A magnet @s steel. ¸2 ´get the attention of; arouse interest or
pleasure in: ³Bright colours @ babies. Bright lights @ moths. He shouted to @
attention. Do you feel @ed to her, ´Do you like her?¼
¨at®trac®tion© ²/EÚtrak2n/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´power of pulling towards: ³The @ of the
moon for the earth causes the tides. He cannot resist the @ of the sea on a hot
day/of a pretty girl. The cinema has little @ for some people. ¸2 ¶[C] ´that
which attracts: ³the @s of a big city, ´eÔg theatres, concerts, cinemas, fine
shops.¼
¨at®tract®ive© ²/EÚtraktIv/ ³adj ´having the power to attract; pleasing: ³a
most @ girl; goods offered at @ prices. ¸@®ly ³adv¼
¨at®tribute©1 ²/EÚtrIbjut/ ³vt ¶[VP14] ·@ to, ´consider as a quality of, as
being the result of, as coming from: ³He @s wisdom to his teachers, ´thinks
they have wisdom. ³He @s his success to hard work, ´says that his success is
the result of hard work. ³This comedy has been @d to Shakespeare, ´it has been
said that Shakespeare was the author. ¸at®tribu®table ²/EÚtrIbj8tEbl/ ³adj
´that can be @d ³(to). ¸at®tri®bu®tion ²/*atrIÚbju2n/ ³n ¶[U] ´act of
attributing ³(to)´; ¶[C] ´that which is @d.¼
¨at®tribute©2 ²/ÚatrIbjut/ ³n ¶[C] ¸1 ´quality looked upon as naturally or
necessarily belonging to sb or sth: ³Mercy is an @ of God. Politeness is an @
of a gentleman. ¸2 ´material object recognized as a symbol of a person or his
position: ³The crown is an @ of kingship.¼
¨at®tribu®tive© ²/EÚtrIbj8tIv/ ³adj ¸@ adjective, ´naming a quality and used
with the noun ´as in ³"old ´man', ³"red ´hair', and contrasted with
µpredicative´. ¸@®ly ³adv¼
¨at®tri®tion© ²/EÚtrI2n/ ³n ¶[U] ´wearing away by rubbing: ³war of @, ´war in
which each side waits for the other to wear itself out.¼
¨at®tune© ²/EÚtjun ³US: ²EÚtun/ ³vt ¶[VP14] ·@ to, ´bring into
harmony or agreement with: ³hearts @d to worship; ´make used to: ³ears @d to
the sound of gunfire.¼
¨au®ber®gine© ²/ÚE8bEZin/ ³n ¶[C] ´fruit of the eggplant, used as a vegetable.
µ¥ ´the illus at µvegetable.¼
¨au®brie®tia© ²/cÚbri2E/ ³n ´(kinds of) spring-flowering dwarf perennial grown
on stone walls, rockeries, etc.¼
¨au®burn© ²/ÚcbEn/ ³adj ´(usu of hair) reddish-brown.¼
¨auc®tion© ²/Úck2n/ ³n ¶[C,U] ´public sale at which goods are sold to the
persons making the highest bids or offers: ³sale by @; ²Ú³@-sale; sell goods by
@; put sth up to/for @; attend all the local @s; @ bridge, µ¥ bridge±2µ. ´¹ ³vt
¶[VP6A,15B] ·@ (off), ´sell by @. ¸@®eer ²/*ck2EÚnIE(r)/ ³n ´person who
conducts an @.¼
¨aud®acious© ²/cÚdeI2Es/ ³adj ¸1 ´daring; bold. ¸2 ´foolishly bold. ¸3
´impudent. ¸@®ly ³adv ¸aud®ac®ity ²/cÚdasEtI/ ³n¼
¨aud®ible© ²/ÚcdEbl/ ³adj ´loud enough to be heard: ³in a scarcely @ voice. The
speaker was scarcely @, ´could be heard only with difficulty. ¸aud®ibly
²/-EblI/ ³adv ¸audi®bil®ity ³n ²/*cdEÚbIlEtI/ ³n ´capacity for being heard.¼
¨audi®ence© ²/ÚcdIEns/ ³n ¸1 ´gathering of persons for the purpose of hearing a
speaker, singer, etc: ³There was a large @ in the theatre. He has addressed
large @s all over England. ¸2 ´persons within hearing, whether they are
together or not: ³A broadcaster may have an @ of several million. ¸3 ´(of a
book) readers: ³His book has reached a wide @. ¸4 ´formal interview given by a
ruler, the Pope, etc: ³The Pope granted him an @. The Prime Minister was
received in @ by the Queen.¼
¨audio-© ²/*cdIE8/ ³pref ´of hearing. ¸*@-visual Úaids, ´teaching aids such as
record players and film projectors. ¸*@-lingual Úmethods, ´teaching methods
making use of a language laboratory, tape recorders, etc. ¸*@ Úfrequency,
´(radio) frequency which, when converted into sound waves by a loudspeaker,
can be heard.¼
¨au®dit© ²/ÚcdIt/ ³n ´official examination of accounts to see that they are in
order. ¹ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´examine, eÔg accounts, officially.¼
¨aud®ition© ²/cÚdI2n/ ³n ¸1 ¶[C] ´trial hearing to test the voice of a singer,
speaker, etc who is applying for employment or of an actor wishing to take part
in a play. ¸2 ¶[U] ´power of hearing; listening. ¹ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´give an @ to.¼
¨au®di®tor© ²/ÚcdItE(r)/ ³n ¸1 ´listener to a speaker, etc. ¸2 ´person who
audits.¼
¨au®di®tor®ium© ²/*cdIÚtcrIEm/ ³n ³(pl µ@s³) ´building, or part of a building,
in which an audience sits.¼
¨au®di®tory© ²/ÚcdItrI ³US: ²-tcrI/ ³adj ´of the sense of hearing: ³the @
nerve. µ¥ ´the illus at µear.¼
¨au fait© ²/*E8 ÚfeI/ ³pred adj ´(F) instructed: ³put sb @ of sth, ´instruct
him about it.¼
¨au fond© ²/*E8 Úfon/ ³adv ´(F) basically.¼
¨au®ger© ²/ÚcgE(r)/ ³n ´carpenter's tool for boring large holes in wood, with a
handle at right angles; instrument for boring in soil. µ¥ ´the illus at µtool.¼
¨aught© ²/ct/ ³n ´(archaic) anything: ³for @ I know/care, ´used to indicate
that the speaker does not know/care at all.¼
¨aug®ment© ²/cgÚment/ ³vt,vi ¶[VP6A,2A] ´make or become greater; increase: ³@
one's income by writing short stories. ¸aug®men®ta®tion ²/*cgmenÚteI2n/ ³n ¶[U]
´@ing or being @ed; ¶[C] ´sth added.¼
¨au®gur© ²/ÚcgE(r)/ ³n ´(in ancient Rome) religious official who claimed to
foretell future events by omens from the entrails of birds, etc. ¹ ³vi,vt
¶[VP6A,2A] ´foretell, be a sign of: ³Does this news @ war? ·@ well/ill (for
sb/sth), ´be a good/bad sign for the future, for us. ¸@y ²/Úcgj8rI/ ³n (pl
µ-ries³) ¶[C] ´omen; sign.¼
¨au®gust© ²/cÚgAst/ ³adj ´majestic; causing feelings of respect or awe.¼
¨Au®gust© ²/ÚcgEst/ ³n ´the eighth month.¼
¨Au®gust®an© ²/cÚgAstEn/ ³adj ´of the best period of Latin
literature; classical; of the period of English Literature including Dryden,
Pope and Swift.¼
¨auk© ²/ck/ ³n ´northern seabird, with short wings used in swimming.¼
¨auld lang syne© ²/*cld laG ÚsñIn/ ³n ´(Scot song name) good times long ago.¼
¨aunt© ²/qnt ³US: ²ant/ ³n ´sister of one's father or mother; wife of one's
uncle. ¸*A@ ÚSally, ´wooden model of a woman's head, at which sticks are
thrown, at fairs, etc; (fig) object, person, widely abused. ¸aun®tie, aun®ty
²/ÚqntI ³US: ²ÚantI/ ³n ´(familiar for) aunt.¼
¨au pair© ²/*E8 ÚpeE(r)/ ³n ´(F) (in GB) girl from overseas who, in return for
light household duties, receives board and lodging, and facilities for study.¼
¨aura© ²/ÚcrE/ ³n ´atmosphere surrounding a person or object and thought to
come from him or it: ³There seemed to be an @ of holiness about the Indian
saint.¼
¨au®ral© ²/ÚcrEl/ ³adj ´of the organs of hearing: ³an @ surgeon.¼
¨aure®ole© ²/ÚcrIE8l/ ³n ´halo.¼
¨au re®voir© ²/*E8 rEÚvwq(r)/ ³int ´(F) till we meet again; good-bye.¼
¨aur®icle© ²/ÚcrIkl/ ³n ¸1 ´the external part of the ear. µ¥ ´the illus at
µear. ¸2 ´either of the two upper cavities of the heart. µ¥ ´the illus at
µrespiratory.¼
¨aur®icu®lar© ²/cÚrIkj8lE(r)/ ³adj ´of or near the ear: ³@ confession, ´made
privately in the ear, eÔg of a priest.¼
¨aur®if®er®ous© ²/cÚrIfErEs/ ³adj ´yielding gold.¼
¨aur®ora© ²/cÚrcrE/ ³n ¸1 A@, ´Roman goddess of dawn. ¸2 @ bor®ea®lis ²/c*rcrE
*bcrIÚeIlIs/ ³n ´display of coloured light, in streamers and bands, mainly red
and green, seen in the sky in the regions of the North Pole; also called
³Northern Lights. ¸@ aus®tra®lis ²/c*rcrE oÚstreIlIs/ ³n ´similar display seen
in the southern hemisphere.¼
¨aus®pices© ²/ÚcspIsIz/ ³n pl ·under (the) @ (of), ´helped and favoured by:
³under favourable @, ´with the omens in one's favour, with favourable
prospects.¼
¨aus®pi®cious© ²/cÚspI2Es/ ³adj ´showing signs, giving promise, of
future success; favourable; prosperous. ¸@®ly ³adv¼
¨Aus®sie© ²/ÚozI/ ³n ´(sl) Australian.¼
¨aus®tere© ²/cÚstIE(r)/ ³adj ¸1 ´(of a person, his behaviour) severely moral
and strict. ¸2 ´(of a way of living, of places, styles) simple and plain;
without ornament or comfort. ¸@®ly ³adv ¸aus®ter®ity ²/cÚsterEtI/ ³n (pl
µ-ties´) ¸1 ¶[U] ´quality of being @. ¸2 ³(pl) ´@ practices, eÔg fasting,
living in a cell, for religious reasons.¼
¨aut®archy© ²/ÚctqkI/ ³n ¶[C,U] ´(country under) absolute sovereignty.¼
¨aut®arky© ²/ÚctqkI/ ³n ¶[U] ´self-sufficiency, esp of a State in its economy.¼
¨auth®en®tic© ²/cÚTentIk/ ³adj ´genuine; known to be true: ³@ news; an @
signature. ¸auth®en®ti®cally ²/-klI/ ³adv ¸@®ity ²/*cTEnÚtIsEtI/ ³n ¶[U]
´quality of being @: ³feel confident of the @ity of a signature.¼
¨auth®en®ti®cate© ²/cÚTentIkeIt/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´prove to be genuine; prove beyond
doubt the origin, authorship, etc of. ¸auth®en®ti®ca®tion ²/c*TentIÚkeI2n/ ³n
¶[U] ´authenticating.¼
¨author© ²/ÚcTE(r)/ ³n ¸1 ´writer of a book, play, etc: ³Dickens is his
favourite @. ¸2 ´person who creates or begins sth: ³God, the A@ of our being.
¸@®ess ²/ÚcTErIs/ ³n ´woman @. ¸@®ship ²/-2Ip/ ³n ¶[U] ¸1 ´occupation of an @:
³It's risky to take to @ship ´(= begin to write books) ³for a living. ¸2
´origin of a book, etc: ³Nothing is known of the @ship of the book, ´about who
wrote it.¼
¨auth®ori®tar®ian© ²/c*TorIÚteErIEn/ ³adj ´supporting or requiring obedience
to authority, esp that of the State, contrasted with individual liberty. ¹ ³n
´supporter of this principle. ¸@®ism ²/-IzEm/ ³n¼
¨auth®ori®tat®ive© ²/cÚTorItEtIv ³US: ²-teItIv/ ³adj ¸1 ´having, given with,
authority: ³@ orders. ¸2 ´having an air of authority; commanding: ³in an @
manner; speaking in @ tones. ¸3 ´that can be trusted because from a reliable
source: ³an @ report; @ information; from an @ source. ¸@®ly ³adv¼
¨auth®or®ity© ²/cÚTorEtI/ ³n (pl µ-ties³) ¸1 ¶[U] ´power or right
to give orders and make others obey: ³The problem of how to cope with @, ´eÔg
wrongdoers with the police, children with parents. ³An officer has/exercises @
over the soldiers under him. Who is in @ here? He has made his @ felt, ´caused
people to realize that he has power to make them obey. ·under the @ of; under
sb's @, ´responsibleµ(1) ´to: ³These boys are under the @ of their
teacher/under his @. ¸2 ¶[U] ·@ (for sth/to do sth), ´right given to sb: ³Only
the treasurer has @ to make payments. He had the @ of the Governor for what he
did. ¸3 ¶[U] ´person or ³(pl) ´group of persons having @: ³the City, Municipal,
County, etc authorities; the health authorities; the A·*³tomic ·Ú³Energy A@. ¸4
¶[C,U] ´person with special knowledge; book, etc that supplies reliable
information or evidence: ³He is a great @ on phonetics. The "Oxford English
Dictionary' is the best @ on English words. What is your @ for that statement?
You should quote your authorities, ´give the titles of books, etc, names of
persons, etc used as sources for facts.¼
¨auth®or®ize© ²/ÚcTErñIz/ ³vt ¸1 ¶[VP17] ´give authority to: ³I have @d him to
act for me while I am abroad. ¸2 ¶[VP6A] ´give authority for: ³The Finance
Committee @d the spending of $10Ô000 on a new sports ground. This payment has
not been @d. ¸*A@d ÚVersion, ´(common abbr ¸AÔV´) the English translation of
the Bible, first published 1611. ¸auth®or®iz®ation ²/*cTErñIÚzeI2n ³US:
²-rIÚz-/ ³n ¶[U] ´authorizing; giving legal right (³to do ´sth, ³for ´sth);
the right given.¼
¨aut®ism© ²/ÚctIzEm/ ³n ¶[U] ´(psych) severe form of mental illness in
children. ¸aut®is®tic ²/cÚtIstIk/ ³adj ´of @: ³autistic children.¼
¨auto© ²/ÚctE8/ ³n ´(US colloq abbr of) µautomobile.¼
¨auto-© ²/*ctE8/ ³pref ´(in compounds) self-, by oneself;
independent(ly): ³@-intoxication, ´poisoning by substances produced within the
body. ¸Ú@-changer, ´device (on a record-player) that plays a number of discs in
succession without attention.¼
¨au®to®bahn© ²/ÚctEbqn/ ³n (pl µ@s ´or (G) µ@en ²/-nEn/³) ´(G) = µmotorway.¼
¨au®to®bi®ogra®phy© ²/*ctEbñIÚogrEfI/ ³n (pl µ-phies³) ¸1 ¶[C] ´story of a
person's life written by himself. ¸2 ¶[U] ´the art and practice of this sort
of writing. ¸auto®bio®graphic ²/*ctEbñIEÚgrafIk/, ¸auto®bio®graphi®cal ²/-Ikl/
³adjj ´of, engaged in, @.¼
¨au®toc®racy© ²/cÚtokrEsI/ ³n (pl µ-cies³) ¸1 ¶[U] ´government by a ruler who
has unlimited power. ¸2 ¶[C] ´(country with a) government of this kind.¼
¨au®to®crat© ²/ÚctEkrat/ ³n ´ruler with unlimited power; person who requires
things to be done without considering the wishes of others. ¸@ic ²/*ctEÚkratIk/
³adj ´of or like an @: ³Don't be so @ic, ´Don't behave as if you were an @.
¸auto®crati®cally ²/-klI/ ³adv¼
¨au®to-da-f_e© ²/*ctE8 dq ÚfeI ³US: ²*ñ8tE8 dE/ ³n (pl µautos-da-f_e ²/*ctE8z
³US: ²*q8tE8z/³) ´trial and sentence of a heretic by the Inquisition; carrying
out of the sentence, esp by burning.¼
¨au®to®giro©, -gyro ²/*ctE8ÚdZñIErE8/ ³n ´(P) early form of helicopter with a
propeller in front and rotors above.¼
¨au®to®graph© ²/ÚctEgrqf ³US: ²-graf/ ³n ´person's own handwriting, esp his
signature: ²Ú³@ book/album, ´one in which signatures, eÔg of famous persons,
are collected. ¹ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´write one's name on or in: ³a book @ed by the
author; an @ed photograph.¼
¨au®to®mat© ²/ÚctEmat/ ³n ´(US) restaurant at which food and drink are
obtained, by the customers themselves, from coin-operated closed compartments.¼
¨au®to®mate© ²/ÚctEmeIt/ ³vt ´(science, comm) convert to, control by,
automation.¼
¨au®to®matic© ²/*ctEÚmatIk/ ³adj ¸1 ´self-acting; self-moving; (of a machine)
able to work or be worked without attention: ³an @ pilot, ´(on an aircraft)
maintaining altitude, course, etc; ³@ gear-change ´(in a motor-vehicle); ³@
weapons, ´weapons that continue firing until pressure on the trigger is
released. ¸2 ´(of actions) done without thought; unconscious: ³Breathing is @.
´¹ ³n ´small @ firearm. ¸au®to®mati®cally ²/-klI/ ³adv¼
¨au®to®ma®tion© ²/*ctEÚmeI2n/ ³n ¶[U] ´(use of) methods and machines to save
human labour.¼
¨au®toma®ton© ²/*cÚtomEtEn ³US: ²-ton/ ³n (pl µ@s, -ta ²/-tE/³) ´person who
appears to act involuntarily or without active intelligence; robot.¼
¨au®to®mo®bile© ²/ÚctEmEbil ³US: ²*ctEmEÚbil/ ³n ´(esp US) motor-car.¼
¨au®ton®omous© ²/cÚtonEmEs/ ³adj ´(of states) self-governing; free. ¸au®ton®omy
²/cÚtonEmI/ ³n (pl µ-mies³) ¶[U,C] ´(right of) self-government; freedom.¼
¨au®topsy© ²/ÚctopsI/ ³n (pl µ-sies³) ¶[C] ´(med) post-mortem
examination of a body (by cutting it open) to learn the cause of death.¼
¨au®to®strada© ²/*ñ8tE8ÚstrqdE/ ³n (pl µ@s, ´or, (I) µ-de ²/-ÚstrqdeI/³) ´(I) =
µmotorway.¼
¨au®tumn© ²/ÚctEm/ ³n ¶[C] ´(US = ³fall´) third season of the year, between
summer and winter (Sept, Oct and Nov in the northern hemisphere): ³in @; in the
@ of 1980; in (the) early/late @; ´(fig) ³in the @ of his life; ´(attrib) ³@
weather/fashions. ¸au®tum®nal ²/*cÚtAmnEl/ ³adj ´of @.¼
¨aux®ili®ary© ²/cgÚzIlIErI/ ³adj ´helping; supporting: ³@ troops; an @ verb
´(eÔg ³is ´in ³He is working; has ´in ³He has gone). ´¹ ³n (pl µ-ries³) ¸1 ´@
verb. ¸2 ´(usu ³pl´) ´@ troops (esp troops hired from a foreign or allied
country, eÔg in the Roman Empire in ancient times).¼
¨avail© ²/EÚveIl/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP14] ·@ oneself of, ´make use of, profit by,
take advantage of: ³You should @ yourself of every opportunity to practise
speaking English. ¸2 ¶[VP2A,3A] ´(liter) be of value or help: ³Money does not @
on a desert island. Nothing @ed against the storm. ´¹ ³n ·of no/little @, ´not
helpful; not effective: ³His intervention was of little @. ·without @; to no @,
´without result; unsuccessfully: ³We pulled him out of the river and tried to
revive him, but to no @. Of what @ is it to«, ´What use is it to«?¼
¨avail®able© ²/EÚveIlEbl/ ³adj ·@ (for) ¸1 ´(of objects) able to be used; that
may be obtained: ³These tickets are @ for one month only. The book you ordered
is not @. ¸2 ´(of persons) able to be present: ³Are you @ (for a meeting)
tomorrow morning? ¸avail®abil®ity ²/E*veIlEÚbIlEtI/ ³n ¶[U]¼
¨ava®lanche© ²/ÚavElqn2 ³US: ²-lant2/ ³n ´great mass of snow and ice at a high
altitude, caused by its own weight to slide down a mountain side, often
carrying with it thousands of tons of rock, and sometimes destroying forests,
houses, etc in its path: (fig) ³an @ of words/letters/questions.¼
¨avant-garde© ²/*avon Úgqd/ ³n ´(F) vanguard of an army; (fig) radical
leader(s) of any movement (in art, drama, literature, etc): (attrib) ³@
writers/artists.¼
¨av®ar®ice© ²/ÚavErIs/ ³n ¶[U] ´greed (for money or possessions); great
eagerness to get or keep. ¸av®ar®icious ²/*avEÚrI2Es/ ³adj ·@ (of), ´greedy (of
´money, power, etc). ¸av®ar®icious®ly ³adv¼
¨avast© ²/EÚvqst ³US: ²EÚvast/ ³int ´(naut) Stop!¼
¨ava®tar© ²/*avEÚtq(r)/ ³n ´(Hindu myth) (descent to earth of a) deity in human
or animal form.¼
¨avaunt© ²/EÚvcnt/ ³int ´(old use) Begone; Go away!¼
¨avenge© ²/EÚvendZ/ ³vt ¶[VP6A,14] ´get or take vengeance for: ³@ an insult; @
oneself/be @d on an enemy (for ´an injury, etc). ³He @d his father's death upon
the murderer, ´punished the murderer. ¸aven®ger ³n¼
¨av®enue© ²/ÚavEnju ³US: ²-nu/ ³n ¸1 ´road with trees on each side, esp the
private road going up to a large country house. ¸2 ´wide street with buildings
on one or both sides. ¸3 ·@ (to), ´(fig) way (to some object or aim): ³@s to
success/promotion.¼
¨aver© ²/EÚv3(r)/ ³vt µ(-rr-) ¶[VP6A,9] ·@ (that), ´(old use) state positively
(that sth is true).¼
¨av®er®age© ²/ÚavErIdZ/ ³n ¸1 ¶[C] ´result of adding several
quantities together and dividing the total by the number of quantities: ³The @
of 4, 5 and 9 is 6. ¸2 ¶[U] ´standard or level regarded as ordinary or usual:
³Tom's work at school is above (the) @, Harry's is below (the) @ and Jim's is
about up to (the) @. ·on (an/the) @, ´according to the @: ³On (an/the) there
are twenty boys present every day. ´¹ ³adj ¸1 ´found by making an @: ³The @ age
of the boys in this class is fifteen. What's the @ temperature in this town in
August? ¸2 ´of the ordinary or usual standard: ³boys of @ intelligence; men of
@ ability. ´¹ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A] ´find the @ of: ³If you @ 7, 14 and 6, you get
9. ¸2 ¶[VP2B] ´amount to as an @; do as an @: ³@ 200 miles a day during a
journey. The rainfall @s 36 inches a year.¼
¨averse© ²/EÚv3s/ ³adj ·@ from/to, ´opposed, disinclined: ³He is @ to hard
work. We are @ from taking action.¼
¨aver®sion© ²/EÚv32n ³US: ²Zn/ ³n ¸1 ¶[C,U] ·@ to, ´strong dislike: ³He has a
strong @ to getting up early. He took an @ to me. Do you feel any @ to hard
study? ¸2 ¶[C] ´sth or sb disliked. ¸pet @, ´sth specially disliked.¼
¨avert© ²/EÚv3t/ ³vt ¸1 ¶[VP14] ·@ (from), ´turn away (one's eyes, thoughts,
etc): ³@ one's eyes/gaze from a terrible spectacle. ¸2 ¶[VP6A] ´prevent,
avoid: ³@ an accident; @ suspicion; @ failure by hard work.¼
¨avi®ary© ²/ÚeIvIErI ³US: ²-vIerI/ ³n (pl µ-ries³) ´place for keeping birds,
eÔg in a zoo.¼
¨avi®ation© ²/*eIvIÚeI2n/ ³n ¶[U] ´(art and science of) flying in aircraft. ¸Ú@
spirit, ´high-octane motor spirit used in aircraft engines. ¸avi®ator
²/ÚeIvIeItE(r)/ ³n ´airman (now usu ³pilot ´or ³captain´) who controls an
aircraft, airship or balloon.¼
¨avid© ²/ÚavId/ ³adj ·@ for, ´eager, greedy: ³@ for fame/applause. ¸@®ly ³adv
¸@®ity ²/EÚvIdEtI/ ³n ¶[U] ´eagerness: ³He accepted the offer with @ity.¼
¨avo®cado© ²/*avEÚkqdE8/ ³n (pl µ@s ²/-dE8z/³) ´(also ³alligator pear´)
pear-shaped tropical fruit. µ¥ ´the illus at µfruit.¼
¨avo®ca®tion© ²/*avEÚkeI2n/ ³n ´(formal) occupation that is not a person's
ordinary business.¼
¨avoid© ²/EÚvãId/ ³vt ¶[VP6A,C] ´keep or get away from; escape: ³Try to @
danger. We only just @ed an accident. You can hardly @ meeting her if you both
work in the same office. ¸@®able ²/-Ebl/ ³adj ´that can be @ed. ¸@®ance ²/-Ens/
³n ¶[U] ´act of @ing: ³the @ance of bad companions; @ance of taxation, ´eÔg by
not buying taxed goods such as tobacco and wine.¼
¨avoir®du®pois© ²/*avEdEÚpãIz/ ³n ´system of weights used, before metrication,
in most English-speaking countries (1 pound = 16 ounces), used for all goods
except precious metals and stones, and medicines. µ¥ App 5.¼
¨avouch© ²/EÚvñ8t2/ ³vt,vi ¶[VP6A,9,3A] ´(liter; now rare) assert;
guarantee: ³@ (for) sth.¼
¨avow© ²/EÚvñ8/ ³vt ¶[VP6A,25 ´reflex¶] ´(formal) admit; declare openly: ³@ a
fault. He @ed himself (to be) a Christian. ¸@al ²/-El/ ³n ¶[U] ´free and open
confession; ¶[C] ´instance of this: ³make an @al of one's sentiments. ¸@®ed®ly
²/EÚvñ8IdlI/ ³adv ´by confession; openly: ³He was @edly in the wrong.¼
¨avun®cu®lar© ²/EÚvAGkj8lE(r)/ ³adj ´(joc) of or like an uncle (esp a
benevolent uncle).¼
¨await© ²/EÚweIt/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ¸1 ´(of persons) wait for: ³I @ your
instructions. ¸2 ´be in store for; be waiting for: ³A hearty welcome @s you.
Death @s all men.¼
¨awake©1 ²/EÚweIk/ ³vi (pt µawoke ²/EÚwE8k/, ³pp µawoke ´or µ@d³) (pp ´rare³) ¸1
¶[VP2A] ´= µwake. ´(³awake ´is preferred for the fig uses, intrans, and ³awaken
´for the fig uses, trans) ¸2 ¶[VP3A] ·@ to, ´become conscious of, realize: ³He
awoke to his opportunities. You must @ to the fact ´(= You must realize) ³that
failure will mean disgrace. When he awoke to his surroundings«, ´realized where
he was«. ¶[VP4B] ³He awoke to find himself famous, ´learnt, the next day, that
he was famous.¼
¨awake©2 ²/EÚweIk/ ³pred adj ´roused from sleep: ³Is he @ or
asleep? ·@ to, ´aware of: ³be @ to what is going on/to a danger/to one's own
interests.¼
¨awaken© ²/EÚweIkEn/ ³vt ¸1 ¶[VP6A] ´= µawake ´(³awaken ´is preferred for fig
uses, trans). ¸2 ¶[VP14] ·@ sb to sth, ´make sb aware of: ³@ sb to a sense of
his responsibility/to a sense of shame. ¸@®ing ²/EÚweIknIG/ ³n ´act of becoming
aware, of realizing, esp sth unpleasant: ³It was a rude @ing when he was told
that he was to be dismissed for inefficiency.¼
¨award© ²/EÚwcd/ ³vt ¶[VP6A,12A,13A] ´give or grant (by official decision): ³He
was @ed the first prize. The judge @ed her $200 as damages. The gold medal was
@ed to Mr Brown for his fine show of vegetables. ´¹ ³n ¶[C] ¸1 ´decision made
by a judge or arbitrator. ¸2 ´sth given as the result of such a decision, eÔg a
prize in a competition: ³His horse was given the highest @ at the show. ¸3
´money granted to a student at a university, etc.¼
¨aware© ²/EÚweE(r)/ ³pred adj ·@ of/that, ´having knowledge or realization:
³Are you @ that you're sitting on my hat? We are fully @ of the gravity of the
situation. Without being @ of it«; I was not @ (of) how deeply he had felt the
death of his mother. ¸@®ness ³n ¶[U].¼
¨awash© ²/EÚwo2/ ³pred adj ´washed over by, level with, the waves: ³rocks @ at
high tide. The ship's deck was @.¼
¨away© ²/EÚweI/ ³adv part ¸1 ´to or at a distance (from the place,
person, etc in question): ³The sea is two miles @. The shops are only a few
minutes' walk @. Is our next football match at home or @, ´on our ground or on
the ground of our opponents? ³It's an @ match. Take these things @, ´remove
them. ³Keep the baby @ from the fire. Don't look @ ´(iÔe in a different
direction) ³while I'm taking your photograph. ¸2 ·@ with «, ´(used in verbless
exclamations): ³A@ with them! ´Take them @! ¸3 ´continuously; constantly: ³He
was working @. He was laughing/muttering/grumbling @. µ¥ grumble(1),
laugh±2µ(2), mutter. ¸4 ´(used with ³vv ´to indicate loss, lessening,
weakening, exhaustion): ³The water has all boiled @, ´There is no water left.
µ¥ blaze±2µ(4), boil±2µ(4), die±2µ(3), explain(2), melt(1). ¸5 ´(in phrases):
·far and @, ´very much: ³This is far and @ better. ·out and @, ´beyond
comparison: ³This is out and @ the best. ·right/straight @, ´at once, without
delay.¼
¨awe©1 ²/c/ ³n ¶[U] ´respect combined with fear and reverence: ³He
had a feeling of awe as he was taken before the judge. Savages often live in
awe of nature. The lazy boy stood in awe of his stern teacher. ¸Úawe-inspiring
³adj ´filling with awe: ³an awe-inspiring sight. ¸Úawe-stricken, Úawe-struck
³adjj ´suddenly filled with awe. ¸Úawe®some ²/-sEm/ ³adj ´causing awe.¼
¨awe©2 ²/c/ ³vt ¶[VP6A,14] ·awe (into), ´strike with awe, fill with awe: ³I
was awed by his solemn words. He awed them into obedience. The children were
awed into silence.¼
¨aweigh© ²/EÚweI/ ³adv ´(naut, of an anchor) hanging just clear of the sea
bottom.¼
¨aw®ful© ²/Úcfl/ ³adj ¸1 ´terrible; dreadful: ³He died an @ death. His
sufferings were @ to behold. ¸2 ´(colloq, intensive) very bad; very great;
extreme of its kind: ³What an @ nuisance! What @ handwriting/weather! ¸@ly
²/ÚcflI/ ³adv ´(chiefly colloq) very (much): ³It has been @ly hot this week.
I'm @ly sorry. Thanks @ly.¼
¨awhile© ²/EÚwñIl ³US: ²EÚhwñIl/ ³adv ´for a short time: ³Stay @.¼
¨awk®ward© ²/ÚckwEd/ ³adj ¸1 ´(of objects, places) not well designed for use;
(of circumstances, etc) likely to cause inconvenience or difficulty: ³This is
an @ staircase. This is an @ corner; there have been several road accidents
here. The handle of this teapot has an @ shape. The meeting was at 9 o'clock,
which was an @ time for many people. It's @ that Brown should be unable to
play in our team this week. ·an @ customer, ´(colloq) person or animal
difficult or dangerous to deal with. ¸2 ´(of living things) clumsy; having
little skill: ³The child is still @ with his knife and fork. Some animals are
@ on land but able to move easily in the water. ·the Ú@ age, ´years when
adolescents are lacking in self-confidence. ¸3 ´embarrassed: ³an @
silence/pause. ¸@®ly ³adv ¸@®ness ³n¼
¨awl© ²/cl/ ³n ´small pointed tool for making holes, esp in leather
or wood. µ¥ ´the illus at µtool.¼
¨awn®ing© ²/ÚcnIG/ ³n ´canvas covering (against rain or sun), eÔg over a
ship's deck, over or before doors or windows.¼
¨awoke© µ¥ awake.¼
¨awry© ²/EÚrñI/ ³adv, pred adj ´crooked(ly); wrong(ly): ³Our plans have gone
@, ´have gone wrong.¼
¨ax©, axe ²/aks/ ³n (pl µaxes ²/ÚaksIz/³) ´tool for felling trees or splitting
wood, µ¥ ´the illus at µtool´: ³apply the axe to public expenditure, ´reduce
its cost by economies, etc. ·*have an Úaxe to grind, ´(fig) have private
interests to serve. ·get the axe, ´(colloq) be dismissed from one's job. ¹ ³vt
¶[VP6A] ´(colloq) reduce, eÔg costs, public services; dismiss: ³He's just been
axed, ´iÔe to save money.¼
¨ax®iom© ²/ÚaksIEm/ ³n ´statement accepted as true without proof or argument.
¸axio®matic ²/*aksIEÚmatIk/ ³adj ´of the nature of an @; clear and evident
without proof: ³It is @atic that a whole is greater than any of its parts.¼
¨axis© ²/ÚaksIs/ ³n (pl µaxes ²/Úaksiz/³) ¸1 ´line round which a turning object
spins. ¸the earth's @, ´the imaginary line joining the North and South Poles
through the centre of the earth, on which the earth rotates once in twenty-four
hours. ¸2 ´line that divides a regular figure into two symmetrical parts, eÔg
the diameter of a circle. ¸3 ´political connection (not always an alliance)
between two or more states: ³the BerlinÅRomeÅTokyo A@ ´(before 1939); ³A@
powers.¼
¨axle© ²/Úaksl/ ³n ¸1 ´rod upon or with which a wheel turns. ¸2 ´bar or rod
that passes through the centres of a pair of wheels: ³the back @ of a bus.¼
¨ayah© ²/ÚñIE/ ³n ´(In India and Pakistan) native nurse-maid;
lady's maid-servant.¼
¨aye©1, ay ²/ñI/ ³int, adv ´(Scot and regional) yes; (naval) usual reply to an
order: ·*³Aye, ·*³aye, sir! ´¹ ³n pl ´vote or person supporting a proposal:
³The ayes have it, ´Those for it are in the majority.¼
¨aye©2 ²/eI/ ³adv ´(old use) always: ³for @.¼
¨aza®lea© ²/EÚzeIlIE/ ³n ´(kinds of) flowering shrub of the rhododendron
genus.¼
¨azi®muth© ²/ÚazImET/ ³n ´(astron) angular distance extending from the zenith
to the horizon; (surveying) angle measured clockwise from the south or north.¼
¨az®ure© ²/ÚaZE(r)/ ³adj, n ´(poet) bright blue: ³an @ sky.¼
¨B©, b ²/bi/ ³n (pl µB's, b's ²/biz/³) ´the second letter of the
English alphabet.¼
¨baa© ²/bq/ ³n ´cry of a sheep or lamb. ¹ ³vi µ(baaing, ³pt µbaaed ´or µbaa'd
²/bqd/³) ´make this cry; bleat. ¸Ú@-lamb ³n ´child's word for a sheep or lamb.¼
¨baas© ²/bqs/ ³n ´(S Africa) boss.¼
¨babble© ²/Úbabl/ ³vi,vt ¸1 ¶[VP2A,B,C] ´talk in a way that is difficult to
understand; make sounds like a baby; (of streams, etc) murmur. ¸2 ¶[VP6A,15B]
·@ (out), ´repeat foolishly; tell (a secret): ³@ (out) nonsense/secrets. ¹ ³n
¶[U] ¸1 ´childish or foolish talk; confused talk not clearly to be understood
(as when many people are talking at once). ¸2 ´gentle sound of water flowing
over stones, etc. ¸bab®bler ²/ÚbablE(r)/ ³n ´person who @s, esp one who tells
secrets.¼
¨babe© ²/beIb/ ³n ¸1 ´(liter) baby. ¸2 ´inexperienced and easily deceived
person. ¸3 ´(US sl) girl or young woman.¼
¨babel© ²/ÚbeIbl/ ³n ¸1 the Tower of B@, ´tower built to reach heaven. µ(Gen
11). ¸2 ³(sing ´with ³indef art) ´scene of noisy and confused talking: ³What a
@! A @ of voices could be heard from the schoolroom.¼
¨ba®boo©, babu ²/Úbqbu/ ³n ´(as Hindu title) Mr; Hindu gentleman; Hindu clerk;
(old use, pej) Hindu affecting English speech and manners.¼
¨ba®boon© ²/bEÚbun ³US: ²ba-/ ³n ´large monkey (of Africa and southern Asia)
with a dog-like face. µ¥ ´the illus at µape.¼
¨baby© ²/ÚbeIbI/ ³n (pl µ-bies³) ¸1 ´very young child: ³She has a
·*³@-·Ú³boy/·Ú³girl. Which of you is the @ ´(= the youngest member) ³of the
family? ·(be left) carrying/holding/to carry/to hold the @, ´(colloq) be left
responsible for sth one does not wish to be responsible for (because of its
difficulty or distastefulness. ¸Ú@ carriage, ´(US) pram. ¸Ú@-faced, ´looking
much younger than one's age. ¸Ú@-farmer, ´(often pej) woman who contracts to
keep (esp unwanted) babies. ¸Ú@-minder, ´woman paid to look after
a @ for long periods (eÔg while the mother is out working). ¸Ú@-sit®ter,
´person paid to look after a @ for a short time (eÔg while its parents are at
the cinema). Hence, ¸Ú@-sit ³vi, ¸Ú@-sit®ting ³n ¸Ú@-talk ³n ´kind of speech
used by or to babies with distorted vocabulary and syntax. ¸2 ´(used attrib)
very small of its kind: ³a ·³@ car, ´a small motor-car. ¸@ Úgrand, ´small grand
piano. ¸3 ´(sl) girl; sweetheart. ¹ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´(colloq) treat like a @:
³Don't @ the boy! ¸Ú@®hood ³n ´state of being a @; time when one is a @. ¸@®ish
³adj ´of or like a @: ³@ish behaviour.¼
¨bac®ca®laur®eate© ²/*bakEÚlcrIEt/ ³n ¶[C] ¸1 ´last secondary
school examination in France. ¸2 ´university degree of Bachelor.¼
¨bac®ca®rat© ²/ÚbakErq/ ³n ¶[U] ´gambling game with playing cards.¼
¨bac®cha®nal© ²/ÚbakEnl/ ³adj ¸1 ´of or like Bacchus ²/ÚbakEs/ ´(the Gk god of
wine) or his rites. ¸2 ´wild, excited, drunken: ³a @ feast. ¹ ³n ¸1 ´follower
of Bacchus; drunken reveller. ¸2 ´dance or song in honour of Bacchus;
merrymaking. ¸bac®cha®na®lian ²/*bakEÚneIlIEn/ ³adj ´of @s; noisy and drunken.¼
¨baccy© ²/ÚbakI/ ³n ¶[U] ´(colloq) tobacco.¼
¨bach®elor© ²/Úbat2ElE(r)/ ³n ¸1 ´unmarried man, µ¥ spinster´; (attrib) of,
suitable for, an unmarried person: ³a @ ´(= independent unmarried) ³girl; @
flats. ¸2 ´(man or woman who has taken the) first university degree: ³B@ of
Arts/Science.¼
¨ba®cil®lus© ²/bEÚsIlEs/ ³n (pl µ-cilli ²/-ÚsIlñI/³) ´rod-shaped bacterium, esp
one of the types that cause disease.¼
¨back©1 ²/bak/ ³n ¸1 ´(of the human body) surface of the body from the neck to
the buttocks; spine, µ¥ ´the illus at µskeleton´: ³If you lie on your @, you
can look up at the sky. He slipped and fell on his @. ·at the @ of sb; at sb's
@, ´giving him support or protection: ³He knows that he has the head of the
Department at his @, ´that the head is ready to support him. Cf ³back sb up.
·do/say sth behind sb's @, ´without his knowledge (always in connection with
sth unpleasant, such as slander). ·break one's @, ´fracture or dislocate one's
spine; (fig) work (too) strenuously. ·break the @ of sth ´(eÔg a piece of
work), finish the hardest or larger part of it. ·get off sb's @, ´stop being a
burden or hindrance. ·give sb a @; make a @ for sb, ´bend down in the game of
leapfrog, or to enable sb to climb on one's @ in order to get over a wall, etc.
·be glad to see the @ of sb, ´feel pleased to see him go away. ·be with/have
one's @ to the wall, ´be in a difficult position, forced to defend oneself. ·be
on one's @, ´(esp) be ill in bed. ·put one's @ into sth, ´work at it with all
one's energy. ·put/get sb's @ up, ´make him angry. ·turn one's @ on sb, ´turn
away from him in an impolite way; avoid, shun, him. ¸2 ´upper surface of an
animal's body: ³Fasten the saddle on the horse's @. ¸3 ´that part of a chair or
seat on which a person's @ rests. ¸4 ´(contrasted with ³front´) that surface of
an object that is less used, less visible or important: ³the @ of one's hand,
´with the nails and knuckles. ³You can't cut with the @ of the knife. You can't
see the @ of your head. You write the address on the front of an envelope, not
on the @. ¸5 ´(contrasted with ³front´) that part of a thing that is farthest
from the front: ³a room at the @ of the house; a garden at the @ of a house.
¸the B@s, ´lawns and grounds (on the River Cam) of some Cambridge colleges. ¸6
·break her @, ´(of a ship) break in two. ¸7 ´(football, etc) ³(centre-·Ú³@;
half-·Ú³@) ´player whose position is behind, near the goal. µ¥ ´the illus at
µfootball.¼
¨back©2 ²/bak/ ³adv part ¸1 ´(contrasted with ³forward´) to or at
the rear; away from the front or the centre: ³Stand @, please! The police held
the crowd @. Fasten the curtains @. Sit @ in your chair and be comfortable. The
house stands @ ´(iÔe at some distance) ³from the road. ·go @ (up)on/from one's
word, ´fail to keep a promise. ·(in) @ of, ´(US colloq) behind: ³the houses @
of the church. ¸2 ´in(to) an earlier position or condition: ³Put the dictionary
@ on the shelf. Throw the ball @ to me. Call that boy @. We shall be @ ´(= home
again) ³before dark. Shall we walk @ or ride @? How far is it there and @? My
brother is just @ ´(iÔe has just returned home) ³from Paris. The company is now
@ on its feet, ´has re-established itself after a period of financial, etc
difficulties. ·@ and forth µ¥ forth. ¸3 ´in return: ³If I hit you, would you
hit me @? Don't answer @, ´Don't retort or argue. ³When can you pay @ ´(=
repay) ³the money you borrowed? ·have/get one's Úown @ (on sb), ´(colloq) have
one's revenge. ¸4 ´(of time) ago; into the past: ³some few years @; far @ in
the Middle Ages.¼
¨back©3 ²/bak/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A,15A,2A,C] ´go or cause to go
@wardµ(2)´: ³The horse @ed suddenly. He @ed the car into/out of the garage. The
wind @ed, ´changed gradually in an anti-clockwise direction (eÔg from E through
NÔE to N). µ¥ veer. ·@ the oars; @ water, ´use the oars to reverse a boat's
forward motion. ¸2 ¶[VP6A,15B] ·@ (up), ´support: ³@ a friend in an argument or
quarrel; @ up an argument. ´Hence, ¸Ú@-up ³n ´(colloq) support; spare±1´. ·@ a
bill/note, ´endorse it as a promise to pay money if necessary. ¸3 ¶[VP6A] ´bet
money on (a horse, a greyhound): ³The favourite was heavily @ed, ´Much money
was bet on its winning the race. ¸4 ¶[VP2C] ·@ Údown (from), ´give up a claim,
etc: ³I see he has @ed down from the position he took last week. ´Hence,
¸Ú@-down ³n´. ·@ off, ´give up a claim. ·@ out (of), ´withdraw (from a promise
or undertaking): ³He promised to help and then @ed out. He's trying to @ out of
his bargain, ´escape from the agreement. ¸5 ¶[VP6A] ´put or be a lining to; put
on as a surface at the @: ³@ed with sheet iron. ¸6 ¶[VP6A,3A] ·@ (on) (to), ´be
situated at the @ of: ³Our garden @s theirs. Their house @s on (to) our garden.
¸@er ³n ¸1 ´person who @s a horse. ¸2 ´person who gives support or help (eÔg to
a political movement); person who gives financial support to an undertaking.
¸@®ing ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´help; support; ¶[C] ´body of supporters: ³The new leader has
a large @ing. ¸2 ¶[U] ´material used to form a thing's @ or support. ¸3 ¶[U,C]
´(pop music) musical accompaniment to a singer: ³vocal/instrumental @ing.¼
¨back©4 ²/bak/ ³n ´(used attrib, and in compounds, with references to
the articles on the ³n, adv part ´and ³v ´above) ¸1 µ¥ back±1µ(1,2). ¸Ú@®ache
³n ¶[U,C] ´ache or pain in the @. ¸Ú@®band ³n ´strap over a horse's
cart-saddle, supporting the shafts of a cart or carriage. ¸Ú@®bone ³n ¸(a)
´line of bones down the middle of the @, from the skull to the hips; spine,
spinal column; µ¥ ´the illus at µskeleton´, (fig) chief support: ³Such men are
the @bone of the country. ¸(b) ¶[U] ´(fig) strength; firmness: ³He hasn't
enough @bone, ´is weak in character. ¸(c) ·to the @bone, ´(fig) completely; in
every way: ³He's British to the @bone. ¸Ú@-break®ing ³adj ´(of work)
exhausting. ¸2 µ¥ back±1µ(4,5). ¸*@®Úhand(ed) ³adj´: ³@hand blow/stroke, ´one
that is delivered with the @ of the hand turned outwards, or in a direction
different from what is usual or expected. µ¥ forehand´. Hence, (fig): ³a
@handed compliment, ´one that is ambiguous (eÔg suggesting sarcasm).
¸Ú@®scratcher ³n ¸(a) ´device with claws on a long handle for scratching the @
(when there is an irritation, etc). ¸(b) ´flatterer. µ¥ scratch ³vÔµ(5).
¸Ú@-stroke ³n ¸(a) ¶[U] ´swimming stroke done on the @, rotating the arms
alternately. ¸(b) ¶[C] ´@-handed stroke. ¸Ú@®sword ³n ´sword with only one
cutting edge. ¸3 µ¥ back±1µ(5) ´and µback±2µ(1). ·*@-to-Ú@, ´(of housing) of
two rows of terrace houses, often separated by a narrow alley, with the @s
facing. ¸*@-Úbench(er) ³n ´(person occupying) one of the seats in the House of
Commons (or other law-making body) used by those members, who, because they do
not or have not held office, are not entitled to a front-bench seat. µ¥
bench(1). ¸Ú@-blocks ³n pl ´(in Australia) areas of land a long way from a
railway, river, the sea-coast, etc and thinly populated. ¸Ú@®board ³n ´movable
board at the @ of a cart. ¸Ú@®cloth ³n ´painted cloth hung at the @ of a stage
in a theatre, as part of the scenery. ¸*@®Údoor ³n ´door at the @ of a house or
other building; (attrib, fig) secret or indirect; clandestine: ³@door
influence. ¸Ú@®drop ³n ´= @cloth. ¸Ú@®ground ³n ¸(a) ´that part of a view,
scene (and, fig, a description) that serves as a setting for the chief objects,
persons, etc. µ¥ foreground. ¸(b) ´person's past experiences, education,
environment. ¸(c) ´contemporary condition(s): ³the social and political
@ground; ´(comm) details necessary to an understanding of company business:
³B@ground information will be supplied at the Board meeting. ¸(d)
·(be/keep/stay) in the @ground, ´away from publicity; hidden. ¸(e) ¸@ground
music/effects, etc, ´music, etc that accompanies dialogue, action, etc (eÔg in
a radio or TV programme or a cinema film) but is not essential to the story,
etc. ¸@®less ³adj ´(of a dress), not covering the @; cut to the waist at the @:
³a @less gown. ¸Ú@®most ³adj ´farthest from the front. ¸Ú@®room ³n ´room at the
@ of a building. ·@room boys, ´(colloq) scientists, engineers, research workers
in offices and laboratories. ¸*@®Úseat ³n ´seat at the @. ·take a @seat, ´(fig)
behave as if one were unimportant; humble oneself. ¸*@®seat Údriver, ´passenger
(in a car) who corrects or advises the driver. ¸Ú@®side ³n ´(colloq) buttocks:
³give sb a kick on the @side. ¸*@®Ústage ³adv ¸(a) ´behind the scenes (in a
theatre): ³I was taken @stage by the leading actor. ¸(b) ´(attrib): ³@stage
life, ´of actors and actresses when not on the stage. ¸*@®Ústair ³adj ´secret;
underhand: ³@stair influence. ¸*@®Ústairs ³n ´staircase from servants'
quarters: (attrib) ³@stairs gossip, ´iÔe among servants. ¸Ú@®stays ³n pl
´(naut) set of ropes from the mast-head to the sides of a ship, sloping towards
the stern. ¸Ú@®wash ³n ´movement of water going away in waves, esp the rush of
water behind a ship; (fig) unpleasant after-effects of sth done. ¸Ú@®water ³n
¸(a) ´part of a river not reached by its current, where the water does not
flow. ¸(b) ´(fig) place, condition of mind, untouched by events, progress, etc:
³living in an intellectual @water, ´untouched by new ideas, etc. ¸Ú@®woods ³n
pl ´uncleared forest land; (fig) culturally backward area. ¸Ú@®woods®man
²/-mEn/ ³n (pl µ-men³) ´man who lives in the @woods; (fig) old-fashioned
person. ¸@ Úyard ³n ´(esp of terraced houses) (usu paved) area at the @ of a
house: ³The dustbin is kept in the @ yard. ¸4 µ¥ back±2µ(1). ´to an earlier
point in time; to a former place. ¸*@®Údate ³vt ´date @ to a time in the past:
³The wage increases are to be @dated to the first of January. ¸*@®Úfire ³n
´(sound caused by the) too early explosion of gas in an internal combustion
engine, causing the piston to move in the wrong direction. µ¹ ³vi ´produce,
make the sound of, a @fire; (fig) produce an unexpected or undesired result:
³The plot @fired. ¸Ú@-formation ³n ¶[U,C] ´(process of making a) word that
appears to be the root of a longer word (eÔg ³televise, ´from ³television´).
¸Ú@®log ³n ´accumulation of work or business (eÔg arrears of unfulfilled
orders) not yet attended to. ¸Ú@ num®ber ³n ¸(a) ´issue of a periodical of an
earlier date, not now on sale. ¸(b) ´(fig, colloq) out-of-date or old-fashioned
method, thing, person, etc. ¸Ú@ pay/rent/taxes, etc, ³n ´pay, etc in arrears;
pay, etc that is overdue. ¸*@®Úpedal ³vi ´(on a bicycle, etc) pedal @wards;
(fig) retreat hurriedly from sth stated or promised. ¸*@®Úslide ³vi ¶[VP2A]
´fall back from good ways into bad old ways of living; lose interest in
religious practice, morality, etc. ¸*@®Úspace ³vi ´move the carriage of a
typewriter @ one or more spaces by pressing the key (called the ·Ú³@spacer
key´) used for this purpose. ¸5 µ¥ back±2µ(3). ´in return; in reply. ¸Ú@®bite
³vt,vi ´slander the reputation of (sb who is absent); speak slanderously about
an absent person. Hence, ¸Ú@®biter ³n ´person who @bites. ¸Ú@®chat ³n ¶[U]
´(colloq) (exchange of) impertinent remarks: ³I want none of your @chat.
¸Ú@®lash ³n ¶[U] ¸(a) ´excessive movement caused by loose connections between
mechanical parts (often causing @ward movement). ¸(b) ´(fig) antagonistic
reaction (esp in social or race relations). ¸Ú@®talk ³n ¶[U] ´= @chat.¼
¨back®gam®mon© ²/bakÚgamEn ³US: ²Úbak-/ ³n ¶[U] ´game for two
players, played on a special double board with draughts and dice.¼
¨back®sheesh© µ¥ baksheesh.¼
¨back®ward© ²/ÚbakwEd/ ³adj ¸1 ´towards the back or the starting-point: ³a @
glance/movement; a @ flow of water. ¸2 ´having made, making, less than the
usual or normal progress: ³This part of the country is still @; there are no
railways or roads and no electricity. Because of his long illness, Tom is @ in
his studies. ´Cf ³well up in. Spring is @ this year. ¸3 ´shy; reluctant;
hesitant: ³Although he is clever, he is @ in giving his views. ¹ adv ¸@(s), ¸1
´away from one's front; towards the back: ³He looked @(s) over his shoulder. ¸2
´with the back or the end first: ³It's not easy to walk @(s). Can you say the
alphabet @(s), ´iÔe ZYXWV, etc? ·know sth @ward(s), ´know it perfectly; be
quite familiar with it. ·@(s) and forward(s), ´first in one direction and then
in the other: ³travelling @(s) and forward(s) between London and the south
coast. Cf ³back and forth; to and fro.¼
¨ba®con© ²/ÚbeIkEn/ ³n ¶[U] ´salted or smoked meat from the back or
sides of a pig. ·bring home the @, ´(sl) succeed in one's undertaking. ·save
one's @, ´(colloq) escape death, injury, punishment.¼
¨bac®ter®ium© ²/bakÚtIErIEm/ ³n (pl µ-ria ²/-rIE/³) ´(kinds of) simplest and
smallest form of plant life, existing in air, water and soil, and in living
and dead creatures and plants, essential to animal life and sometimes a cause
of disease. ¸bac®ter®ial ²/-rIEl/ ³adj ´of bacteria: ³bacterial contamination.
¸bac®teri®ol®ogy ²/bak*tIErIÚolEdZI/ ³n ´science or study of bacteria.
¸bac®teri®ol®ogist ²/-dZIst/ ³n ´student of, expert in, bacteriology.¼
¨bad©1 ²/bad/ ³adj µ(worse, worst) ¸1 ´wicked, evil, immoral: ³It
is bad to steal. He leads a bad life. ·act in bad faith, ´dishonestly,
insincerely. ·a bad egg/hat/lot, ´(dated sl) morally unreliable person. ·call
sb bad names, ´insult him. ¸bad language, ´swear words; (the use of) obscene or
profane words merely to insult or for emphasis. µ¥ p xi. ¸bad word,
´swear-word. ¸2 ´unpleasant; disagreeable; unwelcome: ³We've had some bad news.
What bad weather we're having! There's a bad smell here. The way he was sacked
created a bad odour, ´(fig) created unpleasant feelings. ¸3 ´(of things that
are in themselves undesirable) notable; noticeable; serious: ³That was a bad
mistake. He's had a bad accident. There's been a bad falling-off in attendance.
¸4 ´inferior; worthless; incorrect; of poor quality: ³His pronunciation is bad.
He speaks bad English. What a bad drawing! You can't take photographs if the
light is bad. ·be in a bad way, ´be very ill or unfortunate; be in trouble or
difficulty. ·be in bad (with), ´(US colloq) be in disfavour: ³He's in bad with
the boss. ·go from bad to worse, ´become seriously worse. ·with bad grace,
´showing unwillingness. ·not (so) bad, ´(colloq understatement) quite good.
·not half bad, ´very good. ¸a bad business/job, ´(colloq) an unfortunate
affair. ¸bad debt, ´one unlikely to be paid. ¸Úbad-lands, ´(US) barren,
infertile regions. ¸bad law, ´one that cannot be sustained or held to be valid.
¸bad shot, ´(fig) wrong guess. ¸5 ´not able to be eaten; rotten: ³bad
eggs/meat. ·go bad, ´become unfit to eat: ³Don't let that fish go badÅput it in
the fridge. ¸6 ·bad for, ´hurtful or injurious for; unsuitable for: ³Smoking is
bad for the health. Very small print is bad for the eyes. It's bad for him to
live alone. ¸7 ´in ill health, diseased: ³a bad ´(= sore) ³finger; a bad leg,
´causing pain; (colloq) ³She feels bad today. ·be taken bad, ´(colloq) fall
ill; become more ill: ³She was taken bad during the night. ¸8 ´(colloq)
unfortunate: ³It's too bad she's so ill. ¸9 ´(colloq) sorry; bothered: ³I feel
so bad about not being able to help you. ¸bad®ly ³adv µ(worse, worst) ´(Cf
³well, better, best.´) ¸1 ´in a bad manner; roughly; untidily, etc: ³badly
made/dressed/wounded. ¸2 ´by much: ³badly beaten at football; badly in need of
repair. ¸3 ´(with ³want, need´) ´very much: ³She wants it badly. ¸4 ·badly off,
´poor. ·badly off for, ´in need of. ¸bad®ness ³n ´quality of being bad: ³the
badness of the weather/climate.¼
¨bad©2 ²/bad/ ³n ¶[U] ´that which is bad: ³take the bad with the
good, ´take bad fortune with good fortune. ·go to the bad, ´become completely
immoral; become ruined. ·to the bad, ´(accounts) in loss: ³I am $50 to the bad,
´have lost $50 as the result (of the deal, etc).¼
¨bade© ²/bad/ ³pt µ¥ bid±1µ(3).¼
¨badge© ²/badZ/ ³n ¸1 ´sth worn (usu a design on cloth or made of metal) to
show a person's occupation, rank, etc or membership of a society. ¸2 ´(fig) sth
that shows a quality or condition: ³Chains are a @ of slavery.¼
¨badger©1 ²/ÚbadZE(r)/ ³n ´small, grey animal living in holes in the earth and
going about at night. µ¥ ´the illus at µsmall.¼
¨badger©2 ²/ÚbadZE(r)/ ³vt ¶[VP6A,14,16A] ·@ sb (with questions, etc)/(for
sth)/(into doing sth), ´worry or tease: ³Tom has been @ing his uncle to buy him
a camera. I was @ed into doing what she wanted.¼
¨ba®di®nage© ²/ÚbadInqZ ³US: ²*badEnÚqZ/ ³n ¶[U] ´banter.¼
¨bad®min®ton© ²/ÚbadmIntEn/ ³n ´game played with rackets and shuttlecocks
across a high, narrow net.¼
¨baffle©1 ²/Úbafl/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´puzzle; prevent (sb) from doing sth; be too
difficult to do, understand, etc: ³One of the examination questions @d me
completely. They were @d in their attempt. The scene @d all description,
´could not be described.¼
¨baffle©2 ²/Úbafl/ ³n ´plate, board, screen or other device, used to hinder or
control the flow of a gas, a liquid or sound through an inlet or outlet.¼
¨bag©1 ²/bag/ ³n ¸1 ´container made of flexible material (paper,
cloth, leather) with an opening at the top, used for carrying things from
place to place: ·Ú³shopping-bag; ·Ú³travelling-bag; ·Ú³handbag; ·Ú³kitbag;
·Ú³tool-bag; ·Ú³mailbag, µ¥ ´these words. ·bag and baggage, ´with all one's
belongings (used esp of sb who is expelled). ·a bag of bones, ´a very thin
person or animal. ·let the cat out of the bag, ´tell a secret (without
intending to do so). ·pack one's bags, ´pack (for a journey). ·the whole bag of
tricks, ´(colloq) everything needed for a purpose; the whole lot. ¸2 ´(=
³Úgame-bag´) all the birds, animals, etc shot or caught: ³They secured a good
bag. ·be in the bag, ´(colloq) (of results, outcomes, etc) be as desired: ³The
election is in the bag. ¸3 ·bags of, ´(sl) plenty of: ³There's bags of room. He
has bags of money. ¸4 ·bags under the eyes, ´(colloq) puffiness under the eyes
(eÔg from lack of sleep). ¸5 old bag, ´(colloq) fussy, unattractive, boring
woman.¼
¨bag©2 ²/bag/ ³vt,vi µ(-gg-) ¸1 ¶[VP6A,15B] ´put into a bag or bags: ³to bag
(up) wheat. ¸2 ¶[VP6A] ´(of sportsmen) kill or catch: ³They bagged nothing
except a couple of rabbits. ¸3 ¶[VP6A] ´(colloq) take (sb else's property, etc
without permission, but not intending to steal): ³Who has bagged my matches?
She bagged ´(= occupied, sat in) ³the most comfortable chair. Try to bag an
empty table, ´secure one (eÔg in a crowded restaurant). ¸4 ¶[VP2A,C] ´hang
loosely, looking like a cloth bag: ³trousers that bag at the knees.¼
¨baga®telle© ²/*bagEÚtel/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´kind of game like billiards, played on a
board with holes instead of pockets. ¸2 ¶[C] ´(often ·a mere @´) ´sth small and
of no importance. ¸3 ¶[C] ´musical trifle.¼
¨bag®gage© ²/ÚbagIdZ/ ³n ¶[U] ¸1 ´(more usu, except in US,
³luggage´) ´all the bags, trunks, etc with which a person travels. ¸Ú@ room,
´(US) left luggage office. ¸2 ´tents, bedding, equipment, etc, of an army: ·Ú³@
animals, ·Ú³@ train, etc, ´animals, carts, trucks, etc, carrying @. ¸3 ´(dated)
(playfully) saucy girl: ³You little @!¼
¨baggy© ²/ÚbagI/ ³adj ´hanging in loose folds: ³trousers @ at the knees; @
skin under the eyes.¼
¨bagnio© ²/ÚbqnIE8/ ³n ´(old use) ¸1 ´prison. ¸2 ´brothel.¼
¨bag®pipe© ²/ÚbagpñIp/ ³n ´(often ¸the @s´) musical instrument with air stored
in a bag of wind held under one arm and pressed out through pipes in which
there are reeds. µ¥ ´the illus at µkilt.¼
¨bags© ²/bagz/ ³n pl ´(colloq) trousers: ³Oxford @. µ¥ debag.¼
¨bah© ²/bq/ ³int ´used as a sign of contempt.¼
¨bail©1 ²/beIl/ ³n ¶[U] ´sum of money demanded by a law court, paid by or for
a person accused of wrongdoing, as security that he will appear for his trial,
until which time he is allowed to go free. ·go/put in/stand @ (for sb), ´pay
money to secure his freedom in this way. ·(be) out on @, ´free after payment
of @. ·forfeit one's @, ´fail to appear for trial. ·refuse @, ´(of a judge)
refuse to accept @ and give freedom to a prisoner. ·surrender to one's @,
´appear for trial after being out on @. ¹ ³vt ¶[VP15B] ·@ sb out, ´obtain his
freedom until trial by payment of @. ¸@ee ²/*beIÚli/ ³n ´(legal) person(s) to
whom permission is given to have the goods of another (eÔg a laundry which
accepts goods for washing or dry-cleaning). ¸@®ment ³n ´(legal) delivery of
goods to a @ee. ¸@or ²/ÚbeIlc(r)/ ³n ´(legal) one who delivers goods to a @ee.¼
¨bail©2 ²/beIl/ ³n ´(cricket) either of the two cross-pieces over the three
stumps. µ¥ ´the illus at µcricket.¼
¨bail©3 ²/beIl/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A,15B,2A,C] ·@ (out), ´throw water out of a boat
with buckets, etc: ³@ing water (out); @ing (out) the boat. ¸2 ´(sometimes used
for) µbale±2µ.¼
¨bailey© ²/ÚbeIlI/ ³n ´outer wall of a castle; courtyard of a
castle enclosed by strong walls. ¸Old B@, ´London Central Criminal Court.¼
¨Bailey bridge© ²/ÚbeIlI brIdZ/ ³n ´bridge (in prefabricated sections)
designed for speedy assembly, used for spanning rivers, etc. µ¥ ´the illus at
µbridge.¼
¨bail®iff© ²/ÚbeIlIf/ ³n ¸1 ´law officer who helps a sheriff. ¸2 ´landowner's
agent or manager.¼
¨bairn© ²/beEn/ ³n ´(Scot and N England) child.¼
¨bait©1 ²/beIt/ ³n ¸1 ´food, or sth made in imitation, put on a hook to catch
fish, or in nets, traps, etc to attract prey: ³The fish took/swallowed/rose
to/nibbled at the @. ¸live @, ´small fish used as @ to catch large fish. ¸2
´(fig) sth that allures or tempts. ·rise to the @, ´succumb to temptation.¼
¨bait©2 ²/beIt/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A] ´put food, real or imitation, (on a hook,
etc) to catch fish, etc: ³@ a hook with a worm. ¸2 ¶[VP6A,2A] ´give food to
(horses on a journey); (of horses) take food. ¸3 ¶[VP6A] ´worry (a chained
animal) by making dogs attack it: ·Ú³bear-@ing; ·Ú³bull-@ing; @ a bear with
dogs. ¸4 ¶[VP6A] ´torment (sb) by making cruel or insulting remarks.¼
¨baize© ²/beIz/ ³n ¶[U] ´thick woollen cloth, usu green, used for covering
(tables, etc): ³a ·Ú³@-covered door; green @ for the billiard-table.¼
¨bake© ²/beIk/ ³vt,vi ¶[VP6A,22,2A,C] ¸1 ´cook, be cooked, by dry heat in an
oven: ³@ bread/cakes; @d beans. The bread is baking/being @d. ¸2 ´make or
become hard by heating: ³The sun @d the ground hard. Bricks and earthenware
articles are @d in kilns. ¸3 ´be warmed or tanned: ³We are baking in the sun.
¸*half-Ú@d ³adj ´(colloq) half-witted; lacking in experience or common sense:
³half-@d ideas; a half-@d prophet. ¸*baking-Úhot ³adj ´very hot: ³a baking-hot
day. ¸Úbaking-powder ³n ´mixture of powders used to make bubbles of gas in
cakes, etc and so cause them to be light. ¸baker ³n ´person who @s bread, etc.
¸@r's dozen, ´thirteen. ¸bak®ery ²/ÚbeIkErI/ ³n (pl µ-ries³) ´place where bread
is @d for many people.¼
¨bake®lite© ²/ÚbeIkElñIt/ ³n ¶[U] ´(P) synthetic resin compound as formerly
used for fountain pens, trays, telephones, etc.¼
¨bak®sheesh©, back®sheesh ²/Úbak2i2/ ³n ¶[U] ´(in the Middle East) money
given as a tip or as alms: ³The porter expects @ from you.¼
¨bala®laika© ²/*balEÚlñIkE/ ³n (pl µ@s³) ´guitar-like musical instrument
(triangular, with three strings), popular in Russia and other countries in
eastern Europe. µ¥ ´the illus at µstring.¼
¨bal®ance©1 ²/ÚbalEns/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A,14] ´weigh (a question, etc); compare
(two objects, plans, etc) (in order to judge the relative weight, value, etc).
¸2 ¶[VP6A,15A] ´keep or put (sth, oneself) in a state of balance: ³Can you @ a
stick on the end of your nose? How long can you @ (yourself) on one foot? ¸3
¶[VP6A] ´(accounts) compare debits and credits and record the sum needed to
make them equal. ·@ the budget, ´arrange for income and expenditure to be
equal. ¶[VP2A] ´(of the two sides of a balance-sheet) be equal: ³My accounts
@. ¸4 ·a @d diet, ´one with the quantity and variety of food needed for good
health.¼
¨bal®ance©2 ²/ÚbalEns/ ³n ¸1 ´apparatus for weighing, with a central pivot,
beam and two scales or pans. ·be/hang in the @, ´(fig, of a result) be still
uncertain: ³For a long time his fate was in the @. ¸2 ´regulating apparatus of
a watch or clock. ¸Ú@-wheel ³n ´wheel, in a watch, that regulates the beat. ¸3
¶[U] ´condition of being steady; condition that exists when two opposing
forces are equal. ¸checks and @s, µ¥ check±2µ(1). ·hold the @, ´have the power
to decide. ·in the @, ´undecided. ·keep one's @, ´keep steady, remain upright:
³A small child has to learn to keep its @ before it can walk far. Don't get
excited; keep your @, ´(fig) keep calm. ·lose one's @, ´become unsteady; fall;
(fig) be upset mentally: ³He was surrounded by so many dangers that he lost his
@, ´became nervous and upset. ·throw sb off his @, ´upset him; cause him to
fall. ¸@ of power, ´condition in which no one country or group of countries is
much stronger than another. ¸4 ¶[U] ´(in art) harmony of design and proportion:
³a picture lacking in @. ¸5 ´(accounts) difference between two columns of an
account (money received and money paid out, etc). ·on @, ´taking everything
into consideration. ·strike a @ (between«), ´find this difference; (fig) reach
a solution or adjustment considered to be fair to all; (fig) compromise; find a
middle course. ¸@ of payments, ´statement (for a stated period) of the total
payments to foreign countries (for imports, outflow of capital and gold) and
the total receipts from foreign countries (for exports, inflow of capital and
gold). ¸@ of trade, ´difference in value between exports and imports.
¸Ú@-sheet, ´written statement of this difference, with details, showing credit
and debit. ¸6 ´amount still owed after a part payment: ³@ to be paid within one
week. ¸7 ¸the @, ´(colloq) the remainder of anything; what is left.¼
¨bal®cony© ²/ÚbalkEnI/ ³n (pl µ-nies³) ¸1 ´platform (with a wall or
rail) built on an outside wall of a building, reached from an upstairs room.
¸2 ´(in a theatre or concert hall) series of rows of seats above floor-level
and (usu) rising one above the other. (US = ³gallery.´) ¸bal®conied ³adj ´having
a @ or balconies: ³a balconied house.¼
¨bald© ²/bcld/ ³adj µ(-er, -est) ¸1 ´(of men) having no or not much hair on the
scalp; (of animals) hairless; (of birds) featherless; (of trees) leafless; (of
land, hills, etc) without trees or bushes. ¸2 ´(fig) dull; without ornament: ³a
@ style of writing; a @ statement of the facts, ´one that gives the facts in an
uninteresting way. ¸3 Ú@-head, Ú@-pate ³n ´man with a @ head. ·go at it
*@-Úheaded, ´(colloq) attack or deal with it in a reckless manner, using all
one's energy. ¸@®ly ³adv ´(always fig): ³speaking @ly; to put it @ly, ´plainly,
without trying to soften what one says. ¸@®ness ³n¼
¨bal®der®dash© ²/ÚbcldEda2/ ³n ¶[U] ´foolish or meaningless talk or
writing.¼
¨bal®dric© ²/ÚbcldrIk/ ³n ´belt (passing over the right shoulder to the left
hip) for a sword, bugle, horn, etc.¼
¨bale©1 ²/beIl/ ³n ¶[C] ´heap of material pressed together and tied with rope
or wire: ³@s of cloth, ´(usu packed in canvas); ³@s of hay, ´(tied in string).
¹ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´make into, pack in, @s: ³to @ hay.¼
¨bale©2 ²/beIl/ ³vt ´= bail±3µ(1). ·@ out (of), ´(of an airman) jump with a
parachute from a damaged aircraft or an aircraft out of control.¼
¨bale©3 ²/beIl/ ³n ´(old use, liter) evil. ¸@®ful ²/-f8l/ ³adj ´evil; sinister,
harmful: ³@ful looks/influences. ¸@®fully ²/-f8lI/ ³adv¼
¨balk©, baulk1 ²/bck/ ³n ¸1 ´thick, roughly squared beam of wood. ¸2
´hindrance; obstacle; cause of delay.¼
¨balk©, baulk2 ²/bck/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A,14] ´purposely get in the way of: ³@
sb's plans, ´prevent him from carrying them out; ³@ sb of his prey, ´prevent
him from getting it; ³be @ed in one's purpose. ¸2 ¶[VP2A,3A] ·@ (at), ´(eÔg of
a horse) refuse to go forward; hesitate: ³The horse @ed at the high hedge. Her
husband @ed at the expense of the plans she had made.¼
¨ball©1 ²/bcl/ ³n ¸1 ´any solid or hollow sphere as used in games
³(·Ú³base@, ·Ú³foot@, ·Ú³tennis-@, ·Ú³cricket-@, ´etc. µ¥ ´the illus at these
³nn). ·be on the @, ´be alert, competent (in what one is doing). ·have the @ at
one's feet, ´have a good chance of attaining success. ·keep the @ rolling,
´keep the conversation, etc going. ·play @, ´(colloq) co-operate: ³The
management refused to play @. ·start/set the @ rolling, ´start sth, esp
conversation, going. ·The @ is in his, etc court/with him, etc, ´The next move
(in talks, etc) is his, etc. ¸three @s, ´pawnbroker's sign. ¸*@-Úbearing(s),
´bearingsµ(5) ´in which friction is lessened by the use of small steel @s;
³(sing) ´one of these @s. ¸Ú@(-)cock ³n ´device which regulates the supply of
water in a tank or cistern by means of a floating @ which shuts or opens a
valve as the water rises and falls. ¸Ú@-pen, *@®point-Úpen, ´pen in which the
ink flows round a @-bearing that rotates on contact with the paper. ¸2
´(cricket) single delivery of the @ by the bowler. ·no @, ´delivery that breaks
the rules; (baseball) any strike or
throw: ³a foul @; ´(football) movement of the @ by a player: ³send over a high
@. ¸3 ´material gathered, rolled or wound, into a round mass: ³a @ of
wool/string; a ·Ú³snow@; a ·Ú³meat@, ´of minced meat. ¸4 ´metal missile to be
fired from a gun: ·Ú³cannon-@, ´(old fashioned, cf ³shell´). ¸Ú@-cartridge, ´one
containing a bullet (contrasted with ³blank cartridge´). ¸5 ´round part:
³the @ of the thumb, ´near the palm, µ¥ ´the illus at µarm´; ³the @ of the
foot, ´near the base of the big toe, µ¥ ´the illus at µleg´. ¸6 ´Ï (sl)
testicle. ¹ ³int ´Ï ¸@s! ´(sl) Nonsense! ¹ ³vi,vt ¸1 ´form into a @: ³The snow
@ed under the horse's feet. ¸2 ´wind or squeeze into a @. ¸3 ·@s sth up, ´(sl)
make a mess of it. Hence, ¸@s-up ³n ´mess.¼
¨ball©2 ²/bcl/ ³n ´social gathering for dancing, with an organized
programme, and (often) special entertainment. ¸Ú@-dress, ´woman's frock to be
worn at @s. ¸Ú@®room, ´large room for @s.¼
¨bal®lad© ²/ÚbalEd/ ³n ´simple song or poem, esp one that tells an old story.¼
¨bal®lade© ²/baÚlqd/ ³n ¶[C] ¸1 ´poem of one or more stanzas, each with 7, 8
or 10 lines, each ending with the same refrain line, followed by an envoy. ¸2
´musical composition of a romantic nature.¼
¨bal®last© ²/ÚbalEst/ ³n ¶[U] ¸1 ´heavy material (eÔg rock, iron, sand) loaded
into a ship to keep it steady. ·in @, ´carrying @ only. ¸2 ´sand or other
material carried in a balloon, to be thrown out to make the balloon go higher.
¸3 ´(fig) mental stability. ¸4 ´gravel, crushed rock, etc used to make a
foundation for a road, esp a railway. ¹ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´supply with @.¼
¨bal®ler®ina© ²/*balEÚrinE/ ³n (pl µ@s³) ´(I) ´woman ballet-dancer,
esp one who takes one of the chief classical roles.¼
¨bal®let© ²/ÚbaleI/ ³n ¸1 ¶[C] ´dramatic performance, without dialogue or
singing, illustrating a story by a group of dancers. ¸2 ¶[U] ´the dancers: ³a
member of the @. ¸3 ¶[U] ¸the @, ´this kind of stage performance as an art.
¸Ú@-dancer, ´person who dances in @s. ¸Ú@-skirt, ´short skirt worn by a @
dancer.¼
¨bal®lis®tic© ²/bEÚlIstIk/ ³adj ´of projectiles: ³intercontinental @ missile
¸(IÔCÔBÔM)´, long-range rocket for use in war. ¸bal®lis®tics ³n sing-v
´study, science, of projectiles.¼
¨bal®locks© ²/ÚbolEks/ ³n pl ´Ï (vulg) ¸1 ´testicles. ¸2 ´nonsense.¼
¨bal®loon© ²/bEÚlun/ ³n ¸1 ´bag or envelope filled with air, or with gas
lighter than air: ³captive @, ´one moored to the ground. ¸Ú@ barrage, ´barrier
of steel cables, supported by captive @s, intended to give protection against
low-flying enemy aircraft. ¸Úbarrage @, ´one of these captive @s. ¸hot-Úair @,
´apparatus for travel in the air with a basket or car (for the passengers,
etc) suspended beneath a large bag of hot gas. ¸Ú@ tyre, ´low-pressure
pneumatic tyre of great width. ¸2 ´(in a strip cartoon, etc) outline for
dialogue, exclamations, etc. ¹ ³vi ¶[VP2A,C] ´swell out like a @. ¸@®ist ³n
´person who goes up in @s.¼
¨bal®lot© ²/ÚbalEt/ ³n ¸1 ¶[C] ´piece of paper (also ·Ú³@-paper´), ticket or
ball, used in secret voting; ¶[U] ´secret voting; ¶[C] ´instance of this.
·take a @, ´decide by voting. ¸2 ´votes so recorded. ¸Ú@-box, ´box into which
@-papers are dropped by voters. ¹ ³vi ¶[VP2A,3A] ·@ (for), ´give a vote; draw
lots: ³@ for precedence, ´eÔg in moving resolutions in the House of Commons.¼
¨bally© ²/ÚbalI/ ³adj, adv ´(GB dated sl, euphem for ³bloody µ(3)´)
´(used to show the speaker's strong feelings of like or dislike, etc): ³What a
@ nuisance!¼
¨bally®hoo© ²/*balIÚhu ³US: ²ÚbalIhu/ ³n ¶[U] ´(colloq) ¸1 ´noisy publicity or
advertising; vulgar or misleading ways of attracting attention. ¸2 ´uproar.¼
¨balm© ²/bqm/ ³n ¶[U] ¸1 ´sweet-smelling oil or ointment obtained from certain
kinds of trees, used for soothing pain or healing. ¸2 ´(fig) that which gives
peace of mind; consolation. ¸@y ³adj ¸1 ´(of air) soft and warm. ¸2 ´healing;
fragrant. ¸3 ´(sl) = µbarmy.¼
¨bal®oney© ²/bEÚlE8nI/ ³n ´= µboloney.¼
¨balsa© ²/ÚbclsE/ ³n ¶[C,U] ´(light-weight wood of a) tropical American tree;
raft of floats fastened to a framework: (attrib) ³a @ raft.¼
¨bal®sam© ²/ÚbclsEm/ ³n ¸1 ´= balmµ(1). ¸2 ´tree yielding balm. ¸3 ´flowering
plant grown in gardens.¼
¨bal®us®ter© ²/ÚbalEstE(r)/ ³n ´one of the upright posts supporting a
handrail; ³(pl) ´banisters.¼
¨bal®us®trade© ²/*balEÚstreId/ ³n ´row of balusters with the stonework or
woodwork that joins them on top, round a balcony, terrace, flat roof, etc.¼
¨bam®bino© ²/bamÚbinE8/ ³n (pl µ@s³) ´(I) ¸1 ´baby. ¸2 ´representation in art
of the infant Jesus.¼
¨bam®boo© ²/bamÚbu/ ³n ¶[U] ´tall plant with hard, hollow, jointed stems, of
the grass family; ¶[C] ³(pl µ@s³) ´stem, used as a stick or support.¼
¨bam®boozle© ²/bamÚbuzl/ ³vt ´(colloq) ¶[VP6A,14] ¸1 ´mystify: ³You can't @ me.
¸2 ·@ sb (into/out of) (doing) (sth) ´trick, cheat him.¼
¨ban© ²/ban/ ³vt µ(-nn-) ¸1 ¶[VP6A] ´order with authority that sth must not be
done, said, etc: ³a ban-the-bomb demonstration, ´one calling for nuclear
disarmament. ³The play was banned by the censor. ¸2 ¶[VP6A,14] ·@ sb (from)
(doing) (sth), ´order with authority that sb may not do sth: ³He was @ned from
(attending) the meeting. ¹ n ´(also ¸Ú@ning-order´) order that bans sth/sb:
³under a ban, ´banned.¼
¨ba®nal© ²/bEÚnql ³US: ²ÚbeInl/ ³adj ´commonplace; uninteresting:
³@ remarks. ¸@®ity ²/bEÚnalEtI/ ³n ¶[U] ´quality of being @; ¶[C] ³(pl µ-ties³)
´@ remark, etc: ³conversation that was chiefly @ities.¼
¨ba®nana© ²/bEÚnqnE ³US: ²bEÚnanE/ ³n ¶[C] ´long, thick-skinned (yellow when
ripe) fruit growing in bunches on the @-tree in tropical and semi-tropical
countries. µ¥ ´the illus at µfruit. µ¥ plantain.¼
¨band© ²/band/ ³n ¸1 ´flat, thin strip of material, esp for fastening things
together or for placing round an object to strengthen it: ³iron @s round a
barrel; papers kept together with a rubber @. ¸Ú@-saw ³n ´(eng) machine-driven
saw consisting of an endless steel belt. ¸2 ´flat, thin strip of material
forming part of an article of clothing: ³Some shirts have a ·Ú³neck@ and two
·Ú³wrist@s. ¸3 ´strip or line, different from the rest in colour or design, on
sth: ³a white plate with a blue @ round the edge. ¸4 ´group of persons doing
sth together under a leader and with a common purpose: ³a @ of
robbers/fugitives/revellers. ¸5 ´group of persons who play music together, eÔg
of wind-instrument performers (often ³brass @´)´: ³the ·*³Regimental ·Ú³B@; a
·Ú³dance @; a ·Ú³jazz @; a ·Ú³steel @. ¸Ú@®master ²/ÚbandmqstE(r)/ ³n
´conductor of a @. ¸Ú@s®man ²/-mEn/ ³n (pl µ-men³) ´member of a @. ¸Ú@®stand
²/Úbandstand/ ³n ´raised platform usu roofed, for a @ playing in the open air.
¸Ú@®wagon ³n ´wagon carrying the @ heading a march or procession (esp of a
political party). ·climb/jump on/aboard the @wagon, ´join in what seems likely
to be a successful enterprise. ¸6 ´(radio; short for ·Ú³wave-@´) ´range of
frequencies that may be tuned in together: ³the 19-metre @. ¹ vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A]
´put a @, strip or line on. ¸2 ¶[VP15B,14,2C] ·@ together/with, ´unite in a
group: ³@ people together; @ with others to do sth. They @ed together to
protest.¼
¨ban®dage© ²/ÚbandIdZ/ ³n ´strip of material for binding round a wound or
injury, or for blindfolding sb. ¹ ³vt ¶[VP6A,15B] ·@ (up), ´tie up with a @: ³@
(up) a boy's leg; a man with a @d hand.¼
¨ban®danna© ²/banÚdanE/ ³n ´brightly coloured square of material with red or
yellow spots, usu worn round the neck.¼
¨band®box© ²/Úbandboks/ ³n ´light, cardboard box for millinery: ³She looks as
if she had just come out of a @, ´She looks extremely smart and neat.¼
¨ban®deau© ²/ÚbandE8 ³US: ²-ÚsE8/ ³n (pl µ-deaux ²/-dE8z ³US: ²-ÚdE8z/³) ´band
for keeping a woman's hair in place.¼
¨ban®dit© ²/ÚbandIt/ ³n ´robber, one of an armed band (eÔg of brigands
attacking travellers in forests or mountains or, today, banks and offices).
¸@ry ³n ¶[U] ´activity of @s.¼
¨ban®do®leer©, ban®do®lier ²/*bandEÚlIE(r)/ ³n ´shoulder-belt with pockets for
cartridges.¼
¨bandy©1 ²/ÚbandI/ ³vt (pt,pp µ-died³) ¶[VP6A,14,15B] ´exchange
(words, blows). ·have one's name bandied about, ´be talked about in an
unfavourable way, be a subject for gossip. ·@ a story about, ´pass it from
person to person. ·@ words with sb, ´exchange remarks quickly, esp when
quarrelling.¼
¨bandy©2 ²/ÚbandI/ ³adj ´(of the legs) curving outwards at the knees.
¸Ú@-legged ³adj ´(of persons or animals) having @ legs.¼
¨bane© ²/beIn/ ³n ¶[U] ¸1 ´(only in compounds) ´poison: ·Ú³rat's-@. ¸2 ´cause
of ruin or trouble: ³Drink was the @ of his life. He has been the @ of my
life, ´caused me constant trouble and anxiety. ¸@®ful ²/-f8l/ ³adj ´evil: ³a
@ful influence. ¸@®fully ²/-f8lI/ ³adv¼
¨bang©1 ²/baG/ ³n ´violent blow; sudden, loud noise: ³He fell and got a nasty @
on the head. He always shuts the door with a @. The firework went off with a @.
·go (off) with a @, ´(GB colloq); ·go (over) with a @, ´(US colloq) (of a
performance, etc) be successful, be greatly liked. ¹ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A,15B,2A,C]
´hit violently; give a @ to; shut with a noise: ³He @ed at the door. He was
@ing on the door with his fist. He @ed his fist on the table. She @ed the keys
of the piano. The teacher tried to @ grammar into the heads of his pupils.
Don't @ the lid down. He @ed the box down on the floor. A door was @ing
somewhere. The door @ed shut. ¸2 ¶[VP2A,C] ´make a loud noise: ³The fireworks
@ed. The guns @ed away. We were @ing away ´(= firing continuously) ³at the
enemy. Tell the children to stop @ing about, ´being noisy. ¹ ³adv, int´: ³go @,
´burst with a loud noise; ³@ in the middle, ´exactly in the middle; ³come @ up
´(= violently) ³against sth.¼
¨bang©2 ²/baG/ ³vt ´cut (the front hair) squarely across the
forehead: ³She wears her hair @ed. ¹ ³n ¶[C] ´fringe of @ed hair.¼
¨banger© ²/ÚbaGE(r)/ ³n ´(sl) ¸1 ´sausage. ¸2 ´noisy firework. ¸3 ´old
dilapidated car.¼
¨bangle© ²/ÚbaGgl/ ³n ´ornamental rigid band worn round the arm or ankle.¼
¨ban®ian©, ban®yan ²/ÚbanjEn/ ³n ¸1 ´Hindu trader. ¸2 ´(also ¸Ú@-tree´) Indian
fig, whose branches come down to the ground and take root.¼
¨ban®ish© ²/ÚbanI2/ ³vt ¶[VP6A,14] ¸1 ·@ (from), ´send away, esp out of the
country, as a punishment: ³He was @ed from the realm. ¸2 ´put away from, out of
(the mind): ³@ care. ¸@®ment ³n ¶[U] ´state of being @ed: ³go into @ment.¼
¨ban®is®ter©, ban®nis®ter ²/ÚbanIstE(r)/ ³n ´post supporting the handrail
of a staircase; ³(pl) ´posts and handrail together.¼
¨banjo© ²/ÚbandZE8/ ³n (pl µ@s, -@es´) musical instrument played by plucking
the strings with the fingers. µ¥ ´the illus at µstring.¼
¨bank©1 ²/baGk/ ³n ¶[C] ¸1 ´land along each side of a river or
canal; ground near a river: ³A river flows between its @s. His house is on the
south @ of the river. ¸2 ´sloping land or earth, often forming a border or
division: ³low @s of earth between rice-fields. There were flowers growing on
the @s on each side of the country lanes. ¸3 ´(also ¸Úsand®@´) part of the
sea-bed higher than its surroundings, but covered with enough water for ships
except at low tide; (mining) coal-face. ¸4 ´flat-topped mass of cloud, snow,
etc esp one formed by the wind: ³The sun went down behind a @ of clouds. ¸5
´artificial slope made to enable a car to go round a curve with less risk.¼
¨bank©2 ²/baGk/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A,15B,2C] ·@ up, ¸(a) ´make or form into @s, µ¥
4 ´above: ³The snow has @ed up. ¸(b) ´stop water (of a river, etc) from
flowing by making a @ of earth, mud, etc. ¸(c) ´heap up (the fire in a
fireplace or furnace) with coal-dust, etc so that the fire burns slowly for a
long time. ¸2 ¶[VP2A] ´(of a motor-car or aircraft) travel with one side
higher than the other (eÔg when turning).¼
¨bank©3 ²/baGk/ ³n ¸1 ´establishment for keeping money and valuables safely,
the money being paid out on the customer's order (by means of cheques). ¸the
B@, ´the B@ of England, which is used by the British Government; ³have money
in the @, ´have savings; ·Ú³@ clerk, ´clerk working in a @. ¸Ú@-bill ³n ´bill
drawn by one @ upon another @. ¸Ú@-book ³n ´(also ·Ú³passbook´) book containing
a record of a customer's account with a @. ¸@ giro, µ¥ giro. ¸*@ Úholiday ³n
´(GB) one of those days (not Sundays) on which @s are closed by law, usu kept
as general holidays (eÔg Good Friday, Easter Monday, Christmas Day); (US) any
weekday on which @s are closed. ¸Ú@®note ³n ´piece of paper money issued by a
@. ¸Ú@-rate ³n ´rate at which the B@ of England (or other national @) will
discount bills, µ¥ bill±3µ(5). ¸Ú@®roll ³n ´roll of paper money. ¸2 ´(gambling)
sum of money held by the keeper of the gaming table, from which he pays his
losses. ·break the @, ´(eÔg at Monte Carlo) win all this money. ¸3 ´(place for
storing) reserve supplies. ¸Úblood @ ³n ´place where blood or blood plasma is
stored for use in hospitals, etc.¼
¨bank©4 ²/baGk/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A] ´place (money) in a bank±3µ(1)´: ³He @s
half his salary every month. ¸2 ¶[VP3A] ·@ (with), ´keep money in a bank: ³Who
do you @ with, ´With what firm of bankers do you keep your money? ³Where do
you @? ¸3 ¶[VP3A] ·@ on/upon, ´base one's hopes on: ³I'm @ing on your help.
¸@er ³n ´person who owns or is a partner in a joint-stock bank, or is a
governor or director; keeper of a bank±3µ(2). ¸@er's order, µ¥ standing order.
¸@®ing ³n ´business of keeping a bank: ³Ú@ing hours, ´eÔg 10aÔm to 3pÔm¼
¨bank©5 ²/baGk/ ³n ¸1 ´row of keys, switches, etc: ³a
three-@/four-@ typewriter. ¸2 ´bench for rowers in a galleyµ(1). ¸3 ´row of
cylinders (in an engine).¼
¨bank®rupt© ²/ÚbaGkrApt/ ³n ´(legal) person judged by a law court to be unable
to pay his debts in full, his property being distributed for the benefit of
his creditors. ¹ ³adj ¸1 ´unable to pay one's debts. ·go @, ´become @,
insolvent. ¸2 ·@ in/of, ´completely without: ³The newspapers accused the
Government of being @ in ideas. ¹ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´make @. ¸@cy ²/ÚbaGkrEpsI/ ³n
¶[U] ´@ condition; ¶[C] ³(pl µ-cies³) ´instance of this: ³There were ten @cies
in the town last year.¼
¨ban®ner© ²/ÚbanE(r)/ ³n ¸1 ´flag (now chiefly fig): ³the @ of freedom. ·under
the @ (of), ´belonging to, supporting (a particular faith or movement). ¸2
´flag or announcement, usu on two poles, carried in (eÔg religious or
political) processions, making known principles, slogans, etc. ¸@ headline,
´(in a newspaper) prominent headline in large type.¼
¨ban®nis®ter© ³n ´= µbanister.¼
¨ban®nock© ²/ÚbanEk/ ³n ´(Scot and N England) flat, oatmeal, home-made loaf.¼
¨banns© ²/banz/ ³n pl ´public announcement in church that two persons are to
be married: ³put up/publish the @; have one's @ called. ·forbid the @,
´declare opposition to a proposed marriage.¼
¨ban®quet© ²/ÚbaGkwIt/ ³n ´elaborate meal, usu for a special event, at which
speeches are made: ³a ·Ú³wedding @. ¹ vt,vi ¶[VP6A] ´give a @ to (sb); ¶[VP2A]
´take part in a @; feast.¼
¨ban®shee© ²/banÚ2i ³US: ²Úban2i/ ³n ´(Ireland and the Scottish
Highlands) spirit whose cry is said to mean that there will be a death in the
house where the cry is heard.¼
¨bant© ²/bant/ ³vi ¶[VP2A] ´(dated) adopt a diet designed to reduce weight
(³slim ´and ³reduce ´are the usu words). ¸@®ing ³n ´treatment of obesity by
this means.¼
¨ban®tam© ²/ÚbantEm/ ³n ¸1 ´small-sized kind of domestic fowl, esp the cock,
which is a fighter. ¸2 ´boxer between 112 and 118 lb.¼
¨ban®ter© ²/ÚbantE(r)/ ³vt,vi ¶[VP6A,2A] ´tease in a playful way (by joking
talk). ¹ ³n ¶[U] ´good-humoured teasing. ¸@®ing ³adj ¸@®ing®ly ³adv¼
¨Ban®tu© ²/banÚtu ³US: ²Úbantu/ ³adj, n ´(member) of a group of related Central
and S African peoples; of their languages.¼
¨ban®yan© ³n ´= µbanian.¼
¨bao®bab© ²/ÚbeIEbab ³US: ²Úbñ8bab/ ³n ´tree of tropical Africa with a trunk
that grows to an enormous size.¼
¨bap®tism© ²/ÚbaptIzEm/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´ceremony of sprinkling sb with, or
immersing sb in, water, accepting him as a member of the Christian Church and
(usu) giving him a name or names (in addition to the family name); ¶[C]
´instance of this: ³There were six @s at this church last week. ¸2 ´(fig) first
experience of a new kind of life: ³a soldier's @ of fire, ´his first experience
of warfare. ¸bap®tis®mal ²/bapÚtIzmEl/ ³adj ´of @: ³@al name/water/font.¼
¨Bap®tist© ²/ÚbaptIst/ ³n, adj ´(member) of the denomination of Christians who
object to infant baptism and believe that baptism should be by immersion and at
an age when a person is old enough to understand the meaning of the ceremony.¼
¨bap®tize© ²/bapÚtñIz/ ³vt ¶[VP6A,23] ´give baptism to (sb): ³He
had been @d a Roman Catholic.¼
¨bar©1 ²/bq(r)/ ³n ¸1 ´long piece of hard, stiff material (eÔg metal, wood,
soap, chocolate). ¸2 ´rod or rail, rigid length of wood or metal, across
a door, window or gate, or forming part of a grate (in a fireplace or furnace)
or grid: ³He was placed behind prison bars, ´put into a prison cell. ¸3
´barrier (across a road) that could not be passed (in former times) until a sum
of money (called a ³toll´) was paid: ³a toll bar. ¸4 ´bank or ridge of sand,
etc across the mouth of a river or the entrance to a bay, deposited by currents
or tides, often hindering navigation: ³The ship crossed the bar safely. We
stuck fast on the bar. ¸5 ´(fig) barrier or obstacle; sth that hinders or stops
progress: ³Poor health may be a bar to success in life. Poverty is not always a
bar to happiness. ¸6 ´narrow band (of colour, light, etc): ³As the sun went
down, there was a bar of red across the western sky. ¸7 ´strip of metal across
the ribbon of (esp a military) medal to indicate either ¸(a) ´that the holder
has received the same award twice, or ¸(b) ´that he has served in a particular
field of operations. ¸8 ´(in music) vertical line across the stave marking
divisions of equal value in time; one of these divisions and the notes in it:
³the opening bars of the National Anthem. µ¥ ´the illus at µnotation. ¸9
´railing or barrier in a law court, separating the part where the business is
carried on from the part for spectators: ³be tried at (the) Bar, ´be tried in
open court, where everyone may see and hear, not secretly. ·the prisoner at the
bar, ´the accused person. ¸10 ´(in Parliament) railing dividing off the space
to which non-members are admitted (eÔg for examination by members); similar
place in the US Senate, House of Representatives and State Legislatures. ¸11
´(fig) sth that can be compared to a judge or examiner: ³at the bar of public
opinion; the bar of conscience. ¸12 the Bar, ´the profession of barrister; all
those who have the right to act as barristers. ·be called to the Bar, ´be
received as a member of the Bar. ·read for the Bar, ´study to become a
barrister. ¸13 (a) ´(in an inn or public house) room, counter, where drinks
(such as beer and spirits) are served: ³the Public Bar, the Private Bar, ´for
different classes of users. ¸(b) ´(in a hotel, licensed restaurant or private
house) room with such a counter. ¸Úbar®maid ³n ´woman who serves drinks at a
barµ(13). ¸Úbar®man ²/-mEn/ ³n (pl µ-men³) ´man who does this. ¸Úbar®ten®der ³n
´barmaid or barman (µ¥ ³cocktail lounge´). ¸14 ´counter at which meals, etc are
served and also eaten: ³a ²Ú³milk bar; a quick-lunch bar.¼
¨bar©2 ²/bq(r)/ ³vt µ(-rr-) ¸1 ¶[VP6A] ´fasten (a door, gate, etc)
with a bar or bars±1µ(2). ¸2 ¶[VP15B] ´keep (sb) in or out: ³He barred himself
in, ´fastened doors, windows, etc so that no one could enter the building. ¸3
¶[VP6A] ´obstruct: ³bar a road/path. Soldiers barred the way and we couldn't go
any farther. ¸4 ¶[VP6A,14] ·bar (from), ´prohibit: ³bar sb from a competition,
´order that he shall not take part. ¶[VP6C] ´(colloq): ³She bars smoking in the
drawing-room, ´does not permit it. ³We bar playing cards for money. ¶[VP12C] ³I
will bar no honest man my house, ´will let any honest man visit my house. ¸5
¶[VP6A] ´(usu passive) mark with a stripe or stripes: ³a sky barred with
clouds.¼
¨bar©3 ²/bq(r)/, ±bar®ring ²/ÚbqrIG/ ³prep ´(colloq) except: ³We shall arrive
at noon barring accidents, ´unless there are accidents. ·bar none, ´without
exception. ·bar one, ´except one.¼
¨bar©4 ²/bq(r)/ ³n ´large Mediterranean fish.¼
¨barb© ²/bqb/ ³n ´back-turning or back-curving point of an arrow,
spear, fish-hook, etc. ¸@ed ³adj ´having a @ or @s. ¸@ed wire, ´wire with
short, sharp points, used for fences, etc: ³@ed wire entanglements, ´for
defensive purposes in war.¼
¨bar®bar®ian© ²/bqÚbeErIEn/ ³adj, n ´uncivilized or uncultured (person).¼
¨bar®baric© ²/bqÚbarIk/ ³adj ´of or like barbarians; uncultivated; rough and
rude (esp in art and taste): ³the @ splendour of Attila's court.¼
¨bar®bar®ism© ²/ÚbqbErIzEm/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´state of being uncivilized, ignorant,
or rude: ³living in @. ¸2 ¶[C] ´instance of this; (esp) misuse of language by
mixing foreign or vulgar words into talk or writing.¼
¨bar®bar®ity© ²/bqÚbarEtI/ ³n ¶[U] ´savage cruelty; ¶[C] ³(pl µ-ties³)
´instance of this: ³the barbarities of modern warfare, ´eÔg the bombing of
towns, sinking of passenger liners.¼
¨bar®bar®ize© ²/ÚbqbErñIz/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´make barbarous.¼
¨bar®bar®ous© ²/ÚbqbErEs/ ³adj ´uncivilized; cruel; savage; unrefined in taste,
conduct, or habits. ¸@®ly ³adv¼
¨bar®be®cue© ²/ÚbqbIkju/ ³n ´grill, iron framework, for cooking an animal
whole; ox, pig, etc roasted whole; (outdoor) social occasion at which meat
cooked over a charcoal fire is eaten. ¹ ³vt ´roast (meat, etc) in this way.¼
¨bar®bel© ²/Úbqbl/ ³n ´large European fresh-water fish.¼
¨bar®ber© ²/ÚbqbE(r)/ ³n ´person whose trade is shaving and cutting
men's hair (cf ³hairdresser, ´for both men and women). ¸@'s pole, ´pole painted
in coloured spirals and used as a sign. ¸Ú@'s shop, ´(US = ¸Ú@ shop´) ´place
where a @ does his
work.¼
¨bar®bi®can© ²/ÚbqbIkEn/ ³n ´fortified building, esp a double tower over a gate
or bridge, used in olden times as an outer defence to a city or castle.¼
¨bar®bi®tone© ²/ÚbqbItE8n/ ³n ¶[U] ´drug used to soothe the nerves and cause
sleep; veronal.¼
¨bar®bitu®rate© ²/bqÚbItj8rEt/ ³n ¶[C,U] ´(chem) (kinds of) organic compound
with a (possibly dangerous) soporific effect; pill for settling the nerves or
inducing sleep.¼
¨bar®ca®role©, bar®ca-rolle ²/*bqkEÚrE8l/ ³n ´song of Venetian gondoliers.¼
¨bard© ²/bqd/ ³n ¸1 ´(esp Celtic) minstrel. ¸2 ´(liter) poet: ³the @ of Avon,
´Shakespeare. ¸bar®dic ³adj ´of @s or their songs. ¸bar®dol®atry ²/bqÚdolEtrI/
³n ¶[U] ´enthusiastic admiration of Shakespeare.¼
¨bare©1 ²/beE(r)/ ³adj µ(-r, -st) ¸1 ´without clothing, covering,
protection, or decoration: ³fight with @ hands´, without boxing gloves; ³@ to
the waist, ´clothed from the waist down; ³with his head @´, not wearing a hat;
³@ floors´, without carpets, rugs, etc; ³a @ hillside´, without shrubs or
trees; ³hills @ of vegetation; trees that are already @´, that have already
lost their leaves. ·sleep on @ boards, ´without a mattress, etc. ·lay @,
´uncover, expose, make known (sth secret or hidden). ·in one's @ skin, ´naked.
¸Ú@®back ³adv ´(of a horse) without a saddle: ³ride @back. ¸*@®Úbacked ³adj
´having the back @. µ¹ ³adv ´= µ@back. ¸Ú@®faced ³adj ´insolent; shameless;
undisguised: ³It's @faced robbery to ask $15 for such an old bicycle!
¸@®faced®ly ³adv ¸Ú@®foot ³adv ´without shoes and stockings: ³be/go/walk @foot.
¸*@®Úfooted ³adj ´with @ feet. µ¹ ³adv ´= µ@foot. ¸*@®Úheaded ³adj ´with a @
head; not wearing a hat. ¸*@®Úlegged ³adj ´with the legs @; not wearing
stockings. ¸2 ´empty or almost empty: ³a room @ of furniture; a larder @ of
food; @ shelves. The garden looked @ in winter´, had few or no flowers. ¸3 ´not
more than; mere: ³the @ necessities of life´, things needed merely to keep
alive; ³earn a @ living´, only just enough money to live on: ³approved by a @
majority´, a very small one; ³a @ possibility´, a mere or very slight one.
¸@®ly ³adv ¸1 ´in a @ way: ³@ly furnished rooms´,
with little furniture. ¸2 ´only just; scarcely: ³We @ly had time to catch the
train. He can @ly read and write. I @ly know her. ¸@®ness ³n ´@ state.¼
¨bare©2 ²/beE(r)/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´uncover; reveal: ³@ one's head´,
take one's hat off; ³@ the end of a wire´, strip off the covering of rubber,
etc (before making an electrical connection). ·@ one's heart, ´make known one's
deepest feelings. ·@ its teeth, ´(of an animal) show its teeth in anger.¼
¨bar®gain© ²/ÚbqgIn/ ³n ¸1 ´agreement to buy, sell or exchange sth, made after
discussion; (in industry) agreement between management and labour over wages,
hours, etc; sth obtained as the result of such an agreement. ·A @'s a @, ´When
an agreement has been made, it must be kept. ·drive a hard @, ´try to force an
agreement favourable to oneself. ·a good/bad @, ´one that favours/does not
favour oneself. ·into the @, ´as well; in addition; moreover. ·make/strike a @
(with sb) (over sth), ´reach agreement. ¸Ú@®ing position, ´(in a debate, etc)
state of affairs, arrangements, etc: ³The Foreign Secretary was in a good/bad
@ing position in his dealings with his opposite number in France, ´was in a
favourable/unfavourable position when negotiating. ¸2 ´sth offered, sold or
bought cheap: ³a ·Ú³@ sale´, sale of goods at reduced prices; ·Ú³@-basement´,
lowest floor of a shop, where goods are offered at reduced prices;
·Ú³@-counter´, counter at which @s are displayed or sold; ³@ price´, low
price; ·Ú³@-hunter´, person looking for @s. ¹ ³vi,vt ¸1 ¶[VP2A,3A] ·@ (with
sb) (for sth), ´talk for the purpose of reaching an agreement (about buying or
selling sth, doing a piece of work, etc): ³We @ed with the farmer for a supply
of milk and butter. ¸2 ¶[VP3A] ·@ about, ´= @ over. ·@ for, ´be ready or
willing to accept or agree to: ³I didn't @ for John arriving so soon´, was
surprised by this, didn't expect it. ·get more than one @s for, ´(colloq) be
unpleasantly surprised at the consequences. ·@ over sth, ´@ with sb for sth. ¸3
¶[VP9] ´make a condition: ³The men @ed that they should not have to work on
Saturday afternoons. ¸4 ¶[VP15B] ·@ away, ´give up in return for sth;
sacrifice: ³@ away one's freedom´, give it up in return for some advantage or
other.¼
¨barge©1 ²/bqdZ/ ³n ¸1 ´large flat-bottomed boat for carrying goods
and people on rivers and canals, in harbours, etc with or without sails, towed
by a tug or horse; similar boat with its own engine. ¸2 ´warship's boat, for
the use of the officers. ¸3 ´large rowing-boat for ceremonial occasions.
¸Ú@-pole ³n ´long pole used for guiding a @. ·I wouldn't touch it with a
@-pole, ´I dislike or distrust it extremely.¼
¨barge©2 ²/bqdZ/ ³vi ´(colloq) ¸1 ¶[VP3A] ·@ into/against, ´rush or bump
heavily into/against (sb or sth). ¸2 ¶[VP2C,3A] ·@ about, ´move clumsily,
without proper control of one's movements or without care (for persons or
things). ·@ in/into, ´intrude; make one's way in, interrupt, rudely: ³Stop
barging into our conversation.¼
¨bar®gee© ²/bqÚdZi/ ³n ´master or member of the crew of a barge. ·swear like a
@, ´swear forcibly, and with a great variety of swear-words.¼
¨bari®tone© ²/ÚbarItE8n/ ³n ´male voice between tenor and bass.¼
¨bar®ium© ²/ÚbeErIEm/ ³n ¶[U] ¸1 ´soft, silvery-white metal (symbol ¸Ba´) of
which the compounds are used in industry. ¸2 ´chemical substance (@ sulphate)
introduced into the intestines before an X-ray photograph of them is taken.¼
¨bark©1 ²/bqk/ ³n ¶[U] ´outer covering or skin on the trunks, boughs and
branches of trees. µ¥ ´the illus at µtree. ³¹ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ¸1 ´take the @ off (a
tree). ¸2 ´scrape the skin off (one's knuckles, shin, knee, etc) (by falling
against sth, etc).¼
¨bark©2 ²/bqk/ ³n ´the cry made by dogs and foxes; (fig) sound of gunfire, or
of a cough. ·His @ is worse than his bite, ´He is bad-tempered but not
dangerous or (fig) malicious. ¹ ³vi,vt ¸1 ¶[VP2A,C,3A] ´(of dogs, etc) give a @
or @s: ³The dog @s at strangers. ·@ up the wrong tree, ´(fig) direct one's
complaint, accusation, etc wrongly. ¸2 ¶[VP6A,15B] ´say (sth) in a sharp,
commanding voice: ³The officer @ed out his orders. "Come here!' he @ed (out).¼
¨bark©3, barque ²/bqk/ ³n ¸1 ´sailing-ship with 3 to 5 masts and
sails. ¸2 ´(poet) any ship or boat.¼
¨barker© ²/ÚbqkE(r)/ ³n ´(colloq) ¸1 ´person who stands outside a booth in a
travelling show, or outside a shop, talking loudly to advertise the show,
goods, etc. ¸2 ´(sl) pistol.¼
¨bar®ley© ²/ÚbqlI/ ³n ¶[U] ´grass-like plant and its seed (called grain), used
for food and for making beer and whisky. µ¥ ´the illus at µcereal. ¸Ú@-corn ³n
¶[U] ´grain of @; (colloq) malt liquor. ¸pearl @ ³n ´@ grain made smaller by
grinding. ¸Ú@-water ³n ¶[U] ´drink made by boiling pearl @ in water and then
straining it. ¸Ú@-sugar ³n ¶[U] ´solid sweet substance, made from pure sugar.¼
¨barm© ²/bqm/ ³n ¶[U] ´yeast.¼
¨barmy© ²/ÚbqmI/ ³adj ´(GB colloq) wrong in the head; foolish.¼
¨barn© ²/bqn/ ³n ¸1 ´covered building for storing hay, grain, etc on a farm.
¸Ú@ dance ³n ´kind of rustic dance. ¸Ú@-door ³n ´large door of a @; (colloq
fig) target too large to miss. ¸*@-Údoor fowl ³n ´ordinary kind of fowl kept on
farms. ¸Ú@®storm ³vi ´(US) travel rapidly through the country making political
speeches, presenting plays, etc. Hence, ¸Ú@®stormer ³n ´person who does this.
¸Ú@-yard ³n ´= µfarmyard. ¸2 ´(contemptuous) any large, plain building: ³What a
@ of a house! ¸3 ´(US) building for sheltering cattle or horses; depot for
trams, buses, etc.¼
¨bar®nacle© ²/ÚbqnEkl/ ³n ´small sea-animal that fastens itself to objects
under water, rocks, the bottoms of ships, the timbers of wharves, etc.¼
¨ba®rom®eter© ²/bEÚromItE(r)/ ³n ´instrument for measuring the
pressure of the atmosphere, used for forecasting the weather and measuring
height above sea-level; (fig) something which forecasts changes or
fluctuations (eÔg in public opinion, market prices). ¸baro®met®ric
²/*barEÚmetrIk/ ³adj¼
¨bar®on© ²/ÚbarEn/ ³n ¸1 ´(in GB) nobleman; lowest rank of Peer (called ³Lord
´Å); holder of the non-British title (called ³Baron ´Å). ¸2 ´(orig US) great
industrial leader: ³oil @s; beer @s. ¸Ú@®age ²/-IdZ/ ³n ´the @s collectively;
book with a list of these Peers. ¸@®ess ²/ÚbarEnIs/ ³n ´@'s wife; woman holding
the rank of a @ in her own right. ¸bar®o®nial ²/bEÚrE8nIEl/ ³adj ´of, suitable
for, @s. ¸bar®ony ²/ÚbarEnI/ ³n ´rank of a @: ³confer a @y on sb´, make him a
@.¼
¨bar®onet© ²/ÚbarEnIt/ ³n ´member of the lowest hereditary titled order, lower
in rank than a baron but above a knight; shortened to ³Bart´, added to the
name, as ³Sir John Williams, Bart. ¸@cy ²/ÚbarEnItsI/ ³n ´rank, title, of a @.¼
¨ba®roque© ²/bEÚrok ³US: ²-E8k/ ³n, adj ´(of the) florid or extravagant style
in the arts (esp architecture) in Europe in the 17th and 18th cc.¼
¨ba®rouche© ²/bEÚru2/ ³n ´four-wheeled carriage, pulled by horses, with two
seats facing each other and a folding top, for four occupants and a driver.¼
¨barque© ²/bqk/ ³n µ¥ bark±3µ.¼
¨bar®rack©1 ²/ÚbarEk/ ³n ¸1 ´(usu ³pl ´with ³indef art ´and ³sing v) ´large
building(s) for soldiers to live in: ³The @s are/is quite new. ¸2 ´any building
of plain or ugly appearance.¼
¨bar®rack©2 ²/ÚbarEk/ ³vt,vi ¶[VP6A,2A] ´jeer at; make cries of protest
against (eÔg slow play in a cricket match). ¸@®ing ³n ´slow clapping, etc.¼
¨bar®ra®cuda© ²/*barEÚkudE/ ³n ´large, fierce Caribbean sea-fish.¼
¨bar®rage© ²/ÚbarqZ ³US: ²bEÚrqZ/ ³n ¶[C] ¸1 ´artificial obstacle
built across a river (not across a valley) for storing water to be diverted
into canals for irrigation (as on the Nile and the Indus). µ¥ dam. ¸2 ´(mil)
barrier made by heavy, continuous gunfire directed onto a given area. ¸3
³balloon @; @ balloon, µ¥ balloon.¼
¨barred© ²/bqd/ ³pt,pp ´of ³bar±3³.¼
¨bar®rel© ²/ÚbarEl/ ³n ¸1 ´round container, made of wooden staves with bands or
hoops, or of plastic; the amount that a @ holds. ¸*@-roofed Úvault ³n
´(semi-)cylindrical roof. ¸2 ´metal tube of a rifle, revolver or pistol. µ¥
´the illus at µrifle. ¸3 ´part of a fountain pen that holds the ink. ¸4
Ú@-organ ³n ´instrument from which music is produced by turning a handle and
so causing a cylinder to act mechanically on keys; usu played by a man who
goes round the streets, playing it for money. ¹ vt µ(-ll-) ´put in a @ or @s.
¸@®led ³part adj ´stored in a @: ³@led beer.¼
¨bar®ren© ²/ÚbarEn/ ³adj ¸1 ´(of land) not good enough to produce crops. ¸2
´(of plants, trees) not producing fruit or seeds. ¸3 ´(of women, animals)
unable to have young ones. ¸4 ´(fig) without value, interest, or result: ³a @
subject/discussion; an attempt that was @ of results. ¸@®ness ³n¼
¨bar®ri®cade© ²/*barIÚkeId/ ³n ´barrier of objects (eÔg trees, carts,
overturned or burnt-out cars, barrels) made across or in front of something as
a defence. ¹ ³vt ¶[VP6A,15B] ·@ (in/off), ´block (a street, etc) with a @:
³They @d themselves in.¼
¨bar®rier© ²/ÚbarIE(r)/ ³n ¸1 ´sth (eÔg a wall, rail, fence, turnstile) that
prevents, hinders or controls, progress or movement: ³The Sahara Desert is a
natural @ that separates North and Central Africa. Show your ticket at the @,
´eÔg in a railway station. µ¥ ´also µcrash±1µ(1), half(3), heat±1µ(5) ´and
µsound±2µ(3). ¸2 ´(fig) hindrance: ³Poor health and lack of money may both be
@s to educational progress.¼
¨bar®ring© ²/ÚbqrIG/ ³prep ´excluding. µ¥ bar±3µ.¼
¨bar®ris®ter© ²/ÚbarIstE(r)/ ³n ´(in England) lawyer who has the right to speak
and argue as an advocate in higher law courts. µ¥ advocate, solicitor,
counsel.¼
¨bar®row©1 ²/ÚbarE8/ ³n ¸1 ´= µwheel-@. ¸2 ´(also ·Ú³hand-@, ·Ú³coster's @´)
small cart with two wheels, pulled or pushed by hand. ¸Ú@-boy/-man ²/-man/ ³n
´costermonger. ¸3 ´(also ³luggage-@´) metal frame with two wheels used by
porters for luggage (at railway-stations, in hotels, etc).¼
¨bar®row©2 ²/ÚbarE8/ ³n ´mound, dating from prehistoric times, built over a
burial ground. µ¥ tumulus.¼
¨bar®ter© ²/ÚbqtE(r)/ ³vt,vi ¶[VP15B,14,2A] ·@ (with sb/for sth); @ sth away,
´exchange (goods, property, etc) (for other goods, etc): ³@ wheat for
machinery; ´(fig) ³@ away one's rights/honour/freedom. ¹ n ¶[U] ´exchange made
in this way. ¸@®er ³n¼
¨ba®salt© ²/Úbasclt ³US: ²bEÚsclt/ ³n ¶[U] ´sorts of dark-coloured rock of
volcanic origin.¼
¨bas®cule© ²/Úbaskjul/ ³n ¸Ú@ bridge, ´(eng) kind of drawbridge of which the
two halves can be raised and lowered with counter-weights.¼
¨base©1 ²/beIs/ ³n ¸1 ´lowest part of anything, esp the part on
which sth rests or is supported: ³the @ of a pillar, µ¥ ´the illus at µcolumn.
¸Ú@®board ³n ´(US) skirting-board. ¸2 ´(geom) line or surface on which a figure
stands or can stand: ³BÔC is the @ of the triangle AÔBÔC, AÔBÔCÔD is the @ of
the pyramid. ¸3 ´(chem) substance capable of combining with an acid to form a
salt; substance into which other things are mixed. ¸4 ´place at which
armed forces, expeditions, etc have their stores, hospitals, etc: ³a ·Ú³naval
@; an ·Ú³air @; a @ of operations; a @ camp, ´eÔg for an Everest expedition. ¸5
´(maths) the number (usu 10) which is the starting point for a logarithmic
system. ¸6 ´(@ball) one of four stations or positions. ·get to first @, ´(US;
fig) take a successful first step towards achieving sth. ¸@ hit ³n ´hit on
which a player gets to first @. ¸7 @®less ³adj ´without cause or foundation:
³@less fears.¼
¨base©2 ²/beIs/ ³vt ¶[VP14] ·@ sth on/upon, ´build or place; use as
a basis for: ³Direct taxation is usually @d upon income. I @ my hopes on the
news we had yesterday.¼
¨base©3 ²/beIs/ ³adj ¸1 µ(-r, -st) ´(of persons, their behaviour, thoughts,
etc) dishonourable: ³acting from @ motives. ¸2 @ metals, ´non-precious metals.
¸@ coin, ´mixed with inferior metals.¼
¨base®ball© ²/ÚbeIsbcl/ ³n ´national game of the US, played with a bat and
ball, by two teams of nine players each, on a field with four bases±1µ(6).¼
¨base®ment© ²/ÚbeIsmEnt/ ³n ´lowest part of a building, partly or wholly below
ground level; inhabited room(s) in this part.¼
¨bases© ¸1 ²/ÚbeIsiz/ ³pl ´of µbasis. ¸2 ²/ÚbeIsIz/ ³pl ´of µbase±1µ.¼
¨bash© ²/ba2/ ³vt ¶[VP6A,15A,B] ´strike heavily so as to break or injure: ³@ in
the lid of a box; @ sb on the head with a golf club; @ one's head against sth
in the dark. ¹ ³n ´violent blow or knock: ³give sb a @ on the nose. ·have
a @ at sth, ´(sl) attempt it.¼
¨bash®ful© ²/Úba2f8l/ ³adj ´shy. ¸@ly ²/-f8lI/ ³adv¼
¨basic© ²/ÚbeIsIk/ ³adj ´of or at the base or foundation; fundamental: ³the @
processes of arithmetic, ´eÔg adding, subtraction, multiplying; ³the @
vocabulary of a language´, the words that must be known. ¸B@ English,
´artificial, simplified form of English. ¸@ slag ³n ´fertilizer containing
phosphates. ¸ba®si®cally ²/-klI/ ³adv ´fundamentally.¼
¨basil© ²/Úbazl/ ³n ¶[U] ´sweet-smelling plant like mint, used in cooking.¼
¨ba®sil®ica© ²/bEÚzIlIkE/ ³n ´oblong hall with a double row of columns and an
apse at one end (used in ancient Rome as a law court); building of this type
used as a church: ³the @ of St Peter's in Rome.¼
¨bas®il®isk© ²/ÚbasIlIsk/ ³n ¸1 ´small American lizard with a
hollow crest that can swell up with air. ¸2 ´fabulous reptile able to cause
death by its look or breath.¼
¨basin© ²/ÚbeIsn/ ³n ¸1 ´round, open dish of metal, pottery, etc for holding
liquids; contents of a @. µ¥ wash-@. ¸2 ´bowl for preparing or serving food
in. ¸3 ´hollow place where water collects (eÔg a stone structure at the base
of a fountain, a deep pool at the base of a waterfall). ¸4 ´deep part of a
harbour that is almost surrounded by land; dock with gates that control the
inflow and outflow of water. ¸5 ´area of country drained by a river and its
tributaries: ³the Thames @.¼
¨basis© ²/ÚbeIsIs/ ³n (pl µbases ²/ÚbeIsiz/³) ¸1 ´substance into which others
are mixed; most important part of a mixture. ¸2 ´foundation (usu fig): ³the @
of morality; on a solid @; arguments that have a firm @´, that are founded in
facts. ³On the @ of our sales forecasts ´(iÔe From what these indicate) ³we may
begin to make a profit next year.¼
¨bask© ²/bqsk ³US: ²bask/ ³vi ¶[VP2C] ´enjoy warmth and light: ³sitting in the
garden, @ing in the sunshine´; (fig) ³@ing in her favour/approval.¼
¨bas®ket© ²/ÚbqskIt ³US: ²ÚbaskIt/ ³n ¸1 ´container, usu made of materials
that bend and twist easily (eÔg osiers, canes, rushes) with or without a
handle: ³a ·Ú³shopping @; a ·Ú³clothes @; a waste-·Ú³paper @. ¸2 ´as much as a
@ holds: ³They ate a @ of plums. ¸@®ball ²/ÚbqskItbcl ³US: ²Úbas-/ ³n ´game
(resembling netball), played by two teams of five players who try to throw a
large inflated ball into an open-ended net fixed 10 ft above the ground. µ¥
netball.¼
¨bas-relief© ²/*bas rIÚlif/ ³n ¶[U] ´(= ³low relief´) form of art in which a
flat surface of metal or stone is cut away so that a design or picture stands
out as on a coin but often to a greater degree; ¶[C] ´example of this. µ¥ ´the
illus at µchurch.¼
¨bass©1 ²/Úbas/ ³n (pl ´unchanged) (zool) kinds of fish (perch) used as food,
caught in rivers, lakes and in the sea.¼
¨bass©2 ²/beIs/ ³adj ´deep-sounding; low in tone. ¹ ³n ´lowest part in music
(voice and instruments); singer or instrument with lowest notes:
·*³@-clari·Ú³net; ·*³@ ·Ú³drum, µ¥ ´the illus at µpercussion´; ·*³double-·Ú³@,
µ¥ ´the illus at µstring´; ·*³@ ·Ú³clef, µ¥ ´the illus at µnotation.¼
¨bass©3 ²/bas/ ³n ¶[U] ´inner fibrous bark of the lime-tree, used for weaving
baskets, mats, etc and for tying plants.¼
¨Bass© ²/bas/ ³n ´(P) beer made by the brewers named Bass.¼
¨bas®si®net© ²/*basIÚnet/ ³n ´baby's cradle or carriage made of
woven wicker, with a hood.¼
¨bas®soon© ²/bEÚsun/ ³n ´musical wind-instrument with double reeds, made of
wood, giving very low notes. µ¥ ´illus at µbrass.¼
¨bast© ²/bast/ ³n ¶[U] ¸1 ´= bass±3´. ¸2 ´other fibrous barks (eÔg raffia) used
for tying and weaving.¼
¨bas®tard© ²/ÚbqstEd ³US: ²Úbas-/ ³n ¸1 ´illegitimate child: (attrib) ³a @
child/daughter/son. ¸2 ´Ï (also as ³int) ´ruthless insensitive person (used as
a term of abuse): ³You heartless @! He's a real @, leaving his wife in that
way; ´(also, not abusively, friendly colloq): ³Harry, you old @! Fancy meeting
you here! ¸3 ´Ï unfortunate fellow: ³Poor @! He's been sacked and he won't
find another job very easily; ´(also of an unfortunate incident, state, etc):
³this @ of a headache/essay. ¸4 ´(usu attrib) (of things) not genuine or
authentic; spurious. ¸Ú@®ize ³vt ¸1 ´prove to be, pronounce as a @. ¸2 ´make
spurious: ³a @ized account of what happened. ¸@y ³n ´(legal) illegitimacy: ³a
@y order, ´one (made by a magistrate) for the support of an illegitimate by
its father (now called a ³maintenance order).¼
¨baste©1 ²/beIst/ ³vt ¶[VP6A,15B] ´(in making clothes, etc) sew pieces together
with long temporary stitches (so that adjustments are possible afterwards).¼
¨baste©2 ²/beIst/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ·@ meat, ´pour over it the fat, juices, etc
which come from it during cooking.¼
¨baste©3 ²/beIst/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´thrash; beat.¼
¨bas®ti®nado© ²/*bastIÚnqdE8/ ³n (pl µ@es³) ´caning on the soles of the feet. ¹
³vt ¶[VP6A] ´punish by caning in this way.¼
¨bas®tion© ²/ÚbastIEn/ ³n ´(often five-sided) part of a fortification that
stands out from the rest; (fig) military stronghold near hostile territory;
(fig) sth preserved from destruction or change.¼
¨bat©1 ²/bat/ ³n ´small mouse-like animal that flies at night and feeds on
fruit and insects. µ¥ ´the illus at µsmall. ·have bats in the belfry, ´(sl) be
eccentric, have queer ideas. ·as blind as a bat, ´unable to see, not seeing,
clearly.¼
¨bat©2 ²/bat/ ³n ¸1 ´shaped wooden implement for striking the ball
in games, esp cricket and baseball. µ¥ ´the illus at these entries. ·carry
one's bat, ´(cricket) be "not out' at the end of the innings. ·do sth off one's
own bat, ´(fig) do it without help. ¸2 ´= batsman: ³He's a useful bat. ¹ ³vi,vt
µ(-tt-) ¸1 ¶[VP2A,B,C] ´use a bat: ³Green batted (for) two hours´, was at the
wicket for two hours. ¸2 ¶[VP6A] ´hit (with a bat). ¸bats®man ²/-smEn/ ³n (pl
µ-men³) ¸1 ´(cricket) player who bats: ³He's a good batsman but no good as a
bowler. ¸2 ´(aviation) man who uses a pair of bats (like those used in
table-tennis) to guide an aircraft as and after it touches down (eÔg on the
deck of an aircraft-carrier).¼
¨bat©3 ²/bat/ ³n ·go off at a terrific/rare bat, ´(sl) at a fast rate.¼
¨bat©4 ²/bat/ ³vt µ(-tt-) ´(sl) wink. ·not bat an eyelid, ¸(a) ´not sleep at
all. ¸(b) ´not show any surprise.¼
¨batch© ²/bat2/ ³n ¸1 ´number of loaves, cakes, etc baked together: ³baked in
@es of twenty. ¸2 ´number of persons or things receiving attention as a group:
³a @ of letters to be answered; a @ of recruits for the army.¼
¨bate© ²/beIt/ ³vt ´= µabate. ·with @d breath, ´with the voice lowered to a
whisper (in expectancy, anxiety, etc).¼
¨bath© ²/bqT ³US: ²baT/ ³n (pl µ@s ²/bqDz ³US: ²baDz/³) ¸1 ´washing of the
body, esp by putting oneself completely in water: ³I shall have a hot @ and go
to bed. He takes a cold @ every morning. ¸Ú@®robe ³n ´loose-fitting robe worn
before and after taking a @. ¸2 ´water for a @: ³Your @ is ready. ¸Ú@®tub ³n
´(usu ³bath ´in GB except in trade use) large (usu oblong) vessel (of
fibre-glass, porcelain or metal) in which @s are taken. ¸Ú@®room ³n ´room in
which there is a @-tub (and usu a wash-hand-basin): ³Every room in the hotel
has a private @room´, iÔe its own @room. ¸3 ´(container for) liquid in which
sth is washed or dipped (in chemical and industrial processes): ³an ²Ú³oil @,
´(for parts of a machine); ³a ²Ú³hypo @, ´(photography). ¸4 ³(pl)
´place where one can bath or swim: ³public swimming @s; the Turkish @s. ¹ vt,vi
¶[VP6A,2A] ´give a @ to: ³@ the baby; ´take a bath: ³I @ every night.¼
¨Bath© ²/bqT ³US: ²baT/ ³n ´(town in W England, with hot mineral
springs). ¸*@-Úchair ³n ´three-wheeled chair for an invalid, pushed or pulled
by hand.¼
¨bathe© ²/beID/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ´apply water to; soak in water; put in water: ³The
doctor told him to @ his eyes twice a day. The nurse @d the wound. ¸2 ¶[VP6A]
·be @d in, ´be made wet or bright all over: ³Her face was @d in tears. The
countryside was @d in brilliant sunshine. He was @d in sweat, µ¥ ´also
µsun(4). ¸3 ¶[VP2A] ´go into the sea, a river, lake, etc for sport, swimming,
to get cool, etc. ¹ ³n ´act of swimming in the sea, a river, lake, etc: ³We had
an enjoyable @ before breakfast. Let's go for a @. ´Cf ³have/take a bath.
¸bather ²/ÚbeIDE(r)/ ³n¼
¨bath®ing© ²/ÚbeIDIG/ ³n ´act or practice of going into the sea, etc: ³The @
here is safe´, It is safe to swim here. ³He's fond of @. There have been many
fatal @ accidents here´, Many bathers have been drowned here.
¸Ú@-cap ³n ´cap to cover a woman's hair while in the water.
¸Ú@-costume/suit ³n ´garment worn for swimming (cf ³bikini,
swimming-trunks´). ¸Ú@-machine ³n ´cabin on wheels, pulled down to the water's
edge and (formerly) used by bathers for dressing and undressing.¼
¨bathos© ²/ÚbeITos/ ³n ¶[U] ´(rhet) sudden change (in writing or
speech) from what is deeply moving or sublime to what is foolish or
unimportant.¼
¨bathy®sphere© ²/ÚbaTIsfIE(r)/ ³n ´large, strongly built, hollow sphere that
can be lowered to great depths in the sea, for observation of marine life.¼
¨ba®tik© ²/bEÚtik/ ³n ¶[U] ´method (originally in Java) of printing coloured
designs on textiles by waxing the parts not to be dyed; ¶[C] ´example of such a
fabric.¼
¨ba®tiste© ²/baÚtist/ ³n ¶[U] ´fine thin linen or cotton cloth.¼
¨bat®man© ²/ÚbatmEn/ ³n (pl µ-men ²/-mEn/³) ´(GB mil) army officer's personal
servant.¼
¨baton© ²/ÚbatEn ³US: ²bEÚton/ ³n ¸1 ´policeman's short, thick stick, used as a
weapon: ³The police made a @ charge´, drove the crowd back by using their @s.
¸2 ´short, thin stick used by the conductor of a band or an orchestra. ¸3
´staff of office: ³a Field-Marshal's @.¼
¨bats© ²/bats/ ³pred adj ´(sl) mad; eccentric. µ¥ ´also µbat±1µ.¼
¨bat®tal®ion© ²/bEÚtalIEn/ ³n ´army unit made up of several companies and
forming part of a regiment or brigade.¼
¨bat®ten©1 ²/Úbatn/ ³n ´long board, esp one used to keep other boards in
place, or to which other boards are nailed; (on a ship) strip of wood or metal
used to fasten down covers or tarpaulins over a hatch. ¹ ³vt ¶[VP6A,15B] ·@ sth
(down), ´make secure with @s: ³@ down the hatches.¼
¨bat®ten©2 ²/Úbatn/ ³vi ¶[VP3A] ·@ on/upon, ´thrive, grow fat on (esp at the
expense of others, or so as to injure others).¼
¨bat®ter©1 ²/ÚbatE(r)/ ³vt,vi ¶[VP6A,15A,B,2C] ´strike hard and often; beat
out of shape: ³The heavy waves @ed the wrecked ship to pieces. Let's @ the
door down. Someone was @ing (away) at the door. He was driving a badly @ed old
car and wearing a @ed old hat. ¸Ú@®ing ram ³n ²/-tErIG/ ´(mil) big, heavy log
with an iron head used in olden times for @ing down walls.¼
¨bat®ter©2 ²/ÚbatE(r)/ ³n ¶[U] ´beaten mixture of flour, eggs, milk, etc for
cooking.¼
¨bat®tery© ²/ÚbatErI/ ³n (pl µ-ries³) ¸1 ´army unit of big guns, with men and
vehicles. ¸2 ´group of big guns on a warship, or for coastal defence. ¸3
´portable cell for supplying electricity: ³a ·Ú³car @. ³This transistor has
four small batteries. µ¥ cell(3). ¸4 ´set of similar utensils or instruments
used together: ³a @ of lenses/ovens. ¸5 ·assault and @, ´(legal) attack upon or
threatening touch (to sb). ¸6 ´series of boxes, etc in which hens are kept for
laying eggs or for fattening: ²Ú³@ hens. µ¥ free-range.¼
¨bat®ting© ²/ÚbatIG/ ³n ¶[U] ´cotton wool in flat wads.¼
¨battle© ²/Úbatl/ ³n ¸1 ¶[C] ´fight, esp between organized and armed forces
(armies, navies, aircraft); (fig) any struggle: ³the @ of life. ¸2 ¶[U]
´victory; success: ³The @ is to the strong´, The strong are likely to win.
³Youth is half the @´, Youthful strength brings likelihood of success. ¸3 ¶[U]
³die in @´, die fighting. ·give/offer @, ´show readiness to fight. ·refuse @,
´refuse to fight. ¹ ³vi ¶[VP3A] ·@ (with/against sth) (for sth), ´struggle:
³battling against adversity. They @d with the winds and waves. ¸Ú@-axe ³n ¸(a)
´heavy axe with a long handle, formerly used as a weapon. ¸(b) ´(colloq)
domineering and assertive woman. ¸Ú@-cruiser ³n ´large fast cruiser with heavy
guns and lighter armour than a @ship. ¸Ú@®dress ³n ´soldier's uniform of
belted blouse and trousers. ¸Ú@®field ³n ´place where a @ is or was fought.
¸Ú@®ground ³n ´@field. ¸Ú@®ship ³n ´large kind of warship, with big guns and
heavy armour.¼
¨battle®dore© ²/Úbatldc(r)/ ³n ´bat or small racket used in the
game called @ and shuttlecock. µ¥ ´the illus at µbadminton.¼
¨battle®ments© ²/ÚbatlmEnts/ ³n pl ´flat roof of a tower or castle enclosed by
parapets with openings through which to shoot.¼
¨bat®tue© ²/baÚtu/ ³n ¶[C] ´driving of game±1µ(6) ´(by beating bushes, etc)
towards the sportsmen; occasion when this is done.¼
¨batty© ²/ÚbatI/ ³adj ´(sl) (of a person) crazy; slightly mad. µ¥ bats.¼
¨bauble© ²/Úbcbl/ ³n ´pretty, bright and pleasing ornament of little value.¼
¨baulk© ²/bck/ µ¥ balk.¼
¨baux®ite© ²/ÚbcksñIt/ ³n ¶[U] ´clay-like substance from which aluminium is
obtained.¼
¨baw®bee© ²/Úbcbi/ ³n ´(Scot) halfpenny.¼
¨bawd© ²/bcd/ ³n ´(old use) woman who keeps a brothel. ¸@y ³adj ´(of talk,
persons) vulgar; humorously coarse: ³@y talk/stories; a @y old man. µ¹ ³n ´@y
talk, etc. ¸@®ily ³adv¼
¨bawl© ²/bcl/ ³vt,vi ¶[VP6A,15A,2C,3A] ´shout or cry loudly: ³He @ed out a
curse. He @ed to me across the street. The frightened child @ed for help. ·@
sb out, ´(US, sl) scold severely.¼
¨bay©1 ²/beI/ ³n ¸1 ´(also ·Ú³bay-tree, ·Ú³bay laurel´) ´kind of
tree or shrub with leaves that are used in cooking and are spicy when crushed.
¸2 bays, Úbay-wreath, ´laurel wreath given in olden times to poets and heroes,
victors in war and athletic contests; (fig) honour; glory. ¸3 bay rum, ´hair
lotion, made from the leaves of a W Indian tree.¼
¨bay©2 ²/beI/ ³n ´part of the sea or of a large lake, enclosed by a wide curve
of the shore: ³the Bay of Biscay; Hudson Bay.¼
¨bay©3 ²/beI/ ³n ¸1 ´compartment between columns and pillars that divide a
building into regular parts. ¸2 ´extensions of a room beyond the line of one
or two of its walls; recess. ¸*bay Úwindow, ´window, usu with glass on three
sides, built in such a recess. µ¥ ´the illus at µwindow. ¸3 ´side-line and
platform in a railway station, used as a starting-point and terminus for local
trains, separate from the main lines. ¸4 ´compartment in the fuselage of an
aircraft: ³the ·Ú³bomb bay; ´part of a warship, college campus, etc for those
who are ill or injured: ³the ·Ú³sick-bay; ´compartment in a warehouse, barn
etc for storing things: ³Clear No 3 bay to make room for new equipment.¼
¨bay©4 ²/beI/ ³n ´deep bark, esp of hounds while hunting. ·at bay,
´(of a hunted animal) forced to face its attackers and show defiance; (fig) in
a desperate position, compelled to struggle fiercely. ·keep/hold sb at bay,
´keep an enemy, etc at a distance; prevent him from coming too near. ·bring
³(a stag, an enemy) ·to bay, ´force (it, him) to make a final resistance; come
to close quarters so that escape is impossible. ¹ ³vi ¶[VP2A] ´(esp of large
dogs, hounds) bark with a deep note, esp continuously, when hunting.¼
¨bay©5 ²/beI/ ³adj, n ´reddish-brown (horse): ³He was riding a dark bay.¼
¨bay®onet© ²/ÚbeIEnIt/ ³n ´dagger-like blade that can be fixed to the muzzle
of a rifle and used in hand-to-hand fighting. ¹ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´stab with a @.¼
¨bayou© ²/ÚbñIu/ ³n ´(in N America) marshy offshoot of a river.¼
¨ba®zaar© ²/bEÚzq(r)/ ³n ¸1 ´(in Iran, India and other Eastern countries)
street of workshops and shops; that part of a town where the markets and
shopping streets are. ¸2 ´(in GB, US) shop for the sale of cheap goods of
great variety. ¸3 ´(place where there is a) sale of goods for charitable
purposes: ³a church @.¼
¨ba®zoo®ka© ²/bEÚzukE/ ³n (pl µ@s³) ´portable weapon for firing armour-piercing
rockets.¼
¨be©1 ²/bi/ ³vi (pres t µam ²/³after "I': ²m´; ³otherwise: ²Em´;
³strong form: ²am/´, µis ²/z´; ³but ²s ³after ²p, t, k, f, T´; ³strong form:
²Iz/´, µare ²/E(r)´; ³strong form: ²q(r)/´; ³pt µwas ²/wEz´; ³strong form:
²woz/´, µwere ²/wE(r) ³strong form: ²w3(r)/´; contracted forms, µI'm ²/ñIm/´,
µhe's ²/hiz/´, µshe's ²/2iz/´, µit's ²/Its/´, µwe're ²/wIE(r)/´, µyou're
²/j8E(r)/´, µthey're ²/DeE(r)/´; neg µisn't ²/Iznt/´, µaren't ²/qnt/´, µwasn't
²/woznt/´, µweren't ²/w3nt/´; ³Am I not ´is contracted to ³aren't I ²/Úqnt ñI
³US: ²Úant/´; ³pres p µbeing ²/ÚbiIG/´; ³pp µbeen ²/bin ³US: ²bIn/³) ¶[VP1]
´(linking ³v ´(or ³copula´), between the subject and various complements) ¸1
´(with a ³n ´or ³pron´, identifying or asking about the subject): ³Today is
Monday. Peter is a teacher/a Catholic. Who is that? It's me/him/her/the
postman. ¸2 ´(with an ³adj ´or a ³prep´, indicating a quality, an attribute):
³The world is round. He is ten years old. Short skirts are in/out of fashion.
µ¥ fashionable, unfashionable. ¸3 ´(with a ³prep ´or ³adverbial particle´,
indicating a place): ³The lamp is on the table. John's out in the garden.
Mary's upstairs. The station is a mile away. ¸4 ´(with a ³n ´or a ³prep´,
indicating possession, actual or intended): ³The money's not yours, it's
John's. The parcel is for you.¼
¨be©2 ²/bi/ ³vi µ¥ be±1 ¶[VP1] ´(linking ³v´, indicating a change from one
quality, place, etc to another): ³He wants to be ´(= become) ³a fireman when he
grows up. Give me a pound, and the skirt is ´(= will be) ³yours. You can be ´(=
get) ³there in five minutes. Once more he was ´(= again became) ³the old John
we used to know. Suddenly his face was ´(= became) ³scarlet.¼
¨be©3 ²/bi/ ³vi µ¥ be±1 ¶[VP1] ¸1 ´(with introductory ³there´): ³There's a
bus-stop down the road. There were six of us. There are some stamps in that
drawer. There's a letter for you, ´A letter has come for you. (Cf ³One of the
letters is for you´). ¸2 ´(also with introductory ³there, ´meaning "exist'):
³There is a God. For there to be life there must be air and water. ¸3 ´go;
come (esp the ³pp µbeen´): ³I've been to see ´(= have paid a visit to) ³my
uncle. Have you ever been to Cairo? He has been to Paris. (´Cf ³He's gone to
Paris, ´iÔe is now either in Paris or on the way there.) ³Has the postman been
´(iÔe called) ³yet? ¸4 ·the *be-all and Úend-all (of
sth), ´the most important part (of it). ·been and«, ´(vulg or hum) (used to
indicate surprise, protest, etc): ³You've been and bought a new hat! Who's been
and taken my
dictionary? ·for the time being, ´until some other arrangement. µ¥
´also µbeing. ·the «-to-be, ´the future «: ³the bride/mother-to-be.
¸Úwould-be ³adj ´who wishes to be or imagines himself to be: ³a
would-be poet. ¸might-have been ³n ¶[C] ´past possibility.¼
¨be©4 ²/bi/ ³aux v µ¥ be±1 ¸1 ´(used with ³pres p ´to form the
progressive or continuous tenses): ³They are/were reading. I shall be seeing
him soon. What have you been doing this week? ¸2 ´(used with a ³pp ´to form
the passive voice): ³He was killed in the war. Where were they made? He is to
be pitied. ¸3 ¶[VP4F] ´(used with a ³to-´infinitive) ¸(a) ´(equivalent to
³must ´or ³ought´, to indicate duty, necessity, etc): ³I am to inform you ´(=
I have been told to inform you) ³that« You are ´(= ought, deserve) ³to be
congratulated. ¸(b) ´intention: ³They are to be married in May. ¸(c)
´possibility: ³The book was not to be ´(= could not be) ³found. ¸(d) ´a
supposition or unreal condition: ³If I were to tell you/Were I to tell you«;
If it were to rain ´(= If it rained) ³tomorrow«. ¸(e) ´(chiefly ³pt) ´destiny:
³He was never to see his wife and family again, ´Although he did not know this
at the time, he did not see them again. ¸(f) ´mutual arrangement: ³We are to
be married in May. Every member of the party was to pay his own expenses. ¸(g)
´the expressed wish of another person: ³At what time am I ´(= do you want me)
³to be there? ¸(h) ´purpose: ³The telegram was to say that she had been
delayed.¼
¨be-© ²/bI-/ ³pref ¸1 ´all over; in every direction ¸(a) ´(making ³vv ´from
³vv´): ³besmear´, smear all over (with sth). ¸(b) ´(making ³vv from ³nn´):
³bedew´, cover with dew. ¸2 ´(making an intransitive ³v ´transitive): ³bemoan.
´Cf ³bemoan one's fate´, moan about one's fate. ¸3 ´(making ³adjj ´in ³-ed
´from ³nn´) wearing: ³bewigged´; covered with: ³bejewelled. ¸4 ´(intensifying):
³begrudge; belabour.¼
¨beach© ²/bit2/ ³n ´shore between high- and low-water mark, covered
with sand or water-worn pebbles. ¸Ú@ ball ³n ´very large light-weight one used
for games on the @. ¸Ú@ buggy ³n ´small motorized vehicle, used for racing on
waste ground, beaches, etc. ¸Ú@®comber ²/-kE8mE(r)/ ³n ¸(a) ´long wave rolling
in from the sea. ¸(b) ´man who makes a poor living on the waterfront in ports
in the Pacific. ¸Ú@®head ³n ´fortified position established on a @ by an
invading army. µ¥ bridgehead. ¸Ú@®wear ³n ¶[U] ´clothes for sunbathing,
swimming, playing games, etc on the @. ¹ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´push or pull (a boat, a
ship) up on to the shore or @.¼
¨bea®con© ²/ÚbikEn/ ³n ¸1 ´(old use; also ¸Ú@-fire´) fire lit on a hill-top as
a signal. ¸2 ´light on a hill or mountain, or on the coast, on rocks, etc
to give warning of danger or for the guidance of ships, etc. ¸3 ´(also
¸Ú@-light´) fixed lantern to warn or guide ships; flashing light to warn
aircraft of high mountains, etc. ¸4 ´(in GB) seven-foot high post with a lamp,
used to indicate a street-crossing for pedestrians: ³flashing @ ´or ³Belisha
²/bEÚli2E/ ³@´, one with a light that flashes, to warn motorists that
pedestrians have priority over wheeled traffic. ¸5 ´(US) = beamµ(4).¼
¨bead© ²/bid/ ³n ¸1 ´small ball of wood, glass, etc with a hole through it,
for threading with others on a string or wire; ³(pl) ´necklace of @s. ¸2 ·tell
one's @s, ´(old use) say one's prayers (while counting @s on a rosary). ¸3
´drop of liquid: ³His face was covered with @s of sweat. ¸@®ing ³n ´wooden
strip with a pattern of @s, used for ornament; similar pattern on stonework;
lace trimmings, etc with @s on the threads.¼
¨beadle© ²/Úbidl/ ³n ´(formerly) parish officer who helped the priest by
keeping order in church, giving out money to the poor, etc.¼
¨beady© ²/ÚbidI/ ³adj ´(of eyes) small, round and bright.¼
¨beagle© ²/Úbigl/ ³n ´small, short-legged hound used for hunting hares when
those who take part are on foot, not on horse-back. ¸beag®ling ²/-glIG/ ³n
´hunting hares with @s.¼
¨beak©1 ²/bik/ ³n ¸1 ´hard, horny part of a bird's mouth, esp when curved. µ¥
´the illus at µprey. ¸2 ´ram at the prow of a warship in ancient times.¼
¨beak©2 ²/bik/ ³n ¸1 ´(sl) magistrate: ³brought up before the @. ¸2 ´(old use;
sl) schoolmaster.¼
¨beaker© ²/ÚbikE(r)/ ³n ¸1 ´open glass vessel with a lip (as used for chemical
experiments, etc). ¸2 ´(liter or archaic) large drinking vessel; goblet. ¸3
´plastic vessel, shaped like and used as a drinking glass.¼
¨beam© ²/bim/ ³n ¸1 ´long horizontal piece of squared timber, or of
steel, light alloy, concrete, supported at both ends, used to carry the weight
of a building, etc. ¸2 ´horizontal cross-timber in a ship, joining the sides
and supporting the deck(s); the greatest width of a ship, µ¥ ´the illus at
µship. ·on/off the port/starboard @, ´on/at a distance from either side. ·on
her *@-Úends, ´(of a ship) lying over to one side; almost capsizing. ·be on
one's *@-Úends, ´(of a person) at the end of one's financial resources;
destitute. ·broad in the @, ´(colloq, of a person) wide and stocky. ¸3 (a)
´crosspiece of a balance, from which the scales hang. µ¥ ´the illus at
µbalance. ¸(b) ´chief piece of timber in an old-style plough, to which the
share is fastened. ¸4 (a) ´ray or stream of light (eÔg from a lamp or
lighthouse, the sun or moon); (fig) bright look or smile, showing happiness,
etc: ³with a @ of delight. ¸(b) ´directed electromagnetic waves: ³the @
system, ´by which short waves are directed to a specific target. ¸(c) ´radio
signal used to direct an aircraft on its course. ·on/off the @, ´(of an
aircraft) following/not following the radio @; (colloq) on the right/wrong
track; behaving in a way likely/unlikely to be right. ¹ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP2C] ´(of
the sun, etc) send out light and warmth; (fig) smile happily and cheerfully:
³@ing on his friends; @ing with satisfaction. ¸2 ¶[VP6A,15] ·@ sth (to),
´(telegraphy) broadcast (a message, radio programme, etc) in a particular
direction: ³@ed from Britain to S America.¼
¨bean© ²/bin/ ³n ¸1 ´(any of several plants bearing) seed in long pods (all
used as vegetables): ·³broad @s, ·Ú³kidney @s, ·Ú³soya @s. µ¥ ´the illus at
µvegetable. ¸Ú@®stalk ³n ´stalk of tall-growing varieties of @. ¸2 ´seed
similar in shape of other plants (esp ²Ú³coffee-@s, ´also called ³berries´). ¸3
´(sl uses) ·be without/not have a @, ´be without any money. ·full of @s,
´lively; in high spirits or vigour. ·give sb @s, ´punish or scold him. ·old @,
´(dated sl, as a familiar form of address) old boy/fellow. ·spill the @s,
´give away information, esp sth not intended to be made known. ¸Ú@-feast; beano
²/ÚbinE8/ ³nn ´(dated colloq) feast; celebration; jolly time.¼
¨bear©1 ²/beE(r)/ ³n ¸1 ´large, heavy animal with thick fur. µ¥ cub, whelp.
¸Ú@®skin ³n ´tall military headdress of black fur (worn by the Brigade of
Guards in Britain). ¸2 ´rough, clumsy ill-mannered person. ¸3 the Great/Little
B@, ´names of two constellations in the northern hemisphere. ¸4 ´(stock
exchange) person who sells stock for future delivery hoping before then to buy
it cheap. µ¥ bull±1µ(3). ¸@ish ³adj ´rough; clumsy.¼
¨bear©2 ²/beE(r)/ ³vt,vi (pt µbore ²/bc(r)/, ³pp µborne ²/bcn/³) ¸1
¶[VP6A,15B] ´carry: ³@ a heavy load. ·@ away, ´(now usu ³carry off´): ³@ away
the palm´, excel in competition, by winning a prize, etc; ³@ away ´(iÔe win)
³the prize. ¸2 ¶[VP6A] ´have; show: ³@ the marks/signs/traces of
blows/wounds/punishment; a document that @s your signature; @ arms´, be
provided with weapons; ³@ no/some/not much/little resemblance to sb or sth. ¸3
¶[VP6A] ´have; be known by: ³@ a good character; a family that bore an ancient
and honoured name. ¸4 ¶[VP16B] ·@ oneself, ¸(a) ´carry oneself in a specified
way: ³He @s himself like a soldier´, stands, walks, etc like one. ¸(b)
´behave; conduct oneself: ³He bore himself with dignity in these difficult
circumstances. ¸5 ¶[VP14,12C] ·@ (against/towards), ´have in the heart or mind:
³@ a grudge against sb; @ no malice towards sb; bear sb no malice; the
love/hatred she bore him´, felt towards him. ¸6 ¶[VP6A,14,11] ´bring; provide.
·@ a hand, ´help. ·@ witness (to sth), ´(fig) provide evidence; speak in
support: ³actions that @ witness to ³his courage. Will you @ witness (for me)
that I am innocent? ·@ false witness (against sb), ´give false evidence. ¸7
¶[VP6A,2A] ´support; sustain: ³The ice is too thin to @ your weight. The ice
doesn't @ yet. Who will @ the responsibility/expense? ¸8 ¶[VP6A,6D,7A,17] ´(usu
with ³can/could´, and esp in neg and interr) endure; tolerate; put up with: ³I
can't @ (the sight of) that old man. The pain was almost more than he could @.
There's no @ing ´(= It's impossible to @) ³such rude fellows. She couldn't @ to
see animals treated cruelly. She can't @ to be laughed at/can't @ being laughed
at. ¸9 ¶[VP6E] ´be fit for: ³His language won't @ repeating. Your joke will @
repeating´, is amusing enough to be heard again. ¸10 ¶[VP6A,12C] ´give birth
to: ³@ a child. She has borne him six sons. ´Cf ³born´: The eldest son was born
in 1932. ¸11 ¶[VP2C] ·@ (to the), ´(of direction) turn, incline: ³When you
reach the top of the hill, @ (to the) right. ¸12 ¶[VP15B,2C,3A] ´(with
³adverbial particles ´and ³preps´)´:¼
·bear down, ´overcome; defeat: ³@ down the enemy; @ down all resistance. ·@
down on/upon, ´(esp of a ship, car) move quickly towards.¼
·be borne Úin on/upon sb, ´(of sb) be made to realize: ³The terrible truth was
borne in on him´, he had to realize it. ³It was gradually borne in on me that«,
The idea that« was one that I gradually had to accept.¼
·bear on/upon, ´have relation to, have influence on, be relevant to: ³How
does this @ upon the problem? These are matters that @ upon the welfare
of the community. ·bring to @ on/upon, ´make (sth) relate to, have
influence on: ³bring all one's energies to @ upon a task; bring pressure
to @ on sb. ·@ hard/heavily/severely, etc on/upon, ´be a burden on:
³Taxation @s heavily on all classes in Britain.¼
·bear (sth or sb) out, ´confirm (sth); support (sb): ³@ out a statement. John
will @ me out/@ out what I've said.¼
·bear up (against/under sth), ´be strong in the face of (sorrow, etc): ³He bore
up well against all these misfortunes. Tell her to @ up´, to have courage, not
give way.¼
·bear with sb, ´treat him patiently or indulgently: ³If you will @ with me
´(iÔe listen patiently to me) ³a little longer«.¼
¨bear®able© ²/ÚbeErEbl/ ³adj ´(from µbear±2µ(8)´) that can be borne or
endured.¼
¨beard©1 ²/bIEd/ ³n ¸1 ´hair of the lower part of the face
(excluding the moustache): ³a man with a @; a week's (growth of) @´; similar
growth of hair on an animal: ³a billy-goat's @. ¸2 ´@-like sheath on the grain
of barley, oats, etc. ¸@ed ³adj ´having a @. ¸@®less ³adj ´having no @: ³a
@less youth.¼
¨beard©2 ²/bIEd/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´defy openly, oppose: ³@ the lion in his den´,
(fig) defy sb in his own stronghold.¼
¨bearer© ²/ÚbeErE(r)/ ³n ¸1 ´person who brings a letter or message: ³the @ of
good news; the @ of this letter. ¸2 ´person who helps to carry a coffin to a
grave, who carries a stretcher, flag, etc. ¸3 ´person employed to carry sth.
¸4 ´person who presents, at a bank, a cheque payable on demand. ¸Ú@ bonds ³n pl
´bonds, interest on which is payable to the @, the owner's name not being
written on them. ¸5 ´(with ³adjj´) plant, tree, etc that produces fruit, crops,
etc: ³a good/poor @.¼
¨bear®ing© ²/ÚbeErIG/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´way of behaving; way of standing, walking,
etc: ³a man of noble/soldierly @. His kindly @ caused all the children to like
him. µ¥ bear±2µ(4). ¸2 ¶[C,U] ´relation, aspect: ³We must consider the question
in all its @s. What he said has no/not much @ on ´(iÔe is not connected with)
³the subject. µ¥ bear±2µ(12). ¸3 ¶[U] ´possibility of being endured; endurance:
³His conduct was beyond (all) @. µ¥ bear±2µ(8). ¸4 ¶[C] ´direction in which a
place, etc, lies (as measured, eÔg in degrees): ³take a compass @ on a
lighthouse´; ³(pl) ´relative position; direction. ·get/take one's @s, ´find the
direction of a ship's course; find one's position by looking round for
landmarks, etc. ·lose/be out of one's @s, ´be lost; (fig) be puzzled. ¸5 ´(usu
³pl´) (in a machine) device that supports moving parts and reduces friction:
³ball/roller @s. ¸6 ¶[U] ´(of a tree, etc): ³in full @´, producing fruit well.
µ¥ child-@.¼
¨bear®ish© ²/ÚbeErI2/ ³adj µ¥ bear±1µ.¼
¨beast© ²/bist/ ³n ¸1 ´four-footed animal ³(animal ´is the usu word; ³beast ´is
used in fables). ¸2 ´(farming) cow or bullock; animal for riding or driving. ¸3
´cruel or disgusting person. ¸4 ´(reproachfully or playfully) person who
behaves badly: ³They hate that @ of a foreman! ´(eÔg of a foreman who is very
strict). ¸@®ly ³adj ¸1 ´like a @ or its ways; unfit for human use.
¸2 ´(colloq) nasty: ³What @ly weather! µ¹ ³adv ´(colloq; used to intensify
³adjj ´and ³advv ´used in a bad sense) very; unpleasantly: ³He was @ly drunk.
µ¥ jolly. ³It was @ly cold. ¸@®li®ness ²/-lInIs/ ³n ¶[U]¼
¨beat©1 ²/bit/ ³vt,vi (pt µbeat³, pp µ@en ²/Úbitn/³) ¸(a)
¶[VP6A,14,2A,C] ´hit repeatedly (esp with a stick): ³She was @ing the
carpet/@ing the dust out of the carpet. He was @ing a drum. We heard the drums
@ing/being @en. ³The boy was @en until he was black and blue´, covered with
bruises. ³The hunters had to @ a way through the undergrowth´, make a path by
forcing the branches, etc down. ³Somebody was @ing at/upon the door. ·@ one's
brains, µ¥ brain(4). ·@ a retreat, ´give the signal (by drum) to retreat; (fig)
go back, retire. ·@ the woods, ´go into them to drive out game (for sport,
shooting). ¸@®ing ³n ¸(a) ´punishment, esp by hitting repeatedly: ³give sb/get
a good @ing. ¸(b) ´(colloq) defeat: ³Our team got a sound @ing. ¸2 ¶[VP2C] ´(of
the sun, rain, wind, etc) strike: ³The rain was @ing against the windows. ¸3
¶[VP6A,14] ´mix thoroughly and let air into by using a fork or similar utensil:
³@ eggs; @ cream ´(to a froth); ³@ flour and eggs, etc, ´(to a paste). µ¥
whip±2µ(2). ¸4 ¶[VP6A,22,15B] ´hammer, change the shape of by blows: ³@ sth
flat; @ out gold´, hammer it flat; ³@ the door in´, break in by hammering down
the door. ¸5 ¶[VP6A,14,15A] ´defeat; do better than: ³Our army was @en. I'll @
you to the top of that hill´, race you and get there first. ³He @ me at chess.
·@ the record, ´break the record, make a new and better record. ¸6 ¶[VP6A] ´be
too difficult for; perplex: ³That problem has @en me. ¸7 ¶[VP6A,14] ´move up
and down regularly: ³The bird was @ing its wings against the sides of the cage.
His heart was still @ing. Her heart was @ing with joy. ·@ time, ´measure time
(in music) by making regular movements (with the hands, etc). ¸8 ´(various
uses): ·@ about the bush, ´approach a subject without coming to the point.
·dead @, ´tired out. ·@ it, ´(sl) go away. ¸9 ¶[VP2C,15B] ´(with ³adverbial
particles ´and ³preps)´:¼
·beat down (on), ³The sun was @ing down on our heads´, shining with great heat.
·@ sb/sth down´: ³He wanted $800 for the car but I @ him down ´(= made him
lower his price) ³to $600. I @ down his price´, made him lower it. ³The wheat
had been @en down ´(= flattened) ³by the rain.¼
·beat sb/sth off, ³The attacker/attack was @en off´, repulsed.¼
·beat sth out, ³The dry grass caught fire, but we @ it out´, extinguished the
fire by @ing the burning grass. ³He @ out ´(= drummed) ³a tune on a tin can.¼
·beat sb up, ³He was badly @en up ´(= beaten severely with cudgels, etc) ³in a
back alley. ·@ sth up (into/to), ´mix thoroughly and let air into by using a
fork or other utensil: ³@ the mixture up to a creamy consistency; @ the flour
and eggs (up) to a paste.¼
¨beat©2 ²/bit/ ³n ¸1 ´regular repeated stroke, or sound of this: ³We heard the
@ of a drum. His heart @s were getting weaker. ¸2 ´recurring emphasis marking
rhythm in music or poetry. ¸3 ´route over which sb goes regularly; appointed
course of a sentinel or policeman: ³The policeman was on his @´, on the route
he was ordered to patrol. ·be off/out of one's @, ´(fig) be doing sth with
which one is not familiar, sth different from one's usual work, etc.¼
¨beat©3 ²/bit/ ³attrib adj ´of or like beatniks: ³the @ generation. ¹ ³n ´=
µbeatnik.¼
¨beaten© ²/Úbitn/ ³adj ´(esp) ¸1 ´shaped by beating: ³@ silver. ¸2
´(of a path) worn hard by use: ³a well-@ path. ·go off/keep to the @ track,
´do sth/not do anything unusual.¼
¨beater© ²/ÚbitE(r)/ ³n ¸1 ´utensil used for beating, such as: ¸Úcarpet-@,
¸Úegg-@. ¸2 ´man employed to drive birds, etc to those waiting with guns to
shoot them.¼
¨bea®tif®ic© ²/bIEÚtIfIk/ ³adj ´showing great happiness; making blessed.¼
¨be®atify© ²/bIÚatIfñI/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´(in the RÔC church) announce that a dead
person is among the Blessed (iÔe those who will live for ever with God in a
state of supreme happiness). ¸be®ati®fi®ca®tion ²/bI*atIfIÚkeI2n/ ³n ´@ing or
being beatified; first step before canonization. µ¥ canonize.¼
¨be®ati®tude© ²/bIÚatItjud ³US: ²-tud/ ³n ¶[U] ´great happiness; blessedness.
¸The B@s, ´Christ's sermon on blessedness (in the Bible, Matt 5: 3-11).¼
¨beat®nik© ²/ÚbitnIk/ ³n ´(1950's) person adopting unconventional manners and
dress as a defiant protest against current morality and as a means of
self-expression. Cf ³hippy´, a later word.¼
¨beau© ²/bE8/ ³n (pl µ@x ²/bE8z/³) ¸1 ´(old use) rather old man who is greatly
interested in the fashion of his clothes. ¸2 ´(now usu fac) man who pays great
attention to women. ¸3 ´(now usu fac) girl's admirer or lover. ¸4 @ ideal,
´one's idea of what is most excellent or beautiful. ¸the @ monde ²/*bE8
Úmcnd/ ´(F) fashionable society.¼
¨Beau®jolais© ²/ÚbE8ZEleI ³US: ²*bE8ZEÚleI/ ³n ¶[U] ´(F) light wine (usu red)
of Burgundy.¼
¨beau®te®ous© ²/ÚbjutIEs/ ³adj ´(poet) beautiful.¼
¨beau®tician© ²/bjuÚtI2n/ ³n ´person who runs a beauty-parlour.¼
¨beau®ti®ful© ²/ÚbjutEfl/ ³adj ´giving pleasure or delight to the
mind or senses: ³a @ face/flower/voice; @ weather/music. ¸@ly ²/-flI/ ³adv ´in
a @ manner: ³She plays the piano @ly. That will do @ly, ´will be most
satisfactory. ¸beau®tify ²/ÚbjutIfñI/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´make @.¼
¨beauty© ²/ÚbjutI/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´combination of qualities that give pleasure to
the senses (esp the eye and ear) or to the moral sense or the intellect:
³Everyone must admire the @ of a tropical sunset/a mother's love. ·B@ is only
skin deep, ´(prov) We must not judge by outward appearance only. ¸2 ¶[C]
³(pl µ-ties³) ´person, thing, specimen, feature, characteristic, that is
beautiful or particularly good: ³Isn't she a @! Her smile is one of her
beauties. Look at this peachÅisn't it a @! We are always finding new beauties
in Shakespeare's poetry. That's the @ of it, ´the point that gives
satisfaction. ¸Ú@-parlour ³n ´establishment (now usu ·Ú³@-salon´) in which
women receive treatment (of the skin, hair, etc) to increase their @. ¸Ú@ queen
³n ´girl voted the most beautiful in a @ contest. ¸Ú@-salon, ´= @-parlour.
¸Ú@-sleep ³n ´sleep before midnight. ¸Ú@-spot ³n ¸1 ´place with beautiful
scenery. ¸2 ´birthmark or artificial patch on the face, said to heighten @.¼
¨bea®ver©1 ²/ÚbivE(r)/ ³n ¸1 ´fur-coated animal that lives both on
land and in water, with strong teeth with which it cuts down trees and makes
dams across rivers. µ¥ ´the illus at µsmall. ¸2 ¶[U] ´its fur. ¸3 ¶[U] ´heavy
woollen cloth that looks like @ fur. ¸4 ¶[C] ´high hat made of @ fur, formerly
worn by men.¼
¨bea®ver©2 ²/ÚbivE(r)/ ³n ´(on the helmet worn by soldiers in olden times)
movable lower part that guarded the lips and chin.¼
¨bea®ver©3 ²/ÚbivE(r)/ ³vi ¶[VP2A,C] ·@ away (at sth), ´(colloq) work hard.¼
¨be®calmed© ²/bIÚkqmd/ ³pred adj ´(of a sailing-ship) stopped because there is
no wind.¼
¨be®came© ³pt ´of µbecome.¼
¨be®cause© ²/bIÚkoz/ ³conj ¸1 ´for the reason that: ³I did it @ they asked me
to do it. Just @ I don't complain, you mustn't suppose that I'm satisfied.
´(Note that when the reason is obvious, or is thought to be known, it is
preferable to use ³as, ´or a construction with ³so: As it's raining, you'd
better take a taxi. It's raining so you'd better take a taxi. ´After the noun
³reason, that ´is preferred to @: ³The reason why we were late is that«´) ¸2 ·@
of, ³prep ´by reason of; on account of: ³B@ of his bad leg, he couldn't walk so
fast as the others. I said nothing about it, @ of his wife('s) being there.¼
¨beck©1 ²/bek/ ³n ´(N England) mountain stream or brook.¼
¨beck©2 ²/bek/ ³n ´movement of the head, hand or arm, as a signal or sign,
used only in: ·be at sb's @ and call, ´be bound to obey his orders, to come
and go, all the time. ·have sb at one's @ and call, ´have sb always waiting to
obey one's orders.¼
¨beckon© ²/ÚbekEn/ ³vt,vi ¶[VP6A,15B,16A,2A] ´call sb's attention by a
movement of the hand or arm, usu to show that he is to come nearer or to
follow: ³He @ed (to) me to follow. He @ed me on/in.¼
¨be®come© ²/bIÚkAm/ ³vi,vt (pt µbecame ²/bIÚkeIm/, ³pp µbecome³) ¸1 ¶[VP2D]
´come or grow to be; begin to be: ³He became a doctor. He has @ a famous man.
The custom has now @ a rule. He has @ accustomed to his new duties. It's
becoming much more expensive to travel abroad. ¸2 ¶[VP3A] ·@ of, ´happen to:
³What will @ of the children if their father dies? I don't know what has @ of
him. ¸3 ¶[VP6A] ´be well suited to: ³Her new hat @s her. ¸4 ¶[VP6A] ´be right
or fitting; befit: ³He used language ´(eÔg insulting language) ³that does not @
a man of his education. ¸be®com®ing ³adj ·@ (to), ¸1 ´(of dress, etc) well
suited to the wearer: ³a becoming hat/dress/style of hair-dressing. ¸2
´suitable, appropriate: ³with a modesty becoming to his low rank.
¸be®com®ing®ly ³adv¼
¨bed©1 ²/bed/ ³n ¸1 ´piece of furniture, or other arrangement, on which to
sleep (Note omission and use of the articles): ³go to bed; ³be in bed; get
into/out of bed; put the children to bed; sit on the bed; find a bed for sb;
´(fig) love-making: ³He thinks of nothing but bed. ¸single bed, ´for one
person. ¸double bed, ´for two persons: ³I want a room with two single beds/a
double bed. ¸twin beds, ´two exactly similar single beds. ¸spare bed(room),
´one that is kept for an occasional visitor. ¸bed and board, ´food and lodging;
entertainment (at an inn, etc). ·make the beds, ´put the bedclothes (sheets,
blankets, etc) in order, ready for use. ·As you make your bed so you must lie
on it, ´(prov) you must accept the consequences of your acts. ·He got out of
bed on the wrong side, ´said of sb who is bad-tempered for the day. ·take
to/keep to one's bed, ´stay in bed because of illness. ¸2 ´mattress: ³a
feather bed; a spring-bed. ¸3 ´flat base on which sth rests: ³The machine rests
on a bed of concrete. ¸4 ´bottom of the sea, a river, lake, etc; layer of rock,
stone, etc, as a foundation for a road or railway; layer of clay, rock, etc,
below the surface soil: ³If you dig here, you will find a bed of clay.
¸Úbed-rock, ´solid rock below the soil,
found at different depths in different places; (fig) ultimate facts or
principles on which a theory, etc, is based: ³reach/get down to bed-rock. ¸5
´garden plot, piece of ground (for flowers, vegetables, etc): ·Ú³seed-bed;
·Ú³onion-bed; ·Ú³flower beds. ¸6 ´(compounds) ¸Úbed-bug ³n ´wingless,
blood-sucking insect. ¸Úbed-clothes ³n pl ´sheets, blankets, etc for a bed.
¸Úbed-fellow ³n ´person with whom one shares a bed; (fig) companion. ¸Úbed®pan
³n ´vessel for waste matter from the body, used by an invalid in bed.
¸Úbed®post ³n ´upright support of a bedstead (esp the old-fashioned sort).
¸Úbed®ridden ³adj ´confined to bed by weakness or old age. ¸Úbed-roll ³n
´portable roll of bedding (eÔg as used by campers). ¸Úbed®room ²/³with ²-dr-
³as in "dry', not separated as in "head-room'²/ ³n ´room for sleeping in.
¸Úbed®side ³n ´side of (esp a sick person's) bed: ³Dr Green has a good bedside
manner, ´is tactful, knows how to fill his patients with confidence in himself;
(attrib) ³bedside table; bedside books. ¸bed®Úsit(ter) ´(colloq for)
¸*bed®Úsitting-room ³n ´room used (eÔg by students, single persons away from
home) for both living in and sleeping in. ¸Úbed®sore ³n ´sore on the back, etc
of an invalid, caused by lying in bed for a long time. ¸Úbed®spread ³n
´covering spread over a bed during the day. ¸Úbed®stead ³n ´framework of wood
and metal to support the mattress. ¸Úbed®time ³n ´time for going to bed: ³His
usual bedtime is eleven o'clock.¼
¨bed©2 ²/bed/ ³vt µ(-dd-) ¶[VP6A,15A,B] ¸1 ·bed (in/out), ´plant (seedlings,
etc): ³He was bedding out some young cabbage plants. He bedded the seedlings
(in). ¸2 ·bed (in), ´place or fix in a foundation: ³Bricks and stones are
bedded in mortar or concrete. The bullet bedded itself in ´(= went deep into)
³the wall. Heavy guns have to be bedded (in) before they will fire accurately.
¸3 ·bed down, ´provide with a bed or bedding: ³bed down a horse, ´provide it
with straw, etc on which to rest; ³bed down a soldier/traveller, etc.
¸-bed®ded, ´having the specified type or number of bed(s): ³a
single-/double-/twin-bedded room. ¸Úbed®ding ³n ¶[U] ¸1 ´bedclothes, eÔg
blankets. ¸2 ´straw, etc, for animals to sleep on.¼
¨be®daubed© ²/bIÚdcbd/ ³pred adj ·@ with, ´smeared (with sth dirty,
wet, sticky, etc).¼
¨bed®ding© ²/ÚbedIG/ ³n ¶[U] µ¥ bed±2µ.¼
¨be®decked© ²/bIÚdekt/ ³pred adj ·@ with, ´adorned, decorated (with flowers,
jewels, etc).¼
¨be®dev®il© ²/bIÚdevl/ ³vt µ(-ll-, ´US µ-l-) ´(usu passive) confuse;
complicate: ³The issue is @led by Smith's refusal to co-operate with us.
¸@®ment ³n¼
¨be®dewed© ²/bIÚdjud ³US: ²-Údud/ ³pred adj ·@ with, ´(liter) sprinkled with,
made wet with: ³a face @ with tears.¼
¨be®dim®med© ²/bIÚdImd/ ³pred adj ·@ with, ´(liter) (of the eyes, mind) made
dim: ³eyes @ with tears; a mind @ with sorrow.¼
¨bed®lam© ²/ÚbedlEm/ ³n ¸1 ´(old use) asylum for mad people. ¸2 ´scene of
noisy confusion: ³When the teacher was called away the classroom was a regular
@.¼
¨Bed®ouin©, Bed®uin ²/Úbed8In/ ³n (pl ´unchanged) nomadic Arab of the desert.¼
¨be®drag®gled© ²/bIÚdragld/ ³pred adj ´(esp of clothing) made wet or dirty by
rain, mud, etc.¼
¨bee© ²/bi/ ³n ¸1 ´small, four-winged, stinging insect that produces wax and
honey after gathering nectar from flowers. µ¥ ´the illus at µinsect. ·have a
bee in one's bonnet, ´be obsessed by an idea. ·make a Úbee-line for, ´go
towards by the shortest way, go quickly towards. ¸Úbee®hive ³n µ¥ hive(1). ¸2
´(chiefly US) meeting for combined work and amusement (esp of neighbours and
friends). ¸Úspelling bee, ´competition in spelling.¼
¨beech© ²/bit2/ ³n ¶[C] ´forest tree with smooth bark and shiny dark-green
leaves and small triangular nuts; ¶[U] ´its wood. ¸Ú@ mast ³n ¶[U] ´@ nuts.¼
¨beef© ²/bif/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´flesh of an ox, bull or cow, used as meat. ¸Ú@
cattle, ´bred and reared for @. µ¥ dairy cattle. ¸@ tea, ´stewed juice from @
(for people who are ill). ¸Ú@®steak ³n µ¥ steak. ¸Ú@®eater ³n ´yeoman of the
guard; one of the warders of the Tower of London, dressed as in the days of
the Tudor kings. ¸2 ¶[U] ´(in men) muscle: ³He's got plenty of @. ¸3 ¶[C] ³(pl
µbeeves ²/bivz/´) fattened ox, considered as food. ¹ ³vi ´(sl) complain: ³Stop
@ing so much! ¸@y ³adj ´(of a person) well covered with flesh; strong.¼
¨been© µ¥ be±1µ.¼
¨beep© ²/bip/ ³n ´repeated signal (as during a phone conversation, indicating
that it is being recorded).¼
¨beer© ²/bIE(r)/ ³n ¶[U] ´alcoholic drink made from malt and flavoured with
hops; other drinks made from roots, etc: ·*³ginger-·Ú³@, ·Ú³nettle-@. ·small
@, ´sth trifling and unimportant: ³He thinks no small @ of himself, ´has a
high opinion of himself. ¸@y ³adj ´like @ in taste or smell; (eÔg of a person)
smelling of @.¼
¨bees®wax© ²/Úbizwaks/ ³n ¶[U] ´wax made by bees for honeycomb, used for
polishing wood. ¹ ³vt ´polish with @.¼
¨beet© ²/bit/ ³n ´sorts of plant with a sweet root. ¸Úred @, ´used as a
vegetable, esp in salads. ¸Úwhite @, ´used for making sugar. ¸*@ Úsugar,
´sugar made from @s, identical with cane sugar. ¸Ú@®root ²/Úbitrut ³with ²tr
³as in "try'²/ ³n ¶[C,U] ´root of @; red @.¼
¨beetle©1 ²/Úbitl/ ³n ´tool with a heavy head and handle, used for crushing,
ramming and smoothing.¼
¨beetle©2 ²/Úbitl/ ³n ´insect with hard, shiny wing-covers. µ¥ ´the illus at
µinsect.¼
¨beetle©3 ²/Úbitl/ ³vi ¶[VP2A] ´overhang; project: ³beetling cliffs.
¸Ú@-browed ³adj ´having shaggy or projecting eyebrows.¼
¨beeves© µ¥ beef(3).¼
¨be®fall© ²/bIÚfcl/ ³vt,vi ³(pt µbefell ²/bIÚfel/ ³pp µbefallen ²/bIÚfclEn/³)
¶[VP6A] ´(used only in the 3rd person) (old use) happen (to): ³What has @en
him?¼
¨be®fit© ²/bIÚfIt/ ³vt µ(-tt-) ¶[VP6A] ´(used only in 3rd person) (formal) be
fitted for; be right and suitable for: ³It does not @ a man in your position
to«. ¸@®ting ³adj ´right and proper. ¸@®ting®ly ³adv¼
¨be®fog®ged© ²/bIÚfogd ³US: ²-Úfcgd/ ³pred adj ´(fig, of a person) puzzled;
muddle-headed.¼
¨be®fore©1 ²/bIÚfc(r)/ ³adv ¸1 ´(contrasted with ³afterwards´) at an earlier
time; in the past; already: ³I've seen that film @. It had been fine the day @,
´the previous day. ³You should have told me so @, ´earlier. ³That happened long
@, ´a long time earlier. ¸2 ´(of space or position): ³They have gone on @, ´in
advance.¼
¨be®fore©2 ²/bIÚfc(r)/ ³conj ´(contrasted with ³after´) previous to the time
when: ³I must finish my work @ I go home. Do it now @ you forget. It will be
five years @ we meet again ´(note the use of the ³present t ´here). ´Cf We
³shall not meet again ´until five years from now.¼
¨be®fore©3 ²/bIÚfc(r)/ ³prep ¸1 ´(contrasted with ³after´) earlier than: ³the
day @ yesterday; the year @ last; two days @ Christmas; ³@ the holidays; since
@ the war; @ now/then; @ long, ´soon. ¸@ Christ ´(abbr ¸BÔC´): ³in 55¶BC, ´55
years before the birth of Christ. ¸2 ´(contrasted with ³after´) in front of
(esp with reference to order or arrangement): ³B comes @ C. Ladies @ gentlemen,
´ladies first. ³Your name comes @ mine on the list. ¸3 ´(contrasted with
³behind´) in front of (with reference to position). (Except in a few phrases
³in front of ´is preferred to ³before ´in this sense, eÔg There are some trees
³in front of ´the house.) ·carry all @ one, ´be successful in everything one
attempts. ·sail @ the mast, ´as an ordinary seaman, not as an officer. ·sail @
the wind, ´with the wind behind. ¸4 ´in the presence of; face to face with: ³He
was brought @ the judge. Don't hesitate to speak out @ everyone ´(iÔe in
public) ³about the way you've been treated. ¸5 ´rather than; in preference to:
³Death @ dishonour.¼
¨be®fore®hand© ²/bIÚfchand/ ³adv ´earlier; before±1µ(1)´: ³I knew what he would
need, so I made preparations @, ´in advance, in readiness. ³Please let me know
@. You ought to have told me @. ¹ ³pred adj ·@ (with), ´early; in advance:
³When you go on a journey, it's a good thing to be @ with your packing. She's
always @ with the rent, ´pays it, or is ready to pay it, before it is due.¼
¨be®foul© ²/bIÚfñ8l/ ³vt ´(liter) make dirty.¼
¨be®friend© ²/bIÚfrend/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´make a friend of; be kind and helpful to
(esp sb younger and needing help).¼
¨beg© ²/beg/ ³vt,vi µ(-gg-) ¸1 ¶[VP6A,2A,C,3A,14] ·beg (for) (sth) (from/of
sb), ´ask for (food, money, clothes, etc); make a living by asking for money
(in the streets, etc): ³He begged a meal. He was so poor that he had to beg
(for) his bread. He made a living by begging from the rich. ·a begging letter,
´one that asks for help, esp money. ¸2 ¶[VP6A,7A,17,9,2C,14] ·@ (sth) (of sb),
´ask earnestly, or with deep feeling: ³beg a favour of sb, ´ask him to help to
do sth; ³beg (of) sb to do sth. They begged us not to punish them. I beg (of)
you not to take any risks. I begged (of) him to stay/that he would stay. The
children begged to come with us/that they might come with us. ·beg the
question, ´assume (usu unjustifiably) the truth of the matter that is in
question. ·go begging, ´(of things) be unwanted: ³If these things are going
begging ´(= if nobody wants them), ³I'll take them. ·beg off, ´ask to be
excused. ³He promised to come and help but has since begged off. ·beg sb off,
´ask that sb may be excused or forgiven. µ¥ pardon. ¸3 ¶[VP7A] ´take the
liberty of (saying or doing sth): ³I beg to differ. I beg to state/observe, etc
that«.¼
¨be®gad© ²/bIÚgad/ ³int ´(old use) by God!¼
¨be®gan© µ¥ begin.¼
¨be®get© ²/bIÚget/ ³vt µ(-tt-) ³(pt µbegot ²/bIÚgot/, ´old use µbegat
²/bIÚgat/³, pp µbegotten ²/bIÚgotn/³) ¶[VP6A] ¸1 ´(archaic) give existence to
(as father): (Bible) ³Abraham begat Isaac. The only begotten of the Father,
´the only Son of God the Father. ¸2 ´(liter) be the cause of: ³War @s misery
and ruin. ¸@®ter ³n ´one who @s.¼
¨beg®gar© ²/ÚbegE(r)/ ³n ¸1 ´(also ¸Ú@man, Ú@woman´) ´person who lives by
begging, eÔg for money, food; poor person. ·B@s can't be choosers, ´must take
whatever is offered them. ¸2 ´person who begs for others, for charities, etc:
³He's a good @, ´successful in collecting money for charity, etc. ¸3 ´(colloq;
playful or friendly use) person; fellow: ³You lucky @! ¹ ³vt ¸1 ¶[VP6A] ´make
poor, ruin: ³You'll @ your family if you spend so much money on drink. ¸2 ·@
description, ´make words seem poor and inadequate: ³The scenery @ed
description. ¸@®ly ³adj ´very poor; mean; deserving contempt: ³What a @ly
salary to offer me! ¸@y ³n ¶[U] ´extreme poverty: ³He complained that taxation
was reducing him to @y.¼
¨be®gin© ²/bIÚgIn/ ³vt,vi µ(-nn-, ³pt µbegan ²/bIÚgan/´, ³pp µbegun
²/bIÚgAn/µ) ´(For notes on the use of ³begin ´and ³start, µ¥ start.´) ¸1
¶[VP6A,2A] ´start: ³When did you @ English, ´learn your first English words?
³It's time to @ work. We shall @ the meeting at seven o'clock. The meeting will
@ at seven o'clock. He has begun a new book, ´is reading (or writing) the first
few pages. ·@ (on), ¶[VP3A ´the ³v ´being understood¶] ³He has begun on ´(= is
reading, writing) ³a new book. Has he begun (on) another bottle, ´begun to
drink another bottle? ¸2 ¶[VP7A,6D] ´(used of activities and states that come
into existence. The ³inf ´is preferred when the ³pred ´denotes a state of mind
or a mental activity): ³She began to feel dizzy/afraid. I'm @ning to
understand. I began to think you were never coming. ´(The ³inf ´is preferred
when the grammatical subject is lifeless, not a person): ³The plaster was @ning
to fall from the walls. The barometer began to fall. The water is @ning to
boil. The snow began to melt when the sun came out. ´(Either the ³inf ´or the
³gerund ´is used when the grammatical subject is a person and when the ³pred
´indicates an activity or process, not a state. Alternatives are given in the
examples. Note that if ³begin ´is used in one of the progressive tenses, an
³inf ´follows, not a ³gerund´): ³When did you begin learning/to learn German?
She began crying/to cry. It began raining/to rain. It is @ning to rain (´not
³@ning raining). ¸3 ·@ at, ´start from: ³Today we @ at page 30, line 12. ·to @
with, ´in the first place: ³We can't give Smith the position; to @ with, he's
too young; secondly, I want my son to have the job. ·@ life as, ´start one's
life or career as: ³He began life as a builder's labourer. ·@ the world, ´(old
use; liter) start in life, enter upon one's career. ¸@®ner ³n ´(esp) person
still learning and without much experience. ¸@®ning ³n ´starting point: ³I've
read the book from @ning to end. When learning a foreign language, it's
important to make a good @ning. ³Did democracy have its @nings in Athens?¼
¨be®gone© ²/bIÚgon ³US: ²-Úgcn/ ³v ´(imper only) (liter) go away
(stronger than "Go!'): ³B@! B@ dull care! µ¥ ´also µwoe@.¼
¨be®gonia© ²/bIÚgE8nIE/ ³n ¶[C] ´garden plant with brightly coloured leaves
and flowers.¼
¨be®gorra© ²/bIÚgorE/ ³int ´(Irish form of) by God!¼
¨be®got©, be®got®ten µ¥ beget.¼
¨be®grimed© ²/bIÚgrñImd/ ³pred adj ´made grimy: ³hands @ with oil and dirt.¼
¨be®grudge© ²/bIÚgrAdZ/ ³vt ´(intensive form of ³grudge) ¶[VP13A,12A,6C] ´feel
or show dissatisfaction or envy at: ³No one @s you your good fortune. We don't
@ your going to Italy.¼
¨be®guile© ²/bIÚgñIl/ ³vt ¸1 ¶[VP6A,14] ·@ sb (into), ´cheat, deceive: ³They
were @d into forming an unwise alliance. ¸2 ¶[VP6A,14] ·@ (with), ´cause
(time, etc) to pass pleasantly: ³Our journey was @d with pleasant talk.
¸3 ¶[VP6A,14] ·@ (with), ´amuse: ³We @d the children with fairy tales.¼
¨be®gum© ²/ÚbeIgEm/ ³n ´Muslim princess or lady of high rank.¼
¨be®gun© µ¥ begin.¼
¨be®half© ²/bIÚhqf ³US: ²-Úhaf/ ³n ·in @ of, ´(US) in the interest of. ·on @
of, ´for, in the interest of, on account of, as the representative of. ·on
my/his/our/John's, etc @, ´for me/him/us/John, etc: ³On @ of my colleagues and
myself, ´speaking for them and me. ³Don't be uneasy on my @, ´about me.¼
¨be®have© ²/bIÚheIv/ ³vi, reflex ¸1 ¶[VP2A,C,6B] ´act; conduct oneself: ³He has
@d shamefully towards his wife´, has treated her in a shameful way. ³Can't you
make your little boy @ (himself)´, show good manners, be polite? ³The troops @d
gallantly under fire. ¸2 ¶[VP2A,C] ´(of machines, etc) work; function: ³How's
your new car behaving? ¸be®haved ³adj ´(in compounds) ¸*well-/*badly-Ú@d,
´behaving well/badly. ³What badly @d children!¼
¨be®hav®iour© ´(US = ¸-ior´) ²/bIÚheIvIE(r)/ ³n ¶[U] ´way of behaving; manners
(good or bad); treatment shown towards others: ³His @ towards me shows that he
does not like me. Tom won a prize for good @ at school. ·be on one's best @,
´take great care to behave well. ·put sb on his best @, ´advise or warn him to
behave well. ¸@®ism ²/-IzEm/ ³n ¶[U] ´(psych) doctrine that all human actions
could, if full knowledge were available, be analysed into stimulus and
response. ¸@®ist ²/-Ist/ ³n ´believer in this doctrine.¼
¨be®head© ²/bIÚhed/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´cut off the head of (as a punishment).¼
¨be®held© µ¥ behold.¼
¨be®hest© ²/bIÚhest/ ³n ´(old use; only in) ·at sb's @, ´on sb's orders: ³at
the King's @.¼
¨be®hind©1 ²/bIÚhñInd/ ³adv ´(contrasted with ³ahead ´or ³in front) ¸1 ´in the
rear: ³The dog was running @. The others are a long way @. The enemy attacked
us from @. ·fall/lag @, ´fail to keep up: ³Keith was tired and fell @.
·stay/remain @, ´stay after others have left. ¸2 ·be @ with/in, ´be in arrears
with: ³Are you @ with your work/studies, etc, ´Have you done less than you
ought to have done? ³He was @ in his payments´, had not made payments (eÔg of
rent) when they were due.¼
¨be®hind©2 ²/bIÚhñInd/ ³n ´(colloq) buttocks: ³He kicked the boy's @. He fell
on his @.¼
¨be®hind©3 ²/bIÚhñInd/ ³prep ¸1 ´(contrasted with ³in front of´) to the rear
of: ³The boy was hiding @ a tree. Come out from @ the door. There is an orchard
@ the house. The sun was @ ´(= hidden by) ³the clouds. Walk close @ me. He put
the idea @ him´, (fig) refused to consider it. µ¥ ´also µback±1µ(1), scene(6)
´and µleave±1µ(3). ¸2 ´(contrasted with ³ahead of´) not having made so much
progress as: ³@ other boys of his age; a country far @ its neighbours. Mary is
@ the other girls in sewing. ¸3 ·leave @, ´leave remaining after: ³He left
nothing but debts @ him. The storm left a trail of destruction @ it. ¸4 ·be
@ one, ´(of time) be in the past: ³Your schooldays will soon be far @ you. µ¥
´also µtime±1µ(2,10).¼
¨be®hind®hand© ²/bIÚhñIndhand/ ³pred adj ¸1 ·be/get @ (with/in), ´be in
arrears: ³be @ with the rent; get @ in one's work. ¸2 ´late; after others: ³He
did not want to be @ in generosity´, later than others in being generous.¼
¨be®hold© ²/bIÚhE8ld/ ³vt (pt,pp µbeheld ²/bIÚheld/³) ¶[VP6A] ´(old or liter
use) take notice; see (esp sth unusual or striking). ¸lo and @, µ¥ lo. ¸@er ³n
´spectator.¼
¨be®holden© ²/bIÚhE8ldEn/ ³pred adj ·@ (to), ´under an obligation; owing
thanks: ³We are much @ to you for your help.¼
¨be®hove© ²/bIÚhE8v/ ´(US = ¸be®hoove ²/bIÚhuv/´) ³vt ´(impers) ·it
@s one to do sth, ´(old formal use) it is right or necessary for one to do sth:
³It @s you to´, It is your duty to, You ought to«; ³It does not @ you to´, You
must not or ought not to«.¼
¨beige© ²/beIZ/ ³n ¶[U] ´colour of sandstone (brown, brownish grey or greyish
yellow); soft fabric of undyed and unbleached wool.¼
¨be®ing© ²/ÚbiIG/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´existence. ·bring/call sth into @, ´cause it to
have reality or existence. ·come into @, ´begin to exist: ³We do not know when
this world came into @. ·in @, ´existing. ¸2 ¶[C] ´living creature. ¸human @,
´human creature: ³Men, women and children are human @s. ¸3 the Supreme B@,
´God.¼
¨be®jew®elled© ´(US = ¸-eled´) ²/bIÚdZuEld/ ³part adj ´decorated, adorned, with
jewels.¼
¨be®labour© ´(US = ¸-bor´) ²/bIÚleIbE(r)/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´(archaic) beat hard,
give hard blows to: ³The robbers @ed him soundly.¼
¨be®lated© ²/bIÚleItId/ ³adj ¸1 ´coming very late or too late: ³a @
apology/explanation. ¸2 ´(old use) overtaken by darkness: ³The @ travellers
lost their way in the forest. ¸@®ly ³adv¼
¨be®lay© ²/bIÚleI/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´(naut and mountaineering) make
secure (a rope) round sth or sb. ¸beÚlay®ing-pin ³n ´fixed wooden or iron pin
or cleat for @ing. ¹ ³n ´turn of a rope in @ing.¼
¨belch© ²/belt2/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A,15B] ·@ (out), ´send, eÔg smoke, flames, out:
³A volcano @es out smoke and ashes. ¸2 ¶[VP2A] ´send out gas from the stomach
noisily through the mouth. ¹ ³n ´act or sound of @ing; sth @ed out (eÔg a
burst of flame from a furnace).¼
¨bel®dam©, bel®dame ²/ÚbeldEm/ ³n ´(old use) old, esp bad-tempered, woman.¼
¨be®leaguer© ²/bIÚligE(r)/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´besiege.¼
¨bel®fry© ²/ÚbelfrI/ ³n ´tower for bells; part of a church tower in which bells
hang. µ¥ ´the illus at µchurch´. ·bats in the @, µ¥ bat±1µ.¼
¨be®lie© ²/bIÚlñI/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ¸1 ´give a wrong or untrue idea of: ³His
cheerful appearance @d his feelings. ¸2 ´fail to justify or be equal to (what
is hoped for or promised).¼
¨be®lief© ²/bIÚlif/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ·@ (in), ´the feeling that sth is real and true;
trust; confidence: ³I haven't much @ in his honesty´, cannot feel sure that he
is honest. ³He had no great @ in his doctor´, had little confidence that his
doctor could cure him. ³He has lost his @ in God´, no longer accepts the
existence of God as true. ³It is my @ that´, I feel confident that«. ·in the @
that, ´feeling confident that: ³He came to me in the @ that I could help him.
·to the best of my @, ´in my genuine opinion. ¸2 ¶[C] ´sth accepted as true or
real; sth taught as part of a religion; religion: ³the @s of the Christian
Church.¼
¨be®lieve© ²/bIÚliv/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A,9,10,25] ´feel sure of the truth of sth,
that sb is telling the truth; be of the opinion (that): ³I @ that man. I @ what
that man says. People used to @ (that) the world was flat. They @d him to be/@d
(that) he was insane. I @ it to have been a mistake. Nobody will @ what
difficulty there has been over this question/how difficult this question has
been. Will they be ready tomorrow? Yes, I @ so. No, I @ not. ·@ (you) me, ´I
assure you. ¸2 ¶[VP3A] ·@ in, ¸(a) ´have trust in: ³I @ in that man. ¸(b) ´feel
sure of the existence of: ³@ in God. ¸(c) ´feel sure of the value or worth of:
³He @s in getting plenty of exercise. He @s in old-fashioned remedies. ¸3 ·make
@, ´pretend: ³The boys made @ that they were/made @ to be explorers in the
African forests. ´Hence, ¸Úmake-@ ³n´: ³Don't be frightened, it's all make-@´,
is all pretence. ¸be®liever ³n ´person who @s, esp a person with religious
faith. ¸be®liev®able ³adj ´that can be @d. ¸be®liev®ing ³n ·seeing is
believing, ´you may @ sth if you see it.¼
¨be®like© ²/bIÚlñIk/ ³adv ´(old use) possibly.¼
¨be®little© ²/bIÚlItl/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´cause to seem unimportant or of small
value: ³Don't @ yourself´, be too modest about your abilities, etc.¼
¨bell© ²/bel/ ³n ¸1 ´hollow vessel of cast metal, usu shaped like a cup, that
makes a ringing sound when struck (usu by a tongue or clapper inside the @ or,
in an electric @, by a small hammer). ·@, book and candle, ´ecclesiastical
curse of excommunication. ·as sound as a @, ´(fig) in first-rate condition.
·ring a @, ´(colloq) recall to memory sth half forgotten. ¸2 ´(naut) time
signal in the form of a bell rung from one to eight times every half hour, eÔg:
³eight @s´, 12, 4 or 8 o'clock; ³four @s´, 2, 6 or 10 o'clock. ¸3 Ú@®boy,
Ú@®hop ³n ´(US) boy or man employed in a hotel to carry luggage, messages, etc.
µ¥ buttons(4) ´(GB). ¸Ú@-bottomed ³adj ´(of trousers) made very wide at the
bottom of the leg (eÔg as worn by some sailors). ¸Ú@-bottoms ³n pl ´trousers
made this way. ¸Ú@-buoy ³n ´buoy with a @ that is made to ring by the movement
of the waves. ¸Ú@-flower ³n ´any plant of the genus ³campanula. ¸Ú@-founder ³n
´person whose trade is the casting of @s. ¸Ú@-foundry ³n ´place where large @s
(for churches, etc) are cast. ¸Ú@-metal ³n ¶[U] ´alloy of copper and tin used
for making @s. ¸Ú@-push ³n ´button pressed to ring an electric @. ¸Ú@-ringer ³n
´person who rings church @s. ¸Ú@-tent ³n ´@-shaped tent. ¸Ú@-wether ³n ´leading
male sheep of a flock, with a @ on its neck; (fig) ringleader. ¹ ³vt ·@ the
cat, ´(prov) do something dangerous in order to save others (from the fable of
the mouse that suggested fastening a @ round the cat's neck).¼
¨bella®donna© ²/*belEÚdonE/ ³n ´(drug prepared from) poisonous plant with red
flowers and black berries.¼
¨belle© ²/bel/ ³n ´beautiful girl or woman: ³the @ of the ball´, the most
beautiful woman present.¼
¨belles-lettres© ²/*bel ÚletrE/ ³n pl ´(with ³sing v´) (F) literary studies and
writings (contrasted with commercial, technical, scientific, etc).¼
¨bel®li®cose© ²/ÚbelIkE8s/ ³adj ´(liter) inclined to fighting; anxious to
fight.¼
¨-bel®lied© ²/-belId/ µ¥ belly.¼
¨bel®liger®ency© ²/bIÚlIdZErEnsI/ ³n ¶[U] ´being warlike; state of being at
war.¼
¨bel®liger®ent© ²/bIÚlIdZErEnt/ ³adj, n ´(person, nation, etc) waging war: ³the
@ Powers´, those that are waging war.¼
¨bel®low© ²/ÚbelE8/ ³vi,vt ¸1 ¶[VP2A] ´make a loud, deep noise (like a bull);
roar; shout: ³He @ed before the dentist had even started. ¸2 ¶[VP6A,15B] ·@
(out) ´utter loudly or angrily: ³They @ed out a drinking song.¼
¨bel®lows© ²/ÚbelE8z/ ³n pl ·a pair of @, ´sometimes ·a @ ¸1
´apparatus for blowing air into a fire, eÔg in a forge. ¸2 ´apparatus for
forcing air through the pipes of an organ, eÔg in a church.¼
¨belly©1 ²/ÚbelI/ ³n ¸1 ´(colloq) abdomen. ¸Ú@-flop ³n ´(colloq) clumsy dive,
landing in the water on the front of the body. ¸Ú@-laugh ³n ´loud, coarse
laugh. µ¹ ³vi ´give such a laugh. ¸2 ´the stomach: ³with an empty @´, hungry.
¸Ú@-ache ³n ´(colloq) pain in the stomach or bowels µ¹ ³vi ´(colloq) grumble or
complain bitterly, esp without good reason. ¸Ú@ button ³n ´(colloq) navel. ¸3
´bulging part (concave or convex) of anything, eÔg the surface of a violin
across which the strings pass. ¸Ú@ landing ³n ´landing made on the hull of an
aircraft (when the under-carriage fails to operate). Hence, ¸Ú@-land ³vi´.
¸-bellied ³adj´: ·*³big-·Ú³bellied´, having a big @. ¸@®ful ²/-f8l/ ³n ´as much
as one wants of anything: ³He's had his @ful of fighting´, doesn't want any
more.¼
¨belly©2 ²/ÚbelI/ ³vi,vt ¶[VP6A,15B,2A,C] ·@ (out), ´(cause to) swell out: ³The
wind bellied (out) the sails. The sails bellied (out).¼
¨be®long© ²/bIÚloG ³US: ²-ÚlcG/ ³vi ¸1 ¶[VP3A] ·@ to, ¸(a) ´be the property of:
³These books @ to me´, are mine. ¸(b) ´be a member of, be connected with:
³Which club do you @ to? ¸2 ¶[VP2C] ´have as a right or proper place. ³Do you @
here´, live here? ³Does this item of expenditure @ under the head of office
expenses´, is it rightly placed there? ¸@®ings ³n pl ´movable possessions (not
land, buildings, a business, etc): ³personal @ings; I hope you've left none
of your @ings in the hotel.¼
¨be®loved© ²/bIÚlAvd/ ³pp, pred adj ´dearly loved: ³@ by all; @ of all who knew
her. ¹ adj, n ²/bIÚlAvId/ ´(person) dearly loved; darling: ³his @ wife.¼
¨be®low©1 ²/bIÚlE8/ ³adv ´(contrasted with ³above±1´; also µ¥ under±1µ,
underneath, over±1µ(2)´) ¸1 ´(sometimes used after ³from´, as if it were a ³n´)
at or to a lower level: ³From the hilltop we saw the blue ocean @. The people
in the rooms @ are very noisy. We heard voices from @. ·be/go @, ´(in a ship)
be/go @ deck in (to) a cabin, saloon, etc. ¸2 ´at the foot of a page, etc;
later (in a book, article, etc): ³see paragraph six @. Please affix your
signature @. ¸3 ·down @, ´in the lower part of a building, in a ship's hold,
etc (according to context). ·here @, ´on earth.¼
¨be®low©2 ²/bIÚlE8/ ³prep ´(contrasted with ³above±2´; also µ¥ under±2µ,
over±1µ(2)´; ³below ´can sometimes, but not always, be replaced by ³under´;
when ³under ´is possible, it is given in the examples) ¸1 ´lower than: ³Skirts
this year reach just @ the knees. When the sun sets it goes @ the horizon.
Shall I write my name on, above or @ the line? The temperature was five degrees
@ freezing-point. There is nothing @/under 50p´, costing less than this. ³The
Dead Sea is @ sea level. A captain in the army ranks @ a captain in the Navy.
Your work is @ the average. He can't be much @/under sixty, ´iÔe years of age.
µ¥ ´also µbelt(1), mark±1µ(8). ¸2 ´down stream from: ³a few yards @ the bridge.
¸3 ·(speak) @ one's breath ´(more usu ³under´), in a whisper. ¸4 ´(replaceable
by ³beneath´) unworthy of: ³@ one's dignity.¼
¨belt© ²/belt/ ³n ¸1 ´adjustable band or strip of cloth, leather,
etc worn round the waist or over one shoulder to support or keep in place
clothes or weapons, or, like a corset, to support the abdomen: ³He ate so much
that he had to loosen his @ two holes. ·hit below the @, ´give an unfair blow,
fight unfairly. ·tighten one's @, µ¥ tight(8). ¸2 ´endless strap, used to
connect wheels and so drive machinery. ¸Úfan-belt, ´in the engine of a car. ¸3
´any wide strip or band, surrounding area, etc. ¸the comÚmuter belt,
´residential area outside a large town, eÔg London, from which people commute
to and from work. ¸the ÚCotton @, ´(US) area in which cotton is extensively
grown. ¸Úgreen @, ´area of grassland, parks, etc, round a town. ¹ ³vt ¸1
¶[VP6A,15B] ´fasten with a @: ³The officer @ed his sword on. ¸2 ¶[VP6A] ´thrash
with a @; (colloq) strike with the fist(s): ³If you don't shut up, I'll @ you.
¸@®ing ³n´: ³give the boy a good @ing´, thrash him well. ¸3 ¶[VP2C,3A] ·@
along, ´(colloq) move fast. ¸4 ¶[VP15B] ·@ out, ´(colloq) sing loudly and
forcefully: ³No one can @ out those old songs like she can. ¸5 ¶[VP2C] ·@ up,
´(sl) stop talking.¼
¨be®moan© ²/bIÚmE8n/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´(poet) moan for; show great sorrow for: ³@
one's sad fate; @ing the loss of all her money.¼
¨be®mused© ²/bIÚmjuzd/ ³pred adj ´preoccupied; confused, bewildered.¼
¨ben©1 ²/ben/ ³n ´(Scot) inner room (usu of a two-roomed house).¼
¨ben©2 ²/ben/ ³n ´(Scot) mountain peak (used with names as ³Ben Nevis´).¼
¨bench© ²/bent2/ ³n ¸1 ´long seat of wood or stone, eÔg in a public park, or
across a rowing-boat; (in the House of Commons) seat occupied by certain
classes of members. ¸Úback-@es, ´for members not entitled to a front @.
¸Úcross-@es, ´for independent members who do not vote with either of the two
main political parties. ¸Úfront-@es, ´reserved for ministers or ex-ministers.
Hence, ¸*back-/*cross-/*front-Úbencher, ´one of the above people. ¸the
ÚTreasury B@, ´for Ministers. ¸Ú@ seat, ´(in a car) seat (for 2 or 3 persons)
extending the width of the car. µ¥ bucket seat. ¸2 ¶[U] ´(collective, with ³def
art´, often ¸the B@´) judges; magistrates; judge's seat or office; law court.
·be raised to the B@, ´be made a judge or a bishop. ¸the *King's ÚB@ Division,
´of the High Court of Justice. ¸3 ´work-table at which a shoemaker, carpenter,
etc, works.¼
¨bend©1 ²/bend/ ³vt,vi (pt,pp µbent ²/bent/³) ¸1 ¶[VP6A,15A,B]
´cause (sth rigid) to be out of a straight line or surface; force into a curve
or angle: ³It isn't easy to @ a bar of iron. He heated the iron rod and bent it
into a right angle. B@ the end of the wire up/down/back. Rheumatism prevents
him from @ing his back. Her head was bent over her book. ·@ the knee (to),
´(rhet) bow, pray. ·on @ed knees, ´(liter) kneeling; in an attitude of prayer
or entreaty. ·@ a rule, ´(colloq) interpret it loosely (to suit the
circumstances). ¸2 ¶[VP2A,C] ´become curved or angular; bow; stoop: ³The
branches were @ing (down) with the weight of the fruit. The branch bent but
didn't break when the boy climbed on to it. Can you @ down and touch your toes
without @ing your knees? The tall man bent forward to listen to the little
girl. Sit up straight: don't @ over your desk. The river @s ´(= turns) ³several
times before reaching the sea. The road @s to the left here. ¸3 ¶[VP15A]
´direct: ³It's time for us to @ our steps homeward, ´turn towards home. ³All
eyes were bent on me, ´every one was looking at me. ³She stood there with eyes
bent on the ground, ´looking down. ³He couldn't @ his mind ´(= give his
attention) ³to his studies. ¸4 ¶[VP2C,15A] ·@ (sb) to, ´submit: ³@ to sb's
will; ´make (sb) submit: ³@ sb to one's will. ¸5 ¶[VP6A] ´curve (a bow) in
order to string it: ³None of the suitors could @ the bow of Odysseus. ¸6 ·be
bent on, ´have the mind set on, have as a fixed purpose: ³He is bent on
mastering English, ´determined to learn it thoroughly. ³He is bent on mischief,
´has plans to do sth mischievous. ¸bent ³pred adj ´(sl) dishonest; corrupt;
mad.¼
¨bend©2 ²/bend/ ³n ¸1 ´curve or turn: ³a sharp @ in the road.
·round the bend, ´(sl) mad. ¸2 ´sailor's knot (in a rope). ¸3 the @s, ´(colloq)
pains in the joints, caused by working in compressed air, eÔg in a
caissonµ(2)´.¼
¨be®neath© ²/bIÚniT/ ³prep, adv ¸1 ´(old use, or liter) below, under(neath). ¸2
´not worthy of: ³His accusations are @ contempt/notice, ´should be ignored. ³It
is @ you to complain, ´unworthy of you to do so.¼
¨ben®edick© ²/ÚbenIdIk/ ´(US = ¸ben®e®dict ²/ÚbenIdIkt/´) ³n ´recently married
man, esp one who has been a bachelor for many years.¼
¨Bene®dic®tine© ²/*benIÚdIktIn/ ³n, adj ¸1 ¶[C] ´(monk or nun) of the religious
order founded in ¶AÔD ´529 by St Benedict. ¸2 ¶[U] ²/-tin/ ´liqueur made by
monks of this order.¼
¨bene®dic®tion© ²/*benIÚdIk2n/ ³n ´blessing (esp one given by a priest at the
end of a church service): ³pronounce the @.¼
¨bene®fac®tion© ²/*benIÚfak2n/ ³n ¶[U] ´doing good; ¶[C] ´good deed (esp the
giving of money for charity); charitable gift: ³That man's @s now amount to
$10Ô000.¼
¨bene®fac®tor© ²/ÚbenIfaktE(r)/ ³n ´person who has given friendly help, esp
financial help, to a school, hospital or charitable institution.
¸bene®fac®tress ²/ÚbenIfaktrIs/ ³n ´woman @.¼
¨bene®fice© ²/ÚbenIfIs/ ³n ´income-producing property (called a ³church living´)
´held by a priest or clergyman (esp a vicar or rector). ¸bene®ficed
²/-fIst/ ³adj ´having a @: ³a @d clergyman.¼
¨be®nefi®cence© ²/bIÚnefIsns/ ³n ¶[U] ´(formal) doing good; active kindness.
¸be®nefi®cent ²/bIÚnefIsnt/ ³adj ´(formal) doing good; kind.¼
¨bene®fi®cial© ²/*benIÚfI2l/ ³adj ´(formal) having good effect, helpful: ³Fresh
air and good food are @ to the health. I hope your holiday will be @, ´do you
good. ¸@®ly ³adv¼
¨bene®fi®ci®ary© ²/*benIÚfI2ErI ³US: ²-ÚfI2IerI/ ³n ¶[C] ³(pl µ-ries³) ´person
who receives a benefit, esp one who receives money, property, etc under a will
(at sb's death).¼
¨bene®fit© ²/ÚbenIfIt/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´advantage; profit; help: ³Did
you get much @ from your holiday, ´did you feel better afterwards? ³The book
wasn't of much @ to me, ´didn't help me much. ³The money is to be used for the
@ of the poor, ´to help poor people. ³It was done for your @, ´to help you.
·give sb the @ of the doubt, ´assume that he is innocent because there is
insufficient evidence that he is guilty. ·@ in kind, µ¥ kind±1µ(4). ¸Ú@
performance/concert/match, ´theatrical performance/concert/cricket or football
match, etc, money for which is for the @ of a charity, a particular player,
etc. ¸2 ¶[C] ´act of kindness; favour; advantage: ³the @s of a good education;
the @s we receive from our parents and teachers. ¸3 ¶[C] ´allowance of money to
which a person is entitled as a citizen or as a member of an insurance society,
etc: ³medical/unemployment/sickness @s. ¹ vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A] ´do good to: ³The
new railway will @ the district. The sea air will @ you. ¸2 ¶[VP3A] ·@ from/by,
´receive @ from/by: ³You will @ by a holiday.¼
¨ben®ev®ol®ence© ²/bIÚnevElEns/ ³n ¶[U] ´wish to do good; activity in doing
good: ³His @ made it possible for many poor boys to attend college.¼
¨ben®ev®ol®ent© ²/bIÚnevElEnt/ ³adj ·@ to/towards, ´kind and helpful. ¸@®ly
³adv¼
¨be®nighted© ²/bIÚnñItId/ ³part adj ¸1 ´(liter or old use) without the light of
knowledge; in moral darkness. ¸2 ´(old use, of travellers) overtaken by
darkness.¼
¨be®nign© ²/bIÚnñIn/ ³adj ¸1 ´(of persons) kind and gentle. ¸2 ´(of soil,
climate) mild, favourable. ¸3 ´(of a disease, tumour) not dangerous. µ¥
malignant(2). ¸@®ly ³adv¼
¨be®nig®nant© ²/bIÚnIgnEnt/ ³adj ´(formal) kind, gracious. ¸@®ly ³adv¼
¨be®nig®nity© ²/bIÚnIgnEtI/ ³n ´(formal) ¶[U] ´kindness of heart; ¶[C] ´kind
act, favour.¼
¨beni®son© ²/ÚbenIzn/ ³n ¶[C] ´(old use) blessing.¼
¨bent©1 ²/bent/ ³n ·@ (for), ´inclination or aptitude; natural skill in and
liking: ³She has a @ for sewing/music. ·follow one's @, ´do what one is
interested in and what one enjoys doing. ·to the top of one's @, ´to one's
heart's desire.¼
¨bent©2 µ¥ bend±1 ´esp µ(6).¼
¨be®numbed© ²/bIÚnAmd/ ³pred adj ´made numb; with all feelings taken away: ³My
fingers were @ with cold.¼
¨Ben®ze®drine© ²/ÚbenzEdrin/ ³n ´(P) brand of amphetamine.¼
¨ben®zene© ²/Úbenzin/ ³n ¶[U] ´colourless liquid ¸(C¶g¸H¶g¸) ´obtained from
petroleum and coal-tar, used in the manufacture of numerous chemical products.¼
¨ben®zine© ²/Úbenzin/ ³n ¶[U] ´colourless liquid (mixture of
hydrocarbons) obtained from mineral oil, used for cleaning, etc.¼
¨ben®zol© ²/Úbenzol ³US: ²-zcl/ ³n ¶[U] ´= µbenzene.¼
¨be®queath© ²/bIÚkwiD/ ³vt ¶[VP6A,12A,13A] ·@ (to), ¸1 ´arrange (by making a
will) to give (property, etc to sb) at death: ³He has @ed me his gold watch. ¸2
´(fig) hand down to those who come after: ³discoveries @ed to us by the
scientists of the last century.¼
¨be®quest© ²/bIÚkwest/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´bequeathing. ¸2 ¶[C] ´sth bequeathed: ³He
left @s of money to all his servants.¼
¨be®rate© ²/bIÚreIt/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´scold sharply.¼
¨be®reave© ²/bIÚriv/ ³vt (pt,pp µbereft ²/bIÚreft/ ´or µbereaved´; usu µbereft
´in µ(1) ´and µbereaved ´in µ(2)´) ¶[VP14] ·@ of ¸1 ´rob or dispossess (of sth
immaterial): ³bereft of hope, ´without hope; ³bereft of reason, ´mad.
³Indignation bereft him of speech, ´took away his power to speak. ¸2 ´(of
death) leave sad by taking away (a relation, etc): ³the accident that @d him of
his wife and child; the @d husband, ´the man whose wife had died. ¸@®ment
³n ¶[U] ´being @d; loss by death: ³We all sympathize with you in your @ment;
¶[C] ´instance of this: ³Owing to a recent @ment she did not attend the
concert.¼
¨be®reft© µ¥ bereave.¼
¨be®ret© ²/ÚbereI ³US: ²bEÚreI/ ³n ´flat, round cap of felt or cloth, worn
with sports and holiday clothes, and as military head-dress.¼
¨berg© ²/b3g/ ³n ´= µiceberg.¼
¨beri-beri© ²/*berI ÚberI/ ³n ¶[U] ´disease, common in oriental and tropical
countries, caused by lack of vitamins, etc, essential to health.¼
¨berry© ²/ÚberI/ ³n (pl µ-ries³) ¸1 ´small seedy fruit: ³holly berries;
straw@; black@; rasp@. µ¥ ´the illus at µfruit. ¸2 ´coffee bean.¼
¨ber®serk© ²/bEÚs3k/ ³pred adj ·be/go/send sb @, ´be, go, cause sb to go
uncontrollably wild: ³He suddenly went @ with rage.¼
¨berth© ²/b3T/ ³n ¸1 ´sleeping-place in a train, a ship or an aircraft. ¸2
´place at a wharf where a ship can be tied up; place for a ship to swing at
anchor. ·give a wide @ to, ´(fig) keep well away from, at a safe distance
from. ¸3 ´(dated colloq) job. ·find a snug @, ´an easy or pleasant job. ¹
³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP15A,2C] ´(naut) find, have, a sleeping-place (for): ³Six
passengers can be @ed amidships. ¸2 ¶[VP6A] ´moor (a ship) in harbour, tie up
(a ship) at a wharf, etc.¼
¨beryl© ²/ÚberEl/ ³n ´precious stone (usu green).¼
¨be®seech© ²/bIÚsit2/ ³vt (pt,pp µbesought ²/bIÚsct/³) ¶[VP6A,17A,11,13B]
´(old use, or liter) ask earnestly or urgently: ³He besought an interview. The
prisoner besought the judge to be merciful/besought him for mercy. Spare him,
I @ you. ¸@®ing ³adj ´(of a person's look, tone of voice, etc) entreating,
appealing. ¸@®ing®ly ³adv¼
¨be®seem© ²/bIÚsim/ ³vt ´(liter, old use) (only impers, in the 3rd person) be
fitting or suitable: ³It ill @s you to refuse, ´It is not fitting that you
should refuse.¼
¨be®set© ²/bIÚset/ ³vt µ(-tt-, ³pt,pp µbesetµ) ¶[VP6A] ´close in on all sides,
have on all sides: ³the temptations that @ young people, ´by which they are
faced on all sides: ³a problem @ with difficulties; @ by doubts, ´troubled by
doubts. ¸@®ting sin, ´sin that most frequently tempts a person: ³His @ting sin
is laziness.¼
¨be®shrew© ²/bIÚ2ru/ ³vt ´(archaic): ³B@ me! ´May evil fall upon me!¼
¨be®side© ²/bIÚsñId/ ³prep ¸1 ´at the side of; close to: ³Come and sit @ me.
She would like to live @ the sea, ´at the sea-side. ¸2 ´compared with: ³You're
quite tall @ your sister. ·set @, ´put against; compare with: ³There's no one
to set @ him as a general. ¸3 ·@ the point/mark/question, ´wide of, having
nothing to do with (what is being discussed, etc). ¸4 ·@ oneself, ´at the end
of one's self-control: ³He was @ himself with joy/anger.¼
¨be®sides© ²/bIÚsñIdz/ ³adv ´moreover; also: ³I don't like that new dictionary;
@, it's too expensive. It's too late to go for a walk now; @, it's beginning to
rain. ¹ ³prep ´in addition to; as well as: ³I have three other hats @ this.
There were five of us @ John, ´not including John. ³He hadn't time to prepare
his lecture, @ which, he was unwell.¼
¨be®siege© ²/bIÚsidZ/ ³vt ¸1 ¶[VP6A] ´surround (a place) with armed
forces and keep them there; attack from all sides: ³Troy was @d by the Greeks
for ten years. ¸2 ¶[VP14] ·@ with, ´crowd round (with requests, etc): ³The
teacher was @d with questions and requests from her pupils. ¸be®sieger ³n¼
¨be®smear© ²/bIÚsmIE(r)/ ³vt ·@ with, ´smear all over, eÔg with grease.¼
¨be®smirch© ²/bIÚsm3t2/ ³vt ´make dirty: (fig) ³His reputation was @ed.¼
¨be®som© ²/ÚbizEm/ ³n ´broom made by tying a bundle of twigs to a long handle.¼
¨be®sot®ted© ²/bIÚsotId/ ³part adj ·@ by/with, ´stupefied (by alcoholic drink,
drugs, love, etc).¼
¨be®sought© µ¥ beseech.¼
¨be®spangled© ²/bIÚspaGgld/ ³pred adj ·@ with, ´covered, decorated, with
spangles.¼
¨be®spat®tered© ²/bIÚspatEd/ ³pred adj ·@ with, ´covered with spots of mud,
etc.¼
¨be®speak© ²/bIÚspik/ ³vt (pt µbespoke ²/bIÚspE8k/³, pp µbespoke ´or µbespoken
²/bIÚspE8kEn/³) ¸1 ¶[VP6A] ´(old use) order in advance; engage or reserve (a
table in a restaurant, a room in a hotel). ¸bespoke shoemaker/tailor, ´one who
makes goods to order (contrasted with a seller of ready-made shoes, etc). µ¥
³custom-built ´at µcustom(5). ¸2 ¶[VP6A,25] ´(formal) be evidence of: ³His
polite manners @ the gentleman.¼
¨best©1 ²/best/ ³adj ´(independent ³superl´; µ¥ good, better´) of the most
excellent kind: ³the @ poetry/poets; the @ dinner I have ever had; the @ ´(=
quickest, most convenient, etc) ³way from London to Paris. ·the Ú@ part of,
´most of; the greater part of: ³I've been waiting the @ part of an hour. ·the
@ thing to do, ´that which is most likely to bring about the desired result.
·make the @ use of one's time/gifts/opportunities, etc, ´use one's time, etc in
the most useful way. ·put one's @ foot forward, µ¥ foot(1). ·with the Ú@ will
in the world, ´even making every effort to be fair, etc. ¸*@ Úman,
´bridegroom's friend, supporting him at his wedding.¼
¨best©2 ²/best/ ³adv ´(independent ³superl; µ¥ well, better´) ¸1 ´in the most
excellent way: ³He works @ in the morning. She was the @-dressed woman in the
village. ·as @ one may/can, ´in the @ way possible to one. ·think @, ´judge to
be the @ way of acting: ³Do as you think @. ¸2 ´most: ³He is the @-hated man in
the village. ¸*@-Úseller ³n ´book that is sold in very large numbers: ³His new
novel is one of the season's @-sellers. ¸3 ·had @, ´= had better. µ¥
better±2µ(2).¼
¨best©3 ²/best/ ³pron ´(independent ³superl; µ¥ better±3´) the outstanding
person, thing, etc among several; the most excellent part, aspect, of sth:
³He's the @ of husbands, ´is distinguished among husbands for good qualities.
³We're the @ of friends, ´very close friends. ·be all for the @, ´be good in
the end (although not at first seeming to be good). ·do sth all for the @, ´act
with good intentions (although it may not seem so). ·be/dress in one's (Sunday)
@, ´wear one's finest clothes: ³They were (dressed) in their @ for the wedding.
·All the @! ´(used when parting from sb) With warmest wishes! ·the Ú@ of it/the
joke/etc, ´the amusing part (of what happened): ³And the @ of it/the @ part of
it was that«. ·at @, ´taking the most hopeful view: ³We can't arrive before
Friday at @. ·at its/their/his, etc @, ´in the @ condition: ³The garden is at
its best this month, ´looking most beautiful. ³He was at his @ yesterday
evening and kept us all amused, ´talked in his most amusing way. ·(even) at the
Ú@ of times, ´(even) when circumstances are most favourable. ·have/get the @ of
it/of the fight/quarrel/deal/bargain, etc, ´win; gain the advantage. ·have/get
the @ of everything, ´enjoy the @ food, housing, etc. ·with the @, ´as well as
anyone: ³Although he's nearly fifty, he can still play tennis with the @. ·with
the Ú@ of intentions, ´intending only to help. ·do one's @/the @ one can, ´do
one's utmost. ·(do sth) to the @ of one's ability/power, ´use all one's
ability/power when doing it. ·make the @ of a bad job/business, ´do what one
can, in spite of failure, misfortune, etc. ·make the @ of one's way home,
´return home as quickly as possible, in spite of difficulties. ·make the @ of
things, ´be contented (although things are not satisfactory). ·to the @ of my
knowledge/belief/recollection, ´so far as I know/believe/recollect (though my
knowledge, etc may be imperfect).¼
¨best©4 ²/best/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´(colloq) get the better of; defeat.¼
¨bes®tial© ²/ÚbestIEl/ ³adj ´of or like a beast; brutish; savage.
¸@ly ³adv ¸bes®ti®al®ity ²/*bestIÚalEtI/ ³n (pl µ-ties³) ¶[U] ´quality of being
@; ¶[C] ´@ or brutal act.¼
¨bes®ti®ary© ²/ÚbestIErI ³US: ²-tIerI/ ³n ´medieval collection of moral stories
about animals.¼
¨be®stir© ²/bIÚst3(r)/ ³vt µ(-rr-) ¶[VP6A,17] ·@ oneself, ´(old use or joc)
busy oneself, be active.¼
¨be®stow© ²/bIÚstE8/ ³vt ¸1 ¶[VP6A,14] ·@ (on/upon), ´give as an offering: ³@
an honour/a title on sb; the praise that has been @ed upon him. ¸2 ¶[VP6A]
´(old use) put, place. ¸@al ³n ´@ing.¼
¨be®strew© ²/bIÚstru/ ³vt (pt µ@ed³, pp µbestrewn ²/-Ústrun/ ´or µ@ed´)
¶[VP6A,14] ·@ (with), ´(poet) strew (a surface); scatter (things) about.¼
¨be®stride© ²/bIÚstrñId/ ³vt (pt µbestrode ²/bIÚstrE8d/´, ³pp µbestridden
²/bIÚstrIdn/ ´or µbestrid ²/bIÚstrId/ ´or µbestrode³) ¶[VP6A] ´(formal)
sit, stand, with one leg on each side of: ³@ a horse/chair/bidet/ditch/fence,
etc; ´(fig) dominate: ³Caesar bestrode the Roman Empire.µ¥ astride.¼
¨bet© ²/bet/ ³vt,vi µ(-tt-, ³pt,pp µbet ´or µbetted) ¶[VP9,11,12C,2A,3A] ¸1
·bet on sth, bet (sb) that«, ´risk money on a race or on some other event of
which the result is doubtful: ³He bet me a pound that Hyperion would win. It's
foolish to bet on horses. Do you ever bet? ¸2 ´(colloq uses): ³I bet, ´I'm
certain; ³you bet, ´you may be certain. ¹ ³n ¶[C] ´agreement to risk money, etc
on an event of which the result is doubtful; the money, etc offered: ³make a
bet; win/lose a bet; accept/take up a bet.¼
¨beta© ²/ÚbitE ³US: ²ÚbeItE/ ³n ´second letter (B, ²«´) of the Greek alphabet.
µ¥ App 4.¼
¨be®take© ²/bIÚteIk/ ³vt (pt µbetook ²/bIÚt8k/´, ³pp µbetaken ²/bIÚteIkEn/³)
¶[VP14, ´reflex¶] ·@ oneself to, ´(old use) go to, apply oneself to.¼
¨betel© ²/Úbitl/ ³n ´leaf which is wrapped round bits of areca-nut and used by
some Indians for chewing. ¸Ú@-nut, ´areca-nut.¼
¨b^ete noire© ²/*beIt Únwq(r)/ ³n ´(F) thing or person one dislikes greatly.¼
¨bethel© ²/ÚbeTl/ ³n ´nonconformist chapel; (esp US) chapel for
seamen.¼
¨be®think© ²/bIÚTIGk/ ³vt (pt,pp µbethought ²/bIÚTct/³) ¶[VP11,14,17,20,21] ·@
oneself (of), ´(old use) reflect, consider.¼
¨be®tide© ²/bIÚtñId/ ³vt ´(only in) ·woe @ him/you, etc (if«), ´may misfortune
come to him/you, etc (if«).¼
¨be®times© ²/bIÚtñImz/ ³adv ´(old use) early; in good time: ³We must be up @
tomorrow.¼
¨be®token© ²/bIÚtE8kEn/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´(old use) indicate, suggest: ³Those black
clouds @ rain.¼
¨be®took© µ¥ betake.¼
¨be®tray© ²/bIÚtreI/ ³vt ¸1 ¶[VP6A] ´be disloyal to; act deceitfully towards:
³He @ed his principles. ¸2 ¶[VP6A,14] ·@ (to), ´give away or make known or sell
treacherously: ³Judas @ed Jesus to his enemies. ¸3 ¶[VP6A] ´allow (a secret) to
become known, either by accident or on purpose. ¸4 ¶[VP6A,25] ´be or give a
sign of, show: ³The boy's face @ed the fact that he had been eating jam. His
accent at once @ed the fact that he was/@ed him to be a foreigner. ·@ oneself,
´show what one really is, etc: ³He had a good disguise, but as soon as he spoke
he @ed himself, ´iÔe he was recognized by his voice. ¸@al ²/bIÚtreIEl/ ³n ¶[U]
´@ing or being @ed; ¶[C] ´instance of this. ¸@er ³n¼
¨be®troth© ²/bIÚtrE8D/ ³vt ´(old formal use) ·@ to, ¶[VP6A,14]
´engage (a woman) in contract of marriage (usu in ³pp´): ³His daughter was @ed
to a banker. ¸@ed ³n ´person engaged to be married. ¸@al ³n ´engagement (the
usual word) to be married.¼
¨bet®ter©1 ²/ÚbetE(r)/ ³adj ´(independent ³comp´; µ¥ good, best´) ¸1 ³This is
good but that is @. He's a @ man than his brother. ·@ than one's word, ´more
generous than one's promise. ·(do sth) against one's @ judgement, ´despite
feelings that it may be unwise. ·no @ than, ´practically the same as: ³He's no
@ than a beggar´, is, in spite of appearances, etc, almost a beggar. ·be no @
than she should be, ´(old use) be a woman of low regard or easy virtue. µ¥
virtue(2). ·the @ part of, ´the larger part of: ³Discretion is the @ part of
valour, µ¥ discretion(1). ·see @ days, ´be not so poor or unfortunate as at
present: ³He has seen @ days. ·one's @ feelings, ´one's moral nature. ·his @
half, ´(colloq) his wife. ¸2 ´(of health) recovering from illness (often
contrasted with ³ill ´and related to ³well´): ³The patient is @ today but is
still not well enough to get up. I'm quite @ now´, am fully recovered.¼
¨bet®ter©2 ²/ÚbetE(r)/ ³adv ´(independent ³comp´; µ¥ well, best´) ¸1 ³The @ ´(=
The more) ³I know her the more I admire her abilities. You would write @ if you
had a good pen. You play tennis @ than I do. You'll like it @ ´(= more) ³when
you understand it more. ·be @ off, ´richer; more comfortable. ·be @ off
without, ´happier; more at ease: ³We'd be @ off without all that din from the
children's room. ·know @, ¸(a) ´be wise or experienced enough not to do sth:
³You ought to know @ than to go out without an overcoat on such a cold day.
¸(b) ´refuse to accept a statement (because one knows it is not true): ³He says
he didn't cheat, but I know @´, feel sure that he did. ·think (all) the @ of
sb, ´have a higher opinion of him: ³I shall think all the @ of you after seeing
you bear these misfortunes so bravely. ·think @ of sth/of doing sth, ´decide,
after thought, not to do it. ¸2 ´(used in ¶[VP5]´) ·had @, ´would find it more
suitable, more to your advantage, etc: ³You had @ mind your own business. You'd
@ not say that´, I advise you not to say that. ³I had @ begin by explaining«,
´It will be useful if I begin by«; ³Hadn't you @ take an umbrella?¼
¨bet®ter©3 ²/ÚbetE(r)/ ³n ·one's (elders and) @s, ´older, wiser, more
experienced people: ³Don't ignore the advice of your elders and @s. ´Cf
³superior, ´as in: ³He's my superior at chess. ·get the @ of sb or sth,
´overcome; defeat; win (an argument, etc): ³His shyness got the @ of him´, he
was overcome by shyness, was too shy to speak out. ³She always gets the @ of
these quarrels. ·for @ (or) for worse, ´in both good and bad fortune. Cf ³for
good or ill.¼
¨bet®ter©4 ²/ÚbetE(r)/ ³vt ¸1 ¶[VP6A] ´improve; do better than: ³The Government
hopes to @ the conditions of the peasants. Your work last year was good; I hope
you will @ it, this year. ·@ oneself, ´get a @ position, higher wages, etc.
¸@®ment ³n ¶[U] ´making or becoming @.¼
¨bet®ter©5, bet®tor ²/ÚbetE(r)/ ³n ´person who bets; punter (the
more usu word).¼
¨be®tween©1 ²/bIÚtwin/ ³adv ·(in) @, ´in(to) a place or time that is before the
one (place or time) but after the other: ³We visited the Museum in the morning
and the Art Gallery later, with a hurried lunch @. ·far @, ´at wide intervals.
·few and far @, ´few and widely scattered or separate: ³In this part of Canada
houses are few and far @.¼
¨be®tween©2 ²/bIÚtwin/ ³prep ¸1 ´(of place) ³The letter B comes @ A and C, ´iÔe
³after ´A but ³before ´C. ³The Mediterranean Sea is @ Europe and Africa. A
river flows @ its banks. ´(³Between ´usu involves only two limits, but when
boundaries are concerned, there may be more than two limits. ³Switzerland lies
@ France, Italy, Austria and Germany. µ¥ among.´) ¸2 ´(of order, rank, etc):
³An army major ranks @ a captain and a colonel. ¸3 ´(of time): ³@ the two world
wars; @ 1 o'clock and 2 o'clock; @ youth and middle age. ¸4 ´(of distance,
amount, etc): ³@ five and six miles; @ thirty and forty tons; @ 5p and 10p; @
freezing-point and boiling-point. ¸5 ´(of movement) to and from: ³This liner
sails @ Southampton and New York. ¸6 ´(showing connection): ³after all there
has been @ us´, in view of our past friendship, the experiences we have shared,
etc. ·There is *no Úlove lost @ them, ´They dislike each other. ·There's
nothing to choose @ them, ´They are (both or all) alike. ¸7 ´(to show sharing;
used of two only): ³Divide/Share the money @ you. ·@ ourselves; @ you, me and
the gatepost; @ you and me, ´in confidence. ¸8 ´(to show combination, used of
two, or more than two to show several and independent relationships): ³The
first five batsmen scored 253 runs @ them. We ´(two or more) ³saved up for a
year and bought a second-hand car @ us. B@ them ´(iÔe as the result of their
combined efforts) ³they soon finished the work. ¸9 ·@ sth and sth, ´with these
things combined: ³B@ astonishment and despair she hardly knew what to do. My
time is fully taken up @ writing and lecturing. ¸10 ´(showing relationship):
³the relation @ teacher and pupil; the distinction @ right and wrong; a
comparison @ two things; quarrels/wars/ill-feeling/rivalries/friendships, etc @
nations.¼
¨be®twixt© ²/bIÚtwIkst/ ³prep, adv ´(old or liter use) between. ·@ and between,
´(colloq) in an intermediate state; neither one thing nor the other.¼
¨bevel© ²/Úbevl/ ³n ´sloping edge; surface with such a slope, eÔg at the side
of a picture frame or a sheet of plate glass. ¸Ú@ gear, ´either of a pair of
gears with @led teeth surfaces. ¹ ³vt µ(-ll-, ´US µ-l-) ´give a sloping edge
to.¼
¨bev®er®age© ²/ÚbevErIdZ/ ³n ¶[C] ´(formal) any sort of drink except water, eÔg
milk, tea, wine, beer.¼
¨bevy© ²/ÚbevI/ ³n ¸1 ´company or gathering. ¸2 ´flock (³of ´birds, esp
quail).¼
¨be®wail© ²/bIÚweIl/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´(poet) express sorrow over; mourn for.¼
¨be®ware© ²/bIÚweE(r)/ ³vi,vt ¶[VP2A,3A,10 ´in the imperative and infinitive
only¶] ·@ (of), ´be on guard, take care: ³B@ of the dog! B@ of pickpockets! B@
(of) how you attempt it. B@, sir, (of) what you do.¼
¨be®wil®der© ²/bIÚwIldE(r)/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´puzzle; confuse: ³The old
woman from the country was @ed by the crowds and traffic in the big city. Tom
was @ed by the examination questions. ¸@®ing ³adj ´that @s: ³find sth @ing.
¸@®ment ³n ¶[U] ´state of being @ed: ³He looked at me in open-mouthed @ment.¼
¨be®witch© ²/bIÚwIt2/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ¸1 ´work magic on; put a magic spell on: ³The
old woman @ed the cows so that they gave no milk. ¸2 ´charm; delight very much:
³She danced so well that she @ed all the young men. ¸@®ing ³adj ´that @es: ³a
@ing smile. ¸@®ing®ly ³adv´: ³She smiled at him @ingly.¼
¨bey© ²/beI/ ³n ´(Turkish word meaning) governor: ³the Bey of Tunis.¼
¨be®yond©1 ²/bIÚjond/ ³adv ´at or to a distance; farther on: ³India and the
lands @. What is @?¼
¨be®yond©2 ²/bIÚjond/ ³prep ¸1 ´at, on or to, the farther side of: ³The house
is @ the bridge. Don't go @ the town boundary. We saw peak @ peak´, a
succession of peaks. ¸2 ´(of time) later than: ³Don't stay out @ ´(³after ´is
the more usu word) ³10 o'clock. He never sees @ the present. ¸3 ´surpassing,
exceeding; out of reach of: ³Your work is @ all praise´, so good that it cannot
be praised enough. ³We succeeded @ our hopes´, were more successful than we had
hoped to be. ³That's going @ a joke´, passes the limits of what is reasonable
as a joke. ³He lives @ his income´, spends more than he earns. ³It's quite @
me´, is more than I can understand. ¸4 ´(in neg and interr) except: ³He has
nothing @ his pension.¼
¨be®zique© ²/bIÚzik/ ³n ¶[U] ´card-game for two or four players.¼
¨bhang© ²/baG/ ³n ´(kinds of) narcotic made from hemp.¼
¨bi-© ²/*bñI/ ³pref ¸1 ´appearing twice (in the period given):
²*³bi-²Ú³monthly; bi-annual. ¸2 ´lasting for two, appearing every two:
³biennial. ¸3 ´having two: ³bilateral; bilingual; biped, biplane. ¸4 ´in two
ways; doubly: ³bi-concave.¼
¨bias© ²/ÚbñIEs/ ³n ¸1 ´leaning of the mind towards or away from sth;
predisposition: ³He has a @ towards/against the plan´, is in favour of
it/opposed to it without having full knowledge of it. ³He is without @´, is
impartial, unprejudiced. ¸2 ·cut on the @, ´(dress-making, etc) cut across,
slantingly. ¸3 ´(esp of a ball in the game of bowls) tendency to swerve; the
weighting causing this tendency. ¹ ³vt (pt,pp µ@ed ´or µ@sed³) ¶[VP6A,14] ·@
(towards/against), ´give a @ to; influence (usu unfairly): ³The government used
newspapers and the radio to @ the opinions of the people. He is @(s)ed
towards/against the plan´, is prejudiced. ³He's clearly @(s)ed.¼
¨bib©1 ²/bIb/ ³n ¸1 ´piece of cloth tied under a child's chin.
¸bib and tucker, µ¥ tucker. ¸2 ´upper part of an apron.¼
¨bib©2 ²/bIb/ ³vi µ(-bb-) ´drink too much or too often (rare except in
³wine-bibbing, wine-bibber).¼
¨Bible© ²/ÚbñIbl/ ³n ´sacred writings of the Jews and the Christian Church. ¸Ú@
puncher, ´(colloq) evangelical preacher. ¸bib®li®cal ²/ÚbIblIkl/ ³adj ´of,
concerning, contained in, the @: ²Ú³biblical style´, the style used in (esp the
Authorized Version of) the @.¼
¨bib®li®ogra®phy© ²/*bIblIÚogrEfI/ ³n ¸1 ¶[C] ³(pl µ-phies³) ´list of books and
writings of one author or about one subject. ¸2 ¶[U] ´study of the authorship,
editions, etc of books. ¸bib®li®ogra®pher ²/*bIblIÚogrEfE(r)/ ³n ´person who
writes or studies bibliographies.¼
¨bib®lio®phile© ²/ÚbIblIEfñIl/ ³n ´person who loves and collects books.¼
¨bibu®lous© ²/ÚbIbj8lEs/ ³adj ´(joc) fond of much alcoholic drink.¼
¨bi®cam®eral© ²/*bñIÚkamErEl/ ³adj ´(of a legislature) having two chambers, eÔg
House of Commons, House of Lords.¼
¨bi®car®bon®ate© ²/*bñIÚkqbEnEt/ ³n ¶[U] ´acid salt of carbonic acid. ¸@ of
soda ´(= ³sodium @´) ¸(NaHCO¶d¸), ´used in cooking and in medicine.¼
¨bi®cen®ten®ary© ²/*bñIsenÚtinErI ³US: ²-ÚsentEnerI/ ³n ´(celebration of the)
200th anniversary of an event.¼
¨bi®cen®ten®nial© ²/*bñIsenÚtenIEl/ ³adj ¸1 ´happening once in 200 years. ¸2
´lasting for 200 years. ¸3 ´of a 200th anniversary. ¹ ³n ´200th anniversary.¼
¨bi®ceps© ²/ÚbñIseps/ ³n (pl ´unchanged) large muscle in the front part of the
upper arm: ³His @ is/are impressive.¼
¨bicker© ²/ÚbIkE(r)/ ³vi ¶[VP2A,C,3A] ·@ (with sb) (over/about sth), ´quarrel
about sth unimportant: ³Stop @ing!¼
¨bi®cycle© ²/ÚbñIsIkl/ ³n ´two-wheeled machine for riding on, propelled by
using pedals. ¹ ³vi ´(usu shortened to ³cycle ²/ÚsñIkl/´) ¶[VP2A,C] ´ride a @.¼
¨bid©1 ²/bId/ ³vt,vi µ(-dd-) ¸1 ³(pt,pp µbid³) ¶[VP6A,14,2A,3A] ·bid (for),
´(at an auction sale) make an offer of money; offer (a certain price): ³Will
anyone bid $5 for this painting? Mr X bid $20 for the horse so I bid $21. Is
nobody else going to bid? What shall I bid? I hoped to get the house but a
rich man was bidding against me´, offering higher prices. µ¥ outbid. ³The
politicians are bidding for popular support´, making offers, eÔg of tax
reductions, in order to get support from the public. ·bid up, ¶[VP15B] ´make
the price higher by offering more money: ³The goods were bid up far beyond
their real value. ¸2 ³(pt,pp µbid³) ¶[VP3A] ·bid for, ´(colloq) attempt to
attain: ³The army bid for power and succeeded. ¸3 ³(pt,pp µbid³) ¶[VP2A,3A]
·bid on, ´(US) state a price (for doing sth); put in a tender for: ³The firm
decided to bid on the new bridge. µ¥ tender±3´. ¸4 ´(old use) (³pt µbade
²/bad/³, pp µbidden ²/ÚbIdn/³, µbid³) ¶[VP17,18B] ¸(a) ´command; tell: ³He bade
me (to) come in. Do as you are bid. Soldiers must do as they are bidden. Bid
him come in. ¸(b) ´invite: ³the bidden guests; bid sb to a wedding. ¸(c)
¶[VP12A,13A] ´say (as a greeting, etc): ³bid farewell (´= say goodbye³) to sb;
bid sb good morning. ¸5 ·bid fair to, ´seem likely to: ³Our plan bids fair to
succeed. ·bid defiance to, ´(old use) announce that one defies (the enemy,
etc). ¸6 ´(cards, bridge) make a bid: ³bid 2 hearts. µ¥ bid±2µ(4). ¸Úbid®dable
³adj ´(colloq) docile; ready to obey. ¸bid®ding ³n ¶[U] ¸(a) ´command. ·do sb's
bidding, ´do what he commands. ¸(b) ´act of offering a price at an auction
sale: ³Bidding was brisk´, There were many bids, quickly made. ¸(c) ´(at cards)
the making of bidsµ(5)´. ¸bid®der ³n ´person who bids.¼
¨bid©2 ²/bId/ ³n ¸1 ´(at an auction sale) offer of a price: ³Are
there no bids for this very fine painting? Will no one make a higher/further
bid? ¸2 ´(US) statement of price for a piece of work, etc: ³Bids were invited
for the construction of a swimming-pool. µ¥ tender±3µ. ¸3 ·make a bid for,
´(colloq) try to obtain: ³make a bid for power/popular support. ¸4 ´(card
games, esp bridge) statement of the number of tricks a player proposes to win:
³a bid of 2 hearts/3 no-trumps; raise the bid.¼
¨bide© ²/bñId/ ³vt ´(liter; old use) abide. (rare except in) ·@ one's time,
´wait for a favourable opportunity.¼
¨bidet© ²/ÚbideI ³US: ²biÚdeI/ ³n ´(F) raised narrow bath (to be straddled)
for washing the genitals and bottom.¼
¨bi®en®nial© ²/bñIÚenIEl/ ³adj ´lasting for two years; happening every
alternate year. ¹ ³n ´plant that lives two years and has flowers and seeds in
the second year. ¸@®ly ³adv¼
¨bier© ²/bIE(r)/ ³n ´movable wooden stand for a coffin or a dead body.¼
¨biff© ²/bIf/ ³n ´(sl) sharp blow. ¹ ³vt ´(sl) strike: ³@ sb on the nose.¼
¨bi®focal© ²/*bñIÚfE8kl/ ³adj ´(esp of lenses in spectacles for the eyes)
designed for both distant and near vision. ¸bi®focals ³n pl ´spectacles with @
lenses.¼
¨bi®fur®cate© ²/ÚbñIfEkeIt/ ³vt,vi ¶[VP6A,2A] ´(formal) (of roads, rivers,
boughs of trees, etc) divide into two branches, etc; fork. ¹ ³adj ´(also ¸@d´)
forked.
¸bi®fur®ca®tion ²/*bñIfEÚkeI2n/ ³n¼
¨big© ²/bIg/ ³adj µ(-gg-) ´(antonym ³little´; cf ³large´, and ³small´) ´of
large size, extent, capacity, importance, etc. ·get/grow too big for one's
boots, ´(colloq) become conceited. ·have big ideas, ´be ambitious. ·talk big,
´boast. ¸Úbig bug ³n ´(sl) µ¥ bug(4). ¸*big Úbusiness, ´commerce on a @
financial scale. ¸big game, µ¥ game±1µ(6). ¸big end ³n ´(eng) part of a
connecting shaft that bears on a crankshaft. ¸big noise ³n ´(sl) µ¥ noise.
¸Úbig shot ³n ´(sl) µ¥ shot±2µ(8). ¸Úbig stick, ´= @ shot. ¸the Úbig time,
´(sl) highest level. ¸Úbig®wig ³n ´(sl) important person.¼
¨big®amy© ²/ÚbIgEmI/ ³n ¶[U] ´having two wives or husbands living. ¸Úbig®am®ous
²/ÚbIgEmEs/ ³adj ´guilty of, involving, @: ³a bigamous marriage. ¸Úbig®am®ist
²/ÚbIgEmIst/ ³n ´person guilty of @.¼
¨bight© ²/bñIt/ ³n ¸1 ´loop made in a rope. ¸2 ´curve in a coast,
larger than, or with not so much curve as, a bay.¼
¨bigot© ²/ÚbIgEt/ ³n ´person who holds strongly to an opinion or belief in
defiance of reason or argument. ¸@ed ²/-Id/ ³adj ´intolerant and narrow-minded
(in religion, etc). ¸@ry ²/-rI/ ³n ¶[U] ´state of being @ed; ¶[C] ´act, etc, of
a @.¼
¨bi®jou© ²/ÚbiZu/ ³n ´(F) jewel. ¹ ³adj ´small and elegant: ³@ villas.¼
¨bike© ²/bñIk/ ³n, vi ´(colloq and common abbr for) bicycle.¼
¨bi®kini© ²/bIÚkinI/ ³n ´scanty two-piece garment (bra and briefs) worn by
girls and women for swimming and sun-bathing: ³@ top ´(= bra); ³@ briefs, µ¥
briefs.¼
¨bi®lab®ial© ²/*bñIÚleIbIEl/ ³adj, n ´(phon) (consonant) pronounced with both
lips, eÔg ²/b, p, m, w/´.¼
¨bi®lat®eral© ²/*bñIÚlatErEl/ ³adj ´of, on, with two sides; (legal) (of an
agreement, etc) made between two (persons, governments). ¸@®ly ³adv ¸@®ism
²/-IzEm/ ³n ´principle based upon @ agreements, esp of trade and financial
agreements between countries.¼
¨bil®berry© ²/ÚbIlbErI ³US: ²-berI/ ³n (pl µ-ries³) ´fruit of a dwarf hardy
shrub growing on heaths, etc in N Europe (also called ³blaeberry,
whortleberry´).¼
¨bile© ²/bñIl/ ³n ¶[U] ´brownish-yellow bitter liquid produced by the liver to
help in digesting food; (med) disorder of the @; (fig) peevishness, bad temper.
¸Ú@-duct, ´(anat) tube carrying @ to the duodenum. µ¥ ´the illus at
µalimentary.¼
¨bilge© ²/bIldZ/ ³n ¶[U] ¸1 ´almost flat part of a ship's bottom,
inside or outside; (also ¸Ú@-water´) the dirty water that collects in a ship's
@. ¸2 ´(sl) foolish or worthless talk or writing.¼
¨bil®har®zia© ²/*bIlÚhqzIE/ ³n ´tropical disease caused by parasites,
flatworms in the blood and bladder.¼
¨bi®lin®gual© ²/bñIÚlIGgwEl/ ³adj ¸1 ´speaking, using, two languages (esp when
these are learnt together in childhood): ³a @ country, ´one in which two
languages are used officially. ¸2 ´written, printed, in two languages. ¹ ³n ´@
person.¼
¨bil®ious© ²/ÚbIlIEs/ ³adj ¸1 ´caused by too much bile: ³a @
complaint/headache/attack; ´suffering from such complaints: ³@ patients. ¸2
´peevish; taking a gloomy view of life. ¸@®ness ³n¼
¨bilk© ²/bIlk/ ³vt ¶[VP6A,14] ·@ sb (out) of, ´escape paying money to; cheat
(esp by running away): ³He @ed us out of the money.¼
¨bill©1 ²/bIl/ ³n ´(also ¸Ú@®hook´) long-handled tool with a curved blade used
for cutting off branches of trees.¼
¨bill©2 ²/bIl/ ³n ´horny part of the mouth of some birds. µ¥ ´the illus at
µbird. ¹ ³vi ´(of doves) stroke @ with @. ·@ and coo, ´(fig) exchange
caresses.¼
¨bill©3 ²/bIl/ ³n ¸1 ´written statement of charges for goods
delivered or services rendered: ³It's wrong to leave a hotel without paying all
your @s. There are some @s to pay/to be paid. µ¥ estimate±2µ, quotation(3).
·foot the @, µ¥ foot±2µ. ¸2 ´written or printed notice, poster, placard: ³a
theatre/concert @, ´giving information about a play, concert, etc. ·fill/fit
the @, ´be, do, all that is required or expected. ·head/top the @, ´be
advertised at the head of the list, in large type, etc. ¸@ of fare, ´list of
dishes to be served at a hotel, restaurant, etc; menu. ¸Ú@®board ³n ´(US)
structure for the display of advertisements, eÔg at the roadside (GB =
³hoarding´). ¸Ú@-poster, Ú@-sticker ³nn ´person who pastes up @s or placards
(on walls, hoardings, etc). ¸3 ´(legal) proposed law, to be discussed by a
parliament (and called an ³Act ´when passed). ¸4 ´(US) ´banknote: ³a ten-dollar
@. ¸Ú@®fold ³n ´(US) wallet for banknotes. ¸5 B@ of Exchange, ´order to a bank
to pay a sum of money on a given date. ¸@s payable, ´@s of exchange due for
payment by the holder. ¸@s receivable, ´such @s due for payment to the holder.
¸6 ´certificate. ¸@ of entry, ´(comm) certificate from the Customs to indicate
final clearance of imported goods. ¸@ of health, ´(naut) certificate regarding
infectious disease in a ship's crew. ·clean @ of health, ¸(a) ´one certifying
that there is no such disease. ¸(b) ´(fig) assurance of good health. ¸@ of
lading, µ¥ lading. ¸@ of quantities, µ¥ quantity(4). ¸@ of sale, µ¥ sale(1). ³¹
³vt ¸1 ¶[VP6A] ´make known by means of @sµ(2) ´or placards; announce, put, in a
programme: ³Olivier was @ed to appear as Lear, ´It was announced that he would
play the part of Lear. ¸2 ¶[VP14] ·@ sb for sth, ´submit a @µ(1) ´to: ³@ a
client for services rendered.¼
¨bil®let©1 ²/ÚbIlIt/ ³n ¸1 ´place (usu a private house) where soldiers are
boarded and lodged: ³The troops are in @s, ´in ordinary homes, not in camp or
barracks. ¸2 ´(colloq) appointment or situation; job: ³a soft/cushy @, ´one
not needing much effort. ¹ ³vt ¶[VP6A,14] ·@ (on), ´place (troops) in @s: ³@
soldiers on sb/on a town/on the villagers.¼
¨bil®let©2 ²/ÚbIlIt/ ³n ´thick piece of firewood.¼
¨bil®let-doux© ²/*bIleI Údu/ ³n (pl µbillets-doux´, pronunciation unchanged³)
´(F) (joc) love-letter.¼
¨bill®hook© ²/ÚbIlh8k/ ³n µ¥ bill±1µ.¼
¨bil®liards© ²/ÚbIlIEdz/ ³n sing-v ´game played with small, hard,
heavy balls and long tapering sticks (called ³cues´) ´on an oblong,
cloth-covered table: ³play @; have a game of @. B@ is played by women as well
as by men. ¸Úbilliard-player/-room/-table/-marker ³nn ´(³sing ´in compounds).¼
¨bil®lings®gate© ²/ÚbIlIGzgeIt/ ³n ¶[U] ´(from the name of a London
fish-market) abusive language full of swear-words.¼
¨bil®lion© ²/ÚbIlIEn/ ³n ´(GB) million millions or 10±12´; (US) thousand
millions or 10±9´. µ¥ App 4.¼
¨bil®low© ²/ÚbIlE8/ ³n ´(liter) great wave; ³(pl, ´poet) the sea; (fig)
anything that sweeps along like a great wave. ¹ ³vi ¶[VP2C] ´rise or roll like
waves: ³The flames @ed over the prairie. ¸@y ³adj ´rising or moving like @s.¼
¨billy© ²/ÚbIlI/ ³n ¶[C] ³(pl µ-lies³) ´(esp in Australia) tin can (sometimes
called a ³billy-can´) with a lid and a wire handle, used as a kettle or cooking
pot, esp in camping out.¼
¨billy-goat© ²/ÚbIlI gE8t/ ³n ´male goat. µ¥ nanny-goat.¼
¨billy-(h)o© ²/ÚbIlI (h)E8/ ³n ´(dated sl) ·like @, ´vigorously:
³raining/fighting like @.¼
¨bil®tong© ²/ÚbIltoG/ ³n ¶[U] ´(in S Africa) sun-dried salted meat cut into
strips.¼
¨bi®met®al®lism© ²/*bñIÚmetElIzEm/ ³n ¶[U] ´system of having two metals, eÔg
gold and silver, with a fixed ratio to each other as legal tender.
¸bi®met®al®lic ²/*bñImIÚtalIk/ ³adj¼
¨bin© ²/bIn/ ³n ´large rigid container or enclosed space, usu with a lid, for
storing coal, grain, flour, bread, etc: ·Ú³dustbin, ´bin for rubbish, ashes,
etc; ·Ú³litter bin.¼
¨bi®nary© ²/ÚbñInErI/ ³adj ´of or involving a pair or pairs: ³a ²Ú³@ system,
´(astron) two stars revolving round a common centre or one round the other.
³the @ scale, ´(maths) with two digits, 0 and 1, as the base of the notation:¼
´1Í2Í3ÎÎ4ÎÎ5ÎÎ6ÎÎ7ÍÍ8ÍÍ9ÎÎ10¼
´1Î10Î11Î100Î101Î110Î111Î1000Î1001Î1010¼
¨bind© ²/bñInd/ ³vt,vi (pt,pp µbound ²/bq8nd/³) ¸1 ¶[VP6A,15B,14] ·@ (to); @
(together) (with), ´tie or fasten, with rope, etc: ³They bound his legs
(together) so that he shouldn't escape. Joan of Arc was bound to the stake and
burnt to death. The prisoner was bound hand and foot´, His arms and legs were
tied. (fig): ³Commerce @s the two countries together. We are bound to him by
gratitude/by a close friendship. ¸2 ¶[VP6A,14] ·@ (with), ´secure the edge of
sth with tape, braid, etc: ³@ the edge of a carpet, ´to prevent fraying; ³@ the
cuffs of a jacket with leather. ¸3 ¶[VP6A,15B] ·@ (up), ´tie or wind sth round:
³@ up a wound. Before sweeping the house she bound up her hair in a large
handkerchief. ¸4 ¶[VP6A,15A,B] ·@ (up), ´fasten (sheets of paper) into a cover:
³@ a book; a well-bound book; bound in leather; @ up two books into one volume.
¶[VP2A ´in ³progressive tenses ´only¶] ³The new impression is @ing´, is being
bound. ¸5 ¶[VP6A,15B,2A] ·@ (up/together), ´hold or stick together in a solid
mass: ³Frost @s the soil. The ground is frost-bound´, frozen hard. ³Clay @s ´(=
becomes hard) ³when it is baked. Stones bound together with cement make good
roads. Some kinds of food @ the bowels/are @ing´, cause constipation. ¸6
¶[VP17,14,15B,16B] ·@ sb to do sth/to sth, ´hold (sb) (by legal agreement, a
promise, or under penalty) to a certain course of action: ³@ sb to pay a debt;
@ sb to secrecy´, make him promise to keep sth secret. ·@ oneself to do sth,
´promise, undertake, guarantee, to do it. ·@ sb over ´(to keep the peace, etc),
order that he must appear before the judge again (if he fails to keep the
peace, etc). ·@ sb over (as an apprentice) (to sb), ´make an agreement that he
shall be one: ³The boy was bound over as an apprentice to a carpenter. ¸7
¶[VP2A] ´(dated sl) complain; carp: ³Oh, do stop @ing! ¸8 µ¥ bound±5 ´for
special uses of the ³pp. ¸@er ³n ¸1 ´person who @s, esp ³a ·Ú³book-@er. ¸2
´thing that ties or holds things together, eÔg a machine, or part of a machine,
that cuts and @s grain; loose cover for unbound magazines; substance such as
cement or bitumen for joining things. ¸Ú@®ery ³n ´place where books are bound.
¸@®ing ³adj ·be @ing on/upon, ´@µ(6) ´or oblige sb to do sth: ³an agreement
that is @ing on/upon all parties. µ¥ ´also µbind(5). ¹ ³n ¶[C,U] ´(esp) ¸1
´book-cover. ¸2 ´strip, braid, etc for protecting an edge or a seam (of a
garment, etc).¼
¨bind®weed© ²/ÚbñIndwid/ ³n ¶[U] ´kinds of wild convolvulus.¼
¨bine© ²/bñIn/ ³n ´flexible stem of various kinds of climbing plants, eÔg
hops.¼
¨binge© ²/bIndZ/ ³n ´(sl) ·have a @; go on the @, ´drink and make merry.¼
¨bingo© ²/ÚbIGgE8/ ³n ¶[U] ´popular gambling game, played with cards on which
numbered squares are covered as the numbers are called at random: (attrib) ³@
halls.¼
¨bin®nacle© ²/ÚbInEkl/ ³n ´(naut) non-magnetic stand for a ship's compass (usu
in front of the helm).¼
¨bin®ocu®lars© ²/bIÚnokj8lEz/ ³n pl ´field-glasses; instrument with lenses for
both eyes, making distant objects seem nearer.¼
¨bi®nomial© ²/bñIÚnE8mIEl/ ³adj ´(maths) made up of two numbers or algebraic
expressions joined by + or ­ (eÔg ³a±2 ´­ 3³b).¼
¨bio®chem®is®try© ²/*bñIE8ÚkemIstrI/ ³n ¶[U] ´chemistry of living organisms.¼
¨bio®de®grad®able© ²/*bñIE8dIÚgreIdEbl/ ³adj ´(of substances) that can be
broken down by bacteria: ³Are plastic bags indestructible or @?¼
¨bio®graph© ²/ÚbñIEgrqf ³US: ²-graf/ ³n ´= µbioscope.¼
¨bi®ogra®phy© ²/bñIÚogrEfI/ ³n ¸1 ¶[C] ´person's life-history written by
another. ¸2 ¶[U] ´branch of literature dealing with the lives of persons.
¸bi®ogra®pher ²/bñIÚogrEfE(r)/ ³n ´person who writes a @. ¸bio®graphic, -i®cal
²/*bñIEÚgrafIk, -Ikl/ ³adj ´of @.¼
¨bi®ol®ogy© ²/bñIÚolEdZI/ ³n ¶[U] ´science of the physical life of animals (=
³zoology´) and plants (= ³botany´). ¸bi®ol®ogist ²/bñIÚolEdZIst/ ³n ´student
of, expert in, @. ¸bio®logi®cal ²/*bñIEÚlodZIkl/ ³adj ´of @: ³a biological
laboratory/experiment. ¸*biological Úwarfare, ´the deliberate use of germs, etc
for spreading disease.¼
¨bio®scope© ²/ÚbñIEskE8p/ ³n ´early name (still used in S Africa) for the
cinema, or a film-projector.¼
¨bi®par®ti®san© ²/*bñIpqtIÚzan ³US: ²*bñIÚpqrtIzn/ ³adj ´of,
supported by, consisting of, two otherwise opposed (esp political) parties: ³a
@ foreign policy.¼
¨bi®ped© ²/ÚbñIped/ ³n ´two-footed animal, eÔg a man or a bird.¼
¨bi®plane© ²/ÚbñIpleIn/ ³n ´aircraft with two pairs of wings, one above the
other.¼
¨birch© ²/b3t2/ ³n ¸1 ¶[C] ´(kinds of) forest tree growing in northern
countries; it has smooth bark and slender branches. ¸2 ¶[U] ´its wood, eÔg as
used for making canoes. ¸3 ¶[C] ´(also ¸Ú@-rod´) bundle of @ twigs tied
together and used formerly for punishing schoolboys. ¹ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´punish with
a @-rod.¼
¨bird© ²/b3d/ ³n ¸1 ´feathered creature with two legs and two wings, usu able
to fly. µ¥ ´the illus below and at µfowl, prey, rare, water. ·A @ in the hand
is worth two in the bush, ´(prov) Sth which one has, though small, is better
than sth larger, which one has not. ·get the @, ´(sl) be hissed, scorned or
rejected. ·give sb the @, ´(sl) hiss, scorn or reject him. ·kill two @s with
one stone, ´achieve two aims at once. ¸Ú@-cage ³n ´cage for a @ or @s.
¸Ú@-fancier ³n ´person who knows about, collects, breeds or sells @s. ¸Ú@-lime
³n ´sticky substance put on branches to catch @s. ¸*@'s-*eye Úview ³n ´wide
view seen from high up; (fig) general survey of a subject. ¸Ú@-nesting ³n
´hunting for birds' nests to get the eggs). ¸Ú@-watcher ³n ´one who studies the
habits of birds. µ¥ ´also µfeather±1µ, passage(1), prey. ¸2 ´(colloq) person:
³He's a queer/rum @. He's a cunning/wise/knowing old @. ¸3 ´(sl) young girl,
esp a girl companion.¼
¨bir®etta© ²/bIÚretE/ ³n ¶[C] ³(pl @s³) ´square cap worn by RÔC and some
Anglican priests.¼
¨biro© ²/ÚbñIErE8/ ³n ¶[C] ³(pl @s³) ´(P) (kind of) ball-pen.¼
¨birth© ²/b3T/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´(process of) being born, coming into the world;
¶[C] ´instance of this: ³The baby weighed seven pounds at @, ´when it was born.
³The boy has been delicate from (his) @´, has been weak in health since he was
born. ³Cats sometimes have four or five young at a @. There were 167 more @s
than deaths in the town last year. ·give @ to, ´bring into the world; (fig)
produce: ³give @ to a child/a poem/a dispute. ¸2 ¶[U] ´origin, descent: ³She
is Russian by @ and British by marriage. ·be of good @, ´(old use) come of an
acceptable family. ¸Ú@-control ³n ¶[U] ´(method of) preventing unwanted
conceptionµ(2)´. ¸Ú@®day ³n ´(anniversary of the) day of one's @. ¸Ú@®mark ³n
´mark on the body at or from @. ¸Ú@®place ³n ´house or district in which one
was born. ¸Ú@®rate ³n ´number of @s in one year for every 1Ô000 persons.
¸Ú@®right ³n ´any of various rights, privileges and properties to which a
person has a right as a member of his family, a citizen of his country, etc.¼
¨bis®cuit© ²/ÚbIskIt/ ³n ¶[C] ¸1 ´flat, thin, crisp cake of many kinds,
sweetened or unsweetened. ·take the @, ´(sl) be the best/worst at something;
be surprising. ¸2 ´(US) bread dough baked in small shapes. ¸3 ´light-brown.¼
¨bi®sect© ²/bñIÚsekt/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´cut or divide into two (usu
equal) parts. ¸bi®sec®tion ²/bñIÚsek2n/ ³n ¶[U] ´division into two (equal)
parts.¼
¨bi®sex®ual© ²/*bñIÚsek28El/ ³adj ´of two sexes; having both male and female
sexual organs; sexually attracted to either sex. ¹ ³n ´individual showing one
of these characteristics. ¸@®ity ²/*bñIsek28ÚalEtI/ ³n ¶[U] ´condition of being
@.¼
¨bishop© ²/ÚbI2Ep/ ³n ¸1 ´Christian clergyman of high rank who organizes the
work of the Church in a city or district. µ¥ ´the illus at µvestment. ¥
diocese. ¸@®ric ²/-rIk/ ³n ´office of a @; district under a @. ¸2 ´chess piece,
µ¥ ´the illus at µchess.¼
¨bis®muth© ²/ÚbIzmET/ ³n ¶[U] ´reddish-white metal (symbol ¸Bi´), used in
alloys; compound of this used medically, eÔg for stomach troubles.¼
¨bi®son© ²/ÚbñIsn/ ³n (pl ´unchanged³) ´European wild ox; American buffalo. µ¥
´the illus at µlarge.¼
¨bis®tro© ²/ÚbistrE8/ ³n ¶[C] ³(pl µ@s³) ´small, cheap restaurant; (in France)
small bar±1µ(13) ´or nightclub.¼
¨bit©1 ²/bIt/ ³n ¸1 ´mouth-piece (metal bar) forming part of a horse's bridle.
µ¥ ´the illus at µharness. ·take the bit between one's teeth, ´(of a horse) run
away out of control; (fig) apply oneself to sth difficult or risky or
distasteful. ¸2 ´part of a tool that cuts or grips when twisted; tool for
boring or drilling holes (usu fitted into a ³brace´). µ¥ ´the illus at µbrace.¼
¨bit©2 ²/bIt/ ³n ¸1 ´small piece of anything: ³He took some paper and a few
bits of wood and soon made a fire. He ate every bit of ´(= all) ³his dinner. He
has saved a nice bit ´(= a good sum) ³of money. ·bit by bit, ´slowly,
gradually. ·a bit at a time, ´by degrees. ·every bit as (good, etc), ´equally
(good, etc). ·do one's bit, ´perform one's share of a task; give as much help
as is expected of one. ·wait a bit, ´a short time. ·a bit, ´rather: ³She's
feeling a bit tired. ·a bit of a, ´rather a: ³He's a bit of a coward. ·a bit of
all right, ´(GB sl) very fine. ·not a bit, ´not at all; not in the least: ³He's
not a bit better. He doesn't care a bit. It's not a bit of use, ´It's quite
useless. ·not a bit of it, ´not at all (used as a strong denial): ³You'd think
she'd be tired after such a long journey, but not a bit of it! ·pull/cut/tear
sth to bits, ´into small pieces. ·go/come to bits, ´into small pieces. ¸2
´(used colloq, like ³piece´, with ³news, advice, luck´): ³a bit of good advice.
¸3 (a) ´small coin: ³threepenny bit´, (former) coin (GB) worth threepence. ¸(b)
´(US) 12§ cents. ¸4 ´(colloq, esp US) area common to a group of subjects,
attitudes, etc: ³She couldn't accept the whole drug-culture bit.¼
¨bit©3 ²/bIt/ ³n ´(comp) unit of information expressed as a choice between two
possibilities.¼
¨bit©4 ²/bIt/ µ¥ bite±1µ.¼
¨bitch© ²/bIt2/ ³n ¸1 ´female dog, wolf or fox. ¸2 ´(colloq) spiteful woman or
girl. ¹ ³vi ¶[VP2A] ´(colloq) complain in a sour, carping way; speak spitefully
to or about sb or sth. ¸@y ³adj ´(colloq) spiteful.¼
¨bite©1 ²/bñIt/ ³vt,vi (pt µbit ²/bIt/, ³pp µbitten ²/ÚbItn/³). ¸1
¶[VP6A,15B,2A,3A] ·@ (into), ´cut into with the teeth: ³The dog bit me in the
leg. Does your dog @, ´is it in the habit of biting people? ³He bit into the
peach. ·@ at sth, ´try to get it with the teeth; snap at. ·@ off, ´cut off with
the teeth: ³He bit off a large piece of the apple. ·@ off more than one can
chew, ´attempt too much. ·(have) sth to @ on, ´sth to get one's teeth into;
(fig) sth definite to do, examine, etc. ·@ the dust, ´(colloq) (fig) fall to
the ground; be killed. ·@ one's lips, ´try to conceal one's anger or annoyance.
·once bitten twice shy, ´(prov) a person who has been cheated, hurt, etc is
likely to be cautious afterwards. ·the biter bitten, ´the person who intended
to cheat was himself cheated. ¸2 ¶[VP6A] ¸(a) ´(of fleas, mosquitoes, etc)
sting: ³He was badly bitten by the mosquitoes. ¸(b) ´(of fish) accept the bait:
³The fish wouldn't @. I tried to sell him my old car but he wouldn't @, ´(fig)
would not consider the suggestion. ¸3 ¶[VP6A,2A,3A] ·@ (into), ´cause a
smarting pain to; injure: ³His fingers were bitten by the frost/were
frost-bitten. Mustard and pepper @ the tongue. Strong acids @ (into) metals´,
make holes in them. ¸4 ¶[VP6A,2A] ´take strong hold of; grip: ³The rails were
covered with ice and the wheels did not @. ¸bit®ing ³adj ´sharp; cutting: ³a
biting wind; biting words. ¸bit®ing®ly ³adv¼
¨bite©2 ²/bñIt/ ³n ¸1 ´act of biting: ³eating sth at one @. ¸2
´injury resulting from a @ or sting: ³His face was covered with insect @s. ¸3
´piece cut off by biting. ¸4 ´(colloq) food to eat: ³I haven't had a @ since
morning´, have eaten nothing. ¸5 ´taking bait from a hook by fish: ³He had been
fishing all morning but hadn't had a @. ¸6 ¶[U] ´sharpness; sting: ³There's a @
in the air this morning. ¸7 ¶[U] ´grip; hold: ³a file/screw with plenty of @.¼
¨bit®ten© ²/ÚbItn/ µ¥ bite±1µ.¼
¨bit®ter© ²/ÚbItE(r)/ ³adj ¸1 ´tasting like beer or unsweetened coffee.
¸*@-Úsweet ³adj ´sweet but with a @ taste at the end; (fig) pleasant but with a
mixture of sth unpleasant. ¸2 ´unwelcome to the mind; hard to bear; causing
sorrow: ³@ hardships/experiences. His failure to pass the examination was a @
disappointment. ·a @ pill to swallow, ´sth unpleasant to accept. ¸3 ´filled
with, showing, caused by, envy, hate, remorse, or disappointment: ³@
quarrels/words/enemies/reproaches/tears. ¸4 ´piercingly cold: ³a @ wind. ¸5
·to the @ end, ´until all that is possible has been done: ³fight to the @ end.
¹ ³n ¸1 ´bitterness. ·take the @ with the sweet, ´accept misfortune as well as
good fortune. Cf ³take the rough with the smooth, ´which is more usu. ¸2 ¶[U]
´@ beer, iÔe heavily flavoured with hops: ³a pint of @. ¸3 ³(pl) ´liquor made
from herbs, fruits, etc taken to help digestion or used to flavour gin, etc:
³orange @s; gin and @s. ¸@®ly ³adv ¸@®ness ³n¼
¨bit®tern© ²/ÚbItEn/ ³n ´any of several kinds of wading birds that live on
marshes, esp the kind known for its booming note. µ¥ ´the illus at µwater.¼
¨bitu®men© ²/ÚbItj8mEn/ ³n ¶[U] ´black, sticky substance (from
petroleum), used for making roads, etc; mineral pitch; asphalt. ¸bit®umi®nous
²/bIÚtjumInEs ³US: ²-Útu-/ ³adj ´containing @ or tar: ³bituminous coal,
´burning with smoky yellow flames.¼
¨bi®valve© ²/ÚbñIvalv/ ³n ´(zool) mollusc with a hinged double shell, eÔg an
oyster, a mussel, a clam.¼
¨biv®ouac© ²/ÚbIv8ak/ ³n ´soldiers' temporary camp without tents or other
cover. ¹ ³vi (pt,pp µbivouacked³) ¶[VP2A] ´make a @; stay in a @.¼
¨biz© ²/bIz/ ³n ´(sl) business: ³Good biz! ´Well done! ¸Úshow®biz, ´(sl)
(providing and managing) popular entertainment.¼
¨bi®zarre© ²/bIÚzq(r)/ ³adj ´grotesque; odd.¼
¨bi®zonal© ²/*bñIÚzE8nl/ ³adj ´of two zones.¼
¨blab© ²/blab/ ³vt,vi µ(-bb-) ¶[VP6A,15B,2A] ´(colloq) talk foolishly or
indiscreetly: ³Don't @! ·@ (out), ´tell (a secret): ³@ out a secret.¼
¨blab®ber© ²/ÚblabE(r)/ ³vt,vi ´= µblab. ¸Ú@®mouth ³n ´person who @s.¼
¨black© ²/blak/ ³adj µ(-er, -est) ¸1 ´without light or almost
without light; the colour of this printing-ink; opposite to white. ·be @ and
blue, ´covered with bruises. ·@ in the face, ´dark red or purple (with anger or
because of making great efforts). ·be in sb's @ book(s), µ¥ book±1µ(6). ·look @
at sb; give sb a @ look, ´look at him angrily. ·not so @ as one is painted,
´not so bad as one is said to be. ¸2 ´(various uses, mostly to intensify the
meaning of the ³n´): ³@ despair, ´deep, dismal; ³@ tidings, ´sad news, causing
despair; ³@ deeds, ´wicked; ³in one of his @ moods´, ´silent and bad-tempered.
¸3 ´(of work in a factory, shipyard, etc during a strike; of the materials,
etc) not to be done, handled, etc: ³The strikers declared the work/cargo @. ¸4
´(compounds, etc) ·@ and white, ´ink drawing. ·(have sth down) in @ and white,
´(have it) recorded in writing or print. ¸@ art, ´magic, used for evil
purposes. ¸Ú@®ball ³vt ´prevent (sb) from being elected a member of a club by
voting against him at a secret ballot. ¸Ú@-beetle ³n ´cockroach. ¸Ú@®berry
²/ÚblakbErI ³US: ²-berI/ ³n (pl µ-ries³) ´small berry, @ when ripe, growing
wild on bushes (called ³brambles´): ³go @berrying ²/-berIIG/´, go out gathering
@berries. µ¥ ´the illus at µfruit. ¸Ú@®bird ³n ´common European songbird.
¸Ú@®board ³n ´board used in schools for writing and drawing on with chalk. ¸*@
Úbox ³n ´device for recording information about the performance of an aircraft
during a flight. ¸*@ Úcap ³n ´(formerly in GB) cap put on by a judge before
sentencing a murderer to death. ¸*@ Úcoffee ³n ´coffee without milk, usu
strong. ¸*@ Úcomedy ³n ´(theatre) comedy with a tragic element or basic
pessimism, usu heavily ironical. cf ³sick joke. ¸the ÚB@ Country, ´the smoky,
industrial area in Staffordshire and Warwickshire. ¸*@Ú®cur®rant ³n ´kind of
currant with @ fruit. µ¥ currant(2). ¸the *@ Úflag, ´flag formerly used by
pirates (sea-robbers); flag once used at prisons as a signal that a murderer
had been executed by hanging. ¸*@ Úfrost ³n ´hard frost without rime. ¸Ú@®guard
²/Úblagqd/ ³n ´person who is quite without honour; scoundrel. µ¹ ³vt ´call (sb)
a @guard; use very bad language about or to (sb). ¸Ú@®guard®ly ²/ÚblagEdlI/
³adj ´dishonest and immoral: ³a @guardly trick. ¸Ú@®head ³n ´(kind of) pimple
on the skin, the top being @. ¸*@ Úice ³n ´ice, esp on a road surface, which is
almost invisible and dangerous to drive on. ¸*@-Úlead ³n ¶[U] ´soft, grey-black
solid (plumbago, or graphite) used for lead pencils, polishing and as a
lubricant. µ¹ ³vt ´polish, eÔg a fireplace, with @-lead. ¸Ú@®leg ³n ´person who
offers to work when the regular workers are on strike. µ¹ ³vi,vt µ(-gg-) ´act
as @leg; betray (fellow workers) by doing this. ¸Ú@®list ³n ´list of persons
who are considered dangerous or who are to be punished. µ¹ ³vt ´enter the name
of (sb) on a @list. ¸*@ Úmagic ³n ´witchcraft. ¸Ú@®mail ³vt, n ¶[U] ´(force sb
to make a) payment of money for not making known sth discreditable about him.
Hence, ¸Ú@®mailer ³n ´person who does this. ¸*@ MaÚria ²/mEÚrñIE/ ³n ´van for
taking prisoners from and to jail. ¸*@ Úmark ³n ´(fig) markµ(4) ´of bad
conduct, failure, etc: ³Her continual lateness was a @ mark against her
promotion. ¸*@ Úmarket ³n ´unlawful buying and selling of goods, currencies,
etc that are officially controlled; place where such trading is carried on. ¸*@
*markeÚteer ²/*mqkIÚtIE(r)/ ³n ´(US) ´person carrying on this trade. ¸*@ Úmass
³n ´travesty of the RÔC Mass, for Satan instead of God. ¸Ú@®out ³n ¸(a)
´(during wartime) the keeping of all buildings, etc, dark (by curtains, etc, in
windows, by having no street-lighting, etc) in order to prevent any light being
seen, esp from the air. ¸(b) ´temporary complete failure of the memory or
consciousness; (esp flying) temporary blindness caused by a sudden turn or a
change in speed. ¸(c) ´extinguishing of all lights on the stage of a theatre,
eÔg for a change of scenery. ¸@ out ³vt,vi ¶[VP15B,2A] ´cause a @out (µ(a)
´and µ(c) ´above); lose one's memory, etc, temporarily. ¸*B@ ÚPanther ³n ´(US,
1960's) member of a militant B@ Power group. ¸*B@ ÚPower ³n ´(US, 1960's)
militant movement for civil rights for Negroes. ¸*@ Úpudding ³n ´sausage made
of blood, suet, barley, etc. ¸*B@ ÚSash ³n ´(S Africa) women's anti-apartheid
organisation. ¸*@ Úsheep ³n ´good-for-nothing person. ¸ÚB@®shirt ³n ´member of
the former Italian Fascist party. ¸Ú@®smith ³n ´man who makes and repairs
things of iron, esp a shoer of horses. ¸Ú@ spot ³n ´place (eÔg on a road) where
accidents often happen. ¸Ú@®thorn ³n ´thorny shrub which has white blossom
before the leaves appear and purple fruit (³sloe´) like a small plum. ¸*@®water
Úfever, ³n ´tropical disease with bloody urine. ¹ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´@ colour: ³He was
dressed in @´, in @ clothes. ¸2 ¶[U] ´@ paint or dye. ¸3 ¶[C] ´particle of
soot. ¸4 ¶[C] ´Negro (formerly derog, but now widely used). ¸5 the @, ´credit
side of business accounts. ·be in/get into the @, have/get assets that ewxceed
liabilities. µ¥ red ³nµ(4). ¹ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ¸1 ´make @, polish (boots, etc), with
blacking. ¸2 ´declare @µ(3)´: ³The strikers @ed the ship/the cargo. ·@ out, µ¥
@out ´above.¼
¨blacka®moor© ²/ÚblakEmc(r)/ ³n ´(hum or derog) black-skinned
person.¼
¨blacken© ²/ÚblakEn/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A,2A] ´make or become black. ¸2 ¶[VP6A]
·@ (sb's name), ´speak evil of (sb's character).¼
¨black®ing© ²/ÚblakIG/ ³n ¶[U] ´black paste or liquid for polishing shoes (now
usu ³shoe polish´).¼
¨blad®der© ²/ÚbladE(r)/ ³n ¸1 ´bag of skin in which urine collects in human and
animal bodies. µ¥ ´the illus at µkidney. ¸2 ´such a bag, or a bag of rubber,
etc, that can be filled with air, eÔg the rubber @ in a football.¼
¨blade© ²/bleId/ ³n ¸1 ´flattened cutting part of a knife, sword, chisel, etc:
³a pocket-knife with two @s; a packet of five razor @s. µ¥ ´the illus at
µrazor. ¸2 ´sword; swordsman. ¸3 ´flat wide part of an oar (the part that goes
into the water), bat, propeller, etc. ¸4 ´flat, long, narrow leaf, esp of grass
and cereals (wheat, barley, etc).¼
¨blae®berry© ²/ÚbleIbErI ³US: ²-berI/ ³n ´= µbilberry.¼
¨blah© ²/blq/ ³n ¶[U] ´(colloq) high-sounding but meaningless talk or writing.¼
¨blame© ²/bleIm/ ³vt ¶[VP6A,14] ·@ sb (for sth); @ sth on sb, ´fix on sb the
responsibility for sth done (badly or wrongly) or not done: ³Bad workmen often
@ their tools. He @d his teacher for his failure. ³He @d his failure on his
teacher. I have nothing to @ myself for. ·be to @, ´deserve censure: ³Who is to
@ for starting the fire´, Whom have we to find fault with? ³I am in no way to
@´, am not in any way responsible. ¹ ³n ¶[U] ¸1 ´responsibility for sth done
(badly or wrongly) or not done: ³Where does the @ lie for our failure´, Who or
what is responsible? ·bear/take the @ (for sth), ´take the responsibility.
·put/lay the @ on sb (for sth), ´make him responsible. ¸2 ´finding fault: ³If
you don't do the work well, you will incur @´, people will find fault. ¸@®less
³adj ´free from @ or faults; innocent: ³I am @less in this matter. ¸@®less®ly
³adv ¸@®worthy ²/ÚbleImw3DI/ ³adj ´deserving @.¼
¨blanch© ²/blqnt2 ³US: ²blant2/ ³vt,vi ¶[VP6A,2A] ´make or become pale or
white, eÔg by taking the skin off almonds, by not letting light get to plants;
make or become pale with fear, cold, etc.¼
¨blanc®mange© ²/blEÚmonZ/ ³n ¶[C,U] ´jelly made in a mould with
milk: ³@ powder´, mixture of powdered milk, powdered gelatine, etc to make
kinds of @.¼
¨bland© ²/bland/ ³adj ¸1 ´gentle or polite in manner or talk (usu in order to
ingratiate oneself). ¸2 ´(of air, food, drink) mild; comforting. ¸3
´featureless; uninteresting. ¸@®ly ³adv ¸@®ness ³n¼
¨bland®ish®ment© ²/ÚblandI2mEnt/ ³n ´(usu ³pl´) ´(formal) soft and gentle ways
and speech intended to make sb do sth; flattery; coaxing.¼
¨blank© ²/blaGk/ ³adj ¸1 ´(of paper, parts of a document, etc) with nothing
written, printed or drawn on it: ³a @ sheet of paper; a @ page/space. ¸*@
Úbill, ´Bill of Exchange on which the name of the person to be paid is not
stated. ¸*@ Úcheque, ´one with the amount left for the payee to fill in. ·give
sb a @ cheque, ´(fig) full power to act as he thinks best. ¸2 ´empty; without
interest or expression: ³There was a @ look on his face´, He seemed not to be
interested, not to understand, etc. ³He looked @, ´puzzled. ³His future looks
@, ´seems to be empty and dull. ³My mind went @, ´I could not recall things,
esp things I needed to be aware of. ¸*@ Úcartridge, ´with a charge of powder,
but no bullet. ¸*@ Úverse, ´(usu lines of ten syllables) without rhyme. ¸*@
Úwall, ´one with no door, window or other opening. ·come up against a @ wall,
´(fig) be unable to find support, information, etc. ¹ ³n ¸1 ´space left empty
or to be filled (in sth printed or written): ³In a telegraph form there are @s
for the name and address, the message, etc. When Tom was doing his French
translation, he left @s for all the words he did not know. ¸2 ´lottery ticket
that does not win a prize. ·draw a @, ´get nothing (after hoping to win or
find sth). ¸3 ´empty surface; emptiness: ³His mind/memory was a complete @´,
he could remember nothing. ³The death of her husband in the war left a big @
in her life. ¸4 ¶[C,U] ´@ cartridge: ³They fired twenty rounds of @/twenty @s.
¸@®ly ³adv¼
¨blan®ket© ²/ÚblaGkIt/ ³n ¸1 ´thick, woollen covering used on beds, or for
keeping a horse warm in a stable, etc: (fig) ³a @ of snow. ·wet @, ´(colloq)
person who, by being gloomy himself, prevents others from enjoying themselves.
¸2 ´(used attrib) covering all cases or classes: ³a @ ´(= comprehensive)
³insurance policy; @ instructions, ´intended to provide for everything. ¹ ³vt
¶[VP6A,14] ·@ (in/with), ´cover thickly: ³The valley was @ed with fog.¼
¨blare© ²/bleE(r)/ ³n ¶[U] ´sound or noise (of trumpets or horns): ³the @ of a
brass band. ¹ ³vi,vt ¸1 ¶[VP2A,C] ·@ (out), ´make such sounds: ³The trumpets @d
out. ¸2 ¶[VP15B] ·@ out, ´produce with such sounds; utter loudly: ³The band @d
out a current hit. He @d out a warning.¼
¨blar®ney© ²/ÚblqnI/ ³n ¶[U] ³vt,vi ´(dated) (use) the kind of talk that
flatters and deceives people: ³Not so much of your @!¼
¨blas_e© ²/ÚblqzeI ³US: ²blqÚzeI/ ³adj ·@ (about), ´not showing signs of
enjoying (sth) or being pleased (about sth): ³@ about her success.¼
¨blas®pheme© ²/blasÚfim/ ³vi,vt ¶[VP2A,6A] ´speak in an irreverent way about
God and sacred things; use violent language about (sb or sth): ³@ the name of
God. ¸@er ³n ´person who @s. ¸blas®phem®ous ²/ÚblasfEmEs/ ³adj ´(of persons)
using blasphemy; (of language) containing blasphemy. ¸blas®phem®ous®ly ³adv
¸blas®phemy ²/ÚblasfEmI/ ³n ¶[U] ´contemptuous or irreverent talk about God and
sacred things; ¶[C] ´instance of this.¼
¨blast© ²/blqst ³US: ²blast/ ³n ¸1 ´strong, sudden rush of wind: ³A
@ of hot air came from the furnace. When the window was opened an icy @ came
into the room. ¸2 ´(often ¶[U]´) strong rush of air or gas spreading outwards
from an explosion: ³Thousands of windows were broken by @ during the air raids.
¸Ú@-off, µ¥ blast ³vµ(3). ¸3 ´stream of air used to intensify the heat in a
furnace, etc. ·at full @, ´(colloq) with the maximum activity. ·in/out of @,
´(of a furnace) working/not working. ¸Ú@-furnace ³n ´furnace for melting iron
ore by forcing into it a current of heated air. ¸4 ´sound made by a
wind-instrument: ³The hunter blew a @ on his horn. The ship sounded a prolonged
@ on the siren. ¸5 ´quantity of explosive (eÔg dynamite) used at one time (eÔg
in a quarry). ¹ ³vt ¸1 ¶[VP6A,2A] ´blow up (rocks, etc) with explosives:
³Danger! B@ing in progress! ¸2 ¶[VP6A] ´cause (sth) to come to nothing;
shrivel; injure: ³blossom @ed by frost. The tree had been @ed by lightning. His
hopes were @ed. ¸3 ¶[VP15B,2C] ·@ off, ´(of spacecraft, etc) force, be forced,
upwards by expanding gases. Hence, ¸Ú@-off ³n ´(time of) launching of such a
spacecraft: ³the count-down to @-off. ¸4 ¶[VP6A] ´(sl) reproach sb severely:
³be @ed by one's boss; get a @ing from sb. ¸5 ´(in curses, with ³May God
´understood) ³B@ it/you! ¸@ed ²/ÚblqstId ³US: ²Úbla-/ ³attrib adj ´(in curses)
damnable.¼
¨bla®tant© ²/ÚbleItnt/ ³adj ´noisy and rough; attracting attention in a vulgar
and shameless way; too obvious. ¸@®ly ³adv¼
¨blather© ²/ÚblaDE(r)/ ³n, v µ¥ blether.¼
¨blaze©1 ²/bleIz/ ³n ¶[C] ¸1 ´bright flame or fire: ³We could see the @ of a
cheerful fire through the window. I put some wood on the fire and it soon burst
into a @´, began to burn brightly. ¸2 ´fire; burning building(s): ³It took the
firemen two hours to put the @ out. ¸3 ³(pl) ´(sl) hell: ³Go to @s! He was
working like @s´, working furiously. ¸4 ´glow of colour; bright light: ³The red
tulips made a @ of colour in the garden. The main street of the town is a @ of
light(s) in the evening. ¸5 ´violent outburst: ³in a @ of anger.¼
¨blaze©2 ²/bleIz/ ³vi,vt ¸1 ¶[VP2A,C] ´burn with flame: ³There was a fire
blazing on the hearth. When the firemen arrived the whole building was blazing.
·@ up, ´burst into flames. ¸2 ¶[VP2A,C] ´be bright with colour; shine brightly
or with warmth: ³The garden was blazing with colour. The sun @d down on us. ¸3
¶[VP2A,C] ´burst out with strong feeling: ³He was blazing with
anger/indignation. ¸4 ¶[VP2C,15B] ·@ away, ´fire continuously with rifles, etc:
³They @d away at the enemy. He @d away all his ammunition. ¸blaz®ing ³adj´: ³a
blazing fire´; (fig) conspicuous: ³a blazing ³indiscretion´; (foxhunting) ³a
blazing ´(= very strong) ³scent.¼
¨blaze©3 ²/bleIz/ ³n ´white mark on a horse's or an ox's face; mark
made on a tree by cutting the bark. ¹ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´mark (a tree) by cutting off
part of the bark. ·@ a trail, ´mark trees to show a path through a forest;
(fig) do sth for the first time and show others how to do it.¼
¨blaze©4 ²/bleIz/ ³vt ¶[VP6A,15B] ·@ (abroad), ´make known far and wide: ³@ the
news (abroad).¼
¨blazer© ²/ÚbleIzE(r)/ ³n ´loose-fitting jacket (sometimes in the colours of a
school, club, team, etc) for informal wear.¼
¨bla®zon© ²/ÚbleIzn/ ³n ´coat of arms, esp on a shield. µ¥ ´the illus at
µarmour. ¹ ³vt ´= blaze±4´. ¸@ry ³n ´bright display.¼
¨bleach© ²/blit2/ ³vt,vi ¶[VP6A,2A] ´make or become white (by chemical action
or sunlight): ³@ linen; bones of animals @ing on the desert sand. ¸Ú@ing-powder
³n ´(eÔg chloride of lime) substance used to remove colour from dyed materials.
¹ ³n ´chemical for @ing and sterilizing: ³household @.¼
¨bleach®ers© ²/Úblit2Ez/ ³n pl ´(US) unroofed seats/planks at sports grounds.¼
¨bleak© ²/blik/ ³adj ¸1 ´(of the weather) cold and cheerless; (of a place)
bare, swept by cold winds: ³a @ hillside. ¸2 ´(fig) dreary: ³@ prospects. ¸@®ly
³adv¼
¨bleary© ²/ÚblIErI/ ³adj ´dim; blurred. ¸*@-Úeyed ²/*blIErIÚñId/ ³adj ´having @
eyes: ³He got out of bed all @-eyed.¼
¨bleat© ²/blit/ ³n ´cry of a sheep, goat or calf. ¹ ³vi,vt ¶[VP2A] ´make a cry
of this kind; ¶[VP6A,15B] ·@ (out), ´speak, say (sth) feebly: ³He @ed (out) a
complaint.¼
¨bleed© ²/blid/ ³vi,vt (pt,pp µbled ²/bled/³) ¸1 ¶[VP2A,C] ´lose, send out,
blood: ³If you cut your finger it will @. He was slowly @ing to death. ¸2
¶[VP2A,C,3A ´simple tenses only¶] ·@ (for), ´feel great distress: ³Our hearts @
for homeless people during this cold winter. ¸3 ¶[VP6A] ´draw blood from:
³Doctors used to @ people when they were ill. ¸4 ¶[VP6A,14] ´force (sb) to pay
money unjustly: ³The blackmailers bled him for $500. ¸5 ¶[VP2A] ´(of a plant,
tree, etc) lose sap or juice.¼
¨bleep© ²/blip/ ³n ´high-pitched sound or signal sent out by radio, used eÔg as
a summoning or warning device. ¹ ³vi ´emit such sounds.¼
¨blem®ish© ²/ÚblemI2/ ³n ¶[C,U] ´mark, etc that spoils the beauty or perfection
of sb or sth; moral defect: ³without @, ´faultless. ¹ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´spoil the
perfection of.¼
¨blench© ²/blent2/ ³vi ¶[VP2A] ´make a quick movement of fear.¼
¨blend© ²/blend/ ³vt,vi (pt,pp µ@ed ´or, liter, µblent ²/blent/³)
¸1 ¶[VP6A] ´mix together, esp sorts of tea, tobacco, spirits, etc, to get a
certain quality: ³@ed whisky. A grocer used to need to know how to @ tea. Our
coffees ´(iÔe varieties of coffee) ³are carefully @ed. ¸2 ¶[VP2A,3A] ´mix, form
a mixture: ³Oil and water do not @. Oil does not @ with water. ¸3 ¶[VP2A] ´go
well together; have no sharp or unpleasant contrast: (esp of colours) pass by
degrees into each other: ³These two colours @ well. How well their voices @! ¹
³n ¶[C] ´mixture made of various sorts (of tea, tobacco, etc): ³This coffee is
a @ of Java and Brazil.¼
¨blent© µ¥ blend.¼
¨bless© ²/bles/ ³vt (pt,pp µ@ed ²/blest/ ´or µblest³) ´(as in µ(6) ´below)
¶[VP6A] ¸1 ´ask God's favour for: ³They brought the children to Jesus and he
@ed them. The priest @ed the people/the crops. ¸2 ´wish happiness or favour to:
³B@ you, my boy! ¸3 ´consecrate; make sacred or holy: ³bread @ed at the altar.
¸4 ·be @ed with, ´be fortunate in having: ³I am not greatly @ed with worldly
goods´, am not rich. ³May you always be @ed with good health. ¸5 ´call (God)
holy: ³"We praise Thee, we @ Thee,' "We @ Thy Holy Name.' ¸6 ´(colloq, in
exclamations, expressing surprise): ³B@ me! B@ my soul! Well, I'm blest! ³I'm
blest if I know! ´iÔe I don't know at all. ¸@ed ²/ÚblesId/ ³adj ¸1 ´holy,
sacred: ¸the B@ed Virgin, ´the mother of Jesus. ¸the B@ed Sacrament, ´Holy
Communion. ¸2 ´fortunate: ³B@ed are the poor in spirit. ¸3 the B@ed, ´those who
are with God in paradise. ¸4 ´(sl, mild swearing) cursed: ³I've broken the
whole @ed lot! ¸@ed®ness ²/ÚblesIdnIs/ ³n ¶[U] ´happiness. ¸@®ing ³n ¸1 ´the
favour of God; prayer for God's favour; thanks to God before or after a meal:
³ask a @ing. µ¥ grace(5). ¸2 ´sth that one is glad of; sth that brings comfort
or happiness: ³What a @ing it is you didn't get caught in the storm yesterday!
·a @ing in disguise, ´sth that seems unfortunate, but that is seen later to be
fortunate.¼
¨blether© ²/ÚbleDE(r)/, ±blather ²/ÚblaDE(r)/ ³n ¶[U] ´foolish talk. ¹ ³vi
¶[VP2A,C] ´talk nonsense.¼
¨blew© ²/blu/ µ¥ blow±1µ.¼
¨blight© ²/blñIt/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´(sorts of) plant disease; mildew. ¸2 ¶[C] ´evil
influence of obscure origin: ³a @ upon his hopes. ¹ vt ¶[VP6A] ´be a @ on: ³His
hopes were @ed. Her life was @ed by constant illness. ¸@er ³n ´(dated sl) ¸1
´annoying person. ¸2 ´fellow: ³You lucky @er!¼
¨Blighty© ²/ÚblñItI/ ³n ´(GB 1st world war sl) home (during service abroad). ·a
@ wound, ´one severe enough for a soldier to be returned to GB.¼
¨bli®mey© ²/ÚblñImI/ ³int ´(vulg) expressing surprise.¼
¨blimp© ²/blImp/ ³n ¸1 ´small non-rigid airship. ¸2 (Colonel) B@,
´pompous-looking reactionary person.¼
¨blind©1 ²/blñInd/ ³adj ¸1 ´without the power to see: ³Tom helped the @ man
across the road. He is @ in the right eye. ·turn a/one's @ eye to sth, ´pretend
not to see it. ¸@ spot, ´point on the retina insensible to light; (fig)
inability to recognize, understand or sympathize with sth. ¸2 ·@ (to), ´unable
to see effects, to judge or understand well: ³Mothers are sometimes @ to the
faults of their children. A man would be @ not to see that difficulty. ¸3
´reckless; thoughtless: ³In his @ haste he almost ran into the river. ¸4 ´not
ruled by purpose: ³Some people think that the world is governed by @ forces. ¸5
´(sl) drunk (also ·@ drunk´). ¸6 @ alley, µ¥ alley(1). ¸@ date, µ¥ date±1µ(4).
¸@ flying, ´navigation, eÔg in cloud, fog, with the aid of instruments only. ¸@
turning, ´(in a road) one that cannot easily be seen by drivers. ¸*@®*man's
Úbuff ³n ´game in which one player, who is blindfolded, tries to catch and
identify one of the others who push him about.¼
¨blind©2 ²/blñInd/ ³vt ¶[VP6A,14] ·@ sb (to), ´make @; (fig) take away the
power of judgement: ³a @ing light. The soldier had been @ed in the war. His
feelings for her @ed him to her faults. ¸@®ers ³n pl ´(US) blinkers. ¸@®ly ³adv
¸@ness ³n¼
¨blind©3 ²/blñInd/ ³n ¶[C] ¸1 ´roll of cloth (usu strong linen) fixed on a
roller and pulled down to cover a window (US = ³window-shade´): ³pull
down/lower, draw up/raise the @s. ¸2 ´(fig) deception: ³It was only a @´, sth
intended to hide the reality. ¸3 ´(US) hide±1 ³n¼
¨blind®fold© ²/ÚblñIndfE8ld/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´cover the eyes of (sb) with a bandage
so that he cannot see. ¹ ³n ¶[C] ´such a cover. ¹ ³adj ´with the eyes bandaged,
covered with a handkerchief, etc.¼
¨blink© ²/blIGk/ ³vi,vt ¸1 ¶[VP2A,C,6A,15B] ´shut and open the eyes
quickly: ³@ the eyes; @ away a tear. ¸2 ¶[VP6A] ·@ the fact that, ´(fig) refuse
to consider; ignore: ³There's no @ing the fact that«. ¸3 ¶[VP2C] ´(of lights,
esp when in the distance) come and go; shine in an unsteady way: ³We saw the
lights of a steamer @ing on the horizon. ¹ ³n ¶[C] ´instance of @ing. ¸@®ing
³adj ´(colloq euphem for) bloodyµ(3)´: ³It's a @ing nuisance.¼
¨blink®ers© ²/ÚblIGkEz/ ³n pl ´(US = ³blinders´) leather squares to prevent a
horse from seeing sideways. µ¥ ´the illus at µharness.¼
¨blip© ²/blIp/ ³n ´spot of light on a radar screen.¼
¨bliss© ²/blIs/ ³n ¶[U] ´perfect happiness; great joy. ¸@®ful ²/-f8l/ ³adj
¸@®fully ²/-f8lI/ ³adv¼
¨blis®ter© ²/ÚblIstE(r)/ ³n ¶[C] ¸1 ´small bag-like swelling under the skin,
filled with liquid (caused by rubbing, burning, etc): ³If your shoes are too
tight, you may get @s on your feet. ¸2 ´similar swelling on the surface of
metal, painted or varnished wood, a plant, etc. ¹ ³vt,vi ¶[VP6A,2A] ´cause,
get, a @ or @s on: ³He is not used to manual work and his hands @ easily. The
hot sun has @ed the paint on the door.¼
¨blithe© ²/blñID/, ±blithe®some ²/blñIDsEm/ ³adj ´(chiefly poet)
gay and joyous. ¸@®ly ³adv¼
¨blith®er®ing© ²/ÚblIDErIG/ ³adj ´(colloq) utter; contemptible (esp in): ³@
idiot.¼
¨blitz© ²/blIts/ ³n ´rapid, violent attack (esp from the air). ¹ ³vt ¶[VP6A]
´damage or destroy in this way (esp in ³pp´): ³@ed areas/towns, ´destroyed by
bombing during air-raids.¼
¨bliz®zard© ²/ÚblIzEd/ ³n ¶[C] ´violent and heavy snowstorm.¼
¨bloated© ²/ÚblE8tId/ ³adj ´swollen; fat and large in an unhealthy way: ³a @
face; a fat, ugly man, @ with over-eating´; (fig) ³@ with pride´, puffed up
with pride.¼
¨bloater© ²/ÚblE8tE(r)/ ³n ´kind of salted and smoked herring: ³@ paste´, paste
made from @s. µ¥ kipper.¼
¨blob© ²/blob/ ³n ´drop of liquid, eÔg paint; small round mass, eÔg
of wax; spot of colour.¼
¨bloc© ²/blok/ ³n ´combination of parties, groups, states, etc with a special
interest: ³the sterling @´, those countries with currencies related to
sterling.¼
¨block©1 ²/blok/ ³n ¸1 ´large, solid piece of wood, stone, etc: ³A butcher cuts
up his meat on a large @ of wood. The @s of stone in the Pyramids are five or
six feet high. The statue is to be carved out of a @ of marble. Children play
with building @s, ´cubes of wood put together to make toy houses, etc. µ¥
chip(1). ¸2 ´main part of a petrol engine, consisting of the cylinders and
valves. ¸3 the @, ´(in olden times) large piece of wood on which a person put
his neck to have his head cut off as a punishment. ·go/be sent to the @, ´to
death in this way. ¸4 ´shaped piece of wood on which hats are moulded. ¸5
´pulley, or system of pulleys, in a case (often ·@ and tackle´). ¸6 ´piece of
wood or metal with designs, etc, cut (engraved) on it for printing. ¸7 ´mass of
buildings (shops, offices, apartments, etc) joined together; (esp US) area of
buildings bounded by four streets; the length of one side of such an area: ³To
reach the post-office, walk two @s east and then turn left. ¸@®buster
²/ÚblokbAstE(r)/ ³n ´powerful explosive to demolish buildings; (fig) forceful
person or thing bringing about a sudden effect, eÔg in a dispute. ¸8 ´division
of seats in a theatre, concert hall, etc; large quantity of shares in a
business. ¸9 ´obstruction; sth that makes movement or flow difficult or
impossible: ³There was a @ in the pipe and the water couldn't flow away. ¸Úroad
@, ´barrier across a road at which documents, etc are checked. ¸Útraffic @,
´(usu ³traffic jam´) large number of buses, cars, vans, trams, etc held up and
unable to move on. ¸10 Ú@ grant, ´fixed and non-recurring subsidy. ¸*@
Úcapitals Úletters/Úwriting, ´with each letter separate and in capitals: ³Write
your name in @ letters. ¸11 ´(cricket) spot on which a batsman rests his bat
before playing a ball. ¸12 ´(sl) (person's) head: ³I'll knock your @ off!¼
¨block©2 ²/blok/ ³vt ¸1 ¶[VP6A,15B] ·@ (up), ´make movement
difficult or impossible in (by sth being in the way); obstruct: ³All roads were
@ed by the heavy snowfall. They @ed up (´= entirely covered³) the entrance to
the cave with big rocks. My cold gave me a @ed-up nose. ¸2 ¶[VP6A] ´obstruct
(progress); make (action) difficult or impossible: ³The general succeeded in
@ing the enemy's plans. ¸3 ¶[VP6A] ´(chiefly in ³pp´) restrict the use or
expenditure of (currency, assets, etc): ³@ed sterling. ¸4 ¶[VP6A] ´shape (eÔg
hats) on a @. µ¥ block±1µ(4). ¸5 ·@ in/out, ´make a rough sketch or plan of the
general arrangement (of objects in a drawing, etc). ¸6 ´(cricket) stop (the
ball) with the bat (kept upright in front of the wicket).¼
¨block®ade© ²/bloÚkeId/ ³n ´the enclosing or surrounding of a place, eÔg by
armies or warships, to keep goods or people from entering or leaving. ·run the
@, ´evade and get through the forces that are surrounding a place. ·raise the
@, ´end it. ¸Ú@-runner ³n ´ship, etc that gets through or past a @. ¹ ³vt
¶[VP6A] ´make a @ around, eÔg a town, fort, etc.¼
¨block®age© ²/ÚblokIdZ/ ³n ¶[C] ´state of being blocked; sth that blocks:
³There's a @ in the drain-pipe.¼
¨block®head© ²/Úblokhed/ ³n ´slow and stupid person.¼
¨block®house© ²/Úblokhñ8s/ ³n ´military strongpoint with openings through
which to shoot.¼
¨bloke© ²/blE8k/ ³n ´(sl) man.¼
¨blond© ²/blond/ ³n, adj ´(man) having fair±1µ(5) ´complexion and hair.¼
¨blonde© ²/blond/ ³n, adj ´(woman) µblond.¼
¨blood©1 ²/blAd/ ³n ¶[U] ¸1 ´red liquid flowing throughout the body
of man and the higher animals: ³The soldiers shed their @ ´(= died) ³for their
country. It was more than flesh and @ ´(= human nature) ³could stand. He gave
his @ to help his sister´, gave @ to be injected into his sister after a
surgical operation or an accident. ·infuse new @ (into sth), ´(fig) revive
business, etc by introducing new talent. ·let @, ´draw off @ from a vein. µ¥ 7
´below. ¸2 ´passion; temper: ³His @ is up´, he is angry, filled with passion.
³His @ ran cold´, he was filled with terror or horror. ·(kill sb) in cold @,
´when one is not feeling angry or excited; deliberately. ·make bad @ between
persons, ´cause them to feel ill will towards one another. ·make one's Ú@ boil,
´make one very angry. ·make one's Ú@ run cold, ´fill one with fear or horror.
¸3 ´relationships; family: ³They are of the same @´, have ancestors in common.
¸*blue Ú@ ³n ´aristocratic descent. ·of the (royal) @, ´of royal family. ·one's
own flesh and @, ´one's relations. ·B@ is thicker than water, ´(prov) The ties
of family relationship are real. ¸Ú@ feud ³n ´deadly feud between families.
¸Ú@-relation ³n ´person related by @, not by marriage. ¸4 ·@ and iron, ´(fig)
relentless use of force. ¸5 ¶[C] ´(old colloq use) man of fashion; rich,
pleasure-loving young man. ¸6 ·@ and thunder ³attrib adj ´(of stories, dramas)
melodramatic; full of exciting incidents. ¸7 ´(compounds) ¸Ú@ bank ³n µ¥
bank±1µ(3). ¸Ú@-bath ³n ´large-scale slaughter, eÔg in battle, or during a
revolution. ¸Ú@ brother, ´one who swears to treat another as a brother
(perhaps by the symbolic act of mixing his @ with the other person). ¸Ú@ count
³n ´(counting of the) number of red and white corpuscles in a certain volume of
@. ¸Ú@-curdling ³adj ´sending feelings of horror through the body. ¸Ú@-donor ³n
´person who gives @ for @ transfusions. ¸Ú@-group/type ³n ´any of several
distinct classes of human @. ¸*@-Úheat ³n ´the normal temperature of human @
(about 98²Ø´5ÄF, 37ÄC). ¸Ú@®hound ³n ´large dog able to trace a person by
scent. µ¥ ´the illus at µdog. ¸Ú@-letting ³n ´surgical drawing off of some of a
patient's @. ¸Ú@®lust, ´desire for killing sb. ¸Ú@-money ³n ´money obtained at
the cost of a life, eÔg received by a murderer for killing someone or as a
reward for betraying sb who is to be put to death. ¸Ú@-poisoning ³n ´condition
that results when poisonous germs enter the @, esp through a cut or wound. ¸Ú@
pressure ³n ´the force exerted by @ within the arteries. ¸*@ Úred, ´having the
colour of @. ¸Ú@®shed ³n ´killing or wounding of people; putting to death:
³There was great @shed in Paris during the years after the Revolution in 1789.
¸Ú@®shot ³adj ´(of the white of the eyes) red. ¸Ú@-sports ³n pl ´outdoor sports
in which animals or birds are killed. ¸Ú@®stained ³adj ¸(a) ´stained with @: ³a
@stained shirt. ¸(b) ´disgraced by @shed. ¸Ú@®stock ³n ´(collective)
thoroughbred horses. ¸Ú@®sucker ³n ¸(a) ´creature that sucks @, esp a leech.
¸(b) ´(fig) person who unjustly forces another or others to give him as much
money as possible. ¸Ú@®thirsty ³adj ´cruel and eager to take life; taking
pleasure in killing. ¸Ú@®thirsti®ness ³n ¸Ú@-transfusion ³n ´transfer of @
(originally taken) from the veins of one person to those of another. ¸Ú@-vessel
³n ´tube (vein or artery) through which @ flows in the body. µ¥ ´the illus at
µrespiratory. ¸@®less ³adj ¸1 ´without @shed: ³a @less victory. ¸2 ´pale;
unfeeling and coldhearted. ¸@®less®ly ³adv¼
¨blood©2 ²/blAd/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´allow the first taste of @ to
(foxhounds, etc).¼
¨bloody© ²/ÚblAdI/ ³adj ¸1 ´bleeding; covered with blood: ³a @ nose. ¸2 ´with
much bloodshed: ³a @ battle. ¸3 ´(vulg intensive): ³What a @ shame! ´(derog)
³You're a @ fool! ´(laud) ³You're a @ genius! ¸*@-Úminded, ´(sl) obstructive;
unwilling to co-operate. ¹ ³adv ´(vulg sl): ³Not @ likely! ´(= not at all
likely). ·@ well, ´(vulg sl) certainly.¼
¨bloom© ²/blum/ ³n ¸1 ¶[C] ´flower, esp of plants admired chiefly for their
flowers (eÔg roses, tulips, chrysanthemums). ·in @, ´(of plants) flowering:
³The tulips are in full @ now. ´Cf ³in blossom ´for shrubs and trees. ¸2 ¶[U]
´(time of) greatest beauty or perfection: ³She was in the @ of youth. ¸3 ¶[U]
´covering of fine dust or powder on plums, grapes, etc when they are at their
best. ·take the @ off sth, ´cause it to seem stale. ¹ ³vi ¶[VP2A,C] ¸1 ´be in
flower; bear flowers: ³The roses have been @ing all summer. ¸2 ´(fig) be in
full beauty and perfection. ¸@®ing ³adj ¸1 ´(in the senses of the ³v´) ¸2
²/Úbl8mIG/ ´(colloq euphem for ³bloodyµ(3)´): ³You @ing idiot!¼
¨bloomer© ²/ÚblumE(r)/ ³n ´(sl) blunder: ³He made a tremendous @.¼
¨bloom®ers© ²/ÚblumEz/ ³n pl ´loose garment covering each leg to the knee and
hanging from the waist, formerly worn by girls and women for games, cycling,
etc, with or without a skirt.¼
¨blos®som© ²/ÚblosEm/ ³n ¶[C] ´flower, esp of a fruit-tree; ¶[U] ´mass of
flowers on a bush or tree. µ¥ ´the illus at µflower. ·in @, ´(of bushes and
trees) having flowers: ³The apple-trees are in @. µ¥ bloom(1). ³¹ ³vi ¸1
¶[VP2A] ´open into flowers: ³The cherry-trees will @ next month. ¸2 ¶[VP2C] ·@
out, ´develop: ³He @ed out as a first-rate athlete.¼
¨blot© ²/blot/ ³n ¸1 ´mark caused by ink spilt on paper. ¸2 ´fault;
disgrace; sth that takes away from the beauty or goodness of sth: ³a @ on his
character; a @ on the landscape´, eÔg an ugly building or advertisement. ¹ ³vt
µ(-tt-) ¸1 ¶[VP6A] ´make a @ or @s on (paper with ink). ·@ one's copy-book,
´(colloq) do sth that spoils one's good record. ¸2 ¶[VP6A] ´dry up (wet ink)
with @ting-paper. ¸Ú@®ting-paper ³n ´absorbent paper used to dry up wet ink
quickly. ¸3 ¶[VP15B] ·@ out, ¸(a) ´make a @ over (words that have been
written): ³Several words in his letter had been @ted out. ¸(b) ´hide from view:
³The mist came down and @ted out the view. ¸(c) ´destroy, exterminate (enemies,
etc). ¸@®ter ³n ¸1 ´book containing sheets of writing-paper interleaved with
sheets of @ting-paper. ¸police @ter, ´(US) book in which the police enter
records, eÔg of lost and found articles, missing persons. ¸2 ´piece or pad of
@ting-paper.¼
¨blotch© ²/blot2/ ³n ´large, discoloured mark, usu irregular in shape (eÔg on
the skin, or of ink on paper).¼
¨blotto© ²/ÚblotE8/ ³pred adj ´(sl) fuddled or intoxicated with alcoholic
drink.¼
¨blouse© ²/blñ8z ³US: ²blñ8s/ ³n ¸1 ´outer garment from neck to waist, worn by
women and girls (US = ³shirtwaist´). ¸2 ´loose-fitting garment, often with a
belt at the waist, worn by some workmen. ¸3 ´tunic as worn by some sailors and
soldiers.¼
¨blow©1 ²/blE8/ ³vi,vt (pt µblew ²/blu/´, ³pp µblown ²/blE8n/ ´or µ@ed³)
´(µ11 ´below) ¸1 ¶[VP2A,C] ´(with ³air, wind´, or ³it ´as the subject) move
along, flow as a current of air: ³It was @ing hard´, there was a strong wind.
³It was @ing a gale/@ing great guns´, there was a (violent) gale. ³The wind
was @ing round the street-corners. It's @ing up for rain´, the wind seems
likely to bring rain soon. ¸2 ¶[VP15A,B] ´(of the wind) cause to move: ³The
wind blew my hat off. I was almost @n over by the wind. The ship was @n out of
its course/on to the rocks. The wind blew the papers out of my hand. ¶[VP12A]
·It's an ill wind that @s nobody any good, µ¥ ill(2). ¸3 ¶[VP2,C,E] ´(of
objects, etc) be moved or carried by the wind or other air current: ³My hat
blew off. The door blew open. The dust has @n into the house. ¸4 ¶[VP6A,15B,2C]
´send or force a strong current of air upon, into or through: ³@ (on) one's
food ´(to cool it); ³@ the dust off a book; ³@ (up) the fire´, make it burn
better (eÔg by using a pair of bellows). ·@ hot and cold´, (fig) vacillate. ·@
one's nose, ´in order to clear it. ¸5 ¶[VP6A] ´make by @ing: ³@ bubbles, ´by
sending air through a pipe with soapy water, etc; shape by @ing: ³@ glass, ´by
sending a current of air into molten glass. ¸6 ¶[VP6A] ´use (sth) to produce a
current of air: ³@ bellows; ´work the bellows of: ³@ an organ. ¸7 ¶[VP6A,2A]
´produce sound from (a trumpet, etc) by sending air into it; (of a
wind-instrument, etc) produce sound: ³The referee blew his whistle. Stop work
when the whistle @s. The huntsman blew his horn. We heard the bugles @ing. ¸8
¶[VP2A] ´breathe hard and quickly: ³The old man was puffing and @ing when he
got to the top of the hill. ¸9 ¶[VP2A] ´(of whales) force up a stream of air
and water: ³There she @s! ´There is the fountain sent up by the whale! ¸10
¶[VP2A,C,6A,15B] ·@ (out), ´(of a fuse) melt because the electric current is
too strong; cause to do this: ³The fuse has @n. The fuse blew out. Don't @
(out) the fuse. ¸11 ´(sl uses) spend (money) recklessly or extravagantly: ³@
$10 on a dinner with a girl friend. µ¥ blue±3µ. ³B@ the expense´, Don't worry
about it. ³I'll be @ed if«/B@ed if I will«, ´I will certainly not«. ³Well, I'm
@ed! ´(indicating surprise). ·@ one's top, ´lose one's temper; explode into
angry words, etc. ¸12 ´(compounds from the ³v´) ¸Ú@-dry ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´dry (sth,
esp hair) by passing a current of warm air over (it). ¸Ú@®fly ³n ´common meat
fly. ¸Ú@®hole ³n ¸(a) ´opening for air, smoke, etc, in a tunnel. ¸(b) ´hole (in
rocks, etc near the seashore) through which air and water are forced by rising
tides. ¸Ú@®lamp, Ú@torch ³nn ´lamp for directing an intensely hot flame on to a
surface. ¸Ú@®pipe ³n ¸(a) ´tube for increasing the heat of a flame by forcing
air into it. ¸(b) ´tube through which some primitive people @ poisoned darts.
¸13 ¶[VP2C,3A,15B] ´(special uses with ³adverbial particles ´and ³preps´):¼
·blow back, ´(of gas in a tube, etc) explode. Hence, ¸Ú@®back ³n ´explosion of
gas in a tube, etc.¼
·blow in/into, ´(colloq) arrive noisily, cheerfully, etc: ³The door opened and
John blew in/blew into the room.¼
·blow off steam, ´release tension by arguing, being noisy, etc: ³Parents must
let children @ off steam sometimes.¼
·blow out; @ sth out, ´(be) put out by @ing: ³The candle was @n out by the
wind. The flame blew out. ·@ itself out, ´exhaust itself: ³The gale had @n
itself out. ·@ one's brains out, ´kill oneself by shooting in the head. ¸Ú@®out
³n ¸(a) ´sudden (often violent) escape of air, steam, etc; (esp) bursting of a
tyre. ¸(b) ´@ing out of an electric fuse. ¸(c) ´(sl) abundant meal; feast.¼
·blow over, ´pass by; be forgotten: ³The storm/scandal will soon @ over.¼
·blow up, ¸(a) ´explode: ³The barrel of gunpowder blew up. ¸(b) ´arise: ³A
storm is @ing up. ¸(c) ´lose one's temper; work up to a crisis: ³I'm sorry I
blew up at you. ·@ sb up, ´(colloq) scold severely: ³The teacher blew John up
for not doing his homework. ´Hence, ¸*@®ing-Úup ³n ´scolding. ·@ sth up, ¸(a)
´break or destroy by explosion: ³The soldiers blew up the bridge. ¸(b) ´inflate
with air or gas: ³@ up a tyre. ¸(c) ´enlarge greatly: ³@ up a photograph.
´Hence, ¸Ú@-up ³n ´greatly enlarged photograph: ³The men in the procession
carried @-ups of their leader. ¸(d) ´exaggerate: ³His abilities have been
greatly @n up by the newspapers.¼
¨blow©2 ²/blE8/ ³n ´blowing: ³Give your nose a good @´, clear it thoroughly.
·have/go for a @, ´go outdoors for fresh air.¼
¨blow©3 ²/blE8/ ³n ¸1 ´hard stroke (given with the hand, a stick,
etc): ³He struck his enemy a heavy @ on the head. ·at one @; at a (single) @,
´in a single effort: ³I killed six flies at a @. ·come to @s; exchange @s,
´fight. ·get a @ in, ´succeed in placing a @. ·strike a @ for, ´perform a
single act of support for; struggle for. ·without striking a @, ´without having
to fight. ·a @-by-@ account, ´a detailed account (eÔg of a boxing match). ¸2
´shock; disaster: ³His wife's death was a great @ to him. It was a @ to our
hopes.¼
¨blow©4 ²/blE8/ ³vi (pp µ@n ²/blE8n/³) ´(chiefly in ³pp ´as) ³full-blown roses,
´wide open, with petals about to fall; ³She has a complexion like a new-blown
rose, ´a delicate pink complexion.¼
¨blower© ²/ÚblE8E(r)/ ³n ¸1 ´apparatus for forcing air, etc into or through
sth. ¸2 ´person who makes things by blowing (eÔg ³a ·Ú³glass-@´) or who pumps
air into sth (eÔg ³an ·Ú³organ-@´). ¸3 ´(colloq) speaking-tube; (GB sl)
telephone: ³Get Jones on the @ for me.¼
¨blown© ²/blE8n/ ³pp ´of µblow±1µ. ¥ ´also µblow±4µ. ¹ ³adj ´breathless (as the
result of effort).¼
¨blowzy© ²/Úblñ8zI/ ³adj ´(usu of a woman) red-faced, dirty-looking and
untidily dressed.¼
¨blub®ber©1 ²/ÚblAbE(r)/ ³n ¶[U] ´fat of whales and other sea-animals from
which oil is obtained.¼
¨blub®ber©2 ²/ÚblAbE(r)/ ³vi,vt ¶[VP2A] ´weep noisily; ¶[VP15B] ·@ (sth) out,
´say with sobs.¼
¨bludgeon© ²/ÚblAdZEn/ ³n ´short, thick stick with a heavy end, used as a
weapon. ¹ ³vt ¶[VP6A,14] ´strike repeatedly with a @: ³He had been @ed to
death. ·@ sb into doing sth, ´(fig) compel him to do it.¼
¨blue©1 ²/blu/ ³adj µ(-r, -st) ´coloured like the sky on a clear day or the
deep sea when the sun is shining: ³@ eyes. ³His face was @ with cold. ¸*@
Úblood(ed) ³adj, n ´(of) aristocratic birth. ¸*@ Úchips, ´(fin) industrial
shares considered valuable because of past records. ¸*@ Úfilm, ´obscene film.
¸*@ Újokes, ´improper jokes. ¸*B@ ÚPeter, ´@ flag with a white square in the
centre, used to show that a ship is about to sail. ¸*@ Úribbon, ´sign of great
distinction: ³the @ ribbon of the Atlantic´, held by the liner that has the
record for the fastest crossing. ·look @, ´(colloq) be sad or depressed.
·(Things are) looking @, ´depressing. ·once in a @ moon, ´very rarely.¼
¨blue©2 ²/blu/ ³n ¸1 ´@ colour: ³dressed in @; ³Oxford @´, dark @;
³Cambridge @´, light @. ¸2 ´(the) sky. ·appear/come out of the @,
´unexpectedly. ·a bolt from the @, ´sth quite unexpected. ¸3 ·win/get one's @
(for sth), ´(at Oxford or Cambridge University) gain the right to wear a @ cap,
scarf etc because one has represented the University in a sport: ³She got her @
for tennis. ´Hence, person with this right: ³He's a rowing @. ¸4 ´(poet) (the)
sea. ¸5 ·a true @, ´a loyal member (of a political party, esp the
Conservative). ¸6 ³(pl) ´(dances, dance tunes, for) haunting jazz melodies
originally of Negroes in the southern US. ¸the @s, ´(colloq) condition of being
sad, melancholy. ¸7 ´(compounds) ¸Ú@®bell ³n ´(Scotland and N England) =
harebell; (S England) wild hyacinth with @ or white flowers growing in moist
places and flowering in spring. ¸Ú@ book ³n ´book published by the Government
containing a report. ¸Ú@®bottle ³n ´meat fly or blowfly. ¸*@-Úcollar ³adj ´of
workers in factories, etc, who wear overalls (contrasted with ³white-collar
´workers). ¸Ú@-jacket ³n ´seaman in the Navy. ¸*@-Úpencil ³vt ´mark, censor,
with a @ pencil. ¸Ú@®print ³n ´photographic print, white on @ paper, usu for
building plans; (fig) plan, scheme: (attrib) ³the @print stage. ¸Ú@®stock®ing
³n ´woman who is regarded as having superior literary tastes and intellectual
interests. ¸blu®ish ²/ÚbluI2/ ³adj ´tending towards @: ³bluish green.¼
¨blue©3 ²/blu/ ³vt ¸1 ´make blue. ¸2 ·@ one's money´, (sl) spend it
recklessly.¼
¨bluff©1 ²/blAf/ ³n ´headland with a broad and very steep face. ¹ ³adj ¸1 ´(of
headlands, cliffs, a ship's bows) with a broad, perpendicular front. ¸2 ´(of a
person, his manner, etc) abrupt; rough but honest and kind, simple and
good-natured. ¸@®ly ³adv ¸@®ness ³n¼
¨bluff©2 ²/blAf/ ³vt,vi ¶[VP6A,14,15B,2A] ´deceive sb by pretending. ·@ sb
into doing sth, ´lead sb to do sth or believe sth by deceiving him: ³They were
@ed into supposing we were ill prepared. ·@ it out, ´survive a difficult
situation by pretence. ·@ one's way out of sth, ´escape from a situation by
pretence. ¹ ³n ¶[U,C] ´deception of this kind; (the use of) threats that are
intended to get results without being carried out. ·call sb's @, ´invite him
to do what he threatened to do. ¸@er ³n ´person who tries to @ people.¼
¨blun®der© ²/ÚblAndE(r)/ ³vi,vt ¸1 ¶[VP2A,C,3A] ´move about uncertainly, as if
blind: ³@ into a wall. ¸2 ¶[VP2A] ´make foolish mistakes: ³Our leaders have
@ed again. ¹ ³n ¶[C] ´stupid or careless mistake. ¸@er ³n ´person who commits
a @.¼
¨blun®der®buss© ²/ÚblAndEbAs/ ³n ´old-fashioned gun with a wide mouth, firing
many bullets or small shot at once at short range.¼
¨blunt© ²/blAnt/ ³adj µ(-er, -est) ¸1 ´without a point or sharp edge: ³a @
knife. ¸2 ´(of a person, what he says) plain; not troubling to be polite: ³He's
a @ man. The @ fact is that«. ¹ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´make @: ³If you try to cut stone
with a knife, you will @ the edge. ¸@®ly ³adv´: ³to speak @ly´, plainly,
without ceremony. ¸@®ness ³n¼
¨blur© ²/bl3(r)/ ³n ¸1 ´dirty spot or mark; smear of ink. ¸2 ´confused or
indistinct effect: ³If, when you try to read small print, you see only a @,
you probably need glasses. ¹ ³vt,vi µ(-rr-) ¶[VP6A,2A] ´make a dirty mark or
smear on (sth); make or become unclear, confused in appearance: ³Tears @red
her eyes. Mists @red the view. The writing was @red. Rain @red the windows of
our car.¼
¨blurb© ²/bl3b/ ³n ´publisher's description of the contents of a book, printed
on the paper jacket, etc.¼
¨blurt© ²/bl3t/ ³vt ¶[VP15B] ·@ sth out, ´tell sth, eÔg a secret, suddenly,
often thoughtlessly.¼
¨blush© ²/blA2/ ³vi ¸1 ¶[VP2A,C,3A] ´become red (in the face) from
shame or confusion: ³She @ed for/with shame. She @ed at the thought of«; ³He
@ed as red as a peony. ¸2 ¶[VP4B] ´(fig) be ashamed: ³@ to confess that«. ¹ ³n
¸1 ´reddening of the face, eÔg from shame, etc: ³She turned away to hide her
@es. ¸2 ´(old use) glimpse: ³at first @´, at the first look. ¸@®ing ³adj
¸@®ing®ly ³adv¼
¨blus®ter© ²/ÚblAstE(r)/ ³vi,vt ¸1 ¶[VP2A,C] ´(of the wind, waves, etc) storm;
be rough or violent. ¸2 ¶[VP2A] ´(of persons) act and speak in a forceful but
rather unsteady, often rather boastful way. ¸3 ¶[VP15B] ·@ out, ´utter in this
way: ³@ out threats. ¹ ³n ¶[U] ¸1 ´noise of violent wind or waves. ¸2 ´@ing
talk and behaviour; noisy threats. ¸@y ³adj ´(of the weather) rough and blowy.¼
¨bo(h)© ²/bE8/ ³int µ¥ boo.¼
¨boa© ²/ÚbE8E/ ³n ¸1 ´(also ¸Ú@-constrictor´) large non-poisonous snake that
kills by crushing its prey. µ¥ ´the illus at µsnake. ¸2 ´(also ¸Úfeather-boa´)
feather stole (formerly) worn by women.¼
¨boar© ²/bc(r)/ ³n ¸1 ´wild male pig. ¸2 ´uncastrated male domestic pig. µ¥
hog, sow±2µ.¼
¨board©1 ²/bcd/ ³n ¸1 ´long, thin, flat piece of wood with squared edges, used
in building walls, floors, boats, ship's decks, etc. ¸2 ´flat piece of wood or
other material for a special purpose, sometimes bare, sometimes covered with
cloth, leather, etc: ·Ú³sign@; ·Ú³notice@; a ·Ú³diving-@. ¸3 ´flat surface with
patterns, etc on which games, eÔg chess, are played. µ¥ ´the illus at µchess.
¸4 ´(from the @s that form the stage of a theatre) ¸the @s, ´the theatre: ³on
the @s´, employed as an actor; on the stage. ¸5 ´(from the @s that form the
deck of a ship) ·on @, ´in a ship. ·go on @, ´go on to a ship or into an
airliner (in US, also of trains). ·go by the @, ´(of masts, etc) fall over the
ship's side; (fig, of plans, hopes, etc) be given up or abandoned; fail
completely. ¸6 ´(from the idea of ³table´, used for gambling). ·above @,
´openly, without deception. ·sweep the @, ´win all the cards or the money
staked; (fig) be completely successful. ¸7 ´(from the idea of ³table´)
council-table; councillors; committee; group of persons controlling a business,
or a government department: ³the *B@ of ÚGovernors, ´eÔg of a school; ³the
·*³B@ of ·Ú³Trade; Local ·Ú³Government B@; ·Ú³School B@, ´(in England until
1902) controlling elementary schools known as ·Ú³b@-schools; a ³Se·Ú³lection
B@´, one that selects from applicants or candidates. ·across the @, µ¥
across±2µ(1). ¸8 ¶[U] ´food served at table, esp meals supplied by the week or
month (eÔg at a lodging-house) or as part payment for service: ³The hotel
porter gets $40 a week and free @. B@ and lodging $45 weekly. ¸9 ´thick, stiff
paper, sometimes cloth-covered, used for book covers: ³bound in cloth @s. µ¥
´also µcard@, paste@. ¸10 ´(compounds) ¸Ú@®room ³n ´room in which meetings (of
a B@ of Directors, etc) are held. ¸Ú@walk ³n ´(US) promenade, originally made
of planks, esp along a beach.¼
¨board©2 ²/bcd/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A,15B] ´make or cover with
boardsµ(1)´: ³@ up a window; @ (over) the stern of a boat´, cover it with
boards to make a deck. ³The floor was @ed. ¸2 ´(µ¥ board±1µ(8)´) ¶[VP6A,3A,E]
´get, supply with, meals for a fixed weekly/monthly, etc payment: ³In a
university town, many people make a living by @ing students. He @s at his
aunt's/with his aunt. ·@ out, ´take meals at a different place from that in
which one lives and sleeps. ¸3 ¶[VP6A] ´get on or into (a ship, train, bus,
etc); force a way on @ (a ship). ¸Ú@ing-card, ´embarkation card, esp for an
airliner or ship. ¸@er ³n ´person who @s with sb. µ¥ 2 ´above; schoolboy or
girl at a @ing-school (µ¥ ´below). ¸@®ing ³n ¶[U] ¸1 ´structure of @s±1µ(1)´.
¸2 ´the providing or receiving of @±1µ(8)´. ¸Ú@ing-house ³n ´private house that
provides @ and lodging. ¸Ú@ing-school ³n ´one at which pupils receive @ and
lodging as well as lessons.¼
¨boast© ²/bE8st/ ³n ¶[C] ¸1 ´words used in praise of oneself, one's acts,
belongings, etc: ³It was the enemy's @ that they could never be defeated. ¸2
´cause for satisfaction; sth of which one may rightly be proud: ³It was his @
that he had never failed in an examination. ¹ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP2A,3A,B] ·@
(of/about), ´make a @ or @s: ³He @s of being/@s that he is the best
tennis-player in the town. That's nothing to @ of. He often @s to his
neighbours about the successes of his children. ¸2 ¶[VP6A] ´possess with pride:
³Our school @s a fine swimming-pool. ¸@er ³n ´person who @s. ¸@®ful ²/-f8l/
³adj ´(of persons) fond of @ing; (of words, etc) full of self-praise. ¸@®fully
²/-fElI/ ³adv¼
¨boat© ²/bE8t/ ³n ¸1 ´small open vessel for travelling in on water,
esp the kind moved with oars (·Ú³rowing @´), sails (·Ú³sailing @´), or petrol
or oil engines (·Ú³motor-@´); also used of fishing-vessels and small steamers:
³We crossed the river by @/in a @. B@s for hireÅ$2 an hour. ·be (all) in the
same @, ´have the same dangers to face. ·burn one's @s, ´do sth that makes it
impossible to retreat, to change one's plans, etc. ·take to the @s, ´(of the
crew and passengers of a ship) use the ship's @s to escape, eÔg when the ship
is sinking. ¸Ú@-hook ³n ´long pole for fending off or holding a @, eÔg at a
landing-stage. ¸Ú@-house ³n ´shed in which @s are stored. ¸Ú@®man ²/-mEn/ ³n
(pl µ@men³) ´man who rows or sails a small @ for pay; man from whom rowing-@s
may be hired. ¸Ú@-race ³n ´race between rowing-@s. ¸Ú@-train ³n ´train that
takes people to or from a passenger ship, eÔg between London and Dover. µ¥
ferry, house±1µ(7), life(14), mail±2µ(1). ¸2 ´@-shaped dish used at table for
gravy or sauce. ¹ ³vi ¶[VP2A,C] ´travel in a @, esp for pleasure: ³We @ed down
the river. ·go @ing, ´go out (esp in a rowing-@) for pleasure.¼
¨boater© ²/ÚbE8tE(r)/ ³n ´hard straw hat (formerly worn in summer for
boating).¼
¨boat®swain© ²/ÚbE8sn/ ³n ´senior seaman who controls the work of other seamen
and is in charge of a ship's rigging, boats, anchors, etc.¼
¨bob©1 ²/bob/ ³vi µ(-bb-) ¶[VP2C] ¸1 ´move up and down: ³The cork on his
fishing-line was bobbing on the water. ·bob up, ´(fig) carry on again;
reappear: ³That fellow bobs up like a cork´, cannot be "kept down', always
becomes active again after being in trouble, etc. ³That question often
bobs up (crops up ´is more usu³)´, is often asked. ¸2 ·bob to sb, ´also
¶[VP6A] ·bob a curtsy, ´curtsy. ¹ ³n ´quick up and down movement; curtsy.¼
¨bob©2 ²/bob/ ³vt µ(-bb-) ´(dated) cut (a woman's or girl's hair)
so that it hangs loosely and short of the shoulders: ³She wears her hair
bobbed. I shall have my hair bobbed. ¹ ³n ´bobbed hair.¼
¨bob©3 ²/bob/ ³n (pl ´unchanged; sl³) ´former British coin, called "shilling'
(replaced by the 5p coin).¼
¨bob®bin© ²/ÚbobIn/ ³n ´small roller or spool for holding thread, yarn, wire,
etc in a machine.¼
¨bobby© ²/ÚbobI/ ³n ´(GB colloq) policeman.¼
¨bobby pin© ²/ÚbobI pIn/ ³n ´(US) tight metal hair clip.¼
¨bobby-socks©, -sox ²/ÚbobI soks/ ³n pl ´(US, comm) girls' ankle socks.¼
¨bobby-soxer© ²/ÚbobI soksE(r)/ ³n ´(US sl during the 1940's) teenage or
adolescent girl.¼
¨bobo®link© ²/ÚbobElIGk/ ³n ´N American songbird.¼
¨bob®sled© ²/Úbobsled/, ±bob®sleigh ²/ÚbobsleI/ ³n ¸1 ´sleigh made by joining
two short sleighs, used in tobogganing. ¸2 ´large, long sleigh with brake and
steering wheel, used for racing.¼
¨bob®tail© ²/ÚbobteIl/ ³n ´(horse or dog with a) docked tail. ·the rag-tag and
@, ´the rabble.¼
¨Boche© ²/bo2/ ³n, adj ´(1st world war derog sl) German.¼
¨bode© ²/bE8d/ ³vt,vi ´(old use or poet) ¸1 ¶[VP12B,13B] ´be a sign of;
foretell: ³This @s us no good. ¸2 ·@ well/ill for, ´be of good/bad promise for:
³His idle habits @ ill for his future´, suggest that his future career will be
a failure. ¸bod®ing ³n ´feeling of coming evil.¼
¨bod®ice© ²/ÚbodIs/ ³n ´close-fitting part of a woman's dress or of an
under-garment from the shoulders to the waist.¼
¨-bodied© ²/-bodId/ ³adj ´(with ³adjj´): ²Ú³big-@, ²Ú³strong-@´, having a
big/strong body: ³able-@, µ¥ able.¼
¨bod®ily© ²/ÚbodElI/ ³adj ´of or in the human body or physical nature: ³supply
a person's @ wants ´(eÔg food); ³@ ´(= physical) ³assault. ¹ ³adv ¸1 ´as a
whole or mass; completely: ³The audience rose @ ´(= everyone rose at the same
moment) ³to cheer the speaker. The building was transported @ ´(= as a whole,
without being pulled down) ³one hundred yards down the street. ¸2 ´in person;
in the body.¼
¨bod®kin© ²/ÚbodkIn/ ³n ´blunt, thick needle with a large eye (used for
drawing tape, etc through a hem).¼
¨body© ²/ÚbodI/ ³n (pl µ-dies³) ¸1 ´The whole physical structure of
a man or animal: ³We wear clothes to keep our bodies warm. µ¥ ´the illus at
µarm, head, leg, skeleton, trunk. µ¥ mind, soul, spirit. ·keep @ and soul
together, ´remain alive: ³He earns scarcely enough to keep @ and soul together.
¸2 ´dead @; corpse: ³His @ was brought back to England for burial. ¸3 ´main
portion of a man or animal without the head, arms and legs: ³He received one
wound in the left leg and another in the @. ¸4 ´main part of a structure: ³the
@ of a motor-car; the @ of a concert hall´, the central part where the seats
are. ¸5 ´group of persons who do sth together or who are united in some way:
³Large bodies of unemployed men marched through the streets demanding work. The
affairs of the school are managed by the Governing B@. A legislative @ is a
group of persons who make laws. ¸the *@ Úpolitic, µ¥ politic(3). ·in a @, ´all
together; as a whole: ³The staff resigned in a @. ¸6 ´(colloq) person; human
being: ³She's a nice old @. ´(in compounds): ³every@, any@, some@, no@. ¸7
´mass, quantity, collection: ³A lake is a @ of water. He has a large @ of facts
to prove his statements. ¸8 ´distinct piece of matter: ³the heavenly bodies´,
the sun, moon and stars; ³a foreign @ ´(= a speck of dirt) ³in the eye. ¸9 ¶[U]
´(of wine, etc) full, strong quality: ³wine of good @. ¸10 ´(compounds)
¸Ú@®guard ³n ´group of men (sometimes a single man) guarding an important
person. ¸Ú@-servant ³n ´valet. ¸Ú@-snatcher ³n ´(formerly) person who exhumed
corpses for dissection. ¸Ú@®work ³n ´main part, material, of (esp) a motor
vehicle.¼
¨Boer© ²/bc(r)/ ³n ´(old use) South African of Dutch descent; Afrikaner. ¹ ³adj
´(old use) of Dutch South Africa; Afrikaans. ¸@ war, ´between the @s and the
British (1899Å1902).¼
¨bof®fin© ²/ÚbofIn/ ³n ´(sl) technician or scientist (esp one
engaged in research).¼
¨bog© ²/bog/ ³n ¸1 ´(area of) soft, wet, spongy ground (chiefly decayed or
decaying vegetable matter). ¸2 ´(vulg sl) latrine. ¹ ³vt,vi µ(-gg-) ¶[VP15,2E]
·@ down, ´(cause to) be stuck fast, unable to make progress: ³The tanks (got)
@ged down in the mud. Our discussions have @ged down. ¸boggy ²/ÚbogI/ ³adj
´(of land) soft and wet.¼
¨bo®gey©1 µ¥ bogy.¼
¨bo®gey©2 ²/ÚbE8gI/ ³n ´(golf) score that a good player makes for a hole (or
the whole course) and that other players try to equal. µ¥ par±1µ(2).¼
¨boggle© ²/Úbogl/ ³vi ¶[VP2A,3A] ·@ (at sth), ´be unwilling, hesitate; be
alarmed, amazed: ³The mind/imagination @s (at the idea).¼
¨bo®gie© ²/ÚbE8gI/ ´(also ¸bogey, bogy´) ³n ¸1 ´trolley. ¸2 ´four-wheeled
undercarriage fitted under (the end of) a railway engine or wagon to enable it
to go round curves.¼
¨bo®gus© ²/ÚbE8gEs/ ³adj ´sham; counterfeit.¼
¨bogy©, bo®gey ²/ÚbE8gI/ ³n (pl µ-gies, -geys³) ´evil spirit; sb or sth that
causes fear.¼
¨bo®he®mi®an© ²/bE8ÚhimIEn/ ³n, adj ´(person) not living in ways considered
socially normal or conventional.¼
¨boil©1 ²/bãIl/ ³n ´hard (usu red, often painful) poisoned swelling under the
skin, which bursts when ripe.¼
¨boil©2 ²/bãIl/ ³vi,vt ¸1 ¶[VP2A,B,C,D] ´(of water or other liquid, also of
the vessel that contains it and of what is in the water) reach the temperature
at which change to gas occurs; bubble up: ³When water @s it changes into steam.
The kettle is @ing. The potatoes are @ing. Don't let the kettle @ dry. Let the
vegetables @ gently. ·keep the pot @ing, ´(fig) earn or otherwise find enough
money for food, etc. ¸Ú@ing-point ³n ´temperature at which a liquid @s. ¸@ing
hot, ´(colloq) very hot: ³a @ing hot day. ¸2 ¶[VP2A,C] ´(of the sea, of a
person's feelings, etc) be agitated like @ing water: ³The boat was swallowed up
by the @ing waves. He was @ing (over) with indignation. Cruelty to animals
makes her blood @. ¸3 ¶[VP6A,22] ´cause water or other liquid to @; cook in
@ing water: ³We @ eggs, fish and vegetables. Please @ my egg for three minutes.
I like my eggs @ed hard. My brother prefers soft-@ed eggs. ¸4 ¶[VP2C,15B] ·@
away, ¸(a) ´continue to @: ³The kettle was @ing away merrily on the fire. ¸(b)
´@ until nothing remains: ³The water had all @ed away and the kettle was empty.
·@ down, ´be reduced in quantity: ³It all @s down to this«, ´(colloq) The
essence (of the statement, proposal, etc) is«. ·@ sth down, ´make less by @ing;
(fig) condense: ³@ down a long article to two hundred words, ´make a pr_ecis of
it. ·@ over, ´boil and flow over the side of a vessel: ³The milk had @ed over.
¹ ³n ·the @, ´@ing point: ·be on the @, ´be @ing. ·bring sth to the @, ´heat it
until it @s. ·come to the @, ´begin to @.¼
¨boiler© ²/ÚbãIlE(r)/ ³n ¸1 ´metal container in which water, etc is heated,
eÔg for producing steam in an engine; tank forming part of a kitchen range for
supplying hot water; tank for heating water for a laundry. ¸Ú@®suit ³n
´one-piece garment, overalls, for rough or dirty work. ¸2 ´person whose trade
is boiling sth: ³a ·Ú³soap-@.¼
¨bois®ter®ous© ²/ÚbãIstErEs/ ³adj ´rough, violent: ³@ weather; a @ wind/sea´;
(of a person, his behaviour) noisy and cheerful. ¸@®ly ³adv¼
¨bold© ²/bE8ld/ ³adj µ(-er, -est) ¸1 ´without, showing no, fear; enterprising.
·be/make so @ as to do sth, ´allow oneself to do it: ³if I may be so @ as to«,
´If I may venture or presume to«. ·make @ with sth, ´(more usu ³make free with´)
´take the liberty of using it. ¸a @ front, µ¥ front(4). ¸2 ´without feelings of
shame; immodest. ·as @ as brass, ´impudent. ¸3 ´well marked; clear: ³the @
outline of a mountain; a @ headland; a painting made with a few @ ´(= free and
vigorous) ³strokes of the brush. ¸@®ly ³adv ¸@®ness ³n¼
¨bole© ²/bE8l/ ³n ´trunk of a tree.¼
¨bol®ero© ²/bEÚleErE8/ ³n ¶[C] ³(pl µ@s³) ¸1 ´(music for a) Spanish dance. ¸2
²/ÚbolErE8/ ´short jacket with no front fastening.¼
¨boll© ²/bE8l/ ³n ´round seed-vessel (of cotton and flax). µ¥ ´illus at
µcotton. ¸*@ Úweevil ²/Úwivl/ ³n ´small destructive insect that infests
cotton-plants.¼
¨bol®lard© ²/ÚbolEd/ ³n ¸1 ´upright post (usu of iron) on a quay or a ship's
deck for making ropes secure. ¸2 ´protective post on a traffic island, or a
roadway, sometimes with an arrow to direct traffic.¼
¨bol®locks© ²/ÚbolEks/ ³n pl ´Ï = µballocks.¼
¨bo®loney© ²/bEÚlE8nI/ ³n ¶[U] ´(US sl) nonsense; humbug.¼
¨Bol®she®vik© ²/Úbol2EvIk/ ³n ´(hist) follower of the revolutionary
Marxist party that came to power in Russia in 1917; (colloq) supporter of the
system of government by soviets; (colloq) person favouring Marxism or
Communism.¼
¨bol®shy© ²/Úbol2I/ ³adj ´(sl) rebellious; stubborn.¼
¨bol®ster©1 ²/ÚbE8lstE(r)/ ³n ´long under-pillow for the head of a bed.¼
¨bol®ster©2 ²/ÚbE8lstE(r)/ ³vt ¶[VP6A,15B] ·@ (up), ´support; give (greatly
needed, often undeserved) support to, eÔg a cause, theory, etc, that would
otherwise fail.¼
¨bolt©1 ²/bE8lt/ ³n ¸1 ´metal fastening for a door or window, consisting of a
sliding pin or rod and a staple into which it fits. ¸2 ´metal pin with a head
at one end and a thread (as on a screw) at the other, used with a nut for
holding things together. ¸3 ´(old use) short heavy arrow shot from a cross-bow.
·shoot one's (last) @, ´make one's last effort. ¸4 ´discharge of lightning. µ¥
blue±2µ(2)´; µ¥ ³thunder@ ´at µthunder(1). ¸5 ´(as a measure of cloth, canvas,
etc) roll (as it comes from the loom). ¹ ³vt,vi ¶[VP6A,15B,2A] ´fasten with a @
@(µ1´): ³@ the doors and windows; @ sb in´, shut him in by @ing the door(s); ³@
sb out´, keep him out by @ing the door(s). ³The door @s on the inside.¼
¨bolt©2 ²/bE8lt/ ³vi,vt ¸1 ¶[VP2A,2C] ´run away quickly; (esp of a horse) run
off out of control: ³As soon as I came downstairs the burglar @ed through the
back door. ¸2 ¶[VP6A] ´swallow (food) quickly: ³We @ed a few mouthfuls of food
and hurried on. ¸3 ¶[VP2A] ´(of plants) grow quickly upwards and go to seed. ¹
³n ´act of running away. ·make a @ for it, ´run off quickly (usu to escape
from sth). ¸Ú@-hole ³n ´hole or burrow into which to @ for safety.¼
¨bolt©3 ²/bE8lt/ ³vt ¶[VP2A] ´sift (flour).¼
¨bolt©4 ²/bE8lt/ ³adv ·@ upright, ´(of sb's posture) quite upright.¼
¨bomb© ²/bom/ ³n ´hollow metal ball or shell filled either with explosive for
causing destruction or with smoke, gas, or incendiary material, eÔg dropped
from aircraft; (old use) hand-grenade. ·go like a @, ´(sl) be very efficient,
successful, etc: ³My new car goes like a @. ¸Ú@ bay ³n ´compartment (in an
aircraft) for holding @s. ¸Ú@-disposal squad, ´squad for removing unexploded
@s and making them harmless. ¸Ú@-proof ³adj ´giving protection against
exploding @s: ³a @-proof shelter. ¸Ú@®shell ³n ´(fig) sth that comes as a
great surprise and shock. ¸Ú@-sight ³n ´device (in an aircraft) for aiming @s.
¸Ú@-site ³n ´area (in a town) devastated by @s: ³a car park on a @-site. ¹
³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A,15B] ´attack with @s; drop @s on. ·@ out, ´drive out (of
buildings, etc) with @s: ³@ed out families/factories. ¸2 ¶[VP15B,2C] ·@ up,
´load (an aircraft) with @s. ¸@er ²/ÚbomE(r)/ ³n ´aircraft used for @ing, µ¥
´illus at µaircraft´; soldier trained in @ing.¼
¨bom®bard© ²/bomÚbqd/ ³vt ¶[VP6A,14] ·@ with, ´attack with shells from big
guns; (fig) worry with questions, requests, complaints, etc; (nuclear physics)
send a stream of high-speed particles against (an atom, etc). ¸@®ment ³n ´@ing
or being @ed: ³after a long @ment.¼
¨bom®bar®dier© ²/*bombEÚdIE(r)/ ³n ´(in an artillery regiment) non-commissioned
officer below a sergeant.¼
¨bom®bast© ²/Úbombast/ ³n ¶[U] ´insincere, high-sounding talk. ¸bom®bas®tic
²/bomÚbastIk/ ³adj ´(of a person, his talk, behaviour) promising much but not
likely to do much; using fine high-sounding words. ¸bom®bas®ti®cally ²/-klI/
³adv¼
¨bona fide© ²/*bE8nE ÚfñIdI/ ³adj, adv ´(Lat) genuine(ly); sincere(ly); in good
faith; (comm): ³a @ buyer. ¸bona fides ²/*bE8nE ÚfñIdIz/ ³n pl ´(legal) honest
intention; sincerity.¼
¨bon®anza© ²/bEÚnanzE/ ³n ¶[C] ³(pl µ@s³) ´(US) sth, eÔg a
gold-mine, an oil-well, that is prospering greatly; (attrib) bringing good luck
and prosperity: ³a @ year.¼
¨bon®bon© ²/Úbonbon/ ³n ´sweet; sth made of sugar in a fancy shape, etc.¼
¨bond© ²/bond/ ³n ¸1 ´agreement or engagement that a person is bound to
observe, esp one that has force in law; document, signed and sealed, containing
such an agreement. ·enter into a @ with sb, ´agree to make a @ with sb. ·His
word is as good as his @, ´He is so honest that his spoken promise is as
reliable as a written agreement. ¸2 ´printed paper issued by a government or a
corporation acknowledging that money has been lent to it and will be paid back
with interest. ¸Ú@-holder ³n ´person holding @s. ¸3 ´sth that joins or unites
(usu fig): ³the @(s) of affection. Common tastes form a @ between the two men´,
They are friends because they are interested in the same things. ¸4 ´the state
of being joined: ³Press the surfaces together to ensure a good, firm @. ¸5
³(pl) ´prisoner's chains: ³in @s´, held as a prisoner or as a slave; ³burst
one's @s´, win freedom. ¸6 ´(comm) ·in @, ´(of goods) in a Customs warehouse
(until duties are paid). ³place goods in/take goods out of @. ¹ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ¸1
´put (goods) into a Customs warehouse. ·@ed goods, ´imported and placed in @
until duty is paid. ·a @ed warehouse, ´one in which goods are stored until
duties are paid. ¸2 ´join securely (with glue, etc).¼
¨bond-© ²/bond-/ ³pref ´in slavery, not free: ·Ú³@man, ·Ú³bonds-man ²/-mEn/³;
·Ú³@maid; ·Ú³@servant; ·Ú³@-slave.¼
¨bond®age© ²/ÚbondIdZ/ ³n ¶[U] ´slavery, servitude: ³in hopeless @ to his
master.¼
¨bone© ²/bE8n/ ³n ¸1 ¶[C] ´one of the parts that make up the framework (iÔe
skeleton) of an animal's body. µ¥ ´the illus at µskeleton. ³This fish has a lot
of @s in it. No @s broken, I hope´, I hope you have not hurt yourself. ·@ of
contention, ´subject of dispute. ·feel in one's @s that, ´feel certain that.
·have a Ú@ to pick with sb, ´have sth to argue or complain about. ·make no @s
about (doing) sth, ´not hesitate about it, do it without scruple: ³They
dismissed him and made no @s about it. ·(frozen) to the @, ´completely, in a
penetrating way. ·will not make old @s, ´will not live long. ¸2 ¶[U] ´hard
substance of which @s are made: ³Buttons are sometimes made of @. He's all skin
and @´, is very thin. ¸3 ³(pl, ´old use³) ´castanets; dice. ¸4 ´(compounds). ¸*@
Údry ³adj ´quite dry. ¸Ú@-head ³n ´(sl) stupid person. ¸*@-Úidle/-Úlazy ³adj
´completely idle. ¸Ú@®meal ³n ´fertilizer of crushed and powdered @s.
¸Ú@-setter ³n ´person who sets broken @s. ¸Ú@®shaker ³n ´(colloq) old bicycle
without rubber tyres; old, shaky bus, car or cart. ¸*big-/*strong-Ú@d ³adj
´having big/strong @s. ¹ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ¸1 ´take @s out of (a chicken, a piece of
meat, etc). ¸2 ´(old use) put @s into (eÔg a corset). ¸3 ´(sl) steal. ¸4 ·@ up
on ´(a subject), (sl) study hard.¼
¨boner© ²/ÚbE8nE(r)/ ³n ´(US sl) blunder.¼
¨bon®fire© ²/ÚbonfñIE(r)/ ³n ´large fire made outdoors either to celebrate some
event or to burn up dead leaves, rubbish, etc: ³make a @ of, ´get rid of.¼
¨bongo© ²/ÚboGgE8/ ³n (pl µ@s³) ¸Ú@ (drum), ´small drum played with the hands,
usu one of a pair. µ¥ illus at µpercussion.¼
¨bon®homie© ²/ÚbonEmI/ ³n ¶[U] ´(F) bluff, hearty pleasantness of manner.¼
¨bo®nito© ²/bEÚnitE8/ ³n ´large kinds of tunny of the Atlantic Ocean, esp the
striped tunny.¼
¨bon®kers© ²/ÚboGkEz/ ³pred adj ·(stark, raving) @, ´(sl) raving mad;
completely insane.¼
¨bon mot© ²/*bon ÚmE8/ ³n (pl µbons mots ²/ÚmE8z/³) ´witty saying or remark.¼
¨bon®net© ²/ÚbonIt/ ³n ¸1 ´small, round head-dress without a hard
brim, usu tied under the chin. ¸2 ´soft, flat cap worn by men in Scotland and
by soldiers in some regiments. ¸3 ´protective cover of various sorts, eÔg over
a chimney, or (US = ³hood´) over the engine of a motor-car. µ¥ ´the illus at
µmotor.¼
¨bonny© ²/ÚbonI/ ³adj ´(Scot) ¸1 ´attractive, fine. ¸2 ´healthy looking; with a
glow of health: ³a @ baby; her @ face. ¸bon®nily ³adj¼
¨bo®nus© ²/ÚbE8nEs/ ³n (pl µ@es³) ´payment in addition to what is usual,
necessary or expected, eÔg an extra dividend to stockholders of a business
company; (insurance) a share of profits to policy-holders, or an extra payment
to workers: ³cost-of-living @´, addition to wages or salaries because of rising
prices. ¸no claims @, ´percentage reduction in an insurance premium (for a
motor vehicle) if claims are not made.¼
¨bony© ²/ÚbE8nI/ ³adj µ(-ier, -iest) ¸1 ´full of bones: ³a @ fish´, eÔg a
herring. ¸2 ´having big or prominent bones: ³a tall, @ man. ¸3 ´with little
flesh: ³@ fingers.¼
¨boo© ²/bu/, ±bo, boh ²/bE8/ ³int ´sound made to show disapproval or
contempt; exclamation used to surprise or startle: ³He can't say boo to a
goose´, is timid. ¹ ³vt,vi ¶[VP6A,15B,2A] ´make such sounds: ³The speaker was
booed off the platform. The crowd booed and hooted.¼
¨boob©1 ²/bub/ ³n ¸1 ´= µbooby. ¸2 ´(colloq) silly mistake. ¹ ³vi ´(colloq)
make a silly mistake.¼
¨boob©2 ²/bub/ ³n ´(sl) woman's breast.¼
¨booby© ²/ÚbubI/ ³n ´silly or stupid person. ¸Ú@ prize ³n ´prize given as a
joke to the person who is last in a race or competition. ¸Ú@-trap ³n ´sth
balanced on the top of a door so that it will fall on the first person to pass
through; (mil) apparently harmless object that will kill or injure sb when
picked up or interfered with.¼
¨boogie© ²/ÚbugI ³US: ²Úb8gI/, ±boogie-woogie ²/*bugI ÚwugI ³US: ²-w8gI/ ³n
¶[C,U] ´(instance of) highly rhythmic variety of blues±2µ(6).¼
¨book©1 ²/b8k/ ³n ¸1 ´number of sheets of paper, either printed or blank,
fastened together in a cover; literary composition that would fill such a set
of sheets: ³write a @. ¸2 the B@, ´the Bible: ³swear on the B@´, take an oath.
¸3 ´main division of a large treatise or poem or the Bible: ³the B@ of
Genesis. ¸4 ´packet of similar items fastened together, eÔg postage stamps,
bus tickets, matches. ¸5 ´record of bets. µ¥ @maker ´in µ8 ´below. ·make/keep
a @ (on), ´take bets, etc. ·not suit one's @, ´not be convenient. ¸6 ³(pl)
´business accounts, records, etc: ³The firm has full order @s, ´orders for
goods. ·be in sb's good/bad/black @s, ´have/not have his favour or approval.
·bring sb to @ (for sth), ´require him to explain his conduct. ¸7 ´libretto
(of an opera). ¸8 ´(compounds): ¸Ú@®case ³n ´piece of furniture with shelves
for @s. ¸Ú@®club ³n ´organization that sells @s at a discount to members who
agree to buy a minimum number. ¸Ú@-ends ³n pl ´pair of props used to keep @s
upright, eÔg on a table. ¸Ú@®keeper ³n ´person who keeps accounts, eÔg of a
business, public office. ¸Ú@®keep®ing ³n ´(art of) keeping (business)
accounts. ¸Ú@®maker ³n ´person whose business is taking bets on horse-races.
¸Ú@®mark(er) ³n ´sth placed between the pages of a @ to mark the place.
¸Ú@®mobile ²/-mE8bil/ ³n ´(US) truck equipped as a mobile @ store or lending
library. ¸Ú@®seller ³n ´person who sells @s retail. ¸Ú@®stall ³n ´stall,
kiosk, etc at which @s, newspapers, etc are shown for sale outdoors, in a
railway station, a hotel lobby, etc (US = ³newsstand´). ¸Ú@ token ³n µ¥ token.
¸Ú@®worm ³n ´small maggot that eats holes in @s; (fig) person who is very fond
of reading @s.¼
¨book©2 ²/b8k/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ¸1 ´write down (orders, etc) in a notebook; (of the
police) record a charge against (sb): ³be @ed for exceeding the speed limit. ¸2
´give or receive an order for, eÔg seats at a theatre, tickets for a journey;
engage (sb) as a speaker, entertainer, etc: ³Seats (for the theatre) can be @ed
from 10aÔm to 6pÔm. Have you @ed your passage to New York, ´arranged for a
cabin? ³Can I @ (a ticket) through to Naples? ·(fully) @ed up, ´(of a
restaurant, theatre, etc) no more tables, seats, available; (of a lecturer,
singer, etc) unable to accept further engagements. ¸Ú@®ing clerk ³n ´person who
sells tickets, eÔg at a railway station. ¸Ú@®ing office ³n ´office for the sale
of tickets (for travel). ¸Ú@®able ²/-Ebl/ ³adj ´(of seats, etc) that can be
reserved: ³all seats @able in advance.¼
¨bookie© ²/Úb8kI/ ³n ´(colloq) bookmaker. µ¥ book±1µ(8).¼
¨book®ish© ²/Úb8kI2/ ³adj ´of books and studies: ³a @ person, ´one who gives
much time to reading; ³@ expressions´, found in books but not colloquial; ³a @
style´, literary, not colloquial. ¸@®ness ³n¼
¨book®let© ²/Úb8klIt/ ³n ´thin book, usu in paper covers.¼
¨boom©1 ²/bum/ ³n ¸1 ´long spar used to keep the bottom of a sail stretched
out. µ¥ ´the illus at µbarque. ¸2 ¸derrick @, ´pole fastened to a derrick, used
for (un)loading cargo. ¸3 ´heavy chain, mass of floating logs, etc held in
position across a river or harbour entrance, eÔg as a defence in time of war,
or to prevent logs from floating away. ¸4 ´long, movable arm for a microphone.¼
¨boom©2 ²/bum/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP2A,C] ´(of big guns, the wind, an organ) make
deep, hollow, or resonant sounds. ¸2 ·@ out, ¶[VP15B] ´utter in a deep voice:
³@ing out Shakespearian verses. ¹ n ´deep, hollow sound: ³the @ of the
guns/surf; a sonic @.¼
¨boom©3 ²/bum/ ³n ¶[C] ´sudden increase in trade activity, esp a
time when money is being made quickly. µ¥ slump. ¸Ú@ town ³n ´town showing
sudden growth and prosperity. ¹ ³vi ¶[VP2A,C] ´have a @; become well known and
successful: ³Business is @ing. Jones is @ing as a novelist´, becoming famous.¼
¨boom®er®ang© ²/ÚbumEraG/ ³n ´curved stick of hard wood (used by Australian
Aborigines), which can be thrown so that, if it fails to hit anything, it
returns to the thrower; (fig) argument or proposal that comes back and harms
its author.¼
¨boon©1 ²/bun/ ³n ¸1 ´(liter) request; favour: ³ask a @ of sb; grant a @. ¸2
´advantage; blessing, comfort: ³Parks are a great @ to people in big cities. A
vacuum cleaner is a tremendous @ to busy housewives.¼
¨boon©2 ²/bun/ ³adj ´(only in) ¸@ companion, ´jolly, congenial, companion.¼
¨boor© ²/b8E(r)/ ³n ´rough, ill-mannered person. ¸@®ish ²/-I2/ ³adj ´of or like
a @. ¸@®ish®ly ³adv ¸@®ish®ness ³n¼
¨boost© ²/bust/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´give (sb or sth) a push up; increase
the value, reputation, etc of (sb or sth): ³Seeing him there @ed my morale. ¹
³n ¶[C] ´act of @ing; being @ed. ¸@er ³n ¸1 ´thing that @s: ³His work got a
welcome @. ¸Ú@er rocket ³n ´rocket used to give initial speed to a missile,
after which it drops and leaves the missile to continue under its own power. ¸2
¸Ú@ (injection) ´supplementary dose of vaccine to strengthen the effect of an
earlier dose; extra dose of morphine, etc (by drug addicts).¼
¨boot©1 ²/but/ ³n ¸1 ´outer covering for the foot and ankle, made of leather or
rubber. µ¥ shoe. ¸high @s, ´reaching to the knee. ·die with one's @s on; die in
one's @s, ´not in bed; die while still working, etc. ·get the @, ´(sl) be
dismissed, be kicked out. ·give sb the @, ´(sl) dismiss him from his job. ·lick
sb's @s, ´behave in a servile way. ·put the @ in, ´(sl) kick sb, eÔg in a
brawl; (fig) be ruthless. ¸Ú@®lace ³n ´string or leather strip for @s. ¸2 ´(GB)
place for luggage in a coach or at the back of a motor-car (US =³trunk´). ¹ ³vt
¶[VP6A,15A,B] ´kick. ·@ sb/sth out (of), ´(sl) get rid of (from); dismiss,
expel (from): ³He was @ed out of the house. ¸@ed ³adj ´wearing @s: ³@ed and
spurred´, ready for a journey.¼
¨boot©2 ²/but/ ³n ´(only in) ·to @, ´(facet) as well, in addition.¼
¨boot©3 ²/but/ ³vt ´(old use, usu with ³it´): ³What @s it to«, that«, ´what
use is it to«, that«? ·It little @s to; It @s not to, ´It is of little/no
avail to.¼
¨bootee© ²/buÚti/ ³n ¶[C] ³(pl µ@s³) ´infant's knitted wool boot; kind of
warmly lined boot for women.¼
¨booth© ²/buD ³US: ²buT/ ³n ¸1 ´shelter of boards, canvas or other
light materials, esp one where goods are sold at a market or a fair. ¸2
´enclosure for a public telephone. µ¥ kiosk. ¸3 Úpolling @, ´place for voting
at elections. ¸Úlistening @, ´(in a shop) enclosure where customers may listen
to records.¼
¨boot®leg© ²/Úbutleg/ ³vt ´make, transport or sell illicit alcoholic drinks:
(attrib) ³@ liquor. ¸@®ger ²/-legE(r)/ ³n ´person who does this (as during the
years when there was a prohibition on alcoholic drink in US).¼
¨boot®less© ²/ÚbutlIs/ ³adj ´(liter) useless; unavailing.¼
¨booty© ²/ÚbutI/ ³n ¶[U] ´things taken by robbers or captured from the enemy in
war (and usu to be divided among those who take them).¼
¨booze© ²/buz/ ³vi ¶[VP2A,C] ·@ (up), ´(colloq) drink alcoholic liquor, esp in
excess. Hence, ¸Ú@-up, ³n ¶[C] ´occasion of heavy drinking: ³go on/have a @-up.
¹ n ¶[U] ´(colloq) alcoholic drink. ·go/be on the @, ´start/be in a period of
heavy drinking. ¸@r ³n ´one who @s; (sl) pub. ¸boozy ³adj¼
¨bo®peep© ²/*bE8Úpip/ ³n ¶[U] ´game of hiding and suddenly showing oneself to
a baby.¼
¨bor®acic© ²/bEÚrasIk/ ³adj ´of borax: ³@ acid, ´boric acid, µ¥ boric.¼
¨bor®age© ²/ÚborIdZ ³US: ²ÚbcrIdZ/ ³n ¶[U] ´blue-flowered, hairy-leaved plant
of which the leaves are used as a seasoning.¼
¨borax© ²/Úbcraks/ ³n ´white powder used to make porcelain enamels, in glass
manufacture and other industries, and for cleaning.¼
¨Bor®deaux© ²/bcÚdE8/ ³n ¶[U] ´(F) (often attrib) wine from the @ area of
France; claret.¼
¨bor®der© ²/ÚbcdE(r)/ ³n ¸1 ´edge; part near the edge of sth: ³We camped on
the @ of a lake. A woman's handkerchief may have a lace @. There is a @ of
flowers round the lawn. ¸2 ´(land near the) line dividing two states or
countries: ³The criminal escaped over the @. ´(attrib): ³a @ town; @
incidents, ´eÔg small fights between armed forces of two neighbouring states.
¸the B@, ´(esp) that between England and Scotland. ¸Ú@®land ²/-land/ ³n ¸(a)
´district on either side of a @ or boundary. ¸(b) ´(³sing ´with ³def art´, and
attrib) condition between: ³the @land between sleeping and waking. ¸Ú@®line ³n
´line that marks a @. ¸@line case ³n ´one that is dubious, eÔg sb who may or
may not pass an examination. ¹ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A] ´put or be a @ to: ³Our garden
is @ed by a stream. ¸2 ¶[VP3A] ·@ on/upon, ´be next to: ³My land @s (up)on
yours. The park @s on the shores of the lake. ¸3 ·@ on/upon, ¶[VP3A] ´resemble;
be almost the same as: ³The proposal @s upon the absurd. ¸@er ³n ´person living
on or near a frontier, esp that between England and Scotland.¼
¨bore©1 ²/bc(r)/ ³vt,vi ¶[VP6A,14,15] ´make a narrow, round deep hole in sth
with a revolving tool; make (a hole, one's way) by doing this or by digging
out soil, etc: ³@ a hole in wood; @ a well; @ a tunnel through a mountain;
animals ´(eÔg moles) ³that @ their way under the ground. ¹ ³n ¸1 ´(also
¸Ú@-hole´) hole made by boring, eÔg to find water. ¸2 ´hollow inside of a gun
barrel; its diameter. ¸borer ³n ´(kind of) insect that @s.¼
¨bore©2 ²/bc(r)/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´make (sb) feel tired by being dull or tedious: ³I
hope you're not getting @d listening to me. I've heard all that man's stories
before; they @ me/he @s me. ·@ sb to death/tears, ´@ him intensely. ¹ ³n ¶[C]
´person or thing that @s. ¸bor®ing ³adj´: ³a boring evening. ¸@®dom ²/-dEm/ ³n
¶[U] ´state of being @d.¼
¨bore©3 ²/bc(r)/ ³n ¶[C] ´high tidal wave, often many feet high, that advances
up a narrow estuary.¼
¨bore©4 ²/bc(r)/ ³pt ´of µbear.¼
¨boric© ²/ÚbcrIk/ ³adj ¸@ acid, ´used as an antiseptic and a
preservative.¼
¨born© ²/bcn/ ³pp, ´one of the ³pp's ´of µbear. ¸1 ·be @, ´come into the world
by birth. ·@ with a silver spoon in one's mouth, µ¥ silver(1). ¸2 ´(with a
complement) destined to be: ³He was @ a poet. He was @ to be hanged. ¸3
´(attrib) by natural ability: ³a @ orator.¼
¨borne© ²/bcn/ ³pp ´of µbear ´(except of birth). µ¥ bear±2µ(10,13).¼
¨boron© ²/Úbcron/ ³n ¶[U] ´non-metallic element (symbol ¸B´).¼
¨bor®ough© ²/ÚbArE ³US: ²-rE8/ ³n ¸1 ´(England) town, or part of a town, that
sends one or more members to Parliament; town with a municipal corporation and
rights of self-government conferred by royal charter. ¸2 ´(US) any one of the
five administrative units of New York City.¼
¨bor®row© ²/ÚborE8/ ³vt ¶[VP6A,14] ·@ (from), ¸1 ´get sth, or the use of sth,
on the understanding that it is to be returned: ³May I @ your pen? Don't @
books from meÅ@ them from the library! He fell into the river and had to go
home in @ed clothes. Some people are good at @ing but bad at giving back. µ¥
lend. ¸2 ´take and use as one's own: ³@ sb's ideas/methods. ¸@er ³n ´person who
@s.¼
¨borsch© ²/bc2/ ´(US = ¸borscht ²/bc2t/´) ³n ¶[U] ´(kinds of) Eastern European
soup, esp of beetroot.¼
¨bor®stal© ²/Úbcstl/ ³n ¸@ (institution), ´place where young offenders live and
receive training designed to reform them.¼
¨bortsch© ²/bct2/ ³n ´= µborsch.¼
¨bor®zoi© ²/ÚbczãI/ ³n ´Russian wolf-hound.¼
¨bosh© ²/bo2/ ³n, int ´nonsense.¼
¨bosky© ²/ÚboskI/ ³adj ´(liter) (of land) covered with trees and bushes.¼
¨bo'sn© ²/ÚbE8sn/ ³n µ¥ boatswain.¼
¨bosom© ²/Úb8zEm/ ³n ¶[C] ¸1 ´(old use) person's chest; woman's breasts; part
of dress covering these. ¸2 ´centre or inmost part, where one feels joy or
sorrow; (attrib) ·a @ friend, ´one who is dear and close. ¸3 ´midst: ³in the @
of one's family.¼
¨boss©1 ²/bos/ ³n ¶[C] ´(colloq) superior; person who controls or gives orders
to workers: ³Who's the @ in this house, ´Is the husband or the wife in control?
¹ ³vt ¶[VP6A,15B] ´be the @ of; give orders to: ³He wants to @ the show, ´to
make all the arrangements. ·@ sb about/around, ´order sb here and there. ¸@y
³adj µ(-ier, -iest) ´fond of @ing, fond of giving orders.¼
¨boss©2 ²/bos/ ³n ´round metal knob or stud on a shield or as an ornament.¼
¨boss©3 ²/bos/ ³n ´(sl) (also ¸Ú@ shot´) bad shot or guess; bungle; ³make a @
shot at sth; make a @ of sth. ¸Ú@-eyed ³adj ´(sl) blind in one eye;
cross-eyed.¼
¨bo'sun© ²/ÚbE8sn/ ³n µ¥ boatswain.¼
¨bot®any© ²/ÚbotEnI/ ³n ¶[U] ´science of the structure of plants. ¸bot®an®ical
²/bEÚtanIkl/ ³adj ´of @. ¸botanical gardens, ´park where plants and trees are
grown for scientific study. ¸bot®an®ist ²/ÚbotEnIst/ ³n ´student of or expert
in @. ¸bot®an®ize ²/ÚbotEnñIz/ ³vi ´go out studying and collecting wild
plants.¼
¨botch© ²/bot2/ ³vt ¶[VP6A,15B] ·@ sth (up), ´repair badly; spoil by poor,
clumsy work: ³a @ed piece of work. ¹ n ´piece of clumsy, badly done work; ³make
a @ of sth; ´clumsy patch ±1µ(1) ¸@er ³n ´person who @es work.¼
¨both©1 ²/bE8T/ ³adj ´(of two things, persons, etc) the two; the
one and also the other; ³(both ´precedes the ³def art, ´demonstrative ³adjj,
´possessives, and other ³adjj)´: ³I want @ books/the books/these books. I saw
him on @ occasions. Hold it in @ (your) hands. B@ his younger brothers are in
the army. You can't have it @ ways, ´must decide on one or the other. ´Cf ³both
´and ³neither´: ³B@ these books are useful. Neither of these books is useful.
´Cf ³both ´and ³each´: ³There are shops on @ sides of the street. There is a
butcher's shop on each side of the street.¼
¨both©2 ²/bE8T/ ³adv ·@« and, ´not only« but also: ³Queen Anne is @ dead and
buried. He is remarkable for @ his intelligence and his skill. He is @ a
soldier and a poet.¼
¨both©3 ²/bE8T/ ³pron ¸1 ´the two; not only the one but also the other: ³B@ are
good. B@ of them are good. ´Cf ³both ´and ³neither´: ³B@ of us want to go.
Neither of us wants to go. ¸2 ´(used in apposition, in the same way as ³each
´and ³all´): ³We @ want to go. They are @ useful. Take them @. You must @ work
harder.¼
¨bother© ²/ÚboDE(r)/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A,14,16A,3A] ´be or cause trouble to;
worry: ³Tell the children to stop @ing their father. Don't @ me with foolish
questions. That man is always @ing me to lend him money. ·@ (oneself/one's
head) (about), ´be/feel anxious about: ³It's not important; don't @ your head
about it. We needn't @ (about) when it happened. ¸2 ¶[VP3A,4C,2A] ·@ (about),
´take trouble: ³Don't @ about getting/@ to get dinner for me today; I'll eat
out. ¸3 ´(used as an exclamation of impatience or annoyance): ³Oh, @ (it)! B@
the flies! Oh, @ you! ¹ n ¸1 ¶[U] ´worry, trouble: ³Did you have much @ (in)
finding the house? It will be no @ (to me), ´won't involve much work or
inconvenience. ³We had quite a lot of @ (in) getting here because of the fog.
Don't put yourself to any @, ´inconvenience yourself. ¸2 ´(with ³indef art´)
sb or sth that gives trouble: ³His lazy son is quite a @ to him. This drawer
won't shut; isn't it a @! ¸@®ation ²/*boDEÚreI2n/ ³int ´What a nuisance!
¸Ú@®some ²/-sEm/ ³adj ´causing @; troublesome or annoying.¼
¨bottle© ²/Úbotl/ ³n ´container, usu made of glass and with a narrow neck, for
milk, beer, wine, medicine, ink, etc; the contents of a @: ³Mary drinks two @s
of milk a day. ¸Ú@-fed; ·brought up on the @, ´(of a child) given milk from a
feeding @, not fed from its mother's breast. ·too fond of the @, ´of alcoholic
drinks. ¸*@-Úgreen ³adj ´dark green. ¸Ú@-neck ³n ¸(a) ´narrow strip of road,
between two wide parts, where traffic is slowed down or held up. ¸(b) ´that
part of a manufacturing process, etc, where production is slowed down (eÔg by
shortage of materials) ¹ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´put into, store in, @s: ³@ fruit. ·@ up,
¶[VP15B] ´(fig) hold in, keep under control, eÔg anger.¼
¨bot®tom© ²/ÚbotEm/ ³n ¸1 ´lowest part of anything, inside or
outside: ³There are some tea-leaves in the @ of the cup. He fell to the @ of
the well. We were glad to reach the @ ´(= foot) ³of the mountain. Notes are
sometimes printed at the @ ´(= foot) ³of the page. ¸2 ´part farthest from the
front or more important part: ³at the @ of the garden; ´less honourable end of
a table, class, etc: ³The poor relations were seated at the @ of the long
table. ¸3 ´bed of the sea, a lake, river, etc: ³The ship went to the @, ´sank.
³The lake is deep and a swimmer cannot touch @, ´touch the bed of the lake with
his toes. ¸4 ´seat (of a chair); part of the body on which a person sits;
buttocks: ³This chair needs a new @. She smacked the child's @. ¸5 ´horizontal
part of a ship near the keel: ³The ship was found floating @ upwards. ¸6
´foundation: ³We must get to the @ of this mystery´, find out how it began.
³Who's at the @ of this business´, Who's responsible? ¸7 ´(fig uses): ³The @
has fallen out of the market´, Trade has fallen to a very low level. ·at @,
´in essential character: ³He's a good fellow at @. ·from the @ of my heart,
´genuinely, deeply. ·knock the @ out of (an argument, etc,) ´prove that it is
worthless. ¸8 ´(attrib) lowest, last: ³Put the book on the @ shelf. What's your
@ price? Who's the @ boy of the class? µ¥ ´also µgear(1), rock±1µ(6). ³¹ vi ·@
out, ´(economics) reach a low level and remain there: ³The value of our oil
shares on the Stock Market has now @ed out, ´iÔe from now on can only rise, not
fall further. ¸@®less ³adj ´very deep: ³a @less pit.¼
¨botu®lism© ²/Úbotj8lIzEm/ ³n ¶[U] ´type of food poisoning.¼
¨bou®doir© ²/Úbudwq(r)/ ³n ´woman's private sitting-room or dressing-room.¼
¨bou®gain®vil®lea© ²/*bugEnÚvIlIE/ ³n ´tropical climbing shrub with tiny
flowers surrounded by red, purple, etc bracts.¼
¨bough© ²/bñ8/ ³n ´large branch coming from the trunk of a tree. µ¥
´the illus at µtree.¼
¨bought© ²/bct/ ³pt,pp ´of µbuy.¼
¨bouil®lon© ²/Úbujon/ ³n ¶[U] ´(F) clear thin soup or broth. µ¥ stock±1µ(9)´.¼
¨boul®der© ²/ÚbE8ldE(r)/ ³n ´large piece of rock, large stone, esp one that has
been rounded by water or weather.¼
¨boul®evard© ²/ÚbulEvqd ³US: ²Úb8l-/ ³n ´(F) ´wide city street, often with
trees on each side.¼
¨bounce© ²/Úbñ8ns/ ³vi,vt ¸1 ¶[VP2A,6A] ´(of a ball, etc) (cause to) spring or
jump back when sent against sth hard: ³A rubber ball @s well. The ball @ed over
the wall. She was bouncing a ball. ·@ back, ¶[VP2C] ´(fig) recover jauntily
from a setback. ¸2 ¶[VP2C,6A] ´(cause to) move up and down violently or
noisily; rush noisily or speedily: ³The boy was bouncing (up and down) on the
bed. He @d into/out of the room. She @d out of her chair. The old car @d
along the bad roads. ¸3 ¶[VP2A] ´(colloq) (of a cheque) be returned by a bank
as worthless: ³Don't worryÅmy cheque won't @. ¹ ³n ¸1 ¶[C] ´(of a ball)
bouncing: ³catch the ball on the @. ¸2 ¶[U] ´(of a person) liveliness.
¸bounc®ing ³adj ´(colloq) (of a person) strong and healthy.¼
¨bound©1 ²/bñ8nd/ ³n ´(usu ³pl´) limit: ³It is beyond the @s of human
knowledge´, Man can know nothing about it. ³There are no @s to his ambition.
Please keep within the @s of reason´, do not say foolish things, attempt
impracticable things. ³He sets no @s to his desires. Is it within the @s of
probability? ·out of @s, ´outside the limits of areas that one is allowed to
enter: ³Most of the bars had been placed out of @s to troops. ´(US = ³off
limits´).¼
¨bound©2 ²/bñ8nd/ ³vt ¶[VP6A´, usu passive¶] ´limit (lit, fig); set bounds to;
be the boundary of: ³England is @ed on the north by Scotland.¼
¨bound©3 ²/bñ8nd/ ³vt ¶[VP2A,C,4A] ´jump, spring, bounce; move or
run in jumping movements: ³The ball struck the wall and @ed back to me. His
heart @ed with joy. His dog came @ing to meet him. Big rocks were @ing down
the hillside. ¹ ³n ´jumping movement upward or forward: ³at one @; hit a ball
on the @ (´or ³rebound ²/Úribñ8nd/´), after it has hit the ground and is in the
air again. ·by leaps and @s, ´(fig) very rapidly.¼
¨bound©4 ²/bñ8nd/ ³part adj ·@ (for), ´ready to start, having started, in the
direction of: ³Where are you @ (for)´, Where are you going to? ³The ship is @
for Finland. If a British ship is going away from Britain, she is outward @; if
she is returning to Britain, she is homeward @.¼
¨bound©5 ²/bñ8nd/ ³pp ´of µbind. ·@ to do sth, ¸(a) ´certain to: ³He hasn't got
any moneyÅso he's @ to turn up sooner or later. ¸(b) ´obliged to: ³I'm @ to
visit my grandmother every week. ·@ up in, ´much interested in, very busy with:
³He is @ up in his work. ·@ Úup with, ´closely connected with: ³The welfare of
the individual is @ up with the welfare of the community.¼
¨bound®ary© ²/Úbñ8ndrI/ ³n (pl µ-ries³) ¸1 ´line that marks a limit; dividing
line: ³This stream forms a @ between my land and his. A @ dispute is a quarrel
about where a @ is or ought to be. If something is beyond the @ of human
knowledge, man can know nothing about it. ¸2 ´(cricket) hit to or over the @,
scoring 4 or 6 runs.¼
¨boun®den© ²/Úbñ8ndEn/ ³adj ´(only in) ·my @ duty, ´(archaic) what my
conscience tells me I must do.¼
¨bounder© ²/Úbñ8ndE(r)/ ³n ´(GB dated colloq) untrustworthy,
ill-bred person.¼
¨bound®less© ²/Úbñ8ndlIs/ ³adj ´without limits: ³his @ generosity. ¸@®ly ³adv¼
¨boun®te®ous© ²/Úbñ8ntIEs/ ³adj ´(liter) generous; giving or given freely;
abundant: ³a @ harvest. ¸@®ly ³adv¼
¨boun®ti®ful© ²/Úbñ8ntIfl/ ³adj ´(liter) bounteous. ¸Ú@®ly ²/-fElI/ ³adv¼
¨bounty© ²/Úbñ8ntI/ ³n (pl µ-ties³) ¸1 ¶[U] ´(formal) freedom in giving;
generosity. ¸2 ¶[C] ´(formal) sth given out of kindness (esp to the poor). ¸3
¶[C] ´reward or payment offered (usu by a government) to encourage sb to do sth
(eÔg increase production of goods, kill dangerous wild animals).¼
¨bou®quet© ²/b8ÚkeI/ ³n ¸1 ´bunch of flowers (to be) carried in the hand. ¸2
´perfume of wine.¼
¨bour®bon© ²/Úb3bEn/ ³n ¶[U] ´kinds of whisky distilled (in the US) from maize
and rye.¼
¨bour®geois© ²/Úb8EZwq ³US: ²*b8ErÚZwq/ ³n, adj ´(person) of the
class that owns property or engages in trade; (pej) (person) concerned chiefly
with material prosperity and social status. ¸the @ie ²/*b8EZwqÚzi/ ³n ´persons
of this class, collectively.¼
¨bourn© ²/b8En/ ³n ´(old use) stream.¼
¨bourn(e)© ²/b8En/ ³n ´(old use) boundary; limit; goal.¼
¨bourse© ²/b8Es/ ³n ´foreign stock exchange (esp that of Paris). µ¥ stock
±1µ(5).¼
¨bout© ²/bñ8t/ ³n ¸1 ´period of exercise, work or other activity: ³a
·Ú³wrestling @; a @ of fighting; a ·Ú³drinking @. ¸2 ´fit (of illness): ³a @ of
influenza; bad coughing @s.¼
¨bou®tique© ²/buÚtik/ ³n ´small shop selling articles (clothes, cosmetics,
hats, etc) of the latest fashion.¼
¨bov®ine© ²/ÚbE8vñIn/ ³adj ´of, like, an ox: ³@ stupidity.¼
¨bov®ril© ²/ÚbovrIl/ ³n ¶[U] ´(P) meat extract used like beef tea.¼
¨bow©1 ²/bE8/ ³n ¸1 ´piece of wood curved by a tight string, used for shooting
arrows. µ¥ ´the illus at µarcher. ·have two strings to one's bow, ´have more
than one plan, more resources than one. ¸2 ´rod of wood with horse-hair
stretched from end to end, used for playing the violin, etc. µ¥ ´the illus at
µstring. ¸3 ´curve; rainbow. ¸4 ´knot made with a loop or loops; ribbon, etc,
tied in this way: ³Tie your shoelaces in a bow. She had a bow of pink ribbon in
her hair. ¸*bow Úlegged ³adj ´with the legs curved outwards at the knees;
bandy. ¸*bow Úlegs ³n pl ´such legs. ¸*bow Útie ³n ´necktie made into a bow.
¸Úbow®man ²/-mEn/ ³n (pl µ-men³) ´archer. ¹ ³vt ´use a bow on (a violin, etc).
¸bow®ing ³n´: ³The violinist's bowing is excellent.¼
¨bow©2 ²/bñ8/ ³vi,vt ¸1 ¶[VP2A,C,6A,3A] ´bend the head or body (as a sign of
respect or as a greeting, or in submission, or to indicate assent); bend (the
head or body): ³I raised my hat to her and she bowed in return. They bowed down
to the idol. They bowed their heads in prayer. He bowed before the shrine. He
bowed his thanks´, expressed his thanks by bowing. ¶[VP15B] ·bow sb in,
´receive a visitor with low bows. ¶[VP15B] ·bow sb out, ´bow low to sb as he
leaves. ·bow oneself out, ´bow as one goes out. ¶[VP2C,15A,B] ·bow (oneself)
out (of), ´dissociate, disengage: ³I'm bowing out of this schemeÅI think it's a
big mistake. ·bow to sb's opinion, etc, ´submit to it. ·have a bowing
acquaintance with, µ¥ acquaintance. ¸2 ¶[VP6A,15B, ´usu passive¶] ´bend: ³His
father is bowed with age. The branches were bowed down with the weight of the
snow. ¹ ³n ´bending of the head or body (in greeting, etc): ³He answered with a
low bow. He made his bow to the company and left the room.¼
¨bow©3 ²/bñ8/ ³n ¸1 ´(often ³pl´) front or forward end of a boat or
ship from where it begins to curve. ·on/off the (port, starboard) bow, ´said of
objects within 45Ä of the point right ahead. µ¥ ´the illus at µship. ¸2 ´(in a
rowing-boat) oarsman nearest the bow. µ¥ stroke.¼
¨Bow Bells© ²/*bE8 Úbelz/ ³n pl ´the bells of Bow Church, London. ·born within
the sound of @, ´(said of a true Cockney) born in the City of London.¼
¨bowd®ler®ize© ²/Úbñ8dlErñIz/ ³vt ´take out of (a book, etc) words, scenes, etc
that might be considered improper, unsuitable for young readers, etc.¼
¨bowel© ²/Úbñ8El/ ³n ¸1 ´(usu ³pl ´except in medical use and when attrib)
division of the food canal below the stomach; intestine: ³a @ complaint. Keep
your @s open´, don't become constipated. µ¥ ´the illus at µalimentary. ¸2
´(always ³pl´) innermost part: ³in the @s of the earth´, deep underground.¼
¨bower© ²/Úbñ8E(r)/ ³n ¸1 ´summer-house in a garden; shady place under trees or
climbing plants. ¸2 ´(liter) boudoir.¼
¨bowie knife© ²/ÚbE8I nñIf/ ³n ´long knife with a blade that is double-edged at
the point, used as a weapon.¼
¨bowl©1 ²/bE8l/ ³n ¸1 ´deep, round, hollow dish; contents of such a dish: ³She
ate three @s of rice´; (compounds): ·Ú³finger-@, ·Ú³salad-@, ·Ú³sugar-@. ¸2
´sth shaped like a @: ³the @ of a spoon. He filled the @ of his pipe´, put
tobacco into it. ³The electric light bulb is in an alabaster @. ¸3 ´(esp US)
amphitheatre (for open-air concerts, etc): ³The Hollywood B@.¼
¨bowl©2 ²/bE8l/ ³n ¸1 ´heavy, wooden or composition ball made so that it rolls
with a bias. ¸2 ³(pl) ´game played with these balls: ³have a game of @s; play
(at) @s.¼
¨bowl©3 ²/bE8l/ ³vi,vt ¸1 ¶[VP2A] ´play bowls. µ¥ bowl±2µ(2). ¸Ú@®ing-green ³n
´area of fine, smooth grass for playing bowls. ¸Ú@®ing alley ³n ´level area of
wood, used for skittles, ninepins and tenpins. ¸2 ¶[VP2A,6A] ´(cricket) send a
ball to the batsman: ³Smith @ed ten overs. µ¥ over±3µ. ·@ (out), ¶[VP6A,15B]
´dismiss (a batsman) by hitting the wicket or knocking the bails off: ³The
first two batsmen were @ed (out). ¸3 ·@ along, ¶[VP2C] ´go quickly and smoothly
on wheels: ³Our car @ed along over the smooth roads. ¸4 ·@ sb over, ¶[VP15B]
¸(a) ´knock down. ¸(b) ´make helpless, overcome: ³He was @ed over by the news.
Her impudence @ed me over´, left me speechless with surprise.¼
¨bowler©1 ²/ÚbE8lE(r)/ ³n ¸1 ´person who plays bowls±2µ(2)´. ¸2 ´person who
bowls in cricket.¼
¨bowler©2 ²/ÚbE8lE(r)/ ³n ´(also ¸*@ Úhat´) hard, rounded, usu black hat.¼
¨bow®line© ²/ÚbE8lIn/ ³n ´(also ¸Ú@ knot´) simple but secure knot
used by sailors, climbers, etc. µ¥ ´the illus at µknot.¼
¨bowls© ²/bE8lz/ ³n µ¥ bowl±2µ(2).¼
¨bow®man© ²/ÚbE8mEn/ ³n (pl µ-men³) ´archer. µ¥ bow±1µ(1).¼
¨bow®sprit© ²/ÚbE8sprIt/ ³n ´spar that extends from a ship's stem, to which
ropes that support sails, etc are fastened. µ¥ ´the illus at µbarque.¼
¨bow win®dow© ²/*bE8 ÚwIndE8/ ³n ´curved bay window. µ¥ ´the illus at µwindow.¼
¨bow-wow© ²/*bñ8 Úwñ8/ ³int ´imitation of a dog's bark. ¹ ³n ²/Úbñ8 wñ8/
´(young child's word for a) dog.¼
¨box©1 ²/boks/ ³n ¸1 ´container, usu with a lid, made of wood, cardboard,
plastic, metal, etc used for holding solids: ³a box of matches; a ·Ú³tool-box.
Pack the books in a wooden box. ¸Úbox-kite ³n ´kite made in the form of a box
(or two boxes) of light material. ¸Úbox-number ³n ´number used in a newspaper
advertisement as an address to which answers may be sent (and forwarded from
the newspaper office). ¸PÔÚO Box No ³n ´number used as part of an address to
which letters, etc may be directed. µ¥ ´also µcall-box, Christmas-box,
letter-box, money-box, pillar-box. ¸2 ´separate compartment, with seats for
several persons, in a theatre, concert hall, etc. ¸Úbox-office ³n ´office for
booking seats in a theatre, concert hall, etc: ³The play was a box-office
success, a financial success. ¸3 ´compartment in a law court for a special
purpose: ·Ú³jury-box, ·Ú³witness-box. ¸4 ´small hut or shelter, eÔg for a
sentry or railway signalman. ¸5 ´separate compartment in a stable or railway
truck for a horse. ¸6 ´raised seat for the driver of a carriageµ(1) ´or
coachµ(1)´. ¸box®ful ²/-f8l/ ³n ´full box±1µ(1) ´(³of ´sth). ¹ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´put
into a box. ·box sb/sth up, ¶[VP15B] ´shut up in a small space.¼
¨box©2 ²/boks/ ³vt,vi ¶[VP6A,2A,3A] ·box (with), ´fight (sb) with the fists,
usu with thick gloves, for sport: ³Do you box, ´Do you fight in this way? ·box
sb's ears, ´give him a blow with the open hand on the ear. ¸Úbox®ing-glove ³n
´padded glove (one of a pair) for use in boxing. ¸Úbox®ing-match ³n ´fight
between two boxers. ¹ ³n ´slap or blow with the open hand on the ear. ¸boxer
²/ÚboksE(r)/ ³n ¸1 ´person who boxes. ¸2 ´breed of dog (like a bulldog).
¸box®ing ³n ¶[U] ´organised sport of fist fighting.¼
¨box©3 ²/boks/ ³n ¶[U] ¸1 ´(kinds of) small, evergreen shrub, used in garden
borders. ¸2 ´(also ¸Úbox®wood´) wood of this shrub.¼
¨Box®ing Day© ²/ÚboksIG deI/ ³n ´first weekday after Christmas Day.¼
¨boy© ²/bãI/ ³n ¸1 ´male child up to the age of 17 or 18. ¸Úboy®friend,
´favoured male companion of a girl or young woman. ¸2 ´son (colloq, of any
age): ³He has two boys and one girl. ¸3 ³int ´(US sl) expressing enthusiasm,
relief, surprise, etc. ¸Úboy®hood ²/-h8d/ ³n ¶[U] ´time when one is/was a boy.
¸boy®ish ³adj ´of, for, like, a boy.¼
¨boy®cott© ²/ÚbãIkot/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´(join with others and) refuse to
have anything to do with, to trade with (a person, business firm, country,
etc); refuse to handle (goods, etc). ¹ ³n ´@ing; treatment of this kind: ³put
sb/his shop/goods under a @; put a @ on sb, etc.¼
¨bra© ²/brq/ ³n ´(colloq abbr of) brassi`ere.¼
¨brace©1 ²/breIs/ ³n ¸1 ´sth used to clasp, tighten or support, eÔg the roof or
walls of a building. ¸2 ´revolving tool for holding another tool, eÔg a ³bit
´for boring holes, driving in screws, etc. ¸3 ³(pl ´unchanged³) ´pair or couple
(of dogs, game-birds): ³five @ of partridge. ¸4 ³(pl) ´(US = ³suspenders´)
straps passing over the shoulders, fastened to the front and back of trousers
to keep them up. ¸5 ´(often ³pl´) appliance of bands and wires fastened to the
teeth to correct their alignment. ¸6 ´(printing) µ¥ bracket(2).¼
¨brace©2 ²/breIs/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A] ´support; give firmness to: ³The struts are
firmly @d. ¸2 ¶[VP6A,15B,16A] ·@ (up), ´steady oneself; stand firm: ³B@ up! He
@d himself to meet the blow. ¸3 ´(usu as ³part adj ´in ³-ing´) enliven;
stimulate: ³bracing air; a bracing climate.¼
¨brace®let© ²/ÚbreIslIt/ ³n ´ornamental band or chain for the wrist or arm.¼
¨bracken© ²/ÚbrakEn/ ³n ¶[U] ´large fern that grows on hillsides, waste land,
etc; mass of such fern.¼
¨bracket© ²/ÚbrakIt/ ³n ¸1 ´wood or metal support for a shelf; support on a
wall for a gas or electric lamp. ¸2 ´(printing, writing) any one of the paired
marks (Ô) (³round @s or ³parentheses´), ¶[ ] ³(square @s), ²[Ô] ³(braces),
´used for enclosing words, figures etc to indicate separation from what
precedes and follows. µ¥ App 9. ¸3 ´grouping; classification: ³income @´, eÔg
of incomes from $3Ô000 to $4Ô500; ³age @´, eÔg 20 to 30 years of age. ¹ ³vt
¶[VP6A,15B] ´put inside, join with, @s; put together to imply connection or
equality: ³Jones and Smith were @ed together at the top of the list.¼
¨brack®ish© ²/ÚbrakI2/ ³adj ´(of water) slightly salt; between salt and fresh
water.¼
¨bract© ²/brakt/ ³n ¶[C] ´(bot) leaf-like part of a plant, often highly
coloured, situated below a flower or cluster of flowers (as in bougainvillea,
poinsettia).¼
¨brad© ²/brad/ ³n ´thin, flat nail with no head or a very small head.¼
¨brad®awl© ²/Úbradcl/ ³n ´small tool for piercing holes for brads
or screws. µ¥ ´illus at µtool.¼
¨brae© ²/breI/ ³n ´(Scot) slope; hillside.¼
¨brag© ²/brag/ ³vi µ(-gg-) ·@ (of/about), ¶[VP2A,3A] ´boast: ³@ of what one has
done. ¸brag®ging ³n ¶[U] ¸brag®gart ²/ÚbragEt/ ³n ´person who @s.¼
¨Brah®min© ²/ÚbrqmIn/ ³n ´member of the highest Hindu priestly caste.¼
¨braid© ²/breId/ ³n ¸1 ¶[C] ´number of strands of hair woven together: ³She
wears her hair in @s. ¸2 ¶[U] ´silk, linen, etc woven into a band, used for
edging cloth or garments or (esp gold and silver @) for decoration: ³The
uniforms of the generals were covered with gold @. ¹ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´make into
@(s); trim with @; put (hair) into @s.¼
¨braille© ²/breIl/ ³n ¶[U] ´system of writing and reading (using raised dots)
for blind people, to enable them to read by touch.¼
¨brain© ²/breIn/ ³n ¸1 ³(sing) ´(in man and animals) the mass of soft grey
matter in the head, centre of the nervous system: ³The human @ is a complex
organ. The creature's @ weighs a quarter of a kilo. µ¥ ´the illus at µhead. ¸2
´(colloq, usu ³pl´) skull and brainµ(1) ´thought of together: ³He fell and
dashed his @s out on the rocks. ·blow out one's @s, µ¥ blow±1µ(13). ¸3 ³(pl)
´animal's @s, eaten as food: ³calf's/sheep's @s. ¸4 ´(colloq, usu ³sing´) mind;
intellect: ³have a good @; use one's @(s). ·beat/rack one's @(s) (about sth),
´think very hard. ·have sth ´(eÔg money, sex) ·on the @, ´think constantly
about it. ·tax one's @, ´set oneself/be set a difficult mental task. ·pick sb's
@(s), ´learn and use his ideas. ¸5 ¶[C] ´clever, brilliant person: ³He's the @
of the school staff. ¸6 ´(compounds) ¸Ú@-child ³n ´original idea, etc
attributed to a person or group. ¸Ú@ drain ³n µ¥ drain±1µ(2). ¸Ú@-fag ³n
´(colloq) mental exhaustion: ³suffering from @-fag. ¸Ú@ fever ³n ´inflammation
of the @. ¸Ú@-storm ³n ´mental upset with uncontrolled emotion, eÔg weeping,
and violence. ¸Ú@-teaser ³n ´difficult problem; puzzle. ¸ÚB@s Trust ³n ´group
of reputed experts giving advice, or answering questions put to them by members
of an audience. ¸Ú@-washing ³n ´process of forcing a person to reject old
beliefs and accept new beliefs by use of extreme mental pressure, eÔg
persistent questioning. ¸Ú@-wave ³n ´(colloq) sudden inspiration or bright
idea. ¹ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´kill by a heavy blow on the head: ³@ an ox. ¸@®less ³adj
´stupid. ¸@y ³adj µ(-ier, -iest) ´clever.¼
¨braise© ²/breIz/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´cook (meat, vegetables) slowly in a covered pan
or pot: ³@d beef/onions.¼
¨brake©1 ²/breIk/ ³n ´device for reducing speed or stopping motion, eÔg of a
bicycle, motor-car, train, etc: ³put on/apply/Ô´(colloq)Ô³slam on the @s; act
as a @ upon (progress, initiative, etc)´, hamper it; control it. µ¥ ´the illus
at µmotor. ¹ ³vt,vi ¶[VP6A,2A] ´put on the @s: ³The driver @d (his car)
suddenly. ¸Ú@®man ²/-mEn/ ³n (pl µ-men³) ´(US) µguard±1µ(5).¼
¨brake©2 ²/breIk/ ³n ´area or band of brushwood, thick undergrowth or bracken.¼
¨brake©3 ²/breIk/ ³n ´large wagon or open carriage pulled by one or more
horses, and with facing side seats, formerly used for pleasure outings. µ¥
shooting-brake.¼
¨bramble© ²/Úbrambl/ ³n ´rough shrub with long prickly shoots; blackberry
bush.¼
¨bran© ²/bran/ ³n ¶[U] ´outer covering (husks) of grain (wheat, rye, etc)
separated from flour by sifting.¼
¨branch© ²/brqnt2 ³US: ²brant2/ ³n ¸1 ´arm-like division of a tree,
growing out from the trunk, or a bough, or another @, µ¥ ´the illus at µtree:
³He climbed up the tree and hid among the @es. ¸2 ´(often attrib) division or
subdivision of a river, road, railway, mountain range, etc; division or
subdivision of a family, subject of knowledge, organization, etc: ³There is a @
post office quite near. The bank has @es in all parts of the country. English
is a @ of the Germanic family of languages. ·root and @, µ¥ root±1µ(1). ´¹ ³vi
¶[VP2A,C] ´send out, divide into, @es: ³The trees @ (out) over the river. The
road @es here. ·@ off, ´(of a car, road, train, etc) leave a main route and
take a minor one. ·@ out, ´(of a person, business firm, etc) expand in a new
direction, open new departments or lines of activities. ¸@y ³adj ´with many
@es.¼
¨brand© ²/brand/ ³n ¸1 ´trademark (painted or printed on boxes, tins, packets,
etc); particular kind of goods with such a mark: ³the best @s of cigars; an
excellent @ of coffee. ¸*@-Únew ³adj ´quite new (as if freshly stamped with a
@). ¸2 ´piece of burning wood. ·a @ from the burning´, person rescued from the
consequences of sin; converted sinner. ¸3 ´(also ¸Ú@®ing-iron´), iron used
red-hot, for burning a mark into a surface; mark made in this way; (in olden
times) mark burned on criminals, hence, (fig) mark of guilt or disgrace: ³the @
of Cain´, of a murderer. ¸4 ´(poet) torch. ¹ ³vt ¶[VP6A,16B] ¸1 ´mark (cattle,
goods, etc) with a @: ³On big farms cattle are usually @ed. Criminals used to
be @ed. ´(fig) ³These frightful experiences are @ed on his memory. ¸2 ´give
(sb) a bad name: ³@ sb with infamy; @ sb (as) a heretic.¼
¨bran®dish© ²/ÚbrandI2/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´wave about (to display, or before using):
³@ing a sword.¼
¨brandy© ²/ÚbrandI/ ³n ¶[C,U] ´strong alcoholic drink distilled from wine of
grapes: ³two brandies and sodas´, two glasses of @ mixed with soda water.
¸Ú@-ball ³n ´kind of sweet. ¸Ú@-snap ³n ´kind of gingerbread wafer.¼
¨bran-new© ²/*bran Únju/ ³adj ´= µbrand-new.¼
¨brash© ²/bra2/ ³adj ´(colloq) ¸1 ´saucy; cheeky. ¸2 ´hasty; rash.¼
¨brass© ²/brqs ³US: ²bras/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´bright yellow metal made by mixing
copper and zinc: ³@ rods/buttons; a @ foundry. ·get down to @ tacks, ´begin to
talk, discuss, etc in plain, straightforward terms. ¸*@ Úhat, ´(army sl)
high-ranking officer. ¸*@ Úplate, ´oblong plate of @, on a door or gate, with
the name, trade, occupation, etc, eÔg as used by doctors, lawyers, business
firms. ¸*top Ú@, ´(colloq, collective) high-ranking officers, managers, etc. ¸2
¶[U] ´(and ³pl´) things made of @, eÔg candlesticks, bowls, ornaments:
³clean/do the @/the @es. ¸3 the @, ´(collective (mus) musical instruments made
of @. ¸*@ Úband, ´band of musicians with @ instruments. ¸4 ¶[U] ´(GB sl) money.
¸5 ¶[U] ´(sl) impudence. µ¥ brazen. ¸@y ³adj µ(-ier, -iest) ¸1 ´like @ in
colour or sound. µ¥ 3 ´above. ¸2 ´impudent.¼
¨bras®sard© ²/Úbrasqd/ ³n ´(arm-band bearing a) badge worn on the
sleeve.¼
¨brass®erie© ²/ÚbrasErI/ ³n ´beer-saloon or beer-garden (usu supplying food as
well as drink).¼
¨brass®iere©, ®i`ere ²/ÚbrasIE(r) ³US: ²brEÚzIEr/ ³n ´(usu shortened to ³bra´)
woman's close-fitting support for the breasts.¼
¨brat© ²/brat/ ³n ´(derog) child.¼
¨bra®vado© ²/brEÚvqdE8/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´display of boldness or daring: ³do sth out
of @´, in order to display one's courage. ¸2 ¶[C] ³(pl µ@es, @s³) ´instance of
this.¼
¨brave© ²/breIv/ ³adj µ(-r, -st) ¸1 ´ready to face danger, pain or suffering;
having no fear: ³as @ as a lion. Be @! It was @ of him to enter the burning
building. ¸2 ´needing courage: ³a @ act. ¸3 ´(old use) fine and splendid: ³this
@ new world. ¹ ³n ´(poet) American Indian warrior. ¹ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´face, go
into, meet, without showing fear: ³He had @d death a hundred times. We decided
to @ the storm´, to go out in spite of the storm. ·@ it out, ¶[VP15B]
´disregard, defy, suspicion or blame. ¸@®ly ³adv ¸brav®ery ²/ÚbreIvErI/ ³n ¶[U]
¸1 ´courage; being @. ¸2 ´(old use) splendour (of dress, etc): ³decked out in
all their @ry.¼
¨bravo© ²/*brqÚvE8/ ³n, int (pl µ@es, @s³) ´(cry of approval) Well done!
Excellent!¼
¨brawl© ²/brcl/ ³n ´noisy quarrel or fight. ¹ ³vi ¶[VP2A] ´quarrel noisily;
take part in a @; (of streams) flow noisily (over stones and rocks). ¸@er ³n
´person who takes part in a @.¼
¨brawn© ²/brcn/ ³n ¶[U] ¸1 ´muscle; strength. ¸2 ´(not US) meat (esp pork) cut
up, spiced and pickled, and compressed. ¸@y ³adj µ(-ier, -iest) ´muscular: ³The
miner has @y arms.¼
¨bray© ²/breI/ ³n ´cry of an ass; sound of a trumpet. ¹ ³vt ¶[VP2A] ´make a cry
or sound of this kind.¼
¨braze© ²/breIz/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´solder with an alloy of brass and zinc.¼
¨brazen© ²/ÚbreIzn/ ³adj ¸1 ´made of brass; like brass: ³a @ ´(= hard-sounding)
³voice; the @ notes of a trumpet. ¸2 ´(often ¸Ú@-faced´) shameless. ¹ ³vt
´(only in) ·@ it out, ´behave, in spite of having done wrong, as if one has
nothing to be ashamed of.¼
¨braz®ier© ²/ÚbreIzIE(r)/ ³n ´portable open metal framework (like a
basket), usu on legs, for holding a charcoal or coal fire.¼
¨breach© ²/brit2/ ³n ¸1 ´breaking or neglect (³of ´a rule, duty, agreement,
etc): ³a @ of the peace´, unlawful fighting in a public place, eÔg the streets;
³a @ of contract ´(in comm, etc); ³a @ of promise ´(esp of a promise to marry);
³a @ of faith´, act of disloyalty; ³a @ of confidence; a @ of security. ¸2
´opening, esp one made in a defensive wall, etc by artillery, attacking forces,
etc: ³step into/fill the @, ´come forward to help; ³throw/fling oneself into
the @´, help those who are in trouble or danger; ³stand in the @´, bear the
heaviest part of the attack; do most of the hard work. ¸3 ´broken place; gap:
³The sheep got out of the field after one of them had made a @ in the hedge.
The waves made a @ in the sea wall. ¹ vt ¶[VP6A] ´make a gap in, break through
(a defensive wall, etc).¼
¨bread© ²/bred/ ³n ¶[U] ´food made by mixing flour with water and
yeast, kneading, and baking in an oven: ³a loaf/slice/piece of @; ´(sl) money:
³I'm only doing it for the @. ¸@ and butter ²/*bred n ÚbAtE(r)/, ¸(a) ´slice(s)
of @ spread with butter. ·@ and butter letter, ´one of thanks for hospitality.
¸(b) ´(colloq) means of living: ³earn one's @ and butter ³by writing. ·one's
daily @, ´one's means of living. ·earn one's @, ´make enough money to live on.
·know which side one's @ is buttered, ´know where one may have advantages,
where one's interest lies. ·take the Ú@ out of sb's mouth, ´take away his means
of living, eÔg by business competition. ¸Ú@®crumb ³n ¶[C] ´tiny bit of the
inner part of a loaf, esp crumbled for use in cooking. ¸Ú@®fruit ³n ´tree with
starchy fruit, grown in the South Sea Islands and W Africa. ¸Ú@®line ³n ´line
of people waiting for food given as charity or relief; (fig): ³on the @line´,
very poor. ¸Ú@®stuffs ³n pl ´grain, flour. ¸Ú@®win®ner ³n ´person who works to
support a family.¼
¨breadth© ²/ÚbretT/ ³n ¶[U] µ¥ broad±1µ(2). ¸1 ´distance or measure from side
to side: ³ten feet in @. µ¥ hair(2). ¸2 ´largeness (of mind or view); boldness
of effect (in music or art). ¸Ú@®ways, Ú@®wise ³adv ´so that the broad side is
in front.¼
¨break©1 ²/breIk/ ³vt,vi (pt µbroke ²/brE8k/ ´or (old Eng) µbrake ²/breIk/´, ³pp
µbroken ²/ÚbrE8kEn/³) ¸1 ¶[VP6A,15B,2A,C] ´(of a whole thing) (cause to) go or
come into two or more separate parts as the result of force, a blow or strain
(but not by cutting): ³When she dropped the teapot it broke. The boy fell from
the tree and broke his leg. Glass @s easily. If you pull too hard you will @
the rope. The string broke. ·@ into/to pieces; @ in two, ³etc´, (cause to) come
or go into pieces, in two, etc parts: ³He broke the box into pieces. When I hit
the ball, my bat broke in two. ¸2 ¶[VP6A,15B,2A,C] ´(of a part or parts) (cause
to) be separate or discontinuous because of force or strain: ³He broke a branch
from the tree. The door-handle has broken off. A large part of it broke away´,
came off. ·@ sb/oneself of a habit, ´succeed in getting him/oneself to give it
up. ¸3 ¶[VP6A] ´make (sth) useless by injuring an essential part (of a machine,
apparatus, etc): ³@ a clock/a sewing-machine. ¸4 ¶[VP2D,22] ´(with ³adjj´): ·@
Úeven, ´make neither a profit nor a loss. ·@ Úloose (from), ´get or become
separate: ³The dog has broken loose´, got free from its chain. ³All hell has
broken loose´, all the devils in hell have escaped; (fig) (used to describe a
scene of confusion, eÔg a bombardment). ·@ sth open, ´get it open by using
force: ³@ open a safe/door/the lid of a desk. ¸5 ¶[VP2A,C] ´(with various
subjects): ³The abscess/blister/bubble broke´, burst. ³Day was beginning to @´,
daylight was beginning. µ¥ daybreak. ³His voice is beginning to @´, change in
quality as he reaches manhood. ³She was filled with emotion and her voice
broke´, She faltered, was unable to speak clearly because of emotion. ³The
storm broke´, began, burst into activity. ³The fine weather/The heat-wave/The
frost broke´, The period of fine weather, etc ended after being settled. Cf How
long will the fine weather ³hold´? ³The clouds broke ´(= parted, showed an
opening) ³and the sun came through. The waves were @ing ´(= curling and
falling) ³over/on/against the rocks. The sea was @ing ´(= sending waves that
were @ing) ³on the beach/over the wrecked ship. The enemy broke ´(= developed
gaps in their lines, fell into confusion) ³and fled. When the bank broke ´(=
was unable to carry on business because of lack of funds), ³many people were
ruined. A good bowler can make the ball @, ´(in cricket) change from its course
when it strikes the ground. ¸6 ¶[VP6A] ´(with various objects): ·@ sb's
back/neck/nose, etc, ´cause the bone(s) of the back, etc to be out of the right
position. µ¥ back±1µ(1). ·@ the bank, ´exhaust its funds; win all the money
that the person managing a gambling game has. ·@ bounds, ´(mil) go out of
bounds without permission or authority. ·@ one's fall, ´weaken its effect, make
it less violent. ·@ the force of sth, ´reduce its force by bearing part of it:
³The tall hedge @s the force of the wind. µ¥ windbreak. ·@ fresh/new ground,
´(fig) start work at sth new; ³@ sb's heart, ´reduce him to despair. ·@ a man,
´ruin him; compel him to reveal a secret, etc. ·@ the news, ´make it known. ·@
the (bad) news (to sb), ´reveal the news in such a way that its effect is less
of a shock. ·@ an officer, ´dismiss him, take his commission from him. ·@ a
path/way, ´make one by pushing or beating aside obstacles. ·@ prison/gaol,
´escape from, make one's way out of, prison. ·@ ranks, ´(of soldiers) leave the
ranks without permission. ·@ a (Commonwealth/Olympic/World, etc) record, ´do
better than it, make a new record. ·@ a set of books/china, etc, ´cause it to
be incomplete by giving away or selling a part or parts of it. ·@ the skin on
one's elbow/knees/knuckles, etc, ´graze it, so as to cause bleeding. ·@ step,
´(of soldiers) stop marching rhythmically in step, eÔg to avoid excessive
vibration on a weak bridge. ·@ a strike, ´end it by compelling the workers to
submit. µ¥ strike breaker. ·@ wind, ´expel wind from the bowels or stomach. µ¥
´also µcode(3), cover±2µ(5), ice±1µ(1). ¸7 ¶[VP6A,15A,B] ´train or discipline:
³@ a horse (in)´, bring it to a disciplined state: ³a well-broken horse; @ a
horse to harness/to the rein´, accustom it to wearing harness, etc. ¸8
¶[VP6A,15B] ´subdue, keep under, end by force: ³@ sb's spirit/will; @ (down)
the enemy's resistance; @ the power of the rebel leader. ¸9 ¶[VP6A] ´act in
opposition to; infringe: ³@ the law/the rules/a regulation; @ a contract/an
agreement; @ the Sabbath´, do things on a Sunday that should not be done; ³@
one's word/a promise´, fail to keep a promise; ³@ an appointment´, fail to keep
it; ³@ faith with sb´, betray or deceive him. ¸10 ¶[VP6A] ´interrupt or destroy
the continuity of; end the operation or duration of: ³@ (the) silence´, end it,
eÔg by speaking; ³@ one's journey (at ´a place; ³@ the peace´, cause a
disturbance; ³@ one's fast´, (old use) take food after going without. µ¥
breakfast; ³@ short (a conversation, etc), ´end it; ³a broken night's sleep´,
one that is disturbed or interrupted. ¸11 ¶[VP15B,2C,3A] ´(special uses with
³adverbial particles ´and ³preps´):¼
·break away (from), ´go away suddenly or abruptly; give up (habits, modes of
thought or belief): ³The prisoner broke away ´(= escaped after a struggle)
³from his guards. Can't you @ away from old habits? About twenty members of
the Conservative Party have broken away ´(= seceded). ³There has been a @-away
from the Party. One of the provinces has broken away to form a new State.¼
·break Údown, ¸(a) ´collapse: ³His resistance will @ down in time. Our plans
have broken down. Negotiations have broken down. ¸(b) ´become disabled or
useless: ³The car/engine/machinery broke down´, iÔe because of a mechanical
fault. ³That old broken-down bus is not worth $5. ¸(c) ´suffer a physical or
mental weakening: ³His health broke down. ¸(d) ´be overcome by emotion, eÔg by
bursting into tears: ³She broke down when she heard the news, but quickly
recovered. ·@ sth down, ¸(a) ´get (a door, wall, etc) down by battering it.
¸(b) ´overthrow by force; suppress: ³@ down all resistance/opposition. ¸(c)
´divide, analyse, classify (statistical material): ³@ down expenditure´, give
details of how money is spent. ¸(d) ´change the chemical composition of:
³Sugar and starch are broken down in the stomach. ¸Ú@®down ³n ¸(a) ´failure in
machinery, etc: ³There was a @down on the railway and trains were delayed. The
earthquake has caused a @down of communications. ´Hence: ·Ú¸@®down gang, ´men
called to repair or remove a train, etc that has been derailed, smashed, etc.
¸(b) ´collapse; weakening: ³He's suffering from a nervous @down. ¸(c)
´statistical analysis: ³a @down of expenditure.¼
·break forth, ´(esp fig, of anger, indignation) burst out.¼
·break Úin, ´enter a building by force: ³Burglars had broken in while we were
away on holiday. ´Hence, ¸Ú@-in ³n´: ³The police are investigating a @-in at
the local bank. ·@ sb ´(esp a horse) ·in, µ¥ 7 ´above; train and discipline;
accustom sb to a new routine. ·@ in (up)on, ´disturb; interrupt: ³Please don't
@ in on our conversation.¼
·break into, ¸(a) ´force one's way into (a building, etc): ³His house was
broken into ´(iÔe by burglars or thieves) ³last week. ¸(b) ´burst suddenly
into: ³@ (out) into a loud laugh/into loud curses/into song/into praises of
sb. ¸(c) ´change one's method of movement suddenly: ³@ into a run/trot/gallop.
¸(d) ´occupy, take up, undesirably: ³Social duties @ into my time/leisure.
¸(e) ´(of coins and notes): ³@ into a pound note´, use one to pay for sth
costing less than this sum: ³I can't pay you the 50p I owe you without @ing
into a $5 note. ¸(f) ´open and draw upon emergency supplies: ³The garrison
broke into their reserves of ammunition.¼
·break off, ¸(a) ´stop speaking: ³He broke off in the middle of a sentence.
¸(b) ´pause; stop temporarily: ³Let's @ off for half an hour and have some
tea. ·@ (sth) off, ¸(a) ´(cause to) separate (a part of sth): ³The mast broke
off/was broken off. ¸(b) ´end abruptly: ³@ off relations (with sb); @ off an
engagement/conversation.¼
·break out, µ¥ outbreak. ´(of fire, disease, war, rioting, violence) appear,
start, suddenly: ³A fire broke out during the night. The quarrel broke out
afresh. Riots and disorders have broken out. ·@ out (of), ´escape: ³Several
prisoners broke out of the jail. ·@ out in, ¸(a) ´suddenly become covered with:
³His face broke out in pimples/a rash. He broke out in a cold sweat´, was
struck with fear. ¸(b) ´show sudden violence in speech or behaviour: ³He broke
out in a rage/in curses.¼
·break through, ´make a way through (an enclosure, obstacles, etc): ³The
enemy's defences were strong but our soldiers broke through. The sun broke
through (the clouds). ·@ through sth, ´overcome: ³@ through a man's reserve.
´Hence, ¸Ú@®through ³n ¸(a) ´(mil) piercing (of the enemy's defences). ¸(b)
´major achievement, eÔg in technology: ³a @through in cancer research.¼
·break up, ¸(a) ´come to pieces; disintegrate: ³The ship was @ing up on the
rocks. The gathering broke up in disorder. ¸(b) ´(fig, of persons) go to
pieces; become weak: ³He broke up under the strain. ¸(c) ´(of a school, etc)
separate at the end of term for holidays: ³When do you @ Úup? ¸(d) ´(of a
couple, a relationship) come to an end: ³The marriage is @ing up. ¸(e) ´divide:
³Sentences @ up into clauses. ·@ sth up, ¸(a) ´smash; demolish: ³@ up a box for
firewood; @ up an old ship for scrap metal. ¸(b) ´(cause to) split, or divide:
³@ up a piece of work (among several persons). ¸(c) ´(cause to) disperse: ³The
police broke up the crowd/meeting. ¸(d) ´bring to an end: ³They broke up the
alliance. ´Hence, ¸Ú@-up ³n ´(end of a marriage, coalition, etc). ¸(e) ´(esp of
a period of fine weather) change for the worse; end: ³The weather is @ing up.¼
·break with, ¸(a) ´end a friendship with: ³@ with an old friend. ¸(b) ´give
up; make an end of: ³@ with old habits; @ with old ties´, eÔg when one leaves
a district.¼
¨break©2 ²/breIk/ ³n ¸1 ´breaking; broken place: ³a @ in the water
mains. ¸2 ¶[U] ³@ of day ´(= ³day@´), dawn. ¸3 ´interval (in space of time): ³a
@ in the conversation; an hour's @ for lunch; the ·Ú³tea-@, ´eÔg in an office
or factory; ³during a @ at school´, during an interval between lessons.
·without a @, ´continuously: ³He has been writing since 2 o'clock without a @.
¸4 ´change, disturbance: ³a @ in one's way of living; a @ in the weather. ¸5
´change of course of a cricket or tennis ball on first striking the ground: ³a
leg @´, (cricket) one that breaks to the left. ¸6 ´(billiards) continuous
score: ³make a @ of 450. ¸7 ·give sb a @, ´(colloq) an opportunity (to make a
new start or remedy an error). ¸8 ´(colloq) ·a bad @, ´an unfortunate remark or
ill-judged action; a piece of bad luck. ·a lucky @, ´a piece of good fortune.
¸9 ´(= ³break-out´) (attempt to) escape (esp from prison). ·(make a) break for
it, ´escape.¼
¨break©3 ²/breIk/ ³n ´= µbrake(3).¼
¨break®able© ²/ÚbreIkEbl/ ³adj ´easily broken. ¸break®ables ³n pl ´@ objects,
eÔg glasses, cups and saucers.¼
¨break®age© ²/ÚbreIkIdZ/ ³n ¸1 ´act of breaking. ¸2 ´place in, part of, sth
that has been broken. ¸3 ´(usu ³pl´) broken articles; loss by breaking: ³The
hotel allows $150 a year for @s´, for the cost of broken dishes, glasses, etc.¼
¨breaker© ²/ÚbreIkE(r)/ ³n ¸1 ´large wave breaking into foam as it advances
towards the shore; wave breaking against a rock, etc. ¸2 ´person or thing that
breaks. ¸Úice-@ ³n ´strongly built ship used to break up ice in harbours, etc.
µ¥ house@ ´and other similar compounds.¼
¨break®fast© ²/ÚbrekfEst/ ³n ´first meal of the day: ³Have a good @. He hasn't
eaten much @. They were having @ when I arrived. ¹ ³vi ´have @.¼
¨break®neck© ²/ÚbreIknek/ ³adj ´(usu) ·at (a) @ speed, ´at a
dangerous speed.¼
¨break®water© ²/ÚbreIkwctE(r)/ ³n ´sth that breaks the force of waves, esp a
structure built out into the sea to shelter (part of) a harbour.¼
¨bream© ²/brim/ ³n (pl ´unchanged) ¸1 ´freshwater fish of the carp family. ¸2
´(also ¸Úsea-@´) salt-water variety of this.¼
¨breast© ²/brest/ ³n ¸1 ´either of the milk-producing parts of a woman: ³a
child at the @; give a child the @. µ¥ suckle. ¸@®feed ³vi,vt ´feed a baby
from the breast; suckle. ¸Ú@-fed ³adj ´(of a baby) fed with milk from the @. Cf
³bottle-fed. ¸2 ´chest; upper front part of the human body, or of a garment
covering this. ¸Ú@ pocket ³n ´one in the @ of a jacket, etc. ¸Ú@®stroke,
´stroke (in swimming) in which both the arms are brought at the same time from
in front of the head to the sides of the body. ¸*@-Úhigh ³adv ´high as the @:
³The wheat was @-high. ¸*@-Údeep ³adv ´deep enough to reach the @: ³In the
middle of the stream the water was @-deep. ¸Ú@-plate ³n ´piece of armour
covering the @. µ¥ ´the illus at µarmour. ¸Ú@®work ³n ´low wall, eÔg of earth,
sandbags, stones, put up as a temporary defence. ¸3 ´(fig) feelings; thoughts:
³a troubled @. ·make a clean @ of, ´confess (wrong-doing, etc). ¸4 ´part of an
animal corresponding to the human @. ¹ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´present the @µ(2) ´to,
hence (fig), face, struggle with: ³@ the waves.¼
¨breath© ²/breT/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´air taken into and sent out of the lungs; ¶[C]
´single act of taking in and sending air out: ³take a deep @´, fill the lungs
with air. ·bad @, ´with an unpleasent smell. ·catch/hold one's @, ´stop
breathing for a moment (from fear, excitement, etc). ·get one's @ (again/back),
´get back to the normal state. ·in the same @, ´at the same moment: ³They are
not to be mentioned in the same @´, cannot be compared. ·lose one's @, ´have
difficulty in taking in @, eÔg while running or working hard. ·out of @,
´unable to take in @ quickly enough. ·speak/say sth below/under one's @, ´in a
whisper. ·take @, ´get enough @ (after exertion): ³Half-way up the mountain we
stopped to take @. ·take sb's Ú@ away, ´startle or surprise him. Hence,
¸Ú@®taking, ³adj ´exciting; causing awe. ·waste one's @, ´talk in vain. ¸Ú@
test ³n ´test of the alcoholic contents of a person's @. ¸breath®alys®er
²/ÚbreTElñIzE(r)/ ³n ´device (into which a person breathes) for such a test. ¸2
´air in movement; light breeze: ³There wasn't a @ of air/wind´, the air was
quite still. ¸3 ´(fig) suggestion (³of´): ³not a @ of suspicion/scandal.
¸@®less ³adj ¸1 ´out of @; panting; likely to cause shortness of @: ³in a @less
hurry; listening with @less attention/in @less expectation´, with the @ held
back (in concentration or excitement). ¸2 ´unstirred by wind: ³a @less ´(=
calm) ³evening. ¸@®less®ly ³adv¼
¨breathe© ²/briD/ ³vi,vt ¸1 ¶[VP2A,C,6A,15B] ´take air into the lungs and send
it out again: ³@ in/out. He was breathing hard when he finished the race. We @
air. He @d a sigh of relief. He's still breathing´, is still alive. ·@ again; @
freely (again), ´be at ease, be relieved (after exertion, excitement, fear,
etc). ·@ down sb's neck, µ¥ neck. ¸2 ¶[VP6A] ´utter; send out, eÔg a scent,
feeling: ³Don't @ a word of this´, keep it secret. ¸3 ¶[VP6A] ´allow (a horse)
to @ gently and rest. ¸breather ³n ¸1 ´short pause for rest: ³take/have a @r.
¸2 ´short period of exercise: ³go for a @r. ¸breath®ing ³n ¶[U]
¸breath®ing-space ³n ´time to @; pause; rest.¼
¨bred© ³pt,pp ´of µbreed.¼
¨breech© ²/brit2/ ³n ´back part of a rifle or gun barrel, where the cartridge
or shell is placed: ³a ·*³@-·*³loading ·Ú³gun´, loaded at the @, not through
the muzzle. ¸Ú@-block ³n ´block of steel that closes the @ of a gun.¼
¨breeches© ²/ÚbrIt2Iz/ ³n pl ¸1 Úknee-@, ´garment fitting round the waist and
below the knees. ¸Úriding-@, ´garment covering the hips and thighs, buttoned
below the knee, worn by men and women for riding on horseback. ¸2 ´(colloq)
trousers; knicker-bockers. ·wear the @, ´(said of a woman) rule her husband.
¸Ú@-*buoy ²/Úbrit2Iz-/ ³n ´pair of canvas @ fastened to a lifebuoy, pulled
along a rope, used for saving life at sea.¼
¨breed© ²/brid/ ³vt,vi (pt,pp µbred ²/bred/³) ¸1 ¶[VP6A] ´keep
(animals, etc) for the purpose of producing young, esp by selection of parents:
³@ horses/cattle. ¸2 ¶[VP2A] ´give birth to young; reproduce: ³Rabbits @
quickly. Birds @ in the spring. ¸3 ¶[VP6A] ´train, educate, bring up: ³an
Englishman born and bred; a well-bred boy´, one who has been trained to behave
well. ·What's bred in the bone will come out in the flesh, ´(prov) Hereditary
characteristics always show themselves. ¸4 ¶[VP6A] ´be the cause of: ³Dirt @s
disease. War @s misery and ruin. ¸@er ³n ¸1 ´person who @s animals. ¸2
´apparatus (reactor) that produces more radio-active material than is put into
it. ¸@®ing ³n ¶[U] ¸1 ´(in verbal senses): ³the @ing of horses; the @ing season
for birds. ¸2 ´knowledge of how to behave resulting from training: ³a man of
good @ing. ¹ ³n ¶[C] ´kind or variety (of animals, etc) with hereditary
qualities: ³a good @ of cattle. µ¥ cross@, half-@.¼
¨breeze©1 ²/briz/ ³n ¶[C,U] ´wind, esp a soft, gentle wind: ³a land/sea @´, one
blowing from the land/sea at certain hours; ³not much @; not much of a @;
spring @s. ¹ ³vi ¶[VP2C] ´(colloq) ·@ in/out, ´come in/go out in high spirits,
or without warning, unexpectedly. ¸breezy ³adj ¸1 ´pleasantly windy: ³breezy
weather. ¸2 ´swept by @s: ³a breezy corner. ¸3 ´(of persons) jovial; lively;
good-humoured. ¸breez®ily ²/ÚbrizElI/ ³adv ¸breezi®ness ²/ÚbrizInIs/ ³n¼
¨breeze©2 ²/briz/ ³n ¶[U] ´(not US) small coal cinders. ¸Ú@ blocks,
´light-weight concrete building blocks made of @ and cement.¼
¨Bren© ²/bren/ ³n ´(also ¸Ú@-gun´) light-weight, semi-automatic, light machine
gun. ¸Ú@ carrier ³n ´small armoured vehicle that moves on tracksµ(3)´.¼
¨breth®ren© ²/ÚbreDrEn/ ³n pl ´(old use) brothers.¼
¨breve© ²/briv/ ³n ´(mus) note equal to two semibreves, now rarely used. µ¥
´the illus at µnotation.¼
¨bre®vet© ²/ÚbrevIt ³US: ²brIÚvet/ ³n ´document that gives sb higher rank
without corresponding increase in pay or authority: ³@ rank´, given by @; ³@
major.¼
¨brevi®ary© ²/ÚbrivIErI ³US: ²-IerI/ ³n (pl µ-ries³) ´book with prayers to be
said daily by priests etc of the RÔC Church.¼
¨brev®ity© ²/ÚbrevEtI/ ³n ¶[U] ´(formal) shortness (of statements, human life
and other non-material things).¼
¨brew© ²/bru/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A] ´prepare (beer, tea, etc) by soaking or boiling
grain, leaves, etc; ¶[VP2A] ´make beer, etc. ¸2 ¶[VP6A] ´(fig) bring about;
¶[VP2A,C] ´gather, be forming: ³Those boys are @ing mischief. A storm is @ing´,
gathering force. ³There's trouble @ing between them´, They are likely to
quarrel. ¹ ³n ´result of @ing; liquid made by @ing: ³the best @s of beer; a
good, strong @ of tea. ¸@er ³n ´person who @s beer. ¸@®ery ²/Úbr8ErI/ ³n (pl
µ-ries³) ´building in which @ing of beer is carried on.¼
¨briar© ²/ÚbrñIE(r)/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´hard wood (root of a bush) used esp for making
tobacco pipes. ¸2 ¶[C] ´pipe made of this wood. ¸3 ´= µbrier.¼
¨bribe© ²/brñIb/ ³n ¶[C] ´sth given, offered or promised to sb in order to
influence or persuade him (often to do sth wrong) in favour of the giver:
³offer/give/hand out/take @s. ¹ ³vt ¶[VP6A,17,15A] ´offer, give, a @ to: ³@ a
judge/witness. The child was @d to take the nasty medicine. He had been @d
into silence/@d to say nothing. ¸bri®bable ²/ÚbrñIbEbl/ ³adj ¸bri®bery
²/ÚbrñIbErI/ ³n ¶[U] ´giving or taking of @s.¼
¨bric-a-brac© ²/ÚbrIk E brak/ ³n ¶[U] ´bits of old furniture, china, ornaments,
etc, esp old and curious, of no great value.¼
¨brick© ²/brIk/ ³n ¸1 ¶[C,U] ´(usu rectangular block of) clay moulded and baked
by fire or sun, used for building purposes: ³a house made of red @(s); a @
wall. ·drop a @, ´(colloq) do or say sth indiscreet. ·make @s without straw,
´attempt a difficult and fruitless task. ¸Ú@®bat ³n ´piece of @, esp as a
missile: ³The Minister collected a lot of @bats´, (fig) much abuse. ¸Ú@-field,
Ú@®kiln ³n ´field, kiln, in which @s are made. ¸Ú@®layer ³n ´workman who builds
with @s. ¸Ú@®work ³n ´(part of a) structure made of @. ¸2 ´child's rectangular
block (usu of wood) used for building toy houses, etc. ¸3 ´@-shaped block of
sth, eÔg ice-cream. ¸4 ´(colloq) generous or kind-hearted person: ³You've
behaved like a @. ¹ ³vt ¶[VP15B] ·@ up/in, ´block (an opening) with @s: ³@ up a
window.¼
¨bri®dal© ²/ÚbrñIdl/ ³n ´wedding-feast; wedding; (attrib) of a bride or
wedding: ³the ²Ú³@ party´, the bride and her attendants and friends.¼
¨bride© ²/ÚbrñId/ ³n ´woman on her wedding-day; newly married woman. ¸Ú@®cake
³n ´(old name for) wedding-cake.¼
¨bride®groom© ²/ÚbrñIdgr8m/ ³n ´man on his wedding-day; newly married man.¼
¨brides®maid© ²/ÚbrñIdzmeId/ ³n ´girl or young unmarried woman (usu one of
several) attending a bride at her wedding. Cf ³best man ´for the bridegroom.¼
¨bridge©1 ²/brIdZ/ ³n ¸1 ´structure of wood, stone, brickwork, steel, concrete,
etc, providing a way across a river, canal, railway, etc. ¸Ú@®head ³n
´defensive post or area established on the enemy's side of a river, etc;
(loosely) any military position occupied in the face of the enemy. µ¥
beachhead. ¸2 ´platform over and across the deck of a ship for the use of the
captain and officers. ¸3 ´upper, bony part of the nose. ¸4 ´movable part over
which the strings of a violin, etc are stretched. ¸5 ´device for keeping false
teeth in place, fastened to natural teeth. ¹ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´join by means of a @;
build a @ over: ³a ²Ú³bridging loan´, loan (esp from a bank) to cover a period
of time, eÔg between the purchase of one house and the sale of another;
¶[VP15B] ·@ over, ´(fig) overcome (obstacles, etc): ³@ over difficulties.¼
¨bridge©2 ²/brIdZ/ ³n ¶[U] ´card game for four players in which one
player looks on while his cards, placed face up on the table, are played by his
partner. ¸Úauction @, ´in which the right to name the trumps goes to the player
who undertakes to make the highest score. ¸Úcontract @, ´variety of auction @
with penalties for failure to make the score.¼
¨bridle© ²/ÚbrñIdl/ ³n ´that part of a horse's harness that goes on its head,
including the metal bit for the mouth, the straps and the reins. µ¥ ´the illus
at µharness. ¸Ú@-path, Ú@-road ³n ´one fit for riders on horseback but not for
cars, etc. ¹ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A] ´put a @ on (a horse). ¸2 ¶[VP6A] ´(fig)
control, check: ³Try to @ your passions. ¸3 ¶[VP2A,C] ´throw back the head and
draw in the chin (showing pride, contempt, vanity, etc): ³@ with anger; @ up; @
at sb's remarks.¼
¨brief©1 ²/brif/ ³adj µ(-er, -est) ´(of time, events, writing, speaking)
lasting only for a short time: ³to be @´, to speak shortly. µ¥ brevity. ·in @,
´in a few words. ¸@®ly ³adv¼
¨brief©2 ²/brif/ ³n ¶[C] ¸1 ´summary of the facts of a case, drawn up for a
barrister: ³have plenty of @s, ´(of a barrister) be busy with professional
work. ·hold a @ for (sb), ´(fig) argue in support or favour of. ·hold no @ for,
´(fig) not be prepared to support. ¸Ú@®case ³n ´flat leather or plastic case,
for documents, etc. ¸2 ´(also ¸Ú@®ing´) information, instructions, advice, etc
given in advance, eÔg to an aircraft crew before a combat mission. ¸3 ´(comm)
instructions: ³My @ did not include the buying of new materials. ¹ ³vt ¶[VP6A]
¸1 ´instruct or employ (a barrister). ¸2 ´give a @µ(2) ´to. µ¥ debrief. ¸3
´(comm) summarize the facts, eÔg of a business programme: ³The Chairman will @
the Board on the most recent developments.¼
¨briefs© ²/brifs/ ³n pl ´close-fitting pants without legs, held in position by
an elastic waistband.¼
¨brier©, briar ²/ÚbrñIE(r)/ ³n ´thorn-covered bush, esp the wild rose.¼
¨brig© ²/brIg/ ³n ´two-masted ship with square sails and an extra fore-and-aft
sail on the main-mast. µ¥ ´the illus at µbarque.¼
¨brig®ade© ²/brIÚgeId/ ³n ¸1 ´army unit, usu of three battalions, forming part
of an army division; corresponding armoured unit. ¸2 ´organized body of persons
in uniform with special duties (eÔg ¸Úfire-@´). ¸Briga®dier ²/*brIgEÚdIE(r)/ ³n
´(formerly ·*³Brigadier-·Ú³General) ´officer commanding a @; army officer of
rank between General and Colonel.¼
¨brig®and© ²/ÚbrIgEnd/ ³n ´member of a band of robbers, esp a band that attacks
travellers in forests or mountains.¼
¨brig®an®tine© ²/ÚbrIgEntin/ ³n ´= brig.¼
¨bright© ²/brñIt/ ³adj µ(-er, -est) ¸1 ´giving out or reflecting much light;
shining: ³Sunshine is @. Polished steel is @. The leaves on the trees are @
green in spring. ¸2 ´cheerful and happy; lit up with joy or hope: ³@ faces; a @
smile; see the @ side of things. ¸3 ´quick-witted, clever: ³A @ boy learns
quickly. ¹ adv ´(chiefly with ³shine) ´= @ly. ¸@en ³vt,vi ¶[VP6A,15B,2A,C] ·@en
up, ´make or become @er or lighter, more cheerful, etc: ³These flowers @en the
classroom. The sky is @ening. His face @ened up. ¸@®ly ³adv ¸@®ness ³n¼
¨brill© ²/brIl/ ³n ´flat fish like a turbot.¼
¨bril®liant© ²/ÚbrIlIEnt/ ³adj ´very bright; sparkling; splendid, causing
admiration: ³a week of @ sunshine; a @ scientist; @ jewels. ¸@®ly ³adv
¸bril®liance ²/ÚbrIlIEns/´, ¸bril®liancy ²/ÚbrIlIEnsI/ ³nn ¶[U] ´radiance,
splendour, intelligence.¼
¨bril®lian®tine© ²/ÚbrIlIEntin/ ³n ¶[U] ´cosmetic used to make the hair lie
flat.¼
¨brim© ²/brIm/ ³n ¸1 ´edge of a cup, bowl, glass, etc: ³full to the @´, quite
full. ¸2 ´out-turned part (rim) of a hat, that gives shade. ¹ ³vi µ(-mm-)
¶[VP2A,C] ´be full to the @. ·@ over, ´be so full that some spills over the @;
(fig) ³@ming over with high spirits. ¸@®ful(l) ²/*brImÚf8l/ ³adj ´full to the
@: ³He is @ful of new ideas.¼
¨brim®stone© ²/ÚbrImstE8n/ ³n ¶[U] ´(old name for) sulphur.¼
¨brindled© ²/ÚbrIndld/ ³adj ´(esp of cows and cats) brown with streaks of
another colour.¼
¨brine© ²/brñIn/ ³n ¶[U] ´salt water, esp for pickling. ¸briny ²/ÚbrñInI/ ³adj
´salty. ¹ ³n ¸the briny, ´(colloq) the sea.¼
¨bring© ²/brIG/ ³vt (pt,pp µbrought ²/brct/³) ´(For uses with ³adverbial
particles ´and ³preps, µ¥ 6 ´below.) ¸1 µ¥ take ¶[VP6A,15B,13,12,14] ·@ (with),
´come carrying sth or accompanying sb: ³Take this empty box away and @ me a
full one. The soldiers came back @ing ten prisoners (with them). B@ Mary to the
party with you. B@ one for me. B@ me one. ¸2 ¶[VP6A,19B,12C,14] ´cause to come;
produce: ³Spring @s warm weather and flowers. The sad news brought tears to her
eyes. His writings @ him $5000 a year. A phone call brought him hurrying to
Leeds. ¸3 ¶[VP17A] ·@ sb/oneself to do sth, ´persuade, induce, lead: ³They
could not @ themselves to believe the news. She couldn't @ herself to speak
about the matter. I wish I could @ you to see the situation from my point of
view. ¸4 ¶[VP14] ·@ against, ´(legal) start, put forward: ³@ an
action/charge/an accusation against sb. ¸5 ´(phrases) ·@ sb to book, µ¥
book±1µ(6); ·@ sth to an end´, cause it to end; ·@ sth home to sb, µ¥
home±2µ(2); ·@ low´, reduce to a low condition; ·@ sth to light´, cause it to
be visible or known; ·@ sth to mind; @ sth to pass, µ¥ pass±2µ(3); ·@ sth into
line/play, µ¥ line±1µ(11), play±2µ(11); ·@ sb to his senses, µ¥ sense(2). ¸6
¶[VP15B] ´special uses with ³adverbial particles ´and ³preps´):¼
·bring about, ¸(a) ´cause to happen: ³@ about a war/reforms/sb's ruin. ¸(b)
´(naut) cause (a sailing-ship) to change direction: ³The helmsman brought us
about.¼
·bring back, ¸(a) ´return: ³Please @ back the book tomorrow; ´(with ³indirect
object´): ³If you're going to the market, please @ me back ten eggs. ¸(b) ´call
to mind; cause to remember: ³Your newsy letter brought back many memories. ¸(c)
´restore; reintroduce: ³How many MÔP's favour @ing back capital punishment? ·@
sb back to, ´restore to: ³Her stay among the mountains brought her back to
health.¼
·bring sb/sth down, ¸(a) ´cause to fall; cause to be down: ³@ down a hostile
aircraft´, shoot it down; ³@ down prices´, lower them; ³@ down ´(= overthrow)
³a tyrant. ¸(b) ´continue (records, etc) up to: ³a new history of Europe,
brought down to modern times, ´iÔe made up to date. ¸(c) ´kill or wound: ³He
aimed, fired and brought down the antelope. ¸(d) ´(football) cause (an
opponent) to fall by fouling; (Rugby) tackle. ¸(e) ´(arith) transfer a digit
from one part of a sum (from one column) to another: ³@ down the next two
figures. ·@ the Úhouse down/@ down the house, µ¥ house(6). ·@ down sb's
wrath/fury on one's head, ´cause it to be aimed at oneself.¼
·bring sth forth, ´produce (fruit); give birth to (young ones): ³What will the
future @ forth?¼
·bring sth forward, ¸(a) ´cause to be seen, discussed, etc: ³Can you @ forward
´(= produce) ³any proof of what you say? Please @ the matter forward at the
next meeting. ¸(b) ´advance: ³The meeting has been brought forward from May 10
to May 3´, is to be a week earlier. µ¥ postpone. ¸(c) ´(abbr ¸b/f´)
(bookkeeping) carry the total of a column of figures at the foot of one page to
the top of the next page.¼
·bring sth/sb in, ¸(a) ´yield; (of capital, investments, etc) produce as
profit: ³His orchards @ (him) in $200 a year. He does odd jobs that @ him in
ten to twelve pounds a week. This investment @s (me) in 7§ per cent. ¸(b)
´introduce: ³@ in a new fashion/a new topic. ¸(c) ´introduce (legislation): ³@
in a Bill on road safety. ¸(d) ´admit (as a partner, adviser, etc): ³They've
brought in experts to advise on the scheme. ¸(e) ´(of the police) arrest; @ to
a police station for questioning, etc: ³Two suspicious characters were brought
in. ¸(f) ´(of a jury) pronounce (a verdict): ³@ in a verdict of guilty.¼
·bring sth/sb off, ¸(a) ´rescue (esp from a wrecked ship): ³The passengers and
crew were brought off by the Deal lifeboat. ¸(b) ´carry (an enterprise) to
success; manage to do sth successfully: ³It was a difficult task but we brought
it off´, we succeeded.¼
·bring sth/sb on, ¸(a) ´lead to, (help to) produce: ³He was out all day in the
rain and this brought on a bad cold. ¸(b) ´cause to develop or advance: ³The
fine weather is @ing the crops on nicely. ¸(c) ´help (a pupil, learner, etc) to
develop: ³The coach is @ing on some youngsters in the reserve team.¼
·bring sth/sb out, ¸(a) ´cause to appear, show clearly: ³@ out the meaning of a
poem. The sunshine will @ out the apple blossom´, cause it to open. ¸(b)
´publish (a book, etc): ³When are the publishers @ing out his new book? ¸(c)
´help to lose shyness or reserve: ³She's a nice girl, but needs a lot of @ing
out. ¸(d) ´call forth (a quality): ³Danger @s out the best in him. ¸(e) ´cause
to strike: ³The shop-stewards brought out the foundrymen.¼
·bring sb over (to), ´(esp) convert (sb) (to a different way of thinking, to a
cause, etc).¼
·bring sb/sth round, ¸(a) ´cause (sb) to regain consciousness after fainting:
³Several girls fainted in the heat but they were soon brought round. ¸(b)
´convert to one's views, etc: ³He wasn't keen on the plan, but we managed to @
him round. ¸(c) ´(naut) make a boat face the opposite way: ³B@ her ´(iÔe the
boat) ³round into the wind. ·@ sb/sth round to, ´direct (discussion, etc) to
sth new: ³He brought the conversation round to his favourite subject.¼
·bring sb through, ´save (sb who is ill): ³He was very ill but good doctors and
careful nursing brought him through´, restored him to health.¼
·bring sb/sth to, ¸(a) ´= @ roundµ(a)´: ³They brought the girl to with smelling
salts. They brought her to. ¸(b) ´(naut) (cause to) stop: ³The ship was brought
to´, eÔg by the firing of a gun across her bows. ³The ship brought to´, came to
a stop.¼
·bring sb/sth under, ¸(a) ´subdue; discipline: ³The rebels were quickly brought
under. ¸(b) ´include (within a category): ³The various points to be dealt with
can be brought under three main heads.¼
·bring sb/sth up, ¸(a) ´educate; rear: ³She has brought up five children. If
children are badly brought up they behave badly. ¸(b) ´vomit: ³@ up one's
dinner. ¸(c) ´call attention to: ³These are facts that can always be brought up
against you´, used as evidence against you. ³These are matters that you can @
up in committee. ¸(d) ´(mil) summon to the front line: ³We need to @ up more
tanks. ¸(e) ´@ for trial: ³He was brought up on a charge of drunken driving.
¸(f) ´cause to stop suddenly: ³His remarks brought me up short/sharp/with a
jerk. ·@ up the rear, ´come last (in a line): ³The cavalry brought up the rear
of the column. ·@ up at, ´(old use, esp of a ship) end a journey: ³The ship
brought up at a port in Greece.¼
¨brink© ²/ÚbrIGk/ ³n ¸1 ´upper edge of a steep place, a sharp
slope, etc; border (of water, esp when deep): ³He stood shivering on the @´,
hesitating to plunge into the water. ¸2 ´(fig) edge of sth unknown, dangerous
or exciting: ³on the @ of war/ruin/an exciting discovery. ³He's on the @ of
the grave´, will die soon. ¸@®man®ship ²/ÚbrIGkmEn2Ip/ ³n ´pursuit of a
dangerous policy to the limits of safety.¼
¨briny© µ¥ brine.¼
¨bri®oche© ²/briÚo2 ³US: ²ÚbriE82/ ³n ´(F) piece of pastry baked in a circular
shape.¼
¨bri®quette©, bri®quet ²/brIÚket/ ³n ´block (brick- or egg-shaped) of
compressed coal-dust.¼
¨brisk© ²/brIsk/ ³adj µ(-er, -est) ´(of persons and movement) active; lively;
quick-moving: ³a @ walk; a @ walker; at a @ pace; a @ demand for cotton goods.
Trade is @. ¸@®ly ³adv¼
¨bris®ket© ²/ÚbrIskIt/ ³n ¶[U] ´breast of an animal, (sometimes eaten as a
joint of meat). µ¥ ´the illus at µdog.¼
¨bristle© ²/ÚbrIsl/ ³n ´one of the short stiff hairs on an animal; one of the
short stiff hairs in a brush: ³a toothbrush with stiff @s. ¹ vi ¸1 ¶[VP2A,C]
·@ (up), ´(of hair) stand up, rise on end: ³The dog was angry and @d up/its
hair @d. ¸2 ¶[VP2A,C] ´(fig) show rage, indignation, etc: ³@ with anger. ¸3 ·@
with, ´have in large numbers (sth difficult, sth suggesting @s): ³The
battle-front @d with bayonets. The problem @s with difficulties. ¸brist®ly
²/ÚbrIslI/ ³adj ´like @s; full of @s; (of hair, etc) rough and coarse: ³She
doesn't like his bristly moustache. What a bristly, unshaven chin!¼
¨Brit®ain© ²/ÚbrItn/ ³n ´(also ¸*Great ÚB@´) England, Wales and Scotland;
³North B@´, Scotland. ¸Bri®tan®nic ²/brIÚtanIk/ ³adj ´of B@ (chiefly in
³Her/His Britannic Majesty).¼
¨Brit®ish© ²/ÚbrItI2/ ³adj ¸1 ´of the ancient Britons. ¸2 ´of Great
Britain, the British Commonwealth or its inhabitants: ³the B@, ´B@ people; ³B@
citizenship; a Jamaican with a B@ passport. ¸@er ³n¼
¨Briton© ²/ÚbrItn/ ³n ¸1 ´one of the native inhabitants of S Britain at the
time of the Roman invasion about 2Ô000 years ago. ¸2 ´(liter) native of
Britain.¼
¨brittle© ²/ÚbrItl/ ³adj ´hard but easily broken (eÔg coal, ice, glass): (fig)
³He has a @ temper´, quickly loses his temper.¼
¨broach©1 ²/brE8t2/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´make a hole in (a cask of liquor) and put in
a tap in order to draw the wine, etc; (fig) begin discussion of (a topic).¼
¨broach©2 ²/brE8t2/ ³vi,vt ¶[VP2C,15B] ·@ to, ´(naut) veer or cause (a ship)
to veer so that its side is presented to the wind and waves.¼
¨broad©1 ²/brcd/ ³adj µ(-er, -est) ¸1 ´wide, large across: ³The river grows @er
as it nears the sea. ·@ in the beam, µ¥ beam(2). ¸2 ´(after a phrase indicating
width) in breadth, from side to side: ³a river fifty feet @. ¸3 ´extending in
various or all directions: ³the @ ocean; @ lands. ¸4 ´full and complete. ·in @
daylight, ´when it is unmistakably light: ³a bank raid in @ daylight. ·give sb
a @ hint, ´a strong, unmistakable one. ¸5 ´general, not minute or detailed: ³a
@ distinction. ·in @ outline, ´without details. ¸6 ´(of the mind and ideas)
liberal; not kept within narrow limits: ³a man of @ views´, a tolerant man.
¸*@-Úminded ²/-ÚmñIndId/ ³adj ´willing to listen sympathetically to the views
of others even though one cannot agree with them; having a liberal and
tolerant mind. ¸7 ´(of speech) strongly marked, showing that the speaker is
from a definite part of the country: ³@ Scots; a @ accent. ¸8 ´improper;
coarse: ³the @ humour of Rabelais. ¸9 ´(phrase) ·It's as @ as it is long, ´It's
all the same, however you view the problem. ¸10 ´(compounds, etc) ¸@ bean ³n
´the common flattened variety, growing in large pods. ¸B@ Church ³n ´used of
churchmen who do not insist upon dogma and doctrine. ¸@®ly ³adv ¸(a) ´in a wide
way. ¸(b) ´in a general way: ³@ly speaking´, speaking in a general way, without
going into detail. ¸@®ness ³n ´= µbreadth ´(the usu word). ¸@en ²/Úbrcdn/
³vt,vi ¶[VP6A,15B,2A,C] ·@en (out), ´make or become @(er): ³His face @ened
(out) into a grin.¼
¨broad©2 ²/brcd/ ³n ´the @ part (³of ´sth): ³the @ of the back. ¸the B@s ³n pl
´name used of wide stretches of water in Norfolk, used for boating holidays
and barge traffic.¼
¨broad®cast© ²/Úbrcdkqst ³US: ²-kast/ ³vt,vi (pt,pp µbroadcast ´or
µ@ed³) ¸1 ¶[VP6A] ´send out in all directions, esp by radio or TÔV: ³@ the
news/a speech/a concert. ¸2 ¶[VP2A] ´speak, sing, perform music, etc for @ing:
³The Prime Minister will @ this evening. ¸3 ¶[VP6A,2A] ´sow (seed) by
scattering it, not by sowing it in drills, etc. ¹ ³n ´(often attrib) @ing; sth
@: ³today's @; a @ of a football match. µ¥ telecast. ³¹ adv ´by @ing: ³sow seed
@. ¸@®ing ³n, adj´: ³the British B@ing Corporation, ´the BÔBÔC; ³a ²Ú³@ing
station.¼
¨broad®cloth© ²/ÚbrcdkloT ³US: ²-klcT/ ³n ¶[U] ´fine, smooth, double-width
black cloth, formerly used for men's clothes.¼
¨broad®sheet© ²/Úbrcd2it/ ³n ´popular ballad or tract printed on one side only
of a large sheet of paper (as formerly sold in the streets).¼
¨broad®side© ²/ÚbrcdsñId/ ³n ¶[C] ¸1 ´the whole of a ship's side above the
water; (the firing on the same target of) all the guns on one side of a ship;
(fig) strong attack of any kind made at one time against one person or group.
¸2 ·@ on (to), ´(of a ship) with one side presented to or facing: ³a collision
@ on´, so that the ship's side collides with sth.¼
¨broad®ways© ²/ÚbrcdweIz/, ±broad®wise ²/ÚbrcdwñIz/ ³adv ´in the
direction of the breadth.¼
¨bro®cade© ²/brEÚkeId/ ³n ¶[C,U] ´woven material richly ornamented with
designs (eÔg in raised gold or silver thread). ¹ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´decorate (cloth)
with raised patterns.¼
¨broc®coli© ²/ÚbrokElI/ ³n ¶[U] ´hardy kind of cauliflower with numerous white
or purple sprouts (flower-heads), each like a small cauliflower.¼
¨bro®chure© ²/ÚbrE82E(r) ³US: ²brE8Ú28Er/ ³n ´short, usu descriptive, printed
article in a paper cover; pamphlet: ³travel/holiday @s.¼
¨brogue©1 ²/brE8g/ ³n ´strong, thick-soled, usu ornamented shoe for country
wear.¼
¨brogue©2 ²/brE8g/ ³n ´regional way of speaking, esp the Irish way of speaking
English.¼
¨broil© ²/brãIl/ ³vt,vi ¶[VP6A,2A] ´cook, be cooked, by direct contact with
fire or on a gridiron; grill; (fig) be very hot: ³a @ing day; sit @ing in the
sun. ¸@er ³n ´bird, eÔg a chicken, killed at the age of 10 to 12 weeks and
suitable for being @ed or roasted, esp one reared in a shed or concrete
building (and contrasted with a ³free-range ´bird), µ¥ battery(6).¼
¨broke© ²/brE8k/ ³attrib adj ·(stony/flat) @, ´(sl) penniless.¼
¨bro®ken© ²/ÚbrE8kEn/ ³pp ´of µbreak´: ³a @ marriage´, one that has failed; ³a
@ home´, one in which the parents have separated or are divorced, so that the
children lack proper care, security, etc; ³@ ´(= imperfect) ³English; a @
man´, a man reduced to despair; ³@ ´(= uneven) ³ground; @ ´(= disturbed,
intermittent) ³sleep; ·*³@-·Ú³hearted´, crushed by grief.¼
¨bro®ker© ²/ÚbrE8kE(r)/ ³n ¸1 ´person (eÔg ³Ústock@´) who buys and sells (esp
stocks and shares, bonds, etc) for others. ¸2 ´official licensed to sell the
goods of sb unable to pay debts. ¸@®age ²/ÚbrE8kErIdZ/ ³n ¶[U] ´@'s commission
for services.¼
¨brolly© ²/ÚbrolI/ ³n ´(colloq) umbrella.¼
¨bro®mide© ²/ÚbrE8mñId/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´chemical compound of bromine, eÔg potassium
@, esp as used in medicine to calm the nerves. ¸2 ¶[C] ´(colloq) trite remark;
dull, tiresome or boring person.¼
¨bro®mine© ²/ÚbrE8min/ ³n ¶[U] ´non-metallic element (symbol ¸Br´), compounds
of which are used in photographic and other chemicals.¼
¨bron®chi© ²/ÚbroGkñI/ ³n pl (sing µbron®chus ²/-kEs/´) two main branches into
which the windpipe divides before entering the lungs, also called ³bronchial
tubes. µ¥ ´the illus at µrespiratory. ¸@al ²/ÚbroGkIEl/ ³adj ´of or affecting
the @: ³bronchial asthma. ¸bron®chi®tic ²/broGÚkItIk/ ³adj ´suffering from,
prone to, bronchitis. ¸bron®chi®tis ²/broGÚkñItIs/ ³n ´inflammation of the
mucous membrane of the @.¼
¨bronco© ²/ÚbroGkE8/ ³n (pl µ-cos´) wild or half-tamed horse of Western N
America.¼
¨bronze© ²/bronz/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´alloy of copper and tin: ³a @ statue; a statue
in @. ¸the ÚB@ Age, ´period when men used tools and weapons made of @ (between
the Stone Age and the Iron Age). ¸2 ¶[U] ´colour of @, reddish brown. ¸3 ¶[C]
´work of art, eÔg a vase, made of @: ³a fine collection of @s and ivories. ¹
³vt,vi ¶[VP6A,2A] ´make or become @ colour: ³faces @d by the sun and wind.¼
¨brooch© ²/brE8t2/ ³n ´ornamental pin for fastening or wearing on part of a
woman's dress.¼
¨brood© ²/brud/ ³n ´all the young birds hatched at one time in a nest; family
of other egg-produced animals; (hum) young family of human beings. ¸Ú@-hen ³n
´hen for breeding. ¸Ú@-mare ³n ´mare for breeding. ¹ ³vi ¶[VP2A,C] ¸1 ´(of a
bird) sit on eggs to hatch them. ¸2 ¶[VP3A] ·@ (on/over), ´(fig) think about
(troubles, etc) for a long time: ³She sat there @ing on whether life was worth
living. ¸@y ³adj ´(of hens) wanting to @; (colloq, of women) feeling the desire
to have children; (fig, of persons) moody; depressed.¼
¨brook©1 ²/br8k/ ³n ´small stream.¼
¨brook©2 ²/br8k/ ³vt ¶[VP6A,B] ´(formal) (usu in neg and interr) put up with;
tolerate: ³He cannot @ interference/being interfered with.¼
¨broom©1 ²/brum/ ³n ¶[U] ´shrub with yellow or white flowers
growing on sandy banks, etc.¼
¨broom©2 ²/brum/ ³n ´long-handled implement for sweeping floors, etc. ·a new @,
´(esp) a newly appointed official (who gets rid of old methods, traditions,
etc): (prov) ³a new @ sweeps clean. ¸Ú@®stick ³n ´handle of a broom (on which
witches were said to ride through the air).¼
¨Bros© ²/bros/ ³n pl ´(abbr) µ¥ App 2.¼
¨broth© ²/broT/ ³n ¶[U] ´water in which meat has been boiled; this, flavoured
and thickened with vegetables, etc, served as soup.¼
¨brothel© ²/ÚbroTl/ ³n ´house at which prostitutes may be visited.¼
¨brother© ²/ÚbrADE(r)/ ³n ¸1 ´son of the same parents as another person: ³my
elder/younger @; the @s Smith, the Smith @s; Smith Brothers ´or (comm style)
³Smith Bros. ¸Ú@-in-law ²/ÚbrADEr In lc/ ³n (pl µ@s-in-law³) ´@ of one's
husband or wife; husband of one's sister. ¸2 ´person united to others by
membership of the same group, society, profession, etc; fellow member of a
socialist organization, trade union, etc: (esp attrib) ³a @ doctor; @s in
arms´, soldiers who are serving or have served together; ³@ officers´, in the
same regiment. ¸3 ³(pl µbrethren ²/ÚbreDrEn/³) ´fellow member of a religious
society. ¸B@, ´form of address: ³B@ Luke. ¸Ú@®hood ²/-h8d/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´feeling
of @ for @. ¸2 ¶[C] ´(members of an) association of men with common interests
and aims, esp a religious society or socialist organization. ¸@®ly ³adj ´of or
like a ³@('s)´: ³@ly affection.¼
¨brougham© ²/ÚbruEm/ ³n ´(19th c) four-wheeled closed carriage drawn by one
horse.¼
¨brought© ³pt,pp ´of µbring.¼
¨brou®haha© ²/Úbruhqhq/ ³n ´(dated colloq) fuss; excitement.¼
¨brow© ²/brñ8/ ³n ¸1 ´(usu ³pl´; also ¸Úeye®@´) arch of hair above
the eye: ³knit one's @s´, frown. ¸2 ´forehead. µ¥ ³highbrow ´at µhigh±1µ(12);
³lowbrow ´at µlow±1µ(13). ¸3 ´top of a slope; steep slope; overhanging edge.¼
¨brow®beat© ²/Úbrñ8bit/ ³vt (pt µbrowbeat³, pp µbrowbeaten³) ¶[VP6A,14] ·@
(into doing sth), ´intimidate by shouting or looking stern at; bully: ³@ sb
into doing sth; a poor, @en little woman.¼
¨brown© ²/brñ8n/ ³adj µ(-er, -est)³, n ´colour of toasted bread, or coffee
mixed with milk: ³@ bread´, made with wholemeal flour; ³@ paper´, coarse kind
used for parcels, etc; ³@ sugar´, half refined. ·in a @ study, ´deep in
thought; in a reverie. ¸Ú@®stone ³n ¶[U] ´kinds of reddish-brown sandstone used
for building. ¹ ³vt,vi ¶[VP6A,2A] ´make or become @. ·*@ed Úoff, ´(sl) bored;
fed up.¼
¨brownie© ²/Úbrñ8nI/ ³n ¸1 ´small, good-natured fairy or elf. ¸2 B@ (Guide),
´(GB) junior member (age 8 to 11) of the Girl Guides.¼
¨browse© ²/brñ8z/ ³vi ¶[VP2A,C] ¸1 ´feed, as animals do (on grass, etc):
³cattle browsing in the fields. ¸2 ´read (parts of a book or books) without any
definite plan, for interest or enjoyment: ³browsing among books in the public
library. ¹ ³n ´(act, period, of) browsing: ³have a good @.¼
¨bruin© ²/ÚbruIn/ ³n ´(pop name, eÔg in fairy tales, for) bear.¼
¨bruise© ²/bruz/ ³n ´injury by a blow or knock to the body, or to a fruit, so
that the skin is discoloured but not broken: ³covered with @s after falling
off his bicycle. ¹ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A] ´cause a @ or @s to; batter, make dents
in (wood or metal): ³He fell and @d his leg. Pack the peaches carefully so
that they won't get @d. ¸2 ¶[VP2A] ´show the effects of a blow or knock: ³A
child's flesh @s easily. ¸bruiser ³n ´tough, brutal boxer.¼
¨bruit© ²/brut/ ³vt ¶[VP15B] ·@ abroad,´(old use) spread (a rumour or report):
³@ it abroad´, spread the news everywhere.¼
¨brunch© ²/brAnt2/ ³n ´(colloq) late morning meal instead of breakfast and
lunch.¼
¨bru®nette© ²/bruÚnet/ ³n ´European with dark skin and dark-brown or black
hair. µ¥ blond(e).¼
¨brunt© ²/brAnt/ ³n ´chief stress or strain: ³bear the @ of an attack. The
main @ of their criticism fell on us.¼
¨brush©1 ²/brA2/ ³n ¸1 ´implement of bristles, hair, wire, etc fastened in
wood, bone, or other material, used for scrubbing, sweeping, cleaning (eÔg
·Ú³tooth@, ·Ú³nail@´), or tidying the hair (·Ú³hair@´); tuft of hair, etc set
in a handle, used by painters and artists: ³a ²Ú³paint-brush. ¸2 ´(act of)
using a @: ³He gave his clothes a good @´, used a @ on them. µ¥ ´also ·Ú³@-up
´at µbrush±2µ(1). ¸3 ´fox's tail. ¸4 ¶[U] ´rough low-growing bushes;
undergrowth: ³a @ fire. µ¥ bush(2). ¸5 ´short, sharp fight or encounter: ³a @
with the enemy. ¸Ú@®wood ³n ¶[U] ´= brushµ(4)´. ¸Ú@®work ³n ´artist's style or
way of using a paint-@.¼
¨brush©2 ²/brA2/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A,15B,22] ´use a brush on; clean,
polish, make tidy or smooth: ³@ your hat/clothes/shoes/hair/teeth; @ sth clean.
·@ sth away/off, ´remove with a @: ³He @ed away a fly from his nose´, used his
hand to make the fly go away. ³She @ed the crumbs off the tablecloth. ·@ sth
aside/away, ´(fig) pay no or little attention to (difficulties, objections,
etc). ·@ sb/sth off, ´(colloq) reject, jilt; dismiss curtly: ³He tries to get
the girl to go out with him, but she always @es him off. ´Hence, ¸Ú@-off ³n
´(colloq) rejection or dismissal: ³She gave him the @-off. ·@ sth up, ´use a @
on: ³@ up the dust; ´(fig) ´study or practise (sth) in order to get back skill
that has been lost: ³If you're going to France you'd better @ up your French.
´Hence, ¸Ú@-up ³n´: ³Give your French a @-up. ¸2 ¶[VP2A,C,6A] ´touch when
passing: ³He @ed past/by/(up) against me in a rude way. The leaves of the trees
@ed my face as I ran through the forest. ¸3 ¶[VP2C] ·@ off, ´come off as the
result of being @ed: ³The mud will @ off when it dries.¼
¨brusque© ²/brusk/ ³adj ´(of speech or behaviour) rough and abrupt.
¸@®ly ³adj ¸@®ness ³n¼
¨Brus®sels© ²/ÚbrAslz/ ³n ´(attrib) of or from @ in Belgium: ³@ lace/carpets.
¸*@ Úsprouts, ´(plants with) buds growing thickly on the stem of a cabbage-like
plant. µ¥ ´the illus at µvegetable.¼
¨brutal© ²/Úbrutl/ ³adj ´savage; cruel. ¸@®ly ²/-tElI/ ³adv ¸bru®tal®ity
²/bruÚtalEtI/ ³n ¶[U] ´cruelty; savagery; ¶[C] ´cruel or savage act. ¸Ú@®ize
³vt ¶[VP6A] ´make @: ³Years of warfare had @ized the troops.¼
¨brute© ²/brut/ ³n ¸1 ´animal (except man). ¸2 ´stupid, animal-like or cruel
person. ¸3 ´(attrib) animal-like; cruel and unthinking; unconscious or
unreasoning; merely material: ³@ force/strength; @ matter. ¸brut®ish ²/ÚbrutI2/
³adj ´of or like a @: ³brutish appetites. ¸brut®ish®ly ³adv¼
¨bubble© ²/ÚbAbl/ ³n ¸1 ´(in air) floating ball formed of liquid and containing
air or gas: ³soap @s; blowing @s. ¸2 ´(in liquid) ball of air or gas that rises
to the surface, eÔg in boiling water, in sparkling wines. ¸3 ´air-filled cavity
in a solidified liquid, eÔg glass. ¸4 ´(fig) visionary plan; idea, hope, etc
that is not realized: ³His @ has burst. ¸5 Ú@ car ³n ´small car with a
transparent dome as roof. ¸Ú@ gum ³n ´chewing gum which can be blown into
bubbles on the lips. ¹ ³vi ¶[VP2A,C] ´send up @s; rise in @s; make the sound of
@s: ³The water @d up through the sand. She was bubbling over with joy/high
spirits/laughter. ¸bub®bly ²/ÚbAblI/ ³adj ´full of @s. µ¹ ³n ´(hum) champagne.¼
¨bu®bonic© ²/bjuÚbonIk/ ³adj ¸@ Úplague, ´contagious disease that spreads
quickly (spread by rats, and marked by chills, fevers and swelling in the
armpits and groin).¼
¨buc®ca®neer© ²/*bAkEÚnIE(r)/ ³n ´pirate; unscrupulous adventurer.¼
¨buck©1 ²/bAk/ ³n ¸1 ´male of a deer, hare or rabbit. µ¥ doe. ¸Ú@®skin ³n ¶[U]
´soft leather made from deerskin or goatskin, used for gloves, bags, etc.
¸Ú@®shot ³n ¶[U] ´large-size lead shotµ(4). ¸Ú@®tooth ³n (pl µ@teeth³) ´(usu
upper) tooth that projects. ¸2 ´(attrib) male.¼
¨buck©2 ²/bAk/ ³vi,vt ¸1 ¶[VP2A] ´(of a horse) jump up with the
four feet together and the back arched; ¶[VP6A] ´throw (the rider) to the
ground by doing this. ¸2 ·@ up, ¶[VP2C´, esp in the ³imperative¶] ´(colloq)
hurry. ·@ (sb) up, ¶[VP15B,2C] ´make or become more vigorous or cheerful, ready
for greater effort: ³The good news @ed us all up. We were greatly @ed up by the
news.¼
¨buck©3 ²/bAk/ ³n ´(US sl) US dollar.¼
¨buck©4 ²/bAk/ ³n ·pass the @ (to sb), ´(sl) shift the responsibility (to).
·The @ stops here, ´The responsibility cannot be shifted further.¼
¨bucket©1 ²/ÚbAkIt/ ³n ¸1 ´vessel of wood, metal, canvas, plastic, etc for
holding or carrying water, milk, etc; (also ¸Ú@®ful ²/-f8l/´) the amount a @
holds: ³The rain was coming down in @s´, was very heavy. ¸2 ´scoop of a
dredging machine, grain-elevator, etc. ¸Ú@ seat ³n ´(in a car or aircraft)
seat with a rounded back for one person (contrasted with a ³bench ´seat).¼
¨bucket©2 ²/ÚbAkIt/ ³vi ´ride a horse hard.¼
¨buckle© ²/ÚbAkl/ ³n ¸1 ´metal, plastic or bone fastener, with one or more
spikes made to go through a hole in a strap, etc, to keep sth in place. ¸2
´ornamental clasp on a shoe. ¹ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A,15] ·@ (on), ´fasten with a @:
³@ a belt; @ on a sword/one's armour. ¸2 ¶[VP2C] ´(of a shoe, belt, etc)
fasten (in a certain way). ¸3 ¶[VP2C] ·@ to/down to ³(work, etc)´, begin
(work) in earnest: ³@ to a task. The sooner he @s down to it, the better. ¸4
¶[VP2A] ´(of metal work, etc) bend, become twisted, crumple up from strain or
heat.¼
¨buck®ler© ²/ÚbAklE(r)/ ³n ´small round shield, usu held by a handle or worn
on the arm.¼
¨buck®ram© ²/ÚbAkrEm/ ³n ¶[U] ´stiff, rough cloth (esp as used for binding
books).¼
¨buck®shot© ²/ÚbAk2ot/ ³n ¶[U] µ¥ buck±1µ(1).¼
¨buck®wheat© ²/ÚbAkwit ³US: ²-hwit/ ³n ¶[U] ´(plant with) small triangular seed
used for feeding horses and poultry. ¸Ú@ flour, ´flour made from this grain,
used in US for breakfast cakes.¼
¨bu®colic© ²/bjuÚkolIk/ ³adj ´of country life and farming, esp of shepherds: ³@
verse. ¸bu®col®ics ³n pl ´pastoral poems.¼
¨bud© ²/bAd/ ³n ¸1 ´leaf, flower or branch, at the beginning of its growth.
·in bud, ´having buds or sending out buds: ³The trees are in bud. ·nip sth in
the bud, ´put an end to sth, eÔg a plot, while it is in the beginning stage.
¸2 ´partly opened flower. µ¥ ´the illus at µflower. ³¹ ³vi µ(-dd-) ´put out
buds. ¸bud®ding ³adj ´beginning to develop: ³a budding lawyer/poet.¼
¨Bud®dhism© ²/Úb8dIzEm/ ³n ´the religion founded by Gautama
²/Úgñ8tEmE/ or ´Siddartha ²/sIÚdqtE/ ´Buddha ²/Úb8dE/ ´(= teacher) in N India,
in about the 6th c. ¸Bud®dhist ²/Úb8dIst/ ³n ´follower of Buddha.¼
¨buddy© ²/ÚbAdI/ ³n (pl µ@dies³) ´(sl, as a familiar form of address) chum;
mate.¼
¨budge© ²/bAdZ/ ³vt,vi ¶[VP6A, ´usu in ³neg ´and with ³can, could´; ¶2A,C,
´usu in ³neg ´with ³won't, wouldn'tÔ¶] ´(cause to) move very little, make the
slightest movement; (fig) (cause to) change a position or attitude: ³I can't @
it. It won't @ an inch.¼
¨bud®geri®gar© ²/ÚbAdZErIgq(r)/ ³n ´Australian love-bird; kind of parakeet. µ¥
´the illus at µrare.¼
¨budget© ²/ÚbAdZIt/ ³n ¶[C] ´estimate of probable future income and
expenditure, esp that made by a Government; similar estimate made by a business
company, society, private person, etc. ¸Ú@ account, ´account with a bank
maintained by monthly transfers from a current account, so that the Bank may
pay regularly recurring expenses, eÔg gas, electricity, rates. ¸Ú@ plan,
´system of buying goods in (large) shops by making regular monthly payments to
them. ¹ ³vi ¶[VP3A] ·@ for, ´allow or arrange for (in a @): ³@ for the coming
year. ¸@®ary ²/ÚbAdZItErI ³US: ²-terI/ ³adj ´of a @.¼
¨budgie© ²/bAdZI/ ³n ´(colloq abbr for a) budgerigar.¼
¨buff© ²/bAf/ ³n ¶[U] ¸1 ´thick, strong, soft leather. ¸2 ´dull yellow colour.
¸3 ´the bare skin, esp in: ³stripped to the @´, without clothing. ¸4 ´(US
colloq) fan±3´, enthusiast. ¹ ³vt ´polish (metal) with @µ(1).¼
¨buf®falo© ²/ÚbAfElE8/ ³n (pl µ@s, ´US also µ@es³) ´kinds of large, usu wild ox
in India, Asia, Europe and Africa; N American bison: ³a herd of sixty @/@es.¼
¨buf®fer©1 ²/ÚbAfE(r)/ ³n ´apparatus (either spring-loaded or hydraulic) for
lessening the effect of a blow or collision, eÔg on a railway engine or van.
¸@ state, ´state situated between two or more powerful states, lessening the
risk of war between them.¼
¨buf®fer©2 ²/ÚbAfE(r)/ ³n ´(sl, usu ¸old @´) old-fashioned or foolish man.¼
¨buf®fet©1 ²/Úb8feI ³US: ²bEÚfeI/ ³n ´counter where food and drink may be
bought and consumed, eÔg in a railway station or (GB, in the ·Ú³@ car´) on a
train; sideboard or table from which food and drink are served, eÔg in a hotel;
³cold @´, (on a menu) cold cooked meat, etc; ³@ supper´, meal served to guests
who do not sit at a table.¼
¨buf®fet©2 ²/ÚbAfIt/ ³n ´blow, generally one given with the hand; (fig)
misfortune; blow delivered by fate. ¹ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A] ´give a @ or @s to:
³flowers @ed by rain and wind; @ed by the waves/misfortunes. ¸2 ¶[VP6A,3C]
´(rare) contend (³with´): ³@ (with) the waves.¼
¨buf®foon© ²/bEÚfun/ ³n ´clown; jester. ·play the @, ´do and say foolish things
to amuse others. ¸@®ery ²/-ErI/ ³n ¶[U] ´clowning; clown-like behaviour; (in
³pl´) rough jokes and actions.¼
¨bug© ²/bAg/ ³n ¸1 ´small, flat, ill-smelling, blood-sucking insect that
infests dirty houses and beds. µ¥ ´the illus at µinsect. ¸2 ´(esp US) any
small insect (·Ú³harvest bug, ·Ú³mealy-bug´, etc). ¸Úbug-hunter ³n ´(colloq)
entomologist. ¸3 ´(colloq) germ; virus infection: ³You've got the Asian 'flu
bug. ¸4 ´(sl) ·big bug, ´important person. ¸5 ´(sl) defect; snag; (source of)
malfunctioning, eÔg in a computer. ¸6 ´small hidden microphone (for listening
to conversations, etc). ¹ ³vt µ(-gg-) ¶[VP6A] ¸1 ´(colloq) use electronic
devices (in a room, etc) in order to listen secretly to conversations:
·Ú³bugging devices. ¸2 ´(US colloq) cause to make mistakes. ¸3 ´(US sl) annoy:
³That man really bugs me.¼
¨buga®boo© ²/ÚbAgEbu/ ³n ´source of annoyance or fear.¼
¨bug®bear© ²/ÚbAgbeE(r)/ ³n ´sth feared or disliked, with or
without good reason: ³the @ of rising prices.¼
¨bug®ger© ²/ÚbAgE(r)/ ³n ¸1 ´(legal) sodomite. ¸2 ´Ï used as a vulgar term of
abuse: ³You silly @! ¹ ³vt,vi ¶[VP6A] ´commit @y with. ·@ (it)! ´(int, used to
express irritation, anger, etc.) ·@ off, ´(esp imper) go away. ·@ sth up,
´spoil, ruin it. Hence, ·@ed (up), ´spoilt, ruined. ¸Ú@-all ³n ´nothing. ¸@y ³n
´sodomy.¼
¨buggy© ²/ÚbAgI/ ³n (pl µ-gies³) ¸1 ´light carriage, pulled by one horse, for
one or two persons: ³the horse and @ age´, period before motor vehicles came
into use. ¸2 Úbeach @, µ¥ beach. ¸3 (baby) @, ´(US) pram.¼
¨bugle© ²/Úbjugl/ ³n ´musical wind instrument of copper or brass (like a small
trumpet but without keys or valves), used for military signals. µ¥ ´the illus
at µbrass. ¸bugler ³n ´@ blower.¼
¨buhl© ²/bul/ ³n ¶[U] ´furniture decoration of inlaid brass, tortoise-shell and
ivory: ³a @ cabinet.¼
¨build©1 ²/bIld/ ³vt,vi (pt,pp µbuilt ²/bIlt/³) ¸1
¶[VP6A,12B,13B,14] ·@ sth (of/out of), ´make by putting parts, materials, etc
together (with what is made as the direct object): ³@ a house/railway. Some
birds @ nests out of twigs. The school is built of wood. Mr Green is @ing a
garage for me/is @ing me a garage. ¸2 ¶[VP14] ·@ sth into, ´put parts together
to form a whole (with the material as the direct object): ³He has built these
scraps of metal into a very strange-looking sculpture. ¸3 ¶[VP15B,14] ·@
in/into, ´make (sth) form a firm and permanent part of sth larger; make (sth) a
fixture: ³Ask the carpenter to @ in some cupboards/to @ some cupboards into the
walls. ´Hence, ¸built-in´: ³a bedroom with built-in wardrobes; a radio with a
built-in aerial. ¸4 ¶[VP15B,2C] ·@ up, ¸(a) ´accumulate; form a block: ³Traffic
is @ing up ´(= The number of vehicles is increasing steadily) ³along the roads
to the coast. ¸(b) ´come together (so as to increase or intensify): ³One day
your books will @ up into a library. Their pressure on the enemy is @ing up. ·@
sb/sth up, ¸(a) ´try to increase sb's reputation (through publicity, praise):
³Don't @ me up too muchÅI may disappoint you. ¸(b) ´make, acquire, steadily and
gradually: ³He has built up a good business/a good reputation for his goods. He
went on holiday and soon built up ´(= strengthened) ³his health. ¸(c) ´(passive
and as ³adj´) become covered with buildings: ³The district has been built up
since I was last there. ´Hence, ¸Úbuilt-up areas. ¸(d) ´bring together (so as
to increase or intensify): ³They are @ing up their military forces. ´Hence,
¸Ú@-up ³n ¸(a) ´increase: ³a @-up of forces/pressure. ¸(b) ´accumulation: ³a
@-up of traffic. ¸(c) ´flattering publicity, etc: ³the @-up of a politician's
image. The press gave him a tremendous @-up. ¸5 ¶[VP15B,3A] ·@ on/upon, ´base
(hopes, etc) on; rely on: ³Don't @ too many hopes upon his helping you. Don't @
on his promises. ¸6 ³(pp ´with ³advv)´: ³a well-built man´, a man whose body
has good proportions; ³solidly built´, having a solid frame(work). ¸@er ³n
´person who @s, esp a contractor for @ing houses; (fig) person who creates: ³a
great empire @er.¼
¨build©2 ²/bIld/ ³n ¶[U] ´general shape or structure: (of the human
body) general characteristics of shape and proportion: ³a man of powerful @.
We are of the same @.¼
¨build®ing© ²/ÚbIldIG/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´(art of) constructing houses, etc: ·Ú³@
operations; ·Ú@ materials; Ú@ land´, (to be) used for houses, etc. ¸Ú@ site,
´an area of land on which an office-block, a house, etc is being built.
¸Ú@-society, ´organization for making loans to members who wish to build or buy
a house, using funds supplied by its members. ¸2 ¶[C] ´house or other
structure: ³Houses, schools, churches, hotels, factories and sheds are all @s.¼
¨bulb© ²/bAlb/ ³n ¸1 ´almost round, thick, underground stem, sending roots
downwards and leaves upwards, of such plants as the lily, onion, tulip. ¸2
´sth like a @ in shape, esp an electric lamp or the swollen end of a glass
tube, eÔg in a thermometer. ¸bul®bous ²/ÚbAlbEs/ ³adj ´of or having or like a
@; growing from a @.¼
¨bul®bul© ²/Úb8lb8l/ ³n ´songbird of Asia and Africa.¼
¨bulge© ²/ÚbAldZ/ ³n ¶[C] ´irregular swelling; place where a swelling or curve
shows; temporary increase in volume or numbers; (mil) salient. ¹ ³vi,vt
¶[VP2A,C,6A] ´(cause to) swell beyond the usual size; curve outwards: ³He @d
his pockets with apples. His pockets were bulging with apples. He @d his
cheeks.¼
¨bulk© ²/bAlk/ ³n ¶[U] ´quantity, volume, esp when large. ·in @, ¸(a) ´in
large amounts: ³buy in @; tankers carry petroleum in @. ¸(b) ´loose, not
packed in boxes, tins, etc. ·@ buying, ´purchase at one time of a very large
quantity of goods, eÔg by the state during a war. ·the @ of, ´the greater part
or number of: ³He left the @ of his property to his brother. ¹ ³vi ·@ large,
´appear large or important. ¸@y ³adj ´taking up much space; clumsy to move or
carry.¼
¨bulk®head© ²/ÚbAlkhed/ ³n ¶[C] ´water-tight division or dividing wall in a
ship; similar division in a tunnel, etc.¼
¨bull©1 ²/b8l/ ³n ¸1 ´Uncastrated male of any animal of the ox family (µ¥
cow´): ³a man with a neck like a @ ´(a ¸Ú@-neck´), with a thick neck. ·a *@ in a
Úchina shop, ´person who is rough and clumsy where skill and care are needed.
·take the @ by the horns, ´meet a difficulty boldly instead of trying to escape
from it. ¸Ú@®fight ³n ´fight between men and a @ for public entertainment, as
in Spain. ¸Ú@®fighter ³n ¸Ú@®ring ³n ´arena for @fights. ¸Ú@®shit ³n ´Ï (vulg
sl) nonsense; foolish and exaggerated talk. ¸2 ´male of the whale, elephant and
other large animals. ¸3 ´(Stock Exchange; µ¥ bear±1µ(4)´) person who tries to
raise prices with a view to selling at a profit: ·Ú³@ market, ´with rising
prices. ¸4 ´(compounds) ¸Ú@®dog ³n ´large, powerful breed of dog, with a short,
thick neck, noted for its strong grip and its courage. µ¥ ´the illus at µdog.
¸Ú@®doze ³vt ¶[VP6A,14] ¸(a) ´remove earth, flatten obstacles with a @-dozer.
¸(b) ·@doze sb into doing sth, ´force sb to do sth by using one's strength or
by intimidating him. ¸@®dozer ²/Úb8ldE8zE(r)/ ³n ´powerful tractor that pushes
a broad steel blade or sheet in front, used for levelling land, shifting large
quantities of earth, etc. ¸Ú@®finch ³n ´small songbird with rounded beak and
brightly coloured feathers. ¸Ú@®frog ³n ´large American species of frog.
¸*@-Úheaded ³adj ´clumsy, impetuous, obstinate. ¸Ú@'s-eye ³n ´centre of target
(for archers, etc). µ¥ ´the illus at µarchery. ¸*@-Úterrier ³n ´cross between a
@dog and a terrier.¼
¨bull©2 ²/b8l/ ³n ´official order or announcement from the Pope.¼
¨bull©3 ²/b8l/ ³n ´(also ¸Irish @´) foolish or amusing mistake in language,
usu because there is a contradiction in terms (eÔg "If you do not get this
letter, please write and tell me'): ³It's a lot of @´, nonsense.¼
¨bul®let© ²/Úb8lIt/ ³n ´shaped piece of lead, usu coated with another metal,
(to be) fired from a rifle or revolver. Cf ³shells ´fired from guns. µ¥ ´the
illus at µcartridge. ¸Ú@-headed ²/-hedId/ ³adj ´having a small, round head.
¸Ú@-proof ³adj ´able to stop @s: ³a @-proof jacket.¼
¨bull®etin© ²/Úb8lEtIn/ ³n ¸1 ´official statement of news: ³a @ of news; a
·Ú³news @. ¸2 ´printed sheet with official news or announcements.¼
¨bul®lion© ²/Úb8lIEn/ ³n ¶[U] ´gold or silver in bulk or bars, before
manufacture.¼
¨bul®lock© ²/Úb8lEk/ ³n ¸1 ´young bull. ¸2 ´castrated bull.¼
¨bully©1 ²/Úb8lI/ ³n (pl µ-lies³) ´person who uses his strength or power to
frighten or hurt those who are weaker. ¹ ³vt ¶[VP6A,14] ·@ sb (into doing
sth), ´use strength, etc in this way to persuade sb to do sth.¼
¨bully©2 ²/Úb8lI/ ³n ¶[U] ´(also ¸Ú@ beef´) ´tinned beef.¼
¨bully©3 ²/Úb8lI/ ³adj ´(sl) fine; excellent: ³B@ for you! ´Well done!¼
¨bully©4 ²/Úb8lI/ ³n ´(hockey) way of putting the ball into play (beginning
with two opposing players striking each others' sticks three times). ¹ ³vi
¶[VP2C] ·@ off, ´start to play in this way.¼
¨bul®rush© ²/Úb8lrA2/ ³n ¶[C] ´(kinds of) tall rush or reed with a thick
velvety head.¼
¨bul®wark© ²/Úb8lwEk/ ³n ¸1 ´wall, esp one built of earth, against attack;
earthwork; (fig) sth that defends or protects: ³Law is the @ of society´,
gives us security. ¸2 ´(usu ³pl´) wall round (esp a sailing) ship's deck.¼
¨bum©1 ²/bAm/ ³n ´(colloq) part of the body on which one sits; buttocks.¼
¨bum©2 ²/bAm/ ³n ´(sl) ´habitual beggar or loafer. ¹ ³adj ´of poor quality;
worthless. ¹ ³vi,vt µ(-mm-) ¸1 ¶[VP2C] ·@ around, ´loaf, wander about doing
nothing. ¸2 ¶[VP6A,14] ·@ sth (off/from sb), ´succeed in getting
sb to give (usu reluctantly) sth to one: ³He bummed a cigarette off me.¼
¨bumble-bee© ²/ÚbAmbl bi/ ³n ´large kind of hairy bee with a loud hum.¼
¨bum®boat© ²/ÚbAmbE8t/ ³n ´(naut) small boat carrying fresh provisions to ships
lying offshore.¼
¨bump© ²/bAmp/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A,14,3A] ·@ (against/into), ´come against with a
blow or knock: ³The room was dark and I @ed (my head) against the door. The
blind man @ed into me. The car @ed against the kerb/@ed into the car in front.
·@ against/on, ´hurt (one's head, etc) by striking it on sth. ¸2 ¶[VP2C] ´move
with a jerky, jolting motion (like a cart on a bad road): ³The heavy bus @ed
along the rough mountain road. ¸3 ¶[VP15B] ·@ sb off, ´(sl) murder him. ¹ ³adv
´suddenly; violently: ³Our bus ran @ into the wall. ¹ ³n ¸1 ´blow or knock;
dull sound made by a blow (as when two things come together with force). ¸2
´swelling on the body caused by such a blow; natural bulge on the skull. µ¥
phrenology. ¸3 ´swelling on any surface. ¸4 ´(jolt felt in an aircraft, caused
by a) sudden change in air-pressure. ¸@y
³adj µ(-ier, -iest) ´with many @s: ³a @y road/ride.¼
¨bum®per©1 ²/ÚbAmpE(r)/ ³n ´fender (usu a horizontal bar) on a bus,
motor-car, etc (front and rear), to lessen the effect of a collision; fender
(on the side of a boat or ship). µ¥ ´the illus at µmotor.¼
¨bum®per©2 ²/ÚbAmpE(r)/ ³n ¸1 ´glass of wine, full to the brim. ¸2 ´(attrib)
sth unusually large or abundant: ³@ crops; a @ harvest; a @ edition ´(of a
periodical).¼
¨bump®kin© ²/ÚbAmpkIn/ ³n ´awkward person with unpolished manners, esp from
the country: ³a country @.¼
¨bump®tious© ²/ÚbAmp2Es/ ³adj ´conceited; self-important: ³@ officials. ¸@®ly
³adv ¸@®ness ³n¼
¨bun© ²/bAn/ ³n ¸1 ´small, round, sweet cake, usu containing currants. ¸2 ·in a
bun, ´(of a woman's hair) twisted into a knot above the back of the neck. µ¥
chignon.¼
¨buna© ²/ÚbunE/ ³n ¶[U] ´(P) synthetic rubber.¼
¨bunch© ²/bAnt2/ ³n ¸1 ´number of small, similar things naturally growing
together: ³a @ of grapes/bananas. ¸2 ´collection of things of the same sort
placed or fastened together: ³a @ of flowers/keys. ¸3 ´(sl) mob; gang. ¸4 ·the
best of the @, ´(colloq) the best or pick of the lot. ¹ ³vt,vi ¶[VP15B,2A,C]
·@ (up/together), ´form into a @; come or bring together into a @ or @es, or in
folds: ³Don't @ up´, iÔe cluster together.¼
¨bundle© ²/ÚbAndl/ ³n ´number of articles fastened, tied, or wrapped together:
³a @ of sticks/firewood; a @ of old rags. The books were tied up in @s of
twenty. ¹ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP15B] ·@ up/together, ´make into a @ or @s: ³We @d
everything up. ¸2 ¶[VP15A] ´put together in a confused heap; put away without
order: ³We @d everything into a drawer. ¸3 ¶[VP15A,B,2C] ´send or go in a hurry
or without ceremony: ³They @d him into a taxi. His mother @d him off to school.
They @d off/out/away.¼
¨bung© ²/bAG/ ³n ´large (usu wooden, rubber, cork or plastic) stopper for
closing a hole in a cask or barrel. ¹ ³vt ¶[VP6A,15B] ·@ (up), ´put a @ into
(the hole in a cask). ¸Ú@-hole ³n ´hole for filling a cask. ·@ed up, ´(of the
nose) stopped up with mucus; (of drains) clogged with dirt.¼
¨bun®ga®low© ²/ÚbAGgElE8/ ³n ´small house of only one storey; (in India) such a
house surrounded by a large verandah. ¸Úbun®ga®loid ²/ÚbAGgElãId/ ³adj ´of or
like @s: ³bungaloid growth´, area of unsightly building development with many
@s.¼
¨bungle© ²/ÚbAGgl/ ³vt,vi ¶[VP6A,2A] ´do (a piece of work) badly
and clumsily; spoil (a task, etc) by lack of skill. ¹ ³n ´@d piece of work.
¸bung®ler ²/ÚbAGglE(r)/ ³n ´person who @s.¼
¨bun®ion© ²/ÚbAnIEn/ ³n ´inflamed swelling, esp on the large joint of the big
toe.¼
¨bunk©1 ²/bAGk/ ³n ´narrow bed fixed on the wall, eÔg of a cabin in a ship or
in a train; sleeping-berth. ¸@ beds, ´pair of single beds, one fixed above the
other, usu for children.¼
¨bunk©2 ²/bAGk/ ³vi ´(GB sl) run away; play truant. ¹ ³n ·do a @, ´run away.¼
¨bunk©3 ²/bAGk/ ³n ¶[U] ´abbr for µbunkum.¼
¨bunker© ²/ÚbAGkE(r)/ ³n ¸1 ´that part of a ship where coal or fuel oil is
stored. ¸2 ´sandy hollow, made as an obstacle, on a golf-course. ¸3 ´(mil)
underground shelter, fortified point, of steel and concrete. ¹ ³vt,vi ¸1
¶[VP6A,2A] ´fill a ship's @s with fuel; (of a ship) obtain supplies of fuel.
¸2 ´(usu passive) ·be @ed, ´get one's ball into a @ at golf; (fig) be in
difficulties.¼
¨bun®kum© ²/ÚbAGkEm/ ³n ¶[U] ´senseless or purposeless talk: ³That's all @!¼
¨bunny© ²/ÚbAnI/ ³n (pl µ-nies³) ´(child's word for) rabbit.¼
¨Bun®sen© ²/ÚbAnsn/ ³n ¸*@ Úburner, ´burner for gas, with an air-valve for
regulating the mixture of gas and air.¼
¨bunt®ing© ²/ÚbAntIG/ ³n ¶[U] ´(bright-coloured cloth used for making) flags
and decorations (for use in streets and on buildings on festive occasions).¼
¨buoy© ²/bãI/ ³n ¸1 ´floating object, anchored to the bottom, used to show a
navigable channel or to indicate reefs, submerged wrecks, etc. ¸2 ´(also
¸Úlife-@´) sth designed to keep a person afloat in the water, eÔg sth made of
cork or sth that can be inflated with air. µ¥ ´the illus at µlife. ´¹ ³vi ¸1
¶[VP6A] ´mark the position of with a @: ³@ a wreck/channel. ¸2 ¶[VP15B] ·@ up,
´keep afloat; (fig) keep up hopes, etc: ³@ed up with new hope.¼
¨buoy®ancy© ²/ÚbãIEnsI/ ³n ¶[U] ¸1 ´power to float or keep things
floating: ³Salt water has more @ than fresh water. ¸2 ´(fig) lightness of
spirits; power to recuperate; (of the stock market) tendency of prices to
rise.¼
¨buoy®ant© ²/ÚbãIEnt/ ³adj ´able to float or to keep things floating; (fig)
light-hearted: ³a @ disposition; ´springy: ³with a @ step; ´(of the stock
market, etc) maintaining high prices. ¸@®ly ³adv¼
¨bur©, burr ²/b3(r)/ ³n ´(plant with a) seed-case or flower-head that clings
to the hair or fur of animals; (fig) sth or sb that sticks like a @, esp a
person who forces his company on others and is hard to shake off.¼
¨Bur®berry© ²/Úb3bErI/ ³n ´(P) (name of manufacturers of a) coat of waterproof
cloth.¼
¨burble© ²/Úb3bl/ ³vi ´make a gentle murmuring or bubbling sound: ³burbling
with mirth.¼
¨bur®den© ²/Úb3dn/ ³n ¸1 ´sth (to be) carried; load (esp one that is heavy);
(liter and fig) sth difficult to bear: ³the @ of taxation (up)on industry; a @
of sorrow/grief. ·be a @ to sb, ´cause him expense and trouble: ³He was always
a @ to his parents. ¸beast of @, ´animal that carries packs on its back. ¸2
¶[U] ´ship's carrying capacity, tonnage; ³a ship of 3Ô000 tons @. ¸3 ·the @ of
proof, ´obligation to prove: ³The @ of proof rests with him´, He must prove
the truth of his statement. ¸4 ´refrain or chorus (of a song); (with ³def
art´) chief theme of a statement, speech, etc: ³The @ of his remarks was
that«. ¹ ³vt ·@ sb/oneself (with), ¶[VP6A,14] ´load; put a @ on: ³@ oneself
with a heavy overcoat; @ one's memory with useless facts; @ed with taxation.
¸@®some ²/-sEm/ ³adj ´hard to bear; making (sb) tired; troublesome (³to ´sb).¼
¨bur®dock© ²/Úb3dok/ ³n ´wild plant with leaves like those of a dock and
prickly flower-heads (³burrs).¼
¨bureau© ²/Úbj8ErE8/ ³n (pl µ-reaux, ²/-rE8z/³) ¸1 ´(GB) writing desk with
drawers. ¸2 ´government or municipal department or office: ·*³Infor·Ú³mation
B@; ·Ú³Tourist B@. ¸3 ´(US) chest of drawers for clothes, etc, usu with a
mirror.¼
¨bureau®cracy© ²/bj8EÚrokrEsI/ ³n ¶[U] ´government by paid
officials not elected by the people, officials who keep their positions
whatever political party is in power; (over-)complicated system of
administration; ¶[C] ³(pl µ-cies³) ´instance of ´this system of government; the
officials as a body.¼
¨bureau®crat© ²/Úbj8ErEkrat/ ³n ´(often pej) official who works in a bureau or
government department, esp one who obeys the rules of his department without
exercising much judgement. ¸@ic ²/*bj8ErEÚkratIk/ ³adj ´of or like a @; too
much attached to rules; carried on according to official rules and habits.
¸@i®cally ²/-IklI/ ³adv¼
¨burette© ²/bj8EÚret/ ³n ´graduated glass tube with a tap for measuring small
quantities of liquid that are let out of it.¼
¨burg© ²/b3g/ ³n ´(US colloq) town; city.¼
¨bur®geon© ²/Úb3dZEn/ ³vi ´(poet) put out leaves; begin to grow.¼
¨bur®gess© ²/Úb3dZIs/ ³n ´(old use) person having the full rights of an English
borough.¼
¨burgh© ²/ÚbArE ³US: ²b3-/ ³n ´borough in Scotland.¼
¨bur®gher© ²/Úb3gE(r)/ ³n ´(old use) citizen (esp of a Dutch, Flemish or German
town).¼
¨bur®glar© ²/Úb3glE(r)/ ³n ´person who breaks into a house in order to steal.
¸bur®glary ²/Úb3glErI/ ³n ¶[U] ´crime of breaking into a house to steal: ¶[C]
³(pl µ-ries³) ´instance of this: ³There have been numerous @ies in this
district recently. ¸Ú@-alarm ³n ´device to give warning of @s. ¸Ú@-proof ³adj
´made so that @s cannot break in or into. ¸burgle ²/Úb3gl/ ³vt,vi ¶[VP6A]
´break into (a building) to commit @y; ¶[VP2A] ´commit @y. ¸@i®ous
²/b3ÚgleErIEs/ ³adj ´(legal) of @y: ³guilty of a @ious attempt.¼
¨burgo®mas®ter© ²/Úb3gEmqstE(r) ³US: ²-mas-/ ³n ´mayor of a Dutch, Flemish
or German town.¼
¨Bur®gundy© ²/Úb3gEndI/ ³n ¶[U] ´kinds of (usu red) wine of Burgundy (in
Central France).¼
¨burial© ²/ÚberIEl/ ³n ¶[U] ´burying, ¶[C] ´instance of this. ¸Ú@-ground ³n
´cemetery. ¸ÚB@ Service, ´the religious ceremony at a funeral.¼
¨burke© ²/b3k/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´avoid: ³@ publicity/an issue; ´suppress: ³@ an
inquiry.¼
¨bur®lap© ²/Úb3lap/ ³n ¶[U] ´coarse canvas (used for bags, wrappings, etc).¼
¨bur®lesque© ²/b3Úlesk/ ³n ¸1 ¶[C] ´imitation, eÔg of a book, speech, person's
behaviour, for the purpose of making fun of it or of amusing people. ¸2 ¶[U]
´amusing imitation or parody. ¸3 ´(US) variety entertainment. µ¥ variety(5). ¸4
´(as ³adj ´or attrib) intended as a @: ³@ acting. ¹ vt ¶[VP6A] ´make a @ of;
parody; travesty.¼
¨burly© ²/Úb3lI/ ³adj ´(of a person) big and strong; solidly built.¼
¨burn©1 ²/b3n/ ³n ´(Scot) small stream.¼
¨burn©2 ²/b3n/ ³vt,vi (pt,pp µburnt ²/b3nt/ ´or µburned ²/b3nd/³) ´(For uses
with ³adverbial particles ´and ³preps, µ¥ 6 ´below.) ¸1 ¶[VP6A] ´use for the
purpose of lighting or heating: ³Most large steamships now @ oil instead of
coal. This lamp @s oil. We have @t all our logs. ¸2 ¶[VP6A,14] ·@ (to),
´damage, hurt, destroy by fire, heat or the action of acid: ³Be careful not to
@ the meat. The coffee is very hot, don't @ your mouth. You've @t my toast to a
cinder! ´so that it is hard and black. ³The child @t itself/its fingers while
playing with matches. Some acids are strong enough to @ wood. ·@ one's fingers,
µ¥ finger. ¸Ú@ing glass ³n ´lens used to concentrate the sun's rays (to set
fire to sth). ¸3 ¶[VP2A,B,C] ´be on fire or alight; be
capable of giving out light and heat: ³Wood @s easily. Stone won't @. All the
lights were @ing. ¸4 ¶[VP6A] ´make by heat; heat (a material) to make (sth): ³@
bricks/lime/charcoal; @ clay to make bricks; @ a hole in a carpet´, eÔg by
dropping a cigarette end. ¸5 ¶[VP2A,C,4A] ´be hurt or spoilt by fire or heat;
scorch; be or feel warm or hot; (fig) be filled with strong feeling: ³The
milk/sauce has @t. She has a skin that @s easily´, is quickly hurt by the sun.
³Her cheeks were @ing with shame. They were @ing to avenge the death of their
leader. ¸6 ¶[VP15B,2C] ´(special uses with ³adverbial particles ´and ³preps´):¼
·burn (sth) away, ¸(a) ´continue to @: ³The fire was @ing away cheerfully. ¸(b)
´make, become less, by @ing: destroy, be destroyed, by @ing: ³Half the candle
had @t away. An area of skin on his hand was @t away.¼
·burn sth down, ´be destroyed, destroy to the foundations, by fire: ³The house
(was) @t down. ·@ (down) (low), ´@ less brightly as the material @s or the fuel
is used.¼
·burn sth out, ¸(a) ´become extinguished: ³The fire @t (itself) out. ¸(b) ´(of
a rocket) use up its fuel. ¸(c) ´(of an electric motor, coil) stop working
because high current has caused electrical @ing. ¸(d) ´(usu passive) be
destroyed, be reduced to a shell, by fire; be gutted: ³@t-out factories/tanks.
·@ oneself out, ´ruin one's health by overwork, dissipation, etc.¼
·burn sth up, ¸(a) ´burst into flames, flare up: ³Put some wood on the fire
and make it @ up. ¸(b) ´consume, get rid of, by @ing: ³We @t up all the garden
rubbish. ¸(c) ´(of a rocket, etc, re-entering the atmosphere from space) catch
fire and be destroyed. ¸Ú@-up ³n ´(GB sl) high-speed race on a public road
between young people on motor-cycles.¼
¨burn©3 ²/b3n/ ³n ¸1 ´injury, mark, made by fire, heat or acid: ³He
died of the @s he received in the fire. ¸2 ´(aerospace) one firing of a
rocket: ³a two-minute @ to correct course to the moon.¼
¨burner© ²/Úb3nE(r)/ ³n ¸1 ´person who burns sth or makes sth by burning: ³a
·Ú³charcoal-burner. ¸2 ´that part of a lamp, stove, etc from which the light or
flame comes: ³a four-@ oil-stove.¼
¨burn®ing© ²/Úb3nIG/ ³adj ¸1 ´intense: ³a @ thirst/desire. ¸2 ´exciting; hotly
debated: ³a @ question. ¸3 ´notorious, scandalous: ³a @ disgrace/shame.¼
¨bur®nish© ²/Úb3nI2/ ³vt,vi ¶[VP6A] ´polish (metal) by, or as if by, rubbing;
¶[VP2A] ´take a polish: ³material that @es well.¼
¨bur®nouse© ²/b3Únus/ ³n ´kind of cloak with a hood, worn by Arabs and Moors.¼
¨burp© ²/b3p/ ³n ¶[C] ´(colloq) belch. ¹ ³vt,vi ¶[VP6A,2A] ´(cause to) give a
@: ³@ a baby.¼
¨burr©1 ³n µ¥ bur.¼
¨burr©2 ²/b3(r)/ ³n ¸1 ´whirring sound made by parts of machines that turn
quickly. ¸Ú@-drill ³n ´one used by dentists. ¸2 ´marked pronunciation of "r';
marked (rural) accent: ³speak with a soft West-country @.¼
¨bur®row© ²/ÚbArE8/ ³n ´hole made in the ground (by foxes, rabbits, etc). ¹
³vi,vt ¶[VP6A,2A,2C] ´make a @: ³@ a hole; ´(fig) investigate
(sth hidden): ³@ into a mystery.¼
¨bur®sar© ²/Úb3sE(r)/ ³n ¸1 ´treasurer (esp of a college). ¸2 ´(person holding
a) scholarship at a university of Scotland, or a grant for continuation of
studies: ³British Council @s in Great Britain. ¸@y ³n ¸1 ´college @'s office.
¸2 ´scholarship; grant for continuation of studies.¼
¨burst©1 ²/b3st/ ³vi,vt ³(pt,pp µburst³) ´(For uses with ³adverbial particles
´and ³preps, µ¥ 5 ´below.) ¸1 ¶[VP2A] ´(of a bomb, shell, boiler, etc) fly or
break violently apart from internal pressure; explode; (of river banks, a dam,
an abscess, a boil) break outwards; (of a bubble) break; (of leaf and flower
buds) open out. ·be @ing to, ´be eager to: ³He was @ing to tell us the news. ¸2
¶[VP6A,22] ´cause to fly apart, explode, open suddenly, give way under
pressure: ³@ a tyre/balloon; We had to @ the door open. If you get much fatter
you'll @ your clothes. He @ a blood-vessel´, suffered the @ing of one; (fig) ³@
one's sides with laughing. ¸3 ·@ (with), ¶[VP2A,3A] ´be full to over-flowing;
be able to contain with difficulty: ³storehouses @ing with grain; sacks @ing
with corn. They were @ing with happiness/pride/excitement/impatience/health. ¸4
¶[VP2C] ´make a way or entry suddenly or by force: ³He @ into the room. The oil
@ ´(= gushed) ³out of the ground. The sun @ through the clouds´, appeared
through an opening in the clouds. ¸5 ¶[VP2C,3A] ´(with ³adverbial particles
´and ³preps´):¼
·burst forth, µ¥ @ out.¼
·burst in (on/upon), ¸(a) ´interrupt: ³Stop him @ing in. He @ in upon our
conversation. ¸(b) ´appear or arrive suddenly: ³He'll be @ing in on us at any
moment.¼
·burst into, ¸(a) ´send out suddenly; break out into: ³The oil-stove upset and
@ into flames. ¸(b) ³@ into tears/laughter, etc´, suddenly begin to cry
(laugh, etc); ³@ into song, ´begin to sing; ³@ into angry speech´, begin to
speak angrily. ¸(c) ³@ into bloom/blossom´, (of shrubs, trees) open out with
blossom. ¸(d) ³@ into view/sight´, (of a scene, spectacle) suddenly become
visible.¼
·burst out (into), ´exclaim; begin to speak: ³"Why don't you behave?' he @ out
´(= @ forth). ³He @ out into threats. ·@ out laughing/crying, ´suddenly begin
to laugh/cry.¼
·burst on/upon, ´come suddenly or unexpectedly to: ³The view @ upon our sight.
The truth @ upon him´, he suddenly realized it. ³The cries of the mob @ upon
our ears.¼
¨burst©2 ²/b3st/ ³n ¸1 ´bursting explosion: ³the @ of a shell/bomb;
a @ in the water main. ¸2 ´brief, violent effort: ³a @ of energy/speed; work
in sudden @s. ¸3 ´outbreak: ³a @ of applause/anger/tears; a @ of flame. ¸4
´short spurt: ³a @ of gunfire´, eÔg from a machine-gun. ¸5 µ¥ bust±2µ.¼
¨bur®then© ²/Úb3DEn/ ³n, v ´(liter) burden.¼
¨bur®ton© ²/Úb3tn/ ³n ´beer brewed at Burton-on-Trent, Derbyshire. ·gone for a
@, ´(GB sl) dead; missing.¼
¨bury© ²/ÚberI/ ³vt ¸1 ¶[VP6A] ´place (a dead body) in the ground, in a grave
or in the sea; (of a clergyman) perform the Burial Service over; (of
relatives) lose by death: ³William Shakespeare is buried in the church at
Stratford on Avon. He was buried at sea. Poor old JoeÅhe's dead and buried. She
has buried five husbands. ¸2 ¶[VP6A,22,15A] ´put underground; cover with earth,
leaves, etc; cover up and forget; hide from view: ³buried treasure. You
wouldn't like to be buried alive. The dog buried the bone. The end of the post
was buried in the ground. The house was half buried under snow. She buried ´(=
hid) ³her face in her hands. ·@ oneself in the country, ´go to a place in the
country where one will meet few people. ·@ oneself in one's books/studies,
´give all one's time and attention to them. ·be buried in thoughts/memories of
the past, ´etc, be deep in thought, etc, paying no attention to other things.
¸Ú@ing-ground ³n ´cemetery.¼
¨bus© ²/bAs/ ³n ¸1 ´(= ³omnibus ´which is now dated) public
conveyance that travels along a fixed route and takes up and sets down
passengers at fixed points: ³Shall we walk or go by bus? ·miss the bus,
´(colloq) be too late to use an opportunity. ¸Úbus®man ²/-mEn/ ³n ´bus-driver.
·*busman's Úholiday, ´leisure time spent in the same kind of occupation as
one's ordinary work. ¸Ú@ stop ³n ´fixed stopping place for buses. ¸2 ´(sl)
aeroplane; motor-car. ¹ ³vi,vt µ(-ss-) ¶[VP2A,6A] ´go, take, by bus; (esp US)
transport children to their schools: ³the bussing of children to achieve racial
integration´, eÔg by taking children from white areas to schools in black areas
and vice versa.¼
¨busby© ²/ÚbAzbI/ ³n (pl µ-bies³) ´fur cap worn for ceremonial parades by
soldiers of some British regiments.¼
¨bush© ²/b82/ ³n ¸1 ¶[C] ´low-growing plant with several or many woody stems
coming up from the root. Cf ³tree´, with a single trunk: ·Ú³rose-@; ·Ú³fruit
@es´, eÔg currants, gooseberries. ¸2 ¶[U] ´(often ¸the @´) wild, uncultivated
land, with or without trees or bushes, esp in Africa and Australia. µ¥ ´also
µtelegraph. ¸ÚB@®man ²/-mEn/ ³n (pl µ-men³) ´member of certain anciently
settled tribes of West Southern Africa. ¸@y ³adj ¸1 ´covered with @es. ¸2
´growing thickly; thick and rough: ³@y eyebrows; a fox's @y tail.¼
¨bushel© ²/Úb82l/ ³n ´(before metrication) measure for grain and fruit (8
gallons). µ¥ App 5. ·hide one's light under a @, ´be modest about one's
abilities, good qualities, etc.¼
¨busier©, busiest, busily µ¥ busy.¼
¨busi®ness© ²/ÚbIznIs/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´buying and selling; commerce;
trade: ³We do not do much @ with them. He's in the wool @´, buys and sells
wool. ³He has set up in @ as a bookseller. He is in @ for himself´, works on
his own account, is not employed by others. ³Which do you want to do, go into
@ or become a lawyer? ·on @, ´for the purpose of doing @: ³Are you here on @
or for pleasure? ¸Ú@ address, ´address of one's shop, office, etc. Cf ³home
address. ¸Ú@ hours, ´hours during which @ is done, eÔg 9aÔm to 5pÔm. ¸Ú@-like
³adj ´using, showing system, promptness, care, etc. ¸@®man ²/-man/ ³n (pl
µ-men³) ´man who is engaged in buying and selling, etc. ¸2 ¶[C] ´shop;
commercial enterprise, etc: ³He has a good @ as a greengrocer. He is the
manager of three different @es. The newspapers advertise many small @es for
sale. ¸3 ¶[U] ´task, duty, concern; what has to be done: ³It is a teacher's @
to help his pupils. I will make it my @ ´(= will undertake) ³to see that the
money is paid promptly. That's no @ of yours´, is something about which you
need not or should not trouble. ·get down to @, ´start the work that must be
done. ·mind one's own @, ´attend to one's own duties and not interfere with
those of others. ·mean @, ´be in earnest. ·send sb about his @, ´send him away
and tell him not to interfere. ¸4 ¶[U] ´right: ³You have no @ to do that. ¸5
´(with ³indef art´) difficult matter: ³What a @ it is getting the children off
to school! ¸6 ´(often contemptuous) affair; subject; device: ³I'm sick of the
whole @´, tired of the affair. ¸7 ´(colloq): ³the @ end of a pin/a chisel, etc,
´the sharp end, the end to be used. ¸8 ¶[U] ´(theatre) action, facial
expression, etc of the actors in interpreting their parts (as distinct from the
words they speak).¼
¨busker© ²/ÚbAskE(r)/ ³n ´person who entertains people informally
for money in public places, eÔg by singing or dancing to queues outside
cinemas.¼
¨bust©1 ²/bAst/ ³n ¸1 ´head and shoulders of a person cut in stone, or cast in
bronze, gypsum, etc. ¸2 ´woman's bosom; measurement round the bosom and back.¼
¨bust©2 ²/bAst/ ³vt,vi ´(sl for µburst³) @ sth´, smash it. ·go @, ´fail; run
out of money: ³The business went @. ¹ ³n ·have a @; go on the @, ´a period of
wild revelry. ¸Ú@-up ³n ´(sl) quarrel.¼
¨bus®tard© ²/ÚbAstEd/ ³n ´large, swift-running bird.¼
¨bus®ter©1 ²/ÚbAstE(r)/ ³n ´(in compounds) bomb or shell that wrecks
completely: ·Ú³dam-@; ·Ú³tank-@; ·Ú³block-@´, iÔe a bomb that may destroy a
block of buildings.¼
¨bus®ter©2 ²/ÚbAstE(r)/ ³n ´(US sl, as a form of address) fellow (= GB
³mate±1µ1).¼
¨bustle©1 ²/ÚbAsl/ ³vi,vt ¶[VP2A,C,15B] ´(cause to) move quickly and excitedly:
³Tell him to @´, hurry. ³Everyone was bustling about/in and out´, appearing to
be very busy. ³She @d the children off to school. ¹ ³n ¶[U] ´excited activity:
³Everybody was in a @. Why is there so much @?¼
¨bustle©2 ²/ÚbAsl/ ³n ´frame formerly used to puff out a woman's skirt at the
back.¼
¨busy© ²/ÚbIzI/ ³adj µ(busier, busiest) ¸1 ´working; occupied; having much to
do: ³The doctor is a @ man. He was @ with/at/over his work. ·be @ doing sth,
be in the process of doing it: ³He was @ getting ready for his journey.
·get @, ´start: ³You'd better get @ eating. ¸Ú@®body ³n (pl µ@bodies³) ´person
who interferes in the affairs of other people, esp when his help is not wanted.
¸2 ´full of activity: ³a @ day; ´(of places) filled with active people,
traffic, etc: ³The shops are @ before Christmas. This is one of the busiest
underground stations in London. ¸3 ´(of a telephone line) in use. ¹ ³vt
¶[VP14,6A] ·@ oneself (with); @ oneself (by/in) doing sth, ´keep @, occupy
oneself with: ³He busied himself with all sorts of little tasks. She busied
herself by tidying up her desk. ¸busi®ly ²/ÚbIzIlI/ ³adv ´in a @ way: ³busily
engaged in doing sth.¼
¨but©1 ²/bAt/ ³adv ´only (now the usu word): ³We can but try. He
left but an hour ago. He's but a boy. ·can not but ³+ inf·, ´(formal) = can
only + ³infÔ´: ³I cannot but think that«, ´am compelled to«; ³I could not but
choose to go/I could not choose but go ´(= had no alternative than to go). ³I
cannot but admire ´(= must admire, cannot help admiring) ³your decision.¼
¨but©2 ²/bEt ³strong form: ²bAt/ ³conj ¸1 ´(coordinating): ³Tom was not there
but his brother was. We tried to do it but couldn't. He's a hardworking but not
very intelligent boy. ¸2 ´(subordinating, with a neg implication): ³I never go
past my old school but I think ´(= without thinking) ³of Mr Wilkins,
the headmaster. No man is so old but he may learn´, No man is too old to
learn. ³Never a month passes but she writes ´(= in which she does not write)
³to her old parents.¼
¨but©3 ²/bEt ³strong form: ²bAt/ ³prep ´(The uses of ³but ´as a ³prep ´and as
a ³conj ´are not always clearly to be distinguished. The subject forms of the
³pers pronouns ´are often used after ³but ´meaning "except', as if it were
a ³conj. ´The object forms are also used, as if ³but ´were a ³prep´). ´(With
negatives, eÔg ³no one, none, nothing´, and interrogatives, eÔg ³who´, and
such words as ³all, every one´) except, excluding: ³Nothing but disaster would
come from such a plan. They're all wrong but me. None but the brave deserve
the fair (´prov)³). Who but Gloria would do such a thing? ·first/next/last but
one/two/three·: ³Take the next turning but one ´(= the second turning) ³on your
left. I live in the last house but two ´(= the third house from the end) ³in
this street. Smith was the last but one ´(= second to last) ³to arrive. ·Úbut
for, ´except for, without: ³But for your help we should not have finished
in time. But for the rain ´(= If it had not rained) ³we should have
had a pleasant journey. ·Úbut that, ´except that: ³He would have helped us but
that ´(= if it had not been for the fact that) ³he was short of money at the
time. ·but then, ´on the other hand: ³London is a noisy place, but then it's
also the place where you get the best entertainment.¼
¨but©4 ²/bAt/ ³rel pron ´(rare; formal) who/that do/does not: ³There is not one
of us but wishes ´(= not one of us who does not wish) ³to help you. There are
few of us but ´(= few of us who do not) ³admire your determination.¼
¨bu®tane© ²/ÚbjuteIn/ ³n ¶[U] ´gas produced from petroleum supplied in metal
containers for use in houses, etc, where there is no piped supply of gas (for
cooking, heating, lighting, etc).¼
¨butch© ²/b8t2/ ³adj ´(colloq) (of a woman) having tendencies towards masculine
behaviour and clothes; (of a man) exaggeratedly masculine. ¹ ³n ´such a
person.¼
¨butcher© ²/Úb8t2E(r)/ ³n ¸1 ´person who kills, cuts up and sells animals for
food. ·@'s meat´, meat excluding poultry, game and bacon; ·the @'s´, the @'s
shop. ¸2 ´person who has caused unnecessary death, eÔg a general who wastes
the lives of soldiers; person who kills savagely and needlessly. ¹ ³vt ¶[VP6A]
´kill violently, esp with a knife. ¸@y ³n ¶[U] ¸1 ´(attrib) @'s trade: ³He's in
the @y business. ¸2 ´needless and cruel killing of people.¼
¨but®ler© ²/ÚbAtlE(r)/ ³n ´head manservant (in charge of the wine-cellar,
pantry, valuables, etc).¼
¨butt©1 ²/bAt/ ³n ¸1 ´large cask for wine or ale. ¸2 ´large barrel
for storing rainwater, eÔg from roofs.¼
¨butt©2 ²/bAt/ ³n ¸1 ´thicker (usu wooden) end (esp of a fishing-rod or
rifle). ¸2 ´unburned end of a smoked cigar or cigarette, or of a used candle.¼
¨butt©3 ²/bAt/ ³n ¸1 ´(usu ³pl ´with ³def art´) shooting-range; the targets
and the mound of earth behind them (used for practice in firing rifles). ¸2
´person who is a target for ridicule, jokes, etc: ³He is the @ of the whole
school.¼
¨butt©4 ²/bAt/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A,15A] ´push with the head (as a goat does): ³@
someone in the stomach. ¸2 ¶[VP2C] ·@ in, ´(colloq) force oneself into the
conversation or company of others; interrupt sb: ³May I @ in? ¶[VP3A] ·@ into,
´run into, head or front first.¼
¨but®ter© ²/ÚbAtE(r)/ ³n ¶[U] ¸1 ´fatty food substance made from cream by
churning, used on bread, in cooking, etc. ·@ will/would not melt in sb's
mouth, ´he has a demure and innocent appearance. ¸Ú@®bean, ´large, dried
haricot @. ¸Ú@®cup ³n ´wild plant with yellow flowers. ¸Ú@®fin®gers ³n ´person
unable to hold things well, esp one unable to catch a ball. ¸Ú@®milk ³n ´liquid
that remains after @ has been separated from milk. ¸Ú@®scotch ³n ¶[U] ´sweet
substance made by boiling sugar and @ together. ¸2 ´substance similar to @,
made from other materials: ³cocoa @, peanut @. ¹ ³vt ¸1 ¶[VP6A] ´spread @ on
(esp bread); cook with @. µ¥ ´also µbread(2). ¸2 ¶[VP15B] ·@ sb up, ´flatter.¼
¨but®ter®fly© ²/ÚbAtEflñI/ ³n (pl µ-flies³) ´insect with four wings, often
brightly coloured, and feelers. ¸Ú@ (stroke) ³n ´stroke used in swimming, both
arms moving upward and outward at the same time as an up and down kick of the
feet.¼
¨but®tery© ²/ÚbAtErI/ ³n (pl µ-ries³) ´(in some GB universities)
place where provisions (bread, butter, ale) are kept and from which they are
served.¼
¨but®tock© ²/ÚbAtEk/ ³n ¸1 ´either side of that part of the body on which a
person sits: ³an injection of penicillin in the left @. ¸2 ³(pl) ¸the @s, ´the
rump, the bottom: ³a smack on the @s. µ¥ ´the illus at µleg.¼
¨but®ton© ²/ÚbAtn/ ³n ¸1 ´small, usu round, bit of bone, metal, etc for
fastening, on an article of clothing, or sewn on as an ornament. ¸Ú@®hole ³n
´hole through which a @ is passed; flower worn in a @hole (eÔg in the lapel of
a jacket or coat). µ¹ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´hold sb by the @hole (to get his attention).
¸Ú@®hook ³n ´hook for pulling a @ into place through a @hole. ¸Ú@®wood ³n
´tall tree with a @-shaped fruit, related to the sycamore; its wood. ¸2 ´small,
round @-like object, esp one that, when pushed, makes an electrical contact,
eÔg for a bell: ³press/push/touch the @. ¸3 ´small, unopened mushroom. ¸4 ³(pl)
´(colloq) boy wearing uniform, employed as a page in a club, hotel, etc. µ¥
bell-hop. ³¹ ³vt,vi ¶[VP6A,15B,2A] ·@ (up/down) ´fasten with a @ or @s: ³@ (up)
one's coat; a dress that @s down the back. My collar won't @ down´, I can't @
it. ·@ up, ´(colloq) complete safely, at last: ³That's that job @ed up!
¸*@ed-Úup, ³adj ´(colloq) (of a person) silent and reserved.¼
¨but®tress© ²/ÚbAtrIs/ ³n ´support built against a wall. µ¥ ´the illus at
µchurch´. (fig) prop; sth that supports: ³the @es of society/the constitution.
¹ ³vt ¶[VP6A,15B] ·@ (up), ´strengthen, hold up (by building a @); (fig)
support, strengthen: ³@ up an argument.¼
¨buxom© ²/ÚbAksEm/ ³adj ´(of women) good-looking, healthy-looking and well
covered with flesh.¼
¨buy© ²/bñI/ ³vt,vi (pt,pp µbought ²/bct/³) ¸1 ¶[VP6A,15B,12B,13B,2A,C] ´get in
return for money, get by paying a price: ³Can money buy happiness? I bought
this car from Chris. Buy one for me. Buy me one. I must buy myself a new shirt.
He bought it for $2. He bought them for/at 10p each. Prices are lowÅbuy now!
·buy sth back: ³He sold his house and then bought it back again. ·buy sth in,
¸(a) ´buy a stock of: ³buy in coal for the winter. ¸(b) ´(at an auction sale)
bid for and obtain (one's own goods) by offering a higher price than the
highest offered by others (when other bids are considered too low). ·buy sth
off, ´get rid of (an unjust claim, a blackmailer) by making a payment. ·buy
sb out, ´pay (sb) to give up a post, property, etc or a share in one's own
business. ·buy sb over, ´bribe or corrupt (sb). ·buy sth up, ´buy all or as
much as possible of (sth). ¸2 ¶[VP6A] ´obtain at a sacrifice: ³He bought fame
at the expense of his health and happiness. Victory was dearly bought. ¹ ³n
´(colloq) purchase: ³a good buy´, a bargain. ¸buyer ³n ´person who buys.
¸buyers' market, ´state of affairs when goods are plentiful and money scarce,
so that low prices favour buyers.¼
¨buzz© ²/bAz/ ³vi,vt ¸1 ¶[VP2A,C] ´make a humming sound (as of bees
or machinery in rapid motion). ¸2 ¶[VP2C] ´move rapidly or excitedly: ³@
about/around; @ing along the road. ·@ off, ´(sl) go away. ¸3 ¶[VP2A] ´(of the
ears) be filled with a @ing noise: ³My ears began @ing. ¸4 ¶[VP6A] ´(of an
aircraft) fly near to or low over (another plane) in a threatening manner: ³Two
fighters @ed the airliner. ¹ n ´humming (of bees or other insects); sound of
people talking, of whirling machinery, etc. ·give sb a @, ´(sl) make a
telephone call to him. ¸@er ³n ´electrical device that produces a @ (eÔg to
signal time, a telephone call) when the current flows.¼
¨buz®zard© ²/ÚbAzEd/ ³n ´kind of hawk.¼
¨by©1 ²/bñI/ ³adv part ¸1 ´near: ³He hid the money when nobody was by.
¸standby, µ¥ stand±1µ(13). ¸2 ´past: ³He hurried by without a word. Fame passed
him by. I can't get by´, can't pass. ³The time has/is gone by ´(= is past)
³when«. ¸3 ³lay/put/set sth by, ´keep it, save it, for future use. ¸4 ´(in
phrases) ·by and by, ´later on. ·by the by(e), by the way, ´(used to introduce
a new topic, or sth that has been forgotten). ·by and large, ´on the
whole; taking everything into consideration.¼
¨by©2 ²/bñI/ ³prep ¸1 ´near; at or to the side of; beside: ³Come and sit by
me/by my side. My house is by the river. We had a day by the sea. ·by oneself,
´alone: ³He went for a holiday (all) by himself. µ¥ 12 ´below. ·have sth by
one, ´have it handy, within easy reach: ³It's useful to have a good dictionary
by you when you're reading. ·stand by sb, ´support him. ¸2 ´(in reading the
cardinal points) towards: ³North by East´, one point towards the East from the
North, iÔe between N and NÔNÔE; ³East by North´, one point North of East, iÔe
between E and EÔNÔE. µ¥ ´the illus at µcompass. ¸3 ´(showing direction of
movement) (= ³by way of´) through, along, across, over: ³We came by the fields,
not by the roads. Did you come by the nearest road? We travelled to Paris by
Dover and Calais. ¸4 ´past: ³I go by ´(= I pass) ³the post office every morning
on my way to work. He walked by me without speaking. ¸5 ´(of time, esp to
indicate conditions and circumstances) during: ³The enemy attacked by night
´(emphasizing the circumstancesÅunder cover of darkness, etc. Cf Everything was
quiet ³during ´the night). ³Do you prefer travelling by night or by day? We
went for a sail on the lake by moonlight. It's no use trying to escape by
daylight. ¸6 ´(of time) as soon as; not later than; when (the time indicated)
comes: ³Can you finish the work by tomorrow? He ought to be here by this
time/by now. They were tired out by evening. By the time (that) you get there
(that ´is almost always omitted) ³it will be dark. ¸7 ´(to form adverbial
phrases of time, length, weight, number): ³rent a house by the year; hire a
bicycle by the day´, eÔg $5 for one day's use; ³engage a clerk by the month;
pay a labourer by the day/the hour; sell cloth by the yard/coal by the ton/eggs
by the dozen, etc; freight charged by weight/volume; a room 20 ft by
30 ft. ¸8 ´through the agency, means, or instrumentality of: ³The streets are
lighted by electricity. This church was designed by Wren. He makes a living by
teaching. He was shot by a sniper. The man was killed by a falling tree/by
lightning. (´Note that ³by lightning ´is instrumentality, not instrument. Cf
The rat was killed ³by ´Tom ³with ´a stick. µ¥ with(3).³) ¸9 ´(indicating path
or means of travel, transport, conveyance): ³travel by land/sea/air; by
bus/car/boat, etc; send sth by post/hand. ¸10 ´(indicating a part of the body
that is touched, etc): ³take sb by the hand´, iÔe take his hand; ³seize sb by
the hair; grab sb by the scruff of his neck. ¸11 ·know/learn sth by heart, ´so
that one can repeat it from memory. ·know sb by name/reputation/sight, ´know
only his name, etc but not know him personally. ¸12 ´(in adverbial phrases of
manner) ·by accident/mistake, ´accidentally, not on purpose or intentionally.
·by chance/good fortune, ´as the result of chance or good fortune. ·by oneself,
´without help. µ¥ 1 ´above. ¸13 ´in accordance with; in agreement with: ³by
request of my employer; by your leave´, with your permission; ³by (the terms
of) Article 3 of the Treaty. ¸14 ´according to: ³judging by appearances; by
rights´, rightly. ³By my watch it is 2 o'clock. That's nothing to go by´, One
should not form judgements by that. ¸15 ´to the extent of: ³The bullet missed
me by two inches. It needs to be longer by two feet. He's too clever by half´,
much too smart. µ¥ far±2µ(2). ¸16 ´(in oaths) as surely as I believe in: ³I
swear by Almighty God that«; He swore by all that he held sacred that«. ¸17
´(to express square or cubic measurement): ³a carpet 30 metres by 20 metres.
¸18 ´(arith) (to express division, =³divided by ´): ³15 by 3 is/equals 5.¼
¨bye© ²/bñI/ ³n ¸1 ´sth subordinate or incidental: ³by the bye. µ¥
by±1µ(4). ¸2 ´(cricket) run scored on a ball that passes the batsman and the
wicket-keeper.¼
¨bye-bye© ²/ÚbñI-bñI/ ³n ´(child's word for) sleep, bed: ³go to @s ²/ÚbñI
bñIz/³. ¹ int ²/*bñI ÚbñI/ ´(colloq) goodbye.¼
¨by-elec®tion© ²/ÚbñI Ilek2n/ ³n ´election made necessary by the death or
resignation of a member during the life of Parliament. µ¥ general election.¼
¨by®gone© ²/ÚbñIgon ³US: ²-gcn/ ³adj ´past: ³in @ days´, in the time now past.
¸@s ³n pl ´the past; past offences. ·Let @s be @s, ´Forgive and forget the
past.¼
¨by-law©, bye-law ²/ÚbñIlc/ ³n ´law or regulation made by a local, rather than
a central, authority.¼
¨by-pass© ²/ÚbñIpqs ³US: ²-pas/ ³n ´new, wide road passing round a heavily
populated urban area or village, to take through traffic. ¹ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ¸1
´provide with a @: ³@ a village/falls on a river. ¸2 ´make a detour round (a
town, etc); (fig) ³Let's @ that proposal´, ignore it.¼
¨by®path© ²/ÚbñIpqT ³US: ²-paT/ ³n ´less important or less direct path.¼
¨by®play© ²/ÚbñIpleI/ ³n ¶[U] ´(theatre) action apart from that of the main
story; dumb-show of minor characters.¼
¨by-prod®uct© ²/ÚbñIprodAkt/ ³n ¶[C] ´substance obtained during the manufacture
of some other substance: ³Ammonia, coal-tar and coke are valuable @s obtained
in the manufacture of coal-gas.¼
¨by-road© ²/ÚbñIrE8d/ ³n ´side road; road that is not much used.¼
¨by®stander© ²/ÚbqIstandE(r)/ ³n ´person standing near but not taking part in
an event or activity: ³She was only an innocent @.¼
¨by-way© ²/ÚbñIweI/ ³n ´secondary or side road: (fig) ³@s of
history/literature, etc´, less known departments of history, etc.¼
¨by®word© ²/ÚbñIw3d/ ³n ´person, place, etc regarded and spoken of as a notable
example (usu bad): ³She became the @ of the village. The place was a @ for
iniquity.¼
¨C©, c ²/si/ ³n (pl µC's, c's ²/siz/³) ´the third letter of the English
alphabet; symbol for the Roman numeral 100, µ¥ App 4.¼
¨cab© ²/kab/ ³n ¸1 ´vehicle (now usu motorised, = ³taxicab´)
´that may be hired for short journeys: ³Shall we go by bus or take a cab?
¸Úcab®man ²/-mEn/ ³n (pl µ-men³) ´driver of a cab. ¸Úcab-rank ³n ´row of cabs
waiting to be hired. ¸Úcab®stand ³n ´place where cabs are authorized to wait
for customers. µ¥ hansom; taxi. ¸2 ´part of a railway engine for the driver and
fireman; part of a bus, lorry, etc for the driver.¼
¨ca®bal© ²/kEÚbal/ ³n ´(group of persons who carry on) secret intrigue (esp in
politics).¼
¨cab®aret© ²/ÚkabEreI ³US: ²*kabEÚreI/ ³n ´(also ¸Ú@ show´) entertainment
(songs, dancing, etc) provided in a restaurant etc, while guests are at table.¼
¨cab®bage© ²/ÚkabIdz/ ³n ¶[C] ´(kinds of) cultivated plant with a round head
(often called the ³heart) ´of thick greenish-white or reddish-purple leaves, µ¥
´the illus at µvegetable´; ¶[U] ´these leaves cooked as a vegetable or eaten as
salad, µ¥ coleslaw.¼
¨cabby© ²/ÚkabI/ ³n ´(colloq) driver of a cab.¼
¨ca®ber© ²/ÚkeIbE(r)/ ³n ´trunk of a roughly trimmed young fir-tree tossed in
games (in the Highlands of Scotland) as a trial of strength and skill: ³toss
the @.¼
¨cabin© ²/ÚkabIn/ ³n ¸1 ´room in a ship or aircraft, esp (in a ship) one for
sleeping in. ¸Ú@ cruiser ³n ´large motor- boat with a @ or @s. ¸2 ´small, usu
roughly made house (eÔg of logs); railway signal-box.¼
¨cabi®net© ²/ÚkabInIt/ ³n ¸1 ´piece of furniture with drawers or shelves for
storing or displaying things: ³a ·Ú³medicine @; a ·Ú³filing @, ´for storing
letters, documents; ³a ·Ú³china @, ´often with a glass front, for displaying
ornamental china. ¸Ú@-maker ³n ´skilled workman who makes fine furniture. ¸2
´plastic, wooden or metal container for radio or record-playing equipment. ¸3
´group of men (chief ministers of state) chosen by the head of the government
(the prime minister in GB) to be responsible for government administration and
policy. ¸ÚC@ Minister, ´one of these men. ¸4 ´(old use) private room.¼
¨cable© ²/ÚkeIbl/ ³n ¸1 ¶[C,U] ´(length of) thick, strong rope (of fibre or
wire strands), used for making ships fast; rope or chain of an anchor. ¸2
Ú@('s)-length ³n ´100 fathoms, one-tenth of a nautical mile. µ¥ App 5. ¸3
´thick rope of wire strands for supporting a bridge, etc. ¸Ú@-car, Ú@-railway,
´one up a steep hillside, worked by a @ and a stationary engine; funicular
railway. ¸4
´protected bundle of insulated wires (laid underground or on the ocean bottom)
for carrying messages by electric telegraph; message so carried (= µ@gram´). ¸5
´insulated wires for conveying electric power overhead (µ¥ ´the illus at
µpylon´) or underground. ¹ ³vt,vi ¶[VP6A,2A] ´send (a message), communicate,
inform (sb) by @µ(4). ¸Ú@®gram ²/ÚkeIblgram/ ³n ´@d telegram.¼
¨ca®boodle© ²/kEÚbudl/ ³n ´(sl) ·the whole @, ´(of persons or things) all; the
lot.¼
¨ca®boose© ²/kEÚbus/ ³n ¸1 ´room on a ship's deck in which cooking is done. ¸2
´(US) small van at the end of a freight train for the use of the train men.¼
¨ca' canny© ²/*kq ÚkanI/ ³n ´workers' policy of restricting output (by working
slowly).¼
¨ca®cao© ²/kEÚkqE8/ ³n ¸1 ´(also ¸Ú@-bean´) seed of a tropical tree from which
cocoa and chocolate are made. ¸2 ´(also ¸Ú@-tree´) the tree.¼
¨cache© ²/ka2/ ³n ´(hiding-place for) food and stores left (eÔg by explorers)
for later use. ¹ ³vt ´place in a @.¼
¨ca®chet© ²/Úka2eI ³US: ²kaÚ2eI/ ³n ´distinguishing mark (to prove
excellence, authenticity).¼
¨ca®chou© ²/Úka2u ³US: ²kEÚ2u/ ³n ´scented sweet formerly used by smokers to
disguise the odour of tobacco in the breath.¼
¨cackle© ²/Úkakl/ ³n ¶[U] ´noise made by a hen after laying an egg; ¶[C] ´loud
laugh; ¶[U] ´foolish talk. ¹ ³vi ´(of a hen) make this noise; (of a person)
talk or laugh noisily. ¸cack®ler ³n¼
¨ca®coph®ony© ²/kaÚkofEnI/ ³n ´loud, unpleasant mixture of sounds; discordµ(3).
¸ca®coph®onous ²/-nEs/ ³adj¼
¨cac®tus© ²/ÚkaktEs/ ³n (pl µ@es ´or µcacti ²/ÚkaktñI/³) ´(sorts of) plant from
hot, dry climates with a thick, fleshy stem, usu with no leaves and covered
with clusters of spines or prickles.¼
¨cad© ²/kad/ ³n ´person guilty of or capable of dishonourable behaviour.
¸cad®dish ²/ÚkadI2/ ³adj ´of or like a cad: ³a caddish trick.¼
¨ca®daver© ²/kEÚdeIvE(r) ³US: ²kEÚdavEr/ ³n ´corpse. ¸@®ous ²/kEÚdavErEs/ ³adj
´looking like a corpse; deadly pale.¼
¨caddy©1, caddie ²/ÚkadI/ ³n (pl µ-dies³) ´person who is paid to carry a
golfer's clubs for him round the course.¼
¨caddy©2 ²/ÚkadI/ ³n ´small box for holding the dried leaves used for making
tea.¼
¨ca®dence© ²/ÚkeIdEns/ ³n ´rhythm in sound; the rise and fall of the voice in
speaking; (music) sequence of sounds moving towards a pause or an end.¼
¨ca®denza© ²/kEÚdenzE/ ³n ´ornamental passage to be played by the soloist, usu
near the end of a movement, in an instrumental concerto.¼
¨ca®det© ²/kEÚdet/ ³n ¸1 ´student at a naval, military or air force college.
¸Ú@ corps ³n ´(at some GB schools) organization that gives military training to
older boys. ¸2 ´young person under training for a profession: ·Ú³police @s;
British Council @s.¼
¨cadge© ²/kadZ/ ³vt,vi ¶[VP6A,14,2A] ·@ (from), ´beg; (try to) get by begging:
³@ a meal from Auntie Ruby; be always cadging. ¸cad®ger ³n ´person who @s;
beggar.¼
¨cad®mium© ²/ÚkadmIEm/ ³n ¶[U] ´soft, silvery-white tin-like metal (symbol
¸Cd´).¼
¨cadre© ²/ÚkqdE(r) ³US: ²kadrI/ ³n ¸1 ´framework. ¸2 ´(mil) permanent
establishment of a regiment, that can be expanded when necessary; hence, small
group of important persons.¼
¨Caesar© ²/ÚsizE(r)/ ³n ´title of the Roman emperors from Augustus to Hadrian;
any Roman emperor.¼
¨Caesar®ian©, Cesar®ean ²/sIÚzeErIEn/ ³adj ¸@ Úsection/birth
´delivery of a child by cutting the walls of the abdomen and uterus.¼
¨caesura© ²/sIÚzj8ErE ³US: ²-ÚZ8ErE/ ³n ´point at which a pause naturally
occurs in a line of verse.¼
¨caf_e© ²/ÚkafeI ³US: ²kaÚfeI/ ³n ´(in Europe) place where the public may buy
and drink coffee, beer, wine, spirits, etc; (in GB) tea-shop, small restaurant
at which meals (but not alcoholic drinks) may be bought. ¸@-au-lait ²/*kafeI
E8 ÚleI/ ³n ´(F) coffee with milk.¼
¨cafe®teria© ²/*kafIÚtIErIE/ ³n ´restaurant at which customers
collect their meals on trays at counters and carry them to tables.¼
¨caff© ²/kaf/ ³n ´(GB sl) caf_e.¼
¨caf®feine© ²/Úkafin/ ³n ¶[U] ´organic compound in tea leaves and coffee
beans, used in medicine.¼
¨caf®tan© ²/Úkaftan/ ³n ´long tunic with a girdle at the waist, worn by men in
the Near East; woman's loosely hanging long dress.¼
¨cage© ²/keIdZ/ ³n ¸1 ´framework, fixed or portable, with wires or bars, in
which birds or animals may be kept. ¸2 ´camp for prisoners of war. ¸3
´framework in which containers are lowered or raised in the shaft of a mine. ¹
³vt ¶[VP6A] ´put, keep, in a @: ³a @d bird.¼
¨cagey© ²/ÚkeIdZI/ ³adj ´(colloq) cautious about sharing confidences;
uncommunicative; secretive. ¸cag®ily ³adv¼
¨ca®goule© ²/kEÚgul/ ³n ´light, waterproof garment with a hood and
long sleeves, worn over clothes for protection against rain.¼
¨ca®hoots© ²/kEÚhuts/ ³n pl ·be in @ (with), ´(US sl) be planning sth (esp sth
disreputable), be in league.¼
¨cai®man©, cay®man ²/ÚkeImEn/ ³n ´S American reptile resembling an
alligator.¼
¨cairn© ²/keEn/ ³n ´pyramid-shaped heap of rough stones set up as a landmark
or a memorial.¼
¨cais®son© ²/ÚkeIsn/ ³n ¸1 ´chest or wagon for ammunition, usu attached to a
big gun on wheels. ¸2 ´large water-tight box or chamber in which men work
under water (eÔg when building foundations): ³@ disease, µ¥ bend±2µ(3).¼
¨cai®tiff© ²/ÚkeItIf/ ³n ´(old use) despicable or cowardly person.¼
¨ca®jole© ²/kEÚdZE8l/ ³vt ¶[VP6A,14] ·@ sb (into/out of doing sth), ´use
flattery or deceit to persuade or soothe, or to get information, etc from sb.
¸ca®jol®ery ³n¼
¨cake© ²/keIk/ ³n ¸1 ¶[C,U] ´sweet mixture of flour, eggs, butter, etc baked
in an oven: ³an assortment of fancy @s; a slice of @, ´iÔe of a large one that
is cut into pieces. ·a piece of @, ´(sl) sth very easy and pleasant. ·(both)
have one's cake and eat it, ´both preserve sth unchanged and allow it to
change (iÔe an impossibility). ·@s and ale, ´merry-making. ·(selling) like hot
@s, ´very fast. ·take the @, ´(colloq) be the extreme example of sth, µ¥
biscuit(1). ¸2 ¶[C] ´mixture of other kinds of food, usu compressed and cooked
in a round or ornamental shape: ·Ú³fish-@s; ·Ú³oat-@s. ¸3 ¶[C] ´shaped piece of
other materials or substances: ³a @ of soap/tobacco. ¹ ³vt,vi ¶[VP6A,2A] ´coat
thickly, become coated (³with ´sth that becomes hard when dry); form into a
thick hard mass: ³His shoes were @d with mud.¼
¨cala®bash© ²/ÚkalEba2/ ³n ´(tree with) fruit or gourd of which the hard outer
skin (or shell) is used as a container for liquids, grain, etc. µ¥ ´illus at
µgourd.¼
¨ca®lam®ity© ²/kEÚlamEtI/ ³n (pl µ-ties³) ´great and serious misfortune or
disaster (eÔg a big earthquake or flood, becoming blind, the loss of all one's
money). ¸ca®lami®tous ²/kEÚlamItEs/ ³adj ´marked by, causing, ³@ (to).¼
¨cal®cify© ²/ÚkalsIfñI/ ³vt,vi ¶[VP6A,2A] ´change, be changed, into lime;
harden by deposit of lime.¼
¨cal®cine© ²/ÚkalsñIn/ ³vt,vi ¶[VP6A,2A] ´make, be made, into quicklime or
powder by roasting or burning; burn to ashes. ¸cal®ci®na®tion ²/*kalsIÚneI2n/
³n ´conversion of metals into their oxides by burning.¼
¨cal®cium© ²/ÚkalsIEm/ ³n ´soft white metal (symbol ¸Ca´), the
chemical basis of many compounds essential to life (occurs in bones and teeth,
and forms part of limestone, marble and chalk). ¸*@ Úcarbide ³n ´compound of @
and carbon ¸(CaC¶c¸)´, used with water to make acetylene gas ¸(C¶c¸H¶c¸)´. ¸@
hydroxide ²/hñIÚdroksñId/ ³n ´slaked lime.¼
¨cal®cu®lable© ²/Úkalkj8lEbl/ ³adj ´that may be measured, reckoned or relied
upon.¼
¨cal®cu®late© ²/Úkalkj8leIt/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A,9,8,10,2A] ´find out by working
with numbers: ³@ the cost of a journey. Astronomers can @ when there will be
eclipses of the sun and moon. ¸Úcalculating machine ³n ´one that works with
numbers automatically. ¸2 ·be @d to, ´be planned or designed to: ³This
advertisement is @d to attract the attention of housewives. ·a @d insult, ´said
or done on purpose. ¸3 ¶[VP3A] ·@ on, ´(US) depend, bank (the usu words in GB)
on: ³We can't @ on having fine weather for the sports meeting. ¸4 ¶[VP9] ´(US)
suppose, believe. ¸5 ¶[VP9] ´weigh reasons, etc and be confident ³(that ´sth
will happen, etc); estimate. ¸cal®cu®lat®ing ³adj ´scheming; shrewd; crafty.
¸cal®cu®la®tion ²/*kalkj8ÚleI2n/ ³n ¶[U] ´act of calculating; careful thought;
¶[C] ´result of this: ³After much @, they decided to give Phil the position of
manager. I'm out in my @s´, have made a mistake in them. ¸calcu®la®tor
²/-tE(r)/ ³n ´person who @s; calculating machine.¼
¨cal®cu®lus© ²/Úkalkj8lEs/ ³n (pl µ-li ²/-lñI/ ´or µ-luses ²/-lEsIz/³) ¸1
´branch of mathematics divided into two parts, (¸differential @ ´and ¸integral
@´), ´that deals with variable quantities, used to solve many mathematical
problems. ¸2 ´(med) stone in some part of the human body.¼
¨cal®dron© ²/ÚkcldrEn/ ³n ´= µcauldron.¼
¨cal®en®dar© ²/ÚkalIndE(r)/ ³n ¸1 ´list of the days, weeks, months, of a
particular year; list with dates that are important to certain groups of
people. ¸2 ´system by which time is divided into fixed periods, and marking
the beginning and end of a year: ³the ·Ú³Muslim @; the Gre·Ú³gorian @ ´(with
every fourth year a leap year of 366 days). ¸Ú@ month ³n ´month as marked on
the @ (contrasted with a lunar month of 28 days).¼
¨cal®en®der© ²/ÚkalIndE(r)/ ³n ´roller-machine for pressing and smoothing cloth
or paper. ¹ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´put through a @.¼
¨cal®ends©, kal®ends ²/ÚkalEndz/ ³n pl ´first of the month in the ancient Roman
calendar. ·on the Greek @´, never.¼
¨calf©1 ²/kqf ³US: ²kaf/ ³n (pl µcalves ²/kqvz ³US: ²kavz/³) ¸1 ´young of the
domestic cow, µ¥ ´the illus at µdomestic´; young of the seal, whale and some
other animals for the first year. Cf ³bull, cow, heifer, ox, steer. ·cow
in/with @, ´pregnant cow. ¸Ú@-love ³n ´childish love affair; love of a young
or inexperienced person. ¸2 ¶[U] ´(also ¸Ú@ skin´) leather from the skin of a
@, esp as used in bookbinding and shoemaking.¼
¨calf©2 ²/kqf ³US: ²kaf/ ³n (pl µcalves ²/kqvz ³US: ²kavz/³) ´fleshy part of
the back of the human leg, between the knee and the ankle. µ¥ ´the illus at
µleg.¼
¨cali®brate© ²/ÚkalIbreIt/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´determine or correct the
calibre or scale of a thermometer, gauge or other graduated instrument.
¸*cali®bra®tion ²/*kalIÚbreI2n/ ³n ´degree marks, etc on a measuring
instrument.¼
¨cal®ibre© ´(US = ¸cali®ber´) ²/ÚkalIbE(r)/ ³n ¸1 ¶[C] ´inside diameter of a
tube/gun/barrel, etc. ¸2 ¶[U] ´quality of mind or character; (person's)
standing or importance: ³a woman of high @.¼
¨cal®ico© ²/ÚkalIkE8/ ³n ¶[U] ´cotton cloth, esp plain white cloth used for bed
sheets, or with coloured designs printed on it, used for shirts, dresses, etc.¼
¨cali®pers© ²/ÚkalIpEz/ ³n pl ´(US) = µcallipers.¼
¨ca®liph©, ca®lif ²/ÚkeIlIf/ ³n ´title once used by rulers who were descendants
and successors of Muhammad; chief civil and religious Muslim ruler: ³the C@ of
Baghdad. ¸Ú@®ate ²/ÚkalIfeIt/ ³n ´@'s position and territory.¼
¨cal®is®then®ics© ²/*kalIsÚTenIks/ ³n pl ´(US) = µcallisthenics.¼
¨calk©1 ²/kck/ ³vt, n ¶[VP6A] ´(provide with a) sharp iron plate in a
horse-shoe or boot to prevent slipping.¼
¨calk©2 ²/kck/ ³vt ´= µcaulk.¼
¨call©1 ²/kcl/ ³n ¸1 ´shout; cry: ³a @ for help. They came at my
@´, when I shouted to them. ·within @, ´within @ing distance: ³Please remain
within @´, close at hand. ¸2 ´characteristic cry of a bird; military signal
(on a bugle, etc). ¸3 ´short visit (to sb's house, etc); short stop (at a
place): ³pay a @ on a friend. I have several @s to make. I must return their
@´, visit them because they visited me. ¸port of @, ´one at which a ship stops
for a short time. ¸4 ´message; summons; invitation: ³telephone @s. I'll give
you a @. He felt the @ of the sea, ´iÅe to be a sailor. ¸Ú@-box ³n ´small cabin
(in GB more usu called a ³telephone kiosk) ´with a public telephone. ¸Ú@-girl
³n ´prostitute hired by a telephone @. ¸5 ´demand for money (esp unpaid capital
from company shareholders); claim of any kind: ³I have many @s on my time.
¸Ú@-loan; Ú@-money; money on @; money payable at/on @, ´money lent on condition
that its return can be demanded without notice. ¸6 ¶[U] ´(chiefly interr and
neg) need; occasion: ³There's no @ for you to worry. ¸7 ´player's right or turn
to make a bid at bridge±2´; bid thus made: ³Whose @ is it? Was the last @ two
spades?¼
¨call©2 ²/kcl/ ³vt,vi ´(For special uses with ³adverbial particles
´and ³preps, µ¥ 9 ´below.) ¸1 ¶[VP2A,B,3A] ´say sth in a loud voice; cry;
speak or shout to attract attention: ³Why doesn't my son come when I @? I
thought I heard somebody @ing. She @ed to her father for help. I've been @ing
(for) ten minutes. ·@ out, ´cry or shout when needing help, or from surprise,
pain, etc. µ¥ 9 ´below. ¸2 ¶[VP2A,C,3A,4A] ·@ (on sb/at a place), ´pay a short
visit; go to sb's house/office etc; stop at: ³I @ed on Mr Green. I @ed at Mr
Green's house. I @ed to see Mr Green. Mr Green was out when I @ed. A man has
@ed to read the gas meter. ·@ for, ´visit (a house, etc) to get sth, or to go
somewhere with sb: ³A man @s every Monday for old newspapers. I'll @ for you at
6 o'clock. ¸@er ³n ´person who @s on sb; visitor. ¸3 ¶[VP23] ´name; describe
as: ³His name is Richard but we all @ him Dick. What are you going to @ the
baby? He @s himself a colonel´, claims that he has the right to this title.
³You may @ it what you like. µ¥ ´also µspade(1). ·@ sb names, ´abuse or insult
him. ·@ sth one's own, ´claim as one's own property: ³We have nothing that we
can @ our own. ·@ into being, ´create. ·@ it a day, µ¥ day(3). ·@ into play,
µ¥ play±2µ(8). ¸4 ¶[VP22,23] ´consider; regard as: ³Do you @ English an easy
language? I @ that a shame. I @ that dishonest. Shall we @ it five quid,
´(colloq) settle the price, sum, etc at five pounds? ¸5 ¶[VP6A,15B] ´summon;
wake; send a message to: ³Please @ a doctor. Please @ me (´= wake me up) ³at 6
tomorrow morning. The aircraft was @ing ´(iÔe sending radio signals to) ³the
control station at the airport. This is London @ing, ´is the BÔBÔC, London.
³The doctor was @ed away to an accident. My brother @ed me (up) ´(= telephoned
to me) ³from Leeds last night. ¶[VP12B,13B] ´(colloq): ³Please @ me a taxi/@ a
taxi for me. ·be/feel @ed to do sth, ´be/feel it to be one's duty to do it:
³@ed to be a doctor/to practise medicine. ¸@®ing ³n ´special duty; profession;
occupation. ¸6 ´(special uses, with ³nouns) ·@ sb's bluff, µ¥ bluff±2µ. ·@ a
halt (to), ´say that it is time to halt: ³@ a halt to gambling´, forbid it. ·@
a meeting, ´announce that one will be held and summon people to attend. ·@ the
roll, µ¥ roll±2µ(4). ·@ a strike, ´order workers to come out on strike. ¸7
´(card-games) bid or make a demand. µ¥ call±1µ(7). ¸8 ´(phrases) ·@ (sb) to
account, µ¥ account±1µ(4). ·@ attention to, ´require (sb) to give his attention
to. ·@ the banns, µ¥ banns. ·be @ed to the bar, µ¥ bar±1µ(12). ·@ sth in/into
question, ´declare that one has doubts about it. ·@ sb/a meeting to order, ´ask
for orderly behaviour, ask that attention should be paid to the rules. ¸9
¶[VP15B,3A] ´(special uses with ³adverbial particles ´and ³preps´):¼
·call by, ´(colloq) visit briefly (usu when passing the house, etc).¼
·call sb down, ´(US sl) reprimand him severely. ·@ sth down, ´invoke, ask for
it: ³@ down curses on his head.¼
·call for, ´demand, require: ³You must take such steps as seem (to be) @ed for,
´do what seems necessary. ³The occasion @s for prompt action.¼
·call sth forth, ¸(a) ´be the cause of: ³His behaviour @ed forth numerous
protests. ¸(b) ´produce and use: ³You will have to @ forth all your energy.¼
·call sth in, ´order or request the return of: ³The librarian has @ed in all
books. Gold coins were @ed in by the Government. He was so short of money that
he had to @ in the loans he had made.¼
·call sth off, ¸(a) ´@ away: ³Please @ your dog off´, @ to your dog so that it
stops worrying me. ¸(b) ´decide, give orders, to stop sth: ³The strike/attack
was @ed off´, was either not started or was stopped. ³You had better @ the
deal off´, not carry out what was agreed upon.¼
·call on/upon sb, ¸(a) ´make a short visit to. µ¥ 2 ´above. ¸(b) ·@ on/upon
sb (to do sth), ´appeal to, invite, require him: ³I @ed on ´(= appealed to)
³him to keep his promise. I now @ upon ´(= invite) ³Mr Grey to address the
meeting. I feel @ed upon ´(= feel that I ought) ³to warn you that«¼
·call sb out, ¸(a) ´summon, esp to an emergency: ³The fire brigade was @ed out
twice yesterday. Troops had to be @ed out. ¸(b) ´instruct (workers) to come out
on strike: ³The coal-miners were @ed out by the Union officials.¼
·call sth over, ´read (a list of names) to learn who is present. ¸Ú@-over ³n
´(also ¸Úroll-@´) reading of a list of names (eÔg in school, the army).¼
·call sb/sth up, ¸(a) ´telephone to: ³I'll @ you up this evening. ¸(b) ´bring
back to the mind: ³@ up scenes of childhood. ¸(c) ´summon for (military, etc)
service: ³If war breaks out, we shall be @ed up at once. ´Hence, ¸Ú@-up ³n¼
¨cal®ligra®phy© ²/kEÚlIgrEfI/ ³n ¶[U] ´(art of) beautiful handwriting.¼
¨cal®li®ope© ²/kEÚlñIEpI/ ³n ´steam-organ; musical instrument with steam
whistles played by pressing keys.¼
¨cal®li®pers© ²/ÚkalIpEz/ ³n pl ¸(pair of) @, ¸1 ´instrument for measuring the
diameter of round objects or the calibre of tubes, etc. ¸2 ´metal supports
attached to the legs of a disabled person to enable him to walk.¼
¨cal®lis®then®ics© ²/*kalIsÚTenIks/ ³n pl sing-v ´exercises
designed to develop strong and graceful bodies.¼
¨cal®los®ity© ²/kaÚlosEtI/ ³n (pl µ-ties³) ´area of hardened thick skin;
callus.¼
¨cal®lous© ²/ÚkalEs/ ³adj ¸1 ´(of the skin) made hard (by rough work, etc). ¸2
·@ (to), ´(fig) unfeeling; indifferent: ³@ to insults/his employees/the
suffering of others. ¸@®ness ³n¼
¨cal®low© ²/ÚkalE8/ ³adj ´young; unfledged; inexperienced: ³a @ youth. ¸@®ness
³n¼
¨cal®lus© ²/ÚkalEs/ ³n ´area of thick, hardened skin.¼
¨calm© ²/kqm/ ³adj µ(-er, -est) ¸1 ´(of the weather) quiet; not windy; (of the
sea) still; without large waves. ¸2 ´not excited; untroubled; quiet: ³keep @. ¹
n ¸a @, ´a time when everything is quiet and peaceful. ¹ ³vt,vi ¶[VP6A,15B,2C]
·@ (down), ´make or become @: ³C@ yourself! The sea @ed down. ¸@®ly ³adv
¸@®ness ³n ´@ condition.¼
¨calo®mel© ²/ÚkalEmel/ ³n ¶[U] ´white, tasteless, insoluble substance used as
a purgative.¼
¨Calor gas© ²/ÚkalE gas/ ³n ¶[U] ´(P) butane.¼
¨cal®orie© ²/ÚkalErI/ ³n ´unit of heat; unit of energy supplied by food: ³An
ounce of sugar supplies about 100 @s. ¸cal®or®ific ²/*kalEÚrIfIk/ ³adj
´producing heat/energy: ³calorific value´, (of food or fuel) quantity of
heat/energy produced by a given quantity.¼
¨cal®umny© ²/ÚkalEmnI/ ³n (pl µ-nies³) ´(formal) ¶[C] ´false statement about a
person, made to damage his character; ¶[U] ´slander. ¸ca®lum®ni®ate
²/kEÚlAmnIeIt/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´slander.¼
¨Cal®vary© ²/ÚkalvErI/ ³n ´hill outside Jerusalem where Jesus was crucified;
carved representation of the Crucifixion.¼
¨calve© ²/kqv ³US: ²kav/ ³vi ´give birth to a calf.¼
¨Cal®vin®ism© ²/ÚkalvInIzEm/ ³n ´religious teaching of the French Protestant,
John Calvin (1509-64). ¸Cal®vin®ist ³n ´follower of Calvin's teachings.¼
¨ca®lyp®so© ²/kEÚlIpsE8/ ³n (pl µ@s ²/-sE8z/³) ´improvised song, as composed by
West Indians, on a subject of current interest.¼
¨ca®lyx© ²/ÚkeIlIks/ ³n (pl µ@es ´or µcalyces ²/ÚkeIlIsiz/³) ´ring of leaves
(called ³sepals´) forming the outer support of the petals of an unopened
flower-bud. µ¥ ´the illus at µflower.¼
¨cam© ²/kam/ ³n ´projection on a wheel or shaft, designed to change circular
motion into up-and-down or back-and-forth motion. ¸cam®shaft ²/Úkam2qft ³US:
²-2aft/ ³n ´(eÔg in a car) shaft to which cams are attached.¼
¨cama®rad®erie© ²/*kamEÚrqdErI ³US: ²-Úrad-/ ³n ´(F) ¶[U] ´friendliness and
mutual trust of comrades.¼
¨cam®ber© ²/ÚkambE(r)/ ³n ´upwards slope (eÔg of a road surface) of a curve. ¹
³vt,vi ´(of a surface) have a @; give a @ to.¼
¨cam®bric© ²/ÚkeImbrIk/ ³n ¶[U] ´fine, thin cloth of cotton or linen.¼
¨came© ³pt ´of µcome.¼
¨camel© ²/Úkaml/ ³n ´long-necked animal, with either one (³dromedary´) or two
humps on its back, used in desert countries for riding and for carrying goods.
µ¥ ´the illus at µlarge. ¸Ú@-hair ³n ´fine hair for making the brushes used by
artists; soft, heavy cloth of this hair: ³a @-hair coat.¼
¨ca®mel®lia© ²/kEÚmilIE/ ³n ´evergreen shrub from China and Japan
with shiny leaves and white, red or pink rose-like flowers; the flower.¼
¨Cam®em®bert© ²/ÚkamEmbeE(r)/ ³n ´(F) rich, soft cheese (of Normandy, France).¼
¨cameo© ²/ÚkamIE8/ ³n (pl µ@s ²/-E8z/³) ¸1 ´piece of hard stone with a raised
design, often used as a jewel or ornament. ¸2 ´short piece of writing or
acting conveying the essential qualities of a person, place, event etc.¼
¨cam®era© ²/ÚkamErE/ ³n ¸1 ´apparatus for taking still photographs or
(¸Úfilm/Úmovie @´) ´moving pictures, or (¸TÔÚV @´) for receiving light images
and transforming them for broadcasting live or for receiving on video tape.
¸Ú@-man ²/-man/ ³n (pl µ-men³) ´person who operates a @ for films or TÔV. ¸2
·in @, ´(Lat) in the judge's private room, not in court; privately.¼
¨cam®ion© ²/ÚkamIEn/ ³n ´(F) low, four-wheeled truck; lorry.¼
¨camo®mile©, chamo®mile ²/ÚkamEmñIl/ ³n ¶[U] ´sweet-smelling plant with
daisy-like flowers; ´the dried flowers and leaves used in medicine as a tonic.¼
¨cam®ou®flage© ²/ÚkamEflqZ/ ³n ¶[U] ¸1 ´that which makes it
difficult to recognize the presence or real nature of sth: ³The white fur of
the polar bear is a natural @, ´because the bear is not easily seen in the
snow. ¸2 ´(in war) the use of paint, netting, boughs of trees, smoke-screens,
etc to deceive the enemy by giving a false appearance to things. ¹ ³vt ¶[VP6A]
´try to conceal by means of @.¼
¨camp©1 ²/kamp/ ³n ¸1 ´place where people (eÔg people on holiday, soldiers,
boy scouts, explorers) live in tents or huts for a time: ³be in @; pitch a @;
strike/break up @´, pack up (the tents, etc). ¸*@-Úbed/-Úchair/-Ústool ³n
´one that can be folded and carried easily. ¸Ú@-fire ³n ´one of logs, etc, made
in the open air. ¸Ú@-follower ³n ´person (not a soldier) who follows an army to
sell goods or services. µ¥ ´also µconcentration @. ¸2 ´number of people with
the same ideas (esp on politics or religion): ³You and I belong to different
political @s. We're in the same @´, are in agreement, are working together. ¹
³vi ¶[VP2A,C] ·@ (out), ´make, live in, a @: ³Where shall we @ tonight? They
@ed out in the woods. ·go @ing, ´spend a holiday in tents, etc: ³The boys have
decided to go @ing next summer. ¸@er ³n ¸@®ing ³n ´(gerund) ¶[U] ³a @ing
holiday; Do you like @ing?¼
¨camp©2 ²/kamp/ ³adj ´(colloq) exaggeratedly stylish: ³@ acting; ´deliberately
and amusingly old-fashioned: ³those @ old silent movies; ´affectedly
effeminate: ³a @ walk. ¹ n ´exaggeration and affectation of this sort. ¹ ³vi,vt
·@ (it up), ´behave in this way.¼
¨cam®paign© ²/kamÚpeIn/ ³n ¶[C] ¸1 ´group of military operations with a set
purpose, usu in one area. ¸2 ´series of planned activities to gain a special
object: ³a political @; an advertising @; a @ to raise funds. ¹ ³vi ¶[VP2A,3A]
´take part in, go on, a @. ¸@er ³n ´person who @s or who @ed: ³He's an old
@er´, has much experience of adapting himself to circumstances.¼
¨cam®pa®nile© ²/*kampEÚnilI/ ³n ´bell tower, usu a separate
building.¼
¨cam®pan®ula© ²/kEmÚpanj8lE/ ³n ´(kinds of) plant with bell-shaped flowers,
usu blue or white.¼
¨cam®phor© ²/ÚkamfE(r)/ ³n ¶[U] ´strong-smelling white substance used
medically and in the manufacture of celluloid. ¸Ú@ ball ³n ´small ball of @,
used to keep moths, etc out of clothes. ¸@®ated ²/ÚkamfEreItId/ ³adj
´containing @: ³@ated oil.¼
¨cam®pion© ²/ÚkampIEn/ ³n ¶[U] ´(kinds of) common flowering plant that grows
wild on roadsides and in fields.¼
¨cam®pus© ²/ÚkampEs/ ³n (pl µ@es ²/-pEsIz/³) ´grounds of a school, college or
university.¼
¨can©1 ²/kan/ ³n ¸1 ´metal container, usu with a lid, for liquids, etc:
·Ú³oil-can, ·Ú³milk-can. ·carry the can (for sb), ´(sl) take the blame. ·(be)
in the can, ´(of film, video-tape) exposed or recorded and stored ready for
use. ¸2 ´(formerly US but now also GB) ´tin-plated airtight container for food,
drink etc; contents of such a container: ³a can of beer/peaches. µ¥ tin. ¸3
´(US sl) prison. ¹ ³vt µ(-nn-) ¶[VP6A] ´preserve (food, etc) by putting in a
canµ(2) ´which is then hermetically sealed: ³canned fish; canned music, ´(sl)
music recorded on discs, etc. ¸canned ²/kand/ ³adj ´(US sl) drunk. ¸can®nery
²/ÚkanErI/ ³n ´place where food etc is canned.¼
¨can©2 ²/kEn ³strong form: ²kan/ ³anom fin (neg µcannot ²/ÚkanEt/ ´or µcan't
²/kqnt ³US: ²kant/, ³pt µcould ²/kEd ³strong form: ²k8d/, ³neg µcouldn't
²/Úk8dnt/³) ¶[VP5] ¸1 ´(indicating ability or capacity to do sth) be able to;
know how to: ³Can you lift this box? I can't get the lid off. She can speak
French. (Could ´refers to ability or capacity in past time): ³She could read
Latin and Greek when she was ten. (Could ´is used in ³if-´clauses to indicate a
condition, expressed or implied): ³Could you lift that box ´(iÔe now, if you
tried)? ³Could you have lifted that box ´(iÔe if you had tried, eÔg yesterday)?
(Note that ³could ´is not used, except in conditions, for an isolated
achievement in past time. Instead, ³be able to, manage to ´or ³succeed in
(doing sth) ´are preferred): ³When the boat upset, they were able/managed to
swim/succeeded in swimming to the bank ´(not ³they could swim to the bank
´which is incorrect). ¸2 ´(³Can ´is used with ³vv ´of perception in place of the
simple tenses, which are less usual. Nothing is added to the meaning.): ³I can
see a sail on the horizon. I can hear people talking in the next room. ´(³Could
´is used for past time): ³We could hear someone singing in the bathroom. She
said she could smell something burning. ¸3 ´(³an ´is used, colloquial style, to
indicate permission. The use of ³may ´is more formal. In reported speech,
³could ´is used after a ³v ´in the ³pt. ³Could ´may also replace ³can ´in a
tentative request in question form): ³You can ´(= may) ³go home now. The
children asked whether they could ´(= might) ³go for a swim. ³You can't travel
first-class with a second-class ticket. Put that cigarette outÅyou can't smoke
near a petrol pump! ¸4 ´(³Can/could ´are used to
indicate what is possible or likely): ³One of the prisoners escaped
yesterdayÅhe can/could ´(= may) ³be anywhere by now. ´(³Can have ´is used for
past time): ³He's an hour lateÅhe can have been delayed by fog, of course,
´that's a possibility. ¸5 ³(Can/could ´in questions (and esp with ³what(ever),
where, how) ´indicate surprise, bewilderment, impatience, etc, according to
context. The strong forms are used): ³What ·*³can he ·Ú³mean? What ·*³can we
·Ú³do about it? Where ·*³can they have ·Ú³got to? How ·*³can/·*³could you be
so un·Ú³kind? ¸6 ´(³Can/could ´indicate what is considered characteristic, what
sb or sth is considered capable of being or doing. Adverbials of frequency
(eÔg ³at times, sometimes´) often occur): ³Children can sometimes be very
trying. It can be very cold here, even in May. The Bay of Biscay can be very
rough at times. When I first knew her she could be very sarcastic, but she's
more tolerant now. ¸7 ´(³Could ´is used to mean "feel inclined to'): ³I could
smack your face! ¸8 ´(³can ´is used, colloquial style with imperative force,
meaning "must'): ³Tell Mr Evans that he can come in now, ´Tell him to come in.
¸9 ´(³can/could ´are used in polite requests; µ¥ will±1µ(3)´): ³Do you think I
could leave now/Could I leave now, do you think? ´Please may I leave now?
³Could you put out your cigarette, please? ´Please put it out.¼
¨Ca®na®dian© ²/kEÚneIdIEn/ ³n, adj ´(native) of Canada.¼
¨ca®nal© ²/kEÚnal/ ³n ¸1 ´channel cut through land for use of boats or ships
(eÔg ¸the Suez ²/suIz/ ¸C@´) or to carry water to fields for irrigation. µ¥
´the illus at µlock. ¸Ú@ boat ³n ´long, narrow boat, some of which are pulled
by horses, used on @s. ¸2 ´tube or pipe (or system of these) in a plant or
animal body for food, air, etc: ³the alimentary @. µ¥ ´the illus at
µalimentary, ear. ¸@®ize ²/ÚkanElñIz/ ¶[VP6A,14] ´make (a river) into a @ (by
straightening, building locks, etc); (fig) direct; channel: ³@ize one's
energies/efforts into charity work. ¸@®iz®ation ²/*kanElñIÚzeI2n ³US:
²-nElIÚz-/ ³n¼
¨can®ap_e© ²/ÚkanEpeI ³US: ²*kanEÚpeI/ ³n ´(F) thin piece of bread or toast
spread with seasoned fish, cheese, etc.¼
¨ca®nard© ²/kaÚnqd/ ³n ´(F) false report.¼
¨ca®nary© ²/kEÚneErI/ ³n (pl µ-ries³) ¸1 ´(also ¸Ú@-bird´) small,
yellow-feathered song-bird, usu kept in a cage; ¶[U] ´its colour, light
yellow. ¸2 ´(also ¸Ú@-wine´) sweet white wine from the C@ Islands.¼
¨ca®nasta© ²/kEÚnastE/ ³n ´card game for two to six players using two packs of
cards.¼
¨can®can© ²/Úkankan/ ³n ´lively high-kicking dance performed by a group of
women in long skirts.¼
¨can®cel© ²/Úkansl/ ³vt,vi ´(µ-ll-, ´US µ-l-´) ¸1 ¶[VP6A] ´cross out, draw a
line through (words or figures); make a mark on (sth, eÔg postage stamps, to
prevent re-use): ³@led stamps. ¸2 ¶[VP6A] ´say that sth already arranged or
decided upon will not be done, will not take place, etc: ³He @led his order
for the goods´, said that he no longer wanted to receive them. ³The sports
meeting was @led. ¸3 ¶[VP2C,15B] ·@ out, ´(arith) (of items from the numerator
and denominator) equalize each other; (fig) neutralize, make up for, each
other: ³The arguments @ (each other) out. ¸@®la®tion ²/*kansEÚleI2n/ ³n ¶[U]
´@ling or being @led; ¶[C] ´instance of this; mark(s) used in, made by, @ling
(eÔg on postage stamps).¼
¨can®cer© ²/ÚkansE(r)/ ³n ¶[C,U] ´diseased growth in the body, often causing
death: ³@ of the throat; ·Ú³lung @´; (fig) pernicious evil (eÔg in Society).
¸@®ous ²/ÚkansErEs/ ³adj ´of or like @; having @.¼
¨Can®cer© ²/ÚkansE(r)/ ³n ¸Tropic of @, ´the parallel of latitude 23§ÄN; fourth
sign of the zodiac, µ¥ ´the illus at µzodiac.¼
¨can®de®la®brum© ²/*kandIÚlqbrEm/ ³n (pl µ-bra ²/-brE/³)
´ornamental holder, with branches, for candles.¼
¨can®did© ²/ÚkandId/ ³adj ¸1 ´frank, straightforward: ³I will be quite @ with
you: I think you acted foolishly. ¸2 ¸@ camera´, small camera for taking
informal or unposed photographs of people. ¸@®ly ³adv¼
¨can®di®date© ²/ÚkandIdEt ³US: ²-deIt/ ³n ¸1 ´person who wishes, or who is put
forward by others, to take an office or position (eÔg for election to
Parliament): ³The Labour @ was elected. He offered himself as a @ for the
post/job/position. ¸2 ´person taking an examination. ¸can®di®da®ture
²/ÚkandIdEt2E(r)/ ³n ´being a @µ(1)´.¼
¨can®died© ²/ÚkandId/ ³adj µ¥ candy.¼
¨candle© ²/Úkandl/ ³n ´round stick of wax, etc with a wick through it, which
is lit to burn with a light-giving flame. ·burn the @ at both ends, ´use up too
much energy; work very early and very late. ·can't/is not fit to hold a @ to,
´is not to be compared to, is not nearly so good as. ·The game is not worth the
@, ´is more trouble and expense than it is worth. ¸Ú@®light ³n ´light of @s:
³reading by @light. ¸Ú@-power ³n ´unit of light measurement: ³a ten @-power
lamp. ¸Ú@®stick ³n ´holder for (usu) a single @.¼
¨can®dour© ´(US = ¸-dor´) ²/ÚkandE(r)/ ³n ¶[U] ´quality of being candid;
saying freely what one thinks.¼
¨candy© ²/ÚkandI/ ³n ¸1 ´(also ¸*sugar-Ú@´) ¶[U] ´sugar made hard by repeated
boilings; ¶[C] ³(pl µ-dies³) ´piece of this. ¸2 ¶[C,U] ´(US only; GB =
³sweet(s)´) ´shaped piece(s) of cooked and flavoured sugar, syrup, etc usu with
fruit juices, milk, nuts, etc added. ¹ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A] ´preserve (eÔg fruit)
by boiling or cooking in sugar: ³candied plums/lemon peel. ¸2 ¶[VP2A] ´form
into sugar crystals.¼
¨candy®tuft© ²/ÚkandItAft/ ³n ´garden plant with flat tufts of white, pink or
purple flowers.¼
¨cane© ²/keIn/ ³n ¸1 ´long, hollow, jointed stem of tall reeds and grass-like
plants (eÔg bamboo, sugar-@), either ¶[U] ´collectively and as material for
making furniture, etc or ¶[C] ´of one stem or a length of it (eÔg used for
supporting plants, as a walking-stick): ³a chair with a @ seat; raspberry @s.
¸Ú@ sugar ³n ´sugar made from sugar-@, chemically the same as beet sugar. ¸2
´length of @ used as an instrument for punishing children by beating. ·get the
@, ´be punished with a @. ¹ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´punish with a @µ(2)´.¼
¨ca®nine© ²/ÚkeInñIn/ ³adj ´of, as of, a dog or dogs. ¸Ú@ tooth ³n ´(in a human
being) one of the four pointed teeth, one on each side of the four incisors,
upper and lower. µ¥ ´the illus at µmouth.¼
¨can®is®ter© ²/ÚkanIstE(r)/ ³n ¸1 ´small box (usu metal) with a lid, used for
holding tea, etc. ¸2 ´cylinder which, when thrown, or fired from a gun, bursts
and scatters its contents: ³a ·Ú³tear-gas @.¼
¨can®ker© ²/ÚkaGkE(r)/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´disease that destroys the wood of trees;
disease that causes the formation of ulcers in the human mouth, in the ears of
dogs and cats, etc. ¸2 ´(fig) evil influence or tendency that causes decay. ¹
³vt ´destroy by @; be a @ to. ¸@®ous ²/ÚkaGkErEs/ ³adj ´of or like @; causing
@.¼
¨canna© ²/ÚkanE/ ³n ´plant with large, dark leaves and bright yellow, red or
orange flowers; the flower.¼
¨can®na®bis© ²/ÚkanEbIs/ ³n ¶[U] ´Indian hemp, a drug also known as ³hashish
´and ³marijuana´, smoked or chewed as an intoxicant. µ¥ hemp.¼
¨can®ned©, can®nery µ¥ can±1µ.¼
¨can®ni®bal© ²/ÚkanIbl/ ³n ´person who eats human flesh; animal that eats its
own kind; (attrib) of or like @s: ³a @ feast. ¸@®ism ²/ÚkanIbElIzEm/ ³n
´practice of eating the flesh of one's own kind. ¸@®is®tic ²/*kanIbElÚlIstIk/
³adj ´of or like @s. ¸@®ize ²/ÚkanIbElñIz/ ³vt ´use (one of a number of similar
machines, engines, etc) to provide spare parts for others.¼
¨can®non© ²/ÚkanEn/ ³n ¸1 ´(collective; ³sing ´often used instead of ³pl)
´large, heavy gun, fixed to the ground or to a guncarriage, esp the old kind
that fired a solid ball of metal (called a ·Ú³@-ball´). (³Gun ´and ³shell ´are
the words used for the modern weapons). ¸2 ´heavy, automatic gun, firing
explosive shells, used in modern aircraft in war. ¸Ú@-fodder ³n ´men regarded
as expendable material in war. ¸@®ade ²/*kanEÚneId/ ³n ´continued firing of big
guns.¼
¨can®not© ²/ÚkanEt/ ³pres t µ¥ can±2µ.¼
¨canny© ²/ÚkanI/ ³adj µ(-ier, -iest) ´not prepared to take unknown risks;
shrewd, esp about money matters. ¸can®nily ³adv¼
¨ca®noe© ²/kEÚnu/ ³n ´light boat moved by one or more paddles. ¹ ³vt ¶[VP2A,C]
´travel by @. ¸@®ist ³n ´person who paddles a @.¼
¨canon© ²/ÚkanEn/ ³n ¸1 ´ecclesiastical decree: ³@ law´, church law. ¸2
´general standard or principle by which sth is judged: ³the @s of conduct/good
taste. ¸3 ´body of writings accepted as genuine; those books of the Bible
accepted as genuine by the Christian Church: ³the @ of Scripture; ³the Chaucer
@. ¸4 ´official list. ¸5 ´priest (with the title ³the Rev ´@) ´who is one of a
group with duties in a cathedral. µ¥ chapter(3). ¸ca®noni®cal ²/kEÚnonIkl/ ³adj
´according to @ law; authorized; regular: ³@ical books; @ical dress, ´iÔe of
priests.¼
¨ca~non© ²/ÚkanjEn/ µ¥ canyon.¼
¨canon®ize© ²/ÚkanEnñIz/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´(R C Church) officially proclaim to be a
saintµ(3)´; (colloq) authorize permanently. ¸canon®iz®ation ²/*kanEnñIÚzeI2n
³US: ²-nIÚz-/ ³n ´canonizing or being @d.¼
¨can®opy© ²/ÚkanEpI/ ³n (pl µ-pies³) ´(usu cloth) covering above a bed, throne,
etc or held (on poles) over a person; cover for the cockpit of an aircraft, µ¥
´the illus at µair±1´; (fig) any overhanging covering: ³the @ of the
heavens´, the sky; ³a @ of leaves, ´eÔg in a forest.¼
¨cant©1 ²/kant/ ³n ¶[U] ¸1 ´insincere talk (esp implying false piety);
hypocrisy. ¸2 ´special talk, words, used by a class of people, a sect, etc;
jargon: ³thieves' @´; (attrib) ³a @ phrase.¼
¨cant©2 ²/kant/ ³n ´sloping or sideways surface or position. ¹
³vt,vi ¶[VP6A,15B,2A,C] ´give, have, a @: ³@ a boat for repairs.¼
¨can't© ²/kqnt ³US: ²kant/ ³c ´= µcannot, µ¥ can±2µ.¼
¨Can®tab© ²/Úkantab/ ³adj ´of Cambridge University.¼
¨can®ta®loup©, -loupe ²/ÚkantElup/ ³n ´kind of melon.¼
¨can®tank®er®ous© ²/kanÚtaGkErEs/ ³adj ´bad-tempered; quarrelsome. ¸@®ly ³adv¼
¨can®tata© ²/kanÚtqtE/ ³n ´short musical work to be sung by soloists and a
choir, usu a dramatic story, but not acted. µ¥ oratorio, opera.¼
¨can®teen© ²/kanÚtin/ ³n ¸1 ´place (esp in factories, offices, barracks) where
food and drink are sold and meals bought and eaten. ¸2 ´box or chest of table
silver and cutlery (knives, forks, spoons): ³a @ of cutlery. ¸3 ´soldier's
eating and drinking utensils.¼
¨can®ter© ²/ÚkantE(r)/ ³n ´(of a horse) easy gallop: ³The horse won the race
at a @´, won easily. ¹ ³vt,vi ´(cause to) gallop gently.¼
¨can®ticle© ²/ÚkantIkl/ ³n ´short hymn, esp one taken from the Bible.¼
¨can®ti®lever© ²/ÚkantIlivE(r)/ ³n ´long, large, armlike bracket extending
from a wall or base (eÔg to support a balcony). ¸Ú@ bridge ³n ´one built on
supports from which @s extend and join. µ¥ ´the illus at µbridge.¼
¨canto© ²/ÚkantE8/ ³n (pl µ@s ²/-tE8z/³) ´chief division of a long
poem.¼
¨can®ton© ²/Úkanton/ ³n ´subdivision of a country (esp of Switzerland).¼
¨can®ton®ment© ²/kanÚtunmEnt ³US: ²-ÚtE8n-/ ³n ´permanent military station;
place where soldiers live.¼
¨can®tor© ²/Úkantc(r)/ ³n ´leader of the singing in a church or synagogue.¼
¨Ca®nuck© ²/kEÚn8k/ ³n ´(US sl) (French) Canadian.¼
¨can®vas© ²/ÚkanvEs/ ³n ¶[U] ´strong, coarse cloth used for tents, sails,
bags, etc and by artists for oil-paintings; ¶[C] ´(piece of this for an)
oil-painting. ·under @, ¸(a) ´(of soldiers, scouts, etc) living in tents. ¸(b)
´(of a ship) with sails spread.¼
¨can®vass© ²/ÚkanvEs/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP2A,3A] ·@ (for), ´go from person to person
and ask for votes, orders for goods, subscriptions, etc or to learn about
people's views on a question: ³He is @ing for the Conservative candidate. ¸2
¶[VP6A] ´discuss thoroughly; examine by discussion: ³@ views/opinions. ¹ ³n
´@ing.¼
¨can®yon©, ca~non ²/ÚkanjEn/ ³n ´deep gorge (usu with a river flowing through
it).¼
¨cap© ²/kap/ ³n ¸1 ´soft head-covering worn by boys and men, by some sailors
and soldiers, without a brim, but often with a peak; special cap awarded to
members of football teams, etc or worn to show rank: ³a cardinal's cap;
´academic head-dress with a flat top and a tassel: ³wearing his cap and gown.
µ¥ mortar-board. ¸2 ´indoor head-dress worn by nurses, and formerly by old
women. ¸3 ´cap-like cover (eÔg on a milk bottle). ¸4 ¸perÚcussion cap´, small
quantity of gunpowder in a wrapper of paper, etc, used as a detonator. ¸5
´(phrases) ·cap and bells, ´cap trimmed with bells, as formerly worn by
jesters. ·if the cap fits, ´if a person feels that the remark applies to him.
·cap in hand, ´humbly. ·set one's cap at sb, ´(of a girl or woman) try to
attract as a suitor. ¹ ³vt µ(-pp-) ¶[VP6A] ¸1 ´put a cap on; cover the top of.
¸2 ´do or say sth better than (what sb else has done or said). ·cap a
story/joke, ´tell a more amusing one. ¸3 ´award (a player) a cap (as a member
of a football team, etc): ³He's been capped 36 times for England. (´Scottish
universities) confer a degree on.¼
¨ca®pa®bil®ity© ²/*keIpEÚbIlEtI/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´power (³of ´doing things, ³to do
´things); fitness or capacity (³for ´being improved, etc): ³nuclear @, ´power,
capacity, to wage nuclear war. ¸2 ³(pl) (µ-ties³) ´undeveloped faculties;
qualities, etc, that can be developed: ³The boy has great capabilities.¼
¨ca®pable© ²/ÚkeIpEbl/ ³adj ¸1 ´gifted; able: ³a very @
doctor/nurse/teacher. ¸2 ·@ of, ¸(a) ´(of persons) having the power, ability
or inclination: ³Show your teacher what you are @ of´, Show him how well you
can work. ³He's quite @ of neglecting his duty´, is the sort of man who might
do so. ³He's @ of any crime. ¸(b) ´(of things, situations, etc) ready for;
admitting of; open to: ³The situation is @ of improvement. ¸ca®pably ³adv¼
¨ca®pa®cious© ²/kEÚpeIcEs/ ³adj ´able to hold much: ³a @ memory; @
pockets. ·@ness ³n¼
¨ca®pac®ity© ²/kEÚpesEtI/ ³n ¶[U] ´(and with ³indef art) ´ability to
hold, contain, get hold of, learn things/qualities/ideas etc: ³The hall has a
seating @ of 500´, has seats for 500 people. ³The theatre was filled to @´, was
quite full. ³He has a mind of great @´, a mind well able to grasp ideas.
³This book is within the @ of ´(= can be understood by) ³young readers. Some
persons have more @ for happiness ´(= a greater power of experiencing
happiness) ³than others. ¸2 ¶[C] ³(pl µ-ties³) ´position; character. ·in one's
@ as, ´in one's position as being: ³I am your friend, but in my @ as an officer
of the law I must take you into custody.¼
¨cap-`a-pie© ²/*kapEÚpi/ ³adv ·armed @, ´armed from head to foot, completely.¼
¨ca®pari®son© ²/kEÚparIsn/ ³n ´(often ³pl´; old use) ornamental covering for a
horse, or for a horse and the knight who rode it. ¹ ³vt ´put a @ on (a horse).¼
¨cape©1 ²/keIp/ ³n ´loose sleeveless garment, hanging from the
shoulders.¼
¨cape©2 ²/keIp/ ³n ´high point of land going out into the sea; headland. ¸the
C@, ´(S Africa) the C@ of Good Hope; C@ Province.¼
¨ca®per©1 ²/ÚkeIpE(r)/ ³vi ´jump about playfully. ¹ ³n ·cut a @/@s, ´jump
about merrily; act foolishly or fantastically.¼
¨ca®per©2 ²/ÚkeIpE(r)/ ³n ´prickly shrub; ³(pl) ´pickled flower-buds of this
shrub, used to make @ sauce.¼
¨cap®il®lary© ²/kEÚpIlErI ³US: ²ÚkapElerI/ ³n (pl µ-ries³) ´tube with a
hair-like diameter (eÔg joining the arteries and veins), µ¥ ´the illus at
µrespiratory´: (attrib) ³@ attraction´, attraction of the kind that causes
blotting-paper to absorb ink, or oil to rise through the wick of an oil lamp.¼
¨capi®tal©1 ²/ÚkapItl/ ³n ´(often attrib) ¸1 ´town or city where the government
of a country, state or province is carried on: ³Toronto is the @ of Ontario.
London, Paris and Rome are @ cities. ¸2 ´(of letters of the alphabet) not
small: ³The pronoun "I' is written and printed with a @ letter. Write your name
in @ letters/in @s. ¸3 ´head, top part, of a column. µ¥ ´the illus at µcolumn.
³¹ ³adj ¸1 ´punishable by death: ³@ offences. ¸2 ´(dated colloq) excellent,
first-rate: ³He made a @ speech. What a @ idea!¼
¨capi®tal©2 ²/ÚkapItl/ ³n ¶[U] ´wealth/money/property that may be used for the
production of more wealth; money with which a business, etc is started (eÔg for
building or buying factories, buying machinery). ¸@ expenditure, ´money spent on
equipment, building, etc. ¸@ gain, ´profit made from the sale of investments or
property. ¸@ goods, ´goods used to produce other goods. ¸@ levy, ´taking by the
State of a part of all the private wealth in the country. ¸Úfixed @,
´machinery, buildings, etc. ¸Úfloating @, ´@ goods. ·a @ of, ´@ valued at:
·make @ of sth, ´use it to one's own advantage.¼
¨capi®tal®ism© ²/ÚkapItElIzEm/ ³n ¶[U] ´economic system in which a country's
trade and industry are organized and controlled by the owners of capital±2´,
the chief elements being competition, profit, supply and demand. µ¥ socialism.
¸capi®tal®ist ³n ¸1 ´person who controls much capital±2´. ¸2 ´person who
supports @. ¹ ³adj ´of, supporting @: ³a capitalist economy. ¸capi®tal®is®tic
²/*kapItEÚlIstIk/ ³adj¼
¨capi®tal®ize© ²/ÚkapItElñIz/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A] ´write or print
with a capital letter. ¸2 ´convert into, use as, capital±2´; (fig) take
advantage of; use to one's advantage or profit. ¸3 ¶[VP3A] ·@ on, ´profit by;
exploit: ³@ on the errors of a rival firm. ¸capi®tal®iz®ation
²/*kapItElñIÚzeI2n ³US: ²-IÚzeI2n/ ³n¼
¨capi®ta®tion© ²/*kapIÚteI2n/ ³n ´(reckoning of) tax, fee, charge or grant of
an equal sum per person.¼
¨Capi®tol© ²/ÚkapItl/ ³n ´building in which the United States Congress meets.¼
¨ca®pitu®late© ²/kEÚpIt28leIt/ ³vt ¶[VP2A] ´surrender (on stated conditions).
¸ca®pitu®la®tion ²/kE*pIt28ÚleI2n/ ³n ¶[U] ´surrendering (on stated
conditions).¼
¨ca®pon© ²/ÚkeIpEn ³US: ²-pon/ ³n ´cock (male domestic fowl) castrated and
fattened for eating.¼
¨ca®price© ²/kEÚpris/ ³n ¸1 ´(often sudden) change of mind or behaviour that
has no obvious cause; tendency to change suddenly without apparent cause. ¸2
´piece of music in a lively, irregular style.¼
¨ca®pri®cious© ²/kEÚprI2Es/ ³adj ´often changing; irregular; unreliable;
guided by caprice: ³a @ breeze, ´often or suddenly changing in direction.
¸@®ly ³adv¼
¨Cap®ri®corn© ²/ÚkaprIkcn/ ³n ¸Tropic of @, ´the parallel of latitude 23§ÄS;
tenth sign of the zodiac, µ¥ ´the illus at µzodiac.¼
¨cap®si®cum© ²/ÚkapsIkEm/ ³n ´kinds of plant with seed-pods containing
hot-tasting seeds; such pods prepared for use in cooking, etc. µ¥ cayenne,
pepper(2).¼
¨cap®size© ²/kapÚsñIz/ ³vt,vi ¶[VP6A,2A] ´(esp of a boat in the water) (cause
to) overturn, upset.¼
¨cap®stan© ²/ÚkapstEn/ ³n ´upright barrel-like object turned (formerly) by men
who walk round it pushing horizontal levers, or (more usu today) by steam, etc,
power, used for raising anchors, sails, etc and for pulling a ship to a wharf,
etc.¼
¨cap®sule© ²/Úkapsjul ³US: ²Úkapsl/ ³n ¸1 ´seed-case that opens
when the seeds are ripe. ¸2 ´tiny container (eÔg for a dose of medicine,
often soluble). ¸3 ´(recoverable or non-recoverable) receptacle (for scientific
instruments, or an astronaut) which can be ejected from a spacecraft.¼
¨cap®tain© ²/ÚkaptIn/ ³n ¸1 ´leader or chief commander: ³the @ of a
ship/fire-brigade/football or cricket team. ¸2 ´(in the army) officer (below a
major and above a lieutenant) who commands a company; (in the navy) officer
below an admiral and above a commander. ¹ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´act as @ of (a football
team, etc).¼
¨cap®tion© ²/Úkap2n/ ³n ´short title or heading of an article in a periodical,
etc; words printed with a photograph or illustration, etc; word(s) on a movie
film to establish the scene of the story, etc (eÔg Dover 1940). Cf
³sub-titles.¼
¨cap®tious© ²/Úkap2Es/ ³adj ´(formal) (fond of) finding fault, making protests,
etc esp about unimportant points. ¸@®ly ³adv¼
¨cap®ti®vate© ²/ÚkaptIveIt/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´capture the fancy of; fascinate: ³He
was @d by Helen/@d with her charm.¼
¨cap®tive© ²/kaptIv/ ³n, adj ¸1 ´(person, animal) taken prisoner, kept as a
prisoner. ·be taken/hold sb @, ´take or keep him prisoner. ¸*@ balÚloon, ´one
that is held to the ground by a cable. ¸2 *@ Úaudience, ´one that cannot get
away easily and is, therefore, open to persuasion (eÔg schoolchildren watching
TÔV). ¸cap®tiv®ity ²/kapÚtIvEtI/ ³n ¶[U] ´state of being held @: ³Some birds
will not sing in captivity.¼
¨cap®tor© ²/ÚkaptE(r)/ ³n ´person who takes sb captive.¼
¨cap®ture© ²/Úkapt2E(r)/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´make a prisoner of; take or obtain as a
prize by force, trickery, skill, etc: ³Our army @d 500 of the enemy. The
police have not @d the thief yet. This advertisement will @ the attention of
readers everywhere. ¹ n ¶[U] ´act of capturing: ³the @ of a thief; ¶[C] ´thing
that is @d.¼
¨car© ²/kq(r)/ ³n ¸1 ´motor-car. µ¥ ´the illus at µmotor.
¸Úcar-ferry ³n ´ferry (sea or air) for taking cars (eÔg across the English
Channel). ¸Úcar-port ³n ´open-sided shelter for a motor-vehicle. ¸2 ´(on a
railway train) (in GB) coach: ·Ú³dining-car; ·Ú³sleeping-car´; (in US also)
wagon for goods: ·Ú³freight-car ´(GB = ·Ú³goods-wagon). ¸3 ´that part of a
balloon, airship or lift (US = ³elevator´) ´used by passengers. ¸4 ´(poet)
wheeled vehicle; chariot: ³the car of the sun-god.¼
¨ca®rafe© ²/kEÚraf/ ³n ´water-bottle, or decanter for wine, for use at table.¼
¨cara®mel© ²/ÚkarEmel/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´burnt sugar used for colouring and
flavouring. ¸2 ¶[C] ´small, shaped piece of sticky boiled sugar; sweetmeat.¼
¨cara®pace© ²/ÚkarEpeIs/ ³n ´shell on the back of a tortoise and crustaceans.
µ¥ ´the illus at µcrustacean, reptile.¼
¨carat© ²/ÚkarEt/ ³n ¸1 ´unit of weight (= 200 milligrams or about three and
one-fifth grains) for precious stones. µ¥ App 5. ¸2 ´(US = ³karat´) measure of
the purity of gold, pure gold being 24 @s: ³a gold ring of 20 @s, ´iÔe 20 parts
gold, 4 parts alloy.¼
¨cara®van© ²/ÚkarEvan/ ³n ¸1 ´company of persons (eÔg pilgrims, merchants)
making a journey together for safety, usu across desert country. ¸2 ´covered
cart or wagon used for living in, eÔg by Gypsies or people on holiday, esp
(today) the kind pulled behind a motor vehicle. µ¥ ´also µtrailer ´at
µtrail(1). ¸@®ning ³n ´(the practice of) taking holidays in a @. ¸@®sary,
@®serai ²/*karEÚvansErI, -sErñI/ ³n ´inn with a large inner courtyard where @s
put up in Eastern countries.¼
¨cara®way© ²/ÚkarEweI/ ³n ´plant with spicy seeds used to flavour bread, cakes,
etc.¼
¨car®bide© ²/ÚkqbñId/ ³n ´compound of carbon. µ¥ calcium.¼
¨car®bine© ²/ÚkqbñIn/ ³n ´short rifle (originally for soldiers on horseback).¼
¨carbo®hy®drate© ²/*kqbE8ÚhñIdreIt/ ³n ¶[C,U] ´(kinds of) organic compound
including sugars and starches; ³(pl) ´starchy foods, considered to be
fattening.¼
¨car®bolic acid© ²/kq*bolIk ÚasId/ ³n ¶[U] ´strong-smelling, powerful liquid
used as an antiseptic and disinfectant.¼
¨car®bon© ²/ÚkqbEn/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´non-metallic element (symbol ¸C´) that occurs
in all living matter, in its pure form as diamonds and graphite and in an
impure form in coal and charcoal. ¸Ú@ black ³n ´black powder obtained by partly
burning oil, wood, etc. ¸Ú@ dating, ´method of dating prehistoric objects by
measuring the decay of a radioactive isotope of @. ¸2 ¶[C] ´stick or pencil of
@ used in an electric arc-lamp. ¸3 ¶[C] ´(also ¸Ú@-paper´) (sheet of) thin
paper coated with coloured matter, used between sheets of writing paper for
taking copies. ¸4 ¶[C] ´(also ¸@ copy´) copy made by the use of @-paper. ¸5 *@
diÚoxide ³n ´gas (¸CO¶c´) produced by animal bodies and breathed out from the
lungs; synthetic version of this used in eÔg canned beers and soft drinks, to
give fizz. ¸*@ monÚoxide ³n ´poisonous gas (¸CO´) produced when @ burns,
present in the exhaust gas of petrol engines and after explosions in coal
mines. ¸@®ated ²/ÚkqbEneItId/ ³adj ´containing @ dioxide: ³@ed beverages.
¸@®if®er®ous ²/*kqbEÚnIfErEs/ ³adj ´(geol) producing coal: ³@iferous strata.
¸@®ize ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´convert into @ by burning. ¸@®iz®ation ²/*kqbEnñIÚzeI2n
³US: ²-nIÚz-/ ³n¼
¨car®bonic acid© ²/kq*bonIk ÚasId/ ³n ¶[U] ´carbon dioxide dissolved in water
(eÔg giving the sharp taste to soda water).¼
¨car®bor®un®dum© ²/*kqbEÚrAndEm/ ³n ´(P) hard compound of carbon and silicon,
used for polishing and grinding.¼
¨car®boy© ²/ÚkqbãI/ ³n ´large, round glass or plastic bottle, usu enclosed in
basketwork or a crate to protect it from being broken.¼
¨car®buncle© ²/ÚkqbAGkl/ ³n ¸1 ´bright-red jewel. ¸2 ´red (usu painful)
inflamed swelling under the skin.¼
¨car®bu®ret®tor© ´(US = ¸-retor´) ²/*kqbj8ÚretE(r) ³US: ²ÚkqrbEreItEr/ ³n ´that
part of an internal combustion engine in which petrol and air are mixed to make
an explosive mixture.¼
¨car®cass©, car®case ²/ÚkqkEs/ ³n ¸1 ´dead body of an animal (esp
one prepared for cutting up as meat): ³@ meat´, meat from a @ (contrasted with
tinned or corned meat). ¸2 ´(contemptuous) human body. ¸3 ´shellµ(2)´.¼
¨card©1 ²/kqd/ ³n ¸1 ´(usu small, oblong-shaped) piece of stiff paper or thin
cardboard, as used for various purposes, eÔg ³a ·Ú³visiting-@ ´(US ·Ú³calling
@´), with a person's name, etc on it; ·Ú³Christmas/New ·Ú³Year/·Ú³Birthday @s´,
sent with greetings at Christmas, etc; ·Ú³record @´, one for keeping records,
notes, etc, and stored in a box or drawer; ³@ index´, index on @s. ¸@-carrying
member ³n ´registered member of a group, political party, trade union, etc.
¸Ú@ vote ³n ´vote taken at a trade union meeting at which each delegate has a
@ representing a certain number of workers. ¸2 ´programme for a race meeting
or game, with details, and space for marking results: ³a ·Ú³score @, ´eÔg for
cricket. ¸3 ´(esp) one of the 52 cards (often ·Ú³playing-@´) used for various
games (canasta, bridge, poker, etc) and for telling fortunes. ·have a @ up
one's sleeve, ´have a secret plan in reserve. ·hold/keep one's @s close to
one's chest, µ¥ chest(2). ·make a @, ´take a trick (µ¥ trick(5)´) with it. ·on
the @s, ´(from fortune-telling by @s) likely or possible. ·one's best/strongest
@, ´one's strongest argument, best way of getting what one wants. ·play one's
@s well, ´do one's business cleverly, with good judgement. ·play a
sure/safe/doubtful @, ´use a plan or expedient that is sure, etc. ·put one's @s
on the table, ´make one's plans, intentions, etc, known. ¸Ú@-sharper ³n ´person
who makes a living by swindling at @ games. ¸4 ´(hum) person who is queer or
amusing.¼
¨card©2 ²/kqd/ ³n ´toothed instrument, wire brush, for combing or cleaning
wool, hemp etc. ¹ ³vt ´clean or comb with such an instrument.¼
¨car®da®mom© ²/ÚkqdEmEm/ ³n ¶[U] ´aromatic spice from seed-capsules
of various East Indian plants.¼
¨card®board© ²/Úkqdbcd/ ³n ¶[U] ´thick, stiff kind of paper or pasteboard,
used for making boxes, binding books, etc.¼
¨car®diac© ²/ÚkqdIak/ ³adj ´of the heart: ³@ muscle; @ symptoms, ´iÔe of heart
disease.¼
¨car®di®gan© ²/ÚkqdIgEn/ ³n ´knitted collarless woollen jacket that buttons up
the front, made with sleeves.¼
¨car®di®nal© ²/ÚkqdInl/ ³adj ´chief; most important; on which sth depends: ³the
@ virtues. ¸@ numbers, ´eÔg 5, 6, 7 (contrasted with ³ordinal numbers, ´eÔg
5th, 6th, 7th´); ³the @ points, ´of the compass (N, S, E and W). µ¥ ´the illus
at µcompass. ´¹ ³n ´bishop in the RÔC Church who is able to participate
in the election of a Pope.¼
¨care©1 ²/keE(r)/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´serious attention or thought; watchfulness;
pains: ³You should take more @ over your work. This is made of glass, so take @
not to break it. Glass, with @! ´eÔg as a warning when goods are sent by
rail. ³Take @ (that) you don't get run over when you cross the street. Do your
work with more @. ´(Used with the ³indef art´): ³Have a @ ´(= Take @), be
cautious. ¸2 ¶[U] ´protection; charge; responsibility: ³The child was left in
its sister's @. The library is under the @ of Mr Grey. I will leave this in
your @´, leave you responsible for it. ·@ of, ´(often written ¸c/o´) used in
addresses before the name of the person(s) to whose house, office, etc a letter
is sent. ¸Child C@ officer ³n ´(in GB but no longer current, now ³social
worker´) person appointed to look after children who are homeless or whose
parents are neglectful, etc. ·take into @, ´(of such an officer) take (a child
lacking proper @) to an institution. ·take @ of, ´(colloq) deal with, be
responsible for. ¸Ú@®taker ³n ´person paid to take @ of a building during the
owner's absence; (US = ³janitor´) person in charge of the upkeep of a public
building such as a school or of a private building such as a block of flats.
¸@®taker Government´, administration that continues in office until a new one
is formed to take over its work. ¸3 ¶[U] ´worry; anxiety; troubled state of
mind caused by doubt or fear: ³free from @. C@ had made him look ten years
older. ¸Ú@®free ³adj ´showing no worry; cheerful. ¸Ú@®laden, ¸Ú@®worn
³adjj ´showing worry; troubled. ¸4 ¶[C] ´(usu ³pl´) cause of sorrow and
anxiety: ³He was rich and free from @s of every kind. He was poor and troubled
by the @s of a large family.¼
¨care©2 ²/keE(r)/ ³vi ¸1 ¶[VP2A,3A,B] ´(with ³prep ´usu omitted
before a clause) ·@ (about), ´feel interest, anxiety or sorrow: ³He failed in
the examination but I don't think he @s very much/he doesn't seem to @. He
doesn't @ much (about) what happens to me. He doesn't @ what they say. I don't
@ who you are/how soon you leave. He doesn't @ a damn´, is not in the least
interested, worried, etc. ³Who @s? ¸2 ¶[VP3A] ·@ for, ´like (to have): ³Would
you @ for a drink? I shouldn't @ for that man to be my doctor. He doesn't much
@ for television. ¸3 ¶[VP3A] ·@ for, ´have a taste for; like: ³Do you @ for
modern music? ¸4 ¶[VP3A] ·@ for, ´look after; provide food, money, shelter etc:
³Who will @ for the children if their mother dies? The State must @ for the
families of soldiers killed in the war. ¸5 ¶[VP4C] ´like; be willing or
desirous (inter and neg only): ³Would you @ to go for a walk? I don't @ to be
seen in his company.¼
¨ca®reen© ²/kEÚrin/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A] ´turn (a ship) on one side for cleaning,
repairing, etc. ¸2 ¶[VP6A,2A] ´(cause to) tilt, lean over to one side.¼
¨ca®reer© ²/kEÚrIE(r)/ ³n ¸1 ¶[C] ´progress through life;
development and progress of a party/principle etc: ³We can learn much by
reading about the @s of great men. ¸2 ¶[C] ´way of making a living;
profession: ³Should all @s be open to women´, Should women be allowed to enter
all occupations? (attrib) professional: ³a @ diplomat; a ·Ú³@ girl´, (esp) one
who prefers a @ to marriage. ¸3 ¶[U] ´quick or violent forward movement:
³in full @´, at full speed; ³stop (sb) in mid @. ¹ ³vi ¶[VP2C,3A] ·@
about/along/past/through, etc, ´rush wildly. ¸@®ist ³n ´person whose chief
interest is personal advancement in his profession.¼
¨care®ful© ²/ÚkeEfl/ ³adj ¸1 ´(pred) ·be @ (about/of), ´(of a person) taking
care; cautious; thinking of, paying attention to, what one does, says, etc: ³Be
@ not to break the eggs. Be @ (about/of) what you do/what you say/where you
go/how you carry it etc. Be more @ with your work. Be @ of your health. ¸2
´done with, showing, care: ³@ guidance/a @ guide; ³a @ piece of work; a @
examination of the facts. ¸@®ly ²/-fElI/ ³adv ¸@®ness ³n¼
¨care®less© ²/ÚkeElIs/ ³adj ¸1 ´(of a person) not taking care; thoughtless: ³He
is @ about leaving the door unlocked when he goes to bed. A @ driver is a
danger to the public. ¸2 ´done or made without care: ³a @ mistake. ¸3 ´(liter)
light-hearted; gay: ³@ little songbirds. ¸4 ·@ of, ´(liter) ´unconcerned about;
uncomplainingly accepting: ³He is @ of his reputation. The soldiers were @ of
hardship. ¸@®ly ³adv ¸@®ness ³n´: ³a piece of @ness´, a @ act.¼
¨ca®ress© ²/kEÚres/ ³n ¶[C] ´loving or affectionate touch or light stroke. ¹
³vt ¶[VP6A] ´give a @ or @es to. ¸@®ing ³adj ´showing love. ¸@®ing®ly ³adv¼
¨caret© ²/Úkaret/ ³n ´mark (²®´) used (eÔg in correcting proofs) to show, in
writing or print, where sth is to be inserted.¼
¨cargo© ²/ÚkqgE8/ ³n (pl µ@es, ´US also µ@s ²/-gE8z/³) ¶[C,U] ´goods carried in
a ship, aircraft or other vehicle: ³a ·Ú³@ ship/plane. ´Cf ³goods/freight
train.¼
¨cari®bou© ²/ÚkarIbu/ ³n (pl µ@s ´or, collective µ@´) N American reindeer.¼
¨cari®ca®ture© ²/ÚkarIkEtj8E(r)/ ³n ¸1 ¶[C] ´picture of sb or sth, imitation of
a person's voice, behaviour, etc, stressing certain features, to amuse or
ridicule. ¸2 ¶[U] ´art of doing this. ¹ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´make, give, a @ of.
¸cari®ca®tur®ist ³n ´expert in @.¼
¨car®ies© ²/ÚkeEriz/ ³n ¶[U] ´(med) decay (of bones or teeth): ³dental @.
¸cari®ous ²/ÚkeErIEs/ ³adj ´(of bone) affected with @.¼
¨car®il®lon© ²/kEÚrIljEn ³US: ²ÚkarElon/ ³n ´set of bells in a tower on which
tunes may be played by some kind of mechanism (eÔg a keyboard).¼
¨Car®mel®ite© ²/ÚkqmElñIt/ ³n, adj ´(friar or nun) of the religious
order founded in 1155.¼
¨car®mine© ²/ÚkqmñIn/ ³n, adj ´deep red colour or colouring matter.¼
¨car®nage© ²/ÚkqnIdZ/ ³n ¶[U] ´(liter) killing of many people: ³a scene of @,
´eÔg a battlefield.¼
¨car®nal© ²/Úkqnl/ ³adj ´(formal) of the body or flesh; sensual (opposite to
³spiritual): ³@ desires. ¸@®ly ³adv¼
¨car®na®tion© ²/kqÚneI2n/ ³n ´garden plant with sweet-smelling white, pink or
red flowers; the flower.¼
¨car®ni®val© ²/ÚkqnIvl/ ³n ¶[U] ´public merrymaking and feasting, usu with
processions of persons in fancy dress, esp in RÔC countries during the week
before Lent; ¶[C] ´festival of this kind.¼
¨car®ni®vore© ²/ÚkqnIvc(r)/ ³n ´flesh-eating animal. ¸car®ni®vor®ous
²/kqÚnIvErEs/ ³adj ´flesh-eating.¼
¨carol© ²/ÚkarEl/ ³n ´song of joy or praise, esp a Christmas hymn: ·Ú³@
singers´, singers who visit people's houses at Christmas to sing @s (and usu to
collect money for charity). ¹ ³vt µ(-ll-, ´US also µ-l-) ´sing joyfully:
celebrate with @s. ¸@®ler ³n¼
¨ca®rouse© ²/kEÚrñ8z/ ³vt ¶[VP2A] ´drink heavily and be merry (at a noisy meal,
party etc). ¸ca®rousal ²/kEÚrñ8zl/ ³n ´noisy drinking-party or revelry.¼
¨carp©1 ²/kqp/ ³n (pl ´unchanged) large freshwater fish that lives in lakes and
ponds.¼
¨carp©2 ²/kqp/ ³vt ¶[VP2A,3A] ·@ (at), ´make unnecessary complaints about
small matters: ³a @ing tongue; @ing criticism. She's always @ing at her
husband.¼
¨car®pal© ²/Úkqpl/ ³adj ´(anat) of the wrist. ¹ ³n ´(anat) bone in the wrist,
µ¥ ´the illus at µskeleton.¼
¨car®pen®ter© ²/ÚkqpEntE(r)/ ³n ´workman who makes and repairs (esp) the wooden
parts of buildings and other structures of wood. µ¥ joiner.
¸car®pen®try ²/-trI/ ³n ¶[U] ´work of a @.¼
¨car®pet© ²/ÚkqpIt/ ³n ¶[C] ¸1 ´thick covering for floors or
stairs, usu of wool, hair or synthetic fibres, often with a pattern or designs
woven into it. ·on the @, ´(colloq) being reprimanded. ·sweep sth under the @,
´hide, ignore, sth, in order to delay action, escape blame, etc. ¸Ú@-bag ³n
´(old fashioned) travelling bag made of @. ¸Ú@®bag®ger ³n ´(US) person, during
the American Civil War (1861-5), from northern UÔSÔA who went to the South to
seek financial or political advantage. ¸Ú@-knight ³n ´soldier who has not seen
active service, stay-at-home soldier; ladies' man. ¸Ú@-slippers ³n pl
´(old-fashioned) kind of soft slippers with uppers of woollen cloth.
¸Ú@-sweeper ³n ´device with revolving brush(es) for sweeping @s and rugs. ¸2
´sth suggesting a @: ³a @ of moss, ´eÔg in a garden. ¹ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ¸1 ´cover
(as) with a @: ³to @ the stairs; a lawn @ed with fallen leaves. ¸2 ´(sl)
reprimand: ³He's been @ed.¼
¨car®riage© ²/ÚkarIdZ/ ³n ¸1 ¶[C] ´vehicle, esp one with four wheels, pulled
by a horse or horses, for carrying people: ³a @ and pair´, one pulled by two
horses. µ¥ coach±1µ. ¸Ú@®way ³n ´(part of a) road used by vehicles: ³Cars must
not park on the @way. ¸*dual Ú@®way, ´road divided down the centre (by a
barrier, a strip of pavement or grass) for traffic in each direction (US =
³divided highway). ¸2 ¶[C] ´wheeled vehicle for passengers on a railway train
(US = ³car´); coach: ³The first class @s are in front. ¸3 ¶[U] ´(cost of)
carrying of goods from place to place. ·@ forward, ´cost of @ to be paid by the
receiver. ·@ free/paid, ´@ free to the receiver/paid by the sender. ¸4 ¶[C]
´wheeled support on which a heavy object may move or be moved (eÔg a ³gun @´);
moving part of a machine, changing the position of other parts (eÔg the roller
of a typewriter). ¸5 ³(sing ´only) manner of holding the head or the body (when
walking, etc): ³She has a graceful @´, She stands and walks gracefully. µ¥
carry(8).¼
¨car®rier© ²/ÚkarIE(r)/ ³n ¸1 ´person or company that carries goods
or people for payment (eÔg a railway, shipping or aircraft company). ¸2
´support for luggage, etc fixed to a bicycle, motor-car, etc. ¸3 ´person,
animal, etc that carries or transmits a disease without himself or itself
suffering from it. ¸4 ´vehicle, ship, etc used for the transport of troops,
aircraft, tanks, etc. µ¥ aircraft-@, Bren-@, troop-@. ¸5 ¸Ú@-bag ³n ´strong
paper or plastic bag with hand grips for eÔg carrying away purchases from
shops. ¸Ú@-pigeon ³n ´pigeon used to carry messages because it can find its way
home from a distant place.¼
¨car®rion© ²/ÚkarIEn/ ³n ¶[U] ´dead and decaying flesh. ¸Ú@-crow, ´crow that
lives on @ and small animals.¼
¨car®rot© ²/ÚkarEt/ ³n ´(plant with) yellow or orange-red root used as a
vegetable, µ¥ ´the illus at µvegetable´. ¸the stick and the @´, threats and
bribes. ¸hold out/offer a @ to sb´, entice by offering a reward or advantage.
¸@y ³adj ´(esp of hair) orange-red.¼
¨carry©1 ²/ÚkarI/ ³vt,vi (pt,pp µcarried³) ´(For uses with ³adverbial
particles ´and ³preps, µ¥ 11 ´below.) ¸1 ¶[VP6A,15A,B] ´support the weight of
and move from place to place; take a person, a message, etc from one place to
another: ³He was @ing a box on his shoulder. She was @ing the baby in her
arms. Railways and ships @ goods. He carried ´(= went round and told) ³the
news to everyone in the village. He ran off as fast as his legs could @ him´,
as fast as he could run. ³This bicycle has carried me 500 miles. How far will
five gallons of petrol @ you? ³Some kinds of seeds are carried by the wind for
great distances. The raft was carried by ocean currents to a small island.
A spy carries his life in his hands´, takes the risk of death. ¸Ú@-cot ³n
´light cot with handles (but no wheels) for @ing a baby. ¸2 ¶[VP6A,15A] ´have
with one; wear; possess: ³Do you always @ an umbrella? Ought the police to be
allowed to @ fire-arms? I never @ much money with me. Can you @ all these
figures in your head´, remember them without writing them down? ³The wound
left a scar that he will @ with him to the grave´, that will remain for life.
¸3 ¶[VP6A] ´support: ³These pillars @ the weight of the roof. The girders are
carried on trestles. ¸4 ¶[VP6A] ´involve; entail; have as a result: ³The loan
carries 3§% interest. That argument does not @ conviction´, is not convincing.
³Power carries responsibility with it. His word/promise carries weight´, is
influential. ¸5 ¶[VP6A,15A] ´(of pipes, wires, etc) conduct; take: ³The oil is
carried across the desert in pipe-lines. Copper carries electricity. ¸6
¶[VP15A] ´make longer; extend; take (to a specified point, in a specified
direction, etc): ³@ a fence round a field; @ pipes under a street; @ a joke too
far´, be no longer amusing. Don't @ modesty too far. ¸7 ¶[VP6A,15A] ´win;
capture; persuade; overcome: ³The soldiers rushed forward and carried the
enemy's position. He carried his audience with him´, won their sympathy and
agreement. ³The bill/motion/resolution was carried´, there were more votes for
it than against it. ·@ the day, ´be victorious. ·@ everything before one, ´be
completely successful. ·@ one's point, ´win approval for it. ¸8 ¶[VP6A,15A,16B]
´hold oneself/one's head/one's body in a specified way: ³He carries himself
like a soldier´, stands and walks like one. ³She carries herself badly, ´eÔg by
slouching or stooping. ¸9 ¶[VP2B,C] ´(of guns) send (a shell, etc) a certain
distance; (of missiles, sounds, voices, etc) have the power to go to: ³Our guns
do not @ far enough. The sound of the guns carried many miles. The shot carried
200 metres. A public speaker must have a voice that carries well. ¸10 ¶[VP6A]
´(of a newspaper, etc) print in its pages: ³a newspaper that carries several
pages of advertisements. ¸11 ¶[VP15B,2C] ´(with ³adverbial particles ´and
³preps)´:¼
·carry sb/sth away, ¸(a) ´(usu passive) cause to lose self-control: ³He was
carried away by his enthusiasm´, was so enthusiastic that he was unable to
judge calmly, etc. ¸(b) ´(naut) lose (masts, etc) by breaking: ³The ship's
masts were carried away during the storm.¼
·carry sb back, ´take back in the memory: ³an incident that carried me back to
my schooldays´, caused me to recall them.¼
·carry sth forward, ´(comm, book-keeping) transfer (a total of figures on a
page) to the head of a new column or page.¼
·carry sth off, ´win: ³Tom carried off all the school prizes. ·@ it/sth off
(well), ´succeed in a difficult situation; cover a mistake, etc.¼
·carry (sth) on, ¸(a) ´conduct; manage: ³Rising costs made it hard to @ on the
business. It's difficult to @ on a conversation at a noisy party. ¸(b) ´talk
volubly and complainingly; behave strangely or suspiciously: ³How she does @
on! Did you notice how they were @ing on? ´Hence, ¸@®ings-on ³n pl´: ³Such
queer carryings-on next door, ´such queer happenings! ·@ on (with), ´continue
(doing sth): ³C@ on (with your work). They decided to @ on in spite of the
weather. ·@ on (an affair) (with), ´(often suggesting disapproval) flirt with;
have a love affair with: ³His wife is @ing on with the postman. ·(sth) to @ on
with, ´(sth) (to do or use) for the time being: ³I can't give you all you need,
but here's $5 to @ on/be @ing on with.¼
·carry sth out, ¸(a) ´do as required or specified; fulfil; complete: ³@ out a
promise/threat/plan/instruction. ¸(b) ´perform; conduct: ³@ out
experiments/tests.¼
·carry sb/sth through, ¸(a) ´help (through difficulties, etc): ³Their courage
will @ them through. ¸(b) ´complete; fulfil: ³Having made a promise, you must @
it through.¼
¨carry©2 ²/ÚkarI/ ³n ¸1 ´range of a gun, etc; distance that a shell, etc,
goes. ¸2 ´portage; act of carrying boats, etc, from one river or lake to
another; place where this must be done.¼
¨cart© ²/kqt/ ³n ´two-wheeled vehicle pulled by a horse. µ¥ ´also µhand@. ·be
in the @, ´(sl) be in an awkward or losing position. ·put the @ before the
horse, ´do or put things in the wrong order, take the effect for the cause (eÔg
by saying "I was lazy because I didn't study'). ·turn Ú@-wheels, ´turn
somersaults sideways. ¸Ú@-horse ³n ´strong horse for heavy work. ¸Ú@-load ³n
´as much as a @ holds: ³a @-load of manure. ¸Ú@-road/-track, ´rough unmetalled
road. ¹ ³vt ¶[VP6A,15B] ¸1 ´carry in a @: ³@ing hay; @ away the rubbish.
¸2 ´(colloq) carry in the hands, etc: ³Have you really got to @ these parcels
around for the rest of the day? ¸@®age ²/ÚkqtIdZ/ ³n ¶[U] ´(cost of) carting.
¸@er ³n ´man whose work is driving @s; carrierµ(1)´.¼
¨carte blanche© ²/*kqt Úblon2/ ³n ´(F) full authority or freedom
(to use one's own judgement about how to proceed, etc).¼
¨car®tel© ²/kqÚtel/ ³n ´(comm) combination of traders, manufacturers, etc to
control output, marketing, prices of goods, etc.¼
¨car®ti®lage© ²/ÚkqtIlIdZ/ ³n ¶[C,U] ´(structure, part, of) tough, white tissue
attached to the joints, in animal bodies; gristle. ¸car®ti®lagi®nous
²/*kqtIÚladZInEs/ ³adj ´of or like @.¼
¨car®togra®pher© ²/kqÚtogrEfE(r)/ ³n ´person who makes maps and charts.
¸car®togra®phy ²/kqÚtogrEfI/ ³n ¶[U] ´the drawing of maps and charts.¼
¨car®ton© ²/Úkqtn/ ³n ´cardboard box for holding goods: ³a @ of 200
cigarettes, ´with 10 packets of 20.¼
¨car®toon© ²/kqÚtun/ ³n ¸1 ´drawing dealing with current (esp political)
events in an amusing or satirical way. ¸2 ´full-size preliminary drawing on
paper, used as a model for a painting, a tapestry, a fresco, a mosaic, etc. ¸3
³(= animated @) ´cinema film made by photographing a series of drawings: ³a
Walt Disney @. ¹ vt ´represent (a person, etc) in a @. ¸@®ist ³n ´person who
draws @sµ(1)´.¼
¨car®tridge© ²/ÚkqtrIdZ/ ³n ¸1 ´case (of metal, cardboard, etc) containing
explosive (for blasting), or explosive with bullet or shot (for firing from a
rifle or shot gun). µ¥ blankÔ³nÔµ(4). ¸Ú@-belt ³n ´one with sockets for holding
@s. ¸Ú@-paper, ¸(a) ´paper for making @ cases. ¸(b) ´thick white paper for
pencil and ink drawings. ¸2 ´detachable head of a pick-up (on a record-player),
holding the stylus. ¸3 ´(US) cassette.¼
¨carve© ²/kqv/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A,14,15B] ´form (sth) by cutting away material
from a piece of wood or stone: ³@ a statue out of wood/a statue in oak; a
figure @d from marble; @ out a career for oneself´, (fig) achieve one by great
effort. ¸2 ¶[VP6A,15A] ´inscribe by cutting on a surface: ³@ one's initials
on a tree trunk; @ an inscription on a bench. ¸3 ¶[VP6A,15B] ´cut up (cooked
meat) into pieces or slices at or for the table: ³@ a leg of mutton/a turkey.
¸Úcarving-knife/-fork ³n ´knife, fork, used for carving meat. ¸carver ³n
´carving-knife; person who @s; ³(pl) ´carving-knife and fork. ¸carv®ing ³n
´sth @d in wood, etc. µ¥ sculptor, sculpture.¼
¨cary®atid© ²/*karIÚatId/ ³n ´(archit) draped statue of a female
figure used as a support (eÔg a pillar) in a building.¼
¨cas®cade© ²/kaÚskeId/ ³n ´waterfall; one section of a large, broken
waterfall; wave-like fall of lace, cloth, etc. ¹ ³vi ´fall like a @.¼
¨case©1 ²/keIs/ ³n ¸1 ´instance or example of the occurrence of sth; actual
state of affairs; circumstances or special conditions relating to a person or
thing; (med) person suffering from a disease; instance of a diseased
condition: ³Is it the @ ´(= Is it true) ³that you have lost all your money?
No, that's not the @, ´is not true. ³If that's the @ ´(= If the situation is
as stated or suggested), ³you'll have to work much harder. I can't make an
exception in your @, ´for you and not for others. ³Such being the @ ´(= In view
of, Because of, these facts, etc), ³you can't go away. It's a clear @ of
cheating´, is clear that cheating has taken place. ³There were five @s of ´(=
five persons suffering from) ³influenza. The worst @s were sent to hospital.
·a @ in point, µ¥ point±1µ(9). ·(just) in @, ´if it should happen that; because
of a possibility: ³It may rainÅyou'd better take an umbrella (just) in @. In @
I forget, please remind me of my promise. ·in @ of, ´in the event of: ³In @ of
fire, ring the alarm bell. ·in Úany @, ´whatever happens or may have happened.
·in Úno @, ´in no circumstances. ·in Úthis/Úthat @, ´if this/that happens, has
happened, should happen. ¸Ú@®book ³n ´record kept by a professional man (eÔg a
doctor) of @s dealt with. ¸*@-Úhistory ³n ´record of the past history of sb
suffering from a disease, social or mental trouble, etc. ¸Ú@®work ³n ´work
involving personal study of individuals or families with social problems. ¸2
´(legal) question to be decided in a law court; the facts, arguments, etc, used
on one side in a law court: ³the @ for the defendant´, the statement of facts,
etc in his favour. ³When will the @ come before the Court? State your @´, Give
the facts and arguments in your favour. ³He has a strong @. ·make out a @
(for), ´give arguments in favour (of) (sb, doing sth). ·make out one's @,
´prove that one is right. ¸Ú@-law ³n ´law based on decisions made by judges. ¸3
´(gram) (change in the) form of a noun or pronoun that shows its relation to
another word: ³The first person singular personal pronoun in English has two @
forms: ´"I' (³subject @´), ³and ´"me' (³object @´).¼
¨case©2 ²/keIs/ ³n ¸1 ´box, bag, covering, container:
·Ú³packing-@´, large box in which goods are packed; ³glass @´, for the display
of specimens, etc (eÔg in a museum); ³a ·Ú³watch @; a ·Ú³jewel @´, lined with
velvet for keeping jewels in; ³a ·Ú³seed @, ´on a plant, in which the seeds
ripen; ³a ·Ú³pillow-@´, of cloth for covering a pillow; ³a
·Ú³dressing-@´, a bag for hair-brushes, combs, razors, etc. µ¥ ´also µsuit@,
book@. ¸*@-Úhardened ³adj ´(fig) made callous by experience. ¸2 ´(printing):
³upper @´, capital letters; ³lower @´, small letters. ¹ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´enclose in
a @ or casing; encase.¼
¨casein© ²/ÚkeIsin/ ³n ¶[U] ´body-building food (protein) present in milk and
forming the basis of cheese.¼
¨case®ment© ²/ÚkeIsmEnt/ ³n ´window that opens outwards or inwards like a
door, not up or down or from side to side, µ¥ sash window ´and ´the illus at
µwindow´; (poet) window.¼
¨cash© ²/ka2/ ³n ¶[U] ¸1 ´money in coin or notes: ³I have no @ with meÅmay I
pay by cheque? We sell goods for @ onlyÅwe don't give credit. ¸Ú@ crops ³n
´crops (eÔg coffee, sisal) to be sold for @ (contrasted with ³subsistence
crops ´such as millet, beans, grown for use by the growers). ¸Ú@ desk, ´desk
or counter (in a shop, etc) where payments (by @ or cheque) are made. ¸Ú@
dispenser, ´machine (outside some banks) which, by the use of a personal coded
card, dispenses @. ·@ down; @ on delivery, ´payment on delivery of the goods.
µ¥ credit±1µ(1). ¸Ú@ price ³n ´price for immediate payment. ¸@ register ³n ´@
box with a device for recording and storing @ received. ¸@ and Úcarry store ³n
´one where goods are sold (usu at lower prices) for @ payment if the buyer
takes them away with him. ¸2 ´money in any form: ³be short of @; be rolling in
@; out of @´, without money. ¹ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A,12B,13B] ´give or get @ for: ³@
a cheque. Can you @ this cheque for me/@ me a cheque? ¸2 ¶[VP2C] ·@ in (on),
´take advantage (of); benefit (from): ³shopkeepers who @ in on shortages by
putting up prices. ¸@®able ²/-Ebl/ ³adj ´that can be @ed.¼
¨ca®shew© ²/Úka2u/ ³n ´(tropical American tree with) small
kidney-shaped nut.¼
¨cash®ier©1 ²/kaÚ2IE(r)/ ³n ´person who receives and pays out money in a bank,
store, hotel, restaurant, etc.¼
¨cash®ier©2 ²/kEÚ2IE(r)/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´dismiss (eÔg an officer) with dishonour
and disgrace.¼
¨cash®mere© ²/ka2ÚmIE(r)/ ³n ¶[U] ´fine soft wool of Kashmir ²/ka2ÚmIE(r)/
´goats of Asia: ³a @ shawl.¼
¨cas®ing© ²/ÚkeIsIG/ ³n ´covering; protective wrapping: ³copper wire with a @
of rubber; @s for sausages.¼
¨ca®sino© ²/kEÚsinE8/ ³n (pl µ@s´) public room or building for gambling
and other amusements.¼
¨cask© ²/kqsk ³US: ²kask/ ³n ´barrel for liquids: ³a @ of cider; ´amount that
a @ holds.¼
¨cas®ket© ²/ÚkqskIt ³US: ²ÚkaskIt/ ³n ¸1 ´small box to hold letters, jewels,
cremated ashes, etc. ¸2 ´(US) coffin.¼
¨cas®sava© ²/kEÚsqvE/ ³n ¶[U] ´tropical plant with starchy roots from which
tapioca is extracted. µ¥ ´the illus at µvegetable.¼
¨cas®ser®ole© ²/ÚkasErE8l/ ³n ´covered heat-proof dish in which food is cooked
and then served at table; food so cooked: ³a @ of lamb.¼
¨cas®sette© ²/kEÚset/ ³n ¶[C] ´(US = ³cartridge´) container for magnetic tape
(for use with a @ tape-recorder) or for photographic film (to be fitted into a
camera). µ¥ ´the illus at µtape.¼
¨cas®sock© ²/ÚkasEk/ ³n ´long, close-fitting outer garment, worn by some
priests. µ¥ ´the illus at µvestment.¼
¨cas®so®wary© ²/ÚkasEweErI/ ³n (pl µ-ries³) ´large bird of SÔE Asia, unable to
fly, similar to, but smaller than, an emu. µ¥ ´illus at µrare.¼
¨cast©1 ²/kqst ³US: ²kast/ ³vt,vi (pt,pp µcast³) ¸1 ¶[VP6A,15A,B] ´throw;
allow to fall or drop: ³The fisherman @ his net into the water. Snakes @ their
skins. His horse @ a shoe´, one of its shoes came off. ·@ anchor, ´lower it.
·be @ down, ´be depressed, unhappy. µ¥ downcast. ·@ lots; @ in one's lot with,
µ¥ lot±2µ(1,3). ·@ a vote, ´give a vote. ¸@®ing vote ³n ´one given (eÔg by the
chairman) to decide a question when votes on each side are equal. ·@ sth in
sb's teeth, µ¥ tooth(1). ¸2 ¶[VP6A,15A,2C] ´turn or send in a particular
direction: ³@ one's eye over sth´, look at, examine, it; ³@ a gloom/shadow on
sth´, make it seem gloomy, depressing; ³@ a new light on a problem, etc´, make
it clearer, easier to understand; ³@ a rather wary glance at sb´, look at him
warily; ³@ a slur on someone's reputation´, say things to damage it. ·@ about
for, ´(anxiously) look for, try to find (eÔg ³allies, excuses). ¸3 ¶[VP6A]
´pour (liquid metal) into a mould; make (eÔg a statue ³in ´bronze, etc) in this
way: ³a figure @ in bronze. ¸@ iron ³n ´iron in a hard, brittle form, made by
shaping in moulds after melting the ore in a blast furnace, and usually
converted into wrought iron or steel before being used. Hence, ¸@-iron ³adj
¸(a) ´made of @ iron. ¸(b) ´(fig) hard; untiring; unyielding: ³a man with a
@-iron will/constitution. ¸4 ¶[VP6A,15B] ·@ up, ´add, calculate (more usu ³add
up ´or ³tot up´): ³@ up a column of figures. ¸5 ¶[VP15B,2C] ·@ (sb/sth) aside,
´(= ³cast off, (b)´) abandon; throw away as useless or unwanted. ·@ (sth) off,
¸(a) ´unloose (a boat) and let go. ¸(b) ´(fig) abandon; throw away as unwanted.
Hence, ¸*@-off Úclothes; Ú@-offs ³n pl ´clothes that the owner will not wear
again. ·@ off, ´(knitting) remove the last row of stitches from the needles. ·@
on, ´(knitting) make the first row of stitches. ¸6 ¶[VP6A] ´give (an actor) a
part in a play: ³He was @ for the part of Hamlet. ¸@®ing ³n ¶[C] ´sth shaped by
being poured in a mould (eÔg a wheel or axle), µ¥ 3 ´above.¼
¨cast©2 ²/kqst ³US: ²kast/ ³n ¸1 ´act of throwing (eÔg a net or fishing line):
³stake everything on a single @ of the dice. ¸2 ´sth made by castingµ(3) ´or
by pressing soft material into a mould: ³His leg was in a plaster @. ¸3 ´mould
where metal is poured or where soft material is pressed. ¸4 ´set of actors in a
play; the distribution of the parts among these actors: ³a play with an
all-star @. ¸5 ´type or quality: ³@ of features; @ of mind. ¸6 ´(of the eyes)
slight squint.¼
¨cas®ta®nets© ²/*kastEÚnets/ ³n pl ´instruments of hardwood or
ivory used in pairs on the fingers to make rattling sounds as a rhythm for
dancing. µ¥ ´the illus at µcash.¼
¨cast®away© ²/ÚkqstEweI ³US: ²Úkast-/ ³n ´shipwrecked person, esp one reaching
a strange country or lonely island.¼
¨caste© ²/kqst ³US: ²kast/ ³n ´one of the Hindu hereditary social classes; any
exclusive social class; ¶[U] ´this system. ·lose @ with/among, ´lose the right
to be respected; come down in social rank.¼
¨cas®tel®lated© ²/ÚkastEleItId/ ³adj ´having turrets or battlements (like a
castle).¼
¨cas®ti®gate© ²/ÚkastIgeIt/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´punish severely with blows or by
criticizing. ¸cas®ti®ga®tion ²/*kastIÚgeI2n/ ³n ¶[C,U] ´(instance of) severe
punishment.¼
¨castle© ²/Úkqsl ³US: ²Úkasl/ ³n ´large building or group of buildings
fortified against attack, esp as in olden times; house that was once such a
fortified building; piece (also called ³rook´) used in the game of chess, µ¥
´the illus at µchess. ·@s in the air; @s in Spain, ´day-dreams; plans or hopes
that are unlikely to be realized. ·an Englishman's house is his @, ´his place
of refuge and safety. ¹ ³vi ´(chess) move the king sideways two squares towards
the @ and place the @ on the square the king moved across.¼
¨cas®tor©, cas®ter ²/ÚkqstE(r) ³US: ²Úkas-/ ³n ¸1 ´wheel (on a swivel) fixed
to each leg of a piece of furniture (so that it may be turned and moved
easily). ¸2 ´bottle or metal pot, with holes in the top, for sugar, salt, etc.
¸Ú@ sugar ³n ´white, finely powdered sugar.¼
¨cas®tor oil© ²/*kqstEr ÚãIl ³US: ²ÚkastEr ãIl/ ³n ¶[U] ´thick,
yellowish oil, made from beans of the @ plant, used as a purgative.¼
¨cas®trate© ²/kaÚstreIt ³US: ²ÚkastreIt/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´remove the sex glands of
(a male animal); make (a male animal) useless for breeding purposes.
¸cas®tra®tion ²/kaÚstreI2n/ ³n ´castrating.¼
¨cas®ual© ²/ÚkaZ8El/ ³adj ¸1 ´happening by chance: ³a @ meeting. ¸2
´careless; undesigned; unmethodical; informal: ³a @ glance; clothes for @
wear´, for informal occasions, holidays, etc. ³She's a very @ person, ´eÔg is
careless and thoughtless about the convenience of others. ¸3 ´irregular; not
continued: ³earn a living by @ labour; @ labourers´, not permanently engaged
by one employer. ¸@®ly ³adv¼
¨casu®alty© ²/ÚkaZ8EltI/ ³n ¶[C] ¸1 ´accident, esp one involving loss of life.
¸2 ´soldier or sailor who is killed, wounded or missing; person killed or
seriously injured in an accident: ³The enemy suffered heavy casualties. C@
lists were published the day after the train accident. ¸ÚC@ Ward/Department ³n
´part of a hospital to which persons injured, eÔg in road accidents, are
taken for urgent treatment.¼
¨casu®ist© ²/Úkazj8Ist/ ³n ´expert in @ry. ¸@ry ²/-rI/ ³n ¶[U] ´judgement of
right and wrong by reference to theories, social conventions, etc, (often with
false but clever reasoning); ¶[C] ´false but clever argument used in this way.
¸casu®is®tic, -ti®cal ²/*kazj8ÚIstIk, -tIkl/ ³adj ´of or like @ry.¼
¨casus belli© ²/*keIsEs ÚbelqI/ ³n ´(Lat) act that is held to justify war.¼
¨cat© ²/kat/ ³n ¸1 ´small, domestic, fur-covered animal often kept as a pet, to
catch mice, etc; (= ¸Úwild cat´) any animal of the group that includes tigers,
lions, panthers and leopards. ·bell the cat, µ¥ bell(2). ·let the cat out of
the bag, µ¥ bag±1µ(1). ·like a cat on hot bricks, ´very nervous or jumpy.
·put/set the cat among the pigeons, ´cause alarm and confusion. ·wait for the
cat to jump; see which way the cat jumps, ´refuse to give advice, make plans,
etc, until one sees what other people are thinking and doing. ·*cat-and-Údog
life, ´one full of quarrels. ¸2 ´(short for) ¸*cat-o'-Únine-tails ³n ´whip with
many knotted cords, formerly used for punishing wrong-doers. ·room to swing a
cat in, ´just enough space. ¸3 ´(compounds, etc). ¸Úcat burglar ³n ´one who
enters a building by climbing up walls, rainpipes, etc. ¸Úcat®call ³n, v ´(make
a) loud, shrill whistle expressing disapproval (eÔg at a political meeting).
¸Úcat®fish ³n ´large fish without scales, with feelers around the mouth.
¸Úcat-nap, Úcat-sleep ³n ´short sleep (in a chair, etc, not in bed). ¸*cat's
Úcradle ³n ´children's game with a length of string looped over the fingers of
both hands and transferred between the fingers of two players. ¸Úcat's eye ³n
´reflector stud placed in roadways to guide traffic in darkness or on the rear
of a vehicle (eÔg a bicycle). ¸Úcat's paw ³n ´person who is used as a tool by
another. ¸Úcat suit ³n ´woman's or child's close-fitting one-piece garment for
the whole body. ¸Úcat-walk ³n ´narrow footway along a bridge, or through a
mass of machinery, engines, etc.¼
¨cata®clysm© ²/ÚkatEklIzEm/ ³n ¶[C] ´sudden and violent change (eÔg a flood, an
earthquake, a great war, a political or social revolution). ¸cata®clys®mic
²/*katEÚklIzmIk/ ³adj¼
¨cata®combs© ²/ÚkatEkumz/ ³n pl ´series of underground galleries with openings
along the sides for the burial of the dead (as in ancient Rome).¼
¨cata®falque© ²/ÚkatEfalk/ ³n ´decorated stand or stage for a coffin at a
funeral.¼
¨cata®lepsy© ²/ÚkatElepsI/ ³n ¶[U] ´disease in which the sufferer has periods
when he loses consciousness and sensation and his muscles become rigid.
¸cata®lep®tic ²/*katEÚleptIk/ ³adj ´of, having, @. µ¹ ³n ´person who has @.¼
¨cata®logue© ´(US also ¸catalog´) ²/ÚkatElog ³US: ²-lcg/ ³n ´list of
names/places/goods etc, in a special order: ³a library @. ¹ vt ¶[VP6A] ´make a
@ of; put in a @.¼
¨ca®talpa© ²/kEÚtalpE/ ³n ´(kinds of) tree with heart-shaped leaves and
trumpet-shaped flowers.¼
¨ca®ta®ly®sis© ²/kEÚtalEsIs/ ³n ´the process of aiding or speeding up a
chemical process by a substance that does not itself undergo any change.
¸cata®lyst ²/ÚkatElIst/ ³n ¶[C] ´substance that causes @; (fig) sb or sth that
helps to bring about a change. ¸cata®lyt®ic ²/*katEÚlItIk/ ³adj ´of @; causing
@.¼
¨cata®maran© ²/*katEmEÚran/ ³n ´boat with twin hulls; two boats or canoes
fastened side by side (as used in the South Seas).¼
¨cat®a®pult© ²/ÚkatEpAlt/ ³n ¸1 µY´-shaped stick with a piece of elastic, for
shooting stones, etc from; (in ancient times) machine for throwing heavy stones
in war. ¸2 ´apparatus for launching aircraft without a runway (eÔg from the
deck of a carrier). ¹ ³vt ´launch (aircraft) with a @; shoot (as) from a @.¼
¨cata®ract© ²/ÚkatErakt/ ³n ¶[C] ¸1 ´large, steep waterfall. ¸2 ´(path)
disease of the eye, in which the lens slowly clouds over, obscuring sight. µ¥
´the illus at µeye.¼
¨ca®tarrh© ²/kEÚtq(r)/ ³n ¶[U] ´inflamation of the mucous membrane,
esp of the nose and throat, causing flow of liquid, as when one has a cold;
this liquid.¼
¨ca®tas®trophe© ²/kEÚtastrEfI/ ³n ¶[C] ´sudden happening that causes great
suffering and destruction (eÔg a flood, earthquake, fire). ¸cata®strophic
²/*katEÚstrofIk/ ³adj¼
¨catch©1 ²/kat2/ ³vt,vi (pt,pp µcaught ²/kct/³) ¸1 ¶[VP6A] ´stop (sth that is
in motion) (eÔg by getting hold of it with the hands, by holding out sth into
which it may come): ³I threw the ball to him and he caught it. The dog caught
the bit of meat in its mouth. ¶[VP15B] ·@ sb out, ´(cricket) dismiss a batsman
by @ing the ball he has struck before it touches the ground. µ¥ ´also µ3
´below. ¸2 ¶[VP6A] ´capture; seize; intercept: ³@ a rat in a trap; @ a thief.
How many fish did you @? Cats @ mice. I caught him ´(= met him and stopped him)
³just as he was leaving the house. ¸3 ¶[VP6A,19B,14,15B,22] ´come unexpectedly
upon (sb) doing sth (esp sth wrong); surprise or detect: ³I caught the boys
stealing apples from my garden. ³You won't @ me ´(= There's no likelihood of my
being discovered) ³doing that again! ·@ sb at it; @ sb in the act (of doing
sth), ´come upon him while he is actually doing it: ³Just let me @ you at it
again ´(Åthen there'll be trouble)! ·@ sb out, ´detect him making a mistake. ·@
sb napping, µ¥ nap(1). ¸4 ¶[VP6A] ´be in time for: ³@ a train/the bus, etc; @
the post´, post letters before the box is emptied by the postman. ¸5
¶[VP15B,2C] ·@ sb up; @ up (with sb), ¸(a) ´come up to sb who is going in the
same direction; overtake: ³Go on in front, I'll soon @ you up/@ up (with you).
¸(b) ´do all the work that has not yet been done: ³Tom was away from school
for a month so now he's got to work hard to @ up with the rest of the class.
¸6 ¶[VP6A,2C,3A,14,15A] ·@ (in/on), ´(cause to) become fixed or prevented from
moving; (cause to) be entangled: ³The nail caught her dress. Her dress caught
on a nail. I caught my fingers in the door´, trapped them between the door and
the doorpost. ³This bolt doesn't @´, cannot be fastened. ³The latch has
caught´, stuck fast. ³The car was caught between two lorries. He caught his
foot on a tree root and stumbled. ¸7 ¶[VP6A] ´get (the meaning of sth); hear
(the sound of sth); receive (punishment, etc): ³I don't quite @ your meaning. I
didn't @ the end of the sentence. I don't quite @ ´(= fully understand) ³the
idea. ¶[VP2C] ·@ on (to sth), ´understand. ·@ it, ´be scolded, punished, hit,
etc: ³You'll @ it if you're not careful! He caught it (= ´was hit³) right in
the eye. ·@ sb's attention/fancy, ´succeed in getting it. ·@ sb's eye, ´look at
him to attract his attention when he looks in your direction. Hence, ¸Úeye-@ing
³adj µ¥ eye±1µ(3). ·@ sight/a glimpse of, ´see for a short time. ¸8 ¶[VP6A]
´become infected with: ³@ a disease/a fever; @ a cold. ¸9 ¶[VP3A] ·@ at, ´try
to grasp: ³A drowning man will @ at a straw. He will @ at ´(= take eagerly)
³any opportunity of practising his English. µ¥ clutch±1µ. ¶[VP15B] ·@ up,
´grasp; seize: ³@ up a loose end of rope. They were caught up ´(fig, carried
away) ³in the wave of enthusiasm. ¶[VP15A] ·@ hold of, ´seize, grab. ¸10 ·@
(fire), ´begin to burn: ³The wood soon caught (fire). ¸11 ¶[VP6A,12C,15A] ´hit:
³@ sb a blow. She caught him one ´(= gave him a blow) ³on the cheek. ¸12 ·@
one's breath, ´fail to breathe regularly for a moment (from surprise, etc).
¸Ú@-crop ³n ´quick-growing crop (eÔg lettuce) grown between rows of other
crops. ¸Ú@®penny ³adj ´designed or intended merely to get sales: ³a book with a
@penny title. ¸Ú@®word ³n ¸(a) ´word placed so as to draw attention to an
article, eÔg the subject of a paragraph; first or last word of a page in a
dictionary, printed above the columns. ¸(b) ´phrase or slogan in frequent
current use. ¸@er ³n ´(baseball) player who stands behind the batter to @ the
ball thrown by the pitcher. ¸@®ing ³adj ´(esp of diseases) infectious. ¸@y ³adj
¸1 ´(of a tune, etc) easily remembered. ¸2 ´tricky, deceptive.¼
¨catch©2 ²/kat2/ ³n ¸1 ´act of catching (esp a ball): ³That was a
difficult @. ¸2 ´that which is caught or worth @ing: ³a fine @ of fish. He's a
good @ for some young woman´, is a good man to get as a husband. ¸3 ´sth
intended to trick or deceive; cunning question or device: ³There's a @ in it
somewhere. Does the teacher ever include @ questions in examination papers? ¸4
´device for fastening or securing a lock, door, etc. µ¥ ´the illus at µlatch.
¸5 ´song for a number of voices starting one after another.¼
¨catch®ment© ²/Úkat2mEnt/ ³n ¸Ú@(-area) ´land from which a river or reservoir
draws its rainfall (also ¸Ú@-basin´); (fig) area(s) from which a central body
draws its members, eÔg a school its pupils, a hospital its patients; ¶[U]
´amount of rainfall, etc caught.¼
¨catch®up© ²/Úkat2Ep/ ³n ´= µketchup.¼
¨cat®echism© ²/ÚkatIkIzEm/ ³n ¶[U] ´instruction (esp about religion) by
question and answer; ¶[C] ´number, succession of questions and answers designed
for this purpose: ³put a person through his @´, question him closely.¼
¨cat®echize© ²/ÚkatIkñIz/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´teach or examine by asking many
questions.¼
¨cat®egori®cal© ²/*katIÚgorIkl ³US: ²-gcr-/ ³adj ´(of a statement)
unconditional; absolute; detailed; explicit. ¸@ly ²/-IklI/ ³adv¼
¨cat®egory© ²/ÚkatIgErI ³US: ²-gcrI/ ³n (pl µ-ries³) ´division or class in a
complete system or grouping. ¸cat®egor®ize ²/ÚkatIgErñIz/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´place in
a @.¼
¨cater© ²/ÚkeItE(r)/ ³vi ¸1 ¶[VP3A] ·@ for, ´provide food: ³Weddings and
parties @ed for, ´The advertiser will supply food for weddings, etc. ¸2 ¶[VP3A]
·@ for/to, ´make provision ³for´; supply what is desired or required ³to´;
pander ³to´: ³TÔV programmes usually @ for all tastes. Some tabloid newspapers
@ ³to low tastes. ¸@er ³n ´person who provides meals, etc brought from outside,
to clubs, homes, etc; owner or manager of a hotel, restaurant, etc.¼
¨cat®er®pil®lar© ²/ÚkatEpIlE(r)/ ³n ¸1 ´larva of a butterfly or
moth, µ¥ ´the illus at µbutterfly. ¸2 ´endless belt passing over toothed
wheels, used to give vehicles, tanks, etc, a good grip on soft or uneven
surfaces: ³@ tractor´, one fitted with such belts.¼
¨cat®er®waul© ²/ÚkatEwcl/ ³vi, n ´(make a) cat's howling cry.¼
¨cat®gut© ²/ÚkatgAt/ ³n ¶[U] ´material used for the strings of violins, tennis
rackets, etc (made by twisting the intestines of sheep and other animals).¼
¨ca®thar®sis© ²/kEÚTqsIs/ ³n (pl µ-arses ²/-ñsiz/³) ¸1 ¶[C,U] ´(med) emptying
of the bowels. ¸2 ´outlet for strong emotion (eÔg as given by the drama, or by
a willing account of deep feelings given to another person). ¸ca®thar®tic
²/kEÚTqtIk/ ³n ´(med), ³adj ´(substance) giving @.¼
¨ca®the®dral© ²/kEÚTidrEl/ ³n ´chief church in a diocese, in which is the
bishop's throne, under the charge of a dean.¼
¨cath®ode© ²/ÚkaTE8d/ ³n ¸1 ´negative electrode in the form of a filament
which, when hot, releases negative electrons which are attracted towards the
(positive) anode. ¸2 ´negative terminal of a battery. ¸*@Úray ³n ´invisible
stream of electrons from the @ in a vacuum tube (as used in radar, television,
etc), called ³a ·*³@Úray tube.¼
¨cath®olic© ²/ÚkaTElIk/ ³adj ¸1 ´liberal; general; including many or most
things: ³a man with @ tastes and interests; @ in his sympathies. ¸2 the C@
Church, ´the whole body of Christians. ¸Roman C@ ³n, adj ´(member) of the
Church that has the Pope as its chief bishop. µ¥Pope, Protestant, Roman(3).
¸Ca®tholicism ²/kEÚTolEsizm/ ³n ´teaching, beliefs, etc, of the Roman Catholic
Church. ¸cath®ol®ic®ity ²/*kaTEÚlIsEtI/ ³n ¶[U] ´quality of being @µ(1).¼
¨cat®kin© ²/ÚkatkIn/ ³n ¶[C] ´tuft of soft, downy flowers hanging down from
twigs of such trees as willows and birches.¼
¨cat®sup© ²/ÚkatsEp/ ³n ´= µketchup¼
¨cat®tish© ²/ÚkatI2/, ±cat®ty ²/ÚkatI/ ³adj ´(esp) sly and spiteful.
¸cat®ti®ness ³n¼
¨cattle© ²/Úkatl/ ³n pl ´oxen (bulls, bullocks, cows): ³twenty head of @. C@
were allowed to graze on the village common. ¸Ú@-cake ³n ¶[U] ´food fed to @,
made from various materials.¼
¨Cau®casian© ²/kcÚkeIzIEn ³US: ²kcÚkeIZn/ ³n, adj ´(member) of the
Indo-European group of people.¼
¨cau®cus© ²/ÚkckEs/ ³n ´(meeting of the) organization committee of
a political party (making plans, decisions, etc).¼
¨caught© ²/kct/ ³pt,pp ´of µcatch.¼
¨caul© ²/kcl/ ³n ´(physiol) thin skin enclosing a foetus, part of which, when
covering a baby's head, was once thought to be a charm against drowning.¼
¨caul®dron© ²/ÚkcldrEn/ ³n ´large, deep, open pot in which things are boiled.¼
¨cauli®flower© ²/ÚkolIflñ8E(r) ³US: ²ÚkclI-/ ³n ¶[C,U] ´(cabbage-like plant
with a) large, white flower-head, used as a vegetable. µ¥ ´the illus at
µvegetable.¼
¨caulk© ²/kck/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´make (joins between planks, etc) tight with fibre
or a sticky substance.¼
¨causal© ²/Úkczl/ ³adj ´of cause and effect; of, expressing, cause. ¸@®ity
²/kcÚzalEtI/ ³n ¶[U] ´relation of cause and effect; the principle that nothing
can happen without a cause: ³the law of @ity´, eÔg cause always precedes
effect. ¸cau®sa®tion ²/kcÚzeI2n/ ³n ¶[U] ´@ity; causing or being caused.
¸cau®sa®tive ²/ÚkczEtIv/ ³adj ´acting as, expressing, cause.¼
¨cause© ²/kcz/ ³n ¸1 ¶[C,U] ´that which produces an effect; thing, event,
person, etc, that makes sth happen: ³The @ of the fire was carelessness. We
can't get rid of war until we get rid of the @s of war. ¸2 ¶[U] ´reason:
³There is no @ for anxiety. You have no @ for complaint/no @ to complain.
Don't stay away without good @. ¸3 ¶[C] ´purpose for which efforts are being
made: ³work in/for a good @; fight in the @ of justice. ·make common @ with
sb, ´help and support him (in a political, social, etc movement). ¹ ³vt
¶[VP6A,17,12A,13A] ´be the @ of; make happen: ³What @s the tides? What @d his
death? You've @d trouble to all of us. This has @d us much anxiety. What @d
the plants to die? (What made them die? ´is more usual.) ³He @d the prisoners
to be put to death. (He had them put to death ´is more usual.) ¸@®less ³adj
´without any natural or known @.¼
¨caus®erie© ²/ÚkE8zErI/ ³n ´informal discussion.¼
¨cause®way© ²/ÚkczweI/ ³n ´raised road or footpath, esp across wet land or
swamp.¼
¨caus®tic© ²/ÚkcstIk/ ³adj ¸1 ´able to burn or destroy by chemical action. ¸@
soda ³n ´(Sodium Hydroxide ²/hqIÚdroksqId/ ¸NaOH´) corrosive chemical substance
used in the manufacture of soap. ¸2 ´(fig) biting; sarcastic: ³@ remarks; a @
manner. ¸caus®ti®cally ²/-klI/ ³adv¼
¨cau®ter®ize© ²/ÚkctErqIz/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´burn (eÔg a poisoned wound, a
snake-bite) with a caustic substance or with a hot iron (to destroy
infection).¼
¨cau®tion© ²/Úkc2n/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´taking care; paying attention (to avoid danger
or making mistakes): ³When crossing a busy street we must use @. ¸2 ¶[C]
´warning words: ³A sign with "DANGER!' on it is a @. The judge gave the
prisoner a @ and set him free. ¸3 ³(sing ´with ³indef art) ´(sl) person whose
appearance, behaviour or conversation causes amusement. ¹ ³vt ¶[VP6A,17,14] ·@
(against), ´give a @ to: ³I @ed him against being late. We were @ed not to
drive fast. The judge @ed the prisoner´, warned and reproved him. ¸@®ary
²/Úkc2EnrI ³US: ²Úkc2EnerI/ ³adj ´conveying advice or warning: ³@ary tales.¼
¨cau®tious© ²/Úkc2Es/ ³adj ´having or showing caution: ³@ about/of
giving offence; @ not to give offence. ¸@®ly ³adv¼
¨cav®al®cade© ²/*kavlÚkeId/ ³n ¶[C] ´company or procession of persons on
horseback or in carriages.¼
¨cava®lier© ²/*kavEÚlIE(r)/ ³n ¸1 ´(old use) horseman or knight. ¸2 ´(in the
Civil War, England, 17th c) supporter of Charles ²¥´. ¹ ³adj ´(of
a person) without due seriousness; off-hand; discourteous. ¸@®ly ³adv¼
¨cav®alry© ²/ÚkavlrI/ ³n ´(usu with ³pl v, ´collective) soldiers who fight on
horseback: (attrib) ³@ soldier/officer.¼
¨cave© ²/keIv/ ³n ´hollow place in the side of a cliff or hill;
large natural hollow under the ground. ¸Ú@-dweller ³n ´person living in a @,
esp in prehistoric times. ¸Ú@®man ²/-man/ ³n (pl µ-men³) ´@ dweller; (colloq)
man of primitive instincts and behaviour. ¹ ³vi,vt ¶[VP2C,15B] ·@ in, ´(cause
to) fall in, give way to pressure: ³The roof of the tunnel @d in. ´Hence,
¸Ú@-in ³n¼
¨ca®veat© ²/ÚkeIvIat/ ³n ¸1 ´(legal) process to suspend proceedings. ¸2
´(formal) qualification; proviso: ³put in/enter a @ (against).¼
¨cav®ern© ²/ÚkavEn/ ³n ´(liter) cave. ¸@®ous ³adj ´like a @; full of @s; (of a
person's eyes) deepset.¼
¨caviar©, cavi®are ²/ÚkavIq(r)/ ³n ¶[U] ´pickled roe (eggs) of the sturgeon or
certain other large fish. ·@ to the general, ´too fine or delicate to be
appreciated by ordinary people.¼
¨cavil© ²/Úkavl/ ³vi ³(µ-ll-, ´US also µ-l-³) ¶[VP2A,3A] ·@ (at), ´(formal)
make unnecessary complaints against, find fault with.¼
¨cav®ity© ²/ÚkavEtI/ ³n (pl µ-ties³) ´empty space; small hole, within a solid
body: ³a @ in a tooth; @ walls´, hollow, to provide insulation.¼
¨ca®vort© ²/kEÚvct/ ³vi ´(colloq) prance or jump about like an excited horse.¼
¨caw© ²/kc/ ³n ´cry of a raven, rook or crow. ¹ ³vi,vt ¸1 ¶[VP2A] ´make this
cry. ¸2 ¶[VP15B] ·caw out, ´utter in a cawing tone.¼
¨cay®enne© ²/keIÚen/ ´(also ¸@ pepper ²/*keIen ÚpepE(r)/´) ³n ¶[U]
´very hot kind of red pepper.¼
¨cay®men© µ¥ caiman.¼
¨cease© ²/sis/ ³vt,vi ¶[VP6A,D,7A,2A,3A] ·@ (from), ´(formal) come or bring to
an end; stop (the more usual word): ³C@ fire ´(= stop shooting)³! The old
German Empire @d to exist in 1918. The factory has @d making bicycles. Since he
@d (from) working,«. ¸*@-Úfire ³n ´signal to stop firing (guns); truce. ¹ ³n
´(only in) ·without @, ´incessantly. ¸@®less ³adj ´never ending. ¸@®less®ly
³adv¼
¨cedar© ²/ÚsidE(r)/ ³n ¶[C] ´evergreen tree with hard, red,
sweet-smelling wood used for making boxes, pencils, fences, etc; ¶[U] ´the
wood: ³a @ cigar box.¼
¨cede© ²/sid/ ³vt ¶[VP6A,14] ·@ (to), ´give up (rights, land, etc to another
state, etc).¼
¨ce®dilla© ²/sIÚdIlE/ ³n ´mark put under the c (<c) in the spelling of some
French, Spanish and Portuguese words (as in ³fa<cade´) to show that the sound
is ²/s/´.¼
¨ceil®ing© ²/ÚsilIG/ ³n ¸1 ´top inner surface of a room. ¸2 ´cloud level;
highest (practicable) level (to be) reached by an aircraft: ³an aircraft with a
@ of 20Ô000 ft. ¸3 ´maximum height, limit or level: ³price @s; wage @s.¼
¨cel®an®dine© ²/ÚselEndñIn/ ³n ´small, wild plant with yellow flowers.¼
¨cel®ebrant© ²/ÚselIbrEnt/ ³n ´priest who leads the service of the Mass.¼
¨cel®ebrate© ²/ÚselIbreIt/ ³vt ¶[VP6A, ´but with the ³direct object ´sometimes
to be understood¶] ¸1 ´do sth to show that a day or an event is important, or
an occasion for rejoicing: ³@ Christmas/one's birthday/a wedding anniversary/a
victory; @ Mass, ´lead the ceremony of the Eucharist. ³It's your birthday
tomorrow, so we must celebrate (it). ¸2 ´praise and honour: ³The names of many
heroes are @d by the poets. ¸Úcel®ebrated ³adj ´(³pp´) ´famous: ³a @d
painter; @d for its hot springs; @d as a hot spring resort. ¸cel®ebra®tion
²/*selIÚbreI2n/ ³n ¶[C,U] ´(the act of, an occasion of) celebrating.
¸ce®leb®rity ²/sIÚlebrEtI/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´being @d; fame and honour. ¸2 ¶[C] ³(pl
µ-ties³) ´@d person: ³all the celebrities of the London theatre´, all the
famous actors and actresses performing in London.¼
¨ce®ler®ity© ²/sIÚlerEtI/ ³n ¶[U] ´(formal) quickness.¼
¨cel®ery© ²/ÚselErI/ ³n ¶[U] ´garden plant of which the stems are eaten raw as
salad or cooked as a vegetable: ³a bunch/stick/head of @; @ soup.¼
¨ce®les®tial© ²/sIÚlestIEl ³US: ²-t2l/ ³adj ¸1 ´of the sky; of heaven: ³@
bodies, ´eÔg the sun and the stars; ³@ joys. ¸2 ´divinely good or beautiful.¼
¨celi®bacy© ²/ÚselIbEsI/ ³n ¶[U] ´state of living unmarried, esp as
a religious obligation. ¸celi®bate ²/ÚselIbEt/ ³n ¶[C] ´unmarried person (esp a
priest who has taken a vow not to marry).¼
¨cell© ²/sel/ ³n ¸1 ´small room for one person (esp in a prison or a
monastery). ¸2 ´compartment in a larger structure, esp in a honeycomb, µ¥
´illus at µhoneycomb. ¸3 ´unit of an apparatus for producing electric current
by chemical action, eÔg of metal plates in acid, often part of a battery. ¸4
´microscopic unit of living matter enclosing a nucleus with self-producing
genes. ¸5 ´(of persons) centre or nucleus of (usu revolutionary) political
activity: ³communist @s in an industrial town.¼
¨cel®lar© ²/ÚselE(r)/ ³n ´underground room for storing coal, wine,
etc; (person's) store of wine. ¸@®age ²/ÚselErIdZ/ ³n ´amount of @ space;
charge for storing sth in a @.¼
¨cello© ²/Út2elE8/ ³n (pl µ@s³) ´bass violin, held between the player's knees,
µ¥ ´the illus at µstring. ¸cel®list ²/Út2elIst/ ³n ´@ player.¼
¨cel®lo®phane© ²/ÚselEfeIn/ ³n ¶[U] ´(P) thin, moisture-proof, transparent
material used for wrapping and packing.¼
¨cel®lu®lar© ²/Úselj8lE(r)/ ³adj ¸1 ´consisting of cellsµ(4)´: ³@ tissue. ¸2
´(of textile materials) loosely woven: ³@ shirts.¼
¨cel®lu®loid© ²/Úselj8lãId/ ³n ¶[U] ´(P) flammable plastic substance used for
making toys, toilet articles, etc (and formerly for photographic film).¼
¨cel®lu®lose© ²/Úselj8lE8s/ ³n ¶[U] ¸1 ´structural tissue that forms the chief
part of all plants and trees, and hence of paper and many textile fibres; wood
fibre. ¸2 ´(popularly, for ·*³@ ·Ú³acetate´) plastic substance used for many
industrial purposes (eÔg explosives, ornaments, toughened glass).¼
¨Celsius© ²/ÚselsIEs/ ³n ´(of thermometers) = µcentigrade.¼
¨Celt© ²/kelt ³US: ²selt/ ³n ´member of the last group of immigrants to settle
in Britain before the coming of the Anglo-Saxons; (loosely) one of the Irish,
Welsh, Gaelic or Breton people today. ¸@ic ³n, adj ´(language) of the @s.¼
¨ce®ment© ²/sIÚment/ ³n ¶[U] ¸1 ´grey powder (made by burning lime and clay)
which, after being wetted, becomes hard like stone and is used for building,
etc. µ¥ concrete. ¸Ú@-mixer ³n ´revolving drum in which @ is mixed with other
material to make concrete. ¸2 ´any similar soft substance that sets firm, used
for filling holes (eÔg in the teeth), or for joining things. ¹ ³vt ¶[VP6A,15B]
´put @ on or in; join with @; (fig) strengthen; unite firmly: ³@ a friendship.¼
¨cem®etery© ²/ÚsemEtrI ³US: ²ÚsemEterI/ ³n (pl µ-ries³) ´area of land, not a
churchyard, used for burials.¼
¨ceno®taph© ²/ÚsenEtqf ³US: ²-taf/ ³n ´monument put up in memory of a person
or persons buried elsewhere.¼
¨cen®ser© ²/ÚsensE(r)/ ³n ´vessel in which incense is burnt in churches.¼
¨cen®sor© ²/ÚsensE(r)/ ³n ¸1 ´official with authority to examine letters,
books, periodicals, plays, films, etc and to cut out anything regarded as
immoral or in other ways undesirable, or, in time of war, helpful to the
enemy. ¸2 ´(ancient Rome) officer who prepared a register or census of
citizens and supervised public morals. ¹ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´examine, cut out, parts
of (a book, etc); act as a @. ¸@®ship ²/-2Ip/ ³n ´function or duties of a @.¼
¨cen®sori®ous© ²/senÚscrIEs/ ³adj ´fault-finding; severely critical: ³@ of
one's neighbours.¼
¨cen®sure© ²/Úsen2E(r)/ ³vt ¶[VP6A,14] ·@ sb (for), ´criticize unfavourably
for: ³@ sb for being lazy. ¹ ³n ¶[U] ´rebuke; disapproval: ³pass a vote of @
(on sb); lay oneself open to public @´; ¶[C] ´expression of disapproval: ³a
review containing unfair @s of a new book.¼
¨cen®sus© ²/ÚsensEs/ ³n (pl µ@es³) ´official counting of the population.¼
¨cent© ²/sent/ ³n ´the 100th part of a US dollar and many other metric units of
currency; metal coin of this value. ·per @, ´(%) in, by or for, every 100.
·(agree, etc) one hundred per @, ´completely.¼
¨cen®taur© ²/Úsentc(r)/ ³n ´(Gk myth) fabulous creature, half man and half
horse. µ¥ ´the illus at µMinotaur.¼
¨cen®ten®ar®ian© ²/*sentIÚneErIEn/ ³n, adj ´(person who is) 100 or more years
old.¼
¨cen®ten®ary© ²/senÚtinErI ³US: ²ÚsentEnerI/ ³adj, n (pl µ-ries³) ´(having to
do with a) period of 100 years; 100th anniversary.¼
¨cen®ten®nial© ²/senÚtenIEl/ ³adj, n ´= µcentenary. ¸@®ly ²/-nIElI/ ³adv¼
¨cen®ter© ²/ÚsentE(r)/ ³n ´(US) = µcentre.¼
¨centi-© ²/ÚsentI/ ³pref ´one-hundredth part of: ³@gram, @metre. µ¥ App 5.¼
¨cen®ti®grade© ²/ÚsentIgreId/ ³adj ´in or of the temperature scale that has 100
degrees between the freezing-point and the boiling-point of water: ³the @
thermometer; 100Ä @ ´(100ÄC). µ¥ Fahrenheit ´and µApp 5.¼
¨cen®time© ²/Úsontim/ ³n ´the 100th part of a franc.¼
¨cen®ti®pede© ²/ÚsentIpid/ ³n ´small insect-like crawling creature
with a long, thin body, numerous joints, and a pair of feet at each joint.¼
¨cen®tral© ²/ÚsentrEl/ ³adj ¸1 ´of, at, from or near, the centre. ³My house is
very @´, is in or near the middle of the town. ¸@ heating, ´method of warming
a building by steam, hot air or water in pipes from a @ source. ¸2 ´chief;
most important: ³the @ idea of an argument; the @ figures ´(= the chief
persons) ³in a novel. ¸the @ government ³n ´that of the whole country. ¹ ³n
´(US) telephone exchange. ¸@®ly ²/ÚsentrElI/ ³adv¼
¨cen®tral®ize© ²/ÚsentrElñIz/ ³vt,vi ¶[VP6A,2A] ´bring to the centre; come,
put, bring, under central control: ³@ the administration of the coal mines.
¸cen®tral®iz®ation ²/*sentrElñIÚzeI2n ³US: ²-lIÚz-/ ³n¼
¨centre© ´(US = ¸center´) ²/ÚsentE(r)/ ³n ¸1 ´middle part or point: ³the @ of
London; the @ of a circle. µ¥ ´the illus at µcircle. ·@ of gravity, ´that
point in an object about which the weight is evenly balanced in any position.
¸Ú@-bit, ´tool for boring holes in wood. µ¥ brace. ¸Ú@-board, ´movable board
that can be raised or lowered through a slot in the keel of a sailing-boat to
prevent drifting to leeward. ¸Ú@-piece, ´ornament for the @ of a table,
ceiling, etc; (fig) most important part. ¸2 ´place of great activity, esp one
to which people are attracted from surrounding districts or from which they go
out: ³the ·Ú³shopping @ of a town; a @ of commerce. ¸3 ´person or thing that
attracts interest, attention etc: ³She loves to be the @ of interest. ¸4 ´that
which occupies a middle position, eÔg in politics, persons with moderate views,
between two extremes. ¹ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A,15A] ´place in, pass to, come to, be
at, the @: ³The defender @d the ball. ¸2 ¶[VP3A,14] ·@ on/upon, ´focus, fix,
on: ³Our thoughts @ upon/are @d upon one idea.¼
¨cen®tri®fu®gal© ²/senÚtrIfj8gl/ ³adj ´moving, tending to move,
away from the centre or axis: ³@ force, ´the force which causes a body spinning
round a centre to tend to fly off. ¸cen®tri®fuge ²/ÚsentrIfjudZ/ ³n ´(mech) @
machine, eÔg for separating small solid particles in a liquid by rotating
motion.¼
¨cen®tri®pe®tal© ²/senÚtrIpItl/ ³adj ´tending towards the centre or axis.¼
¨cen®tur®ion© ²/senÚtj8ErIEn ³US: ²-Út8Er-/ ³n ´(in ancient Rome) leader of a
unit of 100 soldiers.¼
¨cen®tury© ²/Úsent2ErI/ ³n ¶[C] ³(pl µ-ries³) ¸1 ´100 years. ¸2 ´one of the
periods of 100 years before or since the birth of Jesus Christ: ³in the 20th @,
¶AÔD ´1900-1999. ¸3 ´(cricket) 100 runs made by a batsman in one innings:
³make/score a @.¼
¨ce®ramic© ²/sIÚramIk/ ³adj ´of the art of pottery. ¸ce®ram®ics ³n ¸1 ³(sing v)
´art of making and decorating pottery. ¸2 ³(pl v) ´articles made of porcelain,
clay, etc.¼
¨cer®eal© ²/ÚsIErIEl/ ³n ´(usu ³pl´) any kind of grain used for food: ³@
grasses, ´eÔg wheat, rye, barley; food prepared from @s: ·Ú³breakfast @s.¼
¨cer®ebral© ²/ÚserEbrEl ³US: ²sEÚribrEl/ ³adj ¸1 ´of the brain: ³@ haemorrhage;
@ palsy. µ¥ spastic. ¸2 ´intellectual; excluding the emotions.¼
¨cer®ebra®tion© ²/*serIÚbreI2n/ ³n ¶[U] ´(formal) working of the brain;
thinking.¼
¨cer®emo®nial© ²/*serIÚmE8nIEl/ ³adj ´formal; as used for ceremonies: ³@ dress.
¹ n ¶[C,U] ´special order of ceremony, formality, for a special event, etc:
³the @s of religion. ¸@®ly ³adv¼
¨cer®emo®ni®ous© ²/*serIÚmE8nIEs/ ³adj ´fond of, marked by, ceremony or
formality. ¸@®ly ³adv¼
¨cer®e®mo®ny© ²/ÚserImEnI ³US: ²-mE8nI/ ³n (pl µ-nies³) ¸1 ¶[C] ´special
act(s), religious service, etc on an occasion such as a wedding, funeral, the
opening of a new public building, etc. ¸*Master of ÚCeremonies ³n ´person in
charge of such formal proceedings. ¸2 ¶[U] ´behaviour required by social
customs, esp among officials, people of a special group, etc: ³There's no need
for @ between friends. There's too much @ on official occasions. ·stand on @,
´pay great attention to rules of behaviour: ³Please don't stand on @´, please
be natural and easy.¼
¨ce®rise© ²/sEÚriz ³US: ²-is/ ³adj, n ´(of a) light, clear red.¼
¨cert© ²/s3t/ ³n ´(sl) sth looked upon as certain to happen or that certainly
has happened: ³a dead @´, an absolute certainty.¼
¨cer®tain© ²/Ús3tn/ ³adj ¸1 ´(pred only) settled; of which there is no doubt:
³It is @ that two and two make four. ¸2 ´(pred only) ·@ (that«); @ (of/about);
@ to do sth, ´convinced; having no doubt; confident: ³I'm @ (that) he saw me.
I'm not @ (of) who he is/where he went, etc. You can be @ of success. Are you @
of/about that? He is @ to come´, there is no doubt that he will come. ·for @,
´without doubt: ³I cannot say for @ ´(= with complete confidence) ³when he
will arrive. I don't know for @´, have no definite knowledge. ·make @, ¸(a)
´inquire in order to be @: ³I think there's a train at 8.20 but you ought to
make @. ¸(b) ´do sth in order to be assured: ³I'll go to the theatre and make
@ of our seats, ´eÔg by reserving them in advance. ¸3 ´assured; reliable; sure
to come or happen: ³There is no @ cure for this disease. The soldier faced @
death. ¸4 ´(attrib only) not named, stated or described, although it is
possible to do so: ³for a @ reason; on @ conditions; a @ person I met
yesterday; a person of a @ age ´(usu = ³middle-aged´). ¸5 ´(attrib only) some,
but not much: ³There was a @ coldness in her attitude towards me. There is a @
pleasure in pointing out other people's errors. ¸@®ly ³adv ¸1 ´without doubt:
³He will @ly die if you don't get a doctor. µ¥ surely. ¸2 ´(in answer to
questions) yes: ³Will you pass me the towel, please? C@ly! Will you lend me
your toothbrush? C@ly not ´(= No)³! ¸@®ty ³n (pl µ-ties³) ¸1 ¶[C] ´sth that is
@: ³Prices have gone upÅthat's a @ty. ·for a @ty, ´for @, without doubt: ³I
know for a @ty that«. ¸2 ¶[U] ´state of being @: freedom from doubt: ³I can't
say with any @ty where I shall be next week. We can have no @ty of success.
Would the @ty of punishment deter criminals?¼
¨cer®ti®fi®able© ²/*s3tIÚfñIEbl/ ³adj ´that can be certified: ³a @
lunatic´, a person who can be certified by a doctor as insane.¼
¨cer®ti®fi®cate© ²/sEÚtIfIkEt/ ³n ´written or printed statement, made by sb in
authority, that may be used as proof or evidence of sth: ³a
·Ú³birth/·Ú³marriage @; a ·Ú³health @, ´from a doctor; ³@ of origin, ´(comm)
document stating the country or origin of imported goods. ¹ ³vt ´provide with
a @. ¸cer®ti®fi®cated ²/-keItId/ ³adj ´having the right or authority to do sth
as the result of obtaining a @: ³@d teachers´, who have obtained teaching
diplomas (now called ³qualified teachers). ¸cer®ti®fi®ca®tion ²/*s3tIfIÚkeI2n/
³n ¶[U] ´act of certifying; state of being certified; ¶[C] ´that which
certifies.¼
¨cer®tify© ²/Ús3tIfñI/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A,9,16B,25] ´declare (usu by giving a
certificate) that one is certain of sth, that sth is true, correct, in order:
³I @ (that) this is a true copy of«. I @ this as/to be a true copy of«. He was
certified (as) insane´, The doctor(s) wrote a certificate declaring that he was
insane. ³The accounts were certified (as) correct. ¸certified cheque, ´cheque
the value of which is guaranteed by the bank. ¸2 ¶[VP3A] ·@ to sth, ´attest it:
³@ to sb's character´, declare that one is satisfied that it is reliable, etc.¼
¨cer®ti®tude© ²/Ús3tItjud ³US: ²-tud/ ³n ¶[U] ´(formal) certainty (the more usu
word).¼
¨ceru®lean© ²/sIÚrulIEn/ ³adj ´(formal) sky-blue.¼
¨cer®vix© ²/Ús3vIks/ ³n (pl µcervices ²/Ús3vIsiz/ ´or µ@es³) ´(anat) narrow
part of the womb. µ¥ ´the illus at µreproduce. ¸cer®vi®cal ²/s3ÚvñIkl ³US:
²Ús3vIkl/ ³adj ´of the @: ³@ smear´, smear taken from the @, to test for
cancer.¼
¨Cesar®ean© ´= µCaesarean.¼
¨ces®sa®tion© ²/seÚseI2n/ ³n ¶[U] ´(formal) ceasing: ³the @ of hostilities.¼
¨ces®sion© ²/Úse2n/ ³n ¶[U] ´(legal) act of ceding or giving up
lands/rights etc by agreement; ¶[C] ´sth ceded.¼
¨cess®pit© ²/ÚsespIt/, ±cess®pool ²/Úsespul/ ³nn ´(usu covered) hole, pit or
underground tank into which drains (esp for sewage) empty; (fig) filthy place.¼
¨chafe© ²/t2eIf/ ³vi,vt ¸1 ¶[VP6A] ´rub (the skin, one's hands) to get warmth.
¸2 ¶[VP2A,6A] ´make or become rough or sore by rubbing: ³A stiff collar may @
your neck. Her skin @s easily. ¸3 ¶[VP3A] ·@ at/under, ´feel long-continued
irritation or impatience (because of sth): ³@ at the
delay/hold-up/inefficiency; @ under restraints/illness. µ¥ ´also µchafing dish
´below. ¹ ³n ´@d place on the skin.¼
¨chaff©1 ²/t2qf ³US: ²t2af/ ³n ¶[U] ¸1 ´outer covering (husks) of grain,
removed before the grain is used as human food. ¸2 ´hay or straw cut up as
food for cattle. ¹ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´cut up (hay, straw).¼
¨chaff©2 ²/t2qf ³US: ²t2af/ ³n ¶[U] ´good-humoured teasing or joking. ¹ ³vt
¶[VP2A,C,6A,15A] ´make good-humoured fun (of): ³@ sb about sth.¼
¨chaf®finch© ²/Út2afInt2/ ³n ´small European song-bird.¼
¨chaf®ing dish© ²/Út2eIfIG dI2/ ³n ´vessel with a heater under it, used at
table for cooking food or keeping it warm.¼
¨chag®rin© ²/Ú2agrIn ³US: ²2EÚgrin/ ³n ¶[U] ´feeling of disappointment or
annoyance (at having failed, made a mistake, etc): ³Much to his @, he did not
win the race. ¹ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´(usu passive) affect with @: ³be/feel @ed at/by.¼
¨chain© ²/t2eIn/ ³n ¸1 ´flexible line of connected rings or links for
connecting, continuing, restraining, ornamenting, etc, µ¥ ´the illus at
µbicycle³; (pl) ´fetters of this kind, used for prisoners. ·in @s, ´kept as a
prisoner or slave. ¸2 ´number of connected things, events, etc: ³a @ of
mountains/ideas/events/proof. ¸3 ´measure of length (66 ft). µ¥ App 5. ¸4
´(compounds) ¸Ú@-armour/-mail, ´armour made of metal rings linked together. µ¥
´the illus at µarmour. ¸Ú@-gang, ´gang of convicts fastened together with @s
while at work outside their prison. ¸Ú@-letter, ´letter of which the recipient
is asked to make copies to be sent to other persons, who will do the same. ¸Ú@
reaction, ´chemical change forming products that themselves cause more changes
so that the process is repeated again and again (as in the atomic bomb).
¸Ú@-smoker, ´person who smokes cigarettes in continuous succession.
¸Ú@-stitch, ´kind of sewing in which each stitch makes a loop through which
the next stitch is taken. ¸Ú@-store, ´one of many retail shops owned and
controlled by the same company. ¹ ³vt ¶[VP6A,15A,B] ´make fast with a @ or @s:
³The prisoners were @ed to the wall. C@ up your dog.¼
¨chair© ²/t2eE(r)/ ³n ¸1 ´separate movable seat for one person, usu
with a back and in some cases with arms (³arm@´): ³Won't you take a @´, sit
down? ¸Ú@-lift ³n ´aerial ropeway with seats for carrying persons up and down
mountain slopes, etc. Cf ³ski-lift. µ¥ ´also µelectric, sedan. ¸2 ¶[U]
·the @, ´seat, office, of a person who presides at a meeting. ·be in/take the
@, ´preside. ·leave the @, ´end the proceedings. ¸3 ´position of professor:
³the C@ of Philosophy. ¹ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ¸1 ´place in a @, raise up and carry (sb
who has won a contest): ³The newly elected MÔP was @ed by his supporters. ¸2
´preside over: ³@ a meeting. ¸Ú@®man ²/-mEn/ ³n (pl µ-men³) ´person presiding
at a meeting; president of a company or a committee: ³@man's report´, annual
report of a company, signed by the @man and presented at the annual general
meeting.¼
¨chaise© ²/2eIz/ ³n ´low, two- or four-wheeled horse-carriage (formerly) used
by people driving for pleasure. ¸*@ Úlongue ²/loG ³US: ²ÚlcG/ ³n ´(F) ´kind of
long, low chair to lie on.¼
¨chalet© ²/Ú2aleI/ ³n ´Swiss mountain hut built of wood and with sharply
sloping and overhanging roof; summer cottage built in the same style; small hut
in a holiday camp, etc.¼
¨chal®ice© ²/Út2alIs/ ³n ´wine-cup, esp that used for the Eucharist.¼
¨chalk© ²/t2ck/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´soft, white, natural substance (a kind of
limestone) used for making lime. ¸Ú@®pit ³n ´one from which @ is dug. ¸2
¶[C,U] ´this material, or a material similar in texture, white or coloured,
made into sticks for writing and drawing. µ¥ blackboard. ¸3 ·as different as @
and cheese; as like as @ (is) to cheese, ´essentially unlike. ·by a Úlong @,
´by far, by much. ¹ ³vt ´write, draw, mark, with @; whiten with @. ¶[VP15B] ·@
sth up, ´write a score or record. ¸@y ³adj ´of, containing, like, @.¼
¨chal®lenge© ²/t2alIndZ/ ³n ¸1 ´invitation or call to play a game, run a race,
have a fight, etc to see who is better, stronger, etc. ¸2 ´order given by a
sentry to stop and explain who one is: ³"Who goes there?' is the @. ¹ ³vt
¶[VP6A,17,14] ·@ (to), ´give, send, be, a @ to; ask for facts (to support a
statement, etc): ³@ sb to a duel; @ sb to fight; @ sb's right to do sth; @ a
juryman´, (legal) object to his being a member of the jury. ¸chal®len®ger ³n
´one who @s.¼
¨cham®ber© ²/Út2eImbE(r)/ ³n ¸1 ´(old use) room, esp a bedroom. ¸Ú@
concert, ´concert of @ music. ¸*@ of Úhorrors, ´place where gruesome objects
are displayed. ¸Ú@®maid, ´housemaid who keeps bedrooms in order (now chiefly
in hotels). ¸Ú@ music, ´music for a small number of players (eÔg a string
quartet). ¸Ú@-®pot, ´vessel for urine, used in a bedroom. ¸2 ³(pl) ´judge's
room for hearing cases that need not be taken into court; (not US) set of
rooms in a large building to live in or to use as offices. ¸3 ´(hall used by
a) group of legislators (eÔg in US, the Senate and the House of
Representatives), often distinguished as the ·Ú³Upper C@ ´and the ·Ú³Lower C@.
¸4 ´offices of barristers, etc esp in the Inns of Court. ¸5 ´group of persons
organized for purposes of trade: ³a C@ of Commerce. ¸6 ´enclosed or walled
space in the body of an animal or plant: ³a @ of the heart, µ¥ auricle,
ventricle´; similar cavity in some kinds of machinery; enclosed space in a gun
(where a shell or cartridge is laid).¼
¨cham®ber®lain© ²/Út2eImbElIn/ ³n ´(old use) officer who manages the household
of a king or great noble.¼
¨cha®mel®eon© ²/kEÚmilIEn/ ³n ´small long-tongued lizard whose
colour changes according to its background, µ¥ ´the illus at µreptile; ´person
who changes his voice, manner, etc to match his surroundings.¼
¨chammy-leather© ²/Ú2amI leDE(r)/ ³n ´= µchamois-leather.¼
¨cham®ois© ²/Ú2amwq ³US: ²Ú2amI/ ³n ´small goat-like animal that lives in the
high mountains of Europe and SÔW Asia. ¸@-leather ²/Ú2amI leDE(r)/ ´soft
leather from the skin of goats and sheep.¼
¨chamo®mile© ³n ´(US) = µcamomile.¼
¨champ©1 ²/t2amp/ ³vt,vi ¶[VP6A,2A,C,4A] ¸1 ´(of horses) bite (food, the bit)
noisily. ¸2 ´(fig) show impatience: ³@ with rage. The boys were @ing to
start/@ing at the bit.¼
¨champ©2 ²/t2amp/ ³n ´(colloq abbr of) championµ(2)´.¼
¨cham®pagne© ²/2amÚpeIn/ ³n ´(kinds of) white sparkling (because charged with
gas) French wine.¼
¨cham®pion© ²/Út2ampIEn/ ³n ¸1 ´person who fights, argues or speaks
in support of another or of a cause: ³a @ of free speech/of woman's rights. ¸2
´person, team, animal, etc taking the first place in a competition: ³a
boxing/swimming/tennis, etc @´; (attrib): ³the @ team; the @ horse. ¹ ³adj, adv
´(colloq) splendid(ly): ³That's @! ¹ vt ¶[VP6A] ´support; defend. ¸@®ship
²/-2Ip/ ³n ¶[U] ´act of @ing; ¶[C] ´position of being, or competition to
decide, a @: ³to win a world swimming @ship.¼
¨chance©1 ²/t2qns ³US: ²t2ans/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´the happening of events without any
cause that can be seen or understood; the way things happen; fortune or luck:
³Let's leave it to @. Let @ decide. ·by @, ´by accident, not by design or on
purpose. ·game of @, ´one that is decided by luck, not by skill. ·take one's
@, ´trust to luck, take whatever happens to come. ¸2 ¶[C,U] ´possibility: ³He
has no @/not much @/a poor @ of winning. I've had no @ to get away/of getting
away. What @ of success is there? What is our @/are our @s of succeeding? What
are the @s that we shall succeed? The @s are a hundred to one against you´,
It's most unlikely that you will succeed. ³If, by any @,«, If, by some @ or
other«, ´If it so happens that«. ·on the (off) @ that/of doing sth, ´in view
of the possibility, in the hope: ³I'll call at his office on the @ that I'll
see/of seeing him before he leaves. ¸3 ¶[C] ´opportunity; occasion when success
seems very probable: ³This was the @ he had been waiting for. It's the @ of a
lifetime´, a favourable opportunity that is unlikely ever to come again. ·stand
a good/fair ·@ (of«), ´have a fair prospect (of sth). ¸the *main Ú@ ³n
´opportunity of making money: ³He always has an eye to the main @´, sees when
money can be made. ¸4 ´(attrib) coming or happening by @µ(1)´: ³a @ meeting; a
@ companion.¼
¨chance©2 ²/t2qns ³US: ²t2ans/ ³vi,vt ¸1 ¶[VP3A] ·@ on/upon, ´find
or meet by chance. ¶[VP4E,2A ´after ³itÔ¶] ´happen by chance: ³I @d to be
there. It @d that I was out/I @d to be out when he called. ¸2 ¶[VP6A,C] ´take a
risk, esp ·@ it; @ one's arm, ´(colloq) take a chance of success although
failure is probable.¼
¨chan®cel© ²/Út2qnsl ³US: ²Út2ansl/ ³n ´eastern part of a church, round the
altar, used by the priest(s) and choir. µ¥ ´the illus at µchurch.¼
¨chan®cel®lery© ²/Út2qnsElrI ³US: ²Út2ans-/ ³n (pl µ-ries³) ¸1 ´chancellor's
position, department or residence. ¸2 ´place of business of an embassy,
legation or consulate.¼
¨chan®cel®lor© ²/Út2qnsElE(r) ³US: ²Út2ans-/ ³n ¸1 ´(in some countries, eÔg W
Germany) chief minister of state. ¸2 ´(of some universities) titular head or
president (the duties being performed by the Vice-C@). ¸3 ´(GB) chief
secretary of an embassy. ¸4 ´State or law official of various kinds: ³the Lord
C@ of England, the Lord High C@´, the highest judge (and chairman of the House
of Lords); ³the C@ of the Exchequer.¼
¨chan®cery© ²/Út2qnsErI ³US: ²Út2ans-/ ³n (pl µ-ries³) ¸1 ´(GB) Lord
Chancellor's division of the High Court of Justice. ·ward in @, ´person (usu a
³minorÔ(n)Ô´) whose affairs are in charge of the Lord Chancellor (eÔg because
of the death of the ward's parents). ¸2 ´(US) court of equity for those cases
with no remedy in common law. ¸3 ´office of public records. ¸4 ´=µ
chancellery(2).¼
¨chancy© ²/t2qnsI ³US: ²Út2ansI/ ³adj ´(colloq) risky; uncertain.¼
¨chan®de®lier© ²/*2andEÚlIE(r)/ ³n ´ornamental branched holder (usu hanging
from the ceiling) for a number of lights.¼
¨chan®dler© ²/Út2qndlE(r) ³US: ²Út2and-/ ³n ¸1 ´person who makes or sells
candles, oil, soap, paint, etc. ¸2 ship's @, ´dealer in canvas, ropes and other
supplies for ships.¼
¨change©1 ²/t2eIndZ/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A,14,2A] ·@ (from/out of)
(to/into); @ (for), ´leave one place and go to, enter, another; take off sth
and put sth else on: ³I must @ these trousersÅthey've got oil on them. It won't
take me five minutes to @´, to put on different clothes. ³He @d out of his
overalls (and into a suit). He @ed his overalls (for a suit). We seldom @ for
dinner´, eÔg seldom @ into formal evening dress. ³I've @d my address´, moved to
a different house, flat, etc. ³The house has @d hands several times´, has been
bought and sold several times. ·@ (trains), ´leave one train and get into
another during a journey: ³@ (trains) at Crewe for Stockport. Where do we @?
All @! ´(a cry heard at stations when a train is going no further). ·@ up/down,
´(motoring) change to a higher/lower gear. ¸2 ¶[VP6A,14] ·@ sth (for/into sth
else), ´give and receive in return: ³Can you @ this five-pound note´, give me
notes and/or coins of smaller denominations? ³He @d his Italian money before
leaving Rome. Shall we @ seats? I @d places with her. He @d his car for a
foreign make. ¸3 ¶[VP6A,14,2A,C] ·@ (from) (into/to), ´make or become
different: ³That has @d my ideas. My plans have @d. Caterpillars @ into
butterflies or moths. The traffic lights @d from red to green. You've @d since
I last saw you. ·@ over (from) (to), ´abandon an old system and take up a new
one: ³the country has @ed over from military to democratic rule. ´Hence,
¸Ú@-over ³n´. ·@ one's mind, ´decide on a new plan, have a new opinion, etc. ·@
one's note/tune, ´become more humble, sad, etc. ·@ step, ´(when marching with a
group) march so that the other foot is keeping time (eÔg with the beat of a
drum). ¸@®able ³adj ´likely to alter; often altering; able to be @d: ³@able
weather; a @able sort of person´, one whose moods often @. ¸@®able®ness ³n¼
¨change©2 ²/t2eIndZ/ ³n ¸1 ¶[C] ´changed or different condition(s); sth used
in place of another or others; move from one place to another: ³a welcome @
from town to country life. We have a new houseÅits a great @ for the better.
Take a @ of clothes with you´, extra clothes to @ into. ³He had to make a
quick @ ´(iÔe of trains) ³at Crewe. ·a @ of air/climate, ´eÔg a holiday away
from home. ·ring the @s, µ¥ ring±2µ(11). ¸2 ¶[U] ´money in small(er) units;
money that is the difference between the price or cost of sth and the sum
offered in payment: ³Can you give me @ for a one-pound note? I have no small
@´, no coins of small value. ³Don't leave your @ on the shop counter! ·get no
@ out of (sb), ´(colloq) get no help, information or advantage from. ¸3 ¶[C,U]
´alteration; changing: ³C@ is not necessarily a good thing in itself. We shall
have to make a @ in the programme. Let's hope there will be a @ in the weather.
·for a @, ´for the sake of variety; to be different from one's routine: ³I
usually have breakfast at 7.30, but during the holidays I'm having it at 8.30
for a @. ·@ of life, ´= µmenopause. ¸@®ful ²/-f8l/ ³adj ´continually changing;
likely to change. ¸Ú@®less ³adj ´unchanging.¼
¨change®ling© ²/Út2eIndZlIG/ ³n ´child secretly substituted for another in
infancy, esp (in old stories) a strange, ugly or stupid child left by fairies
in place of one they have stolen.¼
¨chan®nel© ²/Út2anl/ ³n ¸1 ´stretch of water joining two seas: ³the
English C@, ´between France and England. ¸2 ´natural or artificial bed of a
stream of water; passage along which a liquid may flow. ¸3 ´deeper part of a
waterway: ³The @ is marked by buoys. Keep to the @Åthe river is shallow at the
sides. ¸4 ´(fig) any way by which news, ideas, etc may travel: ³He has secret
@s of information. ·through the usual @s, ´by the usual means of communication
(between persons, groups, etc): ³A debate on this question can be arranged
through the usual @s, ´eÔg, in Parliament, through the leaders of political
parties. ¸5 ´(radio, TÔV) band of frequencies within which signals from a
transmitter must be kept (to prevent interference from other transmitters). ¹
³vt µ(-ll-, ´US also µ-l-) ¶[VP6A,14] ¸1 ´form a @ or @s in, cut out (a way):
³The river had @led its way through the soft rock. ¸2 ´cause to go through a @
or @s.¼
¨chant© ²/t2qnt ³US: ²t2ant/ ³n ¶[C] ´often-repeated tune to which
psalms and canticles are fitted; several syllables or words to one note. µ¥
hymn. ³¹ vi,vt ¶[VP2A,6A] ´sing; sing a @; use a singing note (eÔg for a prayer
in Church): ³@ sb's praises´, (fig) praise constantly.¼
¨chantey©, chanty ²/Ú2antI/ ³n ´(US) = µshanty±2µ.¼
¨chaos© ²/ÚkeIos/ ³n ¶[U] ´complete absence of order or shape; confusion: ³The
room was in a state of @ when the burglars had left. ¸cha®otic ²/keIÚotIk/
³adj ´in a state of @; confused. ¸cha®oti®cally ²/keIÚotIklI/ ³adv¼
¨chap©1 ²/t2ap/ ³vt,vi µ(-pp-) ¸1 ¶[VP2A] ´(of the skin) become sore, rough,
cracked: ³My skin soon @s in cold weather. ¸2 ¶[VP6A] ´cause to become cracked
or rough: ³hands and face @ped by the cold. ¹ ³n ´crack, esp in the skin.¼
¨chap©2 ²/t2ap/ ³n ´(also ³chop´) ³(pl) ´jaws, esp of animals; cheeks.
¸Ú@-fallen ³adj ´dispirited, dejected.¼
¨chap©3 ²/t2ap/ ³n ´(colloq) man; boy; fellow.¼
¨chapel© ²/Út2apl/ ³n ¸1 ´place (not a parish church) used for
Christian worship, eÔg in a large private house, school, prison, etc. ¸2 ´small
place within a Christian church, used for private prayer, with an altar, and
usually named (eÔg a ·Ú³Lady C@´, one dedicated to Mary, the mother of Jesus).
µ¥ ´the illus at µchurch. ¸3 ´(GB; obsolescent use) place of worship used by
those who do not belong to the established (Anglican) Church of England: ³the
Methodist @. Are you church or @´, Do you belong to the Church of England or to
one of the Free Churches? µ¥ free±1µ(3). ¸Ú@®goer ²/-gE8E(r)/ ³n
´non-conformist (contrasted with a member of the Church of England). ¸4 ¶[U]
´service held in a @µ(1,3)´: ³go to @.¼
¨chap®er®on© ²/Ú2apErE8n/ ³n ´married or elderly person (usu a woman) in
charge of a girl or young unmarried woman on social occasions. ¹ ³vt ¶[VP6A]
´act as a @ to.¼
¨chap®fallen© ²/Út2apfclEn/ ³adj µ¥ chap±2µ.¼
¨chap®lain© ²/Út2aplIn/ ³n ´priest or clergyman, esp in the navy, army or air
force, or officiating in a chapelµ(1)´. µ¥ padre. ¸@®cy ²/-sI/ ³n ´function,
area or house of a @.¼
¨chap®let© ²/Út2aplIt/ ³n ´wreath (of leaves, flowers, jewels, etc) for the
head; string of beads (a short rosary) for counting prayers.¼
¨chap®man© ²/Út2apmEn/ ³n (pl µ-men³) ´(old use) pedlar.¼
¨chap®ter© ²/Út2aptE(r)/ ³n ¸1 ´(usu numbered) main division of a book. ·@ of
accidents, ´number of misfortunes closely following one another. ·@ and verse,
´exact reference to a passage, etc or authority (³for ´a statement, etc) for.
¸2 ´period; epoch: ³the most brilliant @ in the history of the French court. ¸3
´(general meeting of the) whole number of canons of a cathedral church, or the
members of a monastery or convent. ¸Ú@-house ³n ´building used for such
meetings.¼
¨char©1 ²/t2q(r)/ ³vt,vi µ(-rr-) ¶[VP6A,2A] ´(of a surface) make or become
black by burning: ³@red wood.¼
¨char©2 ²/t2q(r)/ ³vi µ(-rr-) ´do the cleaning of offices, houses, etc with
payment by the hour or the day: ³go out @ring. ¹ ³n ´@woman. ¸Ú@®lady,
¸Ú@®woman ³nn ´woman who earns money by @ing, paid by the hour or the day.¼
¨char©3 ²/t2q(r)/ ³n ¶[U] ´(GB sl) tea: ³a cup of @.¼
¨char-`a-banc©, char®a®banc ²/Ú2arEbaG/ ³n ´(not US) (now usu called ³coach´)
single-decked motor-coach with all seats facing forward, used for pleasure
trips.¼
¨char®ac®ter© ²/ÚkarEktE(r)/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´(of a person, community, race, etc)
mental or moral nature; mental or moral qualities that make one person, race,
etc different from others: ³a woman of fine/strong/noble, etc @; the @ of
Julius Caesar/of the French. ·in/out of @, ´appropriate/inappropriate to the
actions, etc known to be in accord with a person's @. ¸2 ¶[U] ´moral strength:
³a man of @. Should @ building be the chief aim of education? ¸3 ¶[U] ´all
those qualities that make a thing, place, etc what it is and different from
others: ³the @ of the desert areas of N Africa. ¸4 ¶[C] ´person who is well
known: ³a public @´; person in a novel, play, etc: ³the @s in the novels of
Charles Dickens; ´person who is in some ways unusual: ³He's quite a @´, has
peculiarities of his own, is not an average or typical sort of person. ¸Ú@
actor ³n ´one who specialises in portraying unusual or eccentric people. ¸5
¶[C] ´(old use) description of a person's abilities and qualities, esp in a
letter by an employer, that may be used when applying for a job ³(testimonial
´is now the usu word). ¸6 ¶[C] ´reputation: ³He has gained the @ of a miser. ¸7
¶[C] ´letter, sign, mark, etc used in a system of writing or printing:
³Greek/Chinese, etc @s. ¸@®is®tic ²/*karEktEÚrIstIk/ ³adj ´forming part of,
showing, the @ of: ³with his @istic enthusiasm. It's @istic of him´, It's what
people would expect him to do, because of his @. ¹ ³n ¶[C] ´special mark or
quality: ³What are the @istics that distinguish the Chinese from the Japanese?
¸@®is®ti®cally ²/*karEktEÚrIstIklI/ ³adv´. ¸Ú@®ize ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´show the @ of;
give @ to; mark in a special way: ³Your work is @ized by lack of attention to
detail. The camel is @ized by the ability to go for long periods without water.
¸@®less ³adj ´without @; undistinguished; ordinary.¼
¨cha®rade© ²/2EÚrqd ³US: ²-ÚreId/ ³n ¶[C] ´episode in a game in which a word
is guessed by the onlookers after the word itself, and each syllable of it in
turn, have been suggested by acting a little play; (³pl, ´with sing ³vb´) this
game; (fig) action of no or sham significance; pretence.¼
¨char®coal© ²/Út2qkE8l/ ³n ¶[U] ´black substance, used as fuel, as a filtering
material and for drawing, made by burning wood slowly in an oven with little
air: ³a bale/stick/piece, etc of @. ¸Ú@-burner ³n ´person who makes @; stove,
etc in which @ is used as the fuel.¼
¨chard© ²/t2qd/ ³n ´(often ³Swiss @´) variety of beet of which the
leaves are used as a vegetable.¼
¨charge©1 ²/t2qdZ/ ³n ¸1 ´accusation; statement that a person has done wrong,
esp that he has broken a law: ³arrested on a @ of theft. ·bring a @ (of sth)
against sb, ´accuse him (of a crime, etc). ·face a @ (of sth), ´have to answer
it in court: ³He faces serious @s. ·lay sth to sb's @, ´bring an accusation of
sth against him. ¸Ú@-sheet ³n ´record of cases kept in a police station. ¸2
´sudden and violent attack at high speed (by soldiers, wild animals, a football
player, etc). ¸3 ´price asked for goods or services: ³hotel @s. ¸Ú@-account ³n
´(US) credit account. µ¥ credit±1µ(1). ¸4 ´amount of powder, etc (to be) used
in a gun or for causing an explosion; amount of electricity (to be) put into an
accumulator, contained in a substance, etc: ³a positive/negative @. ¸5 ¶[C]
´work given to sb as a duty; thing or person given or entrusted to sb to be
taken care of; ¶[U] ´responsibility; trust: ³This ward of the hospital is
in/under the @ of Dr Green. I hope you'll never become a @ on the public, ´iÔe
become a pauper, to be supported at public expense. ·put sb/be in @ (of), ´be
(put) in a position of responsibility (for): ³Mary was (put) in @ of the baby.
Who's in @ here? ·put sb/be in sb's @, ´be (put) in his care: ³The baby was
(put) in Mary's @. ·give sb in @, ´give him up to the police. ·take @ of,
´become responsible for. ¸6 ´directions; instructions: ³the judge's @ to the
jury´, instructions concerning their duty (in reaching a verdict).¼
¨charge©2 ²/t2qdZ/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A,14] ·@ sb (with), ´accuse;
bring a chargeµ(1) ´against: ³He was @d with murder. He @d me with neglecting
my duty. ¸2 ¶[VP6A,2A,C] ´make a chargeµ(2) ´against; rush forward and attack:
³Our soldiers @d the enemy. One of our strikers ´(iÔe in a game of football)
³was violently @d by the defender. The wounded lion suddenly @d at me. ¸3
¶[VP2B,14] ·@ (for), ´ask as a price; ask in payment: ³He @d (me) fifty pence
(for it). How much do you @ for mending a pair of shoes? ¸4 ¶[VP14,15A,15B] ·@
to; @ up; @ up to, ´make a record of (as a debt): ³Please @ these purchases to
my account. ¸5 ¶[VP6A,2A] ´load (a gun); fill, put a chargeµ(4) ´into: ³@ an
accumulator. Electrons are negatively @d with electricity; protons are
positively @d. ¸6 ¶[VP14] ·@ with, ´give as a task or duty; give into sb's
care: ³He was @d with an important mission. He @d himself with ´(= undertook)
³the task of keeping the club's accounts in order. ¸7 ¶[VP6A,17A] ´(esp of a
judge, or person in authority) command; instruct: ³I @ you not to forget what I
have said. The judge @d the jury´, gave them directions about how to perform
their duty.¼
¨charge®able© ²/Út2qdZEbl/ ³adj ¸1 ´that can be, is liable to be,
charged: ³If you steal, you are @ with theft. ¸2 ·@ on/to ´(comm) that may be
added (to an account): ³sums @ to a reserve; ´that may be made an expense:
³Costs of repairs are @ on the owner of the building.¼
¨charg_e d'affaires© ²/*2qZeI daÚfeE(r)/ ³n (pl µcharg_es d'affaires´, pronunctn
unchanged³) ´official who takes the place of an ambassador or
minister when the ambassador, etc is absent from his post.¼
¨charger©1 ²/Út2qdZE(r)/ ³n ´(old use) army officer's horse.¼
¨charger©2 ²/Út2qdZE(r)/ ³n ´(old use) large, flat dish; platter.¼
¨char®iot© ²/Út2arIEt/ ³n ´open, two-wheeled, horse-drawn carriage, used in
ancient times in fighting and racing. ¸char®io®teer ²/*t2arIEÚtIE(r)/ ³n
´driver of a @.¼
¨cha®ris®ma© ²/kEÚrIzmE/ ³n ¸1 ´(theology) spiritual grace. ¸2 ´capacity to
inspire devotion and enthusiasm. ¸char®is®matic ²/*karIzÚmatIk/ ³adj¼
¨chari®table© ²/Út2arItEbl/ ³adj ´showing, having, charity (³to´); for
charity: ³@ institutions´, for helping poor or suffering or needy people; ³@ to
all men. ¸Úchari®tably ²/-blI/ ³adv¼
¨char®ity© ²/Út2arEtI/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´willingness to judge other persons with
kindness; neighbourly love: ³judge other people with @. C@ begins at home´,
(prov) A person's first duty is to help the members of his own family. ¸2
´(kindness in giving) help to the poor; money, food, etc so given. ·live on/off
@, ´live by accepting money etc from others. ¸3 ¶[C] ³(pl µ-ties³) ´society or
organization for serving those in need: ³He left all his money to charities´,
to charitable institutions.¼
¨chari®vari© ²/*2qrIÚvqrI ³US: ²*2IvEÚri/ ³n ¶[U] ´hubbub; medley
of noises and voices.¼
¨char®lady© ²/Út2qleIdI/ ³n (pl µ-ladies³) ´= µcharwoman. ¥ char±2µ.¼
¨char®la®tan© ²/Ú2qlEtEn/ ³n ´person who claims to have more skill, knowledge
or ability than he really has, esp one who pretends to have medical knowledge.¼
¨Charles®ton© ²/Út2qlstEn/ ³n ´fast dance with side kicks from the knee
(popular in the 1920's).¼
¨char®lock© ²/Út2qlok/ ³n ´wild mustard, a weed with yellow flowers.¼
¨charm© ²/t2qm/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´attractiveness; power to give pleasure;
¶[C] ´pleasing quality or feature: ³Her @ of manner made her very popular. He
fell a victim to her @s´, her beauty, her attractive ways, etc. ¸2 ¶[C] ´sth
believed to have magic power, good or bad: ³under a @´, influenced in a magic
way; ³@s against evil spirits; a @ to bring good luck´, eÔg a trinket worn on
the body. ·work like a @, ´with complete success. ¹ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A,2A]
´attract; give pleasure to: ³Does goodness @ more than beauty? We were @ed
with the scenery. I'm @ed ´(³pleased ´is more usu) ³to meet you ´(used as a
polite formula). ¸2 ¶[VP6A,15A] ´use magic on; influence or protect as if by
magic: ³He's had a @ed life´, has escaped dangers, as if protected by magic.
³She @ed away his sorrow´, caused him to forget his troubles. ¸@®ing ³adj
´delightful: ³a @ing young lady. ¸@®ing®ly ³adv´. ¸@er ³n ´(usu joc) young man
or woman with @. ¸Úsnake @er ³n ´person able to @µ(2) ´snakes.¼
¨char®nel house© ²/Út2qnl hñ8s/ ³n ´place where dead human bodies
or bones are stored.¼
¨chart© ²/t2qt/ ³n ¸1 ´map used by sailors, showing the coasts, depth of the
sea, position of rocks, lighthouses, etc. ¸2 ´sheet of paper with information,
in the form of curves, diagrams, etc (about such things as the weather,
prices, business conditions, etc): ³a ·Ú³weather/·Ú³temperature @. ¹ ³vt
¶[VP6A] ´make a @ of; show on a @.¼
¨char®ter© ²/Út2qtE(r)/ ³n ¸1 ´(written or printed statement of) rights,
permission to do sth, esp from a ruler or government (eÔg to a town, city or
university). ¸2 ´hiring or engagement (of an aircraft, a ship, etc): ³a ·Ú³@
flight. C@s of oil-tankers may be by time or for the voyage. ¹ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ¸1
´give a @ to; grant a privilege to. ¸*@ed acÚcountant, ´(in GB) member of the
Institute of Accountants (which has a royal @). ¸2 ´hire or engage a ship, an
aircraft, etc for an agreed time, purpose and payment: ³travel in a @ed
aircraft. ¸Ú@-party ³n ´(comm) agreement between a shipowner and merchant for
the use of a ship.¼
¨Chart®ism© ²/Út2qtIzEm/ ³n ´early 19th c working-class movement for social and
industrial reform. ¸Chart®ist ²/-Ist/ ³n¼
¨char®treuse© ²/2qÚtr3z ³US: ²-Útruz/ ³n ´(kinds of) liqueur (green, yellow)
made by Carthusian ²/kqÚTjuzIEn ³US: ²-ÚTuZn/ ´monks (of an austere monastic
order founded in S France in 1086).¼
¨char®woman© ²/Út2qw8mEn/ ³n µ¥ char±2µ.¼
¨chary© ²/Út2eErI/ ³adj ·@ (of), ´cautious, wary, careful: ³@ of catching
cold; a teacher who is @ of giving praise´, who seldom praises his pupils.
¸char®ily ³adv¼
¨Cha®ryb®dis© ²/kEÚrIbdIs/ ³n µ¥ Scylla.¼
¨chase©1 ²/t2eIs/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A,3A,15A,B] ·@ (after), ´run after in order to
capture, kill, overtake or drive away: ³Dogs like to @ rabbits. C@ that dog out
of the garden. The letter had been chasing after him for weeks, ´eÔg had been
following him from place to place during his travels. ³This'll @ away the
blues! ¸2 ¶[VP2C] ´(colloq) hurry; rush: ³The children all @d off after the
procession. ¹ ³n ´act of chasing: ³After a long @, we caught the thief. ·give @
(to), ´run after; start in pursuit (of). ·in @ of sb/sth, ´pursuing, running
after. ·(go on) a *wild Úgoose @, ´(embark on) a search, expedition, etc that
can have no success. ¸chaser ³n ´(in compounds) person or thing that @s;
(colloq) drink taken after another, eÔg a mild after a strong: ³whisky with
beer @rs.¼
¨chase©2 ²/t2eIs/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´cut patterns or designs on (metal or other hard
material); engrave: ³@d silver.¼
¨chasm© ²/ÚkazEm/ ³n ´deep opening or crack in the ground; abyss;
gorge; (fig) wide difference (of feeling or interests, ³between ´persons,
groups, nations, etc).¼
¨chas®sis© ²/Ú2asI/ ³n (pl ´unchanged³) ¸1 ´framework of a motor-car or
aircraft on which the body is fastened or built. ¸2 ´framework on which parts
of radio or TÔV equipment are mounted.¼
¨chaste© ²/t2eIst/ ³adj ¸1 ´virtuous in word, thought and deed; (esp)
abstaining from promiscuous or all sexual intercourse. ¸2 ´(of style, taste)
simple; without ornament; pure. ¸@®ly ³adv¼
¨chas®ten© ²/Út2eIsn/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ¸1 ´punish in order to correct; discipline.
¸2 ´make chasteµ(2)´.¼
¨chas®tise© ²/t2aÚstñIz/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´punish severely. ¸@®ment ³n ¶[U]
´punishment.¼
¨chas®tity© ²/Út2astEtI/ ³n ¶[U] ´state of being chaste.¼
¨chas®uble© ²/Út2azj8bl/ ³n ´(eccles) loose, sleeveless garment worn over all
other vestments by a priest at the Eucharist. µ¥ ´the illus at µvestment.¼
¨chat© ²/t2at/ ³n ¶[C] ´friendly talk (usu about unimportant things): ³I had a
long @ with him. ¹ vi,vt µ(-tt-) ¸1 ¶[VP2A,C] ´have a @: ³They were @ting
(away) in the corner. ¸2 ¶[VP15B] ·@ sb up, ´(colloq) @ to in order to win
friendship, or for fun: ³@ up a pretty barmaid. ¸@ty ³adj ´fond of @ting.¼
¨ch^a®teau© ²/Ú2atE8/ ³n (pl µ@x ²/-tE8z/³) ´castle or large country house in
France.¼
¨chat®el®aine© ²/Ú2atEleIn/ ³n ´(old use) set of short chains fastened to a
woman's belt for carrying keys, etc; mistress of a large country house or
castle.¼
¨chat®tel© ²/Út2atl/ ³n ´(legal) article of personal movable property (eÔg a
chair, a motor-car, a horse): ³a person's goods and @s.¼
¨chat®ter© ²/Út2atE(r)/ ³vi ¶[VP2A,C] ¸1 ´(of a person) talk quickly or
foolishly; talk too much. ¸2 ´(of the cries of monkeys and some birds, of
typewriter keys, of a person's upper and lower teeth striking together from
cold or fear) make quick, indistinct sounds. ¹ ³n ¶[U] ´sounds of the kind
noted above: ³the @ of sparrows/children. ¸Ú@®box, ´person who @s, esp a small
child.¼
¨chauf®feur© ²/Ú2E8fE(r) ³US: ²2E8Úf3r/ ³n ´man paid to drive a privately-owned
motor-car. ¸chauf®feuse ²/Ú2E8f3z ³US: ²2E8Úf3z/ ³n ´woman @.¼
¨chau®vin®ism© ²/Ú2E8vInIzEm/ ³n ¶[U] ´unreasoning enthusiasm for (esp) the
glory of one's own country. ¸chau®vin®ist ²/-Ist/ ³n ´person with such
enthusiasm. ¸male chauvinist; chauvinist male, ´(mod use) man who believes that
men are superior to women and acts accordingly. ¸chau®vin®is®tic
²/*2E8vInÚIstIk/ ³adj ´of @ or chauvinists.¼
¨chaw© ²/t2c/ ³n, vt ´(vulg) chew. ¸Ú@-bacon ³n ´ignorant bumpkin.¼
¨cheap© ²/t2ip/ ³adj µ(-er, -est) ¸1 ´low in price; costing little money: ³the
@ seats in a theatre; travel by the @est route; @ tickets/trips´, at specially
reduced fares; ´(used as ³adv´): ³buy/sell/get sth @, ´iÔe for a low price. ·go
@, ´be offered or bought for a low price: ³Cauliflowers going @Åonly 10p each!
·on the @, ´(colloq) for a low price: ³buy/sell/get sth on the @. ¸2 ´worth
more than the cost; of good value for the money. ¸3 ´of poor quality: ³@ and
nasty. ¸Ú@®jack ³adj ´@ and shoddy. ¸4 ´shallow; insincere: ³@ emotion; @
flattery. ¸5 ·feel @, ´(colloq) feel ashamed. ·hold sth @, ´put a low value on
it, despise it. ·make oneself @, ´behave so that one's reputation goes down. ¸@
gibe ³n ´unkind taunt. ¸@®ly ³adv ´for a low price: ³buy/sell/get sth
@ly. ¸@®ness ³n¼
¨cheapen© ²/Út2ipEn/ ³vt,vi ¶[VP6A,2A] ´make or become cheap; lower the price
of: ³You mustn't @ yourself´, behave so that you lower your reputation.¼
¨cheat© ²/t2it/ ³vi,vt ¶[VP6A,2A,C,14] ·@ sb (out of sth); @ (in/at sth), ´act
in a dishonest way to win an advantage or profit: ³@ the customs, ´eÔg by not
declaring dutiable goods; ³@ sb out of his money; @ at cards; @ in an
examination. ¹ n ´person who @s; dishonest trick.¼
¨check©1 ²/t2ek/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A,15B,2C] ´examine in order to learn whether
sth is correct: ³@ a bill; @ sb's statements. Will you please @ these figures?
·@ sth off, ´mark it as having been found correct. ·@ sth up; @ up on sth,
´(US = ·@ sth out´) examine or compare it to learn whether it is correct. ·@ up
on sb, ´examine his credentials to see whether he is what he claims to be. ¸2
¶[VP6A] ´hold back; restrain; cause to go slow or stop: ³We have @ed the
enemy's advance. He couldn't @ his anger. This extravagant spending must be
@ed. ¸3 ¶[VP6A] ´(chess) put in @±2µ(4). ¸4 ¶[VP2C] ·@ in (at), ´arrive and
register at a hotel/a factory etc. ·@ out (from), ´pay one's bill and leave (a
hotel, supermarket etc): ·Ú³@-out time´, time at which a room etc must be
vacated. ¸Ú@-out ³n ´(esp) place (eÔg in a supermarket) where one pays the
bill, wraps one's goods and leaves. ¸5 ´(US) ¶[VP6A] ´get a ticket, a piece of
wood, metal, etc that shows a right to sth (eÔg hat and coat at a theatre,
luggage sent by train or left at a railway station): ³Have you @ed (´= got a
@±2µ(3) ´for³) all your baggage? ¸@er ³n ´person who @s stores, orders, etc.¼
¨check©2 ²/t2ek/ ³n ¶[U] ¸1 ´control; person or thing that checks or
restrains: ³Wind acts as a @ upon speed. Our forces have met with a @´, Their
advance has been stopped, they have suffered a reverse. ³We are
keeping/holding the enemy in @´, are preventing their advance. ³I advise you
to keep a @ on ´(= control) ³your temper. ¸*@s and Úbalances ³n pl ´(methods
of) control or supervision by Government, or other authorities, to guard
against misuse of power. ¸2 ´examination to make certain of accuracy; mark or
tick (usu written ².´) to show that sth has been examined and proved to be
correct: ³If we both add up the figures, your result will be a @ on mine.
¸Ú@-list ³n ´list of items, titles, etc, used in checking sth. ¸Ú@®out ³n µ¥
check±1µ(5). ¸Ú@®point ³n ´(esp) place where traffic is halted for inspection.
¸Ú@®up ³n ´(esp a medical) examination made to certify sb/sth. ¸3 ´receipt (bit
of paper, piece of wood or metal with a number on it, etc) given in return for
sth handed over to sb (eÔg a hat and coat at a theatre, luggage sent by train).
¸Ú@®room, ´(US) left-luggage office. ¸4 ·in @, ´(chess) position of an
opponent's king when it is exposed to direct attack. µ¥ checkmate. ¸5 ´(US) =
µcheque. ¸Ú@®book, ´(US) = µchequebook. ¸6 ´(US) = µbill±3µ(1)´: ³I'll ask the
waiter for my @.¼
¨check©3 ²/t2ek/ ³n ¸1 ´pattern of crossed lines forming squares (often of
different shades or colours); cloth with such a pattern: ³Which do you want
for your new dress, a stripe or a @? ¸2 ´(attrib) ³a @ tablecloth; a @
pattern. ¸checked ²/t2ekt/ ³adj ´with a @ pattern: ³@ed material.¼
¨checker© ²/Út2ekE(r)/ ³vt ´(US) = µchequer.¼
¨check®ers© ²/Út2ekEz/ ³n pl sing-v ´(US) = µdraughts.¼
¨check®mate© ²/Út2ekmeIt/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ¸1 ´(chess) make a move that prevents the
opponent's king from being moved away from a direct attack (and so win the
game). µ¥ check±2µ(4). ¸2 ´obstruct and defeat (a person, his plans). ¹ ³n
´complete defeat.¼
¨Ched®dar© ²/Út2edE(r)/ ³n ¶[U] ´kind of hard yellow cheese.¼
¨cheek© ²/t2ik/ ³n ¸1 ´either side of the face below the eye. µ¥ ´the illus at
µhead. ·@ by jowl, ´close together. ·turn the other @, ´respond to violence
with non-violence. µ¥ Matt 5.38. ¸Ú@®bone ³n ´the bone below the eye.
¸tongue-in-@ µ¥ tongue. ¸2 ¶[U] ´impudence; saucy talk or behaviour: ³He had
the @ to ask me to do his work for him! No more of your @! ¹ vt ¶[VP6A] ´be
impudent to: ³Stop @ing your mother! ¸-cheeked ³suffix ´(with an ³adj)´:
·*³rosy-·*³@ed ·Ú³boys´, boys with rosy @s. ¸@y ³adj ´saucy; impudent. ¸@®ily
³adv¼
¨cheep© ²/t2ip/ ³vi, n ¶[VP2A,C] ´(make a) weak, shrill note (as young birds
do).¼
¨cheer©1 ²/t2IE(r)/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A,15B] ·@ sb (up), ´fill with gladness,
hope, high spirits; comfort: ³Your visit has @ed (up) the sick man. Everyone
was @ed by the good news. ¸@®ing ³adj´: that's @ing news. ¸2 ¶[VP2C] ·@ up,
´take comfort, become happy: ³He @ed up at once when I promised to help him. ¸3
¶[VP6A,15B,2A,C] ·@ (on), ´give shouts of joy, approval or encouragement to:
³The speaker was loudly @ed. Everyone @ed the news that the war was over. The
boys @ed on their football team. ¸@®ing ³n ¶[U]´: ³The @ing could be heard half
a mile away.¼
¨cheer©2 ²/t2IE(r)/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´(old use) state of hope, gladness: ³words of
@´, of encouragement. ¸2 ¶[U] ·good @´, (old use) good food and drink. ¸3 ¶[C]
´shout of joy or encouragement: ³give three @s for´, cry or shout "Hurrah!'
three times. ¸Ú@-leader ³n ´(US) one who leads organised cheering by a group or
crowd. ¸4 ´(old use) ³What @? ´How do you feel? ¸5 ¸C@s! ´Word used when one
drinks to sb's health, etc.¼
¨cheer®ful© ²/Út2IEfEl/ ³adj ¸1 ´bringing or suggesting happiness: ³a @
day/room/smile; @ conversation. ¸2 ´happy and contented; willing: ³@ workers.
¸@®ly ²/-fElI/ ³adv ¸@®ness ³n¼
¨cheer®io© ²/*t2IErIÚE8/ ³int ´(colloq) ¸1 ´(at parting) goodbye.
¸2 ´(not US; dated) (in drinking) To your health!¼
¨cheer®less© ²/Út2IElIs/ ³adj ´without comfort; gloomy; miserable: ³a wet and @
day; a damp, cold and @ room. ¸@®ly ³adv ¸@®ness ³n¼
¨cheery© ²/Út2IErI/ ³adj ´lively; genial; merry: ³a @ smile/greeting.
¸cheer®ily ²/Út2IErElI/ ³adv¼
¨cheese© ²/t2iz/ ³n ¶[U] ´solid food made from milk curds; ¶[C] ´shaped and
wrapped portion or ball of this: ³two cream @s. ¸Ú@-cake, ¸(a) ´tart filled
with a sweet mixture of curd, eggs, etc. ¸(b) ´(sl) displays of a shapely
female body (in a photograph, advertisement, etc). µ¥ ³pin-up ´at µpin±2µ(1).
¸Ú@-cloth, ´thin cotton cloth (gauze) put round some kinds of @; similar
(thicker) cloth used to make shirts, etc. ¸Ú@-paring, ´excessive carefulness in
the spending of money: ³@-paring economies.¼
¨chee®tah© ²/Út2itE/ ³n ´kind of wild cat of Africa, resembling a leopard,
which can be trained to hunt deer.¼
¨chef© ²/2ef/ ³n ´head cook in a hotel, restaurant etc.¼
¨chef-d'oeuvre© ²/*2eI Úd3vrE/ ³n (pl µchefs d'oeuvre´, pronunciation unchanged)
(F) (person's) masterpiece.¼
¨chemi®cal© ²/ÚkemIkl/ ³adj ´of, made by, chemistry: ³@ warfare´, using poison
gas, smoke, incendiary bombs, etc. ¹ ³n ´(often ³pl´) substance used in, or
obtained by, chemistry. ¸@®ly ²/-klI/ ³adv¼
¨che®mise© ²/2EÚmiz/ ³n ´loose, long undergarment formerly worn by women and
girls; loose beltless dress.¼
¨chem®ist© ²/ÚkemIst/ ³n ¸1 ´person trained or expert in chemistry. ¸2 ´(US =
³druggist´) pharmacist; person who prepares medicines (from prescriptions) and
sells medical goods, toilet articles, etc: ³@'s shop´, pharmacy.¼
¨chem®is®try© ²/ÚkemIstrI/ ³n ¶[U] ´branch of science that deals with how
substances are made up, how they (their elements) combine, how they act under
different conditions.¼
¨chemo®ther®apy© ²/*kemE8ÚTerEpI/ ³n ¶[U] ´treatment of disease by drugs that
attack microbes.¼
¨che®nille© ²/2EÚnil/ ³n ´velvety cord used for trimming dresses and
furniture.¼
¨cheque© ²/t2ek/ ³n ´(US = ¸check´) written order (usu on a printed form) to a
bank to pay money: ³a @ for $10; pay by @. ´Cf ³pay in cash. ¸Ú@-book ³n
´number of blank @s fastened together.¼
¨chequer© ²/Út2ekE(r)/ ³vt ´(US = ¸checker´) (usu passive) mark with a pattern
of squares or patches of different colours or shades; (fig) mark by changes of
good and bad fortune, etc: ³a lawn @ed with sunlight and shade; a @ed career´,
full of ups and downs of fortune, with variety of incident.¼
¨cher®ish© ²/Út2erI2/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ¸1 ´care for tenderly. ¸2 ´keep
alive (hope, ambition, feelings, etc) in one's heart: ³For years she @ed the
hope that her husband might still be alive. Don't @ the illusion that your
father will always pay your debts.¼
¨che®root© ²/2EÚrut/ ³n ´cigar with both ends open.¼
¨cherry© ²/Út2erI/ ³n (pl µ-rries³) ´(tree with) soft, small, round fruit, red,
yellow or black when ripe and with a stone-like seed in the middle; µ¥ ´the
illus at µfruit. ¶[U] ´the wood of this tree. ¹ ³adj ´red: ³@ lips.¼
¨cherub© ²/Út2erEb/ ³n ¸1 ³(pl µ@s³) ´small beautiful child; (in art) such a
child with wings. ¸2 ³(pl µ@im ²/Út2erEbIm/³) ´(biblical) one of the second
highest order of angels. µ¥ seraph. ¸che®ru®bic ²/t2IÚrubIk/ ³adj ´(esp) sweet
and innocent looking; roundfaced.¼
¨cher®vil© ²/Út23vIl/ ³n ¶[U] ´garden herb used to flavour soups, salads, etc.¼
¨chess© ²/t2es/ ³n ¶[U] ´game for two players with sixteen pieces each (each
called a ¸Ú@®man ²/-man/´), on a board with sixty-four squares (called a
¸Ú@®board´).¼
¨chest© ²/t2est/ ³n ¸1 ´large, strong (usu wooden) box with a lid for storing,
eÔg clothes, tools, money, medicine, tea, etc. ¸*@ of Údrawers, ´large @ with
drawers for clothes. ¸2 ´(anat) upper front part of the body, enclosed by the
ribs, containing the heart and lungs. µ¥ ´the illus at µtrunk. ·get sth off
one's @, ´(colloq) say sth one is anxious to say. ·hold/keep one's cards close
to one's/the @, ´be secretive. ¸3 ´(US) (funds of the) treasury of a public
institution: ³the community @, ´for charitable purposes.¼
¨ches®ter®field© ²/Út2estEfild/ ³n ¸1 ´single-breasted overcoat with a flap
that covers the buttonholes. ¸2 ´long padded couch with sides and a back.¼
¨chest®nut© ²/Út2esnAt/ ³n ¸1 ¶[C,U] ´(sorts of, wood of) tree with smooth,
bright reddish-brown nut (those of the Spanish or sweet @ being edible). µ¥
´the illus at µtree; ¥ horse(4). ¸2 ´colour of the nut. ¸3 ´horse of this
colour. ¸4 ´(colloq) story or joke that is too old or well known to be
amusing.¼
¨cheval glass© ²/2EÚval glqs ³US: ²glas/ ³n ´full-length mirror mounted on
upright supports on which it can be tilted.¼
¨chev®ron© ²/Ú2evrEn/ ³n ´bent line or stripe (²" ´or ²'´) worn on the sleeve
by soldiers, policemen, etc to show rank, etc.¼
¨chew© ²/t2u/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A,15B,2A,C] ·@ (up), ´work (food, etc) about
between the teeth in order to crush it: ³C@ your food well before you swallow
it. ¸Ú@®ing-gum ³n ¶[U] ´sticky substance sweetened and flavoured for @ing. µ¥
´also µbite±2µ(1) ´and µcud. ¸2 ¶[VP15B,3A] ·@ sth over; @ (up)on sth,
´(colloq) think over, consider. ·@ the rag, ´(dated sl) discuss matters (esp
old grievances). ¹ ³n ´act of @ing; sth (to be) @ed: ³a @ of tobacco.¼
¨Chi®anti© ²/kIÚantI/ ³n ¶[U] ´dry red or white Italian wine.¼
¨chi®aro®scuro© ²/kI*qrEÚsk8ErE8/ ³n ´(I) distribution of light and
shade (esp in a painting).¼
¨chic© ²/2ik/ ³n ¶[U] ´(of clothes, their wearer) style that gives an air of
sophisticated elegance. ¹ ³adj ´stylish.¼
¨chi®can®ery© ²/2IÚkeInErI/ ³n ¶[U] ´(use of) legal trickery; ¶[C] ³(pl
µ-ries³) ´false argument.¼
¨chi®chi© ²/Ú2i2i/ ³adj ´(colloq) pretentious; affected; vulgar.¼
¨chick© ²/t2Ik/ ³n ¸1 ´young bird just before or after hatching, esp a young
chicken. ¸Ú@®pea ³n ¶[C] ´(plant with) edible yellow pea-like seed. ¸Ú@®weed ³n
¶[U] ´common small weed whose leaves and seeds are eaten by birds. ¸2 ´small
child; (sl) girl.¼
¨chicken© ²/Út2IkIn/ ³n ¸1 ´young bird, esp a young hen: ³She's no @´, (fig,
sl) is no longer young. µ¥ ´the illus at µfowl. ·(Don't) count one's @s before
they are hatched, ´(Don't) be too hopeful of one's chances of success, etc.
¸Ú@®feed ³n ´(fig, sl) sth of relatively small value. ¸*@-Úhearted ²/-hqtId/
³adj ´lacking in courage. ¸Ú@®pox ³n ¶[U] ´disease (esp of children)
accompanied by red spots on the skin. ¸Ú@-run ³n ´fenced-in area for @s to run
in. ¸2 ¶[U] ´its flesh as food.¼
¨chicle© ²/Út2Ikl/ ³n ¶[U] ´chief ingredient of chewing-gum.¼
¨chic®ory© ²/Út2IkErI/ ³n ¶[U] ´plant used as a vegetable and for salad, the
root of which is roasted and made into a powder (used with or instead of
coffee). µ¥ ´the illus at µvegetable.¼
¨chide© ²/t2ñId/ ³vt,vi (pt µchided ²/Út2ñIdId/ ´or µchid ²/t2Id/, ³pp µchided,
chid ´or µchidden ²/Út2Idn/³) ¶[VP6A,14] ·@ sb (for), ´(liter) scold; rebuke.¼
¨chief© ²/t2if/ ³n ¸1 ´leader or ruler: ³the @ of the tribe. ¸2 ´head of a
department; highest official. ·C@ of Staff, ´senior staff officer. ·in @, ´most
of all, especially: ³for many reasons, and this one in @. ¸-in-Ú@, ´supreme:
³the Commander-in-@. ¹ adj ´(attrib only; no comp or superl) ¸1 ´principal;
most important: ³the @ rivers of India; the @ thing to remember. ¸2 ´first in
rank: ³the C@ Justice; the @ priest. ¸@®ly ³adv ¸1 ´above all; first of all. ¸2
´mostly; mainly: ³It is @ly composed of«.¼
¨chief®tain© ²/Út2iftEn/ ³n ´leader of a clan or tribe; chief. ¸@cy
²/Út2iftEnsI/ ³n ´position or rank of a @.¼
¨chif®fon© ²/Ú2Ifon ³US: ²2IÚfon/ ³n ¶[U] ´thin, transparent silk
material used for scarves, veils, etc.¼
¨chif®fon®ier© ²/*2IfEÚnIE(r)/ ³n ¸1 ´(GB) movable low cupboard with a flat
top used as a table. ¸2 ´(US) high chest of drawers (GB = ³tallboy´).¼
¨chi®gnon© ²/Ú2injon/ ³n ´(F) knot or roll of hair worn at the back of the head
by women.¼
¨chil®blain© ²/Út2IlbleIn/ ³n ¶[C] ´painful swelling, esp on the hand or foot,
caused by exposure to cold. ¸@ed ²/-eInd/ ³adj ´having @s.¼
¨child© ²/t2ñIld/ ³n (pl µchildren ²/Út2IldrEn/³) ´unborn or newly born human
being; boy or girl; son or daughter (of any age). ¸Ú@'s play, ´sth very easily
done. ·be with @, ´(archaic) be pregnant. ¸Ú@®birth ³n ¶[U] ´the process of
giving birth to a @: ³She died in @birth. ¸Ú@-bearing ³n ¶[U] ´giving birth to
children: ³Ten years of @-bearing exhausted her strength. ¸Ú@®hood ²/-h8d/ ³n
¶[U] ´state of being a @; time during which one is a @: ³have a happy @hood.
·second @hood, ´dotage (in extreme old age). ¸@®ish ³adj ´of, behaving like,
suitable for, a @; not suited to an adult: ³@ish games/arguments. ¸@®less ³adj
´having no child(ren): ³a @less couple. ¸Ú@®like ³adj ´simple, innocent,
frank.¼
¨chile©, chili ²/Út2IlI/ ³n ´(US) = µchilli.¼
¨chill© ²/t2Il/ ³n ¸1 ³(sing ´only³) ´unpleasant feeling of coldness: ³There's
quite a @ in the air this morning. Take the @ off the water´, warm it a
little. ¸2 ´(fig) (³sing ´only) depressing influence; sth that causes a
downhearted feeling: ³The bad news cast a @ over the gathering. ¸3 ¶[C]
´illness caused by cold and damp, with shivering of the body: ³catch a @. ¹ adj
´unpleasantly cold: ³a @ breeze; a @ welcome. ¹ ³vt,vi ¶[VP6A,2A,C] ´make or
become cold or cool: ³He was @ed to the bone. Don't @ their enthusiasm. ¸@ed
beef, ´beef preserved in cold storage at a moderately low temperature but not
frozen. ¸@y ³adj µ(-ier, -iest) ¸1 ´rather cold: ³a @y room; feel @y. It's
rather @y this morning. ¸2 ´(fig) unfriendly: ³a @y welcome; @y politeness.¼
¨chilli©, chilly, chile, chili ²/Út2IlI/ ³n (pl µ-ies³) ´dried pod of red
pepper (capsicum), often made into powder and used to give a hot flavour to
sauces, etc.¼
¨chime© ²/t2ñIm/ ³n ´(series of notes sounded by a) tuned set of bells: ³a @ of
bells; ring the @s; listen to the @s. ¹ ³vi,vt ¸1 ¶[VP6A,15A,2A,C] ´(of bells,
a clock) ´make (bells) ring; ring (@s) on bells; show (the hour) by
ringing: ³The bells/The ringers @d out a tune. The bells are chiming. The
church clock @d midnight. ¸2 ¶[VP2C] ·@ in, ´break in on the talk of others,
usu to express agreement: ³"Of course,' he @d in. ·@ (in) with, ´be in
agreement with; suit: ³I think your plans will @ in with mine.¼
¨chim®era©, chim®aera ²/kñIÚmIErE/ ³n ¸1 ´(Gk myth) monster with a lion's head,
a goat's body, and a serpent's tail. ¸2 ´horrible creature of the imagination.
¸3 ´(fig) wild or impossible idea or fancy. ¸chim®eri®cal ²/kñIÚmerIkl/ ³adj
´unreal; visionary: ³chimerical ideas/schemes.¼
¨chim®ney© ²/Út2ImnI/ ³n ¸1 ´structure through which smoke from a
fire is carried away through the wall or roof of a building. ¸Ú@®breast ³n
´projecting wall in a room that contains the @. ¸Ú@ corner, ´seat in an
old-fashioned fireplace. ¸Ú@®piece ³n ´= µmantel. ¸Ú@®pot ³n ´pipe (earthenware
or metal) fitted to the top of a @. ¸Ú@®stack ³n ´group of @ tops.
¸Ú@®sweep(er) ³n ´man who sweeps soot from @s. ¸2 ´glass tube that protects the
flame of an oil-lamp from draughts. ¸3 ´(mountaineering) narrow cleft or
opening by which a cliff face may be climbed. µ¥ ´the illus at µmountain.¼
¨chimp© ²/t2Imp/ ³n ´(colloq abbr of) chimpanzee.¼
¨chim®pan®zee© ²/*t2ImpanÚzi/ ³n ´African ape, smaller than a gorilla. µ¥ ´the
illus at µape.¼
¨chin© ²/Út2In/ ³n ´part of the face below the mouth; front of the lower jaw.
µ¥ ´the illus at µhead. ·keep one's Ú@ up, ´(colloq) show determination to
face trouble without betraying fear or sorrow. ¸Ú@-strap ³n ´strap (on a
helmet) held on the @. ¸Ú@-wagging ³n ´(colloq) talking, gossiping.¼
¨china© ²/Út2ñInE/ ³n ¶[U] ´baked and glazed fine white clay; (collective)
articles (eÔg cups, saucers, plates) made from this. ¸Ú@-closet ³n ´cupboard in
which @ is kept or displayed. ¸Ú@®ware ³n ¶[U] ´dishes, ornaments, etc made of
@ clay.¼
¨chin®chil®la© ²/t2InÚt2IlE/ ³n ¶[C] ´small S American animal that looks sth
like a squirrel; ¶[U] ´its soft grey fur.¼
¨chine© ²/t2ñIn/ ³n ´animal's backbone or part of it as a joint of meat.¼
¨chink©1 ²/t2IGk/ ³n ´narrow opening or crack (eÔg between boards in the wall
of a shed, through which the wind blows or through which one may peep).¼
¨chink©2 ²/t2IGk/ ³vt,vi ¶[VP6A,15B,2A,C] ´make the sound of coins, glasses,
etc striking together; cause (coins, etc) to make such sounds. ¹ ³n ·a/the @
(of), ´this sound: ³I heard the @ of coins.¼
¨chintz© ²/t2Ints/ ³n ¶[U] ´kind of cotton cloth (usu glazed) with printed
designs in colours, used for curtains, furniture covers, etc.¼
¨chip© ²/t2Ip/ ³n ¸1 ´small piece cut or broken off (from wood, stone, china,
glass, etc). ¸Ú@®board ³n ´building material made from compressed @s of waste
wood, sawdust, etc and glue. ·@ off/of the old block, ´son who is very like
his father. ·have a Ú@ on one's shoulder, ´have a defiant air, as if expecting
and ready to accept a challenge; resent prejudice against oneself as (often
incorrectly) perceived in other people. ¸2 ´strip cut from an apple, a potato,
etc: ³fish and @s´, fried fish and potato @s. ¸3 ´place (eÔg in a cup) from
which a @ has come. ¸4 ´thin strip cut from wood, palm-leaf, etc, used in
making baskets, hats, etc: (usu attrib) ³@ bonnets; @ baskets. ¸5 ´flat plastic
counter used as a money token (esp in gambling). ·have had one's @s, ´(sl)
one's last chance. ·(when) the @s are down, ´(when) a crisis point is reached.
¹ ³vt,vi µ(-pp-) ¸1 ¶[VP6A,15A,15B] ·@ off/from, ´cut or break a piece: ³@ a
piece off (the edge of a cup); @ old paint from the side of a ship. All the
plates have @ped edges. ¸2 ¶[VP6A] ´make into @sµ(2)´: ³@ped potatoes. ¸3
¶[VP2A] ´(of things) be easily broken at the edge: ³These cups @ if you are
not careful. ¸4 ¶[VP2C] ·@ in, ´(colloq) ¸(a) ´interrupt; join in (a
conversation). ¸(b) ´contribute money (to a fund). ¸5 ¶[VP6A] ´shape (sth) by
cutting the edge or surface (with an axe or a chisel). ¸Ú@®pings ³n pl ´bits
of stone, marble, etc made by @ping: ·Ú³road @pings, ´for making a road
surface.¼
¨chip®munk© ²/Út2IpmAGk/ ³n ´small, striped N American squirrel-like rodent.¼
¨Chip®pen®dale© ²/Út2IpEndeIl/ ³n ´light style of drawing-room furniture (18th
c in England): ³@ chairs.¼
¨chi®rop®odist© ²/kIÚropEdIst/ ³n ´person who is expert in the
treatment of troubles of the feet and toe-nails. ¸chi®rop®ody ²/kIÚropEdI/ ³n
¶[U] ´work of a @.¼
¨chiro®prac®tor© ²/ÚkñIErE8praktE(r)/ ³n ´person who treats diseases by
manipulating the joints (esp the spinal column).¼
¨chirp© ²/t23p/ ³vi,vt, n ¶[VP2A,C,6A] ´(make) short, sharp note(s) or
sound(s) (as of small birds or insects); utter in this way: ³the @s of the
sparrows/cicadas; grasshoppers @ing all day.¼
¨chirpy© ²/Út23pI/ ³adj ´(colloq) lively, cheerful. ¸chirp®ily ²/Út23pIlI/ ³adv
¸chirpi®ness ³n¼
¨chir®rup© ²/Út2IrEp/ ³vt,vi, n ´(make a) series of chirps.¼
¨chisel© ²/Út2Izl/ ³n ´steel tool with a bevelled edge for shaping wood, stone
or metal. µ¥ ´the illus at µtool. ´¹ ³vt µ(-ll-, ´US µ-l-)
¶[VP6A,15B,14] ¸1 ´cut or shape with a @: ³@led features´, (of a person's
appearance) clear cut; well modelled. ¸2 ´(colloq) cheat; swindle. ¸@®ler
²/Út2IzElE(r)/ ³n ´person who @sµ(2)´.¼
¨chit©1 ²/t2It/ ³n ´young child; young, small, slender woman (often used
rather contemptuously): ³a mere ·Ú³@ of a child; only a ·Ú³@ of a woman.¼
¨chit©2 ²/t2It/ ³n ´short note or letter; note of sum of money owed (eÔg for
drinks, etc at a hotel).¼
¨chit-chat© ²/Út2Itt2at/ ³n ¶[U] ´light, informal conversation.¼
¨chiv®al®ry© ²/Ú2IvlrI/ ³n ¶[U] ´laws and customs (religious, moral
and social) of the knights in the Middle Ages; the qualities that knights were
expected to have (courage, honour, courtesy, loyalty, devotion to the weak and
helpless, to the service of women). ¸chiv®al®rous ²/Ú2IvlrEs/ ³adj ´of, as of,
the age of @; of, as of, the knights of the Middle Ages; honourable;
courteous.¼
¨chive© ²/t2ñIv/ ³n ¶[U] ´small plant of the onion family, of which the slender
leaves are used as a seasoning (in salads, etc).¼
¨chivy©, chivvy ²/Út2IvI/ ³vt ¶[VP15B] ´(colloq) ·@ sb about/along/up, ´pester;
chase; harass.¼
¨chlor®ide© ²/ÚklcrñId/ ³n ¶[U] ´(chem) compound of chlorine: ³@ of
lime/soda/potash.¼
¨chlor®ine© ²/Úklcrin/ ³n ¶[U] ´(chem) greenish-yellow, bad-smelling poisonous
gas (symbol ¸Cl´), obtained from common salt (= ³sodium chloride´), used as a
sterilizing agent and in industry. ¸chlor®in®ate ²/ÚklcrIneIt/ ³vt ´treat,
sterilize, with @: ³chlorinated water´, water purified from disease germs by
this treatment. ¸chlori®na®tion ²/*klcrIÚneI2n/ ³n¼
¨chloro®form© ²/ÚklorEfcm ³US: ²Úklcr-/ ³n ¶[U] ´thin, colourless liquid
formerly given, in the form of vapour, to make a person unconscious during a
surgical operation.¼
¨chloro®phyll© ²/ÚklorEfIl ³US: ²Úklcr-/ ³n ¶[U] ´(bot) green colouring matter
in the leaves of plants.¼
¨chock© ²/t2ok/ ³n ´block or wedge of wood used to prevent sth (eÔg
a wheel, barrel, door) from moving. ¹ ³vt ¶[VP6A,15B] ·@ (up), ¸1 ´make fast
with, support on, a @ or @s. ¸2 ´(colloq): ³a room @ed up with furniture´,
filled up with far too much furniture. ¸@-full (of); ¸*@-a-Úblock (with);
*@-a-*block Úfull (of), ³adjj ´(pred) filled to the limit.¼
¨choc®olate© ²/Út2oklEt/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´substance (powder or slab) made from the
crushed seeds of the cacao tree; drink made by mixing this with hot water or
milk; ¶[C,U] ´(colloq abbr ¸choc ²/t2ok/´) sweet substance made from this, usu
sweetened and often flavoured: ³a bar of @; a box of @s; ´(attrib) ³@ biscuit´,
covered with @; ³@ cream´, sweet paste covered with @. ¸2 ´the colour of this
substance, dark brown. ¸choc-ice ²/Út2okñIs/ ³n ´(colloq) slab of ice-cream
coated with @.¼
¨choice© ²/Út2ãIs/ ³n ¸1 ´act of choosing: ³make a careful @; be careful in
your @; take your @. ¸2 ¶[U] ´right or possibility of choosing: ³I have no @
in the matter´, cannot choose, must act in this way. ·for @, ´by preference;
if one must select: ³I should take this one for @. ·Hobson's @, ´no @ at all
because there is only one thing to take or do. ¸3 ´variety from which to
choose: ³This shop has a large @ of clothes. ¸4 ´person or thing chosen: ³This
is my @. ¹ ³adj ´carefully chosen; uncommonly good: ³@ fruit.¼
¨choir© ²/ÚkwñIE(r)/ ³n ¸1 ´company of persons trained to sing
together, esp to lead the singing in church. ¸2 ´part of a church building for
the @. µ¥ ´illus at µchurch. ¸Ú@-school ³n ´grammar school (attached to or
connected with a cathedral) for ¸Ú@-boys.¼
¨choke©1 ²/t2E8k/ ³vi,vt ¸1 ¶[VP2A,3A] ´be unable to breathe because of sth in
the windpipe, or because of emotion: ³@ over one's food; @ with anger; @ to
death. ¸2 ¶[VP6A,14] ·@ (with), ´stop the breathing of, by pressing the
windpipe from outside or blocking it up inside, or (of smoke, etc) by being
unfit to breathe: ³@ the life out of sb. The smoke almost @d me. Her voice was
@d with sobs. Anger @d his words. He swallowed a plum-stone and was almost @d,
´iÔe to death. ¸3 ¶[VP3A,6A,15B] ·@ (up) (with), ´fill, partly or completely, a
passage, space, etc that is usually clear: ³a chimney/drain @d (up) with dirt.
The garden is @d with weeds. Weeds have @ed (up) the garden. The room was @d up
with useless old furniture. ¸4 ¶[VP15B] ·@ sth back/down, ´hold or keep
back/down: ³@ back one's tears/indignation; @ down one's anger. ·@ sb off,
´(colloq) discourage him (from doing sth); reprimand him for doing sth wrong:
³He got @d off for being late. ¸Ú@-damp, ´carbon dioxide gas, left after an
explosion in a coal-mine.¼
¨choke©2 ²/t2E8k/ ³n ´valve in a petrol engine to control the intake of air:
³pull out the @, ´iÔe the @ control.¼
¨choker© ²/Út2E8kE(r)/ ³n ¸1 ´(hum) stiff, high collar; clerical collar. ¸2
´close-fitting necklace (eÔg of pearls) or scarf.¼
¨chokey©, choky ²/Út2E8kI/ ³n ´(GB; dated sl) prison.¼
¨choler© ²/ÚkolE(r)/ ³n ´(old use, or poet, liter) anger. ¸@ic ²/ÚkolErIk/
³adj ´easily made angry; often angry.¼
¨chol®era© ²/ÚkolErE/ ³n ¶[U] ´infectious and often fatal disease, common in
hot countries, with vomiting and continual emptying of the bowels.¼
¨choose© ²/t2uz/ ³vt,vi (pt µchose ²/t2E8z/, ³pp µchosen
²/Út2E8zn/³) ¸1 ¶[VP6A,16A,B,23,2A,C,3A] ·@ (from/out of/between), ´pick out
from a greater number; show what or which one wants by taking: ³She took a long
time to @ her new hat. The greedy boy chose the largest apple in the dish.
There are only five to @ from. C@ your friends carefully. You have chosen well.
They chose me as their leader/to be their leader. I was chosen (as) leader. He
had to @ between death and dishonour. ·There is nothing/not much/little to @
between (two or more people or things), ´They are about equal, are equally
good/bad, etc. ¸2 ¶[VP7A,2A] ´decide; be pleased or determined: ³I do not @ to
be a candidate. He chose to stay where he was. Do just as you @´, whatever
pleases you. ·cannot @ but, ´(liter) must, have to: ³He cannot @ but obey.¼
¨choosy©, choosey ²/Út2uzI/ ³adj µ(-ier, -iest) ´(colloq, of persons) careful
and cautious in choosing; difficult to please.¼
¨chop©1 ²/t2op/ ³vt,vi µ(-pp-) ¶[VP6A,15A,B] ·@ (up) (into), ´cut (into pieces)
by blow(s) with an axe or other edged tool: ³He was @ping wood´, cutting wood
into sticks. ³Meat is often @ped up into cubes before being cooked. He @ped a
branch off the tree. I'm going to @ that tree down. We had to @ a way ´(= make
a path by @ping) ³through the undergrowth. ¶[VP3A] ·@ at sth, ´aim a cutting
blow at.¼
¨chop©2 ²/t2op/ ³n ¸1 ´chopping blow. ¸2 ´thick slice of meat with bone in it,
(to be) cooked for one person. ¸Ú@-house ³n ´(now usu ³steak-house´) restaurant
serving chops and steaks. ¸3 ·be for/get the @, ´be about to be/be killed or
sacked±2µ. ¸4 ´(boxing) short downward blow.¼
¨chop©3 ²/t2op/ ³n ´official seal or stamp; trademark; brand of goods; (colloq)
quality.¼
¨chop©4 ²/t2op/ ³vi µ(-pp-) ¸1 ¶[VP2A] ·@ and change, ´(emphatic for ³change´)
be inconsistent: ³He's always @ping and changing´, always changing his
opinions, plans, etc. ¸2 ¶[VP2C] ·@ about, ´(of the wind) change direction.¼
¨chop©5 ²/t2op/ ³n µ¥ chap±2µ.¼
¨chop-chop© ²/*t2op Út2op/ ³adv ´(sl) quickly.¼
¨chop®per©1 ²/Út2opE(r)/ ³n ´heavy tool with a sharp edge for chopping meat,
wood, etc. µ¥ ´the illus at µtool.¼
¨chop®per©2 ²/Út2opE(r)/ ³n ´(colloq) helicopter.¼
¨choppy© ²/Út2opI/ ³adj µ(-ier, -iest) ´(of the sea) moving in short, broken
irregular waves; (of the wind) continually changing.¼
¨chop®sticks© ²/Út2opstIks/ ³n pl ´pair of tapering sticks (wood, ivory, etc)
used by Chinese and Japanese for lifting food (placed on the thinnest ends) to
the mouth.¼
¨chop suey© ²/*t2op ÚsuI/ ³n ¶[U] ´dish of meat or chicken served with rice,
onions, etc (as in a Chinese restuarant).¼
¨choral© ²/ÚkcrEl/ ³adj ´of, for, sung by or together with, a choir: ³a ·Ú³@
society; a @ service; Beethoven's @ symphony.¼
¨chorale© ²/kEÚrql/ ³n ´simple hymn tune, usu sung by the choir and
congregation together.¼
¨chord© ²/Úkcd/ ³n ¸1 ´straight line that joins two points on the
circumference of a circle or the ends of an arc. µ¥ ´the illus at µcircle. ¸2
´(music) combination of three or more notes sounded together in harmony. µ¥
discord ´and also the illus at µnotation. ¸3 ´(now usu spelt ³cord´) (anat)
string-like structure, as in the throat ³(the vocal @s) ´or the back ³(the
spinal @). µ¥ ´the illus at µhead. ¸4 ´string (of a harp, etc): ³touch the
right @´, (fig) appeal cleverly to emotion.¼
¨chore© ²/t2c(r)/ ³n ´small duty or piece of work, esp an ordinary everyday
task (in the home, on a farm, etc); unpleasant or tiring task. Cf ³char.¼
¨chor®eogra®phy© ²/*korIÚogrEfI ³US: ²*kcr-/ ³n ¶[U] ´art of designing and
specifying the steps of ballet. ¸chor®eogra®pher ³n¼
¨chor®is®ter© ²/ÚkorIstE(r) ³US: ²Úkcr-/ ³n ´member of a choir, esp a
choir-boy.¼
¨chortle© ²/Út2ctl/ ³vi, n ´(give a) loud chuckle of glee.¼
¨chorus© ²/ÚkcrEs/ ³n ¸1 ´(music for a) group of singers. ¸Ú@-girl ³n ´one of
a group of girls who sing and dance in a musical play. ¸2 ´(part of a) song for
all to sing (after solo verses): ³Bill sang the verses and everybody joined in
the @. ¸3 ´sth said or cried by many people together: ³The proposal was greeted
with a @ of approval. ·in @, ´all together: ³sing/answer in @. µ¥ unison. ¸4
´(in old Gk drama) band of singers and dancers whose words and actions are a
commentary on the events of the play. ¸5 ´(eÔg in Shakespeare's plays) actor
who recites the prologue and epilogue. ¹ ³vt ´sing, speak, in @.¼
¨chose©, chosen µ¥ choose.¼
¨chow© ²/t2ñ8/ ³n ¸1 ´dog of a Chinese breed. ¸2 ´(sl) food.¼
¨chow®der© ²/Út2ñ8dE(r)/ ³n ´(US) thick soup or stew of fish or clams with
vegetables.¼
¨Christ© ²/krñIst/ ³n ´title (= ³anointed one´) given to Jesus, now used as
part of (iÔe ³Jesus @´) or as an alternative to his name. ¸Ú@®like ³adj ´of or
like @; showing the spirit of @.¼
¨christen© ²/ÚkrIsn/ ³vt ¶[VP6A,23] ¸1 ´receive into the Christian
church by baptism; give a name to at the baptism. ³The child was @ed Mary. ¸2
´give a name to (eÔg to a new ship when it is launched). ¸Ú@®ing ³n ´ceremony
of baptizing or naming: ³There were ten @ings at this church last month.¼
¨Christen®dom© ²/ÚkrIsndEm/ ³n ´all Christian people and Christian countries.¼
¨Chris®tian© ²/ÚkrIst2En/ ³adj ´of Jesus and his teaching; of the religion,
beliefs, church, etc based on this teaching. ¸@ era, ´time reckoned from the
birth of Jesus. ¸Ú@ name, ´name given at baptism. Cf ³family name. ¸*@
ÚScience, ´church and religious system of healing through spiritual means. ¹ ³n
´person believing in the @ religion. ¸Chris®ti®an®ity ²/*krIstIÚanEtI/ ³n ¶[U]
´the @ faith or religion; being a @; @ character.¼
¨Christ®mas© ²/ÚkrIsmEs/ ³n ´(also ¸*@ ÚDay´) yearly celebration of the birth
of Jesus Christ, 25 Dec; the week beginning on 24 Dec: (attrib) ³the @
holidays. ¸Ú@-box ³n ´(not US) money given for services during the year. ¸Ú@
card, ´sent to friends at @ to wish them "A Merry @ and a Happy New Year', etc.
¸*Father Ú@, ´traditional figure who is supposed to give children gifts at @
(= ³Santa Claus´). ¸Ú@-tide/-time, ´the @ season. ¸Ú@-tree ³n ´small evergreen
tree set up at @ and decorated with tinsel, candles, presents, etc.¼
¨chro®matic© ²/krE8ÚmatIk/ ³adj ¸1 ´of, in, colour(s): ³@ printing. ¸2 ´(music)
of, having notes of the @ scale, that is, the succession of semitones, twelve
to the octave, normal in Western music.¼
¨chrome© ²/krE8m/ ³n ´yellow pigment, colouring matter, obtained from chromium
salts, used in paints, rubber, ceramics, etc. ¸Ú@ steel ³n ´alloy of steel and
chromium.¼
¨chro®mium© ²/ÚkrE8mIEm/ ³n ¶[U] ´element (symbol ¸Cr´) used for plating taps,
hardware, motor-car fittings, etc and in steel alloys (including stainless
steel): ³@ plating; ·*³@-·*³plated ·Ú³fittings.¼
¨chro®mo®some© ²/ÚkrE8mEsE8m/ ³n ¶[C] ´(biol) one of the minute threads in
every nucleus in animal and plant cells, carrying genes.¼
¨chro®nic© ²/ÚkronIk/ ³adj ¸1 ´(of a disease or condition) continual, lasting
for a long time: ³@ rheumatism; a @ invalid´, a person with a @ illness. µ¥
acute(2). ¸2 ´(sl) intense; severe. ¸chro®ni®cally ²/-klI/ ³adv¼
¨chron®icle© ²/ÚkronIkl/ ³n ¶[C] ´record of events in the order of
their happening. ¹ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´make a @ of; record in a @.¼
¨chro®no®logi®cal© ²/*kronEÚlodZIkl/ ³adj ´in order of time: ³Shakespeare's
plays in @ order´, in the order in which they were written. ¸@ly ²/-klI/ ³adv¼
¨chro®no®logy© ²/krEÚnolEdZI/ ³n ¶[U] ´science of fixing dates; ¶[C] ³(pl
µ-gies³) ´arrangement of events with dates; list or table showing this.¼
¨chro®no®meter© ²/krEÚnomItE(r)/ ³n ´kind of watch that keeps very accurate
time, esp as used for fixing longitude at sea.¼
¨chry®sa®lis© ²/ÚkrIsElIs/ ³n (pl µ-lises ²/-lIsIz/³) ´form taken by an insect
during the torpid stage of its life (iÔe between the time when it creeps or
crawls as a larva and the time when it flies as a moth, butterfly, etc); the
sheath that covers it during this time. µ¥ ´the illus at µbutterfly.¼
¨chry®san®the®mum© ²/krIÚsanTEmEm/ ³n ´(flower of) garden plant blooming in
autumn and early winter.¼
¨chubby© ²/Út2AbI/ ³adj µ(-ier, -iest) ´plump: ³@ cheeks; ´round-faced: ³a @
child.¼
¨chuck©1 ²/t2Ak/ ³vt ´(colloq) ¸1 ¶[VP15,A,B,12A,13A] ´throw: ³@
away rubbish; @ a drunken man out of a pub. ¸*@er-Úout ³n ´(sl) person whose
duty it is to throw out troublesome people (from public-houses, political
meetings, etc). ¸2 ¶[VP6A,15B] ·@ (up), ´abandon, give up (in disgust): ³@ up
one's job; @ work. C@ it´, (sl) Stop doing that! ¸3 ³@ sb under the chin´,
touch him or her playfully with the back of the fist under the chin. ¹ ³n ·the
@, ´(sl) dismissal from one's job: ³get the @´, be dismissed; ³give sb the @´,
dismiss him.¼
¨chuck©2 ²/t2Ak/ ³n ´that part of a lathe which grips the work to be operated
on or which grips the bit on a drill. µ¥ ´illus at µlathe.¼
¨chuckle© ²/Út2Akl/ ³n ´low, quiet laugh with closed mouth (indicating
satisfaction or amusement). ¹ ³vi ¶[VP2A,C] ´laugh in this way: ³He was
chuckling to himself over what he was reading.¼
¨chug© ²/t2Ag/ ³vi µ(-gg-) ¶[VP2C] ´make the muffled explosive sound (of an
oil-engine or small petrol-engine running slowly): ³The boat @ged along. ¹ ³n
´this sound.¼
¨chuk®ker© ²/t2AkE(r)/ ³n ´(polo) one of the periods into which the game is
divided.¼
¨chum© ²/t2Am/ ³n ´close friend (esp among boys); (Australia): ³new @´, new
arrival; recent immigrant; (US) room-mate. ¹ ³vi µ(-mm-) ¶[VP2C] ·@ up (with
sb), ´form a friendship (with). ¸@my ³adj ´friendly; like a @.¼
¨chump© ²/t2Amp/ ³n ¸1 ´short, thick block of wood. ¸2 ´thick piece of meat:
³a @ chop. ¸3 ´(sl) fool; blockhead. ¸4 ´(sl) head. ·off one's @, ´crazy.¼
¨chunk© ²/t2AGk/ ³n ´thick, solid piece or lump cut off a loaf, a piece of
meat/cheese etc. ¸@y ³adj µ(-ier, -iest) ´short and thick.¼
¨church© ²/t23t2/ ³n ¸1 ´building for public Christian worship. µ¥
chapel. ¸*@ Úregister ³n ´records of births, marriages and deaths in a parish.
¸Ú@®yard ³n ´burial ground round a @. µ¥ cemetery. ¸2 ¶[U] ´service in such a
building: ³What time does @ begin? They're in/at @´, attending a service. Cf
³They're in the @´, inside the building. ³How often do you go to @? ¸Ú@®goer
²/-gE8E(r)/ ³n ´person who attends @ services regularly. ¸3 ¶[U] ·the C@
(of Christ), ´the whole body of Christians. ·the C@ of England, ´England's
official Protestant @, founded in the 16th century by King Henry VIII. ·enter
the C@, ´become a minister±1µ(3) ´or monk/nun. ¸@®war®den ³n ´elected
representative of a C@ of England parish, not a priest, who helps to manage the
business, funds, etc of a @.¼
¨churl© ²/t23l/ ³n ´bad-tempered person. ¸@®ish ³adv ´bad-tempered; ill-bred.
¸@®ish®ly ³adv¼
¨churn© ²/t23n/ ³n ¸1 ´tub in which cream is shaken or beaten to make butter.
¸2 ´(not US) very large can in which milk is carried from the farm. ¹ ³vt,vi ¸1
¶[VP6A] ´make (butter), beat and shake (cream) in a @. ¸2 ¶[VP6A,15B,2A,C] ·@
(up), ´stir or move about violently: ³The ship's propellers @ed the waves to
foam/@ed up the waves. ´(fig) agitate the emotions. ·@ out, ´produce in a mass:
³@ out silly romantic novels.¼
¨chute© ²/2ut/ ³n ¸1 ´long, narrow, steep slope down which things may slide
(eÔg for coal, barrels, etc into a cellar, logs down a hillside, letters,
refuse, etc from the upper storeys of a high building). ¸2 ´smooth, rapid fall
of water over a slope. ¸3 ´(colloq abbr of) parachute.¼
¨chut®ney© ²/t2AtnI/ ³n ¶[U] ´hot-tasting mixture of fruit, peppers, etc eaten
with curry, cold meat, etc.¼
¨cic®ada© ²/sIÚkqdE/ ³n ´winged insect with transparent wings, the
male of which chirps shrilly in hot, dry weather. µ¥ ´the illus at µinsect.¼
¨ci®cala© ²/sIÚkqlE/ ³n ´= µcicada.¼
¨cica®trice© ²/ÚsIkEtrIs/±, cica®trix ²/ÚsIkEtrIks/ ³n (pl µ-trices
²/-ÚtrñIsiz/³) ´scar left by a healed wound.¼
¨cice®rone© ²/*t2It2EÚrE8nI/ ³n (pl µ-ni ²/-ni/³) ´(I) guide who understands
and describes to sightseers places and objects of interest.¼
¨cider© ²/ÚsñIdE(r)/ ³n ¶[U] ´fermented apple juice. ¸Ú@®press ³n ´machine for
pressing juice from apples.¼
¨cigar© ²/sIÚgq(r)/ ³n ´tight roll of tobacco leaves with pointed end(s) for
smoking. ¸Ú@-shaped, ´shaped like a cylinder with pointed ends.¼
¨ciga®rette© ²/*sIgEÚret ³US: ²ÚsIgEret/ ³n ´roll of shredded tobacco enclosed
in thin paper for smoking. ¸Ú@-case ³n ´one in which a supply of @s may be
carried in the pocket or handbag. ¸Ú@-holder ³n ´tube in which a @ may be put
for smoking. ¸Ú@-paper, ´that used to make @s.¼
¨cinch© ²/sInt2/ ³n ´(US sl) something that is certain; something
easy and sure.¼
¨cin®chona© ²/sIGÚkE8nE/ ³n ´tree from whose bark quinine is obtained.¼
¨cinc®ture© ²/ÚsIGkt2E(r)/ ³n ´(liter) belt or girdle.¼
¨cin®der© ²/ÚsIndE(r)/ ³n ´small piece of coal, wood, etc partly burned, no
longer flaming, and not yet ash. ·burnt to a @´, (of a cake, etc) cooked so
that it is hard and black. ¸Ú@-track ³n ´running track made with fine @s.¼
¨Cin®de®rella© ²/*sIndEÚrelE/ ³n ´girl or woman whose attraction, merits, etc
have not been recognized; (fig) sth long neglected.¼
¨cine-© ²/ÚsInI/ ³pref ´form used for ³cinema ´in compounds. ¸Ú@-cam®era ³n
´camera used for taking moving pictures. µ¥ ´the illus at µcamera. ¸Ú@-film ³n
´film used in @-cameras. ¸Ú@-pro®jec®tor ³n ´machine for showing @-films on a
screen.¼
¨cin®ema© ²/ÚsInEmE/ ³n ¸1 ´(not US) theatre in which films are shown. ¸2 (the)
@, ´motion pictures as an art-form or an industry: ³Are you interested in (the)
@? ´Cf ³(the) drama. ¸@®tic ²/*sInEÚmatIk/ ³adj ´of @µ(2). ¸@®to®graphy
²/*sInEmEÚtogrEfI/ ³n ¶[U] ´= µ@(2).¼
¨cin®na®mon© ²/ÚsInEmEn/ ³n ¶[U] ´spice from the inner bark of an E Indian
tree, used in cooking; its colour, yellowish brown.¼
¨cinque®foil© ²/ÚsIGkfãIl/ ³n ´plant with leaves divided into five parts and
with small yellow flowers.¼
¨cipher©, cypher ²/ÚsñIfE(r)/ ³n ¸1 ´the symbol 0, representing nought or zero.
¸2 ´any Arabic numeral, 1 to 9. ¸3 ´(fig) person or thing of no importance. ¸4
´(method of, key to) secret writing: ³a message in @; a @ key; the ·Ú³@
officer´, officer who codes and decodes messages. ¹ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A] ´put into
secret writing. ¸2 ¶[VP6A,2A] ´(colloq) do arithmetical problems; add up,
divide, etc; work out a problem in figures.¼
¨circa© ²/Ús3kE/ ³prep ´(Lat, abbr ³c, ca ´or ³circ´) about (with
dates): ³born @ 150 ¶BÔC´.¼
¨circle© ²/Ús3kl/ ³n ¸1 ´(geom) space enclosed by a curved line, every point
on which is the same distance from the centre; the line enclosing this space.
µ¥ ´also the illus at µconcentric. ¸2 ´sth round like a @; ring: ³a @ of
trees/hills; standing in a @. ·a vicious @, µ¥ vicious. ¸3 ´block of seats in
curved rows, one above the other, between the highest part (the gallery) and
the floor (the stalls) of a theatre or hall. ¸4 ´number of persons bound
together by having the same or similar interests: ³in theatrical @s´, among
actors, etc; ³moving in fashionable @s´, among those in fashionable society;
³business @s. He has a large @ of friends. They are newcomers to our @. ¸5
´complete series: ³the @ of the seasons´, the four seasons in succession. ·come
full @, ´end at the starting-point. ¹ ³vt,vi ¶[VP6A,2A,C] ´move in a @; go
round: ³The aircraft @d (over) the landing-field. Drake @d the globe´, sailed
round the world. ³The news @d round´, was passed round.¼
¨circ®let© ²/Ús3klIt/ ³n ´round band (eÔg of gold or flowers) worn as an
ornament on the head, neck or arm.¼
¨cir®cuit© ²/Ús3kIt/ ³n ¸1 ´journey round, ending where one began: ³The @ of
the city walls is three miles. ·make a @ of, ´go round. ¸2 ´regular journey or
itinerary made by judges and barristers to towns in England and Wales to county
towns (³@ towns´) to hold courts to hear civil and criminal cases, replaced in
1972 by Crown Courts µ¥ court±1µ. ´One of six areas in the country, each having
a number of Crown Courts. ·go on @, ´make this journey: ³Judges go on @ for
part of the year. ¸3 ´chain of cinemas, theatres, etc under a single
management: ³Some theatrical companies travel over regular @s´, visit certain
towns in succession. ¸4 ´closed path for an electrical current; apparatus with
a sequence of conductors, valves, etc for using an electric current: ·Ú³@
diagram, ´one that shows the connections in such an apparatus. ¸closed @ (TÔV),
µ¥ close±4µ(2). ¸short @, µ¥ short±1µ(1). ¸5 ´regional group of Methodist
churches sharing preachers.¼
¨cir®cu®itous© ²/s3ÚkjuItEs/ ³adj ´(formal) indirect; going a long way round:
³a @ route.¼
¨cir®cu®lar© ²/Ús3kj8lE(r)/ ³adj ´round or curved in shape; moving round: ³a @
building; the North C@ Road´, round the north of London, for through traffic;
³a @ tour/trip´, ending at the starting-point without visiting a place more
than once. ¸@ letter ³n ´one sent out to many persons. ¸@ saw ³n ´disc-shaped
saw that revolves by machinery. ¹ ³n ´printed letter, advertisement,
announcement, etc of which many copies are made and distributed. ¸@®ize
²/Ús3kj8lErñIz/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´send @s to.¼
¨cir®cu®late© ²/Ús3kj8leIt/ ³vi,vt ¸1 ¶[VP2A,C] ´go round
continuously; move from place to place freely: ³Blood @s through the body. In
many buildings hot water @s through pipes to keep rooms warm. Bad news @s
quickly. In times of prosperity money @s quickly; during a depression it @s
slowly. ¸circulating library, ´one from which books may be borrowed, usu on
payment of a subscription. ¸2 ¶[VP6A] ´cause to @: ³People who @ false news are
to be blamed.¼
¨cir®cu®la®tion© ²/*s3kj8ÚleI2n/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U,C] ´circulating or being circulated,
esp the movement of the blood from and to the heart: ³He has (a) good/bad @.
The @ of rumours is common in wartime. ¸2 ¶[U] ´state of being circulated: ³Are
there many forged banknotes in @? That book has been withdrawn from @´, cannot
now be obtained. ³When were the decimal coins put into @? ¸3 ¶[C] ´number of
copies of a newspaper or other periodical sold to the public: ³a newspaper with
a (daily) @ of more than one million.¼
¨cir®cum®cise© ²/Ús3kEmsñIz/ ³vt ´remove the foreskin of (a male) or the
clitoris of (a female). ¸cir®cum®cision ²/*s3kEmÚsIZn/ ³n ´circumcising, esp
(of males) as a religious rite among Jews and Muslims.¼
¨cir®cum®fer®ence© ²/s3ÚkAmfErEns/ ³n ´(geom) line that marks out a circle or
other curved figure; distance round sth: ³The @ of the earth is almost 25ÔÔ000
miles. µ¥ ´the illus at µcircle.¼
¨cir®cum®flex© ²/Ús3kEmfleks/ ³n ´(also ¸@ accent´) mark placed over a vowel
to indicate how it is to be sounded (as in French ³r^ole´).¼
¨cir®cum®lo®cu®tion© ²/*s3kEmlEÚkju2n/ ³n ¶[C,U] ´(instance of) saying in many
words what may be said in few words.¼
¨cir®cum®navi®gate© ²/*s3kEmÚnavIgeIt/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´(formal) sail round (esp
the world). ¸cir®cum®navi®ga®tion ²/*s3kEm*navIÚgeI2n/ ³n¼
¨cir®cum®scribe© ²/Ús3kEmskrñIb/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´(formal) draw a line
round; mark the limit(s) of; narrow down, restrict: ³@ one's interests.
¸cir®cum®scrip®tion ²/*s3kEmÚskrIp2n/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´circumscribing or being @d.
¸2 ¶[C] ´words inscribed round a coin.¼
¨cir®cum®spect© ²/Ús3kEmspekt/ ³adj ´paying careful attention to everything
before taking action; cautious. ¸@®ly ³adv ¸cir®cum®spec®tion ²/*s3kEmÚspek2n/
³n ¶[U] ´prudence; caution.¼
¨cir®cum®stance© ²/Ús3kEmstEns/ ³n ¸1 ´(usu ³pl´) condition, fact, etc
connected with an event or person: ³Don't judge the crime until you know the
@s. ·C@s alter cases, ´(prov) What may be good, wise, praiseworthy, etc in some
@s may be bad, foolish or blameworthy in other @s. ·in/under the @s, ´the @s
being so; such being the state of affairs. ·in/under no @s, ´never; whatever
may happen. ¸2 ´fact or detail: ³There is one important @ you have not
mentioned. He has plenty of money, which is a fortunate @. ¸3 ³(pl) ´financial
condition: ³in easy/good/flourishing @s´, having enough or plenty of money; ³in
reduced/straitened @s´, poor. ¸4 ³(sing) ´(used only in) ¸pomp and @, ´show and
ceremony.¼
¨cir®cum®stan®tial© ²/*s3kEmÚstan2l/ ³adj ¸1 ´(of a description)
giving full details. ¸2 ´(of evidence) based on, consisting of details that
strongly suggest sth but do not provide direct proof. ¸@®ly ²/-n2ElI/ ³adv¼
¨cir®cum®vent© ²/*s3kEmÚvent/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´(formal) prevent (a plan) from being
carried out; find a way to get round (a law, rule, difficulty, etc).
¸cir®cum®ven®tion ²/*s3kEmÚven2n/ ³n¼
¨cir®cus© ²/Ús3kEs/ ³n ¸1 ´(in ancient Rome) ´round or oval place with seats on
all sides for public games or (in modern times) a travelling show, usu given in
a large tent (called ³the big top´) of performing animals, clever horse-riding,
etc; persons and animals giving such a show. ¸3 ´(esp in proper names) open
space where a number of streets converge: ³Piccadilly C@, ´in London.¼
¨cir®rho®sis© ²/sIÚrE8sIs/ ³n ¶[U] ´chronic (and often fatal) disease of the
liver.¼
¨cir®rus© ²/ÚsIrEs/ ³n ´type of cloud, high in the sky, delicate and feathery
in appearance.¼
¨cissy© ²/ÚsIsI/ ³adj, n ´= µsissy.¼
¨cis®tern© ²/ÚsIstEn/ ³n ´water tank, eÔg as above the bowl of a WÔC´, or for
storing water in a building, with pipes to taps on lower storeys.¼
¨cita®del© ²/ÚsItEdEl/ ³n ´fortress for protecting a town; (fig) place of
refuge or safety.¼
¨cite© ²/sñIt/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ¸1 ´give or mention as an example (esp by quoting
from a book, to support an argument, etc). ¸2 ´(US) mention for bravery in
war: ³@d in dispatches. ¸3 ´(legal) summons at law: ³be @d in divorce
proceedings. ¸ci®ta®tion ²/sñIÚteI2n/ ³n ¶[U] ´citing; ¶[C] ´sth, esp a
statement, that is @d; (US) mention in an official record (eÔg for a brave act
in war).¼
¨citi®zen© ²/ÚsItIzn/ ³n ¸1 ´person who lives in a town, not in the country:
³the @s of Paris. ¸2 ´person who has full rights in a State, either by birth or
by gaining such rights: ³immigrants who have become @s of the United States,
´Cf ³British subject; @ of the world´, cosmopolitan person. ¸Ú@®ship ²/-2Ip/ ³n
´being a @; rights and duties of a @.¼
¨cit®ric© ²/ÚsItrIk/ ³adj ¸@ acid ³n ´(chem) acid from such fruits
as lemons and limes.¼
¨cit®ron© ²/ÚsItrEn/ ³n ´(tree with) pale yellow fruit like a lemon but larger,
less acid, and thicker skinned.¼
¨cit®rous© ²/ÚsItrEs/ ³adj ´of the citrus fruits.¼
¨cit®rus© ²/ÚsItrEs/ ³n ´(bot) genus of trees that includes the lemon, lime,
citron, orange and grapefruit; (attrib) of these trees: ·Ú³@ fruit.¼
¨city© ²/ÚsItI/ ³n (pl µ-ties³) ¸1 ´large and important town; town given
special rights in self-government (in GB by royal charter, in US by a charter
from the State). ¸the C@, ´the oldest part of London, now the commercial and
financial centre. ¸2 ´people living in a @. ¸3 ´(attrib): ·*³@ ·Ú³centre´,
central area of a city; ·*³@ ·Ú³editor´, (GB) one who deals with financial
news; (US) one in charge of local news; ·*³@ ·Ú³hall´, building for transaction
of the official business of a @; ³a ·Ú³C@ man´, engaged in commerce or finance;
³@ state´, ´city that is also an independent sovereign state (eÔg Athens in
ancient times).¼
¨civet© ²/ÚsIvIt/ ³n ¸1 ´(also ¸Ú@-cat´) small spotted cat-like animal of
Africa, Asia and Europe. ¸2 ¶[U] ´strong-smelling substance from certain glands
of this animal.¼
¨civic© ²/ÚsIvIk/ ³adj ´of the official life and affairs of a town or a
citizen: ³@ duties; @ pride; a @ centre, ´where the official buildings, eÔg the
town hall, library, hospitals, etc, are grouped together. ¸civ®ics ³n pl sing-v
´study of city government, the rights and duties of citizens, etc.¼
¨civ®ies© ²/ÚsIvIz/ ³n pl ´(GB sl) civilian clothes.¼
¨civil© ²/ÚsIvl/ ³adj ¸1 ´of human society; of people living together: ³We all
have @ rights and @ duties. ¸*@ *disoÚbedience, ´organized refusal to obey the
laws (esp as part of a political campaign). ¸*@ *engiÚneering, ´the design and
building of roads, railways, canals, docks, etc. ¸*@ Úlaw, ´law dealing with
private rights of citizens, not with crime. ¸*@ Úmarriage, ´without religious
ceremony but recognized by law. ¸*@ Úrights, ´rights of a citizen to political,
racial, legal, social freedom or equality. ¸*@ Úrights movement, ´organized
movement aiming to secure for all citizens the enjoyment of constitutional
rights. ¸*@ Úwar, ´war between two sides in the same country, eÔg in the US
1861-65, in Spain 1936-39. ¸2 ´not of the armed forces. ¸*C@ DeÚfence Corps,
´organization to deal with results of attack (esp from the air). ¸*@ Úservant,
´official in the C@ Service. ¸the *C@ ÚService, ´all government departments
except the Navy, Army and Air Force. ¸3 ´politely helpful: ³The boy gave me a @
answer. Can't you be @? It was @ of them to offer to help us. ¸4 Ú@ list, ´(GB)
allowance of money made by Parliament for the royal household and royal
pensions. ¸@®ly ²/ÚsIvElI/ ³adv ´politely. ¸ci®vil®ity ²/sIÚvIlEtI/ ³n ¶[U]
´politeness ³(to)´; ³(pl; µ-ties³) ´polite acts.¼
¨ci®vil®ian© ²/sIÚvIlIEn/ ³n, adj ´(person) not serving with the armed forces:
³I asked the soldier what he was in @ life. He left the army and returned to @
life. In modern wars @s as well as soldiers are killed.¼
¨civi®li®za®tion© ²/*sIvIlñIÚzeI2n ³US: ²-ElIÚz-/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U]
´civilizing or being civilized; state of being civilized: ³The @ of mankind has
taken thousands of years. ¸2 ¶[C] ´system, stage of, social development: ³the
@s of ancient Egypt, Babylon and Persia. ¸3 ¶[U] ´civilized States
collectively: ³acts that horrified @.¼
¨civi®lize© ²/ÚsIvIlñIz/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ¸1 ´bring from a savage or ignorant
condition to a higher one (by giving education in methods of government, moral
teaching, etc). ¸2 ´improve and educate; refine the manners of: ³Many a rough
man has been @d by his wife.¼
¨civ®vies© ²/ÚsIvIz/ ³n pl ´= µcivies.¼
¨Civvy Street© ²/ÚsIvI strit/ ³n ´(GB sl) civilian life.¼
¨clack© ²/klak/ ³vi, n ´(make the) short, sharp sound of objects struck
together: ³the @ of her knitting needles; @ing typewriters; @ing tongues at
the Women's Institute.¼
¨clad© ²/klad/ ³pp ´of µclothe ´(old use): ³poorly @´, dressed in poor clothes;
(poet): ³hills @ in verdure; ´(in compounds): ·Ú³steel-@; ·Ú³iron-@.¼
¨claim©1 ²/kleIm/ ³vt,vi ¶[VP4A,7A,9,2A] ¸1 ´demand recognition that one is, or
owns, or has a right to (sth): ³Does anyone @ this umbrella? Every citizen in a
democratic country may @ the protection of the law. He @ed to be the owner
of/@ed that he owned the land. Have you @ed yet, ´eÔg made a @ under an
insurance policy. ·@ damages, ´(legal) µ¥ damage. µ¥ ´also µbonus. ¸2 ´assert;
say that sth is a fact: ³He @ed to have/@ed that he had done the work without
help. He @ed to be the best tennis player in the school. ¸3 ´(of things) need;
deserve: ³There are several matters that @ my attention.¼
¨claim©2 ²/kleIm/ ³n ¸1 ¶[C] ´assertion of a right; act of @ing±1µ(1)´: ³Does
anyone make a @ to ´(but more usu ³Does anyone @) this purse´, say that it is
his? ³His @ to own the house is invalid. ·lay @ to, ´demand (sth) as one's due:
³If the land really belongs to you, why don't you lay @ to it´, say so and try
to get it? ¸2 ¶[C] ´sum of money demanded under an insurance agreement (for
loss, damage, etc): ³make/put in a @ (for sth). ¸3 ¶[U,C] ´right to ask for:
³You have no @ on my sympathies. ¸4 ¶[C] ´sth that is @ed; piece of land (esp
in a gold-bearing region) allotted to a miner: ³stake out a @´, mark boundaries
to assert ownership. ¸Ú@®ant ²/ÚkleImEnt/ ³n ´person who makes a @, esp in
law.¼
¨clair®voy®ance© ²/kleEÚvãIEns/ ³n ¶[U] ´power of perceiving what is not
present to the senses; exceptional insight. µ¥ telepathy. ¸clair®voy®ant
²/kleEÚvãIEnt/ ³n ´person with such power.¼
¨clam© ²/klam/ ³n ´large shell-fish, with a shell in two halves, used for food.
µ¥ ´the illus at µbivalve. ¸@®bake ²/ÚklambeIk/ ³n ´(US) sea shore picnic at
which @s and other foods are baked. ¹ ³vi µ(-mm) ¸1 ¶[VP2A] ´dig for, go out
for, @s. ¸2 ¶[VP2C] ·@ up, ´(colloq) (suddenly) become silent; refuse to
speak.¼
¨clam®ber© ²/ÚklambE(r)/ ³vi ¶[VP2C] ´climb with some difficulty, using the
hands and feet: ³@ up/over a wall. ¹ n ´awkward or difficult climb.¼
¨clammy© ²/ÚklamI/ ³adj µ(-ier, -iest) ´damp; moist; cold and
sticky to the touch: ³@ hands; a face @ with sweat. ¸clam®mi®ly ³adv¼
¨clam®our© ´(US = ¸clam®or´) ²/ÚklamE(r)/ ³n ¶[C,U] ´loud confused noise or
shout, esp of people complaining angrily or making a demand. ¹ ³vi,vt
¶[VP2A,C,4A] ´make a @: ³The foolish people were @ing for war. The newspapers
@ed against the government's policy. The troops were @ing to go home.
¸clam®or®ous ²/ÚklamErEs/ ³adj ´noisy: ³a clamorous mob.¼
¨clamp© ²/klamp/ ³n ¸1 ´appliance for holding things together tightly by means
of a screw. ¸2 ´band of iron, etc for strengthening or tightening. ¹ ³vt,vi ¸1
¶[VP6A,15B] ´put a @ or @s on; put in a @. ¸2 ¶[VP2C] ·@ down (on), ´(colloq)
put pressure on; exert pressure against (in order to stop sth): ³They @ed down
on the newspapers. ´Hence, ¸Ú@-down ³n¼
¨clan© ²/klan/ ³n ´large family group, as found in tribal communities, esp
Scottish Highlanders with a common ancestor: ³the Campbell @.¼
¨clan®des®tine© ²/klanÚdestIn/ ³adj ´(formal) secret; done secretly; kept
secret: ³a @ marriage.¼
¨clang© ²/klaG/ ³vt,vi, n ¶[VP6A,2A] ´(make a) loud ringing sound (eÔg a hammer
striking an anvil): ³The tramdriver @ed his bell. The @ of the firebell alarmed
the village. ¸@er ³n ´(sl) ·drop a @er, ´say sth indiscreet or embarrassing.¼
¨clang®our© ´(US = ¸clangor´) ²/ÚklaGE(r)/ ³n ´continued clanging
noise; series of clangs. ¸clangor®ous ²/ÚklaGErEs/ ³adj¼
¨clank© ²/klaGk/ ³vt,vi, n ¶[VP6A,2A] ´(make a) dull metallic sound (not so loud
as a clang) (eÔg chains or knives striking together): ³prisoners @ing their
chains.¼
¨clan®nish© ²/ÚklanI2/ ³adj ´showing clan feeling; (of people) in the habit of
supporting one another against outsiders. ¸@®ly ³adv¼
¨clans®man© ²/ÚklanzmEn/ ³n (pl µ-men³) ´member of a clan.¼
¨clap©1 ²/klap/ ³vt,vi µ(-pp-) ¸1 ¶[VP6A,2A,B] ´show approval, applaud, by
striking (often) the front part of the hands together: ³When the violinist
finished the audience @ped for five minutes. The baby @ped its hands. ¸2
¶[VP14] ´strike or slap lightly with the open hand, usu in a friendly way: ³@
sb on the back. ¸3 ¶[VP15A,B] ´put quickly or energetically: ³@ sb in prison; @
one's hat on; @ on sail´, spread more sail. ·@ eyes on sb, ´(colloq, esp in
neg) catch sight of: ³I haven't @ped eyes on him since 1960. ¹ ³n ¸1 ´loud
explosive noise (eÔg of thunder). ¸2 ´sound of the front of the hands brought
together. (³Clapping ´is the usu word for applause, not ³claps´).¼
¨clap©2 ²/klap/ ³n ¶[U] ¸(the) @, ´(sl) venereal disease; (esp) gonorrhea.¼
¨clap®board© ²/Úklapbcrd ³US: ²Úklabcd/ ³n ´weather-board.¼
¨clap®per© ²/ÚklapE(r)/ ³n ´tongue or striker of a bell; noisy hand rattle
(used, for example, to scare birds from crops). ¸Ú@®board ³n ´(filming)
divided, hinged and marked board which is sharply closed to mark the start of
filming.¼
¨clap®trap© ²/Úklaptrap/ ³n ¶[U] ´ideas, remarks, that are intended
merely to attract attention or win applause; nonsense.¼
¨claque© ²/klak/ ³n ¶[C] ´number of persons hired to applaud at a theatre,
concert, etc.¼
¨claret© ²/ÚklarEt/ ³n ¶[U] ´(kind of) red table wine from Bordeaux; (also
³adj´) its colour, dark red.¼
¨clar®ify© ²/ÚklarIfñI/ ³vt,vi ¶[VP6A,2A] ´make or become clear;
make (a liquid, etc) free from impurities. ¸clari®fi®ca®tion ²/*klarIfIÚkeI2n/
³n ¶[U] ´@ing or being clarified.¼
¨clari®net© ²/*klarIÚnet/ ³n ´musical woodwind instrument, with finger holes
and keys. µ¥ ´the illus at µbrass. ¸@®ist, @®tist ³n ´person who plays the @.¼
¨clar®ion© ²/ÚklarIEn/ ³n ´loud, shrill call made to rouse and excite; (attrib)
loud and clear: ³a @ call; a @ voice.¼
¨clar®ity© ²/ÚklarEtI/ ³n ¶[U] ´clearness.¼
¨clash© ²/kla2/ ³vi,vt ¸1 ¶[VP6A,15B,2A,C] ´make a loud, broken, confused noise
(as when metal objects strike together): ³Their swords @ed. She @ed the pans
down on the stone floor. The cymbals @ed. ¸2 ¶[VP2A,C] ´come suddenly together;
meet in conflict: ³The two armies @ed outside the town. ¸3 ¶[VP2A,C] ´(of
events) interfere with each other because they are (to be) at the same time on
the same date: ³It's a pity the two concerts @, I want to go to both. ¸4
¶[VP3A,2A,C] ·@ (with), ´be in disagreement or at variance: ³I @ed with him/We
@ed at the last meeting of the Council. The colour of the curtains @es with the
colour of the carpet. The date of your party @es with another engagement. ¹ n
¸1 ´@ing noise: ³the @ of weapons/of pots falling/of cymbals. ¸2 ´disagreement;
conflict: ³a @ of views/opinions/colours.¼
¨clasp© ²/klqsp ³US: ²klasp/ ³n ¸1 ´device with two parts that fasten, used to
keep together two things or two parts of one thing (eÔg the ends of a necklace
or belt). ¸Ú@-knife, ´folding knife with a @ for fixing the blade when open. ¸2
´bar of silver, etc on a medal-ribbon (with the name of the battle, campaign,
etc at which the person to whom the medal was awarded was present). ¸3 ´firm
hold (with the fingers or arm); handshake; embrace. ¹ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A,15A]
´hold tightly or closely: ³@ed in each other's arms; @ sb by the hand. The
thief was @ing a knife in his hand. ·@ hands, ´shake hands with sb (showing
more emotion than in the usual handshake). ·@ one's hands, ´press them together
with the fingers interlaced: ³with hands @ed in prayer; with his hands @ed
behind him. ¸2 ¶[VP6A,15A] ´fasten with a claspµ(1)´: ³@ a bracelet round one's
wrist. ¸3 ¶[VP2A] ³This bracelet won't @´, cannot be @ed.¼
¨class© ²/klqs ³US: ²klas/ ³n ¸1 ´group having qualities of the
same kind; kind, sort or division: ³There used to be first-@, second-@ and
third-@ carriages on the trains in Britain. The second highest division of the
animal or vegetable kingdom is a @. µ¥ family, genus, order±1µ(15), phylum,
species. ³As an actor A is not in the same @ with B´, is not so good as B. ¸2
¶[U] ´system of ranks in society; caste system: ³It will be difficult to
abolish @´; (used attrib): ³@ conflicts; the ·Ú³@ struggle. ¸Ú@-conscious,
´realizing one's @ in society and the differences between social @es.
¸Ú@-feeling, ´feeling of envy, etc of one @ for another. ¸*@-Úwarfare,
´struggle, enmity, between @es. ¸3 ¶[C] ´all persons in one of these ranks:
³Society may be divided into upper, middle and lower @es. ¸4 ´group of persons
taught together; their course of teaching. ¸Ú@-fellow/-mate, ´present or past
member of the same @: ³Jim and I were @-mates last term. ¸Ú@®room, ´room where
a @ is taught. ¸5 ´(US) group of pupils or students who enter school or college
in the same year and leave together: ³the @ of 1973´, those who finished their
school course in that year. ¸6 ´all those men conscripted for service in the
armed forces in a year: ³the 1970 @. ¸7 ´(not US) grade or merit after
examination: ³take a first/second-@ degree. ¸Ú@-list, ´honours list issued by
examiners. ¸8 ´(colloq; often attrib) distinction; excellence; style: ³He's a @
tennis player. There's not much @ about her. ¹ vt ¶[VP6A,14] ´place in a
@µ(1)´: ³a ship @ed A1; to @ one thing with another. ¸@®less ³adj ´without
distinctions of @µ(2)´: ³Is a @less society possible?¼
¨clas®sic© ²/ÚklasIk/ ³adj ¸1 ´of the highest quality; having a value or
position recognized and unquestioned. ¸2 ´of the standard of ancient Greek and
Latin literature, art and culture. ¸3 ´with qualities like those of @µ(2) ´art,
iÔe simple, harmonious and restrained. ¸4 ´famous because of a long history: ³a
@ event, ´eÔg the Oxford and Cambridge boat race or the Derby. ¸5 ´(of style in
costume, etc) traditional; not new. ¹ ³n ¸1 ´writer, artist, book, etc of the
highest class: ³Milton is a @. "Robinson Crusoe' is a @. ¸2 ´ancient Greek or
Latin writer. ¸3 the @s, ´(literature of the) ancient languages of Greece and
Rome. ¸C@s, ´university course in these subjects: ³He read C@s at Oxford. ¸4 ´@
event, µ¥ ´the ³adj µ4 ´above.¼
¨clas®si®cal© ²/ÚklasIkl/ ³adj ¸1 ´in, of ancient Gk and Roman art
and literature: ³@ studies; a @ education; a ·Ú³@ scholar. ¸2 ´of proved value
because of having passed the test of time: ³@ music, ´usually taking
traditional, well-defined form as a concerto, symphony, etc, eÔg of Haydn and
Mozart. ¸3 ´simple and restrained; not over-ornamented. ¸@®ly ²/-kElI/ ³adv¼
¨clas®si®cist© ²/ÚklasIsIst/ ³n ´follower of classic style; classical scholar:
³Milton was a @.¼
¨clas®si®fi®ca®tion© ²/*klasIfIÚkeI2n/ ³n ¶[U] ´classifying or being
classified; ¶[C] ´group into which sth is put.¼
¨clas®sify© ²/ÚklasIfñI/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´arrange in classes or groups; put into a
classµ(1)´: ³In a library books are usually classified by subjects.
¸clas®si®fied ³adj ´arranged in classesµ(1)´: ³classified advertisements
´(also, colloq, ³classified ads)´; ³classified directory, ´one in which the
entries (eÔg of business firms) are entered in classes (eÔg builders,
electricians, plumbers); (US) put in a group that is officially secret:
³classified information. ¸clas®si®fi®able ²/ÚklasIfñIEbl/ ³adj ´that can be
classified.¼
¨classy© ²/ÚklqsI ³US: ²ÚklasI/ ³adj µ(-ier, -iest) ´(colloq) stylish;
superior; upper-class.¼
¨clat®ter© ²/ÚklatE(r)/ ³n sing ¸1 ´long, continuous,
resounding noise (as of hard things falling or knocking together): ³the @ of a
horse's hoofs on a hard road; the @ of machinery; the @ of cutlery. ¸2 ´noisy
talk: ³The boys stopped their @ when the teacher came into the classroom. ¹
³vi,vt ¶[VP6A,2A,C] ´make a @µ(1)´: ³Pots and pans were @ing in the kitchen.
Don't @ your knives and forks. Some of the dishes @ed down during the
earthquake.¼
¨clause© ²/klcz/ ³n ¸1 ´(gram) component of a (complex) sentence, with its own
subject and predicate, esp one doing the work of a noun, adjective or adverb:
³dependent/subordinate @. ¸2 ´(legal) complete paragraph in an agreement,
legal document, etc.¼
¨claus®tro®pho®bia© ²/*klcstrEÚfE8bIE/ ³n ¶[U] ´morbid fear of confined places
(eÔg a lift, cave or coalmine).¼
¨clavi®chord© ²/ÚklavIkcd/ ³n ´stringed instrument with a keyboard, predecessor
of the piano.¼
¨clav®icle© ²/ÚklavIkl/ ³n ´(anat) collar-bone. µ¥ ´the illus at µskeleton.¼
¨claw© ²/klc/ ³n ¸1 ´one of the pointed nails on the feet of some animals,
reptiles and birds; foot with such nails. µ¥ ´the illus at µbird. ¸2 ´pincers
of a shell-fish (eÔg a lobster). µ¥ ´the illus at µcrustacean. ¸3 ´instrument
or device like a @ (eÔg a steel hook on a machine for lifting things).
¸Ú@-hammer ³n ´hammer with one end of the head bent and divided for pulling
nails out of wood. ¹ ³vt ¶[VP3A,6A,15B] ·@ at; @ (back), ´(try to) ´get hold
of, pull, scratch, with @s or hands. Hence, ¸Ú@-back ³n ´(colloq) regaining
sth with effort and persistance.¼
¨clay© ²/kleI/ ³n ¶[U] ´stiff, sticky earth that becomes hard when baked;
material from which bricks, pots, earthenware, etc are made: (attrib) ³@ soil;
a @ pipe´, tobacco pipe made of white @. ¸@ey ²/ÚkleII/ ³adj ´of, like,
containing, covered with, @.¼
¨clean©1 ²/klin/ ³adj µ(-er, -est) ¸1 ´free from dirt: ³@ hands; @ air´, free
from smoke; a @ bomb´, atomic or hydrogen bomb that, it is claimed, explodes
without fall-out. µ¥ fall±1µ(1). ³Keep the classroom @. Wash it @. ¸2 ´not yet
used; fresh: ³Put some @ ´(eÔg after having been washed) ³sheets on the bed.
Give me a @ sheet of paper. ¸3 ´pure; innocent; free from wrong-doing or
indecency: ³a @ joke. ³You must lead a @ life. He has a @ record´, is not known
to have done wrong. ³Keep the party @´, (colloq) Don't use bad language or tell
improper stories. ¸4 ´well-formed; of good shape: ³a motor-car/ship with @
lines. µ¥ ³streamlined. ¸*@-Úlimbed ³adj ´having well-shaped limbs. ¸5 ´even;
regular; with a smooth edge or surface: ³A sharp knife makes a @ cut. C@ timber
has no knots in it. ¸6 ´skilful; smart: ³a @ boxer; ´(cricket) ³@ fielding; a @
stroke/blow. ¸7 ´having @ habits: ³a @ cat. ¸8 ´fit for food: ³@/un@ animals´,
those that are/are not considered fit for food (by religious custom). ¸9
´thorough, complete. ·make a @ sweep of, µ¥ sweep±2µ(1). µ¥ ´also µbreast ´and
µslate(2)´. ¹ ³adv ´completely; entirely: ³I @ forgot about it. The bullet went
@ through his shoulder. ·come @, ´make a full confession. ¸*@-Úbowled ³adj
´(cricket) bowled with no possibility of doubt. ¸*@-Úcut ³adj ´sharply and
pleasingly outlined: ³@-cut features. ¸*@-Úliving ³adj ´chaste. ¸*@-Úshaven
³adj ´with the hair of the face shaved off; not having a moustache or beard.¼
¨clean©2 ²/klin/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A] ´make clean (of dirt, etc): ³Wash your hands
and @ your nails. I must have this suit @ed´, sent to the dry-cleaner's. µ¥
dry±1µ(13). ³C@ your shoes before you come into the house, ´iÔe remove the mud,
etc. µ¥ brush, polish. ¸2 ¶[VP2A] ³A porcelain sink @s easily´, is easy to @.
¸3 ¶[VP15B,2C] ´(special uses with ³adverbial particles ´and ³preps´): ·@ sth
down, ´@ by brushing or wiping: ³@ down the walls. ·@ sb out, ´win or take all
the money of: ³They really @ed me out at Las Vegas, ´I lost all my money
gambling there. ·@ sth out, ´@ the inside of, remove dirt, dust, etc from:
³It's time you @ed out your bedroom. ·be @ed out, ´(colloq) have no money left.
·@ up, ´make clean or tidy; put in order: ³You should always @ up after a
picnic´, burn wastepaper, collect litter, empty bottles, etc. ·@ sth up, ¸(a)
´get rid of criminal and immoral elements, etc: ³The mayor has decided to @ up
the city´, end corruption, etc. ¸(b) ´(colloq) make money (as gain or profit).
¸Ú@-up ³n ´(esp) (process of) ending or reducing crime, corruption, etc. ´¹ ³n
´@ing: ³Give it a good @´, @ it well. ¸@er ³n ´person or thing that @s; tool,
machine, etc for @ing; substance that removes dirt, stains, grease, etc:
³send/take a suit to the (·*³dry) ·Ú³@ers; ·Ú³window-@er; ·Ú³vacuum-@er.¼
¨cleanly©1 ²/ÚklenlI/ ³adj µ(-ier, -iest) ´habitually clean; having clean
habits: ³Are cats @ animals? ¸clean®li®ness ²/ÚklenlInEs/ ³n ¶[U] ´being
clean.¼
¨cleanly©2 ²/ÚklinlI/ ³adv ´exactly; sharply; neatly: ³this knife doesn't cut
@. He caught the ball @´, without fumbling.¼
¨cleanse© ²/Úklenz/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´(formal or archaic) make
thoroughly clean; make pure: ³@ of/from sin. ¸@r ³n ¶[C,U] ´substance that @s
(eÔg a synthetic detergent).¼
¨clear©1 ²/klIE(r)/ ³adj ¸1 ´easy to see through: ³@ glass; the @ water of a
mountain lake; ´free from cloud: ³a @ sky; ´bright, pure: ³a @ light; a @ fire,
´burning without much smoke; distinct; easily seen: ³a line of hills @ in the
morning sky; a @ photograph; a @ reflection in the water. ¸2 ´free from guilt
or blame: ³a @ conscience´, knowledge that one is innocent. ¸3 ´(of sounds,
etc) easily heard; distinct; pure: ³a @ voice; the @ note of a bell; speak so
that one's words are @. ¸4 ·@ (about), ´(of and to the mind) free from doubt or
difficulty: ³a @ thinker/statement. My memory is not @ about/on that point. It
was @ (to everyone) that the war would not end quickly. ·make oneself/one's
meaning @, ´make oneself understood: ³Now, do I make myself @? ¸*@-Úheaded,
´having good understanding. ¸*@-Úsighted, ´able to see, think, understand well.
¸5 ·@ (of), ´easy or safe to pass along; free from obstacles, dangers, etc: ³Is
the road @? The coast is @´, (fig) There is no one about (so one can escape,
etc). ³Is the sea @ of ice yet? The signal "All @' was sounded, ´eÔg after an
air raid, to inform people that the raiders had left. ¸Ú@®way ³n ´(in GB)
section of the public highway on which vehicles must not stop or park. ¸6 ·@
(about) ´confident; certain: ³I want to be quite @ on this point. I am not @ as
to what you expect me to do. ¸7 ·@ (of) ´free (from debt, suspicion, a charge):
³I wish I were @ of debt. You are now @ of suspicion. ¸8 ´complete: ³for three
@ days; ´without limitations; with nothing (to be) deducted: ³a @ profit of $5;
passed by a @ majority of ten. ¹ n ·in the @, ´free from suspicion, danger,
etc. ¸@®ness ³n ¶[U] ´state of being @; clarity: ³the @ness of the atmosphere;
@ness of vision.¼
¨clear©2 ²/klIE(r)/ ³adv ¸1 ´distinctly: ³speak loud and @. ¸*@-Úcut ³adv ´well
defined; distinct; having @ outlines: ³@-cut ideas/plans. ¸2 ´quite;
completely: ³The prisoner got @ away. ¸3 ·@ (of), ´apart; without touching; at
or to a distance: ³He jumped three inches @ of the bar. Stand @ of the gates of
the lift. ·keep/stay @ of, ´avoid; have nothing to do with: ³You should keep @
of that fellow. You should keep @ of alcohol if you're driving.¼
¨clear©3 ²/klIE(r)/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A,14] ·@ sth (of/from), ´remove, get rid of,
what is unwanted or unwelcome: ³@ the streets of snow/@ snow from the streets;
@ a canal of obstructions/@ obstructions from a canal; @ a desk, ´of papers,
etc; ³@ the table, ´after a meal; ³@ land of trees, ´esp before cultivation; @
one's mind of doubt; @ oneself (of a charge)´, prove one's innocence. ·@ the
air, µ¥ air±1µ(1). ·@ the decks (for action), ´get a ship ready for a fight;
(fig) make ready for any kind of struggle or activity. ·@ one's throat, ´eÔg by
coughing. ¸2 ¶[VP6A] ´get past or over without touching: ³The winner @ed six
feet´, jumped this without touching the bar. ³Can your horse @ that hedge? Our
car only just @ed the gatepost. Jack up that wheel until it @s ´(= no longer
rests on) ³the ground. ¸3 ¶[VP6A] ´make as a net gain or profit: ³@ $50; @
expenses´, make enough money to cover them. ¸4 ¶[VP6A] ´get (a ship or its
cargo) free by doing what is necessary (signing papers, paying dues, etc) on
entering or leaving a port; ³@ goods through customs, ´deal with requirements
of the customs (eÔg by paying any necessary duties); leave (a port) after doing
this. ¸5 ¶[VP6A] ´pass a cheque/bill of exchange etc through a clearing-house.
¸6 ¶[VP15B,2C] ´(special uses with ³adverbial particles ´and ³preps´):¼
·@ away, ´pass away: ³The clouds have @ed away. ·@ sth away, ´take away, get
rid of: ³@ away the tea-things.¼
·@ off, ´(colloq, of a person) go away; get rid of: ³they @ed off/we @ed them
off fast. ·@ sth off, ´get rid of, make an end of: ³@ off a debt; @ off arrears
of work.¼
·@ out, ´(colloq) go away; leave: ³The police are after you, you'd better @
out! ·@ sth out, ´empty; make clear by taking out the contents of: ³@ out a
drain/a cupboard. All these hospital expenses have @ed me out´, (colloq) have
left me without money.¼
·@ up, ´become clear: ³The weather/The sky is @ing up. ·@ sth up, ¸(a) ´put in
order; make tidy: ³C@ up your desk before you leave the office. Who's going to
@ up the mess? ¸(b) ´make clear; solve (a mystery, etc): ³@ up a
difficulty/misunderstanding.¼
¨clear®ance© ²/ÚklIErEns/ ³n ¸1 ´clearing up, removing, making
tidy: ³a @ sale´, a sale to clear out unwanted or superfluous stocks of goods.
³You've made a tremendous @ in the flat´, made it tidy, etc by getting rid of
what was unwanted. ¸2 ¶[C,U] ´free space; space between, for moving past: ³a @
of only two feet, ´eÔg for a ship moving through a canal. ³There is not
much/not enough @ for large lorries passing under this bridge. ¸3 ´(certificate
of) clearing a ship, µ¥ clear±3µ(4).¼
¨clear®ing© ²/ÚklIErIG/ ³n ´open space from which trees have been cleared in a
forest. ¸Ú@-house, ´office at which banks exchange cheques, etc and settle
accounts, the balance being paid in cash.¼
¨clear®ly© ²/ÚklIElI/ ³adv ¸1 ´distinctly: ³speak @; state one's facts @. It is
too dark to see @. ¸2 ´obviously; undoubtedly: ³"Was he mistaken?' "C@'.¼
¨cleat© ²/klit/ ³n ¸1 ´strip of wood, etc fastened to a gangway, etc to prevent
slipping. ¸2 ´piece of wood, metal, etc bolted on to sth, on which ropes may be
fastened (by winding). ¸3 ´piece of material fastened to the underside of a
shoe or boot (eÔg for football) to prevent slipping. ¸4 µV-´shaped wedge.¼
¨cleav®age© ²/ÚklivIdZ/ ³n ´split or division; direction in which sth tends to
split or divide; place where there is a split or cleft; (colloq) the cleft
between a woman's breasts as seen above a low neckline of a dress.¼
¨cleave©1 ²/kliv/ ³vt,vi (pt µclove ²/klE8v/, µcleft ²/kleft/ ´or
µcleaved ²/klivd/, ³pp µcloven ²/klE8vn/, µcleft ´or µcleaved³) ¸1
¶[VP6A,22,15A,B] ´cut into two (with a blow from a heavy axe, etc); split: ³@ a
block of wood in two; @ a man's head open with a sword. ¸2 ¶[VP2A] ´come apart;
split: ³This wood @s easily. ¸3 ¶[VP6A,14] ·@ (through), ´make by cutting: ³@
one's way through the crowd; @ a path through the jungle. ·in a cleft stick,
´(fig) in a tight place where neither advance nor retreat is possible. ¸*cleft
Úpalate ³n ´malformation in the roof of the mouth because the two sides of the
palate did not join before birth. ¸*cloven Úhoof ³n ´divided hoof of an ox, a
sheep, a goat (and a devil).¼
¨cleave©2 ²/kliv/ ³vi (pp µ@d´, ³pt µ@d ´or, old form, µclave ²/kleIv/³)
¶[VP3A] ·@ to, ´stick fast to; (fig) be faithful to.¼
¨cleaver© ²/ÚklivE(r)/ ³n ´heavy knife used by a butcher for chopping up meat.¼
¨clef© ²/klef/ ³n ´(music) symbol placed at the beginning of a stave to show
the pitch of the notes. µ¥ ´the illus at µnotation.¼
¨cleft©1 ²/kleft/ ³n ´crack or split (eÔg in the ground or in rock); opening
made by a cleavage.¼
¨cleft©2 ²/kleft/ ³pt,pp ´of µcleave±1µ.¼
¨cle®ma®tis© ²/ÚklemEtIs/ ³n ¶[U] ´(kinds of) climbing plant with clusters of
white, yellow or purple flowers.¼
¨clem®ency© ²/ÚklemEnsI/ ³n ¶[U] ´(formal) mercy; mildness (of
temper or weather).¼
¨clem®ent© ²/ÚklemEnt/ ³adj ´(formal) showing mercy; (of the weather, a
person's temper) mild.¼
¨clench© ²/klent2/ ³vt ¸1 ¶[VP6A] ´press firmly together, close tightly: ³@
one's teeth/jaws; @ one's fingers/fist; a @ed-fist salute. ¸2 ¶[VP14] ´grasp
firmly: ³@ sth in/with one's hand(s). ¸3 ´= µclinch.¼
¨clere®story© ²/ÚklIEstcrI/ ³n (pl µ-ries³) ´upper part of a wall in a large
church, with windows in it above the aisle roofs. µ¥ ´the illus at µchurch.¼
¨clergy© ²/Úkl3dZI/ ³n ´(collective ³n ´with ³pl v´) ´persons ordained as
priests or ministers of the Christian Church: ³Thirty of the @ were present at
the ceremony. The @ are opposed to the plan. ¸Ú@®man ²/-mEn/ ³n (pl µ-men³)
´(not used of a bishop) ordained minister, esp of the Church of England.¼
¨cleric© ²/ÚklerIk/ ³n ´clergyman.¼
¨cleri®cal© ²/ÚklerIkl/ ³adj ¸1 ´of the clergy: ³@ dress; a @ collar. ¸2 ´of,
for, made by, a clerk or clerksµ(1)´: ·Ú³@ work; a @ error, ´one made in
copying or writing.¼
¨cleri®hew© ²/ÚklerIhju/ ³n ´witty or nonsensical piece of verse, usu two
rhyming couplets of varying length.¼
¨clerk© ²/klqk ³US: ²kl3k/ ³n ¸1 ´person employed in a bank,
office, shop, etc to keep records and accounts, copy letters, etc: ³a ·Ú³bank
@; a ·*³corre·Ú³spondence @. ¸2 ´officer in charge of records, etc: ³the Town
C@; the C@ to the Council, ´(usu a lawyer); ³@ of the works´, having charge of
materials, etc for building done by contract. ¸3 ´(US) shop-assistant; salesman
or saleswoman. ¸4 ´(formal or legal): ³@ in holy orders´, clergyman. ¸5 ´lay
officer of the church with various duties: ³the parish @. ¸6 ´(old use) person
who can read and write: ³I'm no great @´, am not much good at writing. ¹ ³vi
´(US only) work as a @µ(3).¼
¨clever© ²/ÚklevE(r)/ ³adj µ(-er, -est) ¸1 ´quick in learning and understanding
things; skilful: ³He's @ at arithmetic/at making excuses. How @ of you to do
that! He's a @ workman. ¸2 ´(of things done) showing ability and skill: ³a @
speech/book. ¸3 ´nimble: ³@ fingers. ¸4 ´smart: ³He was too @ for us´, he
outwitted us. ¸@®ly ³adv ¸@®ness ³n¼
¨clew© ²/klu/ ³n ´(naut) metal loop attached to the lower corner of a sail;
loop holding the strings of a hammock. ¹ ³vt ´(also ³clue´) (naut) haul a sail
up or down.¼
¨clich_e© ²/Úkli2eI ³US: ²kliÚ2eI/ ³n ¶[C] ´idea or expression that has been
too much used and is now out-dated; stereotyped phrase: ³a @-ridden newspaper
article.¼
¨click©1 ²/klIk/ ³vi, n ¶[VP6A,2A,C] ´(make a) short, sharp sound (like that of
a key turning in a lock): ³The door @ed shut. The soldier @ed his heels and
saluted. Some African languages contain several @s´, @ing sounds.¼
¨click©2 ²/klIk/ ³vi ¶[VP2A] ´(sl; not US) strike up an acquaintance, become
friends, at once.¼
¨cli®ent© ²/ÚklñIEnt/ ³n ¸1 ´person who gets help or advice from a lawyer or
any professional man: ³a successful lawyer with hundreds of @s. ¸2 ´customer
(at a shop). ¸cli®en®tele ²/*kliEnÚtel ³US: ²*klñIEn-/ ³n ´(collective)
customers; patrons of a restaurant, theatre, etc.¼
¨cliff© ²/klIf/ ³n ´steep face of rock, esp at the edge of the sea.
¸Ú@-hanger ³n ´episode in a story or contest of which the end is uncertain, so
that the reader or spectator is held in suspense.¼
¨cli®mac®ter®ic© ²/klñIÚmaktErIk/ ³n ´critical turning-point in (the body's)
physical development.¼
¨cli®mac®tic© ²/klñIÚmaktIk/ ³adj ´forming a climax.¼
¨cli®mate© ²/ÚklñImIt/ ³n ¸1 ´weather conditions of a place or area; conditions
of temperature, rainfall, wind, etc. ¸2 ´area or region with certain weather
conditions: ³A drier @ would be good for her health. ¸3 ´prevailing condition:
³the political @; @ of opinion´, general attitude of people to an aspect of
life, policy, etc. ¸cli®mat®ic ²/klqIÚmatIk/ ³adj ´of @. ¸cli®mati®cally
²/-klI/ ³adv ¸cli®ma®tol®ogy ²/*klñImEÚtolEdZI/ ³n ¶[U] ´science of @.¼
¨cli®max© ²/ÚklñImaks/ ³n ´event, point, of greatest interest or intensity (eÔg
in a story or drama): ³bring matters to a @; work up to a @; as a @ to
the evening's entertainment. ¹ ³vt,vi ´bring or come to a @.¼
¨climb© ²/klñIm/ ³vt,vi ¶[VP6A,2A,C] ´go or get up (a tree, wall, rope,
mountain, etc) or down; (of aircraft) go higher, gain height; (of plants) grow
upwards by turning round a support, or with the support of tendrils, etc; rise
by effort in social rank, position, etc: ³@ a tree; @ up/down a tree; @ a wall;
@ over a wall. Monkeys @ well. ·@ down, ´(fig) admit that one has been
mistaken, unreasonable, boastful, etc. Hence, ¸Ú@-down ³n ´such an admission.
¸Ú@ing irons ³n ´spikes (to be) fastened to the boots for @ing trees,
ice-slopes, etc. ¹ ³n ´@ing; place (to be) @ed: ³a hard @. Have you done that
@? ¸@er ³n ´person who @s; person who tries to advance socially; @ing plant.¼
¨clime© ²/klñIm/ ³n ´(poet) climateµ(2)´.¼
¨clinch© ²/klInt2/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A] ´make (a nail or rivet) fast by hammering
sideways the end that protrudes. ¸2 ¶[VP6A] ´settle (a bargain, an argument)
conclusively: ³That @es the argument´, ends all doubt. ¸3 ¶[VP2A] ´(boxing)
come to grips, with one or both arms round the opponent's body: ³The boxers @ed
and the referee intervened. ¹ n ´(boxing) the act, an instance, of @ing: ³get
into a @; break a @; ´(colloq) embrace. ¸@er ³n ´(colloq) @ing argument.¼
¨cling© ²/klIG/ ³vi (pt,pp µclung ²/klAG/³) ¶[VP2C,3A] ·@ to/together, ´hold
tight; resist separation: ³@ to one's possessions; @ to a hope of being
rescued. They clung together when the time came to part. The ship clung to ´(=
did not go far from) ³the coast. The child clung to its mother's
skirt/garments. She's the @ing sort´, is prone to depend upon others. ¸Ú@®ing
clothes ³n ´showing the shape or outline of the body or limbs.¼
¨cli®nic© ²/ÚklInIk/ ³n ¸1 ´(part of a) hospital or institution where medical
advice and treatment are given and where students are taught through
observation of cases; teaching so given; class of students taught in this way.
¸2 ´medical establishment for a specified purpose: ³a ·Ú³birth-control @; an
·*³ante-·Ú³natal @; an a·Ú³bortion @.¼
¨cli®ni®cal© ²/ÚklInIkl/ ³adj ¸1 ´(of medical teaching given) at the hospital
bedside: ³@ thermometer´, one for measuring the temperature of the body. ¸2
´objectiveµ(2)´; uninvolved: ³@ judgement.¼
¨clink©1 ²/klIGk/ ³vi,vt, n ¶[VP6A,2A,C] ´(make the) sound of small bits of
metal, glass, etc knocking together: ³the @ of keys/glasses. They @ed glasses´,
brought their glasses together before drinking each other's health.¼
¨clink©2 ²/klIGk/ ³n ´(sl) prison: ³be in @; be put in @; go to @.¼
¨clinker© ²/ÚklIGkE(r)/ ³n ¶[C,U] ´(piece of the) mass of rough, hard,
slag-like material left in a stove, furnace, etc after coal has been burned.¼
¨clinker-built© ²/ÚklIGkE bIlt/ ³adj ´(of boats) made with the outside planks
or metal plates overlapping downwards.¼
¨clip©1 ²/klIp/ ³n ¶[C] ¸1 ´wire or metal device for holding things (eÔg
papers) together. ¸2 ´holder (with loops) for cartridges (to be used in a
magazine rifle). ¹ ³vt µ(-pp-) ¶[VP6A,15B,2C] ´put or keep together with a @ or
@s: ³@ papers together; @ one paper to another. ¸Ú@-on ³adj ´(attrib) that can
be attached with a @: ³a @-on tie/brooch.¼
¨clip©2 ²/klIp/ ³vt µ(-pp-) ¸1 ¶[VP6A,22,15A,B] ´cut with scissors or shears;
make short or neat; cut off wool from (a sheep, etc): ³@ a hedge; @ a bird's
wings; @ sb's wings´, (fig) prevent him from doing what he is ambitious to do.
·@ sth out (of), ´remove by @ping: ³@ an article out of a newspaper. ¸Ú@-joint
³n ´(US sl) club that over-charges; business that defrauds. ¸2 ¶[VP6A] ´omit or
abbreviate (esp the end of) sounds of (words). ¸3 ¶[VP6A] ´punch a hole in (a
bus, tram or train ticket). ¸4 ´(sl) hit or punch sharply: ³@ sb's ear; @ sb on
the jaw. ¹ n ¸1 ´operation of shearing. ¸2 ´amount of wool cut from (a flock
of) sheep at one time. ¸3 ´smart blow: ³a @ on the jaw. ¸4 ´(US) fast speed.
¸@®ping ³n ´(in verbal senses) (esp) sth @ped off or out; ³newspaper @pings.¼
¨clip®per© ²/ÚklIpE(r)/ ³n ¸1 ·(pair of) @s, ´instrument for clipping:
·Ú³hair-@s; ·Ú³nail-@s. ¸2 ´sailing ship built for speed and used formerly esp
in the tea-trade, µ¥ ´the illus at µbarque´; (before jet aircraft)
propeller-driven air-liner.¼
¨clique© ²/klik/ ³n ´group of persons united by common interests
(esp in literature or art), members of which support each other and shut out
others from their company. ¸cliquish ²/ÚklikI2/ ³adj ´of or like a @; tending
to form a @.¼
¨clit®oris© ²/ÚklItErIs/ ³n ´(anat) erectile organ at the upper end of the
vulva, analogous to the penis.¼
¨cloak© ²/klE8k/ ³n ´loose outer garment, without sleeves; (fig) sth used to
hide or keep secret: ³use patriotism as a @ for violence; under the @ of
darkness. ·@ and dagger, ´(used attrib) in the style of, concerning, espionage,
melodramatic intrigue, etc. ¸Ú@®room ³n ´place where hats, coats, parcels, etc
may be left for a short time (eÔg in a theatre or a railway station); (euphem)
lavatory. ¹ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´(chiefly fig) conceal (thoughts, purposes, etc).¼
¨clob®ber©1 ²/ÚklobE(r)/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´(sl) ¸1 ´strike violently and repeatedly;
hurt badly: ³@ the taxpayer, ´by heavy taxation. ¸2 ´defeat thoroughly: ³Our
team got @ed on Saturday.¼
¨clob®ber©2 ²/ÚklobE(r)/ ³n ´(GB sl) clothing; equipment.¼
¨cloche© ²/klo2/ ³n ¶[C] ¸1 ´glass or clear plastic protection, placed in long
rows over tender plants; (older use) bell-shaped glass cover for a plant. ¸2
´woman's close-fitting hat.¼
¨clock©1 ²/klok/ ³n ´instrument (not carried or worn like a watch) for
measuring and showing the time. ·put the Ú@ back, ¸(a) ´move the hands of the @
back (eÔg when Summer Time ends). ¸(b) ´(fig) take reactionary measures. ·work
against the @, ´work fast to finish before a certain time. ·(work) round the @,
´(work) all day and night. Hence, ¸*round-the-Ú@, ´(used attrib): ³a
round-the-@ watch/guard on sth, ´all day and night. ¸Ú@-face/-dial, ´surface of
a @ showing figures marking the hours, etc. ¸@-Úgolf, ´game in which a
golf-ball is putted on greens arranged in a circle. ¸Ú@-tower, ´tall structure
(forming part of a building, eÔg a church) with a @ high up on an outside wall.
¸Ú@-watching, ´practice (of some workers) of thinking constantly of how soon
work will end. ¸Ú@®wise/*anti-Ú@®wise ³adv ´moving in a curve in the same
direction as/in the direction opposite to that taken by the hands of a @.
¸Ú@®work, ´(often attrib) mechanism with wheels and springs like a @: ³@work
toys; a @work driven train; with @work precision; like @work´, smoothly,
without trouble. ¹ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A] ´measure the time of; do sth (eÔg run a
race) in a measured period of time: ³He @ed 9²Ø³6 seconds for the 100 metres.
¸2 ¶[VP2C,15B] ·@ (sb) in/out; @ (sb) on/off, ´record/have recorded the time
of (eÔg arrival/departure): ³Workers in this factory are required to @ in and
out. ¸3 ¶[VP6A] ´(GB sl) strike; hit: ³If you don't shut up, I'll @ you one.¼
¨clock©2 ²/klok/ ³n ´design sewn or woven on the side of a sock or
stocking, at the ankle.¼
¨clod© ²/klod/ ³n ´lump (of earth, clay, etc). ¸Ú@®hop®per ²/-hopE(r)/ ³n
´(derog) clumsy, heavy-footed person, esp a rough farm worker.¼
¨clog©1 ²/klog/ ³n ¸1 ´shoe with a wooden sole; shoe carved out of a block of
wood. ¸Ú@-dance ³n ´dance in which the dancer wears @s or wooden-soled shoes.
¸2 ´block of wood fastened to the leg of an animal to prevent its straying;
(fig) encumbrance: ³a @ on his movements.¼
¨clog©2 ²/klog/ ³vt,vi µ(-gg-) ¶[VP6A,15B,2A,C] ·@ (up), ¸1 ´(cause to) be or
become blocked with waste matter, dirt, grease, etc so that movement, flow of
liquid, etc is difficult or prevented: ³pipes @ged with dirt; machinery @ged
(up) with grease. ¸2 ´encumber; burden: ³Don't @ (up) your memory with useless
facts. ¸@gy ³adj µ(-ier, -iest) ´lumpy; sticky.¼
¨cloi®sonn_e© ²/klwqÚzoneI ³US: ²*klãIzEÚneI/ ³n ¶[U] ´enamel ware, in which
the colours of the design are kept apart by thin metal strips.¼
¨clois®ter© ²/ÚklãIstE(r)/ ³n ¸1 ´covered walk, usu on the sides of an open
court or quadrangle, with a wall on the outer side and columns or arches on the
inner side, esp within a convent, cathedral or college building. µ¥ ´the illus
at µchurch. ¸2 ´(life in a) convent or monastery. ¸the @ ³n ´the seclusion of a
convent, etc. ¹ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´put in, live in, a @µ(2)´: ³live a @ed life´, a
life of seclusion.¼
¨clone© ²/klE8n/ ³n ´(member of a) group of organisms produced
asexually from one ancestor.¼
¨close©1 ²/klE8s/ ³adj µ(-r, -st) ¸1 ´near (in space or time): ³fire at @
range; in @ combat; in @ proximity´, almost touching. ·a @ call/thing, ´almost
an accident, disaster or failure. ·a @ shave, ´(fig) a narrow escape from
collision or accident. ¸Ú@-up ³n ¸(a) ´photograph, esp as shown on a cinema or
television screen, taken at @ range and showing the subject on a large scale.
¸(b) ´close view. ¸2 ´with little or no space in between: ³@ writing; material
of @ texture, ´eÔg woven with the threads @ together. ³The soldiers advanced in
@ order´, with little space between them. ¸3 ´strict; severe; rigorous: ³a @
blockade/siege; in @ confinement; be (kept) under @ arrest. ·keep a @ watch on
sb, ´watch him carefully. ¸4 ´detailed; leaving no gaps or weak points; showing
each step clearly: ³a @ argument; @ reasoning; a @ reasoner. ¸5 ´thorough;
concentrated: ³after @ consideration; on @r examination. You must give me your
@ attention. Please make a @ ´(= faithful and exact) ³translation. ¸6
´intimate: ³a @ friend/friendship. ¸7 ´restricted; limited: ³a @ scholarship´,
open only to a restricted category of candidates. ¸8 ´(of competitions, games,
their results) in which the competitors are almost equal: ³a @
contest/match/election/finish. ¸9 ´(phonetics; of vowels) made with the tongue
and the roof of the mouth fairly close together: ³The English vowels ²/i/ ³and
²/u/ ³are @. ¸10 ´(also ¸*@-Úfisted´) stingy; niggardly. ¸11 Ú@ season, ´time
(the breeding season) during which the killing of certain wild birds and
animals, and the catching of certain fish, is illegal. ¸12 ´(of the weather)
stifling; (of a room, etc) unventilated; having little fresh air; (of the air)
difficult to breathe because heavy: ³Open the windowsÅthis room/the air here is
too @. ¸13 ´concealed; secret; not in the habit of talking about one's affairs:
³keep/lie @ for a while´, keep one's whereabouts secret, not show oneself;
³keep sth @´, say nothing about it, keep it secret; ³be @ ´(= secretive) ³about
sth, ´Cf ³keep sth to oneself. ¸@®ly ³adv ´in a @ manner: ³listen @ly; follow
an argument @ly; a @ly contested election. She @ly resembles her mother.
¸@®ness ³n ´being @: the @ness of a
resemblance/friendship/translation/pursuit.¼
¨close©2 ²/klE8s/ ³adv ´in a close manner; near together; tightly: ³follow @
behind sb; stand/sit @ against the wall; come @r together; @ shut. ·@ at hand,
´not far away. ·@ by (sth); @ to sth, ´near (it): ³He lives @ by (the church).
There's a bus-stop @ to the school. The ship kept @ to the coast. ·@ up (to
sb/sth), ´very near in space (to him/it): ³Snuggle as @ up to me as you can. ·@
on/upon ´almost; very near to: ³He is @ upon sixty. It was @ on midnight. ·sail
@ to the wind, ´sail almost against the wind; (fig) almost break a law or a
moral principle. ¸*@-Úcropped/Úcut ³adj ´(of hair, grass, etc) cut very short.
¸*@-Úfitting ³adj ´fitting @ (to the body, etc): ³a @-fitting dress.
¸*@-Úgrained ³adj ´(esp of wood) having a grain in which the lines in the
pattern made by growth are @ together (eÔg mahogany). ¸*@-Úhauled ³adj ´(of a
sailing-ship) with the sails set for sailing as nearly as possible in the
direction from which the wind is blowing. ¸*@-Úset ³adj ´set, placed, @
together: ³@-set eyes/teeth.¼
¨close©3 ²/klE8s/ ³n ¸1 ´grounds round a cathedral, abbey or
school, usu with its buildings (houses of the clergy, etc) round it. ¸2
´cul-de-sac.¼
¨close©4 ²/klE8z/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A,2A] ´shut: ³If you @ your eyes, you can't
see. Did you @ all the doors and windows? This box/The lid of this box doesn't
@ properly´, The lid does not fit properly. ³Many flowers open in the morning
and @ at night. ·@d book, ´(fig) subject about which one knows nothing:
³Nuclear physics is a @d book to most of us. ¸2 ¶[VP6A,2A] ´be, declare, be
declared, not open: ³This road is @d to heavy motor traffic. The theatres have
@d for the summer. It's Sunday, so the shops are @d. Wednesday is early-closing
day here´, the day on which shops @ for a half-holiday. ³When is ·Ú³closing
time´, the time at which shops, etc, stop doing business? ³The inquiry was held
behind/with @d doors´, the public being excluded. ¸*@d Úcircuit ³n ´(in TÔV)
circuit by which the current from the camera to the screen has its path along
wires all the way (instead of being transmitted through the air): (attrib)
·*³@d-·*³circuit ·Ú³television. ¸*@d Úshop ³n ´trade or profession, workshop,
factory, establishment, etc in which employment is open only to members of an
approved trade union. ¸3 ¶[VP6A,2A] ´bring or come to an end: ³@ a discussion;
the closing days of the year; the closing ´(= last, final) ³day for
applications. The chairman declared the discussion @d. I want to @ my account´,
settle it by paying or receiving money that is due. ·@ a deal, ´complete it, by
agreeing to the terms, etc. ¸Úclosing prices, ´(comm) prices of shares quoted
at a Stock-Exchange at the end of a day's business. ¸4 ¶[VP6A,2C] ´bring or
come together by making less space or fewer spaces between: ³@ the ranks; @
up´, (of soldiers, etc) come @r together in line or lines. ¸5 ¶[VP15B,2A,3A]
´(special uses with ³adverbial particles ´and ³preps´):¼
·@ down, ¸(a) ´(of a factory, business, etc) stop production, shut completely:
³The factory (was) @d down because of a lack of orders. ¸(b) ´(of a
broadcasting station) stop transmitting: ³The time is just after midnight and
we are now closing down. ´Hence, ¸Ú@-down ³n¼
·@ in, ³The days are closing in´, getting shorter. ·@ in on/upon, ¸(a)
´envelop: ³Darkness @d in on us. ¸(b) ´come near(er) and attack: ³The enemy @d
in upon us.¼
·@ with, ¸(a) ´come within striking distance of (an enemy, etc). ¸(b) ´accept
(an offer); make a bargain with.¼
¨close©5 ²/klE8z/ ³n sing ´end (of a period of time); conclusion (of an
activity, etc): ³at the @ of the day; towards the @ of the 17th century; (at)
(the) @ of play´, (cricket) (at the) end of play for the day. ³The day had
reached its @. ·draw/bring sth to a @, ´end.¼
¨closet© ²/ÚklozIt/ ³n ¸1 ´(now chiefly US) small room for storing
things. µ¥ cupboard, storeroom. ¸2 ´(old use) small room for private
interviews. ¸3 ´(old use) water-closet. µ¥ water±1µ(7). ´¹ ³attrib adj
´(colloq) ´acting only in private; not publicly known: ³I suspect he's a @
fascist. ¹ ³vt ´(usu passive) ·be @ed with sb/together, ´have a private meeting
with: ³He was @ed with the manager/They were @ed together for two hours.¼
¨clo®sure© ²/ÚklE8ZE(r)/ ³n ¸1 ´(US = µcloture´) ¶[C,U] ´(in Parliament) device
to end a debate by taking a vote on a question: ³apply the @ to a debate; move
the @. µ¥ guillotine. ¸2 ¶[C] ´act of closing: ³pit @s´, eÔg of coal-mines
which are no longer economic.¼
¨clot© ²/klot/ ³n ¶[C] ¸1 ´half-solid lump formed from liquid, esp blood. ¸2
´(dated schoolboy sl) idiot, fool. ¹ ³vt,vi µ(-tt-) ¶[VP6A,2A] ´form into @s:
³@ted cream, ´made by scalding it; ³@ted hair´, stuck together by dirt or
blood, etc.¼
¨cloth© ²/kloT ³US: ²klcT/ ³n (pl µ@s ²/kloTs ³US: ²klcDz/³) ¸1 ¶[U] ´material
made by weaving (cotton, wool, silk, linen, etc): ³three yards of @; a book
with a @ binding. ¸2 ¶[C] ´piece of this material for a special purpose: ³a
·Ú³floor@; a ·Ú³dish@. ¸3 ¶[U] ´profession as shown by the clothes worn: ³the
respect due to his @. ¸the @, ´the clergy.¼
¨clothe© ²/klE8D/ ³vt (pt,pp µclothed ²/klE8Dd/, ´or, old style µclad ²/klad/³)
¶[VP6A] ¸1 ´wear clothes; put clothes on, supply clothes for: ³warmly @d; @d in
wool. He has to work hard in order to @ his family´, earn money for their
clothes. ¸2 ´(fig) express: ³His sentiments were @d in suitable language.¼
¨clothes© ²/klE8Dz ³US: ²klE8z/ ³n pl ´(no ³sing´; not used with numerals) ¸1
´coverings for a person's body; dress: ³a baby in long @; a ·Ú³@-brush. ¸2
Úbed-@, ´sheets, blankets, etc, for or on a bed. ¸Ú@-basket, ´one for @ which
are to be, or have been, washed. ¸Ú@-horse, ´frame for airing @ that have been
washed and dried. ¸Ú@-line, ´rope (stretched between posts) on which @ are hung
to be dried after being washed. ¸Ú@-peg/-pin, ´one used for fastening @ to a
@-line. µ¥ ´the illus at µpeg.¼
¨cloth®ier© ²/ÚklE8DIE(r)/ ³n ´dealer in cloth or clothes.¼
¨cloth®ing© ²/ÚklE8DIG/ ³n ¶[U] ´(collective) clothes: ³articles of @.¼
¨clo®ture© ²/ÚklE8t2E(r)/ ³n ´(US) = µclosure(1).¼
¨cloud© ²/klñ8d/ ³n ¸1 ¶[C,U] ´(separate mass of) visible water
vapour floating above the earth: ³The top of the mountain was covered
with/hidden under @. Large, black @s announced a coming storm. ¸Ú@-bank ³n
´thick mass of low @. ¸Ú@-burst ³n ´sudden and violent rainstorm. ¸Ú@-capped
³adj ´(eÔg of mountains) having the top enveloped in @. ¸@-Úcuckoo-land ³n
´imaginary and ridiculously ideal place. ¸2 ´mass of things moving together: ³a
@ of arrows/insects/horsemen, etc. ¸3 ´mass ³(of ´smoke, dust, sand, etc) in
the air. ¸4 ´vague patch on or in a liquid or a transparent object. ¸5
´something that causes unhappiness or fear: ³the @s of war; a @ of gloom.
·under a @, ´out of favour, under suspicion, in disgrace. ¸6 ³(pl) ·(have one's
head) in the @s, ´(fig) with one's thoughts far away, not paying attention (to
one's surroundings, etc). ¹ ³vi,vt ¶[VP2A,C,3A,6A] ·@ (over), ´become, make,
indistinct (as) through @: ³The sky @ed over. Her eyes were @ed (over) with
tears. All these troubles have @ed his mind´, have affected his reason. ¸@®less
³adj ´free from @s; clear: ³a @less sky. ¸@y ³adj µ(-ier, -iest) ¸1 ´covered
with @s: ³a @y sky. ¸2 ´(esp of liquids) not clear.¼
¨clout© ²/klñ8t/ ³n ¸1 ´(colloq) blow or knock (on the head, etc, given with
the hand). ¸2 ´(archaic) piece of old cloth used for housework, etc: ³a
·Ú³dish-@. ¸3 ´(archaic) article of clothing. ¹ ³vt ´(colloq) hit: ³@ sb on the
head.¼
¨clove©1 µ¥ cleave±1µ.¼
¨clove©2 ²/klE8v/ ³n ´dried, unopened flower-bud of a tropical tree, used as a
spice. ¸*oil of Ú@s, ´oil extracted from @s and used in medicine.¼
¨clove©3 ²/klE8v/ ³n ´one of the small, separate sections of a compound bulb:
³a @ of garlic.¼
¨clove hitch© ²/ÚklE8v hIt2/ ³n ´knot for fastening a rope round a pole, etc.
µ¥ ´the illus at µknots.¼
¨clo®ven© µ¥ cleave±1µ.¼
¨clo®ver© ²/ÚklE8vE(r)/ ³n ¶[U] ´low-growing plant with (usu) three
leaves on each stalk, and purple, pink or white flowers, grown as food for
cattle, etc. ·be/live in @, ´in great comfort and luxury. ¸Ú@-leaf, ´highway
intersection with flyovers, etc forming the pattern of a four-leaved @.
¸*four-leaf Ú@, ´rare variety with four-leaved stalk, the finding of which is
considered to be a good omen.¼
¨clown© ²/klñ8n/ ³n ´person (esp in a circus or pantomime) who makes a living
by performing amusing or foolish tricks and antics; person acting like a @;
rude, clumsy man. ¹ ³vi ¶[VP2A] ´behave like a @: ³Stop all this @ing. ¸@®ish
³adj ´of or like a @.¼
¨cloy© ²/klãI/ ³vt,vi ¶[VP6A,2A] ´make or become distasteful by excess,
sweetness, richness (of food, pleasure, etc); satiate: ³@ed with pleasure; @
the appetite by eating too much sweet food.¼
¨club©1 ²/klAb/ ³n ¸1 ´heavy stick with one thick end, used as a weapon. ¸2
´stick with a curved head for hitting the ball in golf and hockey. ¹ ³vt
µ(-bb-) ¶[VP6A,16A] ´hit with a @: ³He had been @bed to death. They @bed him
with their rifles. ¸*@-Úfoot ³n ´foot that is (from birth) thick and badly
formed, hence, ¸*@-Úfooted ³adj¼
¨club©2 ²/klAb/ ³n ´one of the thirteen playing-cards with a black three-leaf
design printed on it: ³the ace/ten of @s; play a small @; C@s are trumps. µ¥
´the illus at µcard.¼
¨club©3 ²/klAb/ ³n ¸1 ´society of persons who subscribe money to provide
themselves with sport, social entertainment, or any other shared activity,
sometimes in their own grounds, buildings, etc where meals and bedrooms are
available; the rooms or building(s) used by such a society (also called a
¸Ú@house´). ¹ ³vi µ(-bb-) ¶[VP2C] ·@ together, ´join or act (together, with
others) for a common purpose: ³The villagers @bed together to help the old
pensioners whose house had been burnt down. ¸Ú@®bable ²/ÚklAbEbl/ ³adj ´fit for
membership of a @µ(1)´; sociable.¼
¨cluck© ²/klAk/ ³vi, n ¶[VP2A] ´(make the) noise made by a hen, eÔg
when calling her chickens.¼
¨clue© ²/klu/ ³n ´fact, idea, etc that suggests a possible answer to a problem:
³get/find a @ to a mystery. ·not have a @, ´(colloq) be completely ignorant of,
unable to understand or explain (what is in question).¼
¨clump©1 ²/klAmp/ ³n ´group or cluster (³of ´trees, shrubs or plants): ³growing
in @s. ¹ vt ´plant in @s.¼
¨clump©2 ²/klAmp/ ³vi ¶[VP2A,C] ´tread heavily: ³@ about´, walk about putting
the feet down heavily.¼
¨clumsy© ²/ÚklAmzI/ ³adj µ(-ier, -iest) ¸1 ´heavy and ungraceful in movement or
construction; not well designed for its purpose: ³The @ workman put his elbow
through the window and broke it. An axe would be a @ tool to open a tin of jam
with. ¸2 ´tactless; unskilful: ³a @ apology/forgery; @ praise. ¸clum®sily
²/-zElI/ ³adv ¸clum®si®ness ³n¼
¨clung© ²/klAG/ ³pt,pp ´of µcling.¼
¨clunk© ²/klAGk/ ³vi, n ´(make the) dull sound of heavy metals etc striking
together.¼
¨clus®ter© ²/ÚklAstE(r)/ ³n ¸1 ´number of things of the same kind growing
closely together: ³a @ of flowers/berries/curls; hair growing in thick @s. ¸2
´number of persons, animals, objects, etc in a small, close group: ³a @ of
bees/spectators/islands; consonant @s ´(in phonetics, eÔg ³str ´in ³strong);
houses here and there in @s. ¹ ³vi ¶[VP2A,2C,3A] ·@ (together) (round), ´be in,
form, a close group round: ³roses @ing (together) round the window. The village
@s round the church.¼
¨clutch©1 ²/klAt2/ ³vt,vi ¶[VP2A,3A,15A] ·@ (at), ´seize; take hold of tightly
with the hand(s); attempt to seize: ³He @ed (at) the rope we threw to him. A
drowning man will @ at a straw, ´will make a last, desperate but hopeless
attempt to be saved. ³Mary @ed her doll to her breast. ¹ n ¸1 ´the act of @ing:
³make a @ at sth. ¸2 ´(esp in ³pl´) control; power. ·be in/out of the @s of;
get into/out of the @es of, ´eÔg of moneylenders. ¸3 ´device, eÔg a pedal, in a
machine or engine for connecting and disconnecting working parts: ³let
in/disengage/withdraw the @; put the @ in/out. The @ is in/out. µ¥ ´the illus
at µmotor.¼
¨clutch©2 ²/klAt2/ ³n ´set of eggs placed under a hen to hatch at one time;
number of young chickens hatched from these.¼
¨clut®ter© ²/ÚklAtE(r)/ ³vt ¶[VP6A,15B] ·@ (up), ´make untidy or confused by
crowding: ³a desk @ed up with papers; @ up a room with unnecessary furniture. ¹
³n ¶[C,U] ´untidy or confused state: ³in a @, ´in disorder or confusion. ³Get
rid of all this @!¼
¨co-© ²/kE8/ ³pref ´together with (another or others): ³*co-author; *co-heir;
*co-exist; *co-belligerents; *co-prosperity.¼
¨coach©1 ²/kE8t2/ ³n ¸1 ´four-wheeled carriage pulled by four or
more horses, used to carry passengers and mail before railways were built
(·Ú³stage-@ ´and ·Ú³mail-@ ´for public use; ·Ú³state-@ ´used by a head of state
on ceremonial occasions). ·drive a @ and horses through (sth), ´defeat the
intention of (a regulation, etc) by finding serious faults in its wording. ¸2
´(US = ³car´) ´railway carriage, often divided into compartments. ¸3
´(¸Úmotor-@´) long-distance, single-decked motor-bus: ³travel by @; a @-tour of
Europe; leave by @ for Edinburgh. ¸Ú@-builder ³n ´craftsman who builds the
body-work of motor vehicles.¼
¨coach©2 ²/kE8t2/ ³n ´teacher, esp one who gives private lessons to prepare
students for a public examination; person who trains athletes for contests: ³a
·Ú³baseball @. ¹ vt,vi ¶[VP6A,14,2A] ´teach or train: ³@ sb for an exam; @ the
crew for the boat race.¼
¨co®agu®late© ²/kE8Úagj8leIt/ ³vt,vi ¶[VP6A,2A] ´(of liquids) change to a thick
and solid state, as blood does in air. ¸co®agu®lation ²/kE8*agj8ÚleI2n/ ³n¼
¨coal© ²/kE8l/ ³n ¶[U] ´black mineral that burns and supplies heat,
and from which @-gas is made; ¶[C] ´piece of this material, esp ³(a live @)
´one that is burning: ³A hot @ fell from the fire and burnt a hole in the
carpet. ·carry @s to Newcastle ²/Únjukqsl ³US: ²Únukasl/, ´take goods to a
place where they are already plentiful. ·heap @s of fire on sb's head, ´return
good for evil and so induce remorse. ¸Ú@®face ³n ´part of a @ seam from which @
is being cut. ¸Ú@®field ³n ´district in which @ is mined. ¸Ú@-gas ³n ´the
mixture of gases made by treating @, used for lighting and heating. ¸Ú@-hole ³n
´cellar for storing @. ¸Ú@-house ³n ´shed for storing @. ¸Ú@-mine/-pit ³nn
´mine from which @ is dug. ¸Ú@-scuttle ³n ´container for a supply of @ near a
fireside. ¸Ú@-seam ³n ´underground layer of @. ¸Ú@-tar ³n ¶[U] ´(sometimes
·Ú³gas-tar´) thick, black, sticky substance produced when gas is made from @. ¹
³vt,vi ¶[VP6A,2A] ´put @ (into a ship, etc); take in @: ³The ship called at
Gibraltar to @. Coaling (a ship) is a dirty job. ¸Ú@®ing-station ³n ´port where
ships can obtain supplies of @.¼
¨co®alesce© ²/*kE8EÚles/ ³vi ´come together and unite into one substance,
group, etc. ¸co®ales®cence ²/*kE8EÚlesns/ ³n¼
¨co®ali®tion© ²/*kE8EÚlI2n/ ³n ¶[U] ´uniting; ¶[C] ´union of political parties
for a special purpose: ³a @ government; the left-wing @; form a @.¼
¨coam®ing© ²/ÚkE8mIG/ ³n ´raised rim round a ship's hatches to keep water out.¼
¨coarse© ²/kcs/ ³adj µ(-r, -st) ¸1 ´(of material) not fine and small; rough and
lumpy: ³@ sand/sugar; ´having a rough surface or texture: ³a dress made of @
cloth; a @ skin/complexion. ¸2 ´(of food) common; inferior: ³@ fish; @
fishing´, eÔg for chub, roach, pike. ¸3 ´vulgar; not delicate or refined: ³@
manners/language/words/laughter/jokes/tastes; @ of speech. ¸coarsen ²/Úkcsn/
³vt,vi ¶[VP6A,2A] ´make or become @. ¸@®ly ³adv ¸@®ness ³n¼
¨coast©1 ²/kE8st/ ³n ¶[C] ´land bordering the sea; seashore and
land near it: ³The ship was wrecked on the Kent @. There are numerous islands
off the @. The village is on the south @. ¸Ú@®guard ³n ´officer on police duty
on the @ (to prevent or detect smuggling, report passing ships, etc). ¸Ú@®line
³n ´shoreline, esp with regard to its shape: ³a rugged @line. ¸@al ²/ÚkE8stl/
³adj ´of the @: ³@al navigation. ¸Ú@®wise ³adj, adv ´along the @.¼
¨coast©2 ²/kE8st/ ³vi,vt ¸1 ¶[VP2A,2C,3A,6A] ·@ (along), ´go in, sail, a ship
along the coast. ¸2 ´ride or slide down a hill or slope without using power
(eÔg along a road on a bicycle). ¸@er ³n ¸1 ´ship that sails from port to port
along the coast. ¸2 ´small mat, etc (for a drinking-glass, etc) to protect a
polished table, etc from drips or moisture.¼
¨coat© ²/kE8t/ ³n ¸1 ´long outer garment with sleeves, buttoned in the front.
µ¥ over-@; ³rain-@ ´at µrain ±1µ(1). ·turn one's @, ´change one's side or
principles, desert one army or party and join the other. ¸*@ of Úarms, µ¥ arms.
¸*@ of Úmail, ´piece of armour of metal rings or plate for the upper part of
the body. µ¥ ´the illus at µarmour. ¸Ú@-tails ³n pl ´divided tapering part of a
³tail-@, µ¥ tail(2). ¸2 ´jacketµ(1). ¸3 ´any covering that can be compared to a
garment, eÔg an animal's hair or wool. ¸4 ´layer of paint or other substance
put on a surface at one time: ³The woodwork has had its final @ of paint. ¹ vt
¶[VP6A,14] ´cover with a @ or layer: ³furniture @ed with dust; @ pills with
sugar. Tinplate is made by @ing sheets of iron with tin. ¸Ú@®ing ³n ¸1 ´thin
layer or covering: ³two @ings of wax. ¸2 ¶[U] ´cloth for @sµ(1,2)´.¼
¨coatee© ²/kE8Úti/ ³n ´short coat.¼
¨coax© ²/ÚkE8ks/ ³vt,vi ¶[VP6A,17,15B,14,2A] ·@ (from/into/out of), ´get sb or
sth to do sth by kindness or patience: ³@ a child to take its medicine; @ a
fire to burn; @ (up) the fire; @ sb into/out of doing sth; ³@ a smile from the
baby. ¸@®ing ³n ¶[U,C] ´being @ed: ³give sb a @ing. He took a lot of @ing
before he agreed to take her to the theatre. ¸@®ing®ly ³adv¼
¨cob© ²/kob/ ³n ¸1 ´male swan. ¸2 ´strong short-legged horse for riding. ¸3
´(also ¸Úcob-nut´) large kind of hazel-nut. ¸4 ´(also ¸Úcorn-cob´) central part
of an ear of maize on which the grain grows: ³corn on the cob. µ¥ ´the illus at
µcereal.¼
¨co®balt© ²/ÚkE8bclt/ ³n ´hard silvery-white metal (symbol ¸Co´) used in many
alloys; deep blue colouring matter made from its compounds, used to colour
glass and ceramics.¼
¨cob®ber© ²/ÚkobE(r)/ ³n ´(Australia; colloq) comrade; mate; chum.¼
¨cobble©1 ²/Úkobl/ ³n ´(also ¸Ú@-stone´) stone worn round and smooth by water
and used for paving. ¹ ³vt ´pave with these stones: ³@d streets.¼
¨cobble©2 ²/Úkobl/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´mend, patch (esp shoes), or put together
roughly.¼
¨cob®bler© ²/ÚkoblE(r)/ ³n ¸1 ´mender of shoes. (·Ú³shoe-repairer ´is now the
usu word). ¸2 ´clumsy workman.¼
¨co®bra© ²/ÚkE8brE/ ³n ´poisonous snake of Asia and Africa. µ¥ ´the illus at
µsnake.¼
¨cob®web© ²/Úkobweb/ ³n ¶[C] ´fine network or single thread made by a spider.
µ¥ ´the illus at µarachnid.¼
¨Coca-Cola© ²/*kE8kE ÚkE8lE/ ³n ´(P) popular non-alcoholic carbonated drink.¼
¨co®caine© ²/kE8ÚkeIn/ ³n ¶[U] ´product (from a shrub) used by doctors as a
local anaesthetic, and also used as a stimulant by drug addicts.¼
¨cochi®neal© ²/*kot2IÚnil/ ³n ¶[U] ´bright red colouring-matter made from the
dried bodies of certain insects.¼
¨coch®lea© ²/ÚkoklIE/ ³n ´spiral-shaped part of the inner ear. µ¥ ´the illus
at µear.¼
¨cock©1 ²/kok/ ³n ¸1 ´(used alone) adult male bird of the domestic or farmyard
fowl (US = ³rooster´) µ¥ ´the illus at µfowl. ¸Ú@-crow ³n ´early dawn.
¸*@-a-Úhoop ³adj, adv ´with boastful crowing; exultant(ly). ¸@-a-doodle-doo
²/*kok E *dudl Údu/ ³n ´the crow of the @µ(1)´; child's name for a @µ(1)´.
·*@-and-Úbull story, ´foolish story that one should not believe. ¸Ú@-fighting
³n ´fighting by game-@s ´as a sport for onlookers, µ¥ game±1µ(6). ·live like
Úfighting-@s, ´live on the best possible food. ·@ of the walk, ´person who
dominates others. ¸2 ´(in compounds) male of other kinds of bird: ·Ú³pea@;
·*³@-·Ú³sparrow; ·*³@-·Ú³robin.¼
¨cock©2 ²/kok/ ³n ¸1 ´tap and spout for controlling the flow of a
liquid or a gas, eÔg from a pipe, barrel. ¸2 ´lever in a gun; position of this
lever when it is raised and ready to be released by the trigger. ·at half/full
@, ´half ready/quite ready to be fired. ·go off at half @, ´of schemes,
ceremonies, etc, begin before the arrangements are complete. ¸3 ´Ï (vulg sl)
penis.¼
¨cock©3 ²/kok/ ³vt ¶[VP6A,15B] ·@ (up), ¸1 ´turn upwards, cause to be erect
(showing attention, inquiry, defiance, etc): ³The horse @ed its ears. The horse
stopped with its ears @ed up. He @ed his eye at me´, glanced or winked at me
knowingly, or raised his eyebrow. ¸*@ed Úhat ³n ´triangular hat, pointed front
and back, worn with some uniforms. ·knock sb/sth into a @ed hat, ´knock
shapeless, or so that recognition is impossible; beat thoroughly. ¸2 ¶[VP6A]
´raise the cock of (a gun) ready for firing. µ¥ cock±2µ(2). ¸3 ·@ up, ´(sl)
make a mess of; upset: ³They completely @ed up the arrangements for our
holiday. ´Hence, ¸Ú@-up ³n¼
¨cock©4 ²/kok/ ³n ´small, cone-shaped pile of straw or hay. ¹ ³vt ´pile (hay)
in @s.¼
¨cock®ade© ²/koÚkeId/ ³n ´knot of ribbon worn on a hat as a badge.¼
¨cocka®too© ²/*kokEÚtu/ ³n ´crested parrot. µ¥ ´the illus at µrare.¼
¨cock®chafer© ²/Úkokt2eIfE(r)/ ³n ´large beetle that flies with a loud whirring
sound and is destructive to vegetation.¼
¨cocker© ²/ÚkokE(r)/ ³n ´breed of spaniel.¼
¨cock®erel© ²/ÚkokErEl/ ³n ´young cock±1µ(1)´, not more than one year old.¼
¨cock-eyed© ²/ÚkokñId/ ³adj ´(sl) ¸1 ´squinting; crooked; turned or twisted to
one side. ¸2 ´wild, ill-judged: ³a @ scheme.¼
¨cock®horse© ²/*kokÚhcs/ ³n ·ride a @, ´(children's word) ride on horseback or
on a rocking-horse. µ¥ rock(2).¼
¨cockle© ²/Úkokl/ ³n ¸1 ´edible shellfish; (also ¸Ú@-shell´) its shell. ¸2
´small, shallow boat. ¸3 ·(warm, delight, etc) the @s of one's heart´, one's
feelings.¼
¨cock®ney© ²/ÚkoknI/ ³adj, n ´(characteristic of a) native of the East End of
London: ³a @ accent; @ humour.¼
¨cock®pit© ²/ÚkokpIt/ ³n ¸1 ´enclosed space where game-cocks fought. µ¥
³cock-fighting ´at µcock±1µ(1)´; (fig) area where battles have often been
fought: ³Belgium, the @ of Europe. ¸2 ´compartment in a small aircraft for the
pilot. Cf ³flight deck ´of an air-liner; driver's seat in a racing-car. µ¥ ´the
illus at µair±1µ.¼
¨cock®roach© ²/ÚkokrE8t2/ ³n ´large, dark-brown insect that comes out at night
in kitchens and places where food is kept. µ¥ ´the illus at µinsect.¼
¨cocks®comb© ²/ÚkokskE8m/ ³n ¸1 ´red crest of a cock±1µ(1)´. µ¥ ´the illus at
µfowl. ¸2 ´jester's cap. ¸3 ´plant with clusters of red or yellow feather-like
flowers. µ¥ ´also µcoxcomb.¼
¨cock®sure© ²/*kokÚ28E(r)/ ³adj ´presumptuously or offensively sure
(³of ´or ³about ´sth); confident.¼
¨cock®tail© ²/ÚkokteIl/ ³n ¶[C] ¸1 ´mixed alcoholic drink, esp one taken before
a meal, eÔg gin and vermouth. ¸2 ´mixture of fruit juices, or spiced tomato
juice, served in a glass as an appetizer; quantity of crab meat or shrimps,
similarly served. ¸3 ´mixed fruit salad served in a glass.¼
¨cocky© ²/ÚkokI/ ³adj µ(-ier, -iest) ´(colloq) cocksure; pert; conceited.¼
¨coco© ²/ÚkE8kE8/ ³n ´(also ¸Ú@-palm, Ú@®nut palm´) tropical seaside palm-tree.
¸@®nut ²/ÚkE8kEnAt/ ³n ´large hard-shelled seed of this palm-tree, filled with
milky juice and a solid white eatable lining from which oil is extracted; µ¥
copra. µ¥ ´the illus at µpalm. ¸*@nut Úmatting, ´made from the tough fibre of
the @nut's outer covering.¼
¨co®coa© ²/ÚkE8kE8/ ³n ¶[U] ´powder of crushed cacao seeds; hot drink made from
this with water or milk.¼
¨co®coon© ²/kEÚkun/ ³n ´silky covering made by a caterpillar to protect itself
while it is a chrysalis, esp that of the silkworm. µ¥ ´the illus at µbutterfly,
silk. ³¹ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´protect by covering completely.¼
¨co®cotte© ²/koÚkot/ ³n ´(F) (dated) fashionable prostitute.¼
¨cod©1 ²/kod/ ³n ¸1 ¶[C] ³(pl ´unchanged) (also ¸Úcod®fish´) large sea fish. ¸2
¶[U] ´its flesh as food. ¸@-liver oil ²/*kod lIvEr ÚãIl/ ³n ¶[U] ´used as a
medicine.¼
¨cod©2 ²/kod/ ³vt,vi µ(-dd-) ¶[VP6A,2A] ´(dated colloq) hoax; make a fool of:
³You're codding (me)!¼
¨coda© ²/ÚkE8dE/ ³n ´passage (often elaborate in style) that completes a piece
of music.¼
¨coddle© ²/Úkodl/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ¸1 ´(also ¸Úmolly®@´) treat with great care and
tenderness; pamper: ³@ a child because it is in poor health. ¸2 ´cook, eÔg
eggs, in water just below boiling-point.¼
¨code© ²/kE8d/ ³n ¶[C] ¸1 ´collection of laws arranged in a system. ¸2 ´system
of rules and principles that has been accepted by society or a class or group
of people: ³a high moral @; a @ of honour. You must live up to the @ of the
school´, accept its unwritten rules of honour and conduct. ¸3 ´(also ¶[U]´Ô)
system of signs used for secrecy or brevity, eÔg in wartime, or for economy in
sending cables, or for a computer: ³send a message in @; a ·Ú³telegraph @; a @
telegram; a ·*³five-·Ú³letter @´, eÔg one in which BÔXÔYÔMÔA stands for a
phrase or sentence. ·break a @, ´discover how to interpret a secret @. ¸the
ÚMorse @, ´using dots and dashes for letters and numerals. ¹ ³vt ´(also ¸en@
²/enÚkE8d/´) put in a @µ(3); ¥ decode.¼
¨co®deine© ²/ÚkE8din/ ³n ¶[U] ´narcotic derived from opium.¼
¨co®dex© ²/ÚkE8deks/ ³n (pl µcodices ²/ÚkE8dIsiz/³) ´manuscript
volume (esp of ancient texts).¼
¨codger© ²/ÚkodZE(r)/ ³n ´(colloq) queer old person; fellow.¼
¨codi®ces© µ¥ codex.¼
¨codi®cil© ²/ÚkE8dIsIl ³US: ²ÚkodEsl/ ³n ´appendix to a will, esp sth modifying
or revoking part of it.¼
¨codi®fy© ²/ÚkE8dIfñI ³US: ²ÚkodEfñI/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´put into the form of a
codeµ(1)´: ³@ the laws. ¸codi®fi®ca®tion ²/*kE8dIfIÚkeI2n ³US: ²*kod-/ ³n¼
¨cod®ling© ²/ÚkodlIG/ ³n ´young codfish.¼
¨cod®piece© ²/Úkodpis/ ³n ´(15th and 16th cc) bag or flap concealing the
opening in the front of a man's close-fitting hose±2µ(2).¼
¨co-ed© ²/ÚkE8 ed/ ³n ´(US colloq) ´(girl or woman at a) co-educational school
or college.¼
¨co-edu®ca®tion© ²/*kE8 *edZ8ÚkeI2n/ ³n ¶[U] ´education of boys and girls
together. ¸@al ²/-ÚkeI2Enl/ ³adj¼
¨co-ef®fi®cient© ²/*kE8IÚfI2nt/ ³n ¸1 ´(maths) number or symbol placed before
and multiplying another quantity, known or unknown. (In ³3xy´, 3 is the @ of
³xy´). ¸2 ´(phys) multiplier that measures some property.¼
¨co®erce© ²/kE8Ú3s/ ³vt ¶[VP6A,14] ·@ sb (into doing sth), ´use force to make
sb obedient, etc; compel sb (to a course of action). ¸co®ercion ²/kE8Ú32n ³US:
²-Zn/ ³n ¶[U] ´coercing or being @d; government by force: ³He paid the money
under coercion. ¸co®ercive ²/kE8Ú3sIv/ ³adj ´of coercion; using coercion:
³coercive methods/measures.¼
¨co®eval© ²/*kE8Úivl/ ³adj, n ·@ (with), ´(person) of the same age; (person,
things) existing at, lasting for, the same period of time.¼
¨co®exist© ²/*kE8IgÚzIst/ ³vi ¶[VP2A,3A] ·@ (with), ´exist at the same time.
¸@®ence ²/-tEns/ ³n ¶[U] ´(esp) peaceful existence side by side of states with
opposed political systems.¼
¨cof®fee© ²/ÚkofI ³US: ²ÚkcfI/ ³n ¶[U] ´bush or shrub with berries containing
seeds (called ³beans´) which, when roasted and ground to powder, are used by
infusing with boiling water for making a drink; the seeds; the powder; ¶[C,U]
´the drink: ³three black @s´, three cups of @ without milk; ³white @´, with
milk. ¸Ú@ bar ³n ´small caf_e serving @, beverages and light refreshments.
¸Ú@-house ³n ´(formerly, in England) place frequented by literary men as a sort
of club. ¸Ú@-mill ³n ´device for grinding roasted @-beans. ¸Ú@-stall ³n
´movable stand selling hot @ and food in the streets (esp at night).¼
¨cof®fer© ²/ÚkofE(r)/ ³n ¸1 ´large, strong box, esp one for holding money or
other valuables; ³(pl) ´place for storing valuables: ³the @s of a bank. ¸2
´ornamental panel in a ceiling, etc. ¸3 ´(also ¸Ú@-dam´) ´caissonµ(2)´.¼
¨cof®fin© ²/ÚkofIn/ ³n ´box or case for a dead person to be placed in and then
buried. ·drive a nail into sb's @, ´do sth that will bring his death or ruin
nearer.¼
¨cog© ²/kog/ ³n ´one of a series of teeth on the rim of a wheel which transfers
motion by locking into the teeth of a similar wheel. µ¥ ´the illus at µbicycle,
gear. ·be a cog in the machine, ´(fig) an unimportant part of a large
enterprise. ¸Úcog®wheel ³n ´toothed wheel.¼
¨co®gent© ²/ÚkE8dZEnt/ ³adj ´(of arguments) strong and convincing. ¸co®gency
²/ÚkE8dZEnsI/ ³n ¶[U] ´force or strength (of arguments).¼
¨cogi®tate© ²/ÚkodZIteIt/ ³vi,vt ¶[VP2A,3A,6A,14] ´(formal or
facet) meditate; think deeply: ³@ upon sth; @ mischief against sb.
¸cogi®ta®tion ²/*kodZIÚteI2n/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´cogitating: ³after much cogitation.
¸2 ³(pl) ´thoughts; reflections.¼
¨cognac© ²/Úkonjak/ ³n ¶[U] ´fine French brandy.¼
¨cog®nate© ²/ÚkogneIt/ ³adj ¸1 ·@ (with), ´having the same source or origin:
³English, Dutch and German are @ languages. ¸2 ´related; having much in common:
³Physics and astronomy are @ sciences. ¹ n ¶[C] ´word, etc that is @ with
another.¼
¨cog®ni®tion© ²/kogÚnI2n/ ³n ¶[U] ´(phil) ´knowing; awareness (including
sensation but excluding emotion).¼
¨cog®ni®zance© ²/ÚkognIzEns/ ³n ¶[U] ¸1 ´(legal) being aware, having conscious
knowledge (of sth). ·take @ of, ´become officially aware of. ¸2 ´(right of)
dealing with a matter legally or judicially. ·fall within/go beyond one's @,
´be sth one can/cannot deal with. ¸cog®ni®zant ²/ÚkognIzEnt/ ³adj ·@ of,
´(phil, legal) having knowledge, being fully aware of.¼
¨cog®no®men© ²/kogÚnE8mEn/ ³n ¶[C] ´(formal) ¸1 ´surname. ¸2 ´descriptive
nickname, eÔg ³Rusty ´or ³Shorty.¼
¨co®habit© ²/kE8ÚhabIt/ ³vi ´(formal) (usu of an unmarried couple) live
together. ¸co®habi®ta®tion ²/*kE8habIÚteI2n/ ³n¼
¨co®here© ²/kE8ÚhIE(r)/ ³vi ¶[VP2A] ´(formal) stick together; be or remain
united; (of arguments, etc) be consistent. ¸co®her®ence ²/*kE8ÚhIErEns/ ³n
¸co®her®en®cy ²/-rEnsI/ ³n ¸co®her®ent ²/-rEnt/ ³adj ¸1 ´sticking together. ¸2
´consistent; (esp of speech, thought, ideas, reasoning) clear; easy to
understand. ¸co®her®ent®ly ³adv¼
¨co®he®sion© ²/kE8ÚhiZn/ ³n ´cohering; tendency to stick together; force with
which molecules cohere. ¸co®he®sive ²/kE8ÚhisIv/ ³adj ´having the power of
cohering; tending to cohere.¼
¨co®hort© ²/ÚkE8hct/ ³n ¸1 ´(in the ancient Roman armies) tenth part of a
legion. ¸2 ´number of persons banded together.¼
¨coif© ²/kãIf/ ³n ´(old use) close-fitting cap covering the top,
back and sides of the head.¼
¨coif®feur© ²/kwqÚf3(r)/ ³n ´(F) hairdresser.¼
¨coif®fure© ²/kwqÚfj8E(r)/ ³n ´style of hairdressing.¼
¨coign© ²/kãIn/ ³n ¸@ of Úvantage ´(formal, usu fig) place from which one has a
good view of sth.¼
¨coil© ²/kãIl/ ³vt,vi ¶[VP6A,15A,B,2A,C] ´wind or twist into a continuous
circular or spiral shape; curl round and round: ³@ a rope. The snake @ed
(itself) round the branch/@ed itself up. ¹ ³n ¸1 ´sth @ed; a single turn of sth
@ed: ³the thick @s of a python. µ¥ ´the illus at µsnake. ¸2 ´length of wire
wound in a spiral to conduct electric current. ¸3 ´(colloq) an intra-uterine
contraceptive device in the shape of a @.¼
¨coin© ²/kãIn/ ³n ¶[C,U] ´(piece of) metal money: ³a small heap of @s; gold and
silver @s; false @´, imitation @ in metal of low value. ·the other side of the
@, ´(fig) other aspect of the matter. ·pay a man back in the same/his own @,
´treat him as he has treated you. ¹ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´make (metal) into @s; invent
(esp a new word). ·be Ú@ing money, ´be making money fast, be making large
profits. ·to @ a phrase, ´(ironic) to use a very well established idiom as if
it were a new one. ¸@®age ²/ÚkãInIdZ/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´making @s; the @s made; ¶[C]
´system of @s in use: ³a decimal @age. ¸2 ¶[U] ´inventing (of a new word); ¶[C]
´newly invented word. ¸@er ³n ´maker of counterfeit @s.¼
¨co®incide© ²/*kE8InÚsñId/ ³vi ¶[VP2A,3A] ·@ (with), ¸1 ´(of two or
more objects) correspond in area and outline. ¸2 ´(of events) happen at the
same time; occupy the same period of time: ³They could not go to the theatre
together because his free time never @d with hers. ¸3 ´(of ideas, etc) be in
harmony or agreement: ³The judges did not @ in opinion. His tastes and habits @
with those of his wife.¼
¨co®inci®dence© ²/kE8ÚInsIdEns/ ³n ¶[U] ´the condition of coinciding; ¶[C]
´instance of this, happening by chance: ³by a curious @. What a @! ´How
curious, etc that these two events should come together! ¸co®inci®dent ²/-dEnt/
³adj ´coinciding. ¸co®inci®den®tal ²/kE8*InsIÚdentl/ ³adj ´of the nature of a,
exhibiting @.¼
¨coir© ²/ÚkãIE(r)/ ³n ´fibre from coconut shells, used for making ropes,
matting, etc.¼
¨co®ition© ²/kE8ÚI2n/ ³n ´= µcoitus.¼
¨co®itus© ²/ÚkE8ItEs/ ³n ¶[U] ´(formal) sexual intercourse to the point of
(mutual) orgasm between two human beings; the insertion of the penis into the
vagina.¼
¨coke©1 ²/kE8k/ ³n ¶[U] ´rough, light substance that remains when gas has been
taken out of coal by heating it in an oven, used as a fuel in stoves and
furnaces. ¹ ³vt ´turn (coal) into @.¼
¨coke©2 ²/kE8k/ ³n ´(P) (colloq abbr of) Coca-Cola.¼
¨coke©3 ²/kE8k/ ³n ´(sl) cocaine.¼
¨coker®nut© ²/ÚkE8kEnAt/ ³n ´= µcoconut.¼
¨col© ²/kol/ ³n ´depression or pass in a mountain range. µ¥ ´the illus at
µmountain.¼
¨cola© ²/ÚkE8lE/ ³n ´= µkola.¼
¨col®an®der©, cul®len®der ²/ÚkAlEndE(r)/ ³n ´bowl-shaped vessel or dish with
many small holes, used to drain off water from vegetables, etc in cooking.¼
¨cold©1 ²/kE8ld/ ³adj ¸1 ´of low temperature, esp when compared
with the human body: ³@ weather; a @ wind; feel @; a hotel with hot and @
water in every bedroom. ·give sb the @ shoulder, ´(fig) snub him; show
distaste for his company. Hence, ¸*@-Úshoulder ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´snub. ·have @ feet,
´feel afraid or reluctant (to do sth involving risk or danger). ·leave one @,
´leave one unmoved, unimpressed. ·(kill sb) in @ blood; make one's Úblood run
@, µ¥ blood±1µ. ·pour/throw @ water on, µ¥ water±1µ(1). ¸Ú@ chisel, ´one for
cutting soft metals while they are @. ¸*@ Úcomfort, ´poor consolation. ¸Ú@
cream, ´ointment for cleansing and softening the skin. ¸*@ Úfront, µ¥ front(7).
¸*@ Úmeat, ´meat that has been cooked and cooled: ³@ meat for supper. ¸*@
Ústeel, ¶[U] ´cutting or stabbing weapon (eÔg a sword or bayonet contrasted
with firearms). ¸*@ Úturkey, µ¥ turkey. ¸*@ Úwar, ´struggle for superiority
waged by hostile propaganda, economic measures, etc without actual fighting.
¸*@-Úblooded ²/-ÚblAdId/ ³adj ¸(a) ´having blood that varies with the
temperature (eÔg fish, reptiles). ¸(b) ´(fig, of persons, their actions)
without feeling; pitiless. ¸*@-Úhearted ²/-ÚhqtId/ ³adj ´without sympathy;
indifferent. ¸2 ´(fig) ¸(a) ´unkind; unfriendly: ³a @ greeting/welcome, etc.
¸(b) ´sexually unresponsive. ¸3 ´(of colours) suggesting @, eÔg grey and blue.
¸@®ly ³adv ¸@®ness ³n ¶[U] ´state of being @: ³Because of the @ness of the
weather, we stayed indoors.¼
¨cold©2 ²/kE8ld/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ¸(the) @, ´relative absence of heat; low
temperature (esp in the atmosphere): ³He was shivering with @. He disliked both
the heat of summer and the @ of winter. Don't stay outside in the @, come
indoors by the fire. ·(be left) out in the @, ´(fig) (be) ignored or neglected.
¸2 ¶[U] ´(phys) ´freezing-point of water or below: ³five degrees of @. ¸3
¶[C,U] ´inflammation of the mucous membrane of the nose or throat: ³have a @;
catch (a) @. Half the boys in the school were absent with @s.¼
¨cole®slaw© ²/ÚkE8lslc/ ³n ¶[U] ´finely shredded dressed raw cabbage (as a
salad).¼
¨colic© ²/ÚkolIk/ ³n ¶[U] ´severe pain in the stomach and bowels without
diarrhoea.¼
¨co®li®tis© ²/kEÚlñItIs/ ³n ¶[U] ´(med) inflammation of the mucous membrane of
the colon.¼
¨col®lab®or®ate© ²/kEÚlabEreIt/ ³vi ¸1 ¶[VP2A,3A] ·@ (on sth) (with sb), ´work
in partnership, esp in literature or art: ³@ on a biography with a friend. ¸2
¶[VP3A] ·@ with, ´work treasonably, esp with enemy forces occupying one's
country. ¸col®lab®or®ator ²/kEÚlabEreItE(r)/ ³n ´person who @sµ(1,2)´.
¸col®lab®or®ation ²/kE*labEÚreI2n/ ³n ¶[U] ´collaborating: ³working in
collaboration with others. ¸col®lab®or®ation®ist ²/kE*labEÚreI2EnIst/ ³n
´person who @sµ(2)´.¼
¨col®lage© ²/ÚkolqZ ³US: ²kEÚlqZ/ ³n ¶[U,C] ´(art) (picture made by an) unusual
combination of bits of paper, cloth, photographs, metal etc.¼
¨col®lapse© ²/kEÚlaps/ ³vi ¶[VP2A] ¸1 ´fall down or in; come or break to pieces
suddenly: ³The weight of the snow on the roof caused the shed to @. The roof @d
under the weight of the snow. If you cut the ropes of a tent, it will @. ¸2
´lose physical strength, courage, mental powers, etc; break down: ³If you work
too hard you/your health may @. Our plans will @ unless we get more help. The
price of copper @d´, dropped to a low level. ¸3 ´(of apparatus) close or fold
up. ¸4 ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´cause to @: ³@ a canvas chair. ¹ ³n ´collapsing: ³the @ of
a table/tent/tower, etc; ´(fig): ³the @ of their plans/hopes; suffer a nervous
@. ¸col®laps®ible, -able ²/-sEbl/ ³adj ´that can be @dµ(4) ´(for packing, etc):
³a collapsible boat/chair.¼
¨col®lar© ²/ÚkolE(r)/ ³n ¸1 ´part of a garment that fits round the
neck; turned-over neckband of a shirt, dress, etc: ³The wind was so cold that
he turned his coat @ up. ·Úblue/Úwhite @ workers, µ¥ blue, white. ¸2 ´separate
article of clothing (linen, lace, etc) worn round the neck and fastened to a
shirt or blouse. ¸Ú@ stud ³n ´small button-like device for fastening a @ to a
shirt. ¸3 ´band of leather, etc put round the neck of a dog, horse or other
animal. µ¥ ´the illus at µharness. ¸4 ´metal band joining two pipes, rods or
shafts, eÔg in a machine. ¸5 Ú@®bone ³n ´bone joining the shoulder and the
breast-bone. µ¥ ´the illus at µskeleton. ³¹ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ¸1 ´seize (sb) by the
@; take hold of roughly: ³The policeman @ed the thief. ¸2 ´(dated colloq) take
without permission: ³Who's @ed my pen?¼
¨col®late© ²/kEÚleIt/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´make a careful comparison between (copies
of texts, manuscripts, books, etc) to learn the differences between them: ³@ a
new edition with an earlier edition.¼
¨col®lat®eral© ²/kEÚlatErEl/ ³adj ¸1 ´secondary or subordinate but from the
same source: ³@ evidence; @ security´, property, eÔg stocks or bonds, pledged
as security for repayment of a loan. ¸2 ´descended from a common ancestor but
in a different line, iÔe through different sons or daughters. ¹ ³n ¶[U] ´@
security.¼
¨col®la®tion© ²/kEÚleI2n/ ³n ¶[C] ´(formal) light meal, (usu ³cold @´), often
one served at a time different from usual meal times.¼
¨col®league© ²/Úkolig/ ³n ´one of two or more persons working together and
(usu) having similar rank and duties: ³the Prime Minister and his @s´, the
other members of the Cabinet.¼
¨col®lect©1 ²/kEÚlekt/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A,15B] ·@ (up/together),
´bring or gather together; get from a number of persons or places: ³The teacher
told the boys to @ (up/together) all the waste paper lying about after the
picnic and burn it. If he could @ all the money people owe him, he would be a
rich man. A man who @s taxes is called a tax-@or. ¸2 ¶[VP6A] ´obtain specimens
of (books, stamps, etc), eÔg as a hobby or in order to study sth: ³@ foreign
stamps/old china. ¸3 ¶[VP2A,C] ·@ (together), ´come together: ³A crowd soon @s
(together) when there's a street accident. ¸4 ¶[VP6A] ´fetch: ³@ a child from
school. ¸5 ¶[VP6A] ´gather together, recover control of (one's thoughts,
energies, oneself): ³Before you begin to make a speech, you should @ your
thoughts and ideas. ¹ adj, adv ´(US comm) paid for on delivery: ³a @ telegram.
³I'll pay for the goods @´, when they are delivered. ¸@ed ³adj ´(esp of a
person) calm; not distracted. ¸@ed®ly ³adv¼
¨col®lect©2 ²/Úkolekt/ ³n ´short prayer of the Church of Rome or the Church of
England, to be read on certain appointed days.¼
¨col®lec®tion© ²/kEÚlek2n/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´collecting; ¶[C] ´instance of this: ³How
many @s of letters are there every day´, How often does the postman empty the
boxes? ¸2 ¶[C] ´group of objects that have been collected and that belong
together: ³a fine @ of old swords/paintings/postage stamps. ¸3 ´heap of
materials or objects that have come together: ³a @ of dust/rubbish. ¸4 ¶[C]
´money collected at a meeting, a Church service, etc. ·take (up)/make a @: ³The
@ will be taken (up)/made after the sermon.¼
¨col®lec®tive© ²/kEÚlektIv/ ³adj ¸1 ´of a group or society (of persons,
nations, etc) as a whole: ³@ leadership´, (emphasis on) government by a group
rather than an individual; ³@ ownership of the land/of means of production,
etc´, by all citizens for the benefit of all; ³@ security´, security of a State
or States against aggression by means of common military, etc preparedness. ¸@
farm, ´(eÔg in a Socialist State) one owned by the State and run by the workers
for the benefit of all the citizens. ¸2 @ noun, ´(gram) one that is singular in
form but stands for many individuals, as ³cattle, crowd, audience: ³In "to
catch fish', ³fish ´is a @ noun. ¸col®lec®tiv®ize ²/kEÚlektIvñIz/ ³vt ¶[VP6A]
´change, eÔg farm lands, from private ownership to a system of State control.
¸col®lec®tiv®iz®ation ²/kE*lektIvñIÚzeI2n ³US: ²-vIÚz-/ ³n¼
¨col®lec®tor© ²/kEÚlektE(r)/ ³n ´person who collects: ³a ·Ú³stamp-@; a
·Ú³tax-@; a ·Ú³ticket-@´, eÔg at a railway station. ¸@'s item/piece, ´article
sought by @s, eÔg a book, a piece of china or furniture, because of its beauty,
rarity, etc.¼
¨col®leen© ²/Úkolin/ ³n ´(Irish) young girl.¼
¨col®lege© ²/ÚkolIdZ/ ³n ¸1 ¶[C,U] ´school for higher or professional
education; body of teachers and students forming part of a university; their
building(s): ³go to @; be at @; a C@ of Agriculture/Pharmacy, etc; the Oxford
and Cambridge @s; Heads of C@s, µ¥ ´for their titles µMaster±1µ(9), President,
Principal, Provost, Rector, Warden. ¸2 ¶[C] ´union of persons with common
purposes and privileges: ³the C@ of Surgeons; the C@ of Cardinals´, who elect
and advise the Pope. ¸col®le®giate ²/kEÚlidZIEt/ ³adj ´of or like a @ or @
student: ³collegiate life´, life in @s and universities.¼
¨col®lide© ²/kEÚlñId/ ³vi ¶[VP2A,C,3A] ·@ (with), ¸1 ´come together violently;
meet and strike: ³As the bus came round the corner, it @d with a van. The bus
and the van @d. The ships @d in the fog. ¸2 ´be opposed; be in conflict: ³If
the aims of two countries @, there may be war.¼
¨col®lie© ²/ÚkolI/ ³n ´Scottish sheepdog with shaggy hair. µ¥ ´the illus at
µdog.¼
¨col®lier© ²/ÚkolIE(r)/ ³n ¸1 ´coal-miner. ¸2 ´ship that carries
coal as cargo.¼
¨col®liery© ²/ÚkoljErI/ ³n (pl µ-ries³) ´coal-mine (and the buildings, etc
connected with it).¼
¨col®li®sion© ²/kEÚlIZn/ ³n ¶[U] ´colliding; ¶[C] ´instance of this: ³a head-on
@ between two buses; a railway @; on (a) ·Ú³@ course´, likely to collide. ·be
in/come into @ (with), ´have collided/collide (with): ³The liner is reported to
have been in @ with an oil-tanker. The two ships were in/came into @. People
with revolutionary ideas may find themselves in @ with the forces of the law´,
get into trouble with the police.¼
¨col®lo®cate© ²/ÚkolEkeIt/ ³vi ¶[VP2A,3A] ·@ (with), ´(of words) combine in a
way characteristic of language: ³"Weak' @s with "tea' but "feeble' does not.
¸col®lo®ca®tion ²/*kolEÚkeI2n/ ³n ¶[C,U] ´coming together; collocating of
words: ³"Strong tea' and "heavy drinker' are English @s; so are "by accident'
and "so as to'.¼
¨col®lo®quial© ²/kEÚlE8kwIEl/ ³adj ´(of words, phrases, style) belonging to,
suitable for, ordinary conversation; not formal or literary. ¸@®ly ³adv ¸@®ism
³n ¶[C] ´@ word or phrase.¼
¨col®lo®quy© ²/ÚkolEkwI/ ³n (pl µ-quies³) ¶[C,U] ´(formal) conversation:
³engage in @ with sb.¼
¨col®lu®sion© ²/kEÚluZn/ ³n ¶[U] ´secret agreement or understanding for a
deceitful or fraudulent purpose: ³act in @ with sb; @ between persons who
appear to be opposed to each other. ¸col®lus®ive ²/kEÚlusIv/ ³adj¼
¨colly®wobbles© ²/ÚkolIwoblz/ ³n ´(colloq) stomach-ache; slight feeling of
fear (with nausea).¼
¨co®lon©1 ²/ÚkE8lEn/ ³n ´lower and greater part of the large intestine. µ¥ ´the
illus at µalimentary.¼
¨co®lon©2 ²/ÚkE8lEn/ ³n ´punctuation mark (:) used in writing and
printing (to direct special attention to what follows). µ¥ App 9.¼
¨co®lo®nel© ²/Úk3nl/ ³n ´army officer above a lieutenant-@ and (in US)
commanding a regiment; (abbr for) lieutenant-@.¼
¨co®lo®nial© ²/kEÚlE8nIEl/ ³adj ¸1 ´of a colony or coloniesµ(1)´. ¸C@ Office,
´(GB) former State department in charge of colonies. ¸2 ´(esp US) in the style
of architecture in the British colonies in N America before and during the
Revolution. ¹ ³n ´inhabitant of a colonyµ(1)´, esp a descendant of those who
colonized it. ¸@®ism ³n ¶[U] ´policy of having coloniesµ(1) ´and keeping them
dependent. ¸@®ist ³n ´supporter of @ism; one who favours the retention of
coloniesµ(1)´.¼
¨col®on®ist© ²/ÚkolEnIst/ ³n ´pioneer settler in a colonyµ(1)´.¼
¨col®on®ize© ²/ÚkolEnñIz/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´establish a colony in; establish as a
colony: ³The ancient Greeks @d many parts of the Mediterranean.
¸col®on®iz®ation ²/*kolEnñIÚzeI2n ³US: ²-nIÚz-/ ³n ¶[U] ´colonizing: ³the
colonization of N America by the British, Dutch and French. ¸col®on®izer ³n
´one who helps to establish a colonyµ(1)´.¼
¨col®on®nade© ²/*kolEÚneId/ ³n ´row of columnsµ(1) ´set (usu) at equal
distances. µ¥ ´the illus at µcolumn. ¸col®on®naded ²/*kolEÚneIdId/ ³adj ´having
a @.¼
¨col®ony© ²/ÚkolEnI/ ³n (pl µ-nies³) ¸1 ´country or territory settled by
migrants from another country, and controlled by it. ¸2 ´group of people from
another country, or of people with the same trade, profession or occupation,
living together: ³the American @ in Paris; a @ of artists´, eÔg one living in a
place famous for its scenic beauty. ¸3 ´(biol) number of animals or plants,
living or growing together: ³a @ of ants.¼
¨color© ´(US) = µcolour.¼
¨col®ora®tura© ²/*kolErEÚt8ErE/ ³n ¶[U] ´flowery or ornamental passages in
vocal music; (attrib): ³a @ soprano.¼
¨co®los®sal© ²/kEÚlosl/ ³adj ´immense.¼
¨co®los®sus© ²/kEÚlosEs/ ³n (pl µ-lossi ²/-ÚlosñI/, µ@es ²/-ÚlosEsIz/³)
´immense statue (esp of a man, much greater than life-size); immense person or
personification of sth.¼
¨col®our©1 ´(US = ¸color´) ²/ÚkAlE(r)/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´sensation produced in the
eye by rays of decomposed light; ¶[C] ´effect produced by a ray of light of a
particular wavelength, or by a mixture of these: ³@ films; @ TÔV; Red, blue and
yellow are @s. There isn't enough @ in the picture. ¸Ú@-blind ³adj ´unable
to distinguish between certain @s, or to see certain @s. ¸Ú@ scheme ³n ´scheme
for combination of @s in a design (eÔg for the furnishing and decoration of a
room, the planting of a flower garden). ¸Ú@-wash ³n ´coloured distemper. ¸2
¶[U] ´redness of the face: ³She has very little @´, has a pale face. ·change
@, ´grow paler or redder than usual. ·have a high @, ´have a red complexion.
·lose @, ´become pale. ·be/feel/look off @, ´(colloq) be/seem unwell, in low
spirits. ¸3 ³(pl) ´materials used by artists; paint: ·Ú³water-@s; ·Ú³oil-@s;
µ¥ oil, water; ´appearance produced by their use: ³paint sth in bright/dark
@s´, (fig) make it appear favourable/unfavourable. ·(see sth/appear) in its
true @s, ´as it really is. ¸4 ¶[U] ´(of events, descriptions) appearance of
reality or truth; pretext. ·give/lend @ to, ´give an appearance of probability
to: ³His torn clothing gave @ to his story that he had been attacked and
robbed. ·give false @ to, ´give a wrong character or tone to: ³Newspapers often
give false @ to the news they report´, twist the meaning to suit their aims. ¸5
·local @, ´(in literature) use of details to make a description of a place,
scene or time realistic. ¸6 ¶[U] ´(in music) timbre, quality; variety of
expression. ¸7 ³(pl) ´ribbon, dress, cap, etc, worn as a symbol of a party, a
club, a school, etc, or to show ownership of a race-horse, etc: ³The owner of a
horse is always glad to see his @s get to the winning-post first´, to see his
horse win a race. ·get/win one's @s, ´(at college, etc) be awarded a place in
a sports team. ¸8 ³(pl) ´flag (of a ship); ensign or standard of a regiment:
³salute the @s; serve with/join the @s´, the Navy, Army or Air Force. ·come
through/off with flying @s, ´make a great success of sth. ·lower one's @s,
´give up one's demands or position; surrender. ·nail one's @s to the mast,
´make a decision, announce it, and show strong determination not to change it.
·sail under false @s, ´be a hypocrite or impostor. ·show one's true @s, ´show
what one really is. ·stick to one's @s, ´refuse to change one's opinion or
party. ¸9 ¶[U] ´racial characteristic of skin @. ¸Ú@-bar, ´legal and/or social
distinction between different races. ¸@®ful ²/-fl/ ³adj ´full of @; bright;
gay; exciting; vivid, etc: ³a @ful scene; a @ful style of writing; lead a @ful
life. ¸@®less ³adj ´without @; pale; (fig) lacking in interest, character,
vividness: ³a @less style; leading a @less existence.¼
¨col®our©2 ´(US = ¸color´) ²/ÚkAlE(r)/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A,22] ´give colour to;
put colour on: ³@ a wall green. ¸2 ¶[VP2A,C] ·@ (up), ´take on colour; blush:
³The leaves have begun to @´, to take on their autumn colours of yellow, brown,
etc. ³The girl is so shy that she @s (up) whenever a man speaks to her. ¸3
¶[VP6A] ´change or misrepresent in some way: ³News is often @ed´, changed to
suit the views of those who supply it or those who will read it. ³Travellers'
tales are often highly @ed´, exaggerated. ¸@ed ³adj ¸1 ´(in compounds) having
the colour specified: ·Ú³cream-@ed; ·Ú³flesh-@ed. ¸2 ´(of persons) partly of
European descent; (esp) of the Negro race. ¸(Cape) C@ed ³n ´South African
person of mixed race. ¸@®ing ³n ¶[U] ´sth that produces colour; face colour;
style in which sth is @ed; style in which an artist uses colour.¼
¨colt©1 ²/kE8lt/ ³n ´young horse (male) up to the age of 4 or 5, µ¥ filly´;
(fig) young man with little experience. ¸@®ish ²/ÚkE8ltI2/ ³adj ´like a @;
frisky.¼
¨colt©2 ²/kE8lt/ ³n ´(P) (US) early type of revolver or pistol.¼
¨col®ter© ²/ÚkE8ltE(r)/ ´(US) = µcoulter.¼
¨col®um®bine© ²/ÚkolEmbñIn/ ³n ´garden plant with spur-shaped flowers and
petals.¼
¨col®umn© ²/ÚkolEm/ ³n ¸1 ´tall, upright pillar, usu of stone, either
supporting or decorating part of a building, or standing alone as a monument.
¸2 ´sth shaped like or suggesting a @: ³a @ of smoke ´(rising straight up);
³the spinal @´, the backbone; ³a @ of mercury ´(in a thermometer); ³a refining
@´, one in which oil, heated to vapour, is refined into fuel oil, petrol, etc.
¸3 ´vertical division of a printed page (eÔg of this page); or of a newspaper,
occupied regularly by one subject: ³the correspondence @s of "The Times'; the
advertising @s. ¸4 ´series of numbers arranged under one another: ³add up a
long @ of figures. ¸5 ´line of ships following one another; deep arrangement of
soldiers in short ranks, one behind the other. ¸fifth @, µ¥ fifth. ¸col®um®nist
²/ÚkolEmnIst/ ³n ´journalist who regularly writes a @ of miscellaneous news,
political comment, etc for a newspaper.¼
¨coma© ²/ÚkE8mE/ ³n ´unnatural deep sleep usu from injury or
illness. ·be in a @; go into a @, ´be in, pass into such a sleep. ¸@®tose
²/ÚkE8mEtE8s/ ³adj ´in a @; unconscious.¼
¨comb© ²/kE8m/ ³n ¸1 ´piece of metal, rubber, plastic, etc with teeth for
cleaning the hair, making it tidy, keeping it in place, etc or as an ornament.
¸2 ´part of a machine with a @-like look or purpose, esp for tidying and
straightening wool, cotton, etc for manufacture. ¸3 ´wax structure made by bees
for honey. µ¥ honey@. ¸4 ´red fleshy crest of fowl. µ¥ cocks@. ¸5 ´crest of a
large wave. ¹ ³vt,vi ¶[VP6A,15B] ¸1 ´use a @ on (the hair). ¸2 ´prepare (wool,
flax, etc) with @s for manufacture. ¸3 ´search thoroughly: ³The police @ed the
whole city in their efforts to find the murderer. ¸4 ·@ out, ´(fig) take out
(unwanted things, persons) from a group: ³@ out a government department´, get
rid of officials who are not really needed, who are inefficient, etc. Hence,
¸Ú@-out ³n ´act of getting rid of (unnecessary officials, etc). ¸5 ¶[VP2C,3A]
·@ over, ´(of a wave) break, curl: ³waves @ing over the ship.¼
¨com®bat© ²/Úkombat/ ³n ´fight; struggle. ¸single @, ´fight between
two persons only: (attrib) ³a @ mission. ¹ vt,vi ¶[VP6A,3A] ·@ (against/with),
´fight; struggle: ³@ the enemy; @ error; a ship @ing with the wind and waves.
¸@®ant ²/ÚkombEtEnt/ ³adj ´fighting. µ¹ ³n ´one who fights: ³In modern wars
both @ants and non-@ants are killed in air attacks. ¸@®ive ²/ÚkombEtIv/ ³adj
´fond of fighting; ready to fight. ¸@®ive®ly ³adv¼
¨com®bi®na®tion© ²/*kombIÚneI2n/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´joining or putting together; state
of being joined: ³in @ with; enter into @ with; every possible @ and
permutation´, every possible arrangement. ¸2 ¶[C] ´number of persons or things
that are joined: ³The college is supported by a @ of income from endowments and
fees from students. ¸Ú@ room´, (at Cambridge) common-room. µ¥ common±1µ(1). ¸3
¶[C] ´motor-bike with sidecar attached. ¸4 ³(pl) ´one-piece undergarment
covering body and legs. ¸5 ¶[C] ´formula, complicated arrangement, for the lock
(= ¸Ú@-lock´) of a safe, strong-room, etc: ³How did the thieves learn the @
used to open the safe?¼
¨com®bine©1 ²/kEmÚbñIn/ ³vt,vi ¶[VP6A,14,2A,3A,4A] ·@ (with), ´(cause to) join
together; possess at the same time: ³We can't always @ work with pleasure.
Hydrogen and oxygen @/Hydrogen @s with oxygen to form water. Some films @
education with recreation. Everything @d against him´, Circumstances, etc made
his task difficult or impossible. ¸@d operations/exercises, ´in which air, sea
and land forces work together.¼
¨com®bine©2 ²/ÚkombñIn/ ³n ¸1 ´group of persons, trading companies, etc joined
for a purpose (such as controlling prices). ¸2 ´(also ¸*@ Úharvester´) machine
that both reaps and threshes (grain).¼
¨com®bust®ible© ²/kEmÚbAstEbl/ ³adj ´catching fire and burning easily; (fig, of
people) excitable. ¹ ³n ´(usu ³pl) ´@ material.¼
¨com®bus®tion© ²/kEmÚbAst2En/ ³n ¶[U] ´process of burning;
destruction by fire. µ¥ spontaneous.¼
¨come© ²/kAm/ ³vi (pt µcame ²/keIm/³, pp µcome³) ´(For uses with ³adverbial
particles ´and ³preps, µ¥ 16 ´below). ¸1 ¶[VP2A,B,C,3A] ·@ (to/from) (with),
¸(a) ´move to be with sb, or to be at a place specified: ³C@ here! Are you
coming to my party? May I come to your party? Who are you coming with? I'll be
coming with Keith. I've only @ for an hour. ¸(b) ´arrive: ³Help has @. They
came to a river. He's just @ from Leeds. ¸(c) ¶[VP4A ´with infinitive of
purpose, ¶3A] ·@ (for), ´move, travel, arrive: ³He has @ here to work. They've
@ all the way from London to look for jobs. He's @ to get/@ for his book.
They've @ for (´= to get³) me! C@ to see what I've done ´(colloq ³C@ and see
what I've done, µ¥ and(5)´). ¸(d) ¶[VP2E] ´(with a ³pres p ´to indicate two
activities or states that occur together): ³The children came running (= ´ran³)
to meet us. He came hurrying (= ´hurried³) to her bedside as soon as he heard
she was ill. She came smiling/crying up to me. ¸2 ¶[VP2C,E] ·@
(into/onto/in/on, etc), ´move into, etc the place where the speaker is: ³C@
into the hallway out of the rain. The train came puffing into the station. Can
you @ out with me for a walk? He came back to have a word with me. The sunshine
came streaming through the windows. ¸3 ¶[VP3A] ¸(a) ·@ to sth, ´reach; rise to;
fall to (a particular level, figure, point): ³Your bill @s to $20. His earnings
@ to more than $5Ô000 a year. ·@ to much/little/nothing, ´amount to much, etc:
³All his plans came to nothing´, had no result, no success. ³He will never @ to
much´, will never be successful, etc. ·@ to this/that, etc, ´reach the state of
affairs indicated, or a particular state of affairs: ³What you say @s to this´,
means this. ³When it @s to helping his wife with the housework, John never
grumbles. ³If it @s to that«´, If that is the state of affairs«. ¸(b) ´(in
fixed phrases) reach the state or condition indicated by the ³nouns ´for which
there is often an equivalent ³verb. µ¥ ´the ³noun ´entries. ·@ to an agreement,
´agree. ·@ to blows (with), ´start fighting. ·@ to a decision, ´decide. ·@ to
an end, ´end, finish. ·@ to fruition, ´ripen, mature. ·@ to a halt/standstill,
´stop. ·@ to light, ´become known; be revealed or discovered. ·@ to one's
notice/attention, ´be noticed. ·@ to one's senses/oneself, ¸(a) ´become
conscious after fainting. ¸(b) ´become sensible or normal after behaving
foolishly. ·@ to terms (with sb), ´reach an agreement. ¸4 ´(used with ³into ´in
numerous phrases) reach the state or condition indicated by the ³nouns. µ¥ ´the
³nouns ´in the phrases. ·@ into blossom/bud/flower/leaf, ´begin to have
blossom, buds, etc. ·@ into contact (with sb/sth), ´meet sb, touch sth. ·@ into
focus, ´be sharply defined; become prominent. ·@ into money/a fortune/a legacy
etc, ´receive, inherit it. ·@ into operation, ´start to operate. ·@ into one's
own, ´receive the credit, fame, etc that one deserves, what rightly belongs to
one, etc. ·@ into power, ´(of a political party, etc) form the Government. ´Cf
³go into Opposition. ·come into sight/view, ´appear. µ¥ ´also µcollision,
effect(1), ³existence ´at µexist, fashion(2), force±1µ(5), line±1µ(11),
open(³nµ), play±1µ(8), possession(1), ³prominence ´at µprominent,
question±1µ(2), use±1µ(1). ¸5 ·@ to sb (from sb), ´be left, willed, to sb (by
Will and Testament, on death): ³He has a lot of money coming to him´, will
receive it, eÔg when sb dies. ³The farm came to him on his father's death. ¸6
·@ to sb, ´occur to, strike (sb); befall (sb): ³The idea came ´(= occurred) ³to
him in his bath. No harm will @ to you if you're careful. He had it coming to
him´, (sl, used only of unpleasant events) what happened was fated, and
probably deserved. ¸7 ¶[VP4A] ´reach a point where one sees, understands, etc:
³He came to realize that he was mistaken. He had @ to see the problem in a new
light. I have @ to believe that«, ´I now believe that«. ³When we @ to know them
better«. ¸8 ¶[VP4A] ´(usu with ³how´) ´asking for an explanation or reason:
³How did you @ ´(archaic ³How came you´) ³to find out where she's living? How
did you @ to be so foolish? (Now that I) @ ´(= happen) ³to think of it«. ·How @
(that), ´(sl) How does/did sth happen: ³How @ (that) you just sat there doing
nothing? ¸9 ¶[VP2C] ´occur; be found; have as its place: ³May @s between April
and June. On what page does it @? His resignation came as a surprise/It came as
a surprise when he resigned. ¸10 ¶[VP2C,D] ´be; become; prove to be: ³Your
dream will one day @ true´, be realized. ³It @s easily with practice. The
handle has @ loose. It @s cheaper if you buy things in bulk. Everything will @
(all) right in the end. That sort of thing @s naturally to her´, she does it
without having to learn or make an effort. ·be as clever/stupid etc as they @,
´be very clever/stupid etc. ¸11 ¶[VP2D] ´(with ³part adjj ´prefixed with ³un-´,
denoting undesirable conditions, etc) become: ³My shoe laces have @ undone. The
seam came unstitched. The flap of the envelope has @ unstuck. µ¥ unstuck ´for a
colloq use. ¸12 ¶[VP2E] ´(with a ³n ´or ³adj´, usu with the ³def art´, used
adverbially as the nominal part of the ´predicate) ´(colloq) play the part of;
behave, talk, etc as if one were (often with the suggestion of overdoing sth):
³Don't @ the bully/the high and mighty over me´, don't (try to) bully me. ³He
tried to @ the artful/virtuous over me´, impress me by being artful/virtuous.
³That's coming it a bit strong´, is making an extravagant claim or assertion.
µ¥ ´also the ³noun ´entries for ³the old soldier, the heavy swell. ¸13 ´(as a
³to-´inf, used as a ³pred adj´) future: ³in years to @; books to @´,
forthcoming books; ³the life to @´, life in the next world; ³for some time to
@´, for a period of time in the future. ¸14 ´(colloq uses): ³two years @
Christmas´, two years including the time from now to Christmas. ³She will be 21
@ May´, when May comes, iÔe next May. ³Mary is coming ten´, is in her tenth
year, will be ten on her next birthday. ¸15 ¶[VP2A] ´(colloq) reach orgasm.¼
¸16 ¶[VP2C,3A] ´(special uses with ³adverbial particles ´and ³preps´):¼
·come about, ´happen: ³It came about in this way. How does it @ about that«?
µ¥ 8 ´above.¼
·come across sb/sth, ¸(a) ´find or meet by chance: ³I came across this old
brooch in a curio shop. ¸(b) ´occur to: ³The thought came across my mind
that«´, occurred to me«. Cf ³It crossed my mind that«. ·@ across (with), ´(sl)
pay (money owing); agree to give information.¼
·come after sb, ´follow in pursuit of: ³The farmer came after the intruders
with a big stick.¼
·come along, ¸(a) ´(imper) ´try harder; make more effort: ³C@ along,
nowÅsomeone must know the answer! ¸(b) ´progress: ³The garden is coming along
quite nicely. ¸(c) ´appear; arrive: ³When the right opportunity @s along, he'll
take it. ¸(d) ´(imper) ´hurry up; make haste: ³C@ alongÅwe'll be late for the
theatre!¼
·come apart, ´@, fall, to pieces: ³The teapot just came apart in my hands.¼
·come at sb/sth, ¸(a) ´reach; get access to: ³The truth is often difficult to @
at (get at ´is more usu). ¸(b) ´attack: ³The man came at me with a big stick.
´Hence, ¸@-at-able ²/*kAm ÚatEbl/ ³adj ´(colloq) accessible ³(get-at-able ´is
more usu).¼
·come away (from), ´become detached: ³The light switch came away from the
wall.¼
·come back, ´return; (of fashions) become popular again: ³Will ruffs @ back? ·@
back at, ´retort; retaliate: ³He came back at the speaker with some sharp
questions. ·@ back (to one), ´return to the memory: ³Their names are all coming
back to me now´, I'm beginning to remember them. Hence, ¸Ú@-back ³n ¸(a) ´(eÔg
of actors, politicians, sportsmen etc) successful return to, reinstatement in,
a former position: ³Can he stage a @-back? ¸(b) ´retort; repartee. ¸(c)
´redress; recompense (for a loss, etc): ³If you're uninsured and you're
burgled, you'll have no @-back.¼
·come before sb/sth, ¸(a) ´be dealt with by: ³The complaint will @ before the
United Nations Assembly next week. ¸(b) ´have precedence over: ³Baronets @
before knights.¼
·come between, ¸(a) ´interfere with a relationship: ³It is not advisable to @
between a man and his wife. ¸(b) ´prevent sb from having sth: ³He never lets
anything @ between him and his evening paper.¼
·come by sth, ¸(a) ´obtain by effort; become possessed of: ³Was the money
honestly @ by? Jobs were hard to @ by. ¸(b) ´receive by accident or chance:
³How did you @ by that cut on your wrist?¼
·come down, ¸(a) ´collapse: ³The ceiling came down on our heads. ¸(b) ´(of
rain, snow, hail) fall: ³The rain came down in bucketfuls. ¸(c) ´(of prices,
temperature, etc) fall. ¸(d) ´@ from a city or large town to a smaller
locality: ³She came down from Glasgow last year and settled in the village.
¸(e) ´(colloq) pay money: ³My rich uncle came down generously´, made a generous
gift of money. ·@ down (from), ´leave university (esp Oxford or Cambridge):
³His son has just @ down from Oxford. ·@ Údown in the world, ´lose social
position; become poor. Hence, ¸Ú@-down ³n ´fall in social position;
humiliation: ³He has had to sell his house and furnitureÅwhat a @-down for him!
·@ down in favour of sb/sth; @ down on the side of sb/sth, ´decide to support:
³He came down on the side of a more flexible trade policy. ·@ down on sb,
´(colloq) rebuke severely: ³The headmaster came down on the boy like a ton of
bricks. ·@ down on sb for sth, ´demand payment of money owing: ³Tradesmen came
down on him for prompt settlement of his accounts. ·@ down to, ¸(a) ´reach to:
³Her hair @s down to her waist. ¸(b) ´reduce to: ³Your choices in the matter @
down to these. ·@ down to it, ´examine the meaning, the essentials. ¸(c) ´(of
traditions, etc) be handed down: ³legends that have @ down to us´, iÔe from our
ancestors. ·@ down to earth, ´return to reality: ³Now that his money has all
been spent, he's had to @ down to earth. ·@ down to doing sth, ´be forced, eÔg
by poverty, to do sth humiliating: ³He had @ down to begging. ·@ down with,
´(colloq) contribute: ³I had to @ down with $10 to her favourite charity.¼
·come forward, ¸(a) ´offer or present oneself: ³Will no one @ forward as a
candidate? No witness of the accident has @ forward. ¸(b) ´(comm) become
available: ³the number of cattle coming forward for slaughter´, brought to
market to be sold.¼
·come from, ¸(a) ´(not with progressive tenses) have as a birthplace, place of
origin, etc: ³He @s from Kent. Much of the butter eaten in England @s from New
Zealand. ¸(b) ´= @ of µ(b)´.¼
·come home to, µ¥ home±2µ(2).¼
·come in, ¸(a) ´(of the tide) rise: ³The tide is coming in. ¸(b) ´become
seasonable: ³When do oysters @ in? ¸(c) ´become fashionable: ³When did women's
trousers @ in? ¸(d) ´(of a batsman in cricket) take his stand at the wicket:
³When the next man came in,«. ¸(e) ´take a place in the result of a race:
³Which horse came in first? ¸(f) ´be elected; @ into power: ³If the Democrats @
in,«. ¸(g) ´be received as income, etc: ³There's not much money coming in at
present. ¸(h) ´have a part to play: ³Here is the plan of attack, and this is
where you @ in. Where do I @ in´, (according to context) What is my share, How
do I benefit, etc? ·@ in handy/useful (for sth), ´happen to be useful, serve a
purpose: ³Don't throw it awayÅit may @ in handy one day. ·@ Úin for, ¸(a)
´receive (as an inheritance, a share, etc): ³She has @ in for a fortune. ¸(b)
´attract; be the object of: ³Their handling of the case has @ in for a great
deal of criticism. ·@ in on, ´join; take part in: ³If you want to @ in on the
scheme, you must decide now.¼
·come into sth, µ¥ 4 ´above.¼
·come of, ¸(a) ´be descended from: ³She @s of an interesting family. ¸(b) ´be
the result of: ³He promised his help, but I don't think anything will @ of it.
No harm can @ of trying. ·@ of age, µ¥ age±1µ(1).¼
·@ off, ¸(a) ´take place: ³The marriage did not @ off. Did the proposed visit
to Rome ever @ off? ¸(b) ´(of plans, attempts) succeed: ³The experiment
did not @ off. ´The play doesn't quite @ off. ¸(c) ´(of persons) fare; prosper;
acquit oneself: ³They came off well/badly. Who came off best, ´who won?¼
·come off (sth), ¸(a) ´become detached or separated (from): ³A button has @ off
my coat. Please use lipstick that doesn't @ off on the wine glasses. When we
came off the gold standard«´, abandoned it«. ¸(b) ´fall (from): ³@ off a
horse/bicycle. Don't @ off! ¸(c) ´get down (from): ³C@ off that wall before you
fall off (it). µ¥ ´also µperch±2µ(2). ¸(d) ·@ off it, ´(colloq, imper) stop
pretending, or talking nonsense: ³Oh, @ off it! What do you know about
horseracing?¼
·come on, ¸(a) ´follow: ³You go first, I'll @ on later. Hence, ¸Ú@-on ³n ´(sl)
lure; seductive action. ¸(b) ´(as a challenge): ³C@ on! Let's race to the
bottom of the hill. ¸(c) ´make progress; develop: ³How's your garden coming on?
The baby is coming on well. ¸(d) ´(of rain, the seasons, night, illness, etc)
start; arrive: ³Night/Darkness came on. The rain came on again worse than ever.
He said he felt a cold coming on´, was beginning to suffer from a cold. ¸(e)
´(of questions, lawsuits) arise for discussion: ³When does the case @ on for
trial´, When will the court deal with it? ¸(f) ´(cricket, of a bowler) begin to
bowl. ¸(g) ´(of an actor) appear on the stage; (of a play) be performed:
³"Macbeth' is coming on again next month. ·@ on to ´+ ³inf·, ´begin to: ³It
came on to rain.¼
·come out, ¸(a) ´appear; become visible: ³The sun/stars came out. The
buds/flowers are coming out´, are opening. ¸(b) ´become known: ³When the news
came out«. If the truth ever @s out«. ¸(c) ´be published: ³When will his new
book @ out? ¸(d) ´(of workmen) strike: ³The car workers have all @ out again.
¸(e) ´(of details, etc in a photograph; of qualities) appear: ³You have @ out
well in that photograph´, It is a good likeness. ³His arrogance @s out in every
speech he makes. ¸(f) ´(of stains, etc) be removed: ³These ink stains won't @
out. ¸(g) ´(of dyes, etc) fade; disappear: ³Will the colour @ out if the
material is washed? ¸(h) ´(of problems) be solved: ³I can't make this
sum/equation @ out´, can't solve it. ¸(i) ´make a debut; (colloq) begin to live
publicly as sth. ¸(j) ´(of meaning, sense) become clear: ³The meaning of the
passage @s out clearly in his interpretation. ·@ out at, ´(of totals, averages,
etc) amount to: ³The total @s out at 756´, is 756. ·@ out first/last, etc, ´(in
examinations) have a certain position: ³Tom came out first. ·@ out in, ´be
partially covered in (pimples, a rash, etc): ³She's @ out in spots! ·@ out
with, ´utter; say: ³He came out with a most extraordinary story/a string of
oaths.¼
·come over, ¸(a) ´@ from a distance: ³Won't you @ over to England for a
holiday? ¸(b) ´change sides or opinions: ³He will never @ over to our side. ·@
over sb, ´(of feelings, influences) take possession of: ³What has @ over you´,
Why have you changed in this way? ³A fit of dizziness came over her´, She
suddenly felt dizzy. ·@ over queer/funny/dizzy, ´(colloq) suffer a feeling of
faintness/sickness/dizziness.¼
·come round, ¸(a) ´@ by a circuitous route: ³The road was blocked so we had to
@ round by the fields. ¸(b) ´pay an informal visit to: ³Won't you @ round and
see me some time? ¸(c) ´recur: ³Christmas will soon @ round´, be here again.
¸(d) ´change views, etc: ³He will never @ round to our way of thinking´, change
his views and adopt ours. ³He has @ round´, has accepted/agreed. ¸(e) ´regain
consciousness: ³Pour a jug of water on his faceÅhe'll soon @ round. ¸(f)
´recover from ill temper, etc: ³Don't scold the boy; he'll @ round in time.¼
·come through, ¸(a) ´recover from a serious illness, from risk of injury: ³With
such a weak heart, he was lucky to @ through. How did you manage to @ through
without even a scratch´, to escape even a slight injury? ¸(b) ´arrive (by
telephone, radio, etc): ³ListenÅa message is just coming through. ¸(c) ´pass
through official channels: ³Your posting has just @ through: it's Hong Kong! ·@
through sth, ´survive: ³He has @ through two world wars´, has lived safely
through them.¼
·come Úto, ¸(a) ´recover consciousness; µ¥ come round (e). ¸(b) ·@ to sth, µ¥ 3
´above.¼
·come under sth, ¸(a) ´be classed among; be in (a certain category, etc): ³What
heading does this @ under? ¸(b) ´be subjected to: ³@ under sb's
notice/influence.¼
·come up, ¸(a) ´(of seeds, herbaceous plants, etc) show above the ground: ³The
seeds/snowdrops haven't @ up yet. ¸(b) ´arise; be put forward: ³The question
hasn't @ up yet´, has not been raised or discussed. ³Her divorce case @s up
next month´, will be dealt with then. ¸(c) ´(colloq) be drawn (in a lottery):
³My sweepstake ticket came up; I won $100. ¸(d) ´occur; arise: ³We shall write
to you if a vacancy @s up. ¸(e) ´rise in social position: ³He came up the hard
way´, succeeded through his own, unaided efforts. ·@ up against, ´meet
(difficulties, opposition). ·@ up to, ¸(a) ´reach: ³The water came up to my
waist. ¸(b) ´equal: ³Your work has not @ up to my expectations/to the required
standards. ·@ up with, ¸(a) ´draw level with: ³We came up with a party of
hikers. ¸(b) ´produce; find (a solution, an answer).¼
·come upon sb/sth, ¸(a) ´attack by surprise; strike: ³the disaster that came
upon them. Fear came upon us. ¸(b) ´= come across µ(a).¼
¨com®edian© ²/kEÚmidIEn/ ³n ´actor who plays comic parts in plays,
broadcasts and TÔV; person who behaves in a comic way and who cannot be taken
seriously. ¸com®edienne ²/kE*midIÚen/ ³n ´female @.¼
¨com®edy© ²/ÚkomEdI/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´branch of drama that deals with everyday life
and humorous events: ³He prefers @ to tragedy´; ¶[C] ³(pl µ-dies³) ´play for
the theatre, of a light, amusing kind. ¸*musical Ú@, ´such a play, with music,
songs and dancing. ¸2 ¶[C,U] ´amusing activity or incident in real life:
³There's not much @ in modern war.¼
¨come®ly© ²/ÚkAmlI/ ³adj µ(-ier, -iest) ´(old use, usu of a person) pleasant to
look at. ¸come®li®ness ³n¼
¨comer© ²/ÚkAmE(r)/ ³n ´(chiefly in compounds) one who comes: ³the first @; the
late-@s; all @s.¼
¨com®est®ible© ²/kEÚmestEbl/ ³n ´(formal, usu ³pl´) thing to eat.¼
¨comet© ²/ÚkomIt/ ³n ´heavenly body (looking like a star with a bright centre
and a less bright tail) that moves round the sun in an eccentric orbit.¼
¨com®fit© ²/ÚkAmfIt/ ³n ´(old use) ´sweetmeat; fruit (eÔg a plum) preserved in
sugar.¼
¨com®fort© ²/ÚkAmfEt/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´state of being free from suffering, anxiety,
pain, etc; contentment; physical well-being: ³become fond of @ as one grows
old; living in great @. ¸2 ¶[U] ´help or kindness to sb who is suffering: ³a
few words of @; news that brought @ to all of us. ·cold @, ´not much
consolation. ¸3 ¶[C] ´person or thing that brings relief or help: ³Your letters
have been a great @ to me. It's a @ to know that she is safe. The hotel has
every modern @/all modern @s. ¸Ú@ station, ´(US) public lavatory. ¹ ³vt ¶[VP6A]
´give @ to: ³@ those who are in trouble. The child ran to its mother to be @ed.
¸@er ³n ´person who @s; warm scarf to be worn round the neck; dummy teat for a
baby. ¸@®less ³adj ´without @: ³a @less room.¼
¨com®fort®able© ²/ÚkAmftEbl ³US: ²-fErt-/ ³adj ¸1 ´giving comfort to the body:
³a @ chair/bed. ¸2 ´having or providing comfort: ³a @ life/income. ¸3 ´at ease;
free from (excessive) pain, anxiety, etc: ³to be/feel @. Make yourself @!
¸com®fort®ably ²/-tEblI/ ³adv ´in a @ manner: ³a car that holds six people
comfortably. ·be comfortably off´, have enough money to live in comfort.¼
¨com®frey© ²/ÚkAmfrI/ ³n ¶[U] ´tall wild plant with rough leaves
and purple or white flowers.¼
¨comfy© ²/ÚkAmfI/ ³adj µ(-ier, -iest) ´(colloq) comfortable.¼
¨comic© ²/ÚkomIk/ ³adj ¸1 ´causing people to laugh: ³a @ song; ´intended to
amuse: ³@ strips´, strips of humorous drawings, as printed in newspapers, etc.
¸2 ´of comedy: ³@ opera. ¹ n ¸1 ´music-hall comedian. ¸2 ´(US = ¸Ú@ book´) book
or magazine containing stories etc in the form of drawings.¼
¨comi®cal© ²/ÚkomIkl/ ³adj ´amusing; odd: ³a @ old hat. ¸@ly ²/-klI/ ³adv¼
¨coming© ²/ÚkAmIG/ ³n ´arrival: ³He believes in the Second C@´, the return of
Jesus Christ when the world ends. ¹ ³adj ´which will come: ³in the @ years; the
@ generation. ·a @ man, ´a man who is likely to be important, famous, etc.¼
¨com®ity© ²/ÚkomItI/ ³n ¶[U] ´(formal) harmonious friendliness; courtesy. ¸@ of
nations´, friendly recognition, shown by one nation, of the laws, customs, etc
of other nations.¼
¨comma© ²/ÚkomE/ ³n ´punctuation mark (,) to indicate a slight pause or break
between parts of a sentence. ¸in*verted Ú@s, ´the marks ("" '') or (" '). µ¥
App 9.¼
¨com®mand©1 ²/kEÚmqnd ³US: ²-Úmand/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A,17,9,2A] ´order (usu with
the right to be obeyed): ³Do as I @ (you). The officer @ed his men to fire. The
pirate chief @ed that the prisoners should be shot. God @s and man obeys. ¸2
¶[VP6A,2A] ´have authority over; be in control of: ³The captain of a ship @s
all the officers and men. Who @s the army? Who @s here? ¸3 ¶[VP6A] ´restrain;
hold back; control (the more usu word): ³@ oneself/one's temper/one's passions.
¸4 ¶[VP6A] ´be in a position to use; have at one's service: ³He @s great sums
of money´, is able to use them if he so wishes. ³A Minister of State @s the
services of many officials. ¸5 ¶[VP6A] ´deserve and get: ³Great men @ our
respect. He @s the sympathy of all who have heard the story of his sufferings.
¸6 ¶[VP6A] ´(of a place) be in a position that overlooks (and may control):
³The fort @ed the entrance to the valley. The hill @s a fine view´, a fine view
can be obtained from the top. ¸@®ing ³adj ´that @s: ³the @ing officer; in a
@ing tone; in a @ing position.¼
¨com®mand©2 ²/kEÚmqnd ³US: ²-Úmand/ ³n ¸1 ¶[C] ´order: ³His @s were quickly
obeyed. Give your @s in a loud, confident voice. ·at the word of @, ´(mil) when
the @ is given. ¸2 ¶[U] ´authority; power (to control): ³General X is in @ of
the army. The army is under the @ of General X. He has twenty men under his @.
·have/take @ of, ´have/take authority: ³When the major was killed, the senior
captain took @ of the company. ·do sth at/by sb's @, ´on his authority: ³It was
done by the Queen's @. ·be at sb's @, ´ready to obey: ³I am at your @´, ready
to obey you. ¸Ú@ module, ´part of a spacecraft carrying the crew and control
equipment. ¸@ performance, ´(at a theatre) one given at the request of a head
of State. ¸3 ¶[C] ´part of an army, air force, etc under separate @: ³Western
C@; Bomber C@. ¸4 ¶[U] ´possession and mastery: ³He has (a) good @ of the
English language´, is able to use it well. ³He has no @ over himself´, cannot
control his feelings, temper, etc. ³He offered me all the money at his @´, all
the money he controlled.¼
¨com®man®dant© ²/*komEnÚdant/ ³n ´commanding officer.¼
¨com®man®deer© ²/*komEnÚdIE(r)/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´seize (horses, stores, buildings,
etc) for military purposes under martial law.¼
¨com®mander© ²/kEÚmqndE(r) ³US: ²-Úman-/ ³n ´person in command: ³the @ of the
expedition; C@, Lieu·*³tenant-·Ú³C@´, naval officers (above lieutenant and
below captain); ³ÚWing-C@´, rank in the RÔAÔF; ·*³@-in-·Ú³chief´, @ of all the
military forces of a State.¼
¨com®mand®ment© ²/kEÚmqndmEnt ³US: ²-Úmand-/ ³n ´divine command. ¸the Ten C@s,
´the ten laws given by God to Moses. µ¥ Exod 20: 1-17.¼
¨com®mando© ²/kEÚmqndE8 ³US: ²-Úman-/ ³n (pl µ@s ´or µ@es³) ´(member of a) body
of men specially picked and trained for carrying out raids and making
assaults.¼
¨com®mem®or®ate© ²/kEÚmemEreIt/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´keep or honour the memory of (a
person or event); (of things) be in memory of: ³Christmas @s the birth of
Christ. A monument was built to @ the victory. ¸com®mem®or®ative ²/kEÚmemErEtIv
³US: ²-ÚmemEreIt-/ ³adj ´serving to @: ³commemorative stamps/medals.¼
¨com®mem®or®ation© ²/kE*memEÚreI2n/ ³n ¶[U] ´act of commemorating: ³in @ of;
¶[C] ´(part of a) service in memory of a person or event.¼
¨com®mence© ²/kEÚmens/ ³vt,vi ¶[VP6A,C,2A,3A] ´(formal) begin; start (the more
usu words). ¸@®ment ³n ¸1 ´beginning. ¸2 ´(in US universities, and at Cambridge
and Dublin) ceremony at which degrees are conferred.¼
¨com®mend© ²/kEÚmend/ ³vt ¸1 ¶[VP6A,14] ·@ sb (on/upon/to sb); @ sb/sth (to
sb), ´praise; speak favourably of: ³@ someone upon his good manners; @ a man to
his employers. His work was highly @ed. ¸2 ¶[VP14] ·@ sth to, ´entrust for
safekeeping to: ³@ one's soul to God. ¸3 ¶[VP14] ·@ oneself/itself to, ´be to
the liking of; be acceptable to: ³This book does not @ itself to me. Will the
proposal @ itself to the public? ¸@®able ³adj ´worthy of praise.
¸com®men®da®tion ²/*komenÚdeI2n/ ³n ¶[U] ´praise; approval.¼
¨com®men®sur®able© ²/kEÚmen2ErEbl/ ³adj ·@ (to/with), ´that can be measured by
the same standard (as): ³Their achievements are not @.¼
¨com®men®sur®ate© ²/kEÚmen2ErEt/ ³adj ·@ (to/with), ´in the right proportion
(to): ³Was the pay you received @ with the work you did?¼
¨com®ment© ²/Úkoment/ ³n ¶[C,U] ´opinion given briefly in speech or writing
about an event, or in explanation or criticism of sth: ³Have you any @(s) to
make upon my story? Her strange behaviour caused a good deal of @´, of talk,
gossip, etc. ·No @! ´I've nothing to say on this subject. ¹ ³vi ¶[VP2A,3A] ·@
(on/upon), ´make @s (on); give opinions.¼
¨com®men®tary© ²/ÚkomEntrI ³US: ²-terI/ ³n (pl µ-ries³) ¸1 ´collection of
comments, eÔg on a book: ³a Bible @. ¸2 ´series of continuous comments (on an
event): ³a broadcast @ on a football match. ·a running @, ´number of remarks
following one another continuously while an event is taking place: ³He kept up
a running @ on the race. ¸com®men®tate ²/ÚkomEnteIt/ ³vi ¶[VP3A] ·@ on, ´give a
@ on. ¸com®men®ta®tor ²/ÚkomEnteItE(r)/ ³n ´eye-witness who gives a broadcast @
on an event, eÔg a horse-race or football match; writer of a @µ(1)´.¼
¨com®merce© ²/Úkom3s/ ³n ¶[U] ´trade (esp between countries); the exchange and
distribution of goods: ³a Chamber of C@.¼
¨com®mer®cial© ²/kEÚm32l/ ³adj ´of or for commerce: ³@ education; a
@ attitude. ¸@ traveller, ´person who travels with samples of goods to obtain
orders. ¸@ TÔV/radio, ´financed by charges made for @ advertising in
programmes. ¸@ vehicles, ´vans, lorries, etc, for the transport of goods. ¹ ³n
¶[C] ´advertisement inserted in a TÔV or radio programme. ¸@®ly ²/-2ElI/ ³adv
¸@®ize ²/kEÚm32ElñIz/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´(try to) make money out of: ³Is it wise to
@ize sport?¼
¨com®mi®na®tion© ²/*komIÚneI2n/ ³n ¶[C,U] ´(formal) threatening of divine
vengeance. ¸com®mina®tory ²/ÚkomInEtrI ³US: ²-tcrI/ ³adj ´threatening.¼
¨com®mingle© ²/kEÚmIGgl/ ³vt,vi ¶[VP6A,2A] ´mingle together.¼
¨com®miser®ate© ²/kEÚmIzEreIt/ ³vi ¶[VP3A] ·@ with, ´feel, say that one feels,
pity for: ³@ with a friend on his misfortunes. ¸com®miser®ation
²/kE*mIzEÚreI2n/ ³n ¶[C,U] ´(expression of) pity or sympathy (³for ´sb).¼
¨com®mis®sar© ²/ÚkomIsq(r)/ ³n ¸1 ´(formerly) head of a major Government
Department of the USSR. ¸2 ´(formerly) political officer in the army of the
USSR.¼
¨com®mis®sar®iat© ²/*komIÚseErIEt/ ³n ¸1 ´(formerly) major Government
Department of the UÔSÔSÔR. ¸2 ´(formerly) department that supplied food and
other stores to troops. ¸3 ´food supply.¼
¨com®mis®sary© ²/ÚkomIsErI ³US: ²-serI/ ³n (pl µ-ries³) ¸1 ´(formal) deputy,
delegate. ¸2 ´(formerly) officer responsible for supplying food to troops. ¸*@
Úgeneral, ´head of a commissariatµ(2)´.¼
¨com®mis®sion© ²/kEÚmI2n/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´the giving of authority to sb
to act for another; ¶[C] ´instance of this; ¶[C] ´action or piece of business
that is done: ³He has secured two @s to design buildings for a local authority.
¸2 ¶[U] ´performance or committing (³of ´crime). ¸3 ¶[C,U] ´payment to sb for
selling goods, etc, rising in proportion to the results gained: ³He receives a
@ of 10 per cent on sales, as well as a salary. ·on @, ´drawing a percentage of
the receipts: ³to sell goods on @. ¸4 ¶[C] ´official paper (called a ³warrant´)
giving authority; (esp) (in GB) warrant signed by the Sovereign appointing an
officer in the armed services: ³get/resign one's @. ¸5 ¶[C] ´body of persons
given the duty of making an inquiry and writing a report: ³a Royal C@ to report
on betting and gambling. ¸6 ´group of people legally authorized to discharge a
task. ¸*C@ of the ÚPeace, ´Justices of the Peace collectively. ¸7 ·in @, ´(eÔg
of a ship) with crew and supplies complete; ready for sea. ·out of @, ´kept in
reserve; not in working order; (fig) not working, not available. ¹ ³vt
¶[VP6A,17] ´give a @(µ1´) to: ³@ an artist to paint a portrait; be @ed to buy
books for a friend. ¸com®mis®sioned ³adj ´(of officers) holding rank by @µ(4)´.
µ¥ non-@ed.¼
¨com®mis®sion®aire© ²/kE*mI2EÚneE(r)/ ³n ´uniformed porter at the entrance to a
cinema, theatre, hotel, large shop, etc.¼
¨com®mis®sioner© ²/kEÚmI2EnE(r)/ ³n ¸1 ´member of a commissionµ(5,6)´, esp one
with particular duties: ³the C@s of Inland Revenue´, who control Income Tax;
³the Civil Service C@s´, who conduct the Civil Service examinations. ¸2 ´person
who has been given a commission(µ1´): ³a C@ for Oaths´, solicitor (given
commission by the Lord Chancellor) before whom documents are sworn on oath. ¸3
´representative of high rank: ³the High C@ for Canada´, eÔg representing the
Canadian Government in London; ³the British High C@ in Accra.¼
¨com®mit© ²/kEÚmIt/ ³vt µ(-tt-) ¸1 ¶[VP6A] ´perform (a crime, foolish act,
etc): ³@ murder/suicide/an offence. ¸2 ¶[VP14] ·@ sb/sth to, ´entrust, give up,
hand over to, for safe keeping or treatment: ³@ a man to prison; @ a patient to
a mental hospital; @ sth to paper/to writing´, write it down. ³The body was
@ted to the flames´, was cremated. ·@ to memory, ´learn by heart. ·@ a
prisoner for trial, ´@ him to prison for trial later. ¸3 ¶[VP6A,14,16A] ·@
oneself (to«), ´make oneself responsible; undertake: ³He has @ted himself to
support his brother's children. He refused to @ himself by talking about the
crime´, refused to say anything because it might get him into trouble. ¸4
¶[VP6A,14] ´(often reflex´) pledge; bind (oneself): ³I won't @ myself to that
course of action. µ¥ uncommitted. ¸@®ment ³n ¶[U] ´being @ted(µ2,3,4´); ¶[C] ³n
´sth to which one has @tedµ(3) ´oneself; promise; pledge; undertaking: ³If you
have agreed to give a number of lectures, help to pay your brother's school
expenses and give your sister $100 a year for clothes, you have quite a lot of
@ments.¼
¨com®mit®tee© ²/kEÚmItI/ ³n ´group of persons appointed (usu by a
larger group) to attend to special business: ³to attend a ·Ú³@ meeting; to
be/sit on the @; a Parliamentary C@´, one appointed by the House of Commons (or
Lords) to examine a Bill. ·in @, ´functioning as (a member of) a @.¼
¨com®mode© ²/kEÚmE8d/ ³n ¸1 ´chest of drawers. ¸2 ´piece of bedroom furniture
to hold a chamber-pot.¼
¨com®modi®ous© ²/kEÚmE8dIEs/ ³adj ´having plenty of space for what is needed:
³a @ house/cupboard.¼
¨com®mod®ity© ²/kEÚmodEtI/ ³n (pl µ-ties³) ¶[C] ´useful thing, esp an article
of trade: ³household commodities, ´eÔg pots and pans.¼
¨com®mo®dore© ²/ÚkomEdc(r)/ ³n ´naval officer having rank above a captain and
below a rear-admiral; president of a yacht club; senior captain of a shipping
line: ³the @ of the Cunard Line; Air C@´, officer in the Air Force.¼
¨com®mon©1 ²/ÚkomEn/ ³adj ¸1 ´belonging to, used by, coming from, done by,
affecting, all or nearly all members of a group or society: ³The husband is
French, the wife German, and the lodger Italian, but they have English as a @
language´, they can all use English. ³It is to the @ advantage ´(= to
everyone's advantage) ³that street traffic should be well controlled. ¸@
ground, ´(fig) basis for argument accepted by persons in a dispute, etc. ¸@
knowledge, ´what is known to most persons, esp in a group: ³It was @ knowledge
among bankers that«. ´Cf ³general knowledge. ¸Ú@ land, ´land that belongs to,
or may be used by, the community, esp in a village. µ¥ common±2µ(1). ¸@
factor/multiple, ´(maths) belonging to two or more quantities. ¸@ law, ´(in
England) unwritten law developed from old customs, eÔg in Saxon and Danish
times, and decisions made by judges. µ¥ ³statute law ´at µstatute, ´and
³case-law ´at µcase±1µ(2). ¸@-law wife, ´woman with whom a man lives, as if she
were his wife, but without marrying her. ¸the C@ Market ³n ´(officially ³the
European Economic Community´), economic, social and political association,
established in 1958, of Belgium, France, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands and
West Germany, since enlarged in 1973 by the inclusion of Britain, Ireland and
Denmark, with associate membership (for economic preferences) by other
countries. ¸@ noun, ´(gram) name that can be used for any member of a class,
eÔg ³book ´or ³knife. ¸a @ nuisance, ´an offence that is harmful to the
community and for which there is legal remedy. µ¥ ´also µcause ´and µprayer.
¸Ú@-room, ´room for use of the teachers or students at a school, college, etc.
¸2 ´usual and ordinary; happening or found often and in many places: ³a @
flower; a @ experience. Pine-trees are @ in many parts of the world. Is this
word in @ use? ¸the @ man/people, ´the ordinary or average citizen(s): ³The @
man in every country wants peace. ¸@ metre, ´hymn stanza of 4 lines, with 8, 6,
8, 6 syllables. ¸@ sense, ´practical good sense gained by experience of life,
not by special study. ¸@ time/measure, ´two or four beats in a bar. ¸3
´(colloq) (of persons, their behaviour and possessions) vulgar; of inferior
quality or taste: ³@ manners; speak with a @ accent; a girl who looks @/who
wears @ clothes. ¸@®ly ³adv ¸1 ´usually: ³That very @ly happens. Thomas, @ly
called Tom. ¸2 ´in a @µ(3) ´way: ³@ly dressed.¼
¨com®mon©2 ²/ÚkomEn/ ³n ¸1 ¶[C] ´area (usu in or near a village) of
unfenced grassland for all to use: ³Saturday afternoon cricket on the village
@. ¸2 ·in @, ´for or by all (of a group). ·have in @ (with), ´share (with):
³They have nothing in @ with one another´, have no similar interests, etc. ·in
@ with, ´together with: ³In @ with ´(= like) ³many people he prefers meat to
fish. ·out of the @, ´unusual.¼
¨com®mon®alty© ²/ÚkomEnEltI/ ³n ¸the @´, the common people (contrasted with the
upper classes).¼
¨com®moner© ²/ÚkomEnE(r)/ ³n ´one of the common people, not a member of the
nobility.¼
¨com®mon®place© ²/ÚkomEnpleIs/ ³adj ´ordinary or usual: ³a @ kind of man. ¹ n
´remark, event, etc that is ordinary or usual: ³conversation full of mere @s.
Travel by air is now a @.¼
¨com®mons© ²/ÚkomEnz/ ³n pl ¸1 the @, ´(old use) the common people. µ¥
aristocracy, nobility. ¸the *House of ÚC@, ´assembly of those elected by the
common people; lower house of the British parliament. ¸2 ´provisions shared in
common. ·be on short @, ´not have enough to eat.¼
¨com®mon®wealth© ²/ÚkomEnwelT/ ³n ¸1 ´State; group of States (eÔg ³the C@ of
Australia´) associating politically for their common good. ¸2 ¸the C@, ´a free
association of sovereign independent states (formerly colonies and dominions
of GB) with their dependencies.¼
¨com®mo®tion© ²/kEÚmE82n/ ³n ¶[U] ´noisy confusion; excitement; ¶[C] ´instance
of this; violent uprising or disturbance: ³You're making a great @ about
nothing.¼
¨com®mu®nal© ²/Úkomj8nl/ ³adj ¸1 ´of or for a community: ³@ disturbances´, eÔg
in countries where there are antagonisms between people of different races and
religions. ¸2 ´for common use; shared: ³@ land/kitchens.¼
¨com®mune©1 ²/kEÚmjun/ ³vi ¶[VP2C,3A] ·@ (together); @ (with),
´feel at one with; feel, be, in close touch with; talk with in an intimate way:
³@ with nature/one's friends/God in prayer; friends communing together.¼
¨com®mune©2 ²/Úkomjun/ ³n ¸1 ´(in France, Belgium, Italy, Spain) smallest
territorial district for purposes of administration, with a mayor and council.
¸2 ´organized group of people promoting local interests. ¸3 ´group of people
living together and sharing property and responsibilities.¼
¨com®muni®cable© ²/kEÚmjunIkEbl/ ³adj ´(of ideas, illness, etc) that can be
communicated or imparted.¼
¨com®muni®cant© ²/kEÚmjunIkEnt/ ³n ¸1 ´one who (regularly) receives Holy
Communion. ¸2 ´informer (the more usu word).¼
¨com®muni®cate© ²/kEÚmjunIkeIt/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A,14] ·@ sth (to), ´pass on
(news, information, feelings, heat, motion, an illness, etc). ¸2 ¶[VP3A] ·@
with, ´share or exchange (news, etc): ³We can @ with people in most parts of
the world by telephone. Young people sometimes complain of not being able to @
with their parents. ¸3 ¶[VP2A,3A] ·@ (with), ´(of rooms, gardens, roads, etc)
be connected: ³My garden @s with the garden next door by means of a gate. We
asked the hotel to let us have communicating rooms´, rooms with a connecting
door.¼
¨com®muni®ca®tion© ²/kE*mjunIÚkeI2n/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´the act of communicating:
³Among the deaf and dumb @ may be carried on by means of the finger alphabet.
Spitting in public places may lead to the @ of disease. I'm in/I must get into
@ with him on this subject. ¸2 ¶[C] ´that which is communicated (eÔg news):
³This @ is confidential. ¸3 ¶[C,U] ´means of communicating; roads, railways,
telephone or telegraph lines connecting places, radio and TÔV: ³a world @s
network; @ satellites; mass @s media. Telegraphic @/@s between Amman and
Baghdad has/have been restored. All @ with the north has been stopped by
snowstorms. ¸Ú@ cord, ´cord that passes along the length of a train inside the
coaches, to be pulled (to stop the train) in an emergency.¼
¨com®muni®cat®ive© ²/kEÚmjunIkEtIv ³US: ²-keItIv/ ³adj ´ready and willing to
talk and give information. µ¥ ³reserved ´at µreserve±2µ.¼
¨com®mu®nion© ²/kEÚmjunIEn/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´sharing in common; participation
³(with). ¸2 ¶[U] ´exchange of thought and feelings; intercourse. ·hold Ú@ with
oneself, ´think deeply (esp about moral or religious problems). ¸self-@,
´thinking about oneself. ¸3 ¶[C] ´group of persons with the same religious
beliefs: ³We belong to the same @. ¸4 ¸(Holy) C@, ´(in the Christian Church)
celebration of the Lord's Supper. ·go to C@, ¸(a) ´attend church for this
celebration. ¸(b) ´receive the Eucharist.¼
¨com®mu®niqu_e© ²/kEÚmjunIkeI/ ³n ´official announcement, eÔg as issued to the
press.¼
¨com®mu®nism© ²/Úkomj8nIzEm/ ³n ¶[U] ¸1 ´ideology that proclaims the abolition
of class oppression and exploitation, and the foundation of a society based on
the common possession of the means of production and the equal distribution of
goods. ¸2 ´(usu ¸C@´) (colloq) political system in which the power is held by
the Communist or Workers' Party, and the land and its resources, the means of
production etc are under State control. ¸com®mu®nist ²/Úkomj8nIst/ ³n ´believer
in, supporter of, @. µ¹ ³adj ´of @.¼
¨com®mu®nity© ²/kEÚmjunEtI/ ³n (pl µ-ties³) ¸1 the @, ´the people
living in one place, district or country, considered as a whole: ³work for the
good of the @. ¸Ú@ centre, ´building(s), etc where people meet for adult
education classes, amateur dramatics, informal social intercourse, etc. ¸@
chest, ´(US) welfare fund for helping people in distress. ¸2 ¶[C] ´group of
persons having the same religion, race, occupation, etc or with common
interests: ³a @ of monks; the Jewish @ in London; the European @ in Karachi. ¸3
¶[U] ´condition of sharing, having things in common, being alike in some way:
³@ of race/religion/interests; a @ spirit, ´shared feeling of membership. ·in
@, ´together. ¸Ú@ singing, ´organized singing in which all present take part.¼
¨com®mut®able© ²/kEÚmjutEbl/ ³adj ´that can be exchanged or converted
(³into/for´).¼
¨com®mu®ta®tion© ²/*komjuÚteI2n/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´commuting; making one kind of
payment instead of another, eÔg money instead of service. ¸2 ¶[C] ´payment
made in this way. ¸3 ¶[C] ´reduced punishment: ³a @ of the death sentence to
life imprisonment. ¸4 ¸@ ticket, ´(US) season ticket.¼
¨com®mu®ta®tor© ²/ÚkomjuteItE(r)/ ³n ´device for altering the direction of an
electric current.¼
¨com®mute© ²/kEÚmjut/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A,14] ·@ (into/for), ´exchange one thing
(esp one kind of payment) for another: ³@ one's pension; @ an annuity into/for
a lump sum. ¸2 ¶[VP6A,14] ·@ (to), ´reduce the severity of a punishment: ³@ a
death sentence (to one of life imprisonment). ¸3 ¶[VP2A] ´travel regularly, eÔg
by train or car, between one's work in a town and one's home in the country or
suburbs. ¸com®muter ³n ´person who @sµ(3)´.¼
¨com®pact©1 ²/Úkompakt/ ³n ´agreement between parties; contract;
covenant.¼
¨com®pact©2 ²/kEmÚpakt/ ³adj ´closely packed together; neatly fitted; (of
literary style) condensed. ¹ ³vt ´(usu passive) join firmly together. ¸@®ly
³adv ¸@®ness ³n¼
¨com®pact©3 ²/Úkompakt/ ³n ´small, flat container for face-powder (and often
with a mirror), made for carrying in a woman's handbag.¼
¨com®pan®ion©1 ²/kEmÚpanIEn/ ³n ¸1 ´person who goes with, or is often or always
with, another: ³my @s on the journey. ¸2 ´person who shares in the work,
pleasures, misfortunes, etc of another: ³@s in arms´, fellow soldiers; ³@s in
misfortune´, associated in it; ³a faithful @ of 50 years´, eÔg said by a man
speaking of his wife. ¸3 ´person with similar tastes, interests, etc: ³He's an
excellent @. His brother is not much of a @ for him. ¸4 ´one of two or more
things that go together; thing that matches another or is one of a pair:
³Here's the glove for my left hand, but where's the @? ´(also attrib): ³the @
volume(s). ¸5 ´person paid to keep another (usu old or ill) person company. ¸6
´handbook or reference book: ³the Gardener's C@. ¸7 C@, ´member of some Orders:
³C@ of the Bath. µ¥ order±1µ(10). ¸@®able ³adj ´friendly; sociable. ¸@®ship
²/-2Ip/ ³n ¶[U] ´state of being @s: ³enjoy sb's @ship; a @ship of many years.¼
¨com®pan®ion©2 ²/kEmÚpanIEn/ ³n ´(usu ¸Ú@®way´) staircase from the deck of a
ship to the saloon or cabins.¼
¨com®pany© ²/ÚkAmpEnI/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´being together with another or others: ³I
shall be glad of your @ ´(= to have you with me) ³on the journey. ·be
good/poor/bad/excellent, etc @, ´be a good, etc, companionµ(3)´. ·for @, ´to
provide companionship: ³I'll go with you as far as the station for @. ·in @
(with), ´together (with): ³He came in @ with a group of boys. We went in @.
·keep sb @; keep @ with sb, ´be or go with him: ³He stayed at home to keep his
wife @. ·part @ (with sb), µ¥ part±2µ(1). ¸2 ¶[U] ´group of persons; number of
guests: ³We're expecting @ ´(= guests, visitors) ³next week. He's not well
enough to receive a great deal of @´, many visitors. ·sin in good @, ´better
men have done the same. ¸3 ¶[U] ´persons with whom one spends one's time: ³You
may know a man by the @ he keeps´, judge his character by his friends. ³Don't
get into/keep bad @´, Don't become friendly with/mix with bad persons. ¸4
´(often ¸C@, ´abbr ¸Co´) ¶[C] ³(pl µ-nies³) ´number of persons united for
business or commerce: ³a steamship @. ¸a *Limited *LiaÚbility C@, ´C@ whose
partners are not named in the title: ·*³T ·*³S ·Ú³Smith & Co. ¸5 ´number of
persons working together: ³a @ of players´, actors who perform plays together;
³a theatrical @; the ship's @´, the crew. ¸6 ´subdivision of an infantry
battalion, commanded by a captain or major.¼
¨com®par®able© ²/ÚkompErEbl/ ³adj ·@ (to/with), ´that can be
compared: ³The sets of figures are not @. His achievements are @ with the
best.¼
¨com®para®tive© ²/kEmÚparEtIv/ ³adj ¸1 ´having to do with comparison or
comparing: ³the @ method of studying, ´iÔe by finding out what is similar and
different in two or more branches of knowledge; ³@ religion; @ linguistics. ¸2
´measured or judged by comparing: ³living in @ comfort´, eÔg comfortably
compared with others, or with one's own life at an earlier period. ¸3 ´(gram)
´form of adjectives and adverbs expressing "more', as in ³worse, harder, more
difficult, more prettily. ¹ n ´@ degree: ³"Better' is the @ of "good'. ¸@®ly
³adv¼
¨com®pare© ²/kEmÚpeE(r)/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A,14] ·@ (with), ´examine, judge to
what extent persons or things are similar or not similar: ³@ two translations;
@ your translation with the model translation on the blackboard. ·@ notes,
´exchange observations, ideas or opinions. ¸2 ¶[VP14] ·@ to, ´point out the
likeness or relation between: ³Poets have @d sleep to death. Mine cannot be @d
to yours´, is quite different. ¸3 ¶[VP3A] ·@ with, ´be @ed with; bear
comparison with: ³He cannot @ with Shakespeare as a writer of tragedies´, is
not nearly so great. ³This cannot @ with that´, no comparison is possible
because they are so different. ¸4 ´(gram) form the comparative and superlative
degrees (of adjectives and adverbs). ¹ ³n ´(poet) comparison (but only in)
·beyond/past/without @´: ³She is lovely beyond @´, so lovely that none can be
@d to her.¼
¨com®pari®son© ²/kEmÚparIsn/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ·by/in @ (with), ´when compared (with):
³This one costs more but is cheaper by/in @´, is plainly better value when you
compare them and examine the quality, etc. ³The tallest buildings in London are
small in @ with those of New York. ·the @ of X and/with Y, ´the act of
comparing X with Y. ¸2 ¶[C] ·(make) a @ between X and Y/of X to Y, ´(perform)
an act of comparing; an instance of this: ³It is often useful to make a @
between two things. The @ of the heart to a pump/between the heart and a pump
has often been made. There's no @ between them´, They cannot be compared, one
being clearly much better than the other. ·@s are odious, ´in this case it is
unfair to make any @. ¸3 ·bear/stand @ with, ´be able to be compared favourably
with: ³That's a good dictionary, but it won't/can't stand @ with this. ¸4
·degrees of @, ´(gram) positive, comparative and superlative (of adjectives and
adverbs), eÔg ³good, better, best.¼
¨com®part®ment© ²/kEmÚpqtmEnt/ ³n ´one of several separate divisions of a
structure, esp of a railway carriage or coach: ³The first-class @s are in
front. The ship's hold is built in watertight @s. ¸com®part®men®tal®ize
²/*kompqtÚmentElñIz/ ³vt ´divide into @s or categories.¼
¨com®pass©1 ²/ÚkAmpEs/ ³n ¸1 (magÚnetic) @, ´device with a needle that points
to the magnetic north: ³the points of the @ ´(N, NÔE, E, SÔE, S, SÔW, W, NÔW,
etc); similar device, eÔg ³a radio @´, for determining direction. ¸2 ´(old use
¸pair of @es´) ¸@(es) µV´-shaped instrument with two arms joined by a hinge,
used for drawing circles, measuring distances on a map or chart, etc. ¸3
´extent; range: ³beyond the @ of the human mind; outside the @ ´(= range) ³of
her voice; in a small @.¼
¨com®pass©2 ²/ÚkAmpEs/ ³vt ´encompass (the more usu word).¼
¨com®pas®sion© ²/kEmÚpa2n/ ³n ¶[U] ´pity; feeling for the
sufferings of others, prompting one to give help: ³have/take @ on sufferers; be
filled with @ for the refugees; look at someone in/with @; give a man money out
of @. ¸@®ate ²/kEmÚpa2EnEt/ ³adj ´showing or feeling @: ³The soldier was
granted @ate leave´, given leave±2µ(2)´, eÔg because personal affairs made
necessary his presence at home.¼
¨com®pat®ible© ²/kEmÚpatEbl/ ³adj ·@ (with), ´(of ideas, arguments, principles,
etc) suited (to), in accord (with), able to exist together (with): ³pleasure @
with duty; driving a car at a speed @ with safety. ¸com®pat®ibly ²/-EblI/ ³adv
¸com®pati®bil®ity ²/kEm*patEÚbIlEtI/ ³n ¶[U] ´the state of being @.¼
¨com®patriot© ²/kEmÚpatrIEt ³US: ²-ÚpeIt-/ ³n ´person born in, or citizen of,
the same country as another; fellow-countryman.¼
¨com®peer© ²/ÚkompIE(r)/ ³n ´person equal in rank or capacity.¼
¨com®pel© ²/kEmÚpel/ ³vt µ(-ll-) ¸1 ¶[VP17] ·@ sb/sth to do sth, ´force (sb or
sth to do sth); get, bring about, by force: ³His conscience @led him to
confess. He was @led by illness to resign. ¸2 ¶[VP14,6A] ·@ (from), ´obtain by
pressure: ³Can they @ obedience from us´, force us to obey?¼
¨com®pen®di®ous© ²/kEmÚpendIEs/ ³adj ´(of authors, books, etc) giving much
information briefly.¼
¨com®pen®dium© ²/kEmÚpendIEm/ ³n ´concise and comprehensive account; summary.¼
¨com®pen®sate© ²/ÚkompEnseIt/ ³vt,vi ¶[VP6A,14,3A] ·@ (sb) (for sth), ´make a
suitable payment, give something to make up (³for ´loss, injury, etc): ³Do
employers in your country @ workers for injuries suffered at their work?
Nothing can @ for the loss of one's health. ¸com®pen®sa®tory ²/kEmÚpensEtErI
³US: ²-tcrI/ ³adj ´compensating.¼
¨com®pen®sa®tion© ²/*kompenÚseI2n/ ³n ¶[U] ´compensating; ¶[C] ´sth given to
compensate: ³He received $5Ô000 in @/by way of @/as a @ for the loss of his
right hand.¼
¨com®p`ere© ²/ÚkompeE(r)/ ³n ´(F) organizer of a cabaret or broadcast
entertainment who introduces the performers, speakers, etc. ¹ ³vt ´act as @
for.¼
¨com®pete© ²/kEmÚpit/ ³vi ¶[VP2A,3A] ´take part in a race, contest,
examination, etc: ³to @ in a race (against/with others, for a prize, for the
first place, ´etc³); ³to @ against/with other countries in trade.¼
¨com®pet®ence© ²/ÚkompItEns/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´being competent; ability: ³his @ in
handling money/to handle money. ¸2 ´(usu ¸a @´) income large enough for a
person to live on in comfort: ³have/enjoy a small @. ¸3 ¶[U] ´(of a court, a
magistrate) legal capacity: ³business that is within/beyond the @ of the
court.¼
¨com®pet®ent© ²/ÚkompItEnt/ ³adj ¸1 ´(of persons) having ability,
power, authority, skill, knowledge, etc (to do what is needed): ³Is Miss X @
in her work/@ as a teacher/@ to teach French? ¸2 ´(of qualities) sufficient,
adequate: ³Has she a @ knowledge of French? ¸@®ly ³adv¼
¨com®pe®ti®tion© ²/*kompEÚtI2n/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´competing; activity in which
persons compete: ³trade @ between countries; keen @ for a job. At the Olympic
Games our representatives were in @ ´(= were competing) ³with the best swimmers
from all parts of the world. ¸2 ¶[C] ´instance of competing; contest;
meeting(s) at which skill, strength, knowledge, etc is tested: ³boxing/chess
@s.¼
¨com®peti®tive© ²/kEmÚpetEtIv/ ³adj ´in or for which there is competition: ³@
examinations for government posts. Our firm offers you @ prices´, prices that
compare favourably with those of other firms.¼
¨com®peti®tor© ²/kEmÚpetItE(r)/ ³n ´person who competes.¼
¨com®pile© ²/kEmÚpñIl/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´collect (information) and arrange (in a
book, list, report, etc): ³@ a dictionary/a guide-book/an index. ¸com®piler ³n
´person who @s. ¸com®pi®la®tion ²/*kompIÚleI2n/ ³n ¶[U] ´compiling; ¶[C] ´thing
that is @d.¼
¨com®pla®cence© ²/kEmÚpleIsns/ ³n ¶[U] ´self-satisfaction; quiet
contentment. ¸com®pla®cency ²/-ÚpleIsnsI/ ³n¼
¨com®pla®cent© ²/kEmÚpleIsnt/ ³adj ´self-satisfied: ³with a @ smile/air. ¸@®ly
³adv¼
¨com®plain© ²/kEmÚpleIn/ ³vi ¶[VP2A,3A,B] ·@ (to sb) (about/of sth), ´say that
one is not satisfied, that sth is wrong, that one is suffering: ³She @ed to me
of his rudeness/that he had been rude to her. We have nothing to @ of/about. He
never @s about the pain/about being in pain. ¸@®ing®ly ³adv¼
¨com®plain®ant© ²/kEmÚpleInEnt/ ³n ´(legal) plaintiff.¼
¨com®plaint© ²/kEmÚpleInt/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´complaining; ¶[C] ´statement of, grounds
for, dissatisfaction: ³You have no cause/grounds of/for @. Have you any @s to
make? Some children are full of @s about their food. Why don't you lodge a @
against your noisy neighbours? ¸2 ¶[C] ´illness; disease: ³a heart/liver @;
childish @s´, illnesses common among children.¼
¨com®plais®ance© ²/kEmÚpleIzEns/ ³n ¶[U] ´easy-going habit of mind; readiness
and willingness to do what pleases others: ³do sth out of @. ¸com®plais®ant
²/-zEnt/ ³adj ´obliging; disposed to please: ³a complaisant husband.¼
¨com®ple®ment© ²/ÚkomplImEnt/ ³n ¸1 ´that which makes sth complete; the full
number or quantity needed: ³the ship's @´, the full number of officers and men.
¸2 ´(gram) word(s) esp ³adjj ´and ³nn´, used after ³vv ´such as ³be ´and
³become ´and qualifying the subject: ³In the sentence "I'm tired' ´tired ³is
the @. ¸@®ary ²/*komplIÚmentrI/ ³adj ´forming a @. ¹ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´complete;
form the @ to.¼
¨com®plete©1 ²/kEmÚplit/ ³adj ¸1 ´having all its parts; whole: ³a @ edition of
Shakespeare's plays. ¸2 ´finished; ended: ³When will the work be @? ¸3
´thorough; in every way: ³He's a @ stranger to me. It was a @ surprise to me´,
I wasn't expecting it and hadn't even thought of it. ¸@®ly ³adv ´wholly; in
every way: ³@ly successful. ¸@®ness ³n¼
¨com®plete©2 ²/kEmÚplit/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´finish; bring to an end; make perfect:
³The railway is not @d yet. I need one volume to @ my set of Dickens.¼
¨com®ple®tion© ²/kEmÚpli2n/ ³n ¶[U] ´act of completing; state of being
complete: ³You may occupy the house on @ of contract´, when the contract of
sale has been completed.¼
¨com®plex©1 ²/Úkompleks ³US: ²komÚpleks/ ³adj ´made up of closely connected
parts; difficult to understand or explain: ³a @ argument/proposal/situation; a
@ system of government; a @ sentence´, (gram) one containing subordinate
clauses. ¸@®ity ²/kEmÚpleksEtI/ ³n ¶[U] ´state of being @; ¶[C] ³(pl µ-ties³)
´sth that is @.¼
¨com®plex©2 ²/Úkompleks/ ³n ¶[C] ¸1 ´complex whole; number of dissimilar parts
intricately related: ³a building @. ¸2 ´(psych) (abnormal) mental state which
is the result of past experiences or suppressed tendencies; (colloq) obsessive
concern or fear: ³He has a @ about his weight. µ¥ ³inferiority ´at µinferior,
³superiority ´at µsuperior.¼
¨com®plexion© ²/kEmÚplek2n/ ³n ¶[C] ¸1 ´natural colour, appearance, etc of the
skin, esp of the face: ³a good/dark/fair @. ¸2 ´general character or aspect (of
conduct, affairs, etc): ³This victory changed the @ of the war´, made the
probable outcome different, gave hope of an early end, etc.¼
¨com®pli®ance© ²/kEmÚplñIEns/ ³n ¶[U] ¸1 ´action of complying: ³in @ with your
wishes´, as you wish(ed) us (to do). ¸2 ´tendency to give way to others;
unworthy submission.¼
¨com®pliant© ²/kEmÚplñIEnt/ ³adj ´ready or disposed to comply.¼
¨com®pli®cate© ²/ÚkomplIkeIt/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´make complex; make (sth) difficult
to do or understand: ³This @s matters. ¸com®pli®cated ³adj ´made up of many
parts: ³a @d machine; @d business deals.¼
¨com®pli®ca®tion© ²/*komplIÚkeI2n/ ³n ¶[C] ¸1 ´state of being complex,
confused, difficult; sth that adds new difficulties: ³Here are further @s to
worry us. ¸2 ´(med) new illness, or new development of an illness, that makes
treatment more difficult: ³influenza with @s; if no @s set in.¼
¨com®plic®ity© ²/kEmÚplIsEtI/ ³n ¶[U] ·@ (in), ´taking part with
another person (in crime or other wrongdoing).¼
¨com®pli®ment© ²/ÚkomplImEnt/ ³n ¶[C] ¸1 ´expression of admiration, approval,
etc, either in words or by action, eÔg by asking sb for his advice or opinions,
or by imitating him. ·pay sb a @/pay a @ to sb (on sth)´: ³They paid me a
well-deserved @. ¸2 ³(pl) ´(formal) greetings: ³My @s to your wife´, Please
give her a greeting from me. ³With the @s of the season´, phrase used at
Christmas and the New Year. ³With the author's/publisher's @s´, phrase used
when an author/publisher sends a gift of a book newly issued. ¹ ³vt
²/ÚkomplIment/ ¶[VP6A,14] ·@ sb (on sth), ´pay a @ to: ³I @ed him on his
skill.¼
¨com®pli®men®tary© ²/*komplIÚmentrI/ ³adj ¸1 ´expressing admiration, praise,
etc. ¸2 ´given free, out of courtesy or kindness: ³a @ ticket/copy of a book,
etc.¼
¨com®plin©, com®pline ²/ÚkomplIn/ ³n ´(in RÔC and Anglo-Catholic ritual) last
(church) service of the day.¼
¨com®ply© ²/kEmÚplñI/ ³vt ¶[VP2A,3A] ·@ (with), ´act in accordance (with a
request, command, sb's wishes, etc): ³You must @ with ´(= obey) ³the rules. He
refused to @.¼
¨com®po®nent© ²/kEmÚpE8nEnt/ ³adj ´helping to form (a complete thing): ³@
parts. ¹ n ´@ part: ³the @s of a camera lens.¼
¨com®port© ²/kEmÚpct/ ³vt,vi ´(formal) ¸1 ¶[VP15A] ´(usu reflex) ´behave;
conduct: ³@ oneself with dignity. ¸2 ¶[VP3A] ·@ with, ´suit, be in harmony
with: ³His conduct did not @ with his position. ¸@®ment ³n¼
¨com®pose© ²/kEmÚpE8Z/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A] ´(of elements) make up, form: ³the
parts that @ the whole; ´(usu in the passive): be @d of´, be made up of: ³Water
´(H¶c´O) ³is @d of hydrogen and oxygen. Our party was @d of teachers, pupils
and their parents. ¸2 ¶[VP6A,2A] ´put together (words, ideas, musical notes,
etc) in literary, musical, etc, form: ³@ a poem/a song/an opera/a speech. He
teaches music and also @s´, writes music. ¸3 ¶[VP6A] ´(printing) set up (type)
to form words, paragraphs, pages, etc. µ¥ compositor. ¸4 ¶[VP6A,16A] ´get under
control; calm: ³@ one's thoughts/passions. She @d herself to answer the letter.
Try to @ your features´, make yourself look calm. ¸com®posed ³adj ´calm; with
feelings under control. ¸com®posed®ly ²/kEmÚpE8zIdlI/ ³adv ´in a @d manner.¼
¨com®poser© ²/kEmÚpE8zE(r)/ ³n ´(esp) person who composes music.¼
¨com®pos®ite© ²/ÚkompEzIt/ ³adj ´made up of different parts or
materials: ³a @ illustration´, made by putting together two or more drawings,
etc.¼
¨com®po®si®tion© ²/*kompEÚzI2n/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´act or art of composing, eÔg a
piece of writing or music, type for printing, objects that will be included in
a painting: ³He played a piano sonata of his own @´, that he himself had
composed. ¸2 ¶[C] ´that which is composed, eÔg a poem, a book, a piece of
music, an arrangement of objects to be painted or photographed; (esp) exercise
in writing by one who is learning a language. ¸3 ¶[U] ´the parts of which sth
is made up: ³Scientists study the @ of the soil. He has a touch of madness in
his @´, There is an element of madness in him. ¸4 ¶[C] ´substance composed of
more than one material, esp an artificial substance: ³@ floors.¼
¨com®po®si®tor© ²/kEmÚpozItE(r)/ ³n ´skilled person who composes type for
printing.¼
¨compos mentis© ²/*kompEs ÚmentIs/ ³adj ´(Lat) (colloq) sane: ³He's not quite
@´, is a little mad.¼
¨com®post© ²/Úkompost/ ³n ¶[U] ´prepared mixture, esp of rotted
organic matter, manure, etc, for use in horticulture. ¹ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´make into
@; treat with @.¼
¨com®po®sure© ²/kEmÚpE8ZE(r)/ ³n ¶[U] ´condition of being composed in mind;
calmness (of mind or behaviour): ³behave with great @.¼
¨com®pote© ²/Úkompot/ ³n ¶[C,U] ´(dish of) fruit cooked with sugar and water.¼
¨com®pound©1 ²/Úkompñ8nd/ ³n, adj ¸1 ´(sth) made up of two or more combined
parts: ³Common salt is a @ of sodium and chlorine. ¸2 ´(gram) item composed of
two or more parts, (written as one or two words, or joined by a hyphen),
themselves usu words, eÔg ·Ú³bus conductor. ¸*@ Úsentence, ´one containing two
or more co-ordinate clauses (linked by ³and, but´, etc). ¸3 ¸*@ Úinterest,
´interest on capital and on accumulated interest. ¸*@ Úfracture, ´breaking of a
bone complicated by an open wound in the skin.¼
¨com®pound©2 ²/kEmÚpñ8nd/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A] ´mix together (to make sth new or
different): ³@ a medicine; a cake @ed of the best ingredients. ¸2 ¶[VP6A,2A,3A]
·@ (with sb) (for sth), ´settle (a quarrel, a debt) by mutual concession; ´come
to terms: ³He @ed with his creditors for a remission of what he owed. ¸3
¶[VP6A] ´add to, increase (an offence or injury) by causing another: ³That
simply @s the offence.¼
¨com®pound©3 ²/Úkompñ8nd/ ³n ´enclosed area with buildings, etc, eÔg a number
of houses, a commercial or trading centre.¼
¨com®pre®hend© ²/*komprIÚhend/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ¸1 ´understand fully. ¸2 ´include.¼
¨com®pre®hen®sible© ²/*komprIÚhensEbl/ ³adj ´that can be understood fully: ³a
book that is @ only to specialists. ¸com®pre®hen®si®bil®ity
²/*komprI*hensEÚbIlEtI/ ³n¼
¨com®pre®hen®sion© ²/*komprIÚhen2n/ ³n ¶[U,C] ¸1 ´the mind's act or power of
understanding: ³The problem is above/beyond my @. ¸2 ´exercise aimed at
improving or testing one's understanding of a language (written or spoken). ¸3
´power of including: ³a term of wide @´, eÔg a word that includes many
meanings, uses, etc.¼
¨com®pre®hen®sive© ²/*komprIÚhensIv/ ³adj ´that comprehendsµ(2)
´much: ³a @ description/review of the term's work, etc; a man with a @
mind/grasp of ideas. ¸Ú@ (school), ´large school that combines all types of
secondary education, iÔe academic and technical. ¸@®ly ³adv ¸@®ness ³n¼
¨com®press©1 ²/kEmÚpres/ ³vt ¶[VP6A,14] ¸1 ´press together; get into a
small(er) space: ³@ed air; @ cotton into bales. ¸2 ´put (ideas, etc) into fewer
words; condense.¼
¨com®press©2 ²/Úkompres/ ³n ´pad or cloth pressed on to a part of the body (to
stop bleeding, reduce fever, etc): ³a cold/hot @.¼
¨com®pres®sion© ²/kEmÚpre2n/ ³n ¶[U] ´compressing; being compressed: ³@ of
ideas.¼
¨com®prise© ²/kEmÚprñIz/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´be composed of; have as parts or members:
³The committee @s men of widely different views. The force @d two battalions
and a battery.¼
¨com®pro®mise© ²/ÚkomprEmñIz/ ³n ¶[U] ´settlement of a dispute by which each
side gives up sth it has asked for and neither side gets all it has asked for;
¶[C] ´instance of this; settlement reached in this way: ³The strike was not
ended until they resorted to @. A @ agreement was at last arrived at. Can we
effect a @? ¹ vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A,2A] ´settle a dispute, etc, by making a @: ³if
they agree to @. ¸2 ´bring (sb, sth, oneself) under suspicion by unwise
behaviour, etc: ³You will @ yourself/your reputation if you spend all your time
gambling. ¸3 ´imperil the safety of (by folly or rashness, etc): ³The position
of the army was @d by the general's poor judgement.¼
¨comp®trol®ler© ²/kEnÚtrE8lE(r)/ ³n ´(in some titles) controller: ³@ of
accounts.¼
¨com®pul®sion© ²/kEmÚpAl2n/ ³n ¶[U] ´compelling or being compelled. ·under @,
´because one must: ³A defeated country usually signs a treaty of peace under
@.¼
¨com®pul®sive© ²/kEmÚpAlsIv/ ³adj ´having a tendency or the power to compel;
caused by an obsession: ³a @ eater/TÔV viewer´, one who feels compelled to
eat/watch TÔV; ³a @ liar´, one who lies repeatedly. ¸@®ly ³adv¼
¨com®pul®sory© ²/kEmÚpAlsErI/ ³adj ´that must be done; required: ³Is military
service @ in your country? Is English a @ subject? ¸com®pul®sor®ily
²/kEmÚpAlsErElI/ ³adv¼
¨com®punc®tion© ²/kEmÚpAGk2n/ ³n ¶[U] ´uneasiness of conscience; feeling of
regret for one's action: ³She kept me waiting without the slightest @.¼
¨com®pu®ta®tion© ²/*kompj8ÚteI2n/ ³n ¶[U] ´computing; ¶[C] ´result of
computing; calculation: ³It will cost $5Ô000 at the lowest @. He has wealth
beyond @. Addition and division are forms of @.¼
¨com®pute© ²/kEmÚpjut/ ³vt,vi ¶[VP6A,14,2A] ·@ (at), ´reckon;
calculate: ³He @d his losses at $50. What is the @d horse-power of the engine?¼
¨com®puter© ²/kEmÚpjutE(r)/ ³n ´electronic device which stores information on
eÔg magnetic tape, analyses it and produces information as required from the
data on the tapes. ¸@®ize ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´store (information) with or in a @ or
system of @s; supply with a @ or @s.¼
¨com®rade© ²/ÚkomreId ³US: ²-rad/ ³n ¸1 ´trusted companion; loyal friend: ³@s
in arms´, fellow soldiers; ³@s in exile´, those who are exiled together. ¸2
´fellow member of a trade union, a (left-wing) political party, etc. ¸@®ly
²/ÚkomreIdlI/ ³adv ¸@®ship ²/ÚkomreId2Ip/ ³n¼
¨con©1 ²/kon/ ³adv ·pro and con, ´for and against: ³argue pro and con for
hours. ¹ n ·the pros and cons, ´the arguments for and against.¼
¨con©2 ²/kon/ ³n ´(sl) short for ³confidence´, in attrib uses: ³a con man; the
con game. µ¥ confidence(1). ³¹ ³vt µ(-nn-) ¶[VP6A,14] ·con sb (into doing sth),
´(colloq) swindle him after winning his confidence; persuade him to do sth in
this way.¼
¨con®cat®ena®tion© ²/kon*katIÚneI2n/ ³n ¶[U] ´linking together; ¶[C] ´series of
things or events linked together.¼
¨con®cave© ²/ÚkoGkeIv/ ³adj ´(of an outline or surface) curved inwards like the
inner surface of a sphere or ball. µ¥ ´the illus at µconvex. ¸con®cav®ity
²/*konÚkavEtI/ ³n ¶[U] ´@ condition; ¶[C] ³(pl µ-ties³) ´@ surface.¼
¨con®ceal© ²/kEnÚsil/ ³vt ¶[VP6A,14] ·@ (from), ´hide; keep secret: ³@ sth from
sb. He tried to @ the fact that«. C@ed turning´, (as a road sign) warning that
a turning into a road is hidden from view, eÔg by bushes or trees. ¸@®ment ³n
¶[U] ´of @ing; state of being @ed: ³stay in @ment until the danger has passed.¼
¨con®cede© ²/kEnÚsid/ ³vt ¶[VP6A,9,13A,12A] ´admit; grant; allow: ³@ a point in
an argument. He @d ten points to his opponent/@d him ten points´, iÔe in a
game. ³They have @d us the right to cross their land. You must @ that I have
tried hard. We cannot @ any of our territory´, allow another country to have
it.¼
¨con®ceit© ²/kEnÚsit/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´over-high opinion of, too much pride in,
oneself or one's powers, abilities, etc: ³He's full of @. ·in one's own @,
´(old use) ´in one's own judgement. ·out of @ with, ´(old use) ´no longer
pleased with. ¸2 ¶[C] ´humorous or witty thought or expression. ¸@ed ³adj ´full
of @. ¸@ed®ly ²/-IdlI/ ³adv¼
¨con®ceive© ²/kEnÚsiv/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A,10,3A,9,14] ·@ (of), ´form (an idea,
plan, etc) in the mind: ³Who first @d the idea of filling bags with gas to make
balloons? I can't @ why you allowed/can't @ of your allowing the child to
travel alone. I @d that there must be some difficulties. Why have you @d such a
dislike for me? ¸2 ¶[VP2A,6A] ´(of a woman) become pregnant: ³@ a child.
¸con®ceiv®able ³adj ´that can be @d or believed: ³It is hardly conceivable (to
me) that«. ¸con®ceiv®ably ²/-EblI/ ³adv¼
¨con®cen®trate© ²/ÚkonsntreIt/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A,14,2A] ´bring or
come together at one point: ³to @ soldiers in a town. The troops were ordered
to scatter and then @ twenty miles to the south. ¸2 ¶[VP14,3A,2A] ·@ (on/upon),
´focus one's attention on: ³You should @ (your attention) on your work. You'll
solve the problem if you @ upon it´, give all your attention to it. ³I can't @!
¸3 ¶[VP6A] ´increase the strength of (a solution) by reducing its volume (eÔg
by boiling it). ¹ ³n ´product made by concentratingµ(3)´. ¸con®cen®trated ³adj
¸1 ´intense: ³@d hate; @d fire´, the firing of guns all aimed at one point. ¸2
´increased in strength or value by evaporation of liquid: ³a @d solution; @d
food.¼
¨con®cen®tra®tion© ²/*konsnÚtreI2n/ ³n ¸1 ¶[C] ´that which is concentrated: ³@s
of enemy troops. ¸2 ¶[U] ´concentrating or being concentrated on: ³a book that
requires great @; a child with little power of @. ¸Ú@ camp, ´place where
civilian political prisoners or internees are brought together and confined.¼
¨con®cen®tric© ²/kEnÚsentrIk/ ³adj ·@ (with), ´(of circles) having a common
centre.¼
¨con®cept© ²/Úkonsept/ ³n ¶[C] ´idea underlying a class of things; general
notion.¼
¨con®cep®tion© ²/kEnÚsep2n/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´conceiving of an idea or plan; ¶[C]
´idea or plan that takes shape in the mind: ³A good novelist needs great
powers of @. I have no @ of what you mean. An actor must have a clear @ of the
part he is to play. ¸2 ¶[U,C] ´conceivingµ(2)´; becoming pregnant. ¸Ú@ control,
´more precise, but less common, term for ³birth-control.¼
¨con®cern©1 ²/kEnÚs3n/ ³vt ¸1 ¶[VP6A] ´have relation to; affect; be of
importance to: ³Does this @ me? Don't trouble about things that don't @ you. He
is said to have been @ed in the crime´, to have had some connection with it.
³So/As far as I'm @ed«´, so far as the matter is important to me, or affects
me«. ³Where the children are @ed«´, in matters where it is necessary to think
of them«. ·as @s, ´regarding. ¸2 ¶[VP14] ·@ oneself with/in/about, ´be busy
with, interest oneself in. ¸3 ¶[VP6A] ´(esp in the passive ·be @ed about/for
sb/sth´) worry; trouble; bother: ³Don't let my illness @ you. ³Please don't be
@ed about me. We are all @ed for/about her safety. ¸@®ing ³prep ´about.¼
¨con®cern©2 ²/kEnÚs3n/ ³n ¸1 ¶[C] ´relation or connection; sth in which one is
interested or which is important to one: ³It's no @ of mine´, I have nothing to
do with it. ³Mind your own @s ´(³business ´is more usu), Don't interfere in
other people's affairs. ³What @ is it of yours´, Why do you take an interest in
it? ¸2 ¶[C] ´business or undertaking: ³The shop has now become a paying @´, is
making profits. ·a going @´, one that is active and in operation, not merely
planned. ¸3 ¶[C] ´share: ³He has a @ in the business´, is a part-owner. ¸4 ¶[U]
´anxiety: ³filled with @; look at sb in @. There is some cause for @ but no
need for alarm. ¸@ed ²/-Ús3nd/ ³adj ´anxious: ³with a @ed look. ¸@®edly
²/-Ús3nIdlI/ ³adv¼
¨con®cert©1 ²/ÚkonsEt/ ³n ¸1 ¶[C] ´musical entertainment, esp one
given in a public hall by players or singers. ¸@ grand, ´grand piano of the
largest size, for @s. ¸Ú@-hall, ´hall for @s. µ¥ music-hall. ·at *@ Úpitch,
´(fig) in a state of full efficiency or readiness. µ¥ ³keyed up ´at µkey±2µ.
¸2 ¶[U] ·in @, ´combination of voices or sounds: ³voices raised in @. ¸3 ¶[U]
´agreement; harmony. ·in @ (with), ´together (with): ³working in @ with his
colleagues.¼
¨con®cert©2 ²/kEnÚs3t/ ³vt ´arrange with others. Chiefly in ¸@ed ³adj ´planned,
performed, designed (by two or more together): ³to take @ed action; to make a
@ed attack.¼
¨con®cer®tina© ²/*konsEÚtinE/ ³n ´musical wind instrument consisting of a pair
of bellows, held in the hands and played by pressing keys at each end.¼
¨con®certo© ²/kEnÚt2eEtE8/ ³n (pl µ@s³) ´musical composition for one or more
solo instruments supported by an orchestra: ³a ·Ú³piano @; a @ for two
violins.¼
¨con®ces®sion© ²/kEnÚse2n/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´conceding; ¶[C] ´that which is conceded,
esp after discussion, a difference of opinion, an argument, etc: ³As a @ to the
public outcry, the Government reduced the tax on petrol. ¸2 ¶[C] ´(esp) right
given by owner(s) of land, or by a Government, to do sth (eÔg take minerals
from land): ³oil/mining @s. ¸con®ces®sive ²/kEnÚsesIv/ ³adj ´(gram) expressing
@: ³a concessive clause, ´eÔg introduced by ³as ´or ³although´, implying a
contrast between circumstances, etc. ¸@®aire ²/kEn*se2EÚneE(r)/ ³n ´holder of a
@µ(2)´.¼
¨conch© ²/kont2/ ³n ´shellfish with a large spiral shell. µ¥ ´the illus at
µmollusc. ¸con®chol®ogy ²/koGÚkolEdZI/ ³n ¶[U] ´study of shells and shellfish.¼
¨con®ci®erge© ²/*konsIÚeEZ ³US: ²*konsIÚeErZ/ ³n ´(F) (in France,
etc) door-keeper, porter (of a block of flats, etc).¼
¨con®cili®ate© ²/kEnÚsIlIeIt/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´win the support, goodwill or
friendly feelings of; calm the anger of; soothe. ¸con®cili®atory
²/kEnÚsIlIEtErI ³US: ²-tcrI/ ³adj ´intending to or likely to @: ³a conciliatory
act/gesture/spirit.¼
¨con®cili®ation© ²/kEn*sIlIÚeI2n/ ³n ¶[U] ´conciliating or being conciliated:
³The dispute in the engineering industry is being dealt with by a @ board´, a
group of persons who arbitrate, etc.¼
¨con®cise© ²/kEnÚsñIs/ ³adj ´(of a person' speech or style of writing, etc)
brief; giving much information in few words. ¸@®ly ³adv ¸@®ness ³n¼
¨con®clave© ²/ÚkonkleIv/ ³n ¶[C] ´private or secret meeting (eÔg of cardinals
to elect a Pope). ·sit in @, ´hold a secret meeting.¼
¨con®clude© ²/kEnÚklud/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A,14,2A,3A] ´come or bring to an end:
³to @ a speech/a lecture. He @d by saying that«. The meeting @d at 8 o'clock.
The concert @d with the National Anthem. ¸2 ¶[VP6A,14] ·@ sth (with sb),
´arrange; bring about: ³Wales @ed a @ with Scotland. ¸3 ¶[VP9] ´arrive at a
belief or opinion: ³The jury @d, from the evidence, that the accused man was
not guilty. ¸4 ¶[VP7A] ´(esp US) decide, resolve (after discussion): ³We @d not
to go.¼
¨con®clusion© ²/kEnÚkluZn/ ³n ¶[C] ¸1 ´end: ³at the @ of his speech; bring a
matter to a speedy @. ·in @, ´lastly. ¸2 ´arranging; deciding; settling (³of´):
³the @ of a peace treaty. ¸3 ´belief or opinion which is the result of
reasoning: ³come to/reach the @ that«; to draw a @ (from evidence, etc). ·a
foregone @, ´something settled or decided in advance, not to be doubted. ¸4
·try @s with, ´have a trial of skill with.¼
¨con®clus®ive© ²/kEnÚklusIv/ ³adj ´(of facts, evidence, etc) convincing; ending
doubt: ³@ evidence/proof of his guilt. ¸@®ly ³adv¼
¨con®coct© ²/kEnÚkokt/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ¸1 ´prepare by mixing together:
³to @ a new kind of soup. ¸2 ´invent (a story, an excuse, a plot for a novel,
etc). ¸con®coc®tion ²/kEnÚkok2n/ ³n ¶[U] ´@ing; ¶[C] ´sth that is @ed.¼
¨con®comi®tant© ²/kEnÚkomItEnt/ ³adj ´(formal) accompanying: ³@ circumstances.
¹ n ¶[C] ´(usu ³pl´) accompanying thing: ³the infirmities that are the @s of
old age.¼
¨con®cord© ²/ÚkoGkcd/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´agreement or harmony (between persons or
things): ³live in @ (with«)´; ¶[C] ´instance of this. ¸2 ´(gram) ¶[U]
´agreement between words in number, etc, eÔg between a ³verb ´and its subject
in the present tense.¼
¨con®cord®ance© ²/kEnÚkcdEns/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´agreement. ¸2 ¶[C] ´arrangement in
ABC order of the important words used by an author or in a book: ³a ·Ú³Bible @;
a ·Ú³Shakespeare @.¼
¨con®cord®ant© ²/kEnÚkcdEnt/ ³adj ·@ (with), ´agreeing, harmonious.¼
¨con®cordat© ²/kEnÚkcdat/ ³n ´agreement, eÔg between a State and the Church,
for settlement of ecclesiastical affairs.¼
¨con®course© ²/ÚkoGkcs/ ³n ¸1 ´coming or moving together of things, persons,
etc: ³an unforeseen @ of circumstances. ¸2 ´place (usu not enclosed) where
crowds come together; (esp US) large hall of a railway station.¼
¨con®crete©1 ²/ÚkoGkrit/ ³adj ¸1 ´of material things; existing in material
form; that can be touched, felt, etc: ³A lamp is @ but its brightness is
abstract. ¸@ music, ´composed of re-arranged recorded natural sounds. ¸@ noun,
´name of a thing, not of a quality. ¸2 ´definite; positive: ³@
proposals/evidence/proof. ¹ ³n ¶[U] ´building material made by mixing cement
with sand, gravel, etc: ³roads surfaced with @; a @ wall; a ·Ú³@ mixer ´(usu a
revolving drum). ¹ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´cover with @: ³@ a road. ¸@®ly ³adv¼
¨con®crete©2 ²/ÚkoGkrit/ ³vi ¶[VP2A] ´form into a mass; solidify.
¸con®cretion ²/kEnÚkri2n/ ³n ¶[U] ´process of forming into a mass; ¶[C] ´mass
formed in this way.¼
¨con®cu®bine© ²/ÚkoGkj8bñIn/ ³n ¸1 ´(old use) woman who lives with a man as if
she were his wife, without being lawfully married to him. ¸2 ´(in some
countries, where polygamy is legal) lesser wife.¼
¨con®cu®pis®cence© ²/kEnÚkjupIsEns/ ³n ¶[U] ´(formal) sexual desire; lust.¼
¨con®cur© ²/kEnÚk3(r)/ ³vi µ(-rr-) ¸1 ¶[VP2A,3A] ·@ (with sb) (in sth), ´agree
in opinion: ³I @ with the speaker in condemning what has been done. ¸2
¶[VP4A] ´(of circumstances, etc) happen together: ³Everything @red to produce a
successful result. ¸@®rence ²/kEnÚkArEns ³US: ²-ÚkErEns/ ³n ¶[U,C] ´agreement;
coming together: ³a @rence of ideas; @rence in doing good.¼
¨con®cur®rent© ²/kEnÚkArEnt/ ³adj ´concurring; existing together; co-operating.
¸@®ly ³adv¼
¨con®cuss© ²/kEnÚkAs/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´injure (the brain) by concussion.¼
¨con®cus®sion© ²/kEnÚkA2n/ ³n ¶[C,U] ´(an) injury (to the brain); (a) violent
shaking or shock (as caused by a blow, knock or fall).¼
¨con®demn© ²/kEnÚdem/ ³vt ¸1 ¶[VP6A,14,16B] ·@ (for), ´say that sb is, or has
done, wrong or that sth is wrong, faulty or unfit for use: ³We all @ cruelty to
children. Everyone @ed his foolish behaviour. The newspapers @ed the Prime
Minister for«. The meat was @ed as unfit for human consumption. This old bridge
is unsafe; it should be @ed. ¸2 ¶[VP6A,14] ·@ sb (to), ´(legal) give judgement
against: ³@ a murderer to life imprisonment. ¸@ed cell, ´cell where a person
@ed to death is kept. ¸3 ¶[VP6A,14,17] ·@ sb (to sth/to do sth), ´doom, send,
appoint (to sth unwelcome or painful): ³an unhappy housewife, @ed to spend
hours at the kitchen sink. He got well again, although the doctors had @ed
him´, said that he would not recover. ¸4 ¶[VP6A] ´declare (smuggled goods,
property, etc) to be forfeited: ³Merchant ships captured in war were often
@ed´, taken from the owners without compensation. ¸5 ¶[VP6A] ´show conviction
of guilt: ³His looks @ed him. ¸con®dem®na®tion ²/*kondemÚneI2n/ ³n ¶[U] ´@ing
or being @ed.¼
¨con®den®sa®tion© ²/*kondenÚseI2n/ ³n ¶[U] ´condensing or being
condensed: ³The @ of milk, ´by taking out most of the water; ³the @ of steam
to water; ¶[C,U] ´(mass of) drops of liquid formed when vapour condenses: ³A
cloud is a @ of vapour.¼
¨con®dense© ²/kEnÚdens/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A,14,2A,3A] ´(of a liquid) (cause to)
increase in density or strength, to become thicker: ³to @ milk; @ed milk; ´(of
a gas or vapour) (cause to) change to a liquid: ³Steam @s/is @d to water when
it touches a cold surface; ´(of light) focus, concentrate (by passing through a
lens). ¸2 ¶[VP6A,14] ´put into fewer words: ³a @d account of an event.¼
¨con®den®ser© ²/kEnÚdensE(r)/ ³n ´apparatus for cooling vapour and condensing
it to liquid; apparatus for receiving and accumulating static electricity;
mirror or lens that concentrates light, eÔg in a film projector.¼
¨con®de®scend© ²/*kondIÚsend/ ³vi ¶[VP2A,3A,4A] ·@ to sb/sth; @ to do sth ¸1
´(in a good sense) do sth, accept a position, etc that one's rank, merits,
abilities, etc do not require one to do. ¸2 ´(in a bad sense) stoop, lower
oneself: ³He occasionally @ed to trickery/to take bribes. ¸3 ´behave
graciously, but in a way that shows one's feeling of superiority: ³Mr Pigge
sometimes @s to help his wife with the housework. Mrs Drudge doesn't like being
@ed to. ¸@®ing ³adj ¸@®ing®ly ³adv ¸con®de®scen®sion ²/*kondIÚsen2n/ ³n ¶[U]
´@ing (all senses); ¶[C] ´instance of this.¼
¨con®dign© ²/kEnÚdñIn/ ³adj ´(formal) ´(of punishment, vengeance) severe and
well deserved.¼
¨con®di®ment© ²/ÚkondImEnt/ ³n ¶[C,U] ´sth used to give flavour and
relish to food, eÔg pepper, salt, spices.¼
¨con®di®tion©1 ²/kEnÚdI2n/ ³n ¸1 ´sth needed before sth else is possible; sth
on which another thing depends: ³Ability is one of the @s of success in life.
Her parents allowed her to go, but made it a @ that she should get home before
midnight. ·on @ (that), ´only if; provided (that): ³You can go swimming on @
(that) you don't go too far from the river bank. ·on Úthis/Úthat/Úno/Úwhat @:
³You must on no @ tell him what has happened´, whatever he may say, do, ask,
etc. ³On what @ will you agree´, What is necessary before you agree? ¸2 ´the
present state of things; nature, quality, character of sth or sb: ³The @ of my
health prevents me from working. The ship is not in a @ to make a long voyage.
·in good, etc @, ´unspoiled, undamaged, etc: ³Everything arrived in good @´,
undamaged, fit for use. ·in no @ (to), ´unable to because ill, old, etc: ³He's
in no @ to travel´, is not well or strong enough. ·in/out of @, ´in good/poor
health; physically (un)fit: ³I can't go climbing this summer: I'm out of @. ¸3
³(pl) ´circumstances: ³under existing/favourable @s. ¸4 ´position in society:
³persons of every @/of all @s. ¸5 ´state of ill-health: ³a heart/liver @.¼
¨con®di®tion©2 ²/kEnÚdI2n/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ¸1 ´determine; govern; regulate: ³My
expenditure is @ed by my income. ¸2 ´bring into a desired state or condition:
³We'll never @ the workers to a willing acceptance of a wage freeze.
·*³ill-/·*³well-·Ú³@ed; ´bring (dogs, horses, etc) into good physical
condition: ³@ing powders, ´for this purpose. ¸con®di®tioned ³part adj ´subject
to certain provisions or conditions; having a specified condition: ³air-@ed
cinemas. ¸@ed reflex, ´reflex action (one done normally in answer to a
stimulus) that is a response, through practice or training, to a different
stimulus not naturally connected with it.¼
¨con®di®tional© ²/kEnÚdI2Enl/ ³adj ·@ (on/upon), ´depending upon,
containing, a condition: ³a @ clause´, beginning with "if' or "unless'. ³My
promise to help you is @ upon your good behaviour. ¸@®ly ²/-2EnElI/ ³adv¼
¨con®dole© ²/kEnÚdE8l/ ³vi ¶[VP3A] ·@ with sb (on/upon sth), ´express sympathy,
regret, at a loss, misfortune, etc. ¸con®dol®ence ²/kEnÚdE8lEns/ ³n ´(often
³pl´) expression of sympathy: ³Please accept my condolences.¼
¨con®do®min®ium© ²/*kondEÚmInIEm/ ³n ´joint control of a State's affairs by two
or more other States.¼
¨con®done© ²/kEnÚdE8n/ ³vt ¶[VP6A,C] ´(of a person) overlook or forgive (an
offence): ³@ a husband's infidelity; ´(of an act) atone for; make up for:
³good qualities that @ his many shortcomings. ¸con®do®na®tion ²/*kondE8ÚneI2n/
³n¼
¨con®dor© ²/Úkondc(r)/ ³n ´large kind of vulture (in S America).¼
¨con®duce© ²/kEnÚdjus ³US: ²-Údus/ ³vi ¶[VP3A] ·@ to/towards, ´(formal)
contribute to; help to produce: ³Does temperance @ to good health? ¸con®duc®ive
²/kEnÚdjusIv ³US: ²-Údus-/ ³adj ·conducive to, ´helping to produce: ³Good
health is conducive to happiness.¼
¨con®duct©1 ²/ÚkondAkt/ ³n ¶[U] ¸1 ´behaviour (esp moral): ³good or bad @; the
rules of @. ¸2 ´manner of directing or managing affairs: ³People were not at
all satisfied with the @ of the war´, the way in which the leaders were
directing it.¼
¨con®duct©2 ²/kEnÚdAkt/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A,14,15A,B] ´lead or guide: ³The Curator
@ed the visitors round the museum. Do you prefer @ed tours or independent
travel? The secretary @ed me in/out. C@ her to the door! ¸2 ¶[VP6A,2A]
´control; direct; manage: ³to @ a meeting/negotiations; If he @s his business
affairs in the careless way he @s his private affairs, they must be in
confusion. Who is @ing (the orchestra) this evening? ¸3 ¶[VP6A,15A,16A]
´(reflex, with ³adv´) behave: ³He @s himself well. ¸4 ¶[VP6A,2A] ´(of
substances) transmit; allow (heat, electric current) to pass along or through:
³Copper @s electricity better than other materials. ¸con®duc®tion ²/kEnÚdAk2n/
³n ¶[U] ´transmission or @ing, eÔg of electric current along wires, of liquids
through pipes, of heat by contact. ¸con®duc®tive ²/kEnÚdAktIv/ ³adj ´able to @
(heat, electric current, etc). ¸con®duc®tiv®ity ²/*kondAkÚtIvEtI/ ³n (pl
µ-ties³) ´property or power of @ing.¼
¨con®duc®tor© ²/kEnÚdAktE(r)/ ³n ¸1 ´person who conducts, esp one
who conducts a group of singers, a band, an orchestra. ¸2 ´person who collects
fares on a bus or tram; (US) person in charge of passengers on a train. µ¥
guard ´(GB). ¸3 ´substance that conducts heat or electric current: ³@ rail´,
rail (laid parallel to tracks) from which a locomotive picks up electric
current. ¸con®duc®tress ²/kEnÚdAktrIs/ ³n ´woman @ (on a bus, etc).¼
¨con®duit© ²/ÚkondIt ³US: ²-duIt/ ³n ´large pipe or waterway; tube enclosing
insulated electric wires.¼
¨cone© ²/kE8n/ ³n ¸1 ´solid body which narrows to a point from a round, flat
base. ¸2 ´sth of this shape whether solid or hollow, eÔg a @-shaped basket
hoisted as a storm signal, as an indication of road repairs, or an edible
container for ice-cream. ¸3 ´fruit of certain evergreen trees (fir, pine,
cedar) µ¥ ´the illus at µtree. ³¹ ³vt ¶[VP15B] ·@ off, ´mark off with @s: ³@
off a section of the motorway during repairs.¼
¨co®ney© ³n ´= µcony.¼
¨con®fab© ²/Úkonfab/ ³n, vi µ(-bb-) ´(colloq abbr of ³confabulation ´or
³confabulate).¼
¨con®fabu®late© ²/*kEnÚfabj8leIt/ ³vi ¶[VP2A,3A] ·@ (with), ´have a
confabulation. ¸con®fabu®la®tion ²/kEn*fabj8ÚleI2n/ ³n ¶[C] ´friendly and
private conversation.¼
¨con®fec®tion© ²/kEnÚfek2n/ ³n ¸1 ¶[C] ´mixture of sweet things; sweet cake. ¸2
¶[U] ´mixing; compounding. ¸3 ¶[C] ´(dress-making trade) stylish or fancy
ready-made article of dress (usu for a woman). ¸@er ³n ´person who makes and
sells pastry, pies, cakes, etc. ¸@®ery ²/kEnÚfek2EnErI ³US: ²-2EnerI/ ³n ¶[U]
´sweets, chocolates, cakes, pies, pastry, etc; ¶[C] ³(pl µ-ries³) ´(place of)
business of a @er.¼
¨con®fed®er®acy© ²/kEnÚfedErEsI/ ³n (pl µ-cies³) ´union of states,
parties or persons: ³the Southern C@´, the eleven States that separated from
the Union (US, 1860Å61) and brought about the Civil War.¼
¨con®fed®er®ate©1 ²/kEnÚfedErEt/ ³adj ´joined together by an agreement or
treaty: ³the C@ States of America. µ¥ ´above. ¹ ³n ¶[C] ¸1 ´person or State
joined with another or others. ¸2 ´accomplice (in a plot, etc).¼
¨con®fed®er®ate©2 ²/kEnÚfedEreIt/ ³vt,vi ¶[VP6A,14,2A,3A] ·@ (with), ´bring
or come into alliance. ¸con®fed®er®ation ²/kEn*fedEÚreI2n/ ³n ¶[U]
´confederating or being confederated; ¶[C] ´alliance; league.¼
¨con®fer© ²/kEnÚf3(r)/ ³vt,vi µ(-rr-) ¸1 ¶[VP14] ·@ sth on/upon, ´give or grant
(a degree, title, favour): ³The Queen @red knighthoods on several distinguished
men. ¸2 ¶[VP2A,3A] ·@ (with sb) (on/about sth), ´consult or discuss: ³@ with
one's lawyer. ¸@®ment ³n¼
¨con®fer®ence© ²/ÚkonfErEns/ ³n ¶[C,U] ´(meeting for) discussion; exchange of
views: ³The Director is in @ now. Many international @s have been held in
Geneva.¼
¨con®fess© ²/kEnÚfes/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A,9,14,2A,3A,3B,25] ·@ (to), ´say or admit
(that one has done wrong); acknowledge: ³He @ed that he had stolen the money.
The prisoner refused to @ (his crime/to his crime). She @ed herself (to be)
guilty. She @ed to (having) a dread of spiders´, admitted that she was afraid
of them. ¸2 ¶[VP6A,2A,3A] ·@ (to), ´(esp in the RÔC Church) make known one's
sins to a priest; (of a priest) listen to sb doing this: ³@ one's sins. The
criminal @ed to the priest. The priest @ed the criminal. ¸@®ed®ly ²/-IdlI/ ³adv
´as @ed; by one's own confession.¼
¨con®fes®sion© ²/kEnÚfe2n/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´confessing; ¶[C] ´instance of this: ³The
accused man made a full @. On his own @ he has taken part in the robbery. She
is a Catholic and goes to @ regularly. The priest is ready to hear @s in
Italian, French or English. µ¥ absolution, penance. ¸2 ¶[C] ´declaration (of
religious beliefs, or of principles of conduct, etc): ³a @ of faith.¼
¨con®fes®sional© ²/kEnÚfe2Enl/ ³n ´private place (³stallµ(4)´) in a
church where a priest sits to hear confessions: ³the secrets of the @.¼
¨con®fes®sor© ²/kEnÚfesE(r)/ ³n ´priest who has authority to hear confessions.¼
¨con®fetti© ²/kEnÚfetI/ ³n pl sing-v ´small bits of coloured paper showered
on people at weddings and carnivals.¼
¨con®fi®dant© ²/*konfIÚdant/ ³n ´person who is trusted with private affairs or
secrets (esp about love affairs).¼
¨con®fide© ²/kEnÚfñId/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP14] ·@ to, ´tell (a secret to sb); give to
be looked after; give (a task or duty to sb): ³He @d his troubles to a friend.
The children were @d to the care of the ship's captain. She @d to me that«. ¸2
¶[VP3A] ·@ in, ´have trust or faith in: ³Can I @ in his honesty? There's no one
here I can @ in. ¸con®fid®ing ³adj ´truthful; trusting: ³The girl is of a
confiding nature´, ready to trust others, unsuspicious. ¸con®fid®ing®ly ³adv¼
¨con®fi®dence© ²/ÚkonfIdEns/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´(act of) confiding in or to. ·in
strict @, ´expecting sth to be kept secret: ³I'm telling you this in strict @.
·take sb into one's @, ´tell him one's secrets, etc. ¸2 ¶[C] ´secret which is
confided to sb: ³The two girls sat in a corner exchanging @s about the young
men they knew. ¸3 ¶[U] ´belief in oneself or others or in what is said,
reported, etc; belief that one is right or that one is able to do sth: ³to
have/lose @ in sb; to put little/complete/no @ in sb/sth. Don't put too much @
in what the newspapers say. There is a lack of @ in the Government´, People do
not feel that its policies are wise. ³I hope he will justify my @ in him/my @
that he will do well. The prisoner answered the questions with @. ¸Ú@ trick,
´persuasion of a foolish person to entrust valuables to sb as a sign of @
µ(3)´. ¸Ú@ man/trickster ´(also ¸Úcon-man´), one who swindles people in this
way.¼
¨con®fi®dent© ²/ÚkonfIdEnt/ ³adj ·@ (of/that), ´feeling or showing
confidence; certain: ³He feels @ of passing/that he will pass the examination.
The little girl gave her mother a @ smile. We are @ of success. ¸@®ly ³adv¼
¨con®fi®den®tial© ²/*konfIÚden2l/ ³adj ¸1 ´(to be kept) secret; given in
confidence: ³@ information. ¸2 ´having the confidence of another or others: ³a
@ clerk/secretary. ¸3 ´(of persons) inclined to give confidences: ³Don't
become too @ with strangers. ¸@®ity ²/*konfI*den2IÚalEtI/ ³n ¸@®ly ²/-2ElI/
³adv¼
¨con®figur®ation© ²/kEn*fIgj8ÚreI2n/ ³n ¶[C] ´shape or outline; method of
arrangement: ³the @ of the earth's surface.¼
¨con®fine© ²/kEnÚfñIn/ ³vt ¸1 ¶[VP14] ·@ to, ´keep or hold, restrict, within
limits: ³I wish the speaker would @ himself to the subject. Please @ your
remarks to the subject we are debating. ¸2 ¶[VP6A,14] ´keep shut up: ³Is it
cruel to @ a lark in a cage? He is @d to the house by illness. I should hate to
be @d within the four walls of an office all day. ¸3 ·be @d, ´(passive only)
(old use) be in bed to give birth to a child: ³She expects to be @d next month.
¸con®fined ³adj ´(of space) limited; narrow; restricted. ¸@®ment ³n ¸1 ¶[U]
´being @d; imprisonment: ³He was placed in @ment, ´in prison, in a mental
hospital, etc. ³The prisoner was sentenced to three months' solitary @ment. ¸2
¶[U] ´giving birth to a child; ¶[C] ´instance of this: ³Dr Spock has attended
six @ments this week. When does she expect her @ment?¼
¨con®fines© ²/ÚkonfñInz/ ³n pl ´limits; borders; boundaries: ³beyond the @ of
human knowledge; within the @ of this valley.¼
¨con®firm© ²/kEnÚf3m/ ³vt ¶[VP6A,9] ¸1 ´make (power, ownership, opinions,
rights, feelings, etc) firmer or stronger: ³Please @ your telephone message by
letter´, send a letter repeating the message. ³The report of an earthquake in
Greece has now been @ed´, We now know that the report was true. ³What you tell
me @s my suspicions. ¸2 ´ratify; agree definitely to (a treaty, an appointment,
etc). ¸3 ´admit to full membership of the Christian Church: ³She was baptized
when she was a month old and @ed when she was thirteen. ¸con®firmed ³part adj
´(esp) unlikely to change or be changed: ³a @ed invalid´, one who is unlikely
to be well again; ³a @ed drunkard´, one who cannot be cured of drunken habits;
³a @ed report, ´one that can be trusted.¼
¨con®fir®ma®tion© ²/*konfEÚmeI2n/ ³n ¶[C,U] ·@ (of), ´confirming or being
confirmed (all senses): ³We are waiting for @ of the news. Evidence in @ of his
statements is lacking. C@ admits persons to full membership of the Church.¼
¨con®fis®cate© ²/ÚkonfIskeIt/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´(as punishment or in enforcing
authority) take possession of (private property) without compensation or
payment: ³If you try to smuggle goods into the country, they may be @d by the
Customs authorities. ¸con®fis®ca®tion ²/*konfIÚskeI2n/ ³n ¶[U] ´confiscating or
being @d; ¶[C] ´instance of this: ³numerous confiscations of obscene books.¼
¨con®fla®gra®tion© ²/*konflEÚgreI2n/ ³n ¶[C] ´great and destructive
fire, esp one that destroys buildings or forests.¼
¨con®flict©1 ²/ÚkonflIkt/ ³n ¸1 ¶[C] ´fight; struggle; quarrel: ³a wordy @´, a
bitter argument; ³a long-drawn-out @ between employers and workers. ¸2 ¶[C,U]
´(of opinions, desires, etc) opposition; difference: ³the @ between duty and
desire; a @ of evidence. ·be in @ (with), ´not agree (with): ³a statement that
is in @ with other evidence.¼
¨con®flict©2 ²/kEnÚflIkt/ ³vi ¶[VP2A,3A] ·@ (with), ´be in opposition or
disagreement (with): ³Our accounts @. Their account of the causes of the war @s
with ours. ¸@®ing ³adj´: ³@ing views/passions/evidence.¼
¨con®flu®ence© ²/Úkonfl8Ens/ ³n ´flowing together, esp a place
where two rivers unite. ¸con®flu®ent ²/Úkonfl8Ent/ ³adj ´flowing together;
uniting.¼
¨con®form© ²/kEnÚfcm/ ³vi,vt ¸1 ¶[VP2A,3A] ·@ (to), ´be in agreement (with),
comply (with) (generally accepted rules, standards, etc): ³You should @ to the
rules/to the wishes of others/to the usages of society/to the usages of the
Established Church. ¸2 ¶[VP14] ·@ to, ´make similar to; ´adapt oneself to: ³@
one's life to certain principles. ¸@®able ³adj ´obedient; submissive; in
agreement.¼
¨con®for®ma®tion© ²/*konfcÚmeI2n/ ³n ´way in which sth is formed; structure.¼
¨con®form®ist© ²/kEnÚfcmIst/ ³n ´person who conforms; conventional person;
(hist) person who followed the practices of the Church of England. µ¥
³dissenter ´at µdissent±2µ, ³nonconformist ´at µnon-.¼
¨con®form®ity© ²/kEnÚfcmEtI/ ³n ¶[U] ¸1 ·@ (to), ´action, behaviour, in
agreement with what is usual, accepted or required by custom, etc: ³C@ to
fashion ´(= Having things of the latest fashion) ³is not essential to the
happiness of all women. ¸2 ·in @ with, ´in agreement with: ³in @ with your
request. Was his action in @ with the law?¼
¨con®found© ²/kEnÚfñ8nd/ ³vt ¸1 ¶[VP6A] ´fill with, throw into,
perplexity or confusion: ³His behaviour amazed and @ed her. I was @ed to hear
that«. ¸2 ¶[VP6A,14] ·@ (with), ´mix up, confuse (ideas, etc): ³Don't @ the
means with the ends. ¸3 ¶[VP6A] ´(liter) defeat; overthrow (enemies, plans,
etc). ¸4 ¶[VP6A] ´(dated) used to express annoyance or anger: ³C@ it! C@ you!
¸@ed ³part adj ´(from µ4 ´above; dated): ³You're a @ed nuisance! ¸@®ed®ly
²/-IdlI/ ³adv ´very: ³@edly hot.¼
¨con®fr`ere© ²/ÚkonfreE(r)/ ³n ´(F) fellow member of a profession, learned
society, etc.¼
¨con®front© ²/kEnÚfrAnt/ ³vt ¸1 ¶[VP14] ·@ sb with, ´bring face to face with:
³The prisoner was @ed with his accusers. When @ed with the evidence of his
guilt, he confessed at once. ¸2 ¶[VP6A] ´be or come face to face with: ³The
difficulties that @ us seem insuperable. A soldier has to @ danger. ¸3 ¶[VP6A]
´be opposite to: ³My house @s his.¼
¨con®fron®ta®tion© ²/*konfrAnÚteI2n/ ³n ¶[C,U] ´(instance of)
defiant opposition, of being face to face: ³the @ between Israel and the Arab
world.¼
¨Con®fu®cian© ²/kEnÚfju2n/ ³adj, n ´(follower) of Confucius ²/kEnÚfju2Es/, ´the
Chinese philosopher and teacher of morals (551-479 ¶BÔC´) who believed in the
principles of true loyalty to friends, relatives, rulers, etc and that one
should treat others as one would wish to be treated.¼
¨con®fuse© ²/kEnÚfjuz/ ³vt ¶[VP6A,14] ·@ (with), ¸1 ´put into disorder; mix up
in the mind: ³They asked so many questions that they @d me/I got @d. ¸2
´mistake one thing for another: ³Don't @ Austria with/and Australia.
¸con®fus®ed®ly ²/-IdlI/ ³adv ´in a @d manner.¼
¨con®fusion© ²/kEnÚfjuZn/ ³n ¶[U] ´being confused; disorder: ³He remained calm
in the @ of battle. His unexpected arrival threw everything into @. Everything
was in @. There has been some @ of names; it was Mr Smythe who was to come,
not Mr Smith.¼
¨con®fute© ²/kEnÚfjut/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´prove (a person) to be wrong; show (an
argument) to be false. ¸con®fu®ta®tion ²/*konfjuÚteI2n/ ³n¼
¨cong_e© ²/ÚkonZeI/ ³n ¸1 ´formal permission to depart: ³give sb his @. ¸2
´abrupt and unceremonious dismissal.¼
¨con®geal© ²/kEnÚdZil/ ³vt,vi ¶[VP6A,2A] ´make or become stiff or solid (esp
as the effect of cold, or of the air on blood); thicken as if frozen: ³His
blood was @ed, ´(fig) eÔg through fear.¼
¨con®gen®ial© ²/kEnÚdZinIEl/ ³adj ¸1 ´(of persons) having the same or a similar
nature, common interests, etc: ³In this small village he found few persons @ to
him. ¸2 ´(of things, occupations, etc) in agreement with one's tastes, nature:
³a @ climate; @ work. ¸@®ly ²/-IElI/ ³adv¼
¨con®geni®tal© ²/kEnÚdZenItl/ ³adj ´(of diseases, etc) present, belonging to
one, from or before birth: ³@ idiocy.¼
¨con®ger© ²/ÚkoGgE(r)/ ³n ´(also ¸*@-Úeel´) ocean eel of large size. µ¥ ´the
illus at µsea.¼
¨con®gested© ²/kEnÚdZestId/ ³part adj ¸1 ´too full; overcrowded: ³streets @
with traffic; @ areas of a large town. ¸2 ´(of parts of the body, eÔg the
brain, the lungs) having an abnormal accumulation of blood.¼
¨con®ges®tion© ²/kEnÚdZest2En/ ³n ¶[U] ´being congested: ³@ of the lungs;
delayed by the @ of traffic in town.¼
¨con®glom®er®ate©1 ²/kEnÚglomErEt/ ³adj, n ´(made up of a) number of things or
parts come together in a mass (eÔg rock made up of small stones held together);
(fig; comm) large corporation made up of many different firms.¼
¨con®glom®er®ate©2 ²/kEnÚglomEreIt/ ³vt,vi ¶[VP6A,2A] ´collect into a mass.¼
¨con®glom®er®ation© ²/kEn*glomEÚreI2n/ ³n ¶[U] ´conglomerating or being
conglomerated; ¶[C] ´mass of conglomerated things.¼
¨con®gratu®late© ²/kEnÚgrat28leIt/ ³vt ¶[VP6A,14] ·@ sb (on/upon sth) ¸1 ´tell
sb that one is pleased about sth happy or fortunate that has come to him: ³@ sb
on his marriage. ¸2 ´(reflex) ´consider oneself fortunate: ³I @d myself on my
escape/on having escaped unhurt. ¸con®gratu®la®tory ²/kEnÚgrat28lEtErI ³US:
²-tcrI/ ³adj ´that @s: ³a congratulatory letter/telegram.¼
¨con®gratu®la®tion© ²/kEn*grat28ÚleI2n/ ³n ´(often ³pl´) words that
congratulate: ³offer a friend one's @s on/upon his success.¼
¨con®gre®gate© ²/ÚkoGgrIgeIt/ ³vi,vt ¶[VP6A,2A,C] ´come or bring together:
³People quickly @d round the speaker.¼
¨con®gre®ga®tion© ²/*koGgrIÚgeI2n/ ³n ¶[U] ´congregating; ¶[C] ´gathering of
people; (esp) body of people (usu except the minister and choir) taking part
in religious worship. ¸@al ³adj ´of a @. ¸C@al ³adj ´of the Union of Free
Churches in which individual churches manage their own affairs.¼
¨con®gress© ²/ÚkoGgres ³US: ²-grIs/ ³n ¸1 ¶[C] ´meeting, series of meetings, of
representatives (of societies, etc) for discussion: ³a medical @; the Church
C@. ¸2 C@, ´law-making body eÔg of US; political party in India. ¸Ú@®man
²/-mEn/ ³n (pl µ-men³) ¸Ú@®woman ³n (pl µ-women³) ´member of US C@. Cf
µsenator. ¸con®gres®sional ²/kEnÚgre2Enl/ ³adj ´of a @: ³@ional debates.¼
¨con®gru®ent© ²/ÚkoGgr8Ent/ ³adj ¸1 ·@ (with), ´suitable; agreeing (with). ¸2
´(geom) having the same size and shape: ³@ triangles.¼
¨con®gru®ous© ²/ÚkoGgr8Es/ ³adj ·@ (with), ´(formal) fitting;
proper; harmonious.¼
¨conic© ²/ÚkonIk/ ³adj ´of a cone: ³@ sections. ¸coni®cal ²/ÚkonIkl/ ³adj
´cone-shaped. µ¥ ´the illus at µprojection.¼
¨coni®fer© ²/ÚkonIfE(r)/ ³n ´tree of the kind (eÔg ³pine, fir´) that bears
cones. ¸co®nif®er®ous ²/kEÚnIfErEs/ ³adj ´(of kinds of trees) that bear cones.¼
¨con®jec®ture© ²/kEnÚdZekt2E(r)/ ³vi,vt ¶[VP6A,9,2A,25] ´guess; put forward an
opinion formed without facts as proof: ³It was just as I @d. May we @ that«? ¹
n ¶[C,U] ´guess; guessing: ³I was right in my @s. We had no facts, so were
reduced to @. ¸con®jec®tural ²/kEnÚdZekt2ErEl/ ³adj ´involving @; inclined to
@.¼
¨con®join© ²/kEnÚdZãIn/ ³vt,vi ¶[VP6A,2A] ´(formal) join together; unite. ¸@t
²/kEnÚdZãInt/ ³adj ´united; associated. ¸@t®ly ³adv¼
¨con®ju®gal© ²/ÚkondZ8gl/ ³adj ´of marriage and wedded life; of husband and
wife: ³@ happiness/affection/infidelity. ¸@®ly ²/-gElI/ ³adv¼
¨con®ju®gate© ²/ÚkondZ8geIt/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A] ´give the forms of a verb (for
number, tense, etc). ¸2 ¶[VP2A] ´(of a verb) have these forms. ¸con®ju®ga®tion
²/*kondZ8ÚgeI2n/ ³n ¶[C,U] ´scheme or system of verb forms; ¶[C] ´class of
verbs @d alike.¼
¨con®junc®tion© ²/kEnÚdZAGk2n/ ³n ¸1 ¶[C] ´(gram) word that joins other words,
clauses, etc, eÔg ³and, but, or. ¸2 ¶[U] ´joining; state of being joined; ³the
@ of skill and imagination in planning a garden. ·in @ with, ´together with. ¸3
¶[C] ´combination (of events, etc): ³an unusual @ of circumstances.¼
¨con®junc®tive© ²/kEnÚdZAGktIv/ ³adj ´serving to join; connective. ¹
³n ´@ word.¼
¨con®junc®ture© ²/kEnÚdZAGkt2E(r)/ ³n ¶[C] ´combination of events or
circumstances.¼
¨con®jur®ation© ²/*kondZ8ÚreI2n/ ³n ¶[C] ´(formal) ´solemn appeal,
incantation.¼
¨con®jure© ²/ÚkAndZE(r)/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP2A,15A] ´do clever tricks which appear
magical, esp by quick movements of the hands: ³a conjuring trick; ³@ a rabbit
out of a hat. ·a name to @ with, ´sb of great importance/influence. ¸2 ¶[VP15B]
·@ up, ´cause to appear as if from nothing, or as a picture in the mind: ³@ up
visions of the past; ´compel (a spirit) to appear by invocation: ³@ up the
spirits of the dead; ³@ up a meal, ´produce it quickly. ¸3 ²/kEnÚdZ8E(r)/
¶[VP17] ´(formal) appeal solemnly to: ³I @ you not to betray me. ¸con®jurer,
con®juror ²/ÚkAndZErE(r)/ ³n ´person who performs conjuring tricks. µ¥ 1
´above.¼
¨conk©1 ²/koGk/ ³n ´(GB sl) nose.¼
¨conk©2 ²/koGk/ ³vi ·@ out, ´(colloq) (of a machine) fail or give signs of
failing: ³The engine's @ing out.¼
¨conker© ²/ÚkoGkE(r)/ ³n ´(colloq) horse chestnut.¼
¨con-man© ²/Úkon man/ ³n µ¥ confidence(3).¼
¨con®nect© ²/kEÚnekt/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A,15A,B,14,2A,2C,3A] ·@ (up) (to/with),
´join, be joined (materially, by personal relationships, etc): ³@ telephone
subscribers; @ (up) the cells of a battery (to/with one another). The two towns
are @ed by a railway. A railway @s Oxford and Reading/@s Oxford to/with
Reading. Where does the cooker @ with the gas-pipe? Mr Y has been @ed with this
firm since 1950. He is @ed with the Smiths/He and the Smiths are @ed by
marriage´, iÔe his wife is a member of the Smith family. ³The 9.00aÔm train
from London @s with the 12.05pÔm train at Crewe´, iÔe arrives at Crewe so as to
enable passengers to continue their journeys by the 12.05pÔm train. ·well @ed´,
with relatives who are high in society, or who hold important positions, etc.
¸2 ¶[VP14] ·@ (with), ´think of (different things or persons) as being related
to each other: ³to @ Malaya with rubber and tin.¼
¨con®nec®tion© ²/kEÚnek2n/ ³n ¸1 ¶[C,U] ´connecting or being
connected; point where two things are connected; thing which connects: ³a
bicycle pump @. How long will the @ of the new telephone take´, How long will
it take to connect the house by telephone to the exchange? ³What is the @
between the two ideas? ·in this/that @, ´with reference to this/that. ·in @
with, ´with reference to: ³The meeting is in @ with a proposal to construct a
new swimming-pool. ¸2 ¶[C] ´train, boat, etc timed to leave a station, port,
etc soon after the arrival of another, enabling passengers to change from one
to the other: ³The train was late and I missed my @. ¸3 ¶[C] ´(collective noun)
number of customers, clients, etc: ³He set up in business and soon had a good
@. This dressmaker has good @s among the well-to-do women of the town. ¸4 ¶[C]
´number of people united in a religious organization: ³the Methodist @.¼
¨con®nect®ive© ²/kEÚnektIv/ ³adj ´serving to connect. ¹ ³n ´(esp) word that
connects (eÔg a conjunction).¼
¨con®nex®ion© ²/kEÚnek2n/ ³n ´occasional GB spelling for ³connection.¼
¨con®ning tower© ²/ÚkonIG tñ8E(r)/ ³n ´(on a warship) superstructure from which
steering, etc is directed (esp of a submarine on or near the surface).¼
¨con®nive© ²/kEÚnñIv/ ³vi ¶[VP3A] ·@ at, ´take no notice of (what is wrong,
what ought to be opposed) (suggesting that tacit consent or approval is
given): ³@ at an escape from prison. ¸con®niv®ance ²/kEÚnñIvEns/ ³n ¶[U]
´conniving (³at/in a crime): ³done with the connivance of/in connivance with«.¼
¨con®nois®seur© ²/*konEÚs3(r)/ ³n ´person with good judgement on matters in
which taste(µ5´) is needed: ³a @ of painting/old porcelain/antique
furniture/wine.¼
¨con®note© ²/kEÚnE8t/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´(of words) suggest in addition to the
fundamental meaning: ³The word "Tropics' means the area between about 23ÄN and
23ÄS; it @s heat. ¸con®no®ta®tion ²/*konEÚteI2n/ ³n ¶[C] ´that which is @d.¼
¨con®nu®bial© ²/kEÚnjubIEl ³US: ²-Únu-/ ³adj ´(formal) of marriage; of husband
and wife.¼
¨con®quer© ²/ÚkoGkE(r)/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ¸1 ´defeat or overcome
enemies/bad habits, etc. ¸2 ´take possession of by force: ³@ a country. ¸@or
²/ÚkoGkErE(r)/ ³n ´one who @s: ³William the C@or´, King William ²¥ ´of
England.¼
¨con®quest© ²/ÚkoGkwEst/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´conquering (eÔg a country and its people):
³the (Norman) C@´, of England by the Normans in 1066. ¸2 ¶[C] ´sth got by
conquering: ³the Roman @s in Africa. ·make a @ (of)´, win the affections (of).¼
¨con®quista®dor© ²/konÚkwIstEdc(r)/ ³n ´(16th c) one of the Spanish conquerors
of Mexico and Peru.¼
¨con®san®guin®ity© ²/*konsaGÚgwInEtI/ ³n ¶[U] ´(formal) relationship by blood
or birth: ³united by ties of @.¼
¨con®science© ²/Úkon2Ens/ ³n ¶[C,U] ´the consciousness within oneself of the
choice one ought to make between right and wrong: ³have a clear/guilty @. ·have
no @, ´be as ready to do wrong as right. ·(have sth) on one's @, ´(feel)
troubled about sth one has done, or failed to do. ¸Ú@ money, ´money paid to
rectify sth and ease one's @ (esp when no other person knows that it is owing).
¸Ú@-smitten ²/-smItn/ ³adj ´filled with remorse. ·for Ú@' sake, ´to satisfy
one's @. ·in all @, ´(form of emphatic declaration) surely; (colloq) by all
that is fair: ³I cannot in all @ agree. ·make sth/be a matter of @, ´make
sth/be a question which one's @ must decide.¼
¨con®scien®tious© ²/*kon2IÚen2Es/ ³adj ¸1 ´(of persons) guided by one's sense
of duty: ³a @ worker. ¸@ objector´, person who objects to doing sth (esp
serving in the armed forces) because he thinks it is morally wrong. ¸2 ´(of
actions) done carefully and honestly: ³@ work. ¸@®ly ³adv ¸@®ness ³n¼
¨con®scious© ²/Úkon2Es/ ³adj ¸1 ·@ (of/that), ´(pred use) awake; aware; knowing
things because one is using the bodily senses and mental powers: ³They were @
of being/that they were being watched. He was @ of his guilt. Are you @ (of)
how people will regard such behaviour? A healthy man is not @ of his breathing.
The old man was @ to the last´, aware of what was happening round him until the
moment he died. ¸2 ´(of actions, feelings, etc) realized by oneself: ³He
spoke/acted with @ superiority. ¸@®ly ³adv¼
¨con®scious®ness© ²/Úkon2EsnIs/ ³n ¶[U] ¸1 ´being conscious: ³We
have no @ during sleep. The blow caused him to lose @. He did not
recover/regain @ until two hours after the accident. ¸2 ´all the ideas,
thoughts, feelings, wishes, intentions, recollections, of a person or persons:
³the moral @ of a political party.¼
¨con®script© ²/kEnÚskrIpt/ ³vt ¶[VP6A,14] ·@ (into), ´compel (sb) by law to
serve in the armed forces; summon for such service: ³@ed into the army. µ¥
draft±1µ(3). ³¹ n ²/ÚkonskrIpt/ ´person who is @ed; (attrib) ³@ soldiers.
¸con®scrip®tion ²/kEnÚskrIp2n/ ³n ¶[U] ´@ing (of men into the armed forces);
taxation or confiscation of property (as a penalty or for war needs).¼
¨con®se®crate© ²/ÚkonsIkreIt/ ³vt ¶[VP6A,14,23] ·@ (to), ´set apart as sacred
or for a special purpose; make sacred: ³to @ one's life to the service of
God/to the relief of suffering. The new church was @d by the Bishop of Chester.
He was @d Archbishop last year.¼
¨con®se®cra®tion© ²/*konsIÚkreI2n/ ³n ¶[U] ´consecrating or being consecrated;
¶[C] ´instance of this: ³the @ of a church; the @ of a bishop´, the ceremony
at which a priest is made a bishop.¼
¨con®secu®tive© ²/kEnÚsekj8tIv/ ³adj ´following continuously; coming one after
the other in regular order: ³on five @ days. ¸@®ly ³adv¼
¨con®sen®sus© ²/kEnÚsensEs/ ³n ¶[C,U] ´general agreement (³of ´opinion, etc);
collective opinion. ¸@ politics´, the practice of basing policies on what will
gain wide support.¼
¨con®sent© ²/kEnÚsent/ ³vi ¶[VP2A,3A,7A] ·@ (to), ´give agreement or
permission: ³He @ed to the proposal. Anne's father would not @ to her marrying
a foreigner. ¹ ³n ¶[U] ·@ (to), ´agreement; permission: ³He was chosen leader
by general @´, when everyone agreed. ³Her parents refused their @ to the
marriage. Silence gives @´, If no one objects, it seems that @ is given. ·with
one @, ´unanimously. ¸*age of Ú@, ´age at which the law recognizes a person's
responsibility for agreeing to sexual intercourse, a person's right to @ to
marry, etc.¼
¨con®se®quence© ²/ÚkonsIkwEns ³US: ²-kwens/ ³n ¸1 ¶[C] ´that which follows or
is brought about as the result or effect of sth: ³If you behave so foolishly
you must be ready to take the @s´, accept what happens as a result. ·in @ (of),
´as a result (of). ¸2 ¶[U] ´importance: ³It's of no @. Is it of any/much @? He
may be a man of @ ´(= an important man, or a man of high rank) ³in his own
village, but he's nobody here.¼
¨con®se®quent© ²/ÚkonsIkwEnt/ ³adj ·@ on/upon, ´(formal) following as a
consequence: ³the rise in prices @ upon the failure of the crops. ¸@®ly ³adv¼
¨conse®quen®tial© ²/*konsIÚkwen2l/ ³adj ¸1 ´= µconsequent. ¸2 ´(of a person)
self-important. ¸@®ly ²/-2ElI/ ³adv¼
¨con®ser®vancy© ²/kEnÚs3vEnsI/ ³n (pl µ-cies³) ¸1 ¶[C] ´commission controlling
a port, river, etc: ³the Thames C@; the Nature C@. ¸2 ¶[U] ´official
conservation (of forests, etc).¼
¨con®ser®va®tion© ²/*konsEÚveI2n/ ³n ¶[U] ´preservation; prevention
of loss, waste, damage, etc: ³the @ of forests/waterpower etc; the @ of
energy´, the principle that the total quantity of energy in the universe never
varies.¼
¨con®ser®va®tism© ²/kEnÚs3vEtIzEm/ ³n ¶[U] ´tendency to maintain a state of
affairs (esp in politics) without great or sudden change; the principles of the
Conservative Party in British politics.¼
¨con®ser®va®tive© ²/kEnÚs3vEtIv/ ³adj ¸1 ´opposed to (great or sudden) change:
³Old people are usually more @ than young people. ¸2 the ÚC@ Party, ´one of the
main political parties in Great Britain. µ¥ ³Labour ´at µlabour(3), ³Liberal
´at µliberal(4), ³Socialist ´at µsocialism. ¸3 ´cautious; moderate: ³a @
estimate of one's future income. ¹ n ´@ person; member of the C@ Party. ¸@®ly
³adv¼
¨con®ser®va®toire© ²/kEnÚs3vEtwq(r)/ ³n ´(F) (esp in Europe) public school of
music, drama etc.¼
¨con®ser®va®tory© ²/kEnÚs3vEtrI ³US: ²-tcrI/ ³n (pl µ-ries³) ¸1
´building, or part of a building, with glass walls and roof in which plants
are protected from cold. ¸2 ´= µconservatoire.¼
¨con®serve© ²/kEnÚs3v/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´keep from change, loss or destruction: ³@
one's strength/energies/health; @ fruit, ´eÔg by making it into jam. ¹ ³n ´(usu
³pl´) fruit preserved in sugar; jam.¼
¨con®sider© ²/kEnÚsIdE(r)/ ³vt ¸1 ¶[VP6A,C,8,10] ´think about: ³Please @ my
suggestion. We are @ing going to Canada. Have you @ed how to get/how you could
get there? Have you ever @ed the fact that your pension will be inadequate?
·one's @d opinion, ´one's opinion arrived at after some thought: ³It's my @d
opinion that you should resign. ¸2 ¶[VP6A] ´take into account; make allowances
for: ³We must @ the feelings of other people. You should @ his youth. ·all
things @ed, ´taking into account, thinking of, all the events, possibilities,
etc. ¸3 ¶[VP25,9] ´be of the opinion; regard as: ³They @ed themselves very
important. Do you @ it wise to interfere? He will be @ed a weak leader. C@
yourself ´(= You are) ³under arrest. We @ that you are not to blame.¼
¨con®sider®able© ²/kEnÚsIdErEbl/ ³adj ´great; much; important: ³a @
income/distance; bought at a @ expense; a @ man in local affairs. ¸@®ably
²/-EblI/ ³adv ´much; a great deal: ³It's considerably colder this morning.¼
¨con®sider®ate© ²/kEnÚsIdErEt/ ³adj ·@ (of), ´thoughtful (of the needs, etc, of
others): ³It was @ of you not to play the piano while I was having a sleep.
¸@®ly ³adv ¸@®ness ³n¼
¨con®sider®ation© ²/kEn*sIdEÚreI2n/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´act of considering,
thinking about: ³Please give the matter your careful @. The proposals are still
under @. ·leave sth out of @, ´neglect or fail to consider it: ³There is one
important fact that has been left out of @. ·take sth into @, ´(esp) make
allowances for: ³When marking Tom's examination papers, the teacher took Tom's
long illness into @. ¸2 ¶[U] ·@ (for), ´quality of being considerate;
thoughtful attention to the wishes, feelings, etc, of others: ³He has never
shown much @ for his wife's feelings. ·in @ of; out of @ for, ´consideringµ(2).
¸3 ¶[C] ´sth which must be thought about; fact, thing, etc thought of as a
reason: ³Time is an important @ in this case. Several @s have influenced me in
coming to a decision. ·on no @, ´in no circumstances; in no case. ¸4 ¶[C]
´reward; payment: ³He's the sort of man who would do anything for a @´, if he
were paid to do it. ¸5 ¶[U] ´(rare use) importance: ³It's of no @ at all.¼
¨con®sider®ing© ²/kEnÚsIdErIG/ ³prep ´in view of; having regard to:
³She's very active, @ her age. You've done very well, @´, iÔe in view of the
circumstances, etc.¼
¨con®sign© ²/kEnÚsñIn/ ³vt ·@ (to), ¸1 ¶[VP6A,14] ´send (goods, etc) for
delivery: ³The goods have been @ed by rail. ¸2 ¶[VP14] ´hand over, give up: ³@
a child to its uncle's care; @ one's soul to God. ¸@ee ²/*konsqIÚni/ ³n ´person
to whom sth is @ed. ¸@er, @or ²/-nEr/ ³nn ´person who @s goods. ¸@®ment ³n ¶[U]
´@ing; ¶[C] ´goods @ed. ·on @ment, ´with payment for goods to be made after
they have been sold by the receiver: ³take/send/ship goods on @ment. ¸Ú@ment
note, ´one sent with a @ment of goods.¼
¨con®sist© ²/kEnÚsIst/ ³vi ¶[VP3A] ¸1 ·@ of, ´(not in the progressive tenses)
be made up of: ³The committee @s of ten members. ¸2 ·@ in, ´have as the chief
or only element: ³The happiness of a country @s in the freedom of its
citizens.¼
¨con®sist®ence© ²/kEnÚsIstEns/ ³n ´= µconsistency.¼
¨con®sist®ency© ²/kEnÚsIstEnsI/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´the state of always being the same
in thought, behaviour, etc; keeping to the same principles: ³His actions lack
@. ¸2 ¶[C,U] ³(pl µ-cies³) ´degree of thickness, firmness or solidity (esp of a
thick liquid, or of sth made by mixing with a liquid): ³mix flour and milk to
the right @; mixtures of various consistencies.¼
¨con®sist®ent© ²/kEnÚsIstEnt/ ³adj ¸1 ´(of a person, his behaviour, principles,
etc) conforming to a regular pattern or style; regular: ³He's been a @ friend
to me. The ideas in his various speeches are not @. ¸2 ·@ (with),
´in agreement: ³What you say now is not @ with what you said last week. ¸@®ly
³adv¼
¨con®sis®tory© ²/kEnÚsIstErI/ ³n (pl µ-ries³) ¸C@ (Court), ´court of clergymen
to deal with church business.¼
¨con®so®la®tion© ²/*konsEÚleI2n/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´consoling or being consoled; sth
that consoles: ³a few words of @; a letter of @. ¸Ú@ prize, ´one given to a
competitor who has just misssed success or come last. ¸2 ¶[C] ´circumstances or
person that consoles: ³That's one @. Your company has been a great @ to me.¼
¨con®sola®tory© ²/kEnÚsolEtErI ³US: ²-tcrI/ ³adj ´comforting; intended to
console: ³a @ letter.¼
¨con®sole©1 ²/kEnÚsE8l/ ³vt ¶[VP6A,14] ´give comfort or sympathy to (sb who is
unhappy, disappointed, etc): ³@ sb for a loss; @ oneself with the thought that
it might have been worse. ¸con®sol®able ³adj ´that can be @d.¼
¨con®sole©2 ²/ÚkonsE8l/ ³n ¸1 ´bracket to support a shelf. ¸Ú@ table, ´narrow
table held up by a bracket or brackets fixed to a wall. ¸2 ´frame containing
the keyboards, stops, etc of an organ. ¸3 ´radio or TÔV cabinet made to stand
on the floor (not a table model). ¸4 ´panel for the controls of electronic or
mechanical equipment.¼
¨con®soli®date© ²/kEnÚsolIdeIt/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A,2A] ´make or
become solid or strong: ³@ one's position/influence. ¸2 ¶[VP6A] ´unite or
combine into one: ³@ debts/business companies/banks. ¸@d annuities, ´(also
¸consols ²/Úkonsolz/´) ´Government securities of Great Britain, @d in 1751 into
a single stock. ¸C@d Fund ³n ´fund from taxation, used for payment of interest
on the national debt.¼
¨con®soli®da®tion© ²/kEn*solIÚdeI2n/ ³n ¶[U] ´consolidating or being
consolidated; ¶[C] ´instance of this: ³successive @s of the national debt.¼
¨con®sols© ²/Úkonsolz/ ³n pl ´consolidated annuities. µ¥ consolidate(2).¼
¨con®somm_e© ²/kEnÚsomeI ³US: ²*konsEÚmeI/ ³n ´(F) clear, meat soup.¼
¨con®son®ance© ²/ÚkonsEnEns/ ³n ¶[U] ¸1 ´agreement. ¸2 ´harmony.¼
¨con®son®ant©1 ²/ÚkonsEnEnt/ ³n ¶[C] ´speech sound produced by a complete or
partial stoppage of the breath; letter of the alphabet or symbol (eÔg phonetic)
for such a sound: ³b, c, d, f, ´etc.¼
¨con®son®ant©2 ²/ÚkonsEnEnt/ ³adj ´(formal) ·@ with, ´harmonious: ³actions @
with his beliefs; a position in the service @ with your rank. ·@ to,
´agreeable: ³@ to reason.¼
¨con®sort©1 ²/Úkonsct/ ³n ¸1 ´husband or wife, esp of a ruler: ³the queen @´,
the king's wife; ³the prince @´, the reigning queen's husband. ¸2 ´ship
sailing with another (esp for safety during a war).¼
¨con®sort©2 ²/kEnÚsct/ ³vi ¶[VP3A,2C] ·@ with, ¸1 ´pass time in the company of:
³@ with criminals/one's equals. ¸2 ´be in harmony, go well: ³His practice does
not @ with his preaching´, He behaves in one way, but talks in another way.¼
¨con®sor®tium© ²/kEnÚsctIEm ³US: ²-Úscr2IEm/ ³n (pl µ-tia ²/-tIE
³US: ²-2IE/³) ´temporary co-operation of a number of powers, companies, banks,
etc for a common purpose: ³the @ of Upper Clyde shipbuilders.¼
¨con®spec®tus© ²/kEnÚspektEs/ ³n (pl µ@es ²/-Iz/³) ´general view of a subject,
scene, etc; synopsis (eÔg in the form of tables).¼
¨con®spicu®ous© ²/kEnÚspIkj8Es/ ³adj ´easily seen; attracting attention;
remarkable: ³@ for his bravery. Traffic signs should be @. ·make oneself @,
´attract attention by unusual behaviour, wearing unusual clothes, etc. ¸@®ly
³adv ¸@®ness ³n¼
¨con®spir®acy© ²/kEnÚspIrEsI/ ³n ¶[U] ´act of conspiring; ¶[C] ³(pl µ-cies³)
´plan made by conspiring: ³a @ to overthrow the Government; a @ of silence´, an
agreement not to talk publicly about sth.¼
¨con®spire© ²/kEnÚspñIE(r)/ ³vi,vt ¸1 ¶[VP2A,3A,4A] ·@ (with) (against), ´make
secret plans (with ´others, esp to do sth wrong): ³@ against the Government.
His enemies @d to ruin him. ¸2 ¶[VP6A] ´plot: ³@ sb's ruin. ¸3 ¶[VP4A] ´(of
events) act together; combine: ³events that @d to bring about his downfall.
¸con®spira®tor ²/kEnÚspIrEtE(r)/ ³n ´person who @s. ¸con®spira®tor®ial
²/kEn*spIrEÚtcrIEl/ ³adj ´of conspirators or a conspiracy: ³with a
conspiratorial air.¼
¨con®stable© ²/ÚkAnstEbl ³US: ²Úkon-/ ³n ¸1 ´(GB) ¸(poÚlice) @, ´policeman or
policewoman of basic grade. ¸Chief C@´, head of the police force of a county,
etc. ¸special @´, person who acts as a @ on special occasions or for special
duty. ¸2 ´(hist) principal officer in a royal household; governor of a royal
castle, etc. ¸con®sta®bu®lary ²/kEnÚstabj8lErI ³US: ²-lerI/ ³n (pl µ-ries³)
´organized body of police @s; police force.¼
¨con®stancy© ²/ÚkonstEnsI/ ³n ¶[U] ´quality of being firm, unchanging: ³@ of
purpose.¼
¨con®stant© ²/ÚkonstEnt/ ³adj ¸1 ´going on all the time; frequently recurring:
³@ complaints. ¸2 ´firm; faithful; unchanging: ³a @ friend. He has been @ in
his devotion to scientific studies. ¹ n ´(maths, phys) number or quantity that
does not vary. ¸@®ly ³adv ´continuously; frequently.¼
¨con®stel®la®tion© ²/*konstEÚleI2n/ ³n ´named group of fixed stars (eÔg ³the
Great Bear´); (fig) group.¼
¨con®ster®na®tion© ²/*konstEÚneI2n/ ³n ¶[U] ´surprise and fear;
dismay: ³filled with @; looking back in @.¼
¨con®sti®pate© ²/ÚkonstIpeIt/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´cause constipation: ³to find some
kinds of food constipating.¼
¨con®sti®pated© ²/ÚkonstIpeItId/ ³part adj ´having bowels that can be emptied
infrequently or only with difficulty.¼
¨con®sti®pa®tion© ²/*konstIÚpeI2n/ ³n ¶[U] ´difficult or infrequent emptying
of the bowels.¼
¨con®sti®tu®ency© ²/kEnÚstItj8EnsI/ ³n (pl µ-cies³) ¶[C] ´(body of voters
living in a) town or district that sends a representative to Parliament.¼
¨con®sti®tu®ent© ²/kEnÚstItj8Ent/ ³adj ¸1 ´having the power or right to make or
alter a political constitution: ³a @ assembly. ¸2 ´forming or helping to make
a whole: ³a @ part. ¹ n ¸1 ´member of a constituency. ¸2 ´component part: ³the
@s of happiness.¼
¨con®sti®tute© ²/ÚkonstItjut ³US: ²-tut/ ³vt ¸1 ¶[VP23] ´give (sb) authority to
hold (a position, etc): ³They @d him chief adviser. What right have you to @
yourself a judge of my conduct? ¸2 ¶[VP6A] ´establish; give legal authority to
(a committee, etc). ¸3 ¶[VP6A] ´make up (a whole); amount to; be the components
of: ³Twelve months @ a year. He is so @d ´(= His nature is such) ³that he can
accept unjust criticism without getting angry.¼
¨con®sti®tu®tion© ²/*konstIÚtju2n ³US: ²-Útu2n/ ³n ¸1 ¶[C] ´system
of government; laws and principles according to which a state is governed:
³Great Britain has an unwritten @; the United States has a written @. ¸2 ¶[C]
´general physical structure and condition of a person's body: ³Only people with
strong @s should climb in the Himalayas. ¸3 ¶[C,U] ´general structure of a
thing; act or manner of constituting: ³the @ of the solar spectrum; the @ of
one's mind and character.¼
¨con®sti®tu®tional© ²/*konstIÚtju2Enl ³US: ²-Útu-/ ³adj ¸1 ´of a
constitutionµ(1)´: ³@ government; a @ ruler´, controlled or limited by a
constitution; ³@ reform. µ¥ absolute, ³autocratic ´at µautocrat. ¸2 ´of a
person's constitutionµ(2)´: ³a @ weakness. ¹ n ´(dated colloq) short walk for
the health's sake: ³go for/take a @. ¸@®ly ²/-2EnElI/ ³adv ¸@®ism ³n ¶[U]
´(belief in) @ government or @ principles. ¸@®ist ³n ´supporter of @
principles. ¸@®ize ²/-2nElñIz/ ³vt ´make @.¼
¨con®sti®tut®ive© ²/kEnÚstItj8tIv/ ³adj ´constructive; formative; essential.¼
¨con®strain© ²/kEnÚstreIn/ ³vt ¶[VP6A,17] ´make (sb) do sth by using force or
strong persuasion; (of conscience, inner forces) compel: ³I feel @ed to write
and ask for your forgiveness. ¸@ed ³part adj ´(of voice, manner, etc) forced;
uneasy; unnatural. ¸@®ed®ly ²/-IdlI/ ³adv¼
¨con®straint© ²/kEnÚstreInt/ ³n ¶[U] ´constraining or being
constrained: ³to act under @´, because one is forced to do so; ³to feel/show @
in a person's presence´, to hold back one's natural feelings.¼
¨con®strict© ²/kEnÚstrIkt/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´make tight or smaller; cause (a vein or
muscle) to become tight or narrow: (fig) ³a @ed outlook´, one that is narrow or
limited. ¸con®stric®tion ²/kEnÚstrIk2n/ ³n ¶[U] ´@ing; ¶[C] ´feeling of being
@ed: ³a @ion in the chest; ¶[C] ´sth that @s.¼
¨con®struct© ²/kEnÚstrAkt/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´build; put or fit together: ³to @ a
factory/an aircraft/a sentence/a theory; a well-@ed novel. ¸@or ²/-tE(r)/ ³n
´person who @s things: ³motor-car body @ors.¼
¨con®struc®tion© ²/kEnÚstrAk2n/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´act or manner of constructing;
being constructed: ³the @ of new roads. The new railway is still under @/in
the course of @. The new factory is of very solid @. ¸2 ¶[C] ´sth constructed;
structure; building. ¸3 ¶[C] ´meaning; sense in which words, statements, acts,
etc are taken: ³Please do not put a wrong @ on his action´, misunderstand its
purpose. ³The sentence does not bear such a @´, cannot be understood in that
way. µ¥ construe. ¸4 ¶[C] ´arrangement and relationships of words in a
sentence: ³This dictionary gives the meanings of words and also illustrates
their @s.¼
¨con®struc®tive© ²/kEnÚstrAktIv/ ³adj ´helping to construct; giving
helpful suggestions: ³@ criticism/proposals. ¸@®ly ³adv¼
¨con®strue© ²/kEnÚstru/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A,2A] ´translate or explain the meaning
of words, sentences, acts: ³@ a passage from Homer. His remarks were wrongly
@d´, were misunderstood. ¸2 ¶[VP6A] ´analyse (a sentence); combine (words with
words) grammatically. ¸3 ¶[VP2A] ´be capable of being analysed: ³This sentence
won't @.¼
¨con®sub®stan®ti®ation© ²/*konsEb*stan2IÚeI2n/ ³n ¶[U] ´doctrine that the body
and blood of Christ co-exist with the bread and wine in the Eucharist.¼
¨con®sul© ²/Úkonsl/ ³n ¸1 ´State's agent living in a foreign town to help and
protect his countrymen there. ¸2 ´(in ancient Rome) either of the two Heads of
the State before Rome became an Empire. ¸3 ´any one of the three chief
magistrates of the French Republic, 1799Å1804. ¸@®ship ²/-2Ip/ ³n ´position of
a @; period of time during which a @ holds his position.¼
¨con®su®lar© ²/Úkonsj8lE(r) ³US: ²-sEl-/ ³adj ´of a consul or his work.¼
¨con®su®late© ²/Úkonsj8lEt ³US: ²-sEl-/ ³n ´consul's position; offices of a
consulµ(1)´; period of consular government in France.¼
¨con®sult© ²/kEnÚsAlt/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A,14] ´go to a person, a book, etc for
information, advice, opinion, etc: ³to @ one's lawyer/a map/the dictionary; a
@ing engineer´, one with special knowledge of one or more branches of
engineering. ¸2 ¶[VP6A] ´(old use; ³consider ´is now preferred) take into
consideration or account: ³We must @ his convenience´, ´cause him as little
inconvenience as possible. ¸3 ¶[VP3A] ·@ with, ´discuss with: ³@ with one's
fellow workers.¼
¨con®sul®tant© ²/kEnÚsAltEnt/ ³n ´person who gives expert advice
(eÔg in medicine, surgery, business): (attrib) ³a @ surgeon; a firm of @s.¼
¨con®sul®ta®tion© ²/*konslÚteI2n/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´consulting or being consulted:
³in @ with the director. ¸2 ¶[C] ´meeting for consulting: ³The doctors held a
@ to decide whether an operation was necessary.¼
¨con®sult®ative© ²/kEnÚsAltEtIv/ ³adj ´of, for the purpose of, consulting: ³a
@ committee.¼
¨con®sume© ²/kEnÚsjum ³US: ²-Úsum/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A] ´eat or drink. ¸2 ¶[VP6A]
´use up; get to the end of; destroy by fire or wastefulness: ³@ all one's
energies. The flames quickly @d the wooden huts. He soon @d his fortune´,
spent the money wastefully. ³He was @d (´= filled³) with envy/hatred/greed.
This is time-consuming work´, work that takes up a lot of time. ¸3 ·@ away,
´waste away. ¸con®sum®ing ³part adj ´possessing or dominating: ³consuming
ambition.¼
¨con®sumer© ²/kEnÚsjumE(r) ³US: ²-Úsu-/ ³n ´(opp to ³producer´) person who uses
goods. ¸@ goods´, those which directly satisfy human needs and desires (eÔg
food and clothing) (opp to ³capital goods´, eÔg factory equipment). ¸@
research, ´market research, µ¥ market±1µ(4). ¸@ sales resistance,
´unwillingness of people to buy a product.¼
¨con®sum®mate©1 ²/kEnÚsAmEt/ ³adj ´supremely skilled; perfect: ³@
skill/taste.¼
¨con®sum®mate©2 ²/ÚkonsEmeIt/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ¸1 ´accomplish; make perfect: ³Her
happiness was @d when her father took her to Paris. ¸2 ´make complete (esp
marriage, by sexual intercourse).¼
¨con®sum®ma®tion© ²/*konsEÚmeI2n/ ³n ¶[C,U] ´action or point of completing,
perfecting, or fulfilling: ³the @ of a life's work/one's ambitions/a marriage.¼
¨con®sump®tion© ²/kEnÚsAmp2n/ ³n ¶[U] ¸1 ´using up, consuming (of food, energy,
materials, etc); the quantity consumed: ³The @ of beer did not go down when the
tax was raised. ¸2 ´(popular name for) pulmonary tuberculosis.¼
¨con®sump®tive© ²/kEnÚsAmptIv/ ³adj ´suffering from, having a tendency to,
consumptionµ(2)´. ¹ ³n ´@ person.¼
¨con®tact© ²/Úkontakt/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´(state of) touching or communication;
(process of) coming together, esp in: ·be in/out of @ (with); come/bring into @
(with)´: ³Our troops are in @ with the enemy. The opposing forces are now
in/out of @ (with each other). A steel cable came into @ with an electric power
line. We can learn much by being brought into @ with other minds/opposing
opinions, etc. ·make @ (with), ´come into @ (with), esp after searching,
striving, etc: ³I finally made @ with him in Paris. We never really succeeded
in making @. They made @ by radio/made radio @ with headquarters. ·make/break
@, ´complete/interrupt an electric circuit. ¸Ú@ lens, ´one of thin plastic
material made to fit closely over and in @ with the eyeball to improve vision.
¸2 ¶[C] ´meeting with a person; person one has met or will meet: ³He made many
useful social @s while he was in Canada´, met people who could be useful to
him. ³Do you have any @s in Rangoon? ¸3 ¶[C] ´connection (for electric
current); device for effecting this. ¸4 ¶[C] ´(med) person recently exposed to
a contagious disease. ¹ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´get into touch with (sb): ³Where can I @
Mr Green?¼
¨con®tagion© ²/kEnÚteIdZEn/ ³n ¶[U] ´the spreading of disease by contact or
close association; ¶[C] ´disease that can be spread by contact; (fig) the
spreading of ideas, false rumours, feelings, etc; ¶[C] ´influence, etc that
spreads: ³A @ of fear swept through the crowd.¼
¨con®tagious© ²/kEnÚteIdZEs/ ³adj ¸1 ´(of disease) spreading by contact:
³Scarlet fever is @. ¸2 ´(of a person) in such a condition that he may spread
disease. ¸3 ´(fig) spreading easily by example: ³@ laughter/enthusiasm.
Yawning is @. ¸@®ly ³adv¼
¨con®tain© ²/kEnÚteIn/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´(not in the progressive tenses)
¸1 ´have or hold within itself: ³The atlas @s forty maps, including three of
Great Britain. Whisky @s a large percentage of alcohol. ¸2 ´be equal to: ³A
gallon @s eight pints. ¸3 ´be capable of holding: ³How much does this bottle @?
¸4 ´keep feelings, enemy forces, etc under control, within limits: ³Can't you @
your enthusiasm? He couldn't @ himself for joy´, was so happy that his feelings
burst out. ³He couldn't @ his wine, ´was sick, became drunk, etc. ³Has the
cholera outbreak been @ed, ´prevented from spreading? ¸5 ´(geom) ´form the
boundary of: ³The angle @ed by the lines AÔB and AÔC in the triangle AÔBÔC is a
right angle. ¸6 ´(maths) be divisible by, without a remainder: ³12 @s 2, 3, 4
and 6. ¸@er ³n ¸1 ´box, bottle, etc designed to @ sth. ¸2 ´large metal box or
other sealed @er for transport of goods by road, rail, sea or air: ·Ú³@er
crane, ´large crane mounted on a gantry, used on quays, etc to move @ersµ(2)´.
·Ú³@er train/liner´, one designed for such @ers; ·Ú³@er traffic; ·Ú³@er depot,
´eÔg where @ers are loaded and unloaded. ¸@®ment ³n ¶[U] ´policy of preventing
a State from extending its sphere of influence.¼
¨con®tami®nate© ²/kEnÚtamIneIt/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´make dirty, impure or diseased (by
touching, or adding sth impure): ³@d clothing, ´eÔg by poison-gas or
radioactive materials. ³Flies @ food. His morals have been @d by bad
companions.¼
¨con®tami®na®tion© ²/kEn*tamIÚneI2n/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´contaminating or being
contaminated: ³@ of the water supply. ¸2 ¶[C] ´that which contaminates.¼
¨con®temn© ²/kEnÚtem/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´(liter) despise; disregard.¼
¨con®tem®plate© ²/ÚkontempleIt/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A] ´look at (with the eyes, or
in the mind): ³She stood contemplating her figure/herself in the mirror. ¸2
¶[VP6A,C,19C] ´have in view as a purpose, intention or possibility: ³She was
contemplating a visit to London. I hope your mother does not @ coming to stay
with us. I do not @ any opposition from him´, do not think this is likely or
possible. ¸3 ¶[VP2A,6A] ´meditate (esp as a religious practice).¼
¨con®tem®pla®tion© ²/*kontemÚpleI2n/ ³n ¶[U] ´contemplating; deep
thought; intention; expectation: ³He sat there deep in @.¼
¨con®tem®pla®tive© ²/kEnÚtemplEtIv/ ³adj ´thoughtful; fond of contemplation;
given up to religious contemplation.¼
¨con®tem®por®aneous© ²/kEn*tempEÚreInIEs/ ³adj ·@ (with), ´originating,
existing, happening, during the same period of time: ³@ events. ¸@®ly ³adv¼
¨con®tem®por®ary© ²/kEnÚtempErI ³US: ²-ErerI/ ³adj ´of the time or period to
which reference is being made; belonging to the same time: ³a @ record of
events´, one made by persons living at that time; ³furniture in @ style´, of
the present time (contrasted with periodÔµ(2) ´furniture). ³Dickens was @ with
Thackeray. ¹ ³n (pl µ-ries³) ´person @ with another: ³Jack and I were
contemporaries at college.¼
¨con®tempt© ²/kEnÚtempt/ ³n ¶[U] ¸1 ´condition of being looked down upon or
despised: ³to fall into @ by foolish or bad behaviour. Such behaviour will
bring you into @. A man who is cruel to his children should be held in @. ¸2
´mental attitude of despising: ³We feel @ for liars. ·beneath @: ³Such an
accusation is beneath @´, not worth despising (because it is so ridiculous,
etc). ¸3 ´disregard or disrespect; total disregard: ³in @ of all rules and
regulations. He rushed forward in @ of danger. He showed his @ of death by
rushing at the enemy. ·Familiarity breeds @, ´(prov) µ¥ familiarity(1). ·*@ of
Úcourt, ´disobedience to an order made by a court; disrespect shown to a
judge.¼
¨con®tempt®ible© ²/kEnÚtemptEbl/ ³adj ´deserving or provoking contempt.¼
¨con®temptu®ous© ²/kEnÚtempt28Es/ ³adj ´showing contempt: ³@ of public opinion.
¸@®ly ³adv¼
¨con®tend© ²/kEnÚtend/ ³vi,vt ¸1 ¶[VP3A] ·@ with/against/for,
´struggle, be in rivalry or competition: ³@ing with difficulties; @ing for a
prize; @ing passions´, strong feelings of different kinds (eÔg pity, a sense of
justice) that make decision difficult. ¸2 ¶[VP9] ´argue, assert: ³@ that the
universe is expanding. ¸@er ³n ´competitor, rival, eÔg one who challenges the
holder of a boxing title.¼
¨con®tent©1 ²/kEnÚtent/ ³adj ´(not used attrib; µ¥ contented ´below) ¸1 ·@
(with), ´not wanting more; satisfied with what one has: ³Are you @ with your
present salary? She is @ with very little. ¸2 ·@ to do sth, ´willing or ready
(to do sth): ³I am @ to remain where I am now. I should be well @ ´(= quite
pleased) ³to do so. ¹ n ¶[U] ´condition of being satisfied: ³living in peace
and @. ·to one's heart's @´, to the extent that brings satisfaction. ¹ ³vt
¶[VP6A,14] ·@ sb/oneself (with), ´make @; satisfy: ³There's no @ing some
people´, It's impossible to please or satisfy them. ³As there's no butter we
must @ ourselves ´(= be satisfied) ³with dry bread. ¸@ed ³adj ´satisfied;
showing or feeling @: ³with a @ed look/smile. ¸@®ed®ly ³adv ¸@®ment ³n ¶[U]
´state of being @.¼
¨con®tent©2 ²/Úkontent/ ³n ¸1 ³(pl) ´that which is contained in sth: ³the @s of
a room/a book/a schoolboy's pockets, etc. ·table of @s´, list of the matter in
a book, periodical, etc. ¸2 ³(sing ´or ³pl; ´with ³sing v) ´the amount which a
vessel will hold; capacity: ³the @(s) of a barrel or cask. ¸3 ³(sing)
´substance; essential meaning (of a book, speech, etc as opposed to its form):
³Do you approve of the @ of the article/speech? ¸4 ·@ (of sth), ³(sing;
´preceded by a ³n) ´part (of it): ³a high fat @; the silver @ of a coin; the
sugar @ of milk.¼
¨con®ten®tion© ²/kEnÚten2n/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´contendingµ(2)´; quarrelling or
disputing: ³This is not a time for @. µ¥ bone. ¸2 ¶[C] ´argument used in
contending: ³My @ is that«.¼
¨con®ten®tious© ²/kEnÚten2Es/ ³adj ´quarrelsome; likely to cause contention: ³a
@ clause in a treaty.¼
¨con®termi®nous© ²/konÚt3mInEs/ ³adj ´= µcoterminous.¼
¨con®test© ²/kEnÚtest/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A,9] ´argue; debate; dispute: ³@ a
statement/point´, try to show that it is wrong; ³@ sb's right/that sb has a
right to do sth. ¸2 ¶[VP3A] ´contendµ(1)´. ¸3 ¶[VP6A] ´fight or compete for;
try to win: ³@ a seat in Parliament. The enemy @ed every inch of the ground´,
fought with determination not to retreat. ¹ ³n ²/Úkontest/ ¶[C] ´struggle;
fight; competition: ³a keen @ for the prize; a @ of skill; a ·Ú³speed @´;
(boxing) ³a three-round featherweight @. ¸@ant ²/kEnÚtestEnt/ ³n ´one who @s.¼
¨con®text© ²/Úkontekst/ ³n ¶[C,U] ¸1 ´what comes before and after a
word, phrase, statement, etc helping to fix the meaning: ³Can't you guess the
meaning of the word from the @? Don't quote my words out of @, ´eÔg so as to
give a false impression of what I mean. ¸2 ´circumstances in which an event
occurs. ¸con®tex®tual ²/kEnÚtekst28El/ ³adj ´according to the @.¼
¨con®ti®guity© ²/*kontIÚgjuEtI/ ³n ¶[U] ´the state of being contiguous.¼
¨con®tigu®ous© ²/kEnÚtIgj8Es/ ³adj ·@ to, ´(formal) touching; neighbouring;
near. ¸@®ly ³adv¼
¨con®ti®nence© ²/ÚkontInEns/ ³n ¶[U] ´self-control; self-restraint (esp of
passions and desires).¼
¨con®ti®nent©1 ²/ÚkontInEnt/ ³n ´one of the main land masses (Europe, Asia,
Africa, etc). ¸the C@´, (as used by people in GB) the mainland of Europe.
¸con®ti®nen®tal ²/*kontIÚnentl/ ³adj ¸1 ´belonging to, typical of, a @: ³a @al
climate. ¸2 ´of the mainland of Europe: ³@al wars/alliances. ¸@al breakfast,
´one of coffee and bread only. ¸the @al Sunday´, as in Europe (with wider
freedom for theatrical and other entertainments, sport, etc than formerly in
GB). ¹ ³n ´inhabitant of the mainland of Europe.¼
¨con®ti®nent©2 ²/ÚkontInEnt/ ³adj ´(formal) self-controlled; having control of
one's feelings and (esp sexual) desires; (med) able to retain excretion
voluntarily.¼
¨con®tin®gency© ²/kEnÚtIndZEnsI/ ³n ¶[U] ´uncertainty of occurrence; ¶[C] ³(pl
µ-cies³) ´uncertain event; event that happens by chance; sth that may happen if
sth else happens: ³to be prepared for all contingencies; a result that depends
upon contingencies; ´(attrib) ³@ arrangements/plans.¼
¨con®tin®gent©1 ²/kEnÚtIndZEnt/ ³adj ¸1 ´uncertain; accidental: ³a
@ advantage. ¸2 ·@ upon, ´dependent upon (sth that may or may not happen).¼
¨con®tin®gent©2 ²/kEnÚtIndZent/ ³n ¶[C] ´body of troops, number of ships, lent
or supplied to form part of a larger force; group of persons forming part of a
larger group.¼
¨con®tin®ual© ²/kEnÚtInj8El/ ³adj ´going on all the time without stopping, or
with only short breaks: ³Aren't you tired of this @ rain? ¸@®ly ³adv ´again and
again; without stopping.¼
¨con®tin®uance© ²/kEnÚtInj8Ens/ ³n sing ¸1 ´time for which sth
continues; duration (the more usu word): ³during the @ of the war. ¸2
´remaining; staying: ³a @ of prosperity.¼
¨con®tinu®ation© ²/kEn*tInj8ÚeI2n/ ³n ·@ (of), ¸1 ¶[U] ´continuing; starting
again after a stop: ³C@ of study after the holidays was difficult at first. ¸2
¶[C] ´part, etc by which sth is continued: ³The May number of the magazine will
contain an exciting @ of the story.¼
¨con®tinue© ²/kEnÚtInju/ ³vi,vt ¸1 ¶[VP2A,B,D,E,6A,D,7A] ´go farther; go on
(being); go on (doing); stay at/in; remain at/in: ³The desert @d as far as the
eye could reach. How far does this road @? I hope this wet weather will not @.
He hopes to @ at school for another year. The weather @d calm. He @d to live
with his parents after his marriage. How long will you @ working? You must @
your study of French. ¸2 ¶[VP6A,2A] ´start again after stopping: ³The story
will be @d in next month's issue. "Well,' he @d, "when we arrived«' ¸3 ¶[VP14]
´retain (sb in office, etc): ³The Colonial Secretary was @d in office.¼
¨con®ti®nu®ity© ²/*kontIÚnjuEtI ³US: ²-Únu-/ ³n ¶[U] ¸1 ´the state
of being continuous: ³There is no @ of subject in a dictionary. ¸2 ´(cinema,
TÔV) scenario; arrangement of the parts of a story: ³Films and TÔV programmes
are often made out of @´, eÔg a scene in the middle may be filmed before a
scene near the beginning. ¸3 ´connecting comments, announcements, etc, made
between the parts of a broadcast programme.¼
¨con®tinu®ous© ²/kEnÚtInj8Es/ ³adj ´going on without a break: ³@ performance,
1.00pÔm to 11.30pÔm, ´eÔg at a cinema. ¸@ tense, µ¥ progressive(1). ¸@®ly ³adv¼
¨con®tort© ²/kEnÚtct/ ³vt ¶[VP6A,14] ´force or twist out of the usual shape or
appearance: ³a face @ed with pain; ´(fig) ³@ a word out of its ordinary
meaning.¼
¨con®tor®tion© ²/kEnÚtc2n/ ³n ¶[U] ´contorting or being contorted (esp of the
face or body); ¶[C] ´instance of this; contorted condition: ³the @s of an
acrobat. ¸@®ist ²/-2EnIst/ ³n ´acrobat clever at contorting his body.¼
¨con®tour© ²/Úkont8E(r)/ ³n ¶[C] ´outline (of a coast, mountain range, etc);
(on a map, design, etc) line separating differently coloured parts. ¸Ú@ line,
´line (on a map) showing all points at the same height above sea-level. ¸Ú@
map, ´one with @ lines at fixed intervals (eÔg of 25 metres). ¸Ú@ ploughing,
´ploughing in which furrows follow @ lines (on a hillside, etc) to prevent
soil erosion. ¹ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´mark with @ lines; make (a road) round the @ of a
hill.¼
¨contra-© ²/*kontrE/ ³pref ´against.¼
¨contra®band© ²/ÚkontrEband/ ³n ¶[U] ´bringing into, taking out of, a country
goods contrary to the law; (trade in) goods so brought in or taken out. ·@ of
war, ´goods (eÔg ammunition) supplied by neutral countries to countries that
are at war, which can be seized by any of the countries at war: (attrib) ³@
goods; @ trade.¼
¨contra®bass© ²/*kontrEÚbeIs/ ³n ´= µdouble-bass.¼
¨contra®cep®tion© ²/*kontrEÚsep2n/ ³n ¶[U] ´practice, method, of preventing or
planning conceptionµ(2)´. ¸contra®cep®tive ²/*kontrEÚseptIv/ ³n ¶[C] ´device or
drug intended to prevent conceptionµ(2)´. µ¹ ³adj ´preventing conception: ³@
pills/devices.¼
¨con®tract©1 ²/Úkontrakt/ ³n ¸1 ¶[C] ´binding agreement (between persons,
groups, states); agreement to supply goods, do work, etc at a fixed price.
·enter into/make a @ (with sb) (for sth), ´make such an agreement. ·exchange
@s, ´eÔg for the purchase of a house. ·sign a @, ´eÔg for the sale of land or
buildings. ¶[U] ´(phrases in which no article is used): ³bind oneself by @;
work to be done by private @; work on @; breach of @; conditions of @´; (attrib
use) ³@ price/date´, price, date, agreed to. ¸2 ¸*@ Úbridge, ´kind of bridge±2
´in which only tricks bid±1µ(5) ´and won count towards game±1µ(4).¼
¨con®tract©2 ²/kEnÚtrakt/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A,14,4A] ·@ (with) (for), ´make a
contract or agreement: ³@ a marriage; @ to build a bridge; @ with a firm for
1Ô000 tons of cement; @ an alliance with another country. ¶[VP2C] ·@ out
(of), ²/*kontrakt Úñ8t/, ´reject, abandon, the terms of a contract: ³@ out of
an agreement/alliance. ¸2 ¶[VP6A] ·@ debts, ´become liable for them. ¸3 ¶[VP6A]
´catch (an illness); form; acquire (eÔg bad habits). ¸@or ²/-tE(r)/ ³n ´person,
business firm, that enters into @s: ³engineering @ors; army @ors.
¸con®trac®tual ²/kEnÚtrakt28El/ ³adj ´of (the nature of) a @.¼
¨con®tract©3 ²/kEnÚtrakt/ ³vt,vi ¶[VP6A,14,2A,C] ¸1 ´make or become smaller or
shorter: ³Metals @ as they become cool. "I will' is @ed to "I'll'. ¸2 ´make or
become tighter or narrower: ³to @ a muscle; to @ the brows/forehead. The valley
@s as one goes up it. ¸@®ible ³adj ´that can be @ed. ¸con®trac®tile
²/kEnÚtraktñIl ³US: ²-tl/ ³adj ´that can @ or be @ed: ³@ile wings, ´eÔg of an
insect, that can be folded over the body.¼
¨con®trac®tion© ²/kEnÚtrak2n/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´contracting or being contracted: ³the
@ of a muscle; the @ of the mercury in a thermometer. ¸2 ¶[C] ´sth contracted;
shortened form, as ³can'tδfor ³cannot.¼
¨con®tra®dict© ²/*kontrEÚdIkt/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ¸1 ´deny the truth of (sth said or
written); deny (the words of a person): ³to @ a statement. Don't @ me. ¸2 ´(of
facts, statements, etc) be contrary to: ³The reports @ each other.
¸con®tra®dic®tion ²/*kontrEÚdIk2n/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´@ing; ¶[C] ´instance of this.
¸2 ¶[U] ´absence of agreement. ·be in @ion with, ´= @: ³Your statements today
are in @ion with (´iÔe they @³) what you said yesterday. ¶[C] ´instance of
this. ·a @ion in terms, ´statement that includes words that @ each other (eÔg
³a generous miser´). ¸con®tra®dic®tory ²/*kontrEÚdIktErI/ ³adj ´@ing: ³@ory
statements/reports.¼
¨contra®dis®tinc®tion© ²/*kontrEdIÚstIGk2n/ ³n ´(formal) distinction by
contrast: ³the crossing of the Atlantic by air in a few hours, in @ to the
longer journey by sea.¼
¨contra®dis®tin®guish© ²/*kontrEdIÚstIgwI2/ ³vt ¶[VP14] ·@ from, ´distinguish
by contrast.¼
¨con®tralto© ²/kEnÚtraltE8/ ³n (pl µ@s ²/-tE8z/³) ´lowest female voice; woman
with, musical part to be sung by, such a voice.¼
¨con®trap®tion© ²/kEnÚtrap2n/ ³n ´(colloq) strange-looking apparatus or
device.¼
¨contra®pun®tal© ²/*kontrEÚpAntl/ ³adj ´of or in counterpoint.¼
¨contra®riety© ²/*kontrEÚrñIEtI/ ³n ´(formal) ¶[U] ´opposition or antagonism
(in nature, quality or action); ¶[C] ³(pl µ-ties³) ´sth that is inconsistent or
contrary: ³contrarieties in nature.¼
¨con®trari®wise© ²/ÚkontrErIwñIz/ ³adv ¸1 ´on the contrary. ¸2 ´in the opposite
way. ¸3 ²/kEnÚtreErIwñIz/ ´perversely; in a manner showing opposition.¼
¨con®trary©1 ²/ÚkontrErI ³US: ²-trerI/ ³adj ¸1 ´opposite (in nature or
tendency): ³"Hot' and "cold' are @ terms. ¸2 ´(of the wind and weather)
unfavourable (for sailing): ³The ship was delayed by @ winds. ¸3 con®trary
²/kEnÚtreErI/ ³adj ´obstinate; self-willed. ¸4 ·@ to, ´(compound ³prep´) in
opposition to; against: ³to act @ to the rules; events that went @ to my
interests. What you have done is @ to the doctor's orders. The result was @ to
expectation. ¸con®trar®ily ²/ÚkontrErElI ³US: ²-trerElI/ ³adv ´in a @ manner.
¸con®trari®ness ²/-nIs/ ³n ´being @.¼
¨con®trary©2 ²/ÚkontrErI ³US: ²-trerI/ ³n (pl µ-ries³) ¸1 ¶[U] ·the
@, ´opposite: ³The @ of "wet' is "dry'. ·on the @, ´phrase used to make a
denial or contradiction more emphatic: ³"You've nothing to do now, I
suppose.'Å"On the @, I have piles of work.' ·to the @, ´to the opposite effect:
³I will come on Monday unless you write to the @´, telling me not to come. ³I
shall continue to believe it until I get proof to the @´, proof that it is not
true. ¸2 ¶[C] ·by contraries, ¸(a) ´@ to expectation: ³Many things in our lives
go by contraries. ¸(b) ´by way of opposition: ³She said that dreams go by
contraries, ´eÔg that a dream about bad fortune may foretell good fortune.¼
¨con®trast©1 ²/kEnÚtrqst ³US: ²-Útrast/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A,14] ·@ (with/and),
´compare so that differences are made clear: ³C@ these imported goods with/and
the domestic product. It is interesting to @ the two speakers. ¸2 ¶[VP2C,3A]
·@ (with), ´show a difference when compared: ³His actions @ sharply with his
promises. His actions and his promises @ sharply.¼
¨con®trast©2 ²/Úkontrqst ³US: ²-trast/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´the act of
contrasting: ³C@ may make something appear more beautiful than it is when seen
alone. ¸2 ·@ (to/with); @ (between/of), ¶[C,U] ´difference which is clearly
seen when unlike things are put together; sth showing such a difference: ³There
is a remarkable @ between the two brothers. The white walls make a @ to/with
the black carpet. The @ of light and shade is important in photography. ·by/in
@ (with); in @ (to), ´when a @ is made (to/with): ³His white hair was in sharp
@ to his dark skin. Tom's marks (´eÔg 90 per cent) ³by @ with Harry's marks
´(eÔg 35 per cent) ³were excellent.¼
¨con®tra®vene© ²/*kontrEÚvin/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ¸1 ´act in opposition to; go against
(a law, a custom). ¸2 ´dispute, attack (a statement, a principle). ¸3 ´(of
things) conflict with; be out of harmony with.¼
¨con®tra®ven®tion© ²/*kontrEÚven2n/ ³n ¶[C,U] ´act of contravening (a law,
etc). ·in @ of sth, ´so as to break or violate it.¼
¨contre®temps© ²/ÚkontrEtom/ ³n (pl ´unchanged) (F) unfortunate happening;
unexpected hitch; setback.¼
¨con®trib®ute© ²/kEnÚtrIbjut/ ³vt,vi ·@ (to), ¸1 ¶[VP6A,14,2A,3A] ´join with
others in giving help, money, etc (³to ´a common cause, ³for ´a purpose); give
ideas, suggestions, etc: ³@ food and clothing for the refugees; @ to the Red
Cross; @ new information on a scientific problem. ¸2 ¶[VP3A] ´have a share in;
help to bring about: ³Drink @d to his ruin. ¸3 ¶[VP14,3A] ´write (articles,
etc) and send in: ³Mr Green has @d (poems) to the "London Magazine' for several
years. ¸con®tribu®tor ²/-tE(r)/ ³n ´person who @s (money ³to ´a fund, articles
³to ´a periodical, etc).¼
¨con®tri®bu®tion© ²/*kontrIÚbju2n/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´act of contributing; ¶[C] ´sth
contributed: ³@s to the relief fund. Do you consider @s to the village funds a
duty or a pleasure? The editor is short of @s for the May issue. ¸2 ¶[C,U]
´compulsory payment. ·lay under @, ´require @s from.¼
¨con®tribu®tory© ²/kEnÚtrIbj8tErI ³US: ²-tcrI/ ³adj ¸1 ´helping to bring about:
³@ negligence, ´eÔg that helped to cause an accident. ¸2 ´for which
contributions are to be made: ³a ·*³@ ·Ú³pension scheme.¼
¨con®trite© ²/ÚkontrñIt/ ³adj ´filled with, showing, deep sorrow for
wrongdoing: ³a @ heart. ¸@®ly ³adv¼
¨con®trition© ²/kEnÚtrI2n/ ³n ¶[U] ´deep sorrow (for sins, wrongdoing);
repentance.¼
¨con®triv®ance© ²/kEnÚtrñIvEns/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´act or manner of contriving: ³the @
by which botanists fertilize flowers to obtain hybrids. ¸2 ¶[U] ´capacity to
invent: ³Some things are beyond human @. ¸3 ¶[C] ´sth contrived; deceitful
practice; invention or mechanical device: ³a @ to record both sides of a
telephone conversation on magnetic tape.¼
¨con®trive© ²/kEnÚtrñIv/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A,7A] ´invent; design; find
a way of doing (sth), of causing (sth to happen): ³to @ a means of escape from
prison; to @ to live on a small income. He @d to make matters worse´, made them
worse by his efforts, even though this was not his intention. ³Can you @ ´(=
manage) ³to be here early? ¸2 ¶[VP2A] ´(liter) ´manage successfully: ³She finds
it difficult to @ ´(= manage her housekeeping economically) ³now that prices
are rising every month. ¸con®triver ²/kEnÚtrñIvE(r)/ ³n ´(liter) one who @s,
esp one who manages household affairs: ³His wife is a good @r.¼
¨con®trol©1 ²/kEnÚtrE8l/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´power or authority to direct, order, or
restrain: ³children who lack parental @´, who are not kept in order by parents.
·be in @ (of), ´be in command, in charge. ·be/come/bring/get under @, ´be,
become, cause to be, under authority, under restraint, in order, working
properly: ³get flood waters under @. ·be/get out of @, ´in a state where
authority, etc is lost: ³The children are/have got out of @. ·have/get/keep @
(over/of), ´have, get, keep authority, power, etc: ³a teacher who has no @ over
his class; get @ over a horse´, make it obey. ·lose @ (of), ´be unable to
manage or contain: ³lose @ of one's temper. ·take @ (of), ´take authority: ³We
must find someone to take overall @ of this project. ¸2 ¶[U] ´management;
guidance: ³@ of traffic/traffic @; @ of foreign exchange. ¸Úbirth-@, ³n
´planning of the number of births, eÔg by the use of contraceptives. ¸3 ¶[C]
´means of regulating, restraining, keeping in order; check: ³Government @s on
trade and industry. The chairman's power to veto a proposal is a @ over what
the committee may do. ¸4 ¶[C] ´standard of comparison for results of an
experiment: ³The tests were given to three groups, Group Two being used as a @.
We must make more @ experiments. ¸5 ´(usu ³pl´) means by which a machine, etc
is operated or regulated: ³the @s of an aircraft, ´for direction, altitude,
etc; ³a car with dual @s/a dual-@ car; the @s of a transistor radio, ´eÔg ³the
volume @, ´regulating the volume of sound; ³the ·Ú³@ tower of an airport´, for
regulating air traffic. ¸6 ¶[C] ´station at which cars taking part in a race
may stop for overhaul, etc. ¸7 ¶[C] ´(spiritualism) spirit actuating a
mediumµ(4)´.¼
¨con®trol©2 ²/kEnÚtrE8l/ ³vt µ(-ll-) ¶[VP6A] ¸1 ´have control, authority, power
over: ³to @ one's temper/expenditure/a horse/oneself. ¸@ling interest ³n ´(fin)
holding of enough stock(µ5´) of a company to @ policy. ¸2 ´regulate (prices,
etc). ¸3 ´check; verify: ³to @ the accounts. ¸@®lable ³adj ´that can be @led.¼
¨con®trol®ler© ²/kEnÚtrE8lE(r)/ ³n ¸1 ´(also ¸comptroller´) person who controls
expenditure and accounts. ¸2 ´person who controls or directs a department or
division of a large organization: ³C@ of BÔBÔC Radio/TÔV.¼
¨con®tro®ver®sial© ²/*kontrEÚv32l/ ³adj ´likely to cause controversy: ³a @
speech; ´(of persons) fond of controversy. ¸@®ly ²/-2ElI/ ³adv ¸@®ist ³n
´person who is fond of or good at controversy.¼
¨con®tro®versy© ²/ÚkontrEv3sI/ ³n (pl µ-sies³) ¶[C,U] ´prolonged
argument, esp over social, moral or political matters: ³engage in (a) @
with/against sb (on ´or ³about sth); ³a question that has given rise to much @;
facts that are beyond @´, that cannot be argued about.¼
¨con®tro®vert© ²/*kontrEÚv3t/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´(formal) dispute about; deny;
oppose.¼
¨con®tu®ma®cious© ²/*kontjuÚmeI2Es/ ³adj ´(formal) stubborn and rebellious;
obstinate and disobedient. ¸@®ly ³adv¼
¨con®tu®macy© ²/Úkontj8mEsI ³US: ²kEnÚtumEsI/ ³n ¶[U] ´(formal) obstinate
resistance; stubborn disobedience; ¶[C] ³(pl µ-cies³) ´instance of this.¼
¨con®tu®melious© ²/*kontjuÚmilIEs ³US: ²-tEÚm-/ ³adj ´(formal) insolent;
opprobrious. ¸@®ly ³adv¼
¨con®tu®mely© ²/ÚkontjumlI ³US: ²kEnÚtumElI/ ³n ¶[U] ´(formal) abusive language
or treatment; ¶[C] ´instance of this; humiliating insult.¼
¨con®tuse© ²/kEnÚtjuz ³US: ²-Útuz/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´(med) bruise; injure (part of
the body) by a blow, without breaking the skin. ¸con®tusion ²/kEnÚtjuZn ³US:
²-Útu-/ ³n ¶[C] ´bruise.¼
¨co®nun®drum© ²/kEÚnAndrEm/ ³n ¶[C] ´puzzling question, esp one asked for fun;
riddle.¼
¨con®ur®ba®tion© ²/*kon3ÚbeI2n/ ³n ¶[C] ´area of large urban communities where
towns, etc have spread and become joined beyond their administrative
boundaries.¼
¨con®va®lesce© ²/*konvEÚles/ ³vi ¶[VP2A] ´regain health and strength after an
illness: ³She is convalescing after a long illness. ¸con®va®les®cent
²/*konvEÚlesnt/ ³n, adj ´(person who is) recovering from illness: ³a @nt
hospital´, one for @nts. ¸con®va®les®cence ²/*konvEÚlesns/ ³n ¶[U] ´gradual
recovery of health and strength.¼
¨con®vec®tion© ²/kEnÚvek2n/ ³n ¶[U] ´the conveying of heat from one part of a
liquid or gas to another by the movement of heated substances.¼
¨con®vec®tor© ²/kEnÚvektE(r)/ ³n ´apparatus (for heating a room, etc) by which
air is warmed as it passes over hot surfaces.¼
¨con®vene© ²/kEnÚvin/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A] ´summon (persons) to come
together; form (a meeting, etc): ³@ the people/the meeting. ¸2 ¶[VP2A] ´come
together (for a meeting, council, etc). ¸con®vener ³n ´member (of a society,
etc) whose duty it is to @ meetings.¼
¨con®veni®ence© ²/kEnÚvinIEns/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´the quality of being convenient or
suitable; freedom from difficulty or worry: ³I keep my reference books near my
desk for @. The house was planned for @, not for display´, iÔe planned so as to
be easy to live and work in. ³Please send the goods at your earliest @´, at the
earliest time that does not give you trouble. ³Please do the work at your own
@´, how and when it best suits you. ³It was a marriage of @´, one in which
material advantage was the chief consideration. ¸2 ¶[C] ´appliance, device,
arrangement, etc that is useful, helpful or convenient: ³It was a great @ to
have the doctor living near us. The house has all modern @s, ´eÔg central
heating, hot water supply, points for electric current. ³The nearest public @s
´(= WÔC's, lavatories) ³are in West Street. ·make a @ of sb, ´use his services
unreasonably; take too much advantage of his good nature. ·flag of @, µ¥
flag±1µ.¼
¨con®veni®ent© ²/kEnÚvinIEnt/ ³adj ·@ (for), ´suitable; handy; serving to avoid
trouble or difficulty; easy to get to or at: ³Will it be @ for you to start
work tomorrow? This is a @ tool for the job. Will the 3.50 train be @ for you?
We must arrange a @ time and place for the meeting. ¸@®ly ³adv ´in a @ manner:
³My house is @ly near the bus stop.¼
¨con®vent© ²/ÚkonvEnt ³US: ²-vent/ ³n ¸1 ´society of women (called ³nuns´)
living apart from others in the service of God. µ¥ monastery. ¸@ (school) ³n
´one run by nuns. ¸2 ´building(s) in which nuns live and work: ³enter a @´,
become a nun.¼
¨con®ven®ticle© ²/kEnÚventIkl/ ³n ´(building used for) secret
religious meetings.¼
¨con®ven®tion© ²/kEnÚven2n/ ³n ¸1 ¶[C] ´conference of members of a society,
political party, etc devoted to a particular purpose (eÔg election of
candidates); conference of persons in business, commerce, etc: ³the Democratic
Party C@. ´Cf ³conference ´in GB. ¸2 ¶[C] ´agreement between States, rulers,
etc (less formal than a treaty): ³the Geneva C@s, ´about the treatment of
prisoners of war, etc. ¸3 ¶[U] ´general (usu tacit) consent (esp about forms of
behaviour); ¶[C] ´practice or custom based on general consent: ³When men wore
hats, @ required them to raise them when they met a woman they knew. It is
silly to be a slave to @/to social @s. ¸4 ¶[C] ´(in various card and board
games, esp bridge) practice that is generally followed in bidding, leading
cards, making an opening move in chess, etc.¼
¨con®ven®tional© ²/kEnÚven2Enl/ ³adj ¸1 ´based on conventionµ(3,4)´: ³@
greetings; a few @ remarks. ¸2 ´following what has been customary; traditional:
³a @ design for a carpet; @ art; @ weapons, ´iÔe excluding atomic bombs, etc;
³a @ power station´, using coal or oil as fuel (contrasted with heat from a
nuclear reactor). ¸@®ly ²/-2EnElI/ ³adv¼
¨con®ven®tion®al®ity© ²/kEn*ven2EÚnalEtI/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´conventional quality or
character: ³the @ of the paintings at the Academy Exhibition. ¸2 ¶[C,U] ³(pl
µ-ties³) ´conventionµ(3)´.¼
¨con®verge© ²/kEnÚv3dZ/ ³vi ¶[VP2A,2C,3A] ·@ (at/on/upon) ´(of
lines, moving objects, opinions) come towards each other and meet at a point;
tend to do this: ³armies converging on the capital. Parallel lines @ at
infinity. ¸con®ver®gence ²/kEnÚv3dZEns/ ³n ¸con®ver®gent ³adj¼
¨con®ver®sant© ²/kEnÚv3snt/ ³adj ·@ with, ´having a knowledge of: ³@ with all
the rules.¼
¨con®ver®sa®tion© ²/*konvEÚseI2n/ ³n ¶[U] ´talking; ¶[C] ´talk: ³I saw him in
@ with a friend. No @ while I'm playing the piano, please. I've had several @s
with him. ¸@al ²/-2Enl/ ³adj ´(of words, etc) used in, characteristic of, @;
colloquial.¼
¨con®verse©1 ²/kEnÚv3s/ ³vi ¶[VP2A,C,3A] ·@ (with sb) (about/on sth),
´(formal) talk.¼
¨con®verse©2 ²/Úkonv3s/ ³n, adj ¸1 ´(idea, statement which is) opposite (to
another). ¸2 ´(logic) form of words produced by transposing some of the words
of another: ³"He is happy but not rich' is the @ of "He is rich but not happy'.
¸@®ly ³adv¼
¨con®verse©3 ²/Úkonv3s/ ³n ¶[U] ´(old use) conversation.¼
¨con®ver®sion© ²/kEnÚv32n ³US: ²-Zn/ ³n ¶[U] ´converting or being converted:
³the @ of cream into butter/of forest land into arable land/of pagans to
Christianity; the improper @ of public funds to one's own use, ´eÔg by a
government official; ¶[C] ´instance of @: ³many @s to Buddhism; building firms
which specialize in house @s, ´eÔg of large houses into flats.¼
¨con®vert©1 ²/kEnÚv3t/ ³vt ¶[VP6A,14] ¸1 ·@ sth (from sth) (to/into sth),
´change (from one form, use, etc into another): ³to @ rags into
paper/securities into cash/pounds into francs; @ club funds to one's own use´,
use them unlawfully. ¸2 ·@ sb (from sth) (to sth), ´cause him to change his
beliefs, etc: ³to @ a man from atheism to Christianity. ¸3 ´(Rugby football)
complete (a try) by kicking a goal. ¸@ed ³part adj ´that has been @ed: ³a @ed
mews´, stable(s) rebuilt, decorated, etc for use as a residence.¼
¨con®vert©2 ²/Úkonv3t/ ³n ´person converted, esp to a different
religion (or from no religion), or to different principles: ³a @ to socialism.¼
¨con®vert®ible© ²/kEnÚv3tEbl/ ³adj ´that can be converted: ³Banknotes are not
usually @ into gold nowadays. ¹ n ´(esp US) touring car with a folding or
detachable roof. ¸con®verti®bil®ity ²/kEn*v3tEÚbIlEtI/ ³n¼
¨con®vex© ²/Úkonveks/ ³adj ´with the surface curved like the outside of a ball:
³a @ lens. µ¥ concave. ¸@®ly ³adv ¸@®ity ²/konÚveksEtI/ ³n ´state of being @.¼
¨con®vey© ²/kEnÚveI/ ³vt ¶[VP6A,14] ¸1 ·@ (from) (to), ´take, carry: ³Pipes @
hot water from this boiler to every part of the building. This train @s both
passengers and goods. ¸2 ·@ (to sb), ´make known ideas, views, feelings, etc to
another person: ³Words fail to @ my meaning. This picture will @ to you some
idea of the beauty of the scenery. ¸3 ·@ to, ´(legal) give full legal rights
(in land or property): ³The land was @ed to his brother. ¸@er, -or ²/-veIE(r)/
³n ´person or thing that @s: ³a ·Ú³coal @er. ¸Ú@er-belt, ´(eÔg in a factory)
flexible band or chain moving over wheels for @ing packages, etc.¼
¨con®vey®ance© ²/kEnÚveIEns/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´conveying. ¸2 ¶[C] ´sth which conveys;
carriage or other vehicle. ¸3 ¶[C,U] ´(legal) (document) conveying property.
¸con®vey®ancer ³n ´lawyer who prepares @s.¼
¨con®vict©1 ²/kEnÚvIkt/ ³vt ¶[VP6A,14] ·@ sb (of sth) ¸1 ´cause (sb) to be
certain that he has done wrong, made a mistake: ³to @ sb of his errors; to be
@ed of sin. µ¥ convince. ¸2 ´(of a jury or a judge) declare in a law court that
(sb) is guilty (³of ´crime): ³He was @ed of murder.¼
¨con®vict©2 ²/ÚkonvIkt/ ³n ´person convicted of crime and undergoing
punishment.¼
¨con®vic®tion© ²/kEnÚvIk2n/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´the convicting of a person for a crime;
¶[C] ´instance of this: ³The @ of the accused man surprised us. There were five
acquittals and six @s. ¸2 ¶[U] ´the act of convincing, of bringing certainty to
the mind. ·(not) carry @, ´(not) be convincing. ·be open to @, ´be ready to
listen to evidence, etc that may convince one. ¸3 ¶[C,U] ´firm or assured
belief: ³I speak in the full @ that«´, firmly convinced that«. ³Do you always
act up to your @s´, do what you are convinced is right, just, etc?¼
¨con®vince© ²/kEnÚvIns/ ³vt ¶[VP6A,11,14] ·@ sb (of sth/that«)
´make (sb) feel certain; cause (sb) to realize: ³I am @d of his honesty/that he
is honest. We couldn't @ him of his mistake. ¸con®vinc®ing ³adj ´that @s: ³a
convincing speaker/argument. ¸con®vin®cing®ly ³adv´: ³to speak convincingly.
¸con®vinc®ible ²/kEnÚvInsEbl/ ³adj ´willing, ready, to be @d.¼
¨con®viv®ial© ²/kEnÚvIvIEl/ ³adj ¸1 ´gay; fond of chatting, merry-making,
drinking, etc:³@ companions. ¸2 ´marked by merry-making, etc: ³a @ evening.
¸@®ly ²/-IElI/ ³adv ¸@®ity ²/kEn*vIvIÚalEtI/ ³n (pl µ-ties³) ¶[C,U]
´merry-making; being @.¼
¨con®vo®ca®tion© ²/*konvEÚkEI2n/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´convoking; calling together. ¸2
¶[C] ´legislative assembly of the Church of England, of graduates of some
universities.¼
¨con®voke© ²/kEnÚvE8k/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´(formal) call together, summon (a meeting):
³to @ Parliament.¼
¨con®vol®uted© ²/ÚkonvElutId/ ³part adj ´(zool, biol) coiled; twisted (eÔg a
ram's horn); (fig) complicated and difficult: ³a @ argument.¼
¨con®vol®ution© ²/*konvEÚlu2n/ ³n ¶[C] ´coil; twist: ³the @s of a snake.¼
¨con®vol®vu®lus© ²/kEnÚvolvj8lEs/ ³n (pl µ@es ²/-lEsIz/³) ´kinds of twining
plant including bindweed and morning-glory (with white, pink or blue flowers).¼
¨con®voy©1 ²/ÚkonvãI/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´(esp of a warship) go with, escort (other
ships) to protect (them): ³The troopships were @ed across the Atlantic.¼
¨con®voy©2 ²/ÚkonvãI/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´convoying or being convoyed;
protection: ³The supply ships sailed under @. ¸2 ¶[C] ´protecting force (of
warships, troops, etc). ¸3 ¶[C] ´ship, number of ships, under escort; supplies,
etc under escort: ³The @ was attacked by submarines.¼
¨con®vulse© ²/kEnÚvAls/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´(usu in passive) cause violent movements
or disturbances: ³@d with laughter/anger/toothache; a country that has often
been @d by earthquakes/civil war.¼
¨con®vul®sion© ²/kEnÚvAl2n/ ³n ¶[C] ¸1 ´violent disturbance: ³a @ of nature,
´eÔg an earthquake; ³civil @s, ´riots, etc; ³a political @, ´eÔg an attempt at
revolution. ¸2 ´(usu ³pl´) violent irregular movement of a limb or limbs, or
of the body, caused by contraction of muscles: ³The child's @s filled us with
fear. ¸3 ³(pl) ´violent fit of laughter: ³The story was so funny that we were
all in @s.¼
¨con®vul®sive© ²/kEnÚvAlsIv/ ³adj ´violently disturbing; having or producing
convulsions: ³@ movements.¼
¨cony©, coney ²/ÚkE8nI/ ³n (pl µconies, coneys³) ¸1 ´(US) rabbit. ¸2
´rabbit-skin, esp when dyed and prepared so as to resemble the fur of some
other animal.¼
¨coo© ²/ku/ ³vi,vt, n (pt,pp µcooed ²/kud/, ³pres p µcooing³) ¶[VP2A] ´(make a)
soft, murmuring sound (as of doves); ¶[VP6A] ´say in a soft murmur: ³to coo
one's words. µ¥ bill±2µ.¼
¨cook© ²/k8k/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A,2A,12B,13B] ´prepare (food) by heating (eÔg
boiling, baking, roasting, frying). ·@ sb's goose, µ¥ goose. ¸2 ¶[VP2A]
´undergo @ing: ³These apples @ well. ¸Ú@ing apple, pear, etc, ´suitable for
@ing. Cf ³dessert/eating apples. ¸3 ¶[VP15B] ·@ up, ´concoct, invent (a story,
tale, etc): ³Don't give me some @ed-up yarn! ¸4 ¶[VP6A] ´tamper with; prepare
fraudulently: ³@ the books/the accounts´, falsify them. ¹ ³n ´person who @s
food. ¸Ú@®book ³n ´= µcookery-book. ¸Ú@-house ³n ´detached or outdoor kitchen
(eÔg in a camp); ship's galley. ¸@®ing ³n ¶[U] ·Ú³@ing lessons.¼
¨cooker© ²/Úk8kE(r)/ ³n ¸1 ´(esp in compounds, as ·Ú³oil-@,
·Ú³gas-@´) apparatus, stove, for cooking food. ¸2 ´kind of fruit, etc (esp
apples, pears, plums) grown for cooking: ³These apples are good @s. ´Cf
³dessert apples´, to be eaten uncooked.¼
¨cook®ery© ²/Úk8kErI/ ³n ¶[U] ´art and practice of cooking. ¸Ú@-book, ´one
that deals with @; book of cooking recipes.¼
¨cooky©, cookie ²/Úk8kI/ ³n (pl µ-kies³) ´(Scot) small, flat, thin, sweet cake
(esp home-made); (US) biscuit.¼
¨cool©1 ²/kul/ ³adj ¸1 ´between warm and cold: ³@ autumn weather. Let's sit in
the shade and keep @. The coffee's not @ enough to drink. ¸2 ´providing or
allowing a feeling between warm and cold: ³a @ room/dress. ¸3 ´calm; unexcited:
³Keep @! He was always @ in the face of danger. He has a @ head´, doesn't get
agitated. Hence, ¸*@-Úheaded ³adj ¸4 ´impudent in a calm way; without shame:
³What @ behaviourÅtaking my lawn-mower without asking my permission! ¸5 ´(of
behaviour) not showing interest or enthusiasm: ³They gave the prime minister a
@ reception. ·play it @´, (colloq) deal calmly with a situation; be relaxed. ¸6
´(of sums of money, distances, etc) putting emphasis on the figure, and perhaps
suggesting complacency: ³My new car cost me a @ thousand. He suggested that we
should walk a @ twenty miles farther. ¸7 ´(US sl) pleasant; fine. ¹ n ¸1 ´(usu
¸the @´) @ air or place; @ness: ³in the @ of the evening; the @ of the forest.
¸2 ¶[U] ´(colloq) composure. ·keep one's @´, remain calm, unworried. ¸@®ly
²/Úkul-lI/ ³adv ¸@®ness ³n¼
¨cool©2 ²/kul/ ³vt,vi ¶[VP6A,2A] ´make or become cool: ³The rain
has @ed the air. Has his anger @ed yet? ¶[VP3C] ·@ down/off, ´(esp fig) become
calm, less excited or enthusiastic: ³Her passion for me has @ed down. ·a *@ing
Úoff period, ´(in industrial disputes, etc) a compulsory delay (to @ tempers)
before a threatened strike. ·@ one's heels, ´be kept waiting: ³Let him @ his
heels in the outer officeÅthat will teach him to be more polite. ¸Ú@ing®tower
³n ´large container used in industry to @ hot water before re-using it.¼
¨cool®ant© ²/ÚkulEnt/ ³n ¶[C,U] ´(kind of) fluid used for cooling (eÔg in
nuclear reactors).¼
¨cooler© ²/ÚkulE(r)/ ³n ´container in which things are cooled: ³a wine/butter
@´; (sl) prison cell.¼
¨coolie© ²/ÚkulI/ ³n ´Ï (sl, derog) unskilled Asian labourer.¼
¨coon© ²/kun/ ³n ¸1 ´raccoon. ¸2 ´Ï (sl, derog) Negro.¼
¨coop© ²/kup/ ³n ´cage, esp for hens with small chickens. ¹ ³vt ¶[VP6A,15B] ·@
up, ´put in a @; confine (a person): ³How long are we going to stay @ed up in
here?¼
¨co-op© ²/ÚkE8 op/ ³n ¸the @, ´(colloq) the co-operative society (shop,
store): ³She does all her shopping at the @.¼
¨cooper© ²/ÚkupE(r)/ ³n ´maker of tubs, barrels, casks, etc.¼
¨co-op®er®ate© ²/kE8ÚopEreIt/ ³vi ¶[VP2A,3A,4A] ·@ (with sb) (in doing/to do
sth), ´work or act together in order to bring about a result: ³@ with friends
in starting a social club. Everything @d to make our holiday a success.
¸co-op®er®ator ²/-tE(r)/ ³n¼
¨co-op®er®ation© ²/kE8*opEÚreI2n/ ³n ¶[U] ´working or acting together for a
common purpose. ·in @ with; with the @ of, ´together with: ³The workers, in @
with the management, have increased output by 10 per cent.¼
¨co-op®er®ative© ²/kE8ÚopErEtIv/ ³adj ´of co-operation; willing to co-operate.
¸a @ society ³n ´group of persons who co-operate, eÔg to buy machines and
services for all to share, or to produce, buy and sell goods among themselves
for mutual benefit, or to save and lend money. ¹ n ´(shop of a) @ society; @
group: ³agricultural @s in India and China.¼
¨co-opt© ²/kE8 Úopt/ ³vt ¶[VP6A,14] ´(of a committee) add (a
person) as a member by the votes of those who are already members: ³@ a new
member on to the committee.¼
¨co-or®di®nate©1 ²/*kE8 ÚcdEnEt/ ³adj ´equal in importance. ¸@ clause, ´(gram)
clause in a compound sentence, equal in rank to, and often joined by a
conjunction to, the other clause(s) in that sentence. µ¥ subordinate. ³¹ n ´@
thing or person. ¸@®ly ³adv¼
¨co-or®di®nate©2 ²/*kE8 ÚcdIneIt/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´make co-ordinate; bring or put
into proper relation: ³to @ ideas; to @ one's movements when swimming/@ the
movements of the arms and legs. ¸co-or®di®na®tor ²/-neItE(r)/ ³n ´person who
@s.¼
¨co-or®di®na®tion© ²/*kE8 *cdInÚeI2n/ ³n ´the act of co-ordinating; the state
of being co-ordinate.¼
¨coot© ²/kut/ ³n ´name of several kinds of swimming and diving birds. ¸Úbald @,
³n ´one with a white spot on the forehead. Hence, ·as bald as a @´, very bald.¼
¨cop©1 ²/kop/ ³n ´(sl) policeman.¼
¨cop©2 ²/kop/ ³vt,vi µ(-pp-) ´(sl) ¸1 ·cop it, ´be punished. ¸2 ¶[VP2C] ·cop
out (of), ´abandon (an attempt, responsibility, etc). Hence, ¸Úcop-out ³n ´act
of or excuse for copping out. ¹ ³n ´(sl) ¸1 ´capture. ·It's a fair cop´, I
have/He has, etc been caught and arrested in the act of committing the offence.
¸2 ·not much cop, ´nothing to value highly.¼
¨co-part®ner© ²/*kE8 ÚpqtnE(r)/ ³n ´partner, eÔg an employee, who has a share
in the profits of a business, etc in addition to his salary or wages. ¸@®ship
²/-2Ip/ ³n ´system, practice, of having @s in business or industry.¼
¨cope©1 ²/kE8p/ ³n ´long, loose cloak worn by clergy on some special
occasions. µ¥ ´the illus at µvestment.¼
¨cope©2 ²/kE8p/ ³vi ¶[VP2A,3A] ·@ (with), ´manage successfully; be equal to:
³@ with difficulties.¼
¨co®peck© ²/ÚkE8pek/ ³n ´(Russian coin worth) one-hundredth part of a rouble.¼
¨Co®per®ni®can© ²/kEÚp3nIkEn/ ³adj ¸the @ system/theory´, of
Copernicus ²/kEÚp3nIkEs/ ´(1473-1543), a Polish astronomer, that the planets
including the earth, move round the sun.¼
¨cop®ing© ²/ÚkE8pIG/ ³n ´(archit) line of (sometimes overhanging) stonework or
brickwork on top of a wall. ¸Ú@-stone ³n ´(fig) final act, crowning, of a
piece of work.¼
¨copi®ous© ²/ÚkE8pIEs/ ³adj ´plentiful: ³a @ supply; @ tears; ´(of a writer)
writing much. ¸@®ly ³adv¼
¨cop®per©1 ²/ÚkopE(r)/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´common reddish-brown metal (symbol ¸Cu´):
(attrib) ³@ wire/cable/alloy. ¸2 ¶[C] ´coin made of @ or a @ alloy. ¸3 ¶[C]
´large vessel made of metal, esp one in which clothes are boiled. µ¥
boiler(1). ¸4 @ beech ³n ´kind of beech-tree with @-coloured leaves.
¸*@-Úbottomed ³adj ¸(a) ´(of a ship) having the bottom plated with copper (and
therefore seaworthy). ¸(b) ´(fig) safe in every way: ³@-bottomed guarantees.
¸Ú@®head ³n ´poisonous snake of the US. ¸@®Úplate ³n ´polished @ plate on which
designs, etc, are engraved. ¸@®plate (hand)®writing ³n ´iÔe cursive, neat and
clear. ¸Ú@®smith ³n ´one who works in @. ¹ ³vt ´(also ¸*@-Úbottom´) sheathe (a
ship's bottom, etc) with @.¼
¨cop®per©2 ²/ÚkopE(r)/ ³n ´(sl) policeman.¼
¨cop®pice© ²/ÚkopIs/ ³n ¶[C] ´small woodland area of undergrowth and small
trees (grown for periodical cutting, eÔg for bean and pea sticks).¼
¨copra© ²/ÚkoprE/ ³n ¶[U] ´dried kernels of coconuts, from which oil is
extracted for making soap, etc.¼
¨copse© ²/kops/ ³n ´= µcoppice.¼
¨Copt© ²/kopt/ ³n ´one of the direct descendants of the ancient Egyptians
(about one-tenth of the population of modern Egypt). ¸Cop®tic ²/ÚkoptIk/ ³n
´language used in the liturgy of the @ic Church of Egypt and Ethiopia. ¹ ³adj
´of the @s.¼
¨cop®ula© ²/Úkopj8lE/ ³n ´(gram) verb form (eÔg the finites of ³be ´and
³become´) that connects a subject and the complement.¼
¨copu®late© ²/Úkopj8leIt/ ³vi ¶[VP2A,3A] ·@ (with), ´(esp of
animals) unite in sexual intercourse. ¸copu®la®tion ²/*kopj8ÚleI2n/ ³n ´act or
process of copulating. ¸copu®lat®ive ²/Úkopj8lEtIv/ ³adj ´(formal) serving to
connect. ¹ ³n ´(gram) word that connects (and which implies combination).¼
¨copy©1 ²/ÚkopI/ ³n (pl µ-pies³) ¸1 ´thing made to be like another;
reproduction of a letter, picture, etc: ³Make three carbon copies of the
letter. ¸rough @´, the first (often imperfect) outline or draft of sth written
or drawn. ¸fair @´, the final form of sth written or drawn. ¸Ú@®book ³n
´exercise book containing models of handwriting for learners to imitate: ³@book
maxims´, commonplace maxims (as formerly found in @books). µ¥ ´also µblot.
¸Ú@®cat ³n ´(colloq) slavish imitator. ¸2 ´one example of a book, newspaper,
etc of which many have been made: ³If you can't afford a new @ of the book,
perhaps you can find a secondhand @. ¸3 ¶[U] ´material to be sent to a printer:
³The printers are waiting for more @. The fall of the Cabinet will make good
@´, will make exciting news for the journalists to write about. ¸Ú@ desk ³n
´(US) ´desk in a newspaper office where @ is edited and prepared for printing.
¸Ú@-writer ³n ´person who writes advertising or publicity @.¼
¨copy©2 ²/ÚkopI/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A,15A,B] ´make a copy of: ³@ notes (out of a
book, etc) into a notebook; @ out a letter´, make a complete copy of it; ³@
sth down (from the blackboard). ¸2 ¶[VP6A] ´do, try to do, the same as;
imitate: ³You should @ his good points, not his bad points. ¸3 ¶[VP2A] ´cheat
by looking at a neighbour's paper, etc: ³He was punished for @ing during the
examination. ¸@®ist ²/ÚkopIIst/ ³n ´person who copies or transcribes (eÔg old
documents); imitator.¼
¨copy®hold© ²/ÚkopIhE8ld/ ³n ¶[U] ´(GB) ´the holding of land on conditions that
were laid down in records of the manor; land held in this way. ¸@er ³n
´person holding land in this way.¼
¨copy®right© ²/ÚkopIrñIt/ ³n ¶[U] ´sole legal right, held for a certain number
of years, by the author or composer of a work, or by someone delegated by him,
to print, publish, sell, broadcast, perform, film or record his work or any
part of it; (attrib) protected by @. ¹ ³vt ´secure @ for (a book, etc).¼
¨co®quetry© ²/ÚkokItrI/ ³n ¶[U] ´flirting; ¶[C] ³(pl µ-ries³)
´instance of this; flirtatious act.¼
¨co®quette© ²/koÚket/ ³n ´girl or woman who flirts. ¸co®quet®tish ²/kE8ÚketI2/
³adj ´of or like a @: ³coquettish smiles. ¸co®quet®tish®ly ³adv¼
¨cor®acle© ²/ÚkorEkl/ ³n ´small, light boat made of wicker, covered with
watertight materials, used by fishermen on Welsh and Irish rivers and lakes.¼
¨coral© ²/ÚkorEl ³US: ²ÚkcrEl/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´hard, red, pink or white substance
built on the sea bed by small creatures (³polyps). ¸*@ Úisland, ´one formed by
the growth of @. ¸Ú@-reef, ´accumulation of @. µ¥ ´the illus at µatoll. ¶[C]
´sea organism that makes this substance. ¹ ³adj ´like @ in colour; red or pink:
³@ lips.¼
¨cor an®glais© ²/*kcr ÚoGgleI ³US: ²cGÚgleI/ ³n ´(music) woodwind instrument
(tenor oboe). µ¥ ´the illus at µbrass.¼
¨cor®bel© ²/Úkcbl/ ³n ´(archit) stone or timber projection from a wall to
support sth (eÔg a cornice, an arch). µ¥ ´the illus at µwindow.¼
¨cord© ²/kcd/ ³n ¸1 ¶[C,U] ´(length of) twisted strands, thicker than string,
thinner than rope. ¸2 ¶[C] ´part of the body like a @: ³the spinal @; the
vocal @s. µ¥ chord(3). ¸3 ¶[C] ´measure of wood cut for fuel (usu 128 cubic
ft). ¹ ³vt ´put a @ or @sµ(1) ´round.¼
¨cord®age© ²/ÚkcdIdZ/ ³n ¶[U] ´cords, ropes, etc, esp the rigging
of a ship.¼
¨cor®dial© ²/ÚkcdIEl ³US: ²ÚkcrdZEl/ ³adj ´warm and sincere (in feeling,
behaviour): ³a @ smile/welcome/handshake; ´strongly felt: ³@ dislike. ¹ ³n
´sweetened, invigorating liquor: ³lime juice @. ¸@®ly ²/-dIElI ³US: ²-dZElI/
³adv ¸@®ity ²/*kcdIÚalEtI ³US: ²*kcrdZI-/ ³n ¶[U] ´quality of being @;
¶[C] ³(pl µ-ties³) ´expression of @ feeling.¼
¨cor®dite© ²/ÚkcdñIt/ ³n ¶[U] ´smokeless explosive substance.¼
¨cor®don© ²/Úkcdn/ ³n ¶[C] ¸1 ´line, ring, of police, soldiers, military
posts, etc acting as guards: ³a sanitary @´, a guarded line separating
infected and uninfected districts. ¸2 ´fruit-tree with all its branches pruned
back so that it grows as a single stem (usu against a wall or along wires). ¸3
´ornamental ribbon of an Order±1µ(10) ´(usu worn across the shoulder). ¸@ bleu
²/*kcdon Úbl3/, ´(F) award to a cook or restaurant for high quality cooking. ¹
³vt ¶[VP15B] ·@ off, ´separate, keep at a distance, by means of a @µ(1)´: ³The
crowds were @ed off by the police.¼
¨cords© ²/kcdz/ ³n pl ´(colloq abbr) corduroy trousers.¼
¨cor®du®roy© ²/ÚkcdErãI/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´thick, coarse, strong cotton cloth with
raised lines on it. ¸2 ³(pl) ´trousers made of this cloth. ¸3 @ road, ´one made
of tree trunks laid across swampy land.¼
¨core© ²/kc(r)/ ³n ¸1 ´(usu hard) centre, with seeds, of such fruits as the
apple and pear. µ¥ ´the illus at µfruit. ¸2 ´central or most important part of
anything: ³the @ of an electro-magnet ´(a bar of soft iron); ³to get to the @
of a subject. ·to the @, ´right to the centre: ³rotten to the @, ´(lit or fig)
completely bad. ³He is English to the @, ´completely English in manner, speech,
dress, etc. ¹ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´take out the @ of: ³to @ an apple.¼
¨co-re®ligion®ist© ²/*kE8 rIÚlIdZEnIst/ ³n ´one of two or more
persons who adhere to the same religion.¼
¨co-re®spon®dent© ²/*kE8 rIÚspondEnt/ ³n ´(legal) person charged with adultery
with the spouse (husband or wife) of the ³respondent ´(petitioner or plaintiff)
in a divorce suit.¼
¨corgi© ²/ÚkcgI/ ³n ´breed of small Welsh dog.¼
¨Co®rin®thian© ²/kEÚrInTIEn/ ³n, adj ¸1 ´(native) of Corinth ²/ÚkorInT/´. ¸2
´(archit) of the most ornate of the three types of columnµ(1) ´in ancient Greek
architecture, with a decoration of leaves on the capitalµ(4). µ¥ ´the illus at
µcolumn.¼
¨cork© ²/kck/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´light, elastic, tough substance, the thick outer
bark of the tree called the ³@-oak´; ´(attrib) made of this material: ³a @
jacket. ¸2 ¶[C] ´round piece of this material used as a stopper for a bottle:
³to draw/pull out the @. ¸Ú@-screw ³n ´tool for drawing @s from bottles. ¹ ³vt
¶[VP6A,15A] ·@ (up), ´stop with, or as with, a @: ³to @ a bottle; ´(fig): ³to @
up one's feelings. ¸corked ³adj ´(of wine)
contaminated by decayed @ or a bad @: ³@ed port.¼
¨cork®age© ²/ÚkckIdZ/ ³n ¶[U] ´charge made by a restaurant for serving wine not
supplied by itself.¼
¨corker© ²/ÚkckE(r)/ ³n ´(dated sl) ¸1 ´sth remarkable or astonishing. ¸2
´unanswerable argument.¼
¨corm© ²/kcm/ ³n ´(bot) bulb-like swelling on the underground stem of a plant
(eÔg a crocus or a gladiolus), from the top of which buds sprout. Cf ³bulb
´which has scales.¼
¨cor®mor®ant© ²/ÚkcmErEnt/ ³n ´large, long-necked seabird with a pouch under
its beak for holding the fish it catches. µ¥ ´the illus at µwater.¼
¨corn©1 ²/kcn/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´(collective) (seed of) any of various grain plants,
chiefly wheat, oats, rye and (esp US) maize; such plants while growing: ³a
field of @; a ·Ú³@-field; a sheaf of @. µ¥ ´the illus at µcereal. ¸Ú@-cob,
´thick, cylindrical part of an ear of maize, on which the grains grow. ·@ on
the cob, ´maize cooked and eaten in this form. ¸Ú@®crake ²/-kreIk/, ´common
European bird, the male of which has a loud, harsh cry. ¸Ú@-exchange, ´place
where dealers in @ do business. ¸Ú@®flakes ³n pl ´cereal of toasted maize
flakes. ¸Ú@®flour ´(US ¸Ú@®starch´), flour made from maize, rice or other
grains. ¸Ú@®flower, ´name of various flowers growing wild in @-fields, esp a
blue-flowered kind (also grown in gardens). ¸ÚC@ Laws, ´(esp) laws in GB,
repealed in 1846, regulating trade in @. ¸Ú@ pone ²/-pE8n/, ´(US) baked or
fried maize bread. ¸Ú@®starch, ´(US) @flour. ¸2 ¶[C] ´single grain (of wheat,
pepper, etc).¼
¨corn©2 ²/kcn/ ³n ´small area of hardened skin on the foot, esp on
a toe, often with a painful centre and root. ·tread on sb's @s, ´(fig) hurt
his feelings.¼
¨corn©3 ²/kcn/ ³vt ´preserve (meat) in salt: ³@ed beef.¼
¨cor®nea© ²/ÚkcnIE/ ³n ´tough transparent outer membrane protecting the iris
of the eyeball. µ¥ ´the illus at µeye.¼
¨cor®nel®ian© ²/kcÚnilIEn/ ³n ´semi-precious stone, reddish, reddish-brown or
white.¼
¨cor®ner© ²/ÚkcnE(r)/ ³n ¸1 ´position (exterior or interior) of the angle
where two lines, sides, edges or surfaces meet; angle enclosed by two walls,
sides, etc that meet: ³standing at a street @; a shop situated on/at the
corner; just round the @´, (colloq) very near; ³sitting in the @ of the room.
·cut off a @, ´go across, not round, it; take a short cut. ·cut @s, ´(of the
driver of a motor vehicle) go across, not round them when travelling fast;
(fig) simplify proceedings, ignore regulations, etc to get work done quickly:
³We've had to cut a few @s to get your visa ready in time. ·drive sb into a @,
´(fig) put him in a difficult situation from which escape is difficult. ·turn
the @, ´(fig) pass a critical point in an illness, a period of difficulty, etc.
·be in a tight @, ´in an awkward or difficult situation. ¸Ú@®stone ³n ¸(a)
´stone that forms a @ of the foundation of a building (often laid in position
at a ceremony). ¸(b) ´(fig) foundation: ³Hard work was the @stone of his
success. ¸2 ´hidden, secret, or out-of-the-way place: ³money hidden in odd @s;
hole-and-@ methods/transactions´, secret and underhand. ¸3 ´region; quarter:
³to the four @s of the earth. ¸4 ´(comm) the buying up of all or as much as
possible of the supply of an article of trade, a commodity, a stock, etc in
order to secure a monopoly and control the price. ·make a @ in sth, ´(eÔg the
buying of wheat). ¸5 ´(Assoc football) (also ¸Ú@-kick´) kick from the @ of the
field, allowed when the ball has been kicked by an opponent over his own
goal-line. ¹ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A] ´force into a @; put into a difficult position:
³The escaped prisoner was @ed at last. That question @ed me. ¸2 ¶[VP6A] ´make a
@µ(4) ´in (wheat, etc): ³@ the market. ¸3 ¶[VP2A] ´(of a vehicle, its driver)
turn a @ (on a road, etc): ³My new car @s well´, remains stable when going
round @s. ¸@ed ³adj ´(in compounds) having @s: ³a three-@ed hat.¼
¨cor®net©1 ²/ÚkcnIt/ ³n ¸1 ´small musical instrument of brass, like
a trumpet. ¸2 ´piece of paper twisted into the shape of a cone, to hold
sweets; cone-shaped container for ice-cream.¼
¨cor®net©2 ²/ÚkcnIt/ ³n ´(in former times) officer in a troop of cavalry who
carried the colours±1µ(8).¼
¨cor®nice© ²/ÚkcnIs/ ³n ´(archit) projecting part, above the frieze, above a
column, µ¥ ´the illus at µcolumn´; ornamental moulding (eÔg in plaster) round
the walls of a room, just below the ceiling; horizontal strip of carved wood
or stone along an outside wall; overhanging mass of snow above a precipice.¼
¨cor®nu®co®pia© ²/*kcnj8ÚkE8pIE/ ³n ´ornamental horn shown in art as
overflowing with flowers, fruit and corn; (myth) horn of plenty; (fig) abundant
supply.¼
¨corny© ²/ÚkcnI/ ³adj µ(-ier, -iest) ´(sl) hackneyed; often heard or repeated:
³@ jokes/music.¼
¨co®rolla© ²/kEÚrolE/ ³n ´(bot) ring of petals forming the cup of a flower. µ¥
´the illus at µflower.¼
¨co®rol®lary© ²/kEÚrolErI ³US: ²ÚkorElerI/ ³n (pl µ-ries³) ¶[C] ´natural
sequence or outcome of sth; sth self-evident after sth else has been proved.¼
¨co®rona© ²/kEÚrE8nE/ ³n (pl µ@s ²/-nEz/, µ@e ²/-ni/³) ´ring of light seen
round the sun or moon, eÔg during an eclipse. µ¥ ´the illus at µeclipse.¼
¨cor®on®ary© ²/ÚkorEnrI ³US: ²ÚkcrEnerI/ ³adj ´(anat) of arteries supplying
blood to the heart: ³@ thrombosis´, formation of a clot in a @ artery. ¹ ³n
(pl µ-ries³) ´(colloq) attack of @ thrombosis.¼
¨cor®on®ation© ²/*korEÚneI2n ³US: ²*kcr-/ ³n ´ceremony of crowning a king,
queen or other sovereign ruler: (attrib) ³the queen's @ robes.¼
¨cor®oner© ²/ÚkorEnE(r) ³US: ²Úkcr-/ ³n ´official who inquires into
the cause of any death thought to be from violent or unnatural causes: ³@'s
inquest´, such an inquiry (held with a jury).¼
¨cor®onet© ²/ÚkorEnet ³US: ²Úkcr-/ ³n ´small crown worn by a peer or peeress;
band of precious materials worn as (part of) a woman's head-dress; garland of
flowers.¼
¨cor®poral©1 ²/ÚkcpErEl/ ³adj ´(formal) of the human body. ¸@ punishment´, eÔg
whipping, beating.¼
¨cor®poral©2 ²/ÚkcpErEl/ ³n ´(army) non-commissioned officer (below a
sergeant); (navy): ³ship's @´, one with police duties.¼
¨cor®por®ate© ²/ÚkcpErEt/ ³adj ¸1 ´of or belonging to a corporation: ³@
property; @ bonds´, (Stock Exchange term for) bonds held by a group or company.
¸2 ´of, shared by, members of a group of persons: ³@ responsibility/action. ¸3
´united in one group: ³a @ body.¼
¨cor®por®ation© ²/*kcpEÚreI2n/ ³n ¸1 ´group of persons elected to govern a
town: ³the Mayor and @; the municipal @; ´(attrib) ³the @ tramways. ¸2 ´group
of persons authorized to act as an individual, eÔg for business purposes: ³In
Great Britain the Electricity Authority and the National Coal Board are public
@s. ¸3 ´(US) limited liability company. ¸4 ´(colloq) large belly.¼
¨cor®por®eal© ²/kcÚpcrIEl/ ³adj ´(formal) ¸1 ´of or for the body: ³@ needs´,
eÔg food and drink. ¸2 ´physical (contrasted with ³spiritual´).¼
¨corps© ²/kc(r)/ ³n (pl µcorps ²/kcz/³) ¸1 ´one of the technical branches of
an army: ³the ·*³Royal ·*³Army ·Ú³Medical C@. ¸2 ´military force made up of
two or more divisions. ¸3 @ de ballet ²/*kc dE ÚbaleI/ ´(F) company of dancers
in a ballet. ¸the DiploÚmatic C@; ¸the C@ Diplomatique ²/*kc *dIplEmaÚtik/ ´(F)
all the ambassadors, ministers and attach_es of foreign states at a capital or
Court.¼
¨corpse© ²/kcps/ ³n ´dead body (esp of a human being). µ¥ carcass.¼
¨cor®pu®lent© ²/Úkcpj8lEnt/ ³adj ´(of a person or his body) fat and heavy.
¸cor®pu®lence ²/Úkcpj8lEns/ ³n¼
¨cor®pus© ²/ÚkcpEs/ ³n (pl µcorpora ²/ÚkcpErE/³) ´body, collection, esp of
writings on a specified subject or of material for study (eÔg for linguists, a
collection of examples of spoken and written usages).¼
¨cor®puscle© ²/ÚkcpAsl/ ³n ´one of the red or white cells in the blood.¼
¨cor®ral© ²/kEÚrql ³US: ²-Úral/ ³n ¸1 ´enclosure for horses and cattle or the
capture of wild animals. ¸2 ´= µlaager. ³¹ vt µ(-ll-) ¶[VP6A] ´drive (cattle,
etc) into, shut up in, a @; form (wagons) into a @.¼
¨cor®rect©1 ²/kEÚrekt/ ³adj ¸1 ´true; right: ³a @ answer; the @ time; @ in
every particular. ¸2 ´(of conduct, manners, dress, etc) proper; in accord with
good taste or convention: ³the @ dress for a ceremony; a very @ young lady.
¸@®ly ³adv ¸@®ness ³n¼
¨cor®rect©2 ²/kEÚrekt/ ³vt ¶[VP6A,14] ¸1 ´make right; take out mistakes from:
³I @ed my watch by the time signal. Please @ my pronunciation. ¸2 ´point out
the faults of; punish: ³@ a child for disobedience.¼
¨cor®rec®tion© ²/kEÚrek2n/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´correcting: ³the @ of schoolchildren's
work. ·speak under @, ´speak while knowing that one may need to be corrected.
¸house of @, ´(old name for a) prison. ¸2 ¶[C] ´sth put in place of what is
wrong: ³a written exercise with @s in red ink.¼
¨cor®rec®ti®tude© ²/kEÚrektItjud ³US: ²-tud/ ³n ¶[U] ´(formal) correctness (esp
of conduct, eÔg in diplomacy).¼
¨cor®rect®ive© ²/kEÚrektIv/ ³n, adj ´(sth) serving to correct: ³@ training´,
eÔg for juvenile delinquents.¼
¨cor®re®late© ²/ÚkorEleIt ³US: ²Úkcr-/ ³vt,vi ¶[VP6A,14,2A,3A] ·@
(with), ´have a mutual relation, bring (one thing) into such a relation (with
another): ³Results in the natural sciences seldom @ with those in history or
art. Research workers find it hard to @ the two sets of figures/to @ one set
with the other.¼
¨cor®re®la®tion© ²/*korEÚleI2n ³US: ²Úkcr-/ ³n ´mutual relationship: ³the @
between climate and vegetation.¼
¨cor®rela®tive© ²/koÚrelEtIv/ ³n, adj ´(word or thing) having a mutual
relation: ³"Either' and "or' are @ conjunctions.¼
¨cor®re®spond© ²/*korIÚspond ³US: ²*kcr-/ ³vi ¶[VP2A,3A] ¸1 ·@ (with), ´be in
harmony: ³The house exactly @s with my needs. His actions do not @ with his
words. ¸2 ·@ (to), ´be equal; be similar (in position, etc): ³His expenses do
not @ to his income. The American Congress @s to the British Parliament. ¸3 ·@
(with), ´exchange letters. ¸@®ing ³adj ´that @(s): ³Imports for 1Å10 July this
year are larger by 10 per cent than for the @ing period last year. ¸@®ing®ly
³adv¼
¨cor®re®spon®dence© ²/*korIÚspondEns ³US: ²*kcr-/ ³n ¸1 ¶[C,U] ´agreement;
similarity: ³There is not much @ between their ideals and ours. ¸2 ¶[U]
´letter-writing; letters: ³I have been in @ with him about the problem. Is
commercial @ taught in the school? He has a great deal of @ to deal with. ¸Ú@
course, ´course of academic study by posting essays, etc to one's tutor.¼
¨cor®re®spon®dent© ²/*korIÚspondEnt ³US: ²*kcr-/ ³n ¸1 ´person with
whom one exchanges letters: ³He's a good/bad @´, writes regularly/seldom. ¸2
´person regularly contributing local news or special articles to a newspaper:
³our Hong Kong @; a foreign/war @, ´person writing reports from a foreign
country/a war. ¸3 ´(comm) person, firm, bank, etc which has regular business
relations with another (esp in a foreign country).¼
¨cor®ri®dor© ²/ÚkorIdc(r) ³US: ²Úkcr-/ ³n ´long narrow passage from which doors
open into rooms or compartments. ·@s of power, ´places where influence is
unofficially exerted. ¸Ú@ train, ´one with coaches having @s which open into
compartments.¼
¨cor®rie© ²/ÚkorI ³US: ²ÚkcrI/ ³n ¶[C] ´(Scot) round hollow in a hillside.¼
¨corri®gen®dum© ²/*korIÚdZendEm ³US: ²*kcr-/ ³n (pl µ-da ²/-dE/³) ´thing to be
corrected (esp in a printed book).¼
¨cor®ri®gible© ²/ÚkorIdZEbl ³US: ²Úkcr-/ ³adj ´(formal) capable of being
corrected; (of persons) submitting to correction.¼
¨cor®rob®or®ate© ²/kEÚrobEreIt/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´give support or certainty to (a
statement, belief, theory, etc). ¸cor®rob®or®at®ive ²/kEÚrobErEtIv ³US:
²-reItIv/ ³adj ´tending to @.¼
¨cor®rob®or®ation© ²/kE*robEÚreI2n/ ³n ¶[U] ´support or strengthening by
further evidence; additional evidence: ³in @ (of)´, giving further support
(of).¼
¨cor®rode© ²/kEÚrE8d/ ³vt,vi ¶[VP6A,2A] ´wear away, destroy slowly by chemical
action or disease; be worn away thus: ³Rust @s iron. Iron @s easily.
¸cor®rosion ²/kEÚrE8Zn/ ³n ¶[U] ´corroding or being @d.¼
¨cor®ros®ive© ²/kEÚrE8sIv/ ³n, adj ´(substance) that corrodes: ³Rust and acids
are @.¼
¨cor®ru®gate© ²/ÚkorEgeIt ³US: ²Úkcr-/ ³vt,vi ¶[VP6A,2A] ´make into folds,
wrinkles or furrows: ³@ the forehead; @d cardboard´, used for packing fragile
goods; ³@d roads in tropical countries´, with a furrowed surface caused by
weather and use. ¸*@d Úiron, ´sheet iron made into folds, used for roofs,
fences, etc. ¸cor®ru®ga®tion ²/*korEÚgeI2n ³US: ²*kcr-/ ³n ¶[C,U] ´fold(s);
wrinkle(s).¼
¨cor®rupt©1 ²/kEÚrApt/ ³adj ¸1 ´(of persons, their actions)
immoral; depraved; dishonest (esp through taking bribes): ³@ practices´, (esp)
the offering and accepting of bribes. ¸2 ´impure: ³@ air/blood. ¸3 ´(of
languages, texts, etc) debased by errors or alterations: ³a @ form of Latin.
¸@®ly ³adv ¸@®ness ³n¼
¨cor®rupt©2 ²/kEÚrApt/ ³vt,vi ¶[VP6A,2A] ´make or become corrupt: ³young
persons whose morals have been @ed; to @ the electorate´, eÔg try to win their
votes by bribing them. ³Does pornography @? ¸@®ible ³adj ´that can be @ed:
³@ible government officials. ¸@i®bil®ity ²/kE*rAptEÚbIlEtI/ ³n¼
¨cor®rup®tion© ²/kEÚrAp2n/ ³n ¶[U] ´corrupting or being corrupt; decay: ³the
@ of the body after death; the @ of a language; officials who are proof against
@´, who cannot be bribed.¼
¨cor®sage© ²/kcÚsqZ/ ³n ´upper part of a woman's dress (round the bust); (US)
small bouquet of flowers to be worn on this part of the dress or at the waist.¼
¨cor®sair© ²/ÚkcseE(r)/ ³n ´(hist) pirate or pirate ship, esp of N Africa,
attacking ships of European countries.¼
¨corse© ²/kcs/ ³n ´(archaic or poet) corpse.¼
¨corse®let©, cors®let ²/ÚkcslIt/ ³n ´coat of armour, esp one covering the trunk
only.¼
¨cor®set© ²/ÚkcsIt/ ³n ´close-fitting reinforced undergarment confining the
waist and hips, to shape the body to the current style (often named, in trade,
a ³foundation´, or ³foundation garment´).¼
¨cor®tege©, cor®t`ege ²/kcÚteIZ/ ³n ´(F) train of attendants; procession, eÔg
at the funeral of a king or president.¼
¨cor®tex© ²/Úkcteks/ ³n (pl µcortices ²/ÚkctIsiz/³) ´outer shell or
covering (eÔg the bark of a tree); outer layer of grey matter of the brain.
¸cor®ti®cal ²/ÚkctIkl/ ³adj ´of the @.¼
¨cor®ti®sone© ²/ÚkctIzE8n/ ³n ´(P) ¶[U] ´substance (a hormone from the adrenal
gland) used medically in the treatment of arthritis and some allergies.¼
¨co®run®dum© ²/kEÚrAndEm/ ³n ´hard crystallized mineral used chiefly in
abrasives, in powder form (for polishing).¼
¨cor®us®cate© ²/ÚkorEskeIt ³US: ²Úkcr-/ ³vi ¶[VP2A] ´flash, sparkle:
³coruscating wit. ¸cor®us®ca®tion ²/*korEÚskeI2n ³US: ²*kcr-/ ³n¼
¨cor®v_ee© ²/ÚkcveI/ ³n ¶[C] ´(F) (in feudal times) day's unpaid work which had
to be done by French peasants; (modern use) hard task or duty unwillingly
performed.¼
¨cor®vette© ²/kcÚvet/ ³n ´(old use) warship with sails and one tier of guns;
(modern use) small fast warship designed for escorting merchant ships.¼
¨cos©1 ²/kos/ ³n ´(kind of) long-leaved lettuce.¼
¨cos©2 ²/kos/ ³n ´(abbr of) cosine.¼
¨cos©3 ²/kEz/ ³conj ´(colloq abbr of) because.¼
¨cosh© ²/ko2/ ³vt, n ´(GB sl) (strike with a) length of lead pipe, flexible
rubber tubing filled with metal, etc.¼
¨cosher© ²/ÚkE82E(r)/ ³adj, n ´= µkosher.¼
¨co-signa®tory© ²/*kE8 ÚsIgnEtErI ³US: ²-tcrI/ ³adj, n (pl µ-ries³) ´(person)
signing jointly with others.¼
¨co®sine© ²/ÚkE8sñIn/ ³n ´(trig; abbr µcos´) sine of the complement of a given
angle.¼
¨cos®metic© ²/kozÚmetIk/ ³adj, n ¶[C] ´(preparation, substance, esp one that
adds colour) designed to make the skin or hair beautiful, eÔg ³face-cream,
lipstick. ¸@ surgery, ´to restore or correct outward appearance. ¸cos®me®tician
²/*kozmEÚtI2n/ ³n ´person employed in the preparation or sale of @s.¼
¨cos®mic© ²/ÚkozmIk/ ³adj ´of the whole universe or cosmos. ¸@ rays´,
radiations that reach the earth from outer space.¼
¨cos®mog®ony© ²/kozÚmogEnI/ ³n (pl µ-nies³) ´(theory of) the
origin, creation and evolution of the universe.¼
¨cos®mo®naut© ²/ÚkozmEnct/ ³n ´= µastronaut.¼
¨cos®mo®poli®tan© ²/*kozmEÚpolItEn/ ³adj ¸1 ´of or from all, or many different
parts of, the world: ³the @ gatherings at the United Nations Assembly. ¸2
´free from national prejudices because of wide experience of the world: ³a
statesman with a @ outlook. ¹ n ´@µ(2) ´person.¼
¨cos®mos©1 ²/Úkozmos/ ³n ´the universe, all space, considered as a
well-ordered system (contrasted with ³chaos´).¼
¨cos®mos©2 ²/Úkozmos/ ³n ´garden plant with white, pink or purple flowers.¼
¨cos®set© ²/ÚkosIt/ ³vt ´pamper.¼
¨cost©1 ²/kost ³US: ²kcst/ ³vi (pt,pp µcost³) ¶[VP2B] ´(the adverbial adjunct
indicating price, etc may be preceded by an indirect object; not used in the
passive voice). ¸1 ´be obtainable at the price of; require the payment of:
³The house @ him $15Ô000. It @s them $500 a year to run a car. It @s too much.
Compiling a dictionary @s much time and patience. ¸2 ´result in the loss of:
³Careless driving may @ you your life. ¸3 ´bring (injury or disadvantage): ³The
boy's bad behaviour @ his mother many sleepless nights. ¸4 ³vt ¶[VP6A] ³(pt,pp
µ@ed³) ´(industry and comm) estimate the price to be charged for an article
based on the expense of producing it. ¸@®ing ³n ¶[U] ´(industry) fixing of
prices: ³the @ing department.¼
¨cost©2 ²/kost ³US: ²kcst/ ³n ¸1 ¶[C,U] ´price (to be) paid for a thing: ³the
@ of living; living @s´, the general level of prices; ³the @-of-living index,
µ¥ index(3)´; ³the @ price of an article´, the @ of producing it or the price
at which it may be bought wholesale, µ¥ retail´; ³to sell sth at @, ´iÔe at @
price. ³He built his house without regard to @´, without considering how much
money would be needed. ¸Ú@ accountant/clerk, ´one who keeps a record of every
item of expense in a business, etc. ¸2 ¶[C,U ³sing ´onlyÔ¶] ´that which is
used, needed or given to obtain sth: ³The battle was won at (a) great @ in
human lives´, only after many soldiers had been killed. ·at Úall @s, ´whatever
the @ may be. ·at the @ of, ´at the loss or expense of: ³He saved his son from
drowning, but only at the @ of his own life. ·count the @, ´consider the risks,
possible losses, etc before doing sth. ·to one's @, ´to one's loss or
disadvantage: ³Wasps' stings are serious, as I know to my @´, as I know because
of personal suffering from them. ¸3 ³(pl) ´(legal) expense of having sth
settled in a law court: ³He had to pay a $10 fine and $3 @s.¼
¨co-star© ²/*kE8 Ústq(r)/ ³vi,vt µ(-rr-) ´(journalism) ¸1 ¶[VP6A]
´present (one starµ(4)´) as having equal status with another or others: ³The
film @red Robert Redford. ¸2 ¶[VP14] ·@ with, ´(of an actor or actress) appear
as a star(µ4´) with: ³Laurence Olivier @s with Maggie Smith in this production.
¹ n ²/ÚkE8stq(r)/ ´person who @s.¼
¨cos®ter®monger© ²/ÚkostEmAGgE(r)/ ³n ´person who sells fruit, vegetables, etc
from a barrow in the street.¼
¨cos®tive© ²/ÚkostIv/ ³adj ´(liter) constipated.¼
¨costly© ²/ÚkostlI ³US: ²Úkcst-/ ³adj µ(-ier, -iest) ´of great value; costing
much: ³a @ mistake, ´one involving great loss or sacrifice. ¸cost®li®ness ³n¼
¨cos®tume© ²/Úkostjum ³US: ²-tum/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U,C] ´style of dress: ³actors wearing
historical @´, clothes in the style of a period in the past; ³Scotsmen in
Highland @´, wearing the kilt, etc; ³a ·Ú³@ piece/play´, one in which the
actors wear historical @. ¸Ú@ jewellery, ´artificial jewellery. ¸2 ¶[C]
´(dated) woman's suit (short coat and skirt of the same material). µ¥ bathing.
¸cos®tumier ²/koÚstjumIE(r) ³US: ²-Ústu-/ ³n ´maker of, dealer in, @s.¼
¨cosy©1 ²/ÚkE8zI/ ³adj µ(-ier, -iest) ´warm and comfortable: ³a @ little room.
¸cosi®ly ³adv ¸cosi®ness ³n¼
¨cosy©2 ²/ÚkE8zI/ ³n ´covering for a teapot, or an egg in an
egg-cup.¼
¨cot©1 ²/kot/ ³n ¸1 ´small, narrow, easily moved bed; bed for a young child
(usu with sides to prevent the child from falling out) (US = ³crib´). ¸2 ´(US)
camp bed; bunk bed on board ship.¼
¨cot©2 ²/kot/ ³n ¸1 ´small building for sheltering animals: ³a sheep-cot. ¸2
´(poet) cottage.¼
¨cote© ²/kE8t/ ³n ´shed or shelter for domestic animals or birds: ³a
·Ú³dove-@; a ·Ú³sheep-@.¼
¨co-ten®ant© ²/*kE8 ÚtenEnt/ ³n ´joint tenant.¼
¨co®terie© ²/ÚkE8tErI/ ³n ´group of persons associated by common interests,
tastes, etc, esp one that tends to be exclusive: ³a literary @.¼
¨co®termi®nous© ²/*kE8Út3mInEs/ ³adj ´having a common terminus or boundary.¼
¨co®til®lion©, co®til®ion ²/kEÚtIlIEn/ ³n ´name of several kinds of lively
French dance originated in the 18th c; music for these.¼
¨cot®tage© ²/ÚkotIdZ/ ³n ´small house, esp in the country: ³farm labourers'
@s; ´house at a summer resort. ¸@ cheese, ´soft, white kind, made from curds.
¸@ industry, ´one that can be carried on in @s, eÔg knitting, pottery, some
kinds of weaving.¼
¨cot®tar©, cot®ter ²/ÚkotE(r)/ ³n ´(Scot) man living in a cottage on a farm
and working on the farm.¼
¨cot®ton© ²/Úkotn/ ³n ¶[U] ¸1 ´soft, white fibrous substance round the seeds
of the ¸Ú@-plant´, used for making thread, cloth, etc: (attrib) ³@ yarn; @
cloth; @ goods. ¸2 ´thread spun from @ yarn: ³a ·*³needle and ·Ú³@. ¸Ú@ batting
³n ´(US) cotton-wool. ¸Ú@-cake, ´cattle food made by pressing out oil from
seeds of the @-plant. ¸*@ seed Úoil, ´oil obtained from @ seed. ¸*@-Úwool,
´(GB) cleaned raw @ or natural @; absorbent @ as used for padding, bandaging,
etc. ¸Ú@-tail ³n ´(US) rabbit. ¹ ³vi ·@ up (to), ´(dated sl) make friendly
advances (to). ·@ on (to), ´(sl) understand.¼
¨coty®ledon© ²/*kotIÚlidn/ ³n ´(bot) first leaf growing from a seed.¼
¨couch©1 ²/kñ8t2/ ³n ¸1 ´(liter) bed: ³retire to one's @. ¸2 ´long
bed-like seat for sitting on or lying on during the day: ³studio-@.¼
¨couch©2 ²/kñ8t2/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A,14] ·@ (in), ´(formal) put (a thought, etc,
in ´words): ³The reply was @ed in insolent terms. ¸2 ¶[VP2A] ´(of animals) lie
flat (either in hiding, or ready for a jump forward): ³a deer @ed on a grassy
bank. ¸3 ¶[VP6A] ´lower (a spear or lance) to the position for attack. ¸4 ³(pp
´only; liter or poet) reclining (as if) on a couch±1´: ³@ed in slumber.¼
¨couch©3 ²/Úkñ8t2/, ±couch-grass ²/Úkñ8t2 grqs ³US: ²gras/ ³n ¶[U]
´kind of grass with long creeping roots.¼
¨couch®ant© ²/Úkñ8t2Ent/ ³adj ´(heraldry, of animals in a coat of arms, etc)
lying with the body resting on the legs and the head raised.¼
¨cou®chette© ²/kuÚ2et/ ³n ´(F) sleeping berth (in a railway compartment).¼
¨cou®gar© ²/ÚkugE(r)/ ³n ´large wild cat, also called a ³puma. µ¥ ´the illus
at µcat.¼
¨cough©1 ²/kof ³US: ²kcf/ ³vi,vt ¶[VP2A,15B] ´send out air from the lungs
violently and noisily. ·@ sb down´, (of an audience) prevent him, by @ing, from
being heard. ·@ sth up, ´get it out of the throat by @ing; (fig, sl) say,
produce (it) reluctantly.¼
¨cough©2 ²/kof ³US: ²kcf/ ³n ¸1 ´act or sound of coughing: ³He gave me a
warning @. ¸2 ´condition, illness, that causes a person to cough often: ³to
have a bad @; ·Ú³@-drop, ·Ú³@-lozenge´, taken to relieve a @.¼
¨could© ²/kEd ³strong form: ²k8d/ ³pt ´(neg µcouldn't ²/Úk8dnt/³) ´of
³can´, used in indirect speech in place of ³can ´if the main verb is ³pt´, to
express conditions, and to express occasional occurrence and inclination. µ¥
can.¼
¨couldst© ²/k8dst/ ³pt ´old form of ³could´, used with ³thou.¼
¨coul®ter© ´(US = ¸col®ter´) ²/ÚkE8ltE(r)/ ³n ´iron blade fixed vertically in
front of a plough share (to cut the soil before it is lifted and turned by the
share).¼
¨coun®cil© ²/Úkñ8nsl/ ³n ´group of persons appointed, elected or
chosen to give advice, make rules, and carry out plans, manage affairs, etc,
esp of government: ³a city/county @; the municipal @; to be/to meet in @; the
C@ of the Republic´, upper house in the French legislature; ³a @ of war´,
assembly of officers called by the Commander-in-Chief, etc; ³the Privy C@.
¸Ú@-board, ´table at which members of a @ sit. ¸Ú@-chamber, ´in which a @
meets. ¸Ú@ estate, ´housing estate built by a city, county, etc @. µ¥ housing.
¸@ flat/house, ´flat/house in a @ estate.¼
¨coun®cil®lor© ´(US also ¸coun®cil®or´) ²/Úkñ8nsElE(r)/ ³n ´member of a
council.¼
¨coun®sel©1 ²/Úkñ8nsl/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´(formal) advice; ´consultation; opinions;
suggestions. ·keep one's own @, ´keep one's views, plans, etc secret.
·hold/take @ with sb, ´consult him. ·take @ together, ´consult together. ¸2
´(with ³indef art ´or in ³pl ´but not with numerals): ³a @/@s of perfection´,
excellent advice that cannot be followed. ¸3 ³(pl ´unchanged) barrister, or
group of barristers, giving advice in a law case: ³when the jury had heard @
on both sides´, the barristers for the prosecution and the defence.
¸*Queen's/*King's ÚC@, ´(abbr to ¸QÔC/KÔC´) barrister appointed to act for the
State, higher in authority than other barristers.¼
¨coun®sel©2 ²/Úkñ8nsl/ ³vt µ(-ll-, ´US also µ-l-) ¶[VP6A,B,17] ´advise; give
counsel to: ³to @ an early start; to @ patience. Would you @ our giving up/@ us
to give up the plan?¼
¨coun®sel®lor© ´(US also ¸coun®sel®or´) ²/Úkñ8nsElE(r)/ ³n ´adviser; (in
Ireland and US) lawyer.¼
¨count©1 ²/kñ8nt/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP2A,C,3A] ·@ (from) (to), ´say or
name (eÔg the numerals) in order: ³to @ from 1 to 20. He can't @ yet. ¸@®able
³adj ´that can be @ed. ¸2 ¶[VP6A] ´find the total of: ³Don't forget to @ your
change. Have the votes been @ed yet? ¸Ú@®ing-house ³n ´building or room where
accounts are kept (eÔg in a bank). ¸3 ¶[VP6A,14,2A,C] ´include, be included, in
the reckoning: ³fifty people, not @ing the children. That doesn't @´, need not
be considered or reckoned. ¸4 ¶[VP25,16B] ´consider (sth or sb) to be: ³I @
myself fortunate in being here. I @ it a great honour to serve you. I'm afraid
we must @ him as dead. ¸5 ¶[VP14,3A,2C] ´(special uses with ³adverbial
particles ´and ³prepositions´):¼
·@ against sb; @ sth against sb, ´be considered, consider, to the disadvantage
of: ³His past record @s against him. He is young and inexperienced, but please
do not @ that against him.¼
·@ among sb/sth; @ sb/sth among sb/sth, ´be regarded, regard, as one of: ³You
@/You are @ed among my best friends. I no longer @ him among my friends.¼
·@ down, ´@ seconds backwards (eÔg 10, 9, 8, 7«) as when launching a rocket,
etc into space. Hence, ¸Ú@-down ³n¼
·(not) @ for anything/nothing/much/little, ´(not) be of any/no etc worth or
importance: ³Knowledge without common sense @s for little. Such men do not @
for anything.¼
·@ sb/sth in, ´include: ³Go and see how many plates we haveÅbut don't @ in the
cracked ones. If you're all going to the pub for a drink, you can @ me in´, I
will certainly be one of the party.¼
·@ on/upon sb/sth, ´expect with confidence; rely upon: ³We @ on your help/@ on
you to help. You had better not @ on an increase in your salary this year.¼
·@ sb/sth out, ¸(a) ´@ things (slowly), one by one: ³The old lady @ed out
fifteen pence and passed it to the salesgirl. ¸(b) ´@ up to ten over a boxer
who has been knocked out: ³The referee @ed him out in the first round. ¸(c)
´not include: ³If it's going to be a rowdy party, @ me out´, I shall certainly
not be there. ·@ the House out, ´(GB, House of Commons) @ the members present
and declare that, because enough members are not present, there must be an
adjournment.¼
·@ sth up, ´find the total of: ³Just you @ up the number of times he has failed
to keep a promise!¼
¨count©2 ²/kñ8nt/ ³n ¸1 ¶[C] ´act of counting; number got by
counting: ³Four @s were necessary before we were certain of the total.
·keep/lose @ (of), ´be aware/fail to know how many there are (of): ³I've bought
so many new books this year that I've lost @ of them. ·take the @; be out for
the @, ´(boxing) be counted out. µ¥ count±1µ(5). ¸2 ¶[U] ´account (µ7´); notice
(the more usu words): ³to take no/some/any/not much, etc @ of what people say.
¸3 ¶[C] ´(legal) one of a number of things of which a person has been accused:
³He was found guilty on all @s.¼
¨count©3 ²/kñ8nt/ ³n ´title of nobility in France, Italy, etc (but not in GB).
µ¥ countess, earl.¼
¨coun®ten®ance©1 ²/Úkñ8ntInEns/ ³n ´(formal) ¸1 ´face, including its appearance
and expression: ³a woman with a fierce @; to change @´, change one's expression
because of emotion. ·keep one's @´, maintain one's composure (esp by not
laughing). ·put/stare sb out of @, ´disconcert him, cause him to feel troubled
or at fault (by looking at him steadily). ¸2 ¶[U] ´support; approval: ³to give
@ to a person/a plan.¼
¨coun®ten®ance©2 ²/Úkñ8ntInEns/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´give support or approval to: ³to @
a fraud. We can never @ a war of aggression.¼
¨counter©1 ²/Úkñ8ntE(r)/ ³n ´table or flat surface on which goods
are shown, customers served, in a shop or bank. ·under the @, ´(of goods in
shops) bought or sold surreptitiously, eÔg when they are scarce and difficult
to obtain.¼
¨counter©2 ²/Úkñ8ntE(r)/ ³n ¸1 ´small (usu round) flat piece of metal, plastic,
etc used for keeping count in games, etc; piece used in
draughtsµ(7)´, etc. ¸2 ´(in compounds) device for keeping count (in machinery,
etc): ·Ú³speed-@; ·*³revo·Ú³lution-@.¼
¨counter©3 ²/Úkñ8ntE(r)/ ³adv ·@ to, ´contrary; in the opposite direction; in
opposition; ³to act @ to a person's wishes; requirements that run/go @ to one's
inclinations.¼
¨counter©4 ²/Úkñ8ntE(r)/ ³vt,vi ¶[VP6A,14,2A,3A] ·@ (with), ´oppose; meet an
attack (with a return attack): ³They @ed our proposal with one of their own.
The champion @ed with the right´, (boxing) parried a blow and returned it with
a right-handed blow.¼
¨counter-© ²/*kñ8ntE(r)/ ³pref ¸1 ´opposite in direction: ³@-attraction;
@-productive. ¸2 ´made in answer to: ·Ú³@-attack;
·*³@-·Ú³espionage/-in·Ú³telligence. ¸3 ´corresponding: ·Ú³@part.¼
¨counter®act© ²/*kñ8ntErÚakt/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´act against and make (action, force)
of less or no effect: ³@ (the effects of) a poison/sb's bad influence.
¸counter®action ²/*kñ8ntErÚak2n/ ³n ´@ing.¼
¨counter-at®tack© ²/Úkq8ntEr Etak/ ³n ´attack made in reply to an attack by the
enemy. ¹ ³vt,vi ´make a @ ³(on).¼
¨counter-at®trac®tion© ²/*kñ8ntEr EÚtrak2n/ ³n ¶[C] ´rival attraction.¼
¨counter®bal®ance© ²/Úkñ8ntEbalEns/ ³n ¶[C] ´weight, force, equal to another
and balancing it. ¹ ³vt ²/*kñ8ntEÚbalEns/ ¶[VP6A] ´act as a @ to.¼
¨counter®blast© ²/Úkñ8ntEblqst ³US: ²-blast/ ³n ¶[C] ´violent reply.¼
¨counter®claim© ²/Úkñ8ntEkleIm/ ³n ´claim made in opposition to another claim:
³a @ for damages, ´by a defendant in a lawsuit.¼
¨counter-clock®wise© ²/*k8ntE ÚklokwñIz/ ³adv ´= µanti-clockwise ´(the more usu
word).¼
¨counter-espion®age© ²/*kñ8ntEr ÚespIEnqZ/ ³n ¶[U] ´spying directed against the
enemy's spying.¼
¨counter®feit© ²/Úkñ8ntEfIt/ ³n, adj ´(sth) made or done in imitation of
another thing in order to deceive: ³@ money/jewels/grief. This ten-dollar bill
is a @. ¹ vt ¶[VP6A] ´copy, imitate (coins, handwriting, etc) in order to
deceive. ¸@er ³n ´person who @s.¼
¨counter®foil© ²/Úkñ8ntEfãIl/ ³n ´section of a cheque, receipt, etc kept by the
sender as a record. µ¥ stub(2).¼
¨counter-in®tel®li®gence© ²/*kñ8ntEr InÚtelIdZEns/ ³n ¶[U] ´=
µcounter-espionage.¼
¨counter-ir®ri®tant© ²/*kñ8ntEr ÚIrItEnt/ ³n ´sth used to produce a
surface irritation and in this way relieve a more deeply seated pain, eÔg
rheumatism.¼
¨counter®mand© ²/*kñ8ntEÚmqnd ³US: ²-Úmand/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´take back, cancel, a
command already given.¼
¨counter®mine© ²/Úkñ8ntEmñIn/ ³n ´(in war) mine (on land or sea) to counteract
one of the enemy's; (fig) counter-plot. ¹ ³vt,vi ´oppose by @s; make a @.¼
¨counter®offer© ²/Úkñ8ntErofE(r)/ ³n ´offer made in reply to an offer made by
sb else.¼
¨counter®pane© ²/Úkñ8ntEpeIn/ ³n ´covering for a bed; bedspread.¼
¨counter®part© ²/Úkñ8ntEpqt/ ³n ´person or thing exactly like, or closely
corresponding to, another.¼
¨counter®plot© ²/Úkñ8ntEplot/ ³n ´plot made to defeat another plot. ¹ ³vt,vi
µ(-tt-) ´make a @ (against).¼
¨counter®point© ²/Úkñ8ntEpãInt/ ³n ´(music) ¸1 ¶[C] ´melody added as an
accompaniment to another melody. ¸2 ¶[U] ´art or method of adding melodies as
accompaniment according to fixed rules.¼
¨counter®poise© ²/Úkñ8ntEpãIz/ ³n ¸1 ¶[C] ´weight used to balance another
weight; force, power or influence that counterbalances another. ¸2 ¶[U] ´the
condition of being in balance; equilibrium. ¹ ³vt ´bring into, keep in,
equilibrium.¼
¨counter-rev®ol®ution© ²/*kñ8ntE *revEÚlu2n/ ³n ¶[U,C] ´political movement
directed against a revolution. ¸@®ary ²/-Úlu2EnErI ³US: ²-nerI/ ³adj
´characteristic of a @. ¹ ³n (pl µ-ries³) ´person engaged in @(s).¼
¨counter®sign© ²/Úkñ8ntEsñIn/ ³n ¶[C] ´password; secret word(s) to be given, on
demand, to a sentry before he allows sb to pass: ³"Advance and give the @'. ¹
³vt ¶[VP6A] ´add another signature to (a document) to give it authority.¼
¨counter®sink© ²/Úkñ8ntEsIGk/ ³vt (pt µ-sank ²/-saGk/, ³pp µ-sunk ²/-sAGk/³) ¸1
´enlarge the top of (a hole) so that the head of a screw or bolt fits in level
with or below the surface. ¸2 ´sink (the head of a screw or bolt) in such an
enlarged hole.¼
¨counter®tenor© ²/Úkñ8ntEtenE(r)/ ³n ´(music) (part for an) (adult person with
a) male voice higher than tenor; male alto.¼
¨counter®vail© ²/Úkñ8ntEveIl/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A] ´counterbalance. ¸2 ¶[VP2A]
´have equal or compensating power against: ³@ing dutiesµ(3)´, to be paid (as
part of a tariff) on imports on which a subsidy is paid in the exporting
country.¼
¨count®ess© ²/Úkñ8ntIs/ ³n ´wife or widow of a count or earl; woman to whom an
earldom has descended.¼
¨count®less© ²/Úkñ8ntlEs/ ³adj ´that cannot be counted (because too numerous).¼
¨coun®tri®fied© ²/ÚkAntrIfñId/ ³adj ´rural; rustic; having the unsophisticated
ways, habits, outlook, etc, of those who live in the countryµ(4)´, not of
towns.¼
¨coun®try© ²/ÚkAntrI/ ³n (pl µ-ries³) ¸1 ¶[C] ´land occupied by a
nation: ³European countries. ¸2 ¶[C] ´land of a person's birth or citizenship:
³to return to one's own @. ¸3 the @, ´the people of a @µ(1)´; the nation as a
whole: ³Does the @ want war? ·go to the @, ´(GB) appeal to the public by a
general election for the right to form a governmentµ(3)´. ¸4 the @, ´land used
for farming, land consisting of open spaces, etc; the contrary of town and
suburb: ³to live in the @; to spend a day in the @. ¸5 ´(used attrib) of or in
the @µ(4)´: ³@ life; @ roads. ¸@ club´, club in the @ or suburbs, where members
may enjoy outdoor sports, etc. ¸@ cousin´, (colloq) person who is unaccustomed
to town life and ways. ¸@ dance´, (esp GB) one in which couples are face to
face in two long lines or face inwards from four sides. ¸@ gentleman´, man who
owns land in the @ and has a house there. ¸@-house, ¸@-seat´, house of a @
gentleman. ·Ú¸@ party´, political party supporting agricultural interests
(against manufacturing interests). ¸6 ¶[U] ´(with attrib ³adj´) area of land
(esp considered with reference to its physical or geographical features): ³We
passed through miles of densely wooded @. This is unknown @ to me´, I have not
been through it before (or, fig, This is a branch of learning, etc with which I
am unfamiliar).¼
¨coun®try®man© ²/ÚkAntrImEn/, ±coun®try®woman ²/ÚkAntrIw8mEn/ ³n (pl µ-men,
-women³) ¸1 ´person living in the countryµ(4)´. ¸2 ´person of one's own (or a
specified) countryµ(1)´.¼
¨coun®try®side© ²/ÚkAntrIsñId/ ³n ¶[U] ´rural area(s) (contrasted with urban
areas): ³The English @ looks its best in May and June. The preservation of the
@ is important.¼
¨county© ²/Úkñ8ntI/ ³n ¸1 ¶[C] ´division of GB, the largest unit of
local government: ³the @ of Kent. ¸@ borough´, town having the right to send
one or more representatives to Parliament and administrative powers similar to
those of a @ council. ¸@ council´, body of persons elected to govern a @. ¸@
court´, local court for certain legal matters, eÔg recovery of debt. ¸@
family´, family that has lived in a @ for many generations and has an ancestral
home in it. ¸@ town´, (US = ³@ seat´) chief town of a @, where administration
is carried on. ¸the home counties´, those round London. ¸the @, ´(with ³sing
´or ³pl v´) all the @ families. ¸2 ´(in US and other countries) subdivision of
a State. ¸3 ´(GB; pred use) of a @ family: ³Are you @?¼
¨coup© ²/ku/ ³n (pl µ@s ²/kuz/³) ´(F) sudden action taken to get power, obtain
a desired result, etc: ³He pulled off/made a great @´, succeeded in what he
attempted. ¸@ d'_etat ²/*ku deIÚtq/, ´violent or unconstitutional change in
government. ¸@ de gr^ace ²/*ku dE Úgrqs ³US: ²Úgras/, ´finishing stroke.¼
¨coup_e© ²/ÚkupeI ³US: ²kuÚpeI/ ³n (pl µ@s ²/-peIz/³) ¸1 ´closed horse-drawn
carriage with one inside seat for two people and an outside seat for the
driver. ¸2 ´(US ¸coupe ²/kup/ ´)two-door motor-car for two people.¼
¨couple©1 ²/ÚkApl/ ³n ´two persons or things, seen together or associated:
³married @s; courting @s; Ten @s took the floor´, went out into the middle of
the room to dance. ³He went out shooting and came back with a @ of rabbits.¼
¨couple©2 ²/ÚkApl/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A,14] ´fasten, join (two things)
together: ³to @ two railway coaches. The dining-car was @d on at Crewe. We @
the name of Oxford with the idea of learning. ¸2 ¶[VP6A,2A] ´marry; ¶[VP2A]
´(of animals) unite sexually; ¶[VP2A] ´(of things) come together; unite.¼
¨coup®let© ²/ÚkAplIt/ ³n ´two successive lines of verse, equal in length and
with rhyme: ³a heroic @´, with lines of five feet±1µ(6) ´and ten syllables.¼
¨coup®ling© ²/ÚkAplIG/ ³n ¶[U] ´act of joining; ¶[C] ´link, etc that joins two
parts, esp two railway coaches or other vehicles.¼
¨cou®pon© ²/Úkupon/ ³n ´ticket, part of a document, paper, bond, etc, which
gives the holder the right to receive sth or do sth, eÔg a voucher given with a
purchase to be exchanged for goods; entry form for a competition: ³fill in the
football @s, ´by forecasting results of matches.¼
¨cour®age© ²/ÚkArIdZ/ ³n ¶[U] ´bravery; quality that enables a person to
control fear in the face of danger, pain, misfortune, etc. ·have the @ of one's
convictions, ´be brave enough to do what one feels to be right. ·not have the @
(to do sth), ´not be brave enough. ·lose @, ´become less brave.
·take/pluck up/muster up/summon up @, ´be brave. ·take one's @ in both hands,
´summon up one's @ for sth needing to be done.¼
¨cou®rageous© ²/kEÚreIdZEs/ ³adj ´brave; fearless: ³It was @ of him to oppose
his chief. ¸@®ly ³adv¼
¨cour®gette© ²/k8EÚZet/ ³n ´(US = ³zucchini´) small green marrowµ(3) ´eaten as
a vegetable. µ¥ ´the illus at µvegetable.¼
¨cour®ier© ²/Úk8rIE(r)/ ³n ¸1 ´person who is paid to attend to details of
travel (eÔg buying tickets, arranging for hotels, etc) and (sometimes)
accompanying travellers. ¸2 ´messenger carrying news or important government
papers.¼
¨course©1 ²/kcs/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´forward movement in space or time:
³the @ of life from the cradle to the grave; a river in its @ to the sea; the
@ of events. ·in @ of, ´in process of: ³The railway is in @ of construction´,
being built. ·in due @, ´in the natural order; at the normal time: ³Sow the
seed now and in due @ you will have the flowers. ·in the @ of, ´during: ³in
the @ of the discussion; in the @ of conversation´, while we were talking; ³in
the @ of centuries´, as the centuries pass. ·in the (ordinary) @ of
nature/events/things, ´normally; as part of the normal or expected
sequence of events. ·in (the) @ of time, ´at length; finally; when (enough)
time has passed. ¸2 ¶[C] ´direction taken by sth; line along which sth moves;
line of action: ³a map that shows the @s of the chief rivers; ´(liter) ³the
stars in their @s. Our @ was due north. The @ of the argument suddenly
changed´, went in a different direction. ³What are the @s open to us´, the ways
in which we may proceed to act? ³He took to evil @s´, formed bad ways of
living. ·run/take its @, ´develop as is normal; proceed to the usual end: ³The
disease must run its @. The law must take its @, ´the lawyers cannot save you
from punishment. ³We can do nothing except let matters run/take their @. ·(as)
a matter of @, ´(in) a way that one would expect to be or happen, for which no
effort is needed: ³You needn't ask him to come; he'll come as a matter of @.
Some people take my help as a matter of @´, expect to get it without asking for
it (or even thanking me for it). ·of @, ´naturally; certainly: ³"Do you study
hard?' "Of @ I do'. ·on/off @, ´in the right/wrong direction: ³Our ship was
blown off @. ¸3 ¶[C] ´ground for golf: ³a ·Ú³golf-@´; place for horse-races: ³a
·Ú³race-@. ·stay the @, ´(lit, fig) continue going until the end; not give up.
¸4 ¶[C] ´series of talks, treatments, etc: ³a @ of lectures/study/instruction;
a @ of X-ray treatment/pills; the high-school @. ¸5 ¶[C] ´continuous layer of
brick, stone, etc in a wall: ³a ·Ú³damp-@´, layer of slate or other material to
prevent damp rising from the ground. ¸6 ¶[C] ´one of the several parts of a
meal, eÔg soup, fish, dessert: ³a dinner of five @s/a five-@ dinner; the main
@. ¸7 ´(naut) sail fastened to the lowest yard of a mast.¼
¨course©2 ²/kcs/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A,2A] ´chase (esp hares) with dogs
(greyhounds). ¸2 ¶[VP2C] ´move quickly; (of liquids) run: ³The blood @d
through his veins. Tears @d down her cheeks. ¸cours®ing ²/ÚkcsIG/ ³n ´sport of
chasing hares with greyhounds (by sight, not scent).¼
¨courser© ²/ÚkcsE(r)/ ³n ´(poet) swift horse.¼
¨court©1 ²/kct/ ³n ¸1 ¶[C] ´place where law-cases are held; the judges,
magistrates, and other officers who administer justice: ³a ·*³@ of ·Ú³law/a
·Ú³law @; a ·Ú³@-room; a @ of justice; a po·Ú³lice-@; a (military or naval) @
of inquiry´, one that deals with cases of indiscipline, etc. ³The prisoner was
brought to @ for trial. The judge ordered the @ to be cleared´, ordered
members of the public to leave. ³The case was settled out of @´, a settlement
was reached that made it unnecessary for the case to be decided in @. ·be
ruled/put out of @; put oneself out of @, ´do or say sth so that one is not
entitled to be heard in @. ¸@ of assize; @ of quarter sessions, ´@s in England
and Wales before 1971. ¸Crown C@, ´(since 1971) one that may sit anywhere in
England and Wales for all cases above magistrates' @ level (replacing the
former assize and quarter sessions). ¸2 ¶[U] ´residence of a sovereign; his
family and officials, councillors, etc: ³The C@ of St James's´, the @ of the
British sovereign. ³The C@ went into mourning when the Queen's uncle died. ·be
presented at @, ´make one's first appearance at a state reception at the
sovereign's @. ·hold @, µ¥ hold±1µ(12). ¸Ú@-card, ´playing card with a king,
queen or knave. ¸3 ¶[C] ´space marked out for certain games: ³a ·Ú³tennis-@. Do
you prefer grass @s or hard @s? µ¥ ´the illus at µtennis. ¸4 ´(also ¸Ú@®yard´)
unroofed space with walls or buildings round it, eÔg in a college at Cambridge,
in a castle or an old inn; the buildings round such a space. Cf ³quadrangle ´at
Oxford. µ¥ close±2µ. ¸5 ¶[C] ´small enclosed yard of a house, usu opening off
a street. ¸6 ¶[U] ·pay @ to (a woman), ´(formal) try to win her affections.¼
¨court©2 ²/kct/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A,2A] ´try to win the affections of, with a view
to marriage: ³He had been @ing Jane for six months. There were several @ing
couples in the park. ¸2 ¶[VP6A] ´try to win or obtain: ³to @ sb's
approval/support; to @ applause. ¸3 ¶[VP6A] ´act in such a way that one may
meet or receive (sth disagreeable): ³to @ defeat/danger/disaster.¼
¨cour®teous© ²/Úk3tIEs/ ³adj ´having, showing, good manners; polite and kind
³(to). ¸@®ly ³adv¼
¨court®esan© ²/*kctIÚzan ³US: ²ÚkctIzn/ ³n ´(in former times, esp in courtµ(2)
´circles) refined or high-placed prostitute who (because of her beauty, wit,
success) could limit the number of men to whom she gave herself.¼
¨cour®tesy© ²/Úk3tEsI/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´courteous behaviour. ¸2 ¶[C] ³(pl µ-sies³)
´courteous act. ¸3 Ú@ title, ´(GB) title of nobility having no legal validity.
·by @ of, ´by favour or permission, usu free of charge: ³a radio programme
presented by @ of«.¼
¨court®ier© ²/ÚkctIE(r)/ ³n ´person in attendance at the court of a sovereign:
³the King and his @s.¼
¨court®ly© ²/ÚkctlI/ ³adj µ(-ier, -iest) ´polite and dignified.
¸court®li®ness ³n¼
¨court-mar®tial© ²/*kct Úmq2l/ ³n (pl µcourts-martial³) ´court for trying
offences against military law; trial by @. ¹ ³vt ¶[VP6A] µ(-ll-) ´try (sb) in
a court of this kind.¼
¨court®ship© ²/Úkct-2Ip/ ³n ¶[U] ´courtingµ(1)´; ¶[C] ´period during which this
lasts: ³after a year's @; after a brief @.¼
¨court®yard© ²/Úkctjqd/ ³n ´= µcourt±1µ(4)´.¼
¨cousin© ²/ÚkAzn/ ³n ¸first @´, child of one's uncle or aunt. ¸second @´, child
of one's parent's first @. ¸@®ly ³adj ´of, suitable for, @s: ³@ly affection.¼
¨cove©1 ²/kE8v/ ³n ´small bay±2´.¼
¨cove©2 ²/kE8v/ ³n ´(GB, dated sl) person.¼
¨coven© ²/ÚkAvn/ ³n ´assembly of witches.¼
¨cov®en®ant© ²/ÚkAvEnEnt/ ³n ¸1 ´(legal) formal agreement that is legally
binding. ¸*deed of Ú@, ´written, signed and sealed agreement, usu concerning
property. ¸2 ´undertaking to make regular payments to a charity, trust, etc. ¹
³vt,vi ¶[VP6A,7A,9,14,3A] ·@ (with sb) (for sth) ´make a @.¼
¨Cov®en®try© ²/ÚkovntrI/ ³n ´town in Warwickshire, GB. ·send a person to @,
´refuse to associate with him (esp by not speaking to him).¼
¨cover©1 ²/ÚkAvE(r)/ ³vt ¶[VP6A,15A,B] ¸1 ´place (one substance or thing) over
or in front of (another); hide or protect (sth) in this way; lie or extend
over; occupy the surface of: ³C@ the table with a cloth. Pull your skirt down
and @ your knees. We shall @ the seat of this old chair with chintz. Snow @ed
the ground. The floods @ed large areas on both banks of the river. She @ed her
face in/with her hands. He laughed to @ ´(= hide) ³his nervousness. ·@ in,
´complete the @ing of: ³The grave was quickly @ed in´, filled with earth. ·@
over, ´spread sth over: ³to @ over a hole in a roof. ·@ up, ´wrap up, hide:
³C@ yourself up well´, Put on warm clothes, etc. ³How can we @ up our
tracks/our mistakes? ´Hence, ¸@-up ³n ´(fig, colloq) way of hiding: ³a @-up
for her shyness. ¸@ed wagon ³n ´(US) large wagon with an arched canvas roof,
used by pioneers for travel across the prairies. ¸2 ·be @ed with, ¸(a) ´have a
great number or amount of: ³trees @ed with blossom/fruit; roses @ed with
greenfly. ¸(b) ´have as a natural coat: ³Cats are @ed with fur and dogs are @ed
with hair. ¸(c) ´(of non-material things) be overcome by: ³@ed with
shame/confusion. ¸3 ´sprinkle or strew with: ³A taxi went by and @ed us with
mud. The wind blew from the desert and @ed everything with sand. ¸4 ´(reflex)
bring upon oneself: ³@ oneself with glory/honour/disgrace. ¸5 ´protect: ³He @ed
his wife from the man's blows with
his own body. Warships @ed the landing of the invading army´, fired their guns
to keep the enemy at a distance, etc. ³Are you @ed ´(= insured) ³against fire
and theft? ¸6 ´travel (a certain distance): ³By sunset we had @ed thirty miles.
¸7 ´(of guns, fortresses, etc) commandµ(6)´; dominate: ³Our heavy artillery @ed
every possible approach to the town. ¸8 ´keep a gun aimed at sb (so that he
cannot shoot or escape): ³C@ your man! Keep them @ed! ¸9 ´(of money) be enough
for: ³$10 will @ my needs for the journey. We have only just @ed our expenses´,
made enough for our expenses, but no profit. ¸10 ´include; comprise; extend
over; be adequate for: ³Professor A's lectures @ed the subject thoroughly. His
researches @ed a wide field. This book does not fully @ the subject´, does not
deal with all aspects of it. ³Do the rules @ ´(= Are they adequate for) ³all
possible cases? ¸11 ´(in games such as cricket and baseball) stand behind (a
player) to stop balls that he may miss: ³The short-stop @ed second base. ¸12
´(of a journalist) report (what is said and done at meetings, on public
occasions, etc): ³@ the Labour Party's annual conference. ¸@®ing ³n ´sth that
@s: ³a leafy @ing´, the trees. ¹ ³part adj ¸@ing letter´, one sent with a
document, or with goods, etc.¼
¨cover©2 ²/ÚkAvE(r)/ ³n ¸1 ´thing that covers: ³When the water
boils, take the @ ´(= lid) ³from the pan. Some chairs are fitted with loose @s.
¸2 ´binding of a book, magazine, etc; either half of this: ³The book needs a
new @. ·from @ to @, ´from beginning to end: ³The child read the book from @ to
@. ¸Ú@ girl, ´girl who poses for photographs to be used on the cover of a
magazine. ¸3 ´wrapper or envelope. ·under plain @, ´in a parcel or envelope
which has no indication of the firm, the contents, etc: ³The book of
photographs of girls in the nude is being sent under plain @. ·under separate
@, ´(comm) in a separate parcel or envelope: ³We are sending the goods under
separate @. ¸4 ¶[U] ´place or area giving shelter or protection: ³The land was
flat and treeless and provided no @ for the troops. ·take @, ´place oneself
where one is protected or concealed: ³There was nowhere where we could take @,
´eÔg from rain. ·under @, ´sheltered. ¸5 ¶[U] ´woods or undergrowth protecting
animals, etc. ·break @, ´(eÔg of a fox) come out of the undergrowth, etc. ¸6
¶[U] ·under @ of, ´with a pretence of: ³under @ of friendship/religion; murders
committed under @ of patriotism. ¸7 ¶[U] ´protection from attack: ³give @. ¸8
´place laid at table for a meal: ³C@s were laid for six. ¸Ú@ charge ³n ´(in a
restaurant) charge in addition to the cost of the food and drink. ¸9 ¶[U]
´(comm) money deposited to meet a liability or possible loss. ¸10 ¶[U]
´insurance against loss, damage, etc: ³Does your policy provide adequate @
against fire? ¸Ú@ note, ´document from an insurance company to provide
temporary @ between the acceptance and issue of a policy.¼
¨cover®age© ²/ÚkAvErIdZ/ ³n ¶[U] ´covering of events, etc: ³TÔV @ of the
election campaign, ´eÔg by televising political meetings, interviews with
candidates and voters. µ¥ cover±1µ(12).¼
¨cover®let© ²/ÚkAvElIt/ ³n ´bedspread.¼
¨cov®ert©1 ²/ÚkAvEt/ ³adj ´(half-) hidden; disguised: ³@
glances/threats. ¸@®ly ³adv µ¥ overt.¼
¨cov®ert©2 ²/ÚkAvEt/ ³n ´area of thick undergrowth in which animals hide.
·draw a @´, search it (for foxes, etc). µ¥ cover±2µ(5).¼
¨covet© ²/ÚkAvIt/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´desire eagerly (esp sth that belongs to sb
else).¼
¨covet®ous© ²/ÚkAvItEs/ ³adj ·@ (of), ´eagerly desirous (esp of things
belonging to sb else). ¸@®ly ³adv ¸@®ness ³n¼
¨covey© ²/ÚkAvI/ ³n (pl µ@s´) ´brood, small flock of partridges.¼
¨cow©1 ²/kñ8/ ³n ´fully grown female of any animal of the ox family, esp the
domestic kind kept by farmers for producing milk, µ¥ ´the illus at µdomestic´;
also female elephant, rhinoceros, whale, etc. µ¥ bull±1µ(1), calf±1µ(1),
heifer, steer±1µ. ¸Úcow®bell, ´bell hung round a cow's neck to indicate her
whereabouts. ¸Úcow®boy, ´man (usu on horseback) who looks after cattle in the
western parts of the US. ¸Úcow-catcher, ´metal frame fastened to the front of a
railway engine to push obstacles off the track. ¸Úcow®hand, Úcow®herd, ´person
who looks after cattle at pasture. ¸Úcow®hide, ´leather (or a strip of leather
as a whip) made from a cow's hide. ¸Úcow®house, Úcow®shed, ´building in which
cows are kept when not at pasture, or to which they are taken to be milked.
¸Úcow®man ²/-mEn/ ³n (pl µ-men³), ´man responsible for milking cows. ¸Úcow®skin,
´(leather from the) skin of a cow.¼
¨cow©2 ²/kñ8/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´frighten (sb) into submission: ³The child had a
cowed look´, looked frightened because of threats of violence, etc.¼
¨cow®ard© ²/Úkñ8Ed/ ³n ´person unable to control his fear; person who runs away
from danger. ·turn @, ´become a @. ¸@®ly ³adj ¸1 ´not brave. ¸2
´contemptible; of or like a @: ³a @ly lie; @ly behaviour.¼
¨cow®ard®ice© ²/Úkñ8EdIs/ ³n ¶[U] ´feeling, way of behaviour, of a coward;
faint-heartedness.¼
¨cower© ²/Úkñ8E(r)/ ³vi ¶[VP2A,C] ´lower the body; crouch; shrink back from
cold, misery, fear, shame: ³The dog @ed under the table when its master raised
the whip.¼
¨cowl© ²/kñ8l/ ³n ¸1 ´long, loose gown (as worn by monks) with a
hood that can be pulled over the head; the hood itself. ¸2 ´metal cap for a
chimney, ventilating pipe, etc, often made so as to revolve with the wind and
improve the draughtµ(1)´. ¸@®ing ³n ´removable metal covering for an (aircraft)
engine.¼
¨cow®pox© ²/Úkñ8poks/ ³n ´contagious disease of cattle, caused by a virus
which, when isolated, is the source of vaccine for smallpox.¼
¨cow®rie© ²/Úkñ8rI/ ³n (pl µ@s³) ´small shell formerly used as money in parts
of Africa and Asia.¼
¨cow®slip© ²/Úkñ8slIp/ ³n ´small plant with yellow flowers, growing wild in
temperate countries.¼
¨cox© ²/koks/ ³n ´(colloq abbr of) coxswain. ¹ ³vt,vi ¶[VP6A,2A] ´act as
coxswain (of a rowing-boat): ³The Oxford boat was coxed by«¼
¨cox®comb© ²/ÚkokskE8m/ ³n ´vain, foolish person, esp one who pays too much
attention to his clothes.¼
¨cox®swain© ²/Úkoksn/ ³n ´person who steers a rowing-boat, esp in races;
person in charge of a ship's boat and crew. µ¥ ´the illus at µeight.¼
¨coy© ²/kãI/ ³adj µ(-er, -est) ´(esp of a girl) shy, modest; pretending to be
shy; seeming more modest than one really is. ¸coy®ly ³adv ¸coy®ness ³n¼
¨coy®ote© ²/kãIÚE8t ³US: ²ÚkñIE8t/ ³n ´prairie wolf of western N America.¼
¨coypu© ²/ÚkãIpu/ ³n ´S American rodent with webbed hind feet, bred for its fur
³(nutria fur). µ¥ nutria.¼
¨cozen© ²/ÚkAzn/ ³vt ¶[VP6A,14] ·@ sb (out) of sth, ´(liter) defraud him of
sth. ·@ sb into doing sth, ´(liter) beguile him into it.¼
¨cozy© ²/ÚkE8zI/ ³adj ´US = µcosy.¼
¨crab©1 ²/krab/ ³n ¶[C] ´ten-legged shellfish; ¶[U] ´its meat as food. µ¥ ´the
illus at µcrustacean. ·catch a @, ´(rowing) make a faulty stroke with one's
oar.¼
¨crab©2 ²/krab/ ³n ´(also ¸Ú@-apple´) wild apple-tree; its hard, sour fruit.¼
¨crab©3 ²/krab/ ³vi,vt µ(-bb-) ´(colloq) complain; grumble; criticize.¼
¨crab®bed© ²/ÚkrabId/ ³adj ¸1 ´bad-tempered; easily irritated. ¸2
´(of handwriting) difficult to read; (of writings, authors) difficult to
understand.¼
¨crack©1 ²/krak/ ³n ¸1(a) ´line of division where sth is broken, but not into
separate parts: ³a cup with bad @s in it. Don't go skating todayÅthere are
dangerous @s in the ice. ¸(b) ´narrow opening. ·open sth a @, ´open it very
slightly. ·the @ of dawn, ´(colloq) day-break. ¸2 ´sudden, sharp noise (as of a
rifle or whip, or sth breaking): ³the @ of a pistol shot; a @ of thunder. ·the
@ of doom´, the peal of thunder on the Day of Judgement. ¸3 ´sharp blow which
can be heard: ³give sb/get a @ on the head. ¸4 ´(sl) (= ³wise@´) lively,
forceful, or cutting comment or retort, esp one that causes laughter. ¸5 ´(sl)
attempt. ·have a @ at sth, ´try to do sth which is difficult. ¸6 ´(attrib use)
first-rate; very clever or expert: ³a @ polo-player; a @ regiment. He's a @
shot´, expert at using a rifle. ¸7 Ú@-brained ³adj ´crazy; foolish: ³a
@-brained scheme.¼
¨crack©2 ²/krak/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A,14,2A,C] ´get or make a crack or cracksµ(1)
´in: ³I can @ it, but I can't break it. You've @ed the window. The glass will
@ if you pour boiling water into it. He fell out of the window and @ed his
skull. ¸2 ¶[VP6A,2A] ´make, cause to make, a crack or cracksµ(2)´: ³to @ a
whip/the joints of the fingers. The hunter's rifle @ed and the deer fell dead.
We heard a @ing noise among the trees. ·@ open, ´open with a @ing sound: ³@
open a safe. ¸3 ¶[VP2A] ´(of the voice) become harsh; (of a boy's voice when
he is reaching puberty) undergo a change and become dissonant (³break ´is more
usu). ¸4 ¶[VP6A] ´decompose (petroleum) by using heat and pressure so as to
change thick oils into thinner oils. Hence, ¸Ú@®ing plant´. ¸5 ´(colloq and sl
uses) ·@ down on sb/sth, ´take disciplinary action against: ³@ down on
gambling. ´Hence, ¸Ú@-down ³n´. ·@ sb/sth up (to be sth), ¶[VP15B] ´praise
highly, or in an exaggerated way: ³He's not so clever as he's @ed up to be. ·@
up, ¸(a) ¶[VP2C] ´lose strength (in old age); suffer a mental collapse. Hence,
¸Ú@-up ³n ´failure; breakdown. ¸(b) ¶[VP2C,15B] ´(of a vehicle) (cause to)
suffer damage, crash. ·@ a bottle, ´open one and drink the contents. ·@ a joke,
´make one. µ¥ crack±1µ(4). ·get @ing, ´get busy (with work waiting to be
done).¼
¨cracker© ²/ÚkrakE(r)/ ³n ¸1 ´thin, flaky, dry biscuit (as eaten
with cheese). ¸2 ´firework that makes cracking noises when set off: ³The
Chinese use @s to frighten away evil spirits. ¸ÚChristmas @, ´one made of
brightly coloured paper, which explodes harmlessly when the ends are pulled.
¸3 ´(³pl, ´also ¸Únut-@s´) ´instrument for cracking nuts.¼
¨crackers© ²/ÚkrakEz/ ³pred adj ´(GB sl) ³mad; crazy.¼
¨crackle© ²/Úkrakl/ ³vi ¶[VP2A,C] ´make a series of small cracking sounds, as
when one treads on dry twigs, or when dry sticks burn: ³a crackling camp-fire.
A cheerful wood fire was crackling in the sitting-room. ¹ n ¶[U] ¸1 ´small
cracking sounds, as described above: ³the distant @ of machine-gun fire. ¸2
´(also ¸Ú@-china/@-ware´) china, etc covered with a network of what appear to
be tiny cracks.¼
¨crack®ling© ²/ÚkraklIG/ ³n ¶[U] ¸1 µ¥ crackleµ(1)´. ¸2 ´crisp, well-cooked
skin of roast pork.¼
¨crack®pot© ²/Úkrakpot/ ³n ´eccentric person with strange ideas: (attrib) ³@
ideas.¼
¨cracks®man© ²/ÚkraksmEn/ ³n (pl µ-men³) ´burglar.¼
¨cradle© ²/ÚkreIdl/ ³n ¸1 ´small, low bed sometimes mounted on rockers, for a
newborn baby: ³from/in the @´, from/during infancy; ³from the @ to the grave´,
from birth to death. ¸2 ´(fig) place where sth is born or begins: ³Greece, the
@ of Western culture. ¸3 ´framework resembling a @ or which is used like a @,
eÔg a structure on which a ship is supported while being built or repaired;
platform that can be moved up and down an outside wall by means of ropes and
pulleys, used by workmen; part of a telephone apparatus on which the receiver
rests. ¹ ³vt ¶[VP6A,14] ´place, hold, in or as in a @: ³@ a child in one's
arms; @ the telephone receiver´, put it down.¼
¨craft© ²/krqft ³US: ²kraft/ ³n ¸1 ¶[C] ´occupation, esp one in
which skill in the use of the hands is needed; such a skill or technique: ³the
potter's @; to learn the @ of the woodcarver; a school for arts and @s. ´Used
in many compounds, as ¸Úneedle®@, Úwood®@, Úhandi®@, Ústage-@. ¸2 ´(collective)
those engaged in such an occupation, organized in a guild or union: ³the @ of
masons; the C@´, brotherhood of Freemasons. ¸3 ³(pl ´unchanged³) ´boat(s),
ship(s): ³a handy and useful little @. The harbour was full of all kinds of @/@
of all kinds. µ¥ ³air@ ´at µair±1µ(7), ³space@ ´at µspace. ¸4 ¶[U] ´cunning;
trickery; skill in deceiving: ³Be careful when you do business with that man:
he's full of @. He got it from me by @. ¸@y ³adj µ(-ier, -iest) ´full of
@µ(4)´: ³a @y politician; as @y as a fox. ¸@®ily ³adv ¸@i®ness ³n¼
¨crafts®man© ²/ÚkrqftsmEn ³US: ²Úkrafts-/ ³n (pl µ-men³) ´skilled workman who
practises a craft. ¸@®ship ²/-2Ip/ ³n ´skilled workmanship.¼
¨crag© ²/krag/ ³n ¶[C] ´high, steep, sharp or rugged mass of rock. ¸@®ged
²/ÚkragId/ ´(poet), ¸@gy µ(-ier, -iest) ³adjj ´having many @s. ¸Úcrags®man
²/-mEn/ ³n (pl µ-men³) ´one who is clever at climbing @s.¼
¨crake© ²/kreIk/ ³n ´kinds of bird. µ¥ ³corncrake ´at µcorn±1µ(1).¼
¨cram© ²/kram/ ³vt,vi µ(-mm-) ¶[VP6A,14,15B,2A] ¸1 ·@ (into); @ (up) (with),
´make too full; put, push, very much or too much into: ³to @ food into one's
mouth/@ up one's mouth with food; to @ papers into a drawer; an essay @med with
quotations. ¸2 ´fill the head with facts (for an examination): ³to @ pupils; to
@ up a subject´, commit facts to memory (without serious study). ¸*@-Úfull
³adj,adv ´as full as @ming can make it. ¸@®mer ³n ´special school where
students are @med; teacher paid to @ students for examinations; textbook
designed for @ming; student who @s for examinations.¼
¨cramp©1 ²/kramp/ ³n ¶[U] ´sudden and painful tightening of the
muscles, usu caused by cold or overwork, making movement difficult: ³writer's
@´, of the finger muscles. ³The swimmer was seized with @ and had to be helped
out of the water.¼
¨cramp©2 ²/kramp/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ¸1 ´keep in a narrow space; hinder or prevent the
movement or growth of: ³All these difficulties @ed his progress. ·be @ed for
room/space etc, ´be without enough room etc. ·@ one's style, ´(colloq) prevent
one from doing sth as well as one could do it in more favourable circumstances.
¸2 ´cause to have, affect with, cramp±1´. ¸3 ´fasten with a cramp±3´: ³@ a
beam. ¸cramped ³part adj ´(of handwriting) with small letters close together
and for this reason difficult to read.¼
¨cramp©3 ²/kramp/ ³n ¸1 ´(also ¸Ú@-iron´) metal bar with the ends bent, used
for holding together masonry or timbers. ¸2 ´= µclamp±1´.¼
¨cram®pon© ²/Úkrampon/ ³n ´(usu ³pl´) iron plate with spikes, worn on shoes
for walking or climbing on ice, rock etc.¼
¨cran®berry© ²/ÚkranbErI ³US: ²-berI/ ³n (pl µ-ries³) ´small, red, tart berry
of a dwarf shrub, used for making jelly and sauce.¼
¨crane©1 ²/kreIn/ ³n ¸1 ´large wading bird with long legs and neck. µ¥ ´the
illus at µwater. ¸2 ´machine with a long arm that can be swung round, used for
lifting and moving heavy weights.¼
¨crane©2 ²/kreIn/ ³vt,vi ¶[VP6A,16A,2A,C] ´stretch (the neck); stretch the
neck (like a crane±1µ(1)´: ³to @ forward; to @ one's neck to see sth.¼
¨crane-fly© ²/ÚkreIn flñI/ ³n (pl µ-flies³) ´kind of fly with very
long legs; daddy-long-legs.¼
¨cran®ial© ²/ÚkreInIEl/ ³adj ´(anat) of the skull.¼
¨cran®ium© ²/ÚkreInIEm/ ³n ´(anat) bony part of the head enclosing the brain;
skull. µ¥ ´the illus at µhead.¼
¨crank©1 ²/kraGk/ ³n ´L-shaped arm and handle for transmitting rotary motion.
¸Ú@®shaft ³n ´shaft that turns or is turned by a @. ¹ ³vt ¶[VP6A,15B] ·@ (up),
´(of an engine) start, cause to start, by turning a @.¼
¨crank©2 ²/kraGk/ ³n ´person with fixed (and often strange) ideas, esp on one
matter: ³a fresh air @´, one who insists on having windows open, however cold,
stormy, etc, it may be. ¸@y ³adj µ(-ier, -iest) ´(of people) odd; eccentric;
(of machines, etc) unsteady; unreliable.¼
¨cranny© ²/ÚkranI/ ³n (pl µ-nnies³) ´small crack or opening, eÔg in a wall.
¸cran®nied ³adj ´full of crannies.¼
¨crap© ²/krap/ ³vi µ(-pp-) ´Ï defecate. ¹ ³n ´Ï ¸1 ¶[U] ´excrement.
¸2 ¶[C] ´act of defecating: ³have a @. ¸3 ¶[U] ´(sl) nonsense.¼
¨crape© ²/kreIp/ ³n ¶[U] ´black silk or cotton material with a wrinkled surface
(formerly used for mourning). µ¥ cr^epe.¼
¨craps© ²/kraps/ ³n ´(also ¸Úcrap-shooting´) ¶[U] ´(US) gambling game played
with two dice. ·shoot @´, play this game.¼
¨crash©1 ²/kra2/ ³n ¸1 ´(noise made by a) violent fall, blow or breaking: ³The
tree fell with a great @. His words were drowned in a @ of thunder. He was
killed in an ·Ú³air @. ¸Ú@ barrier, ´fence, rail, wall, etc designed to keep
people, vehicles, etc apart where there is danger (eÔg one in the centre
of a motorway). ¸Ú@-dive, ´sudden dive made by a submarine, eÔg to escape
attack. µ¹ ³vi ´dive in this way. ¸*@-Úland ³vi,vt ´(of aircraft) land, be
landed, partly or wholly out of control, with a @. Hence, ¸*crash-Úlanding ³n
¸Ú@-helmet, ´padded helmet worn to protect the head in case of a @, eÔg by a
motor-cyclist. ¸Ú@ programme, ´one made with intensive efforts to achieve
quick results. ¸2 ´ruin; collapse (eÔg in trade, finance): ³The great @ on
Wall Street in 1929 ruined international trade. ¹ ³adv ´with a @.¼
¨crash©2 ²/kra2/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP2A,C,6A] ´fall or strike suddenly,
violently and noisily (esp of things that break): ³The bus @ed into a tree. The
tree @ed through the window. The dishes @ed to the floor. The aircraft @ed. ¸2
¶[VP2A,C] ´force or break through violently: ³elephants @ing through the
jungle; ´(colloq) intrude upon uninvited: ³@ a party. µ¥ ³gatecrasher ´at
µgate. ¸3 ¶[VP2A] ´(of a business company, government, etc) come to ruin; meet
disaster: ³His great financial scheme @ed. ¸4 ¶[VP6A] ´cause to @: ³to @ a
plane.¼
¨crash©3 ²/kra2/ ³n ¶[U] ´coarse linen cloth (as used for towels, etc).¼
¨crass© ²/kras/ ³adj ´(of such qualities as ignorance, stupidity, etc)
complete; very great.¼
¨crate© ²/kreIt/ ³n ¸1 ´large framework of light boards or basketwork for
goods in transport. ¸2 ´(sl) old, worn-out motor-car or aircraft. ¹ ³vt ´put
in a @.¼
¨cra®ter© ²/ÚkreItE(r)/ ³n ´mouth of a volcano; hole in the ground made by the
explosion of a bomb, shell, etc. ¸@ lake´, lake in the @ of an extinct
volcano.¼
¨cra®vat© ²/krEÚvat/ ³n ´piece of linen, lace, etc loosely folded and worn as
a necktie.¼
¨crave© ²/kreIv/ ³vt,vi ¶[VP2A,3A] ·@ (for), ´ask earnestly for, have a strong
desire for: ³to @ (for) mercy/forgiveness; to @ for a drink. ¸crav®ing
²/ÚkreIvIG/ ³n ¶[C] ´strong desire: ³a craving for strong drink.¼
¨cra®ven© ²/ÚkreIvn/ ³n, adj ´(person who is) cowardly.¼
¨craw®fish© ²/ÚkrcfI2/ ³n ´= µcrayfish.¼
¨crawl© ²/krcl/ ³vi ¶[VP2A,C] ¸1 ´move slowly, pulling the body along the
ground or other surface (as worms and snakes do); (of human beings) move in
this way, or on the hands and knees: ³The wounded soldier @ed into a
shell-hole. ·@ to sb, ´(colloq) try to bring oneself into his favour. ¸2 ´go
very slowly: ³Our train @ed over the damaged bridge. ¸3 ´be full of, covered
with, things that @: ³The ground was @ing with ants. The child's hair was @ing
with vermin. ¸4 ´(of the flesh) feel as if covered with @ing things: ³She says
that the sight of snakes makes her flesh @. ¹ n ¸1 a @, ´@ing movement:
³Traffic in Oxford St was reduced to a @ during the rush hours. ¸Úpub-@ ³vi, n
´visit(ing) and drink(ing) at several pubs in succession: ³go pub-@ing; go on a
pub-@. ¸2 (the) @, ´high-speed swimming stroke with alternate circular arm
movements and rapid leg kicks. ¸@er ³n ´person or thing that @s; ³(pl) ´overall
garment made for a baby to @ about in.¼
¨cray®fish© ²/ÚkreIfI2/ ³n ´freshwater lobster-like shellfish.¼
¨crayon© ²/ÚkreIEn/ ³n ´stick or pencil of soft coloured chalk, wax or
charcoal. ¹ ³vt ´draw with @s.¼
¨craze© ²/kreIz/ ³n ´enthusiastic interest that may last for a comparatively
short time; the object of such interest: ³schoolboy @s´, eÔg the making of
paper darts as weapons; ³the modern @ for bingo.¼
¨crazed© ²/kreIzd/ ³adj ´(also ¸half-@´) wildly excited; mad: ³a @
look/expression; a half-@ prophet.¼
¨crazy© ²/ÚkreIzI/ ³adj µ(-ier, -iest) ¸1 ·@ (about), ´(colloq) wildly excited
or enthusiastic: ³He is @ about skiing. I'm @ about you, darling. ¸2 ´suffering
from mental disorder; foolish: ³You were @ to lend that man your money. It was
@ of you to let such a young girl drive your car. ¸3 ´(of buildings, etc)
unsafe; likely to collapse. ¸4 ´(of quilts, pavements, etc) made up of
irregularly shaped pieces fitted together: ³@ paving. ¸craz®ily ³adv
¸crazi®ness ³n¼
¨creak© ²/krik/ ³n, vi ¶[VP2A] ´(make a) sound like that of an unoiled
door-hinge, or badly-fitting floorboards when trodden on. ¸@y ³adj µ(-ier,
-iest) ´making @ing sounds: ³@y stairs. ¸@®ily ³adv¼
¨cream© ²/krim/ ³n ¶[U] ¸1 ´fatty or oily part of milk which rises
to the surface and can be made into butter. ¸2 ´kind of food containing or
resembling @: ³@ cheese; ice-@; @ ices; chocolate @; @ buns. ¸3 ´substance
like @ in appearance or consistency, used for polishing, as a cosmetic, etc:
·Ú³furniture @; ·Ú³shoe-@; ·Ú³face-@; ·Ú³cold-@. ¸4 ´part of a liquid that
gathers at the top: ³@ of tartar/lime. ¸5 ´best part of anything: ³the @ of
the crop; ³the @ of the story´, the most amusing part, the point of it. ¸6
´(attrib) yellowish-white: ³@-laid/-wove paper´, smooth @-coloured
writing-paper. ¹ ³vt ´take @ from (milk); make @y; add @ to: ³@ed potatoes´,
cooked so that they have the consistency of @. ¸@y ³adj µ(-ier, -iest) ´smooth
and rich like @; containing much @. ¸@®ery ³n (pl µ-ries³) ¸1 ´place where
milk, @, butter, cheese, etc are sold. ¸2 ´butter and cheese factory.¼
¨crease© ²/kris/ ³n ¸1 ´line made (on cloth, paper, etc) by crushing, folding
or pressing: ³@-resistant cloth´, which does not easily form into @s. ¸2
´(cricket) white line on the ground to mark the positions of certain players
(bowlers, batsmen). µ¥ ´the illus at µcricket. ³¹ vt,vi ¶[VP6A,2A] ´make a @ or
@s in; fall into @s; get @s in: ³Pack the dresses so that they won't @. This
material @s easily.¼
¨cre®ate© ²/kriÚeIt/ ³vt ¸1 ¶[VP6A] ´cause sth to exist; make (sth
new or original): ³God @d the world. Dickens @d many wonderful characters in
his novels. ·@ a part, ´(of an actor) be the first to play it. ¸2 ¶[VP6A] ´give
rise to; produce: ³His behaviour @d a bad impression. Her appearance @d a
sensation. ¸3 ¶[VP23,6A] ´invest (sb) with a rank: ³He was @d Baron of
Bunthorp. Eight new peers were @d.¼
¨cre®ation© ²/kriÚeI2n/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´the act of creating: ³the @ of great works
of art. Economic conditions may be responsible for the @ of social unrest. Is
the @ of new peers desirable? ¸2 ¶[U] ´all created things: ³man, the lord of @.
¸(the) C@, ´the world or universe as created by God. ¸3 ¶[C] ´production of the
human intelligence, esp one in which imagination has a part: ³the @s of poets,
artists, composers and dramatists. The women were wearing the
newest @s of the Paris dressmakers.¼
¨cre®ative© ²/kriÚeItIv/ ³adj ´having power to create; of creation: ³useful and
@ work, ´iÔe requiring intelligence and imagination, not merely mechanical
skill. ¸@®ly ³adv ¸@®ness ³n¼
¨cre®ator© ²/kriÚeItE(r)/ ³n ´one who creates. ¸the C@, ´God.¼
¨crea®ture© ²/Úkrit2E(r)/ ³n ¸1 ´living animal: ³dumb @s´, animals. ¸2 ´(with
an ³adj´) living person: ³a lovely @´, a beautiful person; ³a poor @´, a
contemptible person, or a person who is to be pitied; ³a good @´, a
kindhearted person. ¸@ comforts´, material needs such as food and drink. ¸3
´person who owes his position to another, esp one who is content to carry out
another person's wishes without question: ³mere @s of the dictator.¼
¨cr`eche© ²/kreI2 ³US: ²kre2/ ³n ¸1 ´(GB) public nursery where babies are
looked after while their mothers are at work. ¸2 ´(US) crib±1µ(3).¼
¨cre®dence© ²/Úkridns/ ³n ¶[U] ·give/attach @ to, ´(formal) believe (gossip,
what is said, etc). ·letter of @, ´letter of introduction.¼
¨cre®den®tials© ²/krIÚden2lz/ ³n pl ´letters or papers showing that a person
is what he claims to be: ³His @ were so satisfactory that he was given the
post of manager.¼
¨cred®ible© ²/ÚkredEbl/ ³adj ´that can be believed: ³@ witnesses. It hardly
seems @´, seems almost impossible to believe. ¸cred®ibly ³adv ´in a @ manner:
³We are credibly informed that«. ¸credi®bil®ity ²/*kredIÚbIlEtI/ ³n ¶[U] ´the
ability to be believed in. ¸crediÚbility gap´, the difference between what sb
says and what is considered to be true.¼
¨credit©1 ²/ÚkredIt/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´belief of others that a person,
business company, etc can pay debts, or will keep a promise to pay: ³No @ is
given at this shop´, payment must be in cash. ³His @ is good for only $50. If
you're very rich, you can probably get unlimited @. ·buy/sell on @, ´buy/sell
goods, payment being made later. ¸Ú@ account, ´(US = ³charge account) ´account
with a shop, store, etc under an agreement for payments at a later date (eÔg
monthly or quarterly). ¸Ú@ card, ¸(a) ´card issued by a business firm enabling
the holder to obtain goods and services on @. ¸(b) ´card issued by a bank,
allowing the holder to draw money from its branches and use its cheques in
payment for goods and services, with a maximum for each occasion. ¸Ú@ note,
´(comm) one that gives @ to a customer for goods returned or for overcharged
goods. ¸Ú@ sales, ´sales for which payment is made, by agreement, later. Cf
³cash sales. ¸*letter of Ú@, ´letter from a bank to its agent(s) giving
authority for credit to the holder. ¸Ú@-worthy ³adj ´accepted by tradesmen,
hire-purchase companies, etc as safe for @. Hence, ¸Ú@-worthiness ³n´. ¸2 ¶[U]
´money shown as owned by a person, company, etc in a bank account: ³How much
have I standing to my @? You have a @ balance of $250. ¸3 ¶[C] ´sum of money
advanced or loaned (by a bank, etc): ³The bank refused further @s to the
company. ¸Ú@ squeeze, ´(government) policy of making it difficult to borrow
money (eÔg by raising interest rates), as part of a policy against inflation.
¸4 ´(book-keeping) record of a payment received: ³Does this item go among the
@s or the debits? ¸Ú@-side, ´right-hand side of an account for recording
payment received. µ¥ debit. ¸5 ¶[C] ´(US) entry on a record to show that a
course of study has been completed: ³@s in history and geography; a ·Ú³@
course´, university course depending upon the number of grades and @s received.
¸6 ¶[U] ´honour, approval, good name or reputation: ³a man of the highest @.
·get/take @ (for sth), ´get/take recognition, honour etc: ³Candidates will get
additional @ ´(iÔe marks) ³for clearly labelled diagrams. It is dishonest to
take @ for work done by others. ·give @ (to sb) (for sth), ´give recognition,
praise, approval: ³He's cleverer than I gave hime @ for´, than I thought. ³I
gave you @ for being more sensible´, You are less sensible than I thought. ³One
must give @ where it is due. ¸7 ·do sb @; do @ to sb; be/stand to sb's @;
reflect @ on sb, ´add to his reputation: ³The work does you @. His smart
appearance does @ to his tailors. It is/stands greatly to your @ that you have
passed such a difficult examination. His fluency in Arabic reflects great @
on/is greatly to the @ of his teacher. ·be a @ to sb/sth, ´add to the good name
of sb/sth: ³The pupils are a @ to their teacher/school. ¸@s; ¸Ú@ titles,
´names, shown on a cinema or TÔV screen, of persons responsible for the acting,
direction, production, etc. ¸8 ¶[U] ´belief; trust; confidence: ³The rumour is
gaining @. ·lend @ to, ´strengthen belief in: ³The latest news lends @ to the
earlier reports.¼
¨credit©2 ²/ÚkredIt/ ³vt ¶[VP6A,14] ·@ sb/sth (with sth); @ sth (to
sb/sth), ¸(a) ´believe that he/it has sth: ³Until now I've always @ed you with
more sense. The relics are @ed with miraculous powers. Miraculous powers are
@ed to the relics. ¸(b) ´enter on the @ side of an account: ³@ a customer with
$10; @ $10 to a customer/to his account. µ¥ credit±1µ(4).¼
¨credi®table© ²/ÚkredItEbl/ ³adj ·@ (to), ´that brings creditµ(1,2,3)´: ³a @
attempt; conduct that was very @ to him. ¸credi®tably ²/ÚkredItEblI/ ³adv¼
¨credi®tor© ²/ÚkredItE(r)/ ³n ´person to whom one owes money: ³run away from
one's @s.¼
¨credo© ²/ÚkridE8/ ³n (pl µ@s ²/-dE8z/³) ´creed.¼
¨cre®du®lity© ²/krIÚdjulEtI ³US: ²-Údu-/ ³n (pl µ-ties³) ¶[U,C] ´too great a
readiness to believe things.¼
¨credu®lous© ²/Úkredj8lEs ³US: ²-dZ8-/ ³adj ´(too) ready to believe things: ³@
people who accept all the promises of the politicians. ¸@®ly ³adv¼
¨creed© ²/krid/ ³n ¶[C] ´(system of) beliefs or opinions, esp on
religious doctrine. ¸the C@, ´short summary of Christian doctrine.¼
¨creek© ²/krik/ ³n ¸1 ´(GB) narrow inlet of water on the sea-shore or in a
river-bank. ¸2 ´(N America) small river. ·be up the @, ´(sl) be in
difficulties.¼
¨creel© ²/kril/ ³n ´angler's wicker basket for carrying the fish he catches.¼
¨creep© ²/krip/ ³vi (pt,pp µcrept ²/krept/³) ¶[VP2A,B,C] ¸1 ´move along with
the body close to the ground or floor; move slowly, quietly or secretly: ³The
cat crept silently towards the bird. The thief crept along the corridor. ¸2
´(of time, age, etc) come on gradually: ³Old age @s upon one unawares. A
feeling of drowsiness crept over him. ¸3 ´(of plants, etc) grow along the
ground, over the surface of a wall, etc: ³Ivy had crept over the ruined castle
walls. ¸4 ´(of the flesh) have the feeling that things are @ing over it (as
the result of fear, repugnance, etc): ³The sight of the cold, damp prison
cell, with rats running about, made her flesh @. µ¥ crawl(4). ³¹ n ¸1 ´(sl)
despicable person who tries to win favour by doing small favours, snooping,
etc. ¸2 ·give sb the @s, ´(colloq) cause the flesh to @µ(4)´; cause distaste in
sb.¼
¨creeper© ²/ÚkripE(r)/ ³n ´insect, bird, etc that creeps; plant that creeps
along the ground, over rocks, walls, etc.¼
¨creepy© ²/ÚkripI/ ³adj µ(-ier, -iest) ´(colloq) having or causing a creeping
of the flesh, µ¥ creep(4)´: ³a @ story.¼
¨cre®mate© ²/krIÚmeIt/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´burn (a corpse) to ashes: ³He
says he wants to be @d, not buried. ¸cre®ma®tion ²/krIÚmeI2n/ ³n ¶[U]
´cremating; ¶[C] ´instance of this. ¸cre®ma®tor®ium ²/*kremEÚtcrIEm/ ³n
´furnace, building, place, for the cremating of corpses. ¸cre®ma®tory
²/ÚkremEtErI ³US: ²-tcrI/ ³n (pl µ-ries³) ´= µcrematorium.¼
¨cr`eme de menthe© ²/*krem dE ÚmonT/ ³n ¶[U] ´(F) sweet, thick, green liqueur
flavoured with peppermint.¼
¨cren®el®lated© ´(US = ¸-el®ated´) ²/ÚkrenEleItId/ ³adj ´having battlements.¼
¨Cre®ole© ²/ÚkriE8l/ ³n, adj ¸1 ´(person) of pure European or mixed European
and African descent in the West Indies, Spanish America or the old French or
Spanish states of the Southern US. ¸2 ´(of a) dialect of French, Spanish or
English spoken by persons of mixed European and African descent in N and S
America and the W Indies.¼
¨creo®sote© ²/ÚkrIEsE8t/ ³n ¶[U] ¸1 ´thick, brown, oily liquid obtained from
coal-tar, used to preserve wood. ¸2 ´antiseptic obtained from wood-tar.¼
¨cr^epe©, crepe ²/kreIp/ ³n ¶[U] ¸1 ´any crape that is not black. µ¥ crape.
¸2 @ rubber´, raw rubber pressed into blocks. It has a wrinkled surface and is
used for the soles of shoes, etc. ¸3 @ paper, ´thin paper with a wavy or
wrinkled surface.¼
¨crepi®tate© ²/ÚkrepIteIt/ ³vi ¶[VP2A] ´make a series of sharp, crackling
sounds. ¸crepi®ta®tion ²/*krepIÚteI2n/ ³n ´crepitating (sound).¼
¨crept© µ¥ creep.¼
¨cre®pus®cu®lar© ²/krIÚpAskj8lE(r)/ ³adj ´(formal) of, seen, heard or active
during, twilight.¼
¨cres®cendo© ²/krIÚ2endE8/ ³n (pl µ@s ²/-dE8z/³), adv, adj ´(passage of music
to be played, sth heard) with, of, increasing loudness; (fig) progress towards
a climax. µ¥ diminuendo.¼
¨cres®cent© ²/Úkresnt/ ³n ¸1 ´(sth shaped like) the curve of the
moon in the first quarter, µ¥ ´the illus at µphase´; row of houses in the form
of a @. ¸2 the C@, ´(fig) faith and religion of Islam: ³the Cross
´(Christianity) ³and the C@. ¸3 ´(attrib) @-shaped; increasing in size: ³a @
moon.¼
¨cress© ²/kres/ ³n ¶[U] ´name of various plants, esp the kind with hot-tasting
leaves (used in salads and sandwiches).¼
¨crest© ²/krest/ ³n ¸1 ´tuft of feathers on a bird's head; cock's comb. µ¥
´the illus at µfowl, water. ¸Ú@-fallen, ´(fig) dejected, disappointed (at
failure, etc). ¸2 ´@-like decoration formerly worn on the top of a helmet;
(poet) helmet. ¸3 ´design over the shield of a coat of arms, or used
separately (eÔg on a seal, or on notepaper): ³the family @´, one used by a
family. ¸4 ´top of a slope or hill; white top of a large wave. ·on the @ of a
wave, ´(fig) at the most favourable moment of one's fortunes. ¸@ed ³adj
´having a @µ(3)´: ³@ed note-paper; ´(in compounds, as names of birds) ³the
golden-@ed wren. ¹ vt, vi ´reach, form into, a @ of a hill/wave.¼
¨cre®ta®cious© ²/krIÚteI2Es/ ³adj ´(geol) of (the nature of) chalk: ³the @ age,
´when chalk-rocks were formed.¼
¨cre®tin© ²/ÚkretIn ³US: ²Úkritn/ ³n ´deformed and mentally undeveloped person
(diseased because of weakness of the thyroid gland). ¸@®ous ²/ÚkretInEs ³US:
²Úkrit-/ ³adj¼
¨cre®tonne© ²/Úkreton/ ³n ¶[U] ´cotton cloth with printed designs, used for
curtains, furniture covers, etc.¼
¨cre®vasse© ²/krIÚvas/ ³n ´deep, open crack, esp in ice on a glacier. µ¥ ´the
illus at µmountain.¼
¨crev®ice© ²/ÚkrevIs/ ³n ´narrow opening or crack (in a rock, wall, etc).¼
¨crew©1 ²/kru/ ³n ¸1 ´(collective noun) all the persons working on a ship,
aircraft, train, etc. ¸Úground @, ´mechanics who service an aircraft on the
ground. ¸2 ´group of persons working together; gang. ¸Ú@-cut ³n ´closely
cropped style of hair-cut for men. ¸Ú@-neck ³n ´style of round, close-fitting
collar. ¹ ³vi ´act as @ on a boat: ³Will you @ for me in tomorrow's race?¼
¨crew©2 ²/kru/ ³pt ´of µcrow±2µ.¼
¨crib©1 ²/krIb/ ³n ¸1 ´wooden framework from which animals can pull out fodder;
manger. ¸2 ´(US) bin or box for storing maize, salt, etc. ¸3 ´(US = ³cr`eche´)
representation (eÔg in a church at Christmas) of the nativity. ¸4 ´bed for a
newborn baby. ¹ ³vt µ(-bb-) ´shut up in a small space.¼
¨crib©2 ²/krIb/ ³n ¸1 ´sth copied dishonestly from the work of another. ¸2
´word-for-word translation of a foreign text used by students of the language.
¹ ³vt,vi µ(-bb-) ´use a @µ(2)´; copy (another pupil's written work)
dishonestly.¼
¨crib®bage© ²/ÚkrIbIdZ/ ³n ¶[U] ´card-game for two, three or four persons, who
use pegs and a board (¸Ú@-board´) with peg-holes in it for keeping the score.¼
¨crick© ²/krIk/ ³n ´(usu ¸a @´) stiff condition of the muscles of the neck or
the back causing sudden, sharp pain: ³to have/get a @ in the neck. ¹ ³vt
´produce a @ in: ³to @ one's neck/back.¼
¨cricket©1 ²/ÚkrIkIt/ ³n ´small, brown jumping insect which makes a shrill
noise by rubbing its front wings together: ³the chirping of @s. µ¥ ´the illus
at µinsect.¼
¨cricket©2 ²/ÚkrIkIt/ ³n ¶[U] ´ball game played on a grass field by two teams
of eleven players each, with bats and wickets. ·not @, ´(colloq) unfair;
unsportsmanlike. ¸@er ³n ´@ player.¼
¨cried© ²/krñId/ ³pt,pp µ¥ cry±1µ.¼
¨crier© ²/ÚkrñIE(r)/ ³n ¸1 ´officer who makes public announcements in a court
of law. ¸*town-Ú@, ´(old use) man who goes round the streets to make
proclamations and announcements. ¸2 ´person (esp a young child) who criesµ(2)
´a lot.¼
¨cries© ²/krñIz/ ³pres t ´of µcry±1´; ³pl ´of µcry±2µ.¼
¨cri®key© ²/ÚkrñIkI/ ³int ´(colloq) exclamation of surprise.¼
¨crime© ²/krñIm/ ³n ¸1 ¶[C] ´offence for which there is severe punishment by
law; ¶[U] ´such offences collectively; serious law-breaking: ³to commit a
serious @; the @s of which he was proved guilty. It is the business of the
police to prevent and detect @ and of the law courts to punish @. ¸Ú@ fiction,
´novels in which the detection of @ is the chief interest. ¸2 ´foolish or
wrong act, not necessarily an offence against the law: ³It would be a @ to
send the boy out on such a cold, wet night. ¸3 ´(in the army) serious breaking
of the regulations (not necessarily an offence against civil law). ¸Ú@ sheet,
´record of a soldier's offences. ¹ ³vt ´charge (a man) with, convict (a man)
of, a military offence.¼
¨crimi®nal© ²/ÚkrImInl/ ³adj ´of crime: ³a @ act; a @ offender; @
law, µ¥ ³civil law ´at µcivil(1). ³¹ n ´person who commits a crime or crimes.
¸@®ly ²/-ElI/ ³adv¼
¨crimi®nol®ogy© ²/*krImIÚnolEdZI/ ³n ¶[U] ´the study of crime.¼
¨crimp© ²/krImp/ ³vt ´make (eÔg hair) wavy or curly (as with a hot iron).¼
¨crim®son© ²/ÚkrImzn/ ³adj, n ´deep red. ¹ ³vt,vi ´make or become @.¼
¨cringe© ²/krIndZ/ ³vi ¶[VP2A,C] ¸1 ·@ (at), ´move (the body) back or down in
fear: ³The dog @d at the sight of the whip. ¸2 ´behave (towards a superior) in
a way that shows lack of self-respect; be too humble: ³a cringing beggar; to @
to/before a policeman.¼
¨crinkle© ²/ÚkrIGkl/ ³n ´small, narrow wrinkle (in material such as foil or
paper). ¹ ³vt,vi ¶[VP6A,15B,2A,C] ·@ (up), ´make or get a @ or @s in: ³@d
paper, ´eÔg cr^epe paper. ¸crin®kly ²/ÚkrIGklI/ ³adj µ(-ier, -iest) ´(of
materials) having @s; (of hair) curly.¼
¨crino®line© ²/ÚkrInElIn/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´stiff, strong, rough fabric. ¸2 ¶[C]
´light framework covered with stiff material, as formerly worn to make a skirt
swell out; µ¥ hoop±1µ(2).¼
¨cripes© ²/krñIps/ ³int ´(expressing astonishment, etc) My Goodness!¼
¨cripple© ²/ÚkrIpl/ ³n ´person unable to walk or move properly,
through injury or weakness in the spine or legs. ¹ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´(lit, fig) make
a @ of; damage or weaken seriously: ³@d soldiers; @d with rheumatism; a ship
that was @d in a storm; activities @d by lack of money.¼
¨cri®sis© ²/ÚkrñIsIs/ ³n (pl µcrises ²/-siz/³) ´turning-point in illness, life,
history, etc; time of difficulty, danger or anxiety about the future: ³a
financial @. Things are coming to/drawing to/reaching a @. We must bring things
to a @´, do sth to reach the state when a definite decision must be taken.¼
¨crisp© ²/krIsp/ ³adj ¸1 ´(esp of food) hard, dry and easily
broken: ³@ toast/biscuits. The snow was @ underfoot. ¸2 ´(of the air, the
weather) frosty, cold and dry: ³the @ air of an autumn morning. ¸3 ´(of hair)
tightly curled. ¸4 ´(of style, manners) quick, precise and decided; showing no
doubts or hesitation: ³a man with a @ manner of speaking. ¹ n ´(US = ³chip´)
(also ¸po*tato Ú@´) thin slice of potato, fried and dried (usu sold in bulk in
packets). ¹ ³vt,vi ´make or become @. ¸@®ly ³adv ¸@®ness ³n¼
¨criss®cross© ²/ÚkrIskros ³US: ²-krcs/ ³adj ´with crossed lines: ³a @
pattern/design. ¹ ³adv ´crosswise. ¹ ³vt,vi ´move crosswise; mark with lines
that cross.¼
¨cri®terion© ²/krñIÚtIErIEn/ ³n (pl µ-ria ²/-rIE/ ´or µ@s´) ´standard of
judgement; principle by which sth is measured for value: ³Success in
money-making is not always a good @ of real success in life.¼
¨critic© ²/ÚkrItIk/ ³n ¸1 ´person who forms and gives judgements, esp about
literature, art, music, etc: ³music(al)/drama(tic)/literary, etc @s. ¸2 ´person
who finds fault, points out mistakes, etc: ³I am my own most severe @.¼
¨criti®cal© ²/ÚkrItIkl/ ³adj ¸1 ´of or at a crisis: ³We are at a @ time in our
history. The patient's condition is @´, He is dangerously ill. ³This is a @
moment´, eÔg one when there will be a change for the better or the worse. ¸2
´of the work of a critic: ³@ opinions on art and literature. ¸3
´fault-finding: ³@ remarks. She looks on everything with a @ eye. ¸@®ly
²/-IklI/ ³adv ´in a @ manner: ³He is @ly ill.¼
¨criti®cism© ²/ÚkrItIsIzEm/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´the work of a critic; the art of making
judgements (concerning art, literature, etc). ¸2 ¶[C] ´judgement or opinion on
literature, art, etc. ¸3 ¶[U] ´fault-finding; ¶[C] ´remark, etc that finds
fault: ³He hates @, ´being criticized. ³Your frank @s of his attempts annoyed
him.¼
¨criti®cize© ²/ÚkrItIsñIz/ ³vt,vi ¶[VP6A,14,2A] ·@ (for), ´form and give a
judgement of; find fault with: ³@ sb's work; @ sb for doing/not doing sth.¼
¨cri®tique© ²/krIÚtik/ ³n ¶[C] ´critical essay or review.¼
¨croak© ²/krE8k/ ³n ´deep, hoarse sound (as made by frogs or ravens). ¹ ³vt,vi
¶[VP2A,6A,15B] ·@ (out), ´make this kind of sound; say (sth) in a @ing voice;
foretell (evil); express dismal views about the future. ¸3 ¶[VP2A] ´(sl) µdie
±2´.¼
¨cro®chet© ²/ÚkrE82eI ³US: ²krE8Ú2eI/ ³vt,vi ¶[VP6A,2A] ´make (needlework, eÔg
a shawl) with a thread looped over others with the help of a small hooked
needle (called a ¸Ú@-hook´). ¹ ³n ¶[U] ´material (eÔg lace) made or being made
in this way.¼
¨crock©1 ²/krok/ ³n ´pot or jar made of baked earth, eÔg for containing water;
broken piece of such a pot: ³Fill the bottom of the flower-pot with @s for
drainage.¼
¨crock©2 ²/krok/ ³n ´(colloq) horse that has become old, weak and useless;
person who cannot work well because of bad health, lameness, etc; very old
motor vehicle, etc. ¹ ³vi,vt ¶[VP2C,15B] ·@ up, ´become, cause to become, a @:
³This attack of influenza has @ed me up. The poor man is @ing up.¼
¨crock®ery© ²/ÚkrokErI/ ³n ¶[U] ´pots, plates, cups, dishes and
other utensils (made of baked clay).¼
¨croco®dile© ²/ÚkrokEdñIl/ ³n ¸1 ´large river reptile with a long body and
tail, covered with a hard skin. µ¥ ´the illus at µreptile. ¸@ Útears ³n pl
´insincere sorrow. ¸2 ´(GB colloq) school children walking in procession, two
by two.¼
¨cro®cus© ²/ÚkrE8kEs/ ³n (pl µ@es ²/-sIz/³) ´(kind of) small plant growing from
a corm, with coloured flowers early in spring.¼
¨Croe®sus© ²/ÚkrisEs/ ³n ´(6th c ¶BÔC´) wealthy king in Asia Minor. ¸a @, ´very
wealthy person.¼
¨croft© ²/kroft ³US: ²krcft/ ³n ´(GB) small, enclosed field; small farm. ¸@er
³n ´person who rents or owns a small farm, esp a joint tenant of a divided farm
in Scotland.¼
¨crom®lech© ²/Úkromlek/ ³n ´prehistoric structure of large flat stones laid
horizontally on upright stones.¼
¨crone© ²/krE8n/ ³n ´withered old woman.¼
¨crony© ²/ÚkrE8nI/ ³n ´close friend; companion; close associate.¼
¨crook© ²/kr8k/ ³n ¸1 ´stick or staff with a rounded hook at one end, esp such
a stick used by a shepherd. µ¥ hook. ¸2 ´bend or curve, eÔg in a river or path.
¸Ú@-back(ed), ´hunch-back(ed). ¸3 ´(colloq) person who makes a living by
dishonest or criminal means. ¸4 ·on the @, ´(sl) dishonest(ly). ¹ ³vt,vi
¶[VP6A,2A] ´bend into the shape of a @; ³to @ one's finger/arm.¼
¨crooked© ²/Úkr8kId/ ³adj ¸1 ´not straight or level; twisted; bent: ³a @ lane.
You've got your hat on @. ¸2 ´(of a person or his actions) dishonest; not
straightforward. ¸@®ly ³adv ¸@®ness ³n¼
¨croon© ²/krun/ ³vt,vi ¶[VP6A,13A,15A,2C] ´hum or sing gently in a narrow range
of notes: ³@ to oneself; @ a lullaby; @ the baby to sleep. ¸@er ³n ´(1930's and
1940's) person who @s, esp a public entertainer who sings sentimental songs
with a microphone held at the lips.¼
¨crop©1 ²/krop/ ³n ¶[C] ¸1 ´yearly (or season's) produce of grain,
grass, fruit, etc; ³(pl) ´agricultural plants in the fields: ³the ·Ú³potato @;
a good @ of rice; to get the @s in; ´(attrib) ³@ failures. The land is in/under
@´, being cultivated. ³The land is out of @´, not being cultivated.
¸Ú@-dusting, ´dusting (eÔg from low-flying aircraft) of growing @s with
insecticide or fertiliser. ¸2 ´group of persons or things, amount of anything,
appearing or produced together: ³The Prime Minister's statement produced a @ of
questions.¼
¨crop©2 ²/krop/ ³n ¶[C] ¸1 ´bag-like part of a bird's throat where food is
broken up for digestion before passing into the stomach. ·neck and @, µ¥ neck.
¸2 ´handle of a whip; (also ¸Úhunting-@´) whip-handle with a loop instead of a
lash. ¸3 ´very short hair-cut: ³You look as if you've had a prison @´, had
your hair cut very short, like men in prison.¼
¨crop©3 ²/krop/ ³vt,vi µ(-pp-) ¸1 ¶[VP6A,22] ´(of animals) bite off the tops
of (grass, plants, etc); graze: ³The sheep had @ped the grass short. ¸2
¶[VP6A,22] ´cut short (a person's hair, a horse's tail or ears). ¸3 ¶[VP6A,14]
·@ (with), ´sow or plant: ³to @ ten acres with wheat. ¸4 ¶[VP2A] ´bear a crop:
³The beans @ped well this year. µ¥ crop±1µ(1). ¸5 ¶[VP2C] ·@ up/out, ´(of rock,
minerals) show up above the earth's surface. µ¥ outcrop. ¸6 ¶[VP2C] ·@ up,
´appear or arise (esp unexpectedly): ³All sorts of difficulties @ped up.
The subject @ped up in the course of conversation.¼
¨crop®per© ²/ÚkropE(r)/ ³n ¸1 ¸good/bad/heavy/light @, ´plant yielding a good
etc crop: ³These peas are good @s. ¸2 ´person or thing that crops. µ¥
³share-cropper ´at µshare±1µ(1). ¸3 ·come a @, ´(colloq) have a fall; meet with
failure (eÔg in an examination).¼
¨cro®quet© ²/ÚkrE8keI ³US: ²krE8ÚkeI/ ³n ¶[U] ´game played on short
grass with wooden balls which are knocked with wooden mallets through hoops.¼
¨cro®quette© ²/krE8Úket/ ³n ¶[C] ´ball of minced meat, fish, potato etc, coated
with bread-crumbs and cooked in fat.¼
¨crore© ²/krc(r)/ ³n ´(India and Pakistan) ten millions; one hundred lakhs (eÔg
of rupees).¼
¨cro®sier©, cro®zier ²/ÚkrE8zIE(r) ³US: ²-ZEr/ ³n ´bishop's staff, usu shaped
like a shepherd's crook. µ¥ ´the illus at µvestment.¼
¨cross©1 ²/kros ³US: ²krcs/ ³n ¸1 ´mark made by drawing one line across
another, thus: Ø, +: ³The place is marked on the map with a @. ·make one's @,
´put a @ on a document instead of one's signature (as in former times by
illiterate persons). ¸2 ´line or stroke forming part of a letter (eÔg the
horizontal stroke on a "t'). ¸3 ´stake or post with another piece of wood
across it like µT´, ²Ï ´or µX´, as used in ancient times for crucifixion, esp
¸the C@, ´that on which Christ died; model of this as a religious emblem; sth
(esp a monument) in the form of a @ (eÔg one in stone set up in the
market-place of a village or town, called a ¸Úmarket-@´); sign of a @ made with
the right hand as a religious act. ¸4 ´(fig) suffering; affliction; burden of
sorrow: ³to bear one's @; to take up one's @´, be ready to bear affliction or
suffering. ¸5 ´emblem, in the form of a @ or a star, (to be) worn by an order
of knighthood; decoration for personal valour: ³the Victoria C@; the
Distinguished Service C@. ¸6 ´(place of) crossing. ·cut on the @,
´(dress-making) cut diagonally: ³This skirt material was cut on the @, ´on the
bias. ¸7 ´offspring of animals or plants of different sorts or breeds: ³A mule
is a @ between a horse and an ass.¼
¨cross©2 ²/kros ³US: ²krcs/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A,2A,C] ·@ (from) (to), ´go across;
pass from one side to the other side of: ³to @ a road/river/bridge/the sea/the
Sahara, etc; to @ from Dover to Calais. ·@ a person's path, ´meet him: ³I hope
I shall never @ that man's path again. ·@ one's mind, ´(of ideas, etc) occur to
one: ³The idea has just @ed my mind that«. ¸2 ¶[VP6A,15A,B] ·@
(off/out/through), ´draw a line or lines across or through (to cancel): ³Two of
the words had been @ed out. I @ed his name off the list. ·@ a cheque, ´draw two
lines across it so that payment can be made only through a bank. Hence, ¸*@ed
Úcheque ³n ´one that must be paid into a bank account, and cannot be cashed
unless made out to "self' or "cash'. ·@ one's t's and dot one's i's, ´(fig) be
careful and exact. ¸3 ¶[VP6A,14] ´put or place across or over: ³to @ one's
legs; to @ one's arms on one's chest. ·@ sb's palm with silver, ´give a coin to
him (esp to a fortune-teller). ·@ swords with sb, ´fight or argue with him.
·keep one's fingers @ed, ´(fig) hope for the best, that nothing will happen to
upset one's plans, etc. ¸4 ·@ oneself, ´make the sign of the cross on or over
oneself as a religious act, to invoke God's protection, or as a sign of awe. ¸5
¶[VP6A,2A] ´(of persons travelling, letters in the post) meet and pass: ³We @ed
each other on the way. Our letters @ed in the post. Your letter @ed mine in the
post. ¸@ed line, ´interruption by mistake into a telephone connection. ¸6
¶[VP6A] ´oppose or obstruct (sb, his plans, wishes, etc): ³He was angry at
having his plans @ed. He @es me in everything. He has been @ed in love´, has
failed to win the love of the woman he was in love with. ¸7 ¶[VP6A,14] ·@
(with), ´produce a crossµ(7) ´by mixing breeds; (cause to) interbreed;
cross-fertilize (plants, etc). µ¥ crossbreed.¼
¨cross©3 ²/kros ³US: ²krcs/ ³adj ¸1 ´(colloq) bad-tempered; easily
or quickly showing anger: ³Don't be @ with the child for being late. I've never
heard a @ word from her lips. Don't pull the dog's tail, you'll make him @. ·as
@ as two sticks, ´(colloq) very bad-tempered. ¸2 ´(of winds) contrary; opposed:
³Strong @ winds made it difficult for the yachts to leave harbour. ¸@®ly ³adv
¸@®ness ³n¼
¨cross®bar© ²/Úkrosbq(r) ³US: ²Úkrcs-/ ³n ´bar going across, eÔg
the bar joining the two upright posts of the goal (in football, etc) or the
front and rear ends of a bicycle frame. µ¥ ´the illus at µbicycle.¼
¨cross®beam© ²/Úkrosbim ³US: ²Úkrcs-/ ³n ´beam placed across, esp one that
supports parts of a structure; girder.¼
¨cross®benches© ²/Úkrosbent2Iz ³US: ²Úkrcs-/ ³n pl ´those benches in the House
of Commons used by members who do not vote regularly with either the Government
or the Opposition. Hence, ¸cross®bencher ³n µ¥ bench.¼
¨cross®bones© ²/ÚkrosbE8nz ³US: ²Úkrcs-/ ³n pl ´(design of) two thigh bones
laid across each other, usu under a skull, as an emblem of death (used as a
warning of danger, and on the black flag once used by pirates).¼
¨cross®bow© ²/ÚkrosbE8 ³US: ²Úkrcs-/ ³n ´old kind of bow placed across a
grooved wooden support, used for shooting arrows, bolts, stones, etc.¼
¨cross®bred© ²/Úkrosbred ³US: ²Úkrcs-/ ³adj ´produced by crossing breeds: ³@
sheep.¼
¨cross®breed© ²/Úkrosbrid ³US: ²Úkrcs-/ ³n ´(in farming, etc) animal, plant,
etc, produced by crossing different kinds. ¹ ³vt ¶[VP2A,6A] ´produce in this
way.¼
¨cross-check© ²/*kros Út2ek ³US: ²*krcs/ ³vt,vi ¶[VP6A,2A] ´verify, eÔg a
method, calculation, by using a different method, etc: ³We @ed the results
twice. ¹ ³n ´verification of this sort: ³We'd better do a @ on these figures.¼
¨cross®country© ²/*krosÚkAntrI ³US: ²*krcs-/ ³adj, adv ´across the country or
fields, not along roads: ³a @ race.¼
¨cross-cur®rent© ²/Úkros kArEnt ³US: ²Úkrcs -/ ³n ´current flowing across
another; ´(fig) body of opinion contrary to that of the majority (on sth of
public interest).¼
¨cross®cut© ²/ÚkroskAt ³US: ²Úkrcs-/ ³adj ´(of a saw) with teeth designed for
cutting across the grain of wood. ¹ ³n ´diagonal cut or path; short cut.¼
¨cross-division© ²/*kros dIÚvIzn ³US: ²*krcs/ ³n ¶[U] ´division of a group
according to more than one factor at the same time so that sub-divisions
interrelate; ¶[C] ´instance of this.¼
¨crosse© ²/kros ³US: ²krcs/ ³n ´kind of long-handled racquet used
in lacrosse.¼
¨cross-exam®ine© ²/*kros IgÚzamIn ³US: ²*krcs/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´question closely,
esp to test answers already given to someone else, as in a law court, by
counsel, etc. ¸cross-examiner ²/-mInE(r)/ ³n ¸cross-exam®in®ation ²/*kros
Ig*zamIÚneI2n ³US: ²*krcs/ ³n¼
¨cross®eyed© ²/ÚkrosñId ³US: ²Úkrcs-/ ³adj ´with one or both eyeballs turned
towards the nose.¼
¨cross-fer®ti®lize© ²/*kros Úf3tElñIz ³US: ²*krcs/ ³vt ´(bot) carry pollen from
the stamens of one plant to the pistil of another plant to produce hybrids.
¸cross-fer®ti®li®za®tion ²/*kros *f3tElqIÚzeI2n ³US: ²*krcs/ ³n¼
¨cross®fire© ²/ÚkrosfñIE(r) ³US: ²Úkrcs-/ ³n ¶[U,C] ´(mil) firing of guns from
two or more points so that the lines of fire cross; (fig) situation in which
questions are put to sb from different persons.¼
¨cross-grained© ²/*kros ÚgreInd ³US: ²*krcs/ ³adj ¸1 ´(of wood) with the grain
in crossing directions. ¸2 ´(fig) perverse; difficult to please or get on
with.¼
¨cross-head®ing© ²/*kros ÚhedIG ³US: ²*krcs/ ³n ´(in a newspaper, etc)
subordinate heading indicating briefly the contents of the passage that
follows, inserted across the page or column to guide the reader.¼
¨cross-index© ²/*kros ÚIndeks ³US: ²*krcs/ ³n, vt ¶[VP6A] ´(supply with)
cross-reference.¼
¨cross®ing© ²/ÚkrosIG ³US: ²Úkrcs-/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U,C] ´the act of going across, esp
by sea: ³We had a rough @ from Dover to Calais. ¸2 ¶[C] ´place where two roads,
two railways, or (esp) a road and a railway cross. ¸*level Ú@, ´one without a
bridge (US = ³grade @´). ¸3 ¸pe*destrian/*zebra Ú@´, place on a street where
pedestrians are requested to cross (often marked by studs or white lines and
sometimes by traffic lights operated by pedestrians) (US = ³crosswalk).¼
¨cross®keys© ²/*krosÚkiz ³US: ²*krcs-/ ³n pl ´(design of) crossed keys as Papal
arms, and as an inn sign.¼
¨cross-legged© ²/*kros Úlegd ³US: ²*krcs/ ³adv ´(of a person sitting) with one
leg placed across the other.¼
¨cross®patch© ²/Úkrospat2 ³US: ²Úkrcs-/ ³n ´(colloq) cross,
bad-tempered person.¼
¨cross-piece© ²/Úkros pis ³US: ²Úkrcs/ ³n ´piece (of a structure) lying across
another piece.¼
¨cross-pur®poses© ²/*kros Úp3pEsIz ³US: ²*krcs/ ³n pl ·be at @, ´(of two
persons or groups) misunderstand one another; have different and conflicting
purposes.¼
¨cross-question© ²/*kros Úkwest2En ³US: ²*krcs/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´= µcross-examine.¼
¨cross-ref®er®ence© ²/*kros ÚrefErEns ³US: ²*krcs/ ³n ¶[C] ´reference from one
part of a book, index, file, etc to another, for further information.¼
¨cross®road© ²/ÚkrosrE8d ³US: ²Úkrcs-/ ³n ¸1 ´road that crosses another. ¸2
a/the @s, ´(used with ³sing v´) place where two roads meet and cross: ³We came
to a @s. ¸3 ·at the @s, ´(fig) at a critical turning-point (in life, etc).¼
¨cross-sec®tion© ²/*kros Úsek2n ³US: ²*krcs/ ³n ¶[C] ´(drawing of a) piece or
slice made by cutting across, eÔg a tree trunk; (fig) typical or representative
sample of the whole: ³a @ of the electors/the middle classes.¼
¨cross-stitch© ²/Úkros stIt2 ³US: ²Úkrcs/ ³n ¶[C] ´stitch formed of two
stitches that cross; ¶[U] ´needlework in which this stitch is used.¼
¨cross-talk© ²/Úkros tck ³US: ²Úkrcs/ ³n ¶[U] ´(GB, colloq) rapid exchange of
remarks, eÔg by comedians in a variety entertainment or in a quarrel; talk in
which conversation is garbled, eÔg by crossed telephone lines.¼
¨cross®trees© ²/Úkrostriz ³US: ²Úkrcs-/ ³n pl ´two horizontal timbers bolted
to a lower mast to support the mast above and to support ropes, etc.¼
¨cross®walk© ²/Úkroswck ³US ²Úkrcs-/ ³n µ¥ crossing(3).¼
¨cross®wind© ²/ÚkroswInd ³US: ²Úkrcs-/ ³n ¶[C] ´wind blowing at right angles,
eÔg to an aircraft's line of flight or to traffic on a motorway.¼
¨cross-wise© ²/Úkros wñIz ³US: ²Úkrcs/ ³adv ´across; diagonally; in the form of
a cross.¼
¨cross®word© ²/Úkrosw3d ³US: ²Úkrcs-/ ³n ´(also ¸Ú@ puzzle´) puzzle
in which words have to be written (from numbered clues) vertically (= clues
³down´) and horizontally (= clues ³across´) in spaces on a chequered square or
oblong.¼
¨crotch© ²/krot2/ ³n ¸1 ´place where a branch forks from a tree: ³The child
was sitting in a @ of a tree. ¸2 ´place where a pair of trousers or a person's
legs fork from the trunk.¼
¨crotchet© ²/Úkrot2It/ ³n ¸1 ´(music) (US = ³quarter note´) black-headed note
with stem (²1´), half of a minim. µ¥ ´the illus at µnotation. ¸2 ´strange,
unreasonable idea. ¸@y ³adj ´full of @sµ(2)´; bad-tempered.¼
¨crouch© ²/krñ8t2/ ³vi ¶[VP2A,C,4A] ·@ (down), ´lower the body with the limbs
together (in fear or to hide, or, of animals, ready to spring). ¹ ³n ´@ing
position.¼
¨croup©1 ²/krup/ ³n ¶[U] ´children's disease in which there is inflammation of
the windpipe, with coughing and difficulty in breathing.¼
¨croup©2 ²/krup/ ³n ´rump or buttocks of certain animals. µ¥ ´the illus of
³horse ´at µdomestic.¼
¨crou®pier© ²/ÚkrupIeI ³US: ²-pIEr/ ³n ´person who rakes in the money at a
gaming table and pays out winnings.¼
¨crow©1 ²/krE8/ ³n ´(kinds of) large, black bird with a harsh cry. µ¥ ´the
illus at µbird. µ¥ ´also µcarrion, jackdaw, raven, rook±1µ. ·as the Ú@ flies,
´in a straight line. ¸Ú@'s-nest, ´protected look-out platform fixed at the
mast-head of a ship (eÔg a whaling ship) for the look-out man. ¸Ú@'s-feet ³n pl
´network of little lines on the skin near the outer corners of a person's
eyes.¼
¨crow©2 ²/krE8/ ³vi (pt µcrowed ´or (archaic) µcrew ²/kru/, ³pp µcrowed³)
¶[VP6A,3A] ¸1 ´(of a cock) make a loud, shrill cry. ¸2 ´(of a baby) make
sounds showing happiness. ¸3 ·@ (over), ´(of persons) express gleeful triumph:
³to @ over an unsuccessful rival. ¹ n ³@ing sound.¼
¨crow®bar© ²/ÚkrE8bq(r)/ ³n ´straight iron bar, often with a forked end, used
as a lever for moving heavy objects.¼
¨crowd© ²/krñ8d/ ³n ¶[C] ¸1 ´large number of people together, but without order
or organization: ³There were large @s of people in the streets on New
Year's Eve. He pushed his way through the @. ·(would) pass in a @, ´is not
obviously unsatisfactory or defective. ¸2 the @, ´the masses; people in
general. ·follow/move with the @, ´be content to do what most people
do. ¸3 ´(colloq) company of persons associated in some way; set or clique of
persons: ³I can't afford to go about with that @; they're too extravagant. ¸4
´large number (of things, usu without order): ³a desk covered with a @ of books
and papers. ¹ ³vi,vt ¸1 ¶[VP2B,C,6A,14,15A,B] ´come together in a @: ³@ a
beach/square/hall. Now, don't all @ together! ·@ round, ´form a circle (round):
³People quickly @ round when there is a street accident. The pupils @ed round
the teacher to ask questions. ·@ through/in/into, etc; @ (sth) with, ´(cause
to) move through, etc in a @; fill with: ³They @ed through the gates into the
stadium. They @ed the buses with passengers/@ed people into the buses. Let's
not @ the room with furniture. Memories @ed in upon me´, came thick and fast
into my mind. ·@ sb/sth out (of), ´keep out by @ing: ³There was an overflow
meeting for those who were @ed out´, unable to obtain admission. ³Your
contribution to the magazine was @ed out´, There was no space for it. ¸2
´(naut) ·@ on sail, ´hoist many sails (so as to increase speed). ¸3 ¶[VP6A]
´(colloq) put pressure on: ³Don't @ me; give me time to think! ¸@ed ³part adj
´having large numbers of people: ³@ed cities/trains/buses.¼
¨crown©1 ²/krñ8n/ ³n ¸1 ´ornamental headdress of gold, jewels, etc worn by a
sovereign ruler; royal power: ³to wear the @´, rule as a sovereign; ³succeed
to the @´, become the sovereign ruler; ³an officer of the @´, a State
official; ³a minister of the @´, a Cabinet Minister; ³a @ appointment´, one
made by the sovereign. ¸C@ Colony´, one governed completely by Great
Britain. ¸@-land, ´land that belongs to the C@. ¸@ prince´, next in succession
to the throne. ¸@ princess´, wife of a @ prince. ¸@ witness´, witness for the
Prosecution in a criminal case. ¸2 ´circle or wreath of flowers or leaves worn
on the head, esp as a sign of victory, or as a reward: ³a martyr's @. ¸3
´British coin worth 25p, formerly 5 shillings. ¸half a @; a half-@, ´(until
1971) British coin worth 12§p. ¸4 ´top of the head or of a hat; part of a tooth
that shows; (fig) perfection, completion: ³the @ of one's labours; the @ of the
year´, the autumn, season of harvests. ¸5 ´@-shaped ornament (eÔg a
crest or badge).¼
¨crown©2 ²/krñ8n/ ³vt ¸1 ¶[VP6A,23] ´put a crown on (a king or
queen): ³the @ed heads ´(= kings and queens) ³of Europe. They @ed him king. ¸2
¶[VP6A,14] ·@ (with), ´reward with a crown; give honour to; reward: ³to be @ed
with victory; efforts that were @ed with success. ¸3 ¶[VP6A,14] ·@ (with), ´be
or have at the top of: ³The hill is @ed with a wood. ¸4 ¶[VP6A] ´put a happy
finishing touch to: ³to open a bottle of wine to @ a feast. ·to @ (it) all, ´to
complete good/bad fortune, etc: ³It was raining, we had no umbrellas, and, to @
all, we missed the last bus and had to walk home. ¸5 ¶[VP6A] ´put an artificial
cover on a broken tooth. µ¥ crown±1µ(3). ¸@®ing ³part adj ´(attrib only)
completing; making perfect: ³the @ing touch to the evening's entertainment.
Her @ing glory is her hair.¼
¨cro®zier© ²/ÚkrE8zIE(r) ³US: ²-ZEr/ ³n ´= µcrosier.¼
¨cru®cial© ²/Úkru2l/ ³adj ´decisive; critical: ³the @ test/question; at the @
moment. ¸@®ly ²/-2ElI/ ³adv¼
¨cru®cible© ²/ÚkrusIbl/ ³n ´pot in which metals are melted; (fig) severe test
or trial.¼
¨cru®ci®fix© ²/ÚkrusIfIks/ ³n ´model of the Cross with the figure of Jesus on
it.¼
¨cru®ci®fixion© ²/*krusIÚfIk2n/ ³n ¶[U] ´putting to death, being put to death,
on a crossµ(3)´; ¶[C] ´instance of this. ¸the C@, ´that of Jesus.¼
¨cru®ci®form© ²/ÚkrusIfcm/ ³adj ´cross-shaped.¼
¨cru®cify© ²/ÚkrusIfñI/ ³vt ´put to death by nailing or binding to a
crossµ(3).¼
¨crude© ²/krud/ ³adj ¸1 ´(of materials) in a natural state; not refined or
manufactured: ³@ oil´, petroleum; ³@ sugar; @ ore. ¸2 ´not having grace, taste
or refinement: ³@ manners. ¸3 ´not finished properly; badly worked out: ³@
schemes/methods/ideas; @ paintings´, showing lack of skill; ³@ facts´,
presented in an undisguised way, with no attempt to make them less unpleasant;
³a @ log cabin in the mountains. ¸@®ly ³adv¼
¨crud®ity© ²/ÚkrudItI/ ³n ¶[U] ´the state or quality of being crude; ¶[C] ³(pl
µ-ties³) ´instance of this; crude act, remark, etc.¼
¨cruel© ²/kr8El/ ³adj µ(-ller, -llest) ¸1 ´(of persons) taking pleasure in the
suffering of others; ready to give pain to others: ³a @ master; a man who is @
to animals. It was @ of him to make the donkey carry such a heavy load. ¸2
´causing pain or suffering; showing indifference to the sufferings of others:
³a @ blow/punishment/disease/war; in a @ ´(= distressing) ³predicament. ¸@®ly
²/Úkr8ElI/ ³adv¼
¨cruelty© ²/ÚkruEltI/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´readiness to give pain or cause suffering to
others; delight in this; cruel nature: ³C@ to animals is severely punished in
England. ¸2 ¶[C] ³(pl µ-ties³) ´cruel act.¼
¨cruet© ²/ÚkruIt/ ³n ¸1 ´small glass bottle for vinegar or oil for
use at table. ¸2 ´(also ¸Ú@-stand´) stand for oil and vinegar @s, and for
mustard, chutney etc¼
¨cruise© ²/kruz/ ³vi ¶[VP2A,C] ¸1 ´sail about, either for pleasure, or, in war,
looking for enemy ships. ¸2 ´(of cars, aircraft) travel at the speed (and
of aircraft at the altitude) most economical of fuel, less than the top speed:
³The car has a cruising speed of 50 miles an hour. ¹ n ´cruising voyage: ³to
go on/for a @. The liner is making a round-the-world @ this year´, a pleasure
voyage. ¸cruiser ²/ÚkruzE(r)/ ³n ¸1 ´fast warship. ¸2 Úcabin-@r, ´motor-boat
(with sleeping accommodation, etc) designed for pleasure @s.¼
¨crumb© ²/krAm/ ³n ¸1 ¶[C] ´very small piece of dry food, esp a bit of bread
or cake rubbed off or dropped from a large piece: ³sweep up the @s; ¶[U]
´soft, inner part of a loaf of bread. µ¥ crust(1). ¸2 ´(fig) small amount: ³a
few @s of information/comfort.¼
¨crumble© ²/ÚkrAmbl/ ³vt,vi ¶[VP6A,2A,C] ´break, rub or fall into very small
pieces: ³to @ one's bread´, rub it into crumbs; ³crumbling walls´, that are
falling into ruin; ³great empires that have @d ´(= decayed) ³and fallen;
´(fig) ³hopes that @d to dust´, came to nothing.¼
¨crum®bly© ²/ÚkrAmblI/ ³adj µ(-ier, -iest) ´easily crumbled.¼
¨crum®pet© ²/ÚkrAmpIt/ ³n ´(GB) ¸1 ´flat, round, soft, unsweetened cake, usu
toasted and eaten hot with butter spread on it. ¸2 ´(sl) head. ¸3 ´(sl)
sexually attractive girl or woman.¼
¨crumple© ²/ÚkrAmpl/ ³vt,vi ¶[VP6A,15B,2A,C] ¸1 ´press or crush into folds or
creases: ³to @ one's clothes, ´eÔg by packing them carelessly. ¸2 ´become full
of folds or creases: ³Some kinds of material @ more easily than others. Do
nylon sheets @? ¸3 ·@ up, ´(lit, fig) crush; collapse: ³to @ up a sheet of
paper into a ball; to @ up an opposing army. The wings of the aircraft @d up.¼
¨crunch© ²/krAnt2/ ³vt,vi ¶[VP6A,2A,C] ¸1 ´crush noisily with the
teeth when eating: ³The dog was @ing a bone. People who @ peanuts in the
cinema can be very annoying. ¸2 ´crush, be crushed, noisily under one's feet,
under wheels, etc: ³The frozen snow @ed under the wheels of our car. Our feet
@ed the gravel. ¹ n ´the act of @ing; noise made by @ing. ·when it comes to
the @; when the @ comes, ´(colloq) when the moment of crisis or decision is
reached.¼
¨crup®per© ²/ÚkrApE(r)/ ³n ´leather strap fastened to the back of a saddle or
harness and looped under the horse's tail; hindquarters of a horse. µ¥ ´the
illus at µharness.¼
¨cru®sade© ²/kruÚseId/ ³n ¸1 ´any one of the military expeditions made by the
Christian rulers and people of Europe during the Middle Ages to recover the
Holy Land from the Muslims. ¸2 ´any struggle or movement in support of sth
believed to be good or against sth believed to be bad: ³a @ against bribery. ¹
vi ¶[VP2A,3A] ·@ (for/against), ´take part in a @. ¸cru®sader ³n ´person taking
part in a @.¼
¨cruse© ²/kruz/ ³n ´(old name for) earthenware pot for oil or water: ³the
widow's @´, inexhaustible supply µ¥ 1 Kings 17: 12.¼
¨crush©1 ²/krA2/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A,15A,B] ´press, be pressed, so that there is
breaking or injury: ³Don't @ this box; it has flowers in it. Wine is made by
@ing grapes. Several people were @ed to death as they tried to escape from the
burning theatre. We can't @ any more people into the hall; it's crowded
already. ·@ up, ´make into powder by @ing. ·@ out (of), ´force out by @ing: ³to
@ out the juice from oranges. ¸2 ¶[VP6A,15A,B,2A,C] ´(cause to) become full of
creases or irregular folds; lose shape: ³Her dresses were badly @ed when she
took them out of the suitcase. Some of the new synthetic dress materials do
not @. ¸3 ¶[VP6A] ´subdue; overwhelm: ³He was not satisfied until he had @ed
his enemies. Our hopes have been @ed. He smiled at her, but she @ed him ´(=
made him feel abashed) ³with a haughty look. ¸4 ¶[VP2C] ´(of persons) ·@
in/into/through/past, etc, ´press or push in, etc: ³They all tried to @ into
the front seats. ¶[VP15A,B] ´(with cognate object) ³We had to @ our way through
the crowd. ¸@®ing ³adj ´overwhelming: ³a @ing defeat; ´in a manner intended to
subdue or disconcert: ³a @ing reply. ¸@®ing®ly ³adv¼
¨crush©2 ²/krA2/ ³n ¸1 a/the @, ´crowd of people pressed together:
³There was a violent @ at the gate into the stadium. ¸Ú@ barrier, ´one erected
to keep back crowds (eÔg along a pavement when crowds of people are expected).
¸2 ´(colloq) crowded social gathering. ¸3 ´(sl) ·get/have a @ on sb, ´(usu of a
young person) be, imagine oneself to be, in love with him. ¸4 ¶[U] ´fruit drink
made by pressing out juice (eÔg from oranges).¼
¨crust© ²/krAst/ ³n ¸1 ¶[C,U] ´(piece of the) hard-baked surface of a loaf;
outer covering (pastry) of a pie or tart. ¸2 ¶[C,U] ´hard surface: ³a thin @
of ice/frozen snow; the earth's @´, the outer portion. ¸3 ´hard deposit on the
inside of a bottle of wine. ¹ ³vt,vi ¶[VP6A,2A,C] ·@ (over), ´cover, become
covered, with a @; form into a @: ³The snow @ed over ´(= froze hard on top)
³during the night.¼
¨crus®ta®cean© ²/krAÚsteI2n/ ³n ´any of a numerous class of animals, mostly
living in water (and popularly called ³shellfish´) with a hard shell (eÔg
³crabs, lobsters´).¼
¨crusted© ²/ÚkrAstId/ ³adj ¸1 ´having a crust. ¸2 ´ancient; venerable. ¸3
´fixed; engrained: ³@ prejudices/habits.¼
¨crusty© ²/ÚkrAstI/ ³adj µ(-ier, -iest) ¸1 ´having a crust; hard like a crust:
³@ bread. ¸2 ´(of persons, their behaviour) curt, harsh; quick to show
irritation, etc.¼
¨crutch© ²/krAt2/ ³n ¸1 ´support used under the arm to help a lame
person to walk: ³a pair of @es; to go about on @es. ¸2 ´support that is like a
@ in shape or use; (fig) any moral support. ¸3 ´crotchµ(2)´.¼
¨crux© ²/krAks/ ³n (pl µ@es³) ´part (of a problem) that is the most difficult
to solve: ³The @ of the matter is this.¼
¨cry©1 ²/krñI/ ³vi,vt (pt,pp µcried´) ¸1 ·cry (out), ¶[VP2A,B,C,3A,4A] ´(of
persons, animals, birds) make (usu loud) sounds that express feelings (eÔg
pain, fear) but not ideas, thoughts, etc: ³A baby can cry as soon as it is
born. He cried out with pain when the dentist pulled the tooth out. ¸2
¶[VP2A,B,C,3A,6A,15B] ´(of persons) weep; shed tears (with or without sounds):
³The boy was crying because he had lost his money. She was crying over her
misfortunes. She was crying for joy´, because she was happy. ³The child was
crying for ´(= because he wanted) ³his mother. The boy was crying with
pain/hunger. She cried hot tears. ·cry one's Úeyes/Úheart out, ´weep very
bitterly. ·cry oneself to sleep, ´cry until one falls asleep. ·give sb sth to
cry for/about, ´punish him for crying without a good or obvious cause. ¸3
¶[VP6A,14,9,2C,3A,4A] ´exclaim; call out loudly in words: ³"Help! Help!' he
cried. The starving people cried to their chief for bread. He cried for mercy.
·cry for the moon, ´demand sth impossible. µ¥ shame(3). ¸4 ¶[VP6A,15A,B]
´announce for sale; make known by calling out: ³to cry one's wares; to cry the
news all over the town. ¸5 ·cry sth down, ´suggest that it is worth little.
·cry off, ´withdraw from sth that one has undertaken: ³I had promised to go,
but had to cry off at the last moment. ·cry sth up, ´praise it highly.¼
¨cry©2 ²/krñI/ ³n (pl µcries³) ¸1 ´loud sound of fear, pain, grief,
etc; loud, excited utterance of words: ³a cry for help; the cry of an animal in
pain; a cry of triumph; angry cries from the mob. They set up/raised a cry of
"Traitor!' ·a far/long cry from, ´a long way from; very different from: ³Being
a junior clerk is a far cry from being one of the Directors. ·in full cry, ´(of
a pack of hounds) barking together as they pursue or hunt (an animal); (fig)
eagerly attacking (sb). ·much cry and little wool, ´(prov) much fuss with
little result. ·within cry (of), ´within hearing; near enough to hear a call.
µ¥ hue±2µ. ¸2 ´words spoken loudly to give information: ³the cry of the night
watchman; ´call announcing sth for sale (by a person in the street): ³the old
(street) cries of London, ³eÔg "Fresh Herrings'. µ¥ crier(1). ¸3 ´watchword or
phrase, used for a principle or cause: ³a ·Ú³war-cry; a ·Ú³battle-cry. "Asia
for the Asians' was their cry. ¸4 ´fit of weeping: ³have a good cry´, find
emotional relief by shedding tears. ³Let her have her cry out´, let her weep
until she becomes calm again. ¸Úcry-baby, ´child who cries often or easily
without good or apparent cause.¼
¨cry®ing© ²/ÚkrñIIG/ ³attrib adj ´(esp of evils) demanding attention: ³a @
shame/evil/need.¼
¨crypt© ²/krIpt/ ³n ´underground room, esp of a church.¼
¨cryp®tic© ²/ÚkrIptIk/ ³adj ´secret; with a hidden meaning, or a meaning not
easily seen: ³a @ remark. ¸cryp®ti®cally ²/-klI/ ³adv¼
¨crypto-© ²/*krIptE8/ ³pref ´(in combntn) hidden, secret: ³a ·*³@-·Ú³fascist,
´person who has fascist sympathies but does not make them public.¼
¨crypto®gram© ²/ÚkrIptEgram/ ³n ¶[C] ´sth written in a secret code.¼
¨crys®tal© ²/ÚkrIstl/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´transparent, natural substance
like quartz; ¶[C] ´piece of this as an ornament: ³a necklace of @s; ´(attrib)
³@ ornaments; @ detector´, type used in early radio sets (called a ¸Ú@ set´).
·@ clear, ´entirely clear; (fig) completely understood. ¸Ú@-gazing, ´looking
into a @ ball in an attempt to see future events pictured there. ¸2 ¶[U]
´glassware of best quality, made into bowls, vases, vessels, etc: ³The
dining-table shone with silver and @. ¸3 ¶[C] ´(science) definite and regular
shape taken naturally by the molecules of certain substances: ³sugar and salt
@s; snow and ice @s. ¸4 ´(US) glass over the face of a watch.¼
¨cry®stal®line© ²/ÚkrIstElñIn/ ³adj ´made of crystal(s); like crystal; very
clear.¼
¨cry®stal®lize© ²/ÚkrIstElñIz/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A,2A] ´form, cause to form, into
crystals. ¸2 ¶[VP6A] ´cover (fruit, etc) with sugar-crystals: ³@d ginger. ¸3
¶[VP6A,2A] ´(fig, of ideas, plans) become, cause to be, clear and definite:
³His vague ideas @d into a definite plan. ¸crys®tal®li®za®tion
²/*krIstElñIÚzeI2n ³US: ²-lIÚz-/ ³n¼
¨cub© ²/kAb/ ³n ¸1 ´young lion, bear, fox, tiger. ¸cub reporter´, young and
inexperienced newspaper reporter. ¸Cub (Scout), ´member of the junior branch of
the Scout Association. ¸2 ´ill-mannered young man.¼
¨cubby-hole© ²/ÚkAbI hE8l/ ³n ´small enclosed space; snug place.¼
¨cube© ²/kjub/ ³n ¸1 ´solid body having six equal square sides; block of
something so shaped or similarly shaped. ¸2 ´(maths) product of a number
multiplied by itself twice: ³The @ of 5 (5±3³) is 5 Ø 5 Ø 5 = 125. The @ root
of 64 (²0³64) is 4 (4 Ø 4 Ø 4 = 64). ¹ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´multiply a number by itself
twice: ³10 @d is 1Ô000.¼
¨cu®bic© ²/ÚkjubIk/ ³adj ´having the shape of a cube; of a cube: ³one @ metre´,
volume of a cube whose edge is one metre; ³@ content´, volume
expressed in cubic measurement; ³a motor vehicle with a 2Ô000 cc capacity, ´iÔe
2Ô000 @ centimetres.¼
¨cu®bi®cal© ²/ÚkjubIkl/ ³adj ´= µcubic.¼
¨cu®bicle© ²/ÚkjubIkl/ ³n ´small division of a larger room, walled
or curtained to make a separate compartment, eÔg for sleeping in, or for
(un)dressing at a swimming-pool.¼
¨cub®ism© ²/ÚkjubIzEm/ ³n ¶[U] ´style in art in which objects are represented
so that they appear to be largely of geometrical shapes. ¸cub®ist ²/ÚkjubIst/
³n ´artist who practises @.¼
¨cu®bit© ²/ÚkjubIt/ ³n ´old measure of length (18 to 22 inches or 45 to 56
centimetres).¼
¨cuck®old© ²/ÚkAkE8ld/ ³n ´(archaic) man whose wife has committed adultery. ¹
³vt ¶[VP6A] ´(of a man) make (another man) a @ by seducing his wife; (of a
woman) make (her husband) a @.¼
¨cuckoo© ²/Úk8ku/ ³n ´bird whose call is like its name, a migratory bird which
reaches the British Isles in spring and lays its eggs in the nests of small
birds. µ¥ ´the illus at µbird. ¸Ú@-clock, ´one that strikes the hours with
notes like the call of a @.¼
¨cu®cum®ber© ²/ÚkjukAmbE(r)/ ³n ¶[C,U] ´(creeping plant with) long,
green-skinned fleshy fruit, usu sliced and eaten in salads, or made into
pickle. µ¥ ´the illus at µvegetable. ·as cool as a @, ´unexcited;
self-possessed.¼
¨cud© ²/kAd/ ³n ¶[U] ´food which oxen, etc bring back from the first stomach
and chew again. ·chew the cud, ´(fig) reflect; ponder.¼
¨cuddle© ²/ÚkAdl/ ³vt,vi ¶[VP6A,15B,2C] ¸1 ´hold close and lovingly in one's
arms: ³The baby doesn't like being @d herself, but she likes to @ her doll. ¸2
·@ up (to/together), ´lie close and comfortably: ³They @d up (together) under
the blankets. She @d up to him to get warm. ¹ n ´act of cuddling; hug. ¸@®some
²/-sEm/, ¸cud®dly ²/ÚkAdlI/ ³adjj ´suitable for, inviting, cuddling: ³a nice
cuddly teddy bear.¼
¨cud®gel© ²/ÚkAdZEl/ ³vt, n µ(-ll-, ´US also µ-l-) ¶[VP6A] ´(hit
with a) short, thick stick or club. ·take up the @s for, ´(rhet) fight for;
support strongly. ·@ one's brains, ´think hard on a difficult problem; try to
think of sth one has forgotten.¼
¨cue©1 ²/kju/ ³n ¶[C] ¸1 ´sth (eÔg the last words of an actor's speech) which
shows when sb else is to do or say sth. ¸2 ´hint about how to behave, what to
do, etc. ·take one's cue from sb, ´observe what he does as a guide to one's own
action.¼
¨cue©2 ²/kju/ ³n ´billiard-player's long, tapering, leather-tipped rod, for
striking the ball.¼
¨cuff©1 ²/kAf/ ³n ¸1 ´end of a shirt or coat sleeve at the wrist. ·play it off
the @, ´(colloq) use one's wits in a situation for which one is unprepared.
¸Ú@-links, ´used for fastening @s. ¸2 ´(US) turned-up fold at the bottom of a
leg of a pair of trousers (GB = ³turn-up´). ¸3 ³(pl, ´colloq) handcuffs.¼
¨cuff©2 ²/kAf/ ³vt, n ¶[VP6A] ´(give sb a) light blow with the open hand.¼
¨cuir®ass© ²/kwIÚras/ ³n ´piece of armour to protect the body; breastplate and
plate for the back, fastened together. µ¥ ´the illus at µarmour. ¸cuir®as®sier
²/*kwIrEÚsIE(r)/ ³n ´horse-soldier wearing a @.¼
¨cui®sine© ²/kwIÚzin/ ³n ¶[U] ´(F) (style of) cooking: ³French @; a hotel where
the @ is excellent.¼
¨cul-de-sac© ²/ÚkAl dE sak/ ³n ´(F) street with an opening at one end only;
blind alley.¼
¨cu®li®nary© ²/ÚkAlInErI ³US: ²-nerI/ ³adj ´of cooking or a kitchen: ³a @
triumph´, a superbly cooked dish or meal; ³@ plants´, suitable for cooking.¼
¨cull© ²/kAl/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´pick (a flower); select: ³extracts @ed from the best
authors. ¹ ³n ´sth that is @ed (eÔg a hen that no longer lays well,
picked out and killed for food).¼
¨cul®len®der© ²/ÚkAlEndE(r)/ ³n ´= µcolander.¼
¨cul®mi®nate© ²/ÚkAlmIneIt/ ³vt ¶[VP3A] ·@ in, ´(of efforts, hopes,
careers, etc) reach the highest point: ³misfortunes that @d in bankruptcy.
¸cul®mi®na®tion ²/*kAlmIÚneI2n/ ³n ´highest point: ³the culmination of his
career.¼
¨culp®able© ²/ÚkAlpEbl/ ³adj ´(legal) blameworthy; deserving punishment: ³hold
a person @; dismissed for @ negligence´, wrongly neglecting to do sth.
¸culp®ably ²/ÚkAlpEblI/ ³adv ¸cul®pa®bil®ity ²/*kAlpEÚbIlEtI/ ³n¼
¨cul®prit© ²/ÚkAlprIt/ ³n ´person who has done wrong; offender.¼
¨cult© ²/kAlt/ ³n ¶[C] ¸1 ´system of religious worship. ¸2 ´devotion to a
person (esp a single deity) or practice: ³the @ of archery; the @ of Browning.
¸3 ´(group of persons devoted to a) popular fashion or craze: (attrib) ³a ·Ú³@
word´, one used because it is fashionable among members of such a group.¼
¨cul®ti®vable© ²/ÚkAltIvEbl/ ³adj ´that can be cultivated.¼
¨cul®ti®vate© ²/ÚkAltIveIt/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ¸1 ´prepare (land) for crops by
ploughing, etc; help (crops) to grow (eÔg by breaking up the soil around them,
destroying weeds, etc). ¸2 ´give care, thought, time, etc in order to develop
sth: ³to @ the mind/sb's friendship. He @s ´(= tries to win the good will of)
³the sort of people who can be useful to him in his business. ¸cul®ti®vated
³adj ´(of a person) having good manners and education.¼
¨cul®ti®va®tion© ²/*kAltIÚveI2n/ ³n ¶[U] ´cultivating or being cultivated:
³the @ of the soil; land that is under @; to bring land into @; to allow land
to go out of @.¼
¨cul®ti®va®tor© ²/ÚkAltIveItE(r)/ ³n ´person who cultivates; machine for
breaking up ground, destroying weeds, etc.¼
¨cul®tural© ²/ÚkAlt2ErEl/ ³adj ´having to do with culture: ³@ studies, ´eÔg
art, literature; ³a @ institute.¼
¨cul®ture© ²/ÚkAlt2E(r)/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´advanced development of the
human powers; development of the body, mind and spirit by training and
experience: ³Physical @ is important, but we must not neglect the @ of the
mind. ¸2 ¶[U] ´evidence of intellectual development (of arts, science, etc) in
human society: ³He is a man of considerable @. Universities should be centres
of @. ¸3 ¶[U] ´state of intellectual development among a people; ¶[C]
´particular form of intellectual development: ³We owe much to Greek @. He has
studied the @s of Oriental countries. ¸4 ¶[U] ´all the arts, beliefs, social
institutions, etc characteristic of a community, race, etc: ³the @ of the
Eskimos. ¸5 ¶[U] ´cultivating; the rearing of bees, silkworms, etc: ³He has
five acres devoted to bulb @´, to the growing of such flowers as daffodils and
tulips. ¸6 ¶[C] ´(biol) growth of bacteria (for medical or scientific study):
³a @ of cholera germs. ¸cul®tured ³adj ´(of persons) cultivated; having @ of
the mind; (of tastes, interests, etc) refined. ¸Ú@d pearl, ´pearl produced in
an oyster shell into which a piece of grit has been introduced.¼
¨cul®vert© ²/ÚkAlvEt/ ³n ´sewer or drain that crosses under a road, railway or
embankment; channel for electrical cables under the ground.¼
¨cum®ber© ²/ÚkAmbE(r)/ ³vt ¶[VP6A,14] ·@ (with), ´hamper; burden: ³@ oneself
with an overcoat on a warm day; @ed with parcels.¼
¨cum®ber®some© ²/ÚkAmbEsEm/ ³adj ´burdensome; heavy and awkward to carry: ³A
soldier today would find old-fashioned armour very @.¼
¨cum®brous© ²/ÚkAmbrEs/ ³adj ´= µcumbersome.¼
¨cum®mer®bund© ²/ÚkAmEbAnd/ ³n ´sash worn round the waist.¼
¨cumu®lat®ive© ²/Úkjumj8lEtIv ³US: ²-leItIv/ ³adj ´increasing in amount by one
addition after another.¼
¨cumu®lus© ²/Úkjumj8lEs/ ³n (pl µ-li ²/-lñI/³), adj ´(cloud) made up of rounded
masses on a flat base.¼
¨cunei®form© ²/ÚkjunIfcm ³US: ²kjuÚnIEfcrm/ ³adj ´wedge-shaped: ³@ characters´,
as used in old Persian and Assyrian writing.¼
¨cun®ning©1 ²/ÚkAnIG/ ³adj ¸1 ´clever at deceiving; showing this
kind of cleverness: ³a @ old fox; a @ trick. ¸2 ´(old use) skilful: ³a @
workman. ¸3 ´(US) attractive; cute: ³a @ smile/baby/kitten. ¸@®ly ³adv¼
¨cun®ning©2 ²/ÚkAnIG/ ³n ¶[U] ¸1 ´quality of being cunningµ(1)´: ³The boy
showed a great deal of @ in getting what he wanted. ¸2 ´(old use) skill: ³My
hand has lost its @.¼
¨cunt© ²/kAnt/ ³n ´Ï ¸1 ´vagina. ¸2 ´female pudenda. ¸3 ´(vulg; sl) (by
transference) woman or girl, regarded as a sexual object. ¸4 ´(vulg; derog sl)
despicable person.¼
¨cup©1 ²/kAp/ ³n ¸1 ´small porcelain bowl, usu with a handle, used with a
saucer, for tea, coffee etc; contents of a cup: ³a ·Ú³teacup; a ·*³cup and
·Ú³saucer; a ·*³cup of ·Ú³coffee; two cups of flour ´(used as a measure in
cooking). ·not my cup of tea, ´(colloq) not what I like, not what suits me. ¸2
´= µchalice. ¸3 ´(fig) that which comes to a person; experience: ³His cup of
happiness was full. ¸4 ´vessel (usu of gold or silver) given as a prize in
competitions. ¸*cup-Úfinal, ´(football) final match to decide a competition.
¸Úcup-tie, ´(football) match to eliminate teams competing for a cup. ¸5 ´(from
·Ú³wine cup´) wine. ·in his cups, ´partly or wholly intoxicated. ¸Úcup-bearer,
´official of a royal or nobleman's household who serves wine at banquets. ¸6
´sth shaped like a cup; ³the cup of a flower; an ·Ú³egg-cup; ·Ú³acorn-cups;
the cups of a bra. ¸7 ´iced drink of wine, etc, usu flavoured: ·Ú³claret-cup;
·Ú³cider-cup. ¸cup®ful ²/ÚkApf8l/ ³n (pl µcupfuls³) ´as much as a cup will
hold.¼
¨cup©2 ²/kAp/ ³vt µ(-pp-) ¶[VP6A] ¸1 ´put into the shape of a cup: ³to cup
one's hands, ´eÔg to catch a ball; put round or over like a cup: ³with her
chin cupped in her hand. ¸2 ´(archaic) perform the operation of cupping on (a
person). µ¥ cupping ´below.¼
¨cup®board© ²/ÚkAbEd/ ³n ´set of shelves with doors, either built into a room
as a fixture, or a separate piece of furniture, used for dishes, provisions,
clothes, etc: ³a ·*³kitchen-@; a ·Ú³hanging-@´, one in which dresses, suits,
etc may be hung on coat-hangers. Cf US ³china-closet, linen-closet. ¸Ú@-love,
´affection that is shown in the hope of getting sth by it (eÔg a child hoping
for cake).¼
¨Cu®pid© ²/ÚkjupId/ ³n ´Roman god of love; (picture or statue of a)
beautiful boy (with wings and a bow and arrows) as symbol of love.¼
¨cu®pid®ity© ²/kjuÚpIdEtI/ ³n ¶[U] ´greed, esp for money or property.¼
¨cu®pola© ²/ÚkjupElE/ ³n ´small dome forming (part of) a roof; ceiling of a
dome.¼
¨cuppa© ²/ÚkApE/ ³n ´(GB sl) cup of tea: ³What about a @?¼
¨cup®ping© ²/ÚkApIG/ ³n ¶[U] ´(archaic) operation of drawing blood to or
through the skin by creating a partial vacuum over the area by means of a glass
cup (called a ·Ú³@-glass´).¼
¨cu®pric© ²/ÚkjuprIk/ ³adj ´containing copper.¼
¨cu®pro-nickel© ²/*kjuprE8 ÚnIkl/ ³n ¶[U] ´alloy of copper and nickel used for
making coins.¼
¨cur© ²/k3(r)/ ³n ´bad-tempered or worthless dog (esp low-bred); cowardly or
badly behaved man.¼
¨cur®able© ²/Úkj8ErEbl/ ³adj ´that can be cured. ¸cura®bil®ity
²/*kj8ErEÚbIlEtI/ ³n¼
¨cura®<cao©, cura®<coa ²/*kj8ErEÚsE8 ³US: ²-sñ8/ ³n ¶[U]
´liqueur (sweet and syrupy) flavoured with peel of bitter oranges.¼
¨cur®acy© ²/Úkj8ErEsI/ ³n (pl µ-cies³) ´office and work of a curate.¼
¨curate© ²/Úkj8ErEt/ ³n ´clergyman who helps a parish priest.¼
¨cura®tive© ²/Úkj8ErEtIv/ ³adj ´helping to, able to, cure (disease or ill
health): ³the @ value of sunshine and sea air.¼
¨cu®ra®tor© ²/kj8EÚreItE(r)/ ³n ´official in charge (esp of a museum or art
gallery).¼
¨curb© ²/k3b/ ³n ¸1 ´chain or leather strap passing under a horse's jaw, used
to control it. µ¥ ´the illus at µharness. ¸2 ´(fig) sth that holds one back or
restrains: ³put/keep a @ on one's anger/passions. ¸3 ´= µkerb. ³¹ vt ¶[VP6A] ¸1
´control (a horse) by means of a @. ¸2 ´keep (feelings, etc) under control: ³to
@ one's impatience.¼
¨curd© ²/k3d/ ³n ¸1 ´(often ³pl´) thick, soft substance, almost
solid, formed when milk turns sour, used to make cheese. ¸2 ¶[U] ´(in
compounds) substance resembling @: ·*³lemon-·Ú³@´, made from eggs, butter and
sugar, flavoured with lemon.¼
¨curdle© ²/k3dl/ ³vi,vt ¶[VP6A,2A] ´form, cause to form, into curds; become
curd-like: ³The milk has @d; ´(fig uses): ³What a blood-curdling ´(=
horrifying) ³yell! His blood @d at the sight´, He was filled with horror.¼
¨cure©1 ²/kj8E(r)/ ³n ¶[C] ¸1 ´curing or being @dµ(1)´: ³The doctor cannot
guarantee a @. His @ took six weeks. ¸2 ´substance or treatment which @sµ(1)´:
³Is there a certain @ for cancer yet? He has tried all sorts of @s, but is
still ill. You need a ·Ú³rest-@´, a holiday from your work. ¸3 ´spiritual
chargeµ(5)´: ³to obtain/resign a @´, a position as a priest.¼
¨cure©2 ²/kj8E(r)/ ³vt,vi ¶[VP6A,14] ¸1 ·@ sb (of sth); @ sth, ´bring (a
person) back to health; provide and use successfully a remedy for a disease,
ill health, suffering; get rid of (an evil): ³to @ a man of a disease; to @ an
illness; to @ poverty/drunkenness; to @ a child of bad habits; to try to @
social discontent at home by making war abroad. ¸Ú@-all ³n ´sth which, it is
claimed, @s all ills. ¸2 ´treat meat, fish, skin, tobacco, etc in order to keep
it in good condition by salting, smoking, drying, etc: ³well-@d bacon.¼
¨cur_e© ²/Úkj8EreI ³US: ²kj8ÚreI/ ³n ´parish priest in France.¼
¨cur®few© ²/Úk3fju/ ³n ¸1 ´(old use) ringing of a bell as a signal for lights
to be put out and fires covered; bell for this; hour at which the bell was
rung. ¸2 ´(modern use) time or signal (under martial law) for people to remain
indoors: ³to impose a @ on a town; to lift/end the @.¼
¨curio© ²/Úkj8ErIE8/ ³n (pl µ@s³) ´work of art of a strange or
unusual character and valued for this reason.¼
¨curi®os®ity© ²/*kj8ErIÚosEtI/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´being curiousµ(1,2)´: ³@ about/@ to
learn about distant lands; to be dying of/burning with @ to know what was
happening. He yielded to @ and opened the letter addressed to his sister. ¸2
¶[C] ³(pl µ-ties³) ´curiousµ(3) ´thing; strange or rare object.¼
¨curi®ous© ²/Úkj8ErIEs/ ³adj ¸1 ·@ (to do sth); @ (about sth), ´(in a good
sense) eager (to learn/know, etc); interested (in sth): ³@ about the
origin of mankind. ³I'm @ to know what he said. If a boy is @, he is always
asking questions. ¸2 ·@ (about sth), ´meddlesome; having or showing too much
interest in the affairs of others: ³@ neighbours. Don't ask so many @
questions. Hide it where @ eyes won't see it. What is he so @ about? ¸3
´strange; unusual; hard to understand: ³What a @ mistake! There was a @
silence. Isn't he a @-looking
little man! ¸4 ´(rather
old use) showing the result of care and attention: ³a jewel of @ workmanship.
¸@®ly ³adv¼
¨curl©1 ²/k3l/ ³n ¸1 ¶[C] ´sth naturally like or twisted into a shape like a
spiral or the thread of a screw, esp a lock of hair of this shape: ³@s (of
hair) falling over her shoulders; hair falling in @s over her shoulders; a @ of
smoke rising from a cigarette; the @ of a wave; a @ of the lips, ´expressing
scorn. ¸2 ¶[U] ´the state of being curly: ³How do you keep your hair in @?¼
¨curl©2 ²/k3l/ ³vt,vi ¶[VP6A,15A,B,2A,C] ·@ (up), ´make into curls; twist; grow
or be in curls: ³She has @ed her hair. Does her hair @ naturally? The smoke
from the camp fire @ed upwards. The frost made the young leaves @ (up)/@ed up
the young leaves. The dog @ed (itself) up on the rug. ·@ (sb) up, ´(cause to)
collapse: ³The cricket ball hit him on the head and he @ed up ´(= fell to the
ground) ³at once. She @ed up (with laughter) at his joke. The blow @ed him up
completely. ¸Ú@er, ´small cylindrical object round which warmed or wet hair is
wound to create a @. ¸Ú@ing-tongs/-irons, ´instruments (heated before use) for
@ing or straightening the hair. ¸Ú@ing-pins, ´clips (used cold) for @ing the
hair.¼
¨cur®lew© ²/Úk3lju/ ³n ´wading bird with a long, slender, down-curved bill. µ¥
´the illus at µwater.¼
¨curl®ing© ²/Úk3lIG/ ³n ¶[U] ´Scottish game played on ice with
heavy, flat-bottomed stones (¸Ú@-stones´) with handles, sent along the ice
towards a mark.¼
¨curly© ²/Úk3lI/ ³adj µ(-ier, -iest) ´having curls; arranged in curls: ³@
hair; a ·Ú³@-headed girl.¼
¨cur®mudgeon© ²/k3ÚmAdZEn/ ³n ´(colloq) bad-tempered or miserly person.¼
¨cur®rant© ²/ÚkArEnt/ ³n ¸1 ´small, sweet, dried seedless grape (grown in
Greece and neighbouring countries) used in buns, cakes, puddings, etc. ¸2
´(cultivated bush with) small black, red or white juicy fruit growing
in clusters.¼
¨cur®rency© ²/ÚkArEnsI/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´the state of being in common or general
use: ³Many slang words have short @´, soon go out of use. ³The rumour
soon gained @´, was repeated until many people were aware of it. ·give @ to,
´make currentµ(1)´; spread: ³Do not give @ to idle gossip. ¸2 ¶[C,U] ³(pl
µ-cies³) ´money that is actually in use in a country: ³a gold/paper @; foreign
currencies; a decimal @.¼
¨cur®rent©1 ²/ÚkArEnt/ ³adj ¸1 ´in common or general use; generally accepted:
³@ coin/money; @ opinions/beliefs; words that are no longer @. ¸2
´now passing; of the present time: ³@ expenses/prices; the @ issue of a
magazine; the @ year´, this year; ³a newsreel showing @ events. ¸3 @ account,
´(with a bank) one from which money may be drawn without previous notice. µ¥
³deposit account ´at µdeposit±1µ(1)³, savings account ´at µsave±1´. ¸@ assets,
´(comm) assets which are not fixed but which change in the course of business
(eÔg amounts owing). ¸@®ly ³adv ´in a @µ(1,2) ´manner: ³It is @ly reported
that«.¼
¨cur®rent©2 ²/ÚkArEnt/ ³n ¸1 ´stream of water, air, gas, esp one
flowing through slower moving or still water, etc: ³A cold @ of air
came in when the door was opened. Although he was a strong swimmer he was
swept away by the @ and was drowned. The warm @s in the Atlantic influence the
climate of Great Britain. ¸2 ´flow of electricity through sth or along a wire
or cable. µ¥ alternate±2µ(2), direct±1µ(5). ¸3 ´course or movement (of events,
opinions, thoughts, etc): ³Nothing disturbs the peaceful @ of her life. The
government used the radio to influence the @ of thought.¼
¨cur®ricu®lum© ²/kEÚrIkj8lEm/ ³n (pl µ@s ´or µ-la ²/-lE/³) ´course of study in
a school, college, etc. ¸@ vitae ²/ÚvitñI/ ´(Lat) brief written account of
one's past history (eÔg education, employment), used when applying for a
job, etc.¼
¨cur®rish© ²/Úk3rI2/ ³adj ´like a cur. ¸@®ly ³adv¼
¨curry©1 ²/ÚkArI/ ³n (pl µ-ries³) ¶[C,U] ´(dish of) meat, fish, eggs, etc
cooked with hot-tasting spices: ³a chicken @; Madras curries; to eat too much
@. ¸Ú@-powder, ´mixture of spices for a @ ground or beaten to a powder. ¹ ³vt
´prepare (food) with hot-tasting spices; flavour (food) with
@-powder: ³curried chicken.¼
¨curry©2 ²/ÚkArI/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´rub down and clean (a horse); prepare (tanned
leather) by soaking, scraping, etc. ·@ favour (with sb), ´try
to win favour or approval (by using flattery, etc).¼
¨curse©1 ²/k3s/ ³n ¸1 ´word, phrase or sentence calling for the punishment,
injury or destruction of sth or sb. ·be under a @, ´suffer as the result of a
@. ·call down @s (from Heaven) upon sb, ´ask God or Heaven to punish him. ·lay
sb under a @, ´make him suffer as the result of a @. ¸2 ´cause of misfortune
or ruin: ³Gambling is often a @. The rabbits are a @ ´(iÔe do a lot of damage
to crops, etc) ³in this part of the country. His wealth proved a @ to him. ¸3
´word or words used in violent language expressing anger. ¸4 the @, ´(colloq)
menses.¼
¨curse©2 ²/k3s/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A] ´use a curse against; use violent
language against. ¸2 ¶[VP2A,3A] ·@ (at), ´utter curses: ³to @ and swear; to @
at fate. ¸3 ·be @d with, ´suffer misfortune, trouble, etc because of: ³to be @d
with idle daughters/a violent temper.¼
¨cursed© ²/Úk3sId/ ³adj ´damnable; hateful (often used colloq merely to show
annoyance): ³This work is a @ nuisance. ¸@®ly ³adv¼
¨cur®sive© ²/Úk3sIv/ ³adj ´(of handwriting) with the letters rounded and joined
together. µ¥ script.¼
¨cur®sory© ²/Úk3sErI/ ³adj ´(of work, reading, etc) quick; hurried; done
without attention to details: ³a @ glance/inspection. ¸cur®sor®ily
²/Úk3sErElI/ ³adv¼
¨curst© ²/k3st/ ³adj ´= µcursed.¼
¨curt© ²/k3t/ ³adj ´(of a speaker, his manner, what he says) short-spoken;
hardly polite: ³to give sb a @ answer; a @ way of speaking. ¸@®ly ³adv ¸@®ness
³n¼
¨cur®tail© ²/k3ÚteIl/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´make shorter than was at first planned; cut
off a part of: ³to @ a speech/one's holidays; to @ the allowance one has been
making to sb´, give him less money. ¸@®ment ³n ¶[U,C] ´act or result of @ing.¼
¨cur®tain© ²/Úk3tn/ ³n ¸1 ´piece of cloth or lace hung up at a window or door
or (in former times) round a bed: ³Please draw the @s´, pull them across the
window(s). ·draw a @ over sth, ´(fig) say no more about it. ¸Ú@-lecture, ´(old
use) wife's scolding of her husband in private (originally in bed after the
bed-@s were drawn). ¸2 ´sheet of heavy material to draw or lower across the
front of the stage in a theatre before and after each scene of a play: ³The @
rises/is raised´, The play/act begins. ³The @ falls´, The play/act ends.
¸Ú@-call, ´call (given by the audience) to an actor or actress to appear before
the @ for applause. ¸Ú@-raiser, ´short piece performed before the chief play.
¸Úsafety-@, ´one that is fire-proof. ¸3 ´(various senses indicating cover or
protection): ³A @ of mist hid the view. The troops went forward behind a @ of
fire ´(gun-fire from their artillery). ¹ ³vt ¸1 ¶[VP6A] ´furnish or cover with
@s: ³@ed windows; enough material to @ all the windows. ¸2 ¶[VP15B] ·@ off,
´separate or divide with a @ or @s: ³to @ off part of a room.¼
¨curt®sey©, curtsy ²/Úk3tsI/ ³n (pl µ@s, -sies³) ´gesture of respect (bending
the knees) made by women and girls (eÔg to a queen): ³to make/drop/bob a @ (to
sb). ¹ ³vi (pt,pp µ@ed, curtsied³) ´make a @ ³(to).¼
¨cur®va®ture© ²/Úk3vEt2E(r) ³US: ²-t28Er/ ³n ¶[U] ´curving; the
state of being curved: ³to suffer from @ of the spine; the @ of the earth's
surface.¼
¨curve© ²/k3v/ ³n ´line of which no part is straight and which changes
direction without angles: ³a @ in the road. The driver of a car should not
go round/take @s at high speed. ¹ vt,vi ¶[VP6A,2A] ´have, cause to have, the
form of a @: ³The river @s round the town.¼
¨cushion© ²/Úk82n/ ³n ¸1 ´small bag filled with feathers or other soft material
(eÔg foam rubber), to make a seat more comfortable, or to kneel on,
etc; sth soft and like a @ in shape or function: ³a @ of moss; a ·Ú³pin-@; a @
of air´, as for a hovercraft. ¸2 ´soft, resilient lining on the inner sides of
a billiard-table where the balls hit. ¹ ³vt ¶[VP6A,14] ´supply with @s;
protect from shock with @s: ³@ed seats; ´(fig) protect from harmful changes:
³farmers who are @ed against falls in prices, ´eÔg by subsidies.¼
¨cushy© ²/Úk82I/ ³adj µ(-ier, -iest) ´(sl) (of a job, etc) not
requiring much effort: ³get a @ job in the Civil Service.¼
¨cusp© ²/kAsp/ ³n ´pointed end (esp of a leaf).¼
¨cus®pi®dor© ²/ÚkAspIdc(r)/ ³n ´(US) spittoon.¼
¨cuss© ²/kAs/ ³n ´(sl) ¸1 ´curse. ·not give/care a @, ´be quite unworried.
·not worth a tinker's @, ´quite worthless. ¸2 ´person: ³a queer old @.¼
¨cussed© ²/ÚkAsId/ ³adj ´(colloq) perverse; obstinate. ¸@®ly ³adv ¸@®ness ³n¼
¨cus®tard© ²/ÚkAstEd/ ³n ¶[C,U] ¸(egg-)@, ´(dish of) mixture of eggs and milk,
sweetened and flavoured, baked or boiled; mixture of powdered eggs, etc
¸(Ú@-powder) ´prepared by adding sugar and milk to flavoured cornflour, eaten
with fruit, pastry, etc.¼
¨cus®tod®ian© ²/kAÚstE8dIEn/ ³n ´person who has custody of sth or sb; caretaker
of a public building.¼
¨cus®tody© ²/ÚkAstEdI/ ³n ¶[U] ¸1 ´(duty of) caring for, guarding: ³A father
has the @ of his children while they are young. When Mary's parents died, she
was placed in the @ of her aunt. If you are going away for a long time you
should leave your jewellery in safe @, ´eÔg with your bank. ¸2 ´imprisonment.
·(be) in @, ´in prison (eÔg awaiting trial). ·give sb into @, ´hand him over
to the police. ·take sb into @, ´arrest him.¼
¨cus®tom© ²/ÚkAstEm/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´usual and generally accepted
behaviour among members of a social group: ³Don't be a slave to @´, Do not do
things merely because most people do them and have always done them. ³It has
become the @ ´(= has become usual) ³for our family to go to the seaside in
summer. ¸2 ¶[C] ´particular way of behaving which, because it has been long
established, is observed by individuals and social groups: ³Social @s vary in
different countries. It was Tom's @ to get up early and go for a walk before
breakfast. ´(Cf ³habit, ´a word that means sth that a person does regularly,
and that he cannot easily give up.) ¸3 ¶[U] ´regular support given to a
tradesman by those who buy his goods: ³We should very much like to have your
@´, would like you to buy our goods. ³I shall withdraw my @ from that shop´,
not buy goods there in future. ¸4 ³(pl) ´taxes due to the government on goods
imported into a country; import duties; department of government ³(the C@s)
´that collects such duties: ³How long will it take us to pass ´(= get through)
³the C@s? The C@s formalities are simple. ¸Ú@ house, ´office (esp at a port)
where @s are collected. ¸Ú@s union, ´agreement by States on a common policy on
tariffs. ¸5 ´(attrib use only) made to order. ¸*@-Úbuilt, ´as specified by the
buyer. ¸*@-Úmade ³adj ´(of clothes) made-to-measure, making things to order: ³@
tailors/shoemakers. µ¥ ³bespoke ´at µbespeak; ³tailor-made ´at µtailor.¼
¨cus®tom®ary© ²/ÚkAstEmErI ³US: ²-merI/ ³adj ´in agreement with, according to,
customµ(1,2)´: ³Is it @ for guests at hotels in your country to tip the
waiters? There was the @ vote of thanks to the chairman. ¸cus®tom®ar®ily
²/ÚkAstEmErElI ³US: ²*kAstEÚmerElI/ ³adv¼
¨cus®tomer© ²/ÚkAstEmE(r)/ ³n ¸1 ´person who buys things, esp one
who gives his customµ(3) ´to a shop: ³Mr X has lost some of his best @s. ¸2
´(colloq) person or fellow, esp in: ³a queer @; an awkward @´, person who is
difficult to deal with.¼
¨cut©1 ²/kAt/ ³vt,vi µ(-tt-) (³pt,pp µcut) ´(For uses with ³adverbial particles
´and ³preps µ¥ 10 ´below; for uses with ³adjj µ¥ 7 ´below; for uses with ³nouns
´or ³pronouns µ¥ 6 ´below.) ¸1 ¶[VP6A,12B,13B,15A,2A] ´make an opening,
incision (with a sharp-edged instrument, eÔg a knife, a pair of scissors, or
other edged tool); ¸(a) ´make a mark, wound, in sth: ³He cut his face/himself
while shaving. µ¥ ³cut into sth ´in µ10 ´below. ¸(b) ´sever; reap: ³Don't
pluck the flowers; it's better to cut them. Has the wheat been cut ´(=
harvested, reaped) ³yet? ¸(c) ´shorten: ³to cut one's nails; to cut a hedge;
to have one's hair cut. ´Hence, ¸Úhair-cut ³n µ¥ ´also ³cut sth short ´in µ7
´below. ¸(d) ´separate; remove from sth larger: ³Please cut a slice of cake
for me/cut me a slice of cake. Cut yourself some pineapple. Cut some pineapple
for your sister. Two scenes/episodes were cut by the censor. µ¥ ´also ³cut off
´and ³cut out ´in µ10 ´below. ¸(e) ´reduce sth by removing part: ³Was your
salary cut? The new jet service cuts the travelling time by half. µ¥ ³cut down
´in µ10 ´below. ¸(f) ´divide into smaller pieces: ³Will you cut the cake? ´iÔe
into pieces. ³If you'll cut the bread ´(iÔe into slices), ³we'll make toast. µ¥
³cut up ´in µ10 ´below. ¸(g) ´divide, separate into two: ³Don't cut the string,
untie the knots. The Minister cut the tape to open a new section of
motorway. ¸(h) ´make, fashion, by removing material with tools, machines, etc
that cut: ³to cut steps in the ice; to cut a tunnel through a hill; to cut a
road up a hillside; to cut an inscription/one's initials. µ¥ ³cut out ´in µ10
´below. ¸2 ¶[VP2A,C] ¸(a) ´(of a sharp tool, instrument, etc) be suitable to
use: ³This knife does not cut well. ¸(b) ´(of a material) be capable of being
cut: ³Sandstone cuts easily. This cloth is too narrow to cut well´, is narrow
and difficult to cut into the shapes needed. ¸3 ¶[VP6A] ´(colloq) stay away
from, be absent from (sth one ought to attend): ³to cut a class/a lecture. ¸4
¶[VP6A] ´(of lines) cross: ³Let the point where AÔB cuts CÔD be called E. ¸5
¶[VP6A] ´(sport, esp cricket, tennis, billiards) strike (a ball) so that it
spins or is deflected; hit the edge of (a ball). ¸6 ¶[VP6A] ´(used with ³nouns
´or ³pronouns) ·cut the cards/pack, ´lift part of a pack of playing-cards lying
face downwards and turn it up to decide sth (eÔg who is to deal, who are to be
partners). ·cut one's coat according to one's cloth, ´suit one's expenditure
to one's income; not be too ambitious in one's plans. ·cut (off) a corner, ´go
across, not round it. ·cut corners, ´(fig) take a short-cut. ·cut a
disc/record, ´record music, etc on to a gramophone record. ·cut the ground from
under sb/from under sb's feet, ´leave him in a weak or illogical position;
destroy the foundation of his plan, argument, etc. ·cut no/not much ice (with
sb), ´have little or no effect or influence (on him). ·cut one's
losses, ´abandon a scheme that has caused financial losses before one loses too
much. ·cut a tooth, ´have a new tooth just begin to show itself above the gum.
·cut one's teeth on sth, ´learn, gain experience, from: ³There's a job for you
to cut your teeth on. ·cut both ways, ´(of an action or argument) have an
effect both for and against. µ¥ ´also µcaper±1µ, dash±1µ(6), figure(6),
Gordian. ¸7 ¶[VP22] ´(with an ³adj ´as complement) ·cut sb dead, ´pretend not
to have seen; treat as a complete stranger: ³She cut me dead in the street´,
ignored me completely. ·cut it fine, ´(colloq) leave oneself only the minimum
of what is needed (esp time): ³He cut it rather fine´, eÔg by reaching the
station half a minute before his train was due to leave. ·cut sb/sth free
(from), ´make or get free by cutting: ³He cut himself free from the ropes with
which they had bound him. ·cut sth/sb loose (from), ´make loose or separate by
cutting: ³cut loose a boat/cut a boat loose; cut oneself loose from one's
family´, live an independent life. ·cut sth open, ´make an opening or split in:
³He fell and cut his head open. ·cut sth short, ´make shorter: ³to cut a long
story short; to cut short a person's remarks; a career cut short by illness.
¸8 ·C@! ´(cinema; imper) Stop (shooting a scene)! ¸9 ´(uses with the ³pp´) ·cut
and dried, ´(of opinions, etc) already formed and unlikely to be changed. ¸*cut
Úflowers, ´flowers cut for decoration (contrasted with flowers growing in the
garden, in pots, etc). ¸*cut Úglass, ´glass with patterns and designs cut on
it.
¸*cut-Úprice, ³attrib adj ´at a reduced price, and below those of rivals or
those recommended by the manufacturers, etc. ¸*cut-Úrate, ³attrib adj ´=
µcut-price. ¸*cut toÚbacco, ´shredded (contrasted with ³cake ´tobacco).
¸cut®ting ³part adj ¸(a) ´sharp; piercing: ³a cutting wind. ¸(b) ´sarcastic;
wounding: ³cutting remarks. ¸10
¶[VP3A,15B,A,2C] ´(uses with ³adverbial particles ´and ³preps´):¼
·cut across sth, ¸(a) ´take a shorter route across (a field, etc). ¸(b) ´be
contrary to: ³Opinion on preserving the environment cut clean across normal
political loyalties.¼
·cut at sb/sth, ´aim a sharp blow at (eÔg with a sword or whip): ³cut at a
hedge/a group of nettles with a stick.¼
·cut sth away, ´remove by cutting: ³We cut away all the dead wood from the
tree. The yacht was in danger of sinking until they cut away the broken mast
and rigging.¼
·cut sth back, ¸(a) ´(of shrubs, bushes, etc) prune close to the stem. ¸(b)
´reduce: ³cut back production. ´Hence, ¸Úcut®back ³n ¸(a) ´reduction: ³a
cutback in expenditure. ¸(b) ´flashback.¼
·cut sth/sb down, ¸(a) ´cause to fall by cutting: ³to cut down a tree. ¸(b)
´kill or injure by striking with a sword or other edged weapon: ³He cut down
his enemy. ¸(c) ´deprive of life or health (by disease, etc): ³He was cut down
in the prime of manhood. ¸(d) ´reduce in quantity, amount, etc: ³cut down
expenses. I won't have a cigarette, thanksÅI'm trying to cut down´, reduce the
number of cigarettes I smoke. ¸(e) ´persuade (sb) to reduce a price, charge,
etc: ³We managed to cut him down by $30. ¸(f) ´reduce the length of: ³cut down
a pair of trousers, ´eÔg for sb who is shorter; ³cut down an article to make it
fit the space available, ´in a periodical, etc. ·cut Údown on, ´reduce one's
consumption of: ³He's trying to cut down on cigarettes and beer. ·cut sb down
to size, ´(colloq) show him that he is not so important as he thinks he is:
³Some of these so-called experts really need cutting down to size.¼
·cut in (on), ´(of the driver of a motor vehicle, etc, who has overtaken
another vehicle) return too soon to his own side of the road (with possibility
of collision, etc): ³Accidents are often caused by drivers who cut in (on other
cars). ·cut sb in, ´(colloq) include sb in a (profitable) venture: ³If you'll
contribute $500 we'll cut you in. ·cut in (on)/into, ´interrupt (a
conversation, etc): ³Don't cut into the story/in on the conversation/in so
rudelyÅlet her finish. ·cut in half/two/three, etc; cut into
halves/quarters/thirds, etc, ´divide: ³The submarine was cut in half by a
destroyer. Cut the cable in two. Cut the apples into halves.¼
·cut into sth, ¸(a) ´make a cut in: ³Mary cut into her birthday cake and
everybody clapped. ¸(b) ´interfere with: ³All this extra homework cuts into his
weekends´, leaves him less free time.¼
·cut sb/sth off (from), ¸(a) ´remove (esp sth at an extremity) by cutting:
³Don't cut your fingers off! Cut the chicken's head off. He cut off a metre of
cloth from the roll. ¸(b) ´stop; interrupt; isolate: ³be cut off while talking
by telephone; cut off the gas/electricity supply, ´eÔg because of unpaid
accounts; ³cut off an army from its base, ´by getting in between; ³cut off
stragglers´, separate them from the main body and so capture them; ³be cut off
from all possibility of help; towns cut off ´(= isolated) ³by floods; cut off
by the tide´, isolated on a rock, sandbank, etc by the incoming tide; ³cut off
sb's supplies/a son's allowance´, no longer allow him to receive them; ³cut
off sb with a shilling´, disinherit him (eÔg a son who has behaved badly)
except for a small sum (to show that the act is deliberate). ·cut (off) a
corner, µ¥ 6 ´above.¼
·cut out, ´stop functioning: ³One of the aircraft's engines cut out. ·cut sth
out, ¸(a) ´remove by cutting (eÔg from a periodical): ³That's an interesting
articleÅI'll cut it out. ¸(b) ´make by cutting: ³cut out a path through the
jungle. ¸(c) ´shape (a garment) by cutting the outlines of the parts on cloth:
³cut out a dress. ¸(d) ´(colloq) leave out; omit: ³Let's cut out unimportant
details. ¸(e) ´(colloq) stop doing or using (sth): ³My doctor told me I must
cut out tobacco´, stop smoking. ·cut sb out, ´defeat, eliminate (a rival, esp
in competition for sth): ³cut out all rivals for a girl's affections. ·cut
it/that out, ´(colloq, imper) stop fighting, squabbling, etc: ³Now just cut it
out, you two! ·cut out (the) dead wood, ´(colloq) remove unnecessary or
unproductive parts: ³There's a lot of dead wood to be cut out if the industry
is to be efficient. ·(not) be cut out for, ´(not) have the qualities and
abilities needed for: ³He's not cut out for that sort of work. ·have one's work
cut out (for one), ´be faced with as much work as one can manage: ³It's a big
job; he'll have his work cut out for him to meet the dead-line. ¸Úcut-out ³n
¸(a) ´design, figure, etc (to be) cut out from paper, cardboard, etc. ¸(b)
´(electr) device that interrupts or disconnects a circuit (eÔg to avoid too
heavy a load).¼
·cut sb to the heart/quick, ´cause him pain or suffering: ³His ingratitude cut
her to the heart. ·cut sb/sth to pieces, ´destroy by cutting, by gunfire, etc:
³The enemy were cut to pieces.¼
·cut sth/sb up, ¸(a) ´cut into pieces: ³cut up one's meat. ¸(b) ´destroy: ³cut
up the enemy's forces. ¸(c) ´(colloq, usu passive) cause mental suffering to:
³He was badly cut up by the news of his son's death. Don't be so cut up about
it. ¸(d) ´criticize adversely; point out the faults of: ³His latest novel has
been cut up by the reviewers. ·cut up (into), ´be capable of being cut up
(into): ³This piece of cloth will cut up into ´(= has enough material in it
for) ³three suits. ·cut up (for), ´(colloq) be worth: ³The old man cut up
for ten thousand, ´left $10Ô000 to be divided among his heirs. ·cut up rough,
´(sl) behave aggressively; be violent and aggressive: ³He'll cut up rough if
you don't give him what he asked for.¼
¨cut©2 ²/kAt/ ³n ¸1 ´act of cutting; stroke with a sword, whip,
etc; result of such a stroke; opening made by a knife or other sharp-edged
tool, etc: ³give a horse a cut across the flanks; a deep cut in the leg; cuts
on the face, ´eÔg after shaving. ·cut and thrust, ´(usu fig) vigorous
argument, etc: ³The cut and thrust of debate. ¸2 ´reduction in size, amount,
length, etc: ³a cut in prices/salaries; a cut in expenditure/production; a
power cut´, a reduction in the strength of electrical current, or a period for
which current is cut off. ¸3 ´a cutting out; part that is cut out: ³There were
several cuts in the film´, Parts of it had been cut out (eÔg by the film
censors). ³Where can we make a cut in this long article? ¸4 ´sth obtained by
cutting: ³a nice cut of beef; a cut off the joint´, a slice from a cooked joint
of meat; ³this year's cut of wool´, the wool sheared from the sheep. ¸5 ´style
in which clothes, etc are made by cutting: ³I don't like the cut of his
trousers. µ¥ jib±1µ(1). ¸6 ´(cricket, tennis) quick, sharp stroke: ³a cut to
the boundary. ¸7 ´remark, etc that wounds a person's feelings: ³That remark was
a cut at me´, was directed at me. ¸8 ´refusal to recognize a person: ³give sb
a cut. µ¥ ³cut sb dead ´at µcut±1µ(7). ¸9 ·a *short Úcut, ´a way across (from
one place to another) that shortens the distance. ¸10 ·a cut above, ´(colloq)
rather superior to: ³She's a cut above the other girls in the office´, is
better educated, has wider interests, etc. ³That's a cut above me´, above my
range of interests, my abilities, etc. ¸11 ´railway cutting; canal. µ¥
cutting(1). ¸12 ´block or plate on which a design, illustration, etc has been
cut; picture, etc, made from such a block. µ¥ ³woodcut ´at µwood(4).¼
¨cute© ²/kjut/ ³adj µ(-r, -st) ¸1 ´sharp-witted; quick-thinking. ¸2
´(US colloq) attractive; pretty and charming. ¸@®ly ³adv ¸@®ness ³n¼
¨cu®ticle© ²/ÚkjutIkl/ ³n ´outer layer of hardened skin (esp at the base of a
finger-nail or toe-nail).¼
¨cut®lass© ²/ÚkAtlEs/ ³n ¸1 ´(hist) sailor's short, one-edged sword with a
slightly curved blade. ¸2 ´cutting tool (= ³machete´) used by cacao-growers and
copra-growers.¼
¨cut®ler© ²/ÚkAtlE(r)/ ³n ´man who makes and repairs knives and other cutting
tools and instruments. ¸@y ³n ¶[U] ´trade of a @; implements used at table
(knives, forks, spoons, esp if made of stainless steel); things made or sold
by @s.¼
¨cut®let© ²/ÚkAtlIt/ ³n ´slice of meat or fish for one person: ³a veal @.¼
¨cut®purse© ²/ÚkAtp3s/ ³n ´(hist) pickpocket.¼
¨cut®ter© ²/ÚkAtE(r)/ ³n ¸1 ´person or thing that cuts: ³a tailor's @, ´who
cuts out cloth; ³a ·Ú³wire-@. ¸2 ´sailing-vessel with one mast; ship's boat,
for use between ship and shore.¼
¨cut-throat© ²/ÚkAtTrE8t/ ³n ¸1 ´murderer. ¸2 ´(attrib uses) ruthless, cruel:
³@ competition´, likely to ruin the weaker competitors. ¸@ razor´, one with no
guard on the long blade. µ¥ ´the illus at µrazor.¼
¨cut®ting© ²/ÚkAtIG/ ³n ¸1 ´unroofed passage dug through the ground
for a road, railway, canal, etc. ¸2 ´sth cut from a newspaper, etc and kept for
reference: ·Ú³press @s. ´Cf ´US ³clipping. ¸3 ´short piece of a plant, to be
used for growing a new plant: ³chrysanthemum @s; to take a @. ¸4 ¶[U] ´process
of editing films, tape recordings, etc, by cutting out unwanted parts. Hence,
¸Ú@-room, ´room where this is done. ¹ ³part adj ´(of words, etc) wounding the
feelings, etc: ³@ remarks.¼
¨cut®tle®fish© ²/ÚkAtlfI2/ ³n ´sea-water animal with long arms (tentacles),
which sends out a black liquid when attacked. µ¥ ´the illus at µmollusc.¼
¨cut®worm© ²/ÚkAtw3m/ ³n ´caterpillar that eats through the stems of young
plants level with the ground.¼
¨cy®an®ide© ²/ÚsñIEnñId/ ³n ¶[U] ´poisonous compound substance: ³potassium @;
sodium @.¼
¨cy®ber®net®ics© ²/*sñIbEÚnetIks/ ³n pl sing-v ´the science of communication
and control in machines and animals (including man). ¸cy®ber®netic ³adj¼
¨cyc®la®men© ²/ÚsIklEmEn ³US: ²ÚsñIk-/ ³n ´kinds of plant, wild and cultivated,
of the primrose family, with delicate, small flowers.¼
¨cycle© ²/ÚsñIkl/ ³n ¸1 ´series of events taking place in a regularly repeated
order: ³the @ of the seasons. ¸2 ´complete set or series: ³a song @, ´eÔg by
Schubert; ³the Arthurian ²/qÚTj8ErIEn ³US: ²-ÚT8Er-/ ³@´, the stories of King
Arthur and his knights. ¸3 ´(short for) bicycle or motor-cycle. ¹ ³vi
¶[VP2A,B,C] ´ride a bicycle.¼
¨cyc®lic© ²/ÚsñIklIk/ ³adj ´recurring in cycles.¼
¨cyc®li®cal© ²/ÚsñIklIkl/ ³adj ´= µcyclic.¼
¨cyc®list© ²/ÚsñIklIst/ ³n ´person who rides a cycle.¼
¨cyc®lone© ²/ÚsñIklE8n/ ³n ´violent wind rotating round a calm central area;
violent windstorm. ¸cyc®lonic ²/sñIÚklonIk/ ³adj ´of or like a @.¼
¨cyclo®pae®dia© ²/*sñIklEÚpidIE/ ³n ´= µencyclopaedia.¼
¨Cyclo®pean© ²/sñIÚklE8pIEn/ ³adj ´of or like a Cyclops ²/ÚsñIklops/ ´(a
one-eyed giant in Greek myth); huge; immense.¼
¨cyclo®style© ²/ÚsñIklEstñIl/ ³n ´apparatus for printing copies
from a stencil. ¹ ³vt ´reproduce (copies) with this.¼
¨cyclo®tron© ²/ÚsñIklEtron/ ³n ´apparatus used for producing heavy electric
particles moving at high speed, used experimentally in nuclear research work.¼
¨cyder© ²/ÚsñIdE(r)/ ³n ´= µcider.¼
¨cyg®net© ²/ÚsIgnIt/ ³n ´young swan.¼
¨cyl®in®der© ²/ÚsIlIndE(r)/ ³n ¸1 ´solid or hollow body with equal, circular
ends and regular, curving sides. µ¥ ´the illus here and at µprojection. ¸2
´@-shaped chamber (in an engine) in which gas or steam works a piston: ³a
six-@ engine/motor-car; ·(working) on all @s, ´(colloq) with the maximum power
or effort. ¸cy®lin®dri®cal ²/sIÚlIndrIkl/ ³adj ´@-shaped.¼
¨cym®bal© ²/ÚsImbl/ ³n ´one of a pair of round brass plates struck together to
make clanging sounds. µ¥ ´the illus at µpercussion.¼
¨cynic© ²/ÚsInIk/ ³n ´person who sees little or no good in anything and who
has no belief in human progress; person who shows this by sneering and being
sarcastic. ¸cyni®cism ²/ÚsInIsIzEm/ ³n ¶[U] ´@'s opinions or attitude of mind;
¶[C] ´expression of this attitude.¼
¨cyni®cal© ²/ÚsInIkl/ ³adj ´of or like a cynic; sneering or contemptuous: ³a @
smile/remark. ¸@®ly ²/-klI/ ³adv¼
¨cyno®sure© ²/*sInEÚj8E(r) ³US: ²ÚsñIn8E28Er/ ³n ´sth or sb that draws
everyone's attention; centre of attraction.¼
¨cy®pher© ²/ÚsñIfE(r)/ ³n ´= µcipher.¼
¨cy®press© ²/ÚsñIprEs/ ³n ´(kinds of) tall, thin, cone-bearing evergreen tree
with dark leaves and hard wood.¼
¨Cyril®lic© ²/sIÚrIlIk/ ³adj ¸the @ alphabet´, that used for Slavonic languages
(eÔg Russian).¼
¨cyst© ²/sIst/ ³n ´enclosed hollow organ in the body containing liquid matter.¼
¨czar© ²/zq(r)/ ³n ´(also ¸tsar´) ´emperor of Russia (before 1917). ¸czar®ina
²/zqÚrinE/ ³n ´Russian empress.¼
¨Czech© ²/t2ek/ ³n ´member of a branch of the Slavs; their language.¼
¨D©, d ²/di/ ³n (pl µD's, d's ²/diz/³) ´the fourth letter of the English
alphabet; Roman numeral for 500. ¸'d, ´used for ³had ´or ³would ´(esp after ³I,
we, you, he, she, they, who).¼
¨dab©1 ²/dab/ ³vt,vi µ(-bb-) ¶[VP6A,14,15A,B,2C,3A] ·@ (at),
´touch, put on, lightly and gently: ³dab one's eyes with a handkerchief; dab
paint on a picture, ´suggesting light, quick strokes of the brush. ³She was
dabbing (at) her cheeks with a powder-puff. ¹ n ¶[C] ¸1 ´small quantity (of
paint, etc) dabbed on. ¸2 ´slight tap; brief application of sth to a surface
(without rubbing): ³A dab with a sponge won't remove the dirt, you'll have to
rub it.¼
¨dab©2 ²/dab/ ³n ´kind of flat-fish.¼
¨dab©3 ²/dab/ ³n ¸@ (hand), ´(colloq) expert (at games, etc, at doing things):
³She's a dab (hand) at tennis.¼
¨dabble© ²/Údabl/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A,15A,B,2C] ´splash (the hands, feet, etc)
about in water; put in and out of water. ¸2 ¶[VP3A] ·@ at/in, ´(art, politics,
etc) engage in, study, as a hobby, not professionally. ¸dab®bler ²/ÚdablE(r)/
³n¼
¨da capo© ²/*dq ÚkqpE8/ ³x ´(I, music) (as a direction) repeat from the
beginning.¼
¨dace© ²/deIs/ ³n (pl ´unchanged) small fresh-water fish.¼
¨dacha© ²/Údat2E/ ³n ´Russian country house or villa.¼
¨dachs®hund© ²/Údaksh8nd/ ³n ´small short-legged breed of dog. µ¥ ´the illus
at µdog.¼
¨da®coit© ²/dEÚkãIt/ ³n ´member of a band of armed robbers (formerly, in India,
Burma). ¸@y ³n (pl µ-ties³) ´robbery by @s.¼
¨dac®tyl© ²/ÚdaktIl/ ³n ´(prosody) metrical foot of one accented syllable
followed by two unaccented syllables (ÅÔ²@Ô@ ´eÔg ·Ú³tenderly´), as in:
·Ú³under the / ·Ú³blossom that / ·Ú³hangs on the / ·Ú³bough. ¸@ic ²/dakÚtIlIk/
³adj¼
¨dad© ²/dad/ ³n ´(colloq) father.¼
¨daddy© ²/ÚdadI/ ³n (pl µ-dies³) ´child's word for "father'. ¸*@-Úlong®legs ³n
´(popular name for the) crane-fly (a long-legged flying insect).¼
¨dado© ²/ÚdeIdE8/ ³n (pl µ@s, ´US µ@es ²/-dE8z/³) ´lower part of a wall in a
room, when this is different from the upper part in colour or material.¼
¨dae®mon© ²/ÚdimEn/ ³n ´= µdemon.¼
¨daf®fo®dil© ²/ÚdafEdIl/ ³n ´yellow flower with long narrow leaves growing
from a bulb. µ¥ ´the illus at µflower.¼
¨daft© ²/dqft ³US: ²daft/ ³adj µ(-er, -est) ´(colloq) silly; foolish;
reckless. ¸@®ly ³adv¼
¨dag®ger© ²/ÚdagE(r)/ ³n ¸1 ´short, pointed, two-edged knife used as a weapon.
·at @s drawn (with sb), ´about to fight. ·look @s at sb, ´look with an
expression of hatred and enmity. ¸2 ´(printing) mark of reference (²P´).¼
¨dago© ²/ÚdeIgE8/ ³n (pl µ@s ²/-gE8z/³) ´Ï (sl, term of contempt for an)
Italian, Spaniard or Portuguese.¼
¨da®guerreo®type© ²/dEÚgerEtñIp/ ³n ´photograph taken by an early photographic
process.¼
¨dah®lia© ²/ÚdeIlIE ³US: ²ÚdalIE/ ³n ´garden plant with brightly coloured
flowers, growing from tuberous roots.¼
¨Dail Eire®ann© ²/*dãIl ÚeErEn/ ³n ´legislative assembly of the Republic of
Ireland.¼
¨daily© ²/ÚdeIlI/ ³adj, adv ´happening, done, appearing, every day (or every
weekday): ³Most newspapers appear @. Thousands of people cross this bridge @.
¸@ dozen, ´one's usual physical exercises. ·one's @ bread, ´one's necessary
food, etc. ¹ ³n ¸1 ´newspaper published every weekday. ¸2 ´(colloq) person who
is paid to do housework every weekday.¼
¨dainty©1 ²/ÚdeIntI/ ³adj µ(-ier, -iest) ¸1 ´(of persons) pretty, neat and
delicateµ(1,3) ´in appearance and tastes: ³a @ little lady. ¸2 ´(of persons and
animals) rather difficult to please because of delicate tastes: ³She's @
about her food. My cat is a @ feeder. ¸3 ´(of things) pretty; delicateµ(3)´,
easily injured or broken: ³@ cups and saucers; @ spring flowers. ¸4 ´(of food)
delicateµ(8) ´and delicious. ¸dain®tily ³adv ´in a @ manner: ³a daintily
dressed young lady. ¸dainti®ness ³n¼
¨dainty©2 ²/ÚdeIntI/ ³n (pl µ-ties³) ´(usu ³pl) ´dainty morsel or
dish of food: ³There were dainties of every kind in the picnic basket.¼
¨dairy© ²/ÚdeErI/ ³n (pl µ-ries³) ¸1 ´(part of a) building where milk is
kept and milk products are made. ¸Ú@-farm, ´one that produces milk and butter.
¸@®ing, Ú@-farming, ´the business of a @-farm. ¸Ú@ cattle, ´cows raised
to produce milk, not meat. ¸Ú@®maid, ´woman who works in a @. ¸2 ´shop where
milk, butter, eggs, etc, are sold. ¸Ú@-man ²/-mEn/ ³n (pl µ-men³) ´dealer in
milk, etc.¼
¨dais© ²/ÚdeIIs/ ³n (pl µ@es ²/-sIz/³) ´platform (esp at the end of a hall) for
a table, lectern etc.¼
¨daisy© ²/ÚdeIzI/ ³n (pl µ-sies³) ´small white flower with a yellow centre,
commonly growing wild; similar garden flower; other plants of various sorts
(³Michaelmas @, ´etc) resembling it or of the same species. ·push up the
daisies, µ¥ push±1µ(8).¼
¨dale© ²/deIl/ ³n ´(esp in N England and in poetry) valley. ¸dales®man
²/ÚdeIlzmEn/ ³n (pl µ-men³) ´person who lives in the @s (in N England).¼
¨dal®li®ance© ²/ÚdalIEns/ ³n ¶[U] ´trifling behaviour; flirting for amusement.¼
¨dally© ²/ÚdalI/ ³vi ¸1 ¶[VP2A,3A] ·@ (with), ´trifle; think idly about: ³@
with an idea or proposal; @ with a woman's affections´, flirt with her.
¸2 ¶[VP2A,3A] ·@ (over), ´waste time: ³Don't @ over your work.¼
¨dal®ma®tion© ²/*dalÚmeI2n/ ³n ´large, short-haired dog, white with dark
spots.¼
¨dam©1 ²/dam/ ³n ¸1 ´barrier built to keep back water and raise its level (eÔg
to form a reservoir, or for hydro-electric power). (Cf ³barrage, ´a barrier
across a river, usu for irrigation purposes.) ¸2 ´reservoir formed by such a
barrier. ¹ ³vt µ(-mm-) ¶[VP6A,15B] ·@ (up), ´make a dam across (a narrow
valley, etc); hold back by means of a dam; (fig) hold back: ³to dam up one's
feelings/sb's eloquence.¼
¨dam©2 ²/dam/ ³n ´mother (of four-footed animals). µ¥ sire(3).¼
¨dam®age© ²/ÚdamIdZ/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ·@ (to), ´harm or injury that causes loss of
value: ³The storm did great @ to the crops. The insurance company will pay for
the @ to my car. ¸2 ³(pl) ´(legal) money claimed from or paid by a person
causing loss or injury: ³He claimed $5Ô000 @s from his employers for the loss
of his right arm while at work. ¸3 ·What's the @? ´(colloq) What's the cost?
¹ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´cause @µ(1) ´to: ³furniture @d by fire.¼
¨dam®as®cene© ²/ÚdamEsin/ ³adj ´of damask. ¹ ³vt ´work into damask
steel.¼
¨dam®ask© ²/ÚdamEsk/ ³n ¶[U] ¸1 ´silk or linen material with designs shown up
by reflection of light: (attrib) ³@ table-cloths; @ silk. ¸2 ´steel with a
pattern of wavy lines or with inlaid gold or silver: (attrib) ³@ (´or
³damascene) steel. ¸3 Ú@ rose, ´variety originally brought from Damascus
²/dEÚmaskEs/´; its colour (bright pink).¼
¨dame© ²/deIm/ ³n ¸1 ´(old use) woman, esp a married woman. ¸2 ´(title of a)
woman who has been awarded the highest grade of an order±1µ(10)´: ³D@ Ellen
Terry. ´Cf the title ³Lady. ¸3 ´title as used eÔg in ¸D@ Nature, D@ Fortune´,
nature, fortune, personified. ¸4 ´(US, sl) woman.¼
¨damn© ²/dam/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ¸1 ´(of God) condemn to everlasting torment. ¸2
´condemn; say that sth or sb is worthless, bad, etc: ³The book was @ed by the
critics. ¸3 ´(colloq) (esp as ³int) ´used to express anger,
annoyance, impatience, etc: ³D@! I'll be @ed if I'll go´, I refuse to go. ³D@
it all! D@ you/your impudence! ¹ ³n ´(colloq) ·not give/care a @, ´not care at
all. ·not (be) worth a @, ´(be) worthless. ¹ ³adj, adv ´(colloq) (intensive):
³Don't be @ silly/a @ fool. ·@ well, ´certainly.¼
¨dam®nable© ²/ÚdamnEbl/ ³adj ´hateful; deserving to be damned;
(colloq) very bad: ³@ weather. ¸dam®nably ²/ÚdamnEblI/ ³adv¼
¨dam®na®tion© ²/damÚneI2n/ ³n ¶[U] ´being damned; ruin: ³to suffer eternal @.¼
¨damned© ²/damd/ ³adj ¸1 the @´, souls in hell. ¸2 ´(colloq) damnable: ³You @
fool! ¹ adv ´(colloq) extremely: ³@ hot/funny.¼
¨Damocles© ²/ÚdamEkliz/ ³n ·sword of @, ´threatened danger in the midst of
prosperity (from the old Greek story of a man who feasted while a sword
hung by a thread over him).¼
¨damp©1 ²/damp/ ³adj µ(-er, -est) ´not thoroughly dry; having some moisture (in
or on): ³@ clothes; to wipe a window with a @ cloth. Don't sleep between @
sheets. ¸@ squib, µ¥ squib. ³¹ n ¶[U] ¸1 ´state of being @; @ atmosphere;
moisture on the surface of, or existing throughout, sth: ³The @ rising from the
ground caused the walls to stain badly. Don't stay outside in the @. µ¥
³@-course ´at µcourse±1µ(5). ¸2 ·cast/strike a @ over, ´(fig) cause dejection
or unhappiness: ³Their mother's illness cast a @ over the celebrations. ¸3
´(also ¸Úfire-@´) dangerous gas which may collect in coal-mines. ¸@®ish ³adj
´rather @. ¸@®ly ³adv ¸@®ness ³n¼
¨damp©2 ²/damp/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A] ´make dampµ(1)´: ³to @ clothes before
ironing them. ¸2 ¶[VP6A] ´(also ¸Údampen´) make sad or dull: ³Nothing could @
his spirits. ¸3 ¶[VP15B] ·@ down, ´make (a fire) burn more slowly (eÔg by
heaping ashes on it, or by controlling the draught of air entering a stove,
etc). ¸4 ¶[VP2C] ·@ off, ´(of young plants) rot and die because of excessive
dampµ(1)´.¼
¨dampen© ²/ÚdampEn/ ³vt,vi ´= µdamp±2µ(2).¼
¨damper© ²/ÚdampE(r)/ ³n ¸1 ´movable metal plate that regulates the
flow of air into a fire in a stove or furnace. ¸2 ´person or thing that checks
or discourages. µ¥ damp±1µ(2).¼
¨dam®sel© ²/Údamzl/ ³n ´(old use) girl; young unmarried woman.¼
¨dam®son© ²/ÚdamzEn/ ³n ´(tree producing) small dark-purple plum; dark-purple.¼
¨dance©1 ²/dqns ³US: ²dans/ ³n ¶[C] ¸1 ´(series of) movements and steps in
time with music; special form (eÔg a ³waltz´), tune, piece of music, for such
movements and steps: ³May I have the next @´, Will you be my partner in the
next @? ³Shall we join the @´, go out among the dancers? ·lead sb a (pretty)
@, ´cause him a lot of trouble, make him follow from place to place. ¸2
´social gathering for dancing: ³to give a @´, arrange for and invite persons
to such a gathering. ¸3 ´(attrib): ·Ú³@-rhythm. ¸Ú@-band/-orchestra ³nn
´providing music for dancing. ¸Ú@-hall ³n ´hall for public @s, with a charge
for admission. µ¥ ³ballroom ´at µball±2µ.¼
¨dance©2 ²/dqns ³US: ²dans/ ³vi,vt ¸1 ¶[VP2A,C] ´move along in rhythmical
steps, usu with music, either alone, or with a partner, or in a group: ³Will
you @ with me? They went on dancing until after midnight. ¸2 ¶[VP6A] ´perform
(a named kind of such movements or the named (style of) music for it): ³to @ a
waltz/a ballet/Swan Lake. ³Is the polka often @d nowadays? ·@ attendance upon
sb, ´follow him about, pay great attention to his wishes, etc. ·@ to sb's
tune, ´obey him. ¸3 ¶[VP2A,C] ´move in a lively way, quickly, up and down, etc:
³The leaves were dancing in the wind. She @d for joy. The sudden pain made him
@ up and down. Look at that boat dancing on the waves. ¸4 ¶[VP6A,15A] ´cause to
@µ(3)´: ³to @ a baby on one's knee. ¸dancer ³n ´person who @s: ³a clever @r;
´person who @s in public for pay. µ¥ ballerina, ballet-@r. ¸danc®ing ³part adj
´who or that @s: ³a ·*³dancing ·Ú³dervish. µ¹ ³n ´(gerund) ¶[U] ¸1 ´(attrib)
(stress on the gerund): ·Ú³dancing-master´, professional teacher of dancing;
·Ú³dancing-partner´, person with whom one (usu) @s; ·Ú³dancing-shoes´,
light shoes for dancing. ¸2 ´(stress on the first element): ·Ú³ballet-dancing;
·Ú³tap-dancing.¼
¨dan®de®lion© ²/ÚdandIlñIEn/ ³n ´small wild plant with bright
yellow flowers and deeply notched leaves.¼
¨dan®der© ²/ÚdandE(r)/ ³n ´(colloq, only in) ·get sb's @ up, ´make him angry.
·get one's @ up, ´become angry.¼
¨dandle© ²/Údandl/ ³vt ¶[VP6A,15A,B] ´move (eÔg a child) up and down on one's
knee(s) or in the arms.¼
¨dan®druff© ²/ÚdandrAf/ ³n ¶[U] ´dead skin in small scales among the hair of
the scalp; scurf.¼
¨dandy©1 ²/ÚdandI/ ³n ´man who pays too much care to his clothes and personal
appearance. ¸dan®di®fied ²/ÚdandIfñId/ ³adj ´dressed up, etc like a @: ³a
dandified appearance.¼
¨dandy©2 ²/ÚdandI/ ³adj ´(sl) excellent; first-rate: ³fine and @.¼
¨Dane© ²/deIn/ ³n ´native of Denmark.¼
¨dan®ger© ²/ÚdeIndZE(r)/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´chance of suffering, liability to suffer,
injury or loss of life: ³D@ Åthin ice! Is there any @ of fire? In war a
soldier's life is full of @. ·at @´: ³The signal ´(on a railway line) ³was at
@´, in the position giving a warning of @. ·in @ (of)´: ³His life was in @. He
was in @ of losing his life. ·out of @´: ³He has been very ill, but the
doctors say that he is now out of @´, not likely to die. ¸Ú@ money, ´extra pay
for dangerous work. ¸2 ¶[C] ´sth or sb that may cause @: ³He looked round
carefully for hidden @s. The wreck is a @ to shipping. That man is a @ to
society.¼
¨dan®ger®ous© ²/ÚdeIndZErEs/ ³adj ·@ (to/for), ´likely to cause
danger or be a danger: ³a @ bridge/journey/illness. The river is @ for
bathers. That dog looks @´, looks as though it might attack people. ¸@®ly ³adv¼
¨dangle© ²/ÚdaGgl/ ³vi,vt ¸1 ¶[VP2A,C,6A,15A] ´hang or swing loosely; carry
(sth) so that it hangs or swings loosely: ³a bunch of keys dangling at the end
of a chain; to @ a toy in front of a baby; ´(fig) ³to @ bright prospects ´(eÔg
of wealth, a well-paid position) ³before a man. ¸2 ¶[VP2C] ·@ round/about,
´remain near (sb or sth) (as an admirer) hoping to obtain sth: ³She always has
half a dozen men dangling round her.¼
¨Dan®iel© ²/ÚdanIEl/ ³n ´upright judge; µ¥ Dan 1 to 6´; person of great
wisdom; µ¥ Mer of Ven, 4: 1.¼
¨Dan®ish© ²/ÚdeInI2/ ³n, adj ´(language) of Denmark or the Danes.¼
¨dank© ²/daGk/ ³adj µ(-er, -est) ´damp in an unpleasant or unhealthy way: ³the
@ undergrowth of a forest; a @ and chilly cave.¼
¨daphne© ²/ÚdafnI/ ³n ´kinds of flowering shrub.¼
¨dap®per© ²/ÚdapE(r)/ ³adj ´(usu of a small person) neat and smart in
appearance; active in movement: ³Isn't he a @ little man!¼
¨dapple© ²/Údapl/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´(usu in ³pp´) mark, become marked, with rounded
patches of different colour or shades of colour, esp of an animal, or of
sunlight and shadow: ³@d deer; a @d horse; @d shade, ´as when sunlight comes
through the leaves of trees. ¸*@-Úgrey ³adj, n ´(horse) of grey with darker
patches.¼
¨Darby and Joan© ²/*dqbI En ÚdZE8n/ ³n ´old and loving married couple: ³a @
club´, one for old couples.¼
¨dare©1 ²/deE(r)/ ³anom fin (pt µdared ²/deEd/ ´or, less often, µdurst
²/d3st/³) (dare not ´is abbr to ³daren't ²/deEnt/, ³3rd ³pers sing ´is ³dare,
´not ³dares) ´(Used with an inf without ³to´, chiefly in neg sentences,
including those with ³hardly, never ´and ³no one, nobody´, and in interr and
conditional sentences, and in sentences to indicate doubt) ¶[VP5] ´have the
courage, impudence or effrontery to: ³Don't (you) @ do that again! I
@n't/don't @ speak to him. I wonder whether he @ try. No one/Nobody @d ask him
about his intentions. He will hardly/never @ go there again. How @ he say such
rude things about me! ·I @ say, ´It seems to me likely or possible: ³I @ say
he'll come later.¼
¨dare©2 ²/deE(r)/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP5,4A] ´(with or without ³to´) be
brave enough to: ³He didn't @ (to) go. I wonder how he @s (to) say such
things. I've never @d (to) ask him. They wouldn't @ (to be so rude)! ¸2
¶[VP6A] ´take the risk of; face: ³He will @ any danger. ¸3 ¶[VP6A,17] ·@ sb
(to do sth), ´challenge; suggest that sb has not the courage or ability to do
sth: ³I @ you to say that again! He @d me to jump from the bridge into the
river. Go on, insult me! I @ you! ¸Ú@-devil ³n ´(often attrib) person who is
foolishly bold or reckless: ³You @-devil! What a @-devil fellow he is! ¹ n
´challenge. ·do sth for a @, ´do sth because one is @dµ(3) ´to do it.¼
¨dar®ing© ²/ÚdeErIG/ ³n ¶[U] ´adventurous courage; audacity: ³the @ of the
paratroops; lose one's @. ¹ adj ´brave; audacious: ³a @ robbery. What a @
thing to do! ¸@®ly ³adv¼
¨dark©1 ²/dqk/ ³n ¶[U] ¸1 ´absence of light: ³All the lights went out and we
were left in the @. Some children are afraid of the @. Don't leave me alone in
the @. ·before/after @, ´before/after the sun goes down: ³Try to get home
before @. The place is so dangerous that we don't often go out after @. ¸2
´(fig) ignorance. ·keep sb/be in the @ (about sth), ´keep sb/be in ignorance:
³We were completely in the @ about his movements.¼
¨dark©2 ²/dqk/ ³adj µ(-er, -est) ¸1 ´with no or very little light: ³a @,
moonless night; a @ corner of the room. It's getting too @ to take
photographs. ¸Ú@ lantern, ´one that can have its light covered. ¸Ú@®room, ´one
that can be made @ for photographic work. ¸2 ´(of colour) not reflecting much
light; nearer black than white: ³a @ dress/suit; @ blue/green/brown; @-brown
eyes. ¸3 ´(of the skin) not fair: ³a @ complexion. ¸4 ´(fig) hidden,
mysterious: ³a @ secret´, one that is closely guarded. ·keep it @, ´keep a
secret. ¸the D@ Continent, ´Africa (used of the time when most of it was
unexplored and mysterious). ¸a @ horse, ´race-horse with unexpected or unknown
capabilities; (fig) person whose capabilities may be greater than they are
known to be. ¸5 ´hopeless; sad; cheerless: ³Don't look on the @ side of things.
¸6 ´unenlightened (morally or intellectually). ¸the D@ Ages´, (in European
history), from the 6th to the 12th cc; (also) between the end of the Roman
Empire (¶AÔD ´395) and the close of the 10th c. ¸7 ´not clear to or in the
mind: ³a @ saying´, one that is obscure. ¸@®ly ³adv ¸@®ness ³n ¶[U] ´the state
of being @: ³The room was in complete @ness.¼
¨darken© ²/ÚdqkEn/ ³vt,vi ¶[VP6A,2A] ´make or become dark. ·@ sb's door,
´(facet) visit him.¼
¨Darkey©, Darkie, Darky ²/ÚdqkI/ ³n ´Ï (colloq) (offensive term for
a) Negro or Negress.¼
¨dar®ling© ²/ÚdqlIG/ ³n ¸1 ´person or object very much loved: ³She's a little
@. My @! ¸2 ´(attrib, colloq) charming; delightful: ³What a @ little cottage!¼
¨darn©1 ²/dqn/ ³vt,vi ¶[VP6A,2A] ´mend (esp sth knitted, eÔg a sock) by
passing thread in and out and in two directions: ³My socks have been @ed again
and again. ¹ n ´place mended by @ing. ¸@®ing ³n ´(esp) things needing to be
@ed. ¸Ú@ing-needle, ´large sewing needle used for @ing.¼
¨darn©2 ²/dqn/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´(sl) damnµ(3)´: ³Well, I'll be @ed.¼
¨dart©1 ²/dqt/ ³n ¶[C] ¸1 ´quick, sudden, forward movement: ³The child made a
sudden @ across the road. ¸2 ´small, sharp missile (feathered and pointed), to
be thrown at a target (marked with numbers for scoring) in the
game called ¸@s´.¼
¨dart©2 ²/dqt/ ³vi,vt ¶[VP2A,C,6A,15A,B] ´(cause to) move forward suddenly and
quickly; send suddenly and quickly: ³The deer @ed away when it saw us. The
snake @ed out its tongue. She @ed an angry look at him. Swallows were @ing
through the air. She @ed into the shop.¼
¨dash©1 ²/da2/ ³n ¸1 ¶[C] ´sudden rush; violent movement: ³to make a @ for
shelter/freedom; to make a @ at the enemy. ·at a @, ´quickly and smartly: ³The
cavalry rode off at a @. ¸2 ´(usu ¸a/the @ of ´) (sound of) liquid striking sth
or being thrown or struck: ³the @ of the waves on the rocks; the @ of oars
striking the water. A @ of cold water will revive a person who has fainted. ¸3
¶[C] ´small amount of sth added or mixed: ³a @ of pepper in the soup; water
with a @ of whisky in it; red with a @ of blue. ¸4 ¶[C] ´stroke of the pen or a
mark (Å) used in printing. µ¥ App 9. ¸5 the @, ´short race, sprint: ³the
100-metres @. ¸6 ¶[U] ´(capacity for) vigorous action; energy: ³an officer
famous for his skill and @. ·cut a @, ´make a brilliant show (in appearance and
behaviour). ¸Ú@®board, ¸(a) ´screen on the front part of a horse-drawn cart,
wagon, etc to protect from mud splashed up
from the road. ¸(b) ´panel beneath the windscreen of a motor-car, with
speedometer, various controls, etc. µ¥ ´the illus at µmotor.¼
¨dash©2 ²/da2/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A,15A,B,2C] ´send or throw violently;
move or be moved violently: ³The boat was @ed against the rocks. The huge waves
@ed over the rocks. The elephants @ed through the undergrowth. D@ a bucketful
of water over this muddy floor. A motor-car @ed past us/@ed mud all over us as
it passed. ·@ sth off, ´write or draw sth quickly: ³I must @ off a few letters
before I go out. ¸2 ¶[VP6A] ·@ sb's hopes, ´destroy, discourage, them. ¸3
¶[VP6A] ´(colloq, used as a mild substitute for) Damn!: ³D@ it! ¸@®ing ³adj
´impetuous; lively; full of, showing, energy: ³a @ing cavalry charge; a @ing
rider, ´eÔg one who rides a horse boldly. ¸@®ing®ly ³adv¼
¨das®tard© ²/ÚdastEd/ ³n ´(old use) bully; coward who is brutal when there is
no risk to himself. ¸@®ly ³adj ´of or like a @.¼
¨data© ²/ÚdeItE/ ³n pl ´(³pl ´of Lat ³datum) ¸1 ´facts; things certainly known
(and from which conclusions may be drawn): ³unless sufficient @ are available.
¸2 ´(usu with ³sing v´) information prepared for and operated on a computer
programme: ³The @ is ready for processing. ¸Ú@ bank, ´centre with a
comprehensive file of computer @. ¸*@ Úprocessing, ´the performing of
operations on @ to obtain information, solutions to problems, etc.¼
¨date©1 ²/deIt/ ³n ¸1 ´statement of the time, day, month, year, one
or all three of these, when sth happened or is to happen: ³D@ of birth, 20
April 1974; the @ of the discovery of America by Columbus (1492). What's the @
today? Has the @ for the meeting been fixed? ¸Ú@-line, ¸(a) ³(International
@-line) ´meridian 180Ä from Greenwich, east and west of which at any given
time the calendar @s differ by one day. ¸(b) ´phrase giving the @ and place of
origin of an article in a periodical. ¸2 ¶[U] ´period of time, eÔg one to which
antiquities belong: ³Many ruins of Roman @ ´(= of the time of ancient Rome)
³are to be seen in the south of France. ¸3 ´(phrases) ·be/go out of @,
´be/become not modern; no longer used; old-fashioned: ³I notice that
wide-bottomed trousers are slowly going out of @. ´Hence ¸out-of-@ ³attrib adj´:
³out-of-@ clothes/ideas/words. ·to @, ´so far; until now. ·(be/bring) up to
@, ¸(a) ´in line with, according to, what is now known, used, etc: ³up-to-@
ideas/methods. ¸(b) ´up to the present time: ³to
bring a catalogue up to @. µ¥ update. ¸4 ´(colloq) social meeting arranged with
sb at a certain time and place; appointment: ³I've got a @ with her tonight.
¸*blind Ú@, ´arrangement to meet sb socially, having not met before. ¸5 ´(by
extension; colloq) companion of the other sex with whom @sµ(4) ´are arranged.
¸@®less ³adj ´endless; immemorial.¼
¨date©2 ²/deIt/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A] ´have or put a dateµ(1) ´on: ³Don't forget
to @ your letters. The letter is @d from London, 24 May. ¸2 ¶[VP6A] ´give a
dateµ(2) ´to: ³to @ old coins/sth found in an excavation. That suit @s you,
´shows your age (because it is old-fashioned). µ¥ 4 ´below. ¸3 ¶[VP2C,3A] ·@
from/back to, ´have existed since: ³The castle @s back to the 14th century´,
was built then. ³The prosperity of the family @s from the war´, They became
rich (eÔg by making munitions) during the war. ¸4 ¶[VP2A] ´show signs of
becoming out-of-date: ³Isn't this textbook beginning to @? ¸5 ¶[VP6A] ´make a
dateµ(4) ´with. ¸dated ³adj ´out of fashion; (of words and phrases) used in the
past but not now current. ¸dat®able ³adj ´that can be datedµ(2)´.¼
¨date©3 ²/deIt/ ³n ´small, brown, sweet, edible fruit of the date-palm, common
in N Africa and SÔW Asia. µ¥ ´the illus at µpalm.¼
¨dat®ive© ²/ÚdeItIv/ ³n, adj ´(gram) ´(in Latin and other inflected languages)
(of the) form of a word showing that it is an indirect object of the verb; (in
English, loosely used for) indirect object (eÔg ³me ´in "Tell me your name').
µ¥ case±1µ(3).¼
¨datum© ²/ÚdeItEm/ ³n ´fact. µ¥ data.¼
¨daub© ²/dcb/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A,14,15A,B] ´put paint, clay, plaster, etc roughly
on a surface: ³to @ plaster on a wall; to @ a wall with paint. Don't @
the paint on too thickly. ¸2 ¶[VP6A,2A] ´paint (pictures) without skill or
artistry. ¸3 ¶[VP6A,14] ´make dirty: ³trousers @ed with paint. ¹ n ¸1 ¶[C,U]
´(covering of) soft, sticky material, eÔg clay. ¸2 ¶[C] ´badly painted
picture. ¸@er ³n ´person who paints unskilfully.¼
¨daugh®ter© ²/ÚdctE(r)/ ³n ´one's female child. ¸@-in-law ²/ÚdctEr In lc/ ³n (pl
µ@s-in-law ²/ÚdctEz In lc/³) ´wife of one's son. ¸@®ly ³adj ´befitting a @:
³@ly affection.¼
¨daunt© ²/dcnt/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´discourage: ³nothing @ed´, not at all
discouraged.¼
¨daunt®less© ²/ÚdcntlIs/ ³adj ´not daunted; persevering. ¸@®ly ³adv¼
¨dau®phin© ²/ÚdcfIn/ ³n ´title of the King of France's eldest son (from 1349 to
1830).¼
¨dav®en®port© ²/Údavnpct/ ³n ¸1 ´(GB) piece of furniture with drawers and a
hinged flap that opens so that it can be used as a writing-desk. ¸2 ´(US) long
seat for two or three persons, with arms and a back. µ¥ settee.¼
¨davit© ²/ÚdavIt/ ³n ´one of a pair of small cranesµ(2)´, curved at the top,
for supporting, lowering and raising a ship's boat.¼
¨daw© ²/dc/ ³n ´= µjackdaw.¼
¨dawdle© ²/Údcdl/ ³vi,vt ¶[VP2A,C,15B] ·@ (away), ´be slow; waste time: ³Stop
dawdling and do something useful! Don't @ away your time! He's always
dawdling. ¸daw®dler ²/ÚdcdlE(r)/ ³n ´person who @s.¼
¨dawn©1 ²/dcn/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U,C] ´first light of day; daybreak: ³We must start at @.
He works from @ till dark. It's almost @. ¸2 ¶[U,C] ´(fig) beginning; birth:
³the @ of intelligence/love/civilization. The war ended and we looked forward
to the @ of happier days.¼
¨dawn©2 ²/dcn/ ³vi ¸1 ¶[VP2A] ´begin to grow light: ³The day was just @ing. ¸2
¶[VP2A,3A] ·@ (on/upon sb), ´begin to appear; grow clear (to the mind): ³The
truth began to @ upon him. It has just @ed on me that«´, I have just begun to
realize that«.¼
¨day© ²/deI/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´time between sunrise and sunset: ³He has
been working all day. We travelled day and night/night and day without
stopping. ·before day, ´before daylight comes. ·by day, ´during daylight: ³We
travelled by day and stayed at hotels every night. ·pass the time of day (with
sb), ´exchange greetings (eÔg by saying "Good morning'). ¸2 ¶[C] ´period of
twenty-four hours (from midnight): ³There are seven days in a week. I saw Tom
three days ago. I shall see Mary in a few days' time´, a few days from now.
³What day of the week is it? It's Monday. ·the day after tomorrowÔ´: ³If today
is Wednesday, the day after tomorrow will be Friday. ·the day before
yesterdayÔ´: ³If today is Wednesday, the day before yesterday was Monday. ·this
day weekÔ´: ³If today is 1 May, this day week will be 8 May. ·this day
fortnightÔ´: ³If today is 1 May, this day fortnight will be 15 May. ·day after
day; every day, ´for many days together. ·day in, day out, ´continuously. ·from
day to day; from one day to the nextÔ´: ³No one can be certain about what will
happen from day to day. ·one day, ´on a day (past or future). ·the other
day, ´a few days ago. ·some day, ´on some day in the future. ·one of these
days, ´(used in making a promise or a prophecy) before long. ·one of those
days, ´day of much misfortune. ·that'll be the day, ´(ironic) that will
never happen. ·if he's a day, ´(of age) at least: ³He's eighty if he's a
day! ·not be one's day, ´day when things go badly for one. ·to a/the day,
´exactly: ³three years ago to the/a day. ´Note the omission of relatives after
³day´: ³the day (on which) I met you. We shall have many days (on which) to
talk things over. ¸3 ´the hours of the day given to work: ³I've done a good
day's work. His working day is eight hours. They want a six-hour day and a
five-day week. Most workers are paid weekly, but some are paid by the day.
·call it a day, ´decide that we have done enough (work) for one day: ³Let's
call it a day, ´stop. ·all in a/the day's work, ´all part of the normal
routine. ·at the end of the day, ´when the work, etc is completed. ·early/late
in the day, ´(too) early/late. ¸day Úoff, ´holiday. ¸day release, ´permission
for a worker to attend a college during a working day. ¸4 ´(often ³pl´) time;
period: ³in my school-days; in his boyhood days; in the days of Queen Victoria;
in days of old/in olden days´, in former times; ³in days to come´, in
future times; ³the men of other days´, of past times. ·better days, ´times when
one was, or will be, richer, more prosperous, etc: ³Let's hope we'll soon see
better days. ·fall on evil days, ´suffer misfortune. ·the present day, ´the
time we are now living in. Hence ¸Úpresent-day ³attrib adj´: ³present-day ´(=
modern) ³writers. ·(in) these days, ´nowadays. ·in those days, ´then. ·in
this day and age, ´(clich_e) in this present period. ¸5 ³(sing ´preceded by
³his, her, their´, etc) lifetime; period of success, prosperity, power, etc:
³Colonialism has had its day. She was a beauty in her day´, before she grew
old. ·Every dog has its day´, (prov) We all have good luck or a period of
success at some time or other. ·Those were the days, ´(clich_e) iÔe better
times. ¸6 the day, ´contest: ³We've won/carried the day. The day is ours.
³We've lost the day. ¸7 ´(used attrib, and in compounds) ¸Úday bed, ´sofa or
couch. ¸Úday-boarder, ´schoolchild who has meals at school, but sleeps at home.
¸Úday-book ³n ´(comm) record of purchases and sales as they take
place, to be transferred to ledgers. ¸Úday-boy/-girl, ´one who attends school
daily but sleeps at home. ¸Úday®break, ´dawn. ¸Úday-dream ³vi, n ´(have) idle
and pleasant thoughts. ¸Úday-labourer, ´one who is hired by the day. ¸Úday-long
³adj, adv ´(lasting) for the whole day. ¸Úday nursery, ´place where small
children may be left (while their mothers are at work).
¸Úday-return ´return ticket (often at a reduced rate) available
both ways on one day only. ¸Úday-school, ´used as the opp of ³boarding-school,
evening school, ´and ³Sunday school. ¸Úday shift, ´(workers working a) period
during the day, esp in a mine. ¸Úday-spring, ´(poet) dawn. ¸Úday-time,
´dayµ(1)´, esp: ³in the day-time.¼
¨day®light© ²/ÚdeIlñIt/ ³n ¶[U] ¸1 ´light of day: ³Can we reach our
destination in @´, before it gets dark? ¸@®saving, ´putting the hands of the
clock forward so that darkness falls at a later hour. µ¥ summer time. ¸2 ´dawn:
³We must leave before @.¼
¨daze© ²/deIz/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´make (sb) feel stupid or unable to think clearly:
³If someone gave you a heavy blow on the head, you would probably feel @d. He
looked @d with drugs/was in a @d state. ¹ n ·in a @, ´in a bewildered
condition. ¸dazed®ly ²/ÚdeIzIdlI/ ³adv ´in a @d manner.¼
¨dazzle© ²/Údazl/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´make (sb) unable to see clearly or act normally
because of too much light, brilliance, splendour, etc: ³@d by bright lights;
dazzling sunshine/diamonds. ¹ n ¶[U] ´glitter.¼
¨D-day© ²/Údi deI/ ³n ´(code name for the) day (6 June 1944) on which British
and American forces landed in N France, during the Second World War; unnamed
day on which important work is to start.¼
¨dea®con© ²/ÚdikEn/ ³n ´minister or officer who has various duties in certain
Christian churches (eÔg in the Church of England, below a bishop or priest; in
nonconformist churches, a layman attending to secular affairs). ¸@®ess
²/ÚdikEnIs/ ³n ´woman with duties similar to a @'s.¼
¨dead© ²/ded/ ³adj ¸1 ´(of plants, animals, persons) no longer living: ³@
flowers/leaves. The hunter fired and the tiger fell @. ·D@ men tell no tales,
´(prov, used as an argument for killing sb whose knowledge of a secret may
cause one loss or trouble). ·wait for a @ man's shoes, ´wait for sb to die in
order to step into his position. ¸the @, ´all those who have died or been
killed: ³to rise from the @; the @ and the wounded. ¸@ march, ´piece of slow,
solemn music for a funeral. ¸2 ´never having had life: ³@ matter, ´eÔg
rock. ¸3 ´without movement or activity: ³in the @ hours of the night´, when
everything is quiet; (as ³n) in the @ of winter´, when there is no growth of
vegetation, when the weather makes outdoor activity difficult, etc. ¸@ end,
´cul-de-sac. ·be at/come to/reach a @ end, ´(fig) the stage from which further
progress appears impossible. µ¥ 9 ´below. ¸4 ´(of languages, customs, etc) no
longer used or observed. ¸@ language, ´eÔg ancient Greek. ¸@ letter, (a)
´regulation to which attention is no longer paid. ¸(b) ´letter kept by the
post-office because the person to whom it is addressed has not claimed it and
neither he nor the sender can be found. ¸5 ´(of the hands, etc) numbed, eÔg by
cold; unable to feel anything: ³@ fingers. ·@ to, ´unconscious of, hardened
against: ³@ to all feelings of shame; @ to the world, ´(fig) fast asleep. ¸6
´complete; abrupt; exact: ³to come to a @ stop; runners on a @ level´, running
side by side; ³a @ calm´, not even a breath of wind. ·go into/be in a @ faint,
´complete unconsciousness. ¸@ heat, ´a race in which two or more runners reach
the winning-post together. ¸@ loss, ´a complete loss, with no compensation;
(sl, of a person) one who is of no help or use to anyone. ¸the @ centre, ´the
exact centre. ¸@ shot, ´person who hits the target without fail; shot that goes
to the exact point aimed at. ¸@ silence, ´complete silence. ¸@ sleep, ´a deep
sleep (as if @). ¸7 ´that can no longer be used: ³a @ match´, one that has been
struck; ³a @ wire´, one through which electric current no longer passes. ³The
telephone went @´, did not transmit sounds. ¸8 ´(of sound)
dull, heavy; (of colours) lacking brilliance; (cricket, tennis, etc) (of the
surface of the ground) such that balls move slowly: ³a @ pitch; ´(of the ball,
in various games) out of play. ¸9 ´(various uses) ¸Ú@®line ³n ´fixed limit of
time for finishing a piece of work: ³meet a @line, ´do, finish sth by the time
assigned for it. ¸@®pan ³adj ´(colloq) (of a person's face, looks) showing no
emotion. ¸@ weight ³n ¸1 ´(with ³indef art´) heavy inert mass. ¸2 ´(comm)
ship's loaded weight, including fuel and cargo. ¹ ³adv ´completely; absolutely;
thoroughly: ³@ ·Ú³beat/·Ú³tired; @ ·Ú³certain/·Ú³sure; @ ·Ú³drunk´, so drunk as
to be incapable; ³@ slow´, as slowly as possible; ³@ ahead´, directly ahead.
³The wind was @ against us. You're @ right! ·cut sb @, µ¥ cut±1µ(7).¼
¨deaden© ²/Údedn/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´take away, deprive of, force,
feeling, brightness: ³drugs to @ the pain; thick walls that @ street noises;
thick clothing that @ed the force of the blow.¼
¨dead®lock© ²/Údedlok/ ³n ¶[C,U] ´complete failure to reach agreement, to
settle a quarrel or grievance: ³to reach @; to be at/come to a total @.
·break the @, ´cause change in the blocked state.¼
¨deadly© ²/ÚdedlI/ ³adj µ(-ier, -iest) ¸1 ´causing, likely to cause, death: ³@
weapons/poison. Fog is one of the sailor's deadliest enemies. ¸2 ´filled with
hate: ³@ enemies. ¸3 ´that may result in damnation: ³the seven @ sins. ¸4
´like that of death: ³a @ paleness. ¸5 ´(colloq) excessive: ³@ determination.
¹ adv ´like that of death: ³@ pale; ´(colloq) excessively: ³@ serious.¼
¨deaf© ²/def/ ³adj ¸1 ´unable to hear at all; unable to hear well: ³to become
@; the @ and dumb alphabet´, one in which signs made with the hands are used
for letters or words; to be @ in one ear. ¸Ú@-aid ³n ´hearing aid; small
device, usu electronic, that helps a @ person to hear. ¸*@ Úmute ³n ´person
who is @ and dumb. ¸2 ´unwilling to listen: ³@ to all advice/entreaty. He
turned a @ ear to ´(= refused to listen to) ³our requests for help. ¸@®ness ³n¼
¨deafen© ²/Údefn/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´make so much noise that hearing is difficult or
impossible: ³We were almost @ed by the uproar. There were @ing cheers when the
speaker finished.¼
¨deal©1 ²/dil/ ³n ´(board of) fir or pine wood: (chiefly attrib) ³@ furniture;
a @ table; made of white @.¼
¨deal©2 ²/dil/ ³n ·a (good/great) @ (of), ´a large or considerable quantity;
quite a lot: ³He has had to spend a good @ of money on medicines. I have taken
a great @ of trouble over the work. He has caused me a @ of anxiety. ¹ adv
´very much: ³She's a good @ better today. They see each other a
great @.¼
¨deal©3 ²/dil/ ³vt,vi (pt,pp µdealt ²/delt/³) ¸1
¶[VP6A,15B,2A,12A,13A] ·@ (out), ´give out to a number of persons: ³The money
must be @t out fairly. Who @t the cards? He had been @t four aces. It is the
duty of a judge to @ out justice. ·@ sb a blow; @ a blow at/to sb, ¸(a) ´hit or
strike him: ³He @t me a hard blow on the chin. ¸(b) ´(fig) hurt; upset: ³The
news @t me a severe blow. ¸2 ¶[VP3A] ·@ in sth, ´stock, sell: ³a shop that @s
in goods of all sorts; ´spend time on: ³to @ in gossip and slander. ¸3 ¶[VP3A]
·@ with sb/at a place, ´do business: ³Do you @ with Smith, the butcher? I've
stopped @ing at that shopÅtheir prices are too high. ¸4 ¶[VP3A] ·@ with, ¸(a)
´have relations with: ³That man is easy/difficult/impossible to @ with. ¸(b)
´behave towards; treat: ³How would you @ with an armed burglar? What is the
best way of @ing with young criminals´, How can we make them into good
citizens? ¸(c) ´(of affairs) manage; attend to: ³How shall we @ with this
problem? ¸(d) ´be about; be concerned with: ³a book @ing with West Africa. ¸5
·@ well/badly by sb, ´treat him well/badly (usu in passive): ³He has always @t
well by me. You've been badly @t by.¼
¨deal©4 ²/dil/ ³n ¶[C] ¸1 ´(in games) distribution of playing cards: ³It's
your @´, your turn to deal out the cards. ·a new @, ´(originally ·the New D@´)
programme of social and economic reform (in US); any new plan that is thought
to be just or fair. ¸2 ´business transaction or agreement; (colloq) bargain:
³Well, it's a @´, I agree to do business with you on those terms. ³I'll do a @
with you´, make a bargain. ·a fair/square @, ´fair treatment. ·a raw/rough @,
´harsh or unjust treatment.¼
¨dealer© ²/ÚdilE(r)/ ³n ¸1 ´person who deals out playing-cards. ¸2 ´trader: ³a
·Ú³horse-@; a @ in ´(= person who buys and sells) ³stolen goods; a ·Ú³car @.
´Cf ³a coal merchant.¼
¨deal®ing© ²/ÚdilIG/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´dealing out or distributing; behaviour
towards others: ³He is well known for fair @. ¸2 ³(pl) ´business relations:
³I've always found him honest in his @s with me. I advise you to have no @s
with that fellow.¼
¨dealt© ²/delt/ ³pt,pp ´of µdeal±3µ.¼
¨dean© ²/din/ ³n ¸1 ´clergyman at the head of a cathedral chapter. ¸2 rural @,
´clergyman who, under an archdeacon, is responsible for a number of parishes.
¸3 ´(in some universities) person with authority to maintain discipline; head
of a department of studies. ¸4 ´= µdoyen. ¸@®ery ²/ÚdinErI/ ³n
(pl µ-ries³) ´office, house, of a @; group of parishes under a rural @.¼
¨dear© ²/dIE(r)/ ³adj µ(-er, -est) ¸1 ·@ (to), ´loved (by); lovable: ³Your
mother is @ to you. What a @ little child! ·hold sth/sb @, ´(formal) love very
much. ¸2 ´used as a form of address (polite or ironical) in speech, and at the
beginning of letters: ³My @ Jones; D@ Madam/Sir; D@ Mr Green. ¸3 ´high in
price; ´(of a shop) asking high prices: ³Everything is getting @er. That's a @
shop. ¸Ú@ money, ´(when loans are difficult to obtain) on which a high rate of
interest must be paid. ¸4 ·@ (to), ´precious (to); greatly valued: ³He lost
everything that was @ to him. ¹ ³adv ´at a high cost: ³If you want to make
money, you must buy cheap and sell @. ¹ n ¸1 ´lovable person: ³Isn't she a @!
Aren't they @s! ¸2 ´(also ¸@®est´) ´(used to address a person): ³"Come, my
@est'. "Yes, @'´; (used with ³indef art´, esp when coaxing sb): ³"Drink your
milk up, Anne, there's a @'. ¹ int ´used to express surprise, impatience,
wonder, dismay, etc: ³Oh @! D@ me! ¸@®ly ³adv ¸1 ´very much: ³He would @ly ´(=
earnestly) ³love to see his mother again. He loves his mother @ly.
¸2 ´at great cost: ³Victory was @ly bought´, eÔg when hundreds of soldiers were
killed. ¸@®ness ³n ´being @; great cost.¼
¨dearth© ²/d3T/ ³n ·@ (of), ³(sing ´only) scarcity; too small a
supply: ³in time of @; a @ of food. µ¥ shortage, ´a much commoner word.¼
¨deary©, dearie ²/ÚdIErI/ ³n ´(colloq) dear one; darling (used esp by an
older to a younger person, eÔg by a mother to address her child).¼
¨death© ²/deT/ ³n ¶[C,U] ´(as shown in the examples) ¸1 ´dying; ending of
life: ³There have been several @s from drowning here this summer. His mother's
@ was a great blow to him. ·at @'s door, ´dying; in danger of @. ·to @, ´so
that dying occurs: ³Two children were burnt to @ in the fire. Don't work
yourself to @´, work so hard that you become ill and die. ·bore sb to @, ´bore
him extremely. ·sick to @ of sb/sth, ´extremely tired, bored, etc.
¸Ú@-bed, ´bed on which one dies; ³The criminal made a @-bed confession´,
confessed his crimes while dying. ¸Ú@-duties, ´taxes (to be) paid on a person's
property before it passes to his heir(s). ¸Ú@'s head, ´human skull (as an
emblem of @). ¸Ú@-rate, ´yearly number of @s per 1Ô000 of population. ¸Ú@
rattle ³n ´unusual rattling sound in the throat of a dying person. ¸2 ´killing
or being killed: ³The murderer was sentenced to @´, to be executed. ·be in at
the @, ´(fox-hunting) see the fox killed; (fig) see the end of an enterprise,
etc. ·put sb to @, ´kill him; execute him. ·stone sb to @, ´kill him by
throwing stones at him. ¸Ú@-roll, ´list of persons killed (in war, in an
earthquake, etc). ¸Ú@-trap, ´place where persons are likely to be killed (eÔg
one where many fatal traffic accidents occur); place, set of circumstances,
where people lose their lives (eÔg a burning building with no means of escape).
¸Ú@-warrant, ´official paper giving authority for the execution of a criminal,
traitor, etc; (fig) sth which destroys prospects of life or happiness, ends an
old custom, etc. ¸3 ¶[U] ´state of being dead: ³eyes closed in @; united in @´,
eÔg of husband and wife in the same grave. ³D@ comes to all men. ·(a fate)
worse than @, ´to be greatly dreaded. ¸Ú@-mask, ´cast taken of a dead person's
face. µ¥ ´the illus at µmask. ¸4 ·be the @ of sb, ´be the cause of sb's @:
³That old motor-bike will be the @ of you one of these days´, you will have a
fatal accident. ³Don't make me laugh so much; you'll be the @ of me´, make me
die of laughing. ·catch one's @ (of cold), ´(colloq) catch a cold that will be
fatal. ¸Ú@-blow, ´blow that causes @; (fig) shock from which recovery is
impossible: ³a @-blow to his hopes of success. ¸the Black ÚD@, ´pestilence in
Europe in the 14th c. ¸5 ´(fig) destruction; end: ³the @ of one's hopes/plans.¼
¨death®less© ²/ÚdeTlIs/ ³adj ´never dying or forgotten; immortal:
³@ fame/glory.¼
¨death®like© ²/ÚdeTlñIk/ ³adj ´like that of death: ³a @ silence.¼
¨deathly© ²/ÚdeTlI/ ³adj ´like death: ³a @ stillness. ¹ adv ´like death: ³@
pale.¼
¨deb© ²/deb/ ³n ´(abbr of) µd_ebutante.¼
¨d_e®b^acle© ²/deIÚbqkl/ ³n ´(F) confused rush or stampede; sudden and great
disaster; downfall.¼
¨de®bag© ²/*diÚbag/ ³vt µ(-gg-) ¶[VP6A] ´forcibly take off the trousers from.¼
¨de®bar© ²/dIÚbq(r)/ ³vt µ(-rr-) ¶[VP14] ·@ sb from, ´shut out; prevent (sb)
by a regulation (from doing or having sth): ³@ persons who have been convicted
of crime from voting at elections.¼
¨de®bark© ²/dIÚbqk/ ³vt,vi ¸de®bark®ation ²/*dibqÚkeI2n/ ³n ´= µdisembark.¼
¨de®base© ²/dIÚbeIs/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´make lower in value, poorer in quality,
character, etc: ³to @ the coinage´, eÔg by reducing the percentage of silver.
¸@®ment ³n¼
¨de®bat®able© ²/dIÚbeItEbl/ ³adj ´that can be debated or disputed; open to
question: ³@ ground.¼
¨de®bate© ²/dIÚbeIt/ ³n ¶[C,U] ´formal discussion, eÔg at a public
meeting or in Parliament; contest between two speakers, or two groups of
speakers, to show skill and ability in arguing: ³After a long @ the bill was
passed by the House of Commons and sent to the House of Lords. After much @
Harry was chosen captain of the football team. Who opened the @´, was the
first to speak? ³The question under @ was«. ¹ ³vt,vi ¶[VP6A,8,10,2A,C] ´have a
@ about; take part in a @; think over in order to decide: ³to @ (upon) a
question with sb; to @ about sth; a debating society. We were debating whether
to go to the mountains or to the seaside. ¸de®bater ³n ´one who @s.¼
¨de®bauch© ²/dIÚbct2/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´cause (sb) to lose virtue, to act
immorally; turn (sb) away from good taste or judgement. ¹ ³n ¶[C] ´occasion of
excessive drinking, immoral behaviour, usu in company: ³a drunken @. ¸@®ery
²/dIÚbct2ErI/ ³n ¶[U] ´intemperance and indulgence in sensual pleasures: ³a
life of @ery; ³(pl´; µ-ries³) ´instances or periods of this. ¸@ee ²/dI*bcÚt2i/
n ´@ed person.¼
¨de®ben®ture© ²/dIÚbent2E(r)/ ³n ¶[C] ´(fin) certificate given by a business
corporation, etc as a receipt for money lent at a fixed rate of interest until
the principalµ(4) ´is repaid.¼
¨de®bili®tate© ²/dIÚbIlIteIt/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´make (a person, his constitution)
weak: ³a debilitating climate.¼
¨de®bil®ity© ²/dIÚbIlEtI/ ³n ¶[U] ´weakness (of health, purpose): ³After her
long illness she is suffering from general @.¼
¨debit© ²/ÚdebIt/ ³n ´(book-keeping) entry (in an account) of a sum owing.
¸Ú@-side ´left-hand side of an account, on which such entries are made. µ¥
credit±1µ(4). ³¹ vt ¶[VP6A,14] ·@ (to/against sb) (with sth), ´put on the @
side of an account: ³@ a person's account (with $5); to @ $5 against his
account. To whom shall I @ this sum?¼
¨deb®on®air© ²/*debEÚneE(r)/ ³adj ´cheerful; bright and
light-hearted.¼
¨de®bouch© ²/dIÚbñ8t2/ ³vt,vi ¶[VP6A,2A] ´(cause to) emerge or issue.¼
¨de®brief© ²/*diÚbrif/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´question, examine, eÔg persons who have
returned from a mission, etc, to obtain information. µ¥ brief±2µ.¼
¨de®bris©, d_e®bris ²/ÚdeIbri ³US: ²dEÚbri/ ³n ¶[U] ´scattered broken pieces;
wreckage: ³searching among the @ after the explosion.¼
¨debt© ²/det/ ³n ¶[C,U] ´payment which must be, but has not yet been, paid to
sb; obligation: ³If I pay all my @s I shall have no money left. I owe him a @
of gratitude for all he has done for me. ·be in/out of @, ´owe/not owe money.
·get into/out of @, ´reach a point where one owes/does not owe money: ³It's
much easier to get into @ than to get out of @. ¸National D@ ³n ´money owed by
the State to those who have lent it money. µ¥ bad±1µ(4), honour±2µ(2). ¸@or
²/-tE(r)/ ³n ´person who is in @ to another.¼
¨de®bug© ²/*diÚbAg/ ³vt µ(-gg-) ¶[VP6A] ´(colloq) search for and remove
(possible causes of trouble, faults, errors, eÔg from a computer programme,
engines on a production line).¼
¨de®bunk© ²/diÚbAGk/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´reveal the truth about (a person, idea,
institution) by stripping away false sentiments, traditions, etc.¼
¨debut©, d_ebut ²/ÚdeIbju ³US: ²dIÚbju/ ³n ´(esp of a young woman) first
appearance at adult parties and other social events; (of an actor, musician,
etc) first appearance on a public stage: ³to make one's @.¼
¨debu®tante©, d_eb- ²/Údebjutqnt/ ³n ´young woman making her debut into high
society.¼
¨deca-© ²/dekE/ ³pref ´ten (in the metric system).¼
¨dec®ade© ²/ÚdekeId/ ³n ´period of ten years: ³the first @ of the 20th
century´, iÔe 1900Å1909.¼
¨deca®dence© ²/ÚdekEdEns/ ³n ¶[U] ´falling to a lower level (in
morals, art, literature, etc esp after a period at a high level).¼
¨deca®dent© ²/ÚdekEdEnt/ ³adj ´in a state of decadence. ¹ ³n ´person in this
state.¼
¨Deca®logue© ²/ÚdekElog ³US: ²-lcg/ ³n ¸the @, ´the Ten Commandments of Moses.
µ¥ commandment; ¥ Exod 20: 1-17.¼
¨de®camp© ²/dIÚkamp/ ³vi ¶[VP2A,3A] ·@ (with), ´go away suddenly (and often
secretly).¼
¨de®cant© ²/dIÚkant/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´pour (wine, etc) from a bottle into another
vessel slowly so as not to disturb the sediment. ¸@er ³n ´vessel, usu of
decorated glass with a stopper, into which liquor is @ed.¼
¨de®capi®tate© ²/dIÚkapIteIt/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´behead (esp as a legal punishment).
¸de®capi®ta®tion ²/dI*kapIÚteI2n/ ³n¼
¨de®car®bon®ize© ²/*diÚkqbEnñIz/ ³vt ´remove carbon from, esp an internal
combustion engine.¼
¨deca®syl®lable© ²/ÚdekEsIlEbl/ ³n ¸deca®syl®labic ²/*dekEsIÚlabIk/ ³adj
´(line) of ten syllables.¼
¨de®cay© ²/dIÚkeI/ ³vi ¶[VP2A] ´go bad; lose power, health: ³@ing
teeth/vegetables. Our powers @ in old age. What caused the Roman Empire to @?
¹ n ¶[U] ´decaying: ³the @ of the teeth. The house is in @. Old civilizations
may fall into @´, lose strength.¼
¨de®cease© ²/dIÚsis/ ³n ¶[U] ´(formal, legal) (a person's) death. ¹ ³vi ´die.
¸the @d, ´(formal, legal) person who has, persons who have, recently died.¼
¨de®ceit© ²/dIÚsit/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´deceiving; causing a person to accept as true
or genuine sth that is false: ³She is incapable of @´, would never tell lies,
etc. ¸2 ¶[C] ´lie; dishonest trick.¼
¨de®ceit®ful© ²/dIÚsitf8l/ ³adj ¸1 ´in the habit of deceiving: ³No one can
admire a @ boy. ¸2 ´intended to deceive; misleading in appearance, etc: ³@
words/behaviour. ¸@ly ²/-f8lI/ ³adv ¸@®ness ³n¼
¨de®ceive© ²/dIÚsiv/ ³vt ¶[VP6A,14] ·@ (in/into), ´cause (sb) to believe sth
that is false; play a trick on; mislead (on purpose): ³You can't pass the
examination without working hard, so don't @ yourself. I've been @d in you´,
have found that you were not what I thought you were. ³We were @d into the
belief/@d into believing that«. ¸de®ceiver ²/-vE(r)/ ³n ´person who @s.
¸de®ceiv®ing®ly ³adv¼
¨de®celer®ate© ²/*diÚselEreIt/ ³vt,vi ´(cause to) diminish speed.
µ¥ accelerate.¼
¨De®cem®ber© ²/dIÚsembE(r)/ ³n ´twelfth month of the year.¼
¨de®cency© ²/ÚdisnsI/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´(the quality of) being decent; (regard for
the) general opinion as to what is decent: ³an offence against @´, eÔg
appearing naked in public. ¸2 ³(pl) ¸the decencies, ´requirements of
respectable behaviour in society: ³We must observe the decencies.¼
¨de®cent© ²/Údisnt/ ³adj ¸1 ´right and suitable; respectful: ³Put on some @
clothes before you call on the Smiths. Poor people cannot always live in @
conditions. ¸2 ´modest; not likely to shock or embarrass others (the only sense
for which ³indecent ´is the opposite): ³@ language and behaviour. Never tell
stories that are not @. ¸3 ´(colloq) likeable; satisfactory: ³He's a very @
fellow. He gave us quite a @ dinner. ¸@®ly ³adv ´in a @µ(1,2) ´manner: ³@ly
dressed; behave @ly; (´colloq): ³He's doing very @ly´, eÔg making a good
income.¼
¨de®cen®tra®lize© ²/*diÚsentrElñIz/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´give greater powers (for
self-government, etc) to (places, branches, etc away from the centre).
¸de®cen®tra®liz®ation ²/*di*sentrElñIÚzeI2n ³US: ²-lIÚz-/ ³n¼
¨de®cep®tion© ²/dIÚsep2n/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´deceiving; being deceived: ³to practise @
on the public. ¸2 ¶[C] ´trick intended to deceive: ³a gross @.¼
¨de®cep®tive© ²/dIÚseptIv/ ³adj ´deceiving: ³Appearances are often @´, Things
are not always what they seem to be. ¸@®ly ³adv¼
¨deci-© ²/*desI/ ³pref ´one-tenth (in the metric system).¼
¨deci®bel© ²/ÚdesIbel/ ³n ´unit for measuring the relative loudness
of sounds.¼
¨de®cide© ²/dIÚsñId/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A,14,2A,3A] ´settle (a question or a
doubt); give a judgement (³between, for, in favour of, against´): ³We @d the
question by experiment. The judge @d the case. It's difficult to @ between the
two. The judge @d for/in favour of/against the plaintiff. ¸2
¶[VP6A,7A,8,9,10,3A] ·@ (on/against), ´think about and come to a conclusion;
make up one's mind; resolve: ³The boy @d not to/@d that he would not become a
sailor. It has been @d that the exhibition shall not be open on Sundays. He
could not @ what to do/what he should do next. In the end she @d on (buying)/@d
to buy the green hat. We @d against (going for)/@d not to go for a holiday in
Wales. ¸3 ¶[VP17] ´cause to @µ(2)´: ³What @d you to give up your job? ¸de®cided
³part adj ¸1 ´clear; definite: ³There is a @d difference between them. He's a
man of @d opinions. ¸2 ´(of persons) having firm opinions; determined: ³He's
quite @d about it. ¸de®cid®ed®ly ³adv ´definitely; undoubtedly: ³answer @dly;
@dly better.¼
¨de®cidu®ous© ²/dIÚsIdj8Es/ ³adj ´(of trees) losing their leaves annually (esp
in autumn).¼
¨deci®mal© ²/ÚdesIml/ ³adj ´of tens or one-tenths: ³the ·Ú³@ system, ´for
money, weights, etc; ³a @ fraction´, eÔg 0²Ø´091; ³the @ point´, the point in
eÔg 15²Ø´61. ¸@®ize ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´express as a @ fraction: 1§ ³@ed is ´1²Ø´5;
´change to a @ system: ³@ize the currency. ¸@®iz®ation
²/*desImElñIÚzeI2n ³US: ²-lIÚz-/ ³n¼
¨deci®mate© ²/ÚdesImeIt/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´kill or destroy a large part
of: ³a population @d by disease.¼
¨de®cipher© ²/dIÚsñIfE(r)/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´find the meaning of (sth written in
cipher, bad handwriting, sth puzzling or difficult to understand). ¸@®able
²/dIÚsñIfrEbl/ ³adj ´that can be @ed.¼
¨de®ci®sion© ²/dIÚsIZn/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´deciding; judging; ¶[C] ´result of this;
settlement of a question: ³give a @ on a case. Have they reached/come
to/arrived at/taken/made a @ yet? His @ to retire surprised all of us. ¸2 ¶[U]
´ability to decide and act accordingly; the quality of being decidedµ(2)´: ³A
man who lacks @ ´(= who hesitates, cannot decide questions) ³cannot hold a
position of responsibility.¼
¨de®ci®sive© ²/dIÚsñIsIv/ ³adj ¸1 ´having a decided or definite outcome or
result: ³a @ battle´, deciding which side wins the war. ¸2 ´showing
decisionµ(2)´; definite: ³He gave a @ answer. ¸@®ly ³adv¼
¨deck©1 ²/dek/ ³n ¸1 ´any of the floors of a ship, usu of wooden planks, in or
above the hull: ³My cabin is on E @. Shall we go up on @´, up (from a cabin,
saloon, etc) on to the main (or promenade) @? µ¥ ´the illus at µship. ·clear
the @s, µ¥ clear±3µ(1). ¸Ú@ cabin, ´one on an open @, not one that is below the
main @. ¸Ú@ chair, ´collapsible chair of canvas, on a wooden or metal frame,
used out of doors, eÔg in parks, the sea front, and on the @s of ships. ¸Ú@
hand, ´member of a ship's crew who works on @. ¸Ú@ officers, ´the captain and
mates (contrasted with the engineers). ¸Ú@ passenger, ´one who does not use a
cabin or the public rooms, but eats and sleeps on @. ¸Ú@ quoits ²/kãIts/, ´game
played on a @µ(1) ´in which a ring ³(quoit) ´is thrown. ¸2 ´any similar
surface, eÔg the floor of a bus: ³the top @ of a London bus. ¸3 ´(chiefly US)
pack of playing-cards; (comm) collection of punched cards from a particular
file. ¸@er ³n ´(in compounds) having a specified number of @s: ³a three-@er
ship; a single-/double-@er bus; ³a double-/triple-@er sandwich ´one with
three/four layers of bread.¼
¨deck©2 ²/dek/ ³vt ¶[VP6A,14,15A] ¸1 ·@ (with/out in), ´decorate:
³streets @ed with flags. She was @ed out in her finest clothes. ¸2 ´cover,
provide (a boat, ship) with a deck.¼
¨deckle-edged© ²/*dekl ÚedZd/ ³adj ´(of some kinds of paper, eÔg hand-made
notepaper) having untrimmed edges.¼
¨de®claim© ²/dIÚkleIm/ ³vi,vt ¸1 ¶[VP2A,3A] ·@ (against), ´speak with strong
feeling; attack in words. ¸2 ¶[VP6A,2A] ´speak in the manner of addressing an
audience or reciting poetry; recite, eÔg a poem, rhetorically.¼
¨dec®la®ma®tion© ²/*deklEÚmeI2n/ ³n ¶[U] ´declaiming; ¶[C] ´speech full of
strong feeling; formal speech. ¸de®clama®tory ²/dIÚklamEtErI ³US: ²-tcrI/ ³adj
´of @.¼
¨dec®lar®ation© ²/*deklEÚreI2n/ ³n ¶[U] ´declaring; ¶[C] ´that which is
declared: ³a @ of war; the D@ of Independence´, that made by the N American
colonies of Great Britain, on 4 July 1776, that they were politically
independent; ³a @ of income´, one (to be) made to the Inspector of Taxes.¼
¨de®clare© ²/dIÚkleE(r)/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A,14,25] ´make known clearly or
formally; announce: ³to @ the results of an election. I @ this meeting closed.
·@ (an innings closed), ´(cricket) (of the captain of the team) announce that
the team will not continue batting although the innings is not finished:
³Australia @d when the score reached 500. ·@ trumps, ´(in µbridge±2´) say which
suitµ(5) ´will be played as trumps. ·@ war (on/against), ´announce that a state
of war exists. ¸2 ¶[VP9,25] ´say solemnly; say in order to show that
one has no doubt: ³The accused man @d that he was not guilty/@d himself
innocent. ¸3 ¶[VP3A] ·@ for/against, ´say that one is/is not in favour of. ¸4
¶[VP6A] ´make a statement (to customs officials) of dutiable goods brought
into a country, or (to a Tax Inspector) of one's income: ³Have you anything to
@? ¸5 ³(int) ´expressing surprise: ³Well, I @! ¸de®clar®able ²/dIÚkleErEbl/
³adj ´that must be @dµ(4)´.¼
¨de®class®ify© ²/*diÚklasIfñI/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´remove from a special
class (esp sth hitherto secret): ³@ information concerning nuclear fission.
¸de®class®ifi®ca®tion ²/*di*klasIfIÚkeI2n/ ³n¼
¨de®clen®sion© ²/dIÚklen2n/ ³n ´(gram) ¶[U] ´varying the endings of ³nouns,
pronouns´, and ³adjectives ´according to their use in a sentence (eÔg in
Latin), µ¥ case±1µ(3), decline±1µ(4); ¶[C] ´class of words whose endings for
different cases are alike.¼
¨de®cli®na®tion© ²/*deklIÚneI2n/ ³n ´deviation of the needle of a compass, E or
W from the true north.¼
¨de®cline©1 ²/dIÚklñIn/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A,7A,2A] ´say "No' (to); refuse (sth
offered): ³to @ an invitation to dinner. He @d to discuss his plans with the
newspaper men. ¸2 ¶[VP2A,C] ´continue to become smaller, weaker, lower: ³a
declining birthrate; declining sales. His strength slowly @d. He spent his
declining years ´(= the years when, in old age, he was losing strength) ³in the
country. ¸3 ¶[VP2A] ´(of the sun) go down. ¸4 ¶[VP6A] ´(gram) give the cases
(iÔe the ³declension´) of a word. µ¥ case±1µ(3), inflect(1).¼
¨de®cline©2 ²/dIÚklñIn/ ³n ¶[C] ´declining; gradual and continued loss of
strength: ³the @ of the Roman Empire; a @ in prices/prosperity. ·fall into a @,
´lose strength. ·on the @, ´declining.¼
¨de®cliv®ity© ²/dIÚklIvEtI/ ³n ¶[C] ³(pl µ-ties³) ´downward slope. µ¥
acclivity.¼
¨de®clutch© ²/*diÚklAt2/ ³vi ¶[VP2A] ´disconnect the clutch (of a motor
vehicle) in readiness for changing gear.¼
¨de®code© ²/*diÚkE8d/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´decipher (sth written in code). µ¥
encode. ¸de®coder ³n ´(esp) device for translating data from one code to
another.¼
¨de®coke© ²/*diÚkE8k/ ³vt ´(colloq) = µdecarbonize.¼
¨d_e®collet_e© ²/deIÚkolteI ³US: ²-kolÚteI/ ³adj ´(F) (of a gown, etc) leaving
the neck and shoulders uncovered; (of a woman) wearing such a gown.¼
¨de®col®on®ize© ²/*diÚkolEnñIz/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´change from colonial
to independent status. ¸de®col®on®iz®ation ²/*di*kolEnñIÚzeI2n ³US: ²-nIÚz-/
³n¼
¨de®com®pose© ²/*dikEmÚpE8z/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A] ´separate (a substance, light,
etc) into its parts: ³A prism @s light. ¸2 ¶[VP6A,2A] ´(cause to) become bad
or rotten; decay. ¸de®com®po®si®tion ²/*dikompEÚzI2n/ ³n¼
¨de®com®press© ²/*dikEmÚpres/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´bring back (sb in compressed air,
eÔg in a diving suit) to normal pressure; reduce compression in (sth).
¸de®com®pression ²/*dikEmÚpre2n/ ³n´: ³a @ion chamber.¼
¨de®con®tami®nate© ²/*dikEnÚtamIneIt/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´remove contamination from
(eÔg what has been affected by poison-gas or radio-activity).
¸de®con®tami®na®tion ²/*dikEn*tamIÚneI2n/ ³n¼
¨de®con®trol© ²/*dikEnÚtrE8l/ ³vt µ(-ll-) ¶[VP6A] ´release from control (eÔg of
trade by the Government during a war).¼
¨d_e®cor© ²/ÚdeIkc(r) ³US: ²deIÚkcr/ ³n ´all that makes up the general
appearance, eÔg of a room or the stage of a theatre.¼
¨dec®or®ate© ²/ÚdekEreIt/ ³vt ¶[VP6A,14] ¸1 ·@ (with), ´put ornaments on; make
(more) beautiful by placing adornments on or in: ³to @ a street with flags/the
house with holly at Christmas. ¸2 ´paint, plaster, etc the outside of (a
building); put paint, wallpaper, etc on the inside rooms of (a building). ¸3
·@ (for), ´give (sb) a mark of distinction (eÔg a medal, an order): ³Several
soldiers were @d for bravery. ¸dec®or®ator ²/-tE(r)/ ³n ´workman who @sµ(2)´:
³interior decorators.¼
¨dec®ora®tion© ²/*dekEÚreI2n/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´decorating or being decorated. ¸2
¶[C] ´sth used for decorating: ³Christmas @s. ¸3 ¶[C] ´medal, ribbon, etc
given and worn as an honour or award.¼
¨dec®or®ative© ²/ÚdekErEtIv ³US: ²ÚdekEreItIv/ ³adj ´suitable for
decoratingµ(1)´: ³Holly, with its bright red berries, is very @.¼
¨dec®or®ous© ²/ÚdekErEs/ ³adj ´polite; decent. ¸@®ly ³adv¼
¨de®corum© ²/dIÚkcrEm/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´right and proper behaviour, as
required by social custom. ¸2 ³(pl) ´requirements of polite society.¼
¨de®coy© ²/ÚdikãI/ ³n ¸1 ´(real or imitation) bird (eÔg a duck) or animal used
to attract others so that they may be shot or caught; place designed for this
purpose (eÔg a sheet of water with nets in which birds are trapped). ¸2 ´(fig)
person or thing used to tempt sb into a position of danger. ¹ ³vt ²/dIÚkãI/
¶[VP6A,14] ´trick (sb or sth) into a place of danger by means of a @: ³He had
been @ed across the frontier and arrested as a spy.¼
¨de®crease© ²/dIÚkris/ ³vt,vi ¶[VP6A,2A] ´(cause to) become shorter, smaller,
less: ³Your hunger @s as you eat. The population of the village has @d by 150
to 500. ¹ ³n ²/Údikris/ ¶[U] ´decreasing; ¶[C] ´amount by which sth @s: ³There
has been a @ in our imports this year. ·on the @, ´decreasing: ³Is crime on
the @?¼
¨de®cree© ²/dIÚkri/ ³n ¶[C] ¸1 ´order given by a ruler or authority and having
the force of a law: ³issue a @; rule by @. ¸2 ´judgement or decision of some
law courts: ³a @ of divorce. ¸@ nisi ²/dI*kri ÚnñIsñI/ ³n ´order for a divorce
unless cause to the contrary is shown within a fixed period. ¹ ³vt ¶[VP6A,9]
´issue a @; order by @: ³It had been @d that«. Fate @d a surprise.¼
¨de®crepit© ²/dIÚkrepIt/ ³adj ´made weak by old age or hard use: ³a @ horse.
¸de®crepi®tude ²/dIÚkrepItjud ³US: ²-tud/ ³n ¶[U] ´the state of being @.¼
¨de®cry© ²/dIÚkrñI/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´try, by speaking against sth, to make it seem
less valuable, useful, etc; disapprove of.¼
¨dedi®cate© ²/ÚdedIkeIt/ ³vt ¶[VP6A,14] ·@ (to), ¸1 ´give up,
devote (one's time, energy, etc, to a noble cause or purpose): ³He @d his life
to the service of his country. ¸2 ´devote with solemn ceremonies (to God, to a
sacred use). ¸3 ´(of an author) write (or print) a person's name at the
beginning of a book (to show gratitude or friendship to). ¸dedi®ca®tion
²/*dedIÚkeI2n/ ³n ¶[U] ´dedicating: ³the dedication of a church; ¶[C] ´words
used in dedicating a book.¼
¨de®duce© ²/dIÚdjus ³US: ²dIÚdus/ ³vt ¶[VP6A,14,9] ·@ (from), ´arrive at
(knowledge, a theory, etc) by reasoning; reach a conclusion: ³If you saw a
doctor leaving a house, you might @ the fact that someone in the house was
ill.¼
¨de®duct© ²/dIÚdAkt/ ³vt ¶[VP6A,14] ´take away (an amount or part). µ¥
subtract ´for numbers. ¸@®ible ²/dIÚdAktEbl/ ³adj ´that may be @ed.¼
¨de®duc®tion© ²/dIÚdAk2n/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´deducting; ¶[C] ´amount deducted: ³@s
from pay for insurance and pension. ¸2 ¶[U] ´deducing; ¶[C] ´conclusion
reached by reasoning from general laws to a particular case. ¸de®duct®ive
²/dIÚdAktIv/ ³adj ´of, using, reasoning by, @µ(2)´.¼
¨deed© ²/did/ ³n ¸1 ´sth done; act: ³to be rewarded for one's good @s. D@s are
better than words when people are in need of help. ¸2 ´(legal) written or
printed signed agreement, esp about ownership or rights. ¸*@ of Úcovenant, µ¥
covenant(1). ¸Ú@-box ³n ´one in which legal @s are stored. ¸Ú@.poll ³n ´legal
@ made by one person only.¼
¨deem© ²/dim/ ³vt ¶[VP9,25] ´(formal) believe; consider: ³He @ed that it
was/@ed it his duty to help.¼
¨deep©1 ²/dip/ ³adj ¸1 ´going a long way down from the top: ³a @ well/river.
µ¥ shallow. ¸*@-*sea, *@-*water, ³attrib adjj´, of the deeper parts of the
sea, away from the coastal water: ³@-sea fishing. ·go (in) off the Ú@ end, µ¥
end±1µ(1). ·in @ water(s), ´(fig) ´in great difficulties, etc. ¸2 ´going a
long way from the surface or edge: ³a @ shelf; a @ wound; a huge, @-chested
wrestler. ¸3 ´placed or extending down, back or in (with words to indicate
extent): ³a hole two feet @; with his hands @ in his pockets; water six feet @;
ankle-@ in mud; to be @ in debt; a plot of land 100 feet @´, iÔe going back
this distance from a street, road or other frontage. ³The people were standing
twenty @ to see the Queen go past. ¸4 ´(of sounds) low: ³in a @ voice; the @
notes of a cello. ¸5 ´(of sleep) profound: ³in a @ sleep´, from which one is
not easily awakened. ¸6 ´(of colours) strong; intense: ³a @ red. ¸7 ´brought
from far down: ³a @ sigh; ´strongly felt; coming from the heart: ³@
sorrow/feelings/sympathy. ¸8 ·@ in, ´absorbed in; having all one's attention
centred on: ³@ in thought/study/a book. ¸9 ´(fig) difficult to understand or
learn about: ³a @ mystery; a @ secret; ´(of a person) artful; concealing his
real feelings, motives, etc: ³He's a @ one. ¸10 ´(fig) going far; not
superficial: ³@ learning; a man with @ insight; a @ thinker. ¸@en ²/ÚdipEn/
³vt,vi ´make or become @. ¸@®ly ³adv ´far; profoundly; intensely: ³to bite
@ly; He is @ly interested in the subject. She felt her mother's death @ly.
¸@®ness ³n¼
¨deep©2 ²/dip/ ³adv ´far down or in: ³We had to dig @ to find
water. He went on studying @ into the night. ·Still waters run @, ´(prov) said
of a person whose real feelings, ideas, etc are not openly displayed.
¸*@-Úfreeze ³vt ´freeze (food) quickly in order to preserve it for long
periods: ³@-frozen fish. µ¹ n ´special type of refrigerator (or a special part
of an ordinary refrigerator) used for this purpose: ³put surplus fruit and
vegetables in the @-freeze. ¸*@-Úlaid, ´(of schemes, etc) secretly and
carefully planned. ¸*@-Úmined, ´(of coal) from ordinary coal-mines (contrasted
with ³open-cast; µ¥ open±1µ(11)´). ¸*@-Úrooted, ´not easily removed: ³his
@-rooted dislike of hard work. ¸*@-Úseated, ´firmly established: ³The causes of
the trouble are @-seated.¼
¨deep©3 ²/dip/ ³n ´(poet) ¸the @, ´the sea.¼
¨deer© ²/dIE(r)/ ³n (pl ´unchanged) (kinds of) graceful, quick-running animal,
the male of which has horns. µ¥ ´illus at µlarge. ¸Ú@®skin, ´(leather made of)
@'s skin. ¸Ú@-stalker, ¸(a) ´sportsman who stalks @. ¸(b) ´cloth cap with two
peaks, one in front and the other behind. ¸Ú@-stalking, ´sport of hunting @ by
approaching them stealthily or from concealment.¼
¨de-esca®late© ²/*di ÚeskEleIt/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´decrease the area or intensity
of, eÔg a war. ¸de-esca®la®tion ²/di *eskEÚleI2n/ ³n¼
¨de®face© ²/dIÚfeIs/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´spoil the appearance of (by marking or
damaging the surface of); make engraved lettering (eÔg on a tombstone)
illegible. ¸@®ment ³n ¶[U] ´defacing or being @d; ¶[C] ´sth that @s.¼
¨de facto© ²/*deI ÚfaktE8/ ³adj, adv ´(Lat) in fact, whether by right ³(de
jure) ´or not: ³the @ king.¼
¨de®fal®ca®tion© ²/*difalÚkeI2n/ ³n ¶[U] ´(legal) misappropriation of money
entrusted to one; ¶[C] ´instance of this; amount of money misappropriated.¼
¨de®fame© ²/dIÚfeIm/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´attack the good reputation of; say evil
things about. ¸defa®ma®tion ²/*defEÚmeI2n/ ³n ¶[U] ´defaming or being @d; harm
done to sb's reputation. ¸de®fama®tory ²/dIÚfamEtrI ³US: ²-tcrI/ ³adj
´intended to @: ³defamatory statements.¼
¨de®fault©1 ²/dIÚfclt/ ³n ¶[U] ´failure to act: ³to win a case/a game by @´,
because the other party/team/player does not appear. ·in @ of, ´in the absence
of; if (sth) is not to be obtained, does not take place, etc.¼
¨de®fault©2 ²/dIÚfclt/ ³vi ¶[VP2A] ´fail to perform a duty, or to appear (eÔg
in a law court) when required to do so, or to pay a debt. ¸@er ³n ¸1 ´person
who @s. ¸2 ´soldier guilty of a military offence.¼
¨de®feat© ²/dIÚfit/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ¸1 ´overcome; win a victory over:
³They were @ed in their attempt to reach the top of the mountain. ¸2 ´bring to
nothing; make useless; cause to fail: ³Our hopes were @ed. ¹ ³n ¶[U] ´@ing or
being @ed: ³a baseball team that has not yet suffered @´; ¶[C] ´instance of
this: ³six victories and two @s. ¸@®ism ²/-IzEm/ ³n ¶[U] ´attitude, conduct,
use of arguments, based on expectations of @. ¸@®ist ²/-Ist/ ³n ´person with
such an attitude, etc.¼
¨de®fe®cate© ²/ÚdefEkeIt/ ³vi ¶[VP2A] ´(med) empty the bowels. ¸def®eca®tion
²/*defEÚkeI2n/ ³n¼
¨de®fect©1 ²/Údifekt/ ³n ¶[C] ´fault; imperfection; shortcoming; sth lacking
in completeness or perfection: ³@s in a system of education.¼
¨de®fect©2 ²/dIÚfekt/ ³vi ¶[VP2A,C,3A] ·@ (from) (to), ´desert one's country,
one's allegiance, etc: ³the soldier who @ed from Ruritania to Lilliput´, eÔg by
asking for political asylum. ¸de®fec®tor ²/-tE(r)/ ³n ´person who @s: ³@ors
from the Republican Party.¼
¨de®fec®tion© ²/dIÚfek2n/ ³n ¶[U] ´falling away from loyalty to a political
party (or its leader), religion or duty; ¶[C] ´instance of this: ³@s from the
Socialist Party.¼
¨de®fec®tive© ²/dIÚfektIv/ ³adj ´having a defect or defects; imperfect: ³@ in
workmanship/moral sense; mentally @´, mentally subnormal; ³a @ verb, ´eÔg
³must. ¸@®ly ³adv ¸@®ness ³n¼
¨de®fence© ´(US = ¸de®fense´) ²/dIÚfens/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´defending from attack;
fighting against attack: ³money needed for national @; to fight in @ of one's
country; weapons of offence and @. I never fight except in self-@. ¸2 ¶[C] ´sth
used for defending or protecting; means of defending: ³coastal
@s´, against attacks from the sea. ³People used to build strong walls round
their towns as a @ against enemies. A thick overcoat is a good @ against the
cold. ¸3 ¶[C,U] ´(legal) argument(s) used to contest an accusation; the
lawyer(s) acting for an accused person: ³The accused man made no @. Counsel
for the @ put in a plea for mercy. Counsel worked out a very convincing @.
¸@®less ³adj ´having no @; unable to defend oneself. ¸@®less®ly ³adv
¸@®less®ness ³n¼
¨de®fend© ²/dIÚfend/ ³vt ¶[VP6A,14] ¸1 ·@ (against/from), ´guard;
protect; make safe: ³to @ one's country against enemies; to @ sb from harm.
When the dog attacked me, I @ed myself with a stick. ¸2 ´speak or write in
support of: ³@ ´(= uphold) ³a claim; @ ´(= contest) ³a lawsuit. He made a long
speech @ing his ideas. You will need lawyers to @ you. ¸@er ³n ¸1 ´person who
@s. Note legal term at µdefence(3). ¸2 ´(in sport, eÔg football) player who
guards his goal area against attacks from the other side.¼
¨de®fend®ant© ²/dIÚfendEnt/ ³n ´person against whom a legal action is brought.
µ¥ plaintiff.¼
¨de®fense© ²/dIÚfens/ ´(US) µ¥ defence.¼
¨de®fens®ible© ²/dIÚfensEbl/ ³adj ´able to be defended.¼
¨de®fens®ive© ²/dIÚfensIv/ ³adj ´used for, intended for, defending: ³@
warfare/measures. Whether a gun is a @ or an offensive weapon may depend upon
whether you're behind it or in front of it. ¹ n ´(usu) ·be/act on the @,
´be in a state/act from a position of defence. ¸@®ly ³adv¼
¨de®fer©1 ²/dIÚf3(r)/ ³vt µ(-rr-) ¶[VP6A,C] ´put off to a later time; postpone:
³a @red telegram, ´one sent later at a cheaper rate; ³a @red annuity; to @
one's departure for a week; to @ making a decision; payment on @red terms´, iÔe
by instalments after purchase. µ¥ ³hire-purchase ´at µhire. ¸@®ment ³n¼
¨de®fer©2 ²/dIÚf3(r)/ ³vi µ(-rr-) ¶[VP3A] ·@ to, ´give way; yield (often to
show respect): ³to @ to one's elders/to sb's opinions.¼
¨de®fer®ence© ²/ÚdefErEns/ ³n ¶[U] ´giving way to the wishes, accepting the
opinions or judgements, of another or others; respect: ³to treat one's elders
with @; to show @ to a judge. ·in @ to, ´out of respect for. ¸de®fer®en®tial
²/*defEÚren2l/ ³adj ´showing @. ¸de®fer®en®tially ²/-2ElI/ ³adv¼
¨de®fiance© ²/dIÚfñIEns/ ³n ¶[U] ´open disobedience or resistance;
refusal to recognize authority; defying. ·in @ of, ´showing contempt or
indifference of: ³to act in @ of orders´, do sth one has been ordered not to
do. ³He went swimming in the sea in @ of the warning sign telling him not to.
·bid @ to, ´challenge, offer to fight. ·set sth at @, ´treat with contempt;
challenge: ³If you set the law/public opinion at @, you'll get into trouble.¼
¨de®fiant© ²/dIÚfñIEnt/ ³adj ´showing defiance; openly disobedient. ¸@®ly ³adv¼
¨de®fi®ciency© ²/dIÚfI2nsI/ ³n (pl µ-cies³) ¸1 ¶[U] ´the state of being short
of, less than, what is correct or needed; ¶[C] ´instance of this: ³suffering
from a @ of food; @ diseases´, caused by a @ of sth, eÔg vitamins, in diet. ¸2
¶[C] ´amount by which sth is short of what is correct or needed: ³a @ of $5.
¸3 ¶[C] ´sth imperfect: ³Cosmetics do not always cover up the deficiencies of
nature.¼
¨de®fi®cient© ²/dIÚfI2nt/ ³adj ´not having enough of: ³@ in courage; a mentally
@ person´, one who is mentally subnormal.¼
¨defi®cit© ²/ÚdefIsIt/ ³n ¶[C] ´amount by which sth, esp a sum of money, is too
small; amount by which payments exceed receipts. µ¥ surplus.¼
¨de®file©1 ²/dIÚfñIl/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´make dirty or impure: ³rivers @d by waste
from factories. ¸@®ment ³n ¶[U] ´defiling or being @d; pollution.¼
¨de®file©2 ²/ÚdifñIl/ ³n ´narrow way, gorge, through mountains. ¹ ³vi
²/dIÚfñIl/ ´(of troops) march in a single file or a narrow column.¼
¨de®fine© ²/dIÚfñIn/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ¸1 ´state precisely the meaning of (eÔg
words). ¸2 ´state or show clearly: ³Please listen while I @ your duties. The
powers of a judge are @d by law. When boundaries between countries are not
clearly @d, there is usually trouble. The mountain was clearly @d against the
eastern sky. ¸de®fin®able ²/-Ebl/ ³adj ´that can be @d.¼
¨defi®nite© ²/ÚdefInEt/ ³adj ´clear; not doubtful or uncertain: ³I
want a @ answer: "Yes' or "No'. I want an appointment for a @ time and place.
¸*@ Úarticle ³n ´the word "the'. ¸@®ly ²/ÚdefInEtlI/ ³adv ¸1 ´in a @ manner. ¸2
´(colloq, in answer to a question) yes, certainly.¼
¨defi®ni®tion© ²/*defIÚnI2n/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´defining; ¶[C] ´statement that
defines: ³To give a @ of a word is more difficult than to give an illustration
of its uses. ¸2 ¶[U] ´clearness of outline; making or being distinct in
outline; power of a lens (in a camera or telescope) to show clear outlines.¼
¨de®fini®tive© ²/dIÚfInEtIv/ ³adj ´final; to be looked upon as decisive and
without the need for, or possibility of, change or addition: ³a @
offer/answer/edition of sb's poetry.¼
¨de®flate© ²/dIÚfleIt/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ¸1 ´make (a tyre, balloon, etc) smaller by
letting out air or gas; (fig) lessen the conceit of: ³@ a pompous politician.
¸2 ²/*diÚfleIt/ ´take action to reduce the amount of money in circulation in
order to lower or keep steady the prices of salable goods. ¸de®fla®tion
²/-eI2n/ ³n ¶[U] ´the action of deflating. ¸de®fla®tion®ary ²/*diÚfleI2nErI
³US: ²-nerI/ ³adj ´produced, designed or tending to produce monetary deflation:
³deflationary measures applied by the Chancellor. µ¥ inflate.¼
¨de®flect© ²/dIÚflekt/ ³vt,vi ¶[VP6A,14,2A,3A] ·@ (from), ´(cause to) turn
aside (from): ³The bullet struck a wall and was @ed from its course.
¸de®flec®tion ²/dIÚflek2n/ ³n¼
¨de®flower© ²/diÚflñ8E(r)/ ³vt ´(liter or old use) deprive of virginity;
ravage; spoil.¼
¨de®foli®ate© ²/*diÚfE8lIeIt/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´destroy the leaves of: ³forests @d
by chemical means. ¸de®foli®ation ²/*difE8lIÚeI2n/ ³n ¸de®foli®ant
²/*diÚfE8lIEnt/ ³n ´chemical used, eÔg by spraying, on vegetation to destroy
the leaves.¼
¨de®for®est© ²/*diÚforIst ³US: ²-Úfcr-/ ³vt ´(esp US) =
µdisafforest.¼
¨de®form© ²/dIÚfcm/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´spoil the form or appearance of; put out of
shape. ¸de®formed ³part adj ´(of the body, or a part of it; fig, of the mind)
badly shaped; unnaturally shaped: ³The boy has a @ed foot and cannot play
games.¼
¨de®form®ity© ²/dIÚfcmEtI/ ³n ¶[U] ´being deformed; ¶[C] ³(pl µ-ties³)
´deformed part (esp of the body).¼
¨de®fraud© ²/dIÚfrcd/ ³vt ¶[VP6A,14] ·@ (of), ´trick (sb) out of what is
rightly his; get by fraud: ³@ an author of his royalties by ignoring
copyright.¼
¨de®fray© ²/dIÚfreI/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´supply the money needed for sth; pay (the
cost or expenses of sth). ¸@al ²/dIÚfreIEl/ ³n ¸@®ment ³n¼
¨de®frock© ²/*diÚfrok/ ³vt ´= µunfrock.¼
¨de®frost© ²/*diÚfrost ³US: ²*diÚfrcst/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´remove, get rid of, ice or
frost (eÔg in a refrigerator, on the windscreen of a motor-car). ¸@er ³n
´device that @s.¼
¨deft© ²/deft/ ³adj ´quick and clever (esp with the fingers). ¸@®ly ³adv
¸@®ness ³n¼
¨de®funct© ²/dIÚfAGkt/ ³adj ´(of persons) dead; (of things, eÔg laws) extinct.
¸the @, ´(legal) the dead person (who is being discussed).¼
¨de®fuse© ²/*diÚfjuz/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´remove or render useless the fuse of, eÔg
an unexploded bomb or shell; (fig) make calm; reduce the tension in: ³@ a
situation/crisis.¼
¨defy© ²/dIÚfñI/ ³vt (pt,pp µ-fied³) ¸1 ¶[VP6A] ´resist openly; say that one is
ready to fight. ¸2 ¶[VP6A] ´refuse to obey or show respect to: ³@ing one's
superiors. If you @ the law, you may find yourself in prison. ¸3 ¶[VP6A] ´offer
difficulties that cannot be overcome: ³The problem defied solution´,
could not be solved. ³The door defied all attempts to open it. ¸4 ¶[VP17] ·@
sb to do sth, ´call on sb to do sth that one believes he cannot or will not
do: ³I @ you to prove that I have cheated. µ¥ defiance.¼
¨de®gauss© ²/*diÚgñ8s/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´neutralize the magnetic field
of, eÔg a TÔV screen.¼
¨de®gen®er®ate© ²/dIÚdZenEreIt/ ³vi ¶[VP2A,3A] ·@ (into), ´pass from a state
of goodness to a lower state by losing qualities which are considered normal
and desirable: ³Thrift is desirable, but do not let it @ into avarice. He
denied that the young men of today were degenerating´, eÔg that they were
becoming less hard-working, less intelligent, less honest, than those of
earlier times. ¹ ³adj ²/dIÚdZenErEt/ ´having lost qualities (physical, moral or
mental) that are considered normal and desirable: ³He didn't let riches and
luxury make him @. ¹ ³n ²/dIÚdZenErEt/ ´@ person or animal. ¸de®gen®er®acy
²/dIÚdZenErEsI/ ³n ¶[U] ´state or condition of being @; process of
degenerating. ¸de®gen®er®ation ²/dI*dZenEÚreI2n/ ³n ¶[U] ´degenerating; the
state of being @d.¼
¨de®grade© ²/dIÚgreId/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ¸1 ´reduce in rank or status. ¸2 ´cause (sb)
to be less moral or less deserving of respect: ³to @ oneself by cheating
and telling lies. ¸degra®da®tion ²/*degrEÚdeI2n/ ³n ¶[U] ´degrading or being
@d: ³a family living in degradation´, eÔg one that lives in slum conditions.¼
¨de®gree© ²/dIÚgri/ ³n ¸1 ´unit of measurement for angles: ³an angle of ninety
@s, ´(90Ä) a right angle; ³a @ of latitude´, about 69 miles. ¸2 ´unit of
measurement for temperature: ³Water freezes at 32 @s Fahrenheit ´(32ÄF) ³or
zero (= nought @s) Centigrade ´(0ÄC). ¸3 ¶[C,U] ´step or stage in a scale or
process: ³The boys show various @s of skill in their use of carpentry tools.
His work has reached a high @ of excellence. He was not in the slightest @
interested´, was completely uninterested. ·by @s, ´step by step; gradually:
³Their friendship by @s grew into love. ·to a @, ´(colloq) = to the highest @:
³He is scrupulous to a @. ·to a high/the highest @, ´intensively; exceedingly:
³He is vain to a high @. ·to what @, ´to what extent; how much: ³To what @ are
you interested in botany? ·first @, ´stage of seriousness: ³first @ burns;
first @ murder. ·third @, ´severe and long examination (eÔg by the police) of
an accused man to get information or a confession: ³Are third-@ methods used in
your country? ¸4 ¶[U] ´position in society: ´persons of high @. ¸5 ´academic
title; rank or grade given by a university to one who has passed an
examination: ³studying for a @; the @ of Master of Arts ´(MÔA). µ¥ graduate,
undergraduate. ¸6 ´(music) interval from one note to another on a stave. ¸7
´(gram) one of the three forms of comparison of an ³adj ´or ³adv´: ³@s of
comparison. ³"Good', "better' and "best' are the positive, comparative and
superlative @s of "good'. "Rich', "richer' and "richest' are the positive,
comparative and superlative @s of "rich'.¼
¨de-horn© ²/*di Úhcn/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´remove the horns from (cattle).¼
¨de®hu®man®ize© ²/*diÚhjumEnñIz/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´take away human qualities from.¼
¨de®hy®drate© ²/*diÚhñIdreIt/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´deprive (a substance) of water or
moisture: ³@d vegetables/eggs, ´often in powdered form.¼
¨de-ice© ²/*di ÚñIs/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´free, eÔg the surfaces of an aircraft, from
ice.¼
¨de®ify© ²/ÚdiIfñI/ ³vt (pt,pp µ-fied³) ¶[VP6A] ´make a god of; worship as a
god. ¸de®ifi®ca®tion ²/*diIfIÚkeI2n/ ³n ¶[U] ´@ing or being deified: ³the
deification of a Roman emperor.¼
¨deign© ²/deIn/ ³vi ¶[VP4A] ·@ to do sth, ´condescend; be kind or gracious
enough to: ³He passed by without @ing to look at me.¼
¨de®ism© ²/ÚdiIzEm/ ³n ´belief in the existence of a Divine Being, but without
acceptance of revelation or religious dogma. ¸de®ist ²/ÚdiIst/ ³n ´supporter of
@. µ¥ theism.¼
¨de®ity© ²/ÚdiItI/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´divine quality or nature; state of being a god
or goddess. ¸2 ¶[C] ³(pl µ-ties³) ´god or goddess: ³Roman deities, ´eÔg
Neptune, Minerva. ¸the D@, ´God.¼
¨de®ject© ²/dIÚdZekt/ ³vt ´(usu in ³pp´) make sad or gloomy: ³Why is she
looking so @ed´, in such low spirits? ¸de®ject®ed®ly ³adv ¸de®jec®tion
²/dIÚdZek2n/ ³n ¶[U] ´@ed state; low spirits: ³He left in @.¼
¨de jure© ²/*deI ÚdZ8ErI/ ³adj, adv ´(Lat) by right; according to law: ³the @
king; king @. µ¥ de facto.¼
¨dekko© ²/ÚdekE8/ ³n ´(sl) ·have a @, ´have a look (at sth).¼
¨de®lay© ²/dIÚleI/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A,2A,B] ´make or be slow or late:
³Don't @. ³The train was @ed (for) two hours. I was @ed by the traffic.
¸@ed-action ³adj,n ´operating after a lapse of time: ³a @ed-action bomb´, with
a device causing it to explode after a pre-determined interval. ¸2 ¶[VP6A,C]
´put off until later: ³We must @ our journey until the weather improves. Why
have they @ed opening the new school? ¹ n ¸1 ¶[U] ´@ing or being @ed: ³We must
leave without @. ¸2 ¶[C] ´instance of this; time of being @ed: ³after several
@s; after a @ of three hours.¼
¨de®lec®table© ²/dIÚlektEbl/ ³adj ´(liter) delightful; pleasant.¼
¨de®lec®ta®tion© ²/*dilekÚteI2n/ ³n ¶[U] ´(liter, ironic) enjoyment;
entertainment: ³TÔV programmes suitable for the @ of half-educated people.¼
¨del®egacy© ²/ÚdelIgEsI/ ³n (pl µ-cies³) ´system of delegating; body of
delegates.¼
¨del®egate©1 ²/ÚdelIgEt/ ³n ´person to whom sth is delegated (eÔg an elected
representative sent to a conference or convention).¼
¨del®egate©2 ²/ÚdelIgeIt/ ³vt ¶[VP17,14] ·@ (to), ´appoint and send (sb) as a
representative to a meeting; entrust (duties, rights, etc to ´sb): ³to @ sb to
perform a task; to @ rights to a deputy.¼
¨del®ega®tion© ²/*delIÚgeI2n/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´delegating or being delegated. ¸2
¶[C] ´group of delegates.¼
¨de®lete© ²/dIÚlit/ ³vt ¶[VP6A,14] ·@ (from), ´strike or take out (sth written
or printed): ³Several words had been @d from the letter by the censor.
¸de®le®tion ²/dIÚli2n/ ³n ¶[U] ´deleting; ¶[C] ´sth deleted.¼
¨del®eteri®ous© ²/*delIÚtIErIEs/ ³adj ´(formal) harmful (to mind or body).¼
¨delft© ²/delft/, ´(also ¸delf ²/delf/´, or ¸Ú@-ware´) ³n ¶[U] ´kind of glazed
earthenware, usu with blue designs or decorations.¼
¨de®lib®er®ate©1 ²/dIÚlIbErEt/ ³adj ¸1 ´done on purpose;
intentional: ³a @ lie/insult. ¸2 ´slow and cautious (in action, speech, etc):
³a @ speech. He entered the room with @ steps. ¸@®ly ³adv¼
¨de®lib®er®ate©2 ²/dIÚlIbEreIt/ ³vt,vi ¶[VP6A,8,10,2A,3A] ·@ (over/on/upon),
´consider, talk about, carefully: ³We were deliberating what to do/how it might
be done/whether to buy a new motor-car. They're still deliberating over/upon
the question. ¸de®lib®er®ative ²/dIÚlIbErEtIv ³US: ²-reItIv/ ³adj ´for the
purpose of deliberating: ³a deliberative assembly.¼
¨de®lib®er®ation© ²/dI*lIbEÚreI2n/ ³n ¸1 ¶[C,U] ´careful consideration and
discussion; debate: ³After long @, they decided« What was the result of your
@(s)? ¸2 ¶[U] ´being deliberateµ(2)´; slowness of movement: ³to speak/take
aim/walk into a room with great @.¼
¨deli®cacy© ²/ÚdelIkEsI/ ³n (pl µ-cies³) ¸1 ¶[U] ´quality of being delicate
(all senses): ³Everyone admired the @ of her features´, their fineness and
tenderness. ³Because of the @ of her skin ´(= Because it is easily hurt by the
sun), ³she never sunbathes. The girl's @ ´(= The fact that she is delicate in
health) ³has always worried her parents. The political situation is one of
great @´, requires careful handling. ³The violinist played with great @´, with
a very fine touch. ¸2 ¶[C] ´delicateµ(8) ´kind of food: ³all the delicacies of
the season.¼
¨deli®cate© ²/ÚdelIkEt/ ³adj ¸1 ´soft; tender; of fine or thin material: ³as @
as silk; the @ skin of a young girl. ¸2 ´fine; exquisite: ³jewellery of @
workmanship. ¸3 ´easily injured; becoming ill easily; needing great care: ³@
china/plants; a @-looking child; in @ health. ¸4 ´requiring careful treatment
or skilful handling: ³a @ surgical operation´, eÔg on sb's eyes. ³The
international situation is very @ at present. ¸5 ´(of colours) soft; not
strong: ³a @ shade of pink. ¸6 ´(of the senses, of instruments) able to
appreciate or indicate very small changes or differences: ³a @ sense of
smell/touch; the @ instruments needed by scientists´, eÔg for weighing or
measuring. ¸7 ´taking great care not to be immodest, not to hurt the feelings
of others: ³a @ speech. ¸8 ´(of food, its flavour) pleasing to the taste and
not strongly flavoured: ³Chicken is more @ than beef. When people are ill they
need @ food. Some kinds of fish have a more @ flavour than others. ¸@®ly ³adv¼
¨deli®ca®tessen© ²/*delIkEÚtesn/ ³n ¶[C,U] ´(shop selling) prepared
foods ready for serving (esp cooked meat, smoked fish, pickles): ³The @ (shop)
closes at 5.30.¼
¨de®li®cious© ²/dIÚlI2Es/ ³adj ´giving delight (esp to the senses of taste and
smell, and to the sense of humour): ³a @ cake. Doesn't it smell @! What a @
joke! ¸@®ly ³adv¼
¨de®light©1 ²/dIÚlñIt/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´great pleasure; joy: ³to give @ to sb. To
his great @ his novel was accepted for publication. ·take @ in, ´find pleasure
in: ³The naughty boy takes great @ in pulling the cat's tail.
¸2 ¶[C] ´cause or source of great pleasure: ³Dancing is her chief @. He often
thinks of the @s of life in the country. ¸@®ful ²/-fl/ ³adj ´giving @ ³(to´):
³a @ful holiday. ¸@®fully ²/-fElI/ ³adv¼
¨de®light©2 ²/dIÚlñIt/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A] ´give great pleasure to; please
greatly: ³Her singing @ed everyone. ¸2 ´(passive): ³be @ed´, be greatly
pleased: ³I was @ed to hear the news of your success/@ed at the news«/@ed that
you were successful. ¸3 ¶[VP3A,4] ·@ (in), ´take or find great pleasure: ³He @s
in teasing his young sister. He @s to prove his brother wrong.¼
¨de®limit© ²/diÚlImIt/, ±de®limi®tate ²/diÚlImIteIt/ ³vt ¶[VP6A]
´determine the limits or boundaries of. ¸de®limi®ta®tion ²/di*lImIÚteI2n/ ³n
¶[C,U].¼
¨de®lin®eate© ²/dIÚlInIeIt/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´(formal) show by drawing or by
describing; portray. ¸de®lin®ea®tion ²/dI*lInIÚeI2n/ ³n ¶[C,U].¼
¨de®lin®quency© ²/dIÚlIGkwEnsI/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´wrong-doing; neglect of duty: ³the
problem of juvenile @´, wrong-doing by young persons. ¸2 ¶[C] ³(pl µ-cies³)
´instance of this; misdeed.¼
¨de®lin®quent© ²/dIÚlIGkwEnt/ ³n, adj ´(person) doing wrong, failing to
perform a duty.¼
¨deli®ques®cent© ²/*delIÚkwesnt/ ³adj ´(chem) becoming liquid in air (by
absorbing moisture).¼
¨de®liri®ous© ²/dIÚlIrIEs/ ³adj ¸1 ´suffering from delirium; wildly excited:
³The patient's temperature went up and he became @. The children were @ with
joy. ¸2 ´showing the effects of delirium: ³@ speech. ¸@®ly ³adv¼
¨de®lirium© ²/dIÚlIrIEm/ ³n ¶[U] ´violent mental disturbance caused by
illness, often accompanied by wild talk, esp during feverish illness; wild
excitement. ¸*@ Útremens ²/Útrimenz/ ´(usu ¸d t(s) ²/*di Úti(z)/´), ´@ caused by
extreme alcoholism.¼
¨de®liver© ²/dIÚlIvE(r)/ ³vt ¸1 ¶[VP6A] ´take (letters, parcels, goods, etc) to
houses, to the person(s) to whom they are addressed, to the buyer(s): ³A
postman is a man employed to @ letters and parcels. Did you @ my message to
your father? ·@ the goods, ´(fig) do what is wanted. ¸2 ¶[VP14] ·@ from, ´(old
use) rescue, save, set free: ³May God @ us from all evil. ¸3 ¶[VP6A] ´give
forth in words: ³to @ a sermon/a course of lectures; to @ oneself of an
opinion. ¸4 ¶[VP6A] ´(of a medical attendant, eÔg a midwife) help (a woman) in
childbirth: ³to be @ed of a child´, give birth to one. ¸5 ¶[VP6A,15B] ·@
(up/over) (to), ´surrender; give up; hand over: ³to @ up stolen goods; to @
over one's property to one's son; to @ (up) a fortress to the enemy. ¸6 ¶[VP6A]
´launch; aim; send against: (fig) ³to @ a blow in the cause of freedom. ¸@er ³n
´one who @s; rescuer; saviour.¼
¨de®liver®ance© ²/dIÚlIvErEns/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ·@ from,
´deliveringµ(2)´; rescue; being set free. ¸2 ¶[C] ´formal or emphatic statement
of opinion.¼
¨de®liv®ery© ²/dIÚlIvErI/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´delivering (of letters, goods, etc); ¶[C]
³(pl µ-ries³) ´periodical performance of this: ³We guarantee prompt @ of
goods. ³How many deliveries are there in your town ´(= How often does the
postman deliver letters) ³every week? ·on @, ´at the time of @. ·take @ of,
´receive: ³When can you take @ of the new car? ¸Ú@ note ³n ´note, usu in
duplicate, sent with goods, to be signed by the recipient. ¸Ú@ truck ³n ´(US)
goods van. ¸2 ³(sing ´only³) ´manner of speaking (in lectures, etc): ³His speech
was good, but his @ was poor.¼
¨dell© ²/del/ ³n ´small valley, usu with trees on its sides.¼
¨de®louse© ²/*diÚlñ8s/ ³vt ´rid (sb or sth) of lice.¼
¨Del®phic© ²/ÚdelfIk/ ³adj ´of the oracle of Apollo ²/EÚpolE8/ ´at Delphi
²/ÚdelfñI/ ´(in ancient Greece); obscure: ambiguous.¼
¨del®phin®ium© ²/delÚfInIEm/ ³n ´(kinds of) garden plant, usu with tall spikes
of usu blue flowers.¼
¨delta© ²/ÚdeltE/ ³n ´Greek letter ³d, µ¥ App 4´; ´land (with alluvial
deposits) in the shape of a capital @ (²¦´) at the mouth of a river between two
or more branches: ³the Nile D@; ·*³@-·Ú³winged´, (of aircraft) having @-shaped
wings.¼
¨de®lude© ²/dIÚlud/ ³vt ¶[VP6A,14] ·@ sb with sth/into doing sth, ´deceive;
mislead (on purpose): ³to @ sb with promises one does not intend to keep; to @
oneself with false hopes; to @ sb/oneself into believing that«.¼
¨del®uge© ²/ÚdeljudZ/ ³n ¶[C] ¸1 ´great flood; heavy rush of water;
violent rainfall. ¸the D@´, the flood at the time of Noah ²/ÚnE8E/ µ¥ Gen 7. ¸2
´anything coming in a heavy rush: ³a @ of words/questions/protests. ¹ vt
¶[VP6A,14] ·@ (with), ´flood; come down on (sb or sth) like a @: ³He was @d
with questions.¼
¨de®lusion© ²/dIÚluZn/ ³n ¶[U] ´deluding or being deluded; ¶[C] ´false opinion
or belief, esp one that may be a symptom of madness: ³to be under a @/under the
@ that«; to suffer from @s.¼
¨de®lus®ive© ²/dIÚlusIv/ ³adj ´not real; deceptive. ¸@®ly ³adv¼
¨de luxe© ²/dI ÚlAks/ ³adj ´(F) of very high quality, high standards of
comfort, etc: ³a @ edition of a book.¼
¨delve© ²/delv/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A,2A] ´(old use) dig. ¸2 ¶[VP3A] ·@ into, ´make
researches into: ³@ for information into old books; to @ into sb's past.¼
¨de®mag®net®ize© ²/*diÚmagnItñIz/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´deprive of magnetic properties.
¸de®mag®net®iz®ation ²/*di*magnItñIÚzeI2n ³US: ²-tIÚz-/ ³n¼
¨dema®gogue© ²/ÚdemEgog ³US: ²-gcg/ ³n ´political leader who tries, by speeches
appealing to the feelings instead of to reason, to stir up the people.
¸dema®gogy ²/ÚdemEgogI/ ³n ¶[U] ´principles and practices of a @. ¸dema®gogic
²/*demEÚgogIk/ ³adj ´of or like a @.¼
¨de®mand©1 ²/dIÚmqnd ³US: ²-Úmand/ ³n ·@ (for) ¸1 ¶[C] ´act of demandingµ(1)´;
sth demandedµ(1)´: ³The workers' @s ´(eÔg for higher pay) ³were refused by the
employers. It is impossible to satisfy all @s. I have/People make many @s on my
time´, I am expected to do many things, etc. ³There have been @s for the prime
minister to resign/for his resignation/that he should resign. ·on @, ´when
demanded: ³a cheque payable on @. ¸Ú@ (note), ´note that demands payment, eÔg
of income tax. ¸2 ¶[U] ´(or with an ³indef art ´and ³adj´) desire, by people
ready to buy, employ, etc (for ´goods, services, etc): ³There is a great @ for
typists but a poor @/not much @ for clerks. There is little @ for these goods.
The @ for fish this month exceeds the supply. ·in @, ´wanted; popular: ³His
records are always in @/are in constant @.¼
¨de®mand©2 ²/dIÚmqnd ³US: ²-Úmand/ ³vt ¸1 ¶[VP6A,7A,9] ´ask for
(sth) as if ordering, or as if one has a right to: ³@ an apology from sb. The
gatekeeper @ed my business´, asked what I wanted. ³The policeman @ed his name
and address/@ed to know where he lived. He came to my house and @ed help/@ed
that I should help him. He @s that I shall tell him everything/@s to be told
everything. ¸2 ¶[VP6A] ´need; require: ³This sort of work @s great patience.
Does the letter @ an immediate answer´, Must it be answered at once?¼
¨de®mar®cate© ²/ÚdimqkeIt/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´mark or fix the limits of, eÔg a
frontier.¼
¨de®mar®ca®tion© ²/*dimqÚkeI2n/ ³n ¶[U] ´marking of a boundary or limit;
separation: ³a line of @; @ problems in industry´, eÔg settling the kind of
work to be done by workers in different trades.¼
¨d_e®marche© ²/ÚdeImq2/ ³n ´(F) political step or proceeding; diplomatic
representation (to a foreign government).¼
¨de®mean© ²/dIÚmin/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ·@ oneself, ´lower oneself in dignity, social
esteem.¼
¨de®mean®our© ´(US = ¸-or´) ²/dIÚminE(r)/ ³n ¶[U] ´way of behaving: ³I dislike
his supercilious @.¼
¨de®mented© ²/dIÚmentId/ ³adj ´mad; (colloq) wild with worry: ³a poor, @
creature. She'll become @ if you don't stop asking silly questions. ¸@®ly ³adv¼
¨deme®rara© ²/*demEÚreErE/ ³n ¶[U] ¸@ sugar, ´light brown raw cane sugar (from
Guyana).¼
¨de®merit© ²/diÚmerIt/ ³n ¶[C] ´fault; defect.¼
¨de®mesne© ²/dIÚmeIn/ ³n ¶[U] ´(legal) ´the holding of land as one's own
property: ³land held in @´; ¶[C] ´landed estate held in this way, not let to
tenants.¼
¨demi®god© ²/ÚdemIgod/ ³n ´one who is partly divine and partly human; (in Gk
myth, etc) the son of a god and a mortal woman, eÔg ³Hercules ²/Úh3kj8liz/´.¼
¨demi®john© ²/ÚdemIdZon/ ³n ´large narrow-necked bottle, usu
encased in wicker-work.¼
¨de®mili®tar®ize© ²/*diÚmIlItErñIz/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´(of a country, or part of it)
require, by treaty or agreement, to have no military forces or installations
in: ³a @d zone.¼
¨demi®monde© ²/*demIÚmcnd/ ³n ¸the @, ´(F) (class of society made up of) people
on the fringe of respectable society. ¸demi®mon®daine
²/*demImcnÚdeIn/ ³n ´woman of this class.¼
¨de®mise© ²/dIÚmñIz/ ³n ´(legal) death.¼
¨de®mist© ²/*diÚmIst/ ³vt ´remove the mist from, eÔg the windscreen of a motor
vehicle. ¸@er ²/-stE(r)/ ³n ´device that @s.¼
¨demo© ²/ÚdemE8/ ³n ¶[C] ´(colloq abbr for) demonstrationµ(2)´.¼
¨de®mob© ²/*diÚmob/ ³vt µ(-bb-) ´and ³n ´(GB colloq abbr for) ³demobilize ´and
³demobilizationÔ´: ³When do you get @bed/your @?¼
¨de®mo®bil®ize© ²/diÚmE8bElñIz/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´release from military service.
¸de®mo®bil®iz®ation ²/dI*mE8belñIÚzeI2n ³US: ²-lIÚz-/ ³n¼
¨democ®racy© ²/dIÚmokrEsI/ ³n (pl µ-cies³) ¸1 ¶[C,U] ´(country with principles
of) government in which all adult citizens share through their elected
representatives. ¸2 ¶[C,U] ´(country with) government which encourages and
allows rights of citizenship such as freedom of speech, religion, opinion and
association, the assertion of the rule of law, majority rule, accompanied by
respect for the rights of minorities. ¸3 ¶[C,U] ´(society in which there is)
treatment of each other by citizens as equals and with absence of class
feeling: ³Is there more @ in Australia than in Great Britain?¼
¨demo®crat© ²/ÚdemEkrat/ ³n ¸1 ´person who favours or supports democracy. ¸2
D@, ´(US) member of the Democratic Party.¼
¨demo®cratic© ²/*demEÚkratIk/ ³adj ¸1 ´of, like, supporting, democracyµ(1,2)´.
¸2 ´(esp) of, supporting, democracyµ(3)´; paying no or little attention to
class divisions based on birth or wealth. ¸3 the ÚD@ Party, ´(US) one of the
two main political parties. µ¥ Republican. ¸demo®crati®cally ²/-klI/ ³adv¼
¨de®moc®ra®tize© ²/dIÚmokrEtñIz/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´make democratic.
¸de®moc®ra®tiz®ation ²/dI*mokrEtñIÚzeI2n ³US: ²-tIÚz-/ ³n¼
¨d_e®mod_e© ²/*deIÚmE8deI ³US: ²*deImE8ÚdeI/ ³adj ´(F) outmoded; out of
fashion.¼
¨de®mog®ra®phy© ²/dIÚmogrEfI/ ³n ¶[U] ´(study of) statistics of births, deaths,
diseases, etc to show the condition of a community. ¸demo®graphic
²/*demEÚgrafIk/ ³adj¼
¨de®mol®ish© ²/dIÚmolI2/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´pull or tear down, eÔg old buildings;
destroy, eÔg sb's argument; make an end of. ¸demo®li®tion ²/*demEÚlI2n/ ³n
¶[U] ´@ing or being @ed; ¶[C] ´instance of this.¼
¨de®mon© ²/ÚdimEn/ ³n ´evil, wicked or cruel supernatural being or spirit;
(colloq) fierce or energetic person: ³a @ bowler´, (cricket) very fast bowler.
³He's a @ for work´, (colloq) works with great energy.¸@ic ²/diÚmonIk/ ³adj¼
¨de®monet®ize© ²/*diÚmAnItñIz/ ³vt ´deprive (a metal) of its value as currency;
withdraw (a metal) from use as currency. ¸de®monet®iz®ation ²/di*mAnItñIÚzeI2n
³US: ²-tIÚz-/ ³n¼
¨de®mon®iac© ²/dIÚmE8nIak/ ³n, adj ´(person who is) devilish,
frenzied, fierecly energetic. ¸@al ²/*dimEÚnñIEkl/ ³adj ´= @.
¸@®ally ²/*dimEÚnñIEklI/ ³adv¼
¨de®mon®strable© ²/demEnstrEbl/ ³adj ´that can be demonstrated or logically
proved. ¸de®mon®strably ²/-blI/ ³adv ¸de®mon®stra®bil®ity ²/dI*monstrEÚbIlEtI/
³n¼
¨dem®on®strate© ²/ÚdemEnstreIt/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A,9] ´show clearly by giving
proof(s) or example(s): ³How would you @ that the world is round? The salesman
@d the new washing-machine´, showed how it was used. ¸2 ¶[VP2A,3A] ´take part
in a demonstrationµ(2)´: ³The workers marched through the streets with flags
and banners to @ against the rising cost of living.¼
¨dem®on®stra®tion© ²/*demEnÚstreI2n/ ³n ¶[C,U] ¸1 ´demonstratingµ(1)´: ³to
teach sth by @; a @ of affection´, eÔg when a child puts its arms round its
mother's neck; ³a @ of a new car, ´to show how it works. ¸2 ´public and
organised display of opinion by a group, eÔg of workers, students.¼
¨de®mon®stra®tive© ²/dIÚmonstrEtIv/ ³adj ¸1 ´(of persons) showing
the feelings: ³Some children are more @ than others´, readier to show
affection, etc. ¸2 ´marked by open expression of feelings: ³@ behaviour. ¸3
´serving to point out; esp (gram) ¸*@ Úpronoun´, ³(this, these, that, those).
¸@®ly ³adv¼
¨dem®on®stra®tor© ²/ÚdemEnstreItE(r)/ ³n ¸1 ´person who demonstratesµ(2)´: ³The
@s were dispersed by the police. ¸2 ´person who teaches or explains by
demonstratingµ(1)´.¼
¨de®moral®ize© ²/dIÚmorElñIz ³US: ²-Úmcr-/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ¸1 ´hurt or weaken the
morals of: ³a boy who was @d by bad companions. ¸2 ´weaken the courage,
confidence, self-discipline, etc of, eÔg an army. µ¥ morale. ¸de®moral®iz®ation
²/dI*morElñIÚzeI2n ³US: ²-*mcrElIÚz-/ ³n¼
¨de®mote© ²/*diÚmE8t/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´reduce to a lower rank or grade.
µ¥ promote. ¸de®motion ²/*diÚmE82n/ ³n¼
¨de®motic© ²/dIÚmotIk/ ³adj ´of, used by, the common people: ³@ Greek´, the
colloquial form of modern Greek.¼
¨de®mur© ²/dIÚm3(r)/ ³vi µ(-rr-) ¶[VP2A,3A] ·@ (at/to), ´(formal) raise a doubt
or an objection: ³to @ to a demand; to @ at working on Sundays. ¹ n ¶[U]
´hesitation or objection: (chiefly in) ³without @.¼
¨de®mure© ²/dIÚmj8E(r)/ ³adj ´quiet and serious: ³a @ young lady; ´pretending
to be, suggesting that one is, @: ³She gave him a @ smile. ¸@®ly ³adv ¸@®ness
³n¼
¨den© ²/den/ ³n ¸1 ´animal's hidden home, eÔg a cave. ¸2 ´secret resort: ³an
opium den; a den of thieves. ¸3 ´(colloq) room in which a person works and
studies without being disturbed.¼
¨den®ary© ²/ÚdinErI/ ³adj ´= µdecimal.¼
¨de®nation®al®ize© ²/*diÚna2EnElñIz/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´transfer (a nationalized
industry, etc) to private ownership again. µ¥ nationalize.
¸de®nation®al®iz®ation ²/*di*na2EnElñIÚzeI2n ³US: ²-lIÚz-/ ³n¼
¨de®natured© ²/*diÚneIt2Ed/ ³adj ´that has been made unfit for
eating and drinking (but may still be used for other purposes): ³@ alcohol;
´having lost natural qualities: ³@ rubber´, no longer elastic.¼
¨de®ni®able© ²/dIÚnñIEbl/ ³adj ´that one can deny.¼
¨de®nial© ²/dIÚnñIEl/ ³n ·@ (of), ¸1 ¶[U] ´denyingµ(2,3)´; ¶[C] ´instance of
this: ³the @ of justice/a request for help. ¸2 ¶[C] ´statement that sth is not
true: ³the prisoner's repeated @s of the charge brought against him. µ¥ ³self-@
´at µself-.¼
¨den®ier© ²/ÚdenIE(r)/ ³n ´unit of fineness for rayon, nylon and silk yarns:
³30 @ stockings.¼
¨deni®grate© ²/ÚdenIgreIt/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´defame. ¸deni®gra®tion ²/*denIÚgreI2n/
³n¼
¨denim© ²/ÚdenIm/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´twilled cotton cloth (used for jeans, overalls,
etc). ¸2 ³(pl) ´(colloq) jeans made from @.¼
¨deni®zen© ²/ÚdenIzn/ ³n ´person, kind of animal or plant, living or growing
permanently in the district, etc mentioned: ³@s of the Arctic.¼
¨de®nomi®nate© ²/dIÚnomIneIt/ ³vt ¶[VP23] ´give a name to; call.¼
¨de®nomi®na®tion© ²/dI*nomIÚneI2n/ ³n ¶[C] ¸1 ´name, esp one given to a class
or religious group or sect: ³The Protestant @s include the Methodists,
Presbyterians and Baptists. ¸2 ´class or unit (in weight, length, numbers,
money, etc): ³The US coin of the lowest @ is the cent. We can reduce fractions
to the same @´, eÔg §, ²C ´= ²x´, ²y´. ¸@al ²/-ÚneI2Enl/ ³adj ´of @sµ(1)´: ³@al
schools.¼
¨de®nomi®na®tor© ²/dIÚnomIneItE(r)/ ³n ´number or quantity below the line in a
fraction, eÔg 4 in Ö.¼
¨de®note© ²/dIÚnE8t/ ³vt ¸1 ¶[VP6A] ´be the sign or symbol of; be the name of:
³In algebra the sign ´x ³usually @s an unknown quantity. ¸2 ¶[VP6A,9]
´indicate: ³The mark (²®³) @s a place of omission/@s that something has been
omitted.¼
¨d_e®noue®ment© ²/*deIÚnumcG ³US: ²*deInuÚmcG/ ³n ´(F) final stage,
where everything is made clear, in the development of the plot of a story,
play, etc.¼
¨de®nounce© ²/dIÚnñ8ns/ ³vt ¸1 ¶[VP6A,16B] ´speak publicly against; give
information against: ³to @ a heresy; to @ sb as a spy. ¸2 ¶[VP6A] ´give notice
that one intends to end (a treaty or agreement).¼
¨dense© ²/dens/ ³adj µ(-r, -st) ¸1 ´(of liquids, vapour) not easily seen
through: ³a @ fog; @ smoke. ¸2 ´(of people and things) crowded together in
great numbers: ³a @ crowd; a @ forest. ¸3 ´(colloq) stupid; having a mind that
ideas can penetrate only with difficulty. ¸@®ly ³adv´: ³a @ly populated
country; @ly wooded´, covered with trees growing close together. ¸@®ness ³n¼
¨den®sity© ²/ÚdensEtI/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´the quality of being dense: ³the
@ of a forest/the fog/the population. ¸2 ¶[C,U] ³(pl µ-ties³) ´(phys) relation
of weight to volume.¼
¨dent© ²/dent/ ³n ´hollow, depression, in a hard surface made by a blow or by
pressure; (fig, colloq): ³a @ in one's pride. ¹ vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A] ´make a @ or
@s in: ³a motor-car badly @ed in a collision. ¸2 ¶[VP2A] ´get @s in: ³metal
that @s easily.¼
¨den®tal© ²/Údentl/ ³adj ¸1 ´of or for the teeth: ³a @ plate´, a denture; ³a @
surgeon. ¸2 ´(phon) with the tip of the tongue near or touching the upper
front teeth: ³@ sounds´, eÔg ²/T, D/´.¼
¨den®ti®frice© ²/ÚdentIfrIs/ ³n ¶[U] ´tooth-powder or toothpaste (the usu
words).¼
¨den®tist© ²/ÚdentIst/ ³n ´person whose work is filling, cleaning, taking out
teeth and fitting artificial ´teeth. ¸@ry ²/ÚdentIstrI/ ³n ¶[U] ´work of a @.¼
¨den®ture© ²/Údent2E(r)/ ³n ¶[C] ´plate (fitted on the gums) of artificial
teeth.¼
¨de®nude© ²/dIÚnjud ³US: ²-Únud/ ³vt ¶[VP6A,14] ·@ (of), ¸1 ´make bare; take
away covering: ³trees @d of leaves; hillsides @d of trees. ¸2 ´deprive: ³@d by
his creditors of every penny he had. ¸de®nud®ation ²/*dinjuÚdeI2n ³US: ²-nu-/
³n¼
¨de®nunci®ation© ²/dI*nAnsIÚeI2n/ ³n ¶[C,U] ´denouncing: ³the @ of a traitor.¼
¨deny© ²/dIÚnñI/ ³vt ¸1 ¶[VP6A,C,9,25] ´say that (sth) is not true: ³The
accused man denied the charge. I @ that the statement is true. He denied this
to be the case. He denied knowing anything about/denied any knowledge of their
plans. It cannot be denied that«/There is no @ing the fact that«´, Everyone
must admit that«. µ¥ affirm. ¸2 ¶[VP6A] ´say that one knows nothing about;
disown; refuse to acknowledge: ³He denied the signature´, said that it was not
his. ³Peter denied Christ. ¸3 ¶[VP12A,13A] ´say "no' to a request; refuse to
give (sth asked for or needed): ³He denies himself/his wife nothing. He gave to
his friends what he denied to his family. She was angry at being denied
admittance.¼
¨deo®dar© ²/ÚdIEdq(r)/ ³n ´Himalayan cedar.¼
¨de®odor®ant© ²/diÚE8dErEnt/ ³n ´substance that disguises or absorbs (esp body)
odours.¼
¨de®odor®ize© ²/diÚE8dErñIz/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´remove odour (esp bad
smells) from.¼
¨de®part© ²/dIÚpqt/ ³vi ¸1 ¶[VP2A,3A] ·@ (from), ´go away; leave (esp in
timetables, abbr ¸dep´): ³dep Leeds 4.30pÔm. µ¥ arrive. ¸2 ¶[VP3A] ·@ from,
´behave in a way that differs from: ³@ from routine/the usual procedure/old
customs; @ from the truth. ¸3 ·@ (from) this life, ´(archaic) die. ¸@ed ³part
adj ´bygone: ³thinking of @ed glories. µ¹ ³n ¸the @ed´, ³(sing) ´person who has
recently died; ³(pl) ´those who have died: ³pray for the souls of the @ed.¼
¨de®part®ment© ²/dIÚpqtmEnt/ ³n ¸1 ´one of several divisions of a government,
business, shop, university, etc: ³the Education D@/D@ of Education; the
shipping @ ´(a business firm); ³the men's clothing @ ´(in a large shop); ³a
·Ú³@ store´, a large shop where many kinds of goods are sold in different @s.
¸2 ´(F) administrative district. ¸@al ²/*dipqtÚmentl/ ³adj ´of a
@ (contrasted with the whole): ³@al duties/administration.¼
¨de®par®ture© ²/dIÚpqt2E(r)/ ³n ·@ (from), ¸1 ¶[U] ´departing;
going away; ¶[C] ´instance of this: ³His @ was unexpected. There are notices
showing arrivals and @s of trains near the booking-office. Which is the @
platform´, that from which the train leaves? ¸2 ¶[C,U] ´turning away or aside;
changing: ³a @ from old custom; a new @ in physics´, eÔg the discovery of
nuclear fission.¼
¨de®pend© ²/dIÚpend/ ³vi ¶[VP3A] ·@ on/upon, ¸1 ´(not in the progressive
tenses) need, rely on (the support, etc of) in order to exist or to be true or
to succeed: ³Children @ on their parents for food and clothing. Good health @s
upon good food, exercise and getting enough sleep. He @s on his pen for a
living´, makes a living by writing. ·that @s; it (all) @s, ´(alone, or at
the beginning of a sentence) the result @s on sth else: ³It @s how you tackle
the problem. ¸2 ´trust; be certain about: ³You can always @ upon John to be
there when he is needed. You may @ upon his coming/@ upon it that he will want
to come. Can I @ upon this railway guide or is it an old one? ·@ upon it, ´(at
the beginning or end of a sentence) you can be quite certain: ³The strike will
ruin the country, @ upon it. ¸@®able ³adj ´that may be @ed upon.¼
¨de®pend®ant© ´(also ¸-ent´) ²/dIÚpendEnt/ ³n ´sb who depends upon another or
others for a home, food, etc; servant. µ¥ dependent ³adj.¼
¨de®pend®ence© ²/dIÚpendEns/ ³n ·@ on/upon, ¶[U] ¸1 ´the state of depending;
being supported by others: ³Why don't you find a job and end this @ upon your
parents? ¸2 ´confident trust; reliance: ³He's not a man you can put much @
on´, you can't rely on him. ¸3 ´the state of being determined or conditioned
by: ³the @ of the crops upon the weather; drug @.¼
¨de®pend®ency© ²/dIÚpendEnsI/ ³n (pl µ-cies³) ´country governed or
controlled by another: ³The Hawaiian Islands are no longer a @ of the UÔSÔA.¼
¨de®pend®ent© ²/dIÚpendEnt/ ³n ´= µdependant. ¹ ³adj ·@ on/upon, ´depending:
³The man was out of work and @ on his son's earnings. Promotion is @ upon your
record of success.¼
¨de®pict© ²/dIÚpIkt/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´show in the form of a picture; describe in
words: ³biblical scenes @ed in tapestry. ¸de®pic®tion ²/dIÚpIk2n/ ³n¼
¨de®pila®tory© ²/dIÚpIlEtrI ³US: ²-tcrI/ ³adj, n ´(liquid, cream, etc) able to
remove superfluous hair.¼
¨de®plane© ²/*diÚpleIn/ ³vi ´(usu of troops, etc) disembark from an aircraft.¼
¨de®plete© ²/dIÚplit/ ³vt ¶[VP6A,14] ·@ (of), ´use up, empty until little or
none remains: ³to @ a lake of fish; @d supplies. ¸de®pletion ²/dIÚpli2n/ ³n
¶[U] ´depleting or being @d.¼
¨de®plore© ²/dIÚplc(r)/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´show, say, that one is filled with sorrow
or regret for; condemn. ¸de®plor®able ²/dIÚplcrEbl/ ³adj ´that is, or should
be, @d: ³deplorable conduct; a deplorable accident. ¸de®plor®ably ²/-EblI/
³adv´.¼
¨de®ploy© ²/dIÚplãI/ ³vt,vi ¶[VP6A,2A] ´(mil, of troops etc) (cause to) spread
out, eÔg into line of battle; (fig) bring into action: ³@ arguments. ¸@®ment
³n¼
¨de®pon®ent© ²/dIÚpE8nEnt/ ³n ´(legal) person who gives written testimony for
use in a law court.¼
¨de®popu®late© ²/*diÚpopj8leIt/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´lessen the number of people
living in a place: ³a country @d by war/famine. ¸de®popu®la®tion
²/*di*popj8ÚleI2n/ ³n¼
¨de®port©1 ²/dIÚpct/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´expel (an unwanted person) from a
country: ³The spy was imprisoned for two years and then @ed. ¸de®port®ation
²/*dipcÚteI2n/ ³n ¶[U] ´@ing or being @ed: ³Years ago criminals in England
could be sentenced to @ation to Australia. ¸@ee ²/*dipcÚti/ ³n ´@ed person.¼
¨de®port©2 ²/dIÚpct/ ³vt ¶[VP6A,16B] ´(reflex, formal) behave: ³to @ oneself
with dignity. ¸@®ment ³n ¶[U] ´behaviour; way of holding oneself in standing
and walking: ³Young ladies used to have lessons in @ment.¼
¨de®pose© ²/dIÚpE8z/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A] ´remove, esp a ruler such as a king,
from a position of authority; dethrone. ¸2 ¶[VP3A,9] ·@ (to ³+
gerund·), ´(legal) bear witness, give evidence, esp on oath in a law court: ³to
@ that one saw«; to @ to having seen«. µ¥ deposition.¼
¨de®posit©1 ²/dIÚpozIt/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ¸1 ´lay or put down: ³He @ed the books on
the desk. Some insects @ their eggs in the ground. ¸2 ´put or store for
safe-keeping: ³to @ money in a bank/papers with one's lawyer. ¸3 ´make part
payment of money that is or will be owed: ³We should like you to @ a quarter of
the price of the house. ¸4 ´(esp of a liquid, a river) leave (a layer of matter
on): ³When the Nile rises it @s a layer of mud on the land.¼
¨de®posit©2 ²/dIÚpozIt/ ³n ¶[C] ¸1 ´money that is depositedµ(2,3)´: ³The
shopkeeper promised to keep the goods for me if I left/paid/made a @. ·money on
@, ´money deposited in this way. ¸Ú@ account, ´money deposited in a bank, not
to be withdrawn without notice, on which interest is payable. µ¥ ³current
account ´at µcurrent±1µ(3). ¸Ú@ safe, ´safe in the strong-room of a bank,
rented for the custody of valuables. ¸2 ´layer of matter depositedµ(4)´: ³A
thick @ of mud covered the fields after the floods went down. ¸3 ´layer of
solid matter left behind (often buried in the earth) after having been
naturally accumulated: ³Valuable new @s of tin have been found in Bolivia.¼
¨de®posi®tion© ²/*depEÚzI2n/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´deposing from office;
dethronement. ¸2 ¶[C] ´(legal) statement made on oath. ¸3 ¶[U] ´depositing, eÔg
of mud.¼
¨de®posi®tor© ²/dIÚpozItE(r)/ ³n ´person who deposits, eÔg money in a bank.¼
¨de®posi®tory© ²/dIÚpozItrI ³US: ²-tcrI/ ³n (pl µ-ries³) ´place where goods are
deposited; storehouse.¼
¨de®pot© ²/ÚdepE8 ³US: ²ÚdipE8/ ³n ¸1 ´storehouse, esp for military supplies;
warehouse; place for storing vehicles (eÔg buses). ¸2 ´(US) railway or bus
station.¼
¨de®prave© ²/dIÚpreIv/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´make morally bad; corrupt (usu in ³pp´):
³@d persons; @d ´(= vicious or perverted) ³tastes.¼
¨de®prav®ity© ²/dIÚpravEtI/ ³n ¶[U] ´depraved state; viciousness: ³sunk in @;
¶[C] ³(pl µ-ties³) ´vicious act.¼
¨dep®re®cate© ²/ÚdeprEkeIt/ ³vt ¶[VP6A,C] ´(formal) feel and express
disapproval of: ³Hasty action is to be @d. He @s changing the rules at
present. ¸dep®reca®tion ²/*deprEÚkeI2n/ ³n¼
¨de®pre®ci®ate© ²/dIÚpri2IeIt/ ³vt,vi ¶[VP6A,2A] ´make or become less in
value; say that (sth) has little value: ³Shares in this company have @d. Don't
@ my efforts to help. ¸de®pre®ci®atory ²/dIÚpri2EtErI ³US: ²-tcrI/ ³adj
´tending to @: ³depreciatory remarks about my work. ¸de®pre®ci®ation
²/dI*pri2IÚeI2n/ ³n ¶[U] ´lessening of value or estimation.¼
¨dep®re®da®tion© ²/*deprEÚdeI2n/ ³n ´(usu ³pl´) (formal) destruction or
pillaging of property.¼
¨de®press© ²/dIÚpres/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ¸1 ´press, push or pull down: ³to @ a
lever/the keys of a piano. ¸*@ed Úclasses, ´classes of people who are
prevented from rising, or unable to rise, socially or economically, eÔg by a
rigid caste system. ¸2 ´make sad, low in spirits: ³Wet weather always @es her.
The newspapers are full of @ing news nowadays´, eÔg of war, crime, natural
disasters, rising prices. ¸3 ´make less active; cause (prices) to be lower:
³When business is @ed there is usually an increase in unemployment. ¸*@ed
Úarea, ´part of a country where industry is @ed (with consequent poverty and
unemployment).¼
¨de®press®ion© ²/dIÚpre2n/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´being depressedµ(2)´; low
spirits: ³He committed suicide during a fit of @. ¸2 ¶[C] ´hollow, sunk place,
in the surface of sth, esp the ground: ³It rained heavily and every @ in the
bad road was soon filled with water. The soldiers hid from the enemy in a
slight @. ¸3 ¶[C] ´time when business is depressedµ(3)´. ¸4 ¶[C] ´lowering of
atmospheric pressure; (esp) area of low barometric pressure; the system of
winds round it: ³a @ over Iceland.¼
¨de®press®ive© ²/dIÚpresIv/ ³adj ´tending to depress; of depressionµ(1)´: ³@
financial measures; a @ fit. ¹ n ´person tending to suffer from
depressionµ(1).¼
¨de®prive© ²/dIÚprñIv/ ³vt ¶[VP14] ·@ of, ´take away from; prevent from using
or enjoying: ³trees that @ a house of light. What would a student do if he were
@d of his books? ¸de®prived ³adj ´= µunderprivileged. ¸depri®va®tion
²/*deprIÚveI2n/ ³n ¶[U] ´depriving or being @d: ³deprivation of one's
rights as a citizen; ¶[C] ´sth of which one is @d.¼
¨depth© ²/depT/ ³n ¸1 ¶[C,U] ´being deep; distance from the top down, from the
front to the back, from the surface inwards: ³What is the @ of the well? Water
was found at a @ of 30 feet. At what @ is the wreck lying? The snow is three
feet in @. ·in @, ´thorough(ly): ³explore a subject in @; a study in @.
·be/go/get out of one's @, ¸(a) ´be in/enter water too deep to stand in: ³If
you can't swim, don't go out of your @. ¸(b) ´(fig) attempt the study of sth
that is too difficult: ³When people start talking about nuclear physics I'm
out of my @. ¸Ú@-bomb/-charge, ´bomb used against a submarine, for explosion
under water. ¸2 ¶[C,U] ´deep learning, thought, feeling, etc: ³a book that
shows scholarship and @ of thought. She showed a @ of feeling that surprised
us. ¸3 the @(s), ´or most central part(s): ³in the @ of one's heart; in the @
of winter; in the @s of despair; in the @ of the country´, a long way from any
town.¼
¨depu®ta®tion© ²/*depj8ÚteI2n/ ³n ´group of representatives; number of persons
given the right to act or speak for others.¼
¨de®pute© ²/dIÚpjut/ ³vt ¶[VP14,17] ·@ sth to sb/sb to do sth, ´give (one's
work, authority, etc) to a substitute; give (another person) authority to act
as one's representative.¼
¨depu®tize© ²/Údepj8tñIz/ ³vi ¶[VP2A,3A] ·@ (for sb), ´act as
deputy.¼
¨dep®uty© ²/Údepj8tI/ ³n (pl µ-ties³) ¸1 ´person to whom work, authority, etc
is deputed: ³I must find someone to act as (a) @ for me during my absence. ¸2
´(in some countries, eÔg France) member of a legislative assembly.¼
¨de®rail© ²/dIÚreIl/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´cause (a train, etc) to run off the rails:
³The engine was @ed. ¸@®ment ³n¼
¨de®range© ²/dIÚreIndZ/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´put out of working order; put into
confusion; disturb: ³He is mentally @d´, insane. ¸@®ment ³n¼
¨de®rate© ²/*diÚreIt/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´(GB) relieve (industries, etc) from a
proportion of the local ratesµ(3)´: ³the Derating Act, 1929.¼
¨derby©1 ²/ÚdqbI ³US: ²Úd3rbI/ ³n ¸1 The D@, ´annual horserace at Epsom,
England. ¸ÚD@ Day, ´day of the race (in June). ¸2 ´(US) any of several annual
horseraces. ¸3 ´sporting contest. ¸local @, ´one between local teams.¼
¨derby©2 ²/Úd3rbI/ ³n ´(US) bowler hat.¼
¨der®el®ict© ²/ÚderElIkt/ ³adj ´abandoned; deserted and left to fall into
ruin: ³a @ house; a @ ship; @ areas´, eÔg those made squalid by open-cast
mining, gravel digging. ¸der®el®ic®tion ²/*derEÚlIk2n/ ³n ¶[U] ¸1 ´making @:
³the dereliction caused by the armies of Genghis Khan. ¸2 ´(wilful) neglect of
duty.¼
¨de®requi®si®tion© ²/*di*rekwIÚzI2n/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´free (requisitioned
property, etc).¼
¨de®re®strict© ²/*dirIÚstrIkt/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´cancel a restriction
upon: ³@ a road´, remove a speed limit from it.¼
¨de®ride© ²/dIÚrñId/ ³vt ¶[VP6A,16B] ´mock; laugh scornfully at: ³They @d his
efforts as childish.¼
¨de rigeur© ²/dE rIÚg3(r)/ ³pred adj ´(F) required by etiquette or custom:
³Evening dress is @ at the Casino.¼
¨de®rision© ²/dIÚrIZn/ ³n ¶[U] ´deriding or being derided; ridicule, mockery:
³hold sb/sth in @; be/become an object of @; make sb/sth an object of @.¼
¨de®ris®ive© ²/dIÚrñIsIv/ ³adj ´showing or deserving derision: ³@ laughter; a @
offer´, eÔg $100 for a car that is worth $1000.¼
¨de®ris®ory© ²/dIÚrñIsErI/ ³adj ´= µderisive.¼
¨deri®va®tion© ²/*derIÚveI2n/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´deriving or being derived; origin;
descent: ³the @ of words from Latin; a word of Latin @. ¸2 ¶[C] ´first form and
meaning of a word; statement of how a word was formed and how it changed:
³to study the @s of words.¼
¨de®riva®tive© ²/dIÚrIvEtIv/ ³adj, n ¶[C] ´(thing, word, substance) derived
from another; not original or primitive: ³"Assertion' is a @ of "assert'.¼
¨de®rive© ²/dIÚrñIv/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP14] ·@ from, ´(formal) get: ³to @ great
pleasure from one's studies; medicine from which she has @d little benefit. ¸2
¶[VP14,3A] ·@ from, ´take/have as a starting-point, source or origin:
³Thousands of English words @ from/are @d from Latin.¼
¨der®ma®tol®ogy© ²/*d3mEÚtolEdZI/ ³n ¶[U] ´medical study of the skin, its
diseases, etc. ¸der®ma®tol®ogist ²/*d3mEÚtolEdZIst/ ³n ´expert in @.¼
¨dero®gate© ²/ÚderEgeIt/ ³vi ¶[VP3A] ·@ from, ´(formal) take away (a merit,
good quality, right). ¸dero®ga®tion ²/*derEÚgeI2n/ ³n ¶[U] ´lessening (³of
´authority, dignity, reputation, etc).¼
¨de®roga®tory© ²/dIÚrogEtrI ³US: ²-tcrI/ ³adj ´(abbr ³derog ´used in this
dictionary) ·@ (to), ´tending to damage or take away from (one's credit, etc);
insulting: ³remarks that are @ to my reputation. Is the slang word "cop' as @
as "pig' for "policeman', ´Are policemen likely to object to it as being
insulting?¼
¨der®rick© ²/ÚderIk/ ³n ¸1 @ (crane) ´large crane for moving or
lifting heavy weights, esp on a ship. ¸2 ´(also ³oil-rig´) framework over an
oil-well or bore-hole, to hold the drilling machinery, etc.¼
¨der®ring-do© ²/*derIG Údu/ ³n ¶[U] ´(old use) desperate courage: ³deeds of @.¼
¨derv© ²/d3v/ ³n ¶[U] ´fuel oil for diesel engines (from ³dÔ´iesel ³eÔ´ngined
³rÔ´oad ³vÔ´ehicle).¼
¨der®vish© ²/Úd3vI2/ ³n ´member of an order of Muslim religious enthusiasts:
³dancing @es´, who engage in whirling dances; ³howling @es´, who shout loudly.¼
¨de®sali®nate© ²/*diÚsalIneIt/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´= µdesalinize. ¸de®sali®na®tion
²/*di*salIÚneI2n/ ³n¼
¨de®sali®nize© ²/*diÚsalInñIz/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´remove salt from (sea water or
saline water). ¸de®salin®iz®ation ²/*di*salInñIÚzeI2n ³US: ²-nIÚz-/ ³n¼
¨de®salt© ²/*diÚsclt/ ³vt ´= µdesalinize.¼
¨de®scale© ²/*diÚskeIl/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´remove the scale from, eÔg the inside of
boiler tubes.¼
¨des®cant© ²/Údeskant/ ³n ´(music) additional independent accompaniment (often
improvised) to a melody. ¹ ³vi ²/dIÚskant/ ¶[VP3A] ·@ on/upon, ¸(a) ´(music)
sing or play a @ on. ¸(b) ´comment on, enlarge upon (a topic).¼
¨de®scend© ²/dIÚsend/ ³vi,vt ¸1 ¶[VP2A,C,6A] ´(formal) come or go down: ³On
turning the corner, we saw that the road @ed steeply. The balloon @ed in
Poland. He @ed the stairs. ¸2 ·be @ed from, ´have as ancestors: ³According to
the Bible, we are all @ed from Adam. ¸3 ¶[VP2C] ´(of property, qualities,
rights) pass (from father to son) by inheritance; come from earlier times. ¸4
¶[VP3A] ·@ on/upon, ´attack suddenly; (colloq) visit unexpectedly: ³The bandits
@ed upon the defenceless village. ¸5 ¶[VP3A] ·@ to, ´lower oneself to: ³You
would never @ to fraud/cheating. ¸6 ·@ to particulars, ´pass on (in an
argument, etc) to details, eÔg after a general introduction to a subject.
¸@®ant ²/-Ent/ ³n ´person who is @ed from (the person or persons named): ³the
@ants of Queen Victoria.¼
¨de®scent© ²/dIÚsent/ ³n ¸1 ¶[C,U] ´coming or going down: ³The land
slopes to the sea by a gradual @´, slopes gradually. ³The @ of the mountain
took two hours. ¸2 ¶[U] ´ancestry: ³of French @´, having French ancestors;
³Darwin's "D@ of Man'´, iÔe his theory of evolution. ³He traces his @ from
the Queen of Sheba. ¸3 ¶[C] ·@ on/upon, ´sudden attack on; (colloq) unexpected
visit to: ³The Danes made numerous @s upon the English coast during the 10th
century. ¸4 ¶[U] ´handing down, eÔg of property, titles, qualities, etc by
inheritance.¼
¨de®scribe© ²/dIÚskrñIb/ ³vt ¸1 ¶[VP6,14,10,16B] ·@ (to/for), ´say what (sb or
sth) is like; give a picture of in words: ³Words cannot @ the beauty of the
scene. Can you @ it to/for me? Please @ what you saw. ¸2 ¶[VP16B] ·@ as,
´qualify; say that (sb or sth) has certain qualities: ³I hesitate to @ him as
really clever. He @s himself as a doctor. ¸3 ¶[VP6A] ´mark out, draw (esp a
geometrical figure): ³It is easy to @ a circle if you have a pair of
compasses.¼
¨de®scrip®tion© ²/dIÚskrIp2n/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´describing; ¶[C] ´picture in words:
³He's not very good at @. The scenery was beautiful beyond @. Can you give me a
@ of the thief? µ¥ answer±2µ(4). ¸2 ¶[C] ´(colloq) sort: ³The harbour was
crowded with vessels of every @.¼
¨de®scrip®tive© ²/dIÚskrIptIv/ ³adj ´serving to describe; fond of describing:
³There is some excellent @ writing ´(eÔg descriptions of scenery) ³in Hardy's
novels.¼
¨des®cry© ²/dIÚskrñI/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´(formal) catch sight of; see (esp sth a long
way off).¼
¨des®ecrate© ²/ÚdesIkreIt/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´use (a sacred thing or place) in an
unworthy or wicked way. ¸des®ecra®tion ²/*desIÚkreI2n/ ³n ¶[U] ´desecrating or
being @d.¼
¨de®seg®re®gate© ²/*diÚsegrIgeIt/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´abolish (esp racial)
segregation in: ³@ schools in Alabama. ¸de®seg®re®ga®tion ²/*di*segrIÚgeI2n/
³n¼
¨de®sen®si®tize© ²/*diÚsensItñIz/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´render insensitive or less
sensitive, eÔg to light or pain. ¸de®sen®si®tiz®ation ²/*di*sensItñIÚzeI2n ³US:
²-tIÚz-/ ³n¼
¨de®sert©1 ²/dIÚz3t/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A] ´leave; go away from: ³The village had
been hurriedly @ed, perhaps because bandits were in the district. The streets
were @ed´, no people were to be seen. ³We sheltered from the storm in a @ed
hut´, one that had been abandoned. ¸2 ¶[VP6A] ´leave without help or support,
esp in a wrong or cruel way: ³He @ed his wife and children and went abroad. He
has become so rude that his friends are @ing him. ¸3 ¶[VP6A,2A] ´run away from;
leave (esp service in a ship, the armed forces) without authority or
permission: ³A soldier who @s his post in time of war is punished severely.
¸4 ¶[VP6A] ´fail: ³His courage/presence of mind @ed him. ¸@er ³n ´person who
@sµ(3). ¸de®ser®tion ²/dIÚz32n/ ³n ¶[C,U] ´(instance of) @ing or being @ed.¼
¨des®ert©2 ²/ÚdezEt/ ³n ¶[C,U] ´(large area of) barren land, waterless and
treeless, often sand-covered: ³the Sahara D@. ¹ adj ¸1 ´barren; uncultivated:
³the @ areas of N Africa. ¸2 ´uninhabited: ³wrecked on a @ island.¼
¨de®serts© ²/dIÚz3ts/ ³n pl ´what sb deserves: ³to be rewarded/punished
according to one's @; to get/meet with one's @.¼
¨de®serve© ²/dIÚz3v/ ³vt,vi ´(not used in the progressive tenses; µ¥
deserving.´) ¸1 ¶[VP6A,7A] ´be entitled to (because of actions, conduct,
qualities); merit: ³Good work @s good pay. He certainly @s to be sent to
prison. These people @ our help. ¸2 ·to @ well/ill of, ´to @ to be well/badly
treated by: ³He @s well of his country«ought to be given; just« ¸de®served ³adj
´that ought to be; just: ³@ed punishment/reward/praise. His promotion wasn't
@d. ¸de®serv®ed®ly ²/dIÚz3vIdlI/ ³adv ´according to what is @d; justly;
rightly: ³to be @dly punished.¼
¨de®serv®ing© ²/dIÚz3vIG/ ³adj ·@ (of), ´having merit; worthy: ³to
give money to a @ cause; to be @ of sympathy; a @ case´, a person who, because
of his circumstances, etc, deserves interest, sympathy, help, etc.¼
¨d_es®habill_e© ²/*deIzaÚbieI/ ³n ¶[U] ´(F) = µdishabille.¼
¨des®ic®cant© ²/ÚdesIkEnt/ ³n ´(US) substance used to absorb moisture.¼
¨des®ic®cate© ²/ÚdesIkeIt/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´dry out all the moisture from, esp
solid food, to preserve it: ³@d fruit/coconut.¼
¨de®sid®er®atum© ²/dI*zIdEÚrqtEm/ ³n (pl µ-rata ²/-ÚrqtE/³) ´sth felt to be
lacking and needed.¼
¨de®sign© ²/dIÚzñIn/ ³n ¸1 ¶[C] ´drawing or outline from which sth may be made:
³@s for a dress/garden; ¶[U] ´art of making such drawings, etc: ³a school of @.
¸2 ¶[U] ´general arrangement or planning (of a picture, book,
building, machine, etc): ³The building seats 2Ô000 people, but is poor in @. A
machine of faulty @ will not sell well. ¸3 ¶[C] ´pattern; arrangement of
lines, shapes, details, as ornament, eÔg on a bowl or carpet: ³a vase with a @
of flowers on it. ¸4 ¶[C,U] ´purpose; intention; mental plan: ³Whether by
accident or @, he arrived too late to help us. Was the world made by @ or did
it come into existence by chance? ·have @s on/against, ´intend (selfishly or
evilly) to get possession of: ³That man has @s on your money/your life;
´(colloq) ³He has @s on that young girl, ´wants to be intimate with her. ¹
³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A] ´prepare a plan, sketch, etc (of sth to be made): ³@ a
dress/garden. ¸2 ¶[VP2A,C] ´make @sµ(1) ´from which sth will be made: ³He @s
for a large firm of carpet manufacturers. ¸3 ¶[VP14,16A,B] ·@ for, ´set apart,
intend, plan: ³This course of study is @ed to help those wishing to teach
abroad. This room was @ed for the children/@ed as a children's playroom.
¸@®ed®ly ²/-IdlI/ ³adv ´by @µ(4)´; on purpose.¼
¨des®ig®nate©1 ²/ÚdezIgneIt/ ³adj ´(placed after the ³n´) appointed to an
office (but not yet installed): ³the bishop @.¼
¨des®ig®nate©2 ²/ÚdezIgneIt/ ³vt ¸1 ¶[VP6A] ´mark or point out clearly; give a
name or title to: ³to @ boundaries. ¸2 ¶[VP6A,17,16B] ´appoint to a position
or office: ³He @d Smith as his successor.¼
¨des®ig®na®tion© ²/*dezIgÚneI2n/ ³n ¶[U] ´appointing to an office; ¶[C] ´name,
title or description.¼
¨de®sign®er© ²/dIÚzñInE(r)/ ³n ´person who designs, eÔg machinery, dresses.¼
¨de®sign®ing© ²/dIÚzñInIG/ ³adj ´artful and cunning; fond of
intrigue. ¹ ³n ¶[U] ´art of making designs (for machinery, etc).¼
¨de®sir®able© ²/dIÚzñIErEbl/ ³adj ´to be desired; causing desire; worth having:
³This @ property to be sold or let´, as in a house-agent's advertisement. ³It
is most @ that he should attend the conference. ¸de®sir®abil®ity
²/dI*zñIErEÚbIlEtI/ ³n¼
¨de®sire©1 ²/dIÚzñIE(r)/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´strong longing; strong sexual attraction;
¶[C] ´instance of this; earnest wish: ³He has no/not much @ for wealth. He
works hard from a @ to become rich. He spoke about his country's @ for friendly
relations/that friendly relations should be established. It is impossible to
satisfy all their @s. ¸2 ³(sing) ´request: ³at the @ of Her Majesty. ¸3 ¶[C]
´thing that is wished for: ³I hope you will get all your heart's @s, ´all you
wish for.¼
¨de®sire©2 ²/dIÚzñIE(r)/ ³vt ¶[VP6A,7A,17,9] ¸1 ´(formal) long for; wish; have
a desireµ(1) ´for: ³We all @ happiness and health. Our rooms at the hotel were
all that could be @d´, were quite satisfactory. ³What do you @ me to do? ¸2
´(official style) request: ³It is @d that this rule shall be brought to the
attention of the staff.¼
¨de®sir®ous© ²/dIÚzñIErEs/ ³adj ·@ (of), ´(formal, official) feeling desire: ³@
of peace; @ to do sth; @ that«.¼
¨de®sist© ²/dIÚzIst/ ³vi ¶[VP2A,3A] ·@ (from), ´(formal) cease: ³@
from gossiping.¼
¨desk© ²/desk/ ³n ¸1 ´piece of furniture (not a table) with a flat or sloping
top and drawers at which to read, write or do business, eÔg one for office or
school use. ¸2 ´reception desk, µ¥ reception(1)´: ³leave a message at the @ (of
the hotel). ¸Ú@ clerk ³n ´(US) reception clerk.¼
¨deso®late© ²/ÚdesElEt/ ³adj ¸1 ´(of a place) in a ruined, neglected state; (of
land or a country) unlived in; unfit to live in; barren: ³a @, wind-swept
moorland area. ¸2 ´friendless; wretched; lonely and sad: ³a @-looking child; a
@ life. ¸@®ly ³adv ´¹ ³vt ²/ÚdesEleIt/ ¶[VP6A] ´make @. ¸deso®la®tion
²/*desEÚleI2n/ ³n ¶[U] ´making or being @: ³the desolation caused by war.¼
¨des®pair©1 ²/dIÚspeE(r)/ ³n ¶[U] ¸1 ´the state of having lost all hope: ³Your
stupidity will drive me to @. He gave up the attempt in @. He was filled with
@ when he read the examination questions. The refugee's @ of ever seeing his
family again filled us with pity. ¸2 ·be the @ of, ´be sb or sth that causes
loss of hope to: ³This boy is the @ of all his teachers´, They no longer hope
to teach him anything. ³He is the @ of all other pianists´, plays so well that
they cannot hope to rival him.¼
¨des®pair©2 ²/dIÚspeE(r)/ ³vi ¶[VP2A,3A] ·@ (of), ´be in @ about: ³to @ of
success/of ever succeeding. His life was @ed of´, All hope that he would live
was lost. ¸@®ing®ly ³adv¼
¨des®patch© ²/dIÚspat2/ ³n, vt ´= µdispatch.¼
¨des®per®ado© ²/*despEÚrqdE8/ ³n (pl µ@es, ´US also µ@s ²/-dE8z/³) ´person
ready to do any reckless or criminal act.¼
¨des®per®ate© ²/ÚdespErEt/ ³adj ¸1 ´(of a person) filled with despair and ready
to do anything, regardless of danger: ³The prisoners became @ in their attempts
to escape. ¸2 ´lawless; violent: ³@ criminals. ¸3 ´extremely serious
or dangerous: ³The state of the country is @. ¸4 ´giving little hope of
success; tried when all else has failed: ³@ remedies. ¸@®ly ³adv
¸des®per®ation ²/*despEÚreI2n/ ³n ¶[U] ´the state of being @µ(1)´: ³The
wretched people rose in desperation against their rulers. You'll drive me to
desperation´, (colloq) fill me with despair, make me ready to do sth @.¼
¨des®pic®able© ²/dIÚspIkEbl/ ³adj ´deserving to be despised;
contemptible. ¸des®pic®ably ²/-EblI/ ³adv¼
¨des®pise© ²/dIÚspñIz/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´feel contempt for; consider worthless:
³Strike-breakers are @d by their workmates. A dish of strawberries and cream
is not to be @d´, is very good and should not be refused.¼
¨des®pite© ²/dIÚspñIt/ ³prep ´in spite of: ³@ what she says«. ¹ n
´(obsolescent) ·@ of; in @ of, ´in spite of (which is now the usu phrase).
¸@®ful ²/-f8l/ ³adj ´(archaic) spiteful. ¸@®fully ²/-fElI/ ³adv¼
¨de®spoil© ²/dIÚspãIl/ ³vt ¶[VP6A,14] ·@ sb (of), ´(liter) rob, plunder.¼
¨de®spon®dency© ²/dIÚspondEnsI/ ³n ¶[U] ´loss of hope; melancholy: ³to fall
into @. ¸de®spon®dent ²/dIÚspondEnt/ ³adj ´having or showing loss of hope:
³Don't become despondent. ¸de®spon®dent®ly ³adv¼
¨des®pot© ²/Údespot/ ³n ´ruler with unlimited powers, esp one who uses these
powers wrongly or cruelly; tyrant. ¸@ic ²/dIÚspotIk/ ³adj ´of or like a @ or
tyrant. ¸@®ism ²/ÚdespEtIzEm/ ³n ¶[U] ´the rule of a @; tyranny; ¶[C] ´country
ruled by a @.¼
¨des®sert© ²/dIÚz3t/ ³n ¸1 ´course of fruit, etc, at the end of a meal:
(attrib) ³a ·Ú³@ apple. ¸Ú@®spoon, ´medium-sized spoon. ¸Ú@®spoon®ful ²/-f8l/
³n ´as much as a @spoon will hold. µ¥ ³teaspoon ´at µtea, ³tablespoon ´at
µtable. ¸2 ´(US) any sweet dish, eÔg pie, pudding, ice-cream, served at the end
of a meal (GB = ³sweet, pudding).¼
¨des®ti®na®tion© ²/*destIÚneI2n/ ³n ´place to which sb or sth is going or is
being sent.¼
¨des®tine© ²/ÚdestIn/ ³vt ¶[VP17,14] ´(usu passive) ·@ (for), ´set apart,
decide or ordain in advance: ³He was a soldier's son and was @d from birth for
the army´, His father had decided, when the boy was born, that he should become
a soldier. ³They were @d never to meet again´, Fate had determined that they
should never meet again. ³His hopes were @d to be realized´, His hopes came
true.¼
¨des®tiny© ²/ÚdestInI/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´power believed to control
events: ³the tricks played on human beings by @. ¸2 ¶[C] ³(pl µ-nies³) ´that
which happens to sb, thought of as determined in advance by fate: ³It was his @
to die in a foreign country, far from his family.¼
¨des®ti®tute© ²/ÚdestItjut ³US: ²-tut/ ³adj ¸1 ´without food, clothes and
other things necessary for life: ³When Mr Hill died, his wife and children
were left @. ¸2 ·@ of, ´not having: ³officials who are @ of ordinary human
feelings. ¸des®ti®tu®tion ²/*destIÚtju2n ³US: ²-Útu2n/ ³n ¶[U] ´being @µ(1)´:
³a war that brought desolation and destitution; reduced to destitution´, to
complete poverty.¼
¨de®stroy© ²/dIÚstrãI/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´break to pieces; make useless; put an end
to: ³Don't @ that boxÅit may be useful. The forest was @ed by fire. All his
hopes were @ed. ¸@er ³n ¸1 ´person or thing that @s. ¸2 ´small, fast warship
for protecting larger warships or convoys of merchant-ships.¼
¨de®struc®tible© ²/dIÚstrAktEbl/ ³adj ´that can be destroyed.
¸de®struc®ti®bil®ity ²/dI*strAktEÚbIlEtI/ ³n¼
¨de®struc®tion© ²/dIÚstrAk2n/ ³n ¶[U] ´destroying or being destroyed: ³the @
of a town by an earthquake; ´that which ruins or destroys: ³Gambling was his
@.¼
¨de®struc®tive© ²/dIÚstrAktIv/ ³adj ´causing destruction; fond of, in the
habit of, destroying: ³a @ storm; @ criticism. Are all small children @? ¸@®ly
³adv ¸@®ness ³n¼
¨desue®tude© ²/ÚdIÚsjuItjud ³US: ²-tud/ ³n ¶[U] ´(formal, esp in) ·fall into @,
´pass out of use: ³customs/fashions/words that have fallen into @.¼
¨des®ul®tory© ²/ÚdesEltrI ³US: ²-tcrI/ ³adj ´without system, purpose; not
continuous: ³@ reading.¼
¨de®tach© ²/dIÚtat2/ ³vt ¸1 ¶[VP6A,14] ·@ (from), ´unfasten and
take apart; separate: ³to @ a link from a chain/a coach from a train. µ¥
attach. ¸2 ¶[VP6A,16A] ´(armed forces) send (a party of men, ships, etc) away
from the main body: ³A number of men were @ed to guard the right flank.
¸de®tached ³part adj ¸1 ´(of the mind, opinions, etc) impartial; not influenced
by others; (colloq) unemotional: ³to take a @ed view of an event. ¸2 ´(of a
house) not joined to another on either side. µ¥ ³semi-@ed ´at µsemi-. ¸@®able
²/-Ebl/ ³adj ´that can be @ed: ³a @able lining in a coat.¼
¨de®tach®ment© ²/dIÚtat2mEnt/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´detaching or being detached: ³the @
of a key from a key-ring. ¸2 ¶[U] ´the state of being detached; being
uninfluenced by surroundings, the opinions of others, etc; being indifferent
and uninterested: ³He answered with an air of @. ¸3 ¶[C] ´group of men, ships,
etc, detachedµ(2) ´from a larger number (for a special duty, etc).¼
¨de®tail©1 ²/ÚditeIl ³US: ²dIÚteIl/ ³n ¸1 ¶[C] ´small, particular fact or
item. ³Please give me all the @s. Don't omit a single @. Every @ of her dress
was perfect. ¸2 ¶[U] ´collection of such small facts or items. ·go/enter into
@s; explain sth in @, ´to give the facts, item by item. ¸3 ¶[U] ´(in art) the
smaller or less important parts considered as a whole: ³The composition of the
picture is good but there is too much @. ¸4 ¶[C] ´= µdetachmentµ(3)´.¼
¨de®tail©2 ²/ÚditeIl ³US: ²dIÚteIl/ ³vt ¸1 ¶[VP6A,14] ·@ (to/for), ´describe
fully; give full @s of: ³a @ed description´, given with every detail; ³The
characteristics of the machine are fully @ed in our brochure. ¸2 ¶[VP6A,16A]
´appoint for special duty: ³Three soldiers were @ed to guard the bridge. µ¥
detail±1µ(4).¼
¨de®tain© ²/dIÚteIn/ ³vt ¶[VP6A,16A] ´keep waiting; keep back; prevent from
leaving or going forward: ³He told his wife that he had been @ed in the office
by unexpected callers. This question need not @ us long´, can be settled
quickly. ³The police @ed the man to make further inquiries. ¸@ee ²/*diteIÚni/
³n ´person who is @ed (esp by the authorities, as one who is suspected of
wrong-doing, political agitation, etc).¼
¨de®tect© ²/dIÚtekt/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´discover (the existence or
presence of sb or sth, the identity of sb guilty of wrong-doing): ³The dentist
could @ no sign of decay in her teeth. Can you @ an escape of gas in this
corner of the room? ¸@®able ²/-Ebl/ ³adj ´that can be @ed. ¸@or ²/-tE(r)/ ³n
´device for @ing, eÔg changes of pressure, temperature or a radio signal.
¸Úlie-@or, µ¥ lie±1µ.¼
¨de®tec®tion© ²/dIÚtek2n/ ³n ¶[U] ´detecting; discovering: ³the @ of crime. He
tried to escape @ by disguising himself as an old man.¼
¨de®tec®tive© ²/dIÚtektIv/ ³n ´person whose business it is to detect
criminals. ¸Ú@ story/novel, ´one in which the main interest is a puzzling
crime and the process of solving it.¼
¨d_e®tente© ²/*deIÚtqnt/ ³n ¶[U] ´(F) easing of strained relations, esp between
countries.¼
¨de®ten®tion© ²/dIÚten2n/ ³n ¶[U] ´detaining or being detained, (eÔg a pupil in
school after ordinary hours, as a punishment; a prisoner without a trial).¼
¨de®ter© ²/dIÚt3(r)/ ³vt µ(-rr-) ¶[VP6A,14] ·@ (from), ´discourage, hinder (sb
from doing sth): ³Failure did not @ him from trying again. ¸@®rent ²/dIÚterEnt
³US: ²-Út3-/ ³adj, n ´(thing) tending to, intended to, @: ³Do you believe that
the hydrogen bomb is a @rent´, that it will @ countries from making war?¼
¨de®ter®gent© ²/dIÚt3dZEnt/ ³adj, n ´(substance) that removes dirt, esp from
the surface of things: ³Most synthetic @s are in the form of powder or liquid.¼
¨de®terio®rate© ²/dIÚtIErIEreIt/ ³vt,vi ¶[VP6A,2A] ´make or become of less
value, or worse in quality: ³Leather quickly @s in a hot, damp climate.
¸de®terio®ra®tion ²/dI*tIErIEÚreI2n/ ³n¼
¨de®ter®mi®nant© ²/dIÚt3mInEnt/ ³adj, n ´determining or deciding
(agent, factor, element, etc).¼
¨de®ter®mi®nate© ²/dIÚt3mInEt/ ³adj ´limited; definite; fixed.¼
¨de®ter®mi®na®tion© ²/dI*t3mIÚneI2n/ ³n ¶[U] ¸1 ·@ of, ´determining or being
determined; deciding: ³The @ of the meaning of a word is often difficult
without a context. ¸2 ·@ of, ´calculation or finding out (of ´an amount, etc):
³the @ of the amount of metal in a specimen of ore. ¸3 ·@ (to do sth),
´firmness of purpose; resolution: ³his @ to learn English; to carry out a plan
with @; with an air of @´, with a purposeful look.¼
¨de®ter®mi®nat®ive© ²/dIÚt3mInEtIv ³US: ²-neItIv/ ³n, adj ´(thing) having the
power to direct, determine, limit; (gram) = µdeterminer.¼
¨de®ter®mine© ²/dIÚt3mIn/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A,10] ´decide; fix precisely: ³to @
the meaning of a word; to @ a date for a meeting. ¸2 ¶[VP6A] ´calculate; find
out precisely: ³to @ the speed of light/the height of a mountain by
trigonometry. ¸3 ¶[VP6A,7A,9,8,10,3A] ·@ to do sth; @ on/upon sth, ´decide
firmly, resolve, make up one's mind: ³He @d to learn Greek. We @d to start
early/@d on an early start. He has @d on proving/@d to prove his friend's
innocence. Have they @d where the new school will be built? He has @d that
nothing shall/will prevent him. His future has not yet been @d, but he may
study medicine. ¸4 ¶[VP17,14] ·@ sb to do sth/against sth, ´cause to decide:
³What @d you to accept the offer? The news @d him against further delay. ¸5
¶[VP6A] ´be the fact that @s: ³The size of your feet @s the size of your
shoes. Do heredity and environment @ a man's character? ¸de®ter®min®able
²/-Ebl/ ³adj ´that can be @d.¼
¨de®ter®miner© ²/dIÚt3mInE(r)/ ³n ¶[C] ´(gram) word that determines or
limits the noun that follows.¼
¨de®ter®rent© µ¥ deter.¼
¨de®test© ²/dIÚtest/ ³vt ¶[VP6A,C] ´hate strongly: ³to @ dogs; to @ having to
get up early. ¸@®able ³adj ´hateful; deserving to be hated. ¸@®ably ²/-EblI/
³adv ¸de®tes®ta®tion ²/*diteÚsteI2n/ ³n ¶[U] ´strong hatred; ¶[C] ´sth that is
strongly hated.¼
¨de®throne© ²/*diÚTrE8n/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´remove (a ruler) from the
throne, or (fig, a person) from a position of authority or influence. ¸@®ment
³n¼
¨det®on®ate© ²/ÚdetEneIt/ ³vt,vi ¶[VP6A,2A] ´(cause to) explode with a loud
noise. ¸det®on®ator ²/ÚdetEneItE(r)/ ³n ´part of a bomb or shell that explodes
first, causing the substance in the bomb, etc to explode. ¸det®on®ation
²/*detEÚneI2n/ ³n ´explosion; noise of an explosion.¼
¨de®tour© ²/Údit8E(r) ³US: ²dIÚt8Er/ ³n ´roundabout way, eÔg a way used when
the main road is blocked; diversion: ³to make a @. ¹ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´make a @.¼
¨de®tract© ²/dIÚtrakt/ ³vi ¶[VP3A] ·@ from, ´take away (from the credit,
value, etc, of): ³to @ from sb's merit´, make it less. ¸de®trac®tor ²/-tE(r)/
³n ´person who @s; person who tries to make sb's reputation, etc, smaller.
¸de®trac®tion ²/dIÚtrak2n/ ³n ´@ing; disparagement.¼
¨de®train© ²/*diÚtreIn/ ³vt,vi ¶[VP6A,2A] ´(of troops, etc) (cause to) get out
of a train.¼
¨de®tribal®ize© ²/*diÚtrñIbElñIz/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´render (a person) no longer a
member of a tribe; destroy the tribal customs of. ¸de®tribal®iz®ation
²/*di*trñIbElñIÚzeI2n ³US: ²-lIÚz-/ ³n¼
¨det®ri®ment© ²/ÚdetrImEnt/ ³n ¶[U] ´damage; harm: ³I know nothing to his @´,
nothing against him. ·to the @ of, ´harming: ³He works long hours to the @ of
his health. ¸det®ri®men®tal ²/*detrIÚmentl/ ³adj ·@ (to), ´harmful: ³activities
that would be @al to our interests. ¸det®ri®men®tally ²/-tElI/ ³adv¼
¨de®tri®tus© ²/dIÚtrñItEs/ ³n ¶[U] ´matter, eÔg sand, silt, gravel, produced by
wearing away (from rock, etc).¼
¨de trop© ²/dE ÚtrE8/ ³pred adj ´(F) in the way; not wanted; unwelcome.¼
¨deuce©1 ²/djus ³US: ²dus/ ³n ¸1 ´the two on playing-cards or dice. ¸2
´(tennis) the score of 40 all, or five games each, after which either side
must gain two successive points (or games) to win the match (or set).¼
¨deuce©2 ²/djus ³US: ²dus/ ³n ¸(the) @, ´(dated colloq, in
exclamations of annoyance) the devil, bad luck. ¸deuced ²/Údjust ³US: ²Údust/
³adj ´very great. ¸deuced®ly ²/ÚdjusIdlI ³US: ²Údu-/ ³adv ´very.¼
¨de®value© ²/*diÚvalju/, ±de®val®u®ate ²/*diÚvalj8eIt/ ³vt ¶[VP6A]
´make (the value of a currency) less (esp in terms of gold): ³to @ the
dollar/pound. ¸de®valu®ation ²/*di*valj8ÚeI2n/ ³n ¶[U,C] ´(of currency) change
to a new, lower fixed value.¼
¨dev®as®tate© ²/ÚdevEsteIt/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´ruin; make desolate: ³towns @d by
fire/floods/war. ¸dev®as®ta®tion ²/*devEÚsteI2n/ ³n ´devastating or being @d.¼
¨de®vel®op© ²/dIÚvelEp/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A,2A,3A] ·@ (from) (into), ´(cause to)
grow larger, fuller or more mature, organized; (cause to) unfold: ³Plants @
from seeds. A chicken @s in the egg. We must @ the natural resources of our
country´, make the minerals, forests, etc available for use. ³The plot of the
new novel gradually @ed in the author's mind. ¸*@ing Úcountry, ´one which is
advancing to a higher (economic) state. ¸2 ¶[VP6A,2A,C] ´(of sth not at first
active or visible) come or bring into a state in which it is active or visible:
³Symptoms of malaria @ed´, appeared. ³He @ed a cough. ¸3 ¶[VP6A,2A] ´(photo)
treat (an exposed film or plate) with chemicals so that the picture can be
seen. ¸4 ´use (an area of land) for the building of houses (or shops,
factories, etc) and so increase its value. ¸@er ³n ´person who, authority
which, @s land, etc; substance used to @ films and plates.¼
¨de®vel®op®ment© ²/dIÚvelEpmEnt/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´developing or being developed
(all senses): ³He is engaged in the @ of his business. Which is more important,
moral @ or physical @? The @ of photographic films requires a dark-room. This
land is ripe for @´, for being developedµ(4)´. ¸Ú@ area, ´one to which new
industries are directed as a means of increasing employment. ¸2 ¶[C] ´new stage
which is the result of developing: ³the latest @s in foreign affairs. We must
await further @s.¼
¨de®vi®ant© ²/ÚdivIEnt/ ³n, adv ´(person who is) different in moral
and social standards from what is normal or customary.¼
¨de®vi®ate© ²/ÚdivIeIt/ ³vi ¶[VP3A] ·@ from, ´turn away, leave (what is usual,
customary, right, etc): ³to @ from the truth/a rule/one's custom.¼
¨de®vi®ation© ²/*divIÚeI2n/ ³n ¶[U] ·@ (from), ´turning aside or away;
difference: ³@ from the rules; ¶[C] ´instance or amount or degree of this:
³slight @s of the magnetic needle´, in a compass; ³@s from the rules of syntax.
¸@®ist ³n ´person who deviates, esp from the principles of a social or
political system. ¸@®ism ²/-IzEm/ ³n¼
¨de®vice© ²/dIÚvñIs/ ³n ¶[C] ¸1 ´plan; scheme; trick: ³a @ to put the police
off the scent. ·leave sb to his own @s, ´let him do as he wishes, without help
or advice. ¸2 ´sth thought out, invented or adapted, for a special purpose: ³a
@ for catching flies; a nuclear @´, eÔg an atomic or hydrogen bomb. ¸3 ´sign,
symbol or figure used in a decoration, eÔg a crest on a shield.¼
¨devil©1 ²/Údevl/ ³n ¸1 ´the spirit of evil; wicked spirit; cruel or
mischievous person. ·between the @ and the deep (blue) sea, ´in a dilemma.
·give the @ his due, ´be just, even to one who does not deserve much or who is
unfriendly. ·go to the @! ´go away! ·play the @ with, ´harm, ruin. ¸the D@,
´the supreme spirit of evil, Satan. ¸@'s advocate, ´sb who points out the
faults of sb or sth so that there can be a full discussion. ¸2 ´(usu ·poor @´)
wretched or unfortunate person. ¸printer's @, ´(old use) errand-boy in a
printing-office. ¸3 ´(colloq) used to give emphasis: ³what/who/why/ where the
@«? He has the @ of a time, ´iÔe according to context, a difficult, exciting,
amusing, etc time. ³He was working/running like the @´, very hard. ³There will
be the @ to pay´, trouble to be faced (as the result of sth done or said).
¸*@-may-Úcare ³adj ´reckless.¼
¨devil©2 ²/Údevl/ ³vt,vi µ(-ll-, ´US µ-l-) ¸1 ¶[VP6A] ´grill with
hot condiments: ³@led kidneys/ham. ¸2 ¶[VP2A,3A] ·@ for, ´work (for a
barrister).¼
¨devil®ish© ²/ÚdevElI2/ ³adj ´wicked; cruel: ³a @ plot. ¹ adv ´(colloq) very:
³@ hot.¼
¨devil®ment© ²/ÚdevlmEnt/, ±dev®ilry ²/ÚdevlrI/ ³nn ¸1 ¶[C] ´mischief: ³She's
up to some @ or other. ¸2 ¶[U] ´high spirits: ³full of @.¼
¨de®vi®ous© ²/ÚdivIEs/ ³adj ´winding; roundabout; not straightforward: ³to
take a @ route to avoid busy streets; to get rich by @ ´(= cunning, underhand)
³ways. ¸@®ly ³adv ¸@®ness ³n¼
¨de®vise© ²/dIÚvñIz/ ³vt ¸1 ¶[VP6A,8] ´think out; plan: ³to @ a scheme for
making money; to @ how to do sth. µ¥ device. ¸2 ¶[VP14] ¸@ to, ´(legal) leave
(property) by will.¼
¨de®vital®ize© ²/*diÚvñItElñIz/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´take away strength and vigour
from. ¸de®vital®iz®ation ²/*di*vñItElñIÚzeI2n ³US: ²-lIÚz-/ ³n¼
¨de®void© ²/dIÚvãId/ ³adj ·@ of, ´without; empty of: ³@ of shame/sense.¼
¨de®vol®ution© ²/*divEÚlu2n ³US: ²*dev-/ ³n ¶[U] ´deputing or delegating (of
power or authority); decentralization.¼
¨de®volve© ²/dIÚvolv/ ³vi,vt ¸1 ¶[VP3A] ·@ on/upon, ´(of work,
duties) be transferred or passed to: ³When the President is ill, his duties @
upon the Vice-President. ¸2 ¶[VP6A,14] ·@ (to/upon), ´pass, transfer (work,
duties, to ´sb).¼
¨de®vote© ²/dIÚvE8t/ ³vt ¶[VP14] ·@ oneself/sth to, ´give up (oneself, one's
time, energy, etc) to: ³to @ oneself to the cure of cancer/one's spare time to
sport. ¸de®voted ³adj ´very loving or loyal: ³a @d friend. She is @d to her
children. ¸de®vot®ed®ly ³adv¼
¨devo®tee© ²/*devEÚti/ ³n ·@ (of), ´person who is devoted to sth: ³a @ of
sport/music; ´zealous supporter (of a sect, etc). µ¥ votary.¼
¨de®vo®tion© ²/dIÚvE82n/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ·@ (for), ´deep, strong love: ³the @ of a
mother for her children. ¸2 ¶[U] ·@ (to), ´devoting or being devoted: ³@ to
duty; a teacher's @ to the cause of education. ¸3 ³(pl) ´prayers: ³The priest
was at his @s. ¸@al ²/-ÚvE82Enl/ ³adj ´of @; used in @sµ(3)´: ³@al literature,
´for use in worship.¼
¨de®vour© ²/dIÚvñ8E(r)/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ¸1 ´eat hungrily or greedily: ³The hungry
boy @ed his dinner. ´(fig) ³She @ed the new detective story. The fire @ed
twenty square miles of forest. ¸2 ·be @ed by ´(curiosity, anxiety, etc), be
filled with, have all one's attention taken up by.¼
¨de®vout© ²/dIÚvñ8t/ ³adj ¸1 ´paying serious attention to religious duties: ³a
@ old lady. ¸2 ´(of prayers, wishes, etc) deepfelt; sincere: ³a @ supporter; @
wishes for your success. ¸@®ly ³adv ´eagerly; sincerely. ¸@®ness ³n¼
¨dew© ²/dju ³US: ²du/ ³n ¶[U] ´tiny drops of moisture condensed on cool
surfaces between evening and morning from water vapour in the air: ³The grass
was wet with dew. ¸Údew drop ³n ´small drop of dew. ¸dewy ³adj ´wet with dew.¼
¨dew®lap© ²/Údjulap ³US: ²Údu-/ ³n ´fold of loose skin hanging down
from the neck of an animal such as a cow or ox.¼
¨dex®ter®ity© ²/*dekÚsterEtI/ ³n ¶[U] ´skill, esp in handling things.¼
¨dex®ter®ous©, dex®trous ²/ÚdekstrEs/ ³adj ´clever, skilful with the hands.
¸@®ly ³adv¼
¨dex®trose© ²/ÚdekstrE8z ³US: ²-E8s/ ³n ¶[U] ´form of glucose.¼
¨dho®ti© ²/ÚdE8tI/ ³n ´loin-cloth as customarily worn by male Hindus.¼
¨dhow© ²/dñ8/ ³n ´single-masted ship, esp as used by Arab sailors for coastal
voyages.¼
¨dia®betes© ²/*dñIEÚbitIz/ ³n ¶[U] ´disease of the pancreas in which sugar and
starchy foods cannot be properly absorbed.¼
¨dia®betic© ²/*dñIEÚbetIk/ ³adj ´of diabetes. ¹ ³n ´person suffering from
diabetes.¼
¨dia®bolic© ²/*dñIEÚbolIk/ ³adj ´of or like a devil; very cruel or wicked. ¸@al
²/-kl/ ³adj ¸dia®boli®cally ²/-klI/ ³adv¼
¨dia®critic© ²/*dñIEÚkrItIk/ ³adj, n ´(of a) mark ´(eÔg _Î `Î ^Î ¢Î), used in
writing and printing to indicate different sounds of a letter. ¸@al ²/-kl/ ³adj
´=@.¼
¨dia®dem© ²/ÚdñIEdem/ ³n ´crown, worn as a sign of royal power; wreath of
flowers or leaves worn round the head.¼
¨di®aer®esis©, di®er®esis ²/dñIÚerIsIs/ ³n (pl µ-eses ²/-Esiz/³) ´mark (as in
³na¢Éve´) placed over a vowel to show that it is sounded separately from a
preceding vowel.¼
¨di®ag®nose© ²/ÚdñqIEgnE8z ³US: ²-E8s/ ³vt ¶[VP6A,16B] ´determine the nature of
(esp a disease) from observation of symptoms: ³The doctor @d the illness as
diphtheria.¼
¨di®ag®nosis© ²/*dñIEgÚnE8sIs/ ³n (pl µ-noses ²/-ÚnE8siz/³) ¶[U] ´diagnosing;
¶[C] ´(statement of the) result of this.¼
¨di®ag®nos®tic© ²/*dñIEgÚnostIk/ ³adj ´of diagnosis: ³symptoms that
were of little @ value´, that were not very useful in determining the disease.¼
¨di®ag®onal© ²/dñIÚagEnl/ ³n, adj ´(straight line) going across a
straight-sided figure, eÔg an oblong, from corner to corner; slanting; crossed
by slanting lines. µ¥ ´the illus at µquadrilateral. ¸@®ly ²/-nElI/ ³adv¼
¨dia®gram© ²/ÚdñIEgram/ ³n ´drawing, design or plan to explain or illustrate
something: ³a @ of a gear-box. ¸@®matic ²/*dñIEgrEÚmatIk/, ¸@®mati®cal ²/-kl/
³adjj ¸@mati®cally ²/-klI/ ³adv¼
¨dial© ²/ÚdñIEl/ ³n ¸1 ´face (of a clock or watch). ¸2 ´marked face or flat
plate with a pointer for measuring (weight, volume, pressure, consumption of
gas, etc). ¸3 ´plate, disc, etc on a radio set with names or numbers, showing
wavelengths of broadcasting stations. ¸4 ´part of an automatic telephone, with
numbers and/or letters, used to make a connection. ¹ ³vt µ(-ll-, ´US µ-l-)
¶[VP6A] ´call by means of a telephone @: ³to @ 01Å230 1212. ¸Ú@ling code, ´code
of numbers for a telephone exchange to be @led before the number of the person
to whom the call is to be made: ³The @ling code for the London area is 01.
¸Ú@ling tone, ´the sound showing that one may proceed to @ the number wanted.¼
¨dia®lect© ²/ÚdñIElekt/ ³n ¶[C,U] ´form of a language (grammar, vocabulary and
pronunciation) used in a part of a country or by a class of people: ³the
Yorkshire @; a play written in @´; (attrib) ³@ words/pronunciations.
¸@al ²/*dñIEÚlektl/ ³adj ´of a @ or @s: ³@al differences between two counties.¼
¨dia®lec®tic© ²/*dñIEÚlektIk/ ³n ´(also ³pl ´with ³sing v´) critical analysis
of mental processes; art of logical disputation. ¸dia®lec®ti®cal ²/-kl/ ³adj
´of @: ³the @al conflict ´(= the logical dispute) ³between innovators and
conservatives. ¸*@al maÚterialism, ´theory developed principally by Marx
combining traditional ³materialismµ(1) ´with a critical analysis of
³development ´by the conflict between an original direction, its direct
opposite and their unification. µ¥ Marxist. ¸dia®lec®tician ²/*dñIElekÚtI2n/ ³n
´person skilled in @.¼
¨dia®logue© ´(US also ¸dia®log´) ²/ÚdñIElog ³US: ²-lcg/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´(writing in
the form of a) conversation or talk: ³Plays are written in @. There is some
good descriptive writing in the novel, but the @ is poor. ¸2 ¶[C] ´exchange of
views (between leaders, etc): ³a @ between the two Prime Ministers. ¸3 ¶[C]
´talk: ³long @s between two comedians.¼
¨di®am®eter© ²/dñIÚamItE(r)/ ³n ´measurement across any geometrical
figure or body; (length of a) straight line drawn from side to side through the
centre, esp of a circular, spherical or cylindrical form: ³the @ of a
tree-trunk; a lens that magnifies 20 @s´, that makes an object look 20 times
longer, wider, etc than it is, µ¥ ´the illus at µcircle.¼
¨dia®metri®cally© ²/*dñIEÚmetrIklI/ ³adv ´completely; entirely: ³@ opposed
views.¼
¨dia®mond© ²/ÚdñIEmEnd/ ³n ¸1 ´brilliant precious stone of pure carbon in
crystallized form, the hardest substance known: ³a ring with a @ in it;
´(attrib) ³a @ ring/necklace. µ¥ ´the illus at µcrystal. ¸@ wedding ³n
´sixtieth anniversary of a wedding. ¸rough @, ´person with rough manners but a
kind heart. ¸2 ´piece of this substance (often artificially made) as used in
industry, or as a stylus for playing gramophone records. ¸3 ´figure with four
equal sides whose angles are not right angles; this shape (as printed in red on
playing-cards): ³the ten of @s. µ¥ ´the illus at µcard. ¸4 ´(baseball) the
space inside the lines that connect the bases. µ¥ ´the illus at µbaseball.¼
¨dia®per© ²/ÚdñIEpE(r)/ ³n ¸1 ´(linen fabric with) geometric pattern of lines
crossing to make diamond shapes which are shown up by reflection of light. ¸2
´(US) napkinµ(2) ´for a baby.¼
¨di®apha®nous© ²/dñIÚafEnEs/ ³adj ´(of material for veils, dresses, etc)
transparent; translucent.¼
¨dia®phragm© ²/ÚdñIEfram/ ³n ¸1 ´internal wall of muscle between the chest and
the abdomen. µ¥ ´the illus at µrespiratory. ¸2 ´arrangement of thin plates that
control the inlet of light, eÔg through a camera lens. ¸3 ´vibrating disc or
cone in some instruments, eÔg a telephone receiver, a loudspeaker, producing
sound-waves.¼
¨di®ar®chy©, dy®archy ²/ÚdñIqkI/ ³n (pl µ-chies³) ´government shared by
two joint authorities or rulers.¼
¨di®ar®rhoea© ´(also ¸di®ar®rhea´) ²/*dñIEÚrIE/ ³n ¶[U] ´too frequent and too
watery emptying of the bowels.¼
¨diary© ²/ÚdñIErI/ ³n (pl µ-ries³) ´(book for) daily record of
events, thoughts, etc: ³keep a @. ¸dia®rist ²/ÚdñIErIst/ ³n ´person who keeps a
diary.¼
¨Di®as®pora© ²/dñIÚaspErE/ ³n ¸the D@, ´the dispersion of the Jews among the
Gentiles after their period of exile (538 BÔC): ³People from every country of
the @ now live in Israel.¼
¨dia®tonic© ²/*dñIEÚtonIk/ ³adj ´(mus) of a key±1µ(9). ¸@ scale ³n ´=
µkey±1µ(9).¼
¨dia®tribe© ²/ÚdñIEtrñIb/ ³n ¶[C] ·@ (against), ´bitter and violent attack in
words.¼
¨dibble© ²/ÚdIbl/ ³n ´(also ¸dib®ber ²/ÚdIbE(r)/´) short wooden tool with a
pointed end for making holes in the ground (for tubers, young plants, etc). ¹
³vt ¶[VP15B] ´put (plants, etc, ³in´) with a @.¼
¨dice© ²/dñIs/ ³n pl (sing µdie ´or (colloq) µdice³) ´small cubes of
wood, bone, etc marked with 1Å6 spots, used in games of chance: ³to play @.
·The die is cast, ´(prov) One's course is determined and cannot now be changed.
(Note: except in this prov, ³die ´is rarely used. "One of the dice' is
preferred to "a die'.) ¸Ú@-box ³n ´deep, narrow box in which @ are shaken and
from which they are thrown. ¹ ³vi,vt ¸1 ¶[VP2A] ´play @. ·@ with death,
´(colloq) act dangerously and at the risk of death. ¸2 ¶[VP6A] ´cut (food, eÔg
carrots) into small cubes like @.¼
¨dicey© ²/ÚdñIsI/ ³adj ´(colloq) risky; uncertain.¼
¨di®chot®omy© ²/dñIÚkotEmI/ ³n (pl µ-mies³) ´division into two (usu
contradictory classes or mutually exclusive pairs): ³the @ of truth and
falsehood.¼
¨dick®ens© ²/ÚdIkInz/ ³n ´(colloq) used like µdevil ´and µdeuce´:
³"Who/What/Where the @«?'¼
¨dicker© ²/ÚdIkE(r)/ ³vi ´(colloq) ¶[VP2A,3A] ´bargain or haggle (³with ´sb,
³for ´sth).¼
¨dicky©1, dickey ²/ÚdIkI/ ³n ´(colloq) ¸1 ´(also ¸Ú@-seat´) small, extra
folding seat at the back of a two-seater motor-car. ¸2 ´false shirt-front. ¸3
¸Ú@-bird, ´child's word for a bird.¼
¨dicky©2 ²/ÚdIkI/ ³adj ´(sl) unsound; weak: ³a @ heart; ´liable to break or
fall.¼
¨Dic®ta®phone© ²/ÚdIktEfE8n/ ³n ´(P) office machine that
records words spoken into it and then reproduces them (for transcription,
etc).¼
¨dic®tate© ²/dIkÚteIt ³US: ²ÚdIkteIt/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A,2A,14] ·@ (to), ´say or
read aloud (words to be written down by another or others): ³to @ a letter to a
secretary. The teacher @d a passage to the class. ¸2 ¶[VP6A,14] ·@ (to), ´state
with the force of authority: ³to @ terms to a defeated enemy. ¸3 ¶[VP3A]
·@ to, ´order: ³I won't be @d to´, I refuse to accept orders from you. ¹ ³n
²/ÚdIkteIt/ ´(usu ³pl´) direction or order (esp given by reason, conscience,
etc): ³the @s of common sense. Follow the @s of your conscience´, Do what your
conscience tells you to do.¼
¨dic®ta®tion© ²/dIkÚteI2n/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´dictating; being dictated to: ³The
pupils wrote at their teacher's @. ¸2 ¶[C] ´passage, etc that is dictated.¼
¨dic®ta®tor© ²/dIkÚteItE(r) ³US: ²ÚdIkteItEr/ ³n ´ruler who has absolute
authority, esp one who has obtained such power by force or in an irregular
way. ¸@®ship ²/-2Ip/ ³n ¶[C,U] ´(country with) government by a @.
¸dic®ta®torial ²/*dIktEÚtcrIEl/ ³adj ´of or like a @: ³@ial government;
´overbearing; fond of giving orders: ³his @ial manner. ¸dic®ta®tori®ally
²/-ElI/ ³adv¼
¨dic®tion© ²/ÚdIk2n/ ³n ¶[U] ´choice and use of words; style or manner of
speaking and writing.¼
¨dic®tion®ary© ²/ÚdIk2EnrI ³US: ²-nerI/ ³n (pl µ-ries³) ´book listing and
explaining the words of a language, or the words or topics of a special
subject, eÔg the Bible, architecture, and arranged in AÔBÔC order.¼
¨dic®tum© ²/ÚdIktEm/ ³n (pl µ@s, -ta ²/-tE/³) ´formal expression of opinion;
saying.¼
¨did© ²/dId/ µ¥ do.¼
¨di®dac®tic© ²/dIÚdaktIk ³US: ²dñI-/ ³adj ¸1 ´intended to teach: ³@ poetry. ¸2
´having the manner of a teacher: ³A teacher should not be @ outside the
classroom. ¸di®dac®ti®cally ²/-klI/ ³adv¼
¨diddle© ²/ÚdIdl/ ³vt ¶[VP6A,14] ·@ sb (out of sth), ´(colloq)
cheat.¼
¨die©1 ²/dñI/ ³n ¸1 ³(pl µdice³) µ¥ dice. ¸2 ³(pl µdies ²/dñIz/´) block of hard
metal with a design, etc cut in it, used for shaping coins, type±1µ(3)´,
medals, etc or stamping paper, leather, etc so that designs stand out from the
surface. ¸Údie-cast ³adj ´made by casting metal in a mould: ³die-cast toys´,
eÔg small models of cars.¼
¨die©2 ²/dñI/ ³vi (pt,pp µdied³, pres part µdying³) ¸1 ¶[VP2A,C,D] ´come to the
end of life; cease to live: ³Flowers soon die if they are left without water.
´(Note the ³preps´): ³to die of an illness/a disease/hunger/grief; to die by
violence; to die by one's own hand´, iÔe commit suicide; ³to die from a
wound; to die for one's country; to die through neglect; to die in battle; to
die happy/poor; to die a beggar/a martyr. ¸2 ´(various phrases) ·die in one's
bed, ´of old age or illness. ·die with one's boots on, ´while still vigorous,
while fighting. ·die in the last ditch, ´fighting desperately to defend sth.
·die game, ´facing death bravely. ·die hard, ´only after a struggle. µ¥ 5
´below. ·die in harness, ´while still at one's usual occupation, still
working. ¸3 ¶[VP3A,4C] ·be dying for sth/to do sth, ´have a strong wish: ³We're
all dying for a drink. She's dying to know where you've been. ¸4
¶[VP2A,C] ´pass from human knowledge; be lost: ³His fame will never die. His
secret died with him´, He died without telling it to anyone. ¸5 ¸Údie-hard,
´(often attrib) person who obstinately resists being compelled to do anything;
politician who obstinately opposes new policies and fights hard in defence of
old policies. ¸6 ¶[VP2C] ´(with various ³adverbial particles´):¼
·die away, ´lose strength, become faint or weak: ³The breeze died away. The
noise died away.¼
·die back, ´(of plants) die down to the roots, which remain alive and send up
shoots the next growing season: ³The dahlias died back when the frosts came.¼
·die down, ´(of a fire in a fireplace, etc) burn with less heat; (of
excitement, etc) become less violent; (of noise, etc) become less loud.¼
·die off, ´die one by one: ³The leaves of this plant are dying off.¼
·die out, ´become extinct; come to a complete end: ³With the death of the fifth
earl, this old family had died out. Many old customs are gradually dying out.¼
¨di®er®esis© ²/dñIÚerIsIs/ µ¥ diaeresis.¼
¨die®sel© ²/Údizl/ ³n ´(attrib) ¸@-electric locomotive, ´one that
generates its own electric current from a @ engine. ¸Ú@ engine, ´oil-burning
engine (as used for buses, locomotives) in which ignition is produced by the
heat of suddenly compressed gas. ¸Ú@ oil, ´heavy fuel oil.¼
¨diet©1 ²/ÚdñIEt/ ³n ¶[C] ¸1 ´sort of food usually eaten (by a person,
community, etc): ³the Japanese @ of rice, vegetables and fish. Too rich a @ ´(=
Too much rich food) ³is not good for you. ¸2 ´sort of food to which a person is
limited, eÔg for medical reasons: ³The doctor put her on a @. No potatoes for
meÅI'm on a @. ¹ vt,vi ¶[VP6A,2A] ´restrict (oneself, sb), be restricted, to a
@µ(2)´: ³She became so fat that she had to @ herself. My doctor is @ing me
very strictly. Is he still @ing? ¸die®tary ²/ÚdñIEtErI ³US: ²-terI/ ³adj ´of @:
³@ary rules; @ary taboos, ´eÔg pork for Muslims. ¸die®tet®ics ²/*dñIEÚtetIks/
³n sing-v ´science of @. ¸die®tician, die®titian ²/*dñIEÚtI2n/ ³n ´expert in
dietetics.¼
¨diet©2 ²/ÚdqIEt/ ³n ´series of meetings for discussion of national,
international or church affairs.¼
¨dif®fer© ²/ÚdIfE(r)/ ³vi ¶[VP2A,C,3A] ¸1 ·@ (from), ´be unlike; be
distinguishable: ³The two brothers are like each other in appearance, but @
widely in their tastes. ³French @s from English in having gender for all nouns.
Tastes @´, Different people have different interests. ¸2 ·@ from sb
(about/on sth), ´disagree; have another opinion: ³I'm sorry to @ from you
about/on that question. ·agree to @, ´give up the attempt to convince each
other.¼
¨dif®fer®ence© ²/ÚdIfrEns/ ³n ¶[C,U] ·@ (between) ¸1 ´the state of
being unlike: ³the @ between summer and winter. ¸2 ´amount, degree, manner, in
which things are unlike: ³The @ between 7 and 18 is 11. What a great @ there is
in the temperature today! There are many @s between the two languages. ·split
the @, µ¥ split. ¸3 ·make a/some/no/any/not much/a great deal of @, ´be of
some/no, etc importance: ³It won't make much @ whether you go today or
tomorrow. Does that make any @´, Is it important, need we consider
it? ·make a @ between, ´treat differently. ¸4 ´disagreement: ³Why can't you
settle your @s and be friends again?¼
¨dif®fer®ent© ²/ÚdIfrEnt/ ³adj ¸1 ´not the same: ³They are @ people with the
same name. The two boys are @ in their tastes. She is wearing a @ dress every
time I see her. ·@ from/to/Ô´(US)·than, ³Your method is @ from/to mine. ´(Note:
·@ than ´may be used when @ is not immediately followed by its ³prep´: ³How @
life today is than what it was fifty years ago. ´Cf ³life today is @ from life
fifty years ago, ´where @ is followed immediately by ³from.) ¸2 ´separate;
distinct: ³I called three @ times, but he was out. They are made in @ colours´,
in a variety of colours. ¸@®ly ³adv¼
¨dif®fer®en®tial© ²/*dIfEÚren2l/ ³adj ¸1 ´of, showing, depending on, a
difference: ³@ tariffs´, that differ according to circumstances. µ¥ calculus.
¸@ (gear), ´arrangement of gears (in a motor-car, etc) that allows the rear
wheels to turn at different speeds on curves. ¹ ³n ¸(wage) @, ´difference
(expressed in a percentage) in wages between skilled and unskilled workers in
the same industry: ³They opposed a flat increase for all workers because that
would upset the wage @.¼
¨dif®fer®en®ti®ate© ²/*dIfEÚren2IeIt/ ³vt ¸1 ¶[VP6A,14] ·@
(from), ´see as different; show to be different: ³to @ varieties of plants; to
@ one variety from another. The report does not @ the two aspects of the
problem. One aspect is not @ed from the other. ¸2 ¶[VP3A] ·@ between, ´treat as
different: ³It is wrong to @ between pupils according to their family
background. ¸dif®fer®en®ti®ation ²/*dIfEren2IÚeI2n/ ³n¼
¨dif®fi®cult© ²/ÚdIfIkElt/ ³adj ¸1 ´not easy; requiring effort, strength, skill
or ability: ³a @ problem/language. He finds it @ to stop smoking. The sound is
@ to pronounce. It is a @ sound to pronounce. The place is @ to reach/@ of
access. He was placed in @ circumstances. ¸2 ´(of persons) not easily pleased
or satisfied; easily offended: ³He's a @ man to get on with. The famous actress
was being rather @´, was causing trouble, eÔg to the other members of
the cast, the producer. ³Please don't be so @.¼
¨dif®fi®culty© ²/ÚdIfIkEltI/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´the state or quality of
being difficult: ³Do you have any @ in understanding spoken English? There was
some @ in getting everybody here in time. He did the work without @/without
any/much @. He did it, but with @. ¸2 ¶[C] ³(pl µ-ties³)
´sth difficult, hard to do or understand: ³the difficulties of Greek syntax;
to be working under difficulties´, in difficult circumstances; ³to be in
financial difficulties´, short of money, in debt, etc. ³If you knew the
difficulties I am in! Mary's father raised/made difficulties when she said she
wanted to marry a poor school-teacher´, He objected to, opposed, the proposal.¼
¨dif®fi®dent© ²/ÚdIfIdEnt/ ³adj ´not having, not showing, much belief in one's
own abilities; lacking in self-confidence: ³to be @ about doing sth; to speak
in a @ manner. ¸@®ly ³adv ¸dif®fi®dence ²/-dEns/ ³n ¶[U] ´being @; shyness.¼
¨dif®fract© ²/dIÚfrakt/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´break up (a beam of light) into a series
of dark and light bands or the coloured bands of the spectrum. µ¥ ´the illus
at µspectrum. ¸dif®frac®tion ²/dIÚfrak2n/ ³n¼
¨dif®fuse©1 ²/dIÚfjuz/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A] ´send out, spread, in every direction:
³to @ learning/knowledge/good humour/light/heat/a scent/an odour; @d lighting,
´contrasted with direct lighting. ¸2 ¶[VP6A,2A] ´(of gases and liquids) (cause
to) mix slowly. ¸dif®fusion ²/dIÚfjuZn/ ³n ¶[U] ´diffusing or being @d: ³the
diffusion of knowledge through books and lectures; the diffusion of gases and
liquids´, their mixing without external force.¼
¨dif®fuse©2 ²/dIÚfjus/ ³adj ¸1 ´using too many words: ³a @ writer/style. ¸2
´spread out; scattered: ³@ light. ¸@®ly ³adv ¸@®ness ³n¼
¨dig©1 ²/dIg/ ³vt,vi (pt,pp µdug ²/dAg/³) µ(-gg-) ¸1 ¶[VP6A,15B,2C] ´use a tool
(eÔg a spade), a machine, claws, etc to break up and move earth, etc; make a
way ³(through, into´, etc) by doing this; make (a hole, etc) by doing this; get
(sth) by doing this: ³It is difficult to dig the ground when it is frozen hard.
They are digging through the hill to make a tunnel/digging a tunnel through the
hill. He dug a deep hole. The soldiers were digging trenches. ¸2 ¶[VP6A] ´(sl)
enjoy; appreciate; understand; follow: ³I don't dig modern jazz. ¸3
¶[VP15B,3A,2C] ´(uses with ³adverbial particles ´and ³preps´):¼
·dig in; dig into sth, ´serve oneself with food, begin eating, with appetite:
³dig into a pie. The food's here, so dig in! ·dig sth in, ´mix with the soil by
digging: ³The manure should be well dug in. ·dig sth in; dig sth into sth,
´push, thrust, poke: ³to dig a fork into a pie/a potato. The rider dug his
spurs into the horse's flank/dug his spurs in. ·dig oneself in, ¸(a) ´protect
oneself by digging a trench, etc. ¸(b) ´(fig, colloq) establish oneself
securely (in a position, etc). ·dig sb in the ribs, ´poke one's elbow in his
ribs, eÔg to call attention to sth funny.¼
·dig sb/sth out (of sth), ¸(a) ´get out by digging: ³They dug out the fox/dug
the fox out of its hole. He was buried by the avalanche and had to be dug out.
¸(b) ´get by searching: ³to dig information out of books and reports; to dig
out the truth.¼
·dig sth up, ¸(a) ´break up (land) by digging: ³to dig up land for a new
garden. ¸(b) ´remove from the ground by digging: ³We dug the tree up by the
roots. ¸(c) ´bring to light (what has been buried or hidden) by digging: ³An
old Greek statue was dug up here last month. ¸(d) ´(fig): ³The newspapers love
to dig up scandals.¼
¨dig©2 ²/dIg/ ³n ¸1 ´push or thrust: ³give sb a dig in the ribs.
That was a dig at me´, a remark directed against me. ¸2 ´site being excavated
by archaeologists. ¸3 ³(pl) ´(GB, colloq) lodgings: ³Are you living at home or
in digs?¼
¨di®gest©1 ²/ÚdñIdZest/ ³n ¶[C] ´short, condensed account; summary:
³a @ of the week's news.¼
¨di®gest©2 ²/dIÚdZest/ ³vt,vi ¶[VP6A,2A] ¸1 ´(of food) change, be changed, in
the stomach and bowels, so that it can be used in the body: ³Some foods @/are
@ed more easily than others. ¸2 ´take into the mind; make part of one's
knowledge; reduce (a mass of facts, etc) to order: ³Have you @ed everything
that is important in the book? ¸@®ible ²/dIÚdZestEbl/ ³adj ´that can be @ed.
¸@i®bil®ity ²/dI*dZestEÚbIlEtI/ ³n¼
¨di®ges®tion© ²/dIÚdZest2En/ ³n ¶[U] ´digesting: ³food that is easy/difficult
of @´; ¶[C] ´power of digesting food: ³to have a poor/good @.¼
¨di®ges®tive© ²/dIÚdZestIv/ ³adj ´of digestion (of food): ³suffer from @
trouble. ¸the Ú@ system, ´the alimentary canal.¼
¨dig®ger© ²/ÚdIgE(r)/ ³n ¸1 ´(usu in compounds) person who digs: ·Ú³gold-@´,
one who tries to find gold in a gold-field. ¸2 ´mechanical excavator. ¸3 ´(sl)
Australian.¼
¨dig®ging© ²/ÚdIgIG/ ³n ¶[U] ´action of digging; ¶[C] ´(often ³pl´) place where
men dig or search for metal, esp gold.¼
¨digit© ²/ÚdIdZIt/ ³n ¸1 ´any one of the ten Arabic numerals 0 to 9: ³The
number 57Ô306 contains five @s. ¸2 ´finger or toe. ¸digi®tal ²/ÚdIdZItl/ ³adj
´of @s. ¸@al computer ³n ´one that performs operations by representing
quantities as @s (binary or decimal).¼
¨dig®nify© ²/ÚdIgnIfñI/ ³vt ¶[VP6A,14] ·@ (with), ´cause to appear worthy or
honourable; give dignity to: ³to @ a small collection of books by calling it a
library/@ it with the name library. ¸dig®ni®fied ³part adj ´having or showing
dignity: ³a dignified old lady.¼
¨dig®ni®tary© ²/ÚdIgnItErI ³US: ²-terI/ ³n (pl µ-ries³) ´person
holding a high office.¼
¨dig®nity© ²/ÚdIgnEtI/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´true worth; the quality that earns or
deserves respect: ³the @ of labour. A man's @ depends not upon his wealth or
rank but upon his character. ¸2 ¶[U] ´calm and serious manner or style: ³If
you're afraid of losing your @ ´(eÔg of being made to look foolish), ³you can't
expect to learn to speak a foreign language. ·beneath one's @, ´below one's
moral, social, etc standards: ³It is beneath your @ to answer such a rude
remark. ·stand on/upon one's @, ´insist upon being treated with proper respect;
refuse to do what one considers to be below one's moral, social, etc standards.
¸3 ¶[C] ³(pl µ-ties³) ´high or honourable rank, post or title: ³The Queen
conferred the @ of a peerage on him.¼
¨di®graph© ²/ÚdñIgrqf ³US: ²-graf/ ³n ´two letters that represent a single
sound (eÔg ³sh ²/2/³, ea ²/i/ ´in ³sheaf´).¼
¨di®gress© ²/dñIÚgres/ ³vi ¶[VP2A,3A] ·@ (from), ´(esp in speaking or writing)
turn or wander away (from the main subject). ¸di®gression ²/dñIÚgre2n/ ³n ¶[U]
´@ing; ¶[C] ´instance of this.¼
¨digs© ²/dIgz/ ³n pl ´(GB, colloq) lodgings.¼
¨dike©, dyke ²/dñIk/ ³n ¸1 ´ditch (for carrying away water from land). ¸2 ´long
wall of earth, etc (to keep back water and prevent flooding). ¹ ³vi,vt ´make or
provide with @s: ³diking (in) the Fens.¼
¨dil®api®dated© ²/dIÚlapIdeItId/ ³adj ´(of buildings, furniture, etc) falling
to pieces; in a state of disrepair: ³a @-looking car; a @ old house.
¸dil®api®da®tion ²/dI*lapIÚdeI2n/ ³n ¶[U] ´being or becoming @.¼
¨di®late© ²/dñIÚleIt/ ³vi,vt ¸1 ¶[VP6A,2A] ´(cause to) become wider, larger,
further open: ³The pupils of your eyes @ when you enter a dark room. The horse
@d its nostrils. ¸2 ¶[VP3A] ·@ upon, ´(formal) speak or write comprehensively
about: ³If there were time, I could @ upon this subject. ¸di®la®tion
²/dñIÚleI2n/ ³n ¶[U] ´dilating or being @d.¼
¨dila®tory© ²/ÚdIlEtErI ³US: ²-tcrI/ ³adj ´slow in acting; causing
delay.¼
¨di®lemma© ²/dIÚlemE/ ³n ´situation in which one has to choose between two
things, two courses of action, etc both unfavourable or undesirable. ·be
in/place sb in a @´: ³You place me in something of a @.¼
¨dil®et®tante© ²/*dIlIÚtantI/ ³n (pl µ@s ²/-tiz/ ´or µ-ti ²/-ti/³) ´one who
studies sth, but not seriously and not with real understanding.¼
¨dili®gence© ²/ÚdIlIdZEns/ ³n ¶[U] ·@ (in), ¸1 ´steady effort; showing care and
effort (in ´what one does).¼
¨dili®gent© ²/ÚdIlIdZEnt/ ³adj ·@ (in), ´hard-working; showing care and effort
(in ´what one does). ¸@®ly ³adv¼
¨dill© ²/dIl/ ³n ´herb with spicy seeds, eÔg as used for flavouring pickles.¼
¨dilly-dally© ²/ÚdIlI dalI/ ³vi ¶[VP2A] ´dawdle; waste time (by not making up
one's mind).¼
¨di®lute© ²/dñIÚljut ³US: ²-Úlut/ ³vt ¶[VP6A,14] ·@ (with), ´make (a liquid or
colour) weaker or thinner (by adding water or other liquid): ³to @ wine with
water; ´(fig) weaken the force of (by mixing): ³to @ skilled labour´, eÔg by
employing a proportion of unskilled workers. ¹ ³adj ´(of acids, etc) weakened
by diluting. ¸di®lu®tion ²/dñIÚlju2n ³US: ²-Úlu-/ ³n ¶[U] ´diluting or being
@d; ¶[C] ´sth that is @d.¼
¨dim© ²/dIm/ ³adj µ(-mmer, -mmest) ¸1 ´not bright; not clearly to be seen: ³the
dim light of a candle; the dim outline of buildings on a dark night; dim
memories/recollections of my childhood. ¸2 ´(of the eyes, eyesight) not able to
see clearly: ³eyes dim with tears. His eyesight is getting dim. ·take a dim
view of, ´(colloq) regard with disapproval or pessimism. ¸3 ´(colloq, of
persons) lacking intelligence. ¹ ³vt,vi µ(-mm-) ¶[VP6A,2A] ´make or become dim:
³The light of a candle is dimmed by sunlight. ¸dim®ly ³adv ´in a dim manner: ³a
dimly lit room. ¸dim®ness ³n¼
¨dime© ²/dñIm/ ³n ´coin of US and Canada worth ten cents.¼
¨di®men®sion© ²/dIÚmen2n/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U,C] ´measurement of any sort (breadth,
length, thickness, height, etc): ³What are the @s of the room? ¸2 ³(pl) ´size;
extent: ³a building of great @s; the @s of the problem. ¸3 ´(algebra) number of
unknown quantities contained as factors in a product: ³x±3³, x±2³y and ³xyz are
all of three @s. ¸@al ²/-2Enl/ ³adj ´having (a certain number of) @s:
³two-/three-@al figures. ¸3ÔD ²/*Tri Údi/ ´(abbr of ³three-@al´) stereoscopic,
giving the illusion of depth in perspective (as well as height and breadth).¼
¨dim®in®ish© ²/dIÚmInI2/ ³vt,vi ¶[VP6A,2A] ´make or become less: ³@ing food
supplies; a war that seriously @ed the country's wealth; a currency that has
@ed in value.¼
¨dim®inu®endo© ²/dI*mInj8ÚendE8/ ³n (pl µ@s ²/-dE8z/³) ¶[C] ´(music) gradual
decrease in loudness: ³a sudden @.¼
¨dim®in®ution© ²/*dImIÚnju2n ³US: ²-Únu2n/ ³n ¶[U] ´diminishing or being
diminished; ¶[C] ´amount of this: ³to hope for a small @ in taxes.¼
¨dim®inu®tive© ²/dIÚmInj8tIv/ ³adj ¸1 ´unusually or remarkably small. ¸2
´(gram, of a ³suff´) indicating smallness. ¹ ³n ´word formed by the use of a
³suff ´of this kind, eÔg ³streamlet´, a small stream, ³lambkin´, a small lamb.¼
¨dim®ity© ²/ÚdImItI/ ³n ¶[U] ´(kinds of) cotton cloth woven with raised strips
or designs, used for bedroom hangings, etc.¼
¨dimple© ²/ÚdImpl/ ³n ´small natural hollow in the chin or cheek (either
permanent, or which appears eÔg when a person smiles); slight hollow on water
(made eÔg by a breeze). ¹ ³vt,vi ¶[VP6A,2A] ´make @s on; form @s.¼
¨din© ²/dIn/ ³n ¶[U] ´(or ¸a din´) loud, confused noise that
continues: ³The children were making so much din/such a din that I couldn't
study. They made/kicked up such a din at the party. ¹ vi,vt µ(-nn-) ¸1 ¶[VP2C]
´make a din: ³The cries of his tormentors were still dinning in his ears. ¸2
·din sth into sb, ´tell him again and again, in a forcible manner.¼
¨dine© ²/dñIn/ ³vi,vt ¸1 ¶[VP2A] ´(formal) have dinner. ·@ out, ´dine outside
one's home (eÔg at the house of friends, or at a restaurant). ¸2 ¶[VP6A] ´give
a dinner for: ³The great man was wined and @d wherever he went´, People gave
dinner-parties for him. ¸Údining-car, ´railway coach in which meals are served.
¸Údining-room, ´room in which meals are eaten. ¸Údining-table, ´table used for
eating on.¼
¨diner© ²/ÚdñInE(r)/ ³n ¸1 ´person who dines. ¸2 ´dining-car on a train. ¸3
´(US) restaurant shaped like a @µ(2).¼
¨ding-dong© ²/*dIG ÚdoG/ ³n, adv ´(with the) sound of bells striking
repeatedly. ¸a @ struggle/battle, ´one in which each of two contestants has the
advantage alternately.¼
¨din®ghy© ²/ÚdIGgI/ ³n (pl µ-ghies³) ´(kinds of) small open boat; inflatable
rubber boat (eÔg carried by an aircraft for use if forced down on water).¼
¨dingle© ²/ÚdIGgl/ ³n ´deep dell, usu with trees.¼
¨dingy© ²/ÚdIndZI/ ³adj µ(-ier, -iest) ´dirty-looking; not fresh or cheerful:
³a @ manufacturing town; a @ room in a @ boarding-house. ¸ding®ily ³adv
¸dingi®ness ³n¼
¨dining© ²/ÚdñInIG/ µ¥ dine.¼
¨dinky© ²/ÚdIGkI/ ³adj µ(-ier, -iest) ´(GB, colloq) pretty; neat: ³What a @
little hat!¼
¨din®ner© ²/ÚdInE(r)/ ³n ´main meal of the day, whether eaten at midday or in
the evening (note the ³preps ´and the use and omission of the articles): ³It's
time for @/·Ú³@-time. Have you had ´(US = ³eaten´) ³@ yet? They were at
@/having @ when I called. He ate too much @. The @ was badly served. Shall we
give a @ (= ¸Ú@-party´) ³for her? Four @s at $5 a head. Shall we ask him to @?
¸Ú@-jacket, ´black jacket worn by men in the evening for formal occasions. (Cf
³dress coat, ´with tails, and US ³tuxedo.) ¸Ú@-service, Ú@-set, ´set of plates,
dishes, etc for @.¼
¨dino®saur© ²/ÚdñInEsc(r)/ ³n ´large extinct reptile.¼
¨dint© ²/dInt/ ³n ¸1 ¶[C] ´= µdent. ¸2 ·by @ of, ´by means of: ³He
succeeded by @ of hard work.¼
¨dio®cese© ²/ÚdñIEsIs/ ³n ´bishop's district. ¸di®ocesan ²/dñIÚosIsn/ ³adj, n
´(of a) @.¼
¨di®ox®ide© ²/dñIÚoksñId/ ³n ´(chem) oxide formed by combination of two atoms
of oxygen and one atom of a metal or other element: ³carbon @, ´(¸CO¶c´).¼
¨dip©1 ²/dIp/ ³vt,vi µ(-pp-) ¸1 ¶[VP6A,14] ·dip in/into, ´put, lower, (sth)
into ´a liquid: ³to dip one's pen into the ink; to dip sheep´, immerse them in
a liquid that disinfects them, kills vermin; ³to dip candles´, make them by
dipping wick into melted fat; ³dip a garment´, put it in a liquid dye to change
its colour. ¸Ú@-stick, ´stick or rod (to be) dipped into a tank or other
container to measure the depth of liquid in it (eÔg oil in the sump of an
engine). ¸2 ¶[VP3A] ·dip into, ´(fig): ³to dip into one's purse´, spend money;
³to dip into the future´, try to imagine what it will be like; ³to dip into a
book/an author, etc´, make a cursory study. ¸3 ¶[VP2A,C] ´go below a surface or
level: ³The sun dipped below the horizon. The birds rose and dipped in their
flight. ¸4 ¶[VP6A,2A] ´(cause to) go down and then up again: ³to dip a flag,
´as a salute, eÔg to another ship; ³to dip the headlights of a car´, lower
their beams (in order not to dazzle the driver of another car). ³The land dips
gently to the south.¼
¨dip©2 ²/dIp/ ³n ¸1 ¶[C] ´act of dipping, esp (colloq) quick bathe or swim: ³to
have/take/go for a dip. ¸2 ¶[U] ´cleansing liquid in which sheep are dipped. ¸3
¶[C] ´downward slope: ³a dip in the road; a dip among the hills. ¸4 ¶[U]
´position of a flag when it is dippedµ(4)´: ³at the dip.¼
¨diph®theria© ²/dIfÚTIErIE/ ³n ¶[U] ´serious contagious disease of
the throat causing difficulty in breathing.¼
¨diph®thong© ²/ÚdIfToG ³US: ²-Tcg/ ³n ´union of two vowel sounds or ´(more
usu ³digraph´) vowel letters, eÔg the sounds ²/ñI/ ´in ³pipe ²/pñIp/´, the
letters ³ou ´in ³doubt.¼
¨di®ploma© ²/dIÚplE8mE/ ³n ¶[C] ´educational certificate of proficiency: ³a @
in architecture.¼
¨di®plo®macy© ²/dIÚplE8mEsI/ ³n ¶[U] ¸1 ´management of a country's affairs by
its agents abroad (ambassadors and ministers), and their direction by the
Ministry of Foreign Affairs at home; skill in this. ¸2 ´art of, skill in,
dealing with people so that business is done smoothly.¼
¨diplo®mat© ²/ÚdIplEmat/ ³n ¸1 ´person engaged in diplomacy for his country
(eÔg an ambassador). ¸2 ´person clever at dealing with people.¼
¨diplo®matic© ²/*dIplEÚmatIk/ ³adj ¸1 ´of diplomacy: ³the ·Ú³@ service(µ2³);
the ·Ú³@ corps/body´, all the ambassadors, ministers and their officers in the
capital of a country. ¸2 ´tactful; having diplomacyµ(2)´: ³a @ answer; to be @
in dealing with people. ¸diplo®mati®cally ²/-klI/ ³adv¼
¨di®ploma®tist© ²/dIÚplE8mEtIst/ ³n ´= µdiplomat.¼
¨dip®per© ²/ÚdIpE(r)/ ³n ¸1 ´cup-shaped vessel with a long handle, for ladling
out liquids. ¸2 ´(US) ¸the Big D@, the Little D@´, groups of stars in the
northern sky. µ¥ bear±1µ(3), plough(4).¼
¨dip®so®mania© ²/*dIpsEÚmeInIE/ ³n ¶[U] ´insatiable craving for
alcoholic drink. ¸dip®so®maniac ²/*dIpsEÚmeInIak/ ³n ´person suffering from @.¼
¨dip®tych© ²/ÚdIptIk/ ³n ´painting or carving, esp an altarpiece, on two hinged
panels that can be closed like a book.¼
¨dire© ²/ÚdñIE(r)/ ³adj ´dreadful; terrible: ³@ news; ´extreme: ³to be in @
need of help.¼
¨di®rect©1 ²/dIÚrekt/ ³adj ¸1 ´(going) straight; not curved or crooked; not
turned aside: ³in a @ line; a @ hit/shot´, not turned aside by hitting sth else
first; ³the @ rays of the sun´, not reflected from sth. ¸2 ´with nothing or no
one in between; in an unbroken line: ³to be in @ contact with sb; as a @ result
of this decision. He's a @ descendant of the Duke of Bumford. ¸3
´straightforward; going straight to the point; frank; unhesitating: ³He has a @
way of speaking/acting. He made a @ answer to the charges brought against him.
¸4 ´exact, diametrical: ³a @ contradiction; the @ opposite/contrary. ¸5
´(various uses): ¸@ action, ´use of strikes by workmen to get their demands. ¸@
current, ´electric current flowing in one direction. µ¥ alternate. ¸@ speech,
´speaker's actual words. µ¥ indirect. ¸Ú@ tax, ´one levied on the person who
pays it (eÔg income tax), not (eÔg purchase tax) on goods, etc. ¹ ³adv ´without
interrupting a journey; without going by a roundabout way: ³The train goes
there @. He came @ to London. µ¥ directly. ¸@®ness ³n¼
¨di®rect©2 ²/dIÚrekt/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A,14] ·@ sb (to), ´tell or
show (sb) how to do sth, how to get somewhere: ³Can you @ me to the post
office? They @ed me wrongly. ¸2 ¶[VP6A,14] ·@ sth (to), ´address (a
letter, parcel, etc): ³Shall I @ the letter to his business address or to his
home address? ¸3 ¶[VP14] ·@ sth to sb, ´speak or write to: ³My remarks were not
@ed to all of you. ¸4 ¶[VP6A,2A] ´manage; control: ³Who is @ing the workmen?
Who @ed the film? µ¥ director. ¸5 ¶[VP14] ·@ to/towards, ´turn: ³We @ed our
steps towards home. Our energies must be @ed towards higher productivity. ¸6
¶[VP17,9] ´order: ³The officer @ed his men to advance/that his men should
advance.¼
¨di®rec®tion© ²/dIÚrek2n/ ³n ¸1 ¶[C] ´course taken by a moving person or thing;
point towards which a person or thing looks or faces: ³Tom went off in one @
and Harry in another @. The aircraft was flying in a northerly @. When the
police arrived, the crowd scattered in all @s. ´(fig) ³Reforms are needed in
numerous @s. ¸Ú@-finder, ´radio device that shows the @ from which wireless
signals are coming. ¸2 ¶[U] ·have a good/poor sense of @´, be able/unable to
determine well one's position with regard to one's surroundings when there are
no known or visible landmarks. ¸3 ´(often ³pl) ´information or instructions
about what to do, where to go, how to do sth, etc: ³D@s about putting the parts
together are printed on the card. He gave me full @s to enable me to find his
house. ¸4 ³(pl) ´address on or for a letter, parcel, etc: ³The parcel was
returned to the sender because the @s were insufficient. ¸5 ¶[U] ´management;
control; guidance: ³@ of labour´, movement of workers from one area, or one
kind of work, to another. ³He did the work under my @. She feels the need of
@´, wants sb to guide and advise her. ¸@al ²/-2Enl/ ³adj ´of @ in space (esp of
radio signals transmitted over a narrow angle): ³a @al aerial.¼
¨di®rec®tive© ²/dIÚrektIv/ ³n ¶[C] ´general or detailed instruction.¼
¨di®rect®ly© ²/dIÚrektlI/ ³adv ¸1 ´in a direct manner: ³He was looking @ at us.
¸2 ´at once; without delay: ³Come in @. ¸3 ´in a short time: ³I'll be there @.
¹ ³conj ´(colloq) as soon as: ³D@ I had done it, I knew I had made a mistake.¼
¨di®rec®tor© ²/dIÚrektE(r)/ ³n ´person who directs, esp one of a group (called
¸the Board of D@s´) who manage the affairs of a business company; (theatre,
cinema, TÔV) person who supervises and instructs the actors and actresses, the
camera crew, etc. ¸@®ship ²/-2Ip/ ³n ´position of a company @; time during
which he holds his position.¼
¨di®rec®tor®ate© ²/dIÚrektErEt/ ³n ¸1 ´office or position of a director. ¸2
´board of directors.¼
¨di®rec®tory© ²/dIÚrektErI/ ³n (pl µ-ries³) ´(book with a) list of persons,
business firms, etc in a district; list of telephone subscribers (and usu
addresses) in AÔBÔC order.¼
¨dire®ful© ²/ÚdñIEfl/ ³adj ´(liter) dire; terrible. ¸@ly ²/ÚdqIEfElI/ ³adv¼
¨dirge© ²/d3dZ/ ³n ´song sung at a burial or for a dead person.¼
¨diri®gible© ²/ÚdIrIdZEbl/ ³n ¶[C] ´balloon (used as an airship) ´that can be
steered; zeppelin.¼
¨dirk© ²/d3k/ ³n ´kind of dagger.¼
¨dirndl© ²/Úd3ndl/ ³n ´full-skirted dress with a close-fitting bodice.¼
¨dirt© ²/d3t/ ³n ¶[U] ¸1 ´unclean matter (eÔg dust, soil, mud) esp when it is
where it is not wanted (eÔg on the skin, clothes, in buildings): ³His clothes
were covered with @. How can I get the @ off the walls? ¸2 ´loose earth or
soil: ³a @ road´, (US) unpaved, not macadamized. ·as cheap/common as @,
´vulgar; low-class. ·fling/throw @ at sb, ´say slanderous things about him.
·treat sb like @, ´treat him as if he were worthless. ¸Ú@ farmer, ´(US) one who
does all his own work. ¸*@-Úcheap, ´very cheap, almost valueless. ¸Ú@-track,
´one made of cinders, etc, (for eÔg motor-cycle races). ¸3 ´unclean thought or
talk.¼
¨dirty©1 ²/Úd3tI/ ³adj µ(-ier, -iest) ¸1 ´not clean; covered with
dirt: ³@ hands/clothes; ´causing one to be @: ³@ work. ¸2 ´(of the weather)
rough; stormy: ³I'm glad I haven't to go out on such a @ night. ¸3 ´unclean in
thought or talk; obscene: ³scribble @ words on lavatory walls. ¸4 ´(colloq)
mean, dishonourable, underhand: ³play a @ trick on sb´, play a mean trick on
him; ³get/give sb a @ look´, one of severe disapproval or disgust. ¸dirt®ily
³adv¼
¨dirty©2 ²/Úd3tI/ ³vt,vi ¶[VP6A,2A] ´make or become dirty: ³Don't @ your new
dress. White gloves @ easily.¼
¨dis®abil®ity© ²/*dIsEÚbIlEtI/ ³n (pl µ-ties³) ¸1 ¶[U] ´state of being
disabled; incapacity. ¸2 ¶[C] ´sth that disables or disqualifies one: ³Mr Hill
has a @ and a pension from the government, ´eÔg because he lost a leg while he
was in the army.¼
¨dis®able© ²/dIsÚeIbl/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´make unable to do sth, esp take away the
power of using the limbs: ³@d ex-service men´, former soldiers, crippled in
war. ¸@®ment ³n¼
¨dis®abuse© ²/*dIsEÚbjuz/ ³vt ¶[VP6A,14] ·@ (of), ´(formal) free (sb, his mind)
from false ideas; put (a person) right (in his ideas): ³to @ a man of silly
prejudices.¼
¨dis®ad®van®tage© ²/*dIsEdÚvqntIdZ ³US: ²-Úvan-/ ³n ¸1 ¶[C]
´unfavourable condition, sth that stands in the way of progress, success, etc:
³It is a @ to be small when you're standing in a crowd to look at a football
game. His inability to speak English puts him at a @ when he attends
international conferences. ¸2 ¶[U] ´loss; injury: ³rumours to his @´, that
hurt his reputation, etc. ¸@®ous ²/*dIs*advEnÚteIdZEs/ ³adj ·@ous (to),
´causing a @: ³in a @ous position. ¸@®ous®ly ³adv¼
¨dis®af®fected© ²/*dIsEÚfektId/ ³adj ´discontented; rebellious; disloyal.
¸dis®af®fec®tion ²/*dIsEÚfekt2n/ ³n ¶[U] ´political discontent; disloyalty.¼
¨dis®af®for®est© ²/*dIsEÚforIst ³US: ²-Úfcr-/ ³vt ´= µdisforest.¼
¨dis®agree© ²/*dIsEÚgri/ ³vt ¸1 ¶[VP2A,3A] ·@ (with), ´take a different view;
have different opinions; not agree: ³Even friends sometimes @. I'm sorry to @
with you/with your statement/with what you say. The reports from Rome @ with
those from Milan. ¸2 ¶[VP3A] ·@ with sb, ´(of food, climate) have bad effects
on; prove unsuitable for: ³The climate @s with me. ¸@®able ²/-Ebl/ ³adj
´unpleasant: ³@able weather; ´bad-tempered: ³a @able fellow. ¸@®able®ness ³n
¸@®ably ²/-EblI/ ³adv¼
¨dis®agree®ment© ²/*dIsEÚgrimEnt/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´disagreeing; absence of
agreement: ³to be in @ with sb or sth. ¸2 ¶[C] ´instance of this; difference of
opinion; slight quarrel: ³@s between husbands and wives.¼
¨dis®al®low© ²/*dIsEÚlñ8/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´refuse to allow or accept as correct:
³The judge @ed the claim.¼
¨dis®ap®pear© ²/*dIsEÚpIE(r)/ ³vi ¶[VP2A] ´go out of sight; be seen no more:
³Let's hope our difficulties will soon @´, vanish. ³The snow soon @ed´, melted.
¸@®ance ²/-rEs/ ³n ´@ing.¼
¨dis®ap®point© ²/*dIsEÚpãInt/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ¸1 ´fail to do or be equal to what is
hoped for or expected: ³The book/match/meeting @ed me. Please don't @ me´,
don't fail to do what you have promised. ¸2 ´prevent a hope, plan, etc from
being realized: ³I'm sorry to @ your expectations. ¸@ed ³part adj ·@ed (in/at
sth) (with sb), ´sad at not getting what was hoped for, etc: ³We were @ed/@ed
to hear/@ed when we heard that you could not come. I was @ed at not finding/@ed
not to find her at home. We were @ed in our hopes. What are you looking so @ed
about? I'm @ed with you. ¸@®ed®ly ³adv ¸@®ing ³adj ´causing sb to be @ed: ³The
weather this summer has been @ing.¼
¨dis®ap®point®ment© ²/*dIsEÚpãIntmEnt/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´being
disappointed: ³To her great @, it rained on the day of the picnic. ¸2 ¶[C] ´sb
or sth that disappoints: ³He had suffered many @s in love´, Many women had not
returned his love.¼
¨dis®ap®pro®ba®tion© ²/*dIs*aprEÚbeI2n/ ³n ´(formal) ¶[U] ´disapproval.¼
¨dis®ap®prove© ²/*dIsEÚpruv/ ³vi,vt ¶[VP2A,3A,6A] ·@ (of), ´have, express, an
unfavourable opinion: ³She wants to train for the theatre but her parents @/@
of her intentions. ¸dis®ap®proval ²/-Úpruvl/ ³n ¶[U] ´disapproving: ³He shook
his head in disapproval´, to show that he @ed. ¸dis®ap®prov®ing®ly ²/-IGlI/
³adv ´in a way that shows disapproval: ³When Mary lit a cigarette, her father
looked at her disapprovingly.¼
¨dis®arm© ²/dIsÚqm/ ³vi,vt ¸1 ¶[VP6A] ´take away weapons and other means of
attack from: ³Five hundred rebels were captured and @ed. ¸2 ¶[VP2A] ´(of
nations) reduce the size of, give up the use of, armed forces: ³It is difficult
to persuade the Great Powers to @. ¸3 ¶[VP6A] ´make it difficult for sb to feel
anger, suspicion, doubt: ³By frankly admitting that he was not a scholar, he
@ed criticism. I felt angry, but her smiles @ed me. ¸dis®arma®ment
²/dIsÚqmEmEnt/ ³n ¶[U] ´@ing or being @edµ(2)´: ³@ament conferences; new
proposals for @ament.¼
¨dis®ar®range© ²/*dIsEÚreIndZ/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´disturb; upset; put
into disorder: ³to @ sb's plans/hair. ¸@®ment ³n¼
¨dis®ar®ray© ²/*dIsEÚreI/ ³n, vt ¶[VP6A] ´(put into) disorder: ³The troops were
in @.¼
¨dis®as®so®ci®ate© ²/*dIsEÚsE82IeIt/ ³vt ¶[VP14] ·@ from ´= µdissociate.¼
¨dis®as®ter© ²/dIÚzqstE(r) ³US: ²-Úzas-/ ³n ¸1 ¶[C] ´great or sudden
misfortune; terrible accident (eÔg a great flood or fire, an earthquake, a
serious defeat in war, the loss of a large sum of money). ¸2 ¶[U] ´great
misfortune or suffering: ³a record of @. ¸dis®as®trous ²/dIÚzqstrEs ³US:
²-Úzas-/ ³adj ´causing @: ³disastrous floods; a defeat that was disastrous to
the country. ¸dis®as®trous®ly ³adv¼
¨dis®avow© ²/*dIsEÚvñ8/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´(formal) deny belief in, approval or
knowledge of: ³He @ed my share in the plot. ¸@al ²/-Úvñ8El/ ³n¼
¨dis®band© ²/dIsÚband/ ³vt,vi ¶[VP6A,2A] ´(of organized groups) break up: ³The
army (was) @ed when the war ended. ¸@®ment ³n¼
¨dis®be®lieve© ²/*dIsbIÚliv/ ³vt,vi ¶[VP6A,2A,3A] ·@ in, ´refuse to believe (sb
or sth); be unable or unwilling to believe in. ¸dis®be®lief ²/*dIsbIÚlif/ ³n
¶[U] ´lack of belief; refusal to believe.¼
¨dis®bud© ²/dIsÚbAd/ ³vt µ(-dd-) ¶[VP6A] ´remove buds from (a plant, etc) (eÔg
to get stronger or better shoots from those that are left).¼
¨dis®bur®den© ²/dIsÚb3dn/ ³vt ¶[VP6A,14] ·@ (of), ´(formal) ´relieve of a
burden; unburden (the more usu word).¼
¨dis®burse© ²/dIsÚb3s/ ³vt,vi ¶[VP6A,2A] ´pay out (money). ¸@®ment ³n ¶[U]
´paying out (of money); ¶[C] ´sum of money paid out.¼
¨disc©, disk ²/dIsk/ ³n ¸1 ¶[C] ´thin, flat, round plate, eÔg a coin, a
gramophone record; round surface that appears to be flat: ³the sun's @. ¸Ú@
brake, ´brake which operates when a flat plate is brought into contact with
another (rotating) plate at the centre of a (car) wheel. ¸Ú@ harrow, ´one with
@s instead of teeth. ¸Ú@ jockey, ´radio or TÔV broadcaster who introduces
performers and comments on records and tapes of (esp) light and popular music.
¸2 ´(anat) layer of cartilage between vertebrae. ¸a slipped @´, one that is
slightly dislocated.¼
¨dis®card© ²/dIÚskqd/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´throw out or away; put aside,
give up (sth useless or unwanted): ³to @ one's winter underclothing when the
weather gets warm; to @ old beliefs. ¹ n ²/ÚdIskqd/ ´card or cards @ed in a
card game.¼
¨dis®cern© ²/dIÚs3n/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´see clearly (with the eyes or with the mind);
(esp) see with an effort: ³We @ed the figure of a man clinging to the mast of
the wrecked ship. It is often difficult to @ the truth of an event from a
newspaper report. ¸@®ing ³adj ´able to see and understand well. ¸@®ible ²/-Ebl/
³adj ´that can be @ed. ¸@®ment ³n ¶[U] ´@ing; ability to @; keenness in
judging, forming opinions.¼
¨dis®charge©1 ²/ÚdIst2qdZ/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´discharging or being discharged (all
senses, the numbers refer to ³discharge±2´): ³How long will the @µ(1) ³of the
cargo take? The @µ(2) ³of water from the reservoir is carefully controlled.
After his @µ(4) ³from the army, he emigrated to Canada. The prisoners were glad
to get their @µ(4)´. ³He is faithful in the @µ(5) ³of his duties. Will $50 be
enough for the @µ(5) ³of your liabilities? ¸2 ¶[U,C] ´that which is discharged:
³The wound hasn't healedÅthere's still some/a @.¼
¨dis®charge©2 ²/dIÚst2qdZ/ ³vt,vi ¶[VP6A,14] ¸1 ´unload (cargo from) a ship. ¸2
´give or send out (liquid, gas, electric current, etc): ³Where do the sewers @
their contents? The Nile @s itself ´(= flows) ³into ³the Mediterranean.
Lightning is caused by clouds discharging electricity. The wound is still
discharging pus. ¸3 ´fire (a gun, etc); let fly (an arrow or other missile). ¸4
´send (sb) away; allow (sb) to leave: ³to @ a patient from hospital. The
accused man was found not guilty and was @d. The members of the jury were @d´,
set free from their duties. ¸5 ´pay (a debt); perform (a duty): ³a @d
bankrupt´, man who, after being made bankrupt, has done what the court requires
and is now free to act as he wishes.¼
¨dis®ciple© ²/dIÚsñIpl/ ³n ´follower of any leader of religious
thought, art, learning, etc. ¸the Twelve D@s, ´the twelve personal followers of
Jesus Christ.¼
¨dis®ci®pli®nar®ian© ²/*dIsEplIÚneErIEn/ ³n ´person able to maintain
disciplineµ(5)´: ³a good/strict/poor @. He's no @´, does not or cannot maintain
discipline.¼
¨dis®ci®pline©1 ²/ÚdIsIplIn/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´training, esp of the mind and
character, to produce self-control, habits of obedience, etc: ³school @;
military @. ¸2 ¶[U] ´the result of such training; order kept (eÔg among
schoolchildren, soldiers): ³The soldiers showed perfect @ under the fire of the
enemy. The children were clever, but there was not much @ in the school. ¸3
¶[C] ´set rules for conduct; method by which training may be given:
³Pronunciation drill and question and answer work are good @s for learning a
foreign language. ¸4 ¶[U] ´punishment. ¸5 ¶[C] ´branch of knowledge; subject of
instruction. ¸dis®ci®plin®ary ²/ÚdIsIplInErI ³US: ²-nerI/ ³adj ´of or for @:
³to take disciplinary measures; disciplinary punishment.¼
¨dis®ci®pline©2 ²/ÚdIsEplIn/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´apply disciplineµ(1) ´to; train and
control the mind and character of; punish: ³to @ badly behaved children.¼
¨dis®claim© ²/dIsÚkleIm/ ³vt ¶[VP6A,C] ´say that one does not own,
that one has no connection with: ³to @ responsibility for sth; to @ all
knowledge of an incident. ¸@er ³n ´statement that @s: ³to issue/send sb a @er.¼
¨dis®close© ²/dIsÚklE8z/ ³vt ¶[VP6A,14] ·@ (to), ´uncover; allow to be seen;
make known: ³to refuse to @ one's name and address; to @ a secret.
¸dis®clos®ure ²/dIsÚklE8ZE(r)/ ³n ¶[U] ´disclosing or being @d; ¶[C] ´that
which is @d (esp what has been kept secret).¼
¨disco© ²/ÚdIskE8/ ³n ´(colloq) = µdiscotheque.¼
¨dis®col®our© ´(US = ¸-lor´) ²/dIsÚkAlE(r)/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A] ´change, spoil,
the colour of: ³walls @ed by damp. ¸2 ¶[VP2A] ´become changed in colour:
³materials that @ in strong sunlight. ¸dis®col®our®ation ´(US = ¸-lor-´)
²/dIs*kAlEÚreI2n/ ³n ¶[U] ´@ing or being @ed; ¶[C] ´@ed place; stain.¼
¨dis®com®fit© ²/dIsÚkAmfIt/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´baffle; confuse; embarrass.
¸dis®com®fi®ture ²/dIsÚkAmfIt2E(r)/ ³n ¶[U] ´@ing or being @ed.¼
¨dis®com®fort© ²/dIsÚkAmfEt/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´absence of comfort; uneasiness of mind
or body. ¸2 ¶[C] ´sth that causes uneasiness; hardship: ³the @s endured by
explorers in the Antarctic.¼
¨dis®com®mode© ²/*dIskEÚmE8d/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´(formal) put (sb) to inconvenience.¼
¨dis®com®pose© ²/*dIskEmÚpE8z/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´disturb the composure of: ³Don't
let their objections @ you. ¸dis®com®posure ²/-E8ZE(r)/ ³n ¶[U] ´state of being
@d.¼
¨dis®con®cert© ²/*dIskEnÚs3t/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´upset the calmness or
self-possession of: ³The Manager was @ed to discover that he had gone to the
office without putting in his false teeth.¼
¨dis®con®nect© ²/*dIskEÚnekt/ ³vt ¶[VP6A,14] ·@ (from), ´detach from; take (two
things) apart: ³You should @ the TÔV set ´(eÔg by pulling out the plug) ³before
you make adjustments inside it. ¸@ed ³adj ´(of speech or writing) having the
ideas, etc badly connected.¼
¨dis®con®so®late© ²/dIsÚkonsElEt/ ³adj ´unhappy at the loss of sth;
without hope or comfort; inconsolable. ¸@®ly ³adv¼
¨dis®con®tent© ²/*dIskEnÚtent/ ³n ¶[U] ´dissatisfaction; absence of
contentment; ¶[C] ´cause of this; grievance. ¹ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´(usu in the ³pp´)
make dissatisfied: ³to be @ed with one's job. ¸@®ed®ly ²/-IdlI/ ³adv¼
¨dis®con®tinue© ²/*dIskEnÚtInju/ ³vt,vi ¶[VP6A,C,2A] ´cease; give up; put an
end to; come to an end: ³I'm so busy that I shall have to @ (paying) these
weekly visits. ¸dis®con®tinu®ance ²/-ÚtInj8Ens/ ³n¼
¨dis®con®tinu®ous© ²/*dIskEnÚtInj8Es/ ³adj ´not continuous.¼
¨dis®cord© ²/ÚdIskcd/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´disagreement; quarrelling: ³What has brought
@ into the family´, caused its members to be quarrelsome? ¸2 ¶[C] ´difference
of opinion; dispute. ¸3 ¶[U] ´(music) lack of harmony between sounds, notes,
etc sounded together; ¶[C] ´instance of this, offending the ear; clashing sound
that lacks harmony. ¸dis®cor®dance ²/dIÚskcdEns/ ³n ¶[U] ´want of harmony;
disagreement. ¸dis®cor®dant ²/dIÚskcdEnt/ ³adj ¸1 ´not in agreement: ³@ant
opinions. ¸2 ´(of sounds) not harmonious; harsh: ³the @ant noises of motor-car
horns. ¸dis®cor®dant®ly ³adv¼
¨dis®co®theque© ²/ÚdIskEtek/ ³n ´(colloq abbr ¸disco ²/ÚdIskE8/´) ´club or
party where people dance to amplified recorded music played by a ³disc jockey.¼
¨dis®count©1 ²/ÚdIskñ8nt/ ³n ¶[C,U] ´amount of money which may be taken off the
full price, eÔg of goods bought by shopkeepers for resale, of an account if
paid promptly, of a bill of exchange not yet due for payment: ³We give (a) 10
per cent @ for cash´, for prompt payment instead of payment at a later date.
¸Ú@ broker ³n ´(comm) broker who gets a fee for acting as an intermediary
between buyers and sellers. ¸Ú@ house ´(comm) establishment which specialises
in the @ing of bills of exchange. µ¥ discount±2µ(1). ·at a @, ´(of goods) not
in demand; easily obtained; (fig) not in high esteem: ³Is honesty at a @
today?¼
¨dis®count©2 ²/dIsÚkñ8nt ³US: ²ÚdIskñ8nt/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ¸1 ´(comm)
give or receive the present value of a bill of exchange not yet due. ¸2 ´refuse
complete belief to a piece of news, a story, etc; allow for exaggeration: ³You
should @ a great deal of what appears in the newspapers.¼
¨dis®coun®ten®ance© ²/dIsÚkñ8ntInEns/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´(formal) refuse to approve
of; discourage.¼
¨dis®cour®age© ²/dIÚskArIdz/ ³vt ¸1 ¶[VP6A] ´lessen, take away, the courage or
confidence of: ³Don't let one failure @ you: try again. ¸2 ¶[VP14] ·@ sb from
doing sth, ´put difficulties in his way; make it seem not worth while; try to
persuade him not to do it: ³We tried to @ him from climbing the mountain
without a guide. ¸@®ment ³n ¶[U] ´discouraging or being @d; ¶[C] ´sth that @s.¼
¨dis®course© ²/ÚdIskcs/ ³n ¶[C] ´speech; lecture; sermon; treatise. ¹ vi
²/dIÚskcs/ ·@ upon, ´(formal) talk, preach or lecture upon (usu at length).¼
¨dis®cour®teous© ²/dIsÚk3tIEs/ ³adj ´not courteous; impolite: ³It was @ of you
to arrive late. ¸@®ly ³adv ¸dis®cour®tesy ²/dIsÚk3tEsI/ ³n ¶[U] ´impoliteness;
¶[C] ³(pl µ-sies³) ´impolite act.¼
¨dis®cover© ²/dIÚskAvE(r)/ ³vt ¶[VP6A,9,8,10,25] ´find out; get knowledge of,
bring to view (sth existing but not yet known); realize (sth new or
unexpected): ³Columbus @ed America, but did not explore the new continent.
Harvey @ed the circulation of the blood. It was never @ed how he died. I never
@ed how to start the engine. We suddenly @ed that it was too late to catch the
train. We have @ed him to be ´(more usu ³that he is) quite untrustworthy. ¸@er
³n ´person who has made a @y.¼
¨dis®covery© ²/dIÚskAvErI/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´discovering or being discovered: ³a
voyage of @; the @ of new chemical elements; the @ by Franklin that lightning
is electricity. ¸2 ¶[C] ³(pl µ-ries³) ´sth that is discovered: ³He made
wonderful scientific discoveries.¼
¨dis®credit©1 ²/dIsÚkredIt/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´refuse to believe or have
confidence in; cause the truth, value or credit of sth or sb to seem doubtful:
³His theories were @ed by scientists. The judge advised the jury to @ the
evidence of one of the witnesses.¼
¨dis®credit©2 ²/dIsÚkredIt/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´loss of credit or reputation: ³If you
continue to behave in this way, you will bring @ upon yourself. ¸2 ·a @ to,
´person, thing, causing such loss to: ³a @ to the school/to your family. ¸3
¶[U] ´doubt; disbelief. ¸@®able ²/-Ebl/ ³adj ´bringing @: ³@able conduct.
¸@®ably ²/-EblI/ ³adv¼
¨dis®creet© ²/dIÚskrit/ ³adj ´careful, tactful, in what one says and does;
prudent: ³to maintain a @ silence. ¸@®ly ³adv¼
¨dis®crep®ancy© ²/dIÚskrepEnsI/ ³n (pl µ-cies³) ¶[C,U] ´(of statements and
accounts) difference; absence of agreement: ³There was (a) considerable @/There
were numerous discrepancies between the two accounts of the fighting.¼
¨dis®crete© ²/dIÚskrit/ ³adj ´discontinuous; individually distinct. ¸@®ness ³n¼
¨dis®cre®tion© ²/dIÚskre2n/ ³n ¶[U] ¸1 ´being discreet; prudence: ³You must
show more @ in choosing your friends. ·years/age of @, ´the age at which one is
fit to judge and decide for oneself. ·D@ is the better part of valour, ´(prov)
used jokingly to excuse oneself for not taking unnecessary risks. ¸2 ´freedom
to act according to one's own judgement, to do what seems right or best: ³Use
your @. It is within your own @´, You are free to decide. ³You have full @ to
act. ¸@®ary ²/dIÚskre2nErI ³US: ²-nerI/ ³adj ´having @µ(2)´: ³an official with
@ary powers.¼
¨dis®crimi®nate© ²/dIÚskrImIneIt/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP14,3A] ·@ one thing
from another; @ between two things, ´be, make, see, a difference between: ³Can
you @ good books from bad/@ between good and bad books? ¸2 ¶[VP2A,3A] ·@
(against), ´treat differently; make distinctions: ³laws which do not @ against
anyone´, that treat all people in the same way. ¸dis®crimi®nat®ing ³adj ¸1
´able to see or make small differences: ³a discriminating taste in literature.
¸2 ´giving special or different treatment to certain people, countries, etc;
differentialµ(1)´: ³discriminating tariffs/rates/duties.¼
¨dis®crimi®na®tion© ²/dI*skrImIÚneI2n/ ³n ¶[U] ´discriminating; ability to
discriminate: ³Some people do not show much @ in their choice of books. D@
against goods from foreign countries is usually done by means of tariffs. Is
there racial @ in your country? ¸dis®crim®i®na®tory ²/dIÚskrImInEtErI ³US:
²-tcrI/ ³adj ´discriminatingµ(2)´: ³discriminatory legislation.¼
¨dis®cur®sive© ²/dIÚsk3sIv/ ³adj ´(of a person, what he says or does, his
style) wandering from one point or subject to another. ¸@®ly ³adv ¸@®ness ³n¼
¨dis®cus© ²/ÚdIskEs/ ³n ´heavy, round plate of stone, metal or wood, thrown in
ancient Roman and Greek athletic contests and in modern contests (eÔg the
Olympic Games): ³the @ throw´, name used for this contest.¼
¨dis®cuss© ²/dIÚskAs/ ³vt ¶[VP6A,8,10,14] ·@ (with), ´examine and argue about
(a subject): ³to @ a question with sb; to @ (with one's friends) what to do/how
to do it/how something should be done.¼
¨dis®cussion© ²/dIÚskA2n/ ³n ¶[U,C] ´discussing or being discussed; talk for
the purpose of discussing: ³after much @; after several long @s. We had a long
@ about the question. When will the matter come up for @? ·under @, ´being
discussed: ³The question is still under @.¼
¨dis®dain© ²/dIsÚdeIn/ ³vt ¶[VP6A,C,7A] ´look on with contempt;
think (it) dishonourable (to do sth); be too proud (to do sth): ³A good man
should @ flattery. He @ed to notice the insult. He @ed my offer of help. ¹ n
¶[U] ´contempt; scorn: ³No one likes to be treated with @. ¸@®ful ²/-f8l/ ³adj
´showing @: ³@ful looks. ¸@®fully ²/-fElI/ ³adv¼
¨dis®ease© ²/dIÚziz/ ³n ¶[U] ´illness; disorder of body or mind or of plants;
¶[C] ´particular kind of illness or disorder: ³The business of doctors is to
prevent and cure @. Measles, mumps and influenza are common @s. ¸dis®eased
²/dIÚzizd/ ³part adj ´suffering from, injured by, @: ³@d vines; @d in body and
mind.¼
¨dis®em®bark© ²/*dIsImÚbqk/ ³vt,vi ¶[VP6A,14,2A,C] ·@ (from), ´put, go, on
shore (from ´a ship). ¸dis®em®bar®ka®tion ²/*dIs*embqÚkeI2n/ ³n¼
¨dis®em®barrass© ²/*dIsImÚbarEs/ ³vt ¶[VP14] ·@ of, ´(formal) rid (sb, oneself)
from embarrassment; rid (sb, oneself) of a burden: ³to @ oneself of a
burden/charge/responsibility. ¸@®ment ³n¼
¨dis®em®body© ²/*dIsImÚbodI/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´(chiefly in ³pp´) separate, set free
(the soul or spirit) from the body: ³a building haunted by a disembodied
spirit.¼
¨dis®em®bowel© ²/*dIsImÚbñ8El/ ³vt µ(-ll-, ´US also µ-l-) ¶[VP6A] ´cut out
the bowels of.¼
¨dis®en®chant© ²/*dIsInÚt2qnt ³US: ²-Út2ant/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´free from enchantment
or illusion: ³He is quite @ed with the Tory Government. ¸@®ment ³n¼
¨dis®en®cum®ber© ²/*dIsInÚkAmbE(r)/ ³vt ¶[VP6A,14] ·@ (from), ´(formal) free
from encumbrance: ³@ed of his heavy responsibilities.¼
¨dis®en®franchise© ²/*dIsInÚfrant2ñIz/ ³vt ´= µdisfranchise.¼
¨dis®en®gage© ²/*dIsInÚgeIdZ/ ³vt,vi ¶[VP6A,14,2A,C] ·@ (from),
´separate, detach (oneself or sth): ³Two enemy battalions (were) @d from the
battle after suffering heavy casualties. ¸dis®en®gaged ³pp ´(of a person) free
from engagements: ³If the Manager is @d´«, If he is free«. ¸@®ment ³n
´(condition of) being @d: ³the military and economic @ment of the UÔSÔA from
SÔE Asia.¼
¨dis®en®tangle© ²/*dIsInÚtaGgl/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A,14] ·@ (from), ´free, from
complications, tangles or confusion: ³to @ truth from falsehood. ¸2 ¶[VP2A]
´unravel; become clear of tangles: ³This skein of wool won't @´, cannot be @d.
¸@®ment ³n¼
¨dis®equi®lib®rium© ²/*dIsikwIÚlIbrIEm/ ³n ¶[U] ´absence, loss, of equilibrium;
instability.¼
¨dis®es®tab®lish© ²/*dIsIÚstablI2/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´end, break up, an established
state of affairs, esp the constitutional connection between a national Church
(eÔg the Church of England) and the State. ¸@®ment ³n¼
¨dis®favour© ´(US = ¸-favor´) ²/*dIsÚfeIvE(r)/ ³n ¶[U] ´state of being out of
favour; disapproval: ³to regard sth with @; to be in @; to fall into @; to
incur sb's @. ¹ vt ¶[VP6A] ´regard with @; disapprove of.¼
¨dis®figure© ²/dIsÚfIgE(r) ³US: ²-gjEr/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´spoil the appearance or
shape of: ³beautiful scenery @d by ugly advertising signs; a face @d by a
broken nose/an ugly scar. ¸@®ment ³n ¶[U] ´disfiguring or being @d; ¶[C] ´sth
that @s.¼
¨dis®for®est© ²/dIsÚforIst ³US: ²-Úfcr-/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´clear (land) of forests.¼
¨dis®fran®chise© ²/dIsÚfrant2ñIz/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´deprive of rights of
citizenship; (esp) deprive (a place) of the right to send a representative to
parliament or (a citizen) of the right to vote for a parliamentary
representative. ¸@®ment ²/-Úfrant2IzmEnt/ ³n¼
¨dis®gorge© ²/dIsÚgcdZ/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´throw up or out from, or as
from, the throat; (fig) give up (esp sth taken wrongfully).¼
¨dis®grace©1 ²/dIsÚgreIs/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´loss of respect, favour, reputation: ³A
man who commits a crime and is sent to prison brings @ on himself and his
family. There need be no @ in being poor. ·be in @, ´be in a state of having
lost respect, etc: ³He told a lie and is in @. ¸2 a @, ´thing, state of
affairs, person, that is a cause of shame or discredit: ³These slums are a @ to
the city authorities. The continued use of armed forces to settle disputes is a
@ to the rulers of all countries. ¸@®ful ²/-fl/ ³adj ´bringing or causing @:
³@ful behaviour. ¸@®fully ²/-fElI/ ³adv´: ³to behave @fully.¼
¨dis®grace©2 ²/dIsÚgreIs/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ¸1 ´bring disgrace on; be a disgrace to:
³Don't @ the family name. ¸2 ´put (sb) out of favour.¼
¨dis®gruntled© ²/dIsÚgrAntld/ ³adj ·@ (at sth/with sb), ´discontented; in a bad
mood.¼
¨dis®guise©1 ²/dIsÚgñIz/ ³vt ¶[VP6A,16B] ¸1 ´change the appearance, etc of, in
order to deceive or to hide the identity of: ³He @d his looks but he could not
@ his voice. He @d himself as a woman/@d himself by wearing a wig. ¸2 ´conceal;
cover up: ³He @d his sorrow beneath a cheerful appearance/by appearing
cheerful. There is no disguising the fact that«´, The fact that« cannot be
concealed.¼
¨dis®guise©2 ²/dIsÚgñIz/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´disguising; disguised condition: ³He went
among the enemy in @. He went to the ball in the @ of a clown. ¸2 ¶[C,U]
´dress, actions, manner, etc used for disguising: ³a clever @. He had tried all
sorts of @s. She made no @ of her feelings´, did not hide them.¼
¨dis®gust©1 ²/dIsÚgAst/ ³n ¶[U] ·@ (at sth/with sb), ´strong
feeling of dislike or distaste (eÔg caused by a bad smell or taste, a horrible
sight, evil conduct): ³He turned away in @. His @ at the government's policy
caused him to resign.¼
¨dis®gust©2 ²/dIsÚgAst/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´cause disgust in: ³His behaviour @ed
everybody. We were @ed at/by/with what we saw. ¸@®ing ³adj´: @ing political
opinions. ¸@®ing®ly ³adv´: ³He is @ingly (´colloq = extremely³) mean with his
money. ¸@®ed®ly ²/-IdlI/ ³adv ´with @: ³He looked @edly at the dirty room.¼
¨dish©1 ²/dI2/ ³n ¸1 ´shallow, flat-bottomed (often oval or oblong) vessel, of
earthenware, glass, metal, etc from which food is served at table: ³a
·Ú³meat-@. ¸@®ful ²/-f8l/ ³n ´as much as a @ will contain. ¸2 the @es, ´all the
crockery (plates, bowls, cups and saucers, etc) used for a meal: ³to wash up
the @es. ¸Ú@®cloth, ´cloth for washing @es, etc. ¸Ú@®washer, ´power-operated
machine for washing dishes, cutlery, etc. ¸Ú@®water, ´water in which @es have
been washed. ¸3 ´food brought to table on or in a @: ³His favourite @ is steak
and kidney pie. ¸4 ´@-shaped object, esp a large concave reflector for the
reception of radio-waves from outer space, or in radio-telescopes, etc. µ¥ ´the
illus at µradio telescope. ¸5 ´(sl) attractive person: ³She's quite a @. ¸@y
³adj µ(ier, -iest) ´(sl) (of a person) attractive.¼
¨dish©2 ²/dI2/ ³vt ¸1 ¶[15B] ·@ sth up, ´put on or into a @ or @es: ³to @ (up)
the dinner´, get it ready for serving; (fig) prepare, serve up facts,
arguments, etc: ³to @ up the usual arguments in a new form. ·@ sth out,
´distribute it. ¸2 ¶[VP6A] ´(colloq) upset; thwart: ³to @ one's opponents. The
scandal @ed his hopes of being elected.¼
¨dis®habille© ²/*dIsaÚbil/ ³n ¶[U] ´(usu ·in @´) (usu of a woman) the state of
being negligently or partly dressed.¼
¨dis®har®mony© ²/dIsÚhqmEnI/ ³n ¶[U] ´lack of harmony; discord.
¸dis®har®moni®ous ²/*dIshqÚmE8nIEs/ ³adj¼
¨dis®hearten© ²/dIsÚhqtn/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´cause to lose courage or
confidence: ³Don't be @ed by a single failure.¼
¨di®shev®elled© ´(US = ¸-eled´) ²/dIÚ2evld/ ³adj ´with the hair uncombed; (of
the hair and clothes) in disorder; untidy.¼
¨dis®hon®est© ²/dIsÚonIst/ ³adj ´not honest; intended to cheat, deceive or
mislead. ¸@®ly ³adv ¸dis®hon®esty ²/dIsÚonIstI/ ³n ¶[U] ´being @; ¶[C] ´@ act,
etc.¼
¨dis®hon®our© ´(US = ¸-honor´) ²/dIsÚonE(r)/ ³n ¶[U] ¸1 ´disgrace or shame;
loss, absence, of honour and self-respect: ³to bring @ on one's family. ¸2
·a @ to, ´person or thing that brings @ to: ³He was a @ to his regiment. ¹ vt
¶[VP6A] ¸1 ´bring shame, discredit, loss of honour on (sb or sth). ¸2 ´(of a
bank) ³@ a cheque/bill of exchange´, refuse to pay money on it (because the
bank's customer has not enough credit). ¸@®able ²/-Ebl/ ³adj ´without honour;
shameful. ¸@®ably ²/-EblI/ ³adv¼
¨dis®il®lusion© ²/*dIsIÚluZn/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´set free from mistaken beliefs:
³They had thought that the new colony would be a paradise, but they were soon
@ed. ¹ n ¶[U] ´the state of being @ed. ¸@®ment ³n ¶[U] ´freedom from illusions:
³in a state of complete @(ment).¼
¨dis®in®cen®tive© ²/*dIsInÚsentIv/ ³n ¶[C] ´act, measure, etc that tends to
discourage efforts, production, etc: ³Is high taxation a @ to members of the
managerial class?¼
¨dis®in®cli®na®tion© ²/*dIsInklIÚneI2n/ ³n ¶[U,C] ·@ (for sth/to do sth) ´(usu
with ³indef art´) unwillingness: ³Some schoolboys have a strong @ for work. His
@ to meet people worries his wife, who is very sociable.¼
¨dis®in®cline© ²/*dIsInÚklñIn/ ³vt ¶[VP17,14] ´(usu passive) ·be @d for sth; be
@d to do sth, ´be reluctant or unwilling: ³He was @d to help me. The hot
weather made him feel @d for work.¼
¨dis®in®fect© ²/*dIsInÚfekt/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´make free from bacterial
infection: ³The house was @ed after Tom had had scarlet fever. ¸dis®in®fec®tant
²/*dIsInÚfektEnt/ ³adj, n ´@ing (chemical). ¸dis®in®fec®tion ²/*dIsInÚfek2n/ ³n
¶[U] ´(act of) @ing.¼
¨dis®in®fest© ²/*dIsInÚfest/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´get rid of vermin.
¸dis®in®fes®ta®tion ²/*dIsInfeÚsteI2n/ ³n ¶[U]´: ³@ation officer´, person
employed to get rid of vermin (eÔg a rat-catcher).¼
¨dis®in®fla®tion© ²/*dIsInÚfleI2n/ ³n ´(process of) returning from a state of
inflation to a stable or more normal level (in which prices, wages, etc do not
vary much).¼
¨dis®in®genu®ous© ²/*dIsInÚdZenj8Es/ ³adj ´(formal) insincere; not
straightforward. ¸@®ly ³adv ¸@®ness ³n¼
¨dis®in®herit© ²/*dIsInÚherIt/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´take away the right (of sb) to
inherit. ¸dis®in®heri®tance ²/*dIsInÚherItEns/ ³n ¶[U] ´(act of) @ing.¼
¨dis®in®te®grate© ²/dIsÚIntIgreIt/ ³vt,vi ¶[VP6A,2A] ´(cause to) break up into
small parts or pieces: ³rocks @d by frost and rain. ¸dis®in®te®gra®tion
²/dIs*IntIÚgreI2n/ ³n¼
¨dis®inter© ²/*dIsInÚt3(r)/ ³vt µ(-rr-) ¶[VP6A] ´(formal) dig up from the earth
(eÔg from a grave). ¸@®ment ³n¼
¨dis®in®ter®ested© ²/dIsÚIntrEstId/ ³adj ´not influenced by personal feelings
or interests: ³His action was not altogether @. µ¥ uninterested. ¸@®ly ³adv
¸@®ness ³n¼
¨dis®joint© ²/dIsÚdZãInt/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´separate at the joints; take to pieces:
³to @ a chicken.¼
¨dis®jointed© ²/dIsÚdZãIntId/ ³adj ´(eÔg of speech and writing) not connected;
incoherent. ¸@®ly ³adv ¸@®ness ³n¼
¨dis®junc®tive© ²/dIsÚdZAGktIv/ ³adj ¸@ conjunction´, (gram) one expressing
opposition of or contrast between ideas (eÔg ³either« or).¼
¨disk© ³n µ¥ disc.¼
¨dis®like© ²/dIsÚlñIk/ ³vt ¶[VP6A,C] ´not like: ³to @ getting up early/being
disturbed. If you behave like that, you'll get yourself @d´, become unpopular.
¹ ³n ¶[U,C] ´feeling of not liking; feeling against: ³to have a @ of/for cats;
to feel @ for sb. ·take a @ to sb´, begin to @ him. ·likes and @s ²/ÚdIslñIks/,
´preferences and aversions: ³He has so many likes and @s that he is difficult
to please.¼
¨dis®lo®cate© ²/ÚdIslEkeIt ³US: ²-lE8k-/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ¸1 ´put (esp a
bone in the body) out of position: ³He fell from his horse and @d his
collarbone. ¸2 ´put traffic, machinery, business, etc out of order: ³Traffic
was badly @d by the heavy fall of snow. ¸dis®lo®ca®tion ²/*dIslEÚkeI2n ³US:
²-lE8Úk-/ ³n ¶[U,C] ´dislocating or being @d: ³the dislocation of trade caused
by the blocking of the canal.¼
¨dis®lodge© ²/dIsÚlodZ/ ³vt ¶[VP6A,14] ·@ (from), ´move, force (sb or sth) from
the place occupied: ³to @ a stone from a building/the enemy from their
positions. ¸@®ment ³n¼
¨dis®loyal© ²/dIsÚlãIEl/ ³adj ·@ to, ´not loyal to. ¸@ly ²/-ÚlãIElI/ ³adv ¸@®ty
²/-ÚlãIEltI/ ³n ¶[U] ·@ (to), ´being @ (to´); ¶[C] ³(pl µ-ties³) ´@ act, etc.¼
¨dis®mal© ²/ÚdIzmEl/ ³adj ´sad, gloomy; miserable; comfortless: ³@ weather; in
a @ voice. ¸@®ly ²/ÚdIzmElI/ ³adv¼
¨dis®mantle© ²/dIsÚmantl/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ¸1 ´take away fittings, furnishings, etc
from: ³The old warship was @d´, Its guns, armour, engines, etc were taken out.
¸2 ´take to pieces: ³to @ an engine. ¸@®ment ³n ¶[U] ´dismantling (now the usu
word).¼
¨dis®may© ²/dIsÚmeI/ ³n ¶[U] ´feeling of fear and discouragement: ³The news
that the enemy were near filled/struck them with @. He looked at me in (blank)
@. ¹ vt ¶[VP6A] ´fill with @: ³We were @ed at the news.¼
¨dis®mem®ber© ²/dIsÚmembE(r)/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ¸1 ´tear or cut the limbs
from: ³Poor fellow! He was @ed by a pack of wolves. ¸2 ´(fig) divide up (a
country, etc). ¸@®ment ³n¼
¨dis®miss© ²/dIsÚmIs/ ³vt ¶[VP6A,14] ·@ (from), ¸1 ´send away (from one's
employment, from service): ³The servant was @ed for being lazy and dishonest.
The officer was @ed from the service for neglect of duty. ¸2 ´allow to go: ³The
teacher @ed his class when the bell rang. ¸3 ´put away from the mind; stop
thinking or talking about: ³to @ all thoughts of revenge. ¸4 ´(cricket, of the
team that is fielding) put a batsman/a team out: ³The fast bowler @ed Smith for
ten runs. ¸@al ²/-ÚmIsl/ ³n ¶[U,C] ´@ing or being @ed: ³@al from the Navy.¼
¨dis®mount© ²/*dIsÚmñ8nt/ ³vi,vt ¸1 ¶[VP2A,3A] ·@ (from), ´get down (from sth
on which one is riding): ³to @ from one's horse/bicycle. ´(Cf ³alight ´from a
bus, taxi, tram or train.) ¸2 ¶[VP6A] ´remove (sth) from its mount: ³to @ a gun
´(from the gun-carriage). ¸3 ¶[VP6A] ´cause to fall (from a horse, etc). µ¥
joust. ¸@ed ³part adj ´(of cavalry) fighting as infantry.¼
¨dis®obedi®ence© ²/*dIsEÚbidIEns/ ³n ¶[U] ·@ (to), ´failure or refusal to obey:
³acts of @; @ to orders. ¸dis®obedi®ent ³adj ·@ (to), ´not obedient.
¸dis®obedi®ent®ly ³adv¼
¨dis®obey© ²/*dIsEÚbeI/ ³vt ¶[VP6A,2A] ´pay no attention to orders; not obey a
person, a law, etc.¼
¨dis®oblige© ²/*dIsEÚblñIdZ/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´(formal) refuse to be helpful or to
think about another person's wishes or needs: ³I'm sorry to @ you, but last
time I lent you money you did not repay me.¼
¨dis®order© ²/dIsÚcdE(r)/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´absence of order; confusion:
³The burglars left the room in great @. The enemy retreated in @. ¸2 ¶[U]
´absence of order caused by political troubles; ¶[C] ´angry outburst of rioting
caused by political troubles, etc: ³Troops were called out to deal with the @s
in the capital. ¸3 ¶[C,U] ´disturbance of the normal working of the body or
mind: ³a @ of the digestive system; suffering from mental @; @s of the mind. ¹
vt ¶[VP6A] ´put into @: ³a @ed imagination/mind.¼
¨dis®order®ly© ²/dIsÚcdElI/ ³adj ¸1 ´in disorder: ³a @ room/desk. ¸2 ´causing
disturbance; unruly; lawless: ³@ crowds; a @ mob; @ behaviour. ¸a @ house´, a
brothel or a place where illegal gambling is carried on.¼
¨dis®or®gan®ize© ²/*dIsÚcgEnñIz/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´throw into confusion; upset the
working or system of: ³The train service was @d by fog. ¸dis®or®gan®iz®ation
²/dIs*cgEnñIÚzeI2n ³US: ²-nIÚz-/ ³n ¶[U].¼
¨dis®orien®tate© ²/dIsÚcrIEnteIt/, ±dis®orient ²/dIsÚcrIEnt/
³vt ¶[VP6A] ´(lit, fig) confuse (sb) as to his bearingsµ(4)´.¼
¨dis®own© ²/dIsÚE8n/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´say that one does not know (sb or sth), that
one has not, or no longer wishes to have, any connection with (sb or sth): ³The
boy was so wicked that his father @ed him.¼
¨dis®par®age© ²/dIÚsparIdZ/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´say things to suggest that (sb or sth)
is of small value or importance. ¸@®ment ³n ¸dis®par®ag®ing®ly ³adv ´in a
disparaging manner.¼
¨dis®par®ate© ²/ÚdIspErEt/ ³adj ´that cannot be compared in quality, amount,
kind, etc; essentially different. ¹ ³n pl ´things so unlike that comparison is
impossible.¼
¨dis®par®ity© ²/dIÚsparEtI/ ³n ¶[U] ´inequality; difference; ¶[C] ³(pl µ-ties³)
´instance or degree of this: ³@ in age/rank/position; the disparities in the
newspaper accounts of the accident.¼
¨dis®pas®sion®ate© ²/dIÚspa2EnEt/ ³adj ´free from passion; not
taking sides, not showing favour (in a quarrel, etc between others). ¸@®ly ³adv
¸@®ness ³n¼
¨dis®patch©1, des®patch ²/dIÚspat2/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´dispatching or being dispatched
(all senses): ³Please hurry up the @ of these telegrams. ¸2 ¶[C] ´sth
dispatchedµ(1)´, esp, a government, military or newspaper report: ³London
newspapers receive @es from all parts of the world. The soldier was mentioned
in @es´, had his name recorded in accounts of fighting, etc because of his
bravery, etc. µ¥ ³citation ´at µcite. ¸Ú@-box, ´one for official @es.
¸Ú@-rider, ´man who carries military @es (usu on a motor-bike). ¸3 ¶[U]
´promptness; speed: ³to act with @.¼
¨dis®patch©2, des®patch ²/dIÚspat2/ ³vt ¸1 ¶[VP6A,14] ·@ (to), ´send off, to a
destination, on a journey, for a special purpose: ³to @ letters/telegrams; to @
a cruiser to the island to restore order. ¸2 ¶[VP6A] ´finish, get through,
business, a meal quickly. ¸3 ¶[VP6A] ´kill; give the death blow to: ³The
executioner quickly @ed the condemned man.¼
¨dis®pel© ²/dIÚspel/ ³vt µ(-ll-) ¶[VP6A] ´drive away; scatter: ³The wind soon
@led the fog. How can we @ their doubts and fears?¼
¨dis®pens®able© ²/dIÚspensEbl/ ³adj ´that can be done without; not necessary.¼
¨dis®pens®ary© ²/dIÚspensErI/ ³n (pl µ-ries³) ´place where medicines are
dispensed (eÔg in a hospital).¼
¨dis®pen®sa®tion© ²/*dIspenÚseI2n/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´the act of dispensingµ(1) ´or
distributing: ³the @ of justice/charity/food. ¸2 ¶[U] ´ordering or management,
esp of the world by Providence; ¶[C] ´sth arranged by Nature or Providence: ³A
bereavement ´(eÔg the death of a very old person) ³is sometimes called a @ of
Providence. ¸3 ¶[C,U] ´permission to do sth that is usually forbidden, or not
to do sth that is usually required, esp by ecclesiastical law: ³to be granted
@ from fasting during a journey. ¸4 ¶[C] ´religious system prevalent at a
period: ³the Mosaic @´, that of the time of Moses.¼
¨dis®pense© ²/dIÚspens/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A,14] ·@ (to), ´deal out;
distribute; administer: ³to @ charity/alms/one's favours to people; ´(legal)
³to @ justice ´(in law courts). ¸2 ¶[VP6A] ´mix; prepare, give out (medicines):
³to @ a prescription; a dispensing chemist, ´one qualified to do this. ¸3
¶[VP3A] ·@ with, ¸(a) ´do without: ³He is not yet well enough to @ with the
doctor's services. ¸(b) ´render unnecessary: ³The new machinery @s with
hand-labour. ¸dis®penser ³n ¸1 ´person who @s, esp medicines. ¸2 ´container
from which sth can be withdrawn, ejected or otherwise obtained without removing
a cover, lid, etc: ³a @r for liquid soap/toilet powder/paper cups.¼
¨dis®perse© ²/dIÚsp3s/ ³vt,vi ¶[VP6A,2A] ´(cause to) go in different
directions; scatter: ³The police @d the crowd. The crowd @d when the police
arrived. The soldiers were @d ´(= stationed at different points) ³along a wide
front. A prism @s light´, breaks it up into its coloured rays. ¸dis®per®sal
²/dIÚsp3sl/ ³n ¶[U,C] ´dispersing or being @d. ¸dis®per®sion ²/dIÚsp32n ³US:
²-Zn/ ³n ´= µdispersal´, esp of light. ¸the Dispersion, ´the Jews @d among the
Gentiles. µ¥ Diaspora.¼
¨dis®pirit© ²/dIÚspIrIt/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´discourage; dishearten (chiefly in ³pp´):
³to look @ed. ¸@®ed®ly ³adv¼
¨dis®place© ²/dIsÚpleIs/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ¸1 ´put out of the right or usual
position. ¸*@d Úperson, ´refugee left homeless, unable or unwilling to return
to his own country. ¸2 ´take the place of; put sth or sb else in the place of:
³The volunteers were @d by a professional army. Tom has @d Harry in Mary's
affections.¼
¨dis®place®ment© ²/dIsÚpleIsmEnt/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´displacing or being displaced:
³the @ of human labour by machines. ¸2 ¶[C] ´amount of water displaced by a
solid body in it, or floating in it: ³a ship with a @ of 10ÔÔ000 tons.¼
¨dis®play©1 ²/dIÚspleI/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ¸1 ´show; place or spread out so that there
is no difficulty in seeing: ³Department stores @ their goods in the windows.
The peacock @ed its fine tail feathers. ¸2 ´allow to be seen; show signs of
having: ³to @ one's ignorance. She @ed no sign of emotion when she was told of
her son's death.¼
¨dis®play©2 ²/dIÚspleI/ ³n ¶[C,U] ´displaying; show or exhibition: ³a fashion
@´, a showing of new styles in clothes, etc; ³a fine @ of courage; a @ of bad
temper; to make a @ of one's knowledge´, show what a lot one knows; ³to make a
@ of one's affection´, show great affection (whether genuine or not).¼
¨dis®please© ²/dIsÚpliz/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´not please; offend; annoy;
make indignant or angry: ³to @ one's wife; to be @d with sb (for ´doing sth);
³to be @d at sb's conduct. ¸dis®pleas®ing ³adj ·@ (to), ´not pleasing.
¸dis®pleas®ing®ly ³adv¼
¨dis®pleasure© ²/dIsÚpleZE(r)/ ³n ¶[U] ´displeased feeling; dissatisfaction:
³He incurred his father's @. He looked with @ at the meal that was set before
him.¼
¨dis®port© ²/dIÚspct/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ·@ oneself, ´(formal) play; amuse oneself,
eÔg in the sea or in the sunshine.¼
¨dis®pos®able© ²/dIÚspE8zEbl/ ³adj ´made so that it may be (easily) disposed of
after use: ³@ nappies/panties, ´made of soft paper which disintegrates quickly
in water.¼
¨dis®posal© ²/dIÚspE8zl/ ³n ¶[U] ·@ (of), ¸1 ´the act of disposingµ(1,2)´:
³the @ of property, ´eÔg by selling it, leaving it to sb in one's will; ³the @
of rubbish´, getting rid of it; ³a waste-@ unit´, kind of machine that shreds
waste products so that they can be washed away down the drains; ³a Úbomb @
squad´, group of men who, when unexploded bombs are found, try to make them
harmless and remove them; ³the @ of troops´, the method of using them, placing
them in position, etc; ³the @ of business affairs´, settling them. ¸2 ´control;
management: ³In time of war the government must have entire @ of all material
resources. ·at one's @, ´to be used as one wishes: ³He placed $50 at my @. My
car is at your @.¼
¨dis®pose© ²/dIÚspE8z/ ³vi,vt ¸1 ¶[VP3A] ·@ of, ´finish with; get
rid of; deal with: ³to @ of rubbish. He doesn't want to @ of ´(eÔg sell) ³the
land. I think we have @d of all his arguments´, answered them, proved them
unsound. ³The dictator soon @d of his opponents, ´eÔg by putting them in
prison. ¸2 ¶[VP6A,2A] ´place (persons, objects) in good order or in suitable
positions: ³The cruisers were @d in line abreast. ·Man proposes, God @s´,
(prov) Men may propose things, but God determines what shall happen. ¸3 ¶[VP17]
·@ sb to do sth, ´(formal) make willing or ready: ³Your news @s me to believe
that«. The low salary did not @ him to accept the position. I'm not @d/don't
feel @d to help that lazy fellow. ·be well/ill @d (towards), ´be/not be
friendly and helpful: ³Most of the newspapers seem to be well @d towards the
new government.¼
¨dis®po®si®tion© ²/*dIspEÚzI2n/ ³n ¶[C] ¸1 ´arrangement; placing in order: ³the
@ of furniture in a room; a clever @ of troops. ¸2 ´person's natural qualities
of mind and character: ³a man with a cheerful @; a @ to jealousy/to take
offence easily. ¸3 ´inclination: ³There was a general @ to leave early´, Most
people seemed to wish to leave early. ¸4 ´power of ordering and disposing: ³Who
has the @ of this property´, the power or authority to dispose of it?¼
¨dis®pos®sess© ²/*dIspEÚzes/ ³vt ¶[VP14] ·@ sb of sth, ´take away
(property, esp land) from; compel (sb) to give up (the house he occupies): ³The
nobles were @ed of their property after the Revolution. ¸dis®pos®session
²/*dIspEÚze2n/ ³n¼
¨dis®proof© ²/dIsÚpruf/ ³n ¶[U] ´disproving; ¶[C] ´that which disproves; proof
to the contrary.¼
¨dis®pro®por®tion© ²/*dIsprEÚpc2n/ ³n ¶[U] ´the state of being out of
proportion: ³@ in age. ¸@®ate ²/-Úpc2EnEt/ ³adj ·@ (to), ´out of porportion;
relatively too large or small, etc: ³to give a @ate amount of one's time to
games; pay that is @ate to the work done. ¸@®ate®ly ³adv¼
¨dis®prove© ²/*dIsÚpruv/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´prove to be wrong or false.¼
¨dis®put®able© ²/dIÚspjutEbl/ ³adj ´that may be disputed; questionable.¼
¨dis®pu®tant© ²/dIÚspjutEnt/ ³n ´person who disputes.¼
¨dis®pu®ta®tion© ²/*dIspjuÚteI2n/ ³n ¶[U] ´disputing; ¶[C] ´debate,
controversy.¼
¨dis®pu®ta®tious© ²/*dIspjuÚteI2Es/ ³adj ´fond of disputing; inclined to
dispute. ¸@®ly ³adv¼
¨dis®pute©1 ²/dIÚspjut/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´debate, argument. ·in @´: ³The matter in @
´(= being disputed) ³is the ownership of a house. ·beyond/past (all) @,
´unquestionably; undoubtedly: ³This is beyond @ the best book on the subject.
·in @ with, ´engaged in a @ with: ³The workers' union is in @ with the
management. ·without @, ´without fear of contradiction. ¸2 ¶[C] ´quarrel;
argument; controversy: ³There were many religious @s in England during the 17th
century.¼
¨dis®pute©2 ²/dIÚspjut/ ³vi,vt ¸1 ¶[VP2A,3A] ·@ (with/against sb), ´argue,
debate, quarrel in words: ³Some people are always disputing. ¸2 ¶[VP6A,8,10]
´discuss, question the truth or validity of: ³to @ a statement/a claim/a
decision. The election result was @d, ´eÔg it was said that the votes had been
counted wrongly. ³The will was @d, ´eÔg it was said that it had not been made
in correct legal form. ³They were disputing whether to start at once or wait.
They @d (about) how to get the best results. ¸3 ¶[VP6A] ´fight for, try to win:
³Our team @d the victory until the last minute of the game.¼
¨dis®qual®ify© ²/dIsÚkwolIfñI/ ³vt ¶[VP6A,14] ·@ sb (for sth/from
doing sth), ´make unfit or unable: ³His weak eyesight disqualified him for
military service. As he was a professional, he was disqualified from taking
part in the Olympic Games. ¸dis®quali®fi®ca®tion ²/dIs*kwolIfIÚkeI2n/ ³n ¶[U]
´@ing or being disqualified; ¶[C] ´that which disqualifies.¼
¨dis®quiet© ²/dIsÚkwñIEt/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´make troubled, anxious, uneasy: ³@ed by
rumours of war. ¹ n ¶[U] ´anxiety; troubled condition: ³The President's speech
caused considerable @ in some European capitals. ¸@®ing ³adj ´causing @: ³@ing
news. ¸@®ing®ly ³adv ´in a way that causes @: ³a @ingly high percentage of
errors in the examination papers. ¸@®ude ²/dIsÚkwñIEtjud ³US: ²-tud/ ³n ¶[U]
´state of @; uneasiness.¼
¨dis®qui®si®tion© ²/*dIskwIÚzI2n/ ³n ¶[C] ·@ on sth, ´long, elaborate speech
or piece of writing.¼
¨dis®re®gard© ²/*dIsrIÚgqd/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´pay no attention to; show no respect
for: ³to @ a warning/sb's objections to a proposal. ¹ n ¶[U] ´inattention;
indifference; neglect: ³@ of a rule; @ for one's teachers.¼
¨dis®re®pair© ²/*dIsrIÚpeE(r)/ ³n ¶[U] ´the state of needing repair: ³The
building was in bad @´, in great need of being repaired.¼
¨dis®repu®table© ²/dIsÚrepj8tEbl/ ³adj ´having a bad reputation: ³@
bars and clubs; ´not respectable in appearance: ³a @-looking fellow. ·@ to,
´reflecting badly on: ³incidents @ to his character as a priest.
¸dis®repu®tably ²/-tEblI/ ³adv¼
¨dis®re®pute© ²/*dIsrIÚpjut/ ³n ¶[U] ´condition of being disreputable;
discredit: ³The hotel has fallen into @´, no longer has a good reputation.¼
¨dis®re®spect© ²/*dIsrIÚspekt/ ³n ¶[U] ´rudeness; want of respect: ³He meant no
@ by that remark´, did not intend to be impolite. ¸@®ful ²/-f8l/ ³adj ´showing
@: ³to be @ful to sb. ¸@®fully ²/-f8lI/ ³adv´: ³to speak @fully of/about sb.¼
¨dis®robe© ²/dIsÚrE8b/ ³vi,vt ¶[VP6A,2A] ´undress; take off (esp official or
ceremonial robes): ³The Queen @d after the coronation ceremony.¼
¨dis®rupt© ²/dIsÚrApt/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´break up, split, separate by force a State,
an empire, communications, other non-physical things: ³Their quarrels seem
likely to @ the Coalition. ¸dis®rup®tion ²/dIsÚrAp2n/ ³n ¶[U] ´@ing or being
@ed: ³the @ion of the Roman Empire. ¸dis®rup®tive ²/dIsÚrAptIv/ ³adj ´causing
@ion: ³@ive forces.¼
¨dis®sat®is®fac®tion© ²/*dIs*satIsÚfak2n/ ³n ¶[U] ·@ (with sb/sth) (at doing
sth), ´the state of being dissatisfied.¼
¨dis®sat®isfy© ²/dIÚsatIsfñI/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´(usu passive) fail to satisfy; make
discontented. ·be dissatisfied (with sb/sth)/(at doing sth)´: ³to be
dissatisfied with one's salary/at not getting a better salary.¼
¨dis®sect© ²/dIÚsekt/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ¸1 ´cut up (parts of an animal body, plant,
etc) in order to study its structure. ¸2 ´(fig) examine (a theory, argument,
etc) part by part, to judge its value. ¸dis®sec®tion ²/dIÚsek2n/ ³n ¶[U] ´@ing
or being @ed; ¶[C] ´(part of) sth that has been @ed.¼
¨dis®semble© ²/dIÚsembl/ ³vt,vi ¶[VP6A,2A] ´(formal) speak, behave,
so as to hide one's real feelings, thoughts, plans, etc, or give a wrong idea
of them: ³to @ one's emotions. ¸dis®sem®bler ²/-blE(r)/ ³n ´person who @s;
deceiver.¼
¨dis®semi®nate© ²/dIÚsemIneIt/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´distribute or spread widely ideas,
doctrines, etc. ¸dis®semi®na®tion ²/dI*semIÚneI2n/ ³n¼
¨dis®sen®sion© ²/dIÚsen2n/ ³n ¶[U] ´angry quarrelling; ¶[C] ´angry quarrel:
³@(s) between rival groups in politics.¼
¨dis®sent©1 ²/dIÚsent/ ³n ¶[U] ´dissenting; (expression of) disagreement: ³to
express strong @.¼
¨dis®sent©2 ²/dIÚsent/ ³vi ¸1 ¶[VP3A] ·@ from, ´have a different opinion from;
refuse to assent to: ³I strongly @ from what the last speaker has said. ¸2
¶[VP2A,3A] ·@ (from), ´(esp) refuse to accept the religious doctrine of the
Church of England. ¸@er ³n ´(often ³D@´) one who @s (esp as in µ2 ´above).¼
¨dis®ser®ta®tion© ²/*dIsEÚteI2n/ ³n ¶[C] ´long written or spoken account (eÔg
as submitted for a higher university degree): ³a @ on/upon/concerning sth.¼
¨dis®ser®vice© ²/dIsÚs3vIs/ ³n ¶[U,C] ·(a) @ (to), ´harmful or unhelpful
action: ³to do sb a @. The spreading of such ideas is of great @ ´(= is very
harmful) ³to the State.¼
¨dis®sever© ²/dIÚsevE(r)/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´= µsever.¼
¨dis®si®dent© ²/ÚdIsIdEnt/ ³adj ´disagreeing. ¹ ³n ´person who disagrees;
dissenter. ¸dis®si®dence ²/-dEns/ ³n ¶[U] ´disagreement.¼
¨dis®simi®lar© ²/dIÚsImIlE(r)/ ³adj ·@ (from/to), ´not the same; not similar:
³people with @ tastes. ¸@®ity ²/*dI*sImIlÚarEtI/ ³n ¶[U] ´lack of similarity;
¶[C] ³(pl µ-ties³) ´point of difference. ¸dis®sim®ili®tude ²/*dIsIÚmIlItjud
³US: ²-tud/ ³n ´@ity; unlikeness.¼
¨dis®simu®late© ²/dIÚsImj8leIt/ ³vt,vi ¶[VP6A,2A] ´(formal)
dissemble. ¸dis®simu®la®tion ²/dI*sImj8ÚleI2n/ ³n¼
¨dis®si®pate© ²/ÚdIsIpeIt/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A,2A] ´(cause to) disperse, go away:
³to @ fear/doubt/ignorance. ¸2 ¶[VP6A] ´waste (time, money) foolishly: ³He soon
@d his fortune. Don't @ your efforts. ¸dis®si®pated ³part adj ´given up to
foolish and often harmful pleasures: ³to lead a @d life; to fall into @d ways.¼
¨dis®si®pa®tion© ²/*dIsIÚpeI2n/ ³n ¶[U] ´dissipating or being dissipated: ³a
life of @; unwise @ of one's energy.¼
¨dis®so®ci®ate© ²/dIÚsE82IeIt/ ³vt ¶[VP6A,14] ·@ (from), ´separate (in thought,
feeling); not associate with: ³It is difficult to @ the man from his position´,
to think of the man without also thinking of his work and duties. ³A
politician's public and private life should be @d. ³I wish to @ myself from
what has just been said. ¸dis®so®cia®tion ²/dI*sE8sIÚeI2n/ ³n ¶[U]
´dissociating or being @d: ³dissociation of ideas´, keeping them distinct.¼
¨dis®sol®uble© ²/dIÚsolj8bl/ ³adj ´that can be dissolved or disintegrated; (of
non-material things) that can be annulled: ³Is marriage @? ¸dis®solu®bil®ity
²/dI*solj8ÚbIlEtI/ ³n¼
¨dis®so®lute© ²/ÚdIsEljut ³US: ²-lut/ ³adj ´(of persons) given up to immoral
conduct; (of behaviour, etc), evil; vicious: ³to lead a @ life; @ conduct.
¸@®ly ³adv¼
¨dis®sol®ution© ²/*dIsEÚlu2n/ ³n ¶[C,U] ·@ (of), ´breaking up; undoing or
ending (of ´a marriage, partnership, etc); (esp) ending of Parliament before a
general election.¼
¨dis®solve© ²/dIÚzolv/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A] ´(of a liquid) soak into a solid so
that the solid itself becomes liquid: ³Water @s salt. ¸2 ¶[VP2A,3A] ·@ (in),
´(of a solid) become liquid as the result of being taken into a liquid: ³Salt
@s in water. ¸3 ¶[VP6A,14] ·@ (in), ´cause (a solid) to @: ³He @d the salt in
water. ¸4 ¶[VP2A,C] ´disappear; fade away: ³The view @d in mist. ¸5 ¶[VP6A,2A]
´bring to, come to, an end: ³to @ a business partnership/a marriage/Parliament.
Parliament @d.¼
¨dis®son®ance© ²/ÚdIsEnEns/ ³n ¶[U] ´discord; ¶[C] ´combination of
notes that is discordant.¼
¨dis®son®ant© ²/ÚdIsEnEnt/ ³adj ´not harmonious; harsh in tone.¼
¨dis®suade© ²/dIÚsweId/ ³vt ¶[VP6A,14] ·@ sb (from sth/from doing sth), ´advise
against; (try to) turn (sb) away: ³to @ a friend from marrying.¼
¸dis®sua®sion ²/dIÚsweIZn/ ³n ¶[U].¼
¨dis®taff© ²/ÚdIstqf ³US: ²-taf/ ³n ´stick round which wool, flax, etc, is
wound for spinning by hand. ·on the Ú@ side, ´on the mother's side of the
family.¼
¨dis®tance© ²/ÚdIstEns/ ³n ¶[C,U] ¸1 ´measure of space, between two points,
places, etc; being far off: ³In the UÔSÔA @ is measured in miles, not in
kilometres. The house stands on a hill and can be seen from a @ of two miles´,
from two miles away. ³The town is a great @ off´, a long way off. ³My house is
within easy walking @ of the shops´, near enough for me to walk to them easily.
·at a @, ´not too near. ·in the @, ´far away. ·keep sb at a @, ´refuse to let
him become familiar; treat him with reserve. ·keep one's @, ´(fig) not be too
friendly or familiar. ·no @, ´near. ·some @, ´fairly far away. ¸long-@ ³adj
¸(a) ´(of races, journeys, etc) covering an extensive length, area, etc:
³long-@ runners. ¸(b) ´(of telephone calls) to/from a distant place. ¸middle-@
³adj ´(of races, etc) covering a medium-size length or area. ¸the middle-@ ³n
´that part of a view between the foreground and the background. ¸2 ´space of
time: ³to look back over a @ of fifty years; at this @ of time. ¹ vt ¶[VP6A,14]
·@ (from), ´place or keep at a @.¼
¨dis®tant© ²/ÚdIstEnt/ ³adj ¸1 ·@ (from), ´far away in space or
time: ³The school is three miles @ from the station. We had a @ view of Mt
Everest. ¸2 ´far off in family relationship: ³She is a @ cousin of mine. ¸3
´(of degree of similarity) not easily seen: ³There is a @ resemblance between
the cousins. ¸4 ´reserved; not showing familiarity: ³Instead of stopping to
speak, she passed by with only a @ nod. ¸@®ly ³adv ´in a @ manner: ³He is @ly
related to me.¼
¨dis®taste© ²/dIsÚteIst/ ³n ¶[U,C] ·(a) @ (for), ´dislike; aversion: ³a @ for
hard work. He turned away in @. ¸@®ful ²/-f8l/ ³adj ·@ (to), ´disagreeable;
unpleasant: ³It is @ful to me to have to say this, but«. ¸@®fully ²/-f8lI/ ³adv
¸@®ful®ness ²/-f8lnEs/ ³n¼
¨dis®temper©1 ²/dIÚstempE(r)/ ³n ¶[U] ´(method of painting with) colouring
matter (to be) mixed with water and brushed on walls and ceilings. ¹ ³vt
¶[VP6A,22] ´colour with @: ³We @ed the walls green.¼
¨dis®temper©2 ²/dIÚstempE(r)/ ³n ¶[U] ´disease of dogs and some other animals,
with coughing and weakness.¼
¨dis®tend© ²/dIÚstend/ ³vt,vi ¶[VP6A,2A] ´(cause to) swell out (by pressure
from within): ³a @ed stomach/vein. ¸dis®ten®sion ´(US = ¸-tion´) ²/dIÚsten2n/
³n ´@ing or being @ed.¼
¨dis®til© ´(US = ¸-till´) ²/dIÚstIl/ ³vt,vi µ(-ll-) ¸1 ¶[VP6A,15B,14] ·@ sth
(from sth); @ sth off/out, ´change (a liquid) to vapour by heating; cool the
vapour and collect the drops of liquid that condense from the vapour; purify (a
liquid) thus; drive ³out ´or ³off ´impurities thus; make (whisky, essences)
thus: ³Salt water can be @led and made into drinking water. ¸2 ¶[VP6A,2A]
´fall, let fall, in drops: ³flowers that @ nectar. ¸dis®til®la®tion
²/*dIstIÚleI2n/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´@ling or being @led: ³the @lation of malted barley
´(to make whisky). ¸2 ¶[C,U] ´substance obtained by @ling.¼
¨dis®til®ler© ²/dIÚstIlE(r)/ ³n ´person who distils (esp whisky).
¸dis®til®lery ²/-lErI/ ³n (pl µ-ries³) ´place where liquids (eÔg gin, whisky)
are distilled.¼
¨dis®tinct© ²/dIÚstIGkt/ ³adj ¸1 ´easily heard, seen, understood; plain;
clearly marked: ³a @ pronunciation. The earth's shadow on the moon was quite @.
There is a @ improvement in her typing. ¸2 ·@ (from), ´different in kind;
separate: ³Keep the two ideas @, the one from the other. Hares and rabbits are
@ animals. ¸@®ly ³adv ´in a @ manner: ³to speak/remember @ly. ¸@®ness ³n¼
¨dis®tinc®tion© ²/dIÚstIGk2n/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´being, keeping things, different or
distinctµ(2)´; distinguishing, being distinguished, as different; ¶[C]
´instance of this: ³The President shook hands with everyone, without @ of rank.
The @s of birth ´(= The different classes of society into which people are
born) ³are less important than they used to be. It is difficult to make exact
@s between all the meanings of a word. ·a @ without a difference, ´no real
difference at all. ¸2 ¶[C] ´point of difference; that which makes one thing
different from another: ³the @ between poetry and prose. ¸3 ¶[U] ´quality of
being superior, excellent, distinguished: ³a writer/novel of @. ¸4 ¶[C] ´mark
of honour; title; decoration; reward: ³academic @s, ´eÔg a doctor's degree; ³to
win @s for bravery.¼
¨dis®tinc®tive© ²/dIÚstIGktIv/ ³adj ´serving to mark a difference or make
distinct: ³Soldiers wear a @ uniform. ¸@®ly ³adv¼
¨dis®tin®guish© ²/dIÚstIGgwI2/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP14,3A] ·@ one thing
from another; @ between two things, ´see, hear, recognize, understand well, the
difference: ³People who cannot @ between colours are said to be colour-blind.
The twins were so much alike that it was impossible to @ (the) one from the
other. It is not easy to @ cultured pearls from genuine pearls. ¸2 ¶[VP6A]
´make out by looking, listening, etc: ³A person with good eyesight can @
distant objects. ¸3 ¶[VP14] ·@ from, ´be a mark of character, difference:
³Speech @es man from the animals. What @es the hare from the rabbit? ¸4 ¶[VP6A]
·@ oneself, ´behave so as to bring credit to oneself: ³to @ oneself in an
examination. He @ed himself by his courage. ¸@®able ²/-Ebl/ ³adj ·@able (from),
´able to be @ed from sb/sth else: ³Tom is hardly @able from his twin brother.
The coast was hardly @able ´(= could hardly be seen) ³through the haze. ¸@ed
³adj ´famous; well known; remarkable; showing distinctionµ(3)´: ³He is @ed for
his knowledge of economics/@ed as an economist. He has had a @ed career in the
diplomatic service.¼
¨dis®tort© ²/dIÚstct/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ¸1 ´pull, twist, out of the usual shape: ³a
face @ed by pain. A curved mirror @s the features. ¸2 ´give a false account of;
twist out of the truth: ³Newspaper accounts of international affairs are
sometimes @ed. You have @ed my motives. ¸dis®tor®tion ²/dIÚstc2n/ ³n ¶[U] ´@ing
or being @ed; ¶[C] ´instance of this; sth that is @ed.¼
¨dis®tract© ²/dIÚstrakt/ ³vt ¶[VP6A,14] ·@ from, ´draw away sb's attention from
sth: ³The noise in the street @ed me from my reading. What can we do to @ her
mind from the sorrow caused by her child's death? ¸@ed ³adj ·@ed (with/by),
´with the mind confused or bewildered: ³to be @ed with/by anxiety/grief.
¸@®ed®ly ³adv ´in a @ed manner.¼
¨dis®trac®tion© ²/dIÚstrak2n/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´distracting or being
distracted. ¸2 ¶[C] ´sth that distracts, sth annoying and unwelcome: ³Noise is
a @ when you are trying to study. ¸3 ¶[C] ´sth that holds the attention and
gives pleasure: ³He complained that there were not enough @s in the small
village. There are plenty of @s ´(= interesting and amusing things to see and
do) ³in a large city. ¸4 ¶[U] ´wildness or confusion of mind. ·to @´: ³He loves
her to @, ´loves her wildly, passionately. ³You will drive me to @ with your
silly questions.¼
¨dis®train© ²/dIÚstreIn/ ³vi ¶[VP2A,3A] ·@ (upon), ´(legal) seize goods to
compel a person to pay money due (esp rent): ³to @ upon a person's furniture
for rent. ¸dis®traint ³n ´@ing.¼
¨dis®trait© ²/dIÚstreI/ ³adj ´(F) absent-minded; not paying attention.¼
¨dis®traught© ²/dIÚstrct/ ³adj ´distracted; violently upset in mind: ³@ with
grief.¼
¨dis®tress©1 ²/dIÚstres/ ³n ¶[U] ¸1 ´(cause of) great pain, discomfort or
sorrow; (suffering caused by) want of money or other necessary things: ³At the
end of the Marathon race several runners showed signs of @. His wild behaviour
was a great @ to his mother. He spent his fortune in relieving @ among the
poor. ¸2 ´serious danger or difficulty: ³The lifeboat went out to a ship in @.
The ship was flying a @ signal.¼
¨dis®tress©2 ²/dIÚstres/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´cause distressµ(1) ´to: ³I am much @ed to
hear the news of your wife's death. What are you looking so @ed about? Don't @
yourself´, Don't get worried. ¸*@ed Úarea, ´part of a country where there is
serious and continued unemployment. ¸@®ful ²/-f8l/, ¸@®ing ³adjj ´causing or
experiencing @. ¸@®fully ²/fElI/, ¸@®ing®ly ³advv ´in a manner that causes
distress.¼
¨dis®trib®ute© ²/dIÚstrIbjut/ ³vt ¶[VP6A,14] ·@ (to/among), ¸1 ´put
(parts of a set of things) in different places; ´give or send out: ³The firm @d
its profits among its workers. The man had thirty parcels to be @d to houses
all over the town. ¸2 ´spread out (over a larger area): ³to @ manure over a
field. ¸3 ´put into groups or classes. ¸dis®tribu®tor ²/-tE(r)/ ³n ´person or
thing that @s.¼
¨dis®tribu®tion© ²/*dIstrIÚbju2n/ ³n ¶[U] ´distributing or being distributed;
manner of being distributed; ¶[C] ´instance or occasion of distributing: ³They
could not agree about the @ of the profits. Is the @ of wealth uneven in your
country? The pine-tree has a very wide @´, is found in many parts of the
world.¼
¨dis®tribu®tive© ²/dIÚstrIbj8tIv/ ³adj ¸1 ´of distribution: ³the @ trades´, eÔg
railways, shop-keeping. ¸2 ´(gram) referring to each individual, each member of
a class: ³"Each', "every', "either' and "neither' are @ pronouns. ¸@®ly ³adv¼
¨dis®trict© ²/ÚdIstrIkt/ ³n ¸1 ´part of a country: ³a mountainous @; ³purely
agricultural @s. ¸the Lake D@, ´in north-west England. ¸2 ´part of a town or
country marked out for a special purpose: ³the London postal @s, ´eÔg NÔWÔ5,
EÔCÔ4. µ¥ ³postcode ´at µpost±1µ(3)´; ³rural and urban @s, ´for purposes of
local government. ¸@ nurse, ´one who visits people in their homes. ¸the D@ of
Columbia, ´the city of Washington, the Federal government area of the US.¼
¨dis®trust© ²/dIsÚtrAst/ ³n ¶[U,C] ·(a) @ (of), ´doubt or suspicion; want of
trust or confidence: ³The child looked at the big stranger with @. He has a @
of foreigners. ¹ vt ¶[VP6A] ´have no trust in; be doubtful about: ³He would @
his own friends. He @ed his own eyes. ¸@®ful ²/-f8l/ ³adj ´unwilling to trust;
suspicious: ³I was @ful of his motives. ¸@®fully ²/-fElI/ ³adv ¸@®ful®ness ³n¼
¨dis®turb© ²/dIÚst3b/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´break the quiet, calm, peace or
order of; put out of the right or usual position; upset: ³He put his oars in
the water and @ed the smooth surface of the lake. She opened the door quietly
so as not to @ the sleeping child. Don't @ the papers on my desk. ³He was @ed
to hear of your illness/was @ed by the news of your illness. ·@ the peace,
´(legal) cause disorder, rioting, etc.¼
¨dis®turb®ance© ²/dIÚst3bEns/ ³n ¶[U] ´disturbing or being disturbed; ¶[C]
´instance of this; sth that disturbs; disorder (esp social or political): ³Were
there many political @s in the country last year?¼
¨dis®union© ²/dIsÚjunIEn/ ³n ¶[U] ´breaking of what unites; lack of union;
dissension.¼
¨dis®unite© ²/*dIsjuÚnñIt/ ³vt,vi ¶[VP6A,2A] ´(cause to) become separate.¼
¨dis®unity© ²/dIsÚjunEtI/ ³n ¶[U] ´lack of unity; dissension.¼
¨dis®use© ²/dIsÚjus/ ³n ¶[U] ´state of no longer being used: ³rusty from @;
words that have fallen into @. ¸@d ²/dIsÚjuzd/ ³part adj ´no longer used: ³a @d
well.¼
¨di®syl®labic© ´(US = ¸dis®syl®labic´) ²/*dIsIÚlabIk/ ³adj ´of two syllables.
¸di®syl®lable ´(US = ¸dis®syl®lable´), ²/dIÚsIlEbl/ ³n ´@ word or metrical
foot.¼
¨ditch© ²/dIt2/ ³n ´narrow channel dug in or between fields, or at the sides
of a road, etc to hold or carry off water. ·dull as Ú@ water, ´very dullµ(3)
´indeed. µ¥ die±2µ(2). ³¹ vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A,2A] ´make, clean, repair or provide
with @es. ¸2 ¶[VP6A] ´send or throw into a @ (or, sl, the sea); (fig, sl)
abandon: ³The drunken man @ed his car´, drove it into a @. ³The pilot had to @
his plane´, make a forced landing on the sea. ³He's @ed his girlfriend, ´(sl)
suddenly stopped seeing her.¼
¨dither© ²/ÚdIDE(r)/ ³vi ¶[VP2A,C] ´(old use) tremble; (colloq)
hesitate about what to do; be unable to decide. ¹ ³n ´trembling; (colloq)
nervous, uncertain, indecisive state: ³be all of/in a @; have the @s.¼
(colloq) ³be all of a @; have the @s.¼
¨ditto© ²/ÚdItE8/ ³n ´(abbr ¸dÄ, do, ¢Ô´; pl µ@ ²/-tE8z/´) the same (used in
lists to avoid writing words again): ³One hat at $2.25; @ at $4.50. ·say @ to´,
(colloq) say the same thing as; agree with.¼
¨ditty© ²/ÚdItI/ ³n (pl µ-ties³) ´short, simple song.¼
¨di®ur®nal© ²/dñIÚ3nl/ ³adj ´(formal) of the daytime; ´(astron) occupying one
day.¼
¨di®va®gate© ²/ÚdñIvEgeIt/ ³vi ¶[VP2A,3A] ·@ (from), ´(formal) stray; wander
from the point. ¸di®va®ga®tion ²/*dñIvEÚgeI2n/ ³n¼
¨di®van© ²/dIÚvan ³US: ²ÚdñIvan/ ³n ¸1 ´long, low, soft, backless seat. ¸Ú@-bed
´such a seat that can be converted into a bed. ¸2 ´(in Muslim countries) public
audience room; State council or council room.¼
¨dive©1 ²/dñIv/ ³n ¸1 ´the act of diving: ³a graceful @. ¸2 ´(colloq)
disreputable place for the sale of drink, or for gambling.¼
¨dive©2 ²/dñIv/ ³vi ´(US alternative ³pt µdove ²/dE8v/´) ¶[VP2A,C] ·@
(off/from/into), ¸1 ´go head first into water: ³He @d from the bridge and
rescued the drowning child. ¸2 ´(of a submarine) go under water; (of divers) go
under water in a special dress: ³to @ for pearls. ¸Údiving-bell, ´open-bottomed
apparatus which can be lowered into water, supplied with air pumped through
pipes, and used by underwater workers. ¸Údiving-board ´flexible board from
which to @ (eÔg into a swimming pool). ¸Údiving-dress/-suit, ´suit with
weighted boots and an air-tight helmet into which air is pumped through tubes,
used by divers. ¸3 ´go quickly to a lower level; move sth (eÔg the hand)
quickly and suddenly downwards (into sth): ³The aircraft @d steeply. The rabbit
@d into its hole. He @d into his pocket and pulled out a handful of coins.
¸Ú@-bomb ³vt,vi ´(of an aircraft, a ¸Ú@-bomber´) drop bombs at the end of a
steep dive. ¸diver ³n ´person who @s, esp a person who works under water in a
diving-suit.¼
¨di®verge© ²/dñIÚv3dZ/ ³vi ¶[VP2A,3A] ·@ (from), ´(of lines, paths,
opinions, etc) get farther apart from a point or from each other as they
progress; turn or branch away from. ¸di®ver®gence ²/-dZEns/, ¸-gency ²/-dZEnsI/
³n ¶[U] ´diverging; ¶[C] ³(pl µ-ces, -cies³) ´instance of this: ³divergencies
from the normal. ¸di®ver®gent ²/-dZEnt/ ³adj¼
¨di®vers© ²/ÚdñIv3z/ ³adj ´(old use) several; more than one.¼
¨di®verse© ²/dñIÚv3s/ ³adj ´of different kinds: ³The wild life in Africa is
extremely @. ¸@®ly ³adv¼
¨di®ver®sify© ²/dñIÚv3sIfñI/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´make diverse; give variety to: ³a
landscape diversified by hills and woods. ¸di®ver®si®fi®ca®tion
²/dñI*v3sIfIÚkeI2n/ ³n¼
¨di®ver®sion© ²/dñIÚv32n ³US: ²-Zn/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´diverting; the act of turning
sth aside or giving it a different direction: ³the @ of a stream; ¶[C]
´instance of this: ³traffic @s, ´eÔg when traffic is directed by different
routes because of road repairs. ¸2 ¶[C] ´sth which turns the attention from
serious things; sth giving rest or amusement: ³Chess and billiards are his
favourite @s. ¸3 ¶[C] ´method used to turn the attention from sth that one does
not wish to be noticed, as when, in war, the enemy's attention is drawn from
one place by an unexpected attack at another place: ³to create/make a @. ¸@ary
²/dqIÚv32EnErI ³US: ²-ÚZEnerI/ ³adj´: ³a @ary raid. ¸@®ist ³n ´person who
engages in disruptive or subversive activities.¼
¨di®ver®sity© ²/dñIÚv3sEtI/ ³n ¶[U] ´the state of being diverse; variety.¼
¨di®vert© ²/dñIÚv3t/ ³vt ¶[VP6A,14] ·@ (from), ¸1 ´turn in another direction:
³to @ the course of a river; to @ a river from its course; to @ water from a
river into the fields. ¸2 ´amuse; entertain; turn the attention away: ³Some
people are easily @ed. How can we @ her thoughts from her sad loss? ¸@®ing
³adj ´amusing. ¸@®ing®ly ³adv¼
¨Dives© ²/ÚdñIviz/ ³n ´(typical name for a) rich man. µ¥ Luke 16:
19.¼
¨di®vest© ²/dñIÚvest/ ³vt ¶[VP14] ·@ sb of, ¸1 ´(formal) take off (clothes):
³to @ a king of his robes. ¸2 ´take away from: ³to @ an official of power and
authority. ¸3 ´(reflex) get rid of; give up: ³I cannot @ myself of the idea´,
It comes back to my mind.¼
¨di®vide©1 ²/dIÚvñId/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A,15B,14,2A,C] ·@ sth (up/out); @ sth
between/among sb; sth from sth; ´separate; split or break up: ³We @d (up/out)
the money equally. They @d the money between/among themselves. The river @s my
land from his. The Nile @s near its mouth and forms a delta. He @s his time
between London and Cairo. How shall we @ the work up/@ up the work? ¸2 ¶[VP14]
·@ into; @ by, ´find out how often one number is contained in another: ³If you
@ 6 into 30/@ 30 by 6, the answer is 5. ´(With passive force): ³12 @s by 3,
´can be @d by 3. ¸3 ¶[VP14] ·@ into, ´form into smaller parts: ³The house was
divided into flats. ¸4 ¶[VP6A] ´cause disagreement; cause to disagree: ³Please
don't let such a small matter @ us. Opinions are @d on the question´, There are
opposed opinions. ¸5 ¶[VP2A,6A] ´(in Parliament, at debates, etc) part in order
to vote; ´cause to part for this purpose: ³After a long debate, the House @d´,
voted on the question. ³The Opposition does not propose to @ the House on this
question´, does not insist upon the taking of a vote.¼
¨di®vide©2 ²/dIÚvñId/ ³n ´sth that divides, esp a watershed (a line of high
land that separates two different river systems).¼
¨divi®dend© ²/ÚdIvIdend/ ³n ¸1 ´(maths) number to be divided by another. µ¥
divisor. ¸2 ´(comm) (usu periodical) payment of a share of profit, to
shareholders in a business company, or of assets to creditors (eÔg of an
insolvent company), or to a policy holder in a mutual insurance company: ³to
pay a @ of 10 per cent. ¸Ú@-warrant, ´order on a bank to pay a @.¼
¨di®vid®ers© ²/dIÚvñIdEz/ ³n pl ·(pair of) @, ´pair of
measuring-compasses, used for dividing lines or angles, measuring or marking
distances, etc.¼
¨div®i®na®tion© ²/*dIvIÚneI2n/ ³n ¶[U] ´divining, µ¥ divine±3´; discovery of
the unknown or the future by supernatural means; ¶[C] ´clever guess or
forecast.¼
¨di®vine©1 ²/dIÚvñIn/ ³adj ¸1 ´of, from, or like God or a god: ³King Charles I
claimed to rule by @ right´, right given to him by God. ¸D@ Service, ´the
public worship of God. ¸2 ´(colloq) excellent; very beautiful: ³@ weather; a @
hat. She looks @ in that new dress. ¸@®ly ³adv¼
¨di®vine©2 ²/dIÚvñIn/ ³n ´person (usu a priest) learned in theology.¼
¨di®vine©3 ²/dIÚvñIn/ ³vt,vi ¶[VP6A,10,2A] ´discover or learn (sth) about
future events, hidden things, etc by means not based on reason: ³to @ sb's
intentions; to @ what the future has in store.¼
¨di®viner© ²/dIÚvñInE(r)/ ³n ´person who divines, esp one who claims to have
the power of learning the presence of subterranean water, metal, etc by using
a µY´-shaped stick or rod (called a ³di·Ú³vining-rod). µ¥ dowsing.¼
¨di®vin®ity© ²/dIÚvInEtI/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´the quality of being divine, µ¥
divine±1´: ³the @ of Christ; ¶[C] ³(pl µ-ties³) ´divine being. ¸2 ¶[U] ´the
study of theology: ³the @ school at Oxford; a doctor of @ ´(abbr ¸DÔD´).¼
¨di®vis®ible© ²/dIÚvIzEbl/ ³adj ´(maths) that can be divided without remainder:
³8 is @ by 2.¼
¨di®vi®sion© ²/dIÚvIZn/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´dividing or being divided: ³the @ of time
into months, weeks and days; a simple problem in @ ´(eÔg 50²;´5); ³the @ of
labour´, sharing work, giving different kinds of work to different people,
according to their capabilities. ¸2 ¶[C] ´the effect of dividing; one of the
parts into which sth is divided: ³the export @ of a business company. Is that a
fair @ of the money? ¸3 ¶[C] ´line that divides: ³A hedge forms the @ between
his land and mine. The @s between the various classes of society are not so
sharply marked as they used to be. ¸4 ¶[C,U] ´disagreement; separation in
thought, feeling, etc: ³a nation in @. ¸6 ¶[C] ´(Parliament, etc) separation
into two groups for the counting of votes: ³The Bill was read for the second
time without a @. ¸Ú@ bell, ´bell rung to warn members (who are outside the
House) that there is to be a @.¼
¨div®isor© ²/dIÚvñIzE(r)/ ³n ´(maths) number by which another number is
divided. µ¥ dividend(1).¼
¨di®vorce©1 ²/dIÚvcs/ ³n ·@ (from) ¸1 ¶[U] ´legal ending of a
marriage so that husband and wife are free to marry again; ¶[C] ´instance of
this: ³to sue for a @; to take/start @ proceedings; to obtain a @ (from«). ¸2
¶[C] ´ending of a connection or relationship: ³the @ between religion and
science, ´as when science claims or seems to show that religious beliefs have
no foundation.¼
¨di®vorce©2 ²/dIÚvcs/ ³vt ¶[VP6A,14] ·@ (from) ¸1 ´put an end to a marriage by
law: ³Did Mr Hill @ his wife or did she @ him? ¸2 ´(fig) separate (things
usually together): ³What happens to the soul when it is @d from the body?
¸di®vor®cee ²/dI*vcÚsi/ ³n ´@d person.¼
¨divot© ²/ÚdIvEt/ ³n ´piece of turf sliced off by a golf club in making a bad
stroke.¼
¨di®vulge© ²/dñIÚvAldZ/ ³vt ¶[VP6A,14] ·@ (to), ´make known (sth secret).
¸di®vul®gence ²/-dZEns/ ³n¼
¨divvy© ²/ÚdIvI/ ³n (pl µ-vies³) ´(colloq abbr of) dividendµ(2)´, eÔg as
formerly paid by a co-operative society.¼
¨dixie© ²/ÚdIksI/ ³n ´large iron pot in which tea, stew, etc is made or carried
(by soldiers, campers, etc).¼
¨dizzy© ²/ÚdIzI/ ³adj µ(-ier, -iest) ¸1 ´(of a person) feeling as
if everything were turning round, as if unable to balance; mentally confused.
¸2 ´(of places, conditions) causing such a feeling: ³a @ height. ¹ vt ´make @.
¸diz®zily ³adv ¸diz®zi®ness ³n¼
¨djinn© ²/dZIn/ ³n ´= µgenie.¼
¨do©1 ²/dE ³strong form: ²du/ ³anom fin (1st and 2nd person sing pres t ´neg
µdon't ²/dE8nt/³, 3rd person sing pres t µdoes ²/dEz´; ³strong form ²dAz/´, neg
µdoesn't ²/ÚdAznt/´, ³pt µdid ²/dId/´, neg µdidn't ²/ÚdIdnt/´, ³pp µdone
²/dAn/´) ¸1 ´used with the ³main verb ¸(a) ´for neg sentences with ³notÔ´: ³He
didn't go. Don't go yet. ¸(b) ´for interr ´sentences: ³Does/Did he want it?
¸(c) ´after a front-shifted ³adverbial´, etc: ³So hard did they work that«; Not
only did they promise to help, but«. ¸(d) ´to emphasize the positive or
negative nature of a sentence (declarative, interr or imper), always stressed:
³That's exactly what he ·Ú³did say. I tell you I ·Ú³don't like him. ·Ú³Do stop
that noise! ¸2 ´used alone, to refer to a ³main verb ´or ³verb phrase: ¸(a) ´in
comparisons: ³She plays the piano better now than she did ´(iÔe played) ³last
year. ¸(b) ´in question phrases: ³He lives in London, doesn't he? So you want
to be a doctor, do you? ¸(c) ´in answers, comments, etc: ³"They work hard'Å"Oh,
do they?' "Who broke the window?'Å"I did!'¼
¨do©2 ²/du/ ³vt,vi ´(For uses with ³adverbial particles ´and ³preps
µ¥ 15 ´below.) ¸1 (a) ¶[VP2A,6A] ´perform, carry out (an action); busy oneself
with: ³What are you doing now? What shall I do next? I will do what I can. What
does he do for a living´, What is his occupation? ³I have nothing to do. Are
you doing anything tomorrow? There's nothing to do here´, iÔe no means of
passing the time. ³What's done cannot be undone. See what kindness will do´,
Try the effect of kindness. ·do it yourself ´(abbr ¸DÔIÔY´), ´(esp) do house
decorating, furnishing, upkeep, etc oneself (instead of employing professional
workers): (attrib) ³do-it-yourself kits´, materials, etc for doing work of this
kind. ·easier said than done´, easier to talk about than to do. ·No sooner said
than done´, done at once. ·Well begun is half done´, A good start makes it easy
to finish sth. ¸(b) ¶[VP2C] ´act; behave: ³When in Rome do as the Romans do.
You would do well ´(iÔe be wise) ³to take your doctor's advice. ¸2
¶[VP6A,12B,13B] ´(combined with ³nouns ´in many senses) ¸(a) ´produce; make:
³Patience and perseverance will do wonders, ´produce remarkable results. ³I
have done ´(iÔe made) ³six copies. I will do ´(iÔe make) ³a translation for
you/do you a translation. ¸(b) ´work at; be busy with: ³She's doing her
lessons/homework´, etc. ¸(c) ´perform: ³Do your duty. He still has to do his
military service. ·do the ´+ ³gerund´: ³Who'll do the cooking, ´Who'll cook,
who'll undertake the task of cooking? also µ¥ ³get sth done ´at µget(2). ¸(d)
´study; learn: ³Are you doing science at school? He has been doing engineering
at Sheffield University. ¸(e) ´solve; find the answer to: ³I can't do this
sum/this problem in algebra. ¸(f) ´put in order; arrange: ³Please do the
flowers, ´arrange them in vases, etc. ¸(g) ´make tidy: ³Go and do your hair.
¸(h) ´clean, sweep, brush, etc: ³Have you done ´(iÔe brushed) ³your teeth? ¸(i)
´deal with, attend to: ³I will do you next, sir, ´(eÔg at the barber's) I will
attend to you next. ³I have a lot of correspondence to do. ¸(j) ´use, exert:
³do one's best/utmost; do all one can; do everything in one's power. He did his
best to help us. µ¥ ´also µcredit±1µ(7), favour±1µ(4), good±2µ, harm, homage,
honour±1µ(1), injury, justice, ³kindness ´at µkind±2µ, mischief, service, ³a
good/bad turn ´at µturn, wrong. ¸do-gooder ²/*du Úg8dE(r)/ ³n ´(colloq; often
pej´) person who is (over-)zealous to improve people, conditions, etc. ¸3 ´(the
³pp ´and perfect tenses) bring to an end; finish: ¶[VP6A] ³It's done. I've done
it. Will he ever have/be done? ¶[VP3A] ³Have you done ´(iÔe finished) ³with my
pen yet? ¶[VP6C] ³I've done talkingÅI'm going to act. ¸4 ¶[VP3A,6A] ·do (for),
´be good, satisfactory or convenient, enough (for a purpose, for sb): ³These
shoes won't do ´(iÔe are not strong enough) ³for mountain-climbing. This log
will do for a seat/do for us to sit on. This room will do me quite well, ´will
serve my needs. ·make sth do/make do (with sth), ´make sth suffice, provide for
a need: ³Can you make $5 do, ´make this sum cover your expenses? ³Can't you
make that shirt do ´(iÔe wear it) ³for another day? It isn't much but I will
make it do/make do with it, ´manage with it. µ¥ make±1µ(4). ¸5 ¶[VP2A] ´be
fitting, suitable, tolerable: ³This will never do, ´cannot be accepted or
allowed! ³That will do! ´You've said or done enough! ·be done, ´be considered
polite; be the usual custom: ³It's not done to talk with your mouth full. ¸6
¶[VP2A] ´(with passive force; colloq) happen: ³He came to ask what was doing,
´= being done, happening. ³"Can you lend me 50p?'Å"Nothing doing!' ´(sl) No! ¸7
¶[VP2A] ¸(a) ´fare; get on well, badly, etc: ³Everything in the garden is doing
´(= growing) ³well. Roses do well in a clay soil. He's doing well at school.
¸(b) ´(esp of health) make progress: ³The patient is doing quite well. ·How do
you do? ´(formula used when people are formally introduced). ¸8 ¶[VP2B,15A]
´complete (a journey); travel (a distance); go (at a certain speed): ³How many
miles a day did you do during your tour? We've done eighty miles since lunch.
We did the journey in six hours. The car was doing sixty miles an hour. ¸9
¶[VP6A] ´play the part of: ³He does Hamlet well. He does the host admirably,
´is an admirable host. ³I suppose we must do the polite thing, ´(colloq) be
sociable, chat, etc. ¸10 ¶[VP6A,15B] ·do sb (out of sth), ´(colloq) cheat,
swindle, get the better of: ³Please don't think I'm trying to do you. I'm
afraid you've been done. She was done out of her money. He once tried to do me
out of my job, ´supplant me. ¸11 ·do sb/oneself well, ´(colloq) provide food,
comforts, etc for: ³They do you very well at the Bristol Hotel. He does himself
well, ´provides well for his own comfort. ¸12 ¶[VP6A] ´(colloq) visit as a
sightseer; see the sights of: ³Have you done the British Museum yet? ¸13
¶[VP15A] ´cook in the right degree: ³Mind you do the beef well. How would you
like your mutton chop done? µ¥ underdone, ³overdone ´at µoverdo. ·*done to a
Úturn, ´extremely well cooked: ³The steak was done to a turn, ´cooked
perfectly. ¸14 ¶[VP7B] ´(with ³have) ·have to do with, ´be connected with;
result from: ³I know he behaves badlyÅIt all has to do with the way he was
brought up. ·have sth/nothing/not much/a great deal, etc to do with, ´be/not be
connected or concerned with; contribute to: ³He had something to do with ´(=
was in some way connected with, perhaps was responsible for) ³my decision to
teach English. Hard work had a great deal to do with ´(= contributed greatly
to) ³his success. ¸15 ¶[VP2C,3A,15B] ´(uses with ³adverbial particles ´and
³preps´):¼
·do aÚway with, ´abolish, get rid of: ³That department was done away with two
years ago. That's a practice that should be done away with. Our dog is getting
so old and blind that we shall have to do away with him´, have him put to
death.¼
·do well/badly by sb, ´treat, deal with, well/badly: ³A good employer always
does well by good workmen. ·(be) hard Údone by, ´(be) treated unfairly: ³He
complains that he has been hard done by. ·*Do as you would be Údone by, ´(prov)
Treat others as you would like to be treated.¼
·do sb down, ´(colloq) ¸(a) ´get the better of sb (by outwitting or cheating
him). ¸(b) ´speak ill of. µ¥ ³run sb down ´at µrun±1µ(28).¼
·do for sb/sth, ´(colloq) ¸(a) ´act as housekeeper for; perform, esp domestic
services, for: ³Old Mrs Green has been doing for me since my wife died. He
won't employ a housekeeper; he prefers to do for himself. ¸(b) ´manage:
³What/How will you do for water ´(= manage to have supplies of water) ³while
you're crossing the desert? ¸(c) ´(usu passive) ruin; destroy; kill: ³These
shoes are done for´, worn out, useless. ³Poor fellow, I'm afraid he's done
for´, (according to context) ruined in his career, likely to die, etc. ³The
country's done for´, ruined.¼
·do sb in, ´(sl) kill him. ·be done in, ´exhausted: ³The horse was done in
after the race.¼
·do sth out, ´sweep or clean out; put in order: ³Tell Tom to do out the
stables. This room needs doing out. ·do sb out of sth, µ¥ 10 ´above.¼
·do sth over, ´redecorate: ³The dining-room needs doing over. ·do sb over,
´(sl) assault sb.¼
·do sth up, ¸(a) ´restore, repair, renovate: ³The house needs to be done
up/needs doing up´, repainted, restored, etc. ¸(b) ´change the shape of, put
new trimmings, etc on: ³She has been doing up her last summer's hat. ¸(c) ´tie
or wrap up; make into a bundle or parcel: ³Please do up these books and post
them to Mr Smith. ¸(d) ´fasten (a dress or other garment) with buttons, hooks
and eyes, etc: ³She asked me to do up her dress for her at the back. ¸(e) ´(of
a dress, etc) fasten with buttons, etc: ³This dress does up at the back. ¸(f)
´(usu passive) tire out: ³He/His horse was done up (done in ´is more usu)
³after the long ride.¼
·do with sb/sth, ¸(a) ´(meanings as in the examples): ³What did you do with my
umbrella´, Where did you put it, leave it, etc? ³What are we to do with ´(= How
shall we deal with) ³this naughty boy? She didn't know what to do with
herself´, how to occupy her time. ³Tell me what you did with yourselves ´(= how
you passed the time) ³on Sunday. The children didn't know what to do with
themselves for joy/excitement/impatience´, were so happy, excited, etc that
they could not control their feelings. ¸(b) ´tolerate: ³I can't do with him and
his insolence. ¸(c) ´(with ³can, could´) expressing a need or wish: ³You look
as if you could do with ´(= as if you need) ³a good night's sleep. That man
could do with ´(= would look better if he had) ³a shave. I think we can do with
´(= will need) ³two extra loaves today. I could do with a cup of tea.¼
·do without sb/sth, ´dispense with; manage without: ³He can't do without the
services of a secretary. We shall have to do without a holiday this summer. The
hens haven't laid any eggs; we shall have to do without.¼
¨do©3 ²/du/ ³n (pl µdos ´or µdo's ²/duz/³) ¸1 ´(sl) swindle: ³The
scheme was a do from the start. ¸2 ´(colloq) entertainment; party: ³We're going
to a big do at the Fotherington's this evening. ¸3 ´customs, rules: ³Some
teachers have too many do's and don'ts. ¸4 ·fair dos/do's ´(GB, sl) (as an
exclamation) fair shares; let's be fair (eÔg in sharing something).¼
¨do©4 ²/ÚdItE8/ ´(abbr of) µditto.¼
¨do©5, doh ²/dE8/ ³n ´(music) first and eighth of the notes in the musical
octave.¼
¨dob®bin© ²/ÚdobIn/ ³n ´(pet name for a) farm horse.¼
¨doc®ile© ²/ÚdE8sñIl ³US: ²Údosl/ ³adj ´easily trained or controlled: ³a @
child/horse. ¸do®cil®ity ²/dE8ÚsIlEtI/ ³n ¶[U] ´the quality of being @.¼
¨dock©1 ²/dok/ ³n ¸1 ´place in a harbour, river, etc with gates
through which water may be let in and out, where ships are (un)loaded or
repaired: ³to go into/enter/leave @; to be in @. ¸Údry/graving @, ´one from
which water may be pumped out. ¸Úfloating @, ´floating structure that may be
used as a dry @. ¸Úwet @, ´one in which the water may be kept at high-tide
level. ¸Ú@-dues, ´money paid for the use of a @. ¸2 ³(pl) ´number or row of @s
with the wharves, sheds, offices, etc round them. ¸Ú@®yard, ´enclosure with @s
and facilities for building and repairing ships: ³the naval @yard at Chatham.
¸3 ´(US) wharf; ship's berth. ¸@er ³n ´@yard labourer.¼
¨dock©2 ²/dok/ ³vi,vt ¸1 ¶[VP2A] ´(of a ship) come or go into a dock. ¸2
¶[VP6A] ´bring, take, (a ship) into a dock. ¸3 ¶[VP6A] ´couple (two or more
spacecraft) in space; ¶[VP2A] ´perform this manoeuvre.¼
¨dock©3 ²/dok/ ³n ´enclosure in a criminal court for the prisoner: ³to be in
the @.¼
¨dock©4 ²/dok/ ³vt ¶[VP6A,14] ·@ (off), ¸1 ´cut short (an animal's tail). ¸2
´make wages, allowances, supplies, less: ³to @ a workman's wages; to have one's
salary @ed; to @ the soldiers of part of their rations.¼
¨dock©5 ²/dok/ ³n ´common weed with large leaves and small green flowers.¼
¨docket© ²/ÚdokIt/ ³n ¸1 ´summary of the contents of a letter,
document, etc. ¸2 ´(comm) list of goods delivered, jobs done, etc; label on a
package listing the contents, or giving information about use, method of
assembly, etc. ¹ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´enter in or write on a @; label.¼
¨doc®tor© ²/ÚdoktE(r)/ ³n ¸1 ´person who has been trained in medical science.
µ¥ physician, surgeon. ¸2 ´person who has received the highest university
degree: ³D@ of Philosophy. ¹ vt ¶[VP6A] ¸1 ´(colloq) give medical treatment to:
³@ a cold/a child; a @ed tomcat, ´one that has been neutered, µ¥ neuter(³vµ).
¸2 ´make (esp food, drink) inferior by adding sth; add drugs to. ¸3 ´(fig)
falsify accounts, evidence. ¸@®ate ²/ÚdoktErEt/ ³n ´@'s degree.¼
¨doc®tri®naire© ²/*doktrIÚneE(r)/ ³n ´person who wants his doctrines to be put
into practice without allowing for circumstances, considering their suitability
for particular cases, etc. ¹ ³adj ´theoretical; unpractical; dogmatic: ³@
socialism.¼
¨doc®trinal© ²/dokÚtrñInl ³US: ²ÚdoktrInl/ ³adj ´of doctrine(s).¼
¨doc®trine© ²/ÚdoktrIn/ ³n ¶[C,U] ´body of teaching; beliefs and teachings of a
church, political party, school of scientists, etc: ³a matter of @; the @ that
the Pope is infallible.¼
¨docu®ment© ²/Údokj8mEnt/ ³n ´sth written or printed, to be used as a record or
in evidence (eÔg birth, marriage and death certificates): ³@ of title´,
providing evidence of rights, ownership, etc; ³a human @´, number of facts or
incidents that illustrate human nature. ¹ ³vt ²/Údokj8ment/ ¶[VP6A] ´prove by,
supply with, @s: ³to be well @ed. ¸docu®men®ta®tion ²/*dokj8menÚteI2n/ ³n
¶[U]´.¼
¨docu®men®tary© ²/*dokj8ÚmentErI/ ³adj ´consisting of documents: ³@
proof/evidence. ¸*@ (Úfilm) ³n ´cinema or TÔV film showing some aspect of human
or social activity (eÔg the work of the post-office, the lives of fishermen).¼
¨dod®der© ²/ÚdodE(r)/ ³vi ¶[VP2A,C] ´(colloq) walk, move, in a shaky way, as
from weakness or old age: ³to @ along. ¸@er ³n ´person who @s. ¸@®ing, @y ³adjj
´trembling; weak and uncertain in movement.¼
¨dodge©1 ²/dodZ/ ³n ¸1 ´quick movement to evade sth. ¸2 ´(colloq) trick; piece
of deception: ³He's up to all the @s´, knows them all. ¸3 ´(colloq) plan;
method; ingenious way of doing sth.¼
¨dodge©2 ²/dodZ/ ³vt,vi ¶[VP2A,3A,6A] ¸1 ´move quickly to one side, change
position or direction, in order to escape or avoid sth: ³He @d cleverly when I
threw my shoe at him. I @d behind a tree so that he should not see me. You need
to be quick in order to @ the traffic in London nowadays. ¸2 ´get round
(difficulties), avoid (duties, etc) by cunning or trickery: ³to @ military
service. ¸dodger ³n ´person who @s, esp an artful or cunning person.¼
¨dod®gem© ²/ÚdodZEm/ ³n ´(colloq) (at fun fairs, etc) small car, electrically
propelled, (to be) driven on a special platform where there are many others
which have to be avoided or dodged.¼
¨dodgy© ²/ÚdodZI/ ³adj ´(colloq) ¸1 ´artful. ¸2 ´involving risk or loss.¼
¨dodo© ²/ÚdE8dE8/ ³n (pl µ@es, @s ²/-dE8z/³) ´extinct, large, flightless bird
of Mauritius.¼
¨doe© ²/dE8/ ³n ´female fallow-deer, rabbit or hare. ¸Ú@ skin ³n ´skin of a @;
¶[U] ´soft leather made from this skin.¼
¨doer© ²/ÚduE(r)/ ³n ´person who does things (contrasted with persons who
merely talk, etc): ³He's a @, not a talker. ´(Also in compounds, as
³evil-doer´).¼
¨does© ²/dAz/, ¸doesn't ²/ÚdAznt/ µ¥ do±1´.¼
¨doff© ²/dof ³US: ²dcf/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´(old use) take off one's hat, coat, etc.¼
¨dog©1 ²/dog ³US: ²dcg/ ³n ¸1 ´common domestic animal, a friend of
man, of which there are many breeds; male of this animal and of the wolf and
the fox. µ¥ bitch. ¸2 ´(phrases): ·a case of dog eat dog, ´situation, eÔg in
business, where ruthless methods are used. ·die like a dog; die a Údog's death,
´die in shame or misery. ·a dog in the manger, ´person who prevents others from
enjoying sth that is useless to himself. ·dressed like a dog's dinner,
´(colloq) in the height of fashion. ·give/throw sth to the dogs, ´throw it away
as worthless, or as a sacrifice to save oneself. ·give a dog a bad name (and
hang him), ´(prov) give a person a bad reputation, slander him, and the bad
reputation will remain. ·go to the dogs, ´be ruined. ·help a lame dog over a
stile, ´help a person in trouble. ·lead a Údog's life, ´be troubled all the
time. ·lead sb a Údog's life, ´give him no peace; worry him all the time. ·let
sleeping dogs lie, ´(prov) let well alone; not look for trouble. ·look like a
dog's breakfast/dinner, ´(colloq) very untidy; messy. ·love me, love my dog,
´(prov) if you want me as a friend, you must accept my friends as yours. ·not
stand (even) a Údog's chance, ´have no chance at all of beating a stronger
enemy, surviving a disaster, etc. ·be top dog, ´be in a position where one
rules. ·be (the) Úunderdog, ´be in a position where one must always submit. ¸3
´(colloq) ¸the dogs, ´greyhound race-meetings. ¸4 ´(old use; of a man)
worthless, wicked or surly person. ¸5 ´(with ³adjj´, colloq) person: ³He's a
dirty/sly/lucky/gay dog. ¸6 ´(kinds of) mechanical device for gripping, etc. ¸7
³(pl´, also ·Ú³fire-dogs´) metal supports for logs in a fireplace. ¸8
´(compounds): ¸Údog-biscuit, ´hard, thick biscuit for feeding dogs. ¸Údog-cart,
´high, two-wheeled cart, pulled by a horse, with two seats back to back.
¸Údog-collar, ´(colloq) clerical collar. ¸Údog-days, ´period of very hot
weather (July and August). ¸Údog-eared, ´(of a book) having the corners of the
leaves turned down with use. ¸Údog®fish, ´small kind of shark. µ¥ ´the illus at
µsea. ¸Údog®house, ´(US) kennel. ·in the doghouse, ´(colloq) in disgrace or
disfavour. ¸Údog paddle, ´simple swimming stroke in which the arms and legs are
moved in short, quick splashing movements. ¸Údogs®body, ´drudge. ¸*dog Útired,
´tired out, exhausted. ¸Údog®tooth, ´small pyramid-shaped ornament (in
stonework, Norman and Early English architecture). ¸Údog's-tooth, ´checked
pattern (in cloth for men's suits, overcoats, etc). ¸Údog®trot, ´gentle, easy
trot. ¸Údog®watch, ´(on ships) one of the two-hour watches (4 to 6pÔm, 6 to
8pÔm). ¸Údog®wood, ´tree with large white or pinkish flowers in spring.
¸Údog-like ³adj ´like or as of a dog, esp ³dog-like devotion´, the kind of
devotion given by a dog to its master. ¸doggy, doggie ²/ÚdogI ³US: ²ÚdcgI/ ³n
´(child's word for a) dog.¼
¨dog©2 ²/dog ³US: ²dcg/ ³vt µ(-gg-) ¶[VP6A] ´keep close behind, in
the footsteps of: ³dog a suspected thief; ´(fig) ³dogged by misfortune.¼
¨doge© ²/dE8dZ/ ³n ´elected chief magistrate in the former republics of Venice
and Genoa.¼
¨dog®ged© ²/ÚdogId ³US: ²Údcg-/ ³adj ´obstinate; stubborn. ¸@®ly ³adv ¸@®ness
³n¼
¨dog®gerel© ²/ÚdogErEl ³US: ²Údcg-/ ³n ¶[U] ´irregular, inexpert verse.¼
¨doggo© ²/ÚdogE8 ³US: ²Údcg-/ ³adv ¸lie@, ´(sl) lie without making a movement
or sound.¼
¨dogma© ²/ÚdogmE ³US: ²Údcg-/ ³n ¸1 ¶[C] ´belief, system of beliefs, put
forward by some authority (esp the Church) to be accepted as true without
question. ¸2 ¶[U] ´such beliefs collectively.¼
¨dog®matic© ²/dogÚmatIk ³US: ²dcg-/ ³adj ¸1 ´put forward as dogmas: ³@
theology. ¸2 ´(of a person) making purely personal statements as if they were
dogmas; (of statements) put forward in this way without proof. ¸dog®mati®cally
²/-klI/ ³adv¼
¨dog®ma®tism© ²/ÚdogmEtIzEm ³US: ²Údcg-/ ³n ¶[U] ´the quality of being
dogmatic; being dogmatic: ³His @ aroused their opposition.¼
¨dog®ma®tize© ²/ÚdogmEtñIz ³US: ²Údcg-/ ³vi,vt ¶[VP2A] ´make dogmatic
statements; ¶[VP6A] ´express (a principle, etc) as a dogma.¼
¨doh© µ¥ do±5µ.¼
¨doily©, doy®ley, doyly ²/ÚdãIlI/ ³n (pl µ-lies³) ´small, round piece of linen,
lace, etc placed under a dish on a table or under an ornament on a shelf.¼
¨do®ings© ²/ÚduIGz/ ³n pl ´(colloq) things done or being done:
³Tell me about all your @ in London.¼
¨dol®drums© ²/ÚdoldrEmz/ ³n pl ·in the @´, ´(colloq) in low spirits.¼
¨dole©1 ²/dE8l/ ³vt ¶[VP15B] ·@ out, ´distribute food, money, etc in small
amounts. ¹ ³n ¸1 ¶[C] ´sth @d out. ¸2 ¶[U] ¸the @, ´(colloq term for) weekly
payment made under various Insurance Acts in GB (from contributions made by
workers, employers and the State) to an unemployed worker. ·be/go on the @,
´receive/begin to receive such payments.¼
¨dole®ful© ²/ÚdE8lf8l/ ³adj ´mournful; dismal. ¸@ly ²/-fElI/ ³adv¼
¨doll©1 ²/dol/ ³n ¸1 ´model of a baby or person, usu for a child to play with.
¸2 ´(sl) (pretty but silly) girl or woman.¼
¨doll©2 ²/dol/ ³vt,vi ¶[VP15B,2C] ·@ up, ´(colloq) dress (oneself) up smartly:
³She was all @ed up for the party.¼
¨dol®lar© ²/ÚdolE(r)/ ³n ´unit of money (symbol ²:´) in the US, Canada,
Australia and other countries.¼
¨dol®lop© ²/ÚdolEp/ ³n ´(colloq) shapeless quantity of food, etc: ³a @ of cold
rice pudding.¼
¨dolly© ²/ÚdolI/ ³n (pl µ-lies³) ¸1 ´(child's word for a) doll. ¸2 ´small
wheeled frame or platform for moving heavy objects; mobile platform for a heavy
camera. ¸3 ´(sl) attractive, fashionably dressed but silly girl or young
woman.¼
¨dol®men© ²/Údolmen/ ³n ´= µcromlech.¼
¨dol®our© ´(US = ¸-lor´) ²/ÚdolE(r) ³US: ²ÚdE8l-/ ³n ´(poet) grief; sorrow.
¸@®ous ²/-rEs/ ³adj ´sorrowful; distressed; distressing.¼
¨dol®phin© ²/ÚdolfIn/ ³n ´sea animal like a porpoise. µ¥ ´the illus at µsea.¼
¨dolt© ²/dE8lt/ ³n ´stupid fellow; blockhead. ¸@®ish ³adj ´stupid.¼
¨do®main© ²/dE8ÚmeIn/ ³n ´lands under the rule of a government, ruler, etc;
(fig) field or province of thought, knowledge, activity: ³in the @ of science.¼
¨dome© ²/dE8m/ ³n ´rounded roof with a circular base; sth shaped like a @: ³the
rounded @ ´(= summit) ³of a hill. ¸domed ³adj ´rounded: ³a man with a @d
forehead.¼
¨Domes®day Book© ²/ÚdumzdeI b8k/ ³n ´record of the inquiry, made by King
William ²¥ ´in 1086, into the ownership of all the lands in England.¼
¨do®mes®tic© ²/dEÚmestIk/ ³adj ¸1 ´of the home, family, household: ³He has
had a good many @ troubles. What a charming @ scene! ´eÔg of members of a
family happy together at home. ³She's a very @ sort of woman´, prefers home
life to social activities outside the home. ¸2 ´not foreign; native; of one's
own country: ³The government could get neither foreign nor @ loans´, could not
borrow money either abroad or at home. ³This newspaper provides more foreign
news than @ news. ¸3 ´(of animals, etc) kept by, living with, man: ³Horses,
cows and sheep are @ animals. µ¥ wild. ¸do®mes®ti®cally ²/-klI/ ³adv¼
¨do®mes®ti®cate© ²/dEÚmestIkeIt/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ¸1 ´(chiefly in ³pp´) make fond
of, interested in, household work and duties: ³She's not at all @d´, is not
fond of, skilled in, cooking, housekeeping, etc. ¸2 ´tame (animals).
¸do®mes®ti®ca®tion ²/dE*mestIÚkeI2n/ ³n¼
¨do®mes®tic®ity© ²/*domeÚstIsEtI/ ³n ¶[U] ´home or family life.¼
¨domi®cile© ²/ÚdomIsñIl/ ³n ´(formal) dwelling-place; (legal) place where a
person lives permanently.¼
¨dom®i®cili®ary© ²/*domIÚsIlIErI ³US: ²-lIerI/ ³adj ´(formal) of or
to a dwelling-place: ³a @ visit´, one made to a house, etc (eÔg by officials to
search or inspect it, or by a doctor to a patient).¼
¨domi®nant© ²/ÚdomInEnt/ ³adj ¸1 ´having control or authority; dominating; most
important or influential: ³the @ partner in a business. ¸2 ´(of heights)
overlooking others: ³a @ cliff. ¸3 ´(music) fifth note of a scale. ¸@®ly ³adv
¸domi®nance ²/-nEns/ ³n ´being @.¼
¨domi®nate© ²/ÚdomIneIt/ ³vt,vi ¶[VP6A,2A,3A] ·@ (over), ¸1 ´have control,
authority or influence: ³A great man can @ (over) others by force of character.
The strong usually @ (over) the weak. ¸2 ´(of a place, esp a height) overlook:
³The whole valley is @d by this mountain. ¸domi®na®tion ²/*domIÚneI2n/ ³n ¶[U]
´dominating or being @.¼
¨domi®neer© ²/*domIÚnIE(r)/ ³vi ¶[VP2A,3A] ·@ (over), ´act, speak, in a
dominating manner; behave like a tyrant; be overbearing: ³Big boys sometimes @
(over) their small sisters. ¸@®ing ³adj´: ³He's a very @ing sort of fellow´,
likes to @ over others. ¸@®ing®ly ³adv¼
¨Dom®ini®can© ²/dEÚmInIkEn/ ³n, adj ´(friar or nun) of the religious order
founded in 1212 by St Dominic ²/ÚdomInIk/´.¼
¨domi®nie© ²/ÚdomInI/ ³n ´(Scot) schoolteacher.¼
¨do®min®ion© ²/dEÚmInIEn/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ·@ (over), ´authority to rule; control
(over). ¸2 ¶[C] ´territory of a sovereign government. ¸3 ¶[C] ´(old use) one of
the self-governing territories of the British Commonwealth of Nations.¼
¨dom®ino© ²/ÚdomInE8/ ³n (pl µ@es ´or µ@s ²/-nE8z/³) ¸1 ´small,
flat, oblong piece of wood or bone, marked with spots. ¸2 ³(pl ´with ³sing v´)
table game played with 28 of these. ¸3 ´loose cloak with a mask for the upper
part of the face, worn at parties, fancy-dress balls, etc.¼
¨don©1 ²/don/ ³n ¸1 ´(GB) teaching member of a university staff. ¸2 ´Spanish
gentleman; Spanish title (used before a man's name): ³Don Juan. ¸don®nish
²/ÚdonI2/ ³adj ´of or like a donµ(1)´.¼
¨don©2 ²/don/ ³vt µ(-nn-) ¶[VP6A] ´(old use) put on clothing, etc. µ¥ doff.¼
¨do®nate© ²/dE8ÚneIt ³US: ²ÚdE8neIt/ ³vt ¶[VP6A,14] ·@ (to), ´give (eÔg money,
to a charity, etc); contribute. ¸do®na®tion ²/dE8ÚneI2n/ ³n ¶[U] ´giving; ¶[C]
´sth given: ³donations to the Red Cross/the refugee fund.¼
¨done© ²/dAn/ µ¥ do±1µ.¼
¨don®jon© ²/ÚdondZEn/ ³n ´large, strongly fortified main tower of a castle.¼
¨don®key© ²/ÚdoGkI/ ³n (pl µ@s ²/-kIz/³) ´(the common and usu word for an) ass.
µ¥ ´the illus at µdomestic. ¸Ú@ engine, ´small auxiliary steam-engine, esp one
on a ship's deck. ¸Ú@-jacket, ´workman's thick, short coat. ¸Ú@-work ³n
´drudgery.¼
¨do®nor© ²/ÚdE8nE(r)/ ³n ´person who gives sth, eÔg property or money: ³blood
@´, person who gives his own blood for transfusion.¼
¨don't© ²/dE8nt/ ³c ¸1 ´= ³do not; µ¥ do±1µ. ¸2 ·do's and @s, µ¥ do±3µ(3).¼
¨doodle© ²/Údudl/ ³vi ¶[VP2A]³, n ´(colloq) (make) meaningless scrawls or
scribbles (while one is or ought to be paying attention to sth else).¼
¨doodle®bug© ²/ÚdudlbAg/ ³n ´(colloq) flying bomb (a pilotless guided missile)
used by the Nazis against London in 1944.¼
¨doom©1 ²/dum/ ³n ¸1 ´(usu ³sing´) ruin; death; sth evil that is to come: ³to
go to one's @; to send a man to his @. ¸2 ´(also ¸Doomsday ²/ÚdumzdeI/´) the
Day of Judgement; the end of the world. ·till D@sday, ´for ever.¼
¨doom©2 ²/dum/ ³vt ¶[VP6A,14,17] ·@ (to), ´(usu passive) condemn (sb to some
fate/to do sth): (esp in ³pp) @ed to disappointment; @ed to die; poems @ed to
oblivion´, certain to be forgotten.¼
¨door© ²/dc(r)/ ³n ¸1 ´that which closes the entrance to a
building, room, cupboard, safe, etc: ³to open/close/lock, etc the @;
hinged/sliding/revolving @s. The @ opened/was opened and a man came out. ¸back
@, ´@ at the back of the house (to the yard, garden, etc). ¸front @, ´chief @
from a house to the street or road. ·next @, ´(in/to) the next house: ³Who
lives next @ (to you)? I'm just going next @ to see Mrs Jones. ·next @ to,
´(fig) nearly, almost. ·two/three, etc @s away/down/off, ´in the next house but
one/two, etc: ³My brother lives three @s away. ·from @ to @, ¸(a) ´from the @
of one building to the @ of another: ³It was raining heavily, but the taxi took
us from @ to @. ¸(b) ´from house to house: ³He went from @ to @ delivering the
milk/selling encyclopaedias. ´Hence, ¸@-to-@ ³adj´: ³a @-to-@ salesman. ·out of
@s, ´in the open air: ³It's cold out of @s; put an overcoat on. ·within @s,
´inside; in the house. ·at death's @, ´near death. ·lay sth at sb's @, ´say
that he is responsible for it. ·show sb the @, ´lead him out to it (esp when he
is unwelcome). ¸2 ´(fig) means of obtaining or approaching sth: ³a @ to
success; to close the @ against an agreement upon disarmament´, make it
impossible. ¸3 ´(compounds) ¸Ú@®bell, ´bell inside a building, operated by a
button, etc outside. ¸Ú@-case/-frame, ´framework into which a @ fits.
¸Ú@®handle, ´one which releases the latch to open a @. ¸Ú@-keeper, ´person on
duty or on guard at a @ or other entrance. ¸Ú@-knob, ´round knob turned to
release the lock on a @. ¸Ú@-knocker, µ¥ knocker. ¸Ú@®man ²/-mEn/ ³n (pl µ-men³)
´uniformed attendant at the entrance to a hotel, cinema, etc. ¸Ú@-mat, ´rough
mat on which shoes may be wiped. ¸Ú@-nail, ´large-headed nail formerly used to
decorate some @s. ·dead as a @-nail, ´certainly dead. ¸Ú@-plate, ´plate (usu
brass) fastened to a @ and with the name of the person living or working in the
building or room. ¸Ú@-post, ´upright post, part of a frame. ·deaf as a
@-post, ´completely deaf. ¸Ú@®step, ´step up to (usu) an outer @. ¸Ú@®stopper,
´heavy object placed in a @way to prevent the @ from closing. ¸Ú@®way, ´opening
into which a @ fits: ³standing in the @way.¼
¨dope© ²/dE8p/ ³n ¶[U] ¸1 ´thick, heavy liquid used as varnish. ¸2
´(colloq) harmful drug (eÔg opium); narcotic. ¸3 ´(sl) information. ¹ ³vt
¶[VP6A] ´give @µ(2) ´to; make unconscious with a drug or narcotic; stimulate
(eÔg a race-horse) with a drug. ¸@y ²/ÚdE8pI/ ³adj ´(sl) half asleep; (as if)
drugged; stupid.¼
¨Doric© ²/ÚdorIk ³US: ²Údcr-/ ³adj ´(archit) of the oldest and simplest of the
three types of columnµ(1) ´in ancient Greek architecture. µ¥ ´the illus at
µcolumn.¼
¨dor®mant© ²/ÚdcmEnt/ ³adj ´in a state of inactivity but awaiting development
or activity: ³a @ volcano; @ faculties´, mental powers capable of being
developed; ³plants which are @/lie @ during the winter´, alive but not
growing.¼
¨dor®mer© ²/ÚdcmE(r)/ ³n ´(usu ¸Ú@-window´) upright window built in a sloping
roof. µ¥ ´the illus at µwindow.¼
¨dor®mi®tory© ²/ÚdcmItrI ³US: ²-tcrI/ ³n (pl µ-ries³) ´sleeping-room with
several or many beds, esp in a school or institution.¼
¨dor®mouse© ²/Údcmñ8s/ ³n (pl µdormice ²/ÚdcmñIs/³) ´small animal (like a mouse
or squirrel) that sleeps during cold weather in winter.¼
¨dor®sal© ²/Údcsl/ ³adj ´(anat) of, on, near, the back: ³the @ fin, ´eÔg of a
shark. µ¥ ´the illus at µsea.¼
¨dory©1 ²/ÚdcrI/ ³n (pl µ-ries³) ´ship's light, flat-bottomed rowing-boat (eÔg
as used by cod-fishers in N America).¼
¨dory©2 ²/ÚdcrI/ ³n ´(also ¸*John ÚD@´) edible seafish.¼
¨dos®age© ²/ÚdE8sIdZ/ ³n ¶[U] ´giving of medicines in doses; quantity of a
single dose.¼
¨dose© ²/dE8s/ ³n ¶[C] ¸1 ´amount (of medicine) to be taken at one time: ³The
bottle contains six @s. µ¥ salt(4). ¸2 ´(fig, colloq) sth given or taken: ³give
sb a @ of flattery. ¸3 ´(sl) venereal disease: ³give sb a @. ¹ ³vt
¶[VP6A,15B,14] ´give @(s) to: ³to @ oneself with quinine.¼
¨doss© ²/dos/ ³vi ´(GB sl) ¶[VP2C] ·@ down, ´go to bed. ¸Ú@-house
³n ´cheap lodging-house. ¸dos®ser ²/-sE(r)/ ³n ´tramp ³(n,µ3³).¼
¨dos®sier© ²/ÚdosIeI ³US: ²Údcs-/ ³n ´set of papers giving information about a
person or event, esp a person's record.¼
¨dost© ²/dAst/ ³v ´old form, used in ³Thou @´, You do.¼
¨dot©1 ²/dot/ ³n ¸1 ´small round mark (as over the letters i and j); decimal
points: ³dots and dashes´, the marks (eÔg ²Ø ´Å ²Ø ´Å Å ²Ø Ø ´Å ²Ø Ø Ø´) used
for morse signals. ·on the dot, ´(colloq) at the precise moment. ¸2 ´sth like
a dot in appearance: ³We watched the ship until it was a mere dot on the
horizon. ¹ ³vt µ(-tt-) ¸1 ´mark with a dot. ·dot one's/the i's and cross
one's/the t's, ´(fig) make (sth) clear and definite. ¸2 ´make with, cover with,
dots: ³dotted about´, scattered here and there; ³a field dotted with sheep´,
with sheep here and there; ³a dotted line, ´eÔg on a document, for a signature.
·sign on the dotted line, ´(fig) agree without hesitation or protest.¼
¨do®tage© ²/ÚdE8tIdZ/ ³n ¶[U] ´weakness of mind caused by old age: ³He is in
his @´, is growing foolish, is unable to remember things, fails to notice
things, etc. ¸do®tard ²/ÚdE8tEd/ ³n ´person in his @.¼
¨dote© ²/dE8t/ ³vi ¶[VP3A] ·@ on/upon, ´show much, or too much, fondness;
centre one's affections (on): ³She @s on her grandson. Have a doting ´(= very
loving) ³husband.¼
¨doth© ²/dAT/ ³pres t ´old form used for ³does.¼
¨dottle© ²/Údotl/ ³n ´small quantity of tobacco left unsmoked in a pipe.¼
¨dotty© ²/ÚdotI/ ³adj µ(-ier, -iest) ´(colloq) feeble-minded;
idiotic; eccentric.¼
¨double©1 ²/ÚdAbl/ ³adj ¸1 ´twice as (much, large, etc): ³His partner is ill
and he has to do @ work. His income is @ what it was five years ago. There was
a @ knock at the door´, two knocks in quick succession. ³Two @ whiskies,
please´, two glasses of whisky, each with twice the usual portion. ¸2 ´having
two of the same things or parts: ³a gun with a @ barrel; a railway with a @
track; @ doors; @-glazing/@ windows ´(used in cold countries); ³a man with a @
chin´, with a fold of loose flesh below the chin; ³a ship/box/trunk with a @
bottom; a sword with a @ edge; a @ exposure, ´(photo) two exposures on the same
plate or section of film. µ¥ single. ¸3 ´made for two persons or things: ³a @
bed; a @ harness´, for two horses. ¸4 ´combining two things, qualities, etc: ³a
@ advantage; a piece of furniture that serves a @ purpose, ´eÔg one that is a
settee and can be opened out to make a bed; ³a man with a @ character, ´eÔg
Jekyll and Hyde; ³to engage in @ dealing´, be dishonest and deceitful. ¸5 ´(of
flowers) having more than one set or circle of petals: ³@ daffodils.¼
¨double©2 ²/ÚdAbl/ ³adv ¸1 ´twice (as much): ³Many things now cost @ what they
did a few years ago. ¸2 ´in twos; in a pair; in pairs or couples: ³to see @´,
to see two things when there is only one; ³to sleep @´, two to a bed.¼
¨double©3 ²/ÚdAbl/ ³n ¸1 ´twice the quantity: ³Ten is the @ of five. ·@ or
quits, ´the decision by chance (eÔg by throwing dice) whether a person shall
pay twice what he owes, or nothing at all. ¸2 ´person or thing that looks
exactly, or almost exactly, like another: ³She is the @ of her sister. ¸3
´(tennis) game played with two on each side. ·mixed @s, ´a man and woman
against another man and woman. ¸4 ·at the @, ´fast.¼
¨double©4 ²/ÚdAbl/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A,2A] ´make or become twice as great: ³to @
one's income. Money earning good interest will @ itself in time. ¸2 ¶[VP6A,15B]
·@ (up/over/across), ´bend or fold in two: ³Let me @ (over) the shawl and put
it round you. He @d his fists´, clenched them as if ready to fight. ¸3
¶[VP2A,C] ·@ (back), ´turn sharply back in flight (when running to escape
pursuit): ³The fox @d (back) on its tracks. ¸4 ¶[VP15B,2C] ·@ back, ´turn or
fold (sth) back. ·@ up, ¸(a) ´fold (sth) up: ³He @d up his legs and kicked out,
´eÔg when swimming. ¸(b) ´be capable of folding up or rolling up: ³This carpet
is too thick to @ up. ¸(c) ´(of persons) (cause to) bend the body with pain or
in helpless laughter: ³The stone struck him in the stomach and @d him up. He @d
up with the pain of the blow. ¸5 ¶[VP2C,6A] ´do two jobs at the same time;
(of an actor) act two parts in the same play: ³He's doubling as a/doubling the
parts of a company director and a farm worker.¼
¨double©5 ²/ÚdAbl/ ³adj, adv ´(in compounds) ¸*@-Úbarrelled ³adj
´(of a gun) having two barrels; (fig, of a compliment, etc) ambiguous; (of a
surname) compound, hyphened (as ³Smith-Jones´). ¸*@-Úbass ³n ´largest and
lowest-pitched instrument in the violin family. µ¥ ´the illus at µstring.
¸*@-Úbedded ³adj ´(of a room) with two beds or a @ bed. (Cf
³single-/twin-bedded´.) ¸*@ Úbind ³n ´dilemma. ¸*@-Úbreasted ³adj ´(of a coat
or waistcoat) made so as to overlap across the front of the body. ¸*@-Úcheck
³vt ´check±1µ(1)´, twice in order to be certain. ¸*@-Úcross ³vt ¶[VP6A]
´(colloq) cheat or betray. µ¹ ³n ´act of this kind. ¸*@-Údealer ³n ´person who
says one thing and means another; deceiver. ¸*@-Údealing ³n, adj ´deceit(ful)
(esp in business). ¸*@-Údecker ³n ´ship, tram, bus with two decks. µ¥
deck±1µ(2). ¸*@-Údutch ³n ´(colloq) gibberish. ¸*@-Údyed ³adj ´(chiefly fig)
having certain qualities to a very high degree: ³a @-dyed scoundrel´, deeply
stained with guilt. ¸*@-Úedged ³adj ´with two cutting edges; (fig, of an
argument, compliment) that can be understood as being either for or against.
¸*@-Úentry ³n ´system of book-keeping in which each transaction is entered
(written) on the debit side of one account and the credit side of another.
¸*@-Úfaced ³adj ´(= ³two-faced´) insincere. ¸*@-Úfirst ³n ´a first-class
honours degree in two principal subjects gained at the same time. ¸*@-Újointed
³adj ´having joints that allow the fingers (or arms, legs) to move or bend in
unusual ways. ¸*@-Úpark ³vt,vi ´park a car at the side of a car already parked
at the side of a street. ¸*@-Úquick ³adj, adv ´very quick(ly): ³in @-quick
time. ¸*@ Útake ³n ´delayed reaction to a situation. ¸Ú@-talk ³n ´kind of talk
that really means the opposite of, or sth quite different from, what it seems
to mean. ¸Ú@-think ³n ´ability to believe two things at the same time.¼
¨doub®let© ²/ÚdAblIt/ ³n ¸1 ´close-fitting garment for the upper part of the
body, worn by men (about 1400Å1600). ¸2 ´one of a pair, esp one of two words
with the same origin but which have become different in form or meaning, eÔg
³hospital ´and ³hostel.¼
¨dou®bloon© ²/dAbÚlun/ ³n ´(hist) Spanish gold coin.¼
¨doubly© ²/ÚdAblI/ ³adv ´(used before ³adjj´) to twice the extent or amount:
³to be @ careful/sure.¼
¨doubt©1 ²/dñ8t/ ³n ¶[U] ´uncertainty of mind; ¶[C] ´feeling of
uncertainty: ³I have no @ that you will succeed/no @ of your ability. There is
not much @ about his guilt´, He is almost certainly guilty. ³She had her @s
whether he would come. I have my @s as to/about this being true. There is no
room for @´, We can be quite certain about it. ³There is no @ about it´, It is
certain. ³It became a matter of @ ´(= became uncertain) ³whether«. ·in @,
´uncertain: ³When in @ about the meaning of a word, consult a dictionary. He is
in @ (about) what to do. ·beyond/past (all) @; without (a) @, ´certainly:
³Don't worry; he'll come back without @. ·no @, ´very probably: ³He meant to
help, no @, but in fact he has been a hindrance. ·throw @ upon sth, ´suggest
that it is not to be regarded as certain or reliable. µ¥ benefit.¼
¨doubt©2 ²/dñ8t/ ³vt ¶[VP6A,9,10] ·@ (if/whether), ´feel doubt about; hesitate
to believe; question the truth of: ³You cannot @ your own existence. I @ the
truth of this report. Do you @ my word´, think I am not telling the truth? ³I
don't @ that he will come. Can you @ that he will win? I @ whether he will
come. I @ if that was what he wanted.¼
¨doubt®ful© ²/Údñ8tf8l/ ³adj ·@ (about/of), ´feeling doubt; causing doubt;
unreliable: ³I am/feel @ (about) what I ought to do. The future looks very @.
The weather looks very @. It's a @ blessing´, may or may not be one. ³Are you @
of success? He's a @ character´, perhaps dishonest. ³It is a @ neighbourhood´,
one with a bad reputation, one where @ characters live. ¸@ly ²/-fElI/ ³adv¼
¨doubt®less© ²/Údñ8tlIs/ ³adv ´very probably.¼
¨douche© ²/du2/ ³n ´stream of water applied to a part of the body (outside or
inside) for cleaning it or for medicinal purposes; instrument for forcing out
such a stream of water.¼
¨dough© ²/dE8/ ³n ¶[U] ´mixture of flour, water, etc in a paste (for making
bread, pastry, etc); (sl) money. ¸Ú@®nut, ´sweetened @ cooked in deep fat, usu
in the shape of a ring or a ball. ¸@y ²/ÚdE8I/ ³adj ´of or like @; soft;
flabby.¼
¨doughty© ²/Údñ8tI/ ³adj ´(old use, or joc) brave and strong; bold: ³a @
warrior; @ deeds.¼
¨dour© ²/d8E(r)/ ³adj ´severe; stern; obstinate: ³@ looks; @ silence. ¸@®ly
³adv¼
¨douse©, dowse ²/dñ8s/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´put into water; throw water over; (colloq)
extinguish (a light).¼
¨dove©1 ²/dAv/ ³n ¸1 ´kind of pigeon; symbol of peace. ¸Ú@-cote ²/ÚdAvkEt/ ³n
´small shelter or house with nesting-boxes for @s. ·flutter the @-cotes´, alarm
quiet people. ¸2 ´(colloq) member of a group promoting peace. µ¥ hawk±1µ(2).¼
¨dove©2 ²/dE8v/ ³pt ´(US) alternative ³pt ´form of µdive±2µ.¼
¨dove®tail© ²/ÚdAvteIl/ ³n ´joint for two pieces of wood. ¹ ³vt,vi
¶[VP6A,2A,3A] ·@ (with/into), ´join together by means of @s; (fig) fit
(together): ³My plans @ed with his.¼
¨dowa®ger© ²/Údñ8EdZE(r)/ ³n ¸1 ´woman with property or a title from her dead
husband: ³the @ duchess. ¸2 ´(colloq) dignified elderly lady.¼
¨dowdy© ²/Údñ8dI/ ³adj µ(-ier, -iest) ´(of clothes, etc) shabby or
unfashionable; (of a person) dressed in @ clothes. ¸dow®di®ly ³adv ¸dow®di®ness
³n¼
¨dowel© ²/Údñ8El/ ³n ´headless pin or peg for keeping two pieces of wood,
metal, stone, etc together.¼
¨dower© ²/Údñ8E(r)/ ³n ¸1 ´widow's share of her husband's property.
¸2 ´dowry. ¸3 ´gift of nature (eÔg beauty, intelligence). ¹ ³vt ´provide with a
@.¼
¨down©1 ²/dñ8n/ ³n ¶[U] ´first, soft feathers of young birds; soft
under-feathers of birds (as used for pillows and cushions); fine soft hair, eÔg
the first hair that comes on a boy's face; the soft hair on some plants and
seeds (eÔg the thistle).¼
¨down©2 ²/dñ8n/ ³adv part ¸1 ´(with ³vv ´of motion) from a high(er) level to a
low(er) level: ³The sun went @. The flag was hauled @ at sunset. If you can't
jump @, climb @. Some kinds of food go @ ´(= can be swallowed) ³more easily
than others. ¸2 ´(with ³vv ´of motion) from an upright position to a horizontal
position: ³He was knocked @ by a bus. If you're tired, go and lie @. He's @ ´(=
ill in bed) ³with flu. Don't hit a man when he's @´, (fig) attack him when he
has suffered misfortune, etc. ¸3 ´(with ³vv ´indicating change of stance but
not of position in space) to or in a lower position or direction: ³Sit @,
please. The tall man bent @ to speak to me. ¸4 ´(with ³vv ´indicating position
or state): ³Mary isn't @ yet´, is not yet dressed and downstairs. ³We can't use
the telephoneÅthe lines are all @´, on the ground, eÔg after a storm. ³The
river is @´, back to its normal height, eÔg after a flood. ¸5 ´from a more
important place (eÔg the capital) to a less important place; from an inland
place to the coast; from the university: ³We went @ to Brighton ´(eÔg from
London) ³for the weekend. The Bill was sent @ ´(from the House of Lords) ³to
the House of Commons. ¸6 ´(used with ³vv ´to indicate reduction to a smaller
volume, a lower degree, a state of less activity, etc): ³The heels of my shoes
have worn @. Boil the fat @. The wind died @. The sea is @/has calmed @´, is,
has become, calm. ³The fire is burning @´, getting low. ³One of the back tyres
is @´, is flat or getting flat. ³The clock has run @´, needs to be wound up.
³The temperature has gone @. The price of fruit is @. ¸7 ´(used with reference
to writing) on paper: ³to write sth @; to get sth @, ´write it. ³Please take @
this letter´, write it (eÔg in shorthand) as I dictate it. ³Put me @/Put my
name @ for 50p, ´eÔg as willing to give this sum. ³I see you're @ ´(= your name
appears in the programme) ³for a speech at the next meeting. ¸8 ´from an
earlier time (to a later time): ³the history of Europe @ to 1914; looking @
through the ages; coming @ to modern times. ¸9 ´including the lower limit in a
series: ³from ocean liners @ to rowing-boats. ¸10 ´(in various phrases) ·D@
with, ´let us be rid of: ³D@ with the grammarians! ·@ under, ´(colloq) on the
other side of the world from Europe (eÔg Australia). ·up and @, ´to and fro:
³walking up and @. ·money/cash Ú@, ´payment at the time of purchase (contrasted
with credit): ³You must pay $10 @. ´Hence ¸Ú@ payment. ·be @ and out, ´(colloq)
¸(a) ´(boxing) be knocked out, unable to resume the fight. ¸(b) ´(fig) be
beaten in the struggle of life; be unemployed and without money. Hence,
¸*@-and-Úout ³n ¶[C]. ·get @ to work/business, ´start work in real earnest. ·be
@ on sb, ´feel ill-will towards him. ·@ in the dumps, ´(colloq) dejected; in
low spirits. ·@ in the mouth, ´(colloq) sad-looking. ·@ on one's luck,
´(colloq) having suffered misfortune. ·come Ú@ in the world, ´fall to a lower
social position. ·come @ on sb, ´scold or rebuke him sharply. ¸*@-to-Úearth
³adj ´concerned with realities; practical (contrasted with ³impractical, vague,
idealistic´): ³He's a @-to-earth sort of fellow.¼
¨down©3 ²/dñ8n/ ³prep ¸1 ´from a high(er) to a low(er) level: ³to
run @ a hill. The tears ran @ her face. Her hair was hanging @ her back. ¸2 ´at
a lower part of: ³Oxford is farther @ the river. ¸3 ´along (not necessarily
with reference to a lower level): ³I was walking @ the street. He has gone @
town´, from one of the outlying parts, eÔg a suburb, to the business or
shopping quarters of the town. µ¥ downtown. ·@ (the) wind, ´(of a boat) with
the wind behind. ¸4 ´(of time) from a farther to a nearer period: ³@ the ages.¼
¨down©4 ²/dñ8n/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´(colloq) bring, put, knock, down: ³to @ a player
with a tackle; to @ a glass of beer´, empty the glass. ·@ tools, ´(of workers)
refuse to work, go on strike.¼
¨down©5 ²/dñ8n/ ³n ·ups and @s, ´changes in fortune, prosperity, etc: ³have
one's ups and @s; the ups and @s of life. ·have a @ on sb, ´feel ill-will
towards him.¼
¨down®beat© ²/Údñ8nbit/ ³n ´(music) first beat of a bar (when the conductor's
hand moves down).¼
¨down®cast© ²/Údñ8nkqst ³US: ²-kast/ ³adj ´(of a person) depressed;
discouraged; sad; (of eyes) looking downwards.¼
¨down®fall© ²/Údñ8nfcl/ ³n ´(usu ³sing) ¸1 ´heavy fall (of rain, etc). ¸2
´(fig) ruin; fall from fortune or power: ³His @ was caused by gambling and
drink.¼
¨down®grade© ²/*dñ8nÚgreId/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´reduce to a lower grade or rank.¼
¨down®hearted© ²/*dñ8nÚhqtId/ ³adj ´in low spirits; depressed.¼
¨down®hill© ²/*dñ8nÚhIl/ ³adv ´in a downward sloping direction. ·go @, ´(fig)
get worse (in health, fortune, etc).¼
¨Down®ing Street© ²/Údñ8nIG strit/ ³n ´street in London with official residence
of the Prime Minister; (hence) the British Government: ³What does @ think of
the matter?¼
¨down®pour© ²/Údñ8npc(r)/ ³n ´(usu ³sing) ´heavy fall (esp of rain): ³to be
caught in a @.¼
¨down®right© ²/Údñ8nrqIt/ ³adj ¸1 ´forthright; honest; frank: ³He has a @
manner. He is a @ sort of person. ¸2 ´thorough; complete: ³It's a @ lie. It's @
nonsense. ¹ ³adv ´thoroughly: ³He was @ rude. ¸@®ness ³n¼
¨downs© ²/dñ8nz/ ³n ¸1 ´expanse of open high land. ¸the North/South D@s, ´the
chalk uplands of S England. ¸2 the D@s, ´the sea off the coast of Kent (SÔE
England): ³anchor in the D@s.¼
¨down®stairs© ²/*dñ8nÚsteEz/ ³adv ´to, at, on, of, a lower floor; down the
stairs: ³He went @ to breakfast. Our neighbours @ ´(= on the lower floor) ³are
very noisy. Your brother is waiting @. ¸down®stair(s) ³adj´: ³the @(s)
rooms.¼
¨down®town© ²/Údñ8ntñ8n/ ³adv ´(esp US) to or in the lower part of a town; to
or in the main or business part of a town: (attrib) ³@ New York; a @ movie
theatre.¼
¨down®trod®den© ²/Údñ8ntrodn/ ³adj ´oppressed; kept down and treated badly.¼
¨down®ward© ²/Údñ8nwEd/ ³adj ´moving, leading, going, pointing, to what is
lower: ³a @ slope; on the @ path; prices with a @ tendency. ¸down®ward(s) ³adv
´towards what is lower: ³He laid the picture face @s on the table. The monkey
was hanging head @s from the branch.¼
¨downy© ²/Údñ8nI/ ³adj ´of, like, covered with, down. µ¥ down±1µ.¼
¨dowry© ²/Údñ8ErI/ ³n (pl µ-ries³) ¶[C] ´property, money, brought by a bride to
her husband.¼
¨dowse© ²/dñ8s/ ³vt µ¥ douse.¼
¨dows®ing© ²/Údñ8zIG/ ³n ¶[U] ´searching for underground water or metals by
using a µY´-shaped stick or rod. µ¥ diviner. ¸dows®er ³n ´person who does
this.¼
¨dox®ol®ogy© ²/dokÚsolEdZI/ ³n (pl µ-gies³) ´words of praise to God, used in
church services (eÔg "Glory be to God«').¼
¨doyen© ²/ÚdãIEn/ ³n ´senior member of the diplomatic corps in a capital city,
or a society, profession, etc.¼
¨doy®ley©, doyly ³n ´= µdoily.¼
¨doze© ²/dE8z/ ³vi ¶[VP2A,C] ´sleep lightly; be half asleep. ·@ off, ´fall
lightly asleep: ³He @d off ³during the sermon. ¹ n ¶[C] ´short, light sleep.¼
¨dozen© ²/ÚdAzn/ ³n ´(also used attrib, ³pl ´unchanged) ¸1 ´twelve: ³Eggs are
35p a @. I want three @ of these. Pack them in @s´, in sets or groups of
twelve. ·talk nineteen to the @, ´talk incessantly. ¸2 ·@s of, ´a large number
of: ³I've been there @s of times.¼
¨drab© ²/drab/ ³adj ¸1 ´(also as ³n´) dull muddy brown. ¸2 ´(fig) dull;
uninteresting; monotonous: ³a @ existence. ¸@®ly ³adv ¸@®ness ³n¼
¨drachm© ²/dram/ ³n ¸1 ´= µdram(1). ¸2 ´(archaic) small quantity.¼
¨drachma© ²/ÚdrakmE/ ³n ´ancient Greek silver coin; modern Greek unit of
currency.¼
¨dra®co®nian© ²/drEÚkE8nIEn/ ³adj ´of a rigorous law or code of laws; harsh:
³@ measures.¼
¨draft©1 ²/drqft ³US: ²draft/ ³n ¶[C] ¸1 ´outline (usu in the form of rough
notes) of sth to be done: ³a @ for a speech/letter; ´preliminary version: ³a @
for a Parliamentary Bill; ´rough sketch: ³a @ for a machine. ¸2 ´written order
for payment of money by a bank; drawing of money by means of such an order: ³a
@ for $500 upon London, ´eÔg one written by a Paris bank upon its London
branch. Hence, ¸Úbank-@´. ¸3 ´group of men chosen from a larger group for a
special purpose; (US) group of men conscripted for the armed forces. ¸the @,
´conscription. ¸Ú@ card, ´card summoning a man to serve in the armed forces. ¸4
´(US)draught.¼
¨draft©2 ²/drqft ³US: ²draft/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ¸1 ´make a draftµ(1) ´of: ³to @ a
speech. ¸2 ´choose men for a draftµ(3)´; (US) conscript (a man) for the armed
forces: ³to be @ed into the Army. ¸@®ee ²/*drqÚfti ³US: ²*draÚfti/ ³n ´(US) man
@ed for military service. ¸@®ing ³n ´the act of @ing; way in which sth is
@edµ(1)´: ³a @ing committee, ´eÔg of a Parliamentary Bill. ³The @ing of this
section of the Bill is obscure.¼
¨drafts®man© ²/ÚdrqftsmEn ³US: ²Údrafts-/ ³n (pl µ-men³) ´man who
prepares draftsµ(1)´, esp in engineering and architecture; person responsible
for the careful and exact wording of a legal document, or a (clause in a)
parliamentary bill.¼
¨drafty© ²/ÚdrqftI ³US: ²ÚdraftI/ ³adj µ(-ier, -iest) ´(US) =
µdraughty.¼
¨drag©1 ²/drag/ ³n ¸1 ´sth that is dragged, eÔg a net (¸Ú@-net´) pulled over
the bottom of a river (eÔg to catch fish); a heavy harrow pulled over the
ground to break up the soil. ¸2 ´(colloq) sth or sb that slows down progress
because heavy, dull, etc: ³His wife has been a @ on him all his life´, has
hindered him in his career. ³Do we have to take your sister with us? She's such
a @. µ¥ drag±2µ(3). ¸3 ¶[U] ´(sl) ´woman's clothes worn by a man: ³"As you Like
It' performed in @, ´with the women's parts acted by men dressed as women. ¸4
´(sl) puff at a cigarette or cigar.¼
¨drag©2 ²/drag/ ³vt,vi µ(-gg-) ¸1 ¶[VP6A,15B,14] ´pull along (esp with effort
and difficulty): ³to @ a heavy box out of a cupboard. The escaped prisoner was
@ged from his hiding-place. ·@ sb into doing sth, ´involve him unwillingly in
an undertaking: ³He hates parties; we had to @ him into going. ¸2
¶[VP6A,15B,2A,C] ´(allow to) move slowly and with effort; (allow to) trail: ³to
walk with @ging feet. He could scarcely @ himself along. The ship @ged its
anchor/The ship's anchor @ged during the night´, it failed to hold, was drawn
along the sea bottom. ·@ one's feet, ´go forward slowly, unwillingly (often
fig): ³We suspect the Government of @ging their feet. ·@ up (a child),
´(colloq) (contrasted with µbring up´) educate, train, etc it badly. ¸3
¶[VP2A,C] ·@ (on), ´(of time, work, an entertainment) go on slowly in a dull
manner: ³Classwork often @s towards the end of term´, pupils lose interest.
³The performance @ged on. Time seemed to @. ·@ out, ´make longer (in time):
³@ out a meeting/an argument/a performance. ¸4 ¶[VP6A,2A] ´use nets, tools, etc
to search the bottom of a river, lake, etc (usu for sth lost or missing): ³They
@ged the river for the missing child.¼
¨drag®gled© ²/Údragld/ ³adj ´(often ¸be®@´) wet, dirty or muddy (as
if dragged through mud, etc).¼
¨drago®man© ²/ÚdragE8mEn/ ³n (pl µ@s³) ´guide and interpreter (esp in
Arabic-speaking countries).¼
¨dragon© ²/ÚdragEn/ ³n ´fabulous creature like a crocodile or snake, often with
wings and claws, able to breathe out fire, often guarding a treasure;
(colloq) fierce person.¼
¨drag®on®fly© ²/ÚdragEnflñI/ ³n (pl µ-flies³) ´insect with a stick-like body
and two pairs of large wings. µ¥ ´the illus at µinsect.¼
¨dra®goon© ²/drEÚgun/ ³n ´horse-soldier; cavalryman. ¹ ³vt ¶[VP6A,14] ·@ sb
(into doing sth), ´force him (to do sth), harass him.¼
¨drain©1 ²/dreIn/ ³n ¸1 ´pipe, channel, trench, etc for carrying away water,
sewage and other unwanted liquids; ³(pl) ´system of pipes and sewers for
carrying away waste liquid, etc from buildings; (US) plug-hole: ³There's a bad
smell; something wrong with the @s, I suppose. ·go down the @, ´(fig) be
wasted. ¸Ú@®pipe, ´pipe used in a system of @s. ¸2 ´(fig) sth that continually
uses up force, time, wealth, etc; cause of weakening or loss: ³Military
expenditure has been a great @ on the country's resources. All this extra work
was a @ on his strength. ¸Úbrain @, ´movement of trained technical and
scientific personnel from one country to another (because of better
opportunities, etc). ¸3 ´(colloq) small drink; mouthful: ³Don't drink it all;
leave me a @!¼
¨drain©2 ²/dreIn/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP15B,2C] ·@ away/off, ´(of liquid) (cause to)
run or flow away: ³Dig trenches to @ the water away/off. The water will soon @
away/off. ¸2 ¶[VP2A,6A] ´(of land, etc) make, become, dry as water flows away:
³to @ swamps/marshes. Land must be well @ed for some crops. These fields @ into
the river. Leave the dishes on the board to @. ¸Ú@®ing-board, ´board at the
side of a sink, on which washed dishes, etc are placed to @. ¸3
¶[VP6A,15B,14,2C] ·@ (away/off); @ (of), ´(fig) (cause to) lose (strength,
wealth, etc) by degrees: ³The country was @ed of its manpower and wealth by
war. His life was slowly @ing away, ´eÔg of a man bleeding to death. ¸4
¶[VP6A,22] ´drink; empty: ³to @ a glass dry.¼
¨drain®age© ²/ÚdreInIdZ/ ³n ¶[U] ¸1 ´draining or being drained.
¸Ú@-basin, ´area drained by a river. ¸2 ´system of drainsµ(1)´. ¸3 ´that which
is drained away or off; sewage.¼
¨drake© ²/dreIk/ ³n ´male duck.¼
¨dram© ²/dram/ ³n ¸1 ´unit of weight: (apothecaries' weight) 60 grains (8 drams
= 1 oz or 31²Ø´1 grams); (avoirdupois weight) 27²U ´grains (16 drams = 1 oz or
28²Ø´35 grams). µ¥ App 5. ¸2 ´small drink of alcoholic spirits: ³He's fond of a
@´, eÔg of whisky.¼
¨drama© ²/ÚdrqmE/ ³n ¸1 ¶[C] ´play for the theatre, radio or TÔV; ¶[U] ¸(the)
@, ´composition, presentation and performance of such plays: ³a student of
(the) @; to be interested in (the) @. ¸2 ¶[C,U] ´series of exciting events.¼
¨dra®matic© ²/drEÚmatIk/ ³adj ¸1 ´of dramaµ(1)´: ³@ performances; @ criticism.
¸2 ´sudden or exciting, like an event in a stage play: ³@ changes in the
international situation. ¸3 ´(of a person, his speech, behaviour) showing the
feelings or character in a lively or exaggerated way. ¸dra®mati®cally ²/-klI/
³adv ´in a @ manner. ¸dra®mat®ics ³n ´(usu with ³sing v´) ¸1 ´@µ(1) ´works
or performances by amateurs: ³Are you interested in amateur @s? ¸2 ´@µ(3)
´speech, behaviour, etc.¼
¨drama®tis per®sonae© ²/*dramEtIs p3ÚsE8nñI/ ³n pl ´(Lat) (list of the)
characters in a play.¼
¨drama®tist© ²/ÚdramEtIst/ ³n ´writer of plays.¼
¨drama®tize© ²/ÚdramEtñIz/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ¸1 ´put a story, novel, etc into the
form of a drama. ¸2 ´treat (a situation, etc) as if it were a drama.
¸drama®tiz®ation ²/*dramEtñIÚzeI2n ³US: ²-tIÚz-/ ³n ¶[C,U].¼
¨drank© ²/draGk/ ³pt ´of µdrink.¼
¨drape© ²/dreIp/ ³vt ¶[VP6A,14] ¸1 ·@ (round/over), ´hang curtains,
cloth, a cloak or other garment in folds round or over sth: ³to @ curtains
over a window; to @ a cloak over one's shoulders/a flag over the coffin. ¸2 ·@
(with), ´cover or decorate: ³walls @d with flags; a doorway @d with a heavy
curtain. ¸3 ·@ (round/over), ´allow to rest loosely: ³He @d his legs over the
arms of his chair. ¹ ³n ¶[C] ´(chiefly US) cloth hung in folds; curtain.¼
¨dra®per© ²/ÚdreIpE(r)/ ³n ´(GB) shopkeeper who sells cloth, linen, clothing,
etc. ¸@y ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´@'s trade; goods sold by a @: (attrib) ³a @y
business/store. ¸2 ¶[C,U] ³(pl µ-ries³) ´materials used for garments,
hangings, curtains, etc; such materials arranged in folds.¼
¨dras®tic© ²/ÚdrastIk/ ³adj ´(of actions, methods, medicines) having a strong
or violent effect: ³@ measures to cure inflation´, eÔg a steep increase in the
bank rate; ³@ remedies to cure an illness. ¸dras®ti®cally ²/-klI/ ³adv¼
¨drat© ²/drat/ ³vt µ(-tt-) ´(used chiefly in exclamations; dated, colloq)
curse: ³D@ that child! That @ted ´(= cursed) ³boy!¼
¨draught© ´(US = ¸draft´) ²/drqft ³US: ²draft/ ³n ¸1 ¶[C,U] ´current of air in
a room, chimney or other enclosed place: ³You'll catch cold if you sit in a @.
Turn the electric fan on and make a @. There's not enough @ up the chimney;
that's why the fire doesn't burn well. ¸2 ¶[C] ´the pulling in of a net of
fish(es). ¸3 ¶[U] ´depth of water needed to float a ship: ³vessels of shallow
@; a ship with a @ of ten feet. µ¥ draw±2µ(13). ¸4 ¶[U] ´drawing of liquid from
a container (eÔg a barrel): ³beer on @; @ beer. ´Cf ³bottled beer. ¸5
¶[C] ´(amount drunk during) one continuous process of swallowing: ³a @ of
water; to drink half a pint of beer at a @. ¸6 ³(pl, ´with ³sing v) ´(US =
³checkers´) table game for two players using 24 round pieces (called
¸Ú@s(men)´) on a board with 32 black and 32 white squares. ¹ ³vt µ¥ draft±2µ.
¸Ú@-horse, ´one that pulls heavy loads. µ¥ ³pack-horse ´at µpack±1µ(1).
¸draughts®man ²/ÚdrqftsmEn ³US: ²Údra-/ ³n (pl µ-men³) ¸1 ´= µdraftsman. ¸2
´piece used in @s, µ¥ 6 ´above.¼
¨draughty© ´(US = ¸drafty´) ²/ÚdrqftI ³US: ²ÚdraftI/ ³adj µ(-ier, -iest) ´with
draughtsµ(1) ´blowing through: ³a @ room.¼
¨draw©1 ²/drc/ ³n ¸1 ´the act of drawing (in various senses): ³the @ for the
fourth round of the tennis tournament. When does the @ take place´, When will
the winning numbers for the lottery, etc, be drawn? ³The game ended in a @´,
neither side won. ³Our team has had five wins and two @s this season. ¸2 ´sb
or sth that attracts attention, µ¥ draw±2µ(5)´: ³Mr A is always a great @ at
political meetings´, is a popular speaker. ³The new play is a great @´, many
people are going to the theatre to see it. ¸3 ·be quick/slow on the @´,
quick/slow at pulling out a sword, revolver, etc; (fig) quick/slow to
understand.¼
¨draw©2 ²/drc/ ³vt,vi (pt µdrew ²/dru/³, pp µdrawn ²/drcn/³) ¸1
¶[VP6A,15B,14] ´move by pulling: ³to @ a boat (up) out of the water/on to the
beach; to @ one's chair up to the table; to @ sb aside´, eÔg to speak to him
quietly; ³to @ on/off one's socks/gloves/tights; ³to @ a curtain across a
window; to @ down the blinds ´(of windows); ³to @ one's belt tighter; to @
one's pen through a word, ´cross it out. ³The fisherman drew in his net. ¸2
¶[VP6A,15B] ´(esp) move by pulling after or behind: ³a train @n by two
locomotives; tractor-@n ploughs. The wagon was being @n by two horses. ¸3
¶[VP6A,15B,14] ·@ (out); @ (from/out of), ´take or get out by pulling; extract:
³to @ a cork, ´out of a bottle; ³to @ nails from a plank; ³to have a tooth @n;
to @ stumps´, (cricket) pull them out at the end of play; ³to @ trumps´, (in
card games such as bridge) cause them to be played; ³to @ cards from a pack; to
@ for partners´, eÔg when about to play a card game, allow this to decide the
question; ³to @ lots, µ¥ lot±2µ(1)´; ³to @ the winner´, get a ticket, etc at a
lottery, on which there is a payment, prize, etc; ³to @ a gun (on sb)´, take it
from its holster, ready for use. ·@ a blank, ´find nothing. ·@ sb's teeth,
´make him harmless. ¸4 ¶[VP6A,14] ·@ (from/out of), ´obtain from a source: ³to
@ water from a well; to @ cider/beer from a cask/barrel; to @ one's salary; to
@ money from the bank/from one's account; to @ rations´, get, receive, supplies
(of food, etc) from a store; ³to @ inspiration from nature. What moral are we
to @ from this story? ·@ it mild, ´(originally of beer; fig) be moderate; not
exaggerate. ·@ tears/applause, etc, ´be the cause of: ³Her singing drew long
applause. ¸5 ¶[VP6A,14,15B,2A] ·@ (to), ´attract: ³Street accidents always @
crowds. The film drew large audiences. He drew ´(= called) ³my attention to a
point I had overlooked. She didn't feel @n towards him´, There was nothing in
his character, behaviour, etc that attracted her. ¸6 ¶[VP6A,15B] ´take in: ³to
@ a deep breath; stop to @ breath´, to rest after exertion. ·@ one's first/last
breath, ´be born/die. ¸7 ¶[VP2A] ´(of a chimney, etc) allow a current of air to
flow through; be built so that air and smoke pass up or through. ³This chimney
@s badly. This cigar does not @ well. ¸8 ¶[VP6A,15B] ·@ sb (out), ´cause,
persuade, (a person) to talk, show his feelings, etc: ³He was not to be @n´, He
refused to say anything about the matter. ³He has many interesting stories of
his travels if you can @ him out. ¸9 ¶[VP2C,D] ´move; come (in the direction
indicated by the ³adv´, etc): ³Christmas is @ing near. The day drew to its
close. The two ships drew level. The favourite began to @ ´(= gain) ³on the
other runners. The Queen's horse quickly drew away from the others´, went ahead
of them. ³Everyone drew back in alarm. When the enemy saw how strong our forces
were, they drew off´, went back. ¸10 ¶[VP6A,15B] ´cause to move or come (in the
direction indicated by the ³adv´, etc): ³He drew himself up to his full
height´, stood in an erect, stiff attitude. ¸11 ¶[VP6A,2A] ´make with a pen,
pencil, chalk, etc: ³to @ a straight line/a circle; to @ a
picture/plan/diagram; to @ a horse. She @s well. ´(fig) describe in words: ³The
characters in Jane Austen's novels are well @n. ·@ a distinction (between),
´point out differences; show the dividing line. ·@ a
parallel/comparison/analogy (between), ´show how two things are alike. ·@ the
line (at), ´set limits; declare what cannot be allowed; refuse to go as far as
or beyond: ³I don't mind lending him my razor, but I @ the line at lending him
my toothbrush. ¸12 ¶[VP6A,15B] ´write out: ³to @ a bill/cheque/order (on ´a
banker, etc, ³for ´a sum of money). ¸13 ¶[VP6A] ´(of a ship) require (a certain
depth of water) in order to float, µ¥ draught(3)´: ³The ship @s 20 feet of
water. ¸14 ¶[VP6A,2A] ´end (a game, etc) without either winning or losing: ³to
@ a football or cricket match; a @n game; to @ 2Å2. The teams drew. ¸15
¶[VP6A,2A,B] ´extract the essence of: ³to let the tea @ for three minutes. ¸16
´(usu in ³pp´) (of the features) pull out of shape: ³a face @n with
pain/anxiety; with @n features. ¸17 ¶[VP2C,3A,14,15B] ´(special uses with
³preps ´and ³adverbial particles´):¼
·draw back, ´(fig) show unwillingness: ³@ back from a proposal. µ¥
drawback(1).¼
·draw in, ´(of a day) ¸(a) ´reach its end. ¸(b) ´become shorter: ³The days
begin to @ in after midsummer.¼
·draw on, ´(of a period of time) approach: ³Night drew on. ·@ on sth/sb, ´take
or use as a source: ³If newspaper-men cannot get facts for their stories, they
sometimes @ on their imaginations. We mustn't @ on our savings. You may @ on me
for any sum up to $500´, get sums up to this maximum from me or my agents. ·@
sb on, ´attract, entice him.¼
·draw out, ´(of a day) become longer: ³Christmas passed and the days began to @
out. ·@ sth out, ´stretch; cause to become longer: ³He heated the metal and
drew it out into a long wire. There was a long-@n-out discussion. He has @n out
the subject into three volumes. ·@ sb out, µ¥ 8 ´above.¼
·draw (sth/sb) up, ¸(a) ´(of a vehicle) (cause to) come to a stop: ³The taxi
drew up in front of the station. ¸(b) ´prepare; compose: ³to @ up a contract.
¸(c) ´(usu passive) (of troops, etc) bring into regular order: ³The troops were
@n up ready for the inspection.¼
¨draw®back© ²/Údrcbak/ ³n ¸1 ¶[C] ´sth which lessens one's
satisfaction, or makes progress less easy; disadvantage ³(to). ¸2 ¶[U] ´amount
of import duty paid back when goods are exported again.¼
¨draw®bridge© ²/ÚdrcbrIdZ/ ³n ´bridge that can be pulled up at the end(s) by
chains (eÔg across the moat of a castle in ancient times to prevent passage,
or across a river or canal to allow ships to pass).¼
¨drawer© ²/drc(r)/ ³n ¸1 ´box-like container (with a handle or handles) which
slides in and out of a piece of furniture, etc. ¸*chest of Ú@s, ´piece of
furniture consisting of a set of @s. ¸2 ³(pl) ´old-fashioned two-legged
undergarment for the lower part of the body; knickers. ¸3 ²/ÚdrcE(r)/ ´person
who draws pictures; person who draws a cheque, etc.¼
¨draw®ing© ²/ÚdrcIG/ ³n ¶[U] ´the art of representing objects, scenes, etc by
lines, with a pencil, chalk, etc; ¶[C] ´sth made in this way; a sketch, plan,
etc. ·out of @, ´incorrectly drawn. ¸Ú@-board, ´flat board on which to fasten
paper for @, used eÔg by a draftsman; (fig) planning stage. ¸Ú@-pin, ´(US =
³thumb-tack´) flat-headed pin for fastening paper to a @-board, notice-board,
etc.¼
¨draw®ing-room© ²/ÚdrcIG r8m ³US: ²rum/ ³n ´room in which guests are received.¼
¨drawl© ²/drcl/ ³vi,vt ¶[VP2A,C,6A,15B] ´speak so that the sounds of the
vowels are longer than usual: ³The speaker @ed on. Don't @ (out) your words. ¹
n ´slow way of speaking.¼
¨drawn© ²/drcn/ ³pp ´of µdraw±2µ; µ¥ ´esp µ2, 14, 16.¼
¨dray© ²/dreI/ ³n ´low, flat, four-wheeled cart, without sides, for heavy
loads, eÔg barrels from a brewery.¼
¨dread© ²/dred/ ³n ¶[U] ´(also ·a @ of´) great fear and anxiety: ³to be in @ of
sb or sth; to live in constant @ of poverty. Cats have a @ of water. ¹ vt,vi
¶[VP6A,C,7A] ´fear greatly: ³to @ a visit to/@ having to visit the
dentist. I @ to think of what may happen. ¸@ed ³part adj ´greatly feared.
¸@®ful ²/-f8l/ ³adj ¸1 ´causing @: ³a @ful disaster. What a @ful story! ¸2
´(colloq) unpleasant: ³What @ful weather! ¸@®fully ²/-f8lI/ ³adv ¸@®ful®ness
³n¼
¨dread®nought© ²/Údrednct/ ³n ´type of battleship in the early years of the
20th century.¼
¨dream©1 ²/drim/ ³n ¶[C] ¸1 ´sth which one seems to see or
experience during sleep: ³to have a @ (about sth); to awake from a @. ¸Ú@®land;
Ú@ world, ´region outside the laws of nature, as experienced in sleep or in the
imagination. ¸2 ´state of mind in which things going on around one seem unreal:
³to live/go about in a @. ¸3 ´mental picture(s) of the future: ³to have @s of
wealth and happiness. ¸4 ´(colloq) ´beautiful or pleasing person, thing,
experience, etc: ³His holiday by the sea was a @. ¸@®less ³adj ´without @s.
¸@®like ²/ÚdrimlñIk/ ³adj ´like a @.¼
¨dream©2 ²/drim/ ³vi,vt (pt,pp µ@ed ²/drimd/ ´or µdreamt ²/dremt/³) ¸1
¶[VP2A,3A,6A,15B,9,8,10] ·@ (about/of), ´have @s; see, experience, in a dream;
imagine; suppose: ³He often @s. The soldier often @t of/about home. He @t that
he was at sea. I certainly didn't promise you $100; you must have @t it. I
wouldn't @ of doing such a thing´, The idea would never occur to me. ³He little
@ed that«´, did not imagine or suppose that«. ¸2 ¶[VP15B] ·@ away, ´spend idly:
³@ away one's time/the hours. ¸3 ¶[VP15B] ·@ up, ´(colloq) imagine, conceive (a
plan, etc). ¸@er ³n ´person who @s; person with impractical ideas, plans, etc.¼
¨dreamy© ²/ÚdrimI/ ³adj µ(-ier, -iest) ¸1 ´(of a person) with thoughts far away
from his surroundings or work. ¸2 ´(of things, experiences) vague; unreal:
³a @ recollection of what happened; ´(colloq) pleasing; soothing: ³@
music. ¸dream®ily ²/-IlI/ ³adv¼
¨dreary© ²/ÚdrIErI/ ³adj µ(-ier, -iest) ´(poet ¸drear ²/drIE(r)/´) ´dull;
gloomy; causing low spirits: ³@ work/weather/people. ¸drear®ily ²/-ElI/ ³adv¼
¨dredge©1 ²/dredZ/ ³n ´apparatus for bringing up mud, oysters, specimens, etc
from the bed of the sea, rivers, etc. ¹ ³vt,vi ¶[VP6A,15B,2A,3A] ·@ (up),
´bring up with a @; clean with a @: ³to @ (up) mud; to @ (for) oysters; to @ a
channel/harbour. ¸dredger ³n ´boat carrying a @.¼
¨dredge©2 ²/dredZ/ ³vt ¶[VP6A,14] ´sprinkle or scatter: ³to @ meat
with flour; to @ sugar over a cake. ¸dredger ³n ´box with holes in the lid for
sprinkling flour, sugar, etc on food.¼
¨dregs© ²/dregz/ ³n pl ¸1 ´bits of worthless matter which sink to the bottom
of a glass, bottle, barrel, etc of liquid. ·drink/drain to the @, ´drink and
leave only the @. ¸2 ´(fig) worst and useless part: ³the @ of
society/humanity.¼
¨drench© ²/drent2/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´make wet all over, right through: ³to be @ed
with rain/@ed to the skin. They were caught in a downpour and came back @ed.
¸@®ing ³n ´thorough wetting: ³We got a @ing.¼
¨dress©1 ²/dres/ ³n ¸1 ¶[C] ´one-piece outer garment with a bodice and skirt
worn by a woman or girl; gown or frock. ¸2 ¶[U] ´clothing in general (for both
men and women), esp outer garments: ³She doesn't care much about @´, is not
much interested in clothes. ¸Ú@ circle, ´lowest gallery in a theatre, in which
evening @ was formerly required. ¸Ú@ coat, ´black, swallow-tailed coat worn by
men for evening @. ¸Ú@®maker, ´woman who makes women's @es. ¸Ú@ rehearsal,
´final rehearsal of a play, at which actors wear the costumes to be worn at
actual performances. ¸Úevening @, ´clothing worn at formal social
occasions (eÔg dinners, evening parties). ¸*full Ú@, ´kind of clothes
worn on special occasions: ³ambassadors, naval and military officers,
all in full @.¼
¨dress©2 ²/dres/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A,2A] ´put on clothes: ³Mary was @ing her doll.
Jim isn't old enough to @ himself. Have you finished @ing? How long does it
take you to @ (yourself)? ¶[VP15B,2C] ·@ up, ´put on special clothes, as for a
play, a fancy dress ball, etc: ³The children @ed (themselves) up as pirates. ¸2
¶[VP2A,C] ´put on evening dress: ³We don't @ for dinner nowadays. You've just
time to @ ´(= change into evening dress) ³before we leave for the theatre. ¸3
¶[VP2C] ´(of what is habitual) wear clothes: ³He has to @ well in his position.
¸4 ·be @ed in, ´be wearing: ³She was @ed in white. They were @ed in the height
of fashion´, wearing the most fashionable clothes. ¸5 ¶[VP6A] ´provide clothes
for: ³How much does it cost them a year to @ their children? ¸6 ¶[VP6A] ´make
ready to use; prepare: ³to @ leather´, make it soft and smooth; ³to @ a salad,
µ¥ dressing(3)´; ³to @ a chicken´, clean it ready for cooking. ¸7 ¶[VP6A,15B]
´brush and comb, arrange (one's hair); ³to @ down a horse´, brush its coat
well. ¸@ sb down, ´(fig) scold him severely; thrash him. Hence, ¸*@ing-Údown ³n
´severe scolding. ¸8 ¶[VP6A] ´clean and bandage (a wound, etc). ¸9 ¶[VP6A]
´make cheerful and attractive: ³to @ a shop-window, ´eÔg with attractive
goods; ³to @ the streets´, eÔg with flags; ³to @ a Christmas-tree. ¸10
¶[VP6A,2A] ´(mil) get or bring (soldiers) into a straight line: ³@ the ranks.¼
¨dress®age© ²/ÚdresqZ/ ³n ¶[U] ´(F) training of horses (for show-jumping,
etc).¼
¨dresser©1 ²/ÚdresE(r)/ ³n ´person who dresses, esp ¸(a) ´one who helps a
surgeon to dress wounds in a hospital; ¸(b) ´person who helps actors and
actresses to dress ready for the stage.¼
¨dresser©2 ²/ÚdresE(r)/ ³n ¸1 ´piece of kitchen furniture with
shelves for dishes, and cupboards below, often with drawers for cutlery, etc.
¸2 ´(US) dressing-table.¼
¨dress®ing© ²/ÚdresIG/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´process of dressing (putting on clothes,
cleaning and bandaging a wound, etc). ¸Ú@-case, ´one for brushes, bottles and
other articles of toilet, when travelling. ¸Ú@-gown, ´(US = ³bath-robe´) loose
gown worn over pyjamas, etc before dressing, etc. ¸Ú@-table, ´one with a
mirror, used in a bedroom. ¸2 ¶[C,U] ´sth used for dressing wounds, eÔg an
ointment, bandage, etc. ¸3 ¶[C,U] ´mixture of oil, vinegar, condiments, etc
used as a sauce for salads and other dishes. ¸4 ¶[U] ´substance used to stiffen
silk, cotton, etc during manufacture.¼
¨dressy© ²/ÚdresI/ ³adj µ(-ier, -iest) ´(colloq) (of persons) fond
of, looking smart in, fine clothes; (of clothes) stylish.¼
¨drew© ²/dru/ ³pt ´of µdraw±2µ.¼
¨dribble© ²/ÚdrIbl/ ³vt,vi ¶[VP6A,2A] ¸1 ´(of liquids) flow, allow to flow,
drop by drop or in a slow trickle (esp from the side of the mouth): ³Babies
often @ on their bibs. ¸2 ´(football) take (the ball) forward by means of
quick, short kicks, either between the feet of one player, or by short passes
from one player to another. ¸drib®bler ³n ´person who @s.¼
¨drib®let© ²/ÚdrIblIt/ ³n ´falling drop; small amount: ³in/by @s´, a little at
a time.¼
¨dribs and drabs© ²/*drIbz n Údrabz/ ³n pl ´(colloq) small amounts.¼
¨dried© ²/drñId/ ³pt,pp ´of µdry±2µ.¼
¨drier© ²/ÚdrñIE(r)/ ³comp adj µ¥ dry±1µ; ³n µ¥ dry±2µ.¼
¨drift©1 ²/drIft/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´drifting movement; being carried along by
currents: ³the @ of the tide. The general @ of the current was northerly.
¸Ú@®age ²/-IdZ/ ³n ´(of a ship) general movement off course due to currents,
winds, tides, etc. ¸Ú@-net, ´large net into which fish @ with the tide. ¸2
¶[C] ´sth caused by drifting: ³Big @s of snow/Big snow @s made progress slow
and difficult. It was buried in a @ of dead leaves. ¸Ú@-ice, ´broken ice
carried along on the surface of the sea, a river, etc in masses by currents of
water or air. ¸Ú@-wood, ´wood carried along by currents and washed up on
beaches. ¸3 ¶[U] ´general tendency or meaning: ³I caught the @ of what he said.
Did you get the @ of the argument? ¸4 ¶[U] ´the way in which events, etc tend
to move: ³The general @ of affairs was towards war. ¸5 ¶[U] ´the state of being
inactive and waiting for things to happen: ³Is the government's policy one of
@?¼
¨drift©2 ²/drIft/ ³vi,vt ¸1 ¶[VP2A,C] ´be carried along by, or as
by, a current of air or water; (fig, of persons) go through life without aim,
purpose or self-control: ³The boat @ed out to sea. We @ed down the stream. The
snow had @ed everywhere. Is the government/the country @ing towards bankruptcy?
She @s from one job to another. ¸2 ¶[VP6A,15B,14] ´cause to @: ³The logs were
@ed down the stream to the saw-mills. The wind had @ed the snow into high
banks. ¸@er ³n ¸1 ´boat used in @-net fishing and, during war, for
mine-sweeping. µ¥ drift±1µ(1). ¸2 ´person who @sµ(1)´.¼
¨drill©1 ²/drIl/ ³n ´instrument with a pointed end or cutting edges for making
holes in hard substances: ³a dentist's @. ³¹ vt,vi ¶[VP6A] ´make a hole with a
@: ³@ a hole in a stone wall; ¶[VP2A] ´use a @. ¸Ú@®ing rig, µ¥ rig±1µ(2).¼
¨drill©2 ²/drIl/ ³n ¶[C,U] ¸1 ´army training in the handling of weapons; formal
movements, eÔg marching, turning, to develop alertness: ·Ú³bayonet @;
·Ú³gun-@. The soldiers were at @ in the barrack square. ¸2 ´thorough training
by practical experiences, usu with much repetition: ³@s in the English vowel
sounds. ¸3 ´routine procedure to be followed, eÔg in an emergency: ·Ú³fire-@;
·Ú³lifeboat @. ¹ vt,vi ¶[VP6A,14,2A] ´train, be trained, by means of @s: ³to @
troops on a parade ground; a well-@ed crew.¼
¨drill©3 ²/drIl/ ³n ´furrow; machine for making furrows, sowing seeds in them,
and covering the seeds; row of seeds sown in this way. ¹ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´sow
(seeds) in @s.¼
¨drill©4 ²/drIl/ ³n ¶[U] ´heavy, strong linen or cotton cloth.¼
¨drill©5 ²/drIl/ ³n ´kind of West African baboon.¼
¨drily© ²/ÚdrñIlI/ ³adv µ¥ dry±1µ.¼
¨drink©1 ²/drIGk/ ³n ¶[C,U] ¸1 ´liquid for drinking: ³We should die without
food and @. We have plenty of bottled @s´, beer, lemonade, etc in bottles. ¸2
´alcoholic liquor: ³What about a @? I'll bring in the @s´, eÔg the gin, whisky,
sherry. ³He's too fond of @. ·be in @/the worse for @/under the influence of @,
´intoxicated: ³He's a good husband except when he's in @. ·drive sb to @,
´cause him to take to @: ³Mrs Bell's bad temper drove her husband to @. ·take
to @, ´acquire the habit of drinking regularly and too much. ¸3 the @, ´(sl)
the sea.¼
¨drink©2 ²/drIGk/ ³vt,vi (pt µdrank ²/draGk/³, pp µdrunk ²/drAGk/³) ¸1
¶[VP6A,15B,2A] ´take (liquid) into the mouth and swallow: ³to @ a pint of
milk. ·@ sth down/off/up, ´@ the whole of it (esp at once). ¸2 ¶[VP6A,15B]
·@ (in/up), ´(of plants, the soil, etc) take in, absorb (liquid): ³The thirsty
plants drank (up) the water I gave them. The parched soil drank (in) the rain.
¸3 ¶[VP15B] ·@ sth in, ´(fig) take into the mind eagerly or with pleasure: ³The
boy drank in every word of the sailor's story of his adventures. ¸4
¶[VP6A,15B,2A] ´take alcoholic liquors, beer, wine, etc, esp in excess: ³He @s
far too much. He @s half his earnings´, spends it on alcoholic liquors. ³He
will @ himself to death. ¸5 ¶[VP6A,3A] ·@ (to), ´wish good (to sb) while
raising one's glass: ³to @ a person's health; to @ a toast to sb; to @
to sb's success; to @ to sb's health. ¸@®able ²/-Ebl/ ³adj ´suitable or fit for
@ing. ¸@er ³n ´(esp) person who @s alcoholic liquor too often or too much:
³He's a heavy @er. ¸@®ing ³n ´process or habit of taking liquid(s), esp
alcoholic liquor: ³He's fond of @ing. ¸Ú@®ing-bout, ´long spell of @ing.
¸Ú@®ing-fountain, ´device for providing a supply of @ing-water in a public
place. ¸Ú@®ing-song, ´one to be sung at a @ing party; one celebrating the joys
of @ing. ¸Ú@®ing-water, ´water fit for @ing.¼
¨drip© ²/drIp/ ³vi,vt µ(-pp-) ¶[VP2A,C,6A] ´(of a liquid) fall,
allow to fall, in drops: ³The rain was @ping from the trees. The tap was
@ping. Sweat was @ping from his face. He was @ping sweat. Blood was @ping from
his hand. His hand was @ping blood. ·@ping wet, ´very wet. ¸*@-Údry ³adj
´(of a fabric) able to dry quickly, without previous squeezing or wringing out,
when hung up to @: ³@-dry shirts. µ¹ ³vt ´dry in this way. ¹ ³n ¸1 ´the
drop-by-drop falling of a liquid: ³the @s from the trees/of the rain. ¸2 ´(sl)
a dull, insipid person.¼
¨drip®ping© ²/ÚdrIpIG/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´fat melted out of roasted meat, used for
frying, or spread on bread: ³a slice of bread and @. ¸Ú@-pan, ´pan in
which @ collects when meat is roasted. ¸2 ³(pl) ´liquid that drips or has
dripped from sth: ³the @s from the roof.¼
¨drive©1 ²/drñIv/ ³n ¸1 ´driving or being driven (in a car, etc, not in a
public vehicle): ³to go for a @; to take sb for a @. The station is an hour's
@ away. ¸2 ´(in US also ¸Ú@®way´) private road through a garden or park to a
house. ¸3 ´(in games played with a ball, eÔg golf) ¶[U] ´force given to a ball
when it is struck; ¶[C] ´stroke or hit: ³a @ to the boundary. ¸4 ¶[U] ´energy;
capacity to get things done: ³young men with brains, @ and initiative. The new
headmaster lacks @/is lacking in @. ¸5 ´organized effort or campaign: ³a
·Ú³sales @, ´one made to increase sales, eÔg by reducing prices; ³the ·Ú³export
@, ´to increase exports; ³The school made a great @ to raise $5Ô000 for a new
sports ground. ¸6 ´tournament: ³a ·Ú³bridge-@. ¸7 ´(mech) apparatus for
driving: ³front/rear @´, with power that operates the front/rear wheel(s); ³a
four-wheel @´, with four wheels connected to the source of power;
³right-/left-hand @´, (of a motor vehicle) having the steering and other
controls on the right/left side.¼
¨drive©2 ²/drñIv/ ³vt,vi (pt µdrove ²/drE8v/³, pp µdriven
²/ÚdrIvn/³) ¸1 ¶[VP6A,15B,14] ´cause animals, people to move in some direction
by using cries, blows, threats or other means: ³to @ cattle to market; to @ the
enemy out of their positions. ·@ sb into a corner, ´(fig) force him (eÔg during
an argument) into a position from which escape will be difficult. ¸2 ¶[VP6A,2A]
´operate, direct the course of a railway engine, bus, motor-car or other
vehicle; control, direct the course of an animal or animals drawing a cart,
plough, etc: ³to @ a taxi/cart; ³to take driving lessons. D@ with caution.
¸Údriving licence, ´licence to @ a motor vehicle. ¸Údriving school, ´one for
teaching persons to @ a motor vehicle. ¸Údriving test, ´test which must be
passed to obtain a driving licence. ¸3 ¶[VP2A,C] ´travel in a car, etc which is
at one's disposal (Cf ³ride ´in a bus, train or other public vehicle): ³We
drove right up to the front door. Shall we @ home or walk? We are merely
driving through´, travelling through (the place) without intending to stay.
¸Ú@-in ³n ´(and attrib) restaurant, cinema, etc at which persons get service
while in their cars: ³a @-in cinema/bank. ¸4 ¶[VP15B,14] ´carry, convey, (sb)
in a car, etc (not a public vehicle): ³He drove me to the station. ¸5 ¶[VP6A]
´(usu passive) (of steam, electricity or other kind of power) set or keep
going; be the power to operate: ³The machinery is @n by steam/water-power, etc.
¸Údriving-belt, ´belt that carries motion from an engine, motor, etc to
machinery. ¸Údriving-wheel, ´one that communicates power to other parts of a
machine. ¸6 ¶[VP15B,14] ´(of wind, water) send, throw, (lifeless things) in
some direction: ³The gale drove the ship on to the rocks. The ship was @n out
of its course. The wind was driving the rain against the window-panes. ¸7
¶[VP2C] ´go or move along fast or violently: ³The ship drove on the rocks/was
driving along before the wind. The clouds drove across the sky. The rain was
driving in our faces. ¸8 ¶[VP15B,14] ·@ sth in; @ sth into sth, ´force a nail,
screw, stake, etc into sth: ³With one blow he drove the nail into the plank. ¸9
¶[VP6A,15B,14,2A] ´hit or strike with force: (cricket) ³to @ a ball to the
boundary; ´(tennis) ³to @ a ball out of the court. ´(golf) ³He @s well. ·@ sth
home, ´(fig) impress deeply on the mind. ·let @ at, ´aim a blow at; send a
missile at: ³He let @ at me with his left´, aimed a blow at me with his left
fist. ¸10 ¶[VP15B,17A,22B] ´cause or compel (sb) to be (in a certain state);
cause or compel (sb to do sth): ³Failure drove him to despair/desperation.
You'll @ me mad/to my wits' end. He was @n by hunger to steal. ¸11 ¶[VP15,2C]
´(cause to) work very hard: ³He was hard @n. He @s himself very hard. Don't @
the workers too hard. ·@ away at ´(one's work), work very hard at it. ¸12
¶[VP6A,15B,14] ´bore (a tunnel); make (a horizontal excavation): ³to @ a
tunnel/gallery through a hill; to @ a railway across a hilly district. ¸13
¶[VP6A] ´manage; bring about: ³to @ a roaring trade´, sell a lot of things very
fast. ·@ a hard bargain, ´not give way easily to another person in a business
deal. ¸14 ¶[VP3A] ·@ at, ´(in the progressive tenses only) mean, intend:
³What's he driving at´, What's he trying to do, explain, etc? ¸15 ¶[VP14]
´postpone; defer: ³Don't @ it to the last minute.¼
¨drivel© ²/ÚdrIvl/ ³vi µ(-ll-, ´US µ-l-) ¶[VP2A,C] ´talk nonsense;
talk childishly: ³What's he @ling about? He's still @ling on. ¹ n ¶[U] ´silly
nonsense; foolish talk. ¸@®ler, ´US ¸@er ²/ÚdrIvElE(r)/ ³n ´person who @s.¼
¨driven© ²/ÚdrIvn/ ³pp ´of µdrive±2µ.¼
¨driver© ²/ÚdrñIvE(r)/ ³n ¸1 ´person who drives (vehicles): ³a ·Ú³taxi-@; a
·Ú³bus-@. µ¥ chauffeur. ·in the @"s seat, ´in contol. ¸2 ´person who drives
animals. µ¥ ³drover ´at µdrove±2µ, ³slave-@ ´at µslave. ¸3 ´(mech) part of a
machine, etc that receives power directly, eÔg the driving-wheel of a
locomotive. ¸4 ´(golf) wooden club for driving the ball long distances from the
tee.¼
¨drizzle© ²/ÚdrIzl/ ³vi ¶[VP2A] ´rain (in many small fine drops):
³It @d all day. ¹ n ¶[U] ´fine rain. ¸driz®zly ²/ÚdrIzlI/ ³adj ´drizzling:
³drizzly weather.¼
¨drogue© ²/drE8g/ ³n ¸1 ´sea anchor (sth like a bag, dragged in the sea to
steady a boat's movement). ¸2 ´wind-sock, µ¥ wind±1µ(8). ¸3 ´cone towed by one
aircraft as a target for use by others in firing practice. ¸4 Ú@ parachute,
´small parachute used to pull a large parachute from its pack.¼
¨droll© ²/drE8l/ ³adj ´causing amusement (because strange or peculiar). ¸@®ery
²/-ErI/ ³n ¶[U] ´jesting; ¶[C] ³(pl µ-ries³) ´sth peculiar and amusing;
amusing trick.¼
¨drom®edary© ²/ÚdromEdErI ³US: ²-EderI/ ³n (pl µ-ries³) ´fast, one-humped
riding-camel.¼
¨drone© ²/drE8n/ ³n ¸1 ´male bee; person who does no work and lives on others.
¸2 ¶[U] ´low humming sound (as) made by bees: ³the @ of an aeroplane high in
the sky/of distant motorway traffic. ¸3 ¶[C] ´monotonous speech, sermon,
speaker: ³He's a boring old @. ¹ ³vi,vt ¶[VP15B,2C] ¸1 ´make a @µ(2)´. ¸2
´talk or sing, say (sth) in a low, monotonous way: ³children droning through
their lessons. The parson @d out the psalm.¼
¨drool© ²/drul/ ³vi ·@ (over), ´drivel; slobber.¼
¨droop© ²/drup/ ³vi,vt ¸1 ¶[VP2A,C] ´bend or hang downwards (through tiredness
or weakness): ³The flowers were @ing for want of water. Her head @ed sadly. His
spirits @ed´, He became sad, low-spirited. ¸2 ¶[VP6A] ´let (the head, face,
eyes) move forward or down. ¹ ³n ´@ing attitude or position. ¸@®ing®ly ³adv¼
¨drop©1 ²/drop/ ³n ¸1 (a) ´very small quantity of liquid, usu
round- or pear-shaped: ·Ú³rain@s. ³He emptied the glass to the last @. ¸(b)
³(pl) ´liquid medicine taken in @s: ³ear/eye/nose @s. ·in @s; @ by @, ´slowly,
one @ at a time. ¸2 ´very small quantity. ·only a @ in the bucket/ocean, ´a
negligible quantity. ¸3 ´(glass of) intoxicating liquor: ³He has had a @ too
much´, is drunk. ¸4 ´sth like a @ in shape or appearance: ·Ú³acid @s, ´of
boiled sugar; ·Ú³ear@´, µ¥ ear±1µ(1). ¸5 ´movement from a higher to a lower
level, esp distance of a fall: ³a sudden @ in temperature´, eÔg from 30ÄC to
20ÄC; ³a @ in the price of wheat. There was a @ of 10 metres from the window to
the ground. ·at the @ of a hat, ´at once; readily or willingly. ¸6 ´thing that
drops or is droppedµ(1)´: ³a @ in a gallows´, platform or trap-door which
falls from under the feet of a person executed by hanging. ¸Ú@-curtain,
´curtain lowered between the acts of a play in a theatre. ¸Ú@-kick, ´(Rugby
football) one in which the ball is dropped and kicked as it rises. ¸Ú@-hammer;
Ú@-press, ´machine for shaping or stamping, eÔg metal sheets for motor-car
bodies, using the power of a dropped weight.¼
¨drop©2 ²/drop/ ³vt,vi µ(-pp-) ´(For uses with ³adverbial particles
´and ³preps, µ¥ 13 ´below.) ¸1 ¶[VP2A,C,6A] ´(of liquids), fall, cause to
fall, in drops. µ¥ drip. ¸2 ¶[VP6A,2A,C,14,15B] ´fall (by the force of
gravity, by not being held, etc); allow to fall: ³It was so quiet you could
hear a pin @. The apple blossom is beginning to @. The teapot @ped out of her
hand. She @ped the teapot. ·@ anchor, ´lower the anchor; come to anchor. ·@ a
brick, µ¥ brick. ·@ a stitch, ´(knitting) let it slip off the needle. ¸3
¶[VP2A,C,6A,15A,B] ´(allow to) become weaker or lower; (allow to) fall in
amount, degree, pitch, condition, etc: ³The wind/temperature has @ped. His
voice @ped/He @ped his voice to a whisper. Don't @ your voice at the end of a
sentence. Our boat gently @ped ´(= moved with the current) ³downstream. µ¥
drift±2µ(1). ¸4 ¶[VP2A,C,6A,15A] ´(cause to) fall or sink to the ground, etc:
³They were ready to @ with fatigue´, were so tired that they could scarcely
stand. ³She @ped into a chair, utterly worn out. He @ped (on) to his knees´,
knelt down. ³Supplies were @ped by parachute. ´Hence ¸Ú@ping-zone, ´area where
men, supplies, etc are @ped by parachute. ³The enemy were still @ping ´(=
firing) ³shells into the town. He @ped a bird ´(= hit one and caused it to
fall) ³with every shot. He @ped ´(= hit) ³the ball to the back of the court. ¸5
¶[VP6A,12A,13A] ´utter or send casually: ³to @ sb a hint´, give him one; ³to @
a word in sb's ear; to @ sb a postcard/a few lines, a note. µ¥ let±2µ(4) ´for
³let @. ¸6 ¶[VP6A] ´omit; fail to pronounce, write or insert: ³He @s his h's´,
eÔg by saying 'at for hat. ³The relative pronoun is often @ped if it is the
object´, eÔg in "the man (³whom´) we met yesterday'. ¸7 ¶[VP15A] ´set down;
stop (a car, etc) to allow sb to get out: ³Where shall I @ you? Please @ me at
the Post Office. ¸8 ¶[VP6A] ´cease to associate with (sb): ³He seems to have
@ped most of his friends´, no longer meets them. ¸9 ¶[VP6A] ´give up: ³to @ a
bad habit. ¸10 ¶[VP6A,2A] ´(cause to) come to an end; no longer deal with or
discuss: ³The correspondence @ped. We @ped the subject. The subject (was) @ped.
We couldn't agree about the matter, so we decided to let it @. Let's @ it,
´stop talking about it. ¸11 ¶[VP6A] ´(colloq) lose (money, esp in gambling or a
risky enterprise): ³He @ped 1000 francs at the Casino last night. ¸12 ´(Rugby
football) ·@ a goal, ´score one by a @-kick, µ¥ drop±1µ(6). ¸13 ¶[VP2C,3B,15B]
´(special uses with ³adverbial particles ´and ³preps´):¼
·drop across sb/sth, ´(= ³run across, ´which is more usu) meet or find by
chance.¼
·drop away, ´= µ@ offµ(a).¼
·drop back; ·drop behind, ´come to a position behind: ³The two lovers @ped
back. They @ped behind the rest of the party.¼
·drop in on sb; drop by/in/over/round, ´pay a casual visit (to): ³I wish he
wouldn't @ in on me so often. Some friends @ped in to tea/@ped by to see me.¼
·drop off, ¸(a) ´become fewer or less: ³His friends @ped off one by one. The
doctor's practice has @ped off´, he now has fewer patients. ¸(b) ´fall
asleep; doze: ³He @ped off during the sermon. ·drop sth/sb off (at sth),
´deliver (to): ³The bus will @ you off at the station. µ¥ drop(7) ´above.¼
·drop out, ¸(a) ´(of persons taking part in a contest, etc) cease to compete:
³Three of the runners @ped out. ¸(b) ´(of persons engaged, or about to engage,
in an activity, etc) not take part; give up the idea: ³Smith has @ped out of
the team. ¸(c) ´(colloq) withdraw from conventional social activities. Hence,
¸Ú@-out ³n ¸(a) ´person who @s out, eÔg one who withdraws from a course of
instruction: ³University @-outs, ´who do not finish their courses. ¸(b) ´person
who withdraws from conventional society.¼
·drop through, ´(colloq) come to nothing; be no longer discussed: ³The big
scheme he was busy with seems to have @ped through.¼
¨dropsy© ²/ÚdropsI/ ³n ¶[U] ´disease in which watery fluid collects
in some part of the body, eÔg the legs. ¸drop®si®cal ²/ÚdropsIkl/ ³adj
´suffering from @; of or like @.¼
¨droshky© ²/Údro2kI/ ³n (pl µ-kies³) ´light, four-wheeled, open horse-carriage,
as formerly common in Russia.¼
¨dross© ²/dros ³US: ²drcs/ ³n ¶[U] ´waste material rising to the surface of
melted metals; (fig) anything considered to be worthless, mixed with sth else.¼
¨drought© ²/drñ8t/ ³n ¶[C,U] ´continuous (period of) dry weather causing
distress; want of rain.¼
¨drove©1 ²/drE8v/ ³pt ´of µdrive±2µ.¼
¨drove©2 ²/drE8v/ ³n ´large number of animals (a flock of sheep, a herd of
cattle) being driven together; crowd of people moving together: ³@s of
sightseers; visitors in @s. ¸drover ³n ´man who drives cattle, sheep, etc to
market; cattle-dealer.¼
¨drown© ²/drñ8n/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A,2A] ´(cause sb to) die in water because
unable to breathe: ³a @ing man. He @ed the kittens. Do cats @ easily? He fell
overboard and was @ed. ¸2 ¶[VP6A,15B] ·@ (out), ´(of sound) be strong enough to
prevent another sound from being heard: ³The noises in the street @ed out the
teacher's voice. ¸3 ´(fig): ³a face @ed in tears´, wet with tears; ³@ed in
sleep´, in a deep sleep (eÔg caused by exhaustion); ³to @ one's sorrows in
drink, ´to deaden them by getting drunk.¼
¨drowse© ²/drñ8z/ ³vi,vt ¶[VP15B,2A,C] ·@ (away), ´be half asleep; pass (time)
´half asleep: ³to @ away a hot afternoon. ¹ n ´half-asleep condition: ³in a @.¼
¨drowsy© ²/Údrñ8zI/ ³adj µ(-ier, -iest) ´feeling sleepy; half asleep; making
one feel sleepy. ¸drows®ily ²/-ElI/ ³adv ¸drow®si®ness ³n¼
¨drub© ²/drAb/ ³vt µ(-bb-) ¶[VP6A,14] ´give repeated blows to; hit with a
stick; (fig) beat an idea, a notion ³into ´or ³out of ´sb. ¸@®bing ³n ´beating:
³give sb a good/sound @bing´, beat him well.¼
¨drudge© ²/drAdZ/ ³n ´person who must work hard and long at
unpleasant tasks. ¹ ³vi ¶[VP2A,C,3A] ·@ (at), ´work as a @ does: ³to @ at
dictionary-making. ¸drudg®ery ²/-ErI/ ³n ¶[U] ´hard, unpleasant, uninteresting
work.¼
¨drug© ²/drAg/ ³n ¶[C] ¸1 ´substance used for medical purposes, either alone
or in a mixture; substance that changes the state or function of cells, organs
or organisms. ¸Ú@®store ³n ´(US) place where a wide variety of articles is
sold, where prescriptions can be made up, and where food and drink may be
bought and eaten. ¸2 ´substance (often habit-forming) inducing sleep or
producing stupor or insensibility, eÔg opium, cocaine: ³the @ habit´, the
habit of taking harmful @s: ³a ·Ú³@ addict; ·Ú³@ addiction; a ·Ú³@ pedlar. ¸3
·a @ on the market, ´an article that cannot be sold because there is no
demand. ¹ ³vt ¶[VP6A] µ(-gg-) ¸1 ´add harmful @s to (food and drink): ³His wine
had been @ged, and they stole his money while he was sleeping heavily. ¸2 ´give
@s to, esp in order to make unconscious: ³They @ged the caretaker and then
robbed the bank.¼
¨drug®get© ²/ÚdrAgIt/ ³n ¶[C,U] ´(floor covering of) heavy coarse woollen
material.¼
¨drug®gist© ²/ÚdrAgIst/ ³n ¸1 ´(GB) tradesman who sells drugs; pharmacist. ¸2
´(US) person who sells medicines, toilet articles and other goods, and usually
food and drinks. µ¥ ³drug-store ´at µdrug(1).¼
¨Druid©, druid ²/ÚdruId/ ³n ´member of the priesthood among the Celts of
ancient Gaul, Britain and Ireland.¼
¨drum©1 ²/drAm/ ³n ¸1 ´(music) percussion instrument made of a hollow cylinder
or hemisphere with parchment stretched over the open side(s), µ¥ ´the illus at
µpercussion´; sound of a @ or @s, or sound as of @s. ¸Ú@®fire, ´heavy
continuous rapid fire from big guns. ¸@®head court-martial, ´one held while
military operations are in progress, in order to try an offender without delay.
¸@®head service, ´open-air military chuch service in which @s form an altar.
¸*@-Úmajor, ´sergeant in charge of drummers, and leader of a regimental band on
the march; (US) (also ¸*@-majoÚrette ²/*meIdZEÚret/´) leader of any marching
band. ¸Ú@®stick, ¸(a) ´stick for beating a @. ¸(b) ´lower part of the leg of a
cooked chicken, turkey, etc. ¸2 ´sth like a @ in shape, eÔg a cylindrical
container for oil, a cylinder or barrel on which thick wire or cable is wound.
µ¥ ear±1µ(1).¼
¨drum©2 ²/drAm/ ³vt,vi µ(-mm-) ¸1 ¶[VP2A,C] ´play the drum. ¸2
¶[VP6A,14,2C,3A] ·@ (on), ´make drum-like sounds; beat or tap continuously:
³to @ on the table with one's fingers; to @ the floor with one's feet; @ming on
the piano/at the door. ¸3 ¶[VP15B] ·@ up, ´summon by @ming: (fig) ³@ up (´=
get, find³) support for a cause. ¸4 ¶[VP14] ·@ sth into sb/into sb's
head, ´cause him to remember it by repeating it often. ¸@®mer ³n ´person who
plays a drum; (colloq, esp US) commercial traveller.¼
¨drunk© ²/drAGk/ ³adj ´(usu pred) (³pp ´of µdrink±2´) intoxicated; overcome by
drinking alcoholic liquor: ³He was dead/blind/half @. I've never seen anyone
so @. ·get @, ´become intoxicated: ³It's easy to get @ on brandy. ·@ with sth,
´(fig) elated: ³He was @ with joy/success. ¹ n ´person who is @; man
charged (at a police-station) with drunkenness. ¸@®ard ²/-Ed/ ³n ´man who is @,
or who often gets @.¼
¨drunken© ²/ÚdrAGkEn/ ³adj ´(usu attrib) ¸1 ´intoxicated; in the habit of
drinking; often drunk: ³a @ and dissolute man. ¸2 ´caused by drinking; showing
the effects of drinking: ³a @ frolic. ¸@®ly ³adv ¸@®ness ³n¼
¨drupe© ²/drup/ ³n ´(bot) fruit with juicy flesh, usu with a hard stone
enclosing a seed, eÔg an olive, a plum, a peach.¼
¨dry©1 ²/drñI/ ³adj µ(drier, driest) ¸1 ´not wet; free from moisture: ³Is this
wood dry enough to burn? ·*dry as a Úbone; ¸*bone-Údry, ´quite dry. ¸2 ´not
rainy: ³dry weather; ´having a low annual rainfall: ³a dry climate. ¸3 ´not
supplying water: ³a dry well; ´not supplying milk: ³The cows are dry. ¸4
´solid, not liquid: ³dry goods, µ¥ 12 ´below. ¸5 ´without butter: ³dry
bread/toast. ¸6 ´(of wine, etc) not sweet, not fruity in flavour: ³dry wines; a
dry martini´, a kind of cocktail. ¸7 ´(colloq) thirsty; causing thirst: ³to
feel dry; dry work. ¸8 ´uninteresting; dull: ³a dry lecture/book/subject. ·*dry
as Údust, ´very dull. ¸9 ´unemotional; undemonstrative: ³dry humour/sarcasm; a
dry fellow. ¸10 ´plain; undisguised: ³dry facts. ¸11 ´not connected with
liquid: ³a dry cough´, without phlegm; ³a dry death´, not by drowning; ³a dry
shampoo´, one in which water is not used. ¸12 ´(compounds) ¸*dry Úbattery,
´electric battery with two or more dry cells. ¸*dry-bulb therÚmometer, ´one of
two thermometers, one dry and the other kept wet, used for measuring the
humidity of the atmosphere. ¸*dry Úcell, ´cell in which the chemicals are in a
firm paste which does not spill. ¸*dry-Úclean ³v ´clean (clothes, etc) by using
spirits (eÔg petrol) instead of water. Hence ¸*dry-Úcleaner ³n, ¸*dry-Úcleaning
³n´. ¸*dry Údock, µ¥ dock±1µ(1). ¸*dry Úgoods ´(also called ³soft goods´),
´(contrasted with ³meat, groceries, ´etc) corn; (esp US) textiles, drapery.
¸*dry Úice, ´solid carbon dioxide (used for refrigerating). ¸*dry Úmeasure,
´measure of capacity for dry goods such a corn. ¸Údry nurse, ´not suckling the
baby she is caring for. ¸*dry Úrot ³n ´decay of wood (causing it to crumble to
powder), occurring when there is no movement of air over its surface; (fig)
hidden or unsuspected moral or social decay. ¸Údry-shod ³adj, ³adv ´without
wetting the feet; with dry feet or shoes. ¸*dry-Úwalling, ´building of stone
walls (eÔg for a field) without mortar. ¸drily ²/ÚdrñIlI/ ³adv ¸dry®ness ³n¼
¨dry©2 ²/drñI/ ³vt,vi (pt,pp µdried³) ¸1 ¶[VP6A,15B,2A,C] ·dry
(out), ´make or become dry: ³Dry your hands on this towel. We were drying our
clothes in front of the fire. Our clothes soon dried out. ·dry up, ´make or
become completely dry: ³The long drought dried up all the wells. The stream
dries up during the hot summer. His imagination seems to have dried up. Dry up!
´(sl) Stop talking! Be quiet! ¸2 ¶[VP6A] ´(usu the ³pp´) preserve by extracting
moisture: ³dried eggs/milk. ¸dryer, drier ²/ÚdrñIE(r)/ ³n ¸1 ´substance mixed
with oil-paints and varnish to quicken drying. ¸2 ´(in compounds) thing that
dries: ³an electric ·Ú³hair-dryer; ´thing on or in which clothes, etc are
placed to dry: ³a ·Ú³clothes-drier; a ·Ú³spin-drier.¼
¨dryad© ²/ÚdrñIEd/ ³n ´(Gk myth) tree nymph.¼
¨dual© ²/ÚdjuEl ³US: ²ÚduEl/ ³adj ´of two; double; divided in two: ³@ control,
´for or by two persons; ³@ ownership; ·*³@ ·Ú³carriageway ´(US = ³divided
highway´); ·*³@-·Ú³purpose´, adapted so as to, intended to, serve two
purposes.¼
¨dub© ²/dAb/ ³vt µ(-bb-) ¸1 ¶[VP22,23] ´make (sb) a knight by touching him on
the shoulder with a sword; give (sb) a nickname: ³They dubbed him "Shorty'
because he was so tall. ¸2 ¶[VP6A] ´replace or add to the sound-track of a
film or magnetic tape, esp in a different language.¼
¨dub®bin© ²/ÚdAbIn/ ³n ¶[U] ´kind of thick grease used to make leather soft
and waterproof.¼
¨du®biety© ²/djuÚbñIEtI ³US: ²du-/ ³n ¶[U] ´(formal) feeling of doubt; ¶[C]
³(pl µ-ties³) ´doubtful affair.¼
¨du®bious© ²/ÚdjubIEs ³US: ²Údu-/ ³adj ¸1 ·@ (of/about), ´(of persons) feeling
doubt: ³I feel @ of his honesty. I feel @ about/as to what to do next. ¸2 ´(of
persons) causing doubt (because probably not very good or reliable): ³He's a @
character. ¸3 ´(of things, actions, etc) causing doubt; of which the value,
truth, etc is doubtful: ³a @ compliment; a @ blessing. The result is still @.
¸@®ly ³adv ¸@®ness ³n¼
¨du®cal© ²/Údjukl ³US: ²Údukl/ ³adj ´of or like a duke.¼
¨ducat© ²/ÚdAkEt/ ³n ´gold coin formerly used in many European countries.¼
¨Duce© ²/Údut2eI/ ³n ´(I) leader (esp as used of Mussolini ²/*m8sEÚlinI/
´(1883Å1945) Italian Fascist leader).¼
¨duch®ess© ²/ÚdAt2Is/ ³n ´wife or widow of a duke; woman whose rank is equal
to that of a duke.¼
¨duchy© ²/ÚdAt2I/ ´(also ¸dukedom´) ³n (pl µ-chies³) ´land ruled by a duke or
duchess.¼
¨duck©1 ²/dAk/ ³n (pl µ@s, ´or unchanged when collective) ¸1 ¶[C]
´common water-bird, both wild and domestic; female of this, µ¥ drake´; µ¥ ´the
illus at µfowl´; ¶[U] ´its flesh as food. ·*lame Ú@, ´disabled person or ship;
business or commercial organization in financial difficulties. ·(take to sth)
like a @ to water, ´(begin doing, being etc it) naturally, without fear,
hesitation or difficulty. ·like water off a @'s back, ´without producing any
effect. ·@s and drakes, ´game in which flat stones are made to skip along
water. ·play @s and drakes with ´(eÔg one's money), squander, waste. ¸2
´(colloq, also ¸@y´) ´(GB) darling; delightful person. ¸3 ´vehicle (also
¸DÔUÔKÔW ²/dAk/´) able to travel on land and water, used as a landing-craft by
troops. ¸4 ´(cricket, also sometimes ¸Ú@'s egg´) ´batsman's score of nought, 0:
³to make a @; be out for a @. ¸5 ´(compounds) ¸Ú@®bill; *@®billed Úplatypus
µ¥ platypus. ¸Ú@®boards, ´boards with narrow slats fixed across, for use on
soft or muddy ground. ¸Ú@®weed, ´small flowering plant growing on the surface
of shallow water (eÔg on ponds). ¸Ú@®ling ²/-lIG/ ³n ´young @. ·*ugly Ú@ling´,
plain or stupid child who grows up to be attractive or brilliant.¼
¨duck©2 ²/dAk/ ³vt,vi ¶[VP6A,2A] ¸1 ´move quickly down (to avoid being seen or
hit): ³to @ one's head. ¸2 ´go, push (sb), quickly under water for a short
time: ³The big boy @ed all the small boys in the swimming-pool. ¹ n ´quick
downward or sideways movement of the head or body; quick dip below water (when
bathing in the sea, etc). ¸@®ing ³n ´thorough wetting: ³to give sb a @ing´,
eÔg by pushing him into or under the water. ³It rained heavily and we all got
a @ing. ¸Ú@ing-stool, ´(hist) ´one (attached to a pole) on which a person was
tied and @ed into a pond, river, etc, as a punishment.¼
¨duck©3 ²/dAk/ ³n ¶[U] ´strong linen or cotton cloth used for outer
clothing of sailors; ³(pl) ´trousers made of this.¼
¨duct© ²/dAkt/ ³n ¸1 ´tube or canal through which liquid is conveyed, esp in
the body: ·Ú³tear-@s. ¸2 ´metal tube and outlet for air (to ventilate, eÔg an
aircraft): ³The air @s above your seat may be adjusted to your convenience.¼
¨duc®tile© ²/ÚdAktñIl ³US: ²-tl/ ³adj ¸1 ´(of metals) that can be pressed,
beaten or drawn into shape while cold, eÔg copper. ¸2 ´(fig, of a person, his
character) easily influenced, managed or directed; docile. ¸duc®til®ity
²/dAkÚtIlEtI/ ³n ¶[U] ´the quality of being @µ(1).¼
¨dud© ²/dAd/ ³n, adj ´(sl) (thing or person) of no use, eÔg a shell or bomb
that fails to explode or a banknote or cheque of no value.¼
¨dude© ²/djud ³US: ²dud/ ³n ´(US) dandy. ¸Ú@ ranch, ´ranch organized for
tourists.¼
¨dudg®eon© ²/ÚdAdZEn/ ³n ·in high @, ´offended and feeling indignation, or
sullen anger: ³He went off in high @.¼
¨duds© ²/dAdz/ ³n pl ´(sl) clothes, esp old or ragged clothes.¼
¨due©1 ²/dju ³US: ²du/ ³adj ¸1 ·due (to), ´to be paid: ³When is the rent due?
The wages due to him will be paid tomorrow. ¸2 ´(attrib only) suitable; right;
proper: ³after due consideration; in due course´, at the right and proper time.
¸3 ´(to be) expected; appointed or agreed (for a certain time or date): ³When
is the steamer due? The train is due (in) at 1.30. Mr Hill is due to
speak/lecture twice tomorrow. ¸4 ·due to, ´that may be ascribed or attributed
to: ³The accident was due to careless driving. ´(Cf µowing to´: ³Owing to ´(=
Because of) ³his careless driving, we had a bad accident.) ´¹ ³adv ´(of points
of the compass) exactly, directly: ³due east/north.¼
¨due©2 ²/dju ³US: ²du/ ³n ¸1 ³(sing ´only) that which must be given
to sb because it is right or owing: ³give the man his due. ·give the devil his
due, ´(prov) be fair to a person even though he is not a friend, or does not
deserve much. ¸2 ³(pl) ´sums of money to be paid, eÔg for membership of a
club, legal charges paid.¼
¨duel© ²/ÚdjuEl ³US: ²ÚduEl/ ³n ´(hist) fight (usu with swords or pistols)
agreed between two persons, esp to decide a point of honour, at a meeting
arranged and conducted according to rules, in the presence of two other persons
called ³seconds´; any two-sided contest: ³a @ of wits. ´¹ ³vi µ(-ll-, ´US also
µ-l-) ´fight a @ or @s. ¸@®list, @®ist ²/ÚdjuElIst ³US: ²Údu-/ ³n ´person who
fights @s.¼
¨du®enna© ²/djuÚenE ³US: ²du-/ ³n ´(esp in a Spanish or Portuguese family)
elderly woman acting as governess and companion in charge of girls; chaperon.¼
¨duet© ²/djuÚet ³US: ²du-/ ³n ´piece of music for two voices or for two
players.¼
¨duf®fer© ²/ÚdAfE(r)/ ³n ´(colloq) slow-witted, unintelligent or incompetent
person.¼
¨duffle© ´(also ¸duf®fel´) ²/ÚdAfl/ ³n ¶[U] ´coarse woollen cloth with a thick
nap. ¸Ú@ bag´, a cylindrical kitbag (of cloth or canvas). ¸Ú@ coat´, one of
this material, usu with toggles instead of buttons, and a hood.¼
¨dug©1 ²/dAg/ ³pt,pp ´of µdig.¼
¨dug©2 ²/dAg/ ³n ´udder or teat of a female mammal.¼
¨du®gong© ²/ÚdugoG/ ³n ´large sea mammal with flippers and a forked tail. µ¥
manatee.¼
¨dug-out© ²/ÚdAg ñ8t/ ³n ¸1 ´rough covered shelter made by digging, esp by
soldiers for protection in war. ¸2 ´canoe made by hollowing a tree trunk.¼
¨duke© ²/djuk ³US: ²duk/ ³n ´nobleman of high rank (next below a prince); (in
some parts of Europe) independent sovereign ruler of a small State. ¸@®dom
²/-dEm/ ³n ¸1 ´position and duties, rank of a @. ¸2 ´(= ³duchy´) land ruled by
a @ who is a sovereign ruler.¼
¨dul®cet© ²/ÚdAlsIt/ ³adj ´(usu of sounds) sweet; pleasing.¼
¨dul®ci®mer© ²/ÚdAlsImE(r)/ ³n ´(often portable) musical instrument like a
zither with strings struck with two hammers.¼
¨dull© ²/dAl/ ³adj µ(-er, -est) ¸1 ´not clear or bright: ³a @
colour/sound/mirror/day/sky; @ weather; @ of hearing´, unable to hear well. ¸2
´slow in understanding: ³@ pupils; a @ mind. ¸3 ´monotonous; uninteresting;
not exciting or appealing to the imagination: ³a @ book/speech/sermon/play. ¸4
´not sharp: ³a @ knife; a knife with a @ edge; ´(of pain) not felt distinctly:
³a @ ache. ¸5 ´(of trade) not active; (of goods) not in demand. ¹ ³vt,vi
¶[VP6A,2A] ´make or become @: ³to @ the edge of a razor; drugs that @ pain.
¸@y ²/ÚdAl-lI/ ³adv ¸@®ness ³n¼
¨dull®ard© ²/ÚdAlEd/ ³n ´mentally dull person.¼
¨duly© ²/ÚdjulI ³US: ²Údu-/ ³adv ´in a right or suitable manner; at the right
time.¼
¨dumb© ²/dAm/ ³adj µ(-er, -est) ¸1 ´unable to speak: ³@ from birth. We must be
kind to @ animals´, iÔe also to animals other than human beings. ¸2
´temporarily silent: ³The class remained @ when the teacher asked a difficult
question. ·strike @, ´make speechless, unable to talk because of surprise,
fear, etc: ³He was struck @ with horror. ¸Úshow ³n ´the communication of ideas
by means of acting, etc but without words. ¸3 ´(US colloq) stupid; dull. ¸@®ly
³adv ¸@®ness ³n¼
¨dumb®bell© ²/ÚdAmbel/ ³n ´short bar of wood or iron with a metal ball at each
end, used in pairs (one in each hand) for exercising the muscles of the arms
and shoulders.¼
¨dumb®found© ´(US also ¸dum®found´) ²/dAmÚfñ8nd/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´astonish; strike
dumb with surprise.¼
¨dumb®waiter© ²/*dAmÚweItE(r)/ ³n ¸1 ´stand with (usu revolving) shelves for
food, dishes, etc used at a dining-table. ¸2 ´(US; in GB ³food-lift´) box with
shelves, pulled up and down a shaft, to carry food, etc from one floor to
another, eÔg in a restaurant.¼
¨dum®dum© ²/ÚdAmdAm/ ³n ¸Ú@ bullet, ´soft-nosed bullet which
expands on contact, causing a gaping wound.¼
¨dummy© ²/ÚdAmI/ ³n ¸1 ´object made to look like and serve the purpose of the
real person or thing: ³a tailor's @, ´for fitting clothes; ³a baby's @,
´sucked like the nipple of a mother's breast. ¸2 ´(attrib) sham, imitation: ³a
@ gun. ¸3 ´(in card games, esp bridge) player whose cards are placed upwards
on the table and played by his partner; the cards so placed. ¸4 ´person who is
present at an event, etc, but who takes no real part, eÔg because he is a
substitute for sb else. ¸4 ´(attrib) ¸*@ Úrun, ´a trial or practice attack,
shoot, performance, etc.¼
¨dump© ²/dAmp/ ³n ¸1 ´place where rubbish, etc may be unloaded and left; heap
of rubbish, etc. ¸2 ´(place where there is a) temporary store of military
supplies: ³an ·*³ammu·Ú³nition @. ¸3 ´(sl; pej) poorly cared for, dirty or
ugly place (eÔg a village or town): ³I should hate to live in a @ like this. ¹
vt ¶[VP6A,15A] ¸1 ´put on or into a @µ(1)´; put or throw down carelessly; let
fall with a bump or thud: ³Where can I @ this rubbish? They @ed the coal
outside the shed instead of putting it inside. ¸2 ´(comm) sell abroad at low
prices goods which are unwanted in the home market. ¸@er ³n ´(also ¸Ú@ truck´)
vehicle with a bin that can be tilted, for carrying and emptying soil, rubble,
etc (eÔg for road building).¼
¨dump®ling© ²/ÚdAmplIG/ ³n ¸1 ´small round mass of dough steamed or boiled
with meat and vegetables. ¸2 ´baked pudding made of dough with an apple or
other fruit inside it.¼
¨dumps© ²/dAmps/ ³n pl ·(down) in the @, ´(colloq) in low spirits; feeling
gloomy.¼
¨dumpy© ²/ÚdAmpI/ ³adj µ(-ier, -iest) ´short and fat.¼
¨dun©1 ²/dAn/ ³adj, n ´dull greyish-brown.¼
¨dun©2 ²/dAn/ ³vt µ(-nn-) ´(continue to) demand payment of a debt or debts: ³a
dunning letter. ¹ n ´person who duns; debt-collector; importunate demand for
payment.¼
¨dunce© ²/dAns/ ³n ´slow learner (esp a child at school); stupid
person. ¸Ú@'s cap, ´pointed paper cap which a @ was formerly given to wear in
class as a punishment.¼
¨dun®der®head© ²/ÚdAndEhed/ ³n ´blockhead; stupid person.¼
¨dune© ²/djun ³US: ²dun/ ³n ´mound of loose, dry sand formed by the wind, esp
near the sea-shore.¼
¨dung© ²/dAG/ ³n ¶[U] ´excrement dropped by animals (esp cattle), used on
fields as manure: ³to cart and spread @. ¸Ú@®hill, ´heap of @ in a farmyard.¼
¨dunga®rees© ²/*dAGgEÚriz/ ³n pl ´overalls of (usu) coarse calico.¼
¨dun®geon© ²/ÚdAndZEn/ ³n ´(hist) dark underground cell used as a prison.¼
¨dunk© ²/dAGk/ ³vt ¶[VP6A,14] ´dip (a piece of food) into a liquid: ³@ a
doughnut in one's coffee.¼
¨duo®deci®mal© ²/*djuE8ÚdesIml ³US: ²*duEÚd-/ ³adj ´of twelve or twelfths;
proceeding by twelves: ³a @ notation.¼
¨duo®denum© ²/*djuEÚdinEm ³US: ²*duE-/ ³n ´(anat) first part of the small
intestine immediately below the stomach. µ¥ ´the illus at µalimentary.
¸duo®denal ²/*djuEÚdinl ³US: ²*duE-/ ³adj ´of the @: ³a duodenal ulcer.¼
¨duo®logue© ²/ÚdjuElog ³US: ²ÚduElcg/ ³n ´conversation between two persons.¼
¨dupe© ²/djup ³US: ²dup/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´cheat; make a fool of; deceive. ¹ ³n
´person who is @d.¼
¨du®plex© ²/Údjupleks ³US: ²Údu-/ ³adj ´double; twofold: ³a @ (oil-)lamp´, one
with two wicks; ³a @ apartment´, (US) one with rooms on two floors with an
inner staircase.¼
¨du®pli®cate©1 ²/ÚdjuplIkEt ³US: ²Údu-/ ³adj ¸1 ´identical: ³@ keys for the
front door of a house. ¸2 ´with two corresponding parts; doubled; twofold. ¹
³n ¶[C] ´thing that is exactly like another. ·in @, ´(of documents, etc) with
a @ copy.¼
¨du®pli®cate©2 ²/ÚdjuplIkeIt ³US: ²Údu-/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ¸1 ´make an exact copy of
(a letter, etc); produce copies of. ¸2 ´double. ¸du®pli®ca®tor ²/-tE(r)/ ³n
´machine, etc that @s sth written or typed. ¸du®pli®ca®tion ²/*djuplIÚkeI2n
³US: ²*du-/ ³n ¶[U] ´duplicating or being @d; ¶[C] ´copy.¼
¨du®plic®ity© ²/djuÚplIsEtI ³US: ²du-/ ³n ¶[U] ´deliberate deception.¼
¨dur®able© ²/Údj8ErEbl ³US: ²Úd8E-/ ³adj ´likely to last for a long
time: ³a @ pair of shoes´, not soon worn out or needing repair. ¹ ³n ´(usu
³pl´) (often ¸consumer @s´) goods bought and expected to last a long time (eÔg
vacuum cleaners). ¸dura®bil®ity ²/*dj8ErEÚbIlEtI ³US: ²Úd8E-/ ³n ¶[U].¼
¨du®rance© ²/Údj8ErEns ³US: ²Úd8E-/ ³n ´(old use) imprisonment.¼
¨dur®ation© ²/dj8ÚreI2n ³US: ²d8-/ ³n ¶[U] ´time during which sth lasts or
exists: ³for the @ of the war; of short @.¼
¨dur®bar© ²/Úd3bq(r)/ ³n ´(hist) Indian ruler's court; reception given by a
ruler in India.¼
¨dur®ess© ²/dj8Úres ³US: ²d8-/ ³n ´threats, imprisonment, or violence, used to
compel sb to do sth: ³under @´, compelled by such means.¼
¨dur®ing© ²/Údj8ErIG ³US: ²Úd8Er-/ ³prep ¸1 ´throughout the duration of: ³The
sun gives us light @ the day. ¸2 ´at some point of time in the duration of: ³He
called to see me @ my absence.¼
¨durst© ²/d3st/ ³pt ´old ³pt ´form of µdare.¼
¨dusk© ²/dAsk/ ³n ¶[U] ´time just before it gets quite dark: ³scarcely visible
in the @.¼
¨dusky© ²/ÚdAskI/ ³adj µ(-ier, -iest) ´rather dark; dark-coloured; dim.¼
¨dust©1 ²/dAst/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´dry earth or other matter in the form of fine
powder, lying on the ground or the surface of objects, or blown about by the
wind: ³The @ was blowing in the streets. When it rains @ turns into mud. ·bite
the @, ´(sl) fall wounded or killed. ·(humbled) in(to) the @, ´humiliated (as
if lying at the feet of an enemy). ·shake the @ off one's feet, ´leave in anger
or scorn. ·throw Ú@ in a person's eyes, ´mislead him; prevent him from seeing
the truth. ¸Ú@-bowl, ´area that is denuded of vegetation by drought, unwise
farming methods, etc. ¸Ú@-coat, ´coat worn to keep @ off or out.
¸Ú@-jacket/-wrapper, ´removable paper cover to protect the binding of a book.
¸Ú@®pan, ´pan into which @ is swept from the floor. ¸Ú@-sheet ³n ´one for
covering furniture not in use. ¸2 a @, ´cloud of @: ³What a @! ´(fig)
commotion. ·kick up/make/raise a @, ´(sl, fig) cause a commotion. ¸3
´(in compounds) ´(GB; Cf US ³refuse, trash, garbage´) household refuse:
¸Ú@®bin, ´rigid receptacle for this (Cf US ³ash-can, garbage-box)´. ¸Ú@-cart,
´vehicle into which @bins are emptied. ¸Ú@®man ²/-mEn/ ³n (pl µ-men³) ´man
employed (by municipal authorities, etc) to empty @bins and cart away refuse.
¸4 ´(old use, poet or liter) remains of a dead human body: ³buried with the @
of ´(= in the same grave as) ³one's ancestors.¼
¨dust©2 ²/dAst/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ¸1 ´remove dust from by wiping,
brushing, flicking: ³to @ the furniture. ·@ a person's jacket, ´(colloq) beat
him. ¸Ú@-up ³n ´(colloq) fight; noisy argument. ¸2 ´sprinkle with powder: ³to @
a cake with sugar; ´sprinkle (powder, etc): ³to @ sugar on to a cake. ¸@er ³n
´cloth for removing dust from furniture, etc.¼
¨dusty© ²/dAstI/ ³adj µ(-ier, -iest) ´covered with dust; full of dust; like
dust; dry as dust.¼
¨Dutch© ²/dAt2/ ³adj ¸1 ´of or from the Netherlands (Holland), its people,
their language: ³@ cheese. ¸2 ´(colloq uses) ·@ auction, ´sale at which the
price is reduced by the auctioneer until a buyer is found. ·@ courage, ´that
obtained by drinking (spirits, etc). ·@ treat, ´meal, entertainment, etc at
which each person pays for himself. ·go @ (with sb), ´share expenses. ·talk to
sb like a @ uncle, ´lecture him candidly but severely. ¹ ³n ¸1 the @, ´the
people of Holland. ¸2 ´their language. ·double @, ´unintelligible language.
¸@®man ²/-mEn/ ³n (pl µ-men³) ´native of Holland.¼
¨du®teous© ²/ÚdjutIEs ³US: ²Údu-/ ³adj ´(formal) dutiful (the more usu word);
obedient.¼
¨duti®able© ²/ÚdjutIEbl ³US: ²Údu-/ ³adj ´on which customs duties
must be paid: ³@ goods. Tobacco is @ in most countries. µ¥ duty(3).¼
¨duti®ful© ²/ÚdjutIfl ³US: ²Údu-/ ³adj ·@ (to), ´doing one's duty well; showing
respect and obedience: ³a @ son. ¸@ly ²/-fElI/ ³adv¼
¨duty© ²/ÚdjutI ³US: ²ÚdutI/ ³n (pl µ-ties³) ¸1 ¶[C,U] ´what one is obliged to
do by morality, law, a trade, a calling, conscience, etc; inner voice urging
one to behave in a certain way: ³When @ calls, no man should disobey. Do not
forget your @ to your parents. His sense of @ is strong. What are the duties
of this post? The @ of a postman is to deliver letters and parcels. ·on/off @,
´actually engaged/not engaged in one's regular work: ³He goes on @ at 9aÔm
and comes off @ at 5pÔm. ·(as) in @ bound, ´as required by @. ·do @ for, ´be
used instead of; serve for: ³An old wooden box did @ for a table. ¸2 ´(attrib)
moral obligation. ¸Ú@ call´, visit one makes from a sense of @, not because one
expects to enjoy it. ¸3 ¶[C,U] ·@ (on), ´payment demanded by the government on
certain goods exported or imported ³(·Ú³customs duties)´, or manufactured in
the country ³(·Ú³excise duties)´, or when property, etc is transferred to a
new owner by sale ³(·Ú³stamp duties) ´or death ³(e·Ú³state @). ¸*@-Úfree, ´(of
goods) allowed to enter a country without the payment of customs duties:
³@-free shops, ´(eÔg at airports) selling @-free goods.¼
¨duvet© ²/ÚdjuveI ³US: ²duÚveI/ ³n ´bed quilt (filled with feathers, eÔg
swan's-down, or an artificial substitute) used in place of blankets.¼
¨dwarf© ²/dwcf/ ³n (pl µ@s³) ´person, animal or plant much below the usual
size; (in fairy tales) small being with magic powers; (attrib) undersized.
¸@®ish ³adj ´like a @; undersized: ³@ish trees/fingers. ¹ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ¸1
´prevent from growing to full size. ¸2 ´cause to appear small by contrast or
distance: ³The big yacht @ed our little launch.¼
¨dwell© ²/dwel/ ³vi (pt µdwelt ²/dwelt/³) ¶[VP3A] ´(liter) ¸1 ·@
in/at, ´reside. ¸2 ·@ on/upon, ´think, speak or write at length about: ³She @s
too much upon her past. ¸@er ³n ´(in compounds) inhabitant: ·Ú³town-@ers;
·Ú³cliff-@ers; ·Ú³cave-@ers. ¸@®ing ³n ´place of residence (a house, flat,
etc). ¸Ú@ing-house, ´one used for living in, not as an office, workshop, etc.¼
¨dwindle© ²/ÚdwIndl/ ³vi ¶[VP2A] ´become less or smaller by degrees.¼
¨dy®archy© ³n ´= µdiarchy.¼
¨dye©1 ²/dñI/ ³vt,vi ´3rd pers ³sing pres t, µdyes³, pt,pp µdyed³, pres part
µdyeing´) ¸1 ¶[VP6A,22] ´colour, usu by dipping in a liquid: ³to dye a white
dress blue; to have a dress dyed. ·dye in the wool/in grain, ´dye while the
material is in the raw state, so that the process is thorough.
¸*dyed-in-the-Úwool ³adj ´(fig) thorough; complete. ¸2 ¶[VP6A] ´give colour
to: ³Deep blushes dyed her cheeks. ¸3 ¶[VP2A] ´take colour from dyeing: ³This
material does not dye well.¼
¨dye©2 ²/dñI/ ³n ¶[C,U] ´substance used for dyeing cloth; colour given by
dyeing. ·a villain/scoundrel of the blackest/deepest dye, ´of the worst kind.
¸Údye-stuff, ´substance yielding a dye or used as a dye. ¸Údye-works,
´one where dyeing is done. ¸dyer ³n ´one who dyes cloth.¼
¨dy®ing© µ¥ die±2µ.¼
¨dyke© ³n ´= µdike.¼
¨dy®namic© ²/dñIÚnamIk/ ³adj ¸1 ´of physical power and forces producing motion.
µ¥ static. ¸2 ´(of a person) having energy, force of character: ³a @
personality. ¹ ³n ¸1 ³(pl ´with ³sing v´) branch of physics dealing with matter
in motion. ¸2 ´moral force that produces activity or change: ³driven by an
inner @. ¸dy®nami®cally ²/-klI/ ³adv ¸dy®na®mism ²/ÚdñInEmIzEm/ ¶[U] ´(of a
person or a thing) power, energy.¼
¨dyna®mite© ²/ÚdñInEmñIt/ ³n ¶[U] ´powerful explosive (used in mining and
quarrying). ¹ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´blow up with @.¼
¨dy®namo© ²/ÚdñInEmE8/ ³n (pl µ@s ²/-mE8z/³) ´machine for changing
steam-power, water-power, etc into electrical energy.¼
¨dyn®ast© ²/ÚdInEst ³US: ²ÚdñInast/ ³n ´lord; hereditary ruler. ¸@y ²/ÚdInEstI
³US: ²ÚdñI-/ ³n (pl µ-ties³) ´succession of rulers belonging to one family:
³the Tudor @y ´(in England). ¸@tic ²/dIÚnastIk ³US: ²dñI-/ ³adj ´of a @y.¼
¨dyne© ²/dñIn/ ³n ´unit of force in the metric system.¼
¨dys®en®tery© ²/ÚdIsEntrI ³US: ²-terI/ ³n ¶[U] ´painful disease of the bowels,
with discharge of mucus and blood.¼
¨dys®lexia© ²/dIsÚleksIE/ ³n ¶[U] ´disturbance in the ability to read.
¸dys®lexic ²/-ÚleksIk/ ³adj¼
¨dys®pep®sia© ²/dIsÚpepsIE/ ³n ¶[U] ´indigestion. ¸dys®pep®tic ²/dIsÚpeptIk/
³adj ´of @. µ¹ ³n ´person suffering from @.¼
¨E©, e ²/i/ ³n (pl µE's, e's ²/iz/³) ´fifth letter of the English alphabet.¼
¨each© ²/it2/ ³adj ´(of two or more) every one, (thing, group, person, etc)
taken separately or individually: ³He was sitting with a child on @ side of
him. On @ occasion I just missed the target. He had words of encouragement for
@ one of us. ´¹ ³pron ¸1 ´@ thing, person, group, etc: ³E@ of them wants to
try. E@ of the boys had a try. He had good advice for @ of us. ¸2 ´used in
apposition, like ³all ´and ³both´: ³We @ took a big risk. Tom, Dick and Harry
@ put forward a different scheme. ¸3 ´used ³adverbially ´meaning "apiece': ³He
gave the boys 50p @. The oranges are 6p @. ¸4 ·@ other, ´used as the object of
a ³v ´or ³prep´; both words usu unstressed; often replaced by ³one another
´when the reference is to a number more than two: ³We see @ other ´(= @ of us
sees the other) ³at the office every day. They are afraid of @ other.¼
¨eager© ²/ÚigE(r)/ ³adj ·@ (for sth/to do sth), ´full of, showing, strong
desire: ³@ for success; @ to succeed. ¸*@ Úbeaver, ´(colloq) hardworking and
(over) enthusiastic person. ¸@®ly ³adv ¸@®ness ³n¼
¨eagle© ²/Úigl/ ³n ´large, strong bird of prey of the falcon family with keen
sight. µ¥ ´the illus at µprey. ¸*@-Úeyed ³adj ´keen-sighted. ¸eag®let
²/ÚiglIt/ ³n ´young @µ(1)´.¼
¨ear©1 ²/IE(r)/ ³n ¸1 ´organ of hearing. µ¥ ´illus here and the
illus at µhead. ·be all ears, ´be listening eagerly. ·fall on deaf ears, ´pass
unnoticed. ·feel one's Úears burning, ´imagine that one is being talked about.
·give one's ears (for sth/to do sth), ´make any sacrifice, pay any price. ·go
in (at) *one ear and out (at) the Úother, ´said of sth that, although heard,
makes no impression. ·have an ear to the ground, ´be alert for what may be
happening in secret. ·(have) a word in sb's ear, ´(say) sth in confidence: ³May
I have a word in your ear? ·have/win sb's ear(s), ´his favourable attention.
·over head and ears, ´deeply (in debt, etc). ·prick up one's ears, ´become
suddenly attentive. ·set (persons) by the ears, ´set them quarrelling. ·turn a
deaf ear (to), ´refuse to help. ·up to the/one's Úears in (work, etc),
´overwhelmed by it. ·wet behind the ears, ´na¢Éve. ¸Úear®ache, ´pain in the
inner ear. ¸Úear®drop, ´earring with a hanging ornament. ¸Úear®drum, ´thin
membrane (in the inner ear) which vibrates when sound-waves strike it. µ¥ ´the
illus here. ¸Úear®ful ²/-f8l/, ´as much (usu abusive or unsolicited) talk as
one can endure. ¸Úear®mark ³n ´mark on the ear of a sheep, etc, to mark
ownership; (fig) special characteristic. µ¹ ³vt ¶[VP6A,14] ·earmark sb/sth (for
sth), ´put an earmark on (an animal); (fig) keep sb in mind for a special
purpose, work, etc; set sth aside for a special purpose: ³earmark sb for an
important post; ³earmark a sum of money for research. ¸Úear®piece, ´earphone of
a telephone receiver. ¸Úear®phone, ´head-phone. ¸Úear®ring, ´ring worn in or on
the lobe of the ear as an ornament. ¸Úear®shot, ´hearing distance: ³out
of/within earshot. ¸Úear-trumpet, ´trumpet-shaped tube formerly used by partly
deaf people. µ¥ ³hearing-aid ´at µhearing. ¸Úear®wax, ´waxy substance secreted
in the ear. ¸2 ´sense of hearing. ·have a good ear for music, ´be able to
discriminate sound. ·(play sth) by ear, ´(play) without printed music, or
without having memorized it; (fig) (do it) unprepared. ¸3 ´ear-shaped thing,
esp the handle of a pitcher. ¸(-)eared ´used in compounds: ·*³long-·Ú³eared´,
having long ears.¼
¨ear©2 ²/IE(r)/ ³n ´seed-bearing part of a cereal (corn, barley, etc): ³corn in
the ear´, with ears developed. µ¥ ´the illus at µcereal.¼
¨earl© ²/3l/ ³n ´(fem ³countess³) ´title of a British nobleman. ¸@®dom ²/-dEm/
³n ´rank of an @.¼
¨early© ²/Ú3lI/ ³adj, adv µ(-ier, -iest) ´near to the beginning of a period of
time, sooner than usual or than others: ³in the @ part of this century; in @
spring; an @ breakfast´, eÔg 5aÔm; ³@ peaches, ´ripening @ in the season;
·*³@-·Ú³closing day´, (GB) on which shops, etc are closed during the afternoon.
³He's an @ riser´, gets up at an @ hour. ³Please come at your earliest
convenience´, as soon as it is convenient for you to do so. ³He keeps @
hours´, gets up, goes to bed, @. ³It's better to be too @ than too late. Come
as @ as possible. ·The @ bird gets/catches the worm, ´(prov) The person who
arrives, etc @ will (probably) succeed. ·early days (yet), ´too soon to tell
how sth will develop. ·earlier on, ´at an earlier stage. Cf ³later on ´at
µlate±2µ(1). ¸*@-Úwarning ³adj ´(of radar) giving early indication of the
approach of enemy aircraft, missiles, etc: ³an @-warning system.¼
¨earn© ²/3n/ ³vt ¶[VP6A,12B,13B] ´get in return for work, as a
reward for one's qualities or in payment for a loan: ³to @ $10Ô000 a year; to @
one's living/one's livelihood/one's daily bread. The money @s 7% interest. His
achievements @ed him respect and admiration. His eccentricities had @ed for
him the nickname "The Madman'. I had a well-@ed rest. ¸@®ings ³n pl ´money
@ed: ³He has spent all his @ings. ¸Ú@ings yield, ´(comm) ratio between annual
profit and capital.¼
¨ear®nest©1 ²/Ú3nIst/ ³adj ´serious; determined: ³an @ worker/pupil; ³a
terribly @ young man´, perhaps over-serious, over-conscientious. ¹ ³n ·in @,
´in a determined manner; serious(ly): ³If you work in @, you will succeed. I'm
perfectly in @´, am not joking. ³It is raining in real @´, heavily, and likely
to continue. ¸@®ly ³adv ´in an @ manner: ³We @ly hope that«. ¸@®ness ³n¼
¨ear®nest©2 ²/Ú3nIst/ ³n ¸1 ´(also ¸Ú@-money´) part payment made as a pledge
that full payment will follow. ¸2 ´sth coming in advance as a sign of what is
to come after: ³As an @ of my good intentions I will work overtime this week.¼
¨earth© ²/3T/ ³n ¸1 ³the @, ´this world; the planet on which we live: ³The moon
goes round the @ and the @ goes round the sun. Who do you think was the
greatest man on @? µ¥ ´the illus at µplanet. ¸2 ¶[U] ´land surface of the
world; land contrasted with the sky: ³The balloon burst and fell to @. ·come
down/back to @, ´stop day dreaming; return to practical realities. ·move
heaven and @ (to do sth), ´make every possible effort. ·how/why/where/who, etc
on @, ´how/why, etc ever«. (used for emphasis; µ¥ ever´). ¸3 ¶[U] ´soil: ³to
fill a pit with @; to cover the roots of a plant with @. ¸Ú@-closet, ´latrine;
substitute for a lavatory in places where there is no supply of water from
mains, etc. ¸Ú@-nut, ´groundnut. ¸Ú@®work, ´embankment of @ used in
fortifications as a defence. ¸Ú@®worm, ´common kind of worm that lives in the
soil. ¸4 ¶[C] ´hole of a fox, badger or other wild animal: ³to stop an @´,
block it up so that the animal cannot return to it. ·run/go to @, ´(of a fox)
go into its hole. ·run sth/sb to @, ´hunt (a fox) to its burrow; (fig)
discover (sth/sb) by searching. ¸5 ¶[C,U] ´(electr) (means of) contact with the
ground as the completion of a circuit. ¸6 ¶[C] ´(chem) one of several metallic
oxides. ´¹ ³vt ¸1 ¶[VP15B] ·@ up, ´cover with @: ³to @ up the roots of a
newly-planted shrub.
¸2 ¶[VP6A] ´(electr) connect (an apparatus, etc) with the @. µ¥ 5 ´above. ¸@y
³adj ¸1 ´of or like @ or soil: ³an @y smell. ¸2 ´(fig) grossly material;
unaffected, unrefined: ³the @y and robust men and women in the paintings of
Rubens.¼
¨earthen© ²/Ú3Tn/ ³adj ´made of earth: ³@ floors; ´made of baked
clay: ³an @ jar. ¸Ú@®ware ²/-weE(r)/ ³n ¶[U] ´dishes, etc made of baked clay;
(attrib) ³an @ware casserole.¼
¨earthly© ²/Ú3TlI/ ³adj ¸1 ´of this world, not of heaven: ³@ joys/possessions.
¸2 ´(colloq) possible; conceivable: ³You haven't an @ (chance)´, no chance at
all. ·no @ use, ´quite useless.¼
¨earth®quake© ²/Ú3TkweIk/ ³n ¶[C] ´sudden, violent movement of the earth's
surface.¼
¨ear®wig© ²/ÚIEwIg/ ³n ´small harmless insect with pincers at the
rear end of its abdomen. µ¥ ´the illus at µinsect.¼
¨ease©1 ²/iz/ ³n ¶[U] ´freedom from work, discomfort, trouble, difficulty,
anxiety: ³a life of @; @ of body and mind. ·at @, ´confortable; comfortably:
³a mind at @; ³sitting at @. ·ill at @, ´anxious or embarrassed. ·stand at @,
´(as a mil command) with the legs apart and the hands behind the back (Cf ³at
attention, stand easy). ·take one's @´, stop working or worrying. ·with @,
´without difficulty.¼
¨ease©2 ²/iz/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A,14] ·@ (of), ´give relief to (the body or mind)
from pain, discomfort, anxiety: ³@ sb's anxiety; @ sb of his pain/trouble. Can
I @ you of your burden? ¸2 ¶[VP6A,15A,B,2C] ´make looser, less tight; lessen
speed, efforts: ³@ a coat under the armpits; @ a drawer´, eÔg one that sticks
fast or opens with difficulty: ³@ (down) the speed of a boat. ³E@ Úoff a bit,
we're going too fast. ¸3 ¶[VP2A,C] ·@ (off/up), ´become less tense or
troublesome: ³the easing of tension between the two countries. The situation
has @d off/up.¼
¨easel© ²/Úizl/ ³n ´wooden frame to support a blackboard or a picture (while
the artist is working at it).¼
¨east© ²/Úist/ ³n ¸1 the @, ´point of the horizon where the sun
rises. µ¥ ´the illus at µcompass. ¸the *Far ÚE@, ´China, Japan, etc. ¸the
*Middle ÚE@, ´countries from Egypt to Iran. ¸the *Near ÚE@, ´Turkey, etc. ¸the
E@, ¸(a) ´the Orient. ¸(b) ´the eastern side of the UÔSÔA @ of the
Allegheny ²/*alEÚgeInI/ ´Mountains and north of the Mason-Dixon ²/*meIsn
ÚdIksn/ ´line (the boundary between the states of Pennsylvania and Maryland).
¸2 ´(attrib): ³an @ wind´, one blowing from the @; towards, at, in the
direction of the @: ³on the @ coast. ¸the *E@ ÚEnd, ´the eastern part of
London. ¹ ³adv ´towards the @: ³to travel @; to face @; to sail due @; a town
that lies @ of the Rhine. ¸@®ward ²/ÚistwEd/ ³adj ´towards the @: ³in an @ward
direction. ¸@®ward(s) ³adv ´towards the @: ³to travel @wards.¼
¨Easter© ²/ÚistE(r)/ ³n ´anniversary of the Resurrection of Christ, observed
on the first Sunday ³(@ Day, @ Sunday) ´after a full moon on or after 21 Mar.
Used attrib in ·Ú³@-·³week ´(beginning on @ Sunday); ³the @ holidays. ¸Ú@ egg,
´egg with a painted or dyed shell, or an egg made of chocolate.¼
¨east®er®ly© ²/ÚistElI/ ³adj, adv ´in an eastern direction or position; (of
the wind) coming from the east.¼
¨east®ern© ²/ÚistEn/ ³adj ´(attrib) of, from, living in, the east part of the
world: ³@ religions. ¸the E@ Church´, the Greek Orthodox Church. ¸the E@
Hemisphere, ´Africa, Asia and Europe. ¸@®most ²/-mE8st/ ³adj ´farthest east.¼
¨easy© ²/ÚizI/ ³adj µ(-ier, -iest) ¸1 ´not difficult: ³an @ book. The place is
@ to reach. It is an @ place to reach. ¸2 ´free from pain, discomfort, anxiety,
trouble, etc: ³to lead an @ life; in @ circumstances´, having enough money to
live comfortably; ³an ·Ú³@ chair´, one that is soft and restful; ³@
manners, ´not showing stiffness or embarrassment; ³(to buy furniture) on @
terms, ´trade term for hire-purchase; ³persons who are @ to get on with´,
people who are informal, not stiff. ¸*@®Úgoing, ´(of persons) placid and
tolerant; casual; lazy and careless; lax. ¸3 ´(comm) (of goods and money on
loan) not much in demand. µ¥ tight. ³¹ ³adv ´in an @ manner: ³E@! ´(as a
command) Move (it) gently. ·take it/things @, ´don't work too hard or too
energetically. ·go @ on/with, ´(colloq) be careful or moderate with: ³Go @ on
the brandyÅit's the last bottle! ·Easier said than done, ´It is easier to say
one will do it than to do it. ·Stand @! ´(as a mil command) Stand with more
freedom of movement than when ³at ease, µ¥ ease±1µ. ¸eas®ily ²/ÚizElI/ ³adv ¸1
´with ease. ¸2 ´without doubt: ³easily the best TÔV programme. ¸3 ´possibly:
³That may easily be the case.¼
¨eat© ²/it/ ³vt,vi (pt µate ²/et ³US: ²eIt/³, pp µeaten ²/Úitn/³)
¸1 ¶[VP6A,15B,2A,C,4A] ·eat (up), ´take (solid food, also soup) into the mouth
and swallow it: ³to eat one's dinner; to eat up ´(= finish eating) ³one's food.
Where shall we eat? He was too ill to eat. We should eat to live, not live to
eat´, not make eating the most important thing in life. ·eat its head off, ´(a
horse) cost more to feed than it is worth. ·eat one's heart out, ´suffer in
silence; be very sad. ·eat one's words, ´take a statement back, say in a humble
way that one was wrong. ¸2 ¶[VP6A,3A,15B] ´destroy as if by eating: ³Acids eat
into metals. He is eaten up with pride. The river had eaten away the banks. The
moths have eaten holes in my coat. ¸Úeating-apple ³n ´suitable for eating
uncooked. ¸Úeating-house, ´restaurant. ¸eats ³n pl ´(sl) food: ³There were
plenty of eats, but not enough drinks. ¸eat®able ²/-Ebl/ ³adj ´fit to be
eaten; good to eat: ³The prison food was scarcely eatable. µ¹ ³n ´(usu ³pl´)
food. ¸@er ³n ¸1 ´one that eats: ³He's a big eater´, eats large quantities. ¸2
´apple, pear, etc for dessert, good when eaten uncooked.¼
¨eau© ²/E8/ ³n ¸eau de Cologne ²/*E8 dE kEÚlE8n/ ³n ´(F) perfume made at
Cologne. ¸eau-de-vie ²/*E8 dE Úvi/ ³n ´(F) brandy.¼
¨eaves© ²/ivz/ ³n pl ´overhanging edges of a roof: ³icicles hanging
from the @.¼
¨eaves®drop© ²/Úivzdrop/ ³vi µ(-pp-) ¶[VP2A,3A] ·@ (on), ´listen secretly to
private conversation: ³@ on a discussion. ¸@®per ²/-dropE(r)/ ³n ´person who
does this.¼
¨ebb© ²/eb/ ³vi ¶[VP2A,C] ¸1 ´(of the tide) flow back from the land to the
sea. ¸2 ´(fig) grow less; become weak or faint: ³His fortune's beginning to
ebb. Daylight was ebbing away. ´¹ ³n ¸1 ´the flowing out of the tide: ³the ebb
and flow of the sea/the tide. The tide is on the ebb´, is going out. ¸2 ´(fig)
low state; decline or decay: ³His health is at a low ebb. ¸*ebb®Útide ³n ´=
ebb.¼
¨eb®on®ite© ²/ÚebEnñIt/ ³n ¶[U] ´(comm) hard black insulating material made by
vulcanising rubber.¼
¨eb®ony© ²/ÚebEnI/ ³n ¶[U] ´hard, black wood. ¹ ³adj ´made of, black as, @:
³the @ keys on a piano.¼
¨ebul®lient© ²/IÚbAlIEnt/ ³adj ´exuberant. ¸ebul®lience ²/-Ens/ ³n
´exuberance; outburst (of feeling).¼
¨ec®cen®tric© ²/IkÚsentrIk/ ³adj ¸1 ´(of a person, his behaviour) peculiar;
not normal or conventional. ¸2 ´(of circles) not having the same centre, µ¥
´the illus at µconcentric´; (of orbits) not circular; (of planets, etc) moving
in an @ orbit. ¹ ³n ¸1 ´@ person. ¸2 ´(mech) device for changing circular
motion into backward-and-forward motion.¼
¨ec®cen®tric®ity© ²/*eksenÚtrIsEtI/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´quality of being eccentric;
strangeness of behaviour, etc: ³@ in dress. ¸2 ¶[C] ³(pl µ-ties³) ´instance of
this; strange or unusual act or habit: ³One of his eccentricities is sleeping
under the bed instead of in it.¼
¨ec®clesi®as®tic© ²/I*klizIÚastIk/ ³n ´clergyman. ¸ec®clesi®as®ti®cal ²/-kl/
³adj ´of the Christian Church; of clergymen. ¸ec®clesi®as®ti®cally ²/-klI/
³adv¼
¨eche®lon© ²/Úe2Elon/ ³n ´step-like formation of troops, aircraft,
ships, etc as shown in illus: ³flying in @.¼
¨echo©1 ²/ÚekE8/ ³n (pl µ@es ²/-E8z/³) ¸1 ¶[C,U] ´sound reflected or sent back
(eÔg from a wall of rock): ³The speaker was cheered/applauded to the @´,
long and loudly. ¸Ú@ chamber, ´natural or artifical space for producing @es.
¸Ú@-sounding, ´method of ascertaining distances (eÔg of the ocean bed or
underwater objects) by measuring the time taken for waves of sound, etc to be
echoed back. Hence, ¸Ú@-sounder ³n ´instrument used for this. «a copy or
repetition of« ¸2 ¶[C] ´person who, statement etc which, is a copy or repition
of another.¼
¨echo©2 ²/ÚekE8/ ³vi,vt ¶[VP6A,15B,2A,C] ·@ (back) ¸1 ´(of places) send back an
echo: ³The valley @ed as he sang. The hills @ed back the noise of the shot. ¸2
´(of sounds) be sent back as an echo: ³The shot @ed through the woods. ¸3 ´be
an echo of; repeat the words, etc of another: ³They @ed every word of their
leader.¼
¨_eclair© ²/IÚkleE(r)/ ³n ´(F) small cylindrical pastry iced on top and filled
with cream.¼
¨_eclat© ²/ÚeIklq ³US: ²eIÚklq/ ³n ¶[U] ´(F) brilliant, conspicuous success;
applause from everyone: ³with great @.¼
¨ec®lec®tic© ²/IÚklektIk/ ³adj ´(of persons, methods, etc) choosing,
accepting, freely from various sources. ¸ec®lec®ti®cism ²/-tIsIzEm/ ³n¼
¨eclipse© ²/IÚklIps/ ³n ¶[C] ¸1 ´total or partial cutting off of the light of
the sun (when the moon is between it and the earth), or of the reflected light
of the moon (when the earth's shadow falls on it). ¸2 ´(fig) loss of
brilliance, power, reputation, etc: ³After suffering an @ he is now again
famous. An author's reputation is often in @ for some years after his death. ¹
vt ¶[VP6A] ¸1 ´(of the moon, a planet, etc) cause an @; cut off the light from.
¸2 ´(fig) make (sb or sth) appear dull by comparison; outshine: ³She was so
beautiful that she @d every other woman at the ball.¼
¨eclip®tic© ²/IÚklIptIk/ ³n ´the path of the sun in the sky.¼
¨ecol®ogy© ²/iÚkolEdZI/ ³n ¶[U] ´branch of biology that deals with the habits
of living things, esp their relation to their environment. ¸eco®logi®cal
²/*ikEÚlodZIkl/ ³adj ´of @: ³the ecological effects of industry´, eÔg the
pollution of the atmosphere, of rivers, etc. ¸eco®logi®cally ²/-klI/ ³adv
¸eco-system ²/ÚikE8-/ ´= ecological system. ¸ecol®ogist ²/iÚkolEdZIst/ ³n
´student of, expert in, @.¼
¨econ®omic© ²/*ikEÚnomIk ³US: ²*ek-/ ³adj ¸1 ´of economics (µ¥ ´below): ³the
government's @ policy. ¸2 ´designed to give a profit: ³an @ rent´, one that
compensates the owner for the cost of the land, building, etc. ¸3 ´connected
with commerce and industry: ³@ geography´, studied chiefly in connection with
industry.¼
¨econ®omi®cal© ²/*ikEÚnomIkl ³US: ²*ek-/ ³adj ´careful in the spending of
money, time, etc and in the use of goods; not wasteful: ³to be @ of time and
energy; an @ fire´, one that does not waste fuel. ¸@ly ²/-klI/ ³adv¼
¨econ®omics© ²/*ikEÚnomIks ³US: ²*ek-/ ³n pl sing-v ¶[U] ´science of the
production, distribution and consumption of goods; condition of a country as to
material prosperity. ¸econ®om®ist ²/IÚkonEmIst/ ³n ¸1 ´expert in @; person who
writes or lectures on @ or political economy. ¸2 ´person who is economical or
thrifty.¼
¨econ®om®ize© ²/IÚkonEmñIz/ ³vt,vi ¶[VP6A,2A,3A] ·@ (on sth), ´be economical;
use or spend less than before; cut down expenses: ³He @d by using buses instead
of taking taxis. We must @ on light and fuel.¼
¨econ®omy© ²/IÚkonEmI/ ³n (pl µ-mies³) ¸1 ¶[C,U] ´(instance of) avoidance of
waste of money, strength or anything else of value: ³to practise @. In the
long run, it is an @ to buy good quality goods, even though they cost more. By
various little economies, she managed to save enough money for a holiday. ¸Ú@
class, ´cheapest class of travel (esp by air). ¸2 ¶[U] ´control and management
of the money, goods and other resources of a community, society or household:
³political @; domestic @. ¸3 ¶[C] ´system for the management and use of
resources: ³the totalitarian economies of Germany and Italy before the Second
World War.¼
¨ec®stasy© ²/ÚekstEsI/ ³n (pl µ-sies³) ¶[U,C] ´(feeling of) great joy and
spiritual uplift: ³in an @ of delight; to be in/go into/be thrown into
@/ecstasies (over sth). ¸ec®static ²/IkÚstatIk/ ³adj ´of, in, causing, @.
¸ec®stati®cally ²/-klI/ ³adv¼
¨ec®to®plasm© ²/ÚektEplazEm/ ³n ¶[U] ´substance supposed to flow from a
spiritualistic medium during a trance.¼
¨ecu®meni®cal© ²/*ikjuÚmenIkl/ ³adj ¸1 ´of or representing the
whole Christian world or universal Church: ³an E@ Council´, eÔg of all the RÔC
church as summoned by the Pope. ¸2 ´seeking to restore the unity of the
Christian churches: ³the @ movement.¼
¨ec®zema© ²/ÚeksImE/ ³n ¶[U] ´itching skin disease.¼
¨eddy© ²/ÚedI/ ³n (pl µ-dies³) ´(of wind, smoke, fog, mist, dust, water)
circular or spiral movement: ³Eddies of mist rose from the valleys. The car
went past in an @ of dust. ´¹ ³vi ¶[VP2A,C] ´move in small circles; move in or
like eddies; whirl.¼
¨edel®weiss© ²/ÚeIdlvñIs/ ³n ´small Alpine plant with white leaves and flowers,
growing among rocks.¼
¨Eden© ²/Úidn/ ³n ´(Bible) garden where Adam and Eve lived; place of delight.¼
¨edge©1 ²/edZ/ ³n ¸1 ´sharp, cutting part of a knife, sword or other tool or
weapon: ³a knife with a sharp @; to put an @ on a knife´, sharpen it. ·be on
@, ´be excited or irritable. ·give sb the @ of one's tongue, ´rebuke him
sharply. ·have the @ on sb, ´(colloq) have an advantage over him. ·set sb's
Úteeth on @, ´upset his nerves (as when a scraping sound or a sharp, acid taste
causes physical revulsion). ·take the @ off sth, ´dull or soften; reduce, eÔg
one's appetite. ¸2 ´(line marking the) outer limit or boundary of a (flat)
surface: ³a cottage on the @ of a forest; the @ of a lake; trim the @s of a
lawn´, cut the grass there. ³Don't put the glass on the @ of the table; it may
get knocked off. He fell off the @ of the cliff. ¸edgy ²/ÚedZI/ ³adj ´having
one's nerves on @.¼
¨edge©2 ²/edZ/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A,14] ·@ (with), ´supply with a
border: ³to @ a handkerchief with lace/a garden path with plants; ´form a
border to: ³a road @d with grass. ¸2 ¶[VP6A] ´sharpen (a tool, etc). ¸3
¶[VP15A,B,2C] ´(cause to) move slowly forward or along: ³@ oneself/@ one's way
through a crowd; @ along a narrow ledge of rock; @ a piano through a door; @
one's chair nearer to the fireplace.¼
¨edge®ways© ²/ÚedZweIz/, ±edge®wise ²/ÚedZwñIz/ ³adv ´with the edge outwards
or forwards. ·not get a word in @, ´be unable to say anything when a very
talkative person is speaking.¼
¨edg®ing© ²/ÚedZIG/ ³n ´narrow border: ³an @ of lace on a dress. ¸Ú@-shears,
´tool for trimming grass on the edges of a lawn.¼
¨ed®ible© ²/ÚedIbl/ ³adj ´fit to be eaten; not poisonous. ¹ ³n ´(usu ³pl´)
thing fit to be eaten. ¸edi®bil®ity ²/*edIÚbIlEtI/ ³n¼
¨edict© ²/ÚidIkt/ ³n ´order or proclamation issued by authority; decree.¼
¨edi®fi®ca®tion© ²/*edIfIÚkeI2n/ ³n ¶[U] ´mental or moral improvement.¼
¨edi®fice© ²/ÚedIfIs/ ³n ¶[C] ´building (esp a large or imposing one); (fig)
sth built up in the mind: ³The whole @ of his hopes was destroyed.¼
¨edify© ²/ÚedIfñI/ ³vt (pt,pp µ-fied³) ¶[VP6A] ´improve in morals or mind:
³@ing books.¼
¨edit© ²/ÚedIt/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ¸1 ´prepare (another person's writing) for
publication (as a book, or in a newspaper or other periodical): ³@ a newspaper;
@ a Shakespeare play for use in schools. ¸2 ´do the work of planning and
directing the publication of a newspaper, magazine, book, encyclopaedia, etc.
¸3 ´prepare a cinema film, tape recording by putting together parts in a
suitable
sequence. ¸4 ´arrange data for computer processing.¼
¨edi®tion© ²/IÚdI2n/ ³n ¸1 ´form in which a book is published: ³a
cheap @; a ·Ú³pocket @. ¸2 ´total number of copies (of a book, newspaper, etc)
issued from the same types: ³the first @; a revised @. µ¥ impression(3).¼
¨edi®tor© ²/ÚedItE(r)/ ³n ´person who edits (esp a book, newspaper, periodical,
radio news programme) or who is in charge of part of a newspaper: ³the
·Ú³sports/fi·Ú³nancial @.¼
¨edi®tor®ial© ²/*edIÚtcrIEl/ ³adj ´of an editor: ³the @ office; @ work. ´¹ ³n
¶[C] ´special article or discussion of news in a newspaper, etc usu written by
the editor.¼
¨edu®cate© ²/ÚedZ8keIt/ ³vt ¶[VP6A,15A,16A] ´give intellectual and moral
training to; train: ³The boy had to @ himself in the evening after finishing
his work. I was @d for the law. You should @ your children to behave
well. ¸edu®ca®tor ²/-tE(r)/ ³n ´person who @s.¼
¨edu®ca®tion© ²/*edZ8ÚkeI2n/ ³n ¶[U] ¸1 ´systematic training and instruction
(esp of the young, in school, college, etc): ³No country can afford to neglect
@. Is @ free and compulsory in your country? ¸2 ´knowledge and abilities,
development of character and mental powers, resulting from such training. ¸@al
²/-2Enl/ ³adj ´of, connected with, @: ³@al work; an @al magazine. ¸@®ist
²/-2EnIst/, ¸@®al®ist ²/-2EnElIst/ ³n ´expert in @.¼
¨educe© ²/IÚdjus ³US: ²IÚdus/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´(formal) bring out, develop (from
what is latent or potential).¼
¨eel© ²/il/ ³n ´long, snake-like fish. µ¥ ´the illus at µsea. ·as slippery as
an eel, ´very difficult to hold; (fig) (of a person) untrustwoethy; difficult
to manage.¼
¨e'en© ²/in/ ³adv ´(poet) even.¼
¨e'er© ²/eE(r)/ ³adv ´(poet) ever.¼
¨eerie©, eery ²/ÚIErI/ ³adj µ(-ier, -iest) ´causing a feeling of mystery and
fear: ³an @ shriek. ¸eer®ily ²/ÚIErElI/ ³adv ¸eeri®ness ³n¼
¨eff© ²/ef/ ³vi ´(sl, euphem for Ï ³fuck´): ³I told him to eff off. What an
effing nuisance!¼
¨ef®face© ²/IÚfeIs/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ¸1 ´rub or wipe out; make indistinct; (fig)
obliterate: ³@ an inscription; @ unpleasant memories of the past. ¸2 ·@
oneself, ´keep in the background in order to escape being noticed; make
oneself appear to be unimportant. ¸@®ment ³n¼
¨ef®fect© ²/IÚfekt/ ³n ¸1 ¶[C,U] ´(¶[U] ´in phrases of degree or
extent) result; outcome: ³the @ of heat upon metals; the @s of the hot weather.
Did the medicine have any @/a good @? Punishment had very little @ on him´, did
not reform him, frighten him, etc. ³Our arguments had no @ on them´, did not
influence them. ·of no @, ´useless, not doing what was intended or hoped for.
·in @, ¸(a) ´in fact, really; for practical purposes. ¸(b) ´(of a rule, law,
etc) in operation: ³The rule is still in @. ·bring/carry/put sth into @,
´cause it to operate: ³The plans will soon be carried into @. ·come into @,
´reach the stage of being operative: ³The new tax regulations came into @ last
week. ·give @ to, ´cause to become active or have a result. ·take @, ¸(a)
´produce the result intended or required. ¸(b) ´come into force; operate;
become active. ¸2 ¶[C,U] ´impression produced on the mind of a spectator,
hearer, reader, etc: ³wonderful ·Ú³cloud @s´, impressions produced by light on
clouds, eÔg at sunset; ·Ú³sound @s´, (in broadcasting, etc) sounds
characteristic of a scene, or incidental to an event, eÔg the noise of a train.
³Everything he says and does is calculated for @´, designed to impress
spectators or hearers. ¸3 ·to this/that @, ´with this/that ´meaning: ³That is
what he said, or words to that @´, words with the same general meaning. ·to
the @ that«, ´stating: ³I have received a cable to the @ that«´, with the
information that«. ·to the same @, ´giving the same information: ³I sent a
telegram and wrote a letter to the same @. ¸4 ³(pl) ´goods; property: ³The
hotel-keeper seized her personal @s because she could not pay her bill. ·no @s,
´written (often N/E) by bankers on a cheque which is dishonoured. ¹ ³vt ¶[VP6A]
´bring about; accomplish: ³@ one's purpose; @ a cure; @ ´(= take out) ³an
insurance policy.¼
¨ef®fec®tive© ²/IÚfektIv/ ³adj ¸1 ´having an effect; able to bring
about the result intended: ³@ measures to cure unemployment. ¸2 ´making a
striking impression: ³an @ scheme of decoration. ¸3 ´actual or existing: ³the
@ membership of the society; ´(of a military force, soldiers, sailors, etc)
fit for service: ³the @ strength of the army. ¸@®ly ³adv ¸@®ness ³n¼
¨ef®fec®tual© ²/IÚfekt28El/ ³adj ´(not used of persons) bringing about the
result required; answering its purpose: ³an @ remedy/punishment; to take @
steps. ¸@®ly ²/-lI/ ³adv ¸@®ness ³n¼
¨ef®femi®nate© ²/IÚfemInEt/ ³adj ´(of a man, derog) feminine. ¸ef®femi®nacy
²/IÚfemInEsI/ ³n ¶[U].¼
¨ef®fendi© ²/eÚfendI/ ³n ´(old use, in Turkey) sir; (in Arab countries)
educated or powerful person.¼
¨ef®fer®vesce© ²/*efEÚves/ ³vi ¶[VP2A] ´give off bubbles of gas; (of gas)
issue in bubbles; (fig, of persons) be gay and excited. ¸ef®fer®ves®cence
²/*efEÚvesns/ ³n ¶[U] ¸ef®fer®ves®cent ²/-snt/ ³adj¼
¨ef®fete© ²/IÚfit/ ³adj ´exhausted; weak and worn out: ³@
civilizations/empires. ¸@®ness ³n¼
¨ef®fi®ca®cious© ²/*efIÚkeI2Es/ ³adj ´(not used of persons) producing the
desired result: ³an @ cure for a disease. ¸@®ly ³adv ¸ef®fi®cacy ²/ÚefIkEsI/
³n ¶[U] ´state or quality of being @.¼
¨ef®fi®cient© ²/IÚfI2nt/ ³adj ¸1 ´(of persons) capable; able to perform duties
well: ³an @ secretary/staff of teachers. ¸2 ´producing a desired or
satisfactory result: ³@ methods of teaching. ¸@®ly ³adv ¸ef®fi®ciency
²/IÚfI2nsI/ ³n ¶[U] ´state or quality of being @.¼
¨ef®figy© ²/ÚefIdZI/ ³n (pl µ-gies³) ¶[C] ´representation of a person (in wood,
stone, etc). ·in @, ´as an @: ³hang/burn a person in @´, make an @ of
him and hang/burn it (as a sign of hatred, etc).¼
¨ef®flor®es®cence© ²/*eflEÚresns/ ³n ¶[U] ´(formal) flowering; bursting out
into flower. ¸ef®flor®es®cent ²/-snt/ ³adj¼
¨ef®flu®ent© ²/Úefl8Ent/ ³n ¸1 ¶[C] ´stream flowing from a larger stream or
from a lake. ¸2 ¶[U] ´discharge of waste liquid matter, sewage, etc, eÔg from a
factory.¼
¨ef®flux© ²/ÚeflAks/ ³n ¶[U] ´flowing out of liquid, gas, etc; ¶[C] ´that
which flows out.¼
¨ef®fort© ²/ÚefEt/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´trying hard; use of strength and
energy ³(to do ´sth); ¶[C] ´vigorous attempt: ³He lifted the big rock without
@. It doesn't need much @. Please make an @ to arrive early. Does it require a
great @ of will to give up smoking? I will make every @ ´(= do all I can) ³to
help you. His @s at clearing up the mystery failed. ¸2 ¶[C] ´(colloq) result of
@; sth done with @: ³That's a pretty good @´, iÔe you have done well. ¸@®less
³adj ´making no @; without @; easy: ³done with @less skill.¼
¨ef®front®ery© ²/IÚfrAntErI/ ³n ¶[U] ´shameless boldness; impudence; ¶[C] ³(pl
µ-ries³) ´instance of this: ³How can you have the @ to ask for another loan?¼
¨ef®ful®gent© ²/IÚfAldZEnt/ ³adj ´(liter) radiant; resplendent. ¸ef®ful®gence
²/-dZEns/ ³n ´radiance.¼
¨ef®fu®sion© ²/IÚfjuZn/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´sending or pouring out (of liquid, eÔg
blood); ¶[C] ´quantity poured out. ¸2 ¶[C] ´(esp unrestrained) outpouring of
thought or feeling: ³poetical @s; @s in love letters.¼
¨ef®fu®sive© ²/IÚfjusIv/ ³adj ´(of the feelings, signs of pleasure, gratitude,
etc) pouring out too freely: ³@ thanks; @ in one's gratitude. ¸@®ly ³adv
¸@®ness ³n¼
¨eft© ²/eft/ ³n ´newt.¼
¨egali®tar®ian© ²/I*galIÚteErIEn/ ³n, adj ´(person) favouring the doctrine of
equal rights, benefits and opportunities for all citizens. Cf µelitist. ¸@®ism
²/-IzEm/ ³n¼
¨egg©1 ²/eg/ ³n ´female reproducing cell; ovum, (esp an embryo enclosed in a
shell, eÔg of a hen, used as food): ³Birds, reptiles and insects come from
eggs. Chickens are hatched from eggs. The hen laid an egg. Will you have your
eggs boiled or fried? ¶[U] ³You've got some egg ´(iÔe a bit of a cooked egg)
³on your chin. µ¥ ´the illus at µamphibian, prey´. ·a bad egg, ´(colloq) a
worthless or dishonest person. ·as sure as eggs is eggs, ´(colloq) undoubtedly.
·in the egg, ´at an early stage; undeveloped. ·put all one's eggs in one
basket, ´risk everything one has in a single venture, eÔg by investing all
one's money in one business. ·teach one's grandmother to suck eggs, ´give
advice to sb who has much more experience than oneself. ¸Úegg-cup, ´small cup
for holding a boiled egg. ¸Úegg-head ³n ´(colloq) intellectual person;
theorist. ¸Úegg®plant, ´plant with large, purple (rather egg-shaped) fruit (=
aubergine), used as a vegetable. µ¥ ´the illus at µvegetable. ¸Úegg-shell,
´shell of an egg: ³egg-shell china´, very thin kind; ³egg-shell paint´, kind
that gives a finish that is neither glossy nor matt. ¸Úegg-whisk, ´utensil for
beating eggs.¼
¨egg©2 ²/eg/ ³vt ¶[VP15B] ·@ sb on, ´urge him ³(to do ´sth).¼
¨eg®lan®tine© ²/ÚeglEntñIn/ ³n ¶[U] ´kind of rose; sweet-briar.¼
¨ego© ²/ÚegE8 ³US: ²ÚigE8/ ³n ¸(the) @, ´(psych) individual's perception or
experience of himself; individual's capacity to think, feel and act;
self-esteem. ¸Úego®trip ³n ´(colloq) self-centred or self-seeking act. µ¹ ³vi
´act in this way.¼
¨ego®cen®tric© ²/*egE8ÚsentrIk ³US: ²*ig-/ ³adj ´self-centred; egoistic.¼
¨ego®ism© ²/ÚegE8IzEm ³US: ²Úig-/ ³n ¶[U] ¸1 ´(phil) theory that our actions
are always caused by the desire to benefit ourselves. ¸2 ´systematic
selfishness; state of mind in which one is always thinking of oneself. µ¥
altruism. ¸ego®ist ²/-Ist/ ³n ´believer in @. ¸ego®istic ²/*egE8ÚIstIk ³US:
²*ig-/, ¸ego®isti®cal ²/-kl/ ³adj ´of @; of an egoist.¼
¨ego®tism© ²/ÚegE8tIzEm ³US: ²Úig-/ ³n ¶[U] ´practice of talking too often or
too much about oneself; self-conceit; selfishness. ¸ego®tist ²/-tIst/ ³n
´person who practises @; selfish person. ¸ego®tis®tic ²/*egEÚtIstIk ³US: ²*ig-/
³adj ´of @; of or like an egotist. ¸ego®tis®ti®cally ²/-klI/ ³adv¼
¨egre®gi®ous© ²/IÚgridZIEs/ ³adj ´(formal) outstanding, exceptional (used of sb
or sth bad): ³@ folly; an @ blunder/idiot.¼
¨egress© ²/Úigres/ ³n ´(formal) ¶[U] ´(right of) going out; ¶[C]
´way out; exit.¼
¨egret© ²/Úigret/ ³n ´kind of heron with beautiful long feathers in the tail
and on the back; bunch of these feathers as an ornament.¼
¨Egyp®tian© ²/IÚdZIp2n/ ³adj, n ´(native) of Egypt.¼
¨eh© ²/eI/ ³int ´used to express surprise or doubt, or to invite agreement.¼
¨eider®down© ²/ÚñIdEdñ8n/ ³n ´(bed-covering filled with) soft breast feathers
of large, wild duck (called ·Ú³eider´).¼
¨eight© ²/eIt/ ³adj, n ¸1 ´the number 8. µ¥ App 4. ·have one over the @, ´drink
too much. ¸2 ´crew of @ in a rowing-boat. µ¥ bow±3µ(2), stroke±1µ(3).
¸eighth ²/eItT/ ³adj, n ¸@®pence ²/ÚeItpEns ³US: ²-pens/ ³n ¸@®penny ²/ÚeItpEnI
³US: ²-penI/ ³adj ¸@®een ²/*eIÚtin/ ³adj, n ´the number 18. ¸@®eenth
²/*eIÚtinT/ ³adj, n ¸@y ²/ÚeItI/ ³adj, n ´the number 80. ¸the eighties, ´80-89.
¸@®ieth ²/ÚeItIET/ ³adj, n¼
¨eight®some© ²/ÚeItsEm/ ³n ´lively Scottish dance (a ³reel´) for
eight dancers.¼
¨eis®tedd®fod© ²/*ñIÚsteDvod/ ³n ´(in Wales) annual gathering of poets and
musicians for competitions.¼
¨either© ²/ÚñIDE(r) ³US: ²ÚiDEr/ ³adj, pron ¸1 ·@ (of), ´(Cf the use of ³any,
´or ³any one of, ´when the number is greater than two) one or the other (of
two): ³Take @ half; they're exactly the same. E@ of them/E@ one will be
satisfactory. You must not favour @ side in the dispute. In @ event/@ of these
events you will benefit. ¸2 ·@ (of), ´(Cf the use of ³both ´and ³each, ´which
are more usu) one and the other (of two): ³There was an armchair at @ end of
the long table. ¹ adv, conj ¸1 ´used in statements after ³not; ´(Cf the use of
³neither´): ³I don't like the red one, and I don't like the pink one, @, ´iÔe I
dislike both of them. ³A: "I haven't been to Paris yet.' B: "I haven't been
there yet, @.' ´(= Neither have I). ¸2 ´(used after a negative phrase)
moreover; furthermore: ³There was a time, and not so long ago @, when she could
walk twenty miles a day. ¸3 ·@ « or, ´(used to introduce the first of two or
more alternatives): ³He must be @ mad or drunk. Please @ come in or go out:
don't stand there in the doorway. E@ the dog or the cat has eaten it.¼
¨ejacu®late© ²/IÚdZakj8leIt/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ¸1 ´say suddenly and
briefly. ¸2 ´eject (fluid, eÔg semen) from the body. ¸ejacu®la®tion
²/I*dZakj8ÚleI2n/ ³n ¸1 ¶[C] ´exclamation; sth said suddenly. ¸2 ´discharge or
ejection of fluid (eÔg semen) (from the body).¼
¨eject© ²/IÚdZekt/ ³vt,vi ¶[VP6A,14] ·@ (from), ¸1 ´compel (sb) to leave (a
place); expel: ³They were @ed because they had not paid their rent for a year.
¸2 ´send out (liquid, etc): ³lava @ed from a volcano. ¸3 ¶[VP2A] ´make an
emergency exit, with a parachute, from an aircraft. ¸ejec®tion ²/IÚdZek2n/ ³n
¸ejec®tor ²/-tE(r)/ ³n ´sth that @s. ¸eÚjector-seat, ´one in an aircraft for
@ing the pilot so that he may descend by parachute.¼
¨eke© ²/ik/ ³vt ¶[VP15B] ·eke sth out, ´make (small supplies of sth) enough for
one's needs by adding sth; make (a living) by doing this: ³eke out one's coal
by saving the cinders for further use; eke out one's livelihood.¼
¨elab®or®ate© ²/IÚlabErEt/ ³adj ´worked out with much care and in great detail;
carefully prepared and finished; complicated: ³@ plans; an @ design; an @
dinner´, eÔg with many courses. ¹ ³vt ²/IÚlabEreIt/ ¶[VP6A] ´work out,
describe, in detail: ³Please @ your proposals a little. ¸@ly ³adv ¸@®ness ³n
¸elab®or®ation ²/I*labEÚreI2n/ ³n ¶[U] ´elaborating or being @d; ¶[C] ´that
which is added; detail that @s.¼
¨_elan© ²/eIÚlqn/ ³n ¶[U] ´(F) vivacity; impetuosity; enthusiasm.¼
¨eland© ²/ÚilEnd/ ³n ´kind of S African antelope.¼
¨elapse© ²/IÚlaps/ ³vi ¶[VP2A] ´(of time) pass.¼
¨elas®tic© ²/IÚlastIk/ ³adj ¸1 ´having the tendency to go back to
the normal or previous size or shape after being pulled or pressed: ³@ bands.
Rubber is @. Sponges are @. ¸2 ´(fig) not firm, fixed or unalterable; able to
be adapted: ³@ rules; an @ temperament´, eÔg of a person who soon becomes
cheerful again after being sad. ¹ ³n ¶[U] ´cord or material made @ by weaving
rubber into it: ³a piece of @´; (attrib) ³@ braces´, made of this material.
¸@®ity ²/*elaÚstIsEtI ³US: ²I*la-/ ³n ¶[U] ´the quality of being @:
³elasticity of demand´, (comm) change in demand because of price changes.¼
¨elate© ²/IÚleIt/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´(usu passive) stimulate; make high-spirited:
³He was @d at the news/by his success. ¸ela®tion ²/IÚleI2n/ ³n ¶[U] ´high
spirits: ³filled with elation.¼
¨el®bow© ²/ÚelbE8/ ³n ¸1 ´(outer part of the) joint between the two parts of
the arm, µ¥ ´the illus at µarm´; corresponding part of a sleeve (in a jacket,
etc). ·at one's @, ´close to; near by. ·out at @s, ¸(a) ´(of a garment)
worn-out. ¸(b) ´(of a person) in worn-out clothes. ¸Ú@ grease ³n ¶[U]
´vigorous polishing; hard work. ¸Ú@ room ³n ¶[U] ´room to move freely. ¸2
´@-shaped bend, corner or joint (eÔg in a pipe or chimney). ¹ ³vt
¶[VP6A,15B,14] ´push or force (one's way ³through, forward´, etc): ³to @
´(also ³shoulder´) ³one's way through a crowd.¼
¨el®der©1 ²/ÚeldE(r)/ ³adj ´(attrib only; cf ³older´) (of members of a family,
esp closely related members, or of two indicated members) older; senior: ³My @
brother is in India. The @ sister is called Mary. ·the @, ´(before or after a
person's name to distinguish that person from another of the same name): ³Pliny
the @; the @ Pitt. ¸*@ Ústatesman ²/-mEn/ ³n (pl µ-men³), ´person (usu retired
from office) whose unofficial advice is sought and valued because of his long
experience. ¹ ³n ¸1 ³(pl) ´persons of greater age: ³Should we always follow the
advice of our @s and betters? ¸2 ´official in some Christian churches, member
of a governing body (session) in Presbyterian churches. ¸3 ·the/sb's @, ´older
of two persons: ³He is my @ by several years.¼
¨el®der©2 ²/ÚeldE(r)/ ³n ´(kinds of) bush or small tree with
clusters of white flowers and red or black berries. ¸*@®berry Úwine, ´wine
made from these berries.¼
¨el®der®ly© ²/ÚeldElI/ ³adj ´getting old; rather old.¼
¨el®dest© ²/ÚeldIst/ ³adj ´(attrib only; cf ³oldest´) ´first-born or oldest
surviving (member of a family): ³my @ son/brother.¼
¨El Dorado© ²/*el dEÚrqdE8/ ³n (pl µ@s ²/-dE8z/³) ´fictitious country or city
rich in precious metals.¼
¨elect©1 ²/IÚlekt/ ³adj ¸1 ´(after the ³n´) chosen, selected: ³the bishop @,
´not yet in office. ¸2 ·the @´, those persons specially chosen, or considered
to be the best.¼
¨elect©2 ²/IÚlekt/ ³vt ¸1 ¶[VP6A,25,23,14] ·@ (to), ´choose (sb) by vote: ³to @
a president; to @ Smith (to be) chairman; to @ Green to the Academy. ¸2 ¶[VP7]
´choose; decide: ³He had @ed to become a lawyer.¼
¨elec®tion© ²/IÚlek2n/ ³n ¶[U] ´choosing or selection (of candidates for an
office, etc) by vote; ¶[C] ´instance of this: (attrib) ³@ results. ¸*general
Ú@, ´of representatives, (GB members of the House of Commons), for the whole
country. ¸*local Ú@, ´of representatives, (GB councillors), for a
town/borough/district council. ¸Úby-@, ´of one member, to fill a vacancy.
¸@®eer®ing ²/I*lek2EÚnIErIG/ ³n ¶[U] ´working in @s, eÔg by canvassing, making
speeches.¼
¨elec®tive© ²/IÚlektIv/ ³adj ¸1 ´having the power to elect: ³an @ assembly. ¸2
´chosen or filled by election: ³an @ office. ¸3 ´(US) not compulsory; that may
be chosen: ³@ subjects in college. µ¥ ³optional ´at µoption.¼
¨elec®tor© ²/IÚlektE(r)/ ³n ´person having the right to elect (esp by voting
at a parliamentary election). ¸@al ²/IÚlektErEl/ ³adj ´of an election; of @s:
³the @al roll/register´, the list of @s. ³The E@al College in the UÔSÔA elects
the President. ¸@®ate ²/IÚlektErEt/ ³n ´whole body of qualified @s.¼
¨elec®tric© ²/IÚlektrIk/ ³adj ´of, worked by, charged with, capable
of developing, electricity: ³an @ current/torch/iron/shock; @ light; @
flex/cord; the @ chair´, used for electrocuting criminals; ³@ blue´, steely
blue; ³an @ guitar´, one that has amplifiers for the sound; ³an @ eye´, a
photo-electric cell.¼
¨elec®tri®cal© ²/IÚlektrIkl/ ³adj ¸1 ´relating to electricity: ³@ engineering.
¸2 ´(fig) (eÔg of news) causing strong and sudden emotion. ¸@ly ²/-klI/ ³adv¼
¨elec®tri®cian© ²/I*lekÚtrI2n/ ³n ´expert in setting up, repairing and
operating electrical apparatus.¼
¨elec®tric®ity© ²/I*lekÚtrIsEtI/ ³n ¶[U] ¸1 ´all the phenomena associated with
electrons (negative charge) and protons (positive charge); the study of these
phenomena. ¸2 ´supply of electric current: ³When did @ come to the village?¼
¨elec®trify© ²/IÚlektrIfñI/ ³vt (pt,pp µ-fied³) ¶[VP6A] ¸1 ´charge (sth) with
electricity. ¸2 ´equip (a railway, etc) for the use of electric power. ¸3
´(fig) excite, shock, as if by electricity: ³to @ an audience by an unexpected
announcement. ¸elec®tri®fi®ca®tion ²/I*lektrIfIÚkeI2n/ ³n ´@ing, eÔg the
conversion of a steam railway to an electric railway.¼
¨elec®tro-© ²/IÚlektrE8/ ³pref ´(in compounds) involving electricity:
¸*@®Úcardio®gram ²/-ÚkqdIE8gram/ ´curve traced by an @cardiograph, used in the
diagnosis of heart disease. ¸*@®Úcardio®graph ²/-ÚkqdIE8grqf ³US: ²-graf/
´apparatus which detects and records electric activity in the muscles of the
heart. ¸*@®Úchem®is®try, ´electricity as applied to chemistry. ¸*@®Úmag®net,
´piece of soft iron that becomes magnetic when an electric current is passed
through wire coiled round it. ¸*@®mag®Únetic ³adj ´having both electric and
magnetic character. Hence, ¸*@®Úmag®net®ism ³n ¸Ú@®plate ³vt ´coat with a thin
layer of metal (eÔg silver) by electrolysis. µ¹ ³n ¶[U] ´articles plated with
silver in this way.¼
¨elec®tro®cute© ²/IÚlektrEkjut/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´kill accidentally, put to death,
by means of an electrical current. ¸elec®tro®cu®tion ²/I*lektrEÚkju2n/ ³n¼
¨elec®trode© ²/IÚlektrE8d/ ³n ´solid conductor by which an electric current
enters or leaves a vacuum tube, etc. µ¥ anode, cathode.¼
¨elec®tro®ly®sis© ²/I*lekÚtrolEsIs/ ³n ¶[U] ´separation of a substance into its
chemical parts by electric current.¼
¨elec®tron© ²/IÚlektron/ ³n ¶[C] ´(phys) subatomic particle of
matter having a negative electric charge. ¸@ microscope, ´using @s instead
of visible light. ¸@ic ²/*IlekÚtronIk/ ³adj ´of @s; operated by, based on, @s.
¸@ic music´, produced by manipulating natural or artificial sounds by means
of electric or @ic equipment. ¸*@ic *data Úprocessing, ´(abbr EÔDÔP) use of @ic
computers to derive information or to achieve a required order of data. ¸@®ics
³n ´(with ³sing v´) the science and technology of @ic phenomena, devices and
systems, as in radio, TÔV, tape recorders, computers, etc.¼
¨elee®mosy®nary© ²/*elIiÚmosInErI ³US: ²-nerI/ ³adj ´(formal) of, dependent
upon, alms; charitable.¼
¨el®egant© ²/ÚelIgEnt/ ³adj ´showing, having, good taste; graceful; done with
care, skill and taste: ³an @ young man; @ manners; leading a life of
@ ease. ¸@®ly ³adv ¸el®egance ²/-Ens/ ³n ¶[U].¼
¨el®egiac© ²/*elIÚdZñIEk/ ³adj ¸1 ´(of metre) suited to elegies: ³@ couplets.
¸2 ´mournful. ¹ ³n pl ´@ verses.¼
¨el®egy© ²/ÚelEdZI/ ³n (pl µ-gies³) ´poem or song of sorrow, esp for the dead.¼
¨el®ement© ²/ÚelImEnt/ ³n ¸1 ´(science) substance which cannot be split up into
a simpler form by ordinary chemical methods: ³Water is a compound containing
the @s hydrogen and oxygen. ¸2 ´(according to the ancient philosophers): ³the
four @s´, earth, air, fire and water (out of which the material universe was
thought to be composed). ·in/out of one's @, ´in/not in suitable or satisfying
surroundings: ³He's in his @ when taking part in a political debate´, is doing
sth that pleases and satisfies him. ³I'm out of my @ when people start talking
about economics. ¸3 ³(pl) ¸the @s, ´the forces of nature, the weather, etc:
³exposed to the fury of the @s´, to the winds, storms, etc. ¸4 ³(pl)
´beginnings or outlines of a subject of study; parts that must be learnt first:
³the @s of geometry. ¸5 ´necessary or characteristic feature: ³Justice is an
important @ in good government. ¸6 ´suggestion, indication, trace: ³There's an
@ of truth in his account of what happened. µ¥ atom(2). ¸7 ´resistance wire in
an electrical appliance (eÔg a heater). ¸el®emen®tal ²/*elIÚmentl/ ³adj ´of the
four @sµ(2)´; of the @sµ(3)´: ³the @al fury of the storm.¼
¨ele®men®tary© ²/*elIÚmentErI/ ³adj ´of or in the beginning
stage(s); not developed; simple: ³the @ rules of social conduct; @ arithmetic.
¸ele®men®tar®ily ²/*elIÚmentErElI ³US: ²*elEmEnÚterElI/ ³adv¼
¨el®eph®ant© ²/ÚelIfEnt/ ³n ´largest four-footed animal now living, with curved
ivory tusks and a long trunk (proboscis). µ¥ ´the illus at µlarge. ¸*white Ú@,
´costly or troublesome possession useless to its owner. ¸el®ephan®ti®asis
²/*elIfEnÚtñIEsIs/ ³n ¶[U] ´skin disease causing great enlargement of limbs.
¸ele®phan®tine ²/*elIÚfantñIn/ ³adj ´of or like @s; heavy; clumsy: ³an @ine
task; @ine humour; an @ine memory, ´extremely reliable one.¼
¨el®ev®ate© ²/ÚelIveIt/ ³vt ¶[VP6A,14] ·@ (to), ´(formal) lift up; raise; (fig)
make (the mind, morals) higher and better: ³@ the voice´, speak louder; ³@ a
man to the peerage´, make him a peer; ³an elevating book/sermon; an @d
railway/railroad´, one built on piers (usu in a town) to run overhead.¼
¨el®ev®ation© ²/*elIÚveI2n/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´elevating or being elevated: ³@ to the
peerage; ¶[C] ´instance of this. ¸2 ¶[U] ´grandeur or dignity: ³@ of
thought/style/language. ¸3 ¶[C] ´height (esp above sea-level); hill or high
place: ³an @ of 2Ô000 metres. ¸4 ¶[C] ´angle (eÔg of a gun) with the horizon.
¸5 ¶[C] ´plan (drawn to scale) of one side of a building. µ¥ plan. µ¥ ´the
illus at µperspective.¼
¨el®ev®ator© ²/ÚelIveItE(r)/ ³n ¸1 ´machine like a continuous belt
with buckets at intervals, used for raising grain, etc. ¸2 ´store-house for
grain. ¸3 ´thing that elevates, eÔg part of an aircraft that is used to gain
or lose altitude. ¸4 ´(US) lift ³n µ(2).¼
¨eleven© ²/IÚlevn/ ³adj, n ´the number 11, µ¥ App 4; ´a team of eleven players
for football, hockey or cricket. ¸elev®enth ²/IÚlevnT/ ³adj, n ·at the @th
hour, ´at the latest possible time. ¸elev®enses ²/IÚlevnzIz/ ³n pl ´(GB) snack
and drink taken during the morning.¼
¨elf© ²/elf/ ³n (pl µelves ²/elvz/³) ´small fairy; mischievous little creature.
¸elfin ²/ÚelfIn/ ³adj ´of elves: ³elfin dances/laughter. ¸elf®ish ²/ÚelfI2/
³adj ´mischievous.¼
¨eli®cit© ²/IÚlIsIt/ ³vt ¶[VP6A,14] ·@ sth (from sb), ´draw out; cause to come
out: ³to @ the truth/a reply. ¸elici®ta®tion ²/I*lIsIÚteI2n/ ³n¼
¨elide© ²/IÚlñId/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´leave out a vowel or syllable in pronunciation.
µ¥ elision.¼
¨eli®gible© ²/ÚelIdZEbl/ ³adj ·@ (for), ´fit, suitable, to be chosen; having
the right qualifications: ³@ for promotion/a position/a pension/membership in
a society; an @ young man´, eÔg one who would be a satisfactory choice as a
husband. ¸el®igi®bil®ity ²/*elIdZEÚbIlEtI/ ³n ¶[U] ´the state of being @.¼
¨elim®in®ate© ²/IÚlImIneIt/ ³vt ¶[VP6A,14] ·@ (from), ´remove; take or put
away, get rid of (because unnecessary or unwanted): ³@ slang words from an
essay; @ a possibility´, set it aside and pay no consideration to it; ³@ waste
products from the body, ´excrete them. ¸elim®in®ation ²/I*lImIÚneI2n/ ³n¼
¨eli®sion© ²/IÚlIZn/ ³n ´(from µelide´) ¶[U] ´leaving out of a
vowel or syllable in pronunciation (as in ³let's´); ¶[C] ´instance of this.¼
¨_elite© ²/eIÚlit/ ³n ´group in society considered to be superior
because of the power, talent, privileges, etc of its members: ³an educated
@. µ¥ egalitarian. ¸_elitism ²/-tIzEm/ ³n ¶[U] ´belief that the education
system, etc should aim at developing @s. ¸_elitist ²/-tIst/ ³n¼
¨elixir© ²/IÚlIksE(r)/ ³n ¶[C] ¸1 ´preparation by which medieval scientists
hoped to change metals into gold or ³(@ of life) ´to prolong life
indefinitely. ¸2 ´remedy that cures all ills.¼
¨Eliza®bethan© ²/I*lIzEÚbiTn/ ³adj ´of the time of Queen Elizabeth ²¥ ´of
England: ³the ·Ú³@ age; @ drama. ´¹ ³n ´person who lived during her reign, eÔg
Shakespeare.¼
¨elk© ²/elk/ ³n ´one of the largest kinds of living deer, found in N Europe,
N Asia, and (called a ³moose´) N America.¼
¨el®lipse© ²/IÚlIps/ ³n ´regular oval. ¸el®lip®tic ²/IÚlIptIk/, ¸el®lip®ti®cal
²/-kl/ ³adj ´shaped like an @.¼
¨el®lip®sis© ²/IÚlIpsIs/ ³n (pl µ-pses ²/-psiz/³) ¶[U] ´omission from a
sentence of words needed to complete the construction or meaning; ¶[C]
´instance of this. ¸el®lip®ti®cal ²/IÚlIptIkl/ ³adj ´containing @: ³an
elliptical sentence.¼
¨elm© ²/elm/ ³n ¶[C] ´common deciduous tree that grows to a great size and
height µ¥ ´the illus at µtree; ¶[U] ´its hard, heavy wood.¼
¨elo®cu®tion© ²/*elEÚkju2n/ ³n ¶[U] ´art or style of speaking well, esp in
public. ¸@®ary ²/-EnErI ³US: ²-EnerI/ ³adj ´of @. ¸@®ist ²/-2EnIst/ ³n ´expert
in @.¼
¨elon®gate© ²/ÚiloGgeIt ³US: ²IÚlcG-/ ³vt,vi ¶[VP6A,2A] ´make or become
long(er) in space. ¸elon®ga®tion ²/*iloGÚgeI2n ³US: ²-lcG-/ ³n ¶[U] ´making
longer; ¶[C] ´the part (of a line, etc) produced this way.¼
¨elope© ²/IÚlE8p/ ³vi ¶[VP2A,C,3A] ·@ (with), ´(of a woman) run away from home
or a husband (with a lover). ¸@®ment ³n¼
¨elo®quence© ²/ÚelEkwEns/ ³n ¶[U] ´skilful use of language to
persuade or to appeal to the feelings; fluent speaking. ¸elo®quent ²/-Ent/
³adj ´having or showing @. ¸elo®quent®ly ³adv¼
¨else© ²/els/ ³adv ¸1 ´(with ³indef ´or ³interr pron´) besides; in addition:
³Did you see anybody @´, any other person(s)? ³Have you anything @ to do? Ask
somebody @ to help you. That must be somebody @'s ´(= some other person's)
³hat; it isn't mine. Nothing @ ´(= Nothing more), ³thank you. We went nowhere
@´, to no other place. ³What @ should I do? Who @ was there? ³How @ ´(= In what
other way) ³would you do it? ·little @, ´not much more. ¸2 ´otherwise; if not:
³Run (or) @ you'll be late. He must be joking, or @ he's mad.¼
¨else®where© ²/*elsÚweE(r) ³US: ²-ÚhweEr/ ³adv ´somewhere else; in, at or to
some other place.¼
¨elu®ci®date© ²/IÚlusIdeIt/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´(formal) make clear; explain; throw
light on (a problem, difficulty). ¸elu®ci®da®tion ²/I*lusIÚdeI2n/ ³n¼
¨elude© ²/IÚlud/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´escape capture by (esp by means of a trick);
avoid: ³@ one's enemies; @ observation.¼
¨elu®sive© ²/IÚlusIv/ ³adj ´tending to elude or escape: ³an @ criminal;
´tending to escape from the memory; not easy to recall: ³an @ word.¼
¨el®ver© ²/ÚelvE(r)/ ³n ´young eel.¼
¨elves© ²/elvz/ ³pl ´of µelf.¼
¨elv®ish© ²/ÚelvI2/ ³adj ´= µelfish.¼
¨Ely®sium© ²/IÚlIzIEm/ ³n ´(Gk myth) home of the blessed after death; place or
state of perfect happiness. ¸Ely®sian ²/IÚlIzIEn/ ³adj ´of @; heavenly;
blissful.¼
¨'em© ²/Em/ ³pron ´(colloq) = µthem.¼
¨em®aci®ate© ²/IÚmeI2IeIt/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´make thin and weak (usu passive): ³@d
by long illness. ¸emaci®ation ²/I*meIsIÚeI2n/ ³n ¶[U].¼
¨ema®nate© ²/ÚemEneIt/ ³vi ¶[VP3A] ·@ from, ´(formal) come, flow,
proceed from. ¸ema®na®tion ²/*emEÚneI2n/ ³n ¶[U] ´emanating; ¶[C] ´sth that
@s.¼
¨eman®ci®pate© ²/IÚmansIpeIt/ ³vt ¶[VP6A,14] ·@ (from), ´set free (esp from
´legal, political or moral restraint): ³@ slaves; an @d young woman´, one who
has freed herself from the conventions or restrictions of the community to
which she belongs.¼
¨eman®ci®pa®tion© ²/I*mansIÚpeI2n/ ³n ¶[U] ´emancipating or being emancipated:
³the @ of women´, giving or obtaining all or some of the rights,
opportunities, etc that men have: ³@ from the authority of one's parents.¼
¨emas®cu®late© ²/IÚmaskj8leIt/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´deprive of (masculine) vigour;
weaken; impoverish. ¸emas®cu®la®tion ²/I*maskj8ÚleI2n/ ³n¼
¨em®balm© ²/ImÚbqm/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´preserve (a dead body) from decay by using
spices or chemicals; preserve from oblivion; fill with fragrance. ¸@®ment ³n¼
¨em®bank®ment© ²/ImÚbaGkmEnt/ ³n ¶[C] ´wall or mound of earth, stone, etc to
hold back water or support a raised road or railway; roadway supported by such
a wall: ³the Thames E@.¼
¨em®bargo© ²/ImÚbqgE8/ ³n (pl µ@es ²/-gE8z/³) ´order that forbids trade,
movement of ships, etc; stoppage of commerce, or of a branch of commerce: ³a
gold @´, one that forbids or restricts the buying and selling of gold; (fig)
blocking; prohibition. ·lift/raise/remove an @ (from sb), ´start trading (with
him) again. ·place/lay sb under (an) @; put an @ on sb, ´do no trade with
him. ¹ ³vt ³(pt,pp µ@ed ²/-gE8d/³) ¶[VP6A] ´lay under an @; seize (ships or
goods) by government authority, for the service of the State.¼
¨em®bark© ²/ImÚbqk/ ³vi,vt ¸1 ¶[VP2A,C,6A] ´go, put or take on board a ship:
³The soldiers @ed for Malta. The ship @ed passengers and cargo. ¸2 ·@
on/upon ¶[VP3A] ´start, take part in: ³@ upon a new business undertaking.
¸em®bar®ka®tion ²/*embqÚkeI2n/ ³n ¶[U] ´@ing; ¶[C] ´instance of this; that
which is @ed.¼
¨em®bar®rass© ²/ImÚbarEs/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ¸1 ´make to feel
awkward or ashamed; cause mental discomfort or anxiety to: ³@ing questions; @ed
by lack of money. ¸2 ´(old use) hinder the movement of: ³He fell into the river
and, because he was @ed by his heavy overcoat, only just managed to swim to the
bank. ¸@®ing ³adj ¸@®ing®ly ³adv ¸@®ment ³n ¶[U] ´@ing or being @ed; ¶[C] ´sth
that @es: ³financial @ments; an @ment ´(= an over-abundance) ³of riches.¼
¨em®bassy© ²/ÚembEsI/ ³n (pl µ-ssies³) ´duty and mission of an ambassador; his
official residence; ambassador and his staff: ³to go/come/send sb on an @ (to
sb); the French @ in London; ´(attrib) ³@ officials.¼
¨em®battled© ²/ImÚbatld/ ³adj ´(of an army, etc) drawn up ready for battle;
´(fig) in a condition of defence; (of a tower or building) having battlements.¼
¨em®bed© ²/ImÚbed/ ³vt µ(-dd-) ¶[VP6A,14] ´(usu passive) ·@ (in), ´fix firmly
(in a surrounding mass): ³stones @ded in rock; ´(fig) ³facts @ded in one's
memory.¼
¨em®bel®lish© ²/ImÚbelI2/ ³vt ¶[VP6A,14] ·@ (with), ´make beautiful; add
ornaments or details to: ³@ a dress with lace and ribbons: @ a story´, eÔg by
adding amusing but perhaps untrue details. ¸@®ment ³n ¶[U] ´@ing or being @ed;
¶[C] ´that which @es; artistic addition.¼
¨em®ber© ²/ÚembE(r)/ ³n ´(usu ³pl) ´small piece of burning wood or coal in a
dying fire; (³pl´) ashes of a dying fire.¼
¨em®bezzle© ²/ImÚbezl/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´use (money placed in one's care) in a
wrong way for one's own benefit. ¸@®ment ³n ¶[U] ´embezzling; ¶[C] ´instance
of this.¼
¨em®bit®ter© ²/ImÚbItE(r)/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´arouse bitter feelings in: ³@ed by
repeated failures. ¸@®ment ³n¼
¨em®blazon© ²/ImÚbleIzn/ ³vt ¶[VP6A,14] ·@ (with), ¸1 ´adorn (eÔg a
shield or banner) with heraldic devices: ³@ed with the coat of arms of the
family. ¸2 ´extol; exalt.¼
¨em®blem© ²/ÚemblEm/ ³n ´symbol; device that represents sth: ³an @ of peace´,
eÔg a dove; ³an @ of love, ´eÔg a heart. ¸@®atic ²/*emblEÚmatIk/ ³adj ·@ (of),
´serving as an @.¼
¨em®body© ²/ImÚbodI/ ³vt (pt,pp µ-died³) ¶[VP6A,14] ·@ (in), ¸1 ´give form to
ideas/feelings, etc: ³@ one's ideas in a speech. ¸2 ´include; comprise: ³The
latest locomotives @ many new features. ¸3 ´clothe (a spirit) with a body: ³an
embodied spirit. ¸em®bodi®ment ²/ImÚbodImEnt/ ³n ¶[C] ´that which embodies sth
or is embodied: ³She is the embodiment of kindness.¼
¨em®bolden© ²/ImÚbE8ldEn/ ³vt ¶[VP6A,17] ´give courage or confidence to: ³Their
sympathy @ed me to ask them for help.¼
¨em®bon®point© ²/*ombonÚpwqG/ ³n ´(F) plumpness (used as a polite way of saying
that sb, usu a woman, is very fat).¼
¨em®boss© ²/ImÚbos ³US: ²-Úbcs/ ³vt ¶[VP6A,14] ·@ (with), ´cause a pattern,
figure, etc to stand out on (the surface of sth); raise the surface of sth into
a pattern: ³@ed notepaper, ´with the address @ed on it; ³a silver vase @ed with
a design of flowers.¼
¨em®brace© ²/ImÚbreIs/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A,2A] ´take (a person, etc) into one's
arms, as a sign of affection: ³@ a child. They @d. ¸2 ¶[VP6A] ´accept; make
use of: ³@ an offer/opportunity. ¸3 ¶[VP6A] ´(of things) include: ³@ many
examples in a single formula. ´¹ ³n ¶[C] ´act of embracing: ³He held her to
him in a warm @.¼
¨em®brasure© ²/ImÚbreIZE(r)/ ³n ¶[C] ¸1 ´bevelled opening in a
parapet for a gun. ¸2 ´bevelled opening (esp interior side of a doorway or
window), eÔg in an old stone castle.¼
¨em®bro®ca®tion© ²/*embrEÚkeI2n/ ³n ¶[U] ´liquid (a linament) for rubbing a
bruised or aching part of the body.¼
¨em®broider© ²/ImÚbrãIdE(r)/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A,2A] ´ornament (cloth) with
needlework: ³@ one's initials on a handkerchief; a design @ed in gold thread.
¸2 ¶[VP6A] ´(fig) add fanciful details to a story. ¸@y ²/-dErI/ ³n ¶[U] ´@ed
needlework.¼
¨em®broil© ²/ImÚbrãIl/ ³vt ¶[VP6A,14] ·@ sb/oneself (in), ´cause (sb, oneself)
to be mixed up in a quarrel: ³I don't want to become @ed in their quarrels.¼
¨em®bryo© ²/ÚembrIE8/ ³n (pl µ@s ²/-E8z/³) ¶[C] ´offspring of an animal in the
early stage of its development before birth (or before coming out of an egg);
(fig) sth in its rudimentary stage. ·in @, ´(lit, fig) still undeveloped.
¸em®bry®onic ²/*embrIÚonIk/ ³adj ´in @: ³an @nic plan.¼
¨emeer© ²/eÚmIE(r)/ ³n ´= µemir.¼
¨emend© ²/IÚmend/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´take out errors from: ³@ a passage in a book.
¸emen®da®tion ²/*imenÚdeI2n/ ³n ¶[U] ´@ing; ¶[C] ´sth that is @ed.¼
¨em®er®ald© ²/ÚemErEld/ ³n ´bright green precious stone; colour of this.¼
¨emerge© ²/IÚm3dZ/ ³vi ¶[VP2A,3A] ·@ (from), ¸1 ´come into view; (esp) come out
(from water, etc): ³The moon @d from behind the clouds. ¸2 ´(of facts,
ideas) appear; become known: ³No new ideas @d during the talks. ¸emerg®ence
²/-dZEns/ ³n ¶[U] ´emerging. ¸emerg®ent ²/-dZEnt/ ³adj ´emerging: ³(the
recently @d and) emergent countries of Africa´, those changing from dependence
to independence, becoming modernized, etc.¼
¨emerg®ency© ²/IÚm3dZEnsI/ ³n (pl µ-cies³) ¸1 ¶[U,C] ´serious happening or
situation needing prompt action: ³This fire extinguisher is to be used only in
(an) @. ¸2 ´(attrib use): ³an ·Ú³@ ·³exit; an ·Ú³@ fund´, one to be used in an
@.¼
¨emeri®tus© ²/IÚmerItEs/ ³adj ´(Lat) retired from service but
retaining an honorary title: ³@ professor.¼
¨em®ery© ²/ÚemErI/ ³n ¶[U] ´hard metal used (esp in powdered form) for grinding
and polishing: ·Ú³@-cloth/-paper/-wheel´, with @ on the surface.¼
¨em®etic© ²/IÚmetIk/ ³n ´medicine causing a person to vomit, eÔg when suffering
from food-poisoning.¼
¨emi®grate© ²/ÚemIgreIt/ ³vi ¶[VP2A,3A] ·@ (to) (from), ´go away (from one's
own country to another to settle there). µ¥ immigrate. ¸emi®grant ²/ÚemIgrEnt/
³n ´person who @s: ³emigrants to Canada; ´(attrib) ³emigrant labourers.
¸emi®gra®tion ²/*emIÚgreI2n/ ³n ¶[U] ´emigrating; ¶[C] ´instance of this.¼
¨_emi®gr_e© ²/ÚemIgreI ³US: ²*emIÚgreI/ ³n ´(F) person who has left his own
country, usu for political reasons.¼
¨emi®nence© ²/ÚemInEns/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´state of being famous or distinguished;
superiority of position: ³reach @ as a doctor; win @ as a scientist. ¸2 ¶[C]
´area of high or rising ground. ¸3 ·His/Your E@´, title used of/to a cardinal.¼
¨emi®nent© ²/ÚemInEnt/ ³adj ¸1 ´(of a person) distinguished: ³@ for her
virtues; @ as a sculptor. ¸2 ´(of qualities) remarkable in degree: ³a man of @
goodness. ¸@®ly ³adv¼
¨emir© ²/eÚmIE(r)/ ³n ´(title of a) Muslim ruler. ¸@®ate ²/eÚmIEreIt/ ³n ´rank,
lands, etc of an @: ³the great @ates of Northern Nigeria.¼
¨em®iss®ary© ²/ÚemIsErI/ ³n (pl µ-ries³) ´person sent to deliver a message
(often of an unpleasant and secret kind).¼
¨emission© ²/IÚmI2n/ ³n ·@ (of), ¶[U] ´sending out or giving off (of light,
heat, smell, etc); ¶[C] ´that which is sent out or given off.¼
¨emit© ²/IÚmIt/ ³vt µ(-tt-) ¶[VP6A] ´give or send out: ³A volcano @s smoke and
ashes.¼
¨emolu®ment© ²/IÚmolj8mEnt/ ³n ¶[C] ´(usu ³pl´) (formal) profit
from official employment; fee; salary.¼
¨emo®tion© ²/IÚmE82n/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´stirring up, excitement, of the mind or (more
usu) the feelings; excited state of the mind or feelings: ³He thought of his
dead child with deep @. He spoke in a voice touched with @. ¸2 ¶[C] ´strong
feeling of any kind: ³Love, joy, hate, fear and grief are @s. He appealed to
our @s rather than to our reason. ¸@®less ³adj ´without @. ¸@al
²/-2Enl/ ³adj ¸1 ´of, directed to, the @s: ³an @al appeal; @al music. ¸2
´having @s that are easily excited; capable of expressing @s: ³an @al
woman/actor/nature. ¸@®ally ²/-2EnElI/ ³adv ¸emot®ive ²/IÚmE8tIv/ ³adj ´of,
tending to excite, the @s.¼
¨em®pale© ²/ImÚpeIl/ ³vt ´= µimpale.¼
¨em®panel©, im®panel ²/ImÚpanl/ ³vt µ(-ll-, ´US also µ-l-) ¶[VP6A] ´enter
(a person's name) on a panel; enrol (a jury).¼
¨em®pa®thy© ²/ÚempETI/ ³n ¶[U] ´(psych) (power of) projecting oneself into (and
so fully understanding, and losing one's identity in) a work of art or other
object of contemplation; (power of) sharing another person's feelings.¼
¨em®peror© ²/ÚempErE(r)/ ³n ´ruler of an empire. µ¥ empress.¼
¨em®pha®sis© ²/ÚemfEsIs/ ³n (pl µ-ases ²/-Esiz/³) ¶[C,U] ´force or stress laid
on a word or words to make the significance clear, or to show importance;
(the placing of) special value or importance: ³Some schools lay/put special @
on language study. I insist, with all the @ at my command, that«. ¸em®pha®size
²/ÚemfEsñIz/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´put @ on; give @ to: ³He emphasized the importance of
careful driving. ¸em®phatic ²/ImÚfatIk/ ³adj ´having, showing, using, @: ³an
emphatic gesture/opinion; an emphatic person. ¸em®phati®cally ²/-klI/ ³adv¼
¨em®pire© ²/ÚempñIE(r)/ ³n ¸1 ¶[C] ´group of countries under a single supreme
authority: ³the Roman E@. ¸2 ¶[U] ´supreme political power: ³the
responsibilities of @. ¸the First E@, ´(in France) period of the reign of
Napoleon ²¥ ´(1804Å15); ´(¸E@, ´attrib) of the style of furniture or dress
fashionable in this period. ¸the Second E@, ´the period of the reign of
Napoleon ²_ ´(1852Å70).¼
¨em®piric©, em®piri®cal ²/ImÚpIrIk, -kl/ ³adj ´relying on
observation and experiment, not on theory. ¸em®piri®cally ²/-klI/ ³adv
¸em®piri®cism ²/ImÚpIrIsIzEm/ ³n ´@ practice. ¸em®pir®i®cist ²/-sIst/ ³n ´@
person.¼
¨em®place®ment© ²/ImÚpleIsmEnt/ ³n ´prepared position for a heavy gun or guns.¼
¨em®plane© ²/emÚpleIn/ ³vi,vt ¶[VP2A,6A] ´go, put, on board an aircraft.¼
¨em®ploy© ²/ImÚplãI/ ³vt ¶[VP6A,16B,14] ¸1 ´give work to, usu for payment:
³They @ five waiters. He is @ed in a bank. ¸2 ´make use of: ³How do you @ your
spare time? ´¹ ³n ·in the @ of, ´@ed by, working for. ¸@®able ²/-Ebl/ ³adj
´that can be @ed. ¸@er ²/-E(r)/ ³n ´person who @s others. ¸@ee ²/*emplãIÚi/ ³n
´person @ed for wages.¼
¨em®ploy®ment© ²/ImÚplãImEnt/ ³n ¶[U] ´employing or being employed; one's
regular work or occupation: ³to find @; to give @ to sb; the men in my @; to
be thrown out of @. ·be in/out of @, ´have/not have a job. ¸Ú@ agency,
´business establishment which helps persons (for a fee) to find @. ¸Ú@
exchange, ´Government office which puts employers and unemployed persons in
touch and where unemployment benefits are paid.¼
¨em®por®ium© ²/ImÚpcrIEm/ ³n ´centre of commerce; market; large retail store.¼
¨em®power© ²/ImÚpñ8E(r)/ ³vt ¶[VP17] ·@ sb to do sth, ´give power or authority
to act.¼
¨em®press© ²/ÚemprIs/ ³n ´woman governing an empire; wife of or widow of an
emperor.¼
¨empty©1 ²/ÚemptI/ ³adj ´having nothing inside; containing nothing: ³an @ box;
@ promises´, not meaning anything, not giving satisfaction; ³feeling @´,
(colloq) hungry; ³words @ of meaning´, meaningless words. ³The house was @´,
unoccupied. ¸*@-Úhanded ³adj ´bringing back nothing; carrying nothing away.
¸*@-Úheaded ³adj ´witless; lacking in common sense. ¹ ³n ´(usu ³pl´) box,
bottle, crate, etc that has been emptied: ³Empties ´(eÔg @ beer bottles) ³are
not taken back´, the brewery will not accept them and allow credit for them.
¸emp®ti®ness ²/ÚemptInIs/ ³n¼
¨empty©2 ²/ÚemptI/ ³vt,vi (pt,pp µ-tied³) ¶[VP6A,15B,2A,C,3A]
·@ (out), ´make or become empty, remove what is inside (sth): ³@ one's glass´,
drink everything in it; @ ³(out) a drawer; @ a box of rubbish into a
rubbish-cart; @ one's pockets of their contents. The streets soon emptied/were
soon emptied when the rain started. The Rhone empties ´(= flows) ³into the
Mediterranean. The water empties ´(= flows out) ³slowly. The cistern empties
´(= becomes empty) ³in five minutes.¼
¨em®purpled© ²/ImÚp3pld/ ³adj ´made purple.¼
¨em®py®rean© ²/*empñIÚriEn/ ³n ´the highest heaven; the visible heavens. ¹ ³adj
´heavenly; celestial.¼
¨emu© ²/Úimju/ ³n ´large flightless Australian bird that runs well. µ¥ ´the
illus at µrare.¼
¨emu®late© ²/Úemj8leIt/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´try to do as well as or better than.¼
¨emu®la®tion© ²/*emj8ÚleI2n/ ³n ¶[U] ´emulating: ³in a spirit of @; in @ of
each other.¼
¨emu®lous© ²/Úemj8lEs/ ³adj ·@ (of), ´(formal) wishing or anxious to do as well
as or better than: ³@ of all rivals; ´imitating (others) in a jealous spirit,
desiring to obtain: ³@ of fame/honours. ¸@®ly ³adv¼
¨emul®sion© ²/IÚmAl2n/ ³n ¶[C,U] ´(kinds of) creamy liquid in which particles
of oil or fat are suspended: ³@ paint, ´in which the colour is in an @-like
liquid. ¸emul®sify ²/IÚmAlsIfñI/ ³vt (pt,pp µ-fied³) ¶[VP6A] ´make an @ of.¼
¨en®able© ²/IÚneIbl/ ³vt ¶[VP17] ´make able, give authority or means ³(to do
´sth): ³The collapse of the strike @d the company to resume normal bus
services. ¸en®abling ²/IÚneIblIG/ ³part adj ´making possible: ³enabling
legislation.¼
¨en®act© ²/IÚnakt/ ³vt ¸1 ¶[VP6A,9] ´make (a law); decree; ordain:
³as by law @ed. Be it further @ed that«. ´(legal style). ¸2 ¶[VP6A] ´perform
on, or as though on, the stage of a theatre. ¸@®ment ³n ¶[U] ´@ing or being
@ed; ¶[C] ´law.¼
¨en®amel© ²/IÚnaml/ ³n ¶[U] ¸1 ´glass-like substance used for coating metal,
porcelain, etc, for decoration or as a protection: ·Ú³@ ware´, manufactured
goods with @ surfaces; ·Ú³@ paint´, paint which dries to make a hard, glossy
surface. ¸2 ´hard outer covering of teeth. ¹ ³vt µ(-ll-, ´US also µ-l-)
´cover, decorate, with @ (esp with designs or decorations).¼
¨en®amour© ´(US = ¸-amor´) ²/IÚnamE(r)/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´(usu in passive) ·be @ed
of, ´fond of, delighted with and inclined to use: ³@ed of one's own voice.¼
¨en®camp© ²/InÚkamp/ ³vt,vi ¶[VP6A,2A] ´settle in a camp; lodge in tents.
¸@®ment ³n ´place where troops, etc are @ed.¼
¨en®case© ²/InÚkeIs/ ³vt ¶[VP6A,14] ·@ (in), ´put into a case; surround or
cover as with a case: ³a knight @d in armour.¼
¨en®caus®tic© ²/enÚkcstIk/ ³adj ´prepared by using heat: ³@ bricks/tiles´,
inlaid with coloured clays that are burnt in.¼
¨en®cepha®li®tis© ²/*enkefEÚlñItIs/ ³n ¶[U] ´inflammation of the brain.¼
¨en®chain© ²/InÚt2eIn/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´fasten with chain(s); (fig) hold fast (the
attention, etc).¼
¨en®chant© ²/InÚt2qnt ³US: ²-Út2ant/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ¸1 ´charm; delight: ³She was
@ed with/by the flowers you sent her. ¸2 ´use magic on; put under a magic
spell: ³the @ed palace´, eÔg in a fairy tale. ¸@er ²/-E(r)/ ³n ´man who @s.
¸@®ress ²/-trIs/ ³n ´woman who @s. ¸@®ing®ly ³adv ¸@®ment ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´being
@ed. ¸2 ¶[C] ´sth which @s; magic spell. ¸3 ¶[U] ´charm; delight: ³the @ment of
moonlight.¼
¨en®circle© ²/InÚs3kl/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´surround; form a circle round:
³a lake @d by trees; @d by enemy forces. ¸@®ment ³n¼
¨en clair© ²/*on ÚkleE(r)/ ³adv phrase ´(F) (used in telegrams, official
dispatches, etc) (= ³in clear´) in ordinary language, not in code or
cipher.¼
¨en®clave© ²/ÚenkleIv/ ³n ¶[C] ´territory wholly within the boundaries of
another.¼
¨en®close©, in®close ²/InÚklE8z/ ³vt ¶[VP6A,14] ·@ (with), ¸1 ´put a wall,
fence, etc round; shut in on all sides: ³@ a garden with a wall; @ common
land´, put fences, etc round land which has been used by everyone. ¸2 ´put
(sth) in an envelope, parcel, etc: ³I'll @ your letter with mine. A cheque
for $5 is @d. E@d, please find«, ´(comm style) You will find, @d with this«.¼
¨en®clos®ure©, in®clos®ure ²/InÚklE8ZE(r)/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´enclosing:
³@ of common land; ¶[C] ´instance of this. ¸2 ¶[C] ´sth that is enclosed
(esp with a letter).¼
¨en®code© ²/InÚkE8d/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´put in a code. µ¥ code ³v.¼
¨en®co®mium© ²/InÚkE8mIEm/ ³n ´(usu ³pl´) (formal) very high praise.¼
¨en®compass© ²/InÚkAmpEs/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´encircle, surround; envelop; comprise.¼
¨en®core© ²/ÚoGkc(r)/ ³int ´Repeat! Again! ¹ ³vt, n ¶[VP6A] ´(call for a)
repetition (of a song, etc) or further performance by the same person(s): ³The
violinist got an @. The singer gave three @s. The audience @d the pianist.¼
¨en®coun®ter© ²/InÚkñ8ntE(r)/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´find oneself faced by (danger,
difficulties, etc); meet (an enemy or enemies); meet (a friend, etc)
unexpectedly. ¹ ³n ¶[C] ·@ (with), ´sudden or unexpected (esp hostile)
meeting.¼
¨en®cour®age© ²/InÚkArIdZ/ ³vt ¶[VP6A,14,17] ·@ sb in sth/to do sth, ´give
hope, courage or confidence to; support: ³@ a man to work harder; @ a boy in
his studies; feel @d by the progress one has made. Don't @ him in his idle
ways. ¸@®ment ³n ¶[U] ´encouraging: ³cries of @ment; ¶[C] ´sth that @s:
³Praise acts as an @ment to the young.¼
¨en®croach© ²/InÚkrE8t2/ ³vi ¶[VP3A] ·@ on/upon, ´go beyond what is
right or natural or desirable: ³@ (up)on sb's rights (time, land). The sea is
@ing (up)on the land´, washing it away. ¸@®ment ³n ¶[U] ´@ing; ¶[C] ´sth gained
by @ing; advance beyond the original limits: ³@ments made by the sea upon the
land.¼
¨en®crust© ²/InÚkrAst/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A,14] ·@ (with), ´cover with a crust;
overlay (a surface) with a crust of ornamental or costly material: ³a gold vase
@ed with precious stones. ¸2 ¶[VP2A] ´form into a crust.¼
¨en®cum®ber© ²/InÚkAmbE(r)/ ³vt ¶[VP6A,14] ·@ (with), ¸1 ´get in the way of,
hamper, be a burden to: ³be @ed with a large family; an estate @ed with
mortgages; @ oneself with unnecessary luggage. ¸2 ´crowd; fill up: ³a room @ed
with old and useless furniture. ¸en®cum®brance ²/InÚkAmbrEns/ ³n ¶[C] ´thing
that @s; burden.¼
¨en®cyc®li®cal© ²/InÚsIklIkl/ ³adj, n ´(letter written by the Pope) for wide
circulation.¼
¨en®cy®clo®pedia© ´(also ¸-paedia´) ²/In*sñIklEÚpidIE/ ³n ´book, or set of
books, giving information about every branch of knowledge, or on one subject,
with articles in ABC order. ¸en®cy®clo®pedic, -paedic ²/In*sñIklEÚpidIk/ ³adj
´dealing with, having knowledge of, a wide variety of subjects.¼
¨end©1 ²/end/ ³n ¸1 ´farthest or last part: ³the end of a road/stick/line,
etc; the house at the end of the street; ´(attrib) ³the end house; the end
carriage´, the last carriage in a train; ³the west/east end of a town´, the
parts in the west/east; ³the ends of the earth´, most remote parts, parts
difficult of access. ·begin/start at the wrong end, ´in the wrong way, at a
wrong point. ·get hold of the wrong end of the stick, ´have a completely
mistaken idea of what is intended or meant. ·keep one's Úend up, ´(GB) continue
cheerful, full of fighting spirit, in the face of difficulties, etc. ·at a
loose end, ´unoccupied, having nothing important or interesting to do. ·on end,
¸(a) ´upright: ³Place the barrel/box on (its) end. The ghost story set their
hair on end. ¸(b) ´continuously: ³two hours on end. ·end on, ´with the ends
meeting: ³The two ships collided end on´, the stern (or bows) of one struck the
stern (or bows) of the other. ·end to end, ´in a line with the ends touching:
³Arrange the tables end to end. ·go (in) off the Údeep end, ´express strong
feeling without trying to control it. ·make (both) ends meet, ´live within
one's income; balance one's income with one's expenditure. ·(reach) the end of
the line/road, ´(fig) (reach) the point at which no more of what has happened
before is possible or desirable. ¸2 ´small piece that remains; remnant: ³candle
ends; a cigarette end. ¸Úend-papers, ´(usu) blank pages pasted to the inside
covers of a book. µ¥ odds (5). ¸3 ´finish; conclusion: ³at the end of the
day/the century; the end of a story/adventure. We shall never hear the end of
the matter´, It will be talked about for a long time to come. ·(be) at an end;
at the end (of): ³The war was at an end´, finished. ³She was at the end of her
patience/tether´, had no patience left. ³He was at the end of his resources.
·come to an end, ´finish: ³The meeting came to an end at last. ·came to a
bad end, ´be led by ones actions to ruin, disgrace, punishment, etc: ³If
you don't give up crime, you'll come to a bad end, ´eÔg be sent to prison
for life as a murderer. ·draw to an end: ³As the year drew to its end«. ·make
an end of sth; put an end to sth, ´finish it, get rid of it (according to
context): ³We must put an end to these abuses. Death put an end to his wicked
career. ·in the end, ´finally, at last: ³He tried many ways of earning a
living; in the end he became a farm labourer. ·no end of, ´(colloq) very many
or much, very great, etc: ³We met no end of interesting people. He thinks no
end of himself´, has a high opinion of his abilities, etc. ·without end, ´never
reaching an end: ³We had trouble without end. ¸4 ´death: ³He's nearing his
end´, is dying. ³She came to an untimely end´, died young. ¸5 ´purpose, aim:
³gain/win/achieve one's end(s); with this end in view; for/to this end; to the
end that´, in order that; ³to no end´, in vain. ·The end justifies the means,
´(prov) for a
good purpose even wrong or unfair methods may be allowed.¼
¨end©2 ²/end/ ³vi,vt ¶[VP2A,C,3A,6A,15B] ´(cause to) come to an
end; reach an end: ³The road ends here´, goes no farther. ³How does the story
end? Let's end our quarrel. ·end in sth, ´have as a result: ³The scheme ended
in failure. He ended his days in peace´, the last period of his life was
peaceful. ·end (sth) off, ´finish: ³He ended off his speech with some amusing
stories. ·end (sth) up, ´finish: ³If you continue to steal, you'll end up in
prison´, will one day be sent to prison. ³We started with soup, and had fruit
to end up with. ¸end-all µ¥ be±3µ(4). ¸end®ing ³n ¶[C] ´end, esp of a word or a
story.¼
¨en®dan®ger© ²/InÚdeIndZE(r)/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´put in danger; cause danger to: ³@
one's chances of success.¼
¨en®dear© ²/InÚdIE(r)/ ³vt ¶[VP14] ·@ sb/oneself to, ´make dear or liked: ³@
oneself to everyone; an @ing smile. ¸@®ing®ly ³adv ¸@®ment ³n ¶[C,U] ´act,
word, expression, of affection: ³a term of @ment´, eÔg ³darling; the @ments
that a wife expects from her husband.¼
¨en®deav®our© ´(US = ¸-vor´) ²/InÚdevE(r)/ ³n ¶[C] ´(formal) effort, attempt:
³Please make every @ to be early. His @s to persuade her to go with him failed.
´¹ ³vi ¶[VP4A] ´(formal) try: ³@ to please one's wife.¼
¨en®demic© ²/enÚdemIk/ ³n, adj ´(disease) prevalent or often
recurring in a country or area, or among a particular class of people, eÔg
miners. µ¥ epidemic.¼
¨en®dive© ²/ÚendIv ³US: ²-dñIv/ ³n ¶[C] ´kind of curly-leaved chicory, used as
salad.¼
¨end®less© ²/ÚendlIs/ ³adj ´having no end; never stopping: ³a woman with @
patience; an @ belt/chain/cable´, one with the ends joined, to pass
continuously over wheels, etc to transmit power in a machine. ¸@®ly ³adv¼
¨en®dorse©, in®dorse ²/InÚdcs/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ¸1 ´write one's name on the back
of (a cheque); write comments, etc in, on the back of (a document): ³His driving
licence has been @d´, a record of a motoring offence has been entered in it.
¸2 ´approve, support a claim, statement, etc. ¸@®ment ³n ¶[U] ´endorsing; ¶[C]
´instance of this; statement, etc that @s.¼
¨en®dow© ²/InÚdñ8/ ³vt ¶[VP6A,14] ·@ (with), ¸1 ´give money, property, etc to
provide a regular income for (eÔg a college): ³@ a bed in a hospital; @ a
school. ¸2 ´(usu passive) ·be @ed with, ´possess naturally, be born with
(qualities, etc): ³be @ed by nature with great talents. ¸@®ment ³n ¸1 ¶[U]
´@ing. ¸2 ¶[C] ´money, property, etc given to provide an income: ³The Oxford
and Cambridge colleges have numerous @ments. ¸3 ¶[C] ´talent: ³natural @ments,
´eÔg a good ear for music.¼
¨en®due©, in®due ²/InÚdju ³US: ²-Údu/ ³vt ¶[VP14] ´(usu passive) ·be @d
with, ´be furnished, supplied, with.¼
¨en®dur®ance© ²/InÚdj8ErEns ³US: ²-Úd8E-/ ³n ¶[U] ´ability to endure: ³He
showed remarkable powers of @. He came to the end of his @. ·past/beyond @,
´to an extent that can no longer be endured. ¸Ú@ test, ´test of how long sb or
sth can endure sth.¼
¨en®dure© ²/InÚdj8E(r) ³US: ²-Úd8Er/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A,2A,C]
´suffer, undergo pain, hardship, etc: ³@ toothache. If help does not come, we
must @ to the end´, suffer until death comes. ¸2 ¶[VP6A,D,17 ´esp in neg¶]
´bear; put up with: ³I can't @ that woman. She can't @ seeing/@ to see animals
cruelly treated. ¸3 ¶[VP2A] ´last; continue in existence: ³as long as life @s;
fame that will @ for ever. ¸en®dur®able ²/-rEbl/ ³adj ´that can be @d;
bearable. ¸en®dur®ing ³adj ´lasting: ³an enduring peace. ¸en®dur®ingly ³adv¼
¨end®ways© ²/ÚendweIz/, ±end®wise ²/-wñIz/ ³adv ´with the end towards the
spectator; end forward; end to end.¼
¨en®ema© ²/ÚenImE/ ³n ´(syringe used for an) injection of liquid into the
rectum.¼
¨en®emy© ²/ÚenEmI/ ³n (pl µ-mies³) ·@ (of/to), ¸1 ´one who tries or wishes to
harm or attack; one who has ill feeling or hatred towards sb or sth: ³A
successful man often has many enemies. Don't make an @ of him´, Do nothing that
will cause him to be your @. ³He's an @ of/to reform. ¸2 the @, ´armed forces
of a nation with which one's country is at war: ³@-occupied territory. The @
were forced to retreat; ´(attrib) of the @: ³@ aircraft/ships. ¸3 ´member of
such a hostile force. ¸4 ´anything that harms or injures: ³Laziness is his
chief @. Idleness is an @ to discipline´, weakens discipline.¼
¨en®ergy© ²/ÚenEdZI/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´force, vigour; capacity to do things and get
things done: ³He had so much @ that he did the work of three men. He's full of
@. ¸2 ´(in ³pl, µ-gies´) ´(person's) powers available for working, or as used
in working: ³apply/devote all one's energies to a task. ¸3 ¶[U] ´(science)
capacity for, power of, doing work: ³electrical @; kinetic @; potential @.
¸en®er®getic ²/*enEÚdZetIk/ ³adj ´full of, done with, @µ(1). ¸en®er®geti®cally
²/-klI/ ³adv¼
¨en®er®vate© ²/ÚenEveIt/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´cause to lose physical (sometimes moral)
strength: ³a country with an enervating climate.¼
¨en famille© ²/*on faÚmi/ ³adv ´(F) at home; among one's family.¼
¨en®fant ter®rible© ²/*onfon teÚribEl/ ³n ´(F) ´young or new person
whose behaviour, ideas, etc cause annoyance or embarrassment to those who hold
conventional opinions.¼
¨en®feeble© ²/InÚfibl/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´make feeble.¼
¨en®fold© ²/InÚfE8ld/ ³vt ¶[VP6A,14] ·@ sb (in), ´enclose (esp in one's arms).¼
¨en®force© ²/InÚfcs/ ³vt ¶[VP6A,14] ¸1 ·@ (on/upon), ´compel obedience to; make
effective; impose: ³@ a law; @ discipline/silence; @ a course of action upon
sb. ¸2 ´give force or strength to: ³Have you any statistics that would @ your
argument? ¸@®able ²/-Ebl/ ³adj ´that can be @d. ¸@®ment ³n ¶[U] ´enforcing or
being @d: ³strict @ment of a new law.¼
¨en®fran®chise© ²/InÚfrant2ñIz/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ¸1 ´give political rights to (esp,
the right to vote at parliamentary elections): ³In Great Britain women were @d
in 1918. ¸2 ´set free (slaves). ¸@®ment ²/InÚfrant2IzmEnt/ ³n¼
¨en®gage© ²/InÚgeIdZ/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A,16B] ´obtain the right to employ: ³@ a
servant; @ sb as a guide/as an interpreter; ´get the right to use or occupy: ³@
a taxi (hire ´is the preferred word). ¸2 ¶[VP7,17,9,3A] ´promise; undertake;
bind (oneself); guarantee: ³I will @ (myself) to manage the business if you
will @ (yourself) to provide the capital. Can you @ that all his statements are
trustworthy? That is more than I can @ for´, guarantee, take responsibility
for. ¸3 ¶[VP3A] ·@ in, ´take part in; busy oneself with: ³@ in politics. ¸4
·be @d to/to marry, ´be bound by a promise to marry: ³Tom and Anne are @d. Tom
is @d to Anne. ¸5 ·be @d (in), ´be busy, be occupied (with): take part in: ³be
@d in business/in writing a novel. My time is fully @d. The line/number is @d,
´(telephoning) Someone else is using the line. ¸6 ¶[VP6A] ´(usu passive)
´attract: ³Nothing @s his attention for long. Her attention was @d by the
display of new sweaters in the shop window. ¸7 ¶[VP6A,2A] ´attack; begin
fighting with: ³The general did not @ the enemy. Our orders are to @ at once.
¸8 ¶[VP2A,3A,6A,14] ·@ (with), ´(of parts of a machine) lock together; (cause
to) fit into: ³The two cog-wheels @. The teeth of one wheel @ with those of the
other. ´(motoring) ³E@ the clutch/the first gear. ¸en®gag®ing ³adj ´likely to @
the attention; charming: ³an engaging smile/manner. ¸en®gag®ingly ³adv¼
¨en®gage®ment© ²/InÚgeIdZmEnt/ ³n ¶[C] ¸1 ´(formal) promise or
undertaking, esp one that is formal or made in writing: ³He has only enough
money to meet his @s´, to make the payments he has undertaken to make. ¸2
´agreement to marry: ³Their @ was announced in the papers. ¸Ú@ ring, ´one
given by a man to a woman when they agree to marry. ¸3 ´arrangement to go
somewhere, meet someone or do sth, at a fixed time: ³I have numerous @s for
next week. ¸4 ´battle: ³The admiral tried to bring about an @´, to make the
enemy fight. ¸5 ¶[C,U] ´engaging (of part of a machine, etc): ³@ of first
gear.¼
¨en®gen®der© ²/InÚdZendE(r)/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´be the cause of (a situation or
condition): ³Crime is often @ed by poverty.¼
¨en®gine© ²/ÚendZIn/ ³n ¸1 ´machine that converts energy into power or motion:
³a ·Ú³steam-/·Ú³oil-@; a new @ ´(petrol or diesel) ³for a motor vehicle. µ¥
´the illus at µmotor. ¸Ú@-driver ³n ´(esp) man who drives a railway @. ¸2
´(old use) machine or instrument: ³@s of war´, eÔg cannons.¼
¨en®gin®eer© ²/*endZIÚnIE(r)/ ³n ¸1 ´person who works in a branch of
engineering; person who designs engines, machines, bridges, railways, docks,
etc: ³a civil/mining/electrical @. ¸2 ´skilled and trained person in control of
an engine or engines: ³the chief @ of a ship; ´(US) man who drives a
locomotive. ¸3 ´member of the branch of an army (called ¸the E@s´) that builds
roads and bridges, controls communications, etc. ¹ ³vt,vi ¶[VP6A,2A] ¸1 ´act as
an @; construct or control as an @. ¸2 ´(colloq) arrange or bring about
skilfully: ³@ a scheme/plot; @ that«¼
¨en®gin®eer®ing© ²/*endZIÚnIErIG/ ³n ¶[U] ´the application of science for the
control and use of power, esp by the use of machines; the technology, work or
profession of an engineer: ³chemical/mechanical/electrical @; ³a triumph of @´,
eÔg a magnificent bridge; ³an @ works.¼
¨Eng®lish© ²/ÚIGglI2/ ³n ¶[U] ´the @ language. ·in plain @, ´in
language so simple that the meaning is quite clear. ¸the *Queen's/*King's Ú@,
´standard, educated English. ¹ ³adj ¸1 ´of England. ¸the @, ³n pl ´@ people. ¸2
´of, written in, spoken in, the @ language. ¸@®man ²/-mEn/ ³n (pl µ-men³)
¸@®woman ²/-w8mEn/ ³n (pl µ-women³)¼
¨en®graft© ²/InÚgrqft ³US: ²-Úgraft/ ³vt ¶[VP6A,14] ·@ (into/on/upon), ´insert
(a shoot of one tree into another). ·@ (in), ´(fig) implant (principles in the
mind or character).¼
¨en®grave© ²/InÚgreIv/ ³vt ¸1 ¶[VP6A,14] ·@ on/upon, ´cut or carve (lines,
words, designs, on) a hard surface: ³@ a design on a metal plate ´(for
printing); ³a name @d on a tombstone. ¸2 ¶[VP14] ·@ with, ´mark such surfaces
with (an inscription, etc). ¸3 ¶[VP14] ·@ on/upon, ´(fig) impress deeply (on
the memory or mind). ¸en®graver ³n ´person who @s designs, etc on stone, metal,
etc. ¸en®grav®ing ²/InÚgreIvIG/ ³n ¶[U] ´art of cutting or carving designs on
metal, stone, etc; ¶[C] ´copy of a picture, design, etc printed from an @d
plate.¼
¨en®gross© ²/InÚgrE8s/ ³vt ¸1 ¶[VP6A] ´(usu passive) take up all the time or
attention of: ³@ed in his work; an @ing story. ¸2 ´(legal) write (eÔg a legal
document) in large letters or in formal legal style.¼
¨en®gulf© ²/InÚgAlf/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´swallow up (as in a gulf): ³a boat @ed in/by
the sea/waves.¼
¨en®hance© ²/InÚhqns ³US: ²-Úhans/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´add to (the value,
attraction, powers, price, etc).¼
¨enigma© ²/IÚnIgmE/ ³n ¶[C] ´question, person, thing, circumstance, that is
puzzling. ¸enig®matic ²/*enIgÚmatIk/ ³adj ´puzzling; mysterious.
¸enig®mati®cally ²/-klI/ ³adv¼
¨en®join© ²/InÚdZãIn/ ³vt ¶[VP6A,17,9,14] ·@ (on sb), ´give an order for; urge;
prescribe; command: ³@ silence/obedience; @ on sb the necessity for economy; @
a duty on sb; @ sb to obey the rules; @ that sth should be done.¼
¨en®joy© ²/InÚdZãI/ ³vt ¶[VP6A,C] ¸1 ´get pleasure from; take delight in: ³@
one's dinner. I've @ed talking to you about old times. ¸2 ´have as an
advantage or benefit: ³@ good health/a good income. ¸3 ·@ oneself, ´experience
pleasure; be happy. ¸@®able ²/-Ebl/ ³adj ´giving joy; pleasant. ¸@®ably
²/-EblI/ ³adv¼
¨en®joy®ment© ²/InÚdZãImEnt/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´pleasure; joy; satisfaction: ³to think
only of/live for @. ¸2 ¶[U] ´possession and use: ³be in the @ of the full
possession of one's faculties´, be physically and mentally well. ¸3 ¶[C]
´sth that gives joy and pleasure.¼
¨en®kindle© ²/InÚkIndl/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´cause (flame, passion, etc) to flare up;
inflame (with passion, etc).¼
¨en®large© ²/InÚlqdZ/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A,2A] ´make or become larger:
³@ a photograph/one's house. Will this print @ well´, will it be good if it is
reproduced on a larger scale? ¸2 ¶[VP3A] ·@ on/upon, ´say or write more about:
³I need not @ upon this matter; you all know my views. ¸@®ment ³n ¶[U]
´enlarging or being @d; ¶[C] ´result of this, esp a photograph.¼
¨en®lighten© ²/InÚlñItn/ ³vt ¶[VP6A,14] ·@ (on), ´give more knowledge to; free
from ignorance, misunderstanding or false beliefs: ³Can you @ me on this
subject´, help me to understand it better? ¸@ed ³part adj ´free from ignorance,
prejudice, superstition, etc: ³in these @ed days. ¸@®ment ³n ¶[U] ´@ing or
being @ed: ³living in an age of @ment; work for the @ment of mankind. ¸the
E@ment, ´the period (esp 18th c) when men believed that reason and science
(and not religion) would advance human progress.¼
¨en®list© ²/InÚlIst/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A,14,16B,2A,C] ·@ (in), ´take into, enter,
the armed forces: ³@ a recruit; @ as a volunteer; @ed men´, soldiers, etc; ³@
in the army. ¸2 ¶[VP6A,14] ·@ (in/for), ´obtain; get the support of: ³@ sb's
sympathy and help in a charitable cause/for the Red Cross. ¸@®ment ³n ¶[U]
´@ing or being @ed; ¶[C] ´instance of this.¼
¨en®liven© ²/InÚlñIvn/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´make lively: ³How can we @ the party?¼
¨en masse© ²/*on Úmas/ ³adv ´(F) in a mass; all together.¼
¨en®mesh© ²/InÚme2/ ³vt ¶[VP6A,14] ·@ (in), ´take (as) in a net; entangle.¼
¨en®mity© ²/ÚenmEtI/ ³n ¶[U] ´condition of being an enemy; hatred: ³be at @
with one's neighbours; ¶[C] ³(pl µ-ties³) ´particular feeling of hostility or
hatred.¼
¨en®noble© ²/IÚnE8bl/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ¸1 ´make (sb) a member of the nobility. ¸2
´(fig) make morally noble; make dignified. ¸@®ment ³n¼
¨en®nui© ²/onÚwi/ ³n ¶[U] ´(F) weariness of mind caused by lack of
any interesting occupation; ¶[C] ´instance of this.¼
¨enor®mity© ²/IÚncmEtI/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´great wickedness: ³Does he realize the @ of
his offence? ¸2 ¶[C] ³(pl µ-ties³) ´serious crime. ¸3 ¶[U] ´immense size: ³the
@ of the problem of feeding the world's population in ¶AÔD 2Ô000.¼
¨enor®mous© ²/IÚncmEs/ ³adj ´very great; immense: ³an @ sum of money. ¸@®ly
³adv ´to an @ extent: ³The town has changed @ly during recent years. ¸@®ness
³n¼
¨enough© ²/IÚnAf/ ³adj, n ´(of a quantity) as great as is needed; as much or as
many as necessary (as an ³adj @ ´occurs in the pattern ·@ ³+ noun ´or ³noun +
·@´): ³There's @ food/food enough for everybody. Have you had @ peanuts? ´(as a
³noun @ ´occurs in the pattern ·@ (of the/this/that/his etc ³+ noun·) (for
sb/to do sth)´): ³Will $5 be @ for you/@ to cover the journey? Have you had @ of
this TÔV programme yet? I've had @ of your grumbling and groaning. ·@ is as
good as a feast, ´be glad that you have had as much as you needed. ·more than
@, ´too much. ´¹ ³adv of degree ´(placed after ³adjj, advv ´and ³pp; ´also
after a ³noun ´used as an ³adj´, as when ³fool ´means ³foolish´; used in the
pattern ³adj + ·@ (for sb/to do sth)´) ¸1 ´to the right or necessary degree;
sufficiently: ³The meat is not cooked @. Are you warm @? You know well @ ´(=
quite well) ³what I mean. I was fool ´(= foolish) ³@ to believe her. He wasn't
man ´(= manly) ³@ to admit his mistake. You're old @ to know better. This book
is easy @ for a six-year-old child to read. ¸2 ´sometimes used in a disparaging
way, suggesting that sth could be better, etc: ³It's interesting @ in its way´,
moderately interesting. ³She sings well @, ´indicating faint praise. ¸3
·oddly/curiously/strangely etc @´, in a way that is odd, etc. ·sure @´, in a
degree that satisfies doubt; as one expected.¼
¨en®plane© ²/enÚpleIn/ ³vi,vt µ¥ emplane.¼
¨en®quire©, en®quiry ²/InÚkwñIE(r), InÚkwñIErI/ µ¥ inquire,
inquiry.¼
¨en®rage© ²/InÚreIdZ/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´fill with rage: ³@d at/by sb's stupidity.¼
¨en®rap®ture© ²/InÚrapt2E(r)/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´fill with great delight or joy.¼
¨en®rich© ²/InÚrIt2/ ³vt ¶[VP6A,14] ·@ (with), ´make rich; improve in quality,
flavour, etc: ³@ the mind (with knowledge); soil @ed with manure. ¸@®ment ³n¼
¨en®roll©, en®rol ²/InÚrE8l/ ³vt,vi ¶[VP6A,14,16B,2A,C] ·@ (in), ´(cause to)
become a member (of): ³to @ in evening classes; to @ (sb) as a member of a
society/club; to be @ed in a register of electors; to @ new students. ¸@®ment
³n ¶[U] ´@ing or being @ed; ¶[C] ´number @ed: ³a school with an @ment of 800
pupils.¼
¨en route© ²/*on Úrut/ ³adv ·@ (from/to), ´on the way (from/to): ³We stopped at
Paris @ from Rome to London.¼
¨en®sconce© ²/InÚskons/ ³vt ¶[VP14] ·@ oneself in, ´establish oneself in (a
safe, secret, comfortable, etc place).¼
¨en®semble© ²/onÚsombl/ ³n ¶[C] ´(F) ¸1 ´sth viewed as a whole; general effect.
¸2 ´(music) passage of music in which all the performers unite; group of
musicians who play together regularly (smaller than an orchestra). ¸3 ´(trade
use) woman's matched clothing outfit (dress, coat, etc designed to be worn
together).¼
¨en®shrine© ²/InÚ2rñIn/ ³vt ¶[VP6A,14] ·@ (in), ´(formal) place or keep in, or
as in, a shrine; serve as a shrine for: ³the casket that @s the relics;
memories @d in her heart; basic human rights @d in the constitution.¼
¨en®shroud© ²/InÚ2rñ8d/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´cover completely: ³hills @ed in mist.¼
¨en®sign© ²/ÚensEn/ ³n ¸1 ´(esp naval) flag or banner: ³white @´, used by the
Royal Navy; ³red @´, used by British merchant ships; ³blue @´, used by the
Royal Naval Reserve. ¸2 ´(US) lowest commissioned officer in the navy. ¸3
²/ÚensñIn/ ´(old uses) badge or symbol (showing office, authority, etc);
infantry officer who carried the regimental colours.¼
¨en®si®lage© ²/ÚensIlIdZ/ ³n ´= µsilage.¼
¨en®slave© ²/InÚsleIv/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´make a slave of. ¸@®ment ³n¼
¨en®snare© ²/InÚsneE(r)/ ³vt ¶[VP6A,14] ·@ (in), ´catch in, or as in, a snare
or trap.¼
¨en®sue© ²/InÚsju ³US: ²-Úsu/ ³vi ¶[VP2A,3A] ·@ (from), ´happen later; follow,
happen as a result: ³the trouble that @d from this misunderstanding; in the
ensuing ´(= next) ³year.¼
¨en®sure© ´(US = ¸in®sure´) ²/InÚ28E(r)/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP9] ´make sure;
guarantee: ³I can't @ that he will be there in time. ¸2 ¶[VP14,3A] ·@ (sb)
against sth, ´make safe: ³We @d (ourselves) against possible disappointment.
You should @ (yourself) against loss of heat by having double glazing. ¸3
¶[VP12A,13A] ´secure; assure: ³These documents @ to you the authority you
need. I cannot @ you a good post. ¸4 ´(formerly) = µinsure.¼
¨en®tail© ²/InÚteIl/ ³vt ¶[VP6A,14] ·@ (on), ¸1 ´make necessary; impose
(expense, etc ³on ´sb): ³That will @ an early start. These plans @ great
expense on us. ¸2 ´(legal) leave, settle, (land) to a line of heirs so that
none of them can give it away or sell it: ³@ an estate on sb. ´¹ ³n ¶[U]
´settlement of landed property in this way; ¶[C] ´the property so settled.¼
¨en®tangle© ²/InÚtaGgl/ ³vt ¶[VP6A,15A,14] ·@ (in), ¸1 ´catch in a snare or
among obstacles: ³My fishing line got @d in weeds. The duck flew into the nets
and the more it struggled the more it @d itself. ¸2 ´(fig) put or get into
difficulties, in unfavourable circumstances: ³@ oneself with money-lenders.
¸@®ment ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´entangling or being @d; ¶[C] ´situation that @s: ³@ments
with rogues; emotional @ments. ¸2 ³(pl) ´barrier of stakes and barbed wire to
impede the enemy's advance.¼
¨en®tente© ²/onÚtont/ ³n ¶[C] ´(F) (group of States with a)
friendly understanding. ¸*@ cordiÚale ²/*kcdIÚql/ ³n ´@, esp between two
governments.¼
¨en®ter© ²/ÚentE(r)/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A,2A] ´come or go into: ³@ a room. The
train @ed a tunnel. Where did the bullet @ the body? ´(Stage direction in a
printed play) ³E@ Hamlet´, Hamlet comes on to the stage. ¸2 ¶[VP6A] ´become a
member of; join: ³@ a school/college; @ the Army/Navy; @ the Church´, become a
priest; ³@ a profession. ¸3 ¶[VP3A] ·@ into sth (with sb), ´begin, open: ³@
into conversation with sb; @ into negotiations with a business firm. ·@ into
sth, ¸(a) ´begin to deal with: ³@ into details/particulars. ¸(b) ´sympathize
with; be able to understand and appreciate: ³@ into sb's feelings; @ into the
spirit of the occasion. ¸(c) ´form a part of: ³a possibility that had not @ed
into our calculations. ¸4 ¶[VP3A] ·@ on/upon, ¸(a) ´make a start on: ³@ upon a
new career/one's duties/another term of office. ¸(b) ´take possession of; begin
to enjoy: ³@ upon one's inheritance. ¸5 ¶[VP6A,14,15B] ·@ (in/up); @ (in),
´unite, record names, details, etc in a book, etc: ³@ (in/up) an item in an
account-book. ¸6 ¶[VP3A,14] ·@ for; @ sb for, ´give the name of sb for a
competition, race, etc: ³@ oneself for an examination; @ for the high jump; @ a
horse for the Derby.¼
¨en®teric© ²/enÚterIk/ ³adj ´of the intestines: ³@ fever´, typhoid.
¸en®ter®itis ²/*entEÚrñItIs/ ³n ¶[U] ´inflammation of the intestines.¼
¨en®ter®prise© ²/ÚentEprñIz/ ³n ¸1 ¶[C] ´undertaking, esp one that needs
courage or that offers difficulty. ¸2 ¶[U] ´courage and willingness to engage
in @sµ(1)´: ³We need a spirit of @ if we are to overcome our difficulties. He
is a man of great @. ¸3 ¶[U] ´carrying on of @sµ(1)´: ³private @ versus
government control of commerce and industry. µ¥ free±1µ(3); private(1).
¸en®ter®pris®ing ³adj ´having, showing, @µ(2). ¸en®ter®pris®ing®ly ³adv¼
¨en®ter®tain© ²/*entEÚteIn/ ³vt ¶[VP6A,14,2A] ¸1 ·@ (to), ´receive
(people) as guests; give food and drink to: ³@ friends to dinner. The Smiths @
a great deal/do a great deal of @ing´, often give dinner parties, etc. ¸2 ·@
(with), ´amuse, interest: ³@ the children with tricks. We were all @ed by his
tricks. ¸3 ´be ready to consider: ³@ a proposal; ´have in the mind: ³@
ideas/doubts, etc. ¸@®ing ³adj ´pleasing; amusing. ¸@®ing®ly ³adv ¸@®ment ³n ¸1
¶[U] ´@ing or being @edµ(2)´: ³He fell into the water, much to the @ment of the
onlookers. ¸2 ¶[C] ´public
performance (at a theatre, circus, etc). ¸@er ³n ´person who @sµ(2)´, esp
professionally.¼
¨en®thral© ´(also, esp US ¸en®thrall´) ²/InÚTrcl/ ³vt µ(-ll-) ¶[VP6A] ¸1 ´take
the whole attention of; please greatly: ³@ed by an exciting story. ¸2 ´enslave
(usu fig): ³@ed by a woman's beauty.¼
¨en®throne© ²/InÚTrE8n/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´place a king, bishop on a throne; (fig)
give a high place to, in one's judgement or affection: ³a ruler @d in the
hearts of his subjects. ¸@®ment ³n¼
¨en®thuse© ²/InÚTjuz ³US: ²-Tuz/ ³vi ¶[VP3A] ·@ over, ´(colloq) show
enthusiasm for.¼
¨en®thusi®asm© ²/InÚTjuzIazEm ³US: ²-ÚTu-/ ³n ¶[U] ·@ (for/about), ´strong
feeling of admiration or interest: ³arouse @ in sb; a play that moved the
audience to @; feel no @ for/about sth; an outburst of @.¼
¨en®thusi®ast© ²/InÚTjuzIast ³US: ²-ÚTu-/ ³n ·@ (for/about), ´person filled
with enthusiasm: ³a sports @; an @ for/about politics.¼
¨en®thusi®astic© ²/In*TjuzIÚastIk ³US: ²-*Tu-/ ³adj ·@ (about/over), ´full of
enthusiasm: ³@ admirers of a film star; become @ over sth. ¸en®thusi®asti®cally
²/-klI/ ³adv¼
¨en®tice© ²/InÚtñIs/ ³vt ¶[VP6A,15A,17] ´tempt or persuade: ³@ a young girl
away from home; @ sb into doing sth/to do sth wrong; @ a man from his duty.
¸@®ment ³n ¶[U] ´enticing or being @d; ¶[C] ´sth that @s.¼
¨en®tire© ²/InÚtñIE(r)/ ³adj ´whole, complete; in one piece,
unbroken: ³The @ village was destroyed. Is your stamp collection still @? ¸@®ly
³adv ´completely: ³@ly unnecessary/different. My life is @ly given up to work.
¸@ty ²/InÚtñIErEtI/ ³n ¶[U] ´the state of being @; completeness: ³We must
examine the question in its @ty´, as a whole, not in parts only.¼
¨en®title© ²/InÚtñItl/ ³vt ¸1 ·be @d, ´have as a title: ³a book @d "Adam Bede'.
¸2 ¶[VP14,17] ·@ sb to sth/to do sth, ´(usu in passive) (of conditions,
circumstances, qualities, etc) give a right (to): ³If you fail three times, you
are not @d to try any more. ¸@®ment ³n ´that which @sµ(2).¼
¨en®tity© ²/ÚentEtI/ ³n (pl µ-ties³) ¸1 ¶[C] ´sth that has real existence; a
thing's existence (contrasted with its qualities, relations, etc). ¸2 ¶[U]
´being; existence.¼
¨en®tomb© ²/InÚtum/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´place in a tomb; serve as a tomb for.¼
¨ento®mol®ogy© ²/*entEÚmolEdZI/ ³n ¶[U] ´the study of insects.
¸en®to®mol®ogist ²/-dZIst/ ³n ´student of, expert in, @. ¸en®to®mo®logi®cal
²/*entEmEÚlodZIkl/ ³adj¼
¨en®tour®age© ²/*ont8ÚrqZ/ ³n ´all those accompanying and attending on an
important or high-ranking person: ³the President and his @.¼
¨en®tr'acte© ²/Úontrakt/ ³n ¶[C] ´(F) (performance in an) interval between acts
in a play.¼
¨en®trails© ²/ÚentreIlz/ ³n pl ´bowels; intestines.¼
¨en®train© ²/enÚtreIn/ ³vt,vi ¶[VP6A,2A] ´get, put troops, etc into a train.¼
¨en®trance©1 ²/ÚentrEns/ ³n ¸1 ¶[C] ´opening, gate, door, passage, etc by which
one enters: ³The @ to the cave had been blocked up. ¸2 ¶[C,U] ´coming or going
in; coming of an actor upon the stage; entering: ³the university @ examination.
E@ into/upon ministerial office requires a visit to the Queen. Actors must
learn their @s and exits´, when to come upon and leave the stage. ¸3 ¶[C,U]
´right of entering: ³to be refused @. ¸Ú@-fee; Ú@-money, ´charge for
admission.¼
¨en®trance©2 ²/InÚtrqns ³US: ²-Útrans/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ·@ (at/with),
´(usu in passive) fill with emotion and delight: ³@d with the music. She stood
@d at the sight.¼
¨en®trant© ²/ÚentrEnt/ ³n ´person who enters ³to ´a profession, ³for ´a
competition, race, etc.¼
¨en®trap© ²/InÚtrap/ ³vt µ(-pp-) ¶[VP6A] ´= µtrap ´(the usu word).¼
¨en®treat© ²/InÚtrit/ ³vt ¶[VP6A,17,14] ·@ (of), ´(formal) ask (sb) earnestly:
³@ sb to show mercy; @ a favour of sb. ¸@®ing®ly ³adv¼
¨en®treaty© ²/InÚtritI/ ³n (pl µ-ies³) ¶[C,U] ´earnest request(ing): ³deaf to
all entreaties; with a look of @.¼
¨en®tr_ee© ²/ÚontreI/ ³n ´(F) ¸1 ¶[U] ´right or privilege of admission. ¸2 ¶[C]
´dish served between the fish and the meat course.¼
¨en®trench©, in®trench ²/InÚtrent2/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ¸1 ´surround or
protect with a trench or trenches: ³The enemy were strongly @ed on the other
side of the river. ¸2 ´establish firmly: ³customs @ed by tradition; @ed
clauses/provisions, ´those (in a constitutionµ(1)´) which can be changed
only by a special procedure. ¸@®ment ³n¼
¨entre®pot© ²/ÚontrEpE8/ ³n ´(F) storehouse; commercial centre for the import,
export, collection and distribution of goods.¼
¨entre®pre®neur© ²/*ontrEprEÚn3(r)/ ³n ´person who organizes and manages a
commercial undertaking. ¸@®ial ²/-Ún3rIEl/ ³adj¼
¨en®trust©, in®trust ²/InÚtrAst/ ³vt ¶[VP14] ·@ sth to sb; @ sb with sth, ´trust
sb to complete or safeguard sth: ³Can I @ the task to you/@ you with the
task? Ought I to @ to them/@ them with such confidential and important plans?¼
¨en®try© ²/ÚentrI/ ³n ¶[C] ³(pl µ-tries³) ¸1 ´coming or going in:
³the @ of the UÔSÔA into world politics. The army made a triumphal @ into the
town. Thieves had forced an @ into the building. ¸Ú@ visa, µ¥ visa. ¸2
¶[C,U] ´(place of) entrance; right of entering: ³The sign ²? ³means "No @'. ¸3
´item in a list; item noted in an account book: ³dictionary entries; make an @
of a transaction; book-keeping by double/single @´, in which each item is
entered twice/once in a ledger. ¸bill of @, µ¥ bill±3µ(6). ¸4 ´list, number,
of persons, etc entering for a competition: ³a large @ for the 5Ô000 metres
race; ´person or thing that is entered for a competition: ³nearly fifty entries
for the Marathon race.¼
¨en®twine© ²/InÚtwñIn/ ³vt ¶[VP6A,14] ·@ (with/round), ´make by twining; curl
(one thing) ´(³with ´or ³round ´another).¼
¨enu®mer®ate© ²/IÚnjumEreIt ³US: ²IÚnu-/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´count, go through (a
list of articles) naming them one by one. ¸enu®mer®ation ²/I*njumEÚreI2n ³US:
²I*nu-/ ³n ¶[U] ´enumerating; ¶[C] ´list.¼
¨enun®ci®ate© ²/IÚnAnsIeIt/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A,2A] ´say, pronounce (words): ³He
@s (his words) clearly. ¸2 ´express a theory, etc clearly or definitely.
¸enun®ci®ation ²/I*nAnsIÚeI2n/ ³n¼
¨en®velop© ²/InÚvelEp/ ³vt ¶[VP6A,14] ·@ (in), ´wrap up, cover, on all sides:
³hills @ed in mist; a baby @ed in a shawl; @ a subject in mystery. ¸@®ment ³n¼
¨en®vel®ope© ²/ÚenvElE8p/ ³n ´wrapper or covering, esp one made of paper for a
letter; covering of a balloon or airship.¼
¨en®venom© ²/InÚvenEm/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´put poison on or in, eÔg a weapon; (fig)
fill with bitter hate: ³@ed quarrels/tempers.¼
¨en®vi®able© ²/ÚenvIEbl/ ³adj ´causing envy; likely to excite envy (used both
of the object and the person, etc, possessing it): ³an @ school record´, one
of great success, etc; ³an @ woman, ´eÔg one who has a kind, handsome and rich
husband.¼
¨en®vi®ous© ²/ÚenvIEs/ ³adj ·@ (of), ´full of envy; feeling envy;
showing or expressing envy: ³@ of sb's success; @ looks; looking at sth with @
eyes. ¸@®ly ³adv¼
¨en®viron© ²/InÚvñIErEn/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´be in a position round; surround: ³a town
@ed by/with forests.¼
¨en®vi®ron®ment© ²/InÚvñIErEnmEnt/ ³n ¶[U,C] ´surroundings, circumstances,
influences: ³a healthy @. Students of social problems investigate the home,
social and moral @(s) of different classes of people. ¸Department of the E@,
´(GB) Government Department responsible for land planning, construction
industries, transport, preservation of public amenities, control of air and
water pollution, the protection of the coast and the countryside. ¸@al
²/In*vñIErEnÚmentl/ ³adj ¸@®ally ²/-tElI/ ³adv¼
¨en®virons© ²/InÚvñIErEnz/ ³n pl ´districts surrounding a town, etc: ³Berlin
and its @.¼
¨en®vis®age© ²/InÚvIzIdZ/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´picture in the mind (esp in a particular
way): ³He had not @d the matter in that light.¼
¨en®voy©1 ²/ÚenvãI/ ³n ´messenger, esp one sent on a special mission;
diplomatic agent next in rank below an ambassador.¼
¨en®voy©2 ´(also ¸en®voi´) ²/ÚenvãI/ ³n ¶[C] ´concluding part of a poem, esp a
short stanza at the end of some archaic forms of poetry.¼
¨envy©1 ²/ÚenvI/ ³n ¶[U] ¸1 ·@ at sth/of sb, ´feeling of disappointment and
resentment (at another's better fortune): ³He was filled with @ of me/at my
success. My success excited his @. They say such scandalous things about you
out of @. ¸2 ´object of such feeling: ³His splendid new car was the @ of all
his friends/an object of @ to all his friends.¼
¨envy©2 ²/ÚenvI/ ³vt (pt,pp µ-vied³) ¶[VP6A,12C] ´feel envy of: ³I @ you. I @
your good fortune. I don't @ him his bad-tempered wife´, am glad I am not
married to her.¼
¨en®wrap© ²/InÚrap/ ³vt µ(-pp-) ´= µwrap ´(the more usu word).¼
¨en®zyme© ²/ÚenzñIm/ ³n ¶[C] ´organic chemical substance (a
catalyst) formed in living cells, able to cause changes in other substances
without being changed itself.¼
¨eon© ²/ÚiEn/ ³n ´= µaeon.¼
¨ep®aulet© ´(also ¸ep®aul®ette´) ²/ÚepElet/ ³n ´shoulder ornament on a naval
or military officer's uniform.¼
¨_ep_ee© ²/eIÚpeI/ ³n ´(F) sharp-pointed slender sword used in fencing.¼
¨ephem®er®al© ²/IÚfemErEl/ ³adj ´living, lasting, for a very short time.¼
¨epic© ²/ÚepIk/ ³n, adj ´(poetic account) of the deeds of one or more great
heroes, or of a nation's past history, eÔg Homer's ³Iliad´; (colloq)
(subject) fit to be celebrated as heroic: ³an @ achievement.¼
¨epi®centre© ´(US = ¸-center´) ²/ÚepIsentE(r)/ ³n ´point at which an earthquake
reaches the earth's surface.¼
¨epi®cure© ²/ÚepIkj8E(r)/ ³n ´person who understands the pleasures to be had
from delicate eating and drinking.¼
¨epi®cur®ean© ²/*epIkj8ÚriEn/ ³n, adj ´(person) devoted to pleasure (esp
refined sensuous enjoyment): ³an @ feast.¼
¨epi®demic© ²/*epIÚdemIk/ ³n, adj ´(disease) spreading rapidly
among many people in the same place for a time: ³an influenza @. µ¥ endemic.¼
¨epi®der®mis© ²/*epIÚd3mIs/ ³n ¶[U] ´outer layer of the skin.¼
¨epi®dia®scope© ²/*epIÚdñIEskE8p/ ³n ´optical lantern which projects on a
screen transparent objects (eÔg film-strip) and opaque objects (eÔg coins,
pictures).¼
¨epi®glot®tis© ²/*epIÚglotIs/ ³n ´structure of tissue at the root of the
tongue, lowered during swallowing to prevent food, etc from entering the
windpipe. µ¥ ´the illus at µhead.¼
¨epi®gram© ²/ÚepIgram/ ³n ´short poem or saying expressing an idea in a clever
and amusing way. ¸@®matic ²/*epIgrEÚmatIk/ ³adj ´short and witty in
expression; (of a person) fond of making @s.¼
¨epi®lepsy© ²/ÚepIlepsI/ ³n ¶[U] ´nervous disease causing a person to fall
unconscious (often with violent involuntary movements). ¸epi®lep®tic
²/*epIÚleptIk/ ³adj ´of @: ³an epileptic fit. µ¹ ³n ´person suffering from @.¼
¨epi®logue© ´(US = ¸-log´) ²/ÚepIlog ³US: ²-lcg/ ³n ´last part of a literary
work, esp a poem spoken by an actor at the end of a play; (radio, TÔV)
religious programme at the end of the day's transmission.¼
¨Epiph®any© ²/IÚpIfEnI/ ³n ´commemoration (6 Jan) of the coming of the Magi
²/ÚmeIdZñI/ ´(the ³Three Wise Men´) to Jesus at Bethlehem. Cf ³Twelfth Night.¼
¨epis®co®pal© ²/IÚpIskEpl/ ³adj ´of, governed by, bishops: ³the E@ Church´,
(esp) the Anglican Church in the US and Scotland. ¸epis®co®pa®lian
²/I*pIskEÚpeIlIEn/ ³n, adj ´(member) of an @ church.¼
¨epi®sode© ²/ÚepIsE8d/ ³n ¶[C] ´(description of) one event in a chain of
events. ¸epi®sodic ²/*epIÚsodIk/ ³adj ´sporadic.¼
¨epistle© ²/IÚpIsl/ ³n ´(old use, or joc) letter. ¸the E@s, ´letters included
in the New Testament, written by the Apostles. ¸epis®tol®ary ²/IÚpIstElErI ³US:
²-lerI/ ³adj ´of, carried on by, letters.¼
¨epi®taph© ²/ÚepItqf ³US: ²-taf/ ³n ¶[C] ´words commemorating a
dead person (eÔg as cut on his tombstone).¼
¨epi®thet© ²/ÚepITet/ ³n ´adjective or descriptive phrase used to indicate the
character of sb or sth, as in "Alfred ³the Great´'.¼
¨epit®ome© ²/IÚpItEmI/ ³n ´short summary of a book, speech, etc; sth which
shows, on a small scale, the characteristics of sth much larger; sth or sb
that perfectly displays a quality, type, etc: ³the @ of a loving mother.
¸epit®om®ize ²/IÚpItEmñIz/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´make or be an @ of: ³She epitomizes the
loving mother.¼
¨ep®och© ²/Úipok ³US: ²ÚepEk/ ³n ´(beginning of a) period of time in history,
life, etc marked by special events or characteristics: ³Einstein's theory
marked a new @ in mathematics. ¸Ú@-making, ´beginning a new @: ³an @-making
discovery´, eÔg of America by Columbus.¼
¨Ep®som salts© ²/*epsEm Úsclts/ ³n pl ´hydrated magnesium sulphate ¸(MgSO¶e¸),
´used medically to empty the bowels.¼
¨equable© ²/ÚekwEbl/ ³adj ´steady; regular; not changing much: ³an @
climate/temper. ¸equably ²/ÚekwEblI/ ³adv¼
¨equal© ²/ÚikwEl/ ³adj ¸1 ´the same in size, amount, number, degree, value,
etc: ³@ pay for @ work; @ opportunity; @ in ability; divide sth into two @
parts; two boys of @ height. He speaks English and Arabic with @ ease. Things
which are @ to the same thing are @ to one another. ¸2 ·@ to sth/to doing sth,
´having strength, courage, ability, etc for: ³He was @ to the occasion´, was
able to deal with it. ³She did not feel @ to receiving visitors. ´¹ ³n ´person
or thing @ to another: ³Is he your @ in strength? Let x be the @ of y. ´¹ ³vt
µ(-ll-, ´US also µ-l-) ¶[VP6A,15A] ´be @ to: ³He @s me in strength but not in
intelligence. He is @led by no one in strength. ¸@ly ²/ÚikwElI/ ³adv ´in an @
manner; in @ shares: ³@ly clever. Divide it @ly. ¸@®ity ²/IÚkwolEtI/ ³n ¶[U]
´the state of being @: ³on terms of @ (with)´, on @ terms (with). ¸@i®tarian
²/I*kwolIÚteErIEn/ ³n ´= µegalitarian. ¸@®ize ²/ÚikwElñIz/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´make @:
³@ize incomes. ¸@®iz®ation ²/*ikwElñIÚzeI2n ³US: ²-lIÚz-/ ³n¼
¨equa®nim®ity© ²/*ekwEÚnImEtI/ ³n ¶[U] ´calmness of mind or temper:
³bear misfortune with @; disturb sb's @.¼
¨equate© ²/IÚkweIt/ ³vt ¶[VP6A,14] ·@ (with), ´consider, treat (one thing as
being equal): (maths) ³@ two quantities.¼
¨equa®tion© ²/IÚkweIZn/ ³n ¸1 ´(maths) ¶[C] ´statement of equality between two
expressions by the sign = as in: ³2x + 5 = 11. ¸2 ¶[U] ·@ (with), ´making
equal, balancing, eÔg of demand and supply.¼
¨equa®tor© ²/IÚkweItE(r)/ ³n ´imaginary line round the earth; line drawn on
maps to represent points at an equal distance from the north and south poles.
µ¥ ´the illus at µprojection. ¸@®ial ²/*ekwEÚtcrIEl/ ³adj ´of or near the @:
³@ial Africa.¼
¨equerry© ²/IÚkwerI/ ³n (pl µ-rries³) ´officer in the court of a ruler; officer
in attendance on a member of the royal family.¼
¨eques®trian© ²/IÚkwestrIEn/ ³adj ´of horse-riding: ³@ skill; an @ statue´, of
a person on horseback. ¹ ³n ´person clever at horse-riding.¼
¨equi®dis®tant© ²/*ikwIÚdIstEnt/ ³adj ·@ (from), ´separated by equal
distances.¼
¨equi®lat®eral© ²/*ikwIÚlatErEl/ ³adj ´having all sides equal: ³an @ triangle.¼
¨equi®lib®rium© ²/*ikwIÚlIbrIEm/ ³n ¶[U] ´state of being balanced:
³maintain/lose one's @; scales ´(on a balance) ³in @.¼
¨equine© ²/ÚekwñIn/ ³adj ´(formal) of, like, a horse; of horses.¼
¨equi®noc®tial© ²/*ikwIÚnok2l/ ³adj ´of, at or near, the equinox: ³@
gales/tides.¼
¨equi®nox© ²/ÚikwInoks/ ³n ´time of the year at which the sun crosses the
equator and when day and night are of equal length: ³the spring ´(= vernal)
³@´, around 20 Mar; ³the autumnal @´, around 22 Sept.¼
¨equip© ²/IÚkwIp/ ³vt µ(-pp-) ¶[VP6A,14] ·@ (with), ´supply (a person, oneself,
a ship, etc) (with what is needed, for a purpose): ³@ oneself for a task; @ a
ship for a voyage; @ soldiers with uniforms and weapons. ¸@®ment ³n ¶[U] ¸1
´@ping or being @ped: ³The @ment of his laboratory took time and money. ¸2
´(collective ³noun´) things needed for a purpose: ³a factory with modern @ment;
·Ú³radar @ment.¼
¨equi®page© ²/ÚekwIpIdZ/ ³n ¶[C] ´equipment, outfit; carriage,
horses and attendants (of a rich person in former times).¼
¨equi®poise© ²/ÚekwIpãIz/ ³n ¶[U] ´equilibrium; ¶[C] ´thing that
counterbalances.¼
¨equi®table© ²/ÚekwItEbl/ ³adj ´fair; just; reasonable. ¸equi®tably ²/-blI/
³adv¼
¨equity© ²/ÚekwEtI/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´fairness; right judgement; (esp, English law)
principles of justice outside common law or Statute law, used to correct laws
when these would apply unfairly in special circumstances. ¸2 ´(often ³pl´)
µ(-ties) ´ordinary stocks and shares not bearing fixed interest.¼
¨equiv®al®ent© ²/IÚkwIvElEnt/ ³adj ·@ (to), ´equal in value, amount, meaning:
³What is $5 @ to in French francs? ´¹ ³n ´sth that is @: ³Is there a French
word that is the exact @ of the English word "home'? ¸equiv®al®ence ²/-Ens/ ³n
¶[U] ´being @; ¶[C] ´sth that is @.¼
¨equivo®cal© ²/IÚkwIvEkl/ ³adj ¸1 ´having a double or doubtful meaning; open
to doubt: ³an @ reply. ¸2 ´questionable; suspicious: ³an @ success.
¸equivo®ca®tion ²/I*kwIvEÚkeI2n/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´the use of @ statements to
mislead people. ¸2 ¶[C] ´@ expression.¼
¨era© ²/ÚIErE/ ³n ¶[C] ´period in history, starting from a particular time or
event: ³the Christian era.¼
¨eradi®cate© ²/IÚradIkeIt/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´pull up by the roots; put an end to,
get rid of: ³@ crime/typhoid fever. ¸eradi®ca®tion ²/I*radIÚkeI2n/ ³n¼
¨erase© ²/IÚreIz ³US: ²IÚreIs/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´rub or scrape out; remove all
traces of: ³@ pencil marks. ¸@r ²/IÚreIzE(r) ³US: ²-sEr/ ³n ´thing used to @:
³a pencil @r ´(usu = µrubber±1µ(2)´). ¸eras®ure ²/IÚreIZE(r)/ ³n ¶[U] ´erasing;
¶[C] ´sth @d; place where sth has been @d.¼
¨ere© ²/eE(r)/ ³adv, prep ´(old use, or poet) before.¼
¨erect©1 ²/IÚrekt/ ³adj ´upright; standing on end: ³stand @; hold a banner @.
¸@®ly ³adv ¸@®ness ³n¼
¨erect©2 ²/IÚrekt/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ¸1 ´build, set up, establish: ³@ a monument; @
a statue (to sb); @ a tent. ¸2 ´set upright: ³@ a flagstaff. ¸erec®tile
²/IÚrektñIl ³US: ²-tl/ ³adj ´(physiol) (capable of) becoming rigid from
dilation of the blood-vessels: ³@ tissue. ¸erec®tion ²/IÚrek2n/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´act
of @ing; state of being @ed; (physiol) hardening and swelling of the penis or
clitoris. ¸2 ¶[C] ´sth @ed; building or structure.¼
¨ere®mite© ²/ÚerImñIt/ ³n ´= µhermit.¼
¨erg© ²/3g/ ³n ´unit of energy in the metric system.¼
¨ergo© ²/Ú3gE8/ ³adv ´(Lat) (usu hum) therefore.¼
¨ergo®nom®ics© ²/*3gEÚnomIks/ ³n pl sing-v ´study of the environment,
conditions and efficiency of workers.¼
¨Erin© ²/ÚerIn/ ³n ´(old name for) Ireland.¼
¨er®mine© ²/Ú3mIn/ ³n ¸1 ´small animal whose fur is brown in summer and white
(except for its black-pointed tail) in winter. ¸2 ¶[U] ´its fur; garment made
of this fur: ³dressed in @; a gown trimmed with @.¼
¨erode© ²/IÚrE8d/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´(of acids, rain, etc) wear away; eat into:
³Metals are @d by acids. ¸ero®sion ²/IÚrE8Zn/ ³n ¶[U] ´eroding or being @d:
³soil erosion, ´by wind and rain; ³coast erosion, ´by the sea. ¸ero®sive
²/IÚrE8sIv/ ³adj¼
¨erogen®ous© ²/IÚrodZEnEs/ ³adj ´(esp in): ¸*@ Úzone, ´area of the body
particularly sensitive to sexual stimulation.¼
¨erotic© ²/IÚrotIk/ ³adj ´of sexual desire. ¸erot®ica ²/IÚrotIkE/ ³n pl ´books,
pictures, etc intended to arouse sexual desire. ¸eroti®cism ²/IÚrotIsIzEm/ ³n
¶[U] ´sexual desire.¼
¨err© ²/3(r) ³US: ²eEr/ ³vi ¶[VP2A,C] ´(formal) make mistakes; do or be wrong:
³It is better to err on the side of mercy´, be too merciful than too severe.¼
¨er®rand© ²/ÚerEnd/ ³n ¸1 ´short journey to take or get sth, eÔg a
message, goods from a shop: ³to go on @s for sb; to run @s. ¸2 ´object or
purpose of such a journey. ·a fool's @, ´one with no real or useful purpose.¼
¨er®rant© ²/ÚerEnt/ ³adj ´erring; mistaken: ³an @ husband´, one who is
unfaithful to his wife.¼
¨er®ratic© ²/IÚratIk/ ³adj ¸1 ´(of a person or his behaviour) irregular in
behaviour or opinion; likely to do unusual or unexpected things. ¸2 ´(of
things, eÔg a clock) uncertain in movement; irregular. ¸er®rati®cally ²/-klI/
³adv¼
¨er®ratum© ²/eÚrqtEm/ ³n (pl µ-ta ²/-tE/³) ´(Lat) error in printing or writing:
³an errata slip´, list of errors, misprints, etc in a printed book.¼
¨er®ron®eous© ²/IÚrE8nIEs/ ³adj ´incorrect; mistaken. ¸@®ly ³adv¼
¨er®ror© ²/ÚerE(r)/ ³n ¸1 ¶[C] ´sth done wrong; mistake: ³spelling @s;
printer's @s, ´misprints; ³an @ of judgement; a clerical @, ´made in writing.
¸2 ¶[U] ´condition of being wrong in belief or conduct: ³fall/lead sb into @;
do sth in @´, by mistake.¼
¨Erse© ²/3s/ ³n ´Scottish Gaelic or Irish Gaelic.¼
¨eruc®ta®tion© ²/*irAkÚteI2n/ ³n ¶[U,C] ´(formal) belching, esp of a volcano.¼
¨eru®dite© ²/ÚerudñIt/ ³adj ´(formal) having, showing, great learning;
scholarly. ¸@®ly ³adv ¸eru®di®tion ²/*eruÚdI2n/ ³n ¶[U] ´learning.¼
¨erupt© ²/IÚrApt/ ³vi ¶[VP2A] ´(esp of a volcano) break out. ¸erup®tion
²/IÚrAp2n/ ³n ¶[C,U] ´outbreak of a volcano; (fig) outbreak of war, disease,
etc: ³@ions of ashes and lava; in a state of @ion.¼
¨ery®sip®elas© ²/*erIÚsIpIlEs/ ³n ¶[U] ´skin disease that causes fever and
produces deep red inflammation.¼
¨es®ca®late© ²/ÚeskEleIt/ ³vt,vi ¶[VP2A,6A] ´increase, develop, intensify by
successive stages. ¸es®ca®la®tion ²/*eskEÚleI2n/ ³n¼
¨es®ca®la®tor© ²/ÚeskEleItE(r)/ ³n ´moving stairway carrying people
up or down between floors or different levels.¼
¨es®ca®lope© ²/ÚeskElE8p/ ³n ´slice of boneless meat, esp veal.¼
¨es®ca®pade© ²/*eskEÚpeId/ ³n ¶[C] ´daring, mischievous or adventurous act,
often one causing gossip or trouble.¼
¨es®cape©1 ²/IÚskeIp/ ³n ¸1 ¶[C,U] ´(act of) escaping; fact of having escaped:
³E@ from Dartmoor prison is difficult. There have been very few successful @s
from this prison. I congratulate you on your @ from the shipwreck. Don't look
for an @ of gas with a lighted match. ¸Ú@ velocity, ´the speed at which a
projectile or spacecraft must travel in order to leave a (eÔg the earth's)
gravitational field. ¸2 ¶[C] ´means of escape: ³a ·Ú³fire-@; an
·Ú³@-pipe/-valve, ´for carrying off steam or water. ¸3 ´(sth that provides)
temporary distraction from reality or dull routine (eÔg through music,
reading). ¸es®capee ²/I*skeIÚpi/ ³n ´(esp) prisoner who has @d. ¸es®cap®ism
²/-IzEm/ ³n ¶[U] ´habit of escaping from unpleasant realities into a world of
fancy. ¸es®cap®ist ²/-Ist/ ³n ´person whose conduct is characterized by
escapism: (attrib) ³escapist literature.¼
¨es®cape©2 ²/IÚskeIp/ ³vi,vt ¸1 ¶[VP2A,3A] ·@ (from), ´get free; get away; (of
steam, fluids, etc) find a way out: ³Two of the prisoners have @d. The canary
has @d from its cage. Is the gas escaping somewhere? Make a hole and let the
water @. ¸2 ¶[VP6A,C,2A] ´avoid; keep free or safe from: ³You were lucky to @
punishment/being punished. Where can we go to @ the crowds? How can we @
observation/being seen? ¸3 ¶[VP6A] ´be forgotten or unnoticed by: ³His name @s
me for the moment´, I cannot recall it.¼
¨es®cape®ment© ²/IÚskeIpmEnt/ ³n ¶[C] ´device in a clock or watch
to regulate the movement.¼
¨es®carp®ment© ²/IÚskqpmEnt/ ³n ´long steep slope or cliff separating two areas
of different levels.¼
¨es®cha®tol®ogy© ²/*eskEÚtolEdZI/ ³n ¶[U] ´branch of theology concerned with
death, judgement, heaven and hell.¼
¨es®chew© ²/IÚst2u/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´(formal) avoid (the more usu word); keep
oneself away from, abstain from: ³@ political debate.¼
¨es®cort©1 ²/Úeskct/ ³n ¶[C] ¸1 ´one or more persons going with another or
others, or with valuable goods, to protect them, or as an honour: ³an @ of
soldiers; under police @. ¸2 ´one or more ships, aircraft, etc giving
protection or honour: ³When the Queen sailed, her yacht had an @ of ten
destroyers and fifty aircraft. ¸3 ´person or persons accompanying sb for
courtesy's sake: ³Mary's @ to the ball.¼
¨es®cort©2 ²/IÚskct/ ³vt ¶[VP6A,15B] ´go with as an escort: ³a convoy of
merchant ships @ed by destroyers. Who will @ this young lady home?¼
¨es®cri®toire© ²/*eskrIÚtwq(r)/ ³n ´writing-desk with drawers for stationery.¼
¨es®cutcheon© ²/IÚskAt2En/ ³n ´shield with a coat of arms on it. µ¥ ´the illus
at µarmour. ·a blot on one's @´, a stain on one's reputation.¼
¨Es®kimo© ²/ÚeskImE8/ ³n (pl µ@s ´or µ@es ²/-mE8z/³) ´member of a people living
in the Arctic regions of N America and E Siberia.¼
¨esopha®gus© ´(also ¸oesopha®gus´) ²/iÚsofEgEs/ ³n ´passage from the pharynx to
the stomach; gullet. µ¥ ´the illus at µalimentary, head.¼
¨eso®teric© ²/*esE8ÚterIk/ ³adj ´intended only for those who are initiated, for
a small circle of disciples or followers; abstruse.¼
¨es®palier© ²/IÚspalIeI/ ³n ´(tree or shrub trained on a) trellis or
a wire framework.¼
¨es®pecial© ²/IÚspe2l/ ³adj ´particular; exceptional: ³a question of @
importance; for your @ benefit. ·in @, ´above all. ¸@®ly ²/-2ElI/ ³adv ´to an
exceptional degree; in particular: ³She likes the country, @ly in spring.¼
¨Es®per®anto© ²/*espEÚrantE8/ ³n ¶[U] ´an artificial language designed for
world use.¼
¨espion®age© ²/ÚespIEnqZ/ ³n ¶[U] ´practice of spying or using spies.¼
¨es®pla®nade© ²/*esplEÚneId/ ³n ¶[C] ´level area of ground where people may
walk or ride for pleasure, often by the sea.¼
¨es®pouse© ²/IÚspñ8z/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ¸1 ´give one's support to (a cause, theory,
etc). ¸2 ´(old use; of a man) marry. ¸es®pousal ²/IÚspñ8zl/ ³n ¸1 ´espousing
(of a cause, etc). ¸2 ´(old use; usu ³pl´) marriage or betrothal.¼
¨es®presso© ²/eÚspresE8/ ³n ¸*@ Úcoffee, ´coffee made by forcing boiling water
under pressure through ground coffee.¼
¨esprit© ²/eÚspri/ ³n ¶[U] ´(F) lively wit. ¸@ de corps ²/e*spri dE Úkc(r)/ ³n
´spirit of loyalty and devotion which unites the members of a group or
society.¼
¨espy© ²/IÚspñI/ ³vt (pt,pp µ-pied³) ¶[VP6A] ´(usu joc) catch sight of.¼
¨Es®quire© ²/IÚskwñIE(r) ³US: ²Úes-/ ³n ´title of courtesy (used in GB and
written ¸Esq´, esp in the address of a letter after a man's family name instead
of ³Mr ´before it): ³Edgar Broughton, Esq.¼
¨es®say©1 ²/ÚeseI/ ³n ´piece of writing, usu short and in prose, on any one
subject. ¸@®ist ²/-Ist/ ³n ´writer of @s.¼
¨es®say©2 ²/eÚseI/ ³vt,vi ¶[VP6A,4A] ´try; attempt: ³@ a task; @ to do sth. ´¹
³n ²/ÚeseI/ ¸1 ´testing or trial of the value or nature of sth. ¸2 ´attempt.¼
¨es®sence© ²/Úesns/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´that which makes a thing what it is; the inner
nature or most important quality of a thing: ³Is the @ of morality right
intention? Caution is the @ of that man's character. The two things are the
same in outward form but different in @. ¸2 ¶[C,U] ´extract obtained from a
substance by taking out as much of the mass as possible, leaving all its
important qualities in concentrated form: ³meat @s; @ of peppermint.¼
¨es®sen®tial© ²/IÚsen2l/ ³adj ¸1 ´necessary; indispensable; most
important: ³Is wealth @ to happiness? Exercise, fresh air and sleep are @ for
the preservation of health. "Wanted, a good secretary: experience @.' ¸2 ´of an
essenceµ(2)´: ³@ oils. ¸3 ´fundamental: ³Love of fair play is said to be an
@ part of the English character. ´¹ ³n ¶[C] ´(usu ³plÔ´) fundamental element:
³the @s of English grammar. We've time to pack only the basic @s, ´the minimum
amount (of clothes, etc) that is necessary. ¸@®ly ²/IÚsen2ElI/ ³adv ´in an
@µ(3) ´manner: ³We are an @ly peace-loving people.¼
¨es®tab®lish© ²/IÚstablI2/ ³vt ¶[VP6A,14,16B] ¸1 ´set up, put on a firm
foundation: ³@ a new state/government/business. ¸2 ´settle, place a person,
oneself in a position, office, place, etc: ³We are now comfortably @ed in our
new house. Mr X was @ed as governor of the province. ¸3 ´cause people to accept
a belief, claim, custom, etc: ³He succeeded in @ing a claim to the title.
Newton conclusively @ed the law of gravity. E@ed customs are difficult to
change. His honesty is well @ed. ¸4 ´make (a church) national by law.¼
¨es®tab®lish®ment© ²/IÚstablI2mEnt/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´establishing or being
established: ³the @ of a new state. ¸2 ¶[C] ´that which is established, eÔg a
large organized body of persons (eÔg the army or navy; a civil service; a
business firm, with many employees; a hotel and the staff in it). ¸3 the E@,
´(GB) those persons in positions of power and authority, exercising influence
in the background of public life or other field of activity.¼
¨es®tami®net© ²/eÚstamIneI ³US: ²e*stamIÚneI/ ³n ´(F) small French caf_e
selling beer, wine, coffee, etc.¼
¨es®tate© ²/IÚsteIt/ ³n ¸1 ¶[C] ´piece of property in the form of
land, esp in the country: ³He owns large @s in Scotland. ¸Ú@ agent, ´(US =
³Realtor´) person who buys and sells buildings and land for others. ¸Úhousing
@, ´area of land on which many houses are built, either by private enterprise
or ³(·Ú³council @³) ´by a public authority. ¸inÚdustrial @, ´area of land
development for industrial use (factories, etc). ¸2 ¶[U] ´(legal) a person's
whole property. ¸Úreal @, ´land and buildings. ¸Úpersonal @, ´money and other
kinds of property. ¸3 ¶[C] ´political or social group or class: ³the three @s
of the realm´, the Lords Spiritual ´(Bishops in the House of Lords), ´the
Lords Temporal ´(other lords) and the House of Commons; ³the fourth @´, the
pressµ(3)´. ¸4 ´(old use) condition; stage in life: ³reach man's @; the holy @
of matrimony. ¸5 ¸Ú@ car, ´(US = ³station-wagon´) saloon-type motor vehicle
with removable or collapsible rear seats and door(s) at the back, for easy
loading of luggage, etc.¼
¨es®teem© ²/IÚstim/ ³vt ¸1 ¶[VP6A] ´(formal) have a high opinion of; respect
greatly: ³No one can @ your father more than I do. ¸2 ¶[VP25]
´(formal) consider; regard: ³I shall @ it a favour if«. I @ it a privilege to
address this audience. ´¹ ³n ¶[U] ´high regard: ³He lowered himself in our @ by
this foolish behaviour. We all hold him in great @.¼
¨es®thetic© ²/*isÚTetIk/ ´= µaesthetic.¼
¨es®ti®mable© ²/ÚestImEbl/ ³adj ´worthy of esteem.¼
¨es®ti®mate©1 ²/ÚestImEt/ ³n ¶[C] ´judgement; approximate calculation (of size,
cost, etc): ³I hope the builders don't exceed their @. I do not know enough
about him to form an @ of his abilities. Can you give me a rough @ of the cost?
µ¥ rough±1µ(3); outside ³adj µ(2). ¸the E@s, ´figures supplied each year by the
Chancellor of the Exchequer showing the probable national expenditure, etc.¼
¨es®ti®mate©2 ²/ÚestImeIt/ ³vt,vi ¶[VP9,14,3A] ·@ (at), ´form a
judgement about; calculate the cost, value, size, etc of sth: ³The firm @d the
cost of the work at $8Ô000. We @ that it would take three months to finish the
work. I @ his income at/to be about $5000. Ask a contractor to @ for the repair
of the building.¼
¨es®ti®ma®tion© ²/*estIÚmeI2n/ ³n ¶[U] ´judgement; regard: ³in my @; in the @
of most people.¼
¨es®trange© ²/IÚstreIndZ/ ³vt ¶[VP6A,14] ·@ (from), ´bring about a separation
in feeling and sympathy: ³foolish behaviour that @d all his friends; @ sb from
his friends. He is @d from his wife´, living apart from her. ¸@®ment ³n ¶[U]
´being @d; ¶[C] ´instance of this: ³cause an @ment between two old friends.¼
¨es®tu®ary© ²/Úest28ErI ³US: ²-8erI/ ³n (pl µ-ries³) ¶[C] ´river mouth into
which the tide flows: ³the Thames @.¼
¨et cet®era© ²/It ÚsetErE ³US: ²et/ ³x ´(Lat, usu shortened to ¸etc´) and other
things; and so on.¼
¨etch© ²/et2/ ³vt,vi ¶[VP6A,2A] ´use a needle and acid to make a picture, etc
on a metal plate from which copies may be printed; make (pictures, etc) in
this way. ¸@er ³n ´person who @es. ¸@®ing ³n ¶[U] ´the art of the @er; ¶[C]
´copy printed from an @ed plate.¼
¨eter®nal© ²/IÚt3nl/ ³adj ¸1 ´without beginning or end; lasting for ever: ³the
E@ God; the E@ City, ´Rome. ³Does the Christian religion promise @ life? ¸2
´(colloq) unceasing; too frequent: ³Stop this @ chatter. ·the @ triangle,
´situation of conflict in which two men want the same woman or two women the
same man. ¸@ly ²/IÚt3nElI/ ³adv ´throughout all time; for ever; (colloq) (too)
frequently.¼
¨eter®nity© ²/IÚt3nEtI/ ³n (pl µ-ties³) ¸1 ¶[U] ´time without end;
the future life: ³send a man to @´, to his death. ¸2 an @, ´period of time that
seems endless: ³It seemed an @ before news of his safety reached her. ¸3 ³(pl)
´eternal truths.¼
¨ether© ²/ÚiTE(r)/ ³n ¶[U] ¸1 ´liquid made from alcohol, used in industry, and
medically as an anaesthetic. ¸2 ´mediumµ(3) ´through which, it was once
believed, light waves were transmitted through all space. ¸3 ´(poet) ´the pure,
upper air above the clouds.¼
¨eth®ereal© ²/IÚTIErIEl/ ³adj ¸1 ´of unearthly delicacy; seeming too light or
spiritual for this world: ³@ beauty/music; the @ figure of an angel. ¸2 ´(poet)
of the pure, upper air above the clouds.¼
¨ethic© ²/ÚeTIk/ ³n ¸an @, ´system of moral principles, rules of conduct: ³Was
Islam in Turkey a traditional social code or an @ for living? ¸eth®ics ³n pl
¸(a) ´(with ³sing v´) science of morals. ¸(b) ´(with ³pl v) ´moral soundness:
³E@s is a branch of philosophy. The @s of his decision are doubtful. ¸ethi®cal
²/-kl/ ³adj ´of morals or moral questions: ³an @ basis for education.
¸ethi®cally ²/-klI/ ³adv¼
¨eth®nic© ²/ÚeTnIk/ ³adj ´of race or the races of mankind; (colloq) of a
particular cultural group. ¸eth®ni®cally ²/-IklI/ ³adv¼
¨eth®no®gra®phy© ²/eTÚnogrEfI/ ³n ¶[U] ´scientific description of the races of
mankind. ¸eth®no®gra®pher ²/eTÚnogrEfE(r)/ ³n ¸eth®no®graphic ²/*eTnEÚgrafIk/
³adj¼
¨eth®nol®ogy© ²/eTÚnolEdZI/ ³n ¶[U] ´science of the races of mankind, their
relations to one another, etc. ¸eth®nol®o®gist ²/-dZIst/ ³n ´student of,
expert in, @. ¸eth®no®logi®cal ²/*eTnEÚlodZIkl/ ³adj ´of @.¼
¨ethos© ²/ÚiTos/ ³n ´characteristics of a community or of a culture; code of
values by which a group or society lives.¼
¨ethyl© ²/ÚeTIl/ ³n ¸@ alcohol, ´the base of alcoholic drinks, also used as a
fuel or solvent.¼
¨eti®ology© ²/*itIÚolEdZI/ ³n ´assignment of a cause; (med) study of the causes
of disease.¼
¨eti®quette© ²/ÚetIket/ ³n ¶[U] ´rules for formal relations or
polite social behaviour among people, in a class of society or a profession:
³medical/legal @.¼
¨ety®mol®ogy© ²/*etIÚmolEdZI/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´science of the origin and history of
words. ¸2 ¶[C] ´account of the origin and history of a word. ¸ety®mol®ogist
²/-dZIst/ ³n ´student of @. ¸ety®mo®logi®cal ²/*etImEÚlodZIkl/ ³adj ´of @.¼
¨euca®lyptus© ²/*jukEÚlIptEs/ ³n ´sorts of tall evergreen tree (including the
Australian gum tree) from which an oil is obtained.¼
¨Eu®char®ist© ²/ÚjukErIst/ ³n ¸the E@, ´the Lord's Supper; the bread and wine
taken at this. µ¥ lord(2).¼
¨Eu®clid®ean© ²/juÚklIdIEn/ ³adj ´of the geometric principles of Euclid
²/ÚjuklId/ ´(about 300 ¶BÔC´) the Greek mathematician.¼
¨eu®gen®ics© ²/juÚdZenIks/ ³n pl sing-v ´science of the production of
healthy offspring with the aim of improving the human genetic stock.¼
¨eu®logize© ²/ÚjulEdZñIz/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´(formal) praise highly in speech or
writing. ¸eu®logist ²/ÚjulEdZIst/ ³n ´person who does this. ¸eu®logis®tic
²/*julEÚdZIstIk/ ³adj ´giving or containing high praise. ¸eu®logy ²/ÚjulEdZI/
³n (pl µ-gies³) ¶[C,U] ´(speech or writing full of) high praise.¼
¨eu®nuch© ²/ÚjunEk/ ³n ´castrated man, esp one formerly employed in some
Oriental courts.¼
¨eu®phem®ism© ²/ÚjufEmIzEm/ ³n ¶[C,U] ´(example of the) use of other (mild,
vague and indirect) words or phrases in place of what is required by truth or
accuracy: ³"Pass away' is a @ for "die'. "Pass water' is a @ for "urinate'.
¸eu®phem®is®tic ²/*jufEÚmIstIk/ ³adj ´of the nature of @: ³euphemistic
language/expressions. ¸eu®phe®mis®ti®cally ²/-klI/ ³adv¼
¨eu®phony© ²/ÚjufEnI/ ³n ¶[U] ´pleasantness of sound; ¶[C,U] ³(pl µ-nies³)
´pleasant sound.¼
¨eu®phoria© ²/juÚfcrIE/ ³n ¶[U] ´state of well-being and pleasant excitement;
elation. ¸eu®phoric ²/juÚforIk ³US: ²-Úfcr-/ ³adj¼
¨eu®phu®ism© ²/ÚjufjuIzEm/ ³n ¶[C] ´(instance of) elaborately
artificial style of writing and speaking (as fashionable in England in the
late 16th and early 17th cc).¼
¨Eur®asia© ²/j8EÚreIZE/ ³n ´Europe and Asia. ¸Eur®asian ²/j8EÚreIZn/ ³n, adj
´(person) of mixed European and Asian parentage; of Europe and Asia.¼
¨eu®reka© ²/j8EÚrikE/ ³int ´(Gk = "I have found it!') cry of triumph at a
discovery.¼
¨eu®rhyth®mics© ´(also ¸eu®ryth-´) ²/juÚrIDmIks/ ³n pl ´(with ³sing v´) harmony
of bodily movement, esp as a system of physical training with music.¼
¨Euro®dollar© ²/Új8ErE8dolE(r)/ ³n ´UÔS dollar put in European bank to act as
an international currency and help the financing of trade and commerce.¼
¨Euro®pean© ²/*j8ErEÚpIEn/ ³n, adj ´(native) of Europe ²/Új8ErEp/´; happening
in, extending over, Europe: ³@ countries; a @ reputation.¼
¨Euro®vision© ²/Új8ErEvIZn/ ³n ´European TÔV network.¼
¨Eu®sta®chian tube© ²/ju*steI2n Útjub ³US: ²Útub/ ³n ´(anat) duct extending
from the middle ear to the pharynx. µ¥ ´the illus at µear.¼
¨eu®tha®nasia© ²/*juTEÚneIzIE ³US: ²-ÚneIZE/ ³n ¶[U] ´(bringing about of a)
mercifully easy and painless death (for persons suffering from an incurable
and painful disease).¼
¨evacu®ate© ²/IÚvakj8eIt/ ³vt ¸1 ¶[VP6A] ´(esp of soldiers) withdraw from;
leave empty: ³@ a fort/town. ¸2 ¶[VP6A,14] ·@ sb (from) (to), ´remove him from
a place or district, eÔg one considered to be dangerous in time of war: ³The
children were @d to the country. ¸3 ¶[VP6A] ´empty ³(of ´its contents, esp
defecate). ¸evacu®ation ²/I*vakj8ÚeI2n/ ³n ¶[U] ´evacuating or being @d; ¶[C]
´instance of this. ¸evacuee ²/I*vakjuÚi/ ³n ´person who is @dµ(2)´.¼
¨evade© ²/IÚveId/ ³vt ¶[VP6A,C] ¸1 ´get, keep, out of the way of; ³@ a
blow/one's enemies/an attack. ¸2 ´find a way of not doing sth: ³@ paying income
tax; @ military service; ´avoid answering (fully or honestly): ³@ a question.¼
¨evalu®ate© ²/IÚvalj8eIt/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´find out, decide, the amount or value
of. ¸evalu®ation ²/I*valj8ÚeI2n/ ³n¼
¨evan®escent© ²/*ivEÚnesnt ³US: ²*ev-/ ³adj ´quickly fading; soon going from
the memory: ³@ political triumphs. ¸evan®escence ²/-sns/ ³n¼
¨evan®geli®cal© ²/*ivanÚdZelIkl/ ³adj ¸1 ´of, according to, the teachings of
the Gospel: ³@ preaching. ¸2 ´of the beliefs and teachings of those Protestants
who maintain that the soul can be saved only by faith in Jesus Christ.
¸@®ism ²/-IzEm/ ³n ¶[U] ´@µ(2) ´beliefs or teachings.¼
¨evan®gel®ist© ²/IÚvandZElIst/ ³n ¸1 ´one of the writers (Matthew, Mark, Luke
or John) of the Gospels. ¸2 ´preacher of the Gospel, esp one who travels and
holds religious meetings wherever he goes, preaching to any who are willing to
listen. ¸evan®gel®is®tic ²/I*vandZEÚlIstIk/ ³adj¼
¨evap®or®ate© ²/IÚvapEreIt/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A,2A] ´(cause to) change into
vapour: ³Heat @s water. The water soon @d. ¸2 ¶[VP6A] ´remove liquid from a
substance, eÔg by heating: ³@d milk. ¸3 ¶[VP2A] ´disappear; die: ³His hopes
@d´, He no longer felt any hope. ¸evap®or®ation ²/I*vapEÚreI2n/ ³n¼
¨evas®ion© ²/IÚveIZn/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´evading: ³@ of responsibility. ¸2 ¶[C]
´statement, excuse, etc made to evade sth; act of evading: ³His answers to my
questions were all @s.¼
¨evas®ive© ²/IÚveIsIv/ ³adj ´tending, trying, to evade: ³an @ answer; take @
action´, do sth in order to evade danger, etc. ¸@®ly ³adv ¸@®ness ³n¼
¨eve© ²/iv/ ³n ´day or evening before a Church festival or any day or event;
time just before anything: ³Christmas Eve´, 24 Dec; ³New Year's Eve´, 31 Dec;
³on the eve of great events.¼
¨Eve© ²/iv/ ³n ´(in the Bible story of the Creation) the first woman.¼
¨even©1 ²/Úivn/ ³adj ¸1 ´level; smooth: ³A billiard-table must be
perfectly @. ¸2 ´regular; steady; of unchanging quality: ³His @ breathing
showed that he had got over his excitement. His work is not very @, ´it is a
mixture of good and bad. ¸3 ´(of amounts, distances, values) equal: ³Our scores
are now @. The two horses were @ in the race. ·be/get @ with sb, ´have/get
one's revenge on him. ·@ odds, ´chances which are the same for$or against.
·break @, ´(colloq) make neither a profit nor a loss. ¸4 ´(of numbers) that can
be divided by two with no remainder: ³The pages on the left side of a book have
@ numbers. µ¥ odd. ¸5 ´equally balanced: ³an @ chance; @ money, ´(in betting).
¸@-handed ³adj ´fair: ³@-handed justice. ¸6 ´(of temper, etc) calm; not easily
disturbed: ³an @-tempered baby. ´¹ ³vt ¶[VP6A,15B] ·@ (up), ´make @ or equal:
³That will @ things up´, make them equal. ¸@®ly ³adv ¸@®ness ³n¼
¨even©2 ²/Úivn/ ³adv ¸1 ´(used to invite a comparison between what happened and
what might have happened). ³He never @ ·Ú³opened the letter ´(so he certainly
did not read it). ³He didn't answer @ ·Ú³my letter ´(not to mention letters
from others). ³It was cold there @ in JuÔ·Ú³ly ´(so you may imagine how cold it
was in winter). ³E@ a ·Ú³child can understand the book ´(so adults can
certainly do so). ¸2 ·@ if/though, ´(used to call attention to the extreme
nature of what follows): ³I'll get there @ if I have to pawn my watch to get
the railway fare. She won't leave the TÔV set, @ though her supper's on the
table. ¸3 ´(with comparatives) still, yet: ³You know @ less about it than I do.
You seem @ more stupid than usual today. ¸4 ·@ as, ´just at the time when: ³E@
as I gave the warning the car skidded. ·@ now/then, ´in spite of these or those
circumstances, etc: ³E@ now he won't believe me. E@ then he would not admit his
mistake. ·@ so, ´though that is the case: ³It has many omissions; @ so, it is
quite a useful reference book.¼
¨even©3 ²/Úivn/ ³n ´(poet) evening. ¸Ú@®song ³n ´Evening Prayer in
the Church of England. ¸Ú@®tide ³n ´(poet) evening.¼
¨even®ing© ²/ÚivnIG/ ³n ¸1 ¶[C,U] ´that part of the day between sunset and
bedtime: ³a cool @; musical @s´, evenings given to playing or listening to
music; ³two @s ago; ´(no ³prep´) ³this/tomorrow/yesterday @; in the @; on
Sunday @; on the @ of the 8th; one warm summer @. ¸2 ´(attrib): ¸Ú@ dress,
´dress as worn for formal occasions in the @. ¸*@ Úpaper, ´newspaper published
after midday. ¸*@ Úprayer, ´church service; vespers. ¸the *@ Ústar, ´planet,
(Venus or Mercury), seen in the western sky after sunset.¼
¨even®song© ²/ÚivnsoG ³US: ²-scG/ ³n µ¥ even±3µ.¼
¨event© ²/IÚvent/ ³n ¸1 ´happening, usu sth important: ³the chief @s of 1789.
It was quite an @ ´(often used to suggest that what happened was on an unusual
scale, memorable, etc). ·in the natural/normal/usual course of @s, ´in the
order in which things naturally happen. ¸2 ´fact of a thing happening: ³in the
@ of his death´, if he dies. ¸3 ´outcome; result. ·at Úall @s, ´whatever is
so. ·in Úany @, ´whatever is so. ·in Úeither @, ´whichever is so. ·in Úthat
@, ´if that is so. ·in the @, ´as it in fact happens. ¸4 ´one of the races,
competitions, etc in a sports programme: ³Which @s have you entered for? ¸@®ful
²/-f8l/ ³adj ´full of notable @s: ³He had had an @ful life. The past year has
been @ful.¼
¨even®tide© ²/ÚivntñId/ ³n µ¥ even±3µ.¼
¨event®ual© ²/IÚvent28El/ ³adj ´coming at last as a result; ultimate: ³his
foolish behaviour and @ failure. ¸@®ly ²/-t28ElI/ ³adv ´in the end: ³He fell
ill and @ly died. ¸@®ity ²/I*vent28ÚalEtI/ ³n (pl µ-ties³) ¶[C] ´possible
event.¼
¨ever© ²/ÚevE(r)/ ³adv ¸1 ´(usu in neg ´and interr ´sentences, and
in sentences expressing doubt or conditions; usu placed with the ³v´) at any
time: ³Nothing @ happens in this village. Do you @ wish you were rich? She
seldom, if @, goes to the cinema. If you @ visit London«. ¸2 ´(with the present
perfect tense, in questions) at any time up to the present: ³Have you @ been up
in a balloon? ´(Note that ³ever ´is not used in the answer: either "Yes, I
have' or "No, never', etc.) ¸3 ´(after a comparative or superlative): ³It is
raining harder than @´, than it has been doing so far. ³It is more necessary
than @ ´(= than it has been so far) ³for all of us to win. This is the best
work you have @ done. ¸4 ´(chiefly in phrases) at all times; continuously: ³@
afterwards: for @ (and @); @ since I was a boy. ¸5 ´(colloq) (used as an
intensifier): ³Work as hard as @ you can. I'll tell her as soon as @ she
arrives. ·Ú@ so; Ú@ such (a), ´(colloq) very: ³@ so rich; @ such a rich man. ¸6
´(used after interrogatives as an intensifier): ³When/Where/How @ did you lose
it? What @ do you mean? ¸7 ·did you @ «! ´used to express surprise,
incredulity, etc: ³Well, did you @ hear such nonsense! ·As if « @, ´used in a
similar way: ³As if he would @ do such a thing! ´He would certainly not do it!
¸8 ´(old use) always: ³You will find me @ at your service. ¸9 ·Yours @, ´used
at the end of a letter, informal or familiar style.¼
¨ever®green© ²/ÚevEgrin/ ³n, adj ´(tree, shrub) having green leaves throughout
the year: ³The pine, cedar and spruce are @s. µ¥ deciduous.¼
¨ever®last®ing© ²/*evEÚlqstIG ³US: ²-Úlast-/ ³adj ¸1 ´going on for
ever: ³@ fame/glory. ¸the E@, ´God. ¸2 ´repeated too often: ³I'm tired of his
@ complaints.¼
¨ever®more© ²/*evEÚmc(r)/ ³adv ´for ever.¼
¨every© ²/ÚevrI/ ³adj ´(used attrib with ³sing ¶[C] ³nouns´; cf the use of ³all
´with ³pl nouns ´and ¶[U] ³nouns) ¸1 ´(Cf ³every ´and ³each. ´When ³every ´is
used, attention is directed to units comprising a whole; when ³each ´is used,
attention is directed simply to the unit) all or each one of a whole: ³E@ boy
in the class ´(= All the boys, The whole class) ³passed the examination. (´Cf:
³Each boy may have three tries). ³I have read @ book ´(= all the books) ³on
that shelf. Not @ horse ´(= Not all horses) ³can run fast. ¸2 ´(not replaceable
by ³all ´and the ³plural noun´) each one of an indefinite number (the emphasis
being on the unit, not on the total or whole): ³He enjoyed @ minute of his
holiday. Such things do not happen @ day. He spends @ penny he earns. ¸3 ´(used
with abstract ³nouns´) all possible; complete: ³You have @ reason to be
satisfied. I have @ reason/There is @ reason to believe that«. There is @
prospect of success. ¸4 ´(used with cardinal and ordinal numbers, and with
³other ´and ³few, ´to indicate recurrence, or intervals in time or space):
³Write on @ other line´, on alternate lines. ³There are buses to the station @
ten minutes. I go there @ other day/@ three days/@ third day/@ few days, etc.
He was stopped @ dozen yards by friends who wanted to congratulate him. ·@ now
and then/again, ´from time to time. ¸5 ´(used with, and placed after,
possessives; replaceable by ³all + pl´): ³His @ movement was watched, ´All his
movements«. ³He tries to meet her @ wish, ´all her wishes. ¸6 ´(in phrases) ·@
bit, ´quite: ³This is @ bit as good as that. ·@ time, ¸(a) ´always: ³Our
football team wins @ time. ¸(b) ´whenever: ³E@ time I meet him, he tries to
borrow money from me. ·@ Úone of them/us/you, ´(placed at the end) without
exception: ³You deserve to be hanged, @ one of you. ·in @ way, ´in all
respects: ³This is in @ way better than that. ¸@®body ²/ÚevrIbodI/, ¸@®one
²/ÚevrIwAn/ ³pron ´@ person: ³In a small village @one knows @one else. ¸@®day
²/ÚevrIdeI/ ³adj ´(attrib only) happening or used daily; common and familiar:
³an @day occurrence; in his @day clothes. ¸Ú@®place ´(US colloq) where.
¸@®thing ²/ÚevrITIG/ ³pron ¸(a) ´all things: ³This shop sells @thing needed for
camping. Tell me @thing about it. ¸(b) ´(pred) thing of the greatest
importance: ³Money is @thing to him. She's beautiful, I agree, but beauty is
not @thing. ¸@®where ²/ÚevrIweE(r) ³US: ²-hweEr/ ³adv ´in, at, to, @ place:
³I've looked @where for it. E@where seemed to be quiet.¼
¨evict© ²/IÚvIkt/ ³vt ¶[VP14] ·@ (from), ´expel (a tenant) (from a
house or land) by authority of the law: ³They were @ed for not paying the rent.
¸evic®tion ²/IÚvIk2n/ ³n ¶[U] ´@ing or being @ed; ¶[C] ´instance of this.¼
¨evi®dence© ²/ÚevIdEns/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´anything that gives reason for believing
sth, that makes clear or proves sth: ³There wasn't enough @ to prove him
guilty. Have you any @ for this statement? We cannot condemn him on such slight
@. The scientist must produce @ in support of his theories. ·(be) in @, ´(be)
clearly or easily seen: ³She's the sort of woman who likes to be very much in
@´, who likes to be seen and noticed. ³Smith was nowhere in @´, could not be
seen anywhere. ·bear/give/show @ of, ´show signs of: ³When the ship reached
port, it bore abundant @ of the severity of the storm´, iÔe signs of damage.
·turn Queen's/King's/´(US)·State's @, ´(of a criminal) give @ in court against
accomplices. ¸2 ´(used in ³pl´) indication, mark, trace: ³There were @s of
glacial action on the rocks. ´¹ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´(rare) prove by @; be @ of. ³His
answer @d a guilty conscience.¼
¨evi®dent© ²/ÚevIdEnt/ ³adj ´plain and clear (to the eyes or mind): ³It must be
@ to all of you that«. He looked at his twelve children with @ pride. ¸@®ly
³adv¼
¨evil© ²/Úivl/ ³adj ¸1 ´wicked, sinful, bad, harmful: ³@ men/thoughts; live an
@ life; the ·Ú³E@ One´, the Devil. ¸*@-Úminded ³adj ´having @ thoughts and
desires. ¸2 ´likely to cause trouble; bringing trouble or misfortune: ³in an @
hour; fall on @ days; an @ ´(= slanderous) ³tongue. ·@ eye, ´malicious look;
supposed power to cause harm by a look or glance. ¹ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´sin;
wrong-doing: ³return good for @; the spirit of @. ¸Ú@-doer ³n ´person who does
@. ¸2 ¶[C] ´@ thing; disaster: ³War, famine and flood are terrible @s.
·be/choose the lesser of two @s, ´the less harmful of two bad choices. ¸@ly
²/ÚivElI/ ³adv ´in an @ manner: ³He eyed her @ly.¼
¨evince© ²/IÚvIns/ ³vt ¶[VP6A,9] ´(formal) show that one has (a
feeling, quality, etc:) ³a child who @s great intelligence.¼
¨evis®cer®ate© ²/IÚvIsEreIt/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´disembowel.¼
¨evoca®tive© ²/IÚvokEtIv/ ³adj ´that evokes, or is able to evoke: ³@ words´,
that call up memories, emotions, in addition to their ordinary meanings.¼
¨evoke© ²/IÚvE8k/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´call up, bring out: ³@ a spirit from the other
world; @ admiration/surprise/a smile/memories of the past. ¸evo®ca®tion
²/*ivE8ÚkeI2n/ ³n¼
¨evol®ution© ²/*ivEÚlu2n ³US: ²*ev-/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´evolving; process of opening
out or developing: ³the @ of a plant from a seed. In politics England has
preferred @ ´(= gradual development) ³to revolution ´(= sudden or violent
change). ¸2 ¶[U] ´(theory of the) development of more complicated forms of life
(plants, animals) from earlier and simpler forms. ¸3 ¶[C] ´movement according
to plan (of troops, warships, dancers, etc). ¸@®ary ²/*ivEÚlu2nrI ³US:
²*evEÚlu2EnerI/ ³adj ´of, being produced by, @; developing.¼
¨evolve© ²/IÚvolv/ ³vi,vt ¶[VP2A,6A] ´(cause to) unfold; develop; be developed,
naturally and (usu) gradually: ³The American constitution was planned; the
British constitution @d. He has @d a new plan/theory.¼
¨ewe© ²/ju/ ³n ´female sheep. µ¥ ram.¼
¨ewer© ²/ÚjuE(r)/ ³n ´large wide-mouthed pitcher for holding water, eÔg as used
with a basin on a washstand in a bedroom without a piped supply of water.¼
¨ex-© ²/eks/ ³pref µ¥ App 3.¼
¨ex®acer®bate© ²/IgÚzasEbeIt/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´(formal) irritate (a person);
aggravate (= make worse) (pain, disease, a situation). ¸ex®acer®ba®tion
²/Ig*zasEÚbeI2n/ ³n¼
¨exact©1 ²/IgÚzakt/ ³adj ¸1 ´correct in every detail; free from error: ³Give me
his @ words. What is the @ size of the room? I want @ directions for finding
your house. ¸2 ´capable of being precise: ³@ sciences; an @ memory; an @
scholar. ¸@®ly ³adv ¸1 ´correctly; quite: ³Your answer is @ly right. That's @ly
´(= just) ³what I expected. ¸2 ´(as an answer or confirmation) quite so; just
as you say. ¸@®ness, ¸@i®tude ²/IgÚzaktItjud ³US: ²-tud/ ³nn´.¼
¨exact©2 ²/IgÚzakt/ ³vt ¶[VP6A,14] ·@ (from), ¸1 ´demand and
enforce payment of: ³@ taxes (from people); @ payment (from a debtor). ¸2
´insist on: ³@ obedience. ¸3 ´(of circumstances) require urgently; make
necessary: ³work that @s care and attention. ¸@®ing ³adj ´making great demands;
severe; strict: ³an @ing piece of work; an @ing master. ¸ex®action ²/IgÚzak2n/
³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´@ing of money, etc. ¸2 ¶[C] ´that which is @ed, esp a tax which is
considered to be too high; a great demand (on one's time, strength, etc).¼
¨exag®ger®ate© ²/IgÚzadZEreIt/ ³vt,vi ¶[VP6A,2A] ´stretch (a description)
beyond the truth; make sth seem larger, better, worse, etc than it really is:
³You @ the difficulties. If you always @, people will no longer believe you. He
has an @d sense of his own importance´, thinks he is far more important than he
really is. ¸exag®ger®ation ²/Ig*zadZEÚreI2n/ ³n ¶[U] ´exaggerating or being @d;
¶[C] ´@d statement: ³a story full of exaggerations.¼
¨exalt© ²/IgÚzclt/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ¸1 ´make high(er) in rank, great(er) in power or
dignity. ¸2 ´praise highly. ¸@ed ³adj ´dignified; ennobled: ³a person of @ed
rank. ¸exal®ta®tion ²/*egzclÚteI2n/ ³n ¶[U] ´(fig) elation; state of spiritual
delight.¼
¨exam© ²/IgÚzam/ ³n ´(colloq abbr of) examination.¼
¨exam®in®ation© ²/Ig*zamIÚneI2n/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´examining or being examined: ³On
@, it was found that the signature was not genuine. The prisoner is still under
@´, being examined. ¸2 ¶[C] ´instance of this, esp ¸(a) ´a testing of knowledge
or ability: ³an @ in mathematics; @ questions/papers; an oral @. ¸(b) ´an
inquiry into or inspection of sth: ³an @ of a botanical specimen; an @ of
business accounts; an @ of one's eyes. ¸(c) ´questioning by a lawyer in a law
court: ³an @ of a witness.¼
¨exam®ine© ²/IgÚzamIn/ ³vt ¶[VP6A,14] ¸1 ·@ (for), ´look at
carefully in order to learn about or from: ³@ old records; have one's
teeth/eyes @d for decay/weakening; @ a new theory. She needs to have her head
@d, ´(colloq) is foolish or impudent. ¸2 ·@ (in), ´put questions to in order to
test knowledge or get information: ³@ pupils in Latin/on their knowledge of
Latin; @ a witness in a court of law. ¸exam®iner ³n ´person who @s.¼
¨example© ²/IgÚzqmpl ³US: ²-Úzampl/ ³n ¸1 ´fact, thing, etc which illustrates
or represents a general rule: ³This dictionary has many @s of how verbs are
used. ·for @, ´(abbr ¸eÔg´) ´by way of illustration: ³Many great men have risen
from povertyÅLincoln and Edison, for @. ¸2 ´specimen showing the quality of
others in the same group or of the same kind: ³This is a good @ of Shelley's
lyric poetry. ¸3 ¶[C,U] ´thing or person, person's conduct, to be copied or
imitated: ³follow sb's @; set an @ to sb; set sb a good @; learn by @. ¸4
´warning: ³Let this be an @ to you. ·make an @ of sb, ´punish him as a warning
to others.¼
¨exas®per®ate© ²/IgÚzaspEreIt/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´irritate; produce ill feeling in;
make ill feeling, anger, etc worse: ³@d by/at sb's stupidity. It is
exasperating to lose a train by half a minute. ¸exas®per®ation
²/Ig*zaspEÚreI2n/ ³n ´state of being @d: ³"Stop that noise', he cried out in
exasperation.¼
¨ex®ca®vate© ²/ÚekskEveIt/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´make, uncover, by digging: ³@ a
trench/a buried city. ¸ex®ca®vator ²/-tE(r)/ ³n ´person engaged in, machine
used for, excavating. ¸ex®ca®va®tion ²/*ekskEÚveI2n/ ³n ¶[U] ´excavating or
being @d; ¶[C] ´place that is being or has been @d.¼
¨ex®ceed© ²/IkÚsid/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ¸1 ´be greater than: ³Their success
@ed all expectations. London @s Glasgow in size and population. ¸2 ´go beyond
what is allowed, necessary or advisable: ³@ the speed limit´, drive faster than
is allowed; ³@ one's instructions´, do more than one has authority to do.
¸@®ing®ly ³adv ´extremely; to an unusual degree: ³an @ingly difficult problem.¼
¨ex®cel© ²/IkÚsel/ ³vi,vt µ(-ll-) ·@ (in/at), ¸1 ¶[VP2C,3A] ´do better than
others, be very good: ³He @s in courage/as an orator. The firm @s in/at
producing cheap transistor radios. ¸2 ¶[VP6A,15A] ´do better than; surpass (the
more usu word): ³He @s all of us in/at tennis.¼
¨ex®cel®lence© ²/ÚeksElEns/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ·@ (in/at), ´the quality of being
excellent; great merit: ³a prize for @ in furniture design; his @ in/at all
forms of sport. ¸2 ¶[C] ´thing or quality in which a person excels: ³They do
not recognize her many @s.¼
¨Ex®cel®lency© ²/ÚeksElEnsI/ ³n (pl µ-cies³) ´title of ambassadors, governors
and their wives, and some other officers and officials: ³Your/His/Her @.¼
¨ex®cel®lent© ²/ÚeksElEnt/ ³adj ´very good; of high quality. ¸@®ly ³adv¼
¨ex®cel®sior© ²/ekÚselsIc(r)/ ³n ¶[U] ´(US) soft, fine wood shavings used for
packing easily damaged goods, eÔg glassware.¼
¨ex®cept©1 ²/IkÚsept/ ³prep ´not including; but not: ³He gets up early every
day @ Sunday. Nobody was late @ me. ´Cf: Five others were late ³besides ´me.
³My papers seem to be everywhere @ where they ought to be. ·@ for, ´(used when
what is excluded is different from what is included): ³Your essay is good @ for
the spelling. ´(The comparison is between the spelling, which is not good, and
other things, eÔg ideas, grammar, which are satisfactory). Cf ³All the essays
are good @ John's. ·@ that, ´apart from the fact that: ³She knew nothing about
his journey @ that he was likely to be away for three months. ´¹ ³conj ´(old or
liter use) unless: (biblical style) ³E@ ye be born again.¼
¨ex®cept©2 ²/IkÚsept/ ³vt ¶[VP6A,14] ·@ (from), ´exclude (from);
set apart (from a list, statement, etc): ³I discovered that I had been @ed from
the list of those who were being sent to India. All those who took part in the
plot, nobody @ed, were punished. ·present company @ed, ´not including those
here present. ¸@®ing ³prep ´(used after ³not, always ´and ³without´) leaving
out; excluding: ³the whole staff, not @ing the heads of departments.¼
¨ex®cep®tion© ²/IkÚsep2n/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U,C] ´excepting; sb or sth that is excepted
(not included). ·make an @ (of sb/sth), ´treat (sb/sth) as an @, a special
case: ³You must all be here at 8aÔm; I can make no @s´, cannot excuse any of
you. ·with the @ of, ´except: ³I enjoyed all his novels with the @ of his last.
·without @, ´excepting nobody/nothing: ³All men between 18 and 45 without @ are
expected to serve in the army during a war. ¸2 ¶[C] ´sth that does not follow
the rule: ³@s to a rule of grammar. µ¥ prove(1). ¸3 ¶[U] ´objection. ·take @
(to sth), ´object to; protest against; be offended by: ³He took great @ to what
I said. ¸@®able ²/-Ebl/ ³adj ´objectionable. ¸@al ²/-2Enl/ ³adj ´unusual; out
of the ordinary: ³weather that is @al for June; @al advantages. ¸@®ally
²/-2nElI/ ³adv ´unusually: ³an @ally beautiful boy.¼
¨ex®cerpt© ²/Úeks3pt/ ³n ¶[C] ´passage, extract, from a book etc, eÔg one
printed separately.¼
¨ex®cess©1 ²/IkÚses/ ³n ¸1 ·an @ of, ´fact of being, amount by which sth is,
more than sth else, or more than is expected or proper: ³an @ of enthusiasm; an
@ of imports over exports. ·in @ of, ´more than: ³luggage in @ of 100kg will be
charged extra. ·to @, ´to an extreme degree: ³Don't carry your grief to @. She
is generous to @. ¸2 ¶[U] ´immoderation; intemperance. ¸3 ³(pl) ´personal acts
which go beyond the limits of good behaviour, morality or humanity: ³The @es
´(= acts of cruelty, etc) ³committed by the troops when they occupied the
capital will never be forgotten. ¸@®ive ²/IkÚsesIv/ ³adj ´too much; too great;
extreme: ³@ive charges. ¸@®ive®ly ³adv¼
¨ex®cess©2 ²/Úekses/ ³adj ´extra; additional: ³@ fare´, eÔg for travelling
farther than is allowed by one's ticket: ³@ luggage´, weight above what may be
carried free; ³@ postage´, charged when a letter, etc is understamped: ³@
profits duty´, extra tax on profits increased by, eÔg, war conditions.¼
¨ex®change©1 ²/IkÚst2eIndZ/ ³n ¸1 ¶[C,U] ´(act of) exchanging: ³Is
five apples for five eggs a fair @? There have been numerous @s of views
between the two governments. E@ of prisoners during a war is unusual. He is
giving her French lessons in @ for English lessons. ¸2 ¶[U] ´the giving and
receiving of the money of one country for that of another; relation in value
between kinds of money used in different countries: ³the rate of @ ´(between
the dollar and the pound, etc). ¸ÚE@ Control, ´system of protecting gold and
reserves of foreign currency. ¸3 ¶[C] ´place where merchants or financiers
meet for business: ³the ·Ú³Cotton E@; the ·Ú³Stock E@´, for the buying and
selling of stocks, shares, bonds. ¸4 Úlabour @, ´(GB) Government offices where
unemployed workmen may be put in touch with prospective employers. ¸Útelephone
@, ´control office where lines are connected.¼
¨ex®change©2 ²/IkÚst2eIndZ/ ³vt ¶[VP6A,14] ·@ sth (for sth) (with sb), ´give,
receive (one thing) in place of another: ³@ greetings/glances; @ five apples
for five eggs. Mary @d seats with Anne. ·@ blows/words (with), ´fight/quarrel.
¸@®able ²/-Ebl/ ³adj ´that may be @d.¼
¨ex®chequer© ²/IkÚst2ekE(r)/ ³n ¸1 ¸the E@, ´(GB) government
department in charge of public money. ·*Chancellor of the ·Ú³E@´, minister at
the head of this department (= Minister of Finance in other countries). ¸2
´supply of money (public or private); treasury.¼
¨ex®cise©1 ²/ÚeksñIz/ ³n ¶[U] ´government tax on certain goods manufactured,
sold or used within a country: ³the @ on beer/tobacco; ·Ú³@ duties; the
Commissioners of Customs and E@. ¸Ú@®man ²/-mEn/ ³n (pl µ-men³), ¸ÚE@ Officer,
´officer collecting @ and preventing breaking of @ laws.¼
¨ex®cise©2 ²/IkÚsñIz/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´(formal) remove by, or as if by, cutting (a
part of the body, a passage from a book, etc). ¸ex®cision ²/IkÚsIZn/ ³n ¶[U]
´excising or being @d; ¶[C] ´sth @d.¼
¨ex®cite© ²/IkÚsñIt/ ³vt ¶[VP6A,14,17] ¸1 ·@ (to), ´stir up the feelings of;
cause (sb) to feel strongly: ³Don't @ yourself! ´Keep calm! ³Everybody was @d
by the news of the victory. It's nothing to get @d about. Agitators were
exciting the people to rebellion/to rebel against their rulers. ¸2 ·@ (in sb),
´get (a feeling) in motion; rouse; bring about: ³@ admiration/envy/affection
in an audience; @ a riot. ¸3 ´cause (a bodily organ) to be active: ³drugs that
@ the nerves. ¸ex®cit®able ²/IkÚsñItEbl/ ³adj ´easily @d. ¸ex®cit®abil®ity
²/Ik*sñItEÚbIlEtI/ ³n ´quality of being excitable. ¸ex®cit®ed®ly ³adv ´in an @d
manner.¼
¨ex®cite®ment© ²/IkÚsñItmEnt/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´state of being excited: ³news that
caused great @; jumping about in @. ¸2 ¶[C] ´sth that excites; exciting
incident, etc: ³He kept calm amid all these @s.¼
¨ex®claim© ²/IkÚskleIm/ ³vt,vi ¶[VP9,2A] ´cry out suddenly and loudly from
pain, anger, surprise, etc: ³"What!' he @ed, "Are you leaving without me?'¼
¨ex®cla®mation© ²/*eksklEÚmeI2n/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´exclaiming: ·Ú³@
mark´, the mark (Ô!Ô). µ¥ App 9. ¸2 ¶[C] ´sudden short cry, expressing
surprise, pain, etc. ³"Oh!' "Look out!', and "Hurrah!' are @s.¼
¨ex®clama®tory© ²/IkÚsklamEtrI ³US: ²-tcrI/ ³adj ´using, containing, in the
nature of, an exclamation: ³an @ sentence.¼
¨ex®clude© ²/IkÚsklud/ ³vt ¶[VP6A,14] ·@ (from), ¸1 ´prevent (sb from getting
in somewhere): ³@ a person from membership of a society/immigrants from a
country. ¸2 ´prevent (the chance of sth arising): ³@ all possibility of doubt;
´leave out of account, ignore as irrelevant: ³We can @ (from the reckoning) the
possibility that the money won't arrive. ¸ex®clu®sion ²/IkÚskluZn/ ³n ¶[U] ·@
(from), ´excluding or being @d. ·to the exclusion of, ´so as to @.¼
¨ex®clus®ive© ²/IkÚsklusIv/ ³adj ¸1 ´(of a person) not willing to mix with
others (esp those considered to be inferior in social position, education,
etc). ¸2 ´(of a group or society) not readily admitting new members: ³He moves
in @ social circles and belongs to the most @ clubs. ¸3 ´(of a shop, goods sold
in it, etc) of the sort not to be found elsewhere; uncommon. ¸4 ´reserved to
the person(s) concerned; ³@ privileges; have @ rights/an @ agency for the sale
of Ford cars in a town; an @ story/interview´, eÔg given to only one newspaper.
¸5 ·@ of, ´not including: ³The ship had a crew of 57 @ of officers. ¸6
´excluding all but what is mentioned: ³Dictionary-making has not been his @
employment. ¸@®ly ³adv¼
¨ex®cogi®tate© ²/eksÚkodZIteIt/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´(formal or hum) think out (a
plan). ¸ex®cogi®ta®tion ²/*eks*kodZIÚteI2n/ ³n¼
¨ex®com®muni®cate© ²/*ekskEÚmjunIkeIt/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´exclude (as a
punishment) from the privileges of a member of the Christian Church, eÔg
marriage or burial in church, Holy Communion. ¸ex®com®muni®ca®tion
²/*ekskE*mjunIÚkeI2n/ ³n ¶[U] ´excommunicating or being @d; ¶[C] ´instance of
this; official statement announcing this.¼
¨ex®cori®ate© ²/IkÚskcrIeIt/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´(formal) strip, peel off (skin);
(fig) criticize severely. ¸ex®cori®ation ²/Ik*skcrIÚeI2n/ ³n¼
¨excre®ment© ²/ÚekskrEmEnt/ ³n ¶[U] ´solid waste matter discharged from the
bowels.¼
¨ex®cres®cence© ²/IkÚskresns/ ³n ¶[C] ´abnormal (usu ugly and useless)
outgrowth on an animal or vegetable body.¼
¨ex®creta© ²/IkÚskritE/ ³n pl ´waste (excrement, urine, sweat) expelled from
the body.¼
¨ex®crete© ²/IkÚskrit/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´(of an animal or plant) discharge from the
system, eÔg waste matter, sweat. ¸ex®cre®tion ²/IkÚskri2n/ ³n ¶[U] ´excreting;
¶[C,U] ´that which is @d.¼
¨ex®cru®ciat®ing© ²/IkÚskru2IeItIG/ ³adj ´(of pain, bodily or mental) acute.
¸@®ly ³adv¼
¨ex®cul®pate© ²/ÚekskAlpeIt/ ³vt ¶[VP6A,14] ·@ (from), ´(formal) free from
blame; say that (sb) is not guilty of wrongdoing: ³@ a person from a charge.¼
¨ex®cur®sion© ²/IkÚsk32n ³US: ²-Zn/ ³n ¶[C] ´short journey, esp one made by a
number of people together for pleasure: ³go on/make an @ to the mountains; an
·Ú³@ train; an ·Ú³@ ticket´, one issued at a reduced fare. ¸@®ist ³n ´person
who makes an @.¼
¨ex®cuse©1 ²/IkÚskjus/ ³n ¸1 ¶[C] ´reason given (true or invented) to explain
or defend one's conduct; apology: ³He's always making @s for being late. He had
numerous @s to offer for being late. Please give them my @s. ¸2 ·in @ ofÔ´:
³Where the law is concerned, you cannot plead ignorance in @ of your conduct.
·without @´: ³Those who are absent without (good) @ will be dismissed.¼
¨ex®cuse©2 ²/IkÚskjuz/ ³vt ¸1 ¶[VP6A,C,12B,13B,19C] ´give reasons showing, or
intended to show, that a person or his action is not to be blamed; overlook a
fault, etc: ³@ sb's conduct. Nothing can @ such rudeness. Please @ my coming
late/@ me for being late/@ my late arrival. E@ my interrupting you. ¸2
¶[VP14,6A] ·@ (from), ´set (sb) free from a duty, requirement, punishment, etc:
³He was @d (from) attendance at the lecture. They may be @d from complying with
this regulation. ¸3 ·E@ me, ´used as an apology when one interrupts, disagrees,
has to behave impolitely or disapprove: ³E@ me, but I don't think that
statement is quite true. µ¥ pardon(2); sorry(2). ¸ex®cus®able ²/IkÚskjuzEbl/
³adj ´that may be @d: ³an excusable mistake. ¸ex®cus®ably ²/-EblI/ ³adv¼
¨ex-di®rec®tory© ²/*eks dIÚrektErI/ ³adj ´(of a telephone number) not listed in
the telephone directory (for reasons of security, privacy, etc).¼
¨ex®ecrable© ²/ÚeksIkrEbl/ ³adj ´very bad; deserving hate: ³@
manners/weather.¼
¨ex®ecrate© ²/ÚeksIkreIt/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´express or feel hatred of. ¸ex®ecra®tion
²/*eksIÚkreI2n/ ³n¼
¨ex®ecute© ²/ÚeksIkjut/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ¸1 ´carry out (what one is asked or told to
do): ³@ sb's commands; @ a plan/a piece of work/a purpose. ¸2 ´(legal) give
effect to: ³@ a will. ¸3 ´(legal) make legally binding: ³@ a legal document,
´by having it signed, witnessed, sealed and delivered. ¸4 ´carry out punishment
by death on (sb): ³@ a murderer. ¸5 ´perform on the stage, at a concert, etc:
³The piano sonata was badly @d. ¸execu®tant ²/IgÚzekj8tEnt/ ³n ´person who @s a
design, etc; person who performs music, etc.¼
¨ex®ecu®tion© ²/*eksIÚkju2n/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´the carrying out or performance of a
piece of work, design, etc: ³His intention was good, but his @ of the plan was
unsatisfactory. ·put/carry sth into @, ´complete it, do what was planned. ¸2
¶[U] ´skill in performing, eÔg music: ³a pianist with marvellous @. ¸3 ¶[U]
´(of weapons) destructive effect: ³The artillery did great @´, killed and
wounded many. ¸4 ¶[U] ´infliction of punishment by death; ¶[C] ´instance of
this: ³@ by hanging; ³five @s last year. ¸@er ³n ´public official who @s
criminals.¼
¨execu®tive© ²/IgÚzekj8tIv/ ³adj ¸1 ´having to do with managing or
executingµ(1)´: ³@ duties; @ ability. ¸2 ´having authority to carry out
decisions, laws, decrees, etc: ³the @ branch of the government; the @ head of
the State´, eÔg the President of the US. ´¹ ³n ¸1 the @, ´the @ branch of a
government. µ¥ administration, judiciary, legislature. ¸2 ´(in the Civil
Service) person who carries out what has been planned or decided. ¸3 ´person
or group in a business or commercial organization with administrative or
managerial powers.¼
¨execu®tor© ²/IgÚzekj8tE(r)/ ³n ´person who is appointed by the maker of a will
to carry out the terms of the will. ¸execu®trix ²/IgÚzekj8trIks/ ³n ´woman @.¼
¨exe®gesis© ²/*eksIÚdZisIs/ ³n ¶[U] ´explanation and interpretation (of a
written work).¼
¨exemp®lary© ²/IgÚzemplErI/ ³adj ´serving as an example or a warning: ³@
conduct/punishment.¼
¨exemp®lify© ²/IgÚzemplIfñI/ ³vt (pt,pp µ-fied³) ¶[VP6A] ´illustrate by
example; be an example of. ¸exemp®lifi®ca®tion ²/Ig*zemplIfIÚkeI2n/ ³n ¶[U]
´@ing; ¶[C] ´example.¼
¨exempt© ²/IgÚzempt/ ³vt ¶[VP6A,14] ·@ (from), ´free (from an obligation):
³Poor eyesight will @ you from military service. ´¹ ³adj ·@ (from),´not liable;
free: ³@ from tax. ¸exemp®tion ²/IgÚzemp2n/ ³n ¶[U] ·@ (from), ´@ing or being
@ed; ¶[C] ´instance of this.¼
¨ex®er®cise©1 ²/ÚeksEsñIz/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´employment or practice (of mental or
physical powers, of rights): ³Walking, running, rowing and horse-riding are all
healthy forms of @. The doctor advised her to take more @. E@ of the mental
faculties is as important as bodily @. The @ of patience is essential in
diplomatic negotiations. His tales showed considerable @ of the imagination. ¸2
¶[C] ´activity, drill, etc designed for bodily, mental or spiritual training:
³vocal/gymnastic/deep-breathing, etc @s; @s for the harp/flute, etc;
five-finger @s for the piano; @s in logic/English composition; spiritual @s´,
eÔg prayer. ³An @ in clear thinking would benefit many public speakers. ¸3
³(pl) ´series of movements for training troops, crews of warships, etc:
³military @s; The third cruiser squadron has left for @s in the North Sea. ¸4
³(pl´, US) ceremonies: ³graduation @s; opening @s´, eÔg speeches at the start
of a conference.¼
¨ex®er®cise©2 ²/ÚeksEsñIz/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A,15A,2A] ´take exercise;
give exercise to, µ¥ exercise±1µ(1)´: ³Horses get fat and lazy if they are not
@d. He @s himself in fencing. You don't @ enough. ¸2 ¶[VP6A] ´employ; make use
of: ³@ patience; @ authority over sb; @ one's rights. ¸3 ¶[VP6A] ´(usu passive)
perplex; trouble; worry the mind of: ³The problem that is exercising our
minds«. I am very much @d about the future/about the education of my son.¼
¨exert© ²/IgÚz3t/ ³vt ¶[VP6A,14,16A] ¸1 ·@ (on/upon), ´put forth; bring into
use: ³@ all one's strength/influence, etc (to do sth); @ pressure on sb. ¸2 ·@
oneself, ´make an effort: ³@ oneself to arrive early; @ yourself on my behalf.¼
¨exer®tion© ²/IgÚz32n ³US: ²-Zn/ ³n ¶[U] ´exerting; ¶[C] ´instance of this: ³E@
of authority is not always wise; persuasion may be better. He failed to lift
the rock in spite of all his @s. Now that I am 90, I am unequal to the @s of
travelling.¼
¨ex®eunt© ²/ÚeksIEnt/ ³vi ´(Lat) (as a stage direction) ³@ Antony and
Cleopatra´, they leave the stage. µ¥ exit.¼
¨ex gratia© ²/*eks ÚgreI2E/ ³n ´(Lat) ¸@ payment, ´payment not legally binding
but for which some moral obligation is felt.¼
¨ex®hale© ²/eksÚheIl/ ³vt,vi ¶[VP6A,2A] ´breathe out; give off gas, vapour; be
given off (as gas or vapour): ³@ air from the lungs. ¸ex®ha®la®tion
²/*ekshEÚleI2n/ ³n ¸1 ¶[C] ´act of exhaling. ¸2 ¶[U,C] ´sth @d.¼
¨ex®haust©1 ²/IgÚzcst/ ³n ¶[C,U] ´(outlet, in an engine or machine,
for) steam, vapour, etc that has done its work. ¸Ú@-pipe ³n ´pipe for this. µ¥
´the illus at µmotor.¼
¨ex®haust©2 ²/IgÚzcst/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ¸1 ´use up completely: ³@ one's
patience/strength; @ oneself by hard work; feeling @ed´, tired out. ¸2 ´make
empty: ³@ a well; @ a tube of air. ¸3 ´say, find out, all there is to say about
(sth): ³@ a subject.¼
¨ex®haus®tion© ²/IgÚzcst2En/ ³n ¶[U] ´exhausting or being exhausted; total loss
of strength: ³They were in a state of @ after climbing the mountain.¼
¨ex®haus®tive© ²/IgÚzcstIv/ ³adj ´thorough; complete: ³an @ inquiry. ¸@®ly
³adv¼
¨ex®hibit©1 ²/IgÚzIbIt/ ³n ¶[C] ¸1 ´object or collection of objects, shown
publicly, eÔg in a museum: ³Do not touch the @s. ¸2 ´document, object, etc
produced in a law court and referred to in evidence, eÔg a weapon said to have
been used by the accused person. ¸3 ´(US) exhibitionµ(1).¼
¨ex®hibit©2 ²/IgÚzIbIt/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ¸1 ´show publicly (for pleasure, for sale,
in a competition, etc): ³@ paintings in an art gallery/flowers at a flower
show; ¶[VP2A]´: ³Mr X @s in several galleries. ¸2 ´give clear evidence of (a
quality): ³The girls @ed great powers of endurance during the climb.
¸ex®hibi®tor ²/-tE(r)/ ³n ´person who @s at a show of pictures, a flower show,
etc.¼
¨ex®hi®bi®tion© ²/*eksIÚbI2n/ ³n ¸1 ¶[C] ´collection of things shown publicly
(eÔg of works of art); display of commercial or industrial goods for
advertisement; public display of animals, plants, flowers, etc (often shown in
competition, for prizes, and colloq called a ³show). ¸2 ³(sing ´only) act of
showing: ³an @ of bad manners; an opportunity for the @ of one's knowledge.
·make an @ of oneself, ´behave in public so that one receives contempt. ¸3
´(GB) money allowance to a student from school or college funds for a number of
years. ¸@er ³n ´student to whom an @µ(3) ´is granted. ¸@®ism ²/-IzEm/ ³n ¶[U]
´tendency towards extravagant behaviour designed to attract attention to
oneself. ¸@®ist ²/-Ist/ ³n ´person given to @ism.¼
¨ex®hil®ar®ate© ²/IgÚzIlEreIt/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´(usu passive) fill with
high spirits; make lively or glad: ³exhilarating news. ¸ex®hil®ar®ation
²/Ig*zIlEÚreI2n/ ³n¼
¨exhort© ²/IgÚzct/ ³vt ¶[VP6A,14,17] ·@ sb to sth/to do sth, ´(formal) urge,
advise earnestly: ³@ sb to do good/to work harder; @ one's listeners to action.
¸ex®hor®ta®tion ²/*ekscÚteI2n/ ³n ¶[U] ´@ing; ¶[C] ´earnest request, speech etc
that @s sb.¼
¨exhume© ²/eksÚhjum ³US: ²IgÚzum/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´take out (a dead body) from the
earth (for examination). ¸exhum®ation ²/*ekshjuÚmeI2n/ ³n ¶[U] ´exhuming or
being @d; ¶[C] ´instance of this.¼
¨exi®gency© ²/ÚeksIdZEnsI/ ³n (pl µ-cies³) ¶[C] ´condition of great need;
emergency: ³measures to meet the exigencies of this difficult period. ¸exi®gent
²/-dZEnt/ ³adj ¸1 ´urgent; pressing. ¸2 ´exacting.¼
¨exigu®ous© ²/egÚzIgj8Es/ ³adj ´(formal) scanty: ³an @ diet.¼
¨exile© ²/ÚeksñIl/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´being sent away from one's country or home, esp
as a punishment: ³be/live in @; go/be sent into @; a place of @; ¶[C] ´instance
of this: ³after an @ of ten years. ¸2 ¶[C] ´person who is sent away in this
way. ¹ ³vt ¶[VP6A,15A] ´send (sb) into @: ³@ sb from his country; @d for life.¼
¨exist© ²/IgÚzIst/ ³vi ¸1 ¶[VP2A,C] ´be; have being; be real: ³The idea @s
only in the minds of poets. Do you believe that fairies @´, that there really
are fairies? ³Does life @ on Mars? ¸2 ¶[VP2A,C,3A] ´continue living: ³We
cannot @ without food and water. She @s on very little. How do they @ in such
wretched conditions? ¸@®ence ²/-Ens/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´the state of @ing: ³When did
this world come into @ence? Do you believe in the @ence of ghosts? This is
the oldest Hebrew manuscript in @ence. ¸2 an @ence, ´manner of living: ³lead a
happy @ence. ¸@®ent ²/-Ent/ ³adj ´@ing; actual.¼
¨exis®ten®tial®ism© ²/*egzIÚsten2ElIzEm/ ³n ´doctrine (deriving
from Kierkegaard ²/ÚkIEkEgqd/ ´(1813Å55), the Danish philosopher, and
popularized by Sartre ²/ÚsqtrE/ ´(born 1905), the French writer and
philosopher) that man is a unique and isolated individual in an indifferent or
hostile universe, responsible for his own actions and free to choose his
destiny.¼
¨exit© ²/ÚeksIt/ ³n ¸1 ´departure of an actor from the stage: ³make one's @´,
go out or away. ¸2 ´way out, eÔg from a theatre or cinema. ¹ ³vi ´(as a stage
direction) ³E@ Macbeth´, Macbeth goes off the stage. µ¥ exeunt.¼
¨ex®odus© ²/ÚeksEdEs/ ³n ¶[C] ³(sing ´only³) ´going out or away of many people:
³the @ of people to the sea and the mountains for the summer holidays. ¸the E@,
´the @ of the Israelites from Egypt, in about 1300ÔBÔC.¼
¨ex officio© ²/*eks EÚfI2IE8/ ³adv, adj ´(Lat) because of one's office or
position: ³an @ member of the committee; present at the meeting @.¼
¨exon®er®ate© ²/IgÚzonEreIt/ ³vt ¶[VP6A,14] ·@ sb (from), ´free, clear: ³@ sb
from blame/responsibility. ¸exon®er®ation ²/Ig*zonEÚreI2n/ ³n¼
¨exor®bi®tant© ²/IgÚzcbItEnt/ ³adj ´(of a price, charge or demand) much too
high or great. ¸@®ly ³adv ¸exor®bi®tance ²/-tEns/ ³n¼
¨ex®or®cize© ²/ÚekscsñIz/ ³vt ¶[VP6A,14] ·@ (sth from)/(sb of), ´drive out (an
evil spirit) by prayers or magic.¼
¨exotic© ²/IgÚzotIk/ ³adj ¸1 ´(of plants, fashions, words, ideas) introduced
from another country. ¸2 ´foreign or unusual in style; striking or pleasing
because colourful, unusual: ³@ birds.¼
¨ex®pand© ²/IkÚspand/ ³vt,vi ¶[VP6A,14,2A,C] ·@ (in/into), ¸1 ´make or become
larger: ³Metals @ when they are heated. µ¥ contract±3µ(1). ³A tyre @s when you
pump air into it. µ¥ shrink. ³The river @s ´(= broadens) ³and forms a lake. The
small pocket dictionary was @ed into a larger volume. Our foreign trade has @ed
during recent years. ¸2 ´unfold or spread out: ³His face @ed in a smile of
welcome. The petals of many flowers @ in the sunshine. ¸3 ´(of a person) become
good-humoured or genial.¼
¨ex®panse© ²/IkÚspans/ ³n ¶[C] ´wide and open area: ³the broad @ of
the Pacific; the blue @ of the sky; a broad @ of brow´, eÔg of a man with a
high forehead and bald head.¼
¨ex®pan®sion© ²/IkÚspan2n/ ³n ¶[U] ´expanding or being expandedµ(1)´: ³@ of the
currency, ´by putting more banknotes into circulation; ³@ of territory´, eÔg by
winning new territory; ³the @ of gases when heated.¼
¨ex®pan®sive© ²/IkÚspansIv/ ³adj ¸1 ´able, tending, to expand. ¸2 ´(of persons,
speech) unreserved, effusive. ¸@®ly ³adv ¸@®ness ³n¼
¨ex®patiate© ²/IkÚspeI2IeIt/ ³vi ¶[VP3A] ·@ upon, ´(formal) write or speak at
great length, in detail, about.¼
¨ex®patri®ate© ²/eksÚpatrIEt ³US: ²-ÚpeIt-/ ³n ´person living outside his own
country: ³American @s in Paris; ´(attrib) ³@ Americans. ¹ ³vt ²/-rIeIt/ ¶[VP6A]
·@ oneself, ´leave one's own country to live abroad; renounce one's
citizenship.¼
¨ex®pect© ²/IkÚspekt/ ³vt ¶[VP6A,17,7,9,14] ´think or believe that sth will
happen or come, that sb will come; wish for and feel confident that one will
receive: ³We @ed you yesterday. We were @ing a letter from her. I @ to be/@
that I shall be back on Sunday. You would @ there to be/that there would be
strong disagreement about this. You can't learn a foreign language in a week;
it's not to be @ed. You are @ing too much of her. "Will he be late?'Å"I @ so.'
"Will he need help?'Å"No, I don't @ so' ´(or) ³"No, I @ not.' They @ ´(=
require) ³me to work on Saturdays. I @ ´(= require) ³you to be punctual. "Who
has eaten all the cake?'Å"Oh, I @ ´(colloq = suppose) ³it was Tom. ¸@®ancy
²/-EnsI/ ³n ´the state of @ing: ³with a look/an air of @ancy; life @ancy.
¸@®ant ²/-Ent/ ³adj ´@ing: ³an @ant mother´, woman who is pregnant. ¸@®ant®ly
³adv ¸@ed ³adj ´that is @ed: ³an @ed reply; @ed objections.¼
¨ex®pec®ta®tion© ²/*ekspekÚteI2n/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´expecting; awaiting:
³He ate a light lunch in @ of a good dinner. ¸2 ´(often ³pl´) thing that is
expected. ·beyond @, ´in a way greater or better than was expected. ·contrary
to @(s), ´in a way different from what was expected. ·fall short of/not come up
to one's @s, ´be less good than what was expected. ¸3 ³(pl) ´future prospects,
esp sth to be inherited: ³a young man with great @s´, eÔg one who has a
millionaire uncle who has promised to leave him his wealth. ¸4 ·@ of life,
´years a person is expected to live: ³A life assurance company can tell you the
@ of life of a man who is 40 years old.¼
¨ex®pec®tor®ate© ²/IkÚspektEreIt/ ³vt,vi ¶[VP6A,2A] ´(formal) spit; send out
(phlegm from the throat, blood from the lungs) by coughing. ¸ex®pec®tor®ant
²/-rEnt/ ³n ´medicine promoting expectorating.¼
¨ex®pedi®ent© ²/IkÚspidIEnt/ ³adj ´(usu pred´) likely to be useful or helpful
for a purpose; advantageous though contrary to principle: ³In times of war
governments do things because they are @. Do what you think @. ´¹ ³n ¶[C] ´@
plan, action, device, etc. ¸@ly ³adv ¸ex®pedi®ence ²/-Ens/, ¸ex®pedi®ency
²/-EnsI/ ³n ¶[U] ´suitability for a purpose; being @; self-interest: ³act from
expediency, not from principle.¼
¨ex®pedite© ²/ÚekspIdñIt/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´(formal) help the progress of; speed up
(business, etc).¼
¨ex®pedi®tion© ²/*ekspIÚdI2n/ ³n ¸1 ¶[C] ´(men, ships, etc making a) journey or
voyage for a definite purpose: ³a hunting @; go/send a party of men on an @ to
the Antarctic; members of the Mount Everest @. ¸2 ¶[U] ´(formal) promptness;
speed. ¸@®ary ²/-2EnErI ³US: ²-nerI/ ³adj ´of, making up, an @: ³an @ary
force´, eÔg an army sent to take part in a war abroad.¼
¨ex®pedi®tious© ²/*ekspIÚdI2Es/ ³adj ´(formal) acting quickly; prompt and
efficient. ¸@®ly ³adv¼
¨ex®pel© ²/IkÚspel/ ³vt µ(-ll-) ¶[VP6A,14] ·@ (from), ´send out or
away by force: ³@ the enemy from a town; @ a boy from school, ´as a
punishment.¼
¨ex®pend© ²/IkÚspend/ ³vt ¶[VP6A,14] ·@ sth (on/upon sth/in doing sth), ¸1
´spend: ³@ all one's capital on equipment; @ time and care in doing sth. ¸2
´use up: ³They had @ed all their ammunition. ¸@®able ²/-Ebl/ ³adj ´that may be
@ed, esp that may be sacrificed to achieve a purpose: ³The general considered
that these troops were @able.¼
¨ex®pen®di®ture© ²/IkÚspendIt2E(r)/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´spending or using: ³the @ of
money on armaments. ¸2 ¶[C,U] ´amount expended: ³an @ of $500 on new furniture.
Limit your @(s) to what is essential.¼
¨ex®pense© ²/IkÚspens/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´spending of money; cost: ³Most children in
Great Britain are educated at the public @. I want the best you can supply; you
need spare no @´, you need not try to economize. ·at the @ of, ´with the
sacrifice of: ³He became a brilliant scholar, but only at the @ of his health.
·at his/her/my, etc @, ¸(a) ´with him, her, me, etc paying: ³We were all
entertained at the director's @. ¸(b) ´(fig) bringing discredit, ridicule or
contempt on him, her, me, etc: ³We had a good laugh at his @´, We laughed at
him because he had done sth ridiculous, been deceived, etc. ·go to/put sb to
the @ of, ´spend/cause him to spend money on: ³It's foolish to go to the @ of
taking music lessons if you never practise. I don't want to put you to the @
of providing my meals. ¸Ú@ account, ´record of expenses incurred and either
paid out of money supplied by, or to be refunded by, the employer, eÔg of a
business man for travel, entertainment, etc. ¸2 ´(usu ³pl´) money used or
needed for sth: ³travelling @s. Illness, holidays and other @s reduced his bank
balance to almost nothing.¼
¨ex®pens®ive© ²/IkÚspensIv/ ³adj ´causing expense; high priced: ³an
@ education; too @ for me to buy. ¸@®ly ³adv¼
¨ex®peri®ence© ²/IkÚspIErIEns/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´process of gaining knowledge or
skill by doing and seeing things; knowledge or skill so gained: ³We all learn
by @. Has he had much @ in/of work of this sort? He hasn't had enough @ for the
job. ¸2 ¶[C] ´event, activity, which has given one @µ(1)´; event that affects
one in some way: ³an unpleasant/trying/unusual @. ´¹ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´have @ of;
feel; meet with: ³@ pleasure/pain/difficulty/great hardships. ¸ex®peri®enced
³adj ´having @; having knowledge or skill as the result of @: ³an @d
nurse/lover.¼
¨ex®peri®ment© ²/IkÚsperImEnt/ ³n ¶[C] ´test or trial carried out carefully in
order to study what happens and gain new knowledge: ³perform/carry out an @ in
chemistry; ¶[U] ³learn sth by @. ´¹ ³vi ¶[VP2A,C,3A] ´make @s: ³@ with new
methods; @ upon dogs. ¸ex®peri®men®ta®tion ²/Ik*sperImenÚteI2n/ ³n ¶[U] ´@ing.¼
¨ex®peri®men®tal© ²/Ik*sperIÚmentl/ ³adj ´of, used for, based on, experiments:
³@ methods; an @ farm. ¸@ly ²/-tElI/ ³adv¼
¨ex®pert© ²/Úeksp3t/ ³n ´person with special knowledge, skill or training: ³an
agricultural @; an @ in economics; get the advice of the @s. ´¹ ³adj ´trained
by practice; skilful: ³according to @ advice/opinions; men who are @ at driving
racing cars. ¸@®ly ³adv ¸@®ness ³n¼
¨ex®pert®ise© ²/*eksp3Útiz/ ³n ¶[U] ¸1 ´(comm) expert appraisal; valuation. ¸2
´expert's report. ¸3 ´expert knowledge and skill. µ¥ ³know-how ´at µknow.¼
¨ex®pi®ate© ²/ÚekspIeIt/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´make amends for, submit to punishment
for (wrongdoing): ³@ sin/a crime. ¸ex®pi®ation ²/*ekspIÚeI2n/ ³n ¶[U].¼
¨ex®pir®ation© ²/*ekspIÚreI2n/ ³n ¶[U] ¸1 ·@ (of), ´expiring,
ending, esp of ´a period of time: ³at the @ of the lease. ¸2 ´(formal)
breathing out (of air).¼
¨ex®pire© ²/IkÚspñIE(r)/ ³vi ¶[VP2A] ¸1 ´(of a period of time) come to an end:
³His term of office as President @s next year. When does your driving licence
@? ¸2 ´(liter) die.¼
¨ex®piry© ²/IkÚspñIErI/ ³n (pl µ-ries³) ·@ (of), ´expiring, ending,
esp of a period of time of a contract or agreement: ³the @ of a driving
licence.¼
¨ex®plain© ²/IkÚspleIn/ ³vt ¸1 ¶[VP6A,9,8,10,14] ·@ sth (to sb), ´make plain or
clear; show the meaning of: ³A dictionary tries to @ the meanings of words.
Please @ this problem to me. Please @ to me what this means. He @ed that he had
been delayed by the weather. Please @ yourself´, make your meaning clear. µ¥ 2
´below. ¸2 ¶[VP6A,15B] ´account for: ³Can you @ his behaviour? That @s his
absence. Please @ yourself´, give reasons for your conduct. ·@ sth away, ´show
why one should not be blamed for a fault, mistake, etc: ³You will find it
difficult to @ away your use of such offensive language.¼
¨ex®pla®na®tion© ²/*eksplEÚneI2n/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´(process of) explaining: ³Not
much @ will be needed. I had better say a few words by way of @. Had he
anything to say in @ of his conduct? ¸2 ¶[C] ´statement, fact, circumstances,
etc that explains: ³an @ of his conduct/of a mystery; after repeated @s.¼
¨ex®plana®tory© ²/IkÚsplanEtrI ³US: ²-tcrI/ ³adj ´serving or intended to
explain.¼
¨ex®ple®tive© ²/IkÚsplitIv ³US: ²ÚeksplEtIv/ ³n ¶[C] ´violent (often
meaningless) exclamation, eÔg "My goodness', or an oath such as "Damn'.¼
¨ex®plic®able© ²/ekÚsplIkEbl/ ³adj ´(formal) that can be explained.¼
¨ex®pli®cate© ²/ÚeksplIkeIt/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´(formal) ´explain and analyse in
detail.¼
¨ex®plicit© ²/IkÚsplIsIt/ ³adj ´(of a statement, etc) clearly and fully
expressed; definite: ³He was quite @ about the matter´, left no doubt about
what he meant. ¸@®ly ³adv ¸@®ness ³n¼
¨ex®plode© ²/IkÚsplE8d/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A,2A] ´(cause to) burst with a loud
noise: ³@ a charge of gunpowder/a bomb. When the boiler @d many people were
hurt by the steam. The shell @d in the barrel of the gun. ¸2 ¶[VP2A,C] ´(of
feelings) burst out; (of persons) show violent emotion: ³At last his anger @d.
He @d with rage/jealousy. ¸3 ¶[VP6A] ´destroy, expose (an idea, a theory, etc);
show the falsity of: ³@ a superstition: an @d idea.¼
¨ex®ploit©1 ²/ÚeksplãIt/ ³n ¶[C] ´bold or adventurous act;
brilliant achievement.¼
¨ex®ploit©2 ²/IkÚsplãIt/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ¸1 ´use, work or develop (eÔg mines,
waterpower, other natural resources of a country). ¸2 ´use selfishly, or for
one's own profit: ³@ child labour. ¸ex®ploi®ta®tion ²/*eksplãIÚteI2n/ ³n ¶[U]
´@ing or being @ed (both senses): ³the @ation of a new country.¼
¨ex®plore© ²/IkÚsplc(r)/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ¸1 ´travel into or through (a country,
etc) for the purpose of learning about it: ³@ the Arctic regions. Columbus
discovered America but did not @ the new continent. ¸2 ´examine thoroughly
in order to test, learn about: ³@ possibilities/problems. ¸ex®plorer
²/-rE(r)/ ³n ´person who @s. ¸ex®plo®ra®tion ²/*eksplEÚreI2n/ ³n ¶[U]
´exploring: ³the exploration of the ocean depths; ¶[C] ´instance of this.
¸ex®plora®tory ²/IkÚsplorEtrI ³US: ²-tcrI/ ³adj ´for the purpose of exploring.¼
¨ex®plosion© ²/IkÚsplE8Zn/ ³n ¶[C] ¸1 ´exploding; (loud noise caused by) sudden
and violent bursting: ³a bomb @. The @ was heard a mile away. ¸2 ·@ (of),
´outburst or outbreak ´(of ´anger, laughter, etc). ¸3 ´great and sudden
increase: ³the population @ after the war.¼
¨ex®plos®ive© ²/IkÚsplE8sIv/ ³n, adj ´(substance) tending to or likely to
explode: ³a shell filled with high @. Dynamite and gun-cotton are @s. The old
man has an @ temper´, often explodes with anger, etc. ³That's an @ issue´, one
likely to inflame feeling. ¸@®ly ³adv¼
¨expo© ²/ÚekspE8/ ³n ´international expositionµ(2).¼
¨ex®po®nent© ²/IkÚspE8nEnt/ ³n ·@ (of), ¸1 ´person or thing that
explains or interprets, or is a representative or example: ³Huxley was an @ of
Darwin's theory of evolution. ¸2 ´(alg) symbol that indicates what power of a
factor is to be taken: ³In a±3³, the figure 3 is the @; in ³x²$, ³the symbol ²$
³is the @.¼
¨ex®port©1 ²/Úekspct/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´(business of) exporting: ³a ban on the @ of
gold; ´(attrib) ³the ·Ú³@ trade; ·Ú³@ duties. ¸2 ¶[C] ´sth exported: ³Last year
@s exceeded imports in value. What are the chief @s of your country?¼
¨ex®port©2 ²/IkÚspct/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´send (goods) to another country for purposes
of trade: ³@ cotton goods. ¸@er ³n ´trader who @s goods. ¸@®able ²/-Ebl/ ³adj
´that can be @ed. ¸ex®por®ta®tion ²/*ekspcÚteI2n/ ³n ¶[U] ´the @ing of goods;
goods @ed.¼
¨ex®pose© ²/IkÚspE8z/ ³vt ¶[VP6A,14,15A] ·@ (to), ¸1 ´uncover; leave uncovered
or unprotected: ³@ soldiers to unnecessary risks/to the enemy's gunfire; @d to
the wind and rain; be @d to ridicule. ¸2 ´display: ³@ goods in a shop window.
¸3 ´disclose, make known: ³@ a plot/project/plan; ´reveal the guilt or
wrongdoing of; unmask: ³@ a crime/criminal. ¸4 ´(photo) allow light to reach
(camera film, etc): ³@ 30 metres of cinema film.¼
¨ex®pos_e© ²/ekÚspE8zeI ³US: ²*ekspEÚzeI/ ³n ¸1 ´orderly setting out or pr_ecis
of a body of facts or beliefs. ¸2 ´making public of discreditable fact(s).¼
¨ex®po®si®tion© ²/*ekspEÚzI2n/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´expounding or explaining; ¶[C]
´instance of this; explanation or interpretation of a theory, plan, etc. ¸2
¶[C] ´(abbr ¸expo ²/ÚekspE8/´) exhibition of goods, etc: ³an industrial @.¼
¨ex®postu®late© ²/IkÚspost28leIt/ ³vi ¶[VP2A,3A] ·@ (with sb) (on/about sth),
´make a friendly protest; reason or argue. ¸ex®postu®la®tion
²/Ik*spost28ÚleI2n/ ³n ¶[C,U] ´friendly protest(ing): ³My expostulation(s) had
no results.¼
¨ex®po®sure© ²/IkÚspE8ZE(r)/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´exposing or being exposed
(all senses): ³The climbers lost their way on the mountain and died of @. E@ of
the body to strong sunlight may be harmful. The @ of the plot against the
President probably saved his life. ¸2 ¶[C] ´instance of exposing or being
exposed (all senses): ³As a result of these @s the government took strong
measures against bribery and corruption. How many @s have you got left? How
many pictures remain on the (camera) film? ³An @ of one-hundredth of a second
will be enough. ¸Ú@ meter ³n ´(photo) device to measure illumination and to
indicate correct duration of @. µ¥ ´illus at µcamera.¼
¨ex®pound© ²/IkÚspñ8nd/ ³vt ¶[VP6A,14] ·@ (to), ´explain, make clear, by giving
details: ³@ a theory/one's views (to sb).¼
¨ex®press©1 ²/IkÚspres/ ³adj ¸1 ´clearly and definitely stated, not suggested
or implied: ³You cannot ignore such an @ command. It was his @ wish that you
should not wait for him. ¸2 ´going, sent, quickly; designed for high speed: ³an
·Ú³@ train; @ delivery, ´by special postal messenger; ³an @ letter/messenger.
¸Ú@way ³n ´(US) major road for fast travel. µ¥ ´(GB) µmotorway. ´¹ ³adv ´by @
delivery; by @ train: ³send a parcel @; travel @. ¸@®ly ³adv ¸1 ´plainly;
definitely: ³You were @ly forbidden to touch my papers. ¸2 ´specially; on
purpose: ³a dictionary @ly compiled for foreign students of English.¼
¨ex®press©2 ²/IkÚspres/ ³n ¸1 ´very fast train: ³the 8.00aÔm @ to Edinburgh. ¸2
´(US) company that undertakes to deliver goods fast and safely. ¸3 ¶[U]
´service rendered by the post office, railways, road services, etc for carrying
goods quickly: ³send goods by @.¼
¨ex®press©3 ²/IkÚspres/ ³vt ¸1 ¶[VP6A,10,15A] ´make known, show by
words, looks, actions: ³I find it difficult to @ my meaning. A smile @ed her
joy at the good news. I cannot easily @ (to you) how grateful I am for your
help. ·@ oneself, ´communicate one's thoughts or feelings through words,
gestures, etc: ³He is still unable to @ himself in English. He @ed himself
strongly ´(= spoke in a forceful way) ³on the subject. ¸2 ¶[VP6A] ´send a
letter, goods, etc fast by special delivery. ¸3 ¶[VP6A,14] ·@ (from/out of),
´(formal) press or squeeze out juices/oil: ³juice @ed (pressed ´is more usu³)
from grapes.¼
¨ex®press®ion© ²/IkÚspre2n/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´process of expressingµ(1)´: ³give @ to
one's gratitude´, say or show how grateful one is; ³read ´(aloud) ³with @´, in
a way that shows feeling for the meaning; ¶[C] ´instance of this (esp a look on
sb's face): ³There was an @ of discontent on her face´, a discontented look.
·beyond/past @, ´in a manner that cannot be expressed: ³The scenery was
beautiful beyond @´, indescribably beautiful. ·find @ in, ´be expressed by
means of: ³Her feelings at last found @ in tears. ¸2 ¶[C] ´word or phrase:
³"Shut up' ´(= Stop talking) ³is not a polite @. Slang @s should be avoided in
an essay. ¸3 ´(maths) group of symbols expressing a quantity, eÔg 3xy±2´.
¸@®less ³adj ´without @µ(1)´: ³in an @less voice; an @less face.¼
¨ex®press®ion®ism© ²/IkÚspre2EnIzEm/ ³n ¶[U] ´(in painting, music, etc) the
symbolic or stylised expression of emotional experience. ¸ex®press®ion®ist
²/-Ist/ ³n¼
¨ex®press®ive© ²/IkÚspresIv/ ³adj ·@ (of), ´serving to express: ³looks @ of
despair; a cry @ of pain; an @ smile. ¸@®ly ³adv¼
¨ex®pro®pri®ate© ²/eksÚprE8prIeIt/ ³vt ¶[VP6A,14] ·@ (from), ´take
away (property); dispossess (sb of an estate, etc). ¸ex®pro®pri®ation
²/*eks*prE8prIÚeI2n/ ³n ¶[U].¼
¨ex®pul®sion© ²/IkÚspAl2n/ ³n ¶[U] ·@ (from), ´expelling or being expelled;
¶[C] ´instance of this: ³the @ of a student from college; an ·Ú³@ order´,
official order expelling a person from a country.¼
¨ex®punge© ²/IkÚspAndZ/ ³vt ¶[VP6A,14] ·@ (from), ´(formal) wipe or rub out
words, names, etc from a book, etc.¼
¨ex®pur®gate© ²/ÚekspEgeIt/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´take out from (a book, etc what are
considered to be) improper or objectionable parts: ³an @d edition of a novel.
¸ex®pur®ga®tion ²/*ekspEÚgeI2n/ ³n¼
¨ex®quis®ite© ²/ÚekskwIzIt ³US: ²ekÚskwIzIt/ ³adj ¸1 ´of great excellence;
brought to a high state of perfection: ³@ workmanship; @ designs; a piece of @
lace. ¸2 ´(of pain, pleasure, etc) keenly felt. ¸3 ´(of power to feel) keen,
delicate: ³@ sensibility. ¸@®ly ³adv ¸@®ness ³n¼
¨ex-ser®vice© ²/*eks Ús3vIs/ ³adj ´having formerly served in the armed forces.
¸@®man ²/-mEn/ ³n (pl µ-men³) ´(GB): ³an @men's organization.¼
¨ex®tant© ²/ekÚstant ³US: ²ÚekstEnt/ ³adj ´still in existence (esp of
documents, etc): ³the earliest @ manuscript of this poem.¼
¨ex®tem®por®ary© ²/IkÚstempErErI ³US: ²-pErerI/ ³adj ´= µextempore.
¸ex®tem®por®ar®ily ²/-rErElI ³US: ²ÚrerElI/ ³adv¼
¨ex®tem®pore© ²/ekÚstempErI/ ³adv, adj ´(spoken or done) without previous
thought or preparation: ³speak @´, without notes; ³an @ address.
¸ex®tem®por®aneous®(ly) ²/ek*stempEÚreInIEs(lI)/ ³adj, adv ´= @.¼
¨ex®tend© ²/IkÚstend/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A] ´make longer (in space or time);
enlarge: ³@ a railway/a fence/a wall/the city boundaries. Can't you @ your
visit for a few days´, stay a few days longer? ·@ credit, ´(fin) prolong the
time for which credit is given. ¸2 ¶[VP6A,15A] ´lay or stretch out the body, a
limb or limbs, at full length: ³@ one's arm horizontally; @ one's hand to sb,
´shake hands with him. ¸3 ¶[VP6A,14] ·@ sth (to sb), ´offer, grant, accord: ³@
hospitality/an invitation/a greeting/a warm welcome to sb; @ help. ¸4 ¶[VP2B,C]
´(of space, land, etc) reach, stretch: ³a road that @s for miles and miles. My
garden @s as far as the river. ¸5 ¶[VP6A,15A] ´cause to reach or stretch: ³@ a
cable between two posts. ¸6 ¶[VP6A] ´(usu passive) tax or use the powers of a
person, horse, etc to the utmost: ³The horse was fully @ed. µ¥ ³flat out ´at
µflat±2 ³advµ(3).¼
¨ex®ten®sion© ²/IkÚsten2n/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´extending or being extended:
³the @ of useful knowledge; University E@´, teaching for, examination of,
part-time or extramural students; ³the @ of socialist influence in Africa. ¸2
¶[C] ´additional part; addition or continuance; enlargement: ³an @ of one's
summer holidays; build an @ to a hospital; get an @ of time´, eÔg for paying a
debt; ³an @ to a sentence´, (gram) word or words amplifying the subject or
predicate; ³telephone No 01Å629Å8494, @ 15´, iÔe a line extending from the
switchboard to another room or office.¼
¨ex®ten®sive© ²/IkÚstensIv/ ³adj ´extending far; far-reaching: ³an @ view; @
repairs/inquiries; a scholar with an @ knowledge of his subject. ¸@®ly ³adv¼
¨ex®tent© ²/IkÚstent/ ³n ¶[U] ¸1 ·@ (of), ´length; area; range: ³From the roof
we were able to see the full @ of the park. I was amazed at the @ of his
knowledge. They are building a new racing track, six miles in @. ¸2 ´degree:
³to a certain/to some @, ´partly, somewhat; ³to such an @ that«; to what @; in
debt to the @ of $100.¼
¨ex®tenu®ate© ²/IkÚstenj8eIt/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´make (wrongdoing) less serious (by
finding an excuse): ³Nothing can @ his base conduct. There are extenuating
circumstances in this case. ¸ex®tenu®ation ²/Ik*stenj8ÚeI2n/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U]
´extenuating or being @d: ³He pleaded poverty in extenuation of the theft. ¸2
¶[C] ´sth that @s; partial excuse.¼
¨ex®terior© ²/IkÚstIErIE(r)/ ³adj ´outer; situated on or coming
from outside: ³the @ surface of a hollow ball; ³the @ features of a building.
µ¥ interior. ´¹ ³n ´outside; outward aspect or appearance: ³a gentle man with a
rough @. ¸@®ize ³vt ²/-rñIz/ ´= µexternalize.¼
¨ex®ter®mi®nate© ²/IkÚst3mIneIt/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´make an end of (disease, ideas,
people's beliefs); destroy completely. ¸ex®ter®mi®na®tion ²/Ik*st3mIÚneI2n/ ³n¼
¨ex®ter®nal© ²/IkÚst3nl/ ³adj ´outside; situated on the outside; of or for the
outside: ³@ evidence´, obtained from independent sources, not from what is
being examined; ³alcohol for @ use´, for use on the skin, not to be drunk; ³@
examination´, one conducted by authorities outside the school, college, etc of
the person(s) examined; ³@ examiner´, person (not on the staff of those setting
the examination) conducting such an examination. µ¥ internal. ¹ ³n ´(usu ³pl´)
@ circumstances; outward features: ³the @s of religion´, acts and ceremonies
(contrasted with inner and spiritual aspects); ³judge people by @s. ¸@®ize
²/-ñIz/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´make @. ¸@®ly ²/ekÚst3nElI/ ³adv¼
¨ex®ter®ri®tor®ial© ²/*eks*terIÚtcrIEl/ ³adj ´(eÔg of ambassadors, etc) free
from the jurisdiction of the State in which one resides: ³@ privileges and
rights.¼
¨ex®tinct© ²/IkÚstIGt/ ³adj ¸1 ´no longer burning; no longer active: ³an @
volcano. ¸2 ´(of feelings, passions) dead. ¸3 ´no longer in existence; having
died out: ³an @ species; become @.¼
¨ex®tinc®tion© ²/IkÚstIGk2n/ ³n ¶[U] ¸1 ´making, being, becoming, extinct: ³a
tribe threatened by @; research that may lead to the @ of a disease. ¸2 ´act of
extinguishing: ³the @ of a fire/of sb's hopes.¼
¨ex®tin®guish© ²/IkÚstIGwI2/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ¸1 ´put out (eÔg a light, fire). ¸2
´end the existence of (eÔg hope, love, passion, etc). ¸3 ´wipe out (a debt).
¸@er ³n ´(kinds of) apparatus for discharging a jet of liquid chemicals for
@ing a fire.¼
¨ex®tir®pate© ²/ÚekstEpeIt/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´(formal) pull up by the
roots; destroy utterly: ³@ social evils. ¸ex®tir®pa®tion ²/*ekstEÚpeI2n/ ³n
¶[U].¼
¨ex®tol© ²/IkÚstE8l/ ³vt µ(-ll-) ¶[VP6A,15A] ´praise highly: ³@ sb to the
skies, ´greatly; ³@ sb's merits; @ sb as a hero.¼
¨ex®tort© ²/IkÚstct/ ³vt ¶[VP6A,14] ·@ (from), ´obtain by violence, threats,
etc: ³@ money from sb. The police used torture to @ a confession from him.
¸ex®tor®tion ²/IkÚstc2n/ ³n ¶[U] ´@ing; ¶[C] ´instance of this.¼
¨ex®tor®tion®ate© ²/IkÚstc2EnEt/ ³adj ´(of ³demands, prices) ´much too great or
high. ¸@®ly ³adv¼
¨extra© ²/ÚekstrE/ ³adj ´additional; beyond what is usual, expected or arranged
for: ³@ pay for @ work; without @ charge. There were so many people that the
company put on @ buses. ´¹ ³adv ¸1 ´more than usually: ³an @ strong box; @ fine
quality. ¸2 ´in addition: ³price $1.30, packing and postage @. ´¹ ³n ¸1 ´@
thing; sth for which an @ charge is made: ³Her regular school fees are $50 a
term; music and dancing are @s. ¸2 ´(cricket) run not scored off the bat. ¸3
´(cinema, TÔV, etc) person employed and paid (usu by the day) for a minor part,
eÔg in a crowd scene.¼
¨ex®tract© ²/IkÚstrakt/ ³vt ¶[VP6A,14] ·@ (from), ¸1 ´take or get out (usu with
effort or by force): ³@ a cork from a bottle; have a tooth @ed; @ a bullet from
a wound; ´(fig) ³@ money/information from sb, ´who is unwilling to give it. ¸2
´obtain (juices, etc) by pressing, crushing, boiling, etc: ³@ oil from
cotton-seed/olives. ¸3 ´select and present words, examples, passages, etc (from
a book, speech, etc). ¹ ³n ²/Úekstrakt/ ¸1 ¶[U,C] ´that which has been @edµ(2)
´and concentrated: ³vanilla @; beef @; @ of malt. ¸2 ¶[C] ´passage @edµ(3)´:
³@s from a long poem. ¸ex®trac®tion ²/IkÚstrak2n/ ³n ¶[U] ¸1 ´@ing or being
@edµ(1)´: ³the @ion of a tooth. ¸2 ´descent; lineage: ³Is Mr Mansion of French
@ion?¼
¨extra®cur®ricu®lar© ²/*ekstrEkEÚrIkj8lE(r)/ ³adj ´outside the
regular course of academic work or studies: ³@ activities´, eÔg belonging to a
dramatic society.¼
¨ex®tra®dite© ²/ÚekstrEdñIt/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ¸1 ´give up, hand over (a person) from
the State where he is a fugitive to the State where he is alleged to have
committed, or has been convicted of, a crime. ¸2 ´obtain (such a person) for
trial. ¸ex®tra®di®tion ²/*ekstrEÚdI2n/ ³n¼
¨extra®ju®dicial© ²/*ekstrEdZuÚdI2l/ ³adj ´beyond the authority of a court;
outside the (normal) authority of the law.¼
¨extra®mari®tal© ²/*ekstrEÚmarItl/ ³adj ´outside marriage: ³@ relations´,
adultery.¼
¨extra®mural© ²/*ekstrEÚmj8ErEl/ ³adj ¸1 ´outside the boundaries (eÔg of a
town). ¸2 ´additional to the full-time activities of a university, etc:
³@ lectures/studies/students.¼
¨ex®traneous© ²/IkÚstreInIEs/ ³adj ´not related (to the object to which it is
attached); not belonging (to what is being dealt with); coming from outside:
³@ interference.¼
¨extra®ordi®nary© ²/Ik*strcdnrI ³US: ²-dEnerI/ ³adj ¸1 ´beyond what is usual or
ordinary; remarkable: ³a man of @ talents; @ weather. ¸2 ´(of officials)
additional, specially employed: ³envoy @. ¸ex®tra®ordi®nar®ily ²/IkÚstrcdnrElI
³US: ²-dEnerElI/ ³adv¼
¨extra®sen®sory© ²/*ekstrEÚsensErI/ ³adj ´(esp) ¸@ perception ´(abbr ¸EÔSÔP´),
perception of external events without the use of any of the known senses.¼
¨extra®terri®tor®ial© ²/*ekstrE*terIÚtcrIEl/ ³adj ´= µexterritorial.¼
¨ex®trava®gant© ²/IkÚstravEgEnt/ ³adj ¸1 ´wasteful; (in the habit
of) wasting (money, etc): ³an @ man; @ tastes and habits. ¸2 ´(of ideas,
speech, behaviour) going beyond what is reasonable, usual or conventional; not
properly controlled: ³@ praise/behaviour. ¸@®ly ³adv ¸ex®trava®gance ²/-gEns/
³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´being @: ³His extravagance explains why he is always in debt. ¸2
¶[C] ´@ statement, act, etc.¼
¨ex®trava®gan®za© ²/Ik*stravEÚganzE/ ³n ¶[C] ¸1 ´(music, theatre, literature)
irregular and fanciful composition; burlesque; spectacular entertainment.¼
¨ex®treme© ²/IkÚstrim/ ³n ¸1 ´either end of anything; (fig) highest degree:
³annoying in the @´, most annoying. ¸2 ³(pl) ´qualities, etc as wide apart, as
widely different, as possible: ³the @s of heat and cold. Love and hate are @s.
·go to/be driven to @s´, to @ measures, to do more than is usu considered right
or desirable. ¹ ³adj ¸1 ´at the end(s); farthest possible: ³the @ edge of a
field; in @ old age; the @ penalty of the law ´(in some countries) ³is the
death penalty. ¸2 ´reaching the highest degree: ³@ patience/kindness; in @
pain. ¸3 ´(of persons, their ideas) far from moderate; going to great lengths
in views or actions: ³hold @ opinions; the @ left/right´, (in politics) those
who support communism/fascism. ¸@®ly ³adv ´(used intensively with ³adjj ´and
³advv´) to a very high degree. ¸ex®trem®ist ²/-Ist/ ³n ´person who holds @
views (esp in politics). ¸ex®trem®ity ²/IkÚstremEtI/ ³n (pl µ-ties³) ¶[C] ¸1
´@ point, end or limit; ³(pl) ´hands and feet. ¸2 ³(sing ´only) @ degree (of
joy, misery, esp of misfortune): ³an extremity of pain. How can we help them
in their extremity? ¸3 ´(usu ³pl´) @ measures, eÔg for punishing wrongdoers,
taking revenge: ³Both armies were guilty of extremities.¼
¨ex®tri®cate© ²/ÚekstrIkeIt/ ³vt ¶[VP6A,14] ·@ (from), ´free; disentangle: ³@
oneself from a difficulty. ¸ex®tri®cable ²/ekÚstrIkEbl/ ³adj ´that can be @d.
¸ex®tri®ca®tion ²/*ekstrIÚkeI2n/ ³n ¶[U].¼
¨ex®trin®sic© ²/ekÚstrInsIk/ ³adj ·@ (to), ´(of qualities, values, etc) not a
part of the real character; operating or originating from the outside; not
essential.¼
¨ex®tro®vert© ²/ÚekstrEv3t/ ³n ´person more interested in what goes on around
him than in his own thoughts and feelings; (colloq) lively, cheerful person;
(attrib): ³@ behaviour. µ¥ introvert. ¸ex®tro®ver®sion ²/*ekstrEÚv32n ³US:
²-Zn/ ³n ¶[U] ´state of being @ed.¼
¨ex®trude© ²/IkÚstrud/ ³vt ¶[VP6A,14] ·@ (from), ´force sb or sth out; shape
(eÔg plastic or metal) by forcing through a die. ¸ex®tru®sion ²/IkÚstruZn/ ³n¼
¨ex®uber®ant© ²/IgÚzjubErEnt ³US: ²-Úzu-/ ³adj ¸1 ´growing
vigorously; luxuriant: ³plants with @ foliage. ¸2 ´full of life and vigour;
high-spirited; overflowing: ³children in @ spirits; an @ imagination. ¸@®ly
³adv ¸ex®uber®ance ²/-rEns/ ³n ¶[U] ´state or quality of being @: ³The
speaker's exuberance won over an apathetic audience.¼
¨ex®ude© ²/IgÚzjud ³US: ²-Úzud/ ³vt,vi ¶[VP2A,C,6A] ´(of drops of liquid) come
or pass out slowly; ooze out: ³Sweat @s through the pores.¼
¨ex®ult© ²/IgÚzAlt/ ³vi ¶[VP2A,3A,4C] ´rejoice greatly: ³@ at/in a success; @
to find that one has succeeded; @ ´(= triumph) ³over a defeated rival. ¸@®ant
²/-Ent/ ³adj ´@ing; triumphant. ¸@®ant®ly ³adv ¸ex®ul®ta®tion ²/*egzAlÚteI2n/
³n ¶[U] ´great joy ³(at)´; triumph ³(over).¼
¨eye©1 ²/ñI/ ³n ¸1 ´organ of sight: ³We see with our eyes. He opened/closed his
eyes. He is blind in one eye. He lost an eye in the war. µ¥ ´the illus here and
at µhead. ·an eye for an eye, ´punishment as severe as the injury suffered;
retaliation. ·eyes right/left/front, ´(mil command) Turn the head and look to
the right, etc. ·if you had half an eye, ´if you were not so dull, unobservant.
·in the eyes of the law, etc, ´from the point of view of the law, etc; as the
law, etc sees it. ·in the eyes of sb; in my/his, etc eyes, ´in the judgement
of: ³You're only a child in his eyes. ·under/before one's very eyes, ¸(a) ´in
one's presence, in front of one. ¸(b) ´with no attempt at concealment. ·up to
the eyes in ´(work, etc)·, ´deeply engaged in. ·with an eye to, ´with a view
to, hoping for. ·be all eyes, ´be watching intently. ·be in the public eye, ´be
often seen in public; be well known. ·close one's eyes to, ´refuse to see or
take notice of. ·get one's eye in, ´(cricket and other ball games) become able,
through practice, to follow with one's eyes the movement of the ball. ·give sb
a black eye; black sb's eye, ´give him a blow so that there is a discoloured
bruise round the eye. ·have an eye for, ´be a good judge of, have a proper
sense of: ³He has a good eye for beauty/the picturesque. ·have an eye to, ´have
as one's object: ³He always has an eye to business´, looks for possibilities of
doing business. ·keep an eye on, ´(lit, fig) keep a watch on. ·make eyes at,
´look amorously at. ·make sb open his eyes, ´make him take notice. ·Mind your
eye, ´(colloq) Take care, Look out. ·open sb's eyes to, ´cause him to realize.
·see eye to eye (with), ´agree entirely, have identical views. ·see sth with
half an eye, ´see it at a glance. ·set/clap eyes on, ´see: ³I hope I shall
never set eyes on her again. ·never take one's eyes off, ´never stop watching.
µ¥ catch±1µ(7), dust±1µ(1). ¸2 ´thing like an eye: ³the eye of a needle´, the
hole for the thread; ³a hook and eye´, fastening with a hook and loop for a
dress, etc; ³the eye of a potato´, point from which a leaf-bud will grow. ¸3
´(compounds, etc) ¸Úeye®ball ³n ´the eye within the lids and socket. ·eyeball
to eyeball, ´(colloq) face to face. ¸Úeye-bath; Úeye-cup ³nn ´small glass for
holding lotion, etc, in which to bathe the eye. ¸Úeye®brow ³n ´arch of hair
above the eye. ·raise one's eyebrows, ´express surprise, doubt, etc.
¸Úeye®catching ³adj ´easy to see and pleasant to look at; attractive. ¸Úeye®ful
²/-f8l/ ³n ´as much as one is capable of viewing; as much as one can see at a
glance. ·have/get an eyeful (of), ´have a good long look (at sth that has
strongly attracted the attention because one is curious about it). ¸Úeye-glass
³n ´lens (for one eye) to help defective sight. ¸Úeye-glasses ³n pl ´pair of
lenses in a frame; spectacles or glasses (the usu words). ¸Úeye®lash ³n ´hair,
row of hairs, on the edge of the eyelid. ¸eye®less ³adj ´without eyes.
¸Úeye®lid ³n ´upper or lower covering of the eye. ·hang on by the eyelids´,
have a very slight, insecure hold. ¸Úeye-opener ³n ´circumstance, etc that
brings enlightenment and surprise. ¸Úeye®piece ³n ´lens at the end of a
telescope or microscope, to which the eye is applied. ¸Úeye-shadow ³n ¶[U]
´cosmetic applied to the eyelids. ¸Úeye®shot ³n ¶[U] ´seeing distance:
³beyond/out of/in/within eyeshot. ¸Úeye®sight ³n ¶[U] ´power, faculty, of
seeing: ³to have good/poor eyesight. ¸Úeye®sore ³n ´ugly object; sth unpleasing
to look at. ¸Úeye-strain ³n ¶[U] ´tired condition of the eyes (as caused, for
example, by reading very small print). ¸Úeye-tooth ³n ´canine tooth. µ¥ ´the
illus at µmouth. ¸Úeye®wash ³n ¶[U] ¸(a) ´liquid for bathing the eyes. ¸(b)
´(colloq) sth said or done to deceive; nonsense. ¸Úeye-witness ³n ´person who
can bear witness from what he has himself seen: ³an eye-witness account of a
crime. ¸-eyed ³suff ´(in compounds): ³a blue-eyed girl´, girl having blue eyes;
³a one-eyed man´, man having only one eye; ³starry-eyed´, (colloq) idealistic.¼
¨eye©2 ²/ñI/ ³vt ¶[VP6A,15A] ´observe, watch: ³He eyed me with
suspicion. They were ey(e)ing us jealously.¼
¨eye®let© ²/ÚñIlIt/ ³n ¶[C] ´small hole in cloth, in a sail, etc for a rope,
etc to go through; metal ring round such a hole, to strengthen it.¼
¨eyrie©, eyry ²/ÚeErI/ ³n µ¥ aerie.¼
¨F©, f ²/ef/ ³n (pl µF's, f's ²/efs/³) ´the sixth letter of the English
alphabet.¼
¨fa© ²/fq/ ³n ´fourth note in the musical octave.¼
¨fab© ²/fab/ ³adj ´(dated sl) fabulousµ(3)´.¼
¨Fabian© ²/ÚfeIbIEn/ ³n, adj ¸1 ´(person) using cautious and slow strategy to
wear out opposition: ³a @ policy. ¸2 ´(GB) (person) aiming at gradual socialist
change.¼
¨fable© ²/ÚfeIbl/ ³n ¸1 ¶[C] ´short tale, not based on fact, esp one with
animals in it (eÔg ¸Aesop's ²/Úisops/ ¸@s´), and intended to give moral
teaching. ¸2 ¶[U] ´(collective ³sing) ´myths; legends: ³sort out fact from @.
¸3 ¶[C] ´false statement or account. ¸fabled ²/ÚfeIbld/ ³adj ´celebrated in @;
legendary.¼
¨fab®ric© ²/ÚfabrIk/ ³n ¶[C,U] ¸1 ´(kind of) textile material;
³woollen/silk @s; @ gloves´, made of woven material, not of leather. ¸2
´structure; sth put together: ³the @ of society; funds for the upkeep of the
@´, eÔg an ancient building.¼
¨fab®ri®cate© ²/ÚfabrIkeIt/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´construct; put together; make up (sth
false); forge (a document): ³@ an accusation/a will: a @d account of
adventures. ¸fab®ri®ca®tion ²/*fabrIÚkeI2n/ ³n ¶[U] ´fabricating; ¶[C] ´sth @d,
eÔg a forged document, a false story of events.¼
¨fabu®lous© ²/Úfabj8lEs/ ³adj ¸1 ´celebrated in fableµ(2)´: ³@
heroes. ¸2 ´incredible or absurd: ³@ wealth. ¸3 ´(colloq) wonderful;
marvellous. ¸@®ly ³adv ´incredibly: ³@ly rich.¼
¨fa®<cade© ²/fEÚsqd/ ³n ¶[C] ´front or face of a building (towards a street or
open place); (fig) false appearance: ³a @ of indifference.¼
¨face©1 ²/feIs/ ³n ¸1 ´the front part of the head (forehead, eyes, nose, mouth,
cheeks, chin): ³He fell on his @. The stone struck him on the @. Her @ is her
fortune, ´(said of a woman who has beauty, but no dowry or talents. ·bring two
persons/parties @ to @; bring sb @ to @ with sb, ´bring them together so that
they confront one another: ³The two politicians were brought @ to @ in a TÔV
interview. ·come @ to @ with sb; meet sb @ to @, ´come into his presence, meet
or confront him. ·look sb in the @, ´look at him steadily. ·be unable to look
sb in the @, ´be unable to look at sb because of feeling ashamed, bashful, etc.
·set one's @ against sb, ´oppose him. ·show one's @, ´appear, let oneself be
seen: ³How can you show your @ here after the way you behaved last night? ·in
(the) @ of, ¸(a) ´confronted with: ³What could he do in the @ of all these
difficulties? ¸(b) ´in spite of: ³He succeeded in @ of great danger. ·fly in
the @ of sth, ´openly defy, disregard (eÔg Providence/public disapproval/the
facts): ³Your claim flies in the @ of all the evidence. ·in one's @; in the @,
¸(a) ´straight against/at: ³The sun was shining in our @s. ¸(b) ´with no
attempt at concealment: ³Death stared him in the @. She'll only laugh in your
@. ´(Cf ³laugh up one's sleeve ´at µlaugh±2µ(1)´). ·to one's @, ´openly, in
one's hearing. ³I'll tell him so to his @´, iÔe I'm not afraid to tell him. Cf
³behind one's back ´at µback±1µ(1). ¸2 ´(compounds) ¸@Ú-ache ³n ´neuralgia.
¸Ú@-card ³n ´(playing-card) king, queen, or knave. ¸Ú@-cloth, ´(esp) small
square towel for washing the @. ¸Ú@-cream, ´cosmetic cream for the skin on the
@. ¸Ú@-lift(ing) ³n ´operation of tightening the skin to smooth out wrinkles
and make the @ look younger. ¸Ú@-pack ³n ´paste applied to clean and freshen
the skin of the @. ¸Ú@-powder ³n ´cosmetic powder for the @. ¸3 ´look;
expression: ³a sad @; smiling @s. She is a good judge of @s´, judges the
character well from the expression of the @. ·keep a straight @´, hide one's
amusement (by not smiling or laughing). ·make/pull a @/@s (at sb), ´pull the @
out of shape; make grimaces (at him). ·put on/wear a long @, ´look serious or
dismal. ¸4 ´(in various senses) ·have the @ (to do sth), ´(more usu ³the
cheek´) be bold or impudent enough. ·lose @, ´be humiliated, suffer loss of
credit or reputation. ·put a good/bold/brave @ on sth, ´make it look well; show
courage in dealing with it. ·put a new @ on sth, ´alter its aspect, make it
look different. ·save (one's) @, ´refrain from, evade, shaming oneself openly;
avoid losing one's dignity or suffering loss of credit or reputation. ´Hence,
¸Ú@-saver ³n ´act or event that allows this. ¸Ú@-saving ³n, part adj´:
³@-saving moves. ·on the @ of it, ´judging by appearances, when first seen or
heard: ³On the @ of it, his story seems unconvincing. ¸5 ´surface; fa<cade (of
a building); front: ³the @ of a clock. He laid the cards @ down on the table. A
dice has six @s. A diamond crystal has many @s. The team climbed the north @ of
the mountain. They disappeared from/off the @ of the earth. The miner worked at
the coal@ for six hours. The value of a coin or banknote is shown on its @.
´Hence, ¸@ value, ´the nominal value of a coin or banknote; (fig) what sth or
sb seems to be from appearances. ·take sth at its @ value, ´accept that it is
what it seems to be. µ¥ ´the illus at µcrystal; mountain. ¸6 ´size or style of
the surface of a piece of type cast for printing: ³bold-@ type. ¸@®less ³adj
´(fig) anonymous; unknown to the general public: ³the @less men who have power
in commerce and industry.¼
¨face©2 ²/feIs/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A,C] ´have or turn the @ to, or in a
certain direction; be opposite to: ³Turn round and @ me. Who's the man facing
us? The window @s the street. The picture @s page 10. ³"Which way does your
house @?'Å"It @s south.' ·About/Left/Right @! ´(US mil commands) Turn right
round/to the left/right. Cf (GB) ³About/Left/Right turn! ¸2 ¶[VP6A,15B,2C]
´meet confidently or defiantly: ³@ the enemy; @ dangers. ·@ sth/it out, ´refuse
to give way, carry it through with courage. ·@ the music, ´show no fear at a
time of trial, danger, difficulty. ·@ up to (sth), ´recognize and deal with,
honestly and bravely: ³@ up to the fact that one is no longer young. ·let's @
it, ´(colloq) it must be acknowledged. ¸3 ¶[VP6A] ´recognize the existence of:
³@ facts/altered circumstances. ¸4 ¶[VP6A] ´present itself to: ³the problem
that @s us. ¸5 ¶[VP6A,14] ·@ (with), ´cover with a layer of different material:
³@ a wall with concrete; a coat @d with silk, ´eÔg with silk on the lapels.
¸facer ³n ´(GB dated colloq) serious difficulty by which one is suddenly or
unexpectedly @d.¼
¨facet© ²/ÚfasIt/ ³n ´one of the many sides of a cut stone or jewel; (fig)
aspect, eÔg of a problem.¼
¨fa®cetious© ²/fEÚsi2Es/ ³adj ´humorously teasing or mocking; fond of, marked
by, inappropriate or bitter joking: ³a @ remark/young man. ¸@®ly ³adv ¸@®ness
³n¼
¨facia© ²/ÚfeI2E/ ³n ´= µfascia.¼
¨fa®cial© ²/ÚfeI2l/ ³adj ´of or for the face: ³a @ massage. ´¹ ³n ´@ massage.¼
¨facile© ²/ÚfasñIl ³US: ²-sl/ ³adj ¸1 ´easily done or obtained: ³a
@ victory. ¸2 ´(of a person) able to do things easily; (of speech or writing)
done easily but without attention to quality: ³a @ liar/remark; a man with a @
pen/tongue.¼
¨fa®cili®tate© ²/fEÚsIlIteIt/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´(of an object, process) make easy;
lessen the difficulty of: ³Modern inventions have @d housework. ´(Note: @ is
never used when the subject is a person).¼
¨fa®cil®ity© ²/fEÚsIlEtI/ ³n (pl µ-ties³) ¸1 ¶[U] ´quality which makes learning
or doing things easy or simple: ³have great @ in learning languages; show @ in
performing a task; play the piano with @. ¸2 ³(pl) ´aids, circumstances, which
make it easy to do things: ³facilities for travel´, eÔg buses, trains, air
services; ³facilities for study´, eÔg libraries, laboratories; ·Ú³sports
facilities´, eÔg running tracks, swimming pools.¼
¨facing© ²/ÚfeIsIG/ ³n ¸1 ´coating of different material, eÔg on a wall. ¸2
³(pl) ´material of a different colour on a garment, eÔg on the cuffs, collar:
³a purple jacket with green @s. µ¥ face±2µ(5).¼
¨fac®sim®ile© ²/fakÚsImElI/ ³n ¶[C] ´exact copy or reproduction of writing,
printing, a picture, etc: ³reproduced in @´, exactly.¼
¨fact© ²/fakt/ ³n ¸1 ¶[C] ´sth that has happened or been done. ·accessary
before the @, ´(legal) accessary who is not present when a crime is committed.
·accessary after the @, ´(legal) who knowingly helps another who has committed
a crime. ¸2 ¶[C] ´sth known to be true or accepted as true: ³No one can deny
the @ that fire burns. Poverty and crime are @s. I know it for a @´, I know
that it is really true. ·a @ of life, ´sth that cannot be ignored, however
unpleasant. ·the @s of life, ´(colloq, euphem) details of human sexual
reproduction (eÔg as told to children). ¸Ú@-finding ³adj´: ³A @-finding
commission has been appointed´, one to inquire into @s, to find out what is
true and what is not true. ¸3 ¶[U] ´reality; what is true; what exists: ³The
story is founded on @. It is important to distinguish @ from fiction. The @ of
the matter is«´, The truth is«. ·in @; as a matter of @; in point of @,
´really: ³I think so; in @, I'm quite sure.¼
¨fac®tion© ²/Úfak2n/ ³n ¸1 ¶[C] ´discontented, often unscrupulous
and self-interested group of persons within a party (esp political): ³The party
split into petty @s. ¸2 ¶[U] ´quarrelling among such groups; party strife.
¸fac®tious ²/Úfak2Es/ ³adj ´of, caused by, @; fond of @: ³a factious spirit.¼
¨fac®ti®tious© ²/fakÚtI2Es/ ³adj ´(formal) unnatural; artificial; created or
developed by design: ³@ enthusiasm; a @ demand for goods´, eÔg as the result of
extensive advertising.¼
¨fac®tor© ²/ÚfaktE(r)/ ³n ¸1 ´(arith) whole number (except 1) by which a larger
number can be divided exactly: ³2, 3, 4 and 6 are @s of 12. ¸2 ´fact,
circumstance, etc helping to bring about a result: ³evolutionary @s´,
environmental influences, etc that have caused sth to evolve or develop; ³@s in
the making of a nation; an unknown @´, sth unknown, likely to influence a
result; ³the @ of safety´, eÔg in engineering. Hence, ¸Úsafety-@ ³n´. ¸3 ´agent;
person who buys and sells on commission; (in Scotland) land-agent, steward.
¸@®ize ²/ÚfaktErñIz/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´find the @s of (a number).¼
¨fac®tory© ²/ÚfaktErI/ ³n (pl µ-ries³) ¸1 ´building(s) where goods are made
(esp by machinery); workshop: (attrib) ³@ workers. ¸F@ Acts´, (in GB) laws
dealing with safety regulations, working conditions of employees, etc. ¸2
´(hist) merchant company's trading station abroad.¼
¨fac®to®tum© ²/fakÚtE8tEm/ ³n ¸(general) @, ´(often hum) servant doing all
kinds of work.¼
¨fac®tual© ²/Úfakt28El/ ³adj ´concerned with, full of, fact(s). ¸@®ly ³adv¼
¨fac®ulty© ²/ÚfakltI/ ³n (pl µ-ties³) ¶[C] ¸1 ´power (of mind); ability (to do
sth): ³the mental faculties´, the reason; ³the @ of making friends easily; have
a great @ for learning languages; the @ of speech; be in possession of all
one's faculties´, be able to see, hear, speak, understand, etc. ¸2 ´(in a
university) department or grouping of related departments: ³the F@ of
Law/Science; ´all the teachers, lecturers, professors, etc in one of these: ³a
member of (the) @; a @ meeting; ´(US) the whole teaching staff of a
university.¼
¨fad© ²/fad/ ³n ¶[C] ´fanciful fashion, interest, preference,
enthusiasm, unlikely to last: ³Will Tom continue to collect foreign stamps or
is it only a passing fad? She is full of fads and fancies´, has rather silly
likes and dislikes. ¸faddy ²/ÚfadI/ ³adj ´having fads; having silly likes and
dislikes, eÔg about food. ¸fad®dily ²/ÚfadElI/ ³adv¼
¨fade© ²/feId/ ³vt,vi ·@ (away), ¸1 ¶[VP6A,2A,C] ´(cause to) lose colour,
freshness or vigour: ³The strong sunlight had @d the curtains. Flowers soon @
when cut. Will the colour in this material @? She is fading away´, losing
strength. ¸2 ¶[VP2A,C] ´go slowly out of view, hearing or the memory: ³Daylight
@d away. As evening came the coastline @d into darkness. The sound of the
cheering @d away in the distance. His hopes @d. All memory of her childhood @d
from her mind. ¸3 ¶[VP15B,2C,3A] ´(cinema, broadcasting) (cause to) decrease or
increase in strength: ³@ one scene into another ´(on a cinema screen); ³@ a
conversation out/in´, (in broadcasting) gradually reduce/increase the volume of
sound to inaudibility/audibility.¼
¨faeces© ´(US = ¸feces´) ²/Úfisiz/ ³n pl ´(med) waste matter excreted from the
bowels.¼
¨faerie©, faery ²/ÚfeErI/ ³n ´(old use) fairyland; (attrib) visionary;
fancied.¼
¨fag©1 ²/fag/ ³n ¸1 ¶[C,U] ³(sing ´only) (colloq) tiring job: ³What a fag! It's
too much (of a) fag. ¸2 ´(formerly at public schools in England) junior pupil
who performs certain duties for a senior pupil. ¸3 ´(GB sl) cigarette. ¸4 ´=
µfaggot(3).¼
¨fag©2 ²/fag/ ³vi,vt µ(-gg-) ¸1 ¶[VP2C,3A] ·@ (at), ´(colloq) do very tiring
work: ³fag (away) at sth/at doing sth. ¸2 ¶[VP6A,15B] ·@ (out), ´(colloq) ´(of
work) make very tired: ³Doesn't that sort of work fag you (out)? He was almost
fagged out´, exhausted. ³Your horse looks fagged. ¸3 ¶[VP2A,3A] ·@ (for), ´act
as a fagµ(2).¼
¨fag-end© ²/Úfag end/ ³n ´(colloq) inferior or useless remnant;
worthless part of anything; cigarette butt.¼
¨fag®got© ´(US also ¸fagot´) ²/ÚfagEt/ ³n ¸1 ´bundle of sticks or twigs tied
together for burning as fuel. ¸2 ´meat ball for frying. ¸3 ´Ï (US sl, derog)
male homosexual.¼
¨Fahr®en®heit© ²/ÚfarEnhñIt/ ³n ´name of a thermometer scale with
freezing-point at 32Ä and boiling-point at 212Ä. µ¥ App 5.¼
¨fa®ience© ²/*feIÚqns/ ³n ¶[U] ´(F) decorated and glazed earthenware or
porcelain.¼
¨fail©1 ²/feIl/ ³n ´(only in) ·without @, ´for certain, no matter what
difficulties, etc there may be: ³I'll be there at two o'clock without @.¼
¨fail©2 ²/feIl/ ³vi,vt ¸1 ¶[VP2A,3A,4A,6A] ·@ (in), ´be unsuccessful: ³@ (in)
an examination; @ to pass an examination. All our plans/attempts @ed. ¸2
¶[VP6A] ´(of examiners) reject (a candidate); decide that (a candidate) has
@ed: ³The examiners @ed half the candidates. ¸3 ¶[VP2A,C] ´(often with an
³indirect object) ´be not enough; come to an end while still needed or
expected: ³The crops @ed because of drought. Our water supply has @ed. The wind
@ed (us)´, There was not enough wind for our sails. ³Words @ me´, I cannot find
words (to describe my feelings, etc). ³His heart (´= courage³) @ed him.
¸Ú@-safe ´(attrib ³adj)´, (of a mechanical device, etc) designed to compensate
automatically for a failure (thus eliminating danger, etc). ¸4 ¶[VP2A,C] ´(of
health, eyesight, etc) become weak: ³His eyesight is @ing. He has suffered from
@ing health/has been @ing in health for the last two years. ¸5 ¶[VP4A] ´omit;
neglect; (or, in many cases, simply making, with the inf, ´a neg of an affirm):
³He never @s to write ´(= always writes) ³to his mother every week. His
promises @ed to ´(= did not) ³materialize. He did not @ to keep ´(= he did
keep) ³his word. ¸6 ¶[VP2A] ´become bankrupt: ³Several of the biggest banks @ed
during the depression. ¸7 ¶[VP3A] ·@ in, ´be insufficiently equipped with; be
lacking in: ³He's a clever man, but @s in perseverance.¼
¨fail®ing©1 ²/ÚfeIlIG/ ³n ¶[C] ´weakness or fault (of character);
shortcoming: ³We all have our little @s.¼
¨fail®ing©2 ²/ÚfeIlIG/ ³prep ´in default of; in the absence of: ³@ this´, if
this does not happen; ³@ an answer´, if no answer is received; ³@ Smith´, if
Smith is not available.¼
¨fail®ure© ²/ÚfeIljE(r)/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´failing; lack of success: ³F@ in an
examination should not deter you from trying again. All his efforts ended in
@´, were unsuccessful. ¸2 ¶[C] ´instance of failing; person, attempt, or thing
that fails: ³Success came after many @s. He was a @ as a teacher. ¸3 ¶[U]
´state of not being adequate; non-performance of what is normal, expected or
required; ¶[C] ´instance of this: ·Ú³heart @; ·Ú³engine @s. F@ of crops often
results in famine. Crop @s caused great hardship for the people. ¸4 ¶[C]
´bankruptcy: ³numerous bank @s. ¸5 ¶[C,U] ´neglect, omission, inability ³(to
do ´sth): ³His @ to help us was disappointing. His @ to answer questions made
the police suspicious.¼
¨fain© ²/feIn/ ³adv ´(poet, or old use after ³would) ´willingly; with pleasure:
³I would @ have stayed at home.¼
¨faint©1 ²/feInt/ ³adj µ(-er, -est) ¸1 ´(of things perceived through the
senses) weak; indistinct; not clear: ³The sounds of the music grew @er in the
distance. She called for help in a @ voice. Only @ traces of the tiger's tracks
could be seen. ¸2 ´(of things in the mind) weak; vague: ³There is a @ hope that
she may be cured. I haven't the @est idea (of) what you mean. ¸3 ´(of the
body's movements and functions) weak; failing: ³His breathing became @. His
strength grew @. ¸4 ´(pred only) (of persons) likely to lose consciousness;
giddy: ³She looks/feels @. ¸5 ´(pred only) (of persons) weak, exhausted: ³@
with hunger and cold. ¸6 ´(of actions, etc) weak; unlikely to have much effect:
³a @ show of resistance; make a @ attempt to do sth. ¸7 ¸@ heart, ´timid
spirit: (prov) ³F@ heart never won fair lady. ¸*@-Úhearted ³adj ´lacking in
courage. ¸@®ly ³adv ¸@®ness ³n¼
¨faint©2 ²/feInt/ ³vi ¶[VP2A,C] ¸1 ´lose consciousness (because of loss of
blood, the heat, shock, etc): ³He @ed from hunger. ¸2 ´become weak: ³He was
@ing with hunger. ¸3 ´(= ³fade´) become weak: ³The sounds @ed away. ´¹ ³n ´act,
state, of @ingµ(1)´. ·in a (dead) @, ´(completely) unconscious.¼
¨fair©1 ²/feE(r)/ ³adj ¸1 ´not showing favour to either person, side, etc;
acting in an honest and honourable manner; in accordance with what is deserved
or with the rules (of a game, etc): ³Everyone must have a @ share. It was a @
fight´, eÔg the rules of boxing were observed. ³We charge @ prices and are
content with @ ´(= reasonable) ³profits. ·give sb/get a @ hearing, ´an
opportunity to defend his conduct, etc, eÔg in a law court. ·@ play, µ¥
play±1µ(2). ¸*@-Úminded, ´not prejudiced. ¸2 ´average; quite good: ³a @ chance
of success. His knowledge of French is @, but ought to be better. The goods
arrived in @ condition. She has a @ amount of sense. ¸3 ´(of the weather) good;
dry and fine; (of winds) favourable: ³hoping for @ weather. They set sail with
the first @ wind. The glass is at set @´, The needle of the barometer is
stationary (= set) at @ (indicating a likelihood of good weather). ¸*@-weather
Úfriend, ´person who ceases to be a friend when one is in trouble. ¸4
´satisfactory; abundant: ³a @ heritage; ´promising: ³be in a @ way to succeed´,
be at the stage where success seems assured; ³in a @ way of business´, quite
prosperous. ¸5 ´(of the skin, hair) pale; light in colour; blond: ³a
·Ú³@-haired girl; a @ complexion. ¸6 ´(of speeches, promises, etc) ´carefully
chosen to seem polite and gentle in order to please and persuade: ³put sb off
with @ words/promises; the @ speeches of the politicians´, eÔg before an
election. ¸7 ´clean; clear; without blemish: ³Please make a @ copy of this
letter´, a new one without the errors, corrections, etc. ³Such behaviour will
spoil your @ name´, good reputation. ¸8 ´(old use) beautiful: ³a @ maiden. ¸the
Ú@ sex´, women. ¸@®ish ²/ÚfeErI2/ ³adj ´of @µ(2) ´size or quality.¼
¨fair©2 ²/feE(r)/ ³adv ¸1 ´in a fair±1µ(1) ´manner: ³play @. ·@
enough, ´(colloq) used to indicate agreement or reasonable disagreement. ¸2 ´in
a fair±1µ(7) ´manner: ³write/copy sth out @´. ¸3 ´(old use) politely,
courteously: ³speak sb @.¼
¨fair©3 ²/feE(r)/ ³n ¸1 ´market (esp for cattle, sheep, farm products, etc)
held periodically in a particular place, often with entertainments. ·a day
before/after the @, ´too early/late. ¸Ú@®ground, ´open space for @s. ¸2
´large-scale exhibition of commercial and industrial goods: ³a world @. ¸3
´bazaarµ(3).¼
¨fair®ly©1 ²/ÚfeElI/ ³adv ¸1 ´in a fair±1µ(1) ´manner; honestly: ³treat sb @;
come by ´(= obtain) ³sth @´, by honest means. ¸2 ´(colloq) utterly; completely:
³We were @ caught in the trap´, had no chance of escape. ³He was @ beside
himself with rage´, as angry as he could possibly be. ³His suggestion @ took my
breath away´, left me quite breathless (with surprise, etc).¼
¨fair®ly©2 ²/ÚfeElI/ ³adv of degree ´(Cf ³rather, ´which may be used with ³too
´and comparatives; ³fairly ´cannot be used in this way) moderately: ³This is a
@ easy book ´(and is, therefore, perhaps suitable). (Cf ³This is a rather easy
book´, suggesting "rather too easy', and, therefore, perhaps unsuitable.) ³He
wants a @ large car´, not small, but not very large. (Cf ³That car is rather
larger than he wants.)¼
¨fair®way© ²/ÚfeEweI/ ³n ¸1 ´navigable channel for ships. ¸2 ´(golf) part of a
golf-links, between a tee and a green, free from hazards.¼
¨fairy© ²/ÚfeErI/ ³n (pl µ-ries³) ¸1 ´small imaginary being with supernatural
powers, able to help or harm human beings; (attrib) of or like fairies: ³a @
shape´, beautiful, small, delicate; ³@ voices/footsteps. ¸Ú@ lamps/lights,
´small lamps of coloured glass used for decoration. ¸Ú@®land ³n ¸(a) ´home of
fairiesµ(1)´. ¸(b) ´enchanted region; beautiful place. ¸@®tale ³n ¸(a) ´tale
about fairies. ¸(b) ´untrue account, esp by a child. ¸2 ´Ï (sl, derog) male
homosexual.¼
¨fait accompli© ²/*feIt EÚkompli ³US: ²EkomÚpli/ ³n ´(F, =
³accomplished fact´) sth done and, for this reason, not reversible.¼
¨faith© ²/feIT/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ·@ (in sb/sth), ´trust; strong belief; unquestioning
confidence: ³have/put one's @ in God. Have you any @ in what he says? I haven't
much @ in this medicine. I've lost @ in that fellow´, can no longer trust him.
¸Ú@ cure, ´one (alleged to be) made through religious @. ¸Ú@-healing, ´(belief
in) healing (of disease, etc) by prayer, appealing to and strengthening a
person's religious @, apart from the use of medicines, etc. ¸2 ¶[C] ´belief in
divine truth without proof; religion: ³the Christian, Jewish and Muslim @s. ¸3
¶[U] ´promise; engagement. ·give/pledge one's @ to sb, ´promise solemnly to
support him. ·keep/break @ with sb, ´be loyal/disloyal to sb. ¸4 ¶[U] ´loyalty;
sincerity. ·in bad @, ´with the intention of deceiving. ·in good @, ´honestly;
sincerely.¼
¨faith®ful© ²/ÚfeITfl/ ³adj ·@ (to), ¸1 ´keeping faith; loyal and true ³(to
´sb, ³to ´a cause, ³to ´a promise, etc): ³a @ friend; @ to one's promise; @ in
´(= in respect of) ³word and deed. ¸2 ´true to the facts; accurate: ³a @
copy/description/account. ¸3 the @ ³n pl ´the true believers, esp of Islam and
Christianity. ¸@ly ²/-fElI/ ³adv ´in a @ manner. ·Yours @ly, ´formula for
closing a letter in formal or business style. ¸@®ness ³n¼
¨faith®less© ²/ÚfeITlIs/ ³adj ´not trustworthy. ¸@®ly ³adv ¸@®ness ³n¼
¨fake© ²/feIk/ ³n ¶[C] ´story, work of art, etc that seems genuine but is not;
person who tries to deceive by claiming falsely to be or have sth: (attrib) ³a
@ picture. ´¹ ³vt ¶[VP6A,15B] ·@ (up), ´make (eÔg a work of art, a story) in
order to deceive: ³@ an oil-painting. There wasn't a word of truth in what he
said; the whole story had been @d (up), ´invented.¼
¨fakir© ²/ÚfeIkIE(r) ³US: ²fEÚk-/ ³n ´Muslim or Hindu religious mendicant who
is regarded as a holy man, a prophet, or a wonder-worker.¼
¨fal®con© ²/ÚfclkEn ³US: ²ÚfalkEn/ ³n ´small bird of prey trained to hunt and
kill other birds and small animals. µ¥ ´the illus at µprey. ¸@®ry ²/-rI/ ³n
¶[U] ´sport of hunting with @s; art of training @s.¼
¨fall©1 ²/fcl/ ³n ¶[C] ¸1 ´act of falling: ³a @ from a horse; the @ of an apple
from a tree; a @ in price/temperature; the @ ´(= collapse) ³of the Roman
Empire. ·the F@ (of man), ´Adam's sin and its results. ¸Ú@ guy ³n ´(colloq)
¸(a) ´dupe; easy victim. ¸(b) ´scapegoat. ¸2 ´amount of rain that falls;
distance by which sth falls or comes down: ³The @ of the river here is six
feet. ¸3 ´(often ³pl´) place where a river falls over cliffs, etc: ³Niagara
F@s. ¸4 ´(US) autumn: ³in the @ of 1970; ´(attrib) ³@ fashions.¼
¨fall©2 ²/fcl/ ³vi (pt µfell ²/fel/, ³pp µ@en ²/ÚfclEn/³) ´(For
special uses with ³adverbial particles ´and ³preps, µ¥ 14 ´below.) ¸1
¶[VP2A,B,C,3A] ·@ (down/over), ´come or go down freely (by force of weight,
loss of balance, etc): ³The book fell from the table to the floor. He fell over
into the water. The rain was @ing steadily. The leaves @ in autumn. He slipped
and fell ten feet. This basket is full of eggsÅdon't let it @ down´. ³The lambs
are beginning to @´, be born. µ¥ drop±2µ(2). ·@ on one's feet, ´(fig) be
fortunate; get out of a difficulty successfully: ³Some people always seem to @
on their feet´, be lucky and successful. ·@ short, ´(of a missile) not go far
enough: ³The arrow fell short. ·@ short of, ´fail to equal; be inferior to:
³Your work @s short of my expectations. ¸*@ing Ústar, ´object (eÔg a meteor)
seen as a bright streak in the sky as it burns up. ¸2 ¶[VP2A,C,3A] ·@
(down/over), ´no longer stand; come to the ground; collapse; be overthrown:
³Many trees fell in the storm. Babies often @ down when they are learning to
walk. He fell over and broke his left leg. He fell full length. He fell on/to
his knees ´(= knelt down) ³and begged for mercy. He fell in battle´, was
killed. Six tigers fell to his rifle´, He shot six tigers. ³Six wickets fell
before lunch´, (cricket) Six batsmen were out. ·@ flat, ´(fig) fail to have the
intended effect: ³His best jokes all fell flat´, did not amuse his listeners.
³The scheme fell flat´, was unsuccessful. ·@ flat on one's face, ´@ face down
to the ground. ·@ to the ground, µ¥ ground±1µ(1). ·@ Úover oneself, ¸(a) ´@
because one is awkward, clumsy, or in too much of a hurry. ¸(b) ´(fig) be very
eager: ³The big firms were @ing over themselves/each other for the services of
this brilliant young scientist. ¸the @en, ´those killed in war. ¸3 ¶[VP2C] ·@
(down), ´hang down: ³His beard fell to his chest. Her hair/cloak fell over her
shoulders. ¸4 ¶[VP2A,B,C,3A] ´come or go to a lower level or point; become
lower or less: ³The temperature fell rapidly. His voice fell to a whisper. Her
spirits fell at the bad news´, She became low-spirited, sad. ³His face/jaw
fell´, He showed dismay (Cf ³put on a long face ´at µface±1µ(3)³). The wind
fell during the night´, became less strong. ¸5 ¶[VP2C,D,3A] ·@ (into), ´become;
pass into (the state indicated by the ³adj ´or phrase): ³His horse fell lame.
He fell silent. The old man fell asleep. He has @en ill. When does the rent @
due´, When must it be paid? ³He fell into a doze´, began to doze. ³Don't fall
into bad habits! ´Don't acquire or adopt them. ³They have @en into poverty´,
become poor. ³She fell an easy prey to him. ·@ in love (with), ´become filled
with love (for): ³He fell in love with an actress. I've @en in love with your
beautiful house. ·@ out of love (with), ´cease to feel love (for). µ¥
foul±1µ(6). ¸6 ¶[VP2A,C,3A] ·@ upon, ´descend upon: ³Darkness fell upon the
scene´, ´It became dark. ³A great stillness had @en upon everything´,
Everything had become quiet and motionless. ³Fear fell upon them´, They became
frightened. ¸7 ¶[VP2A,C] ´(old use) sin; give way to wrongdoing: ³Eve tempted
Adam and he fell. ¸*@en Úwoman, ´(old use) one who has lost her virginity
before marriage. ¸8 ¶[VP2A] ´(of a city, fort, etc) be captured: ³Rome has @en!
´be overcome or defeated: ³The Government has @en again. ¸9 ¶[VP3A] ·@ on,
´take the direction or position (indicated by the ³adv ´or phrase): ³A shadow
fell on the wall. His eye fell on ´(= He suddenly saw) ³a curious object.
Strange sounds fell on our ears´, We heard strange sounds. ³The lamplight fell
on her face. In "formidable' the stress may @ on either the first or the second
syllable. ¸10 ¶[VP3A] ·@ on/upon/to, ´come by chance, design, or right: ³All
the expenses fell on me´, I had to pay them. ³The responsibility/blame, etc
fell upon me. It fell to my lot/to me to open the discussion´, I had to speak
first. ³He has fallen on evil days´, is suffering misfortune. ¸11 ¶[VP2C] ´(of
land) slope: ³The ground @s towards the river. ¸12 ¶[VP2C] ´occur, have as
date: ³Easter @s early next year. Christmas Day @s on a Monday this year. ¸13
¶[VP2A,C] ´be spoken: ³Not a word fell from his lips. I guessed what she was
going to do from the few words that she let fall´, from what she said. ¸14
¶[VP2C,3A] ´(special uses with ³adverbial particles ´and ³preps):¼
·fall about (laughing/with laughter), ´(colloq) laugh uncontrollably: ³They
fell about when Sir Harold slipped on the banana skin.¼
·fall among sb, ´get mixed up with, come by chance among: ³@ among thieves,
evil companions.¼
·fall away, ¸(a) ´desert: ³His supporters began to @ away. ¸(b) ´disappear,
vanish: ³In this crisis, prejudices fell away and all classes co-operated
well.¼
·fall back, ´retreat; move or turn back: ³Our attack was so vigorous that the
enemy had to @ back. ·@ Úback on sth, ´have recourse to; turn to for support:
³If you don't need the money now, bank itÅit's always useful to have something
to @ back on.¼
·fall behind (with sth), ´fail to keep level (with); lag: ³He always @s behind
when we're going uphill. I've @en behind with my correspondence´, have many
unanswered letters. ³Don't @ behind with your rent, or you'll be evicted.¼
·fall down (on sth), ´(colloq) fail (in a task, in expectation): ³@ down on
one's promises/obligations (to sb).¼
·fall for sth/sb, ´(colloq) yield to the charms, attractions or merits of (esp
when deceived): ³He @s for every pretty face he sees. Did he @ for your
suggestion´, Did he decide that it was good, and agree to it?¼
·fall in, ¸(a) ´collapse; give way: ³The roof fell in. The (sides of the)
trench fell in. ¸(b) ´(mil) (cause to) go on parade: ³The sergeant ordered the
men to @ in. ¸(c) ´(of a lease) expire. ¸(d) ´(of a debt) become due. ·@ in
with sb/sth, ¸(a) ´happen to meet. ¸(b) ´agree to: ³He fell in with my views at
once.¼
·fall into sth, ´be naturally divisible into: ³The subject @s into four
divisions. ·@ into line (with) sth/sb, ´agree (to what others are doing or wish
to do); accept (a course of conduct, procedure, etc.)¼
·fall off, ´become smaller, fewer or less: ³The takings at the football stadium
have @en off´, Less money has been paid for admission. ³The daily number of
passengers by this line shows a slight @ing off.¼
·fall on sth/sb, ´attack; assault (the enemy).¼
·fall out, ¸(a) ´(mil) (cause to) go off parade. ¸(b) ´happen: ³It (so) fell
out that I could not get there in time. Everything fell out as we had hoped.
¸(c) ´discontinue; give up: ³the ·Ú³@-out rate´, eÔg of pupils who give up a
course of study. µ¥ ³drop-out ´at µdrop±2µ(13). ·@ out (with sb), ´quarrel
(with): ³The two men fell out. He has fallen out with the girl he was going to
marry. ¸Ú@-out ³n ¶[U] ´radio-active dust in the atmosphere, after a nuclear
explosion.¼
·fall through, ´fail; miscarry; come to nothing: ³His scheme fell through.¼
·fall Úto, ´begin to do sth: ³They fell to with a good appetite. ·@ to Údoing
sth: ³I fell to wondering where to go for my holidays.¼
·fall under sth, ´be classifiable under: ³The results @ under three heads.¼
¨fal®lacy© ²/ÚfalEsI/ ³n (pl µ-cies³) ¸1 ¶[C] ´false or mistaken
belief. ¸2 ¶[U] ´false reasoning or argument: ³a statement based on @.
¸fal®lacious ²/fEÚleI2Es/ ³adj ´misleading; based on error.¼
¨fallen© ³pp ´of µfall±2µ.¼
¨fal®lible© ²/ÚfalEbl/ ³adj ´liable to error. ¸fal®li®bil®ity ²/*falEÚbIlEtI/
³n ´(state of) being @.¼
¨Fallopian tube© ²/fE*lE8pIEn Útjub ³US: ²Útub/ ³n ´(anat) = µoviduct. µ¥ ´the
illus at µreproduce.¼
¨fal®low© ²/ÚfalE8/ ³adj, n ¶[U] ´(land) ploughed but not sown or planted:
³allow land to lie @; plough (up) @ land.¼
¨fal®low-deer© ²/ÚfalE8 dIE(r)/ ³n (pl ´unchanged) small Eurasian deer with a
reddish-yellow coat with, in the summer, white spots.¼
¨false© ²/fcls/ ³adj ¸1 ´not right, true or real: ³a @ alarm; @ ideas; @
weights´, eÔg one of 90 grammes marked as 100 grammes; ³take a ·*³@ ·Ú³step´,
stumble; (fig) act wrongly; ³sing a @ note; @ shame/pride, ´based on wrong
ideas, etc; ³make a @ start, ´(athletics) start before the signal has been
given; (fig) start wrongly. ¸2 ´deceiving; lying: ³give a @ impression;
bear/give @ witness´, tell lies or deceive (eÔg in a law court); ³be @ to one's
word´, fail to keep a promise. ·act under @ pretences, µ¥ pretence. ·put sb/be
in a @ position, ´in circumstances that cause misunderstanding or make it
necessary for sb to act contrary to principles. ·sail under @ colours, ¸(a)
´(of a ship) with a flag which it has no right to use. ¸(b) ´(fig) pretend or
appear to be different from what one really is. ·a @ bottom, ´a secret
compartment in a container such as a suitcase. ¸3 ´not genuine; sham;
artificial: ³@ hair/teeth; @ coins. ¸4 ´improperly so called: ³the @ acacia
´(not really an acacia tree). ´¹ ³adv ´(only in) ·play sb @, ´cheat or betray
him. ¸@®ly ³adv ´in a @ manner: ³@ly accused. ¸@®ness ³n¼
¨false®hood© ²/Úfclsh8d/ ³n ¸1 ¶[C] ´lie; untrue statement: ³How can you utter
such @s? ¸2 ¶[U] ´telling lies; lying: ³guilty of @. Truth, if exaggerated,
may become @.¼
¨fal®setto© ²/fclÚsetE8/ ³n (pl µ@s ²/-tE8z/³) ´high voice in men;
counter-tenor: ³to sing @´; (attrib) of or in such a voice: ³in a @ tone.¼
¨fal®sies© ²/ÚfclsIz/ ³n pl ´(colloq) brassieres filled with soft material to
exaggerate the size of the breasts.¼
¨fals®ify© ²/ÚfclsIfñI/ ³vt (pt,pp µ-fied³) ¶[VP6A] ¸1 ´make false: ³@
records/accounts; ´tell falsely: ³@ a story. ¸2 ´misrepresent: ³@ an issue.
¸falsi®fi®ca®tion ²/*fclsIfIÚkeI2n/ ³n ¶[U] ´@ing or being falsified; ¶[C]
´change made in order to deceive.¼
¨fals®ity© ²/ÚfclsEtI/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´falsehood; incorrectness; error. ¸2 ¶[C]
³(pl µ-ties³) ´false or treacherous act, statement, etc.¼
¨fal®ter© ²/ÚfcltE(r)/ ³vi,vt ¸1 ¶[VP2A,C] ´move, walk or act in an uncertain
or hesitating manner, from either weakness or fear. ¸2 ¶[VP2A] ´(of the voice)
waver: ³His voice @ed as he tried to speak. ¶[VP15B] ·@ (out), ´(of a person)
speak in a hesitating way or with a broken voice: ³He @ed out a few words.
¸@®ing®ly ²/ÚfcltErIGlI/ ³adv¼
¨fame© ²/feIm/ ³n ¶[U] ´(condition of) being known or talked about by all; what
people say (esp good) about sb: ³He was not anxious for @. His @ as a poet did
not come until after his death. ¸famed ³adj ´famous: ³@d for their courage.¼
¨fam®il®iar© ²/fEÚmIlIE(r)/ ³adj ¸1 ·@ with, ´having a good
knowledge of: ³facts with which every schoolboy is @. I am not very @ with
botanical names. ¸2 ·@ to, ´well known to: ³facts that are @ to every
schoolboy; subjects that are @ to you. ¸3 ´common; usual; often seen or heard:
³the @ scenes of one's childhood; the @ voices of one's friends. ¸4 ´close;
intimate; personal: ³Are you on @ terms with Mr Green? ´eÔg Do you address him
as "Tom'? ³Don't be too @ with him; he's a dishonest man. ¸5 ´claiming a
greater degree of amorous friendship than is proper: ³He made
himself much too @ with my wife. ´¹ ³n ´intimate friend. ¸@®ly ³adv ´in a @
manner; without ceremony.¼
¨fam®ili®ar®ity© ²/fE*mIlIÚarEtI/ ³n (pl µ-ties³) ¸1 ¶[U] ·@ (with/to), ´(the
state of) being familiar: ³His @ with the languages used in Nigeria surprised
me. You should not treat her with such @. ·F@ breeds contempt, ´(prov) When we
know sth or sb very well, we may lose respect, fear, etc. ¸2 ³(pl) ´acts that
lack ceremony; instances of familiar behaviour: ³She dislikes such
familiarities as the use of her first name by men she has only just met.¼
¨fam®il®iar®ize© ²/fEÚmIlIErñIz/ ³vt ¸1 ¶[VP14] ·@ sb/oneself with, ´make well
acquainted with: ³@ oneself with a foreign language/the use of a new tool/the
rules of a game. ¸2 ¶[VP6A] ´make well known: ³The newspapers and radio have @d
the word "automation'.¼
¨fam®ily© ²/ÚfamElI/ ³n (pl µ-lies³) ¸1 ¶[C] ´(collective ³n´) group of
parents and children: ³Almost every @ in the village has a man in the army
´(Note here ³sing v ´after ´collective ³n´). ³My @ are early risers ´(Note here
³pl v ´after ³family ´= members of my family.) ¸2 ´(collective ³n´) ´person's
children: ³He has a large @. Has he any @? Tom is the eldest of the @´, the
eldest child. ¸3 ¶[C] ´all those persons descended from a common ancestor:
³families that have been in Surrey for hundreds of years. ¸4 ¶[U] ´ancestry: ³a
man of distinguished @. ¸5 ¶[C] ´group of living things (plants, animals, etc)
or of languages, with common characteristics and a common source: ³animals of
the cat @´, eÔg lions and tigers; ³the Germanic @ of languages ´(including
German, Dutch, English). ¸6 ´(attrib) of or for a @: ³the @ estate/jewels, etc.
·in the @ way´, (sl; of a woman) pregnant. ¸@ doctor, ´a general practitioner.
¸@ hotel´, one with lower rates for families. ¸@ likeness´, ´resemblance
between members of a @. ¸@ man´, one who is fond of home life with his @. ¸@
name´, surname. ¸@ planning´, (use of birth control, contraceptives, for)
planning the number of children, intervals between births, etc in a @. ¸@
tree´, a genealogical tree or chart.¼
¨fam®ine© ²/ÚfamIn/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´extreme scarcity of food in a
region: ³Parts of India have often suffered from @. ¸2 ¶[C] ´particular
occasion when there is such scarcity: ³a @ in Ethiopia. ¸3 ´(attrib) caused by
@: ³@ prices´, high prices.¼
¨fam®ish© ²/ÚfamI2/ ³vi,vt ¸1 ¶[VP2A,3A] ´suffer from extreme hunger: ³They
were @ing for food. I'm @ing! ´(colloq) very hungry. ¸2 ¶[VP6A] ´(usu passive)
cause (sb) to suffer from hunger: ³The child looked half @ed. I'm @ed!
´(colloq) very hungry.¼
¨fa®mous© ²/ÚfeImEs/ ³adj ¸1 ´known widely; having fame; celebrated: ³a @
scientist. The town is @ for its hot springs/@ as a hot-spring resort. ¸2
´(obsolescent colloq) excellent; satisfactory: ³He has a @ appetite. ¸@®ly ³adv
´in a @µ(2) ´manner: ³getting on @ly.¼
¨fan©1 ²/fan/ ³n ´(flat, semi-circular, usu folding) object waved in the hand,
or (with rotating blades) operated mechanically, for making a current of air
(eÔg to cool a room, oneself or to blow dust, etc away); sth that is like a
hand fan in shape, eÔg the tail of a peacock. ¸Úfan belt ³n ´rubber belt
transferring circular motion to the cooling fan of an engine. ¸Úfan®light ³n
´fan-shaped window over a door. ¸*fan Úvaulting ³n ´(archit) style of vaulting
in which ribs, like those of a folding fan, rise and spread from a single
point.¼
¨fan©2 ²/fan/ ³vt,vi µ(-nn-) ¸1 ¶[VP6A] ´send a current of air on to: ³fan
oneself; fan a fire, ´to make it burn up; ³fan the flame´, (fig) increase
excitement or emotion. ¸2 ¶[VP6A] ´(of a breeze) blow gently on: ³The breeze
fanned our faces. ¸3 ¶[VP2C] ·@ out, ´open in fan-shaped formation: ³The troops
stormed the enemy's trenches and fanned out across the fields. ¸4 ¶[VP6A]
´spread out (eÔg a number of playing cards) like a fan.¼
¨fan©3 ²/fan/ ³n ´(colloq) keen supporter of sth: ·Ú³baseball fans; ·Ú³fan
mail´, letters from fans, eÔg to a popular singer.¼
¨fa®natic© ²/fEÚnatIk/ ³n ´person filled with excessive (and often
mistaken) enthusiasm, eÔg in religion: ³food @s´, willing to eat only certain
kinds of food. ¹ ³adj ´(also ¸fa®nati®cal ²/-kl/´) excessively enthusiastic;
of or like a @: ³@(al) beliefs. ¸fa®nati®cally ²/-klI/ ³adv ¸fa®nati®cism
²/-sIzEm/ ³n ¶[U] ´violent, unreasoning enthusiasm; ¶[C] ´instance of this.¼
¨fan®cier© ²/ÚfansIE(r)/ ³n ´person with special knowledge of and love for
some article, animal, etc (the name being prefixed): ³a ·Ú³dog @; a ·Ú³rose @.¼
¨fan®ci®ful© ²/ÚfansIfl/ ³adj ¸1 ´(of persons) full of fanciesµ(2)´; led by
imagination instead of reason and experience: ³a @ writer. ¸2 ´unreal;
curiously designed: ³@ drawings. ¸@®ly ²/-fElI/ ³adv¼
¨fancy©1 ²/ÚfansI/ ³n (pl µ-cies³) ¸1 ¶[U] ´power of creating mental pictures
(often a passive process), (µ¥ imagination´, in which the mind is more active):
³a world of mere @. ¸2 ¶[C] ´sth imagined; unfounded opinion or belief: ³the
fancies of a poet. Did I really hear someone come in or was it only a @? I have
a @ ´(= a vague idea) ³that she will be late. ¸3 ¶[C] ·a @ (for), ´fondness,
liking, desire: ³I have a @ for some wine with my dinner. ·take a @ to, ´become
fond of: ³The children have taken quite a @ to their cousin. ·take/catch the @
of, ´please or attract: ³She saw the dress in a shop window and it caught her
@. ·a passing @, ´sth that attracts one's attention and liking for a short
period of time only. ¸*@-Úfree ³adj ´not in love; not committed to anything;
not taking things seriously. µ¥ foot±1µ(8).¼
¨fancy©2 ²/ÚfansI/ ³adj ´(usu attrib; not in the comp or superl) ¸1 ´(esp of
small things) brightly coloured; made to please the eye: ³@ cakes; @ goods. ¸2
´not plain or ordinary: ³@ bread. ¸@ dress´, unusual costume, often historical
or exotic, as worn at balls, called ¸@-Údress balls´. ¸Ú@ work, ´ornamental
sewing. ¸3 ´bred for particular points of beauty: ³@ dogs/pigeons; @ pansies´,
having two or more colours. ¸4 ´extravagant: ³@ ideas/prices. ¸5 ´(US, of
goods) superior in quality: ³"F@ Crab' ´(on a label, etc). ¸6 ´based on
imagination, not fact: ³a @ portrait.¼
¨fancy©3 ²/ÚfansI/ ³vt (pt,pp µ-cied³) ¸1 ¶[VP6A,16B,19C] ´picture
in the mind; imagine: ³Can you @ me as a pirate? I can't @ his doing such a
thing. ¸2 ¶[VP25,9] ´be under the impression that (without being certain, or
without enough reason): ³I rather @ (that) he won't come. He fancied he heard
footsteps behind him. Don't @ that you can succeed without hard work. When she
saw Tom, whom she had fancied (to be) dead,«. ¸3 ¶[VP6A] ´(colloq) have a
fancyµ(3) ´for: ³What do you @ for your dinner? I don't @ this place at all. Do
you @ that girl, ´find her attractive, likeable? ¸4 ·@ oneself, ´have an
excessively high opinion of oneself; be rather conceited: ³He fancies himself
as an orator. ¸5 ¶[VP6A,C] ´exclamatory style, expressing surprise: ³F@ her
saying such unkind things about you! F@ that, now! Just @! ´How strange! How
surprising!¼
¨fan®dango© ²/*fanÚdaGgE8/ ³n (pl µ@es ²/-gE8z/³) ´(music for a) lively Spanish
or S American dance.¼
¨fan®fare© ²/ÚfanfeE(r)/ ³n ¶[C] ´(music) flourish of trumpets or bugles.¼
¨fang© ²/faG/ ³n ´long, sharp tooth (esp of dogs and wolves); snake's
poison-tooth.¼
¨fan®light© µ¥ fan±1µ.¼
¨fan®ny© ²/ÚfanI/ ³n (pl µ-nies³) ´(US sl) buttocks.¼
¨fan®tan© ²/*fanÚtan ³US: ²Úfantan/ ³n ´Chinese gambling game.¼
¨fan®tasia© ²/fanÚteIzIE ³US: ²-ÚteIZE/ ³n ´artistic composition in which a
fanciful style is more important than structure.¼
¨fan®tas®tic© ²/fanÚtastIk/ ³adj ¸1 ´wild and strange; grotesque:
³@ dreams/shapes/fashions. ¸2 ´(of ideas, plans) impossible to carry out;
absurd. ¸3 ´(sl) marvellous; wonderful: ³Christina's a really @ girl!
¸fan®tas®ti®cally ²/-klI/ ³adv¼
¨fan®tasy© ²/ÚfantEsI/ ³n (pl µ-sies³) ¸1 ¶[U] ´fancyµ(1)´; imagination, esp
when extravagant. ¸2 ¶[C] ´fantastic product of the imagination. ¸3 ¶[C]
´fantasia.¼
¨far©1 ²/fq(r)/ ³adj ´(µ¥ farther, farthest, further, furthest´) ¸1 ´(usu in
liter style) distant: ³a far country. ·a far cry from, ´a long way from; (fig)
a very different thing from. ¸2 the Far East´, China, Korea, Japan, etc. ¸the
Far West´, the Pacific coast area of the US. ¸3 ´(= ³farther´) more remote: ³at
the far end of the street; on the far bank of the river.¼
¨far©2 ²/fq(r)/ ³adv ´(µ¥ farther, farthest, further, furthest´) ¸1
´(indicating a great distance, commonly used in the interr and neg, but not
usually, except as shown in µ2 ´below, in the affirm): ³How far did you go? We
didn't go far. ´Cf (in the affirm): ³We went a long way. We went only a short
way. ¸2 ´(with other ³advv ´and ³preps´) (indicating a great distance): ³far
away/off/out/back/in; far beyond the bridge; far above the clouds; not far from
here; far into the night; far back in history; as far back as 1902. ·far from,
´not at all: ³Your work is far from (being) ´(= is not at all) ³satisfactory.
The newspaper accounts are far from (being) true´, are in many points false.
³Far from ´(= Instead of) ³admiring his paintings, I dislike them intensely.
·by far, ´(with ³comp ´or ³superl´) ´by a large amount or degree: ³by
far the smallest/heaviest; better by far. ·from far, ´from a great distance.
·go far, ¸(a) ´(of persons) be successful; do much: ³He's clever and
intelligent, and will go far. ¸(b) ´(of money) buy goods, services, etc: ³A
pound does not go so far today as it did five years ago. ·go/carry sth too far,
´go beyond the limits of what is considered reasonable: ³Don't carry the joke
too far. ´(Cf ³It's beyond a joke.´) ³Don't carry your modesty too far´, Don't
be unnecessarily modest. ·go far towards/to doing sth, ´help or contribute
greatly to: ³The loan will go far towards clearing my debt. ·far and near/wide,
´everywhere: ³They searched far and wide for the missing child. People come
from far and near to hear the famous violinist. ·far be it from me to do sth,
´I would/should/could never do it. ·Úso far, ´until now: ³So far the work has
been easy. ·*So far, so Úgood, ´Up to now everything has gone well. ·as/so far
as, ¸(a) ´to the place mentioned: ³He walked as far as the post office. ¸(b)
´the same distance: ³We didn't go so far as the others (did). ¸(c) ´to the
extent that (to indicate a limit of advance or progress): ³So far as I know he
will be away for three months. He will help you as far as he can/as far as (is)
possible/as far as lies in his power. We have gone so far as to collect some
useful statistics. ¸3 ´(with qualifying ³adjj ´and ³advv´) (by) much;
considerably; to a great extent: ³This is far better. It fell far short of our
expectations. ·far and away, ´(with comp or superl) by a large amount or
degree: ³He's far and away the best actor I've seen. ¸Úfar-away ³adj ¸(a)
´distant, remote: ³far-away places/times. ¸(b) ´(of a look in a person's eyes)
dreamy; as if fixed on sth far away in space or time. ¸*far-Úfamed ³adj ´(rhet)
widely known. ¸*far-Úfetched ³adj ´(of a comparison) forced; unnatural.
¸*far-Úflung ³adj ´(rhet) widely extended. ¸*far Úgone, ´deeply advanced (into
eÔg illness, madness, drunkenness, debt). ¸*far-Úoff ³adj ´= far-away.
¸*far-Úreaching ³adj ´likely to have many consequences; having a wide
application: ³far-reaching proposals. ¸*far-Úseeing ³adj ´seeing far into the
future. ¸*far-Úsighted ³adj ¸(a) ´able to see distant objects more clearly than
near objects. ¸(b) ´(fig) prudent; having good judgement of future needs, etc.¼
¨farce© ²/fqs/ ³n ¸1 ¶[C] ´play for the theatre, full of ridiculous situations
intended to make people laugh; ¶[U] ´this style of drama. ¸2 ¶[C] ´series of
actual events like a @; absurd and useless proceedings: ³The prisoner's
trial was a @. ¸far®ci®cal ²/ÚfqsIkl/ ³adj ´of or like a @; absurd.
¸far®ci®cally ²/-klI/ ³adv¼
¨fare©1 ²/feE(r)/ ³n ¶[C] ¸1 ´money charged for a journey by bus, ship, taxi,
etc: ³All @s, please! ´(cried by the conductor of a bus, etc). ¸2 ´passenger in
a hired vehicle: ³The taxi-driver had only six @s all day.¼
¨fare©2 ²/feE(r)/ ³n ¶[U] ´food provided at table:
³fine/simple/homely @. ¸*bill of Ú@, ´list of dishes; menu.¼
¨fare©3 ²/feE(r)/ ³vi ¶[VP2C] ¸1 ´progress; get on: ³How did you @ during your
journey´, What were your experiences? ³It has @d well with him´, He has done
well, been fortunate. ·You may go farther and @ worse, ´(prov, used to suggest
that one should be content with one's present conditions). ¸2 ´(old use) go,
journey. ·@ forth, ´start out.¼
¨fare®well© ²/*feEÚwel/ ³int ´goodbye. ·(bid/say) @ to, ´(have) no more of. ¹
³n ´leave-taking: ³make one's @s´, take one's leave; (attrib) ³a @
speech/dinner-party.¼
¨fari®na®ceous© ²/*farIÚneI2Es/ ³adj ´starchy; of flour or meal: ³@ foods´, eÔg
bread, potatoes.¼
¨farm©1 ²/fqm/ ³n ¸1 ´area of land (usu divided into fields) and buildings
(eÔg barns), under one management (either owned or rented) for growing crops,
raising animals, etc: ³working on the @. ´Cf ³in ´the fields. ¸Ú@®hand ³n ´(US)
@ worker; agricultural labourer. ¸Ú@®yard ³n ´space enclosed by @ buildings
(sheds, barns, etc). ¸2 ´(also ¸Ú@®house, Ú@®stead ²/-sted/´) farmer's house on
a @.¼
¨farm©2 ²/fqm/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A,2A] ´use (land) for growing crops,
raising animals, etc: ³He @s 200 acres. He is @ing in Africa. He is engaged in
·Ú³sheep-@ing. ¸2 ¶[VP15B] ·@ out (to), ¸(a) ´send (work) out to be done by
others. ¸(b) ´arrange for (a child) to be cared for by others. ¸@er ³n ´man who
owns or manages a @. (Cf ³peasant´, a word not used of a @er or farm worker in
GB or US.)¼
¨far®rago© ²/fEÚrqgE8/ ³n (pl µ@s, @es ²/-gE8z/³) ´medley, mixture: ³a @ of
nonsense/useless knowledge.¼
¨far®rier© ²/ÚfarIE(r)/ ³n ´smith who shoes horses.¼
¨far®row© ²/ÚfarE8/ ³vi ´give birth to pigs: ³When will the sow @? ´¹ ³n
´litter of pigs; giving birth to pigs: ³15 at one @.¼
¨fart© ²/fqt/ ³vi, n ´Ï (not in polite use) (send out, sending out of) wind
through the anus.¼
¨far®ther© ²/ÚfqDE(r)/ ³adv ´(comp of ³far´) to/at a greater distance/depth:
³We can't go any @ without a rest. They went @ into the forest. ´¹ ³adj ´more
distant: ³on the @ bank of the river; at the @ end of the street.¼
¨far®thest© ²/ÚfqDIst/ ³adv, adj ´(superl of ³far´) to/at the greatest
distance/depth: ³Which village in England is @ from London? ·at (the) @, ¸(a)
´at the greatest distance: ³It's five miles away at the @´, is not more than
five miles away. ¸(b) ´(of time) at the latest.¼
¨far®thing© ²/ÚfqDIG/ ³n ´(formerly) coin worth one-quarter of a penny. ·It
doesn't matter/He doesn't care a @, ´not in the least.¼
¨fas®cia© ´(also ¸facia´) ²/ÚfeI2E/ ³n ´dashboard or panel on a motor vehicle,
etc (with gauges, dials, etc). µ¥ ´the illus at µmotor.¼
¨fas®ci®nate© ²/ÚfasIneIt/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ¸1 ´charm, attract or interest greatly:
³The children were @d by all the toys in the shop windows. ¸2 ´take away power
of movement by a fixed look, as a snake does. ¸fas®ci®nat®ing ³adj ´having
strong charm or attraction: ³a fascinating voice/story/glimpse.
¸fas®ci®nat®ing®ly ³adv ¸fas®ci®na®tion ²/*fasIÚneI2n/ ³n ¶[U] ´fascinating or
being @d; power to @; ¶[C] ´thing that @s: ³Girls have a fascination for Brian,
´iÔe they @ him. ³Brian has a fascination for girls, ´iÔe he @s them.¼
¨fas®cism© ²/Úfa2IzEm/ ³n ¸F@, ´philosophy, principles and organization of the
aggressive nationalist and anti-communist dictatorship started in Italy in 1922
and dissolved in 1943; similar movement in other countries. ¸fas®cist
²/Úfa2Ist/ ³n ´supporter of @. µ¹ ³adj ´of @; extreme right-wing; reactionary.¼
¨fashion© ²/Úfa2n/ ³n ¸1 ¸a/the @, ´manner of doing or making sth: ³He walks in
a peculiar @. ·after/in a @, ´somehow or other, but not satisfactorily: ³He can
speak and write English, after a @. ·after the @ of, ´like, in imitation of: ³a
novel after the @ of Graham Greene. ¸2 ¶[C,U] ´(as shown in the examples) (of
clothes, behaviour, thought, custom, etc) prevailing custom; that which is
considered most to be admired and imitated during a period or at a place:
³dressed in the latest @. F@s for men's clothes change less frequently than @s
for women's clothes. ·be all the @, ´(of dress, behaviour, etc) be very
popular. ·come into/go out of @, ´become/no longer be popular: ³When did that
style of dress come into/go out of @? ·follow/be in the @, ´do what others do
in matters of dress, behaviour, etc. ·set the @, ´give the example by adopting
new @s. ·a man/woman of @, ´one belonging to fashionable society and conforming
to its usages. ¸Ú@ plate ³n ´picture showing a style of dress. ¹ ³vt
¶[VP6A,15A] ´give form or shape to; mould: ³@ a canoe out of a tree-trunk/a
whistle from a piece of wood/a lump of clay into a bowl.¼
¨fashion®able© ²/Úfa2nEbl/ ³adj ´following the fashionµ(2)´; used by, visited
by, many people, esp the rich: ³@ clothes; a @ dressmaker/hotel/summer resort.
¸fashion®ably ²/-EblI/ ³adv ´in a @ manner: ³fashionably dressed.¼
¨fast©1 ²/fqst ³US: ²fast/ ³adj ¸1 ´firmly fixed; not easily moved:
³The post is @ in the ground. Make the boat @´, Make it secure. ³Take (a) @
hold of the rope´, hold it tightly. ·hard and @ rules, ´rigid rules. ¸2
´steady; steadfast; loyal; close: ³a @ friend/friendship. ¸3 ´(of colours)
unfading. ¹ ³adv ´firmly, securely, tightly: ³hold @ to sth. The ship
was @ aground´, could not be refloated. ³She was @ asleep´, in a deep sleep.
·stand @, ´not move or retreat; refuse to give way. ·stick @, ¸(a) ´= stand @.
¸(b) ´be unable to make progress. ·F@ bind, @ find, ´(prov) If you make things
secure, eÔg by locking them up, you will not lose them. ·play @ and loose with,
´repeatedly change one's attitude towards; trifle with: ³play @ and loose with
a girl's affections.¼
¨fast©2 ²/fqst ³US: ²fast/ ³adj µ(-er, -est) ¸1 ´quick; rapid: ³a @
train/horse; a @ trip; a @ draw, ´of a gun from a holster. ¸2 ´(dated)
(of a person, his way of living) spending too much time and energy on pleasure
and excitement; dissipated: ³lead a @ life; a @ woman; @ society. ¸3 ´(of a
watch or clock) showing time later than the true time: ³My watch is five
minutes @´, eÔg showing 2.05 at 2.00. ¸4 ´(of a surface) promoting quick
motion: ³a @ cricket pitch/billiard-table. ¸5 ´(of photographic film) suitable
for very brief exposures.¼
¨fast©3 ²/fqst ³US: ²fast/ ³adv ¸1 ´quickly: ³Don't speak so @. It was raining
@´, heavily. ³Her tears fell @. ¸2 ·live @´, live in a dissipated way; use much
energy in a short time. ¸3 ´(old use) close: ³@ by/behind the church.¼
¨fast©4 ²/fqst ³US: ²fast/ ³vi ¶[VP2A,B] ´go without food, or without certain
kinds of food, esp as a religious duty: ³days devoted to @ing and penitence´,
eÔg in Lent. ´¹ ³n ¸1 ´(period of) going without food: ³a @ of three days;
break one's @. ¸2 ´day ¸(Ú@-day) ´or season of @ing.¼
¨fas®ten© ²/Úfqsn ³US: ²Úfasn/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A,15A,B] ·@
(up/down), ´make fast±1´; fix firmly; tie or join together: ³Have you @ed all
the doors and windows? He @ed the two sheets of paper together. He @ed
up/down the box´, closed it and made it secure. ¸2 ¶[VP14] ·@ on/upon, ´fix (a
nickname, accusation, etc) upon sb; direct (one's looks, thoughts, attention,
etc) upon sb: ³He @ed his eyes on me. ¸3 ¶[VP2A,C] ´become fast±1 ´or secured:
³The door won't @. This dress @s down the back´, has buttons, etc down the
back. ¸4 ¶[VP3A] ·@ on/upon, ´lay hold of, seize upon; single (a person) out
for attack: ³He @ed on the idea. ¸@er ³n ´thing that @s things together: ³a
paper @er; a zip-@er. ¸@®ing ³n ´thing that @s, esp a slide or a bolt.¼
¨fas®tid®ious© ²/fEÚstIdIEs ³US: ²fa-/ ³adj ´hard to please; quick to find
fault: ³He is @ about his food/clothes, etc. ¸@®ly ³adv ¸@®ness ³n¼
¨fast®ness© ²/ÚfqstnIs ³US: ²Úfas-/ ³n ¸1 ¶[C] ´stronghold; fortress: ³a
mountain @´, eÔg of bandits. ¸2 ¶[U] ´the quality of being fast±1µ(3)´: ³We
guarantee the @ of these dyes.¼
¨fat©1 ²/fat/ ³adj µ(fatter, fattest) ¸1 ´covered with, having
much, fat: ³fat meat; a fat man; fat cheeks; fat cattle´, made fat ready for
slaughter. ¸Ú@fat-head ³n ´dull, stupid person. ¸2 ´thick; well filled: ³a fat
wallet, ´one stuffed with banknotes. ·a Úfat lot, ´(sl) a great deal (ironic, =
very little): ³A fat lot you care´, iÔe you don't care at all. ¸3 ´rich,
fertile: ³fat lands. ¸fat®tish ³adj ´rather fat. ¸fat®ness ³n¼
¨fat©2 ²/fat/ ³n ¶[C,U] ´(kinds of) white or yellow substance, oily or greasy,
found in animal bodies; this substance purified for cooking purposes; oily
substance obtained from certain seeds: ³Give me red meat, please; I don't like
fat. Fried potatoes are cooked in deep fat. Vegetable cooking fats are sold in
tins. ·chew the fat, ´continue to grumble about sth. ·live off the fat of the
land, ´have the best of everything. ·The fat's in the fire, ´What has been done
(usu irrevocably) will cause a lot of trouble. ¸fat®less ³adj µ¥ fatty.¼
¨fat©3 ²/fat/ ³vt µ(-tt-) ´fatten: ³fatted cattle. ·kill the fatted calf,
´(fig) welcome sb back with joy.¼
¨fatal© ²/ÚfeItl/ ³adj ¸1 ·@ (to), ´causing, ending in, death or disaster: ³a @
accident. The cyclist was knocked down by a lorry and received @ injuries. His
illness was @ to our plans´, caused them to fail. ¸2 ´like fate; of, appointed
by, destiny: ³the @ day. ²/ÚfeItElI/ ³adv ´in a @ manner: ³@ly
injured/wounded.¼
¨fatal®ism© ²/ÚfeItElIzEm/ ³n ¶[U] ´belief that events are decided by
fateµ(1)´; submission to all that happens as inevitable. ¸fatal®ist
²/ÚfeItElIst/ ³n ´believer in @. ¸fatal®is®tic ²/*feItEÚlIstIk/ ³adj ´of @: ³a
fatalistic attitude.¼
¨fatal®ity© ²/fEÚtalEtI/ ³n (pl µ-ties³) ¸1 ¶[C] ´misfortune, calamity, esp
one that causes death and destruction: ³floods, earthquakes and other
fatalities. ¸2 ¶[C] ´death by accident, in war, etc: ³There have been numerous
bathing fatalities this summer´, Many people have lost their lives while
bathing. ¸3 ¶[U] ´state of being subject to fateµ(1) ´or destiny. ¸4 ¶[U]
´fatal infuence; deadliness: ³the @ of certain diseases´, eÔg cancer.¼
¨fate© ²/feIt/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´power looked upon as controlling all
events in a way that cannot be resisted; destiny: ³He had hoped to become
President, but @ decided otherwise. ·as sure as @, ´quite certain(ly). ¸the
F@s, ´the three Greek goddesses of destiny. ¸2 ¶[C] ´the future as decided by @
for sth or sb; what is destined to happen: ³They met their various @s. They
left/abandoned the men to their @. ¸3 ³(sing) ´death; destruction; person's
ultimate condition: ³go to one's @; decide a person's @´, eÔg whether he shall
be killed or allowed to live; ³meet one's @´, be killed, die. ¹ ³vt ¶[VP17]
´(usu passive) ´destine: ³He was @d to be hanged. ·It was @ed that«, ´F@
decided that«: ³It was @d that we should fail.¼
¨fate®ful© ²/ÚfeItf8l/ ³adj ¸1 ´controlled by, showing the power of, fateµ(1)´;
important and decisive: ³a @ decision; on this @ day; these @ events. When the
judge pronounced the @ words«´, eÔg sentence of death. ¸2 ´prophetic. ¸@ly
²/-fElI/ ³adv¼
¨fa®ther©1 ²/ÚfqDE(r)/ ³n ¸1 ´male parent: ³You have been like a @ to me. The
property had been handed down from @ to son for many generations. ·The child
is @ to the man, ´(prov) One's childhood decides the way in which one will
develop in later years. ·The wish is @ to the thought, ´(prov) We are likely to
believe what we wish to be true. ¸Ú@-in-law ²/ÚfqDEr In lc/ ³n (pl µ@s-in-law³)
´@ of one's wife or husband. ¸Ú@ figure, ´older man respected because of eÔg
his concern for one's welfare. ¸2 ´(usu ³pl´) ancestor(s): ³sleep with one's
@s´, be buried in the ancestral tomb or grave. ¸3 ´founder or first leader:
³the F@s of the Church´, Christian writers of the first five centuries; ³the
Pilgrim F@s, ´English Puritans who founded the colony of Plymouth,
Massachusetts, UÔSÔA in 1620; ³the F@ of English poetry, ´Chaucer. ¸4 ³Our
(Heavenly) F@´, God. ¸5 ´priest, esp one belonging to a religious order; head
of a monastic house (µ¥ brother ´for a monk): ³the Holy F@´, the Pope. ¸6
´title used in personifications: ³F@ Christmas; F@ Time. ¸Ú@®hood ²/-h8d/ ³n
¶[U] ´state of being a @. ¸Ú@®land ²/-land/ ³n ´one's native country (³mother
country ´is the normal English usage). ¸@®less ³adj ´without a living @ or a
known @. ¸@®ly ³adj ´of or like a @: ³@ly love/smiles.¼
¨fa®ther©2 ²/ÚfqDE(r)/ ³vt ¸1 ¶[VP6A] ´be the originator of an
idea, plan, etc. ¸2 ¶[VP6A] ´admit oneself to be the father or author of a
child, book, etc. ¸3 ¶[VP14] ·@ on/upon, ´fix the paternity of (a child), the
authorship of or responsibility for (sth): ³Please don't @ this magazine
article on me´, don't lead people to think that I wrote it.¼
¨fathom© ²/ÚfaDEm/ ³n ´measure (six feet or 1²Ø´8 metres) of depth of water:
³The ship sank in six @s. The harbour is four @(s) deep. ´¹ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´find
the depth of; get to the bottom of; comprehend: ³I cannot @ his meaning.
¸@®less ³adj ´too deep to @.¼
¨fa®tigue© ²/fEÚtig/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´condition of being very tired: ³Several men
dropped with @ during the long march. ¸2 ¶[U] ´weakness in metals caused by
prolonged stress. ¸3 ¶[C] ´tiring task; non-military duty of soldiers, such as
cleaning, cooking, etc. ¸Ú@-party ³n ´group of soldiers given such duties. ¹
³vt ¶[VP6A] ´cause @ to: ³feeling @d; fatiguing work.¼
¨fat®ten© ²/Úfatn/ ³vt,vi ¶[VP6A,15B,2A,C] ·@ (up), ´make or become
fat: ³@ cattle.¼
¨fatty© ²/ÚfatI/ ³adj µ(-ier, -iest) ´like fat; consisting of fat: ³@ bacon.¼
¨fatu®ous© ²/Úfat28Es/ ³adj ´without purpose or sense; showing foolish
self-satisfaction: ³a @ smile; a @ young man. ¸@®ly ³adv ¸fa®tu®ity
²/fEÚtjuEtI ³US: ²-Útu-/ ³n ¶[U] ´state of being @; ¶[C] ³(pl µ-ties³) ´@
remark, act, etc. ¸@®ness ³n¼
¨fau®cet© ²/ÚfcsIt/ ³n ´(esp US) device (³tap ´in GB) for controlling the
outflow of liquid from a pipe or container.¼
¨faugh© ²/fc ³(spontaneously, as an explosive puffing sound)²/ ³int ´expression
of disgust.¼
¨fault© ²/fclt/ ³n ¸1 ¶[C] ´sth that makes a person, thing, etc imperfect;
defect; blemish; flaw: ³She loves me in spite of all my @s. Her only @ is
excessive shyness. There is a @ in the electrical system. ·at @, ´in the wrong,
at a loss; in a puzzled or ignorant state: ³My memory was at @. ·to a @,
´excessively: ³She is generous to a @. ·find @ (with), ´complain (about): ³I
have no @ to find with your work. He's always finding @. ´Hence, ¸Ú@-finder;
Ú@-finding. 2 ¶[U] ´responsibility for being wrong: ³Whose @ is it that we are
late? It's your own @. The @ lies with you, not with me´, You are to blame. ¸3
¶[C] ´thing wrongly done; (tennis, etc) ball wrongly served. ¸4 ¶[C] ´place
where there is a break in the continuity of layers of rock, etc. ¹ ³vt ¶[VP6A]
´find @ with: ³No one could @ his performance. ¸@®less ³adj ¸@®less®ly ³adv ¸@y
³adj ´having a @ or @s. ¸@®ily ²/-IlI/ ³adv ´in a @y manner.¼
¨faun© ²/fcn/ ³n ´(Roman myth) one of a class of gods of the woods
and fields, with a goat's horns and legs.¼
¨fauna© ²/ÚfcnE/ ³n pl ´all the animals of an area or an epoch: ³the @ of E
Africa.¼
¨faux pas© ²/*fE8 Úpq/ ³n (pl ´unchanged³) ´(F) indiscreet action, remark, etc
esp a social blunder.¼
¨fa®vour©1 ´(US = ¸fa®vor´) ²/ÚfeIvE(r)/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´friendly regard;
willingness to help, protect, be kind to: ³win a person's @; look on a plan
with @´, approve of it. ·be/stand high in sb's @´, be well regarded by him. ·be
in/out of @ (with sb), ´have/not have his friendly regard, etc. ·find/lose @
with sb/in sb's eyes, ´win/lose sb's @. ¸2 ¶[U] ´aid; support. ·in @ of, ¸(a)
´in sympathy with; on the side of: ³Was he in @ of votes for women? ¸(b) ´on
behalf of; to the advantage or account of: ³Cheques should be drawn in @ of the
Society, not in @ of the Treasurer. ·in sb's @, ´to the advantage of: ³The
exchange rate is in our @´, will benefit us when we change money. ¸3 ¶[U]
´treatment that is generous, lenient; partiality: ³He obtained his position
more by @ than by merit or ability. ·without fear or @, ´with impartial
justice. ¸4 ¶[C] ´act of kindness: ³May I ask a @ of you´, ask you to do sth
for me? ³I would consider it a @ if you would answer promptly. ·do sb a @; do a
@ for sb, ´do sth to help sb: ³Do me a @Åturn the radio down while I'm on
the phone, will you? ¸5 ¶[C] ´ornament or decoration, eÔg a badge, knot of
ribbon, given or worn as a sign of favour.¼
¨fa®vour©2 ´(US = ¸fa®vor´) ²/ÚfeIvE(r)/ ³vt ¸1 ¶[VP6A] ´show favour to;
support: ³Fortune @s the brave. ¸2 ¶[VP6A] ´treat with partiality; show more
favour to one person, group, etc than to another: ³A teacher should not @ any
of his pupils. ·most @ed nation clause, ´clause (in a commercial treaty)
agreeing that a nation shall be accorded the lowest scale of import duties. ¸3
¶[VP14] ·@ sb with sth, ´(old use, or formal) oblige; do something for: ³Will
you @ me with an interview? Miss Sharp will now @ us with a song´, will sing
for us. ¸4 ¶[VP6A] ´(of circumstances) make possible or easy: ³The weather @ed
our voyage. ¸5 ¶[VP6A] ´(old use) resemble in features: ³The child @s its
father´, looks more like its father than its mother. ¸*ill/*well-Ú@ed ³adj
´having an unpleasing/pleasing appearance.¼
¨fa®vour®able© ´(US = ¸-vor-´) ²/ÚfeIvErEbl/ ³adj ´giving or
showing approval; helpful: ³a @ report on one's work; ³@ winds. Is he @ to the
proposal? ¸fa®vour®ably ²/-EblI/ ³adv ´in a @ manner: ³speak favourably of a
plan; look favourably on sb.¼
¨fa®vour®ite© ´(US = ¸-vor-´) ²/ÚfeIvErIt/ ³n ¸1 ´person or thing preferred
above all others: ³He is a @ with his uncle/a @ of his uncle's/his uncle's @.
This book is a great @ of mine. ¸2 ¸the @, ´(racing) the horse, etc generally
expected to win: ³back the @´, bet money on it. ³The @ came in third. ¸3
´person who receives too much favour, is given unfair advantages. ¹ ³attrib adj
´best liked: ³He is his uncle's @ nephew. What is your @ colour?
¸fa®vour®it®ism ´(US = ¸-vor-´) ²/-IzEm/ ³n ¶[U] ´(practice of) having
@sµ(3)´.¼
¨fawn©1 ²/fcn/ ³n ¸1 ´young fallow deer less than one year old. ¸2 ´light
yellowish brown.¼
¨fawn©2 ²/fcn/ ³vi ¶[VP2A,3A] ·@ (on), ¸1 ´(of dogs) show pleasure and
affection by jumping about, tail-wagging, etc. ¸2 ´(of persons) try to win
sb's favour by servile behaviour, flattery, etc: ³@ on a rich relative.¼
¨fe®alty© ²/ÚfiEltI/ ³n (pl µ-ties³) ´(in feudal times) tenant's or vassal's
(acknowledgement of) fidelity to his lord: ³do/make/swear @ (to ´one's lord,
³for ´one's land); ³take an oath of @.¼
¨fear©1 ²/fIE(r)/ ³n ¸1 ¶[C,U] ´feeling caused by the nearness or
possibility of danger or evil: ³They stood there in @ and trembling´,
frightened and shaking. ³He was overcome with/by @. The thief passed the day in
@ of discovery. Grave @s are felt for the safety of the missing climbers. A
sudden @ came over him. He obeyed from @. He was unable to speak for @. ·for @
of, ´because of anxiety about: ³She asked us not to be noisy, for @ of waking
the baby. ·for @ (that/lest)«, ´in order that« should not occur: ³I daren't
tell you what he did, for @ (that/lest) he should be angry with me. ¸2 ¶[U]
·@ of, ´anxiety for the safety of: ³He is in @ of his life. ¸3 ¶[U]
´likelihood: ³There's not much @ of my losing the money. No @! ´(colloq)
Certainly not! ¸4 ¶[U] ´dread and reverence: ³the @ of God. ¸@®ful ²/-fl/ ³adj
¸1 ´causing @; terrible: ³a @ful railway accident; ´(colloq) annoying; very
great: ³What a @ful mess! ¸2 ´frightened; apprehensive: ³@ful of wakening sb;
@ful that/lest the baby should wake up. ¸@®fully ²/-fElI/ ³adv ¸@®ful®ness ³n
¸@®less ³adj ´without @: ³@less of the consequences. ¸@®less®ly ³adv
¸@®less®ness ³n ¸@®some ²/ÚfIEsEm/ ³adj ´(usu jokingly) frightening in
appearance: ³a @some apparition.¼
¨fear©2 ²/fIE(r)/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A,C] ´feel fear of, be afraid of: ³@ death.
These men are not to be @ed. ¸2 ¶[VP2A,4] ´feel fear; be afraid; hesitate:
³Never @! ´Don't be afraid/Don't worry! ³She @ed to speak in his presence. He
did not @ to die. ¸3 ¶[VP3A] ·@ for, ´feel anxiety about: ³We @ed for his
life/safety. ¸4 ¶[VP6A,9] ´have an uneasy feeling or anticipation of: ³@ the
worst´, be afraid that the worst has happened or will happen. ³I @ (that) he
has failed. "Will he get well?'Å"I @ not.' "Is he going to die?'Å"I @ so.' ¸5
¶[VP6A] ´regard with awe and reverence: ³F@ God and honour the Queen.¼
¨feas®ible© ²/ÚfizEbl/ ³adj ¸1 ´that can be done: ³The
reconstruction of the destroyed town is @´, We can, if we choose, do it. ¸2
´(colloq) that is convenient or plausible; that can be believed: ³His story
sounds @´, may be true. ¸feasi®bil®ity ²/*fizEÚbIlEtI/ ³n¼
¨feast© ²/fist/ ³n ¸1 Ú@(-day), ´religious anniversary or festival, eÔg
Christmas or Easter. µ¥ ´also µmovable. ¸2 ´splendid meal with many good things
to eat and drink; (fig) sth that pleases the mind or senses: ³a @ of colours
and sounds. ¹ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A,2A,B] ´take part in a @; give a @ to; pass
(time) in @ing: ³@ one's friends; @ all evening. He sat there @ing (himself).
¸2 ¶[VP14] ·@ on, ´give sensuous pleasure to: ³@ one's eyes on beauty.¼
¨feat© ²/fit/ ³n ´sth difficult well done, esp sth showing skill, strength or
daring: ³brilliant @s of engineering; perform @s of valour.¼
¨feather©1 ²/ÚfeDE(r)/ ³n ´one of the light coverings that grow from a bird's
skin. µ¥ ´the illus at µbird, prey, rare, water. ·a Ú@ in one's cap, ´sth one
may justly be proud of. ·as light as a @, ´very light indeed. ·in full/high @,
´in high spirits. ·birds of a @ (flock together), ´people of the same sort
(will be found together). ·show the white @, ´show fear. ¸*@-Úbed ³n ´mattress
stuffed with @s. µ¹ ³vt µ(-dd-) ´pamper by giving generous help; make things
easy for: ³@-bed the farmers´, eÔg by subsidizing them. ¸Ú@-brained ³adj
´empty-headed; flighty. ¸Ú@®weight ³n ´(esp) boxer weighing between 118 and 126
lb (or 53²Ø´5 to 57 kg). ¸@y ³adj ´light and soft like @s: ³@y snow.¼
¨feather©2 ²/ÚfeDE(r)/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ¸1 ´supply with feathers: ³@ an arrow. ·@
one's nest, ´make things comfortable for oneself; enrich oneself. ¸2 ³@ one's
oar´, (rowing) turn it so as to pass flat along the surface of the water.¼
¨fea®ture© ²/Úfit2E(r)/ ³n ¶[C] ¸1 ´one of the named parts of the face: ³Her
eyes are her best @. ¸2 ³(pl) ´the face as a whole: ³a man of handsome @s. ¸3
´characteristic or striking part: ³the geographical @s of a district´, eÔg
mountains, lakes; ³unusual @s in a political programme. ¸4 ´(often attrib)
prominent article or subject in a newspaper; full-length film in a cinema
programme, etc: ³a newspaper that makes a @ of ´(= gives special prominence
to) ³sport; a two-@ programme, ´iÔe with two long films. ¹ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´be a
@µ(3) ´of; make (sb or sth) a @µ(3,4) ´of; have a prominent part for: ³a film
that @s a new French actress. ¸@®less ³adj ´uninteresting; with no obvious
@sµ(3)´.¼
¨feb®rile© ²/ÚfibrñIl/ ³adj ´of fever; feverish.¼
¨Feb®ru®ary© ²/Úfebj8rI ³US: ²-j8erI/ ³n ´the second month of the year.¼
¨feces© µ¥ faeces.¼
¨feck®less© ²/ÚfeklIs/ ³adj ´futile; inefficient; irresponsible. ¸@®ly ³adv
¸@®ness ³n¼
¨fec®und© ²/ÚfikEnd ³US ²Úfek-/ ³adj ´prolific, fertile. ¸@®ity ²/fIÚkAndEtI/
³n ¶[U] ´fertility; productiveness.¼
¨fed© ³pt,pp ´of µfeed.¼
¨fed®er®al© ²/ÚfedErEl/ ³adj ¸1 ´of, based upon, federation: ³In the UÔSÔA
foreign policy is decided by the @ ´(iÔe central) ³government, and @ laws are
made by Congress. ¸F@ Bureau of Investigation ´(abbr ¸FÔBÔI´), (US) department
which is responsible for investigating violations of @ law and safeguarding
national security. µ¥ state±1µ(2). ¸2 ´relating to, supporting, central (as
distinct from individual State) government. ¸@®ist ²/ÚfedErElIst/ ³n ´supporter
of @ union or power. ¸@®ism ²/-IzEm/ ³n¼
¨fed®er®ate© ²/ÚfedEreIt/ ³vt,vi ¶[VP6A,2A] ´(of States, societies,
organizations) combine, unite, into a federation.¼
¨fed®er®ation© ²/*fedEÚreI2n/ ³n ¸1 ¶[C] ´political system in which a union of
States leave foreign affairs, defence, etc to the central (Federal) government
but retain powers of government over some internal affairs. ¸2 ¶[C] ´such a
union of States, eÔg the US; similar union of societies, trade unions, etc. ¸3
¶[U] ´act of federating.¼
¨fee© ²/fi/ ³n ¸1 ¶[C] ´charge or payment for professional advice
or services, eÔg private teachers, doctors, lawyers, surveyors; entrance money
for an examination, club, etc. ¸2 ¶[U] ´(legal) inherited estate: ³land held in
fee simple/fee tail´, with the right to pass it to any class of heirs/one
particular class of heirs. µ¥ entail. ´¹ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´pay a fee to, engage for
a fee: ³fee a barrister.¼
¨feeble© ²/Úfibl/ ³adj ´weak; faint; without energy: ³a @ old man; a @
cry/argument. His pulse was very @. ¸@-minded ²/-ÚmñIndId/ ³adj ´subnormal in
intelligence. ¸feebly ²/ÚfiblI/ ³adv ¸@®ness ³n¼
¨feed©1 ²/fid/ ³n ¸1 ¶[C] ´(chiefly of animals and babies; jokingly of persons)
meal: ³We stopped to let the horses have a @. ¸2 ¶[U] ´food for animals: ³There
isn't enough @ left for the hens. ¸3 ¶[C] ´pipe, channel, etc through which
material is carried to a machine; ¶[U] ´material supplied. ¸Ú@®back ³n ¶[U] ¸1
´return of part of the output of a system to its source (so as to modify it).
¸2 ´(colloq) information, etc (about a product) given by the user to the
supplier, maker, etc; response: ³interesting @back via the market research
department.¼
¨feed©2 ²/fid/ ³vt,vi (pt,pp µfed ²/fed/³) ¸1 ¶[VP6A,14] ·@ (on), ´give food
to: ³Have the pigs been fed yet? Have you fed the chickens? What do you @ your
dog on´, What kind of food do you give it? ·@ oneself, ´put food into the
mouth: ³The baby can't @ itself yet. ¶[VP15B] ·@ up, ´give extra food to, give
nourishing food to: ³There are hundreds of poor children there who need @ing
up. ·be fed up (with), ´(fig, sl) have had too much (of); be discontented
(with): ³I'm fed up with your grumbling. ¸Ú@ing-bottle ³n ´bottle from which
hand-fed infants are given milk, etc. ¸2 ¶[VP14] ·@ to, ´give to as food: ³@
oats to horses. I wouldn't @ that stinking meat to my dog. ¸3 ¶[VP2A,C]
´(chiefly of animals, colloq or hum of persons) eat: ³The cows were @ing in the
meadows. Have you fed yet? ¸4 ¶[VP3A] ·@ on, ´take as food: ³Cattle @ chiefly
on grass. ¸5 ¶[VP6A,15A] ´supply with material; supply (material) to: ³This
moving belt @s the machine with raw material/@s raw material into the machine.
The lake is fed by two rivers.¼
¨feeder© ²/ÚfidE(r)/ ³n ¶[C] ¸1 ´(of plants and animals, with
³adjj´) one that feeds: ³This plant is a gross @´, needs much manure. ¸2
´child's feeding-bottle or bib. ¸3 ´(often attrib) branch railway line,
airline, canal, etc linking outlying areas with the main line, etc.¼
¨feel©1 ²/fil/ ³n sing ¸1 the @, ´the sense of touch:
³rough/smooth, etc to the @´, when touched or felt. ¸2 the @, ´the sensation
characteristic of sth when touching or being touched: ³You can tell it's silk
by the @. The monk didn't like the @ of the hair shirt they gave him. ¸3 ´act
of feeling: ³Let me have a @.¼
¨feel©2 ²/fil/ ³vt,vi (pt,pp µfelt ²/felt/³) ¸1 ¶[VP6A,10] ´(try to) learn
about, explore, by touching, holding in the hands, etc: ³Blind persons can
often recognize objects by @ing them. The doctor felt my pulse. Just @ the
weight of this box! F@ whether there are any bones broken. ·@ one's way, ¸(a)
´go forward carefully, as in the dark, or as a blind man does. ¸(b) ´be
cautious in dealing with sth: ³They were @ing their way towards an agreement.
¸2 ¶[VP2C,3A] ·@ (about) (for), ´search with the hand(s) (or the feet, a stick,
etc): ³He was @ing about in the dark for the electric-light switch. He felt in
his pocket for a penny. He felt along the wall for the door. ¸3 ¶[VP6A,18A,19A]
´be aware of (through contact): ³I can @ a nail in my shoe. I felt something
crawl(ing) up my arm. ¸4 ¶[VP6A,18A,19A] ´be aware of, perceive (not through
contact): ³Did you @ the earthquake? He felt his heart beating wildly. She felt
apprehension stealing over her. ¶[VP15B] ·@ sb out, ´try cautiously to learn
the opinion of him: ³I'll @ out the members of the committee. ¸5 ¶[VP2D,C] ´be
consciously; be in a certain physical, moral or emotional state: ³@
cold/hungry/comfortable/sad/happy, etc. How are you @ing today? You will @
better after a night's sleep. She doesn't @ (quite) herself today´, is not as
well, calm, self-possessed, etc as usual. ³He @s confident of success. He felt
cheated. We don't @ bound ´(= obliged) ³to accept this offer. ³Please @ free
´(= consider yourself welcome) ³to call on us whenever you like. ¸6 ¶[VP2A] ´be
capable of sensation: ³The dead cannot @. ¸7 ¶[VP3A] ·@ for/with, ´have
sympathy ³(with´), compassion ³(for´): ³I @ with you in your sorrow. I @ for
you. ¸8 ·@ as if/though, ´have, give, the impression that: ³She felt as if her
head were splitting. Her head felt as if it were splitting. ¸9 ¶[VP2D] ´give or
produce the impression of being: ³Your hands @ cold. How does it @ to be home
again after twenty years abroad? This new shirt doesn't @ right. ¸10 ·Ú@ like,
´(of persons) be in the mood for: ³I don't @ like (eating) a big meal now.
We'll go for a walk if you @ like it. ·@ equal to; ´(colloq) ·@ up to, ´be well
enough to, be capable of: ³I don't @ equal to the task. He doesn't @ up to a
long walk. ¸11 ¶[VP6A,C] ´be sensitive to: suffer because of: ³He doesn't @ the
heat at all´, is not troubled by it. ³He felt the insult keenly. She will @ ´(=
be saddened by) ³having to sell up her old home. ¸12 ¶[VP9,25] ´have the idea;
be of the opinion: ³He felt the plan to be unwise/felt that the plan was
unwise. We all felt that our luck was about to turn. He felt in his bones that
he would succeed. ¸13 ¶[VP6A] ´appreciate; understand properly: ³We all felt
the force of his arguments. Don't you @ the beauty of this landscape?¼
¨feeler© ²/ÚfilE(r)/ ³n ¶[C] ¸1 ´organ, eÔg an antenna, in certain
animals for testing things by touch. µ¥ ´the illus at µinsect. ¸2 ´proposal,
suggestion, made to test the opinions or feelings of others, before one states
one's own views. ·put out @s/a @, ´test the views of others, by discreet
inquiries.¼
¨feel®ing© ²/ÚfilIG/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´power and capacity to feel: ³He had lost all
@ in his legs. ¸2 ¶[C] ´physical or mental awareness; emotion: ³a @ of
hunger/well-being/discomfort/gratitude/joy; ´idea or belief not based wholly
on reason: ³a @ of danger/that something dreadful was about to happen; ´(usu
³sing´) general opinion: ³The @ of the meeting ´(= The opinion of the
majority) ³was against the proposal. ¸3 ³(pl) ´emotional side of a person's
nature (contrasted with the intellect): ³Have I hurt your @s´, offended you?
³The speaker appealed to the @s of his audience rather than to their reason.
No hard @s, I hope! ´iÔe no bitterness, no ill will. ¸4 ¶[U] ´sympathy;
understanding: ³He doesn't show much @ for the sufferings of others. She's a
woman of @. ·good @, ´friendliness. ·ill/bad @, ´bitterness. ¸5 ¶[C,U]
´excitement of mind, esp of enmity and resentment: ³His speech aroused strong
@(s) on all sides. F@ over the dismissal ran high´, There was much bitterness.
¸6 ¶[U] ´taste and understanding; sensibility: ³He hasn't much @ for natural
beauty. She plays the piano with @. ´¹ ³adj ´sympathetic; showing emotion: ³a
@ remark. ¸@®ly ³adv ´so as to express @: ³speak @ly on a subject.¼
¨feet© ²/fit/ ³n pl ´of µfoot.¼
¨feign© ²/feIn/ ³vt ¸1 ¶[VP6A,9] ´pretend: ³@ illness/indifference/death; @
that one is mad; @ed modesty. ¸2 ¶[VP6A] ´invent: ³@ an excuse.¼
¨feint© ²/feInt/ ³n ¸1 ´pretence (the more usu word): ³make a @ of doing sth.
¸2 ´sham attack (in war and boxing) in one place to draw attention away from
the place where the real attack is made. ¹ ³vi ¶[VP2A,3A] ´make a @
³at/upon/against.¼
¨feld®spar© ²/Úfeldspq(r)/, ±fel®spar ²/Úfelspq(r)/ ³n ¶[U] ´(kinds of)
crystalline mineral rock.¼
¨fel®ici®tate© ²/fEÚlIsIteIt/ ³vt ¶[VP6A,14] ·@ sb (on/upon sth), ´(formal)
congratulate. ¸fel®ici®ta®tion ²/fE*lIsIÚteI2n/ ³n¼
¨fel®ici®tous© ²/fEÚlIsItEs/ ³adj ´(formal) (of words, remarks) well chosen.
¸@®ly ³adv¼
¨fel®ic®ity© ²/fEÚlIsEtI/ ³n ´(formal) ¸1 ¶[U] ´great happiness or contentment.
¸2 ¶[U] ´pleasing manner of speaking or writing: ³express oneself with @´; ¶[C]
³(pl µ-ties³) ´well-chosen expression or phrase.¼
¨fe®line© ²/ÚfilñIn/ ³adj ´of or like a cat: ³walk with @ grace.¼
¨fell©1 ³pt ´of µfall±2µ.¼
¨fell©2 ²/fel/ ³adj ´(poet) fierce, ruthless, terrible: ³a @ disease; with one
@ blow.¼
¨fell©3 ²/fel/ ³n ´animal's hide or skin with the hair.¼
¨fell©4 ²/fel/ ³n ´stretch of rocky, bare moorland or bare hilly land (esp in
N England): ³the Derbyshire F@s.¼
¨fell©5 ²/fel/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´cause to fall; strike down; cut down (a tree): ³He
@ed his enemy with a single blow.¼
¨fel®lah© ²/ÚfelE/ ³n (pl µ@in, @een ²/*felEÚhin/³) ´peasant (in Arab
countries).¼
¨fel®low© ²/ÚfelE8/ ³n ¸1 ´(colloq) man or boy: ³He's a pleasant @. Poor @! A
@ must have a holiday occasionally ´(used here for "one' or "I'). ¸2 ´(usu
³pl´) comrade, companion: ·Ú³school @s; ·Ú³bed-@s; @s in good fortune/misery.
·be *hail-@-well-Úmet with sb, ´be (superficially or falsely) on friendly terms
with him. ¸*@-Úfeeling ³n ¶[U] ´sympathy. ¸3 ´(attrib) of the same class, kind,
etc: ·*³@ ·Ú³creatures; ·*³@-·Ú³citizen; ·*³@-·Ú³countryman´, person from the
same country or nation. ¸*@-Útraveller ³n ¸(a) ´person travelling with one.
¸(b) ´one who sympathizes with the aims of a political party (esp the Communist
Party) but is not a member. ¸4 ´member of a learned society: ³F@ of the British
Academy; ´member of the governing body of some university colleges;
incorporated graduate member of a college. ¸5 ´one of a pair: ³Here's one of my
shoes, but where's its @?¼
¨fel®low®ship© ²/ÚfelE82Ip/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´friendly association; companionship:
³offer sb the hand of @; enjoy @ with people; @ in misfortune. ¸2 ¶[C] ´number
of persons associated together; group or society; ¶[U] ´membership in such a
group: ³admitted to @. ¸3 ¶[C] ´position of a college fellowµ(4).¼
¨fel®ony© ²/ÚfelEnI/ ³n (pl µ-nies³) ¶[C,U] ´major serious crime, eÔg murder,
armed robbery, arson. µ¥ misdemeanour. ¸felon ²/ÚfelEn/ ³n ´person guilty of
@. ¸fel®oni®ous ²/fIÚlE8nIEs/ ³adj ´criminal.¼
¨fel®spar© µ¥ feldspar.¼
¨felt©1 ³pt,pp ´of µfeel±2µ.¼
¨felt©2 ²/felt/ ³n ¶[U] ´wool, hair or fur, compressed and rolled flat into a
kind of cloth: (attrib) ³@ hats/slippers.¼
¨fe®lucca© ²/feÚlAkE/ ³n ´narrow Mediterranean coasting vessel with oars or
sails or both.¼
¨fe®male© ²/ÚfimeIl/ ³adj ¸1 ´of the sex that produces offspring: ³a @
child/dog; ´(of plants or their parts) fruit-bearing. ¸2 ´of women: ³@
suffrage; @ workers. ¸3 ´(mech) having a hollow part designed to receive an
inserted part, eÔg a plug. ¹ ³n ´@ animal; (derog) @ person. µ¥ male.¼
¨femi®nine© ²/ÚfemEnIn/ ³adj ¸1 ´of, like, suitable for, women: ³a @ voice. ¸2
´(gram) of the gender proper to the names of females: ³@ nouns and pronouns´,
eÔg actress, lioness, she, her. ¸fem®i®nin®ity ²/*femEÚnInEtI/ ³n ¶[U] ´quality
of being @. µ¥ masculine.¼
¨fem®in®ism© ²/ÚfemInIzEm/ ³n ¶[U] ´movement for recognition of the claims of
women for rights (legal, political, etc) equal to those possessed by men µ¥
lib. ¸fem®in®ist ²/-Ist/ ³n ´supporter of @.¼
¨fe®mur© ²/ÚfimE(r)/ ³n ´(anat) ´thigh-bone. µ¥ ´the illus at µskeleton.¼
¨fen© ²/fen/ ³n ´area of low marshy land. ¸the Fens´, low-lying districts in
Cambridgeshire and Lincolnshire.¼
¨fence©1 ²/fens/ ³n ¶[C] ´barrier made of wooden or metal stakes or rails, or
wire, esp one put round a field, garden, etc to keep animals from straying or
to keep out intruders. ·come down on one side or the other of the @, ´give
one's support to one side or the other. ·come down on the right side of the @,
´join the winner. ·mend one's @s, ´make peace. ·sit/be on the @, ´not commit
oneself; wait to see where one can win most advantage. Hence, ¸(a) Ú@-sit®ter
³n ´person who does this. ¸(b) Ú@-sit®ting ³n ¹ ³vt ¶[VP6A,15B] ´surround,
divide, provide with a @ or @s: ³Farmers @ their fields. His land is @d with
barbed wire. The land is @d in/round. ¸fenc®ing ²/ÚfensIG/ ³n ¶[U] ´material
for making @s.¼
¨fence©2 ²/fens/ ³vt ¶[VP2A,C,3A] ´practise the art of fighting
with long slender swords or foils; (fig) avoid giving a direct answer to a
question(er): ³@ with a question. ¸fencer ³n ´person who @s. ¸fenc®ing
²/ÚfensIG/ ³n ¶[U] ´art of fighting with swords.¼
¨fence©3 ²/fens/ ³n ´(sl) receiver of stolen goods; his place of business.¼
¨fend© ²/fend/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP15B] ·@ off, ´defend oneself from: ³@ off a blow.
¸2 ·@ for oneself, ´look after oneself: ³When his father died, Tom had to @
for himself. Most animals let their young @ for themselves from an early age.¼
¨fend®er© ²/ÚfendE(r)/ ³n ¸1 ´metal frame bordering an open fireplace (to
prevent burning coal, etc from rolling on to the floor). ¸2 ´(on the front of
a vehicle, car, etc) strong bar, etc, used to lessen shock or damage in a
collision. ¸3 ´log of wood, heavy mass of rope, old rubber tyre etc hung on the
side of a boat to prevent damage, eÔg when the boat comes alongside a wharf or
another ship. ¸4 ´(US) = ³mudguard, µ¥ mud.¼
¨fen®nel© ²/Úfenl/ ³n ¶[U] ´yellow-flowered herb, used as a flavouring.¼
¨feoff© ²/fif/ ³n ´= µfief.¼
¨fe®ral© ²/ÚfIErEl/ ³adj ´wild; untamed; brutal.¼
¨fer®ment©1 ²/Úf3ment/ ³n ¸1 ¶[C] ´substance, eÔg yeast, that causes other
substances to ferment. ¸2 ·in a @, ´(fig) in a state of, eÔg social,
political, excitement.¼
¨fer®ment©2 ²/fEÚment/ ³vt,vi ¶[VP6A,2A] ¸1 ´(cause to) undergo chemical
changes through the action of organic bodies (esp yeast): ³Fruit juices @ if
they are kept a long time. When wine is @ed, it gives off bubbles of gas. ¸2
´(fig) (cause to) become excited. ¸fer®men®ta®tion ²/*f3menÚteI2n/ ³n ¶[U]
´@ing or being @ed: ³the @ation of milk ´(when cheese is being made); (fig)
excitement and unrest.¼
¨fern© ²/f3n/ ³n ¶[C] ´sorts of feathery, green-leaved flowerless
plant: ³hillsides covered with @ ´(collective ³sing)´; ³@s growing in pots.
¸@y ³adj¼
¨fer®ocious© ²/fEÚrE82Es/ ³adj ´fierce, cruel, savage. ¸@®ly ³adv¼
¨fer®oc®ity© ²/fEÚrosEtI/ ³n ¶[U] ´fierceness; savage cruelty; ¶[C] ³(pl
µ-ties³) ´fierce, savage or cruel act.¼
¨fer®ret© ²/ÚferIt/ ³n ´small animal of the weasel family, used for driving
rabbits from their burrows, killing rats, etc. ¹ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP2A] ´hunt with
@s: ³go @ing. ¸2 ¶[VP15B,2C] ·@ sth out; @ about (for sth), ´discover by
searching; search: ³@ out a secret; @ about among old papers and books for sth
lost.¼
¨fer®ro®con®crete© ²/*ferE8ÚkoGkrit/ ³n ¶[U] ´reinforced concrete.¼
¨fer®rous© ²/ÚferEs/ ³adj ´containing or relating to iron: ³@ chloride
¸(FeCl¶c¸)´.¼
¨fer®rule© ²/Úferul ³US: ²ÚferEl/ ³n ´metal ring or cap placed on the end of a
stick (eÔg of an umbrella) or tube, to prevent splitting; band strengthening or
forming a joint.¼
¨ferry© ²/ÚferI/ ³n (pl µ-ries³) ¶[C] ´(place where there is a) boat,
hovercraft or aircraft that carries people and goods across a river, channel,
etc. ¹ ³vt,vi ¶[VP6A,15A,B,2A,C] ´take, go, across in a @: ³@ people/a boat
across a river; aircraft @ing motor-cars between England and France. ¸Ú@-boat
³n ¸Ú@-man ²/-mEn/ ³n (pl µ-men³)¼
¨fer®tile© ²/Úf3tñIl ³US: ²Úf3tl/ ³adj ¸1 ´(of land, plants, etc) producing
much; (of a person, his mind, etc) full of ideas, plans, etc: ³@ fields/soil; a
@ imagination. ¸2 ´able to produce fruit, young; capable of developing: ³@
seeds/eggs. µ¥ sterile. ¸fer®til®ity ²/fEÚtIlEtI/ ³n ¶[U] ´state of being @.¼
¨fer®til®ize© ²/Úf3tElñIz/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´make fertile or productive:
³@ the soil ´(by using manure); ³@ flowers ´(as bees do when they collect
nectar). ¸fer®ti®lizer ²/-zE(r)/ ³n ¶[U] ´chemical plant food; artificial
manure; ¶[C] ´substance of this kind: ³Bonemeal and nitrates are common
fertilizers. ¸fer®ti®liz®ation ²/*f3tElñIÚzeI2n ³US: ²-lIÚz-/ ³n ¶[U]
´fertilizing or being @d.¼
¨fer®ule© ²/Úferul ³US: ²ÚferEl/ ³n ´flat ruler for punishing children by
striking them on the hand.¼
¨fer®vent© ²/Úf3vEnt/ ³adj ¸1 ´hot, glowing. ¸2 ´showing warmth of feeling;
passionate: ³@ love/hatred; a @ lover/admirer. ¸@®ly ³adv ¸fer®vency
²/Úf3vEnsI/ ³n¼
¨fer®vid© ²/Úf3vId/ ³adj ´ferventµ(2)´; spirited; showing earnest feeling: ³a @
orator. ¸@®ly ³adv¼
¨fer®vour© ´(US = ¸-vor´) ²/Úf3vE(r)/ ³n ¶[U] ´strength or warmth of feeling;
earnestness.¼
¨fes®tal© ²/Úfestl/ ³adj ´of a feast or festival; festive (the more usu word):
³a @ occasion´, eÔg a wedding, a birthday party; ³@ music.¼
¨fes®ter© ²/ÚfestE(r)/ ³vi ¶[VP2A] ¸1 ´(of a cut or wound) (cause to) fill
with poisonous matter (pus): ³If the cut gets dirty, it will probably @. ¸2
´(fig) act like poison in the mind; become resentful, embittered: ³The insult
@ed in his mind.¼
¨fes®ti®val© ²/ÚfestIvl/ ³n ¸1 ´(day or season for) rejoicing; public
celebrations: ³Christmas and Easter are Church @s. ¸2 ´series of performances
(of music, ballet, drama, etc) given periodically (usu once a year): ³the
Edinburgh F@; a jazz @. ¸3 ´(attrib) festive; of a feast or feast-day.¼
¨fes®tive© ²/ÚfestIv/ ³adj ´of a feast or festival; joyous: ³a ·Ú³@ season´,
eÔg Christmas; ³the @ board´, a table on which a feast is spread.¼
¨fes®tiv®ity© ²/feÚstIvEtI/ ³n (pl µ-ties³) ¸1 ¶[U] ´rejoicing;
merry-making. ¸2 ³(pl) ´festive, joyful events: ³wedding festivities.¼
¨fes®toon© ²/feÚstun/ ³n ¶[C] ´chain of flowers, leaves, ribbons, etc hanging
in a curve or loop between two points, as a decoration. ¹ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´make
into, decorate with, @s: ³a room @ed with Christmas decorations.¼
¨fetch© ²/fet2/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A,15A,B,13B,12B] ´go for and bring back (sb or
sth): ³F@ a doctor at once. Please @ the children from school. The chair is in
the garden; please @ it in. Shall I @ your coat for you/@ you your coat from
the next room? ·@ and carry (for), ´be busy with small duties for; be a servant
for: ³He expects his daughter to @ and carry for him all day. ¸2 ¶[VP6A,15A]
´cause to come out; draw forth: ³@ a deep sigh/a dreadful groan; @ tears to the
eyes. ¸3 ¶[VP6A,12B] ´(of goods) bring in; sell for (a price): ³These old books
won't @ (you) much. ¸4 ¶[VP12C] ´(colloq) deal, give (a blow) to: ³She @ed me a
slap across the face/a box on the ears. ¸@®ing ³adj ´(colloq) ´attractive,
delightful: ³What a @ing little hat! What a @ing smile!¼
¨f^ete© ²/feIt/ ³n ´(usu outdoor) festival or entertainment: ³the village @,
´often one at which funds are raised. ¸Ú@-day ³n ´saint's-day. µ¥ saint(5). ³¹
³vt ¶[VP6A] ´honour by entertaining; make a fuss of: ³The hero was @d wherever
he went.¼
¨fetid© ²/ÚfetId/ ³adj ´stinking.¼
¨fet®ish© ²/ÚfetI2/ ³n ¸1 ´object worshipped by pagan people because they
believe a spirit lives in it. ¸2 ´anything to which abnormal, excessive respect
or attention is given; (colloq) obsession: ³Some women make a @ of clothes.¼
¨fet®lock© ²/Úfetlok/ ³n ´(tuft of hair on a) horse's leg above and behind the
hoof. µ¥ ´the illus at µdomestic.¼
¨fet®ter© ²/ÚfetE(r)/ ³n ´chain for the ankles of a prisoner or the
leg of a horse; (fig, usu ³pl´) sth that hinders progress. ¹ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´put
in @s or chains; (fig) restrain.¼
¨fettle© ²/Úfetl/ ³n ·in fine/good @, ´in good (physical) condition; in high
spirits.¼
¨fe®tus© µ¥ foetus.¼
¨feud© ²/fjud/ ³n ¶[C] ´bitter quarrel between two persons, families or groups,
over a long period of time.¼
¨feu®dal© ²/Úfjudl/ ³adj ´of the method (¸the Ú@ system´) of holding land (by
giving services to the owner) during the Middle Ages in Europe: ³@ law; the @
barons. µ¥ vassal. ¸@®ism ²/-IzEm/ ³n ¶[U] ´the @ system.¼
¨feuda®tory© ²/ÚfjudEtErI ³US: ²-tcrI/ ³adj ´owing service to a lord: ³@
obligations. ´¹ ³n ´vassal.¼
¨fe®ver© ²/ÚfivE(r)/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U,C] ´condition of the human body with temperature
higher than usual, esp as a sign of illness: ³She hasn't much @. He has a high
@. ¸Ú@ heat, ´high temperature of the human body in @. ¸2 ¶[U] ´one of a number
of diseases in which there is high @: ³yellow/typhoid/rheumatic @. ¸3 ´(usu
¸a @´) excited state; nervous agitation: ³in a @ of impatience. ·at/to Ú@
pitch, ´at/to a high level of excitement: ³The crowd was at @ pitch. ¸@ed ³adj
´affected by a @: ³a @ed imagination´, highly excited. ¸@®ish ²/-rI2/ ³adj
´having symptoms of @; caused by @; causing @: ³in a @ish condition; @ish
dreams; @ish swamps. ¸@®ish®ly ³adv¼
¨few© ²/fju/ ³adj µ(-er, -est)´, ³pron ´(contrasted with ³manyÔ´;
µ¥ little, less, much´) ¸1 ´(attrib, with a ³pl n´) not many: ³Few people live
to be 100 and fewer still live to be 110. Which of you made the fewest
mistakes´, the smallest number of mistakes? ³He is a man of few words, ´He says
very little. ·no fewer than, ´as many as: ³No fewer than twenty workers were
absent through illness. ¸2 ´(pred, rare in colloq style): ³Such occasions are
few. We are very few, fewer than at the last meeting of the society. ¸3 ·a few,
´a small number (Note that ³few ´is neg and ³a few ´is positive): ³We are going
away for a few days. I'd like a few more red roses. ·some few; a good few;
quite a few; not a few, ´a considerable number, a fair number. ¸4 ·every few
minutes/days, etc. µ¥ every(5). ¸5 the few, ´the minority. ¹ ³pron ·few of,
´(neg) not many of: ³Few of those roses are worth buying. ·a few of,
´(positive) a small number of: ³I know a few of these people. ¸few®ness ³n¼
¨fey© ²/feI/ ³adj ¸1 ´(Scot) ´having a feeling of approaching death. ¸2
´clairvoyant. ¸3 ´otherworldly.¼
¨fez© ²/fez/ ³n ´red felt hat with a flat top and no brim, worn by some Muslim
men.¼
¨fi®anc_e© ´(also, fem ¸fi®anc_ee´) ²/fIÚonseI ³US: ²*fiqnÚseI/ ³n ´(F) man
(woman) to whom one is engaged to be married.¼
¨fi®asco© ²/fIÚaskE8/ ³n (pl µ@s, ´US also µ@es ²/-kE8z/³) ´complete failure,
breakdown, in sth attempted: ³The new play at the Ritz Theatre was a @.¼
¨fi®at© ²/ÚfñIat ³US: ²ÚfiEt/ ³n ¶[C] ´order or decree made by a ruler.¼
¨fib© ²/fIb/ ³n ´(colloq) untrue statement (esp about sth unimportant). ¹ ³vi
µ(-bb-) ¶[VP2A] ´tell a fib. ¸fib®ber ³n ´person who tells fibs. ¸fib®bing ³n
¶[U] ´telling fibs.¼
¨fibre© ´(US = ¸fiber´) ²/ÚfñIbE(r)/ ³n ¸1 ¶[C] ´one of the slender threads of
which many animal and vegetable growths are formed, eÔg cotton, wood, nerves,
muscles. ¸2 ¶[U] ´substance formed of a mass of @s, for manufacture into
various materials: ³hemp @, ´for making rope; ³cotton @, ´for spinning.
¸Ú@®board ³n ¶[U] ´board made of compressed @. ¸Ú@®glass ³n ¶[U] ´material of
glass @s in resin, used as an insulating material, and made into structural
materials, eÔg for boat-building. ¸3 ¶[U] ´structure; texture: ³material of
coarse @´; (fig) character: ³a person of strong moral @. ¸fi®brous ²/ÚfñIbrEs/
³adj ´made of, like, @s.¼
¨fib®ula© ²/ÚfIbj8lE(r)/ ³n ´(anat) outer of the two bones between the knee and
the foot. µ¥ ´the illus at µskeleton.¼
¨fickle© ²/ÚfIkl/ ³adj ´(of moods, the weather, etc) often changing; not
constant: ³@ fortune; a @ lover. ¸@®ness ³n¼
¨fic®tion© ²/ÚfIk2n/ ³n ¸1 ¶[C] ´sth invented or imagined (contrasted with
truth). ·a legal/polite @, ´sth assumed to be true, although it may be false,
for legal/social convenience. ¸2 ¶[U] ´(branch of literature concerned with)
stories, novels and romances: ³works of @; prefer history to @. Truth is often
stranger than @.¼
¨fic®ti®tious© ²/fIkÚtI2Es/ ³adj ´not real; imagined or invented: ³The account
he gives of his movements is quite @.¼
¨fiddle© ²/ÚfIdl/ ³n ¸1 ´(colloq) violin; any instrument of the violin family,
eÔg a cello or viola. ·have a face as long as a @, ´look dismal. ·fit as a @,
´very well; in good health. ·play second @ (to), ´take a less important part
(than). ¸Ú@-stick ³n ´bow±1µ(2)´. ¸Ú@-sticks ³int ´Nonsense! ¸2 ´instance of
fiddling; µ¥ 3 ´below. ¹ ³vt ¸1 ¶[VP6A,2A] ´(colloq) play the @; play a tune,
etc on the @. ¸2 ¶[VP2A,C] ·@ (about) (with), ´make aimless movements; play
aimlessly ³(with ´sth in one's fingers): ³Stop fiddling! He was fiddling
(about) with a piece of string. ¸3 ¶[VP6A] ´(sl) make or keep dishonestly
inaccurate records of figures (in business accounts, etc): ³@ an income-tax
return´, prepare it so as to try to escape correct tax payments. ¸fid®dler ³n
´person who plays the @; person who @sµ(3)´. ¸fid®dling ³adj ´(colloq) trivial;
futile: ³fiddling little jobs.¼
¨fi®del®ity© ²/fIÚdelEtI/ ³n ¶[U] ·@ (to), ¸1 ´loyalty,
faithfulness: ³@ to one's principles/religion/leader/wife. ¸2 ´accuracy;
exactness: ³translate sth with the greatest @; high @ equipment, ´with high
quality sound reproduction. µ¥ hi-fi.¼
¨fidget© ²/ÚfIdZIt/ ³vi,vt ¶[VP2A,C,6A] ·@ (about) (with), ´(cause sb to) move
the body (or part of it) about restlessly; make (sb) nervous: ³Stop @ing! The
boy was @ing (about) with his knife and fork. What's @ing you´, making you
nervous or uneasy? ³Hurry up, your father's beginning to @´, show signs of
impatience. ¹ ³n ¸1 ´(usu ¸the @s´) @ing movements: ³Having to sit still for a
long time often gives small children the @s. ¸2 ´person who @s: ³What a @ you
are! ¸@y ³adj ´having the @s; restless: ³a @y child.¼
¨fie© ²/fñI/ ³int ´(usu hum) for shame: ³Fie upon you´, You ought to be
ashamed!¼
¨fief© ²/fif/ ³n ¶[C] ´land held from a feudal lord.¼
¨field©1 ²/fild/ ³n ¶[C] ¸1 ´area of land, either grassland for cattle, etc or
arable land for crops, usu enclosed by means of hedges, fences, etc (not
normally used of unenclosed land or uncultivated land): ³working in the @s (´Cf
³on the farm). What a fine @ of wheat! ¸2 ´(usu in compounds) wide area or
expanse; open space: ³an ·Ú³ice-@, ´eÔg round the North Pole; ³a ·Ú³flying-@; a
·Ú³landing @ ´(for aircraft); ³a ·Ú³baseball/·Ú³cricket/·Ú³football @. ¸Ú@
events ³n pl ´athletic contests such as jumping and discus-throwing, but not
races or other contests that take place on a
track. ¸Ú@ glasses ³n pl ´long-distance binoculars for outdoor use. ¸Ú@ sports
³n pl ´hunting, shooting and fishing. ¸3 ´(usu in compounds) area of land from
which minerals, etc are obtained: ·Ú³gold-@s; a new ·Ú³oil-@; ·Ú³coal-@s. ¸4
´province or department of study or activity: ³the @ of
politics/art/science/medicine. That is outside my @´, is not in the departments
of knowledge that I have studied. ¸Ú@ work ³n ¶[U] ´scientific, technical or
social investigation made outside laboratories, etc eÔg by surveyors,
geologists or by students of social science who visit and talk to people. ¸5
´range (of operation, activity, use); area or space in which forces can be
felt: ³a magnetic @´, round a magnet: ³a wide @ of vision; an object that fills
the @ of a telescope; the earth's gravitational @´, the space in which the
earth's gravity is exerted. ¸6 ´place, area, where a battle or war is or was
fought: ³the @ of battle (·Ú³battle-@); take the @´, go to war. ¸Ú@ artillery;
Ú@ gun ³nn ´light and mobile, for use in battle. ¸Ú@ day ³n ´day on which
military operations are practised; (fig) great or special occasion. ·have a
@ day, ´(fig) have a celebration or triumph. ¸Ú@-hospital ³n ´temporary
hospital near the scene of fighting. ¸*F@ ÚMarshal ³n ´army officer of highest
rank. ¸Ú@-officer ³n ´major or colonel. ¸Ú@®work ³n ´temporary fortification
made by troops in the @. ¸7 ´(sports and athletics) (in foxhunting) all those
taking part in the hunt; (in a contest, esp a horse-race) all the competitors;
(in cricket and baseball) team that is not batting; (cricket) the fielding
side.¼
¨field©2 ²/fild/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A,2A] ´(cricket and baseball)
(stand ready to) catch or stop (the ball): ³He @ed the ball smartly. He @s
well. Well @ed, sir! ¸2 ¶[VP6A] ´(of football teams, etc) put into the @:
³Brazil are @ing a strong team for the World Cup. ¸@er; fields®man ²/-mEn/ ³n
(pl µ-men³) ´(cricket, etc) person who @s: ³He doesn't bat well, but he's an
excellent @er. µ¥ ´the illus at µbaseball.¼
¨fiend© ²/find/ ³n ´devil; very wicked or cruel person; (colloq)
person devoted to or addicted to sth (indicated by the word prefixed: ³a drug
@; a ·*³fresh-·Ú³air @. ¸@®ish ²/-I2/ ³adj ´savage and cruel. ¸@®ish®ly ³adv¼
¨fierce© ²/fIEs/ ³adj µ(-r, -st) ¸1 ´violent and angry: ³@ dogs/winds; look @;
have a @ look on one's face. ¸2 ´(of heat, desire, etc) intense: ³@ hatred.
¸@®ly ³adv ¸@®ness ³n¼
¨fiery© ²/ÚfñIErI/ ³adj ¸1 ´flaming; looking like, hot as, fire: ³a @ sky; @
eyes´, angry and glaring. ¸2 ´(of a person, his actions, etc) quickly or easily
made angry; passionate: ³a @ temper/speech. ¸fier®ily ²/-ElI/ ³adv ¸fieri®ness
³n¼
¨fi®esta© ²/fIÚestE/ ³n ´(Sp) religious festival; saint's day; holiday,
festival.¼
¨fife© ²/fñIf/ ³n ´small musical wind instrument like a flute, used with drums
in military music: ³a drum and @ band.¼
¨fif®teen© ²/*fIfÚtin/ ³n, adj ´the number 15, µ¥ App 4´; team of Rugby
players. ¸@th ²/*fIfÚtinT/ ³n, adj¼
¨fifth© ²/fIfT/ ³n, adj µ¥ App 4. ¸*@ Úcolumn, ´organized body of persons
sympathizing with and working for the enemy within a country at war. ¸@®ly ³adv
´in the @ place.¼
¨fifty© ²/ÚfIftI/ ³n (pl µ-ties³), adj ´the number 50. µ¥ App 4. ¸the fifties,
´50-59. ·go *@-Ú@ (with); be on a @-@ basis (with), ´have equal shares (with).
·a @-@ chance, ´equal chance. ¸fif®ti®eth ²/ÚfIftIET/ ³n, adj µ¥ App 4.¼
¨fig© ²/fIg/ ³n ´(broad-leaved tree having a) soft, sweet, pear-shaped fruit
full of small seeds. µ¥ ´the illus at µfruit. ·not care/give a fig (for), ´not
care in the least; consider as valueless or unimportant. ¸Ú@-leaf, ´(with
reference to the story of Adam and Eve) conventional device for concealing
genital organs in old drawings, statues, etc.¼
¨fight©1 ²/fñIt/ ³n ¸1 ¶[C] ´act of fighting: ³a @ between two
dogs; the @ against poverty; a prize-@ ´(boxing). ·put up a good/poor @, ´fight
with/without courage and determination. ·a free @, µ¥ free±1µ(3). ·a stand-up
@, µ¥ stand±2µ(11). ¸2 ¶[U] ´fighting spirit; desire or ability for fighting:
³In spite of numerous defeats, they still had plenty of @ left in them. The
news that their leader had surrendered took all the @ out of them. ·show @,
´show readiness to fight.¼
¨fight©2 ²/fñIt/ ³vi,vt (pt,pp µfought ²/fct/³) ¸1 ¶[VP2A,B,C,3A,4A,6A] ´use
the force of the body or of weapons (against); use physical force (as in war);
use all resources available (against) to defeat: ³to @ poverty/oppression.
³When dogs @, they use their teeth. The dogs were @ing over a bone/@ing for the
possession of a bone. Great Britain has often fought with ´(= against) ³her
enemies. Great Britain fought with ´(= on the side of) ³France. They were @ing
for ´(= in order to secure or maintain) ³their independence. They were @ing to
preserve their freedom. ·@ to a finish, ´until there is a decision. ·@ shy of,
´keep away from, not get mixed up with. ¸2 ¶[VP6A] ´@µ(1) ´in: ³@ a battle/a
duel/an election. ¸3 ¶[VP15A,B] ·@ sth down, ´repress; overcome: ³@ down a
feeling of repugnance. ·@ sb/sth off, ´drive away; struggle against: ³@ off a
cold´, eÔg by taking aspirin. ·@ one's way forward/out (of), ´advance, go
forward, by @ing. ·@ it out, ´@ until a dispute is settled. ¸4 ¶[VP6A]
´manoeuvre (ships, etc) in battle: ³The captain fought his ship well. ¸@er ³n
´person or thing that @s, esp a fast aircraft designed for attacking
bombers: ³a ·*³jet-·Ú³@er; ´(attrib) ³a ·Ú³@er pilot/squadron. ¸@®ing
³n ¶[U]´: ·Ú³street @ing. ·a @ing chance´, a possibility of success if great
efforts are made.¼
¨fig®ment© ²/ÚfIgmEnt/ ³n ¶[C] ´sth invented or imagined: ³@s of
the imagination.¼
¨figu®rat®ive© ²/ÚfIgjErEtIv/ ³adj ´(of words and language) used not in the
literal sense but in an imaginative way (as when ³fiery ´is used of a man who
is easily made angry). ¸@®ly ³adv¼
¨fig®ure© ²/ÚfIgE(r) ³US: ²ÚfIgjEr/ ³n ¸1 ´symbol for a number, esp 0 to 9: ³He
has an income of six figures´, $100Ô000 or more. ³We bought the house at a
high/low @´, for a high/low price. ¸double @s, ´any number from 10 to 99
inclusive. ¸2 ³(pl) ´arithmetic: ³Are you good at @s? ¸3 ´diagram; drawing to
illustrate sth: ³The blackboard was covered with geometrical @s´, iÔe squares,
triangles, etc. ¸4 ´person's @ drawn or painted, or cut in stone, etc; drawing,
painting, image, of the body of a bird, animal, etc. ¸Ú@-head ³n ¸(a) ´carved
image (either bust or full-length) placed for ornament at the prow of a ship.
¸(b) ´person in high position but with no real authority. ¸5 ´human form, esp
the appearance and what it suggests: ³I saw a @ approaching in the darkness. He
has a good/poor/handsome, etc @. She's a fine @ of a woman´, is well-shaped.
³I'm dieting to keep my @´, in order not to grow stout. ³She was a @ of
distress´, Her attitude and appearance suggested distress. ·cut a
fine/poor/sorry, etc @, ´make a fine, etc, appearance. ¸6 ´person, esp his
characer or influence: ³dominating @s like Napoleon. ¸7 ·@ of speech,
´expression, eÔg a simile or metaphor, that gives variety or force, using
words out of their literal meaning. ¹ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP15A] ´imagine; picture
mentally: ³@ sth to oneself. ¸2 ¶[VP2C] ·@ (in), ´appear; have a part; be
prominent: ³@ in history/in a play. He @s in all the books on the subject. ¸3
¶[VP15B] ·@ sth/sb out, ´calculate; think about until one understands: ³I can't
@ that man out´, He puzzles me. ¸4 ¶[VP3A,9,25] ·@ (on), ´(US) reckon;
estimate; conclude: ³They @d on your arriving early. I @ed (that) he was
honest. I @ him (to be) honest. ¸fig®ured ³adj ´ornamented; decorated: ³a @d
glass window, ´with designs, eÔg in stained glass; ³@d silk´, with patterns or
designs on it.¼
¨fila®ment© ²/ÚfIlEmEnt/ ³n ¶[C] ´slender thread, eÔg of wire in an electric
light bulb.¼
¨fila®ture© ²/ÚfIlEt2E(r)/ ³n ´workshop in which raw silk is reeled
from cocoons.¼
¨fil®bert© ²/ÚfIlbEt/ ³n ´(nut of a) cultivated hazel.¼
¨filch© ²/fIlt2/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´pilfer; steal (sth of small value).¼
¨file©1 ²/fñIl/ ³n ´metal tool with rough surface(s) for cutting or smoothing
hard substances. µ¥ ´the illus at µtool. ´¹ ³vt ¶[VP6A,22,15A] ´use a @ on;
make smooth with a @; remove, cut through, with a @: ³@ one's fingernails; @
sth smooth; @ an iron rod in two. ¸fil®ings ²/ÚfñIlIGz/ ³n pl ´bits @d off or
removed by a @.¼
¨file©2 ²/fñIl/ ³n ¶[C] ´holder, cover, case, box, drawer etc for keeping
papers, etc together and in order for reference purposes, usu with wires, metal
rods or other devices on which the papers, etc may be threaded: ³Where's the @
of "The Times'? We have placed the correspondence on our @s. ·on @, ´on or in a
@. ¹ ³vt ¶[VP6A,15B] ´place on or in a @; place on record: ³@ an application;
@ (away) letters; a ·Ú³filing clerk´, one who @s correspondence, etc.¼
¨file©3 ²/fñIl/ ³n ´line of persons or things one behind the other; (mil) man
in the front rank and the man or men straight behind him. ·(in) single @; (in)
Indian @´, (in) one line, one behind the other. ·the rank and @, ´soldiers who
are not officers; (fig) ordinary, undistinguished persons. ¹ ³vi ¶[VP2C] ´march
in @: ³The men @d in/out´, came or went in/out.¼
¨fil®ial© ²/ÚfIlIEl/ ³adj ´of a son or daughter: ³@ duty/piety.¼
¨fili®bus®ter© ²/ÚfIlIbAstE(r)/ ³n ¸1 ´person who obstructs the making of
decisions in meetings, parliament, etc by eÔg making long speeches. ¸2 ´such a
speech. ¹ ³vi ´act as a @µ(1).¼
¨fili®gree© ²/ÚfIlIgri/ ³n ¶[U] ´ornamental lace-like work of gold,
silver or copper ware: (attrib) ³a @ brooch; @ ear-rings.¼
¨fil®ings© ²/ÚfñIlIGz/ ³n pl µ¥ file±1µ.¼
¨fill©1 ²/fIl/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´full supply; as much as is wanted: ³eat/drink one's
@. ·have one's @ (of sth), ´(colloq) have as much as one can bear. ¸2 ¶[C]
´enough to fill sth: ³a @ of tobacco´, enough to fill a pipe. ¸@®ing ³n ¶[C]
´sth put in to @ sth: ³a @ing in a tooth.¼
¨fill©2 ²/fIl/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A,14,15B,12B,13B,2A,C] ·@ (with), ´make or become
full; occupy all the space in: ³@ a hole with sand/a tank with petrol. Tears
@ed her eyes. I was @ed with admiration. The smoke @ed the room. Go and @ this
bucket with water for me/@ me ´(less usu) ³this bucket with water. The hall
soon @ed. The wind @ed the sails. The sails @ed ´(= swelled out) ³with wind. ·@
in, ´add what is necessary to make complete: ³@ in an application form´, write
one's name, and other particulars required; ³@ in an outline´, add details,
etc. ·@ out, ¸(a) ´make or become larger, rounded or fatter: ³Her cheeks began
to @ out. ¸(b) ´(esp US) ³= @ in. ·@ up, ´make or become quite full: ³@ up with
petrol; @ up a tank. The channel of the river @ed up with mud. ¸Ú@®ing station,
´place where petrol, oil, etc is sold to motorists. Cf ³service station´, where
motor repairs may be done. ¸2 ¶[VP6A] ´hold a position and do the necessary
work; put (sb) in a position: ³The vacancy has already been @ed. He @s the post
satisfactorily´, performs the duties well. ·@ the bill, ´(colloq) meet one's
needs: ³These new machines really @ the bill. ¸3 ¶[VP6A] ´execute, carry out an
order, etc: ³@ a doctor's prescription.¼
¨fil®let© ²/ÚfIlIt/ ³n ¸1 ´band (often ornamental) worn to keep the hair in
place. ¸2 ´slice of fish or meat without bones. ¹ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´cut (fish) into
@s: ³@ed plaice.¼
¨fil®lip© ²/ÚfIlIp/ ³n ¶[C] ´quick, smart blow or stroke given with
a finger; (fig) incentive or stimulus: ³an advertising campaign that gave a
@ to sales.¼
¨filly© ²/ÚfIlI/ ³n µ(-lies) ´female foal. µ¥ colt±1µ.¼
¨film©1 ²/fIlm/ ³n ¸1 ¶[C] ´thin coating or covering: ³a @ of dust; a @ of oil
on water; a @ of mist. ¸2 ¶[C,U] ´roll or sheet of thin flexible material for
use in photography: ³a roll ´(US = ³spool) of @; expose 50 feet of @; @ stock´,
cinema @ not yet exposed; ·Ú³@-strip´, length of @ with a number of photographs
(of scenes, diagrams, etc) to be shown on a screen separately (not as a motion
picture). ¸3 ¶[C] ´motion picture. ¸the @s, ´the cinema. ¸Ú@ test,
´photographic test of sb who wishes to act for the @s. ¸Ú@-star, ´well-known
cinema actor or actress. ¸filmy ³adj µ(-ier, -iest) ´like a @µ(1)´: ³@y
clouds.¼
¨film©2 ²/fIlm/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP2A,6A] ´make a motion picture (of): ³@ a play.
They've been filming for six months. ¸2 ¶[VP6A,2A,C] ·@ (over), ´cover, become
covered, with a filmµ(1)´: ³The mirror @ed over. ¸3 ¶[VP2A,C] ´be well, badly
suited for
reproduction in a motion picture: ³She @s well. ¸@®able ²/-Ebl/ ³adj ´(of a
novel, etc) suitable for @ing.¼
¨fil®ter© ²/ÚfIltE(r)/ ³n ´apparatus (containing, eÔg sand, charcoal, paper,
cloth) for holding back solid substances in an impure liquid passed through
it; coloured glass (as used on a camera lens) which allows light only of
certain wave-lengths to pass through; (radio) device which suppresses signals
from unwanted frequencies. ¸Ú@ tip, ´cigarette end containing material that
acts as a @ for smoke. Hence, ¸Ú@®tipped ³adj ´¹ ³vt,vi ¶[VP6A,14,15B,2A,C] ¸1
´(cause to) flow through a @; purify (a liquid) by using a @. ¸2 ´(fig, of a
crowd, road traffic, news, ideas, etc) make a way; pass or flow: ³new ideas
@ing into people's minds. The news of the defeat @ed through. ¸3 ´(of traffic
in GB) be allowed to pass or turn to the left when traffic going straight ahead
or to the right is held up by a red light.¼
¨filth© ²/fIlT/ ³n ¶[U] ´disgusting dirt; obscenity. ¸@y ³adj
µ(-ier, -iest) ´disgustingly dirty; vile; obscene; (colloq) very dirty. ·@y
rich, ´(colloq) very rich. ¸@®ily ²/-IlI/ ³adv ¸@i®ness ³n¼
¨fil®trate© ²/fIlÚtreIt/ ³vt,vi ´= µfilter ³vµ(1). ¸fil®tra®tion ²/-ÚtreI2n/ ³n
¶[U] ´process of filtrating. ¹ ³n ²/ÚfIltreIt/ ´@d liquid.¼
¨fin© ²/fIn/ ³n ´projecting part of a fish used in swimming; thing shaped like
or used in the same way as a fin, eÔg the ·Ú³tail-fin ´of an aircraft. µ¥ ´the
illus at µfish, sea.¼
¨fi®nal© ²/ÚfñInl/ ³adj ¸1 ´coming at the end: ³the @ chapter of a book. ¸2
´putting an end to doubt or argument: ³a @ decision/judgement. ´¹ ³n ¸1 ´(often
³pl´) last of a series of examinations or contests: ³the law @(s); take one's
@s; the tennis @s, ´at the end of a tournament; ³the Cup F@´, last football
match in a series. ¸2 ´(colloq) edition of a newspaper published latest in the
day: ³"Late night @'. ¸@®ist ²/-nElIst/ ³n ¸1 ´player who takes part in the
last of a series of contests. ¸2 ´undergraduate in his @ year. ¸@®ly ²/-nElI/
³adv ¸1 ´lastly; in conclusion. ¸2 ´once and for all: ³settle a matter @ly.¼
¨fi®nale© ²/fIÚnqlI ³US: ²-ÚnalI/ ³n ´(music) last movement of an instrumental
composition, eÔg a symphony; closing scene of an opera; end.¼
¨fi®nal®ity© ²/fñIÚnalEtI/ ³n ¶[U] ´state or quality of being final: ³speak
with an air of @´, giving the impression that there is nothing more to be said
or done.¼
¨fi®nal®ize© ²/ÚfñInElñIz/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´give a final form to.¼
¨fi®nance© ²/ÚfñInans ³US: ²fIÚnans/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´(science of) the management of
(esp public) money: ³an expert in @; the Minister of F@ ´(in GB called ³the
Chancellor of the Exchequer). ¸Ú@ house/company, ´one that provides @ for
hire-purchase sales. ¸2 ³(pl) ´money (esp of a government or a business
company): ³Are the country's @s sound? ´¹ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´provide money for (a
scheme, etc).¼
¨fi®nan®cial© ²/fñIÚnan2l ³US: ²fIÚna-/ ³adj ´of finance: ³in @ difficulties´,
short of money; ³a @ centre´, eÔg London or New York. ·the @ year´, the annual
period for which accounts are made up. ¸fi®nan®cially ²/-2ElI/ ³adv¼
¨fin®an®cier© ²/fñIÚnansIE(r) ³US: ²*fInEnÚsIEr/ ³n ´person skilled
in finance; capitalist.¼
¨finch© ²/fInt2/ ³n ´kinds of small bird (usu with a distinctive epithet or
prefix, as ·Ú³chaf@, ·Ú³green@, ·Ú³bull-@´).¼
¨find©1 ²/fñInd/ ³n ¶[C] ´finding; sth found, esp sth valuable or
pleasing: ³I made a great @ in a secondhand bookshop yesterday´, found a rare
or valuable old book.¼
¨find©2 ²/fñInd/ ³vt (pt,pp µfound ²/fñ8nd/³) ¸1 ¶[VP6A,12B,13B] ´get back,
after a search, (sth/sb lost, left behind, forgotten, etc): ³Did you ever @
that pen you lost? Please help Mary to @ her bag. Please @ Mary her bag/@
Mary's bag for her. The missing child has not been found yet. ·@ one's place
´(in a book, etc), turn to the page where one wishes to continue reading etc.
·@ one's voice/tongue, ´be able to speak (after being silent because of
shyness, etc). ¸2 ¶[VP6A,12A,B,13A,B,15A,B] ´get or discover (sth/sb not lost,
forgotten, etc) after search, experience or effort: ³@ a cure/remedy (for sth);
@ a solution/an answer (to a problem); @ (the) time to do sth. They dug five
metres and then found water. I can @ nothing new to say on this subject. Did
you @ him what he wanted? They couldn't @ the way in/out/back. Where will they
@ money for the journey? ·@ favour with sb, µ¥ favour±1µ(1). ·@ fault (with),
µ¥ fault. ·@ one's feet, ¸(a) ´be able to stand and walk, eÔg as a baby does:
³How old was the baby when it began to @ its feet? ¸(b) ´become able to act
independently, without the help and guidance of others. ·@ oneself, ´discover
one's vocation; learn one's powers and abilities and how to use them. µ¥ ´also
µ5 ´below. ·@ it in one's heart/oneself to do sth, ´(chiefly neg and interr
with ³can/could´) be so unkind or callous as to: ³How can you @ it in your
heart to drown these little kittens? ¸3 ¶[VP6A,15A,B] ´arrive at naturally:
³Rivers @ their way to the sea. Water always @s its own level. ¸4
¶[VP6A,19B,22,15A] ´discover by chance; come across: ³He was found
dying/dead/injured at the foot of a cliff. I found him in the cellar drinking
my best brandy. ¸5 ¶[VP9,15A,22,25] ´become informed or aware of, by experience
or trial: ³We found the beds quite comfortable. We found him (to be)
dishonest/found he was dishonest. They found him (to be) the right man for the
job. Do you @ that honesty pays/that it pays to be honest? I never @ the best
too good for me. You must take us as you @ us´, accept us as we are, not expect
special treatment or ceremony. ³I @ it difficult to understand him/@ him
difficult to understand. I called at Smith's this morning and found him still
in bed. I was disappointed to @ her out ´(iÔe not at home) ³when I called. ·@
oneself ³+ adj/adv, ´discover, realize, that one is: ³When he regained
consciousness, he found himself in hospital´, eÔg after a motor accident. ³How
do you @ yourself this morning´, How are you feeling? ³He found himself
alone with a strange woman. ¸6 ¶[VP6A,15B,8,10] ·@ (out), ´learn by study,
calculation, inquiry: ³What do you @ the total? Please @ out when the train
starts/whether there is an express train/how to get there. ·@ sb out, ´detect
sb in wrongdoing or error: ³Do you think the police will @ us out? ¸7 ¶[VP15A]
´(equivalent to a construction with ³there is/are´, etc with
no suggestion of discovery or inquiry, the subject being ³one ´or ³you´): ³One
doesn't/You don't find ´(= There isn't) ³much vegetation in this area.
Pine-trees are found ´(= There are pine-trees) ³in most European countries. ¸8
¶[VP6A,15A] ´supply; furnish; provide: ³Who will @ the money for the
expedition? ·@ sb/oneself in, ´provide with: ³He pays his housekeeper $25 a
week and she @s herself in clothes´, buys them herself, from her wages. ·all
found, ´everything provided: ³Wanted, a good cook, $100 a month and all found´,
board, lodging, etc provided free in addition to wages. ¸9 ¶[VP22,25,9]
´(legal) determine and declare; give as a verdict: ³How do you @ the accused?
The jury found the accused man guilty. They found ´(= brought in) ³a verdict of
guilty. They found it ´(= the offence) ³manslaughter. ·@ for, ´(elliptical use)
decide in favour of: ³@ for the defendant/plaintiff. ¸@er ³n ¸1 ´person who @s
sth: ³Lost, a diamond ring: @er will be rewarded. ¸2 ´device in a camera
³(·Ú³view-@er) ´or telescope used to @ the object to be photographed, examined,
etc. ¸@®ing ³n ´(usu ³pl) ¸1 ´what has been learnt as the result of inquiry:
³the @ings of the Commission. ¸2 ´what is determined by a jury, etc.¼
¨fine©1 ²/fñIn/ ³n ¶[C] ´sum of money (to be) paid as a penalty for
breaking a law or rule. ¹ ³vt ¶[VP6A,14] ·@ (for), ´punish by a @: ³@ sb for an
offence; @ sb $5. ¸@®able ´(also ¸finable´) ²/ÚfqInEbl/ ³adj ´liable to a @.¼
¨fine©2 ²/fñIn/ ³n ´(only in) ·in @, ´(old use) in short, finally, to sum up.¼
¨fine©3 ²/fñIn/ ³adj µ(-r, -st) ¸1 ´(of weather) bright; clear; not raining:
³It rained all morning, but turned @ later. ·one @ day, ´(in story-telling) one
day past or future. ·one of these @ days, ´at some (vague) time in the future.
¸2 ´enjoyable; pleasing; splendid: ³a @ view; have a @ time; @ clothes. She has
grown up to be a @ young lady. That's a @ excuse´, (ironic) a very poor excuse.
³She thinks herself a @ lady´, considers herself a lady of fashion, too
superior to do housework, etc. ¸3 ´delicate; carefully made and easily injured:
³@ workmanship; @ silk. ¸4 ´of very small particles: ³@ dust. Sand is @r than
gravel. ¸5 ´slender; thin; sharp: ³@ thread; a pencil with a @ point. ·not to
put too @ a point on it, ´to express it plainly. ¸@-tooth comb µ¥ tooth(2). ¸6
´(of metals) refined; pure: ³@ gold; gold 18 carats @´, with 18 parts of pure
gold and 6 of alloy. ¸7 ´(to be) seen only with difficulty or effort: ³a @
distinction; ´capable of delicate perception, able to make delicate
distinctions: ³a @ sense of humour; a @ taste in art. ¸the @ arts; @ art, ´the
visual arts that appeal to the sense of beauty, esp painting and sculpture. ¸8
´(of speech or writing) too ornate; insincerely complimentary. ·call sth/sb
by @ names, ¸(a) ´(of sth) use euphemisms about it. ¸(b) ´(of sb) flatter
him. ¸9 ´in good health: ³I'm feeling @. ¸@®ly ³adv ¸1 ´splendidly: ³@ly
dressed. ¸2 ´into small particles or pieces: ³carrots @ly chopped up. ¸@®ness
³n¼
¨fine©4 ²/fñIn/ ³adv ¸1 ´(colloq) very well: ³That will suit me @.
¸2 ´(in compounds) ·*³@-·Ú³drawn´, subtle; ·*³@-·Ú³spoken´, insincerely
complimentary; ·*³@-·Ú³spun´, delicate. ¸3 ·cut it @, µ¥ cut±1µ(7).¼
¨fin®ery© ²/ÚfñInErI/ ³n ¶[U] ´gay and elegant dress or appearance: ³young men
in their Saturday night @´, smart clothes; ³the garden in its summer @´, with
its brightly coloured flowers, green lawns, etc.¼
¨fi®nesse© ²/fIÚnes/ ³n ¶[U] ´artful or delicate way of dealing with a
situation: ³show @ in dealing with people; ¶[C] ´(cards) attempt to win ´using
@.¼
¨fin®ger© ²/ÚfIGgE(r)/ ³n ´one of the five members (·Ú³little @, ·Ú³ring @,
·Ú³middle @, ·Ú³index ´or ·Ú³fore@, thumb´) at the end of the hand. µ¥ ´the
illus at µarm. ³There are five @s (´or ³four @s and one thumb) on each hand.
·sb's @s are all thumbs, ´he is very clumsy. µ¥ thumb. ·burn one's @s, ´suffer
because of incautious or meddlesome behaviour, etc. ·have a @ in every/the pie,
µ¥ pie. ·keep one's @s crossed, µ¥ cross±2µ(3). ·lay a @ on, ´touch (however
slightly): ³I forbid you to lay a @ on the boy´, to punish him by hitting him,
etc. ·lay/put one's @ on, ´point out precisely (where sth is wrong, the cause
of a problem). ·not lift a @ (to help sb), ´do nothing to help when help is
needed. ·put the @ on sb, ´(sl) inform against (a criminal). ·slip through
one's @s, µ¥ slip±1µ(3). ·twist sb round one's (little) @, ´cajole him;
dominate him. ¸Ú@-alphabet ³n ´method (using the @s in various ways) for
talking with the deaf. ¸Ú@®board, ´wood (on a guitar, violin, etc) where the
strings are held against the neck with the @s. ¸Ú@-bowl ³n ´one for rinsing the
@s at meals. ¸Ú@-mark ³n ´mark, eÔg on a wall, made by a dirty @. ¸Ú@-nail ³n
´nail at the tip of the @. ¸Ú@-plate ³n ´one fastened on a door near the handle
or key-hole to prevent @-marks. ¸Ú@-post ³n ´signpost giving directions with
boards shaped like @s. ¸Ú@®print ³n ´mark made by @s when pressed on a surface,
used for identifying criminals. µ¥ ´the illus at µwhorl. ¸Ú@®stall ³n
´protective cover (worn over an injured @). ¸Ú@®tip, ´top of a @. ·have sth at
one's @tips, ´be thoroughly familiar with it. ¹ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´touch with the @s:
³@ a piece of cloth´, touch, feel, it (to test its quality).¼
¨fini®cal© ²/ÚfInIkl/ ³adj ´too fussy or fastidious about food, clothing, etc.¼
¨fin®icky© ²/ÚfInIkI/ ³adj ´= µfinical.¼
¨fi®nis© ²/ÚfInIs/ ³n sing ´(Lat) (at the end of a book) the
end.¼
¨fin®ish© ²/ÚfInI2/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A,C,2A,C,15B,24] ´bring or come to an end;
complete: ³@ one's work; @ reading a book. Have you @ed that book yet´, read
it to the end? ³Term @es next week. We have @ed the pie´, eaten all of it.
³That long climb almost @ed me´, (colloq) almost caused my death. ·@ sb off,
´(sl) kill, destroy, him. ³That fever nearly @ed him off. ·@ sth off/up, ´eat
up completely: ³We @ed up everything on the table. ·@ (Úup) with sth ´have at
the end: ³We had an excellent dinner, and @ed up with a glass of brandy. ·@
with sb/sth, ´no longer be engaged with sb or busy with sth: ³I haven't @ed
with you yet´, still have sth to say. ³Have you @ed with that dictionary? ¸2
¶[VP6A] ´make complete or perfect; polish: ³The woodwork is beautifully @ed´,
smoothed and polished. ³They gave a @ed performance of the quartet. He gave the
picture a few @ing touches. ¸Ú@ing school, ´private school preparing girls for
social life. ¹ ³n sing ¸1 ¶[C] ´last part: ³the @ of a race. It was a
close @´, The competitors were close together at the @. ·be in at the @, ´be
present when the fox is killed at the end of the hunt; (fig) be present during
the last stage (of a struggle, etc). ·a fight to the @, ´until one side is
defeated or exhausted. ¸2 ¶[C,U] ´the state of being @ed or perfect; the manner
in which sth is @ed: ³woodwork with a smooth @. His manners lack @.¼
¨fi®nite© ²/ÚfñInñIt/ ³adj ¸1 ´limited; having bounds: ³Human understanding is
@´, There are things that man cannot understand. ¸2 ´(gram) agreeing with a
subject in number and person: ³"Am', "is', "are', "was', and "were' are the @
forms of "be'; and "be', "being' and "been' are the non-@ forms.¼
¨Finn© ²/fIn/ ³n ´native of Finland. ¸@®ish ³adj, n ´(language) of the @s.¼
¨finnan© ²/ÚfInEn/ ³n ´(also ¸*@ Úhaddock/haddie ²/ÚhadI/´) (kind of) smoked
haddock.¼
¨fiord©, fjord ²/fIÚcd/ ³n ´long, narrow arm of the sea, between high cliffs
(as in Norway).¼
¨fir© ²/f3(r)/ ³n ´conifer with needle-like leaves; µ¥ ´the illus at µtree.
¶[U] ´wood of this tree. ¸Úfir-cone ³n¼
¨fire©1 ²/ÚfñIE(r)/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´condition of burning: ³F@ burns. ·There is no
smoke without @, ´(prov) There is always some reason for a rumour. ·on @,
´burning: ³The house was on @. ·play with @, ´take foolish risks. ·set sth on
@; set @ to sth, ´cause it to begin burning: ³He set the haystack on @. ·not
(ever)/never set the ÚThames on @, ´not do anything remarkable: ³Tom's not the
sort of boy who will ever set the Thames on @´, distinguish himself.
·take/catch @, ´begin to burn: ³Paper catches @ easily. ·strike @ from, ´get
sparks from (by striking or rubbing): ³strike @ from flint. ¸2 ¶[U]
´destructive burning: ³Have you insured your house against @? ·@ and sword,
´burning and killing (in war). ¸Ú@ risk(s), ´possible or likely cause(s) of @.
¸3 ¶[C] ´instance of destructive burning: ³forest @s; a @ in a coal-mine. ¸4
¶[C] ´burning fuel in a grate, furnace, etc to heat a room, building, for
cooking, etc: ³The weather is too warm for @s. There's a @ in the next room.
·lay a @, ´put paper, wood, coal, etc together ready for use. ·make a @, ´lay a
@ and light it. ·make up a @, ´add fuel as it burns low. ¸e*lectric Ú@, ´heater
using an incandescent elementµ(7). ¸Úgas @, ´heater using lighted gasµ(2). ¸5
¶[U] ´shooting (from guns). ·between two @s, ´shot at from two directions.
·hang @, µ¥ hang±2µ(4). ·open/cease @, ´start/stop shooting. ·under @, ´being
shot at. ¸running @, ¸(a) ´a succession of shots from a line of troops. ¸(b)
´(fig) succession of criticisms, hostile questions, etc. ¸6 ¶[U] ´strong
emotion; angry or excited feeling; enthusiasm: ³a speech that lacks @´, is
uninspiring; ³eyes full of @. ¸7 ´(compounds) ¸Ú@-alarm ³n ´apparatus (bell,
etc) for making known the outbreak of a @. ¸Ú@®arm ³n ´(usu ³pl´) rifle, gun,
pistol or revolver. ¸Ú@®ball ³n ´(esp) centre of an exploding atomic bomb.
¸Ú@®bird ³n ´N American bird with orange and black plumage. ¸Ú@-bomb ³n ´one
that burns fiercely and causes destruction by @. µ¥ napalm. ¸Ú@®box ³n
´fuel-chamber of a steam-engine. ¸Ú@®brand ³n ´piece of burning wood; (fig)
person who stirs up social or political strife. ¸Ú@®break ³n ¸(a) ´(in a
forest) wide strip of land without trees (to lessen the risk of a forest @
spreading). ¸(b) ´wall or barrier of incombustible material in a warehouse,
factory, etc. ¸Ú@®brick ³n ´kind of brick, proof against @, used in grates,
furnaces, chimneys, etc. ¸Ú@-brigade ³n ´organized team of men who put out @s.
¸Ú@-bug ³n ´(sl) person who commits arson. ¸Ú@®clay ³n ¶[U] ´kind used for
@-bricks. ¸Ú@-control ³n ¶[U] ´system of regulating the firing of guns.
¸Ú@-cracker ³n ´small @work that explodes with a cracking noise. ¸Ú@®damp ³n
¶[U] ´gas in coal-mines, explosive when mixed in certain proportions with air.
¸Ú@®dog ³n ´andiron. ¸Ú@ drill ³n ´practice of routine to be followed when @
breaks out, eÔg on a ship. ¸Ú@-eater ³n ´person who quickly gets angry and
ready to fight. ¸Ú@-engine ³n ´machine, manned by @men, for throwing water on
to a @. ¸Ú@-escape ³n ´outside staircase by means of which people may leave a
burning building; apparatus, kind of extending ladder, used by @men to save
people from a burning building. ¸Ú@-extinguisher ³n ´portable metal cylinder
with chemical substance, etc, inside, for putting out a small @. ¸Ú@-fighter ³n
´= @manµ(b)´; (esp) man who fights forest @s. ¸Ú@®fly ³n (pl µ-flies³) ´winged
beetle that sends out phosphorescent light. ¸Ú@®guard ³n ´protective metal
framework or grating round a @ in a room. ¸Ú@-hose ³n ´hose-pipe used for
extinguishing @s. ¸Ú@-irons ³n pl ´poker, tongs, shovel, etc (kept near a
@place). ¸Ú@®light ³n ´light from the @ in a @place: ³sitting in the @light.
¸Ú@®lighter ³n ´piece or bundle of fuel for kindling a @µ(4)´. ¸@®man ²/-mEn/
³n (pl µ-men³) ¸(a) ´man who looks after the @ in a furnace or steam-engine.
¸(b) ´member of a @-brigade. ¸Ú@®place ³n ´grate or hearth for a @ in a room,
usu of brick or stone in the wall. ¸Ú@ plug ³n ´connection in a
water-main for a @-hose. ¸Ú@-power ³n ¶[U] ´capacity to fireµ(6)´, expressed as
the total number and weight of shells fired per minute: ³the @-power of a
cruiser. ¸Ú@®proof ³adj ´that does not burn; that does not crack or break when
heated. ¸Ú@-raising ³n ¶[U] ´arson. ¸ÚF@ Service, ´(now the official term for)
@-brigade(s). ¸Ú@®side ³n ·the @side, ´part of a room round the @place:
³sitting at the @side; ´(fig) home life; (attrib) ³a @side chair; a homely
@side scene. ¸Ú@ station ³n ´building for a @-brigade and its equipment.
¸Ú@®stone ³n ´@proof stone (in a @place, etc). ¸Ú@-walking ³n ¶[U] ´ceremony of
walking barefoot over stones heated by @, or over white-hot wood-ash, etc.
Hence, ¸Ú@-walker ³n ¸Ú@-watcher ³n ´(in World War ²¢´) person whose duty was
to watch for @s started by bombs dropped from the air. Hence, ¸Ú@-watching ³n
¶[U] ¸Ú@-water ³n ´(colloq) spirits such as whisky, gin and rum. ¸Ú@®wood ³n
´wood prepared for lighting @s or as fuel. ¸Ú@®work ³n ¶[C] ´device containing
gunpowder and chemicals, used for making a display at night, or as a signal;
³(pl) ´(fig) display of wit, anger, etc.¼
¨fire©2 ²/ÚfñIE(r)/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A] ´set fire to with the
intention of destroying; cause to begin burning: ³@ a haystack. ¸2 ¶[VP6A] ´use
artificial heat on sth in order to change it in some way: ³@ ´(= bake)
³bricks/pottery in a kiln; @ tea, ´cure it, make green leaves dry and dark. ¸3
¶[VP6A] ´supply (a furnace) with fuel: ³an oil-@d furnace. ¸4 ·@ up, ´(of a
person) (more usu ³flare up´) become excited or angry: ³She @s up at the least
thing. ¸5 ¶[VP6A] ´excite or stimulate. ·@ sb with sth, ´fill with enthusiasm,
zeal. ¸6 ¶[VP6A] ´discharge (a gun, etc); send (a shell, etc) from a gun;
explode (a charge of explosive): ³@ a gun. They @d a salute´, discharged guns
as a salute. ¶[VP2A] ´shoot: ³The officer ordered his men to @. ·@
at/into/on/upon, ¶[VP3A] ´direct fire towards: ³@ at a target; @ upon a
fort/ship. The police @d into the crowd. ·@ away, ¶[VP2C] ¸(a) ´continue
firing: ³They were firing away at the enemy. ¸(b) ´(fig) ´go ahead; begin: ³I'm
ready to answer questions; @ away. ¶[VP15B] ³They @d away all their
ammunition´, expended it all. ¸Úfiring-line ³n ´front line (of trenches) where
soldiers @ at the enemy. ¸Úfiring-party/-squad ³n ´number of soldiers ordered
to @ volleys at a military funeral or to carry out a military execution. ¸7
¶[VP6A] ´(colloq) dismiss (an employee): ³@ the manager for being incompetent.¼
¨fir®kin© ²/Úf3kIn/ ³n ´small cask.¼
¨firm©1 ²/f3m/ ³adj µ(-er, -est) ¸1 ´solid; hard; not yielding when
pressed: ³@ flesh/muscles; @ ground; ³as @ as a rock. ·be on @ ground´, be sure
of one's facts. ¸2 ´not easily changed or influenced; showing strength of
character and purpose: ³a @ faith; take @ measures; be @ with children´, insist
upon obedience and discipline; ³@ in/of purpose; be @ in one's beliefs. ¸3 ´(of
a person, his body, its movements, characteristics, etc) steady, stable: ³walk
with @ steps. The baby is not very @ on its feet yet´, does not stand or walk
confidently. ³He spoke in a @ voice. He gave me a @ glance. ´¹ ³vt,vi ´make or
become @. ¹ ³adv ´in a @ ´way: ³stand @ ´(lit or fig); ³hold @ to one's
beliefs. ¸@®ly ³adv ´in a @ way. ¸@®ness ³n¼
¨firm©2 ²/f3m/ ³n ¶[C] ´(two or more) persons carrying on a
business.¼
¨fir®ma®ment© ²/Úf3mEmEnt/ ³n ¸the @, ´the sky, thought of as containing the
stars, planets, moon and sun.¼
¨first©1 ²/f3st/ ³adj ¸1 ´(abbr ¸1st´) ´coming before all others in time or
order: ³January, the @ month of the year; the @ chapter (´or ³Chapter One);
King Edward the F@ ´(often King Edward ²¥´); ³a @ edition copy of a book; the @
man who arrived/the @ man to arrive; ³at the @ ´(= earliest) ³opportunity; @
´(= basic) ³principles. ·at @ sight, ´when seen or examined for the @ time:
³fall in love at @ sight. At @ sight the problem seemed easy. ·in the Ú@ place,
´(in making a list) as a beginning; @ly. ·@ thing, ´as a @ action; before doing
anything else: ³@ thing tomorrow morning. ·@ things @, ´the most important
things before the others. ·not to know the @ thing about sth, ´to know nothing
whatsover about it. ¸2 ´(special uses, compounds): ¸*@ Úaid ³n ¶[U] ´treatment
given at once to a sick or injured person before a doctor comes. ¸*@ Úbase ³n
´(baseball) @ base±1µ(6) ´on the field. ·get to @ base, ´(fig) ´make a
successful start. ¸*@ Úclass ³n ¶[U] ´best accommodation in a train, ship,
aircraft, etc. µ¥ class(7). ¸*@-Úclass ³adj ´of the @ class; excellent:
³@-class hotels/cabins/passengers; a @-class ´(university) ³degree; @-class
food/entertainment. µ¹ ³adv ´by the @ class: ³travel ·*³@-·Ú³class. ¸*@ Úcost
³n ´(comm) cost not including profit. ¸*@ deÚgree, µ¥ degree. ¸*@ Úfloor ³n
´(GB) floor immediately above the ground floor; (US) ground floor. ¸Ú@ form ³n
´(GB) lowest class in secondary schools. ¸Ú@-fruits ³n pl ´earliest produce
(crops, etc) of the season; (fig) @ results of one's work. ¸*@ Úgear, ´lowest
gearµ(1)´. ¸*@-Úhand ³adj, adv ´(obtained) directly from the source: ³@-hand
information; learn something ·*³@-·Ú³hand. ·at @ hand, ´directly. ¸*@ Úlady ³n
´(US) wife of a President or a Governor of a State. ¸Ú@ name ³n ´given name
(contrasted with family name): ³be on @ name terms with the boss ´(suggesting
informality). ¸*@ Únight ³n ´evening on which a play or opera is presented for
the @ time. Hence, ¸*@-Únighter, ´person who regularly attends @ nights. ¸*@
Úmate ³n µ¥ mate±1µ(2). ¸*@ ofÚfender, ´one against whom no previous conviction
has been recorded. ¸*@ Úperson ´(gram) the pronouns ³I, me,
we, us ´(and the verb forms used with them). ¸*@-Úrate ³adj ´of the best class;
excellent: ³@-rate acting. µ¹ ³adv ´(colloq) very well: ³getting on
·*³@-·Ú³rate. ¸@®ly ³adv ´(in making a list) as a beginning; in the @ place.¼
¨first©2 ²/f3st/ ³adv ¸1 ´before anyone or anything else (often,
for emphasis, ·@ of all; @ and foremost´): ³Which horse came in @´, won the
race? ³Women and children @´, iÔe before men. ·F@ come, @ served, ´Those who
come @ will be served @. ·last in, @ out, ´(esp) the last to be employed are
the @ to be dismissed when dismissals are necessary. ·@ and last, ´taking one
thing with another; on the whole. ¸Ú@®born ³n, adj ´eldest (child). ¸2 ´for
the @ time: ³When did you @ see him/see him @? ¸3 ´before some other
(specified or implied) time: ³I must finish this work @´, iÔe before starting
sth else. ¸4 ´in preference: ³He said he would resign @´, eÔg resign rather
than do sth dishonest for his employers.¼
¨first©3 ²/f3st/ ³n ¸1 ·at @, ´at the beginning. ·from the @, ´from the start.
·from @ to last, ´from beginning to end; throughout. ¸2 ´(in examinations,
competitions) place in the first class; person who takes this: ³He got a @ in
Modern Languages.¼
¨firth© ²/f3T/ ³n ´narrow arm of the sea; (esp in Scotland) river estuary.¼
¨fis®cal© ²/ÚfIskl/ ³adj ´of public revenue. µ¥ year(4).¼
¨fish©1 ²/fI2/ ³n (pl µ@ ´or µ@es³) ¸1 ¶[C] ´cold-blooded animal living wholly
in water and breathing through gills, with fins for swimming: ³catch a @/two
@es/a lot of @. µ¥ ´the illus here and at µsea. ·a Úpretty kettle of @, ´a
state of confusion. ·have Úother @ to fry, ´more important business to attend
to. ·There's as good @ in the sea as ever came out of it, ´(prov) Even if one
chance, etc has not been seized, there will be plenty of others. ¸2 ¶[U] ´@ as
food: ³a @ dinner; @ and chips´, fried @ with chipped potatoes; ³@ fingers´,
finger-shaped pieces of fish in batter, to be fried. ¸3 ´(compounds) ¸Ú@ ball;
Ú@®cake ³nn ´fried rissole of @. ¸Ú@®bone ³n ´bone of a @. ¸Ú@-hook ´metal hook
used for catching @. ¸Ú@-knife, ´knife with which @ is eaten. ¸Ú@®monger,
´tradesman who sells @. ¸Ú@®paste, ´paste of @ or shellfish (spread on
sandwiches, etc). ¸Ú@-slice, ´knife for carving and serving @ at table.
¸Ú@®wife, ´(colloq) crude, abusive woman. ¸@y ³adj ¸1 ´smelling or tasting like
@: ³a @y smell. ¸2 ´(colloq) causing a feeling of doubt: ³a @y story.¼
¨fish©2 ²/fI2/ ³vi,vt ¸1 ¶[VP2A,C] ´try to catch fish: ³go @ing; @
in the sea; ´(fig) try to get, by indirect methods: ³@ for
information/compliments. ·@ in troubled waters, ´try to win advantages for
oneself from a disturbed state of affairs. ¸2 ¶[VP6A] ´try to catch @ in: ³@ a
river/a pool; ´try to catch by @ing: ³@ trout. ¸3 ¶[VP15A,B] ·@ up (out
of)/(from); @ out (of/from), ´draw or pull (from): ³@ out a coin from/@ a coin
out of one's pocket; @ up a dead cat out of a canal. ¸@®ing ³n ¶[U] ´catching
fish for a living or for pleasure. ¸Ú@®ing-line ³n ´line±1µ(1) ´with a @-hook
attached for @ing. ¸Ú@®ing-rod ³n ´long tapered rod (often jointed) to which a
@ing-line is fastened. ¸Ú@ing-tackle ³n ¶[U] ´equipment needed for @ing.¼
¨fisher© ²/ÚfI2E(r)/ ³n ´(old use) fisherman. ¸@®man ²/-mEn/ ³n (pl µ-men³)
´man who earns a living by fishing. µ¥ ³angler ´at µangle±2µ.¼
¨fish®ery© ²/ÚfI2ErI/ ³n (pl µ-ries³) ´part of the sea where fishing is carried
on: ³in-shore fisheries´, near the coast; ³deep-sea fisheries.¼
¨fish®plate© ²/ÚfI2pleIt/ ³n ´one of two iron plates used to fasten rails to a
sleeper (on a railway track).¼
¨fis®sile© ²/ÚfIsñIl ³US: ²ÚfIsl/ ³adj ´that tends to split: ³@ material´, eÔg
that can be split up in a nuclear reactor.¼
¨fis®sion© ²/ÚfI2n/ ³n ¶[U] ´splitting or division, eÔg of one cell into new
cells, or of the nucleus of certain atoms, eÔg uranium, when an atomic bomb is
exploded. ¸@®able ²/-Ebl/ ³adj ´that can be split by @; capable of atomic @.¼
¨fis®sipar®ous© ²/fIÚsIpErEs/ ³adj ´(of cells) reproducing by
fission.¼
¨fis®sure© ²/ÚfI2E(r)/ ³n ¶[C] ´cleft made by splitting or separation of
parts.¼
¨fist© ²/fIst/ ³n ´hand when tightly closed (as in boxing): ³He struck me with
his @. He shook his @ at me. µ¥ ´the illus at µarm. ¸@i®cuffs ²/ÚfIstIkAfs/ ³n
pl ´(usu hum) fighting with the @s.¼
¨fis®tula© ²/ÚfIstj8lE/ ³n ´long pipe-like ulcer with a narrow mouth.¼
¨fit©1 ²/fIt/ ³adj µ(fitter, fittest) ¸1 ·fit (for), ´suitable or suited; well
adapted; good enough: ³The food was not fit to eat´, was too bad to be eaten.
³It was a dinner fit for a king. That man is not fit for the position. We must
decide on a fit time and place for the meeting. ¸2 ´right and proper: ³It is
not fit that you should mock your mother so. ·think/see fit (to do sth),
´decide to: ³He didn't see fit to adopt my suggestion. Do as you think fit. ¸3
´ready; in a suitable condition; (also colloq, as an ³adv´): ³They went on
working till they were fit to drop´, ready to drop from exhaustion. ³He was
laughing fit to burst himself´, so violently that he seemed ready to burst. ¸4
´in good athletic condition; in good health: ³I hope you're keeping fit. µ¥
keep±1µ(14). ³He has been ill and is not fit for work/fit to travel yet.
¸fit®ly ³adv ¸fit®ness ³n ¶[U] ¸1 ´suitability ³(for´): ³the fitness of
things´, what is right or suitable. ¸2 ´the state of being physically fit: ³a
national
fitness campaign´, one for improving the nation's health.¼
¨fit©2 ²/fIt/ ³vt,vi µ(-tt-) ¸1 ¶[VP6A,2A] ´be the right measure,
shape and size for: ³shoes that fit well; a badly fitting door. This coat
doesn't fit me. The key doesn't fit the lock. ¸2 ¶[VP15A,B] ·fit (on), ´put on
(esp clothing) to see that it is the right size, shape, etc: ³have a new coat
fitted. ¸3 ¶[VP15A,B] ·fit (on), ´put into place: ³fit a new lock on a door. ¸4
¶[VP6A,14,16A] ·fit (for), ´make (sb, oneself) suitable or competent: ³fit
oneself for one's new duties. Military training fits men for long marches/to
make long marches. Can we make the punishment fit the crime? ¸5 ¶[VP15B,2C]
·fit in (with), ´(cause to) be in a suitable or harmonious relation (with);
find, be in, the right or a suitable time or place for: ³I must fit my holidays
in with yours. My holiday arrangements must fit in with yours. ·fit sb/sth
out/up, ´supply with what is needed; equip: ³fit out a ship for a long voyage/a
party for a polar expedition; ³a hotel fitted up with modern comforts and
conveniences. ´¹ ³n ´(usu ·@ + ³adj ·a + @´) style, manner, in which sth, eÔg a
garment, fits: ³The coat is a tight/good/excellent fit.¼
¨fit©3 ²/fIt/ ³n ¸1 ´sudden (usu short) attack of illness: ³a fit
of coughing; a ·Ú³fainting fit. ¸2 ´sudden attack of hysteria, apoplexy,
paralysis, with loss of consciousness and violent movements: ³fall down in a
fit. ·give sb a fit, ´(colloq) do sth that greatly shocks or outrages him.
·have a fit, ´(colloq) be greatly surprised or outraged: ³She almost had a fit
when she saw the bill. ¸3 ´sudden onset lasting for a short time; outburst: ³a
fit of energy/enthusiasm/anger. ·by/in fits and starts, ´in short periods, from
time to time, not regularly. ¸4 ´mood: ³when the fit was on him´, when he
felt in the right mood ³(for ´sth). ¸fit®ful ²/-fl/ ³adj ´occurring, coming
and going, in short periods; irregular: ³a fitful breeze; fitful bursts of
energy. ¸fit®fully ²/-fElI/ ³adv¼
¨fit®ment© ²/ÚfItmEnt/ ³n ´piece of furniture or equipment: ³kitchen @s´, eÔg
sinks, cupboards, working tables, esp when made as units in a series.¼
¨fit®ter© ²/ÚfItE(r)/ ³n ¸1 ´(tailoring and dressmaking) person who
cuts out, fits and alters garments. ¸2 ´(eng) workman who fits together and
adjusts the finished parts of an engine, machine, etc.¼
¨fit®ting© ²/ÚfItIG/ ³adj ´proper; right; suitable. ¹ ³n ¸1 ´act of fitting:
³go to the tailor's for a @. ¸2 ´fixture in a building, esp ³(pl) ´things
permanently fixed: ³gas and electric light @s. ¸3 ³(pl) ´furnishings: ³office
@s´, eÔg desks, chairs, filing cabinets.¼
¨five© ²/fñIv/ ³n, adj ´the number 5, µ¥ App 4,5´: ³a @-day week´, one of @
working days. ¸Ú@®fold ³adj ´with @ parts; @ times as much. ¸@®pence
²/ÚfñIfpEns/ ³n ´@ pence. ¸@®penny ²/ÚfñIfpEnI/ ³adj ´costing @pence. ¸fiver
²/ÚfñIvE(r)/ ³n ´(colloq) (GB) $5 note; (US) ²:´5 bill.¼
¨fives© ²/fñIvz/ ³n ´(GB) ball game played with the hands or a bat in a walled
court.¼
¨fix©1 ²/fIks/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A,15A,B] ´make firm or fast; fasten (sth) so that
it cannot be moved: ³fix a post in the ground/a shelf to a wall; ³fix
facts/dates, etc in one's mind´, implant them deeply so that they will not be
forgotten. ¸2 ¶[VP14] ·fix on, ´direct (the eyes, one's attention, etc)
steadily on or to: ³fix one's attention on what one is doing. He fixed his eyes
on me. ¸3 ¶[VP6A] ´(of objects) attract and hold (the attention): ³This unusual
sight fixed his attention/kept his attention fixed. ¸4 ¶[VP6A] ´determine or
decide: ³fix the rent; fix a date for a meeting; sell goods only at fixed
prices´, prices with no discount, with no possibility of bargaining; ³a man
with fixed ´(= definite and decided) ³principles. ¸fixed odds, µ¥ odds(3). ¸5
¶[VP6A] ´treat (photographic films, colours used in dyeing, etc) so that light
does not affect them. ¸6 ¶[VP15A] ´single out (sb) by looking steadily (at
him): ³fix a man with an angry stare. ¸7 ¶[VP15B] ·fix sb up (with sth); fix
sth up (with sb), ´arrange; organize; provide for; put in order: ³fix sb up
with a job; fix up a friend for the night´, give him a bed; ³fix up a meeting
with sb; fix one's room/drawers/shelves up. ¸8 ¶[VP3A] ·fix on/upon, ´settle
one's choice, decide to have: ³They've fixed upon a little bungalow near Rye.
¸9 ¶[VP6A] ´(sl) ¸(a) ´use bribery or deception, improper influence: ³You can't
fix a judge in Britain. ¸(b) ´get even with sb: ³I'll fix him. ¸10 ¶[VP6A]
´(colloq) put in order; prepare: ³fix one's hair´, brush and comb it; ³fix a
watch´, repair it; ³fix a salad´, mix and dress it. ¸fixed ²/fIkst/ ³adj
´unchanging: ³fixed costs, ´overhead expenses. µ¥ overhead´; ³a fixed idea,
´one in which a person persists and which tends to occupy his thoughts too
much; ³a fixed star´, one that seems to keep the same position relative to
others, not changing it as planets do. ¸fix®ed®ly ²/ÚfIksIdlI/ ³adv ´in a fixed
manner (esp of looking): ³look/gaze fixedly at sb.¼
¨fix©2 ²/fIks/ ³n ¸1 ·be in/get oneself into a fix´, a dilemma, an
awkward situation. ¸2 ´finding of a position, position found, by taking
bearings, observing the stars, etc. ¸3 ´(sl) hypodermic injection of a drug,
eÔg heroin.¼
¨fix®ate© ²/fIkÚseIt/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ¸1 ´stare at. ¸2 ´(usu passive) cause a
fixationµ(2). ·@ed (on), ´(colloq) obsessed (with).¼
¨fix®ation© ²/fIkÚseI2n/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´fixing or being fixed: ³the @ of a
photographic film. ¸2 ¶[C] ·@ (on), ´(psych) immature and abnormal emotional
attachment to another person, with difficulty in forming other, normal,
attachments; (colloq) obsession.¼
¨fixa®tive© ²/ÚfIksEtIv/ ³n ´substance that fixesµ(5) ´eÔg photographs,
paintings; ´substance that preserves animal tissue for study under a
microscope; substance for keeping hair or dentures in position.¼
¨fix®ture© ²/ÚfIkst2E(r)/ ³n ¶[C] ¸1 ´sth fixed in place, esp ³(pl)
´built-in cupboards, electric-light fittings, etc which are bought with a
building: ³The owner of the house charged us for @s and fittings. ¸2 ´(day
fixed or decided for a) sporting event: ³football and racing @s. ¸3 ´(colloq)
person or thing that appears unlikely to move from or leave a place: ³Professor
Gravity seems to be a @ in the college.¼
¨fizz© ²/fIz/ ³vi ¶[VP2A,C] ´make a hissing sound (as when gas escapes from a
liquid). ¹ ³n ¶[U] ´this sound; aeration by carbon dioxide: ³This soda-water
has lost its @, ´has gone flat±2µ(10). ¸@y ³adj µ(-ier, -iest).¼
¨fizzle© ²/ÚfIzl/ ³vi ¶[VP2A,C] ´hiss or splutter feebly. ·@ out, ´end feebly;
come to a weak, unsatisfactory end.¼
¨fjord© ²/fIÚcd/ ´= µfiord.¼
¨flab®ber®gast© ²/ÚflabEgqst ³US: ²-gast/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´(colloq) overwhelm with
amazement.¼
¨flabby© ²/ÚflabI/ ³adj µ(-ier, -iest) ¸1 ´(of the muscles, flesh) soft; not
firm: ³A man who never takes exercise is likely to have @ muscles. ¸2 ´(fig)
weak; without moral force: ³a @ will/character. ¸flab®bily ²/-IlI/ ³adv
¸flab®bi®ness ³n¼
¨flac®cid© ²/ÚflaksId/ ³adj ´hanging loose and limp; ´flabby. ¸@®ity
²/flakÚsIdEtI/ ³n¼
¨flag©1 ²/flag/ ³n ´(usu square or oblong) piece of cloth, attached by one
edge to a rope, used as the distinctive symbol of a country, or as a signal:
³the national @ of Great Britain´, the Union Jack, µ¥ ´illus here; ³the Red
Cross @; streets decorated with @s. ·@ of convenience´, @, eÔg of Panama,
Liberia, used to obscure actual ownership of ships and so evade taxation.
·lower/strike one's @, ´take it down as a sign of surrender. ¸Ú@-captain ³n
´captain of a @ship. ¸Ú@-day ¸(a) ´day on which money is raised for a
charitable cause by persons in public places, a small paper @ being given to
those who contribute. ¸(b) ´(US) 14 June, anniversary of the day in 1777 when
the Stars and Stripes became the national @. ¸Ú@ officer, ´admiral. ¸Ú@®pole,
´pole on which a @ is flown. ¸Ú@®ship, ´warship having an admiral on board.
¸Ú@®staff, ´pole on which a @ is flown. µ¥ ´also µblack, white±2 ´and µyellow.
´¹ ³vt µ(-gg-) ¶[VP6A] ¸1 ´place a @ or @s on; decorate with @s: ³streets @ged
to celebrate a victory. ¸2 ¶[VP6A,15B] ·@ (down), ´signal to (sb); stop a
train, car, etc by moving one's outstretched arm up and down or waving a @. µ¥
semaphore.¼
¨flag©2 ²/flag/ ³vi µ(-gg-) ¶[VP2A] ´(of plants, etc) droop, hang
down, become limp; (fig) become tired or weak: ³His strength/interest in his
work/enthusiasm for the cause was @ging.¼
¨flag©3 ²/flag/ ³n ´(also ¸Ú@®stone´) flat, square or oblong piece of stone
for a floor, path or pavement.¼
¨flag©4 ²/flag/ ³n ´kinds of plant with blade-like leaves, growing in moist
land, esp kinds of iris.¼
¨flagel®lant© ²/ÚfladZElEnt/ ³n ´person who whips himself or another, eÔg as a
religious penance. ¸flagel®late ²/ÚfladZEleIt/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´whip.
¸flagel®la®tion ²/*fladZEÚleI2n/ ³n¼
¨flageo®let© ²/*fladZE8Úlet/ ³n ´small flute, like a whistle, with six stops.¼
¨flagon© ²/ÚflagEn/ ³n ¸1 ´large, rounded bottle in which wine, cider, etc is
sold, usu holding about twice as much as an ordinary bottle. ¸2 ´vessel with a
handle, lip and lid for serving wine at table.¼
¨fla®grant© ²/ÚfleIgrEnt/ ³adj ´(of crime or a criminal, etc) openly and
obviously wicked; glaring; scandalous: ³@ offences/sinners. ¸@®ly ³adv¼
¨flail© ²/fleIl/ ³n ´old-fashioned tool for threshing grain, consisting of a
strong stick hinged on a long handle. ¹ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´beat with (or as with) a
@.¼
¨flair© ²/fleE(r)/ ³n ¶[U,C] ´natural or instinctive ability (to do sth well,
to select or recognize what is best, most useful, etc): ³have a @ for
languages´, be quick at learning them; ³have a @ for bargains´, be good at
recognizing them.¼
¨flak© ²/flak/ ³n ´(G) anti-aircraft guns or gunfire.¼
¨flake© ²/fleIk/ ³n ¶[C] ´small, light, leaf-like piece: ·Ú³snow-@s; @s of rust
falling from old iron; ·Ú³soap-@s. ´¹ ³vi ¶[VP2A,C] ·@ (off), ´fall off in @s.
¸flaky ³adj µ(-ier, -iest) ´made up of @s: ³flaky pastry. ¸flaki®ness ³n¼
¨flam®beau© ²/ÚflambE8/ ³n (pl µ@x ´or µ@s ²/-bE8z/³) ´flaming
torch.¼
¨flam®boy®ant© ²/flamÚbãIEnt/ ³adj ´brightly coloured and decorated; (of a
person, his character) florid, showy. ¸@®ly ³adv ¸flam®boy®ance ²/-Ens/ ³n¼
¨flame©1 ²/fleIm/ ³n ¸1 ¶[C,U] ´(portion of) burning gas; visible part of a
fire: ³The house was in @s´, was on fire, burning. ³He put a match to the
papers and they burst into @(s). ¸Ú@®thrower ³n ´weapon which projects a steady
stream of burning fuel. ¸2 ¶[C] ´blaze of light; brilliant colour: ³the @s of
sunset. ¸3 ¶[C] ´passion: ³a @ of anger/indignation/enthusiasm. ¸4 ¶[C]
´(colloq) sweetheart: ³She's an old @ of his, ´a woman with whom he was once in
love.¼
¨flame©2 ²/fleIm/ ³vi ¶[VP2A,C] ´burn with, send out, flames; be or become like
flames in colour: ³make the fire @ up; hillsides flaming with the colours of
autumn´, eÔg of maple-trees. ³His face @d with anger. His anger @d out. The
boy's face @d still redder, ´became redder, with anger, embarrassment, etc.
¸flam®ing ³adj ´burning; very hot: ³a flaming sun; ´(colloq, vulg) bloodyµ(3)´:
³You flaming idiot!¼
¨fla®mingo© ²/flEÚmIGgE8/ ³n (pl µ@s, @es ²/-gE8z/³) ´large, long-legged,
long-necked wading bird with pink feathers. µ¥ ´the illus at µwater.¼
¨flam®mable© ²/ÚflamEbl/ ³adj ´(= ³inflammable, ´but preferred in US and in
technical contexts) having a tendency to burst into flames and to burn
rapidly.¼
¨flan© ²/flan/ ³n ¶[C] ´tart containing fruit, etc, not covered with pastry.¼
¨flange© ²/flandZ/ ³n ´projecting or outside rim or collar, eÔg of a wheel, to
keep sth in position. µ¥ ´the illus at µflagon.¼
¨flank© ²/flaGk/ ³n ¸1 ´fleshy part of the side of a human being or animal
between the last rib and the hip. µ¥ ´the illus at µtrunk. ¸2 ´side of a
building or mountain. ¸3 ´right or left side of an army or body of troops:
³attack the left @; make a @ attack. ´¹ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ¸1 ´be situated at or on
the @ of. ¸2 ´go round the @ of (the enemy).¼
¨flan®nel© ²/Úflanl/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´loosely woven woollen cloth: ³a
yard of @; @ trousers/shirts. ¸2 ³(pl) ´@ trousers used for summer sports and
games, eÔg cricket. ¸3 ¶[C] ´piece of @ for cleaning, rubbing, etc: ³a
·Ú³face-@. ¸4 ¶[U] ´(sl) nonsense. ¸@®ette ²/*flanEÚlet/ ³n ¶[U] ´cotton
material made to look like @.¼
¨flap©1 ²/flap/ ³n ¶[C] ¸1 ´(sound of a) flapping blow or movement: ³A @ from
the tail of the whale upset the boat. ¸2 ´piece of material that hangs down or
covers an opening: ³the @ of a pocket; the gummed @ of an envelope; the @ of a
table´, a hinged section that can hang down when not being used, as on a
gate-legged table, µ¥ gate(2)´. ¸3 ´part of the wing of an aircraft that can be
lifted in flight to alter its upward direction and speed. µ¥ ´the illus at
µaircraft. ¸4 ·be in/get into a @, ´(sl) a state of nervous excitement or
confusion (caused by fear of making errors, being incompetent, etc, eÔg while
awaiting a visit from one's superiors).¼
¨flap©2 ²/flap/ ³vt,vi µ(-pp-) ¸1 ¶[VP2A,C,6A] ´(cause to) move up and down or
from side to side: ³The sails were @ping against the mast. The wind @ped the
sails. The curtains were @ping at the open window. The bird was @ping its
wings. The heron came @ping over the water. ¸2 ¶[VP6A,15B] ´give a light blow
to with sth soft and flat: ³@ the flies off/away. ¸3 ¶[VP2A] ´(sl) get into a
@±1µ(4).¼
¨flap®jack© ²/ÚflapdZak/ ³n ¶[C] ´sweet oatcake; (US) pancake.¼
¨flap®per© ²/ÚflapE(r)/ ³n ¸1 ´sth broad and flat (used to swat flies, etc). ¸2
´(fish's) broad fin. ¸3 ´(sl use in the 1920's) fashionable young woman.¼
¨flare©1 ²/fleE(r)/ ³vi ¸1 ¶[VP2A] ´burn with a bright, unsteady
flame: ³flaring gas-jets. The candle began to @. ¸2 ¶[VP2C] ·@ up, ´burst into
bright flame; (fig) into rage; (of violence) suddenly break out: ³When he was
accused of lying, he @d up. She @s up at the least thing. Rioting @d up again
later. ´Hence, ¸Ú@-up ³n ´sudden breaking into flame; short sudden outburst (of
anger, etc). ¹ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´flaring flame: ³the @ of torches; the sudden @ of a
match in the darkness. ¸2 ¶[C] ´device for producing a flaring light, used as a
signal, etc: ³The wrecked ship was using @s to attract the attention of the
coastguards. ¸Ú@-path ³n ´lit-up landing strip for aircraft.¼
¨flare©2 ²/fleE(r)/ ³vi,vt ¶[VP2A,6A] ´(of a skirt, a trouser-leg, the sides of
a ship, etc) (cause to) spread gradually outwards; become, make, wider at the
bottom. ¹ ³n ´gradual widening (eÔg of a skirt); upward bulge (eÔg in a ship's
sides).¼
¨flash©1 ²/fla2/ ³n ¸1 ´sudden burst of flame or light: ³a @ of lightning; @es
of light from a moving mirror; @es from the guns during a battle; ´(fig) ³a @
of wit/merriment/inspiration. ·in a @, ´instantly, at once. ·a @ in the pan,
´an effort that at once ends in failure, or is quickly over and cannot be
repeated or developed. ¸Ú@®back ³n ´(also ³cutback´) (cinema) part of a film
that shows a scene earlier in time than the rest of the film (eÔg the childhood
days of the hero). ¸Ú@®bulb ³n ´(photo) bulb giving a momentary bright light.
¸Ú@®gun ³n ´(photo) device to synchronize the release of a @bulb or electronic
light source and a shutter in a camera. ¸Ú@®light ³n ¸(a) ´light used for
signals, in lighthouses, etc. ¸(b) ´(also ¸@ ´or ¸Úphoto®@´) any device for
producing a brilliant @ of light for taking a photograph indoors or when
natural light is too weak. µ¥ ´the illus at µcamera. ¸(c) ´(US) electric
hand-light (GB = ³torch). ¸Ú@®point ³n ´temperature at which vapour from oil
may be ignited. ¸2 ´coloured stripe worn as a distinguishing emblem on a
military uniform, eÔg on
the shoulder. Cf ³a badge of rank. ¸3 ´(also ¸Únews®@´) brief item of news
received by telephone, cable, teleprinter, etc. ¸4 ´(attrib use; colloq) showy;
smart: ³a @ sports car.¼
¨flash©2 ²/fla2/ ³vi,vt ¸1 ¶[VP2A,C] ´send, give out, a sudden
bright light: ³The lightning @ed across the sky. A lighthouse was @ing in the
distance. ¸2 ¶[VP2C] ´come suddenly (into view, into the mind): ³The idea @ed
into/through his mind. The express train @ed past. ¸3 ¶[VP6A,15A,12C] ´send
suddenly or instantly: ³@ a light in sb's eyes; @ a signal´, eÔg using a
heliograph or torch; ³@ news across the world ´(by radio or TÔV). ³She @ed him
a despairing glance. ¸4 ¶[VP6A] ´send or reflect like a @ or @es: ³Her eyes
@ed fire/defiance.¼
¨flashy© ²/Úfla2I/ ³adj µ(-ier, -iest) ´brilliant and attractive but not in
good taste; given to (rather vulgar) display: ³@ clothes/jewellery; @ men.
¸flash®ily ²/-IlI/ ³adv ´in a @ manner: ³a flashily-dressed girl.¼
¨flask© ²/flqsk ³US: ²flask/ ³n ¸1 ´narrow-necked bottle used in laboratories,
etc. ¸2 ´narrow-necked bottle for oil or wine. ¸3 ´(also ¸Úhip-@´) flat-sided
bottle of metal or (often leather-covered) glass for carrying spirits in the
pocket.¼
¨flat©1 ²/flat/ ³n ´(US = ³apartment´) ´suite of rooms (living-room, bedroom,
kitchen, etc) on one floor of a building as a residence: ³an old house divided
into @s; a new block of @s; ·Ú³@-dwellers´, people who live in @s. ¸@®let
²/-lIt/ ³n ´tiny @.¼
¨flat©2 ²/flat/ ³adj µ(-ter, -test) ¸1 ´smooth and level; even;
having an unbroken surface: ³A floor must be @. The top of a table is @.
People used to think that the world was @; now we know that it is round. One
of the tyres is @´, has no or not enough air in it. ¸*@-Úbottomed ³adj ´(of a
boat) having a @ bottom (for use in shallow water). ¸Ú@-car ³n ´(US)
railway carriage without a roof or sides, for carrying freight. ¸Ú@®fish ³n
´kinds of fish (including sole, plaice, turbot) having a @ body and swimming on
one side. µ¥ ´the illus at µfish. ¸*@-Úfooted ³adj ¸(a) ´having feet with flat
soles. ¸(b) ´(colloq) downright; resolute. ¸Ú@-iron ³n µ¥ iron±1µ(2). ¸Ú@
racing; the F@, ´(horse-racing) over level ground with no obstacles. µ¥
³steeplechase ´at µsteeple. ¸Ú@®top ³n ´(US colloq) aircraft-carrier.
¸2 ´with a broad level surface and little depth: ³@ plates/dishes/pans. The
cake was @´, had failed to rise while cooking. ¸3 ´dull; uninteresting;
monotonous: ³Life seemed @ to him. The party/conversation was rather @. The
soup is @, ´lacks flavour. ·fall @, ´fail to win applause or appreciation: ³His
best jokes fell @. ¸4 ´(music) below the true pitch: ³sing @; a @ note; A @ ´(=
A²=´), note half a tone lower than A. µ¥ sharp(10). ¸5 ´absolute; downright;
unqualified: ³give sb a @ denial/refusal´, deny or refuse sth absolutely. And
that's @! ´Let there be no doubt about that! ¸6 ´(comm) ¸Ú@ rate, ´common price
paid for each of different things or services bought in quantity. ¸7 ´(of
colours, coloured surfaces) uniform, without relief: ³a @ tint; @ paint,
´without a gloss. ³His paintings all seem rather @, ´lack relief, shading, etc.
¸8 ´(of a battery) run down; needing to be recharged. ¸9 ´(of gaseous or
aerated liquids) no longer containing gas: ³This beer tastes/has gone @. µ¥
fizz. ¸10 *@ Úspin, (a) ´(often uncontrollable) fast descent of a horizontal,
spinning aircraft. ¸(b) ´(colloq) (mental) state of great confusion: ³in a @
spin. ¹ ³adv ¸1 ´in a @ manner: ³sing @. ¸2 ´(flying) spread out; (lying) at
full length: ³He fell @ on his back. He knocked his opponent @. The
earthquake laid the city @, ´caused all the buildings to fall. ¸3 ´positively:
³He told me @ that«. He went @ against orders. ·@ broke, ´(colloq) with no
money at all. ¸4 ·@ out, ¸(a) ´(colloq) with all one's strength and resources:
³He was working/running @ out. ¸(b) ´exhausted. ¸@®ly ³adv ´in a @µ(6) ´manner:
³The suggestions were @ly opposed. He @ly refused to join us. ¸@®ness ³n¼
¨flat©3 ²/flat/ ³n ¸1 ·the @ (of), ´flat part of anything: ³the @
of the hand; with the @ of his sword. ¸2 ´(usu ³pl´) ´stretch of low flat land,
esp near water: ·Ú³mud @s; ·Ú³salt @s, ´near the sea. ¸3 ´(music) flat note;
the sign ²=´: ³sharps and @s³, ´the black notes on a piano keyboard. µ¥ ´the
illus at µnotation. ¸4 ´(esp US) deflated tyre, eÔg after a puncture. ¸5 ´piece
of stage scenery on a movable frame.¼
¨flat®ten© ²/Úflatn/ ³vt,vi ¶[VP6A,15A,B,2A,C] ·@ (out), ´make or become flat:
³a field of wheat @ed by storms; @ (out) a piece of metal by hammering it; @
oneself against a wall´, eÔg to avoid being struck by a lorry in a narrow
street; (fig) humiliate. ·@ out, ´(of an aircraft) fly horizontally again.¼
¨flat®ter© ²/ÚflatE(r)/ ³vt ¸1 ¶[VP6A] ´praise too much; praise
insincerely (in order to please). ¸2 ¶[VP6A] ´give a feeling of pleasure to:
³I feel greatly @ed by your invitation to address the meeting. ¸3 ¶[VP6A] ´(of
a picture, artist, etc) show (sb) as better looking than he is: ³This
photograph @s you. ¸4 ·@ oneself that«, ´be pleased with one's belief that«:
³He @ed himself that he spoke French with a perfect accent. ¸@er ³n ´person
who @s. ¸@y ³n ¶[U] ´@ing; insincere praise; ¶[C] ³(pl µ-ries³) ´instance of
this; @ing remark: ³Don't be deceived by her flatteries.¼
¨flatu®lence© ²/Úflatj8lEns/ ³n ¶[U] ´gas in the alimentary canal; feeling of
discomfort caused by an accumulation of this.¼
¨flaunt© ²/flcnt/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A] ´show off complacently; ostentatiously
attract attention to: ³@ oneself; @ one's new clothes/riches, etc. ¸2 ¶[VP2A,C]
´wave proudly: ³flags and banners @ing in the breeze.¼
¨flau®tist© ²/ÚflctIst/ ³n ´flute-player.¼
¨fla®vour© ´(US = ¸-vor´) ²/ÚfleIvE(r)/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´sensation, when eating, of
taste and smell: ³When you have a cold, your food sometimes has very little @.
¸2 ¶[C] ´distinctive taste; special quality or characteristic: ³a @ of garlic;
various @s in ice-cream; a newspaper story with a @ of romance. ´¹ ³vt ¶[VP6A]
´give a @ to: ³@ a sauce with onions. ¸@®ing ³n ¶[C,U] ´sth used to give @ to
(food, etc): ³too much vanilla @ing in the cake. Many @ings have little or no
food value. ¸@®less ³adj ´having no @.¼
¨flaw© ²/flc/ ³n ¶[C] ´crack (in an object); sth that lessens the
value, beauty or perfection of sth: ³@s in a jewel/an argument/a person's
character. ¸@®less ³adj ´perfect. ¸@®less®ly ³adv¼
¨flax© ²/flaks/ ³n ¶[U] ´plant cultivated for the fibre obtained from its stem;
this fibre (for making linen). ¸@en ²/Úflaksn/ ³adj ´(of hair) pale yellow.¼
¨flay© ²/fleI/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´take the skin or hide off (an animal); (fig)
criticize severely or pitilessly: ³The tutor @ed the idle students.¼
¨flea© ²/fli/ ³n ´small wingless jumping insect that feeds on the blood of
human beings and some animals. µ¥ ´the illus at µinsect. ·(go off/send sb off
with a) Ú@ in his ear, ´(with a) stinging rebuke. ¸Ú@-bite ³n ´(fig) small
inconvenience, sth not very troublesome. ¸Ú@-bitten ³adj ´(fig) (of an
animal's colouring) speckled. ¸Ú@ market, ´open-air market selling cheap and
second-hand goods. ¸Ú@®pit ³n ´(colloq) old and dirty place of entertainment,
eÔg a cinema, theatre.¼
¨fleck© ²/flek/ ³n ¶[C] ¸1 ´small spot or patch: ³@s of colour on a bird's
breast; @s of sunlight on the ground under a tree. ¸2 ´small particles (of
dust, etc). ¹ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´mark with @s: ³a sky @ed with clouds.¼
¨fled© ³pt,pp ´of µflee.¼
¨fledged© ²/fledZd/ ³adj ´(of birds) with fully grown wing feathers; able to
fly. ¸*fully-Ú@ ´(fig) ³adj ´trained and experienced: ³a fully-@ engineer.¼
¨fledg(e)®ling© ²/ÚfledZlIG/ ³n ´young bird just able to fly; (fig) young
inexperienced person.¼
¨flee© ²/fli/ ³vi,vt (pt,pp µfled ²/fled/³) ¶[VP2A,C,6A] ´run or hurry away
(from): ³The enemy fled in disorder. The clouds fled before the wind. He killed
his enemy and fled the country.¼
¨fleece© ²/flis/ ³n ¶[C,U] ¸1 ´woolly covering of a sheep or similar animal;
quantity of wool cut from a sheep in one operation: ³a coat lined with @. µ¥
´the illus at µdomestic. ¸2 ´@-like head of hair. ¹ ³vt ¶[VP6A,14] ·@ sb (of
sth), ´(fig) rob (sb) by trickery: ³He was @d of his money. ¸fleecy ³adj
µ(-ier, -iest) ´like @: ³fleecy clouds/hair/falls of snow.¼
¨fleet©1 ²/flit/ ³n ¶[C] ¸1 ´number of warships under one
commander; all the warships of a country. ¸2 ´number of ships, aircraft, buses,
etc moving or working under one command or ownership.¼
¨fleet©2 ²/flit/ ³adj ´(poet, liter) quick-moving: ³@ of foot, @-footed. ¸@®ly
³adv ¸@®ness ³n¼
¨Fleet Street© ²/Úflit strit/ ³n ´(street in central London where there are
many newspaper offices, hence) the press; London journalism.¼
¨fleet®ing© ²/ÚflitIG/ ³adj ´passing quickly: ³pay sb a @ visit´, a short visit
before one goes on to another place; ³@ happiness´, lasting for a short time.¼
¨flesh© ²/fle2/ ³n ¶[U] ¸1 ´soft substance, esp muscle, between the skin and
bones of animal bodies: ³Tigers are @-eating animals. ·@ and blood, ´human
nature with its emotions, weaknesses, etc: ³more than @ and blood can stand´,
more than human nature can bear. ·one's own @ and blood, ´one's near relatives.
·in the @, ´in life, in bodily form. ·go the way of all @, ´die. ·have/demand
one's pound of @, ´insist cruelly on the exact repayment of what was borrowed.
µ¥ ´Shakespeare's Mer of Ven ²¥´V, Sc 1. ·make a person's Ú@ creep, ´frighten
or horrify him (esp with dread of sth supernatural). ·put on/lose @,
«´more usu ³weight« ´become fat/thin. ¸Ú@-pots ³n pl ´(places supplying) good
food and material comforts. ¸Ú@-wound ³n ´one that does not reach the bone or
vital organs. ¸2 ¸the @, ´physical or bodily desires; sensual appetites: ³the
sins of the @. ¸3 ´the body (contrasted with the ³mind ´and ³soul´): ·The
spirit is willing but the @ is weak, ´(of a person who is willing to do sth,
but is physically or morally weak or lazy). ¸4 ´pulpy part of fruits and
vegetables. ¸@®ly ³adj ´of the body; sensual. ¸@y ³adj ´fat; of @.¼
¨flesh®ings© ²/Úfle2IGz/ ³n pl ´flesh-coloured tights, eÔg as worn
by ballet dancers.¼
¨fleur-de-lis©, -lys ²/*fl3 dE Úli/ ³n (pl µfleurs-de-lis, -lys´, pronunciation
unchanged³) ´heraldic lily; royal arms of France. µ¥ ´the illus at µarmour.¼
¨flew© ²/flu/ ³pt ´of µfly.¼
¨flex©1 ²/fleks/ ³n ¶[C,U] ´(length of) flexible insulated cord for electric
current.¼
¨flex©2 ²/fleks/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´bend, eÔg a limb, one's muscles.¼
¨flex®ible© ²/ÚfleksEbl/ ³adj ´easily bent without breaking; (fig) easily
changed to suit new conditions; (of persons) adaptable. ¸flexi®bil®ity
²/*fleksEÚbIlEtI/ ³n ¶[U].¼
¨flib®ber®ti®gib®bet© ²/*flIbEtIÚdZIbIt/ ³n ´frivolous person too fond of
gossip.¼
¨flick© ²/flIk/ ³n ¶[C] ¸1 ´quick light blow, eÔg with a whip or the tip of a
finger. ¸2 ´short sudden movement; jerk. ¸Ú@-knife ³n ´knife with a blade
(inside the handle) which can be brought into position with a @ for use. ¸3
´(sl) cinema film. ¸the @s, ´the cinema. ¹ ³vt ¸1 ¶[VP6A,15A,22] ´strike with a
@, give a @ with (a whip, etc); touch lightly: ³He @ed the horse with his
whip/@ed his whip at the horse. He @ed the switch´, eÔg for electric light. ³He
@ed the knife open. ¸2 ¶[VP15B] ·@ sth away/off, ´remove with a @: ³She @ed the
crumbs off the table-cloth.¼
¨flicker© ²/ÚflIkE(r)/ ³vi ¶[VP2A,C] ¸1 ´(of a light; fig of hopes, etc) burn
or shine unsteadily; flash and die away by turns: ³The candle @ed and then went
out. A faint hope still @ed in her breast. ¸2 ´move back and forth, wave to and
fro: ³leaves @ing in the wind; @ing shadows; the @ing tongue of a snake. ´¹ ³n
´(usu ³sing´) @ing movement: ³a weak @ of hope.¼
¨flier© ²/ÚflñIE(r)/ ´= µflyer.¼
¨flight©1 ²/flñIt/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´flying through the air: ³the art of @; study the
@ of birds´, how they fly. ·in @, ´while flying. ¸2 ¶[C] ´journey made by air;
distance covered: ³a non-stop @ from Paris to New York; @s in a balloon; the
spring and autumn @s ´(= seasonal migrations) ³of birds. ¸Ú@ deck ³n ´(on an
aircraft-carrier) deck for taking off from and landing on; (in an airliner)
compartment used by the pilot, navigator, engineer, etc. ¸3 ¶[U] ´movement (and
path) through the air: ³the @ of an arrow; ´(attrib) ³the @ path of an
airliner. ¸4 ¶[C] ´number of birds or objects moving together through the air:
³a @ of arrows/swallows. ·in the first @, ´taking or occupying a leading place.
¸5 ¶[U] ´swift passing: ³the @ of time. ¸6 ¶[C] ´soaring; going up above the
ordinary: ³a @ of wit/fancy/ambition/the imagination. ¸7 ¶[C] ´series ³(of
´stairs, etc without change of direction); stairs between two landings: ³My
bedroom is two @s up. There was no lift and we had to climb six @s of stairs.
¸8 ¶[C] ´group of aircraft in a country's Air Force. ¸F@ Lieutenant, ´rank in
the Royal Air Force below Squadron Leader. ¸@ Sergeant, ´rank in the Royal Air
Force below Warrant Officer. ´¹ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´(cricket) move (the ball) sideways
when bowling it, so as to deceive the batsman: ³a well-@ed delivery. ¸@®less
³adj ´(of birds) unable to fly.¼
¨flight©2 ²/flñIt/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´(act of) fleeing or running away (from danger,
etc): ³seek safety in @; put the enemy to @´, defeat them and cause them to
flee. ·take @; take to @, ´run away. ¸2 ¶[C] ´instance of this: ³the @ into
Egypt ´(of Mary with the infant Jesus); ³a @ of capital´, eÔg when capital is
sent abroad during a financial crisis.¼
¨flighty© ²/ÚflñItI/ ³adj ´(of behaviour, character) influenced by whims;
unsteady; fickle.¼
¨flimsy© ²/ÚflImzI/ ³adj µ(-ier, -iest) ´(of material) light and thin; (of
objects) easily injured and destroyed: ³a @ cardboard box; ´(fig) ³a @
excuse/argument, ´one that is not convincing. ´¹ ³n ¶[U] ´thin paper, eÔg as
used when several carbon copies are made on a typewriter. ¸flims®ily ²/-ElI/
³adv ¸flim®si®ness ³n¼
¨flinch© ²/flInt2/ ³vi ¶[VP2A,3A] ·@ (from), ´draw or move back;
wince: ³have a tooth pulled out without @ing. You mustn't @ from an unpleasant
duty.¼
¨fling© ²/flIG/ ³vt,vi (pt,pp µflung ²/flAG/³) ¸1 ¶[VP6A,15A,B,22,12A,13A]
´throw violently: ³@ one's hat up (in the air); @ a stone at sb or sth; @ one's
clothes on´, dress hurriedly; ³@ the doors and windows open´, open them quickly
and forcibly; ³be flung into prison; @ caution to the winds´, act recklessly;
³@ off one's pursuers´, escape from them. ³She flung him a scornful look. ¸2
¶[VP6A,15A,B] ´move oneself, one's arms, etc violently, hurriedly, impulsively
or angrily: ³@ one's arms up/about; @ oneself into a chair. ¸3 ¶[VP2C] ´go
angrily or violently; rush: ³She flung out of the room. He flung off without
saying goodbye. ´¹ ³n ¶[C] ¸1 ´act of @ing; @ing movement. ·have a @ at,
´(³shot ´or ³go ´are the more usu words) make an attempt at. ¸2 ´kind of
energetic dance: ³the Highland @´, as danced in Scotland. ·have one's @, ´have
a time of unrestricted pleasure.¼
¨flint© ²/flInt/ ³n ¶[U] ´hard kind of stone found in lumps like pebbles,
steel-grey inside and white outside; ¶[C] ´piece of this used with steel to
produce sparks; ¶[C] ´piece of hard alloy used in a cigarette-lighter to
produce sparks. ¸Ú@®stone ³n ¶[U] ´@ pebbles used for building walls, etc. ¸@y
³adj µ(-ier, -iest) ´very hard, like @.¼
¨flip© ²/flIp/ ³vt,vi µ(-pp-) ¶[VP6A,15A,B] ´put (sth) into motion by a snap
of the finger and thumb; throw with a jerk: ³@ a coin (down) on the counter.
´¹ ³n ¸1 ´quick, light blow. ¸2 ´(colloq) short flight in an aeroplane for
pleasure. ¹ ³adj ´(colloq) ´flippant; glib. ·the Ú@ side, ´(colloq) the reverse
side (of a gramophone record).¼
¨flip®pant© ²/ÚflIpEnt/ ³adj ´not showing deserved respect or
seriousness: ³a @ answer/remark. ¸@®ly ³adv ¸flip®pancy ²/-EnsI/ ³n ¶[U] ´being
@; ¶[C] ´@ remark, etc.¼
¨flip®per© ²/ÚflIpE(r)/ ³n ¸1 ´limb of certain sea animals (not fish) used in
swimming: ³Seals, turtles and penguins have @s. µ¥ ´the illus at µsea. ¸2
´device worn on the feet to increase the thrust of leg movements in swimming.
µ¥ ´the illus at µfrogman.¼
¨flirt© ²/fl3t/ ³vi ¶[VP2A,3A] ·@ (with), ¸1 ´show affection for amusement,
without serious intentions: ³She @s with every handsome man she meets. ¸2
´pretend to be interested in; think about, but not seriously: ³He's been @ing
with the idea of going to Moscow. ´¹ ³n ´sb who @s with many people.
¸flir®ta®tion ²/fl3ÚteI2n/ ³n ¶[U] ´@ing; ¶[C] ´instance of this: ³carry on a
@ation. ¸flir®ta®tious ²/fl3ÚteI2Es/ ³adj ´fond of @ing; of @ing.¼
¨flit© ²/flIt/ ³vi µ(-tt-) ¸1 ¶[VP2C] ´fly or move lightly and quickly: ³bees
@ting from flower to flower; bats @ting about in the dusk; ´(fig) ³fancies
that @ through one's mind. ¸2 ´(colloq) remove from one house to another;
change one's abode, eÔg secretly, to avoid paying debts. ¹ ³n ´(colloq) act of
@tingµ(2)´: ³do a (moonlight) @.¼
¨float©1 ²/flE8t/ ³n ¶[C] ¸1 ´piece of cork or other light material used on a
fishing-line (to indicate when the bait has been taken) or to support the edge
of a fishing-net. ¸2 ´hollow ball or other air-filled container, eÔg to
regulate the level of water in a cistern, or to support an aircraft on water.
¸3 ´low platform on wheels, used for showing things in a procession; kind of
wagon or cart with a low floor.¼
¨float©2 ²/flE8t/ ³vi,vt ¸1 ¶[VP2A,C] ´be held up in air, gas or
(esp) on the surface of liquid; move with moving liquid or air: ³dust @ing in
the air. Wood @s on water. A balloon @ed across the sky. The boat @ed down the
river. ¸2 ¶[VP6A,15A,B] ´cause to @; keep @ing: ³@ a raft of logs down a river.
The ship was @ed by the tide´, eÔg after sticking fast on a sand-bank. ³There
wasn't enough water to @ the ship. ¸3 ¶[VP6A] ´(comm) get (esp financial)
support for in order to start; launch: ³@ a new business company. ¸4 ¶[VP6A]
´(finance) allow the foreign exchange value (of a currency) to vary (usu within
narrow limits): ³@ the pound/dollar. ¸5 ´circulate: ³@ a rumour/an idea. ¸@®ing
³adj ¸1 ´fluctuating; variable: ³the @ing population´, that part which varies
very much, eÔg sailors in a seaport; ³the @ing vote´, the votes of those
persons who are not committed to a political party. ¸2 @ing debt, ´one of which
part must be paid on demand, or at a stated time. ¸Ú@ing rib, ´(anat) one of
the two lower pairs of ribs not attached to the breastbone.¼
¨floa®ta®tion©, flo®ta®tion ²/flE8ÚteI2n/ ³n ¶[C,U] ´floatingµ(3)
´of a business company or enterprise.¼
¨flock©1 ²/flok/ ³n ¸1 ´number of birds or animals (usu sheep, goats) of one
kind, either kept together or feeding and travelling together: ³a @ of wild
geese; @s and herds´, sheep and cattle. ¸2 ´crowd of people: ³Visitors came in
@s to see the new bridge. ¸3 ´Christian congregation; number of people together
in sb's charge: ³a priest and his @. ´¹ ³vi ¶[VP2C,4A] ´gather, come or go
together in great numbers: ³The children @ed round their teacher. People @ed to
hear the new prophet.¼
¨flock©2 ²/flok/ ³n ¶[C] ´tuft of wool or hair; ³(pl) ´wool or cotton waste
for stuffing mattresses, etc.¼
¨floe© ²/flE8/ ³n ¶[C] ´sheet of floating ice.¼
¨flog© ²/flog/ ³vt µ(-gg-) ¶[VP6A] ¸1 ´beat severely with a rod or whip. ·@ a
dead horse, ´waste one's efforts. ·@ sth to death, ´be so persistent or
repetitive about it (eÔg a joke, an idea) that people lose interest in it. ¸2
´(sl) sell or exchange (esp sth illicitly obtained, or sth secondhand): ³@
stolen goods/one's old car. ¸@®ging ³n ¶[U] ´beating or whipping; ¶[C]
´instance of this.¼
¨flood©1 ²/flAd/ ³n ¶[C] ¸1 ´(coming of a) great quantity of water
in a place that is usually dry: ³The rainstorms caused @s in the low-lying
parts of the town. ·in @, ´(of a river) overflowing its banks. ¸the F@; Noah's
F@, ´(biblical) that described in Genesis. ¸2 ´great outpouring or outburst:
³@s of rain/tears; a @ of light/anger/words/letters. ¸3 ´(also ¸Ú@-tide´)
the flowing in of the tide (from the sea to the land): ³The tide is at the @.
µ¥ ebb. ¸Ú@-gate ³n ´gate opened and closed to admit or keep out water, esp the
lower gate of a lock. ¸Ú@®lights ³n pl ´artificial lighting thrown in a bright
and broad beam. ¸Ú@®light ³vt (pt,pp
µ-lighted,
-lit ²/-lIt/³) ´light up by this method: ³The cathedral was @lit.¼
¨flood©2 ²/flAd/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A,14,16A] ·@ (with), ´cover or fill with a
flood (liter, fig): ³The meadows were @ed. The soldiers broke the dikes and @ed
the countryside to keep back the enemy. We have been @ed with requests for
help. The stage of the theatre was @ed with light. ¸2 ´(of rain) fill (a river)
to overflowing: ³rivers @ed by heavy rainstorms. ¸3 ¶[VP15B] ·@ out, ´compel to
leave because of a @; (fig) inundate: ³Thousands of people were @ed out´,
forced to leave their homes. ¸4 ¶[VP3A] ·@ in, ´come in in great quantities or
numbers: ³Applications @ed in.¼
¨floor©1 ²/flc(r)/ ³n ¶[C] ¸1 ´lower surface of a room; part on which one
walks: ³sitting on the @; a bare @´, one with no carpet, rugs or other
covering. ·wipe the @ with sb, ´utterly defeat him, eÔg in a fight or argument.
¸Ú@®board ³n ´plank of a wooden floor. ¸Ú@ show, ´cabaret entertainment. ¸2
´number of rooms, etc on the same level in a building. ¸Úground @, ´(GB) @
level with the street. ¸Úfirst @, ´(GB) @ above the ground @; (US) ground
@. ¸Úsecond/Úthird etc @, ´(GB) @s above the first @; (US) @s above the
ground @. ·get in on the ground @, µ¥ ground±1µ(10). ¸Ú@-walker ³n ´(US) =
µshop-walker. ¸3 ´bottom of the sea, of a cave, etc. ¸4 ´part of an assembly
hall, eÔg the Houses of Parliament,
Congress, where members sit. ·take the @, ´speak in a debate. ¸5 ´(opp of
³ceiling´) lower limit (of prices). ¸@®ing ³n ¶[U] ´material, eÔg boards, used
for making @s.¼
¨floor©2 ²/flc(r)/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ¸1 ´put (a floor) in a building. ¸2
´knock down: ³@ a man in a boxing match. ¸3 ´(of a problem, argument, etc)
puzzle, defeat: ³Tom was @ed by two of the questions in the examination paper.¼
¨floozy©, floo®zie ²/ÚfluzI/ ³n ´(sl) slovenly woman, esp a prostitute.¼
¨flop© ²/flop/ ³vi,vt µ(-pp-) ¸1 ¶[VP2A,C] ´move, fall, clumsily or helplessly:
³The fish we had caught were @ping about in the bottom of the boat. He @ped
down on his knees and begged for mercy. ¸2 ¶[VP15A,B] ·@ down, ´put down or
drop clumsily or roughly: ³@ down a heavy bag. ¸3 ¶[VP2A] ´(sl) (of a book, a
play for the theatre, etc) fail. ¹ ³n ´act or sound of @ping; (sl) failure of a
book, play, etc. ¹ ³adv ´with a @: ³fall @ into the water. ¸@py ³adj µ(-ier,
-iest) ´inclined to @; hanging down loosely: ³a @py hat.¼
¨flora© ²/ÚflcrE/ ³n pl ´all the plants of a particular area or period.¼
¨floral© ²/ÚflcrEl/ ³adj ´of flowers: ³@ designs.¼
¨flori®cul®ture© ²/ÚflcrIkAlt2E(r)/ ³n ¶[U] ´the cultivation of flowering
plants.¼
¨florid© ²/ÚflorId ³US: ²Úflcr-/ ³adj ¸1 ´very much ornamented; (too) rich in
ornament and colour: ³@ carving; a @ style´, eÔg of writing. ¸2 ´(of a person's
face) naturally red: ³a @ complexion. ¸@®ly ³adv¼
¨florin© ²/ÚflorIn ³US: ²Úflcr-/ ³n ´former name of a British coin
worth one tenth of $1 (until 1971, two shillings; now ten pence).¼
¨flor®ist© ²/ÚflorIst ³US: ²Úflcr-/ ³n ´person who grows or sells flowers.¼
¨floss© ²/flos ³US: ²flcs/ ³n ¶[U] ´rough silk threads on the outside of a
silkworm's cocoon; (also ¸Ú@ silk´) silk spun from these for needlework.
¸Úcandy-@, ´soft, coloured mass of spun sugar, eaten off a stick.¼
¨flo®ta®tion© ²/flE8ÚteIfn/ ´= µfloatation.¼
¨flo®tilla© ²/flEÚtIlE/ ³n ´fleet of small warships, eÔg destroyers.¼
¨flot®sam© ²/ÚflotsEm/ ³n ¶[U] ´(legal) parts of a wrecked ship or its cargo
floating in the sea. µ¥ jetsam.¼
¨flounce©1 ²/flñ8ns/ ³vi ¶[VP2C] ´move with exaggerated or impatient movements:
³@ out of/about the room. ´¹ ³n ¶[C] ´fling; jerk; sudden impatient movement of
the body.¼
¨flounce©2 ²/flñ8ns/ ³n ¶[C] ´(often ornamental) strip of cloth or lace sewn by
the upper edge to a woman's skirt. ¹ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´trim with a @ or @s.¼
¨floun®der©1 ²/Úflñ8ndE(r)/ ³vi ¶[VP2A,C] ´make violent and usu vain efforts
(as when trying to get out of deep snow, or when one is in deep water and
unable to swim); (fig) hesitate, make mistakes, when trying to do sth: ³@
through a speech´, eÔg in a foreign language.¼
¨floun®der©2 ²/Úflñ8ndE(r)/ ³n ´small flatfish, used as food.¼
¨flour© ²/Úflñ8E(r)/ ³n ¶[U] ´fine meal, powder, made from grain, used for
making bread, cakes, pastry, etc. ¹ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´cover or sprinkle with @. ¸@y
³adj ´of, like, covered with, @.¼
¨flour®ish© ²/ÚflArI2/ ³vi,vt ¸1 ¶[VP2A] ´grow in a healthy manner; be well and
active; prosper: ³His business is @ing. I hope you are all @ing´,
keeping well. ¸2 ¶[VP6A] ´wave about and show: ³@ a sword. ¸3 ¶[VP2A] ´(of a
famous person) be alive and active (at the time indicated): ³When did the
troubadours @? ¹ ³n ¶[C] ´@ing movement; curve or decoration, ornament in
handwriting, eÔg to a signature; loud, exciting passage of music; fanfare: ³a @
of trumpets´, eÔg to welcome a distinguished visitor.¼
¨flout© ²/flñ8t/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´oppose; treat with contempt: ³@ sb's
wishes/advice.¼
¨flow© ²/flE8/ ³vi (pt, pp µ@ed³) ¶[VP2A,C] ¸1 ´move along or over as a river
does; move smoothly: ³Rivers @ into the sea. The tears @ed from her eyes. The
river @ed over ´(= overflowed) ³its banks. Gold @ed ´(= was sent) ³out of the
country. ¸2 ´(of hair, articles of dress, etc) hang down loosely: ³@ing robes;
a @ing tie; hair @ing down her back. ¸3 ´come from; be the result of: ³Wealth
@s from industry and economy. ¸4 ´(of the tide) come in; rise: ³The tide began
to @. µ¥ ebb. ´¹ ³n sing ´@ing movement; quantity that @s: ³a good @ of
water; a @ of angry words; the ebb and @ of the sea. The tide is on the @´,
coming in.¼
¨flower© ²/Úflñ8E(r)/ ³n ¸1 ´that part of a plant that produces seeds. ·in @,
´with the @s out. ¸Ú@®bed ³n ´plot of land in which @s are grown. ¸Ú@ garden,
´one with @ing plants, not vegetables, etc. ¸Ú@-girl ³n ´girl who sells @s, eÔg
in a market. ¸Ú@ children/people, ´(colloq, in the 1960's) hippies favouring
universal love and peace. ¸Ú@ power, ´the ideals of these people. ¸Ú@®pot ³n
´pot, eÔg of red earthenware or plastic, in which a plant may be grown. ¸Ú@
show ³n ´exhibition at which @s are shown (often in competition for prizes). ¸2
·the @ of, ´the finest part of: ³in the @ of one's strength; the @ of the
nation's manhood´, the finest men. ¸3 ·@ of speech, ´ornamental phrase. ¹ ³vi
¶[VP2A,C] ´produce @s: ³@ing bushes; late-@ing chrysanthemums. ¸flow®ered ³adj
´decorated with floral patterns: ³@ed chintz. ¸@y ³adj µ(-ier, -iest) ´having
many @s: ³@y fields; ´(fig) full of @s of speech: ³@y language. ¸@®less ³adj
´not having, not producing, @s: ³@less plants.¼
¨flown© ²/flE8n/ ³pp ´of µfly.¼
¨flu© ²/flu/ ³n ´(colloq abbr of) µinfluenza.¼
¨fluc®tu®ate© ²/ÚflAkt28eIt/ ³vi ¶[VP2A,C] ´(of levels, prices, etc) move up
and down; be irregular: ³fluctuating prices; @ between hope and despair.
¸fluc®tu®ation ²/*flAkt28ÚeI2n/ ³n ¶[U] ´fluctuating; ¶[C] ´fluctuating
movement: ³fluctuations of temperature; fluctuations in the exchange rates.¼
¨flue© ²/flu/ ³n ¶[C] ´channel, pipe or tube for carrying heat, hot air or
smoke to, from or through a boiler, oven, etc: ³clean the @s of soot.¼
¨flu®ent© ²/ÚfluEnt/ ³adj ´(of a person) able to speak smoothly and readily:
³a @ speaker; ´(of speech) coming smoothly and readily: ³speak @ French. ¸@®ly
³adv ¸flu®ency ²/ÚfluEnsI/ ³n ¶[U] ´the quality of being @.¼
¨fluff© ²/flAf/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´soft, feathery stuff given off by blankets or other
soft woolly material; soft fur or down±1´. ¸2 ´bungled attempt. µ¥ 2 ´below. ´¹
³vt ¸1 ¶[VP6A,15B] ·@ (out), ´shake, puff or spread out: ³@ out a pillow. The
bird @ed (out) its feathers. ¸2 ¶[VP6A] ´bungle (sth in games, in speaking
one's lines in a play, etc): ³@ a stroke´, eÔg in golf; ³@ a catch´, eÔg fail
to catch the ball in cricket. ¸@y ³adj µ(-ier, -iest) ´of or like @; covered
with @: ³Newly hatched chickens are like @y balls.¼
¨fluid© ²/ÚfluId/ ³adj ´able to flow (as gases and liquids do); (of ideas, etc)
not fixed; capable of being changed: ³@ opinions/plans. ´¹ ³n ¶[C,U] ´(chem) @
substance, eÔg water, air, mercury; (colloq) liquid substance. ¸@ ounce, µ¥ App
5. ¸@®ity ²/fluÚIdEtI/ ³n ´quality of being @.¼
¨fluke©1 ²/fluk/ ³n ¶[C] ´sth resulting from a fortunate accident; lucky
stroke: ³win ´(eÔg a game of billiards) ³by a @.¼
¨fluke©2 ²/fluk/ ³n ¸1 ´broad, triangular flat end of each arm of an anchor. ¸2
´either lobe of a whale's tail. µ¥ ´the illus at µsea.¼
¨fluke©3 ²/fluk/ ³n ´parasite flat worm, found in a sheep's liver.¼
¨flume© ²/flum/ ³n ¶[C] ´artificial channel for carrying water for industrial
use, eÔg to a water-wheel in a mill, or for carrying logs.¼
¨flum®mox© ²/ÚflAmEks/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´(colloq) disconcert; confound.¼
¨flung© ²/flAG/ ³pt,pp ´of µfling.¼
¨flunk© ²/flAGk/ ³vi,vt ·@ (out), ¶[VP2A,2C,6A,15B] ´(US colloq) fail (an
examination); fail (a candidate): ³to @ Biology/to be @ed (out) in Biology.¼
¨flun®key©, flunky ²/ÚflAGkI/ ³n (pl µ-keys, -kies ²/-kIz/³) ´(derog) servant
in uniform.¼
¨flu®or®escent© ²/fl8EÚresnt/ ³adj ´(of substances) taking in radiations and
sending them out in the form of light: ³@ lamps/lighting. ¸flu®or®escence
²/-sns/ ³n¼
¨flu®or®ine© ²/Úfl8Erin/ ³n ´(chem) (symbol ¸F´) pale-yellow gas resembling
chlorine. ¸flu®or®ide ²/Úfl8ErñId/ ³n ´(chem) any compound of @. ¸flu®ori®date
²/Úfl8ErIdeIt/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´add a fluoride to (a water supply) to prevent
dental decay. ¸flu®ori®da®tion ²/*fl8ErIÚdeI2n/ ³n ¸flu®ori®dize
²/Úfl8ErIdñIz/ ³vt ´= µfluoridate. ¸flu®ori®diz®ation ²/*fl8EIdñIÚzeI2n ³US:
²-dIÚz-/ ³n ´= µfluoridation.¼
¨flurry© ²/ÚflArI/ ³n (pl µ-ries³) ¶[C] ´short, sudden rush of wind or fall of
rain or snow; (fig) nervous hurry: ³in a @ of excitement/alarm. ´¹
³vt ¶[VP6A] ´cause (sb) to be confused, in a nervous hurry, etc: ³Keep calm!
Don't get flurried.¼
¨flush©1 ²/flA2/ ³adj ·@ (with), ¸1 ´even; in the same plane; level: ³doors @
with the walls. ¸2 ´(pred) having plenty; well supplied: ³@ with money.¼
¨flush©2 ²/flA2/ ³n ¸1 ´rush of water; rush of blood to the face; reddening
caused by this; rush of emotion, excitement caused by this: ³in the first @ of
victory. ¸2 ¶[U] ·(first) @, ´fresh growth of vegetation, etc; high point or
new access of strength: ³the first @ of spring´, the time when trees and plants
send out new leaves; ³in the first @ of youth.¼
¨flush©3 ²/flA2/ ³n ´(in card games) hand in which all the cards are of the
same suit. ¸Úroyal @, ´(poker) hand with the five highest cards of one suit.¼
¨flush©4 ²/flA2/ ³vi,vt ¸1 ¶[VP2A,C,D] ´(of a person, his face) become red
because of a rush of blood to the skin: ³The girl @ed (up) when the man spoke
to her. He @ed crimson with indignation. ¸2 ¶[VP6A] ´(of health, heat,
emotions, etc) cause (the face) to become red in this way; (fig) fill with
pride; encourage: ³Shame @ed his cheeks. She was @ed with exercise. The men
were @ed with success/joy/insolence. ¸3 ¶[VP6A] ´clean or wash with a @ of
water: ³@ the drains; @ the pan´, eÔg in a lavatory, by emptying the cistern.
¸4 ¶[VP2A,C] ´(of water) rush out in a flood.¼
¨flush©5 ²/flA2/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A,2A] ´(of birds) (cause to) rise
suddenly and fly away: ³@ a pheasant. ¸2 ¶[VP14] ·@ from/out of, ´chase, drive
from a hiding-place: ³snipers @ed from fox-holes.¼
¨flus®ter© ²/ÚflAstE(r)/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´make nervous or confused. ¹ ³n ´nervous
state: ³all in a @.¼
¨flute©1 ²/flut/ ³n ´musical woodwind instrument in the form of a pipe, blown
at the side, with holes stopped by keys. µ¥ ´the illus at µbrass. ´¹ ³vi ´play
the @. ¸flut®ist ²/ÚflutIst/ ³n ´(chiefly US) flautist.¼
¨flute©2 ²/flut/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´make vertical grooves in (a pillar etc): ³@d
columns. ¸flut®ing ³n ¶[U] ´grooves cut on a surface as a decoration.¼
¨flut®ter© ²/ÚflAtE(r)/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP2A,C,6A,15A,B] ´(of birds) move the wings
hurriedly or irregularly without flying, or in short flights only; cause (the
wings) to move in this way: ³The wings of the bird still @ed after it had been
shot down. The bird @ed its wings in the cage. The wounded bird @ed to the
ground. ¸2 ¶[VP2A,C,6A] ´(cause to) move about in a quick, irregular way; (of
the heart) beat irregularly: ³curtains @ing in the breeze; apple-blossom petals
@ing to the ground. She @ed nervously about the room. ´¹ ³n ¸1 ´(usu ³sing´)
@ing movement: ³the @ of wings. ¸2 a @, ´state of nervous excitement: ³in a @;
cause/make a @. ¸3 ¶[U] ´vibration: ³wing @, ´as a defect of an aircraft in
flight; distortion in sound reproduced from a disc or tape caused by faulty
recording or reproduction. ¸4 ¶[C] ´(colloq) gambling venture; spree: ³go to
the races and have a @´, make a bet or bets.¼
¨flu®vial© ²/ÚfluvIEl/ ³adj ´of, found in, rivers.¼
¨flux© ²/flAks/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´continuous succession of changes: ³in a state of @.
¸2 ¶[C] ³(sing ´only) flowing; flowing out. ¸3 ¶[C] ´substance mixed with metal
to promote fusion.¼
¨fly©1 ²/flñI/ ³n (pl µflies³) ¸1 ´two-winged insect, esp the common
·Ú³housefly; µ¥ ´the illus at µinsect. ·a fly in the ointment, ´(fig) a small
circumstance that prevents pleasure from being perfect. ·There are no flies on
him, ´(fig; sl) He is no fool, cannot be tricked, etc. ¸Úfly-blown ³adj ´(of
meat) (going bad because) containing flies' eggs; (fig) in bad condition;
stale. ¸Úfly®catcher ³n ´kind of bird; trap for catching flies. ¸Úfly-paper ³n
´strip of sticky paper used for catching flies. ¸Úfly-fish ³vi
¶[VP2A] ´fish with artificial flies as bait. Hence, ¸Úfly-fishing. ³n
¶[U]. ¸Úfly-trap ³n ´trap for catching flies. ¸Úfly®weight ³n ´boxer weighing
112 lb (50²Ø´8 kg) or less.¼
¨fly©2 ²/flñI/ ³vi,vt (pt µflew ²/flu/, ³pp µflown ²/flE8n/³) ¸1
¶[VP2A,B,C,D,4A] ´move through the air as a bird does, or in an aircraft:
³birds flying in the air; fly from London to Paris; fly (across) the Atlantic.
·fly high, ´be ambitious. ·The bird is/has flown, ´The person wanted has
escaped. ¸2 ¶[VP6A,15A,B] ´direct or control the flight of (aircraft);
transport goods/passengers in aircraft: ³Five thousand passengers were flown
to Paris during Easter weekend. ¸3 ¶[VP2A,C,D,4A] ´go or move quickly; rush
along; pass quickly: ³He flew down the road. The children flew to meet their
mother. It's getting late; we must fly. The door flew open. He paid us a
flying visit´, a very short, fleeting visit. ·fly at sb, ´rush angrily at sb.
·let fly (at), µ¥ let±2µ(4). ·fly off the handle, µ¥ handle. ·fly in the face
of, ¸(a) ´defy openly: ³You're flying in the face of the law. ¸(b) ´be quite
contrary to: ³This version of what happened flies in the face of all the
evidence. ·fly into a rage/passion/temper, ´become suddenly angry. ·fly to
arms, ´take up arms eagerly. ·fly to bits/into pieces, ´break to bits and
scatter. ·make the Úfeathers/Úfur fly, ´cause quarrelling or fighting. ·make
the money fly, ´spend it quickly, recklessly. ·send sb flying, ´strike him so
that he falls over or backwards. ·send things flying, ´send or throw them
violently in all directions. ¸4 ¶[VP6A] ´cause (a ³kite´) to rise and stay high
in the air; raise (a ³flag´) so that it waves in the air. ¸5 ´flee from: ³fly
the country.¼
¨fly©3 ²/flñI/ ³n (pl µflies³) ¸1 ´(also, colloq, ³pl ´used with
³sing ´meaning) flap of cloth on a garment to contain or cover a zip fastener
or buttonholes, eÔg down the front of a pair of trousers: ³John, your fly
is/flies are undone! ¸2 ´flap of canvas at the entrance to a tent or covered
wagon. ¸3 ´(old use) one-horse hackney carriage. ¸4 ´outer edge of a flag
farthest from the flagpole.¼
¨fly©4 ²/flñI/ ³adj ´(sl) ´cunning; alert; not to be deceived or hoodwinked.¼
¨flyer©, flier ²/ÚflñIE(r)/ ³n ¸1 ´animal, vehicle, etc going with exceptional
speed. ¸2 ´airman.¼
¨fly®ing© ²/ÚflñIIG/ ³part adj ³(gerund) ´(in compounds): ¸Ú@ boat ³n ´form of
seaplane without floats and with a fuselage that floats on water. ¸*@-Úbomb ³n
´rocket filled with explosives that can be fired to a great distance. ¸*@
Úbuttress ³n ´(archit) one arching from a column up to a wall, µ¥ ´the illus at
µchurch. ¸Ú@ club, ´club for those interested in @ as a sport. ¸*@ Úcolours,
´flags on display (as during a ceremony). ·come through/off with @ colours, µ¥
colour±1µ(8). ¸*@ Úcolumn, ´(mil) body of troops able to move rapidly and
act independently. ¸Ú@ field, ´airfield. ¸Ú@-fish, ´(kind of) tropical fish
able to rise out of the water and move forward. ¸*@-Úfox, ´(kind of) large
fruit-eating bat. ¸ÚF@ Officer, ´rank in the Royal Air Force below Flight
Lieutenant. ¸*@ Újump, ´one made with a running start. ¸*@ Úsaucer,
´unidentified flying object seen, or thought to have been seen, moving across
the sky, eÔg one said to have come from another planet. ¸Ú@-squad, ´part of a
police force organized (with fast cars) for pursuit of (suspected) criminals.
¸*@ Úvisit, ´hasty visit made while passing.¼
¨fly®leaf© ²/ÚflñIlif/ ³n ´blank leaf at the beginning or end of a book.¼
¨fly®over© ²/ÚflñIE8vE(r)/ ³n ¸1 ´(US = ³overpass´) roadway, bridge, etc which
crosses above another roadway, etc (as on a motorway). ¸2 ´(GB) = µflypast.¼
¨fly®past© ²/ÚflqIpqst ³US: ²-past/ ³n ´flight of aircraft in formation, usu at
a low altitude, as part of a military display.¼
¨fly®wheel© ²/ÚflñIwil ³US: ²-hwil/ ³n ´heavy wheel revolving on a shaft to
regulate machinery.¼
¨foal© ²/fE8l/ ³n ´young horse (colt or filly). µ¥ ´the illus at
µdomestic. ·in/with @, ´(of a mare) pregnant. ¹ ³vi ¶[VP2A] ´give birth to a
@.¼
¨foam© ²/fE8m/ ³n ¶[U] ¸1 ´white mass of small air bubbles formed in or on a
liquid by motion, or on an animal's lips, eÔg after exertion. ¸2 ´(also
¸*@-Úrubber´) spongy rubber used in upholstery (eÔg in seats, mattresses). ¹
³vi ¶[VP2A,C] ´form @; break into @; send out @ (at the mouth): ³waves @ing
along the beach; a glass of @ing beer´, beer with froth on it; (fig) ³@ing with
rage´, looking angry. ¸@y ³adj¼
¨fob©1 ²/fob/ ³vt µ(-bb-) ¶[VP15B] ·@ sth off on sb; @ sb off with
sth, ´get a person to accept sth of little or no value by deceit or trickery.
¨fo®cal© ²/ÚfE8kl/ ³adj ´of or at a focus: ³the @ length/distance of a lens´,
from the surface of a lens to its focus.¼
¨fo'c'sle© ²/ÚfE8ksl/ ³n ´= forecastle.¼
¨fo®cus© ²/ÚfE8kEs/ ³n (pl µ@es ´or µfoci ²/ÚfE8sñI/³) ¸1 ´meeting-point of
rays of light, heat, etc; point, distance, at which the sharpest outline is
given (to the eye, through a telescope, through a lens on a camera plate, etc):
³The image is in/out of @. Bring the object into @ if you want a good
photograph. ¸2 ´point at which interests, tendencies, etc meet: ³the @ of
attention; the @ of an earthquake/storm/disease, etc. ´¹ ³vt,vi µ(-s- ´or
µ-ss-) ¸1 ¶[VP2A,C,6A,14] ·@ (on), ´(cause to) come together at a @; adjust (an
instrument, etc) so that it is in @: ³@ the sun's rays on sth with a
burning-glass; @ the lens of a microscope. ¸2 ¶[VP14] ·@ on, ´concentrate: ³@
one's attention/thoughts/efforts on a problem.¼
¨fod®der© ²/ÚfodE(r)/ ³n ¶[U] ´dried food, hay, etc for farm animals, horses,
etc.¼
¨foe© ²/fE8/ ³n ´(poet) enemy.¼
¨foe®tus© ´(US = ¸fe®tus´) ²/ÚfitEs/ ³n ´fully developed embryo in the womb or
in an egg. µ¥ ´the illus at µreproduce. ¸foe®tal ´(US = ¸fe®tal´) ²/Úfitl/ ³adj
´of, like, a @: ³the foetal position ´(in the womb).¼
¨fog© ²/fog ³US: ²fcg/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´vapour suspended in the atmosphere at or
near the earth's surface, thicker than mist and difficult to see through: ³Fog
is the sailor's worst enemy. ·in a fog, ´(fig) puzzled; at a loss. ¸Úfog®bank
³n ´dense mass of fog on the sea. ¸Úfog®bound ³adj ´unable to proceed safely
because of fog. ¸Úfog®horn ³n ´instrument used for warning ships in fog.
¸Úfog®lamp, ´headlamp (on a motor vehicle) providing a strong beam of light for
use in foggy weather. ¸Úfog®signal, ´device placed on railway lines in fog to
explode when a train passes over it and so warn drivers. ¸2 ¶[C] ´period of
fog; abnormal darkened state of the atmosphere: ³London used to have bad fogs
in winter. ¸3 ¶[C,U] ´(area of) cloudiness on a developed photographic plate
or film. ¹ ³vt µ(-gg-) ´cover with, as with, fog; bewilder: ³I'm a bit fogged´,
puzzled. ¸foggy ³adj µ(-ier, -iest) ¸1 ´dense, not clear, because of fog: ³a
foggy evening; foggy weather. ¸2 ´obscure, confused: ³have only a foggy idea of
what something means. ³I haven't the foggiest idea, ´I don't know.¼
¨fogey© ´(US = ¸fogy´) ²/ÚfE8gI/ ³n (pl µ@s, ´US µfogies³) ·(old)
@, ´person with old-fashioned ideas which he is unwilling to change.¼
¨foible© ²/ÚfãIbl/ ³n ¶[C] ´slight peculiarity or defect of character, often
one of which a person is wrongly proud.¼
¨foil©1 ²/fãIl/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´metal rolled or hammered into a thin, flexible
sheet: ³lead/tin/aluminium @´, eÔg as wrapped round chocolate or cigarettes. ¸2
¶[C] ´person or thing that contrasts with, and thus sets off, the qualities
of another: ³A plain old woman serves as a @ to a beautiful young woman.¼
¨foil©2 ²/fãIl/ ³n ´light sword without a sharp edge and with a button on the
point, for fencing.¼
¨foil©3 ²/fãIl/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´baffle; prevent (sb) from carrying out his plans;
make plans/designs ineffective: ³We @ed him/his plans. He was @ed in his
attempt to deceive the girl.¼
¨foist© ²/fãIst/ ³vt ¶[VP14,15A] ·@ sth (off) on sb, ´trick him into accepting
(a useless article, etc).¼
¨fold©1 ²/fE8ld/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A,15B] ´bend one part of a thing
back over on itself: ³@ a letter, ´before putting it in an envelope; ³@ up a
newspaper; @ back the bedclothes. ¸2 ¶[VP2A,C] ´become @ed; be able to be @ed:
³@ing doors, ´having hinged parts; ³a @ing boat/bed/chair´, made so as to
occupy a smaller space when not in use. ³The window shutters @ back. ·@ (up),
´(fig; colloq) collapse; come to an end: ³The business finally @ed up last
week. ¸3 ·@ one's arms, ´cross them over the chest. ·@ sb/sth in one's arms,
´hold him/it to the breast. ¸4 ¶[VP15A,B] ´cover, wrap up: ³@ sth (up) in
paper; @ sth round; hills @ed in mist. ¸5 ´(cooking) mix an ingredient (eÔg
beaten eggs) into another (eÔg flour) by turning them with a wooden spoon. ¹ ³n
¸1 ´part that is @ed: ³a dress hanging in loose @s; ´line made by @ing. ¸2
´hollow in mountain. ¸@er ³n ¸1 ´holder (made of @ed cardboard or other stiff
material) for loose papers. ¸2 ´@ing card or paper with advertisements, railway
timetables, etc printed on it, or (US) as a container, eÔg for matches.¼
¨fold©2 ²/fE8ld/ ³n ¶[C] ´enclosure for sheep; (fig) body of religious
believers; members of a Church. ·return to the @, ´come or go back home (esp
rejoin a body of believers). ¹ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´enclose (sheep) in a @.¼
¨fo®li®age© ²/ÚfE8lIIdZ/ ³n ¶[U] ´all the leaves of a tree or plant.¼
¨fo®lio© ²/ÚfE8lIE8/ ³n (pl µ@s³) ¸1 ´sheet of paper numbered on one side only;
page number of a printed book; (bookkeeping) two opposite pages of a ledger,
used for both sides of an account. ¸2 ´large sheet of paper folded once to make
two leaves or four pages (of a book); volume made of such sheets: ³@ volumes;
in six volumes @.¼
¨folk© ²/fE8k/ ³n ¸1 ´(collective ³n´, used with ³pl v´) people in
general: ³Some @ are never satisfied. Is there more honesty among country @
than among towns@? ¸2 ´(in compounds) of the common people of a country.
¸Ú@-dance ³n ´(music for a) traditional popular dance. ¸Ú@®lore ³n ¶[U] ´(study
of the) traditional beliefs, tales, etc of a community. ¸Ú@ music/song ³nn
´popular music/song handed down from the past. ¸Ú@®tale ³n ´popular story
handed down orally from past generations. ¸3 ³(pl) ´(colloq) relatives: ³the
old @s at home.¼
¨folksy© ²/ÚfE8ksI/ ³adj ´(colloq) unpretentious in manners; simple; friendly
and sociable.¼
¨fol®low© ²/ÚfolE8/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP2A,B,C,6A] ´come, go, have a place, after (in
space, time or order): ³You go first and I will @ (you). Monday @s Sunday. They
@ed us for miles. One misfortune @ed (upon) another. His arguments were as @s´,
as now to be given. ·@ on, ¸(a) ´@ after a period of time. ¸(b) ´(cricket, of a
side) bat again after failing to get the necessary number of runs. Hence,
¸@-Úon ³n ´second innings following the first at once. ·@ through, ¸(a)
´(tennis, golf, etc) complete a stroke by moving the racket, club, etc after
hitting the ball. Hence, ¸Ú@-through ³n ¶[C] ´such a stroke. ¸(b) ´complete a
task, carry out a promise. ¸2 ¶[VP6A] ´go along, keep to (a road, etc): ³F@
this road until you get to the church; then turn left. ¸3 ¶[VP6A,2A]
´understand (an argument, sth said, etc): ³Do you @ my argument? He spoke so
fast that I couldn't @ him/@ what he said. ¸4 ¶[VP6A] ´engage in as a business,
trade, etc: ³@ the law; @ the trade of a builder. ¸5 ¶[VP6A] ´take or accept as
a guide, an example, etc: ³@ sb's advice; @ the fashion. ·@ suit´, do what has
just been done by sb else. ¸6 ¶[VP2A] ´be necessarily true: ³Because he is
good, it does not @ that he is wise. It @s from what you say that«. ¸7 ¶[VP15B]
·@ sth out, ´keep to, carry out, to the end: ³@ out an enterprise. ·@ sth up,
´pursue, work at further: ³@ up an advantage/a victory. ´Hence, ¸Ú@-up ³n
´(esp) second letter, circular, visit, referring to an earlier one. ¸@er ³n ¸1
´supporter; disciple: ³Mahatma Ghandi and his @ers. ¸2 ´pursuer. ¸@®ing ³adj
·the @ing´, the one or ones about to be mentioned. µ¹ ³n ´body of supporters:
³a political leader with a large @ing.¼
¨folly© ²/ÚfolI/ ³n (pl µ-lies³) ¶[U] ´foolishness; ¶[C] ´foolish
act, idea or practice; ridiculous thing.¼
¨fo®ment© ²/fE8Úment/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ¸1 ´put warm water, clothes, lotions, etc on
(a part of the body, to lessen pain, etc). ¸2 ´(fig) cause or increase
(disorder, discontent, ill feeling, etc). ¸fo®men®ta®tion ²/*fE8menÚteI2n/ ³n
¶[U] ´@ing; ¶[C] ´that which is used for @ing.¼
¨fond© ²/fond/ ³adj µ(-er, -est) ¸1 ´(pred only) ·be @ of, ´like, be full of
love for, take pleasure in: ³@ of music. ¸2 ´loving and kind: ³a @ mother; @
looks. ¸3 ´foolishly loving; doting: ³a young wife with a @ husband. ¸4 ´(of
hopes, ambitions) held, but unlikely to be realized. ¸@®ly ³adv ¸1 ´lovingly:
³look @ly at sb. ¸2 ´in a foolishly optimistic manner: ³He @ly imagined that he
could learn French in six weeks. ¸@®ness ³n¼
¨fon®dant© ²/ÚfondEnt/ ³n ¶[C] ´kind of soft sweet that melts in the mouth.¼
¨fondle© ²/Úfondl/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´touch or stroke lovingly: ³@ a baby/a doll/a
kitten.¼
¨font© ²/font/ ³n ¸1 ´basin or vessel (often in carved stone) to hold water
for baptism; basin for holy water. ¸2 ´= µfount(2).¼
¨food© ²/fud/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´that which can be eaten by people or animals, or used
by plants, to keep them living and for growth: ³@ and water; ´(attrib) ³@
rationing; ´(fig) ³@ for thought/reflection´, sth to think/reflect about. ¸2
¶[C] ´kind of @: ³breakfast/frozen/packaged @s. ¸Ú@-stuff ³n ´material used as
@. ¸@®less ³adj ´without @.¼
¨fool©1 ²/ful/ ³n ¸1 ´person without much sense; stupid or rash
person; person whose conduct one considers silly: ³What @s we were not to see
the trap! She was @ enough ´(= enough of a fool) ³to believe him. ·be a @ for
one's pains, ´do sth for which one gets neither reward nor thanks. ·be/live in
a @'s paradise, ´be/live in a state of carefree happiness that cannot last.
·be sent/go on a @'s errand, ´on an errand that is seen in the end to be
useless. ·make a @ of sb, ´trick him; cause him to seem like a @. ·play the @,
´behave stupidly. ·no @ like an old @, ´(prov) said of an aged lover. ¸2 ´(in
the Middle Ages) man employed by a ruler or noble as a clown or jester. ¸3
*April Ú@, ´person deceived, or sent on a @'s errand, on ¸*All ÚF@s' Day, ´1st
April. ¸4 ´(used attrib, colloq) foolish; silly: ³a scheme devised by some @
politician. ´¹ ³vi,vt ¸1 ¶[VP2A,C] ·@ (about/around), ´behave like a @; trifle;
be idle and silly: ³If you go on @ing with that gun, there'll be an accident.
Stop @ing (about)! ¸2 ¶[VP6A,14,15B] ·@ sb (out of sth), ´cheat; deceive: ³He
@led her out of her money. You can't/don't @ me!¼
¨fool©2 ²/ful/ ³n ´creamy liquid of stewed fruit (esp gooseberries), crushed
and mixed with cream or custard.¼
¨fool®ery© ²/ÚfulErI/ ³n ¶[U] ´foolish behaviour; ³(pl; µ-ries³) ´foolish acts,
ideas or utterances.¼
¨fool®hardy© ²/ÚfulhqdI/ ³adj ´foolishly bold; taking unnecessary risks.
¸fool®hardi®ness ³n¼
¨fool®ish© ²/ÚfulI2/ ³adj ´without reason, sense or good judgement; silly: ³How
@ of you to consent! It would be @ for us to quarrel. ¸@®ly ³adv ¸@®ness ³n¼
¨fool®proof© ²/Úfulpruf/ ³adj ´incapable of failure, error or
misinterpretation: ³a @ scheme/design/gadget.¼
¨fools®cap© ²/Úfulskap/ ³n ¶[U] ´size (17x13§ inches) of writing or printing
paper.¼
¨foot©1 ²/f8t/ ³n (pl µfeet ²/fit/³) ¸1 ´part forming the lower end
of the leg, beginning at the ankle; part of a sock, etc covering the @: ³A dog
has four feet. A dog's feet are called paws. He rose to his feet´, stood up. µ¥
´the illus at µleg. ·on @, ¸(a) ´walking, not riding. Cf ³by bus/car/tram etc.
¸(b) ´(fig) started: ³A project is on @ to build a new tunnel here. ·be on
one's feet, ¸(a) ´be standing: ³I've been on my feet all day. ¸(b) ´rise (to
speak): ³The Minister was on his feet at once to answer the charge. ¸(c) ´(fig)
be in good health after an illness: ³It's nice to see you on your feet again.
·fall on one's feet, ´(colloq) be fortunate, have good luck. ·find one's feet,
µ¥ find±2µ(2). ·have feet of clay, ´be weak or cowardly. ·have one @ in the
grave, ´be near death, eÔg because of old age. ·keep one's feet, ´not fall, eÔg
when walking on ice. ·put one's @ down, ´(colloq) object; protest; be firm.
·put one's @ in it, ´(colloq) say or do sth wrong or stupid; blunder. ·put
one's feet up, ´(colloq) rest with the legs in a horizontal position. ·put
one's best @ forward, ´walk (fig, get on with one's work) as fast as one can.
·set sth/sb on its/his feet, ´make him/it self-supporting, no longer in need of
help. ·set sth on @, ´start it; get it going. ·sweep sb off his feet, ´fill him
with strong enthusiasm. ·under @, ´on the ground: ³wet under @. ·wait on/bind
sb hand and @, µ¥ hand±1µ(1). ¸2 ´step, pace, tread: ³light/swift/fleet of @´,
stepping or walking lightly, swiftly, etc. ¸3 ´lowest part; bottom: ³at
the @ of the page/ladder/wall/mountain. ¸4 ´lower end of a bed or grave. µ¥
head±1µ(10). ¸5 ´measure of length, = 12 inches: ´(with ³pl ´unchanged) ³George
is very tallÅhe's six @ two ´(six feet two inches). ¸6 ´division or unit of
verse, each with one strong stress and one or more weak stresses, as in: ³for
·Ú³men/may ·Ú³come/and ·Ú³men/may ·Ú³go. ¸7 ¶[U] ´(mil, old use) infantry:
³the Fourth Regiment of F@; @ and horse´, infantry and cavalry. ¸8 ´(compounds)
¸*@-and-Úmouth disease, ´disease of cattle and other cloven-hoofed animals.
¸Ú@®ball ³n ¶[C] ´inflated leather ball used in games; ¶[U] ´the game played
with it. µ¥ ´the illus below and at µRugby. ¸Ú@-bath ³n ´(small bath used for
a) washing of the feet. ¸Ú@®board ³n ´sloping board for the feet of the driver
(in a carriage, etc). ¸Ú@®bridge ³n ´one for the use of persons on @, not
vehicles. ¸Ú@®fall ³n ´sound of a @step. ¸Ú@®fault ³n ´(tennis) service not
allowed because the server's feet are wrongly placed. ¸Ú@-hills ³n pl ´hills
lying at the @ of a mountain or a range of mountains. ¸Ú@®hold ³n ´support for
the @´, eÔg when climbing on rocks or ice; (fig) secure position. ¸Ú@®lights ³n
pl ´row of screened lights at the front of the stage of a theatre. ·the @
lights, ´(fig) the profession of an actor. ¸Ú@®loose ³adj ´(also
·@loose and fancy free´) independent and without cares or responsibilities.
¸Ú@®man ²/-mEn/ ³n (pl µ-men³) ´manservant who admits visitors, waits at table,
etc. ¸Ú@®mark ³n ´= @print. ¸Ú@®note ³n ´note at the @ of a page. ¸Ú@®path ³n
´path for the use of persons on @, esp one across fields or open country, or at
the side of a country road. Cf US ³trail. µ¥ pavement, ³sidewalk ´at
µside±1µ(14). ¸Ú@®plate ³n ´platform in a locomotive for the driver and
fireman: ³@plate workers´, drivers and firemen. ¸Ú@-pound ³n ´unit of work
(done in lifting 1Ôlb through 1Ôft). ¸Ú@®print ³n ´impression left on a soft
surface by a @. ¸Ú@-race ³n ´running race between persons. ¸Ú@ rule ³n ´ruler
(strip of wood or metal) 12 inches long. ¸Ú@-slog ³vi ´(colloq) walk, tramp,
march far and with effort. Hence, ¸Ú@-slogger ³n ´(colloq) person who walks or
marches long distances. ¸Ú@®sore ³adj ´having sore feet, esp from walking.
¸Ú@®step ³n ´(sound of a) step of sb walking; @print. ·follow in one's father's
@steps´, do as he did. ¸Ú@®stool ³n ´low stool for resting the feet on.
¸Ú@®sure ³adj ´not stumbling; not making false steps. ¸Ú@®wear ³n ¶[U]
´(tradesmen's term for) boots, shoes, etc. ¸Ú@®work ³n ¶[U] ´manner of using
the feet, eÔg in boxing, dancing.¼
¨foot©2 ²/f8t/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A] ´knit the @ of, eÔg a stocking. ¸2
·@ it, ´(colloq) go on @; walk: ³We've missed the last bus, so we'll have to @
it. ·@ the bill, ´(colloq) (agree to) pay it. ¸@ed ´(in compounds) having the
kind of feet indicated: ·*³wet-·Ú³@ed; ·*³sure-·Ú³@ed; ·*³flat-·Ú³@ed.¼
¨foot®age© ²/Úf8tIdZ/ ³n ¶[U] ´length measured in feet, esp length of exposed
cinema film.¼
¨footer© ²/Úf8tE(r)/ ³n ¸1 ´(colloq) the game of football. ¸2 ´(compounds) ³a
·*³six-·Ú³footer´, a person six feet tall.¼
¨foot®ing© ²/Úf8tIG/ ³n ¶[C] ´(³sing ´only) ¸1 ´placing of the feet; surface
for standing on: ³He lost his @ ´(= stumbled, slipped) ³and fell. ¸2 ´position
(in society, a group): ³get a footing in musical circles ´; relationship (with
sb); condition(s). ·be/get on a « @ (with), ´be/get in a « relationship/state
(with): ³be on a friendly @ with Julie's family. ¸3 ´conditions; state of the
army, etc: ³on a peace/war @´, in the state usual for peace/war.¼
¨footle© ²/Úfutl/ ³vi,vt ´(colloq) trifle; play the fool: ³@ about;
@ away one's time. ¸foot®ling ²/ÚfutlIG/ ³adj ´insignificant, trifling:
³footling little jobs.¼
¨fop© ²/fop/ ³n ´man who pays too much attention to his clothes and personal
appearance. ¸fop®pish ²/-I2/ ³adj ´of or like a @.¼
¨for©1 ²/fE(r) ³strong form: ²fc(r)/ ³prep ¸1 ´(indicating
destination, or progress or endeavours towards) ¸(a) ´(after ³vv´): ³set out
for home; make for home´, turn one's steps towards home; ³a ship bound for the
Baltic. ³The ship was making for ´(= sailing towards) ³the open sea. The
swimmers struck out for the shore. ¸(b) ´(after ³nn´): ³the train for Glasgow;
letters for the provinces; passengers for Cairo. ¸2 ´(indicating what is aimed
at, or the attaining of sth, shown by the ³noun ´after ³for)´: ³He was educated
for the law/trained for the priesthood. He felt that he was destined for
something great. ¸3 ´(indicating eventual possession): ³Here's a letter for
you. Are all these for me? Save it for me. She made some coffee for us. ·be
Úfor it, ´(colloq) be likely to be punished, get into trouble, etc. ¸4
´(indicating preparation to deal with a situation): ³prepare/preparations for
an examination; lay in supplies of coal for the winter; dress for dinner; get
ready for school. ¸5 ´(indicating purpose) ¸(a) ´(used in place of an ³inf´)
in order to be, have, obtain, etc; with a view to: ³go for a walk/ride/swim,
etc; run for one's life; work for one's living; read for pleasure. ·what«for,
´for what purpose: ³What's this tool for? What's this hole in the door for?
It's for the cat to come in and out by. µ¥ 24 (g) ´below. ³What did you do
that for? ´Why did you do that? ¸(b) ´(followed by a gerund): ³a mill for ´(=
for the purpose of) ³grinding coffee; a room for sleeping in. ¸6 ´(introducing
a complement): ³They were sold for slaves. They left him on the battlefield
for dead. They chose him for ´(= as, to be) ³their leader. ·take sb/sth for
sb/sth, ´mistakenly conclude that he/it is sb/sth else: ³He took me for my
brother. What do you take me for? ´You seem to have a mistaken or poor idea of
my character, judging from what you say, etc. ·for certain, ´as being certain:
³I cannot say for certain that«. ¸7 ´(followed by an object of hope, wish,
search, inquiry, etc): ³hope for the best; pray for peace; fish for trout; ask
for ´(= to see) ³the manager; go to sb for help; a cry for help; fifty
applicants for a post. ¸8 ´(indicating liking, affection, etc): ³have a
liking for sb or sth; a taste for art; no regret for the truth; a weakness for
fine clothes. ¸9 ´(indicating aptitude): ³an aptitude for foreign languages; a
good ear for music; an eye for the picturesque. ¸10 ´(indicating suitability,
fitness): ³bad/good for your health; fit/unfit for food; clothes proper for the
occasion. This is no place for a young, innocent girl. You are the very man for
the job. ¸11 ´(with ³adjj ´not otherwise followed by ³for, ´in the patterns
³too + adj + for, ´or ³adj + enough + for)´: ³too beautiful for words; quite
risky enough for me. ¸12 ´considering (the circumstances, etc); in view of:
³It's quite warm for January. Not bad for a beginner! She is tall for her age.
For all the good you're doing, you may as well stop trying to help. ·for Úall
that, ´in spite of all that has been said, done, etc. ¸13 ´representing;
instead of; in place of: ³B for Benjamin; the member for Coventry´, the person
representing Coventry in the House of Commons; ³substitute one thing for
another. Will you please act for me in the matter? ·stand for, ´represent: ³The
letters MÔP stand for Member of Parliament and the letters PÔM stand for Prime
Minister. ¸14 ´in defence or support of; in favour of: ³Are you for or against
the proposal? The rate of exchange is for us´, in our favour. ³Three cheers for
the President! I'm all for an early start/for starting early. ¸15 ´with regard
to; so far as concerns: ³hard up for money; anxious for sb's safety; for my
part´, so far as it concerns me; ³speaking for myself, and in the name of all
my colleagues. You may take my word for it´, believe me so far as this is
concerned. ¸16 ´because of; on account of: ³for this reason; for my sake; for
the sake of peace; for fear of discovery; noted/famous for its scenery;
dance/cry for joy; suffer for one's sins; sent to prison for stealing; win a
medal for bravery. She couldn't speak for laughing´, because she was laughing
so much. ³We trembled for their safety. ¸17 ´(after a comparative) as the
result of; because of: ³My shoes are the worse for wear. Are you any the better
for your long sleep? ¸18 ´in spite of; notwithstanding: ³For ´(= In spite of)
³all you say, I still like her. For all his wealth, he is unhappy. ¸19 ´to the
amount or extent of: ³Put my name down for $5. He drew on his bank for $40.
´(cricket) ³The score is 157 for 8 wickets. They were all out for 80. ¸20 ´in
exchange for: ³I paid 60p for the book. He did the job for nothing. Don't
translate word for word. Plant a new tree for every tree you cut down. ¸21 ´in
contrast with: ³For one enemy he has fifty friends. ¸22 ´(indicating extent in
time): ³I'm going away for a few days. He will be a cripple for life. That's
enough for the present. ·for good, µ¥ good±2µ(2). ¸23 ´(indicating extent in
space; ³for ´may be omitted if it occurs directly after the ³v´): ³We walked
(for) three miles. For miles and miles there's not a house to be seen. The road
is lined with trees for ten miles. ¸24 ´(in the pattern ³for + noun/pronoun + ³
to-´inf) ¸(a) ´(as the subject of a sentence, usu with preparatory ³it)´: ³For
a woman to divorce her husband is impossible in some countries. It's impossible
for there to be a quarrel between us. It seemed useless for them to go on. ¸(b)
´(as a complement): ³Their hope was for David to marry a wealthy girl. ¸(c)
´(after ³adjj´, esp with ³too ´and ³enough´, usu replaceable by a clause): ³I
am anxious for you and my sister to ´(= anxious that you and my sister should)
³become acquainted. This box is too heavy for her to lift. ¸(d) ´(after ³nn´):
³There's no need for anyone to know ´(= that anyone should know). ³It's time
for little girls to be in bed. I'm in no hurry for them to do anything about it
yet. ¸(e) ´(after ³vv´, including some that normally take ³for ´and others that
do not normally take ³for´): ³We didn't wait for the others to join us. She
couldn't bear for Tom and Mary not to be friends. ¸(f) ´(after ³than ´and ³as
(if)´): ³Is there anything more ridiculous than for a man of 80 to marry a girl
of 18? She had her arms wide apart, as if for the child to run into them. ¸(g)
´indicating purpose, design, determination, etc: ³I have brought the books for
you to examine. The crowd made way for the procession to pass. I'd have given
anything for this not to have happened. It's for you to decide. For production
to be increased we must have efficient organization.¼
¨for©2 ²/fE(r) ³strong form: ²fc(r)/ ³conj ´(rare in spoken
English; not used at the beginning of a sentence) seeing that; since; the
reason, proof, explanation, being that: ³I asked her to stay to tea, for I had
something to tell her.¼
¨for®age© ²/ÚforIdZ ³US: ²Úfcr-/ ³n ¶[U] ´food for horses and cattle. ¹ ³vi
¶[VP2A,3A] ·@ (for), ´search ³(for ´food, etc).¼
¨for®as®much as© ²/*fcrEzÚmAt2 Ez/ ³conj ´(legal) seeing that; since.¼
¨foray© ²/ÚforeI ³US: ²ÚfcreI/ ³n ¶[C] ´raid; sudden attack (esp to get food,
animals, etc): ³go on/make a @. ´¹ ³vi ¶[VP2A] ´make a @.¼
¨for®bad©, for®bade ²/fEÚbad ³US: ²-ÚbeId/ ³pt ´of µforbid.¼
¨for®bear©1 ²/fcÚbeE(r)/ ³vt,vi (pt µforbore ²/fcÚbc(r)/³, pp µforborne
²/fcÚbcn/³) ¶[VP6C,7A,2A,3A]·@ (from), ´(formal) refrain (from); not use or
mention; be patient: ³I @ to go into details. I cannot @ from going into
details. We begged him to @. ¸@®ance ²/fcÚbeErEns/ ³n ¶[U] ´patience;
self-control: ³show @ance towards sb; show @ance in dealing with people.¼
¨for®bear©2 ´(US = ¸fore®bear´) ²/ÚfcbeE(r)/ ³n ´(usu ³pl) ´ancestor.¼
¨for®bid© ²/fEÚbId/ ³vt (pt µforbade ´or µforbad ²/fEÚbad ³US: ²-ÚbeId/³, pp
µforbidden ²/fEÚbIdn/³) ¶[VP6A,17,12C] ´order (sb) not to do sth; order that sth
shall not be done; not allow: ³@ a girl to marry; @ a marriage; @ sb to leave;
@ his departure. Students are @den the use of the office duplicator. I @ you to
use that word. ·God @ that«, ´used to express a wish that something may not
happen. ¸*@den Úfruit, ´sth desired because it is not allowed (with reference
to Eve and the apple). ¸@®ding ³adj ´stern; repellent; threatening: ³a @ding
appearance/look; a @ding coast´, one that looks dangerous. ¸@®ding®ly ³adv¼
¨for®bore©, for®borne µ¥ forbear±1µ.¼
¨force©1 ²/fcs/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´strength; power of body or mind;
physical power: ³the @ of a blow/an explosion/argument; @ of character;
overcome by the @ of her emotion; by @ of contrast. The enemy attacked in
(great) @. He overcame his bad habits by sheer @ of will. Owing to @ of
circumstances the plans had to be postponed. ·in @, ´(usu of people) in large
numbers. ¸2 ¶[C] ´person or thing that makes great changes: ³the @s of nature´,
eÔg storms, earthquakes. ³Is religion a @ for good in the lives of people?
The Left and the Right have always been the principle political @s. ¸3 ¶[C]
´organized body of armed or disciplined men: ³the armed @s of a country´, the
Army, Navy, Air F@; ³join the F@s; ´(attrib) ³a F@s newspaper´, one for members
of the armed @s; ³the po·Ú³lice @. ·join @s (with), ´unite (with) in order to
use combined strength. ¸4 ¶[C,U] ´(intensity of, measurement of) pressure or
influence exerted at a point, tending to cause movement. ¸5 ¶[U] ´(legal)
authority; power of bindingµ(6)´. ·in/into @, ´in/into power: ³put a law into
@´, make it binding. ³When does the new law come into @? The rule/regulation is
no longer in @.¼
¨force©2 ²/fcs/ ³vt ¸1 ¶[VP6A,15A,B,17A,22] ´compel, oblige; use
force to get or do sth, to make sb do sth; break open by using force: ³@ one's
way through a crowd; @ a way in/out/through; @ an entry into a building´, eÔg
by breaking a door; ³@ (open) a door; @ a confession from sb; @ sb/oneself to
work hard; @ sb into doing sth. They said that the war had been @d upon them´,
that they had not wanted to make war, but had been compelled to do so. ¸*@d
Úlanding, ´one that an aircraft is compelled to make, eÔg because of engine
trouble. Hence, ¸*@-Úland ³vt,vi ¸*@d Úmarch, ´eÔg by soldiers, one requiring
special effort, made in an emergency. ·@ sb's hand, ´make him do sth
unwillingly, or earlier than he wished or intended to do it. ¸2 ¶[VP6A] ´cause
plants, etc to mature earlier than is normal, eÔg by giving them extra warmth:
(fig) ³@ a pupil´, hurry on his education by making him do extra study. ¸3
¶[VP6A] ´produce under stress: ³@ a smile´, eÔg when one is unhappy; ³a @d
laugh´, one that is not the result of real amusement. ³The singer had to @ her
top notes.¼
¨force-feed© ²/Úfcsfid/ ³vt (pt,pp µforce-fed ²/Úfcsfed/³) ¶[VP6A] ´compel (an
animal, a prisoner or a patient) to take food and drink.¼
¨force®ful© ²/Úfcsfl/ ³adj ´(of a person, his character, of an
argument, etc) full of force: ³a @ speaker/style of writing. ¸@ly ²/-fElI/ ³adv
¸@®ness ³n¼
¨force majeure© ²/*fcs maÚZ3(r)/ ³n ¶[U] ´(F) (legal) compulsion; superior
force.¼
¨force®meat© ²/Úfcsmit/ ³n ¶[U] ´meat chopped up finely, mixed with herbs, etc
used as stuffing, eÔg in a roast chicken.¼
¨for®ceps© ²/Úfcseps/ ³n pl ´small pincers or tongs used by
dentists (when pulling out teeth) and by doctors for gripping things: ³a @
delivery ´(of a baby).¼
¨forc®ible© ²/ÚfcsEbl/ ³adj ¸1 ´done by, involving the use of, physical force:
³a @ entry into a building; @ expulsion. ¸2 ´(of a person, his acts, words,
etc) convincing; persuasive. ¸forc®ibly ²/-EblI/ ³adj¼
¨ford© ²/fcd/ ³n ¶[C] ´shallow place in a river where it is possible to walk
or drive across. ¹ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´cross (a river) by walking or driving through
the water. ¸@®able ²/-Ebl/ ³adj ´that can be @ed.¼
¨fore© ²/fc(r)/ ³adj ´(attrib only) ´situated in the front (opp of ³back,
aft´): ³in the @ part of the train; the @ hatch, ´(in a ship). ´¹ ³n ¶[U] ´@
part (of a ship). ·to the @, ´ready to hand; on the spot; prominent: ³He has
come to the @ recently´, has become prominent. ¹ ³adv ´(naut) in front. ·@ and
aft, ´at the bow and stern of a ship; lengthwise in a ship: ³@ and aft
sails/rigged´, with sails set lengthwise. µ¥ square-rigged. ´¹ ³int ´(golf)
warning (to people in front) that the player is about to drive the ball.¼
¨fore®arm©1 ²/Úfcrqm/ ³n ´arm from the elbow to the wrist or finger-tips. µ¥
´the illus at µarm.¼
¨fore®arm©2 ²/*fcrÚqm/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´(usu in passive) arm beforehand; prepare
for trouble in advance: ³To be forewarned is to be @ed.¼
¨fore®bear© ³n ´= µforbear±2µ.¼
¨fore®bode© ²/fcÚbE8d/ ³vt ´(formal) ¸1 ¶[VP6A] ´be a sign or warning of:
³These black clouds @ a storm. ¸2 ¶[VP6A,9] ´have a feeling of (usu sth evil);
have a feeling ³(that´): ³@ disaster. ¸fore®bod®ing ³n ¶[C,U] ´feeling that
trouble is coming.¼
¨fore®cast© ²/Úfckqst ³US: ²-kast/ ³vt (pt,pp µ@ ´or µ@ed³) ¶[VP6A] ´say in
advance what is likely to happen. ¹ ³n ´statement that @s sth: ³inaccurate
weather @s.¼
¨fore®castle©, fo'c'sle ²/ÚfE8ksl/ ³n ´(in some merchant ships) part under the
bows where the seamen have their living and sleeping accommodation.¼
¨fore®close© ²/fcÚklE8z/ ³vt,vi ¶[VP2A,3A,6A] ·@ (on), ´(legal) ´use the right
(given by a mortgage) to take possession of property (when interest or capital
has not been paid at the required time): ³The Bank @d (on) (the mortgage).
¸fore®clos®ure ²/fcÚklE8ZE(r)/ ³n ¶[C,U] ´(act of) foreclosing a mortgage.¼
¨fore®court© ²/Úfckct/ ³n ´enclosed space in front of a building.¼
¨fore®doom© ²/fcÚdum/ ³vt ¶[VP6A,14] ´(usu passive) ·@ (to), ´destine (to): ³an
attempt that was @ed to failure.¼
¨fore®father© ²/ÚfcfqDE(r)/ ³n ´(usu ³pl´) ancestor.¼
¨fore®fin®ger© ²/ÚfcfIGgE(r)/ ³n ´first finger, next to the thumb; index
finger. µ¥ ´the illus at µarm.¼
¨fore®foot© ²/Úfcf8t/ ³n (pl µforefeet ²/Úfcfit/³) ´one of the front feet of a
four-legged animal.¼
¨fore®front© ²/ÚfcfrAnt/ ³n ·the @, ´most forward part: ³in the @ of the
battle; in the @ of my mind.¼
¨fore®gather© µ¥ forgather.¼
¨forego©1 ²/fcÚgE8/ ³vt,vi (pt µforewent ²/fcÚwent/³, pp µforegone ²/fcÚgon
³US: ²-Úgcn/³) ´precede (but rarely used except in) ¸fore®going ³adj
´preceding, already mentioned. ¸fore-gone ²/Úfcgon ³US: ²-gcn/ ³adj ·a foregone
conclusion´, ending that can be seen or could have been seen from the start.¼
¨forego©2 µ¥ forgo.¼
¨fore®ground© ²/Úfcgrñ8nd/ ³n ¸1 ´part of a view (esp in a picture)
nearest to the observer. ¸2 ´(fig) most conspicuous position: ³keep oneself in
the @´, where one is most easily seen or noticed.¼
¨fore®hand© ²/Úfchand/ ³adj ´(of a stroke at tennis, etc) made with the palm
turned forward. (Cf ³backhand ´= stroke made with the back of the hand turned
forward and from the left side of the body, by a right-handed player).¼
¨fore®head© ²/ÚforId ³US: ²ÚfcrId/ ³n ´part of the face above the eyes. µ¥ ´the
illus at µhead.¼
¨foreign© ²/ÚforEn ³US: ²Úfcr-/ ³adj ¸1 ´of, in, from, another country, not
one's own: ³@ languages/countries; @ trade. ¸the ÚF@ Office´, the department of
state dealing with @ affairs; its building in London. ¸*F@ ÚSecretary, ´head of
the F@ Office. ¸2 ·@ to, ´not natural to, unconnected with: ³Lying is @ to his
nature. ¸3 ´coming or introduced from outside: ³a @ body in the eye´, eÔg a bit
of dirt blown into it by the wind. ¸@er ³n ´person from, living in, or born
in a @ country.¼
¨fore®knowl®edge© ²/*fcÚnolIdZ/ ³n ¶[U] ´knowledge of sth before its occurrence
or existence.¼
¨fore®land© ²/ÚfclEnd/ ³n ´cape; promontory.¼
¨fore®leg© ²/Úfcleg/ ³n ´one of the front legs of a four-footed animal.¼
¨fore®lock© ²/Úfclok/ ³n ´lock of hair growing just above the forehead. ·take
time by the @´, not let an opportunity slip by; use an opportunity promptly.¼
¨fore®man© ²/ÚfcmEn/ ³n (pl µ-men ²/-mEn/³) ¸1 ´workman in authority over
others. ¸2 ´chief member and spokesman of a jury.¼
¨fore®mast© ²/Úfcmqst ³US: ²-mast/ ³n ´mast nearest the bow of a ship. µ¥ ´the
illus at µbarque.¼
¨fore®most© ²/ÚfcmE8st/ ³adj ´first; most notable; chief: ³the @ painter of his
period. ´¹ ³adv ´first in position. ·first and @´, before all else; in the
first place.¼
¨fore®name© ²/ÚfcneIm/ ³n ´(as used in official style, eÔg on
forms) name preceding the family name.¼
¨fore®noon© ²/Úfcnun/ ³n ´(old use) part of the day between sunrise and noon.¼
¨for®en®sic© ²/fEÚrensIk/ ³adj ´of, used in, courts of law: ³@ skill´, skill as
needed by barristers, etc; ³@ medicine´, medical knowledge as needed in legal
matters, eÔg a poisoning trial.¼
¨fore®or®dain© ²/*fcrcÚdeIn/ ³vt ¶[VP6A,14,17] ´determine or appoint
beforehand: ³what God has @ed.¼
¨fore®run®ner© ²/ÚfcrAnE(r)/ ³n ¸1 ´sign of what is to follow: ³swallows, the
@s of spring. ¸2 ´person who prepares for the coming of another.¼
¨fore®sail© ²/ÚfcseIl/ ³n ´principal sail on the foremast. µ¥ ´the illus at
µbarque.¼
¨fore®see© ²/fcÚsi/ ³vt (pt µforesaw ²/fcÚsc/³, pp µforeseen ²/fcÚsin/³)
¶[VP6A,9,10] ´know beforehand or in advance: ³@ trouble; @ what will happen/how
things will turn out/that things will go well. ¸@®able ²/-Ebl/ ³adj ´that can
be known beforehand. ·the @able future, ´period from the present for which
events can reasonably be predicted.¼
¨fore®shadow© ²/fcÚ2adE8/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´be a sign or warning of (sth to come).¼
¨fore®shore© ²/Úfc2c(r)/ ³n ´part of the shore between the sea and land that is
cultivated, built on, etc.¼
¨fore®shorten© ²/fcÚ2ctn/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´(in drawing pictures) show (an object)
by the use of perspectiveµ(1).¼
¨fore®sight© ²/ÚfcsñIt/ ³n ¶[U] ´ability to see future needs; care in preparing
for these: ³If you had had more @, you would have saved yourself a lot of
trouble.¼
¨fore®skin© ²/ÚfcskIn/ ³n ´fold of skin covering the end of the penis.¼
¨for®est© ²/ÚforIst ³US: ²Úfcr-/ ³n ¸1 ¶[C,U] ´(large area of) land covered
with trees (and often undergrowth); the trees growing there: ³@s stretching
for miles and miles; ´(attrib): ³@ animals/fires. ¸2 ´(GB) ´area where game
(eÔg deer) is or was hunted (and preserved), not necessarily wooded; (with
proper name prefixed, as ³Sherwood F@´) district that was formerly @ but is now
partly under cultivation: ³the deer @s in Scotland. ¸3 ´(fig) sth that suggests
@ trees: ³a @ of masts´, eÔg in a harbour. ¸@er ³n ´officer in charge of a @
(protecting wild animals, watching for fires, etc); man who works in a @. ¸@ry
³n ¶[U] ´(science of) planting and caring for @s.¼
¨fore®stall© ²/fcÚstcl/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´do sth first and so prevent
another from doing it; upset (sb, his plans) by doing sth unexpectedly early:
³@ a competitor.¼
¨fore®swear© ²/fcÚsweE(r)/ ³v ´= µforswear.¼
¨fore®taste© ²/ÚfcteIst/ ³n ·@ (of), ´partial experience (³of ´sth) in advance:
³a @ of suffering/pleasure.¼
¨fore®tell© ²/fcÚtel/ ³vt (pt,pp µforetold ²/fcÚtE8ld/³) ¶[VP6A,9,10,12A,13A]
´tell beforehand; predict: ³@ sb's future. Is this the prophet whose coming was
foretold (to) us?¼
¨fore®thought© ²/ÚfcTct/ ³n ¶[U] ´careful thought or planning for the future.¼
¨fore®told© ³pt,pp ´of µforetell.¼
¨fore®top© ²/Úfctop/ ³n ´(naut) platform at the head of a foremast; µ¥ ´the
illus at µbarque.¼
¨for®ever© ²/fEÚrevE(r)/ ³adv ´always; at all times; endlessly.¼
¨fore®warn© ²/fcÚwcn/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´warn beforehand.¼
¨fore®woman© ²/Úfcw8mEn/ ³n (pl µ-women ²/-wImIn/³) ´woman in authority over
other women workers.¼
¨fore®word© ²/Úfcw3d/ ³n ¶[C] ´introductory remarks to a book,
printed in it, esp by someone not the author of the book.¼
¨for®feit© ²/ÚfcfIt/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´(have to) suffer the loss of sth as a
punishment or consequence, or because of rules: ³@ the good opinion of one's
friends; @ one's health. ´¹ ³n ¶[C] ¸1 ´sth (to be) @ed: ³His health was the @
he paid for overworking. ¸2 ³(pl) ´game in which a player gives up various
articles if he makes an error and can redeem them by doing sth ludicrous:
³Let's play @s. ¸@®ure ²/ÚfcfIt2E(r)/ ³n ¶[U] ´@ing: ³(the) @ure of one's
property.¼
¨for®gather©, fore®gather ²/fcÚgaDE(r)/ ³vi ¶[VP2A,C] ´come together.¼
¨for®gave© ²/fEÚgeIv/ ³pt ´of µforgive.¼
¨forge©1 ²/fcdZ/ ³n ¶[C] ¸1 ´workshop with fire and anvil where metals are
heated and shaped, esp one used by a smith for making shoes for horses,
repairing agricultural machinery, etc. ¸2 ´(workshop with) furnace or hearth
for melting or refining metal.¼
¨forge©2 ²/fcdZ/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ¸1 ´shape by heating and hammering: ³@ an anchor;
´(fig) ³Their friendship was @d by shared adversity. ¸2 ´make a copy of sth,
eÔg a signature, a banknote, a will, in order to deceive. ¸forger ³n ´person
who @sµ(2)´. ¸forg®ery ²/ÚfcdZErI/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´forgingµ(2) ´of a document,
signature, etc. ¸2 ¶[C] ³(pl µ-ries³) ´@d document, signature, etc. ¸forg®ing
³n ¶[C] ´piece of metal that has been @dµ(1) ´or shaped under a press.¼
¨forge©3 ²/fcdZ/ ³vi ¶[VP2C] ·@ ahead, ´make steady progress; take the lead
(in a race, etc).¼
¨for®get© ²/fEÚget/ ³vt,vi (pt µforgot ²/fEÚgot/³, pp µforgotten ²/fEÚgotn/³)
¸1 ¶[VP6A,C,D,8,9,10,2A,3A] ·@ (about), ´lose remembrance of; fail to keep in
the memory; fail to recall: ³I @/I've forgotten her name. I shall never @ your
kindness to me. Did you @ (that) I was coming? I have forgotten how to do
it/where he lives/whether he wants it. I forgot all about it. I shall never @
hearing Chaliapin singing the part of Boris Godunov. ¸forget-me-not ²/fEÚget
mI not/ ³n ´small plant with blue flowers. ¸2 ¶[VP7A] ´neglect or fail (to do
sth): ³Don't @ to post the letters. He has forgotten to pay me. ¸3 ¶[VP6A,2A]
´put out of the mind; stop thinking about: ³Let's @ our quarrels. Forgive and
@. ¸4 ¶[VP6A] ´omit to pay attention to: ³Don't @ the waiter´, Give him a tip.
¸5 ·@ oneself, ¸(a) ´behave thoughtlessly in a way not suited to one's dignity,
to the circumstances. ¸(b) ´act unselfishly, thinking only of the interests of
others. ¸@®ful ²/-fl/ ³adj ´in the habit of @ting: ³He's very @ful of things.
Old people are sometimes @ful. ¸@®fully ²/-fElI/ ³adv ¸@®ful®ness ³n¼
¨for®give© ²/fEÚgIv/ ³vt,vi (pt µforgave ²/fEÚgeIv/³, pp µforgiven
²/fEÚgIvn/³) ¶[VP6A,14,12C,2A] ¸1 ·@ sb (sth/for doing sth), ´say that one no
longer has the wish to punish sb; no longer have the wish to punish sb for an
offence, a sin; pardon or show mercy to (sb); no longer have hard feelings
towards (sb): ³@ sb for being rude/@ his rudeness. Am I @n? F@ us our
trespasses. Your sins will be @n you. ¸2 ´not demand repayment of (a debt); not
demand repayment of a debt from (sb): ³He forgave the debt. Will you @ me the
debt? ¸for®giv®able ²/-Ebl/ ³adj ´that can be @n. ¸for®giv®ing ³adj ´ready or
willing to @: ³a forgiving nature. ¸for®giv®ing®ly ³adv ¸@®ness ³n ¶[U]
´forgiving or being @n; willingness to @: ³ask for/receive @ness; full of
@ness.¼
¨forgo© ²/fcÚgE8/ ³vt (pt µforwent ²/fcÚwent/³, pp µforgone ²/fcÚgon ³US:
²-Úgcn/³) ´do without; give up: ³@ pleasures in order to study hard.¼
¨for®got©, for®got®ten µ¥ forget.¼
¨fork© ²/fck/ ³n ¶[C] ¸1 ´implement with two or more points (³prongs´), used
for lifting food to the mouth, carving, etc. ¸Ú@ lunch/supper, ´one (for more
persons than can be seated at table) at which food is served as a buffet where
guests serve themselves. ¸2 ´farm or gardening tool for breaking up the ground,
lifting hay, straw, etc. µ¥ ´the illus at µtool. ¸3 ´place where a road,
tree-trunk, etc divides or branches; part of a bicycle to which a wheel is
fixed. µ¥ ´also ³tuning-@ ´at µtune. ¸4 *@-lift Útruck, ´powered truck or
trolley with mechanical means of
lifting and lowering goods (to or from storage space, or for loading and
unloading). ¹ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A,15A,B] ´lift, move, carry, with a @: ³@
hay/straw; @ in manure´, dig it into the ground with a @; ³@ the ground over´,
turn the soil over with a @. ¸2 ¶[VP2A,C] ´(of a road, river, etc) divide into
branches; (of persons) turn (left or right): ³We @ed right at the church. ¸3
¶[VP15B,2C] ·@ sth out, @ up/out, ´(colloq) hand over, pay: ³I've got to @ out
a lot of money to the Collector of Taxes this year. ¸@ed ³adj ´branching;
dividing into two or more parts: ³a @ed road; the @ed tongue of a snake; a bird
with a @ed tail; @ed lightning.¼
¨for®lorn© ²/fEÚlcn/ ³adj ´(poet or liter) unhappy; uncared for; forsaken. ·@
hope, ´desperate enterprise; plan or enterprise which has very little
likelihood of success. ¸@®ly ³adv ¸@®ness ³n¼
¨form©1 ²/fcm/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´shape; outward or visible appearance:
³without shape or @; take @, ´begin to have a (recognizable) shape; ¶[C]
´person or animal as it can be seen or touched: ³A dark @ could be seen in the
distance. Proteus was a Greek sea-god who could appear in the @ of any creature
he wished. He has a well-proportioned @´, a well-shaped body. ¸2 ¶[U] ´general
arrangement or structure; way in which parts are put together to make a whole
or a group; style or manner of presentation: ³a piece of music in sonata @;
have a sense of @ in painting (@ ´being contrasted with colouring); ³literary @
(@ ´being contrasted with subject-matter). ¸3 ¶[C] ´particular kind of
arrangement or structure; manner in which a thing exists; species, kind or
variety: ³@s of government; @s of animal and vegetable life. Ice, snow and
steam are @s of water. ¸4 ¶[U] ´(gram) ´shape taken by a word (in sound or
spelling): ³change @; different in @ but identical in meaning; ¶[C] ´one of the
shapes taken by a word (in sound or spelling): ³The word "brother' has two
plural @s, "brothers' and "brethren'. The past tense @ of "run' is "ran'. ¸5
¶[U] ´manner of behaving or speaking fixed, required or expected by custom or
etiquette: ³do sth for @'s sake´, iÔe because it is usual, not because one
wishes to do it or likes doing it; ³say "Good morning' as a mere matter of @´,
iÔe not because one is really pleased to see the person to whom the words are
spoken. ¸good/bad Ú@, ´behaviour according to/not according to custom or
etiquette. ¸6 ¶[C] ´particular way of behaving, etc; greeting, utterance, act,
as required by custom or etiquette; established practice or ritual: ³the
ancient @s observed at the coronation of a sovereign; pay too much attention to
@s; a @ of prayer used at sea; @s of worship. ¸7 ¶[C] ´printed paper with space
to be filled in: ·Ú³telegraph @s; appli·Ú³cation @s; ´printed or typewritten
letter sent out in great numbers (also called a ¸Ú letter´). ¸8 ¶[U] ´condition
of health and training (esp of horses and athletes): ³If a horse is not in good
@ it is unlikely to win a race. On @ ´(= Judging from recent performances as
evidence of condition and training), ³the Aga Khan's horse is likely to win the
race. ·in /out of @; on/off @, ´in good/bad condition: ³Smith is out of @/is
not on @/is off @ and is unlikely to run in the 100 metres race tomorrow. ¸9
¶[U] ´spirits: ³Jack was in great @ at the dinner party´, in high spirits,
lively. ¸10 ¶[C] ´long wooden bench, usu without a back, for several persons to
sit on. ¸11 ¶[C] ´class in GB schools, the youngest boys and girls being in the
first @ and the oldest in the sixth @. ¸@®less ³adj ´without shape. ¸@®less®ly
³adv¼
¨form©2 ²/fcm/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A,15A] ´give shape or form to; make,
produce: ³@ words and sentences; @ the plural of a noun by adding -s or -es; @
one's style ´(in writing) ³on good models. ¸2 ¶[VP6A] ´develop, build up,
conceive: ³@ good habits; @ a child's character/mind, ´by training, discipline,
etc; ³@ ideas/plans/judgements/opinions/conclusions. ¸3 ¶[VP6A,15A] ´organize:
³@ a class for beginners in French. They @ed themselves into a committee. ¸4
¶[VP6A] ´be (the material of), be (one or part of): ³What @s the basis of this
compound? This series of lectures @s part of a complete course on French
history. ¸5 ¶[VP14,2C] ·@ into, ´(mil) (cause to) move into a particular order:
³@ a regiment into columns; @ into line. The company was @ed into three ranks.
¸6 ¶[VP2A,C] ´come into existence; become solid; take shape: ³The idea @ed in
his mind. The words would not @ on her lips´, She could not bring herself to
speak them. ³Ice @s at the temperature of 0ÄC.¼
¨for®mal© ²/Úfcml/ ³adj ¸1 ´in accordance with rules, customs and convention:
³pay a @ call on the Ambassador; @ dress, ´as required by custom for certain
occasions; ³make a @ ´(= ceremonious) ³bow to sb; a @ receipt, ´according to
commercial custom, regular and in good order. ¸2 ´regular or geometric in
design; symmetrical: ³@ gardens´, eÔg with flower beds, hedges, etc in
geometrical patterns. ¸3 ´of the outward shape or appearance (not the reality
or substance): ³a @ resemblance between two things. ¸4 *@ Úgrammar, ´of the
forms of words, of rules (of syntax, etc). ¸@ly ²/-mElI/ ³adv ¸@®ism ²/-IzEm/
³n ¶[U] ´exact observance of forms and ceremonies, eÔg in religious duties, in
behaviour.¼
¨for®mal®de®hyde© ²/fcÚmaldIhñId/ ³n ¶[U] ´(chem) colourless gas
¸(HCHO) ´used, dissolved in water, as a preservative and disinfectant.
¸for®malin ²/ÚfcmElIn/ ³n ¶[U] ´(chem) solution of @ used as a disinfectant.¼
¨for®mal®ity© ²/fcÚmalEtI/ ³n (pl µ-ties³) ¸1 ¶[U] ´strict attention to rules,
forms and convention: ³There was too much @ in the Duke's household. ¸2 ¶[C]
´formal act; sth required by custom or rules: ³legal formalities; comply with
all the necessary formalities. ·a mere @, ´sth one is required or expected to
do, but which has little meaning or importance.¼
¨for®mat© ²/Úfcmat/ ³n ¸1 ´shape and size of a book, including the type, paper
and binding: ³reissue a book in a new @. ¸2 ´arrangement; procedure; style:
³the @ of a meeting/conference/interview.¼
¨for®ma®tion© ²/fcÚmeI2n/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´forming or shaping: ³the @ of
character/of ideas in the mind; ¶[C] ´that which is formed: ³Clouds are @s of
condensed water vapour. ¸2 ¶[U] ´structure or arrangement: ³troops/warships in
·Ú³battle @; military aircraft flying in @; ´(attrib) ·Ú³@ flying/dancing; ¶[C]
´particular arrangement or order: ³rock @s; ¶[C] ´the arrangement of the
players at the start of a (football, Rugby) match.¼
¨for®ma®tive© ²/ÚfcmEtIv/ ³adj ¸1 ´giving, or tending to give, shape to: ³@
influences´, eÔg on a child's character. ¸2 ´pliable: ³the @ years of a child's
life´, the years during which its character is formed.¼
¨for®mer© ²/ÚfcmE(r)/ ³adj ¸1 ´of an earlier period: ³in @ times; my @
students; customs of @ days. She looks more like her @ self´, eÔg looks well
again after her illness. ¸2 ´(also as ³pron´) ·the @ ´(contrasted with ·the
latter´), the first-mentioned of two: ³I prefer the @ alternative to the
latter. Of these alternatives I prefer the @. ¸@®ly ³adv ´in @ times.¼
¨for®mic© ²/ÚfcmIk/ ³adj ¸*@ Úacid, ´the acid (used to make
insecticides, fumigants, etc) contained in the fluid emitted by ants but now
usu produced synthetically.¼
¨For®mica© ²/fcÚmñIkE/ ³n ¶[U] ´(P) heat-resistant plastic made in sheets (for
covering surfaces).¼
¨for®mi®dable© ²/ÚfcmIdEbl/ ³adj ¸1 ´causing fear or dread: ³a man with a @
appearance. ¸2 ´requiring great effort to deal with or overcome: ³@
obstacles/opposition/enemies/debts. ¸for®mi®dably ²/-EblI/ ³adv¼
¨for®mula© ²/Úfcmj8lE/ ³n (pl µ@s, ´or, in scientific work, µ@e ²/-li/³) ¸1
´form of words used regularly (as "How d'you do?', "Excuse me', "Thank you');
phrase or sentence regularly used in legal documents, church services, etc:
³the @ used in baptism. ¸2 ´statement of a rule, fact, etc esp one in signs or
numbers, as in mathematics; (chem) expression in symbols of the constituent
parts of a substance, eÔg ¸H¶c¸´) ´(water). ¸3 ´set of directions, usu in
symbols, for a medical preparation: ³a @ for a cough mixture.¼
¨for®mu®late© ²/Úfcmj8leIt/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´express clearly and exactly: ³@ one's
thoughts/a doctrine. ¸for®mu®la®tion ²/*fcmj8ÚleI2n/ ³n ¶[U] ´formulating;
¶[C] ´exact and clear statement.¼
¨for®ni®ca®tion© ²/*fcnIÚkeI2n/ ³n ¶[U] ´voluntary sexual intercourse between
persons not married to one another, esp when both are unmarried. µ¥ adultery.
¸for®ni®cate ²/ÚfcnIkeIt/ ³vi ¶[VP21] ´commit @.¼
¨for®ra®der© ²/ÚforEdE(r)/ ³adv ´(colloq) more forward: ³can't get any @´,
can't make any progress.¼
¨for®sake© ²/fEÚseIk/ ³vt (pt µforsook ²/fEÚs8k/³, pp µforsaken ²/fEÚseIkEn/³)
¶[VP6A] ´give up; break away from; desert: ³@ one's wife and children; @ bad
habits. His friends forsook him when he became poor.¼
¨for®sooth© ²/fcÚsuT/ ³adv ´(used in irony) no doubt; in truth.¼
¨for®swear© ²/fcÚsweE(r)/ ³vt (pt µforswore ²/fcÚswc(r)/³, pp µforsworn
²/fcÚswcn/³) ¶[VP6A] ¸1 ´give up doing or using (sth): ³@ bad habits/smoking.
¸2 ·@ oneself, ´perjure oneself.¼
¨for®sythia© ²/fcÚsñITIE ³US: ²fErÚsITIE/ ³n ¶[U] ´shrub with
bright yellow flowers in spring.¼
¨fort© ²/fct/ ³n ´building or group of buildings specially erected or
strengthened for military defence.¼
¨forte©1 ²/ÚfcteI ³US: ²fcrt/ ³n ´person's special talent; sth a person does
particularly well: ³Singing is not my @´, I do not sing well.¼
¨forte©2 ²/ÚfcteI/ ³adj, adv ´(I; music) (abbr ¸f´) loud(ly).¼
¨forth© ²/fcT/ ³adv ¸1 ´(archaic) out. ¸2 ´(formal) ´onwards; forwards: ³from
this day @. ·and so @, ´and so on. ·back and @´, to and fro (which is more
usu). ¸3 ·hold @, µ¥ hold±1µ(14).¼
¨forth®com®ing© ²/*fcTÚkAmIG/ ³adj ¸1 ´about to come out: ³a list of @ books´,
books about to be published. ¸2 ´(pred) ready for use when needed: ³The
money/help we hoped for was not @´, We did not receive it. ¸3 ´ready to be
helpful, give information, etc: ³The girl at the reception desk was not very
@.¼
¨forth®right© ²/ÚfcTrñIt/ ³adj ´outspoken; straightforward.¼
¨forth®with© ²/*fcTÚwIT ³US: ²-ÚwID/ ³adv ´at once; without losing time.¼
¨for®ti®eth© ²/ÚfctIET/ µ¥ forty.¼
¨for®tify© ²/ÚfctIfñI/ ³vt (pt,pp µ-fied³) ¶[VP6A,14] ·@ (against), ´strengthen
(a place) against attack (with walls, trenches, guns, etc); support or
strengthen oneself, one's courage, etc: ³@ a town against the enemy; a
fortified city/zone; @ oneself against the cold´, eÔg by wearing a fur coat;
³fortified with the rites of the Church´, prepared, by having received the
Sacraments, for death. ¸fortified wine, ´wine, eÔg sherry, strengthened by the
addition of grape brandy. ¸for®ti®fi®ca®tion ²/*fctIfIÚkeI2n/ ³n ¶[U] ´@ing;
¶[C] ´(often ³pl´) defensive wall(s), tower(s), earthwork(s), etc.¼
¨for®tis®simo© ²/fcÚtIsImE8/ ³adj, adv ´(I; music) (abbr ¸ff´) very loud(ly).¼
¨for®ti®tude© ²/ÚfctItjud ³US: ²-tud/ ³n ¶[U] ´calm courage,
self-control, in the face of pain, danger or difficulty.¼
¨fort®night© ²/ÚfctnñIt/ ³n ´period of two weeks: ³a @'s holiday; go away for a
@; a @ (´=a @ from³) today/tomorrow/next Monday; a @ ago yesterday. ¸@®ly
³adj, adv ´happening or occurring every @: ³@ly sailings to Bombay; go @ly.¼
¨for®tress© ²/ÚfctrIs/ ³n ´fortified building or town.¼
¨for®tu®itous© ²/fcÚtjuItEs ³US: ²-Útu-/ ³adj ´(formal) happening by chance: ³a
@ meeting. ¸@®ly ³adv¼
¨for®tu®nate© ²/Úfct2EnEt/ ³adj ´favoured by fortune; lucky; prosperous;
having, bringing, brought by, good fortune: ³be @ in life. You were @ to escape
being injured. He was @ enough to have a good income. That was @ for you. You
were @ in your choice/in winning his sympathy. ¸@®ly ³adv ´in a @ manner: ³@ly
for everybody.¼
¨for®tune© ²/Úfct2un/ ³n ¸1 ¶[C,U] ´chance; chance looked upon as a power
deciding or influencing sb or sth; fate; good or bad luck coming to a person or
undertaking: ³have @ on one's side´, be lucky. ·the @(s) of war, ´what may
happen in war. ·try one's @, ´take a risky step. ·tell sb his @, ´say, eÔg as
gypsies do, from a reading of playing cards, or the lines on his palm, what
will happen to him. ¸Ú@ teller ³n ´person who claims to be able to do this. ¸2
¶[C,U] ´prosperity; success; great sum of money: ³a man of @; seek one's @ in
a new country. ·come into a @, ´inherit a lot of money. ·make a @, ´make a lot
of money. ·marry a @, ´marry sb who is or will be rich, eÔg an heiress. ·a
small @, ´a lot of money: ³spend a small @ on clothes. ¸Ú@ hunter ³n ´man
seeking a rich woman to marry.¼
¨forty© ²/ÚfctI/ ³adj, n ´the number 40: ³a man of @´, aged 40;
³under/over @. µ¥ App 4. ¸the forties´, 40-49. ·have @ winks, µ¥ wink.
¸for®ti®eth ²/ÚfctIET/ ³adj, n µ¥ App 4.¼
¨fo®rum© ²/ÚfcrEm/ ³n ´(in ancient Rome) public place for meetings; any place
for public discussion: ³TÔV is an accepted @ for the discussion of public
affairs.¼
¨for®ward©1 ²/ÚfcwEd/ ³adj ´(µ¥ backward´). ¸1 ´directed towards the front;
situated in front; moving on, advancing: ³a @ march/movement; the @ ranks of a
column of troops; @ planning´, for future needs, etc; ³be well @ with one's
work. ¸2 ´(of plants, crops, seasons, children) well advanced; making progress
towards maturity: ³a @ spring. ¸3 ´eager or impatient; ready and willing: ³@
to help others; ´too eager; rather presumptuous: ³a @ young girl. ¸4 ´advanced
or extreme: ³@ opinions. ¸5 ´(comm) relating to future produce: ³@ prices, ´for
goods to be delivered later; ³a @ contract. ´¹ ³n ´one of the first-line
players in football (now often called a ³striker´), hockey, etc. µ¥ ´illus at µ
football. ¸@®ness ³n ¶[U] ´the state of being @µ(2)´: ³the @ness of the
season.¼
¨for®ward©2 ²/ÚfcwEd/ ³vt ¶[VP6A,12A,13A,15A] ¸1 ´help or send forward; help to
advance: ³@ sb's plans. ¸2 ´send, dispatch: ³@ goods to sb. We have today @ed
you our new catalogue. ¸Ú@ing agent ³n ´person or business company that @s
goods. ¸Ú@ing instructions, ´instructions concerning the destination, etc of
goods. ¸3 ´send a letter, parcel, etc after a person to a new address: ³Please
@ my letters to this address.¼
¨for®ward(s)© ²/ÚfcwEd(z)/ ³adv ´(Note: ³@s ´is not much used except as in µ4
´below.) ¸1 ´onward so as to make progress: ³rush/step @; go @. µ¥
carriage(3); forrader. ¸2 ´towards the future; onwards in time: ³from this time
@; look @, ´think ahead, think about the future. ·look @ to sth, µ¥
look±1µ(7). ¸3 ´to the front; into prominence: ³bring @ ´(= call attention to)
³new evidence; come @´, offer oneself for a task, a post, etc. ¸4
·backward(s) and @(s)´, to and fro.¼
¨fosse© ²/fos/ ³n ¶[C] ´long, narrow ditch or trench, eÔg a moat, or as a
fortification.¼
¨fos®sil© ²/Úfosl/ ³n ¶[C] ¸1 ´recognizable (part, trace or imprint of a)
prehistoric animal or plant once buried in earth, now hardened like rock: ³hunt
for @s; ´(attrib) ³@ bones/shells; @ ferns in coal. ¸2 ´(collog) ´person who is
out of date and unable to accept new ideas: ³Isn't Professor Baboon an old @!
¸@®ize ²/ÚfosElñIz/ ³vt,vi ¶[VP6A,2A] ´change or turn into stone; (fig) make or
become out of date or antiquated. ¸@®iz®ation ²/*fosElñIÚzeI2n ³US: ²-ElIÚz-/
³n¼
¨fos®ter© ²/ÚfostE(r) ³US: ²Úfc-/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´care for; help the
growth and development of; nurture: ³@ a child, ´bring it up as one's own
without legally adopting it; ³@ the sick; @ musical ability; @ evil thoughts/a
desire for revenge. ¸Ú@-brother/-sister ³nn ´one @ed by one's parent(s).
¸Ú@-child ³n ´one brought up by @-parents. ¸Ú@-parent/-mother/-father ³nn ´one
who acts as a parent in place of a natural parent, but without legal
guardianship. µ¥ adopt.¼
¨fought© ²/fct/ ³pt,pp ´of µfight.¼
¨foul©1 ²/fñ8l/ ³adj ¸1 ´causing disgust; having a bad smell or taste; filthy:
³a @ prison cell; medicine with a @ taste; @-smelling drains; a @ meal, ´(sl) a
poor meal. ¸2 ´wicked, evil; (of language) full of oaths, obscene; (of the
weather) stormy, rough. ¸*@-Úspoken/-Úmouthed ³adj ´using @ language. ·by *fair
means or Ú@, ´somehow or other, whether by good or evil methods. ¸3 ¸*@ Úplay,
(a) ´(in sport) sth contrary to the rules. ¸(b) ´violent crime, esp murder: ³Is
@ play suspected´, Do the police think this is a case of murder? ¸4 ´entangled:
³a @ rope. ¸5 ´(of a flue, pipe, gun-barrel, etc) clogged up, not clear: ³The
fire won't burn; perhaps the chimney is @´, needs sweeping. ¸6 ·fall @ of, ¸(a)
´(of a ship) run against, collide with, become entangled with. ¸(b) ´(fig) get
into trouble with: ³fall @ of the law. ´¹ ³n ¸1 ¶[C] ´(sport) sth contrary to
the rules; irregular stroke or piece of play. ¸2 ¶[U] ·through fair and @,
´through good and bad fortune; through everything. ¸@®ly ²/Úfñ8lI/ ³adv ´in a @
manner: ³He was @ly murdered. ¸@®ness ³n¼
¨foul©2 ²/fñ8l/ ³vt,vi ¶[VP6A,2A,2C] ·@ (up), ¸1 ´make or become foul: ³factory
chimneys that @ up the air with smoke; @ one's name/reputation; @ a
drain/gun-barrel. ¸2 ´collide; collide with; make or become entangled: ³The
rope @ed the anchor chain. His fishing-line got @ed up in the weeds. ¸3
´(sport) commit a @µ(1) ´against: ³@ an opponent.¼
¨found©1 ²/fñ8nd/ ³pt,pp ´of µfind.¼
¨found©2 ²/fñ8nd/ ³vt ¸1 ¶[VP6A] ´start the building of; lay the base of;
establish: ³@ a new city/a colony in a new country. ¸2 ¶[VP6A] ´get sth started
by providing money (esp endowments): ³@ a new school. ¸3 ¶[VP14] ·@ sth
on/upon, ´base on: ³a novel @ed on fact; arguments @ed on facts.¼
¨foun®da®tion© ²/fñ8nÚdeI2n/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´founding or establishing
(of a town, school, church or other institution). ¸2 ¶[C] ´sth that is founded,
eÔg a college, monastery, hospital; fund of money for charity, research, etc:
³the Ford F@. ¸3 ¶[C] ´(often ³pl´) strong base of a building, usu below
ground-level, on which it is built up: ³the @(s) of a block of flats. The huge
lorries shook the house to its @s. ¸Ú@-stone ³n ´stone laid at a ceremony to
celebrate the founding of a building. ¸4 ¶[C,U] ´that on which an idea, belief,
etc rests; underlying principle; basis; starting-point: ³the @s of religious
beliefs; lay the @(s) of one's career; a story that has no @ in fact/is without
@. ¸5 ¸Ú@ garment, ´(trade use) woman's corset or other garment to shape and
support the body (often with a bra attached). ¸Ú@ cream, ´(cosmetics) cream
used on the skin before other cosmetics are applied.¼
¨foun®der©1 ²/Úfñ8ndE(r)/ ³n ´person who founds or establishes a school, etc.
¸found®ress ²/Úfñ8ndrIs/ ³n ´woman @.¼
¨foun®der©2 ²/Úfñ8ndE(r)/ ³vi,vt ¶[VP2A,6A] ¸1 ´(of a ship) (cause to) fill
with water and sink. ¸2 ´(of a horse) fall or stumble (esp in mud) or from
overwork; cause (a horse) to break down from overwork. ¸3 ´(of a plan, etc)
fail.¼
¨found®ling© ²/Úfñ8ndlIG/ ³n ´deserted or abandoned child of unknown parents.
¸Ú@ hospital, ´(formerly) institution where @s are taken in and cared for.¼
¨foun®dry© ²/Úfñ8ndrI/ ³n (pl µ-dries³) ´place where metal or glass is melted
and moulded: ³a ·Ú³type @, ´where type for printing is made.¼
¨fount© ²/fñ8nt/ ³n ¸1 ´(poet) spring of water. ¸2 ´(also ³font´)
set of printer's type of the same size and face. ¸3 ´(poet or rhet) source.¼
¨foun®tain© ²/Úfñ8ntIn ³US: ²-tn/ ³n ¸1 ´spring of water, esp one made
artificially with water forced through holes in a pipe or pipes for ornamental
purposes. ¸Údrinking-@ ³n ´one that supplies drinking-water in a public place.
¸Ú@-pen ³n ´pen with a supply of ink inside the holder. ¸Úsoda-@, µ¥ soda. ¸2
´(fig) source or origin: ³the @ of justice. ¸Ú@-head ³n ´original source.¼
¨four© ²/fc(r)/ ³n, adj ´the number 4: ³a child of @´, @ years old; ³a coach
and @´, with @ horses; ³the @ corners of the earth´, the farthest parts;
³scatter sth to the @ winds´, in all directions. µ¥ App 4. ¸*@-letter Úword,
´word of @ letters, eÔg ³shit´, which is regarded as obscene. ·on all @s,
´(crawling) on the hands and knees. ·be on all @s (with), ´be quite the same
(as). ¸a @, ´a rowing-boat with a crew of @; (cricket) hit for @ runs.
¸*@-in-Úhand ³n ´vehicle (coach or carriage) pulled by @ horses and with no
outrider. ¸Ú@-part ³adj ´(music) arranged for @ voices to sing. ¸@®pence
²/ÚfcpEns/ ³n ´the sum of 4p: ³apples, @pence each. ¸@®penny ²/ÚfcpnI ³US:
²ÚfcpEnI/ ³adj ´costing 4p: ³a @penny loaf. ¸Ú@-ply ³adj ´(of wool, wood, etc)
having @ strands or thicknesses. ¸*@-Úposter ³n ´bed with @ posts to support a
canopy or curtains. ¸*@-Úpounder ³n ´gun throwing a 4Ôlb shot. ¸Ú@®score ³adj,
n ´80. ¸Ú@®square ³adj ´square-shaped; (fig) steady; solidly based.
¸*@-Úwheeler ³n ´hackney carriage with @ wheels (not a hansom cab). ¸@®fold
²/ÚfcfE8ld/ ³adj,adv ´repeated @ times; having @ parts; @ times as much or as
many. ¸@®some ²/ÚfcsEm/ ³n ´game (esp of golf) between two pairs: ³a mixed
@some´, with one man and one woman in each pair. ¸@®teen ²/*fcÚtin/ ³n, adj
´the number 14; µ¥ App 4. ¸@®teenth ²/*fcÚtinT/ ³n, adj µ¥ App 4´. ¸fourth
²/fcT/ ³n, adj µ¥ App 4. ¸fourth®ly ³adv ´in the @th place (esp in
enumerations).¼
¨fowl© ²/fñ8l/ ³n ¸1 ´(old use) any bird: ³the @s of the air. ¸2
´(with a ³pref´) one of the larger birds: ·Ú³wild@, ·Ú³water@. ¸3 ´domestic
cock or hen: ³keep @s. ¸Ú@®pest ³n ´infectious disease of @s. ¸Ú@-run ³n ´piece
of (usu enclosed) land where @s are kept. ¸4 ¶[U] ´flesh of @s as food: ³roast
@ for dinner. ´¹ ³vi ´(usu as gerund) catch, hunt, snare, wild@: ³go @ing.
¸Ú@®ingpiece ³n ´light shot-gun used in @ing. ¸@er ³n ´person who shoots or
traps wild birds for food.¼
¨fox©1 ²/foks/ ³n ´(fem ¸vixen ²/ÚvIksn/´) wild animal of the dog family, with
(usu) red fur and a bushy tail, preserved in Britain for hunting, and
proverbial for its cunning. µ¥ ´the illus at µsmall. ¸Úfox®glove ³n ´plant with
tall-growing spikes of purple or white flowers. ¸Úfox®hole ³n ´(mil) hole in
the ground used as a shelter against enemy fire and as a firing-point.
¸Úfox®hound ³n ´kind of hound bred and trained to hunt foxes. ¸Úfox®hunt ³n, vi
´chasing of, chase, foxes with hounds. ¸*fox-Úterrier ³n ´small and lively
short-haired dog used for driving foxes from earths, or kept as a pet.
¸Úfox®trot ³n ´(music for a) ballroom dance with slow and quick steps. ¸foxy
³adj ´crafty; crafty-looking.¼
¨fox©2 ²/foks/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´(colloq) deceive by cunning; confuse; puzzle: ³He
was completely foxed.¼
¨foyer© ²/ÚfãIeI ³US: ²ÚfãIEr/ ³n ´large space in a theatre for the use of the
audience during intervals; entrance hall of a cinema or hotel.¼
¨fra®cas© ²/Úfrakq ³US: ²ÚfreIkEs/ ³n (pl µ@ ²/-kqz/ ´US µ@es ²/-kEsEz/³)
´noisy quarrel.¼
¨frac®tion© ²/Úfrak2n/ ³n ¸1 ´small part or bit. ¸2 ´number that is not a whole
number (eÔg ²U´, 5/8, 0²Ø´76). ¸@al ²/-2Enl/ ³adj ´of or in @s. ¸@al
distillation´, partial separation of liquids, eÔg petroleum, having different
boiling-points by gradual heating.¼
¨frac®tious© ²/Úfrak2Es/ ³adj ´irritable; peevish; bad-tempered.
¸@®ly ³adv ¸@®ness ³n¼
¨frac®ture© ²/Úfrakt2E(r)/ ³n ¶[U] ´breaking or being broken, eÔg of a bone, a
pipe-line; ¶[C] ´instance of this: ³compound/simple @s´, with/without skin
wounds. ¹ ³vt,vi ¶[VP6A,2A] ´break; crack: ³@ one's leg; bones that @ easily.¼
¨frag®ile© ²/ÚfradZñIl ³US: ²-dZEl/ ³adj ´easily injured, broken or destroyed:
³@ china/health/happiness. ¸fra®gil®ity ²/frEÚdZIlEtI/ ³n ¶[U].¼
¨frag®ment© ²/ÚfragmEnt/ ³n ¶[C] ´part broken off; separate or incomplete part:
³try to put the @s of a broken vase together; overhear @s of conversation. ´¹
³vi ²/fragÚment/ ¶[VP2A] ´break into @s: ³The shell @s on impact.
¸frag®men®tary ²/ÚfragmEntrI ³US: ²-terI/ ³adj ´incomplete: ³a @ary report of
an event. ¸frag®men®ta®tion ²/*fragmenÚteI2n/ ³n ¸Ú@ation bomb´, one that
breaks up into small @s.¼
¨fra®grant© ²/ÚfreIgrEnt/ ³adj ´sweet-smelling: ³@ flowers; ´(fig) pleasant: ³@
memories. ¸fra®grance ²/-Ens/ ³n ¶[U,C] ´sweet or pleasing smell.¼
¨frail© ²/freIl/ ³adj ´weak; fragile: ³a @ child´, one with a weak
constitution; ³a @ support; @ happiness. ¸@ty ²/ÚfreIltI/ ³n ¶[U] ´the quality
of being @: ³the @ty of human life; ¶[C] ³(pl µ-ties³) ´fault; moral weakness:
³He loved her in spite of her little frailties.¼
¨frame©1 ²/freIm/ ³n ¶[C] ¸1 ´skeleton or main structure, eÔg steel girders,
brick walls, wooden struts, of a ship, building, aircraft, etc which makes its
shape, esp in the process of building. ¸Ú@ aerial ³n ´one in which the wire is
round a @ (instead of being stretched out between two poles, etc). ¸Ú@ house ³n
´one with a wooden skeleton covered with wooden boards or shingles. ¸2 ´border
of wood or other material in which a picture, photograph, window or door is
enclosed or set; structure that holds the lenses of a pair of spectacles. µ¥
´the illus at µwindow. ¸3 ´human or animal body: ³a girl of slender @. Sobs
shook her @. ¸4 ´box-like structure of wood and glass for protecting plants
from the cold: ³a cold/heated @. ¸5 ·@ of mind, ´temporary condition of mind;
temper: ³in a cheerful @ of mind; in the @ of mind to welcome any diversion. ¸6
´(more usu ·Ú³@work´) established order or system: ³the @ of society. ¸7
´single exposure on a roll of photographic film. ¸Ú@®work ³n ´that part of a
structure that gives shape and support: ³a bridge with a steel @work; the @work
of a policy.¼
¨frame©2 ²/freIm/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A] ´put together; shape; build up: ³@ a
plan/theory/sentence; a man not @d for severe hardships´, unable to endure them
well. ¸2 ¶[VP6A] ´put a frameµ(2) ´round; enclose in a frame: ³@ a photograph;
have an oil-painting @d; ´serve as a frame: ³a landscape @d in an archway. ¸3
¶[VP2A,C] ´develop; give promise of developing: ³plans that @ well/badly. ¸4
¶[VP6A] ´(sl) form a plan to make (sb) appear guilty of sth; put together a
false charge against (sb): ³The accused man said he had been @d. ¸Ú@-up ³n
´(sl) scheme or conspiracy to make an innocent person appear guilty.¼
¨franc© ²/fraGk/ ³n ´standard unit of a decimal currency in France,
Belgium, Switzerland and other countries.¼
¨fran®chise© ²/Úfrant2ñIz/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ¸the @, ´full rights of citizenship given
by a country or town, esp the right to vote at elections. ¸2 ¶[C] ´(chiefly US)
special right given by public authorities to a person or company: ³a @ for a
bus service.¼
¨Fran®cis®can© ²/franÚsIskEn/ ³n, adj ´(friar or nun) of the religious order
founded in 1209 by St Francis ²/ÚfrqnsIs/ ´of Assisi ²/EÚsisI/´.¼
¨Franco-© ²/ÚfraGkE8/ ³pref ´(used in compounds) French: ³the ·*³@-German
·Ú³War of 1870Å71; ·Ú³@phile, ´(one who is) friendly towards France; ·Ú³@phobe,
´(one who is) hostile towards France.¼
¨frank©1 ²/fraGk/ ³adj ´showing clearly the thoughts and feelings;
open: ³a @ look/smile/face; make a @ confession of one's guilt; be quite @
with sb (about sth). ¸@®ly ³adv ¸@®ness ³n¼
¨frank©2 ²/fraGk/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´put a stamp or a mark on (a letter, etc) to show
that postage has been paid. ¸Ú@ing-machine ³n ´machine that automatically
stamps letters etc passed through it, with a counting mechanism to show the
total charge.¼
¨Frank© ²/fraGk/ ³n ´member of the Germanic tribes that conquered Gaul (=
France) in the 6th c ¶AÔD´.¼
¨frank®furter© ²/ÚfraGkf3tE(r)/ ³n ´seasoned and smoked sausage made of beef
and pork.¼
¨frank®in®cense© ²/ÚfraGkInsens/ ³n ¶[U] ´kind of resin from trees, giving a
sweet smell when burnt.¼
¨frank®lin© ²/ÚfraGklIn/ ³n ´(in GB, 14th and 15th cc) landowner not of noble
birth, higher in rank than a yeoman.¼
¨fran®tic© ²/ÚfrantIk/ ³adj ´wildly excited with joy, pain, anxiety, etc: ³@
cries for help; drive sb @. ¸fran®ti®cally ²/-klI/ ³adv¼
¨fra®ter®nal© ²/frEÚt3nl/ ³adj ´brotherly: ³@ love. ¸@ly ²/-nElI/ ³adv¼
¨fra®ter®nity© ²/frEÚt3nEtI/ ³n (pl µ-ties³) ¸1 ¶[U] ´brotherly feeling. ¸2
¶[C] ´society of men, eÔg monks, who treat each other as equals; men who are
joined together by common interests: ³the @ of the Press´, newspaper writers.
¸3 ¶[C] ´(US) society of students, with branches in various colleges, usu with
names made up of Greek letters. µ¥ sorority.¼
¨frat®er®nize© ²/ÚfratEnñIz/ ³vi ¶[VP2A,C,3A] ·@ (with), ´become friendly
(with): ³Men from the two armies stopped fighting and @d on Christmas Day.
¸frat®er®niz®ation ²/*fratEnñIÚzeI2n ³US: ²-nIÚz-/ ³n¼
¨frat®ri®cide© ²/ÚfratrIsñId/ ³n ¶[C,U] ´(person guilty of) wilful
killing of one's brother or sister.¼
¨Frau© ²/frñ8/ ³n (pl µFrauen ²/Úfrñ8En/³) ´(G) (of a German wife or widow)
Mrs; German woman.¼
¨fraud© ²/frcd/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´criminal deception; ¶[C] ´act of this kind: ³get
money by @. ¸2 ¶[C] ´person or thing that deceives: ³This hair-restorer is a
@; I'm as bald as ever. ¸@u®lent ²/Úfrcdj8lEnt ³US: ²-dZ8-/ ³adj ´acting with
@; deceitful; obtained by @: ³@ulent gains. ¸@u®lent®ly ³adv¼
¨fraught© ²/frct/ ³pred adj ¸1 ´involving; attended by; threatening (unpleasant
consequences): ³an expedition @ with danger. ¸2 ´filled with: ³@ with meaning.¼
¨Fr¢au®lein© ²/ÚfrãIlñIn/ ³n ´(G) (of an unmarried German woman) Miss; German
spinster.¼
¨fray©1 ²/freI/ ³n ´(lit or fig) fight; contest: ³eager for the @.¼
¨fray©2 ²/freI/ ³vt,vi ¶[VP6A,2A,C] ´(of cloth, rope, etc) become worn, make
worn, by rubbing so that there are loose threads: ³@ed cuffs´, eÔg on a coat
sleeve; ´(fig) strained; exasperated: ³@ed nerves/tempers.¼
¨frazzle© ²/Úfrazl/ ³n ´completely worn or exhausted state: ³worn to a @.¼
¨freak© ²/frik/ ³n ¸1 ´abnormal or unusual idea, act or occurrence: (attrib) ³a
@ storm. ¸2 ´(also ¸*@ of Únature´) person, animal or plant that is abnormal in
form, eÔg a five-legged sheep. ¹ ³vi,vt ¶[VP2C,15B] ·@ out, ´(sl) (cause to)
have an intense emotional experience as from hallucinatory drugs. Hence,
¸Ú@-out ³n ¸@®ish ²/-I2/ ³adj ´abnormal: ³@ish behaviour. ¸@®ish®ly ³adv
¸@®ish®ness ³n ¸@y ³adj ´= @ish.¼
¨freckle© ²/Úfrekl/ ³n ´one of the small light-brown spots on the human skin;
³(pl) ´such spots on the face and hands caused by sunburn. ¹ ³vt,vi ¶[VP6A,2A]
´(cause to) become covered with @s: ³a @d forehead. Some people @ more easily
than others.¼
¨free©1 ²/fri/ ³adj (comp µfreer ²/ÚfriE(r)/´, ³sup µfreest ²/ÚfriIst/³) ¸1
´(of a person) not a slave; not in the power of another person or other
persons; not in prison; having personal rights and social and political
liberty: ³The prisoners were pardoned and set @. Were the Pyramids built by
slave labour or by @ labour? µ¥ ´also µ@ labour ´below. ¸Ú@®born ³adj
´inheriting liberty and rights of citizenship. ¸@®man ²/-mEn/ ³n (pl µ-men³)
´person who is not a slave or a serf. µ¥ ´also µ@man ´at µ(9) ´below. ¸2 ´(of a
State, its citizens, and institutions) not controlled by a foreign government;
having representative government in which private rights are respected:
³@ democracies; Ruritania, the land of the @. ¸3 ´not fixed or held back; able
to move about without hindrance; unrestricted; not controlled by rules,
regulations or conventions: ³leave one end of the rope @´, loose; ³@ hydrogen´,
not combined with another element. ³You are @ to go or stay as you please.
Please feel @ to ask questions. She is not @ to marry´, cannot do so, eÔg
because she has to look after her parents. ³One of the parts has worked @´,
become loose, out of position. ·allow sb/give sb/have a @ hand, ´permission or
discretion to do what seems best without consulting others. ¸*@
Úagent ³n ´person who is @ to act without restrictions. ¸*F@
ÚChurch ³n ¸(a) ´nonconformist Church. ¸(b) ´Church not under State
control. ¸*@ enterprise ´the conduct of trade and industry with the minimum of
State control. ¸*@-and-Úeasy ³adj ´unceremonious. ¸*@ Úfall ³n ´fall from an
aircraft at a great height without use of a parachute (until this is needed):
³a @-fall parachutist. ¸*@ Úfight, ´one in which anyone present may join; one
without rules. ¸Ú@-for-all ³n ´dispute, quarrel, etc in which all are allowed
to express their views, fight for their own points of view, etc. ¸Ú@®hand ³adj
´(of drawings) done by hand with easy movements, no rules, compasses or other
instrument being used: ³a @hand sketch. ¸*@-Úhanded ³adj ´generous; giving and
spending money generously. ¸Ú@®hold ³n ´(legal) (holding of) land in absolute
ownership. µ¥ ³leasehold ´at µlease. ¸Ú@®holder ³n ´person who possesses @hold
estate. ¸Ú@ house ³n ´(GB) public-house not controlled by a brewery, and able,
for this reason, to stock and sell all brands of beer, etc. µ¥ ³tied house ´at
µtie±2µ. ¸*@ Úlabour ³n ´workers not belonging to trade unions. µ¥ 1 ´above.
¸Ú@®lance ²/-lqns ³US: ²-lans/ ³n ¸(a) ´(in the Middle Ages) soldier ready to
serve anyone for pay. ¸(b) ´independent journalist, writer, etc earning his
living by selling his services, wherever he can. µ¹ ³vi ´work in this way: ³He
gave up his regular job in order to @lance. ¸*@-Úliver ³n ´person who indulges
without restriction in pleasure (esp food and drink); hence, ¸*@-Úliving ³n
¶[U]³, adj. ¸*@ Úlove ³n ¶[U] ´(old use) agreed sexual relations without
marriage. ¸*@ Úkick ³n ´(football) kick allowed for a penalty without
opposition from any other player. ¸Ú@ port ³n ´port open to all traders alike,
with no trade restrictions, taxes, import duties, etc. ¸*@-Úrange ³adj ´(of
poultry) allowed to range freely (contrasted with ³battery ´birds). ¸*@ Úspeech
³n ¶[U] ´right to speak in public without interference from the authorities.
¸*@-Úspoken ³adj ´not concealing one's opinions; speaking or spoken frankly.
¸*@-Ústanding ³adj ´not supported; standing independently so that it may be
viewed from all sides. ¸Ú@®stone ³n ¶[U] ´easily sawn sandstone and limestone.
¸Ú@®style ³n ¶[U] ´(swimming) race where the competitors choose their own
stroke, usually the crawl. ¸*@-Úthinker ³n ´person not accepting traditional
religious teaching, but basing his ideas on reason; rationalist; hence,
¸*@-Úthinking ³adj, ¸*@-Úthought ³n ¶[U]. ¸*@ Útrade ³n ¶[U] ´trade not
hindered by customs duties to restrict imports or protect home industries;
hence, ¸*@-Útrader ³n ´supporter of this principle. ¸*@ transÚlation ³n ´not
word for word, but giving the general meaning. ¸*@ Úverse ³n ¶[U] ´without
regular metre and rhyme. ¸Ú@®way ³n ´(US) highway with several lanes;
expressway. ¸*@-Úwheel ³vi ¶[VP2A,C] ´move along on a bicycle with the pedals
at rest (as when going downhill); (fig) act or live without effort or
constraint. ¸*@ Úwill ³n ¶[U] ´individual's power of guiding and choosing his
actions (subject to limitations of the physical world, social environment, and
inherited characteristics): ³do sth of one's own @ will´, without being
required or compelled. ¸Ú@®will ³adj ´voluntary: ³a @will offering. ¸4 ·@ from,
´without: ³@ from blame/error/anxiety; ´released or exempt from: ³@ from the
ordinary regulations. ·@ of, ¸(a) ´outside: ³as soon as the ship was @ of the
harbour. ¸(b) ´without: ³a harbour @ of ice. At last I am @ of her´, have got
away from her. ¸5 ´without payment; costing nothing: ³@ tickets for the
theatre; give sth away @; 50p post @´, 50p including cost of postage;
³admission @; @ of income tax´, on which income tax need not be paid, or has
been paid in advance (eÔg dividends on shares). ·(get sth) for @, ´(colloq)
without charge or payment. ¸Ú@-list ³n ¸(a) ´list of persons (to be) admitted
@, eÔg to a theatre or concert-hall. ¸(b) ´list of goods (to be) admitted @ of
customs duties. ¸*@ Úpass ³n ´authority to travel etc without paying. ¸*@ on
Úboard, ´(abbr ¸fÔoÔb´) (comm) where the exporter pays all the charges for
putting the goods onto the ship. ¸6 ´(of place or time) not occupied or
engaged; not being used; (of persons) not having time occupied; not doing
anything: ³There will be no rooms @ in the hotel until after the holidays. Her
afternoons are usually @. She is usually @ in the afternoon(s). ·have one's
hands @, ¸(a) ´have them empty, not being used. ¸(b) ´be in a position to do as
one likes; have no work or duties that demand attention. µ¥ ³be tied up ´at
µtie±2µ. ¸7 ´coming or given readily; lavish; profuse: ³a @ flow of water; @
with his money; @ bloomers´, plants that have a large number of blooms. ³He is
very @ with his advice´, willingly gives plenty of advice. ¸8 ´without
restraint: ³He is somewhat @ in his conversation´, not quite as proper or
decent as he ought to be. ·make @ with sth/sb, ´use property, persons as if
they were one's own: ³He seems to have made @ with my whisky while I was away.
He is/makes rather too @ with the waitresses/the wives of his friends´, is too
familiar or impudent in his behaviour. ¸9 ·make sb @ of, ´give him the right to
share in the privileges ³of ´a company, citizenship ³of ´a city; give him the
unrestricted use ³of ´one's library, etc. ¸@®man ²/-mEn/ ³n (pl µ-men³) ´one
who has been given the privileges of a city, usu a distinguished person. µ¥ 1
´above. ¸@®ly ³adv ´in a @ manner; readily.¼
¨free©2 ²/fri/ ³vt (pt,pp µfreed ²/frid/³) ¶[VP6A,14] ·@
(from/of) ´make free ³(from)´; rid ³(of)´; set at liberty: ³@ an animal from a
trap; @ a country of cholera; @ oneself from debt. ¸freed®man ²/ÚfridmEn/ ³n
(pl µ-men³) ´slave set free.¼
¨free®booter© ²/ÚfributE(r)/ ³n ´pirate; buccaneer.¼
¨free®dom© ²/ÚfridEm/ ³n ¶[U] ´condition of being free (all senses); ¶[C]
´particular kind of @: ³the four @s´, @ of speech, @ of religion, @ from fear,
@ from want; ³give slaves their @; give sb @ to do what he thinks best; speak
with @´, without constraint, fearing nothing; ³the @ of the seas´, (in
international law) the right of ships of neutral countries to sail the seas
without interference from warships of countries at war; ³give a friend the @
of one's house/library´, allow him to use it freely. ·give sb/receive the @ of
a town/city, ´full rights of citizenship (as an honour for distinguished
services).¼
¨Free®mason© ²/ÚfrimeIsn/ ³n ´member of a secret society (with branches in
many parts of Europe and America) for mutual help and fellowship. ¸@ry ³n ¶[U]
´system and institutions of the @s; (¸f@ry´) instinctive sympathy between
people of similar interests, the same sex: ³the f@ry of the Press.¼
¨free®sia© ²/ÚfrizIE ³US: ²ÚfriZE/ ³n ´kinds of flowering bulbous plant.¼
¨freeze© ²/friz/ ³vt,vi (pt µfroze ²/frE8z/³, pp µfrozen ²/ÚfrE8zn/³) ¸1
¶[VP2A,C] ´(impers) ´be so cold that water turns into ice: ³It was freezing
last night. What freezing weather! It froze hard yesterday. ¸Ú@ing-point ³n
´temperature at which a liquid (esp water) turns solid. ¸2 ¶[VP2A,C] ·@
(over/up), ´(of water) become ice; (of other liquids) become solid; (of other
substances) become hard or stiff from cold: ³Water @s when the temperature
falls below 0ÄC (32ÄF). The lake froze over´, became covered with ice. ·make
one's Úblood @, ´fill one with terror. ¸3 ¶[VP2A,C] ´be or feel very cold: ³I'm
freezing. Two of the men froze to death´, died of cold. ¸4 ¶[VP6A,15B] ·@
(over/up), ´make cold; make hard; cover with ice: ³frozen food´, preserved by
being kept very cold, µ¥ ³refrigeration ´at µrefrigerate´; ³frozen roads´, with
the surface of mud, snow, etc hardened by frost. ³The lake was frozen over. If
this frost lasts the ships in the harbour will be frozen in´, be fast in the
ice. ·@ one's blood, ´fill one with terror. ¸Úfreezing-mixture ³n ´one of salt,
snow, etc used to @ liquids. ¸5 ¶[VP6A] ´(fin) make assets, credits, etc
temporarily or permanently unable to be exchanged for money; stabilize prices,
wages: ·Ú³price-·*³freezing ´and ·Ú³wage-·*³freezing ´(as methods to cure
inflation). ¸6 ¶[VP15B] ·@ sb out, ´(colloq) exclude him from business,
society, etc by competition, cold behaviour, etc. ¸7 ¶[VP3A] ·@ on to sth,
´(colloq) take or keep a very tight hold of it. ¸8 ¶[VP2A,C] ´become
motionless, eÔg of an animal that stands quite still to avoid attracting
attention. ¶[VP2C] ·@ up, ´(of an actor) be unable to speak, move etc on the
stage. ¹ ³n ¸1 ´period of freezing weather. ¸2 ´(fin) severe control,
stabilization, of incomes, wages, dividends, etc: ³a ·Ú³wage-@. ¸3 *deep-Ú@,
´(part of a) refrigerator where a very low temperature is used. µ¥ ´also
µdeep±2µ. ¸freezer ³n ´machine for freezing: ³an ice-cream @r; ´compartment or
room for freezing.¼
¨freight© ²/ÚfreIt/ ³n ¶[U] ´(money charged for) the carriage of goods from
place to place by water (in US also by land); the goods carried. ¸Ú@®liner
³n ´liner-train, µ¥ liner(2). ¸Ú@-train ³n ´(US) goods train, µ¥ goods (2). ³¹
³vt ¶[VP6A,14] ·@ (with), ´load (a ship) with cargo; send or carry (goods): ³a
ship @ed with wheat; @ a boat with fruit. ¸@er ³n ´ship or aircraft that
carries mainly @ (cargo).¼
¨French© ²/frent2/ ³adj ´of France or the people of France.
·take @ leave, ´do sth, go away, without asking permission or giving notice.
¸*@ Údressing ³n ´salad dressing of oil and vinegar. ¸*@ Úfries ²/frñIz/ ³n pl
´(US) = potato chips. ¸*@ Úhorn ³n ´brass wind instrument. µ¥ ´the illus at
µbrass. ¸*@ Úwindow ³n ´one that serves as both a window and a door, opening on
to a garden or balcony. µ¥ ´the illus at µwindow. ¹ ³n ´the @ language. ¸Ú@®man
²/-mEn/ ³n (pl µ-men´) ¸Ú@®woman ³n ´man/woman of @ birth or
nationality.¼
¨fren®etic© ²/frEÚnetIk/ ³adj ´frenzied; frantic.¼
¨frenzy© ²/ÚfrenzI/ ³n ¶[U] ´violent excitement: ³in a @ of despair/enthusiasm;
rouse an audience to absolute @. ¸fren®zied ²/ÚfrenzId/ ³adj ´driven to @;
wildly excited. ¸fren®zied®ly ³adv¼
¨fre®quency© ²/ÚfrikwEnsI/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´frequent occurrence: ³the @ of
earthquakes in Japan. ¸2 ¶[C] ³(pl µ-cies³) ´rate of occurrence; number of
repetitions (in a given time): ³a @ of 25 per second´, eÔg of an alternating
electric current.¼
¨fre®quent©1 ²/frIÚkwent/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´go often to (a place); be often found in
or at: ³Frogs @ wet places. He no longer @s bars.¼
¨fre®quent©2 ²/ÚfrikwEnt/ ³adj ´often happening; habitual: ³Hurricanes are @
here in autumn. He's a @ visitor. ¸@®ly ³adv ´often: ³@ly occurring
hurricanes.¼
¨fresco© ²/ÚfreskE8/ ³n (pl µ@s, @es ²/-kE8z/³) ¸1 ¶[U] ´pigment applied to
moist plaster surfaces and allowed to dry; method of painting with this
pigment: ³painting in @. ¸2 ¶[C] ´picture painted in this way: ³the @(e)s in
the Sistine Chapel, Rome. ´¹ ³vt ´paint (a wall, etc) in @.¼
¨fresh© ²/fre2/ ³adj µ(-er, -est) ¸1 ´newly made, produced, gathered, grown,
arrived, etc: ³@ flowers/fruit/eggs/milk; @ paint ´(= still wet); ³a man @ from
the country; a boy @ from school´, who has only recently finished his school
course. µ¥ stale; µ¥ ³faded ´at µfade. ¸@®man ²/-mEn/ ³n (pl µ-men³) ´student
in his first year at a college or university. ¸2 ´(of food) not salted, tinned
or frozen; ³@ butter/meat; ´(of water) not salt; not sea-water. ¸Ú@®water ³adj
´of @ water, not of the sea: ³@water fish; @water fishermen. ¸3 ´new or
different: ³Is there any @ news? Take a @ sheet of paper and start again. He
didn't throw much @ light ´(= give much new information) ³on the subject.
·break @ ground, ´(fig) start sth new, find new facts. ¸4 ´(of the air, wind,
weather) cool; refreshing: ³go out for some @ air; in the @ air´, out of doors.
¸@ breeze/wind, ´blowing rather strongly. ¸5 ´bright and pure: ³@ colours;
´bright and pure in colour: ³a @ complexion. ¸6 ´(US colloq) presumptuous,
impudent (esp towards sb of the opposite sex): ³Tell that young man not to
get/be so @ with your sister. ´¹ ³adv ´(in hyphened compounds) @ly, newly:
³@-caught fish; @-killed meat; @-painted doors. ¸@®ly ³adv ´(only with ³pp´,
without hyphen) recently: ³@ly picked peaches. ¸@er ³n ´= @man. ¸@®ness ³n¼
¨freshen© ²/Úfre2n/ ³vi,vt ¶[VP2A,C,6A,15B] ·@ (up), ´become or make fresh;
revive: ³feel @ed up after a shower; @en a drink, ´add more to it; ³the breeze
@ed, ´grew stronger.¼
¨fret©1 ²/fret/ ³vi,vt µ(-tt-) ¸1 ¶[VP2A,C,3A,15A] ´worry; (cause
to) be discontented or bad-tempered: ³What are you @ting about? Don't @ over
trifles. She @s at even the slightest delays. Small babies often @ in hot
weather. She'll @ herself to death one of these days. ¸2 ¶[VP6A] ´wear away by
rubbing or biting at: ³a horse @ting its bit; @ted rope; a channel @ted through
the rock by a stream. ´¹ ³n ´state of irritation or querulousness: ³in a @.
¸@®ful ²/-fl/ ³adj ´discontented; irritable; ³a @ful baby. ¸@®fully ²/-fElI/
³adv¼
¨fret©2 ²/fret/ ³vt µ(-tt-) ¶[VP6A] ´decorate (wood) with patterns made by
cutting or sawing. ¸Ú@®saw ³n ´very narrow saw, fixed in a frame, for cutting
designs in thin sheets of wood. ¸Ú@®work ³n ¶[U] ´work in decorative patterns;
wood cut with such patterns by using a @saw.¼
¨fret©3 ²/fret/ ³n ´one of the metal ridges set at intervals across the
fingerboard of a guitar, banjo, etc to act as a guide for the fingers to press
the strings at the correct place.¼
¨Freud®ian© ²/ÚfrãIdIEn/ ³adj ´of the psychoanalytic theories of
Sigmund Freud ²/frãId/ ´(1856Å1939), the Austrian psychoanalyst. ¸*@ Úslip,
´(colloq) instance when a speaker accidentally says something contrary to what
was intended and which seems to reveal his true thoughts.¼
¨fri®able© ²/ÚfrñIEbl/ ³adj ´easily crumbled. ¸fria®bil®ity ²/*frñIEÚbIlEtI/
³n¼
¨friar© ²/ÚfrñIE(r)/ ³n ´man who is a member of one of certain religious
orders. ¼
¨fric®assee© ²/ÚfrIkEsi/ ³n ¶[C,U] ´(dish of) meat or poultry cut up, fried or
stewed, and served with sauce. ¹ ³vt ²/*frIkEÚsi/ ´make a @ of.¼
¨frica®tive© ²/ÚfrIkEtIv/ ³adj, n ´(phon) (consonant) produced with audible
friction when the air is expelled through a narrowing of the air passage: ³The
sounds ²/f, v, T/ ³are @s.¼
¨fric®tion© ²/ÚfrIk2n/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´the rubbing of one thing against another,
esp when this wastes energy. ¸2 ¶[C,U] ´(instance of a) difference of opinion
leading to argument and quarrelling: ³political @ between two countries; @(s)
between parents with old-fashioned ideas and their children with newer ideas.¼
¨Fri®day© ²/ÚfrñIdI/ ³n ´sixth day of the week. ¸*Good Ú@, ´the @ before
Easter; the anniversary of the crucifixion of Jesus. ¸*man Ú@, ´(from the story
of Robinson Crusoe) faithful servant.¼
¨fridge© ²/frIdZ/ ³n ´(abbr of) refrigerator.¼
¨fried© ²/frñId/ ³pt,pp ´of µfry.¼
¨friend© ²/frend/ ³n ¸1 ´person, not a relation, whom one knows and likes well:
³We are great/good @s. He has been a good @ to me. ·be @s with, ´be a @ of.
·make @s, ´become mutual @s. ·make Ú@s again, ´become @s again after a
disagreement, etc. ·make Ú@s with; make a Ú@ of, ´become the @ of. ¸2 ´helpful
thing or quality: ³Among these wild young people, her shyness was her best @.
¸3 ´helper or sympathizer: ³a good @ of the poor. ¸4 F@, ´member of the Society
of F@s; Quaker. ¸@®less ³adj ´having no @s. ¸@®less®ness ³n¼
¨friend®ly© ²/ÚfrendlI/ ³adj µ(-ier, -iest) ´acting, or ready to
act, as a friend; showing or expressing kindness: ³be @ with sb; be @ to a
cause; a @ smile; be on @ terms with sb; a @ match/game´, one not played in
competition for a prize, etc. ¸ÚF@ Society, ´one for the mutual benefit of its
members, eÔg during illness, unemployment, old age. ¸friend®li®ness ³n ¶[U] ´@
feeling and behaviour.¼
¨friend®ship© ²/Úfrend2Ip/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´being friends; the feeling or
relationship that exists between friends: ³live together in @; my @ for her. ¸2
¶[C] ´instance or period of this feeling: ³a @ of twenty years; never to forget
old @s.¼
¨frieze© ²/friz/ ³n ¶[C] ´ornamental band or strip along a wall (usu at the
top), eÔg a horizontal band of sculpture on the outside of a building, or a
strip of wallpaper with a special design just below the ceiling of a room. µ¥
´the illus at µcolumn.¼
¨frig®ate© ²/ÚfrIgEt/ ³n ´fast sailing-ship formerly used in war; (modern use)
(GB) fast escort vessel; (US) medium sized warship.¼
¨fright© ²/frñIt/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´great and sudden fear: ³die of @; take @ (at
sth)´; ¶[C] ´instance of this. ·give sb/get/have a @. ¸2 ¶[C] ´(colloq)
ridiculous-looking person or thing: ³What a @ you look in that old hat! ´¹ ³vt
´(poet) frighten.¼
¨frighten© ²/ÚfrñItn/ ³vt ¶[VP6A,15B,14] ´fill with fright or terror; alarm
suddenly: ³Did the noise @ you? The barking of the dog @ed the burglar away.
She was nearly @ed out of her life. ·@ sb into/out of doing sth, ´cause him to
do/not do sth by @ing him. ¸fright®ened ³adj ´(colloq) afraid: ³be @ed of sb or
sth; ´alarmed: ³@ed at the idea of sth happening. ¸@®ing ³adj ´causing fright
or terror: ³a @ing experience.¼
¨fright®ful© ²/ÚfrñItfl/ ³adj ¸1 ´causing fear; dreadful: ³a @ accident. ¸2
´(colloq) very great; unpleasant: ³a @ mess; a @ journey´, a very uncomfortable
one. ¸@ly ²/-fElI/ ³adv ¸1 ´in a @ way. ¸2 ´(colloq) very. ¸@®ness ³n¼
¨frigid© ²/ÚfrIdZId/ ³adj ¸1 ´cold: ³a @ climate; the @ zones´,
those within the polar circles. ¸2 ´unfriendly; without ardour or sympathy;
apathetic: ³a @ welcome; a @ manner; @ conversation; a @ woman´, lacking in
sexual desire. ¸@®ly ³adv ¸frigid®ity ²/frIÚdZIdEtI/ ³n ¶[U].¼
¨frill© ²/frIl/ ³n ¸1 ´ornamental border on a dress, etc. ¸2 ³(pl) ´unnecessary
adornments, eÔg to speech or writing; airs±1µ(6b)´, affectations. ¸fril®led
³adj ´having @sµ(1)´: ³a @ed skirt. ¸frilly ³adj ´having @s; (colloq) too much
ornamented.¼
¨fringe© ²/frIndZ/ ³n ¸1 ´ornamental border of loose threads, eÔg on a rug or
shawl. ¸2 ´edge (of a crowd, forest, etc): ³on the @(s) of the forest. ¸Ú@
area, ´area on the border of a district etc; (fig) less important area. ¸Ú@
benefits, ´eÔg a rent-free house, the use of a car, additional to wages or
salary. ¸Ú@ group, ´group of persons loosely attached to a larger group or
party (but who may be rebellious or nonconformist in some respects). ¸3 ´part
of hair cut short and allowed to hang over the forehead. ¹ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´put a @
on; serve as a @ to: ³a roadside @ed with trees.¼
¨frip®pery© ²/ÚfrIpErI/ ³n ¶[U] ´needless ornament, esp on dress; ¶[C] ³(pl
µ-ries³) ´cheap ornament or useless trifle.¼
¨frisk© ²/frIsk/ ³vi,vt ¸1 ¶[VP2A,C] ´jump and run about playfully. ¸2 ¶[VP6A]
´pass the hands over (sb) to search for concealed weapons. ¸@y ³adj ´lively;
ready to @: ³as @y as a kitten. ¸@®ily ²/IlI/ ³adv¼
¨fris®son© ²/Úfrison ³US: ²friÚson/ ³n ´(F) emotional thrill: ³a @ of
delight/horror.¼
¨frit®ter©1 ²/ÚfrItE(r)/ ³vt ¶[VP15B] ·@ sth away, ´waste it on
divided aims: ³@ away one's time/energy/money.¼
¨frit®ter©2 ²/ÚfrItE(r)/ ³n ¶[C] ´piece of fried batter, usu with sliced fruit
in it.¼
¨frivol© ²/ÚfrIvl/ ³vi,vt µ(-ll-) ¸1 ¶[VP2A] ´behave in a silly, time-wasting
way. ¸2 ¶[VP15B] ·@ away, ´waste time, money, etc, foolishly.¼
¨friv®ol®ous© ²/ÚfrIvElEs/ ³adj ¸1 ´not serious or important: ³@
remarks/behaviour. ¸2 ´(of persons) not serious; pleasure-loving. ¸@®ly ³adv
¸friv®ol®ity ²/frIÚvolEtI/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´@ behaviour; lightness of character. ¸2
¶[C] ³(pl µ-ties³) ´@ act or utterance.¼
¨frizz© ²/frIz/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´(of hair) form into masses of small curls. ¸@y
³adj ´(of hair) @ed.¼
¨frizzle©1 ²/ÚfrIzl/ ³vt,vi ¶[VP6A,2A] ´cook, be cooked, with a spluttering
noise: ³bacon frizzling in the pan.¼
¨frizzle©2 ²/ÚfrIzl/ ³vt,vi ¶[VP2C,15B] ·@ up, ´(of hair) twist in small, crisp
curls.¼
¨fro© ²/frE8/ ³adv ·to and fro, ´backwards and forwards: ³walking to and fro;
journeys to and fro between London and Paris.¼
¨frock© ²/frok/ ³n ¸1 ´woman's or girl's dress. ¸2 ´monk's long gown with loose
sleeves. ¸3 *@-Úcoat ³n ´long coat, usu with square corners, formerly worn by
men in the 19th c (now replaced by the ³morning-coat´).¼
¨frog© ²/frog ³US: ²frcg/ ³n ¸1 ´small, cold-blooded, tail-less jumping animal
living in water and on land. µ¥ ´the illus at µamphibian. ¸@®man ²/-mEn/ ³n (pl
µ-men³) ´person skilled in swimming under water with the aid of flippers on the
feet and breathing apparatus. ¸Ú@®march ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´carry (a prisoner) away,
face downwards, by four men holding his arms and legs. ¸2 ´long button and loop
for fastening to it, used to fasten cloaks, etc.¼
¨frolic© ²/ÚfrolIk/ ³vi (pt,pp µ@ked³) ¶[VP2A,C] ´play about in a gay, lively
way. ¹ ³n ¶[C] ´outburst of gaiety or merrymaking; wild or merry prank. ¸@®some
²/-sEm/ ³adj ´inclined to @; playful and merry.¼
¨from© ²/frEm ³strong form: ²from/ ³prep ¸1 ´(used to introduce
the place, point, person, etc that is the starting-point): ³jump (down) @ a
wall; travel @ London to Rome; bees going @ flower to flower. ¸2 ´(used to
indicate the starting of a period of time): ³@ the first of May; @ childhood; @
day to day; @ beginning to end. ¸3 ´(used to indicate the place, object, etc
whose distance, absence, etc is stated): ³ten miles @ the coast; stay away @
school; be/go away @ home; far @ blaming you´, not in any way doing so. ¸4
´(showing the giver, sender, etc): ³a letter @ my brother; a present @ his
father. Tell him @ me that«. ¸5 ´(art, showing the model, etc): ³painted @
nature/life´, with the actual scene, object, etc in front of the artist. ¸6
´(showing the lower limit): ³We have good Italian wine @ $1²Ø³50 a bottle´, at
this price and at higher prices. ³There were @ ten to fifteen boys absent. ¸7
´(used to indicate the source from which sth is taken): ³quotations @
Shakespeare; draw water @ a well; draw conclusions @ the evidence; judge @
appearances; @ this point of view. ¸8 ´(showing the material, etc used in a
process, the material being changed as a result): ³Wine is made @ grapes. Steel
is made @ iron. ´Cf ³That bridge is made of steel. ¸9 ´(used to indicate
separation, removal, prevention, escape, avoidance, deprivation, etc. µ¥ ³v/n +
@, ´in ³v ´and ³n ´entries): ³Take that knife (away) @ the baby. When were you
released @ prison? What prevented/stopped/hindered you @ coming? ¸10 ´(used to
indicate change): ³Things are going @ bad to worse. The price has been
increased @ 20p to 25p. ¸11 ´showing reason, cause or motive: ³collapse @
fatigue; suffer @ starvation and disease; do sth @ necessity, not @ a sense of
duty. F@ his looks you might think him stupid. F@ what I heard, the driver was
to blame. ¸12 ´(showing distinction or difference): ³distinct/different @
others; to differ @ others. How would you know an Englishman @ an American? ¸13
´(governing ³advv ´and ³prep ´phrases): ³seen @ above/below; looking at me @
above/under her spectacles.¼
¨frond© ²/frond/ ³n ´leaf-like part of a fern or palm-tree.¼
¨front© ²/frAnt/ ³n ¸1 ·the @, ´foremost or most important side: ³the @ of a
building´, that with the main entrance; ³the east/west @ of the Palace; sitting
in the @ of the class´, in one of the foremost rows facing the teacher (cf
³standing in @ of the class´, facing the pupils); (attrib): ³a @ seat; the @
garden; a @ room´, one in the @ of a house; ³the @ page of a newspaper´, page
1; ³@-page news´, news important enough for the @ page; ³a seat in the @ part
of the train. ·(be) in the @ rank, ´(fig) (be) well known or important. ·come
to the @, ´(fig) become conspicuous, well known, etc. ·in @ ³(adv)·, in @ of
³(prep)Ô´: ³Please go in @. There are some trees in @ of the house. ¸*@ Úrunner
³n ´(in an election, etc) person likely to win. µ¥ ´also µbench, door. ¸2 ¶[C]
´(war) part where the fighting is taking place: ³go/be sent to the @; a @ of
500 miles; ´(fig) organized body or department of activity: ³How are things on
the domestic @, ´(colloq) at home? ¸3 ´road, promenade bordering the part of a
town facing the sea; road or path bordering a lake: ³have a walk along the
(·Ú³sea)@; drive along the lake @; a house on the @´, facing the sea. ¸4 ¶[U]
·have the @ (to do sth), ´be impudent enough. ·put on/show/present a bold @,
´face a situation with (apparent) boldness. ¸5 (Úshirt) @, ´breast of a shirt
(esp the starched @ part of a man's (dress) shirt). ¸6 ´(theatre) auditorium;
part where the audience sits. ¸7 ´(met) boundary between masses of cold and
warm air: ³a cold/warm @. ¸8 ´(poet, rhet) forehead; face. ¸9 ´apparent leader
(¸Ú@ man´) or group of persons (¸Ú@ organization´) ´serving as a cover for the
secret or illegal activities of an anonymous person or group. ¹ ³vt,vi ¸1
¶[VP6A,2A,C] ´face: ³hotels that @ the sea; windows @ing the street; a house
@ing north, @ing upon/towards the lake. ¸2 ¶[VP6A] ´(old use) confront; oppose:
³@ danger.¼
¨front®age© ²/ÚfrAntIdZ/ ³n ¶[C] ´extent of a piece of land or a
building along its front, esp bordering a road or river: ³For sale, office
buildings with @s on two streets; factory premises with a good river @; a
building site with a road @ of 500 metres.¼
¨frontal© ²/ÚfrAntl/ ³adj ´of, on or to, the front: ³a @ attack; ³full @
nudity´, of the whole of the front of the body. µ¥ flank; rear.¼
¨fron®tier© ²/ÚfrAntIE(r) ³US: ²frAnÚtIEr/ ³n ¶[C] ¸1 ´part of a country
bordering on another country; (land on each side of a) boundary: ³a town on the
@; ´(attrib) ³@ disputes/incidents; ´(esp US, in the past) farthest part
of a country to which settlement has spread, beyond which there is wild or
unsettled land. ¸@s®man ²/-zmEn/ ³n (pl µ-men³) ´man who lives on a @; pioneer
in a newly settled district near the @. ¸2 ´(fig) extreme limit: ³the @s of
knowledge; ´underdeveloped area (eÔg of scientific research).¼
¨front®is®piece© ²/ÚfrAntIspis/ ³n ´illustration placed opposite the
title-page of a book.¼
¨frost© ²/frost ³US: ²frcst/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´weather condition with temperature
below the freezing-point of water; ¶[C] ´occasion or period of such weather:
³plants killed by @; ten degrees of @; early @s´, iÔe in autumn; ³late @s´, iÔe
in spring. ¸*Jack ÚF@, ´@ personified. ¸Ú@-bite ³n ¶[U] ´injury to tissue in
the body from freezing. ¸Ú@-bitten ³adj ´having, suffering from, @-bite.
¸Ú@-bound ³adj ´(of the ground) made hard by @. ¸2 ¶[U] ´white powder-like
coating of frozen vapour on the ground, roofs, plants, etc: ·Ú³white/·Ú³hoar
@´, with this coating; ·Ú³black @´, without it. ¸3 ¶[C] ´(colloq) event which
fails to come up to expectations or to arouse interest: ³The party was a @´, no
one enjoyed it. ¹ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A] ´cover with @µ(2)´: ³@ed window-panes;
´cover (a cake, etc) with finely powdered sugar. ¸2 ¶[VP6A] ´injure or kill
(plants, etc) with @µ(1)´. ¸3 ¶[VP6A] ´give a roughened surface to (glass) to
make it opaque: ³@ed glass. ¸4 ¶[VP2A,C] ·@ (over/up), ´become covered with
@µ(2)´: ³The windscreen of my car @ed over during the night. ¸@®ing ³n
¶[U] ´icingµ(1)´.¼
¨frosty© ²/ÚfrostI ³US: ²ÚfrcstI/ ³adj ¸1 ´cold with frost: ³@
weather; a @ morning. ¸2 ´(fig) unfriendly; without warmth of feeling: ³@
smiles/looks; a @ welcome. ¸frost®ily ³adv ¸frosti®ness ³n¼
¨froth© ²/froT/ ³n ¶[U] ¸1 ´creamy mass of small bubbles; foam: ³a glass of
beer with a lot of @ on it. ¸2 ´light, worthless talk or ideas. ¹ ³vi
¶[VP2A,C] ´have, give off, @: ³A rabid dog may @ at the mouth. ¸@y ³adj µ(-ier,
-iest) ´of, like, covered with, @: ³@y beer/conversation. ¸@®ily ²/-IlI/ ³adv
¸@i®ness ³n¼
¨fro®ward© ²/ÚfrE8Ed/ ³adj ´(old use) perverse; not easily controlled.¼
¨frown© ²/frñ8n/ ³vi ¶[VP2A,3A] ´draw the eyebrows together, causing lines on
the forehead (to express displeasure, puzzlement, deep thought, etc): ³@ at sb.
·@ on/upon, ´disapprove of: ³Gambling is very much @ed upon here. ´¹ ³n ¶[C]
´@ing look; drawing together of the brows: ³There was a deep @ on his
brow. He looked at her with a @ of disapproval. ¸@®ing®ly ³adv¼
¨frowsty© ²/Úfrñ8stI/ ³adj ´(of the atmosphere of a room) warm and musty;
fuggy.¼
¨frowzy© ²/Úfrñ8zI/ ³adj ¸1 ´ill-smelling; stuffy (like an overheated room). ¸2
´slatternly; untidy; uncared for.¼
¨froze©, frozen µ¥ freeze.¼
¨fruc®tify© ²/ÚfrAktIfqI/ ³vt,vi (pt,pp µ-fied³) ¶[VP6A,2A] ´(formal) make or
become fruitful or fertile. ¸fruc®ti®fi®ca®tion ²/*frAktIfIÚkeI2n/ ³n¼
¨fru®gal© ²/Úfrugl/ ³adj ·@ (of), ´careful, economical (esp ³of ´food,
expenditure); costing little: ³a @ meal; a @ housekeeper; be @ of one's time
and money. ¸@®ly ²/-gElI/ ³adv ¸@®ity ²/fruÚgalEtI/ ³n ¶[U] ´being @; ¶[C] ³(pl
µ-ties³) ´instance of this.¼
¨fruit© ²/frut/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´(collective ³n´) that part of a plant
or tree that contains the seeds and is used as food, eÔg apples, bananas; ¶[C]
´kind of @: ³People are eating more @ than they used to. F@ is expensive these
days. Is a tomato a @? ¸Ú@-cake ³n ´rich cake containing dried currants, peel,
etc. ¸Ú@-fly ³n (pl µ-flies³) ´small fly that feeds on decaying @. ¸Ú@ knife ³n
´one with an acid-proof blade, for cutting @ at meals. ¸*@ Úsalad ³n ¶[U]
´various kinds of @, cut up and mixed in a bowl. ¸2 ¶[C] ´(bot) that part of
any plant in which the seed is formed. ¸3 ·the @s of the earth, ´those plant or
vegetable products that may be used for food, ´including grain, etc. ¸4 ´(fig,
often ³pl´) profit, result or reward (of labour, industry, study, etc): ³the @s
of industry. I hope your hard work will bear @. His knowledge is the @ of long
study. ¸5 Ú@-machine ³n ´(GB colloq) coin-operated gambling machine. ¹ ³vi ´(of
trees, bushes, etc) bear @: ³These trees @ well. ¸@®erer ²/ÚfrutErE(r)/ ³n
´person who sells @. ¸@®ful ²/-fl/ ³adj ´producing @ or (fig) good results;
productive: ³a @ful career. The last session of Parliament was particularly
@ful´, much useful work was accomplished. ¸@®fully ²/-fElI/ ³adv ¸@®ful®ness ³n
¸@®less ³adj ´without @ or (fig) results or success; profitless: ³@less
efforts. ¸@®less®ly ³adv ¸@®less®ness ³n ¸@y ³adj ¸1 ´of or like @ in smell or
taste. ¸2 ´(colloq) full of rough (often suggestive) humour: ³a @y novel. ¸3
´(colloq) rich; mellow; florid: ³a @y voice.¼
¨fru®ition© ²/fruÚI2n/ ³n ¶[U] ´realization of hopes; getting what was wanted:
³aims brought to @; plans that come to @.¼
¨frump© ²/frAmp/ ³n ´person dressed in old-fashioned and dowdy clothes. ¸@®ish
²/-I2/, ¸@y ³adjj¼
¨frus®trate© ²/frAÚstreIt ³US: ²ÚfrAstreIt/ ³vt ¶[VP6A,15A] ´prevent (sb) from
doing sth; prevent (sb's plans) from being carried out: ³@ an enemy in his
plans/the plans of an enemy; be @d in an attempt to do sth. ¸frus®tra®tion
²/frAÚstreI2n/ ³n ¶[U] ´frustrating or being @d; ¶[C] ´instance of this; defeat
or disappointment: ³embittered by numerous frustrations.¼
¨fry©1 ²/frñI/ ³vt,vi ³(pt,pp µfried ²/frqId/´) ¶[VP6A,2A] ´cook, be cooked, in
boiling fat: ³fried chicken. The sausages are frying/being fried. ¸Úfry®ing-pan
´(US also ¸Úfry-pan´) ³n ´shallow pan with a long handle used for frying. ·out
of the frying-pan into the fire, ´from a bad situation to one that is worse.
¸fryer; frier ²/ÚfrñIE(r)/ ³n ´small young chicken for frying.¼
¨fry©2 ²/frñI/ ³n pl ´newly hatched fishes. ¸Úsmall fry, ´young or
insignificant creatures; persons of no importance.¼
¨fuchsia© ²/Úfju2E/ ³n ´shrub with bell-like drooping flowers, pink, red or
purple.¼
¨fuck© ²/fAk/ ³vt,vi ´Ï (sl) ¶[VP6A,2A] ´have sexual intercourse (with).
·@ (it)! ´(int, used to express irritation, anger, etc.) ·@ off, ´(esp
imper) go away. ·@ sth up, ´spoil, ruin it. Hence, ·@ed (up), ´spoilt,
ruined. ¸Ú@-all ³n ´nothing. ¸@er ³n ´fool. ¸@®ing ³adj ´(used to express
irritation, etc, but often meaningless.) ·@ing well, ´surelyµ(1).¼
¨fuddle© ²/ÚfAdl/ ³vt ¶[VP6A,15A] ´confuse, stupefy, (esp with alcoholic
drink): ³@ oneself/one's brain with gin; in a @d state.¼
¨fuddy-duddy© ²/ÚfAdI dAdI/ ³n (pl µ-duddies³) ´(colloq) fussy and
old-fashioned person.¼
¨fudge© ²/fAdZ/ ³n ¶[U] ´sort of soft sweet made with milk, sugar, chocolate,
etc. ¹ ³int ´(dated) Nonsense!¼
¨fuel© ²/ÚfjuEl/ ³n ¶[U] ´material for producing heat or other
forms of energy, eÔg wood, coal, oil, uranium; ¶[C] ´kind of @; (fig) sth that
inflames the passions. ·add @ to the flames, ´make passions stronger. ¹ ³vt,vi
µ(-ll-, ´US also µ-l-) ¶[VP6A,2A] ´supply with or obtain @: ³a power station
@led by uranium; @ a ship; a ·Ú³@ling station´, one where oil, coal, etc may be
obtained.¼
¨fug© ²/fAg/ ³n ´(colloq) stuffy atmosphere (as in an overcrowded or badly
ventilated room, etc): ³What a fug! ¸fuggy ³adj¼
¨fugi®tive© ²/ÚfjudZEtIv/ ³n ·@ (from), ´person running away from justice,
danger, etc: ³@s from an invaded country; @s from justice; (´attrib³) a @
prisoner. ¹ ³adj ´(attrib) ´of temporary interest or value; lasting a short
time only: ³@ verses.¼
¨fugue© ²/fjug/ ³n ¶[C] ´musical composition in which one or more themes are
introduced by the different parts or voices in turn and then repeated in a
complex design.¼
¨f¢uh®rer© ²/Úfj8ErE(r)/ ³n ´(G) leader; (colloq) tyrant.¼
¨ful®crum© ²/Úf8lkrEm/ ³n (pl µ@s ´or µfulcra ²/Úf8lkrE/³) ´point on which a
lever turns. µ¥ ´the illus at µlever.¼
¨ful®fil© ´(US also ¸ful®fill´) ²/f8lÚfIl/ ³vt µ(-ll-) ¶[VP6A] ´perform or
carry out a task, duty, promise, etc; complete (an undertaking); do what is
required (by conditions, etc): ³@ one's duties/a command/an obligation/sb's
expectations or hopes. ¸@®ment ³n ´@ling or being @led.¼
¨full© ²/f8l/ ³adj µ(-er, -est) ¸1 @ (of), ´holding or having
plenty ³(of)´, holding or having as much or as many ³(of) ´as possible;
completely filled: ³pockets @ of money; a lake @ of fish; a girl @ of vitality.
The box is @. The room was @ of people. ·@ up, ´(colloq) completely @: ³The
greedy girl ate and ate until she was @ up. ³The drawers were @ to overflowing.
¸2 ·@ of, ´completely occupied with thinking of: ³She was @ of the news´, could
not refrain from talking about it. ³He was @ of himself/his own importance´,
could talk of nothing else. ¸3 ´plump; rounded: ³a @ figure; rather @ in the
face. ¸4 ´(of clothes) ¸(a) ´having material arranged in wide folds: ³a @
skirt. ¸(b) ´easy fitting: ³Please make this coat a little @er across the back.
¸5 ´reaching the usual or the specified extent, limit, length, etc:
³apple-trees in @ blossom; wait a @ hour´, not less than an hour. ³He fell @
length´, so that he was lying stretched out on the floor/ground. ³Her dress was
a @ three inches below the knee. ¸6 ´(esp in ´comp and superl´) complete: ³A
@/@er account will be given later. This is the @est account yet received. ¸7
´(phrases and compounds) ·at @ speed, ´at the highest possible speed. ·in @,
´without omitting or shortening anything: ³write one's name in @´, eÔg John
Henry Smith, ³not ´J H Smith; ³pay a debt in @´, pay the whole of what is owed.
·in @ career, ´while at the maximum rate of progress. ·to the @, ´to the utmost
extent: ³enjoy oneself to the @. ¸Ú@-back ³n ´player (defender) placed farthest
from the centre line, behind the half-backs (in football, etc). µ¥ ´the illus
at µfootball. ¸*@-Úblooded ³adj ¸(a) ´vigorous; hearty. ¸(b) ´of unmixed
ancestry or race. ¸*@-Úblown ³adj ´(of flowers) completely open. ¸*@ Údress ³n
¶[U] ´dress as worn on ceremonial occasions. ¸*@-dress ³adj ´formally complete:
³a @-dress rehearsal´, (theatre) with the costumes, etc that are to be worn at
public performances; ³a @-dress debate (in Parliament) on an important
question. ¸*@ Úface ³n ´with the face turned to the viewer(s): ³a @-face
portrait. µ¥ profile. ¸*@-Úfashioned ³adj ´(trade use, of garments) made to fit
the shape of the body: ³@-fashioned stockings/sweaters. ¸*@-Úfledged ³adj ´(of
a bird) having all its flight feathers; able to fly; (fig) having completed
training, etc: ³a @-fledged barrister. ¸*@-Úgrown ³adj ´having reached
maturity. ¸*@ Úhouse ³n ´(theatre) with no unoccupied seats. ¸*@-Úlength ³adj
¸(a) ´(of a portrait) showing the whole figure. ¸(b) ´of standard or usual
length: ³a @-length novel. ¸*@ Úmarks ³n pl ´highest marks±1µ(5) possible. ¸*@
Úmoon ³n ´seen as a complete disc. µ¥ ´the illus at µphase. ¸*@-Úpage ³adj
´filling a whole page: ³a @-page advertisement in a newspaper. ¸*@-Úscale ³adj
´(of drawings, plans, etc) of the same size, area, etc as the object itself;
(colloq) complete. ¸*@ Ústop, ´the punctuation mark (.) µ¥ App 9. ·come to a @
stop, ´stop completely. ¸*@ Útime ³n ´the end of a game of football, etc.
¸*@-Útime ³adj, adv ´occupying all normal working hours: ³a @-time worker;
working @-time. It's a @-time job, ´one that leaves no time for leisure or
other work. µ¥ ³part-time ´at µpart±1µ(1). ¸@y ²/Úf8lI/ ³adv ¸1 ´completely:
³@y satisfied; a @y paid up debt. ³I feel @y rewarded. ¸2 ´at least: ³The
journey will take @y two hours. ¸@y-fashioned/fledged/grown µ¥ (7) ´above.
¸@®ness ³n ¶[U] ´state of being @: ³have a feeling of @ness after a meal. ·in
the @ness of time, ´at the appointed time; eventually.¼
¨fuller© ²/Úf8lE(r)/ ³n ´person who cleans and thickens freshly
woven cloth. ¸*@'s Úearth, ´kind of clay used for cleaning and thickening
textile materials.¼
¨ful®mar© ²/Úf8lmE(r)/ ³n ´seabird like a petrel, about the size of
a seagull.¼
¨ful®mi®nate© ²/ÚfAlmIneIt ³US: ²Úf8l-/ ³vi ¶[VP2A,3A] ·@ (against), ´protest
loudly and bitterly: ³@ against the apparent idleness of the younger
generation. ¸ful®mi®na®tion ²/*fAlmIÚneI2n ³US: ²*f8l-/ ³n ¶[U] ´fulminating;
¶[C] ´instance of this; bitter denunciation or protest.¼
¨ful®some© ²/Úf8lsEm/ ³adj ´(of praise, flattery, etc) excessive and insincere.
¸@®ly ³adv ¸@®ness ³n¼
¨fumble© ²/ÚfAmbl/ ³vi,vt ¸1 ¶[VP2A,C] ´feel about uncertainly with the hands;
use the hands awkwardly: ³@ in one's pockets for a key; @ at a lock´, eÔg, as
a drunken man might; ³@ in the dark. ¸2 ¶[VP6A,2A] ´handle or deal with (sth)
nervously or incompetently: ³@ a ball´, eÔg in cricket. ¸fumbler ²/ÚfAmblE(r)/
³n ´person who @s.¼
¨fume© ²/fjum/ ³n ¸1 ´(usu ³pl´) strong-smelling smoke, gas or vapour: ³air
thick with the @s of cigars; petrol @s; @s of incense. ¸2 ´(liter) excited
state of mind: ³in a @ of anxiety. ´¹ ³vi,vt ¸1 ¶[VP2A,C,3A] ·@ (at), ´give off
@s; pass away in @s; (fig) betray repressed anger or irritation: ³@ because one
is kept waiting; @ at sb's incompetence. ¸2 ¶[VP6A] ´treat (wood, etc) with @s
(to darken the surface, etc): ³@d oak.¼
¨fu®mi®gate© ²/ÚfjumIgeIt/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´disinfect by means of fumes: ³@ a room
used by someone with an infectious disease; @ rose-bushes, ´to kill insect
pests. ¸fu®mi®ga®tion ²/*fjumIÚgeI2n/ ³n¼
¨fun© ²/fAn/ ³n ¶[U] ¸1 ´amusement; enjoyment; playfulness: ³What fun the
children had at the seaside´, How they enjoyed themselves! ³He's full of fun. I
don't see the fun of doing that´, do not think it is amusing. ¸Úfun®fair ³n
´amusement park. µ¥ amuse. ·fun and games, ´(colloq) lively merry-making;
pranks. ·make fun of; poke fun at, ´ridicule; cause people to laugh at: ³It is
cruel to make fun of a cripple. ·for/in fun, ´as a joke, for amusement; not
seriously: ³He said it only in fun. ¸2 ´that which causes merriment or
amusement: ³Your new friend is great fun´, is very amusing. ¸3 ´(attrib,
colloq): ³a ·Ú³fun car/hat/fur´, used, worn, for amusement.¼
¨func®tion© ²/ÚfAGk2n/ ³n ¶[C] ¸1 ´special activity or purpose of a
person or thing: ³the @s of a judge/an officer of state; the @ of the heart´,
iÔe to pump blood through the body; ³the @s of the nerves; the @ of education.
¸2 ´public ceremony or event; social gathering of an important and formal kind:
³the numerous @s that the Queen must attend. ¸3 ´(maths) variable quantity,
dependent in value on another. ´¹ ³vi ¶[VP2A,C] ´fulfil a @µ(1)´; operate; act:
³The telephone was not @ing´, was out of order. ³Some English adverbs @ as
adjectives. ¸@al ²/-2Enl/ ³adj ´of a @; having, designed to have, @sµ(1)´: ³a
@al disorder´, an illness caused by the failure of an organ of the body to
perform its @; ³@al architecture´, designed to serve practical purposes, beauty
of appearance being secondary; ³schools designed according to @al principles.
¸@®al®ism ²/-2EnElIzEm/ ³n ´principle that the @ of objects, etc should
determine their design, the materials used, etc. ¸@®al®ist ²/-2EnElIst/ ³n
´adherent of @alism.¼
¨func®tion®ary© ²/ÚfAGk2EnErI ³US: ²-nerI/ ³n (pl µ-ries³) ´(often derog)
person with official functions.¼
¨fund© ²/fAnd/ ³n ¶[C] ¸1 ´store or supply (of non-material things): ³a @ of
common sense/humour/amusing stories. ¸2 ´(often ³pl´) sum of money available
for a purpose: ³a re·Ú³lief @´, eÔg to help sufferers from a flood or other
disaster; ·Ú³school @s, ´to finance schools. ¸the (public) @s´, the stock of
the national debt as a form of investment: ³have $5Ô000 in the @s. ·no @s,
´notice (given by a bank) that the person who has drawn a cheque on it has no
money in his account. ¹ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ¸1 ´provide with money: ³a project @ed by
the government. ¸2 ´(fin) ´convert (a short-term debt) into a long-term debt at
fixed interest.¼
¨fun®da®men®tal© ²/*fAndEÚmentl/ ³adj ·@ (to), ´of or forming a
foundation; of great importance; serving as a starting-point: ³the @ rules of
arithmetic´, those which must be learnt first and on which everything that
follows depends. ¹ ³n ´essential part. ¸the @s, ´@ rules or principles: ³the @s
of mathematics. ¸@®ly ²/-tElI/ ³adv ¸@®ism ²/-IzEm/ ³n ¶[U] ´maintenance of the
literal interpretation of the traditional beliefs of the Christian religion
(such as the accuracy of everything in the Bible), in opposition to more modern
teachings. ¸@®ist ²/-Ist/ ³n ´supporter of @ism.¼
¨fu®neral© ²/ÚfjunErEl/ ³n ¶[C] ¸1 ´burial or cremation of a dead
person with the usual ceremonies. ¸2 ´(attrib use) of or for a @: ³a ·Ú³@
procession; a ·Ú³@ march´, sad and solemn piece of music; ³a ·Ú³@ pile/pyre´,
pile of wood, etc on which a corpse is burnt; ³a ·Ú³@ parlor´, (US)
undertaker's offices. ·it's/that's Úmy/Úyour etc @, ´(colloq) it's/that's
my/your etc concern, worry etc. ¸fu®ner®eal ²/fjuÚnIErIEl/ ³adj ´of or like a
@; gloomy; dismal; dark: ³a funereal expression.¼
¨fun®gus© ²/ÚfAGgEs/ ³n (pl µ-gi ²/-gñI/ ´or µ@es ²/-gEsIz/³)
´plant without leaves, flowers or green colouring matter, growing on other
plants or on decaying matter, eÔg old wood: ³Mushrooms, toadstools and mildew
are all fungi. ¸fun®gi®cide ²/ÚfAndzIsñId/ ³n ¶[U,C] ´substance that destroys
fungi. ¸fun®goid ²/ÚfAGgãId/ ³adj ´of or like fungi. ¸fun®gous ²/ÚfAGgEs/ ³adj
´of or like, caused by, fungi.¼
¨fu®nicu®lar© ²/fjuÚnIkj8lE(r)/ ³n ¸@ (railway), ´railway on a slope, worked by
a cable and a stationary engine.¼
¨funk© ²/fAGk/ ³n ´(colloq) ¸1 ´great fear: ³be in a @. ¸2 ´coward. ¹ ³vi,vt
¶[VP6A,2A] ´show fear; (try to) escape (doing sth) because of fear. ¸@y ³adj
´(US sl) (of music) emotional and rhythmic.¼
¨funnel© ²/ÚfAnl/ ³n ¸1 ´tube or pipe wide at the top and narrowing at the
bottom, for pouring liquids or powders into a small opening. ¸2 ´outlet for
smoke (iÔe smoke-stack, metal chimney) of a steam ship, locomotive etc. µ¥ ´the
illus at µship. ¸*two-/*three-Ú@led ³adj ´having two/three @s. ¹ ³vt,vi
µ(-ll-, ´US µ-l-) ¶[VP6A,2A] ´(cause to) move through, or as if through, a @.¼
¨funny© ²/ÚfAnI/ ³adj µ(-ier, -iest) ¸1 ´causing fun or amusement: ³@ stories.
¸2 ´strange; queer; causing surprise: ³There's something @ about the affair´,
sth strange, perhaps not quite honest or straightforward. ¸Ú@-bone ³n ´part of
the elbow over which a very sensitive nerve passes. ¸the funnies ³n pl
´(colloq) comic strips. ¸fun®nily ²/-IlI/ ³adv ´in a @ way: ³funnily ´(=
strangely) ³enough. ¸fun®ni®ness ³n¼
¨fur© ²/f3(r)/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´soft thick hair covering certain animals, eÔg cats,
rabbits. ·make the Úfur fly, ´cause a disturbance. ·fur and feather, ´furred
animals and birds. ¸2 ¶[C] ´animal skin with the fur on it, esp when made into
garments: ³a fine fox fur; wearing expensive furs; ´(attrib) ³a fur coat´, one
made of furs. ¸3 ¶[U] ´rough coating on a person's tongue when ill; crust on
like fur; covered with fur.¼
¨fur®be®low© ²/Úf3bIlE8/ ³n ´(often used in ·frills and @s´)
(old-fashioned) piece of elaborate or unnecessary trimming (on a dress, etc).¼
¨fur®bish© ²/Úf3bI2/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´polish, eÔg by removing rust from; make like
new (esp sth that has not been used for a long time): ³@ a sword; newly @ed
skills.¼
¨furi®ous© ²/Úfj8ErIEs/ ³adj ´violent; uncontrolled; full of fury: ³a @
struggle/storm/quarrel; running at a @ pace; be @ with sb/at what sb has done.
·fast and @, ´uproarious, wild: ³The fun was fast and @. ¸@®ly ³adv¼
¨furl© ²/f3l/ ³vt,vi ¶[VP6A,2A] ´(of sails, flags, umbrellas, etc) roll up: ³@
the sails of a yacht. This fan/umbrella doesn't @ neatly.¼
¨fur®long© ²/Úf3loG ³US: ²-lcG/ ³n ´220 yards (= 201 metres); eighth of a
mile.¼
¨fur®lough© ²/Úf3lE8/ ³n ¶[C,U] ´(permission for) absence from duty (esp civil
officials, members of the armed forces, working abroad): ³going home on @; six
months' @; have a @ every three years. µ¥ leave±2µ.¼
¨fur®nace© ²/Úf3nIs/ ³n ¸1 ´enclosed fireplace for heating buildings with hot
water or steam in pipes. ¸2 ´enclosed space for heating metals, making glass,
etc.¼
¨fur®nish© ²/Úf3nI2/ ³vt ¶[VP6A,14] ·@ sth (to sb); @ sb/sth with sth, ´supply
or provide; put furniture in: ³@ a library with books; @ an army with
supplies/@ supplies to an army; @ a room/an office; a @ed house/flat´, one
rented with the furniture. ¸@®ings ³n pl ´furniture and equipment.¼
¨fur®ni®ture© ²/Úf3nIt2E(r)/ ³n ¶[U] ´all those (usu) movable things such as
chairs, beds, desks, etc needed in a house, room, office, etc.¼
¨fu®rore© ´(US = ¸fu®ror´) ²/fj8ÚrcrI ³US: ²Úfjurcr/ ³n ´general uproar: ³The
new play at the National Theatre created a @´, was received with general
excitement.¼
¨fur®rier© ²/ÚfArIE(r)/ ³n ´person who prepares, or who deals in,
furs.¼
¨fur®row© ²/ÚfArE8/ ³n ¶[C] ¸1 ´long cut in the ground made by a plough: ³newly
turned @s. ¸2 ´wrinkle; line in the skin of the face, esp the forehead. ¹ ³vt
¶[VP6A] ´make @s in: ³a forehead @ed by old age/anxiety, etc.¼
¨furry© ²/Úf3rI/ µ¥ fur.¼
¨fur®ther© ²/Úf3DE(r)/ ³adv, adj ¸1 ´(often used for ³farther) ´more far: ³It's
not safe to go any @. ¸2 ´(not interchangeable in this sense with ³farther´)
more; in addition; additional: ³We must get @ information. The Museum will be
closed until @ notice. ³We need go no @ into the matter´, need make no more
inquiries. ³I'll offer you $50 but I can't go any @, ´offer more. ¸3 ´(also
³@more, µ¥ ´below) moreover; also; besides: ³He said that the key was lost and,
@, that there was no hope of its being found. ¹ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´help forward;
promote: ³@ sb's interests; @ the cause of peace. ¸@®ance ²/-rEns/ ³n ¶[U]
´@ing; advancement: ³for the @ance of public welfare; in @ance of your aims.
¸@®more ²/*f3DEÚmc(r)/ ³adv ´moreover; in addition. ¸Ú@®most ²/-mE8st/ ³adj
´most distant; furthest.¼
¨fur®thest© ²/Úf3DIst/ ³adj, adv ´= µfarthest.¼
¨fur®tive© ²/Úf3tIv/ ³adj ´done secretly so as not to attract attention; having
or suggesting a wish to escape notice: ³a @ glance/manner; @ behaviour; be @ in
one's movements. ¸@®ly ³adv ¸@®ness ³n¼
¨fury© ²/Úfj8ErI/ ³n (pl µ-ries³) ¸1 ¶[U] ´violent excitement, esp
anger: ³filled with @; the @ of the elements´, wild storms, winds; ³in the @ of
battle. ¸2 ¶[C] ´outburst of wild feelings: ³She was in one of her furies. He
flew into a @ when I refused to lend him the money. ¸3 ¶[C] ´violently furious
woman or girl: ³What a little @ she is! ¸4 the Furies, ´snake-haired goddesses
in Greek mythology sent from the underworld to punish crime.¼
¨furze© ²/f3z/ ³n ¶[U] ´= µgorse.¼
¨fuse©1 ²/fjuz/ ³n ¶[C] ´tube, cord, etc for carrying a spark to explode
powder, etc, eÔg in a firecracker, bomb or blasting charge; (US = ³fuze´) part
of a shell or mine that detonates the explosive charge. ¸Útime-@ ³n ´one that
does this after a pre-arranged interval of time.¼
¨fuse©2 ²/fjuz/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A,15A,B,2A] ´make or become liquid as the result
of great heat; join, become joined, as the result of melting: ³@ two pieces of
wire together. ¸2 ¶[VP2A] ´(of an electric circuit, or part of it) be broken
through melting of the fuse±1´: ³The light has @d. ¸3 ¶[VP6A,15A,B] ´(fig) make
into one whole. ¹ ³n ¶[C] ´(in an electric circuit) short piece of wire which
melts and breaks the circuit if the circuit is overloaded. ¸Ú@ wire ³n ¶[U]
´kinds of wire used for this purpose.¼
¨fu®sel®age© ²/ÚfjuzElqZ/ ³n ´body of an aircraft (to which the engine(s),
wings and tail are fitted). µ¥ ´the illus at µair.¼
¨fu®sil®ier© ²/*fjuzEÚlIE(r)/ ³n ´soldier (of certain British regiments)
formerly armed with a light musket.¼
¨fus®il®lade© ²/*fjuzIÚleId ³US:²-sEÚlqd/ ³n ¶[C] ´continuous discharge of
firearms.¼
¨fusion© ²/ÚfjuZn/ ³n ¶[C,U] ´mixing or uniting of different things into one:
³the @ of copper and tin; a @ of races/political parties. ¸Ú@ bomb ³n
´hydrogen bomb; µ¥ atomic.¼
¨fuss© ²/fAs/ ³n ¶[U] ´unnecessary nervous agitation, esp about
unimportant things; ¶[C] ´nervous state: ³Don't make so much @/get into such a
@ about trifles. ·make a @, ¸(a) ´be nervously agitated. ¸(b) ´be
ostentatiously active. ¸(c) ´complain vigorously. ·make a @ of, ´pay
ostentatious attention to: ³Don't make so much @ of the children. ¸Ú@®pot ³n
´(colloq) very @y person. ¹ ³vt,vi ¶[VP6A,2A,C] ´get into a @; cause (sb) to be
in a @: ³Stop @ing. She @ed about, unable to hide her impatience. Don't @ over
the children so much. Don't @ me´, make me nervous. ¸@y ³adj µ(-ier, -iest) ¸1
´nervously active or agitated. ¸2 ´full of, showing, close attention to detail:
³be too @y about one's clothes/food. ¸3 ´(of dress, style, etc)
over-ornamented; having too many unimportant details, etc. ¸@®ily ²/-IlI/ ³adv
¸@i®ness ³n¼
¨fus®tian© ²/ÚfAstIEn ³US: ²-t2En/ ³n ¶[U] ¸1 ´thick, strong, coarse cotton
cloth; (attrib) made of this cloth. ¸2 ´(fig) high-sounding but empty talk;
(attrib) worthless; bombastic.¼
¨fusty© ²/ÚfAstI/ ³adj ´stale-smelling; smelling of mould and damp; (fig)
old-fashioned in ideas, etc: ³a @ old professor´, eÔg one who has much book
knowledge, but is out of touch with modern ideas, real life.¼
¨fu®tile© ²/ÚfjutñIl ³US: ²-tl/ ³adj ¸1 ´(of actions) of no use; without
result: ³a @ attempt. ¸2 ´(of persons) unlikely to accomplish much; vain or
frivolous. ¸fu®til®ity ²/fjuÚtIlEtI/ ³n (pl µ-ties³) ¶[U] ´the state of being
@; ¶[C] ´@ action or utterance.¼
¨fu®ture© ²/Úfjut2E(r)/ ³n, adj ¸1 ¶[U,C] ´(time, events) coming after the
present: ³The @ must always be uncertain. I hope you have a happy @ before you.
³I've given up my job; there was no @ in it/it didn't have a @ ´, no prospects
of higher salary, advancement, etc. ·for the @, ´with @ time in mind: ³Have you
provided for the @´, saved money, taken out an insurance policy, etc? ·in @,
´from this time onwards: ³Try to live a better life in @. ¸2 ³(adj´, or attrib
use of the ³n´) of or in the @: ³the @ life´, after death of the body; ³his @
wife´, the woman he will marry. ¸3 ³(pl) ´(comm) (orders for) goods and stocks
bought at prices agreed upon at the time of purchase, but to be paid for and
delivered later. ¸@®less ³adj ´having no (successful) @.¼
¨fu®tur®ism© ²/Úfjut2ErIzEm/ ³n ¶[U] ´(early 20th c) movement in
art and literature marked by a complete abandonment of tradition in favour of
expressing the energy of contemporary life as influenced by modern machinery.
¸fu®tur®ist ²/-Ist/ ³n ´supporter of @.¼
¨fu®tur®ity© ²/fjuÚtj8ErEtI ³US: ²-Út8Er-/ ³n (pl µ-ties³) ¶[U] ´future; ¶[U,C]
´future events.¼
¨fuze© ²/fjuz/ ³n ´(US) = fuse±1µ.¼
¨fuzz© ²/fAz/ ³n ¶[U] ´fluff; fluffy or frizzed hair. ·the @, ´(US sl) the
police.¼
¨fuzzy© ²/ÚfAzI/ ³adj µ(-ier, -iest) ´like fuzz; blurred, indistinct (in shape
or outline); frayed or fluffy.¼
¨G©, g ²/dZi/ ³n (pl µG's, g's ²/dZiz/³) ´the seventh letter of the English
alphabet; (US sl) one thousand dollars.¼
¨gab© ²/gab/ ³n ¶[U] ´(colloq) talk(ing): ³Stop your gab´, (sl) be quiet.
·have the gift of the gab, ´be good at speaking eloquently.¼
¨gab®ar®dine©, gab®er®dine ²/*gabEÚdin/ ³n ¶[U] ´strong, smooth twill-woven
cloth.¼
¨gabble© ²/Úgabl/ ³vt,vi ¶[VP6A,15B,2A,C] ´speak, say things, quickly and
indistinctly: ³The little girl @d her prayers and jumped into bed. Listen to
those children gabbling away. ´¹ ³n ¶[U] ´fast, confused, unintelligible talk.¼
¨gable© ²/ÚgeIbl/ ³n ¶[C] ´three-cornered part of an outside wall, under
sloping roofs. ¸gabled ²/ÚgeIbld/ ³adj ´having a @ or @s: ³a @d house. µ¥ ´the
illus at µwindow.¼
¨gad©1 ²/gad/ ³vi µ(-dd-) ¶[VP2C] ·gad about, ´(colloq) go from place to place
for excitement or pleasure. ¸Úgad®about ³n ´person who does this.¼
¨gad©2 ²/gad/ ³int ´(also ·By Úgad!´) (old-fashioned) used to express
surprise, etc.¼
¨gad®fly© ²/ÚgadflñI/ ³n (pl µ-flies³) ´fly that stings horses and cattle.¼
¨gadget© ²/ÚgadZIt/ ³n ´(colloq) small (usu mechanical) contrivance or device:
³a new @ for opening tin cans. ¸@ry ³n ¶[U] ´@s collectively.¼
¨Gael© ²/geIl/ ³n ´Scottish or Irish Celt. ¸@ic ²/ÚgeIlIk/ ³adj, n ´(language)
of the Scottish or Irish Celts.¼
¨gaff©1 ²/gaf/ ³n ´stick with an iron hook for landing fish caught with rod
and line.¼
¨gaff©2 ²/gaf/ ³n ·blow the @, ´(sl) let out a secret; disclose the plot.¼
¨gaffe© ²/gaf/ ³n ¶[C] ´blunder; indiscreet act or remark.¼
¨gaffer© ²/ÚgafE(r)/ ³n ´(colloq) elderly man, esp a countryman; foreman (of a
gang of workmen). µ¥ boss±1µ, guvnor.¼
¨gag© ²/gag/ ³n ¶[C] ¸1 ´sth put in a person's mouth to keep it open (eÔg by a
dentist), or into or over it to prevent him from speaking or crying out. ¸2
´words or action added to his part by an actor in a play. ¸3 ´joke, funny
story, esp as part of a comedian's act (in the theatre, on radio or TÔV). ¹
³vt,vi µ(-gg-) ¸1 ¶[VP6A] ´put a gagµ(1) ´into or over the mouth of; silence;
(fig) deprive (sb) of free speech. ¸2 ¶[VP2A] ´(of an actor, etc) use
gagsµ(2,3). ¸3 ¶[VP2A] ´(colloq) retch.¼
¨gaga© ²/Úgqgq/ ³adj ´(sl) in senile dotage; crazy.¼
¨gage©1 ²/ÚgeIdZ/ ³n ¸1 ´(old use) sth given as security or a
guarantee; pledge. ¸2 ´(= ³gauntlet´) glove thrown down (by knights in the
Middle Ages) as a challenge to a fight. ¹ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´(old use) give or offer
as a @; pledge as a guarantee.¼
¨gage©2 ²/ÚgeIdZ/ µ¥ gauge.¼
¨gaggle© ²/Úgagl/ ³n ´flock (of geese); (hum) group (of talkative girls or
women).¼
¨gai®ety© ²/ÚgeIEtI/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´being gay; cheerfulness; bright appearance:
³flags and bunting that added to the @ of the scene. ¸2 ³(pl µ-ties³)
´merrymaking; joyful, festive occasion: ³the gaieties of the Christmas season.¼
¨gaily© ²/ÚgeIlI/ ³adv µ¥ gay.¼
¨gain©1 ²/geIn/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´increase of possessions; acquiring of wealth: ³the
love of @; interested only in @. ¸2 ³(pl) ¸capital @s, µ¥ capital. ¸ill-gotten
@s, ´dishonestly obtained profits, etc. ¸3 ¶[C] ´increase in amount or power:
³a @ in weight/health; a @ to knowledge. ¸@®ful ²/-fl/ ³adj ´yielding money:
³@ful occupations. ¸@®fully ²/-fElI/ ³adv ´in a @ful manner: ³@fully employed.¼
¨gain©2 ²/geIn/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A,14,12B,13B] ´obtain (sth wanted or
needed); increase, add: ³@ experience/momentum/weight; @ an advantage over a
competitor; @ strength´, eÔg become strong again after an illness. ·@ ground´,
make progress. ·@ time´, improve one's chances by delaying sth, making
pretexts, etc. ·@ the upper hand´, be victorious. ¸2 ¶[VP2A,B,C] ·@ (from),
´make progress; be improved; benefit: ³@ from an experience. ³She is @ing in
´(more usu ³putting on) weight. ¸3 ¶[VP2A,B] ´(of a watch or clock) become
fast, ahead of the correct time: ³This watch neither @s nor loses. The clock @s
three minutes a day. ¸4 ¶[VP3A] ·@ on/upon, ¸(a) ´get closer to (the person or
thing pursued): ³@ on the other runners in a race. ¸(b) ´go faster than, get
farther in advance of: ³@ on one's pursuers. ¸(c) ´(of the sea) advance
gradually and eat away (the land). ¸5 ¶[VP6A] ´reach, arrive at (a desired
place, esp with effort): ³@ the top of a mountain. The swimmer @ed the shore.
¸@®ings ³n pl ´earnings; profits; winnings.¼
¨gain®say© ²/*geInÚseI/ ³vt (pt,pp µ-said ²/-Úsed/³) ¶[VP6A]
´(liter) chiefly in neg and interr) deny; contradict: ³There is no @ing his
honesty´, We cannot deny that he is honest.¼
¨gait© ²/geIt/ ³n ´manner of walking or running: ³an awkward/slouching @.¼
¨gai®ter© ²/ÚgeItE(r)/ ³n ´cloth or leather covering for the leg from knee to
ankle, or for the ankle: ³a pair of @s.¼
¨gal© ²/gal/ ³n ´(dated colloq) girl.¼
¨gala© ²/ÚgqlE ³US: ²ÚgeIlE/ ³n ´festive occasion; (attrib): ³a @ night´, eÔg
at a theatre, with special features.¼
¨ga®lac®tic© ²/gEÚlaktIk/ ³adj ´of a galaxy or the Galaxy: ³extra-@ systems´,
systems outside the Galaxy.¼
¨gal®an®tine© ²/ÚgalEntin/ ³n ´white meat, boned, spiced, cooked in the form
of a roll, and served cold.¼
¨gal®axy© ²/ÚgalEksI/ ³n (pl µ-xies³) ¸1 ´any of the large-scale clusters of
stars in outer space. ¸the G@, ´that which includes our solar system, visible
as a luminous band known as "the Milky Way'. ¸2 ´brilliant company of persons:
³a @ of talent/beautiful women.¼
¨gale© ²/geIl/ ³n ¸1 ´strong and violent wind: ³The ship lost her masts in the
@. It was blowing a @. ¸2 ´noisy outburst: ³@s of laughter.¼
¨gall©1 ²/gcl/ ³n ¶[U] ¸1 ´bitter liquid (bile) secreted by the liver. ¸Ú@
bladder ³n ´(anat) vessel attached to the liver containing and discharging @.
µ¥ ´the illus at µalimentary. ¸Ú@®stone ³n ´hard mass that forms in the @
bladder. ¸2 ´bitter feeling: ³with a pen dipped in @, ´used of a writer who
makes bitter attacks. ¸3 ´(colloq) impudence: ³Of all the @!¼
¨gall©2 ²/gcl/ ³n ¶[C] ´painful swelling on an animal, esp a horse,
caused by rubbing (of harness, etc); place rubbed bare. ¹ ³vt ¸1 ¶[VP6A] ´rub
sore. ¸2 ´(fig) hurt the feelings of; humiliate: ³@ sb with one's remarks. It
was @ing to him to have to ask for a loan.¼
¨gall©3 ²/gcl/ ³n ´unnatural growth produced on a tree by insects, eÔg on the
oak.¼
¨gal®lant© ²/ÚgalEnt/ ³adj ¸1 ´(archaic) brave: ³a @ knight; @ deeds. ¸2 ´fine;
grand; stately: ³a @-looking ship; a @ display. ¸3 ´(also ²/gEÚlant/´) showing
special respect and courtesy to women: ³He was very @ at the ball. ´¹ ³n
²/gEÚlant/ ´young man of fashion, esp one who is fond of and
attentive to women. ¸@®ly ³adv ¸@ry ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´bravery. ¸2 ¶[U] ´devotion,
chivalrous attention, to women. ¸3 ¶[C] ³(pl µ-ries³) ´elaborately polite or
amorous act or speech to a woman.¼
¨gal®leon© ²/ÚgalIEn/ ³n ´Spanish sailing-ship (15th to 17th cc) with a high
stern.¼
¨gal®lery© ²/ÚgalErI/ ³n (pl µ-ries³) ¸1 ´room or building for the display of
works of art. ¸2 ´(people in the) highest and cheapest seats in a theatre.
·play to the @, ´try to win approval or popularity by appealing to the taste of
the masses. ¸3 ´raised floor or platform extending from an inner wall of a
hall, church, etc: ³the ·Ú³press @ of the House of Commons´, used by newspaper
reporters. ¸4 ´covered walk or corridor, partly open at one side; colonnade. ¸5
´long, narrow room: ³a ·Ú³shooting-@´, for indoor target practice. ¸6
´horizontal underground passage in a mine. µ¥ shaft.¼
¨gal®ley© ²/ÚgalI/ ³n (pl µ@s³) ¸1 ´(hist) low, flat single-decked ship, using
sails and oars, rowed by slaves or criminals; ancient Greek or Roman warship.
¸Ú@-slave ³n ´person condemned to row in a @. ¸2 ´ship's kitchen. ¸3 ´oblong
metal tray in which type is assembled by compositors. ¸Ú@-proof ³n ´proofµ(4)
´on a long slip of paper, before division into pages.¼
¨Gal®lic© ²/ÚgalIk/ ³adj ´of Gaul or the Gauls; (often hum) French.
¸gal®li®cism ²/ÚgalIsIzEm/ ³n ¶[C] ´French way of saying sth, used in another
language.¼
¨gal®li®vant© ²/*galIÚvant/ ³vi ¶[VP2C] ·@ about/off, ´(not used in the simple
tenses) = gad about, µ¥ gad±1´: ³Where are you @ing off to now?¼
¨gal®lon© ²/ÚgalEn/ ³n ´measure for liquids, four quarts (4²Ø´5 litres). µ¥ App
5.¼
¨gal®lop© ²/ÚgalEp/ ³n ´(of a horse, etc) fastest pace with all four feet off
the ground at each stride; period of riding at such a pace: ³He rode away at a
@/at full @. Shall we go for a @? ´¹ ³vi,vt ¸1 ¶[VP2A,B,C,6A] ´(cause to) go at
a @: ³He @ed across the field. ¸2 ¶[VP2A,B,C] ´hurry: ³@ through one's
work/lecture; ´progress rapidly: ³in a @ing consumption´, ill with tuberculosis
which is rapidly getting worse.¼
¨gal®lows© ²/ÚgalE8z/ ³n pl ´(usu with ³sing v´) wooden framework on which to
put criminals to death by hanging: ³send a man to the @´, condemn him to be
hanged. ³He'll end up on the @´, will end by being hanged. ¸Ú@-bird ³n ´person
who is thought by some to deserve hanging.¼
¨Gallup poll© ²/ÚgalEp pE8l/ ³n ´questioning of a representative sample of
people to assess general public opinion about sth, eÔg how they will vote at a
general election, esp as a means of making a forecast.¼
¨ga®lore© ²/gEÚlc(r)/ ³adv ´in plenty: ³a meal with beef and beer @.¼
¨ga®losh©, go®losh ²/gEÚlo2/ ³n ¸@es ²/gEÚlo2Iz/ ³n pl ´rubber overshoes
worn in wet weather.¼
¨ga®lumph© ²/gEÚlAmf/ ³vi ´(made from ³gallop ´and ³triumph´)
prance clumsily or noisily in triumph.¼
¨gal®van®ism© ²/ÚgalvEnIzEm/ ³n ¶[U] ´(science of, medical use of) electricity
produced by chemical action from a battery. ¸gal®vanic ²/galÚvanIk/ ³adj ¸1 ´of
@. ¸2 ´(fig) (of smiles, movements, etc) sudden and forced (as if produced by
an electric shock).¼
¨gal®van®ize© ²/ÚgalvEnñIz/ ³vt ¸1 ¶[VP6A] ´coat (sheet iron, etc) with metal,
eÔg zinc: ³@d iron. ¸2 ¶[VP6A,14] ·@ sb (into doing sth), ´shock or rouse.¼
¨gam®bit© ²/ÚgambIt/ ³n ´kinds of opening move in chess (in which a player
sacrifices a pawn or other piece to secure certain ends); (fig) any initial
move: ³His opening @ at the debate was a direct attack on Government policy.¼
¨gamble© ²/Úgambl/ ³vi,vt ¸1 ¶[VP2A,B,C] ´play games of chance for money; take
great risks for the chance of winning sth or making a profit: ³He lost his
money gambling at cards/gambling on the Stock Exchange/gambling in oil shares,
etc. ¸2 ¶[VP15B] ·@ sth away, ´lose by gambling: ³He has @d away half his
fortune. ´¹ ³n ¶[C] ´undertaking or attempt with risk of loss and chance of
profit or advantage. ·take a @ (on sth), ´risk (it). ¸gam®bler ³n ´person who
@s. ¸gamb®ling ³n ¶[U] ´playing games for money; taking risks for possible
advantage: ³fond of gambling. ¸Úgambling-den-house ³n ´(old use) place where
gambling is carried on. µ¥ µgame±3µ.¼
¨gam®boge© ²/gamÚbuZ ³US: ²-ÚbE8Z/ ³n ¶[U] ´deep yellow colouring matter used
by artists.¼
¨gam®bol© ²/Úgambl/ ³n ´(usu ³pl´) quick, playful, jumping or skipping
movement, eÔg of lambs, children. ¹ ³vi µ(-ll-, ´US also µ-l-) ¶[VP2A,C] ´make
such movements.¼
¨game©1 ²/geIm/ ³n ¸1 ¶[C] ´form of play, esp with rules, eÔg tennis, football,
cards: ³play @s; have a @ of whist. He plays a good @ of snooker´, is a good
player. ·be off one's @, ´be out of form, not playing well. ·have the @ in
one's hands, ´be sure to win it, be able to direct it. ·play the @, ´keep
the rules; (fig) be straightforward and honest. ¸Ú@s-master/-mistress, ´teacher
in charge of @s at a school. ¸@s®man®ship ²/ÚgeImzmEn2Ip/ ³n ´(colloq) the art
of winning @s by upsetting the confidence of one's opponents. ¸2 ¶[C]
´apparatus, etc needed for a @, eÔg one played by children with a board and
dice and counters, such as ludo and draughts. ¸3 ³(pl) ´(international)
athletic contests: ³the Olympic/Commonwealth/Highland G@s; ´(in Greece and
Rome, ancient times) athletic and dramatic contests. ¸4 ¶[C] ´single round in
some contests, eÔg tennis: ³win four @s in the first set; ´score needed to win;
state of the @: ³the @ is four all; @ all´, equal score; ³@, set and match. ¸5
¶[C] ´scheme, plan or undertaking; dodge or trick: ³He
was playing a deep @´, engaged in a secret scheme of some sort. ³I wish I knew
what his @ is´, what he is trying to do. ³That's a @ two people can play, ´said
when two people use the same scheme against each other. ³So that's your little
@, ´said when one discovers what sb is scheming to do. ³The @ is up´, The
scheme is discovered and thwarted. ³You're playing Smith's @´, You are,
unintentionally, helping to advance Smith's scheme. ³None of your little @s!
´Don't try to play tricks on me! ³You're having a @ with me´, trying to trick
me, deceive me, etc. ·*give the Ú@ away, ´reveal a secret trick, scheme, etc.
·make @ of sb, ´ridicule him. ¸6 ¶[U] ´(collective) (flesh of) wild animals and
birds hunted for sport or food. ¸big @ ³n ¶[U] ´the larger animals (elephants,
lions, tigers). ¸fair @ ³n ¶[U] ´what may be lawfully hunted or shot; (fig)
person or institution that may with reason be attacked or criticized. ¸Ú@-bag,
´bag for holding @ killed by sportsmen. ¸Ú@-bird, ´wild bird (eÔg grouse,
pheasant) hunted for sport or food. µ¥ ´illus at µfowl. ¸Ú@®cock, ´of the kind
bred for cock-fighting. ¸Ú@®keeper, ´man employed to breed and protect @, eÔg
pheasants, grouse, on a country estate. ¸Ú@ laws, ´laws regulating the killing
and preservation of @. ¸Ú@-licence, ´one to kill and deal in @. ¸gamy ²/ÚgeImI/
³adj ´having the flavour and odour of @µ(6)´, esp when high±1µ(8).¼
¨game©2 ²/geIm/ ³adj ¸1 ´brave; ready to go on fighting; spirited.
¸2 ·@ for/to do sth, ´spirited enough, willing: ³Are you @ for a 10-mile walk?
He's @ to do anything you may suggest. ¸@®ly ³adv¼
¨game©3 ²/geIm/ ³vi,vt ¶[VP2A,C,15B] ´gamble. ¸Úgaming-house/rooms/table,
´house etc (usu licensed) for gambling.¼
¨game©4 ²/geIm/ ³adj ´(of a leg, arm, etc) lame; crippled.¼
¨gamma© ²/ÚgamE/ ³n ´third letter of the Greek alphabet. µ¥ App 4. ¸Ú@-rays ³n
pl ´rays of very short wave-length emitted by radio-active substances.¼
¨gam®mon© ²/ÚgamEn/ ³n ¶[C] ´bottom piece of a flitch of bacon including a hind
leg; ¶[U] ´smoked or cured ham.¼
¨gammy© ²/ÚgamI/ ³adj ´(colloq) = µgame±4´: ³a @ leg.¼
¨gamp© ²/gamp/ ³n ´(hum; dated) umbrella (esp a large, untidy one).¼
¨gamut© ²/ÚgamEt/ ³n ¸the @, ´complete extent or scope of sth: ³the whole @ of
feeling´, eÔg from the greatest joy to the depths of despair or misery. ·run
the @ (of sth), ´experience the whole range (of it).¼
¨gan®der© ²/ÚgandE(r)/ ³n ´male goose.¼
¨gang© ²/gaG/ ³n ¸1 ´group of persons going about or working together, esp for
criminal purposes. µ¥ gangster. ¸2 ´(colloq) group of persons going about
together, disapproved of by the speaker: ³Don't get mixed up with that @; they
spend too much time drinking and gambling. ´¹ ³vi ¶[VP2C] ·@ up, ´act together
as a @: ³They @ed up on/against me. ¸@er ²/ÚgaGE(r)/ ³n ´foreman of a @µ(1)´.¼
¨gan®gling© ²/ÚgaGglIG/ ³adj ´(of a person) lanky; tall, thin and
awkward-looking.¼
¨gan®glion© ²/ÚgaGglIEn/ ³n (pl µ@s ´or µ-lia ²/-lIE/³) ´group of nerve-cells
from which nerve-fibres radiate; (fig) centre of force, activity or interest.¼
¨gang®plank© ²/ÚgaGplaGk/ ³n ´movable plank placed between a ship
or boat and the land, or between two boats or ships.¼
¨gan®grene© ²/ÚgaGgrin/ ³n ¶[U] ´death and decay of a part of the body, eÔg
because the supply of blood to it has been stopped: ³G@ set in and his leg had
to be amputated. ´¹ ³vt,vi ¶[VP6A,2A] ´affect, become affected, with @.
¸gan®gren®ous ²/ÚgaGgrInEs/ ³adj¼
¨gang®ster© ²/ÚgaGstE(r)/ ³n ´member of a gang of armed criminals: (attrib)
·Ú³@ films.¼
¨gang®way© ²/ÚgaGweI/ ³n ¸1 ´opening in a ship's side; movable bridge from
this to the land. ¸2 ´(US = ³aisle) ´passage between rows of seats, eÔg in the
House of Commons, in a theatre or concert-hall, or between rows of people. ´¹
³int ´Make way, please!¼
¨gan®net© ²/ÚganIt/ ³n ´kind of large sea-bird.¼
¨gan®try© ²/ÚgantrI/ ³n (pl µ-ries³) ´structure of steel bars to support a
travelling crane, railway signals over several tracks, etc.¼
¨gaol©, jail ²/dZeIl/ ³n ´(usu ³jail ´in US) ¶[C] ´public prison; ¶[U]
´confinement in prison: ³three years in @; be sent to @. ¸Ú@-bird ³n ´prisoner,
esp one who has often been in prison; rogue. ¸Ú@-break ³n ¶[C] ´escape from @.
¹ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´put in @. ¸gaoler, jailer, jailor ²/ÚdZeIlE(r)/ ³nn ´man in
charge of a @ or the prisoners in it.¼
¨gap© ²/gap/ ³n ¸1 ´break or opening in a wall, hedge, etc: ³The
sheep got out of the field through a gap in the hedge. We must see that there
is no gap in our defences. ¸2 ´unfilled space; interval; wide separation (of
ideas, etc): ³a gap in a conversation´, interval of silence; ³fill in the gaps
in one's education´, study what one failed to learn while at school, etc; ³a
wide gap between the views of the two statesmen. ·bridge/fill/stop a gap,
´supply sth lacking. µ¥ ³stopgap ´at µstop±1µ(8). ¸crediÚbility gap, ´failure
of one person, group, etc to convince another that he or it is telling the
truth. ¸geneÚration gap, ´failure or inability of the younger and older
generations to communicate, understand one another. ¸*gap-Útoothed ²/ÚtuTt/
³adj ´having teeth which are wide apart. ¸3 ´gorge or pass between mountains.¼
¨gape© ²/geIp/ ³vi ¶[VP2A,C] ·@ (at sb/sth) ¸1 ´open the mouth wide; yawn;
stare open-mouthed and in surprise: ³country visitors gaping at the neon
lights. ¸2 ´be or become open wide: ³a gaping chasm. ´¹ ³n ´yawn; open-mouthed
stare. ¸the @s, (a) ´disease of poultry causing them to gape until they die
(with the beak wide open). ¸(b) ´(joc) fit of yawning.¼
¨gar®age© ²/ÚgarqZ ³US: ²gEÚrqZ/ ³n ¸1 ´building in which to keep a car or
cars. ¸2 ´(US = ³service station´) roadside petrol and service station. ¹ ³vt
¶[VP6A] ´put (a motor-vehicle) in a @.¼
¨garb© ²/gqb/ ³n ¶[U] ´(style of) dress (esp as worn by a particular kind of
person): ³a man in clerical @. ´¹ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´(usu passive) ´dress: ³@ed in
motley.¼
¨gar®bage© ²/ÚgqbIdZ/ ³n ¶[U] ¸1 ´waste food put out as worthless, or for pigs,
etc; (US) rubbish, refuse (of any kind). ¸Ú@-can ³n ´(US) dustbin. ¸2 ´(colloq)
worthless material; ´meaningless or irrelevant data in a storage device of a
computer.¼
¨garble© ²/Úgqbl/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´make an incomplete or unfair selection from
statements, facts, etc, esp in order to give false ideas: ³a @d report of a
speech.¼
¨gar®den© ²/Úgqdn/ ³n ¸1 ¶[C,U] ´(piece of) ground used for growing
flowers, fruit, vegetables, etc: ³a kitchen @´, for vegetables; ³a market @´,
for vegetables, fruit and flowers for sale in public markets; ´(attrib) ³a @
wall; @ flowers/plants. We have not much @/only a small @. ·lead sb up the @
path, ´(colloq) mislead him. ¸*@ Úcity/Úsuburb ³n ´one laid out with many open
spaces, and planted with numerous trees. ¸Ú@ party ³n ´social gathering held
out of doors on a lawn, in a @ or park, etc. ¸2 ´(usu ³pl´) public park:
³Kensington G@s, ´in London; ³botanical/zoological @s. ´¹ ³vi ¶[VP2A]
´cultivate a @: ³He's been @ing all day. ¸@er ³n ´person who works in a @,
either for pay or as a hobby. ¸@®ing ³n ¶[U] ´cultivating of @s: ³fond of @ing;
´(attrib) ³@ing gloves/tools.¼
¨gar®denia© ²/gqÚdinIE/ ³n ´(kind of) tree or shrub with large white or yellow
flowers, usu sweet-smelling.¼
¨gar®gan®tuan© ²/gqÚgantj8En/ ³adj ´enormous; gigantic.¼
¨gargle© ²/Úgqgl/ ³vt,vi ¶[VP6A,2A] ´wash the throat with liquid kept in motion
by a stream of breath. ¹ ³n ´liquid used for this purpose; act of gargling.¼
¨gar®goyle© ²/ÚgqgãIl/ ³n ´stone or metal spout, usu in the form of a grotesque
human or animal creature, to carry off rain-water from the roof of a building
(esp Gothic-style churches) µ¥ ´the illus at µchurch.¼
¨gar®ish© ²/ÚgeErI2/ ³adj ´unpleasantly bright; over-coloured or
over-decorated: ³@ clothes. ¸@®ly ³adv¼
¨gar®land© ²/ÚgqlEnd/ ³n ´circle of flowers or leaves as an ornament or
decoration; this as a prize for victory, etc. ¹ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´decorate, crown,
with a @ or @s.¼
¨gar®lic© ²/ÚgqlIk/ ³n ¶[U] ´onion-like plant with strong taste and
smell, used in cooking: ³a clove of @´, one of the small bulbs making up the
compound bulb of a @ plant; ³too much @ in the food; smelling of @.¼
¨gar®ment© ²/ÚgqmEnt/ ³n ¶[C] ´article of clothing: (US, attrib) ³the ·Ú³@
industry; ·Ú³@ workers.¼
¨gar®ner© ²/ÚgqnE(r)/ ³n ´(poet, rhet) storehouse for grain, etc (also fig). ¹
³vt ¶[VP6A,15B] ·@ (in/up), ´store, gather.¼
¨gar®net© ²/ÚgqnIt/ ³n ´semi-precious gem of deep transparent red.¼
¨gar®nish© ²/ÚgqnI2/ ³vt ¶[VP6A,14] ·@ (with), ´decorate, esp food for the
table: ³fish @ed with slices of lemon. ´¹ ³n ´sth used to decorate a dish of
food for the table.¼
¨gar®ret© ²/ÚgarEt/ ³n ´room (often small, dark, etc) on the top floor of a
house, esp in the roof.¼
¨gar®ri®son© ²/ÚgarIsn/ ³n ¶[C] ´military force stationed in a town or fort:
(attrib) ³a @ town´, one in which a @ is permanently stationed. ¹ ³vt ¶[VP6A]
´supply a town, etc with a @; place troops, etc on @ duty.¼
¨gar®rotte©, ga®rotte ²/gEÚrot/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´execute (a person condemned to
death) by strangling or throttling (a stick being twisted to tighten a cord
over the windpipe); murder (sb) in this way. ¹ ³n ´this method of capital
punishment; apparatus used for it.¼
¨gar®ru®lous© ²/ÚgarElEs/ ³adj ´talkative; talking too much about unimportant
things. ¸gar®ru®lity ²/gEÚrulEtI/ ³n ¶[U].¼
¨gar®ter© ²/ÚgqtE(r)/ ³n ´(elastic) band worn round the leg to keep a stocking
in place. ¸the G@, ´(badge of) the highest order of English knighthood.¼
¨gas© ²/gas/ ³n (pl µgases ²/ÚgasIz/³) ¸1 ¶[C] ´kind of air-like substance,
(used chiefly of those that do not become liquid or solid at ordinary
temperatures): ³Air is a mixture of gases. Hydrogen and oxygen are gases. ¸2
¶[U] ´pure gas or mixture of gases used for lighting and heating, eÔg natural
gas or the kind manufactured from coal; gas manufactured for use in war
³(poison gas)´, or occurring naturally, eÔg in a coal mine: ³put the kettle on
the gas´, iÔe on the gas-ring or cooker. ¸Úgas-bag ³n ¸(a) ´bag for holding
gas, eÔg in an airship. ¸(b) ´(colloq) person who talks too much without saying
anything useful or interesting. ¸Úgas-bracket ³n ´pipe with one or more burners
projecting from a wall. ¸Úgas chamber ³n ´room filled with gas for lethal
purposes. ¸Úgas-cooker ³n ´stove (with gas-rings and an oven) for cooking by
gas. ¸Úgas fire ³n ´one for heating a room by gas. ¸Úgas-fitter ³n ´workman who
provides a building with ¸Úgas-fittings ³n pl ´apparatus, eÔg pipes, burners,
etc for heating or lighting with gas. ¸Úgas-helmet ³n ´= µgas-mask.
¸Úgas-holder ³n ´= µgasometer. ¸Úgas®light ³n ¶[U] ´light produced by burning
coal-gas. ¸Úgas-mask ³n ´breathing apparatus to protect the wearer against
harmful gases. ¸Úgas-meter ³n ´meter for registering the amount of gas that
passes through it. ¸Úgas-oven ³n ¸(a) ´one heated by gas. ¸(b) ´= µgas
chamber. ¸Úgas poker ³n ´metal rod with holes in one end, connected to a supply
of gas, used to light fires in a fireplace. ¸Úgas-ring ³n ´metal ring with
numerous small holes and supplied with gas for cooking, etc. ¸Úgas-stove ´=
µgas-cooker. ¸Úgas tar ³n ¶[U] ´coal-tar produced during the manufacture of
coal-gas. ¸Úgas-works ³n pl sing-v ´place where coal-gas is manufactured. ¸3
´(also ·Ú³laughing-gas´) nitrous oxide (¸N¶c¸O´), used by dentists as an
anaesthetic. ¸4 ´(US colloq) (abbr of ³gasoline´) petrol. ·step on the gas,
´press down the accelerator pedal; increase speed. ¸Úgas-engine ³n ´one from
which power is obtained by the regular explosion of gas in a closed cylinder.
¸Úgas-station, ´(US) petrol station. ¸5 ´(fig, colloq) empty talk; boasting. ¹
³vt,vi µ(-ss-) ¸1 ¶[VP6A] ´poison or overcome by gas. ¸2 ¶[VP2A,C] ´(colloq)
talk for a long time without saying much that is useful.¼
¨gas®eous© ²/ÚgasIEs/ ³adj ´of or like gas: ³a @ mixture.¼
¨gash© ²/ga2/ ³n ¶[C] ´long deep cut or wound. ¹ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´make a @ in.¼
¨gas®ify© ²/ÚgasIfñI/ ³vt,vi ¶[VP6A,2A] ´(cause to) change into gas.
¸gasi®fi®ca®tion ²/*gasIfIÚkeI2n/ ³n¼
¨gas®ket© ²/ÚgaskIt/ ³n ¸1 ´strip or soft, flat piece of material used for
packing a joint, piston, etc to prevent steam, gas, etc from escaping. ¸2
´(usu ³pl´) (naut) small cords used for tying a furled sail to a yard.¼
¨gaso®line© ´(also ¸-lene´) ²/ÚgasElin/ ³n ¶[U] ´(US) petrol; motor spirit.¼
¨gas®ometer© ²/gEÚsomItE(r)/ ³n ´large round tank in which gas is stored and
measured (usu at a gas-works) and from which it is distributed through pipes.¼
¨gasp© ²/gqsp ³US: ²gasp/ ³vi,vt ¸1 ¶[VP2A,C] ´struggle for breath; take short,
quick breaths as a fish does out of water: ³@ing for breath; @ing ´(=
breathless) ³with rage/surprise. ¸2 ¶[VP6A,15B] ·@ (out), ´utter in a
breathless way: ³He @ed out a few words. ´¹ ³n ¶[C] ´catching of the breath
through pain, surprise, etc: ³at one's last @´, exhausted; at the point of
death.¼
¨gassy© ²/ÚgasI/ ³adj ´of or like gas; full of gas; (of talk, etc) empty; vain
and boastful.¼
¨gas®tric© ²/ÚgastrIk/ ³adj ´of the stomach: ³a @ ulcer; @ fever; @ juices.
¸gas®tri®tis ²/gaÚstrñItIs/ ³n ¶[U] ´inflammation of the stomach.¼
¨gas®tron®omy© ²/gaÚstronEmI/ ³n ¶[U] ´art and science of choosing,
preparing and eating good food. ¸gas®tron®omic ²/*gastrEÚnomIk/ ³adj ´of @.¼
¨gate© ²/geIt/ ³n ´opening in the wall of a city, hedge, fence or other
enclosure, capable of being closed by means of a barrier; ´barrier that closes
such an opening, either of solid wood or of iron gratings or bars, usu on
hinges; barrier used to control the passage of water, eÔg into or out of a lock
on a canal: ³He opened the garden @ and went into the street. He jumped over
the @ into the field. ¸Ú@®crash ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´enter (a building at
which there is a private social occasion of some sort) without invitation or
payment. Hence, ¸Ú@®crasher ³n´. ¸Ú@-house ³n ´house built at the side of, or
over, a @, eÔg at the entrance to a park, the house being used by a
·Ú³@-keeper. ¸*@-legged Útable, ´table with legs that can be moved out to
support a folding top. ¸Ú@ money ³n ´total sum paid for admission to a public
spectacle in a stadium, etc. ¸Ú@-post ³n ´post on which a @ is hung or against
which it is closed. ·between you (and) me and the @-post, ´in strict
confidence. ¸Ú@®way ³n ´way in or out that can be closed by a @ or @s; (fig)
means of approach: ³a @way to fame/knowledge. ¸2 ´= µ@ money, µ¥ 1 ´above. ¸3
Ústarting @, ´barrier (either of horizontal ropes that are lifted or of rows of
stalls with barriers) at the start of a horse or greyhound race. ¹ ³vt ¶[VP6A]
´confine (a student) to college or school (as a penalty).¼
¨g^a®teau© ²/ÚgatE8 ³US: ²gaÚtE8/ ³n (pl µ@x ²/-tE8z/ ´or µ@s³) ´(F) rich
fancy cake, often served in slices.¼
¨gather© ²/ÚgaDE(r)/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A,15A,B,2A,C] ´get, come or
bring together: ³He soon @ed a crowd round him. A crowd soon @ed round him. The
clouds are @ing; it's going to rain. ·be @ed to one's fathers, ´(liter or rhet)
die. ¸2 ¶[VP6A,12B,13B] ´pick (flowers, etc); collect: ³@ one's papers and
books together. Please @ me some flowers/@ some flowers for me. ¸3 ¶[VP6A]
´obtain gradually; gain little by little: ³@
information/impressions/experience. The train @ed speed as it left the station.
¸4 ¶[VP6A,9] ´understand; conclude: ³What did you @ from his statement? I @,
from what you say, that«. ¸5 ¶[VP6A,15A,B] ´(in sewing) pull together into
small folds by putting a thread through; draw parts of material, a garment
closer together: ³a skirt @ed at the waist. ¸6 ¶[VP2A] ´(of an abscess or boil)
form pus and swell up; come to a head. ¸@®ing ³n ¶[C] ¸1 ´coming together of
people; meeting. ¸2 ´swelling with pus in it.¼
¨gauche© ²/gE82/ ³adj ´socially awkward; tactless. ¸gauch®erie ²/ÚgE82ErI ³US:
²*gE82EÚri/ ³n ¶[U] ´@ behaviour; ¶[C] ´@ act, movement, etc.¼
¨gaucho© ²/Úgñ8t2E8/ ³n (pl µ@s³) ´cowboy of mixed European and
American Indian descent.¼
¨gaud© ²/gcd/ ³n ¶[C] ´showy ornament.¼
¨gaudy©1 ²/ÚgcdI/ ³adj µ(-ier, -iest) ´too bright and showy; gay or bright in
a tasteless way: ³@ decorations; cheap and @ jewels. ¸gaud®ily ²/-IlI/ ³adv¼
¨gaudy©2 ²/ÚgcdI/ ³n ´annual college dinner, given to former members.¼
¨gauge© ´(US also ¸gage´) ²/geIdZ/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´standard measure; extent: ³take
the @ of (eÔg sb's character), ´estimate, judge. ¸2 ¶[U,C] ´distance between
rails (or between opposite wheels on a vehicle that runs on rails): ³standard
@; broad @´, more than 4 ft 8§ in; ³narrow @´, less than 3 ft 8§ in. ¸3
¶[U] ´thickness of wire, sheet-metal, etc; diameter of a bullet, etc. ¸4
¶[C] ´instrument for measuring, eÔg rainfall, strength of wind, size, diameter,
etc of tools, wire, etc. ¹ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´measure accurately: ³@ the diameter of
wire/the contents of a barrel/the rainfall/the strength of the wind; ´(fig)
make an estimate, form a judgement, of: ³@ a person's character.¼
¨Gaul© ²/gcl/ ³n ´Celt of ancient @ (the area now known as France and
Belgium).¼
¨gaunt© ²/gcnt/ ³adj ´(of a person) lean, haggard, as from hunger, ill-health
or suffering; (of a place) grim or desolate: ³a @ hillside. ¸@®ness ³n¼
¨gaunt®let©1 ²/ÚgcntlIt/ ³n ¸1 ´glove with metal plates worn by soldiers in the
Middle Ages. µ¥ ´the illus at µarmour. ·throw down/pick up/take up the @,
´give/accept a challenge to a fight. ¸2 ´strong glove with a wide cuff covering
the wrist, used for driving, fencing, etc.¼
¨gaunt®let©2 ²/ÚgcntlIt/ ³n ´(only in) ·run the @, ´run between two rows of men
who strike the victim as he passes; (fig) be exposed to continuous severe
criticism, risk, danger: ³He ran the @ of their criticism/scorn.¼
¨gauze© ²/gcz/ ³n ¶[U] ´thin, transparent net-like material of silk, cotton,
etc (for medical use) or of wire (for screening windows against insects, etc).
¸gauzy ³adj¼
¨gave© ²/geIv/ ³pt ´of µgive.¼
¨gavel© ²/Úgavl/ ³n ´hammer used by an auctioneer or a chairman as a signal
for order or attention.¼
¨ga®votte© ²/gEÚvot/ ³n ¶[C] ´(music for an) old French dance like the minuet
but more lively.¼
¨gawk© ²/gck/ ³n ´awkward or bashful person. ¸@y ³adj µ(-ier, -iest) ´(of
persons) awkward, bashful, ungainly. ¸@i®ness ³n¼
¨gawp© ²/gcp/ ³vi ¶[VP2A,3A] ·@ (at), ´look at in an intense, foolish way:
³What are they all @ing at?¼
¨gay© ²/geI/ ³adj µ(-er, -est) ¸1 ´light-hearted; cheerful; happy and full of
fun: ³the gay voices of young children; gay looks/laughter. ¸2 ´suggesting
happiness and joy: ³gay music; gay colours; streets that were gay with flags.
¸3 ´(colloq) homosexual. ¹ ³n ¶[C] ´(colloq) ´homosexual. ¸gaily ²/ÚgeIlI/ ³adv
´in a gay manner. ¸gay®ness ³n¼
¨gaze© ²/geIz/ ³n sing ´long, steady look: ³with a bewildered @. ¹ ³vi
¶[VP2A,C,3A] ·@ (at), ´look long and steadily: ³What are you gazing at? Stop
gazing round. ·@ on/upon, ´(formal) set eyes on: ³She was the most beautiful
woman he had ever @d upon.¼
¨ga®zelle© ²/gEÚzel/ ³n ´small, graceful kind of antelope.¼
¨ga®zette© ²/gEÚzet/ ³n ¸1 ´official periodical with legal notices, news of
appointments, promotions, etc of officers and officials. ¸2 ´(as part of a
title) newspaper: ³the Marlowe G@. ´¹ ³vt ´(usu passive) ·be @d´, be published
in the official @: (of an army officer) ³be @d to a regiment.¼
¨ga®zet®teer© ²/*gazEÚtIE(r)/ ³n ´index of geographical names, eÔg at the end
of an atlas.¼
¨ga®zump© ²/gEÚzAmp/ ³vi,vt ¶[VP2A,6A] ´(colloq) cheat by increasing the price
demanded for property between the date of acceptance of an offer and the date
for signing the contract.¼
¨gear© ²/gIE(r)/ ³n ¸1 ¶[C] ´set of toothed wheels working together
in a machine, esp such a set to connect the engine of a motor-vehicle with the
road wheels: ³change @; ´particular state of adjustment of such a set: ³a car
with five @s, first, second, third, fourth and reverse. µ¥ ´the illus at
µbicycle, motor. ·high/low @, ´mechanism causing the driven part to move
relatively fast/slowly, low @ being used when starting, or when driving on a
steep hill. ·in/out of @, ´engaged/disengaged from the mechanism. ·top/bottom
@, ´highest/lowest @. ¸Ú@-box/-case, ´case that encloses the @ mechanism. ¸Ú@
shift/lever/stick, ´device for engaging or disengaging @s. ¸2 ¶[C] ´apparatus,
appliance, mechanism, arrangement, of wheels, levers, etc for a special
purpose: ³the ·Ú³steering-@ of a ship; the ·Ú³landing-@ of an aircraft. ¸3 ¶[U]
´equipment in general: ·Ú³hunting-@´; (modern colloq) clothes: ³party @. ´¹
³vt,vi ¶[VP15A,14,2A,C,3A] ·@ up/down, ´(= change up/down) put into a
higher/lower @. ·@ to, ´adjust one thing to the working of another, make
dependent on: ³The country's economics must be @ed to wartime requirements.¼
¨gecko© ²/ÚgekE8/ ³n (pl µ@s, @es ²/-kE8z/³) ´kind of small house lizard, found
in warm countries.¼
¨gee©1 ²/dZi/, ±gee-up ²/*dZi ÚAp/ ³int ´(command to a horse) go on; go
faster. ¸gee-gee ²/ÚdZi dZi/ ³n ´(child's word for a) horse.¼
¨gee©2 ²/dZi/, ±gee whiz ²/*dZi ÚwIz/ ³int ´(US) mild
exclamation indicating surprise, admiration, etc: ³Gee, I like your new hat!¼
¨geese© ²/gis/ ³n pl ´of µgoose.¼
¨geezer© ²/ÚgizE(r)/ ³n ´(sl) (old) person, esp if eccentric.¼
¨Geiger© ²/ÚgñIgE(r)/ ³n ´(esp ¸Ú@ counter´) metal tube containing an
electrode, used for detecting and measuring radio-activity.¼
¨geisha© ²/ÚgeI2E/ ³n ´Japanese girl or woman trained to entertain men by
singing and dancing at parties, etc.¼
¨gel© ²/dZel/ ³n ´semisolid like a jelly. ¹ ³vi µ(-ll-) ¸1 ´set into a jelly.
¸2 ´= µjell.¼
¨gela®tine© ²/*dZelEÚtin ³US: ²ÚdZelEtIn/ ´(also ¸gela®tin ²/ÚdZelEtIn/´) ³n
¶[U] ´clear, tasteless substance, made by boiling bones and waste parts of
animals, dissolved in water to make jelly. ¸gel®ati®nous ²/dZIÚlatInEs/ ³adj
´of or like @; jelly-like in consistency, etc.¼
¨geld© ²/geld/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´castrate. ¸@®ing ³n ´@ed animal, esp a
horse.¼
¨gel®ig®nite© ²/ÚdZelIgnñIt/ ³n ¶[U] ´explosive made from nitric acid and
glycerine.¼
¨gem© ²/dZem/ ³n ¸1 ´precious stone or jewel, esp cut or polished. ¸2 ´sth
valued because of great beauty; sth much prized: ³the gem of the collection´,
the most valued item in it. ¸gem®med ³part adj ´adorned with, or as with, gems:
³the night sky, gemmed with stars.¼
¨Gem®ini© ²/ÚdZemInI/ ³n ´third sign of the zodiac. µ¥ ´the illus at µzodiac.¼
¨gen© ²/dZen/ ³n ´(sl) ¸(the) gen, ´information. ¹ ³vt ¶[VP15B] ·gen up,
´provide with information.¼
¨gen®darme© ²/ÚZondqm/ ³n ´(in France and some other countries, but not GB or
US) member of a military force employed in police duties. ¸@®rie ²/ZonÚdqmErI/
³n ´(collective sing) ´force of @s.¼
¨gen®der© ²/ÚdZendE(r)/ ³n ¸1 ´grammatical grouping of words ´(nouns and
pronouns) into classes (masculine, feminine and neuter). ¸2 ´sexµ(1).¼
¨gene© ²/dZin/ ³n ¶[C] ´(biol) unit in chromosome controlling heredity.¼
¨gen®eal®ogy© ²/*dZinIÚalEdZI/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´science of the development of plants
and animals from earlier forms. ¸2 ¶[C] ³(pl µ-gies³) ´(diagram
illustrating the) descent or line of development of a plant or animal from
earlier forms; person's pedigree. ¸gen®eal®ogist ²/*dZinIÚalEdZIst/ ³n
´student of @. ¸genea®logi®cal ²/*dZinIEÚlodZIkl/ ³adj ´of @: ³a genealogical
tree´, a diagram (a table like a tree with branches) showing the descent of a
family or species. ¸genea®logi®cally ²/-klI/ ³adv¼
¨gen®era© ²/ÚdZenErE/ ³n pl ´of µgenus.¼
¨gen®eral© ²/ÚdZenrEl/ ³adj ¸1 ´of, affecting, all or nearly all; not special,
local or particular: ³a matter of @ interest´, one in which all or most people
are likely to be interested; ³a @ meeting´, one to which all members (of a
society, etc) are invited; ³a @ strike´, one by workmen of all, or nearly all,
the trade unions; ³a good @ education´, in all the chief subjects; ³a word
that is in @ use´, used by all people; ³the @ opinion on this subject´, what
most people think about it. ³The cold weather has been @´, has been
experienced in all or most parts of the country. ·as a @ rule; in @, ´in most
cases; usually. ¸Ú@ degree, ´non-specialist university degree involving a
course in two or more subjects. ¸*@ eÚlection, ´one for representatives in
Parliament from the whole country. Cf ³by-election, local election. ¸*@
Úknowledge, ´of a wide variety of subjects. Cf ³common knowledge´, knowledge
(of a particular fact, etc) possessed by every member of a class or community
of people. ¸*@ Úpractice, ´work of a ¸*@ pracÚtitioner ´(abbr ¸GÔP´), ´(GB)
doctor who is not a specialist or consultant. ¸2 ´not in detail; not definite:
³a @ outline of a scheme; have a @ idea of what a book is about; explain
something in @ terms. ¸3 ´(after an official title) chief: ·*³postmaster-·Ú³@;
·*³in·*³spector-·Ú³@. ´¹ ³n ´army officer with the highest rank below Field
Marshal (and also, by courtesy, of ·³Lieu·*³tenant-·Ú³@ ´and ·*³Major-·Ú³@´).¼
¨gen®er®al®is®simo© ²/*dZenrEÚlIsImE8/ ³n (pl µ@s³) ´commander of
combined military and naval and air forces, or of combined armies.¼
¨gen®er®al®ity© ²/*dZenEÚralEtI/ ³n (pl µ-ties³) ¸1 ¶[C] ´general rule or
statement; vague or indefinite remark, etc: ³I wish you would come down from
generalities to particularities. ¸2 ¶[U] ·the @ (of), ´majority or greater
part: ³The @ of Swedes are blonde. ¸3 ¶[U] ´quality of being general: ³a rule
of great @´, one with few exceptions.¼
¨gen®er®al®iz®ation© ²/*dZenrElñIÚzeI2n ³US: ²-lIÚz-/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U]
´generalizing: ³It is unwise to be hasty in @. ¸2 ¶[C] ´statement or
proposition obtained by generalizing, esp one based on too few examples.¼
¨gen®er®al®ize© ²/ÚdZenrElñIz/ ³vi,vt ¸1 ¶[VP2A,3A] ·@ (from), ´draw a general
conclusion; make a general statement. ¸2 ¶[VP6A,14] ·@ (from), ´state (sth) in
general terms or principles: ³@ a conclusion from a collection of instances or
facts. ¸3 ¶[VP6A] ´bring into general use: ³@ the use of a new invention.¼
¨gen®erally© ²/ÚdZenrElI/ ³adv ´(usu with the finite ³v´) ¸1 ´usually; as a
general rule: ³I @ get up at six o'clock. ¸2 ´widely; for the most part: ³The
new plan was @ welcomed´, was welcomed by most people. ¸3 ´in a general sense;
without paying attention to details: ³@ speaking.¼
¨gen®er®ate© ²/ÚdZenEreIt/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´cause to exist or occur; produce: ³@
heat/electricity; hatred @d by racial prejudices.¼
¨gen®er®ation© ²/*dZenEÚreI2n/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´generating; bringing into existence:
³the @ of electricity by steam or water-power; the @ of heat by friction. ¸2
¶[C] ´single stage or step in family descent: ³three @s´, children, parents,
grandparents. ¸3 ¶[C] ´average period (regarded as 30 years) in which children
grow up, marry, and have children: ³a @ ago. ¸Ú@ gap, µ¥ gap(2). ¸4 ¶[C] ´all
persons born about the same time, and, therefore, of about the same age: ³the
present/past/coming @; the rising @´, the young @.¼
¨gen®er®at®ive© ²/ÚdZenErEtIv/ ³adj ´able to produce; productive.¼
¨gen®er®ator© ²/ÚdZenEreItE(r)/ ³n ¶[C] ´machine or apparatus that generates
(electricity, steam, gas, vapour, etc) (US = ³dynamo´).¼
¨gen®eric© ²/dZIÚnerIk/ ³adj ´of a genus; common to a whole group or class,
not special. ¸gen®eri®cally ²/-klI/ ³adv¼
¨gen®er®os®ity© ²/*dZenEÚrosEtI/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´the quality of being
generous; nobility of mind; greatness of heart: ³show @ in dealing with a
defeated enemy. ¸2 ¶[C] ³(pl µ-ties³) ´generous act, etc.¼
¨gen®er®ous© ²/ÚdZenErEs/ ³adj ¸1 ´giving, ready to give, freely; given freely;
noble-minded. ³He is @ with his money/@ in giving help. It was @ of them to
share their house with the refugees. What a @ gift! He has a @ nature. ¸2
´plentiful: ³a @ helping of meat and vegetables; a @ harvest. ¸@®ly ³adv¼
¨gen®esis© ²/ÚdZenEsIs/ ³n ¸1 ´beginning; starting-point: ³the @ of
civilization. ¸2 G@, ´the first book of the Old Testament.¼
¨gen®etic© ²/dZIÚnetIk/ ³adj ´of genes; of @s. ¸gen®etics ³n pl sing-v
´science (branch of biology) dealing with heredity, the ways in which
characteristics are passed on from parents to offspring. ¸gen®eti®cist
²/dZIÚnetIsIst/ ³n ´specialist in @s.¼
¨ge®nial© ²/ÚdZinIEl/ ³adj ¸1 ´kindly, sympathetic; sociable: ³a @ old man; @
smiles; under the @ influence of good wine. ¸2 ´favourable to growth; mild;
warm: ³a @ climate; @ sunshine. ¸@®ly ³adv ¸@®ity ²/*dZinIÚalEtI/ ³n ¶[U]
´quality of being @; ¶[C] ³(pl µ-ties³) ´@ look, act, utterance, etc.¼
¨ge®nie© ²/ÚdZinI/ ³n (pl µ@s ´or µgenii ²/ÚdZinIñI/³) ´(in Arabic stories)
spirit or goblin with strange powers.¼
¨geni®tal© ²/ÚdZenItl/ ³adj ´of generationµ(1) ´or of animal reproductive
organs. ¸@s ³n pl ´external sex organs.¼
¨geni®tive© ²/ÚdZenEtIv/ ³adj ¸@ (case), ´(gram) showing source or possession.¼
¨gen®ius©1 ²/ÚdZinIEs/ ³n (pl µ@es³) ¸1 ¶[U] ´great and
exceptional capacity of the mind or imagination; creative or inventive
capacity: ³men of @. ¸2 ¶[C] ´person having this capacity: ³Einstein was a
mathematical @. ¸3 ·a @ for, ´natural ability for: ³have a @ for
languages/acting/making friends. ¸4 ·the @ (of), ´guardian spirit of a person,
place or institution, (hence, by extension) special and inborn character,
spirit or principles of a language, a period of time, an institution, etc;
prevalent feeling, opinions, taste, etc of a race of people: ³the French @; the
@ of the British Constitution/the Renaissance period in Italy. ¸*@ Úloci
²/ÚlE8sñI/ ³n sing ´(Lat) associations, atmosphere, etc of a place. ¸5
·one's good/evil @, ´spirit or angel working for one's salvation or damnation;
person who has a strong influence upon one for good or ill.¼
¨gen®ius©2 ²/ÚdZinIEs/ ³n (pl µgenii
²/ÚdZinIñI/´) demon; supernatural being. µ¥ genie.¼
¨geno®cide© ²/ÚdZenEsñId/ ³n ¶[U] ´extermination of a race or community by mass
murder, or by imposing conditions that make survival impossible.¼
¨genre© ²/ZqnrE/ ³n ¸1 ´(F) kind; style; category (esp of literary
form, eÔg poetry, drama, the novel). ¸2 ´(also ¸Ú@-painting´) portrayal of
scenes, etc, from ordinary life.¼
¨gent© ²/dZent/ ³n ´(colloq abbr of) gentleman. ¸the/a G@s ³n ´(GB colloq)
public toilet for men.¼
¨gen®teel© ²/dZenÚtil/ ³adj ´(usu ironic in modern use, but serious in former
use) polite and well-bred; elegant; characteristic of, suitable for, the upper
classes of society: ³living in @ poverty´, trying to maintain the style of the
upper classes, although too poor to do so. ¸@®ly ³adv¼
¨gen®tian© ²/ÚdZen2n/ ³n ´(kind of usu) blue-flowered plant growing in
mountainous districts.¼
¨gen®tile© ²/ÚdZentñIl/ ³n, adj ´(person) not Jewish.¼
¨gen®til®ity© ²/dZenÚtIlEtI/ ³n ¶[U] ´state of being genteel: ³living in shabby
@´, trying, without real success, to keep up an appearance of being genteel.¼
¨gentle© ²/ÚdZentl/ ³adj µ(-r, -st) ¸1 ´mild, quiet, careful; not
rough, violent, severe: ³a @ nature/heart/look/voice/call/touch; @ manners; a @
breeze; a @ heat´, iÔe not too hot; ³a @ slope´, iÔe not steep. ¸2 ´(of a
family) with good social position: ³a person of @ birth. ¸Ú@®folk ³n pl
´persons of @ birth. ¸@®ness ³n¼
¨gentle®man© ²/ÚdZentlmEn/ ³n (pl µ-men ²/-mEn/³) ¸1 ´man who shows
consideration for the feelings of others, who is honourable and courteous. ¸@'s
agreement, ´one that is binding in honour, but cannot be enforced at law. ¸2
´(hist) man of good family attached to a court or the household of a great
noble: ³one of the king's gentlemen. ¸*@-at-Úarms, ´one of the sovereign's
bodyguard. ¸3 ´(hist) man entitled to bear arms but not a member of the
nobility. ¸4 ´(dated use) man of wealth and social position, esp one who does
not work for a living: ³"What does he do for a living?' "Nothing; he's a @.' ¸5
³(pl) ´polite form of address to male members of an audience: ³Gentlemen!
Ladies and Gentlemen! ´Also used instead of ³Sirs ´or ³Dear Sirs ´when writing
to a business firm, etc. ¸@®ly ³adj ´feeling, behaving, or looking like a @µ(1)
´; suitable or right for a @µ(1)´: ³a @ly apology.¼
¨gentle®woman© ²/ÚdZentlw8mEn/ ³n (pl µ-women ²/-wImIn/³) ´lady.¼
¨gen®tly© ²/ÚdZentlI/ ³adv ´in a gentle manner: ³Hold it @,
´carefully. ³Speak @ ´(= softly, kindly) ³to the child. The road slopes @ ´(=
gradually) ³to the sea.¼
¨gen®try© ²/ÚdZentrI/ ³n pl ¸(the) @, ´people of good social position next
below the nobility.¼
¨genu®flect© ²/ÚdZenj8flekt/ ³vi ¶[VP2A] ´bend the knee, esp in worship.
¸genu®flec®tion, genu®flex®ion ²/*dZenj8Úflek2n/ ³nn¼
¨genu®ine© ²/ÚdZenj8In/ ³adj ´true; really what it is said to be: ³a @ picture
by Rubens; @ pearls; @ sorrow; a @ signature. ¸@®ly ³adv ¸@®ness ³n¼
¨ge®nus© ²/ÚdZinEs/ ³n (pl µgenera ²/ÚdZenErE/³) ¸1 ´(biol) division of animals
or plants within a family: ·*³@ ·Ú³Homo ²/ÚhE8mE8/´, mankind. ¸2 ´sort; kind;
class.¼
¨geo-© ²/*dZIE8/ ³pref ´(form of Greek word for "earth', used in combinations):
¸geo®cen®tric ²/*dZiE8ÚsentrIk/ ³adj ´having or representing the earth as
centre. ¸geo®phys®ics ²/*dZiE8ÚfIzIks/ ³n pl sing-v ´study of the earth's
magnetism, meteorology, etc. ¸geo®physi®cal ²/-ÚfIzIkl/ ³adj ¸geo®poli®tics
²/*dZIE8ÚpolEtIks/ ³n pl sing-v ´country's politics as determined by its
geographical position.¼
¨ge®ogra®phy© ²/dZIÚogrEfI/ ³n ¶[U] ´science of the earth's surface, physical
features, divisions, climate, products, population, etc. ¸ge®ogra®pher
²/dZIÚogrEfE(r)/ ³n ´authority on @. ¸geo®graphi®cal ²/*dZIEÚgrafIkl/ ³adj ´of
@. ¸geo®graphi®cally ²/-klI/ ³adv¼
¨ge®ol®ogy© ²/dZIÚolEdZI/ ³n ¶[U] ´science of the earth's history as shown by
its crust, rocks, etc. ¸ge®ol®ogist ²/dZIÚolEdZIst/ ³n ´authority on @.
¸geo®logi®cal ²/*dZIEÚlodZIkl/ ³adj ´of @. ¸geo®logi®cally ²/-klI/ ³adv¼
¨ge®ometry© ²/dZIÚomEtrI/ ³n ¶[U] ´science of the properties and relations of
lines, angles, surfaces and solids. ¸geo®met®ric, -metri®cal ²/*dZIEÚmetrIk(l)/
³adj ´of @; of or like the lines, figures, etc used in @: ³geometrical
patterns. ¸geo*metrical proÚgression, ´series of numbers with a constant ratio
between successive quantities, the numbers either increasing by a common
multiplier, or decreasing by a common divisor, as 1 : 3 : 9 : 27 : 81.
¸geo®met®ri®cally ²/-klI/ ³adv¼
¨George© ²/dZcdZ/ ³n ¸1 St @, ´patron saint of England; ³St ·Ú³@'s day´, 23
Apr; ³St ·*³@'s ·Ú³Cross´, vertical and horizontal red bars crossing in the
centre. µ¥ ´illus at µflag. ¸2 ´(sl) automatic pilot of aircraft. ¹ ³int ·by @!
´(dated) exclamation of mild surprise, determination, etc.¼
¨geor®gette© ²/dZcÚdZet/ ³n ¶[U] ´thin silk dress material.¼
¨Geor®gian© ²/ÚdZcdZEn/ ³adj ´of the time of any of the Kings George I, II
and III of Britain (18th c): ³@ architecture.¼
¨ger®anium© ²/dZEÚreInIEm/ ³n ´kind of garden plant with red, pink or white
flowers.¼
¨geri®atrics© ²/*dZerIÚatrIks/ ³n pl sing-v ´medical care of old people.
¸geri®atric ³adj ´of @: ³the geriatric ward, ´of a hospital. ¸geria®tri®cian
²/*dZerIEÚtrI2n/ ³n ´expert in @.¼
¨germ© ²/dZ3m/ ³n ¶[C] ¸1 ´portion of a living organism capable of
becoming a new organism; (fig) beginning or starting-point (of an idea, etc).
¸2 ´microbe or bacillus, esp one causing disease: ³@ warfare´, use of bacteria
as a weapon in war.¼
¨Ger®man© ²/ÚdZ3mEn/ ³adj ´of Germany and its people. ¸*@ Úshepherd ³n ´(US) =
Alsatian (dog). ¹ ³n ´native of Germany; language of the @ people. ¸@ic
²/dZEÚmanIk/ ³adj ´of the group of languages now including German, English and
Dutch.¼
¨ger®mane© ²/dZEÚmeIn/ ³adj ·@ (to), ´relevant, pertinent (to).¼
¨ger®mi®cide© ²/ÚdZ3mIsñId/ ³n ´substance used to destroy germs (esp
bacteria).¼
¨ger®mi®nate© ²/ÚdZ3mIneIt/ ³vi,vt ¶[VP2A,6A] ´(of seeds) (cause to) start
growth. ¸ger®mi®na®tion ²/*dZ3mIÚneI2n/ ³n ¶[U] ´germinating; sprouting.¼
¨ger®on®tol®ogy© ²/*dZeronÚtolEdZI/ ³n ¶[U] ´branch of science concerned with
the processes of growing old, esp in human beings.¼
¨gerry®man®der© ²/*dZerIÚmandE(r)/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´manipulate (a
constituency, etc by division into voting areas) so as to give unfair
advantages to one party or class in elections; practise trickery. ¹ ³n ´such a
falsification.¼
¨ger®und© ²/ÚdZerEnd/ ³n ¸1 ´form of a verb when used as a noun. ¸2 ´the ³-ing
´form of an English verb when used as a noun (as in "fond of ³swimming´').¼
¨Ges®tapo© ²/geÚstqpE8/ ³n ´German secret State police of the Nazi regime.¼
¨ges®ta®tion© ²/dZeÚsteI2n/ ³n ´carrying or being carried in the womb between
conception and birth; this period.¼
¨ges®ticu®late© ²/dZeÚstIkj8leIt/ ³vi ¶[VP2A] ´use movements of the hands, arms
or head instead of, or to accompany, speaking. ¸ges®ticu®la®tion
²/dZe*stIkj8ÚleI2n/ ³n ¶[U] ´gesticulating; ¶[C] ´movement used in this.¼
¨ges®ture© ²/ÚdZest2E(r)/ ³n ¸1 ¶[C] ´movement of the hand or head
to indicate or illustrate an idea, feeling, etc; sth done to convey a friendly
intention: ³a @ of refusal; make a friendly @ to sb. ¸2 ¶[U] ´use of expressive
movements: ³an actor who is a master of the art of @. ´¹ ³vi ¶[VP2A]
´gesticulate.¼
¨get© ²/get/ ³vt,vi (pt µgot ²/got/³, pp µgot, ´US, µgotten ²/Úgotn/³) ´(For
uses with ³adverbial particles ´and ³preps µ¥ 15, 16, 17, ´below.) ¸1 ¶[VP2D]
´(cause oneself to) become; pass from one state to another: ³get
wet/tired/excited. He went out and got drunk. She soon got well again. You'll
soon get used to the climate here. It's time you got married. Get lost! ´(sl)
Go away! ·get even with sb, µ¥ even±2 µ¥ ´also µwise±2µ. ¸2 ¶[VP22,24C] ´bring
to a certain condition; cause to be or become: ³She soon got the children ready
for school. I must get the breakfast ready/cooked. Did you get the sum right´,
produce the correct answer? ³He got his wrist broken´, broke it by accident.
·get sth done, ´complete it: ³The farmer got his planting done before the rains
came. ¸3 ¶[VP2E] ´reach the stage where one is doing something: ³Get going!
´Start! ³It's time we got going´, made a start. ³Things haven't really got
going yet´, are not yet at the stage of full activity. ³When these women get
talking, they go on for hours. ¸4 ¶[VP19B] ´bring sb/sth to the point where
he/it is doing sth: ³Can you really get that old car going again´, restart or
repair it? ³It's not hard to get the children talking; the problem is to stop
them. We'll soon get things going. ¸5 ¶[VP4A] ´reach the stage where one knows,
feels, etc sth: ³When you get to know him you'll like him. They soon got to be
´(= became) ³friends. After a time you get to realize that«. One soon gets to
like it here. How did you get to know ´(= learn) ³that I was here? ¸6
¶[VP17,24C] ´bring, persuade, cause (sb/sth) to do sth or act in a certain way:
³You'll never get him to understand. I can't get this old radio to work. I
can't get her to talk. I can't get anyone to do the work/can't get the work
done by anybody. ´Cf ³(I must get my hair cut/get somebody to cut my hair). ¸7
¶[VP6A,14] ·get sth (of), ´receive; have; obtain; procure; acquire: ³get
news/knowledge/possession of sth. ³I've got ´(= now have) ³your telegram. This
room gets ´(= receives, admits) ³very little sunshine. I'll come as soon as I
get time. The soldier got leave ´(= permission) ³to go home. He got ´(=
received) ³a nasty blow on the head. The bullet got him/The soldier got it in
the leg, ´He was injured there. ³Where did you get that hat? How does he get
´(= earn) ³his living? If we divide 12 by 4, we get 3. Can you get ´(= receive)
³distant stations on your transistor? Go and get ´(= take, eat) ³your
breakfast. ¶[VP12B,13B] ³Get me a ticket, please, and get some for yourself and
your brothers. The book is not in stock, but we can get it for you. ·get the
better/best of, µ¥ better±3 ´and µbest±3µ. ·get the boot, µ¥ boot±1µ(1). ·get a
glimpse of, µ¥ glimpse. ·get hold of sth, µ¥ hold±2µ(1). ·get the sack, µ¥
sack±2µ. ·get (a) sight of, µ¥ sight±1µ(2). ·get the upper hand (of), µ¥ upper.
·get one's own way, µ¥ way. ·get wind of, µ¥ wind±1µ(4). ·get the wind up, µ¥
wind±1µ(1). ·get the worst of, µ¥ worst. ¸8 ¶[VP6A] ´catch (an illness): ³get
the measles; get religion´, (colloq) be converted (from disbelief or
indifference). ¸9 ¶[VP6A] ´receive as a penalty: ³get six months´, be sentenced
to six months' imprisonment. ·get told off, ´(colloq) be admonished: ³I daren't
be late home again or I'll get told off. ¸10 ¶[VP6A] ´(colloq) understand: ³I
don't get you/your meaning. She didn't get the joke. Get it? ´Do you
understand? ³You've got it wrong´, have misunderstood it. ³I didn't get ´(=
hear) ³your name. ¸11 ¶[VP6A] ´(esp in the perfect tenses) puzzle; catch in an
argument; bring an accusation against sb to which he cannot supply a good
answer: ³Ah! I've got you there! That's got him! ¸12 ¶[VP6A] ·have got, ´have,
eÔg as a possession or characteristic: ³We've got a new car. What ugly teeth
he's got! ¸13 ¶[VP7B] ·have got to, ´must, be compelled or obliged to: ³It has
got to ´(= must) ³be done today. She's got to work hard for her living. You
haven't got to ´(= needn't) ³go to the office today, have you? µ¥ have±3µ(1).
¸14 ¶[VP7A] ´(US) succeed: ³Do you ever get to see him´, have opportunities of
seeing him? ¸15 ¶[VP2C,3A] ´(non-idiomatic intransitive uses with ³adverbial
particles ´and ³preps; ´for idiomatic uses, µ¥ 17 ´below) move to or from a
specified point or in a particular direction: ³He gets about a good deal. A car
makes it easier to get about. The bridge was destroyed so we couldn't get
across´, couldn't cross the river. ³Did you manage to get away ´(= have a
holiday) ³this Easter? Get back! ´(imper) Move backwards, eÔg away from danger.
³When did you get back ´(= return) ³from the country? She got back into bed.
Please let me get by´, pass. ³He got down from his horse. ³When did you get
here´, arrive? ³Dust got into his eyes. I'm getting off ´(= leaving the train)
³at the next station. ³Get off the grass/my toes! Get a move on! ´Hurry up!
³Can you get over that wall? ³We didn't get to bed until 2aÔm. Where have they
got to? Where can it have got to? ´Where can it be? ·get (sb) under one's skin,
µ¥ skin(1). ·get somewhere/anywhere/nowhere, ´obtain some/any/no result; make
some/any/no progress. ·Úget there, ´(colloq) succeed; accomplish sth. ¸16
¶[VP15A,B] ´(non-idiomatic transitive uses with ³adverbial particles ´and
³preps; ´for idiomatic uses, µ¥ 17 ´below) cause to move to or from a point, or
in a particular direction: ³The general had to get his troops across the river.
He never lends books; he says it's too difficult to get them back. If you'll
come and help me, I promise to get you back ´(= see that you reach home again)
³before dark. He's drunk againÅwe'd better call a taxi and get him home. It was
nailed to the wall and I couldn't get if off. Get ´(= Put) ³your hat and coat
on. I can't get the lid on/off. We couldn't get the piano through the door.¼
¸17 ¶[VP2C,15B,3A,14] ´(idiomatic uses with ³adverbial particles ´and
³preps´):¼
·get about, ¸(a) ´(of sb who has been ill) be no longer confined to bed, to the
house: ³He's getting about again after his accident. ¸(b) ´(of news, rumours,
stories) spread from person to person, quietly, and usu by gossip: ³The news of
the defeat was censored, but it soon got about.¼
·get aÚbove oneself, ´have a feeling of self-satisfaction not in strict
proportion to one's merits; have too high an opinion of oneself. µ¥
³swollen-headed ´at µswell.¼
·get (sth) across (to sb), ´(colloq) (cause sth to) be understood (as when a
comedian tries to get jokes across the footlights to an audience): ³I spoke
slowly, but my meaning didn't get across. He found it difficult to get his
British jokes across to American audiences.¼
·get ahead (of sb), ´go forward and pass sb; make progress: ³Tom has got ahead
of all the other boys in the class.¼
·get along, ¸(a) ´manage: ³We can't get along without money. ¸(b) ´make
progress: ³How are you getting along? How is he getting along with his French?
·get along (with), ´agree; be friendly or in harmony: ³He gets along well with
his boss. He and his boss get along well. ·Get aÚlong with you! ´(colloq imper)
Go away! (or) Don't expect me to believe that!¼
·get at sb/sth, ´reach; gain access to: ³The books are locked up and I can't
get at them. ´Hence, ¸get-Úat-able ²/*getÚatEbl/ ³adj ´accessible. ·get at sb,
¸(a) ´bribe, corrupt: ³One of the witnesses had been got at. ¸(b) ´taunt: ³He's
always getting at his wife. ·get at sth, ´discover; lay bare: ³get at the
truth/the facts. ·be getting at, ´(colloq) be implying; be trying to say or
suggest: ³What are you getting at?¼
·get away, ´manage to leave; escape: ³Two of the prisoners got away. ´Hence,
¸Úget-away ³n´: ³make one's get-away´, escape; (attrib) ³The get-away car had
been stolen. ·get away with sth, ´pursue successfully a course of action which
might usually be expected to result in blame, punishment or misfortune: ³The
thieves got away with the contents of the safe. If I cheat in the examination,
do you think I might get away with it? ·Get aÚway with you! ´Get along with
you. µ¥ get along ´above.¼
·get back, ´return to power or prominence after losing it for a time: ³The
Democrats hope to get back at the next election. ·get Úback at sb/get one's
Úown back (on sb), ´have one's revenge: ³He tricked me this time but I'll get
my own back one day.¼
·get by, ¸(a) ´pass; be accepted, without comment or criticism: ³I have no
formal clothes for this occasion; perhaps I can get by in a dark suit. ¸(b)
´manage; survive: ³How can he get by on such low wages? She can't get by
without him.¼
·get down, ´leave the table, after a meal. ·get sb down, ´(colloq) depress:
³Don't let this cold weather get you down. ·get sth down, ¸(a) ´swallow: ³The
medicine was bitter, and she couldn't get it down. ¸(b) ´write down: ³Did you
get that telephone message down? ·get down to sth, ´deal seriously with;
tackle: ³get down to one's work after the holidays; get down to the facts´,
deal with them, ignoring speculations, etc. ·get down to brass tacks, µ¥
brass.¼
·get home (to) sb, ´be fully understood (by): ³That remark of yours about Sally
got home´, She understood (and reacted).¼
·get in, ¸(a) ´arrive: ³The train got in five minutes early. ¸(b) ´be elected:
³He got in ´(= was elected MÔP) ³for Islington. ·get sb in, ´call sb to one's
house, etc to perform a service: ³We must get someone in to repair the TÔV.
·get sth in, ¸(a) ´collect; gather: ³get in the crops/the harvest; get in
debts/taxes. ¸(b) ´obtain a supply of sth: ³get coal in for the winter; get in
more wine for Christmas. ·get one's hand/eye in, not get a word in edgeways,
get a blow in, µ¥ hand±1µ(1), eye±1µ(1), edgeways, ´and µblow±3µ(1).¼
·get into, ¸(a) ´put on: ³I can't get into these shoesÅthey're two sizes too
small! ¸(b) ´pass into a particular condition: ³get into trouble/a rage/a
temper; get into debt. ·get a girl into trouble, ´(colloq) make her pregnant.
µ¥ ´also µget with ´below. ¸(c) ´acquire: ³get into bad habits. ¸(d)
´associate with: ³get into undesirable company. ¸(e) ´learn by experience or
experiment: ³get into the way/habit/routine of doing something. ·get it into
one's head that«; get Úthis into your head that«, ´become convinced,
understand, that«¼
·get off, ´start: ³We got off immediately after breakfast. ·get off
lightly/cheaply, ´escape severe punishment or suffering. ·tell sb where to get
off/where he gets off, ´(colloq) tell him how far his misbehaviour, impudence,
etc will be tolerated, or that it will no longer be tolerated (= put sb in his
place). ·get sb/sth off, ´send: ³get letters/parcels off in good time; get the
children off to school. ·get sth off one's chest/hands, µ¥ chest(2),
hand±1µ(1). ·get sb off, ´save from punishment or a penalty: ³His youth and
inexperience got him off. A clever barrister may be able to get you off. ·get
sb off to sleep, ´help him to fall asleep: ³She got the baby off to sleep´, eÔg
by rocking it. ·get sth off, ´remove: ³get a ring off one's finger; get off
one's gloves. ·get sth off (by heart), ´learn it until the words can be
repeated mechanically. ·get off with sb, ´(colloq) have a romantic or sexual
encounter with him: ³The nurse got off with a young doctor at the dance. ·get
off with sth, ´escape more severe punishment or misfortune: ³He got off with
only a fine´, eÔg instead of possible imprisonment.¼
·get on, ´make progress; advance: ³He's sure to get on in life. Either get on
or get out´, Either do something or leave. ³Time is getting on´, is passing.
·get on sth, ´mount: ³He got on his bike/horse/the train. ·get on one's feet,
´stand; (fig) recover after a setback: ³The industry will need time to get on
its feet again. ·get on one's nerves, µ¥ nerve(2). ·be getting Úon for, ´(of
age or time) be approaching: ³He's getting on for seventy´, will soon be 70
years old. ³It's getting on for midnight. ·get Úon to sb, ¸(a) ´get in touch
with, eÔg by telephone; make contact with: ³If you're not satisfied with the
firm's service, get on to the manager. ¸(b) ´(colloq) succeed in recognizing,
eÔg dishonesty, deceit: ³He has tricked many of us but people are beginning to
get on to him at last. ·get on (with sb), ´work or live in a sociable way: ³The
new manager is easy to get on with. They don't get on at all well (together).
·get on (with sth), ´continue: ³Please get on with your work.¼
·get out, ´become known: ³The secret got out. If the news gets out there'll be
trouble. ·get sth out, ¸(a) ´utter: ³He managed to get out a few words of
thanks. ¸(b) ´produce; publish; distribute: ³Will we get the new dictionary
out by the end of the year? ·get out of (doing) sth, ¸(a) ´(fig) avoid; escape
(from): ³I wish I could get out of (going to) that wedding. ¸(b) ´(fig) abandon
gradually: ³get out of bad habits. ·get sth out of sb, ´extract: ³The police
have got a confession out of him´, have made him confess. ³Just try getting
money out of him!¼
·get over sb, ´(colloq) forget: ³He never got over Jane, you know, ´She stayed
in his memory. ·get over sth, ¸(a) ´recover from, eÔg illness, surprise, a
loss: ³I can't get over his rudeness. Fred didn't remarry; he never got over
the shock of losing Jane. ¸(b) ´overcome: ³She can't get over her shyness. ·get
sth over (with), ´reach the end of sth unpleasant or troublesome: ³I have to
see my dentist today; I'll be glad to get it over with. ·get sth over (to sb),
´cause (him) to understand it.¼
·get round sb, ´persuade sb into some action to which he was at first opposed
or indifferent; influence sb in one's favour; coax: ³Alice knows how to get
round her father. ·get round sth, ´evade, eÔg a law or regulation, but without
committing a legal offence; circumvent: ³A clever lawyer might find ways of
getting round that clause. ·get round to (doing) sth, ´deal with it (when more
important matters have been dealt with): ³I'm very busy this week but I hope to
get round to (answering) your request next week.¼
·get through (to), ´reach sb, arrive; make contact (with): ³I started as soon
as your message got through (to me). I rang you several times yesterday but
couldn't get through. ·get through (sth), ´pass, eÔg an examination: ³Tom
failed but his sister got through. ·get through (with) sth, ´reach the end of:
³I've got through a lot of correspondence today. He has got through ´(= spent)
³all his money. As soon as I get through (with) my work, I'll join you. ·get
through to sb that «, ´communicate to him that «: ³Try to get through to him
that he's ruining his own life. ·get sb through (sth), ´help to pass an
examination: ³get pupils through (an examination). ·get sth through, ´ensure
that it is done; make it law: ³get the proposal through the committee´, have it
discussed and accepted; ³get a Bill through Parliament.¼
·get to, ´reach a particular state. ·get down to business, µ¥ business(3).
·get to work, µ¥ work±1µ(1). ·get to grips with sth, µ¥ grip±2µ(1). ·get to the
point, µ¥ point±1µ(9).¼
·get together, ´come or meet together, eÔg for discussion or social purposes:
³Let's get together one evening and talk about old times. ´Hence,
¸Úget-together ³n ´eÔg a social reunion of old friends. ·get it/sth
together, ´(colloq) organise or manage it; put it in order. ·get oneself
together, ´(colloq) get control of oneself, one's feelings, etc. ·get
people/things together, ´collect them: ³The rebel leader couldn't get an army
together.¼
·get sth under control, µ¥ control. ·get sth under way, µ¥ way(8).¼
·get up, ¸(a) ´rise: ³What time do you get up´, iÔe from bed? ³He got up ´(=
stood up) ³to ask a question. ¸(b) ´mount: ³Get up behind me´, eÔg on a horse.
¸(c) ´begin to be violent: ³The wind/sea is getting up. ·get sb/sth up, ¸(a)
´cause to rise, be out of bed: ³Get the children up and dressed for school.
¸(b) ´arrange sb's/sth's appearance: ³got up to look like an Arab princess.
³The book is well got up´, well printed and bound. Hence, ¸Úget-up ³n ´(colloq)
¸(a) ´style or arrangement, eÔg of a book, periodical. ¸(b) ´style of dress,
esp if unusual: ³I wouldn't be seen dead with you in that get-up! ·get sth up,
´organize:³We're getting up a party for his birthday. ·get up steam, µ¥ steam.
·get up to sth, ¸(a) ´reach: ³We got up to page seventy-two last lesson. We
soon got up to the others´, caught up with them. ¸(b) ´become involved in (sth
unusual): ³What will they get up to next?¼
·get sb with child, ´(archaic) make her pregnant. ·get with it, ´(colloq) µ¥
with(12).¼
¨geum© ²/ÚdZiEm/ ³n ¶[C] ´kind of small garden plant.¼
¨gey®ser© ²/ÚgizE(r) ³US: ²ÚgñIzEr/ ³n ¸1 ´natural spring sending up at
intervals a column of hot water or steam. ¸2 ´(GB) apparatus for heating water,
eÔg by gas, in a kitchen, bathroom, etc.¼
¨gharry© ²/ÚgarI/ ³n (pl µ-ries³) ´(in India, etc) (horse-drawn) carriage.¼
¨ghast®ly© ²/ÚgqstlI ³US: ²Úgas-/ ³adj µ(-ier, -iest) ¸1 ´death-like; pale and
ill: ³looking @´; (also as ³adv´): ³@ pale. ¸2 ´causing horror or fear: ³a @
accident. ¸3 ´(colloq) very unsatisfactory or unpleasant: ³a @ dinner.¼
¨ghat© ²/gct/ ³n ¶[C] ´(in India) flight of steps leading to a
landing-place on a river bank. ¸Úburning @, ´level area at the top of a @ on
which Hindus cremate their dead.¼
¨ghee© ²/gi/ ³n ¶[U] ´clarified Indian buffalo-milk butter.¼
¨gher®kin© ²/Úg3kIn/ ³n ´small, green cucumber for pickling.¼
¨ghetto© ²/ÚgetE8/ ³n (pl µ@s ²/-tE8z/³) ¸1 ´(formerly, in some countries)
Jewish quarter of a town. ¸2 ´section of a town, lived in by underprivileged
classes, or people who are discriminated against, eÔg because of race or
religion.¼
¨ghost© ²/gE8st/ ³n ¸1 ´spirit of a dead person appearing to sb still living:
³He looked as if he had seen a @´, looked frightened. ³I don't believe in @s.
¸2 ´(old use) spirit of life. ·give up the @, ´die. ¸3 ´Spirit of God: (only
in) ¸the Holy G@, ´the Third Person of the Trinity. ¸4 ´sth shadowy or without
substance: ¸Ú@ town, ´one now deserted, eÔg an area where gold was once mined,
but is now abandoned. ·not have the Ú@ of a chance, ´no chance at all. ¸5
´(also ¸Ú@-writer´), ´person who does literary or artistic work for which his
employer takes the credit. ¸6 ´duplicated image on a television screen. ¹
³vt,vi ´act as a @-writer (for): ³@ed memoirs´, compiled by a @-writer.¼
¨ghost®ly© ²/ÚgE8stlI/ ³adj ¸1 ´of, like, suggesting, a ghost: ³vague shapes,
looking @ in the darkness. ¸2 ´(archaic) spiritual; from a priest: ³@
comfort/counsel. ¸ghost®li®ness ³n¼
¨ghoul© ²/gul/ ³n ¸1 ´(in stories) spirit that robs graves and
feeds on the corpses in them. ¸2 ´person with gruesome and unnatural tastes and
habits. ¸@®ish ²/-I2/ ³adj ´gruesome; revolting.¼
¨GÔI© ²/*dZi ÚñI/ ³n ´enlisted soldier of the US army: ³a GÔI bride´, bride (in
or from a country other than the US) of such a soldier.¼
¨gi®ant© ²/ÚdZñIEnt/ ³n ¸1 ´(in fairy tales) man of very great height and size.
¸2 ´man, animal or plant much larger than normal; (fig) person of extraordinary
ability or genius. ¸3 ´(attrib) of great size or force: ³@ strength; a @
cabbage. ¸@®ess ²/ÚdZñIEntes/ ³n ´female @.¼
¨gib®ber© ²/ÚdZIbE(r)/ ³vi ¶[VP2A,C] ´talk fast or make meaningless sounds
(like an ape, or as when the teeth knock together through cold or fear). ¸@®ish
²/ÚdZIbErI2/ ³n ¶[U] ´meaningless sounds; unintelligible talk.¼
¨gib®bet© ²/ÚdZIbIt/ ³n ¸1 ´(hist) gallows. ¸2 ´wooden post with an arm, on
which corpses of executed criminals were formerly exposed as a warning. ¸3
´death by hanging. ³¹ ³vt ´put to death by hanging; expose on a gibbet; (fig)
hold up to contempt or ridicule.¼
¨gib®bon© ²/ÚgIbEn/ ³n ´kinds of long-armed ape. µ¥ ´the illus at µape.¼
¨gib®bous© ²/ÚdZIbEs/ ³adj ¸1 ´(of the moon) having the bright part greater
than a semicircle and less than a circle. µ¥ ´the illus at µphase. ¸2 ´humped;
hunch-backed.¼
¨gibe©, jibe ²/dZñIb/ ³vi ¶[VP2A,3A] ·@ (at), ´jeer or mock; make fun of: ³@ at
a boy's mistakes. ¹ n ´taunt; cruel joke: ³cheap @s, ´easy but unnecessary
mockery. ¸gib®ing®ly ²/ÚdZñIbIGlI/ ³adv¼
¨gib®lets© ²/ÚdZIblIts/ ³n pl ´heart, liver, gizzard, etc of a goose, hen, etc
taken out before the bird is cooked: ³giblet soup´, soup made from these
parts.¼
¨giddy© ²/ÚgIdI/ ³adj µ(-ier, -iest) ¸1 ´causing, having, the feeling that
everything is turning round; feeling that one cannot stand firm: ³look down
from a @ height. If you turn round quickly fifty times, you will feel @. ¸2
´too fond of pleasure; not serious; without steady principles: ³a @ young
girl; a @ life of pleasure. ·play the @ goat, µ¥ goat. ¸gid®dily ³adv
¸gid®di®ness ³n¼
¨gift© ²/gIft/ ³n ¸1 ¶[C] ´sth given: ³@s to charities; Ú@ vouchers/coupons.
´Cf ³birthday and Christmas presents. ¸2 ¶[C] ´natural ability or talent: ³have
a @ for art/languages; a woman of many @s´, talented by nature. ·look a @-horse
in the mouth, µ¥ mouth±1µ(1). ¸3 ¶[U] ´right or power to give: ³The
post ³is in the @ of the Prime Minister´, He has the right to bestow it. ¹ ³vt
¶[VP6A] ´bestow, eÔg land, as a @ to sb. ¸@ed ³adj ´having great natural
ability: ³@ed with rare talents; a @ed pianist.¼
¨gig© ²/gIg/ ³n ¸1 ´(hist) small, light two-wheeled carriage pulled by one
horse. ¸2 ´(naut) ship's small boat for oars or sails, eÔg for the captain's
use. ¸3 ´(modern colloq) (pop or jazz music) engagement to play.¼
¨gi®gan®tic© ²/dZñIÚgantIk/ ³adj ´of immense size: ³He has a @ appetite, and
eats @ meals.¼
¨giggle© ²/ÚgIgl/ ³vi ¶[VP2A] ´laugh lightly in a nervous or silly way; ¶[VP6A]
´express by giggling: ³She @d her appreciation of my silly joke. ´¹ ³n ´laugh
of this kind.¼
¨gig®olo© ²/ÚZIgElE8/ ³n (pl µ@s ²/-lE8z/³) ´professional male dancing-partner
who may be hired by wealthy women; paid male companion of a wealthy older
woman.¼
¨Gilbertian© ²/gIlÚb3tIEn/ ³adj ·a @ situation, ´humorously ridiculous or
paradoxical situation as in Gilbert and Sullivan operas.¼
¨gild©1 ²/gIld/ ³vt (pp ´usu µ@ed, ´sometimes µgilt ²/gIlt/, µ¥
gilt ´below) ¶[VP6A] ´cover with gold leaf or gold-coloured paint; make bright
as if with gold: ³@ a picture-frame. ·@ the lily, ´spoil the beauty of sth by
unnecessary embellishment. ·@ the pill, ´make an unpleasant necessity seem
attractive. ¸@ed youth, ´young people of fashion and wealth. ¸@er ³n ´person
who @s (picture-frames, etc). ¸@®ing ³n ¶[U] ´material with which things are
@ed.¼
¨gild©2 µ¥ guild.¼
¨gill©1 ²/gIl/ ³n ´(usu ³pl´) organ with which a fish breathes. µ¥ ´the illus
at µfish.¼
¨gill©2 ²/dZIl/ ³n ´one-quarter of a pint liquid measure. µ¥ App
5.¼
¨gil®lie© ²/ÚgIlI/ ³n ´man or boy attending a sportsman in Scotland while
fishing or shooting.¼
¨gilt© ²/gIlt/ ³n ¶[U] ´gilding. µ¥ gild. ·take the @ off the gingerbread,
´(prov) take away the most attractive feature. ¸*@-edged Ústocks/seÚcurities,
´investments that are considered safe.¼
¨gim®bals© ²/ÚdZImblz/ ³n ´(usu ³pl´) contrivance (of rings and pivots) for
keeping instruments, eÔg a compass, horizontal on a ship at sea.¼
¨gim®crack© ²/ÚgImkrak/ ³adj ´worthless, flimsy and badly made: ³@ ornaments.¼
¨gim®let© ²/ÚgImlIt/ ³n ´small tool, with a handle usu fixed crosswise, used
for boring holes in wood, etc. µ¥ ´the illus at µtool. ¸@ eye, ´searching
glance.¼
¨gim®mick© ²/ÚgImIk/ ³n ¶[C] ´(colloq) trick, device, catchword, mannerism,
article of wear, etc used for publicity purposes, to identify sth or sb.¼
¨gin©1 ²/dZIn/ ³n ¸1 ´trap or snare for catching animals, etc. ¸2 (cotton) @,
´machine for separating raw cotton from its seeds. ¹ ³vt µ(-nn-) ¶[VP6A] ¸1
´catch (animals, etc) in a trap or snare. ¸2 ´treat (cotton) in a gin.¼
¨gin©2 ²/dZIn/ ³n ¶[U] ´colourless alcoholic drink distilled from grain or
malt and flavoured with juniper berries, often drunk with tonic water, and used
in many kinds of cocktail.¼
¨gin®ger© ²/ÚdZIndZE(r)/ ³n ¶[U] ¸1 ´(plant with) hot-tasting root used in
cooking, as a flavouring and for making a kind of wine. ¸2 ´liveliness;
spirit; energy: ³a ·Ú³@ group´, (in Parliament) group of MÔP's that urges the
Government to be more active. ¸3 ´(also as ³adj´) light reddish-yellow colour:
³@ hair. ¸4 ¸*@ Úbeer/Úale, ´kinds of non-alcoholic aerated drink flavoured
with @. ¸Ú@®bread ³n ´dark-coloured cake or biscuit flavoured with @. µ¥ gilt.
¸Ú@ nut, ´biscuit flavoured with @. ´¹ ³vt ¶[VP6A,15B] ·@ (up), ´make more
vigorous or lively.¼
¨gin®ger®ly© ²/ÚdZIndZElI/ ³adv ´with great care and caution to avoid harming,
making a noise, etc: ³set about sth @. ´¹ ³adj ´cautious: ³in a @ fashion.¼
¨ging®ham© ²/ÚgIGEm/ ³n ¶[U] ´printed cotton or linen cloth, usu
with designs in stripes or checks.¼
¨gingko© ²/ÚgIGkE8/ ³n (pl µ@s, @es ²/-kE8z/³) ´tree native to China and Japan
with fan-shaped leaves.¼
¨gin®seng© ²/ÚdZInseG/ ³n ¶[U] ´plant of which the aromatic root is used in
medicine.¼
¨gipsy©, Gypsy ²/ÚdZIpsI/ ³n (pl µ-sies³) ¸1 gipsy, ´(playfully) attractive or
mischievous person, esp one with black, sparkling eyes. ¸2 Gypsy, ´member of a
wandering, originally Asiatic people, who move about in caravans and make camps
from time to time, and earn a living by collecting scrap material,
horse-dealing, fortune-telling, basket-making, etc: (attrib) ³a @
girl/camp/orchestra.¼
¨gi®raffe© ²/dZIÚrqf ³US: ²-Úraf/ ³n ´African animal with a very long neck and
legs and dark patches on its coat. µ¥ ´the illus at µlarge.¼
¨gird© ²/g3d/ ³vt (pt,pp µgirded ´or µgirt ²/g3t/³) ´(poet or rhet) ¸1 ¶[VP15B]
·@ on, ´fasten, attach: ³@ on a sword. ¸2 ¶[VP15B] ·@ up, ´raise and fasten,
eÔg with a belt or sash: ³@ up one's clothes. ·@ up one's loins´, prepare for
action. ¸3 ´encircle: ³a sea-girt isle, ´surrounded by the sea.¼
¨girder© ²/Úg3dE(r)/ ³n ´wood, iron or steel beam to support the joists of a
floor; compound structure of steel forming the span of a bridge, roof, etc.¼
¨girdle©1 ²/Úg3dl/ ³n ¸1 ´cord or belt fastened round the waist to keep
clothes in position. ¸2 ´corset. ¸3 ´sth that encircles like a @: ³a @ of
green fields round a town. ´¹ ³vt ¶[VP15A,B] ·@ about/around/with, ´encircle:
³a lake @d with trees.¼
¨girdle©2 ²/Úg3dl/ ³n ´(Scot) = µgriddle.¼
¨girl© ²/g3l/ ³n ´female child; daughter; young woman; woman working in a shop,
office, etc. ¸Ú@®(friend) ´regular companion with whom one may or may not be in
love. ´(GB) ¸*G@ ÚGuide, ´(US) ¸*G@ ÚScout, ´member of an organization for @s,
with principles and aims similar to those of the Scout Association. ¸Ú@®hood
²/-h8d/ ³n ¶[U] ´state or time of being a @. ¸@®ish ²/-I2/ ³adj ´of, for, like
a @: ³@ish games/behaviour/laughter. ¸@®ish®ly ³adv ¸@®ish®ness ³n¼
¨giro© ²/ÚdZñIrE8/ ³n ¶[U] ´(comm) system of credit transfer
between banks. ¸National G@, ´(GB) similar system operated by the Post Office.¼
¨girt© ²/g3t/ µ¥ gird.¼
¨girth© ²/g3T/ ³n ¸1 ´leather or cloth band tightened round the body of a
horse to keep the saddle in place. µ¥ ´the illus at µharness. ¸2 ´measurement
round anything that is roughly like a cylinder in shape: ³a tree 10 metres in
@´, in circumference; ³my @´, my waist measurement.¼
¨gist© ²/dZIst/ ³n ¸the @, ´main points or substance; general sense: ³Tell me
the @ of what he said.¼
¨give©1 ²/gIv/ ³vt,vi (pt µgave ²/geIv/³, pp µgiven ²/ÚgIvn/³) ´(For
uses with ³adverbial particles ´and ³preps, µ¥ 13 ´below.) ¸1 ¶[VP12A,13A,2A]
·@ (to), ´hand over (to sb) without payment or exchange, eÔg as a present or
gift: ³I gave David a book. I gave a book to each of the boys. Each of the
boys was @n a book. A book was @n to each of them. I gave it him ´(= to him).
³G@ me one. G@ one to me. He @s generously´, is generous in giving money, etc.
¸2 ¶[VP12B,16A] ·@ for sth; @ to do sth, ´cause (sb) to have (sth) in exchange
for sth else, for payment, as compensation, etc: ³How much will you @ me for my
old car? I would @ anything to know what happened. ¸3 ¶[VP12A,13A] ·@ (to),
´allow (sb or sth) to pass into the care or safekeeping or custody of; entrust
(to): ³G@ the porter your bags. G@ your money to the hotel manager to be
looked after. ¸4 ¶[VP12A] ´allow (sb) to have, eÔg time; cause (sb) to have,
eÔg trouble; concede; grant: ³You'd better @ yourself half an hour for the
journey. G@ me five minutes and I'll change the wheel. They gave me a week to
make up my mind. "The car has a good engine' "OK, I'll @ you that ´(= concede
that you're right on that point) ³but the body's very rusty'. ·@ sb
(some/no/any, etc) trouble, ´cause or make trouble to: ³Did you @ your
parents much trouble when you were young? ¸5 ¶[VP6A,12A,13A] ´furnish; supply;
provide: ³The sun @s us warmth and light. You should @ ´(more usu ³set) them a
good example. You should @ a good example to your young brothers and sisters.
¸6 ¶[VP12A,13A] ´be the source or origin of: ³You've @n me your cold, ´I've
caught a cold from you. ¸7 ¶[VP6A,13A ´Note that ¶12A ´is not used¶] ´devote;
dedicate: ³He gave his life to the cause of peace. ¸8 ¶[VP12A] ´(used in the
imper ´to show preference): ³G@ me liberty or @ me death´, If I cannot have
liberty, I prefer to die. ³G@ me Bach and Beethoven, not these modern
crash-bang-tinkle composers. ¸9 ¶[VP6A,12A,13A] ´(used with a ³n ´in a pattern
that may be replaced by one in which the ³n ´is used as a ³v´): ³@ a
groan/laugh/sigh/yell´, groan, laugh, sigh, yell; ³@ a shrug of the shoulders´,
shrug the shoulders; ³@ three cheers´, cheer three times; ³@ sb a
kick/push/shove´, kick/push/shove him; ³@ sb a ring´, phone him. ¸10 ´(in fixed
phrases) ·@ birth (to), µ¥ birth. ·@ chase (to), µ¥ chase±1µ. ·@ currency (to),
µ¥ currency. ·@ one's ears, µ¥ ear±1µ(1). ·@ evidence of, µ¥ evidence. ·@
ground, µ¥ ground±1µ(2). ·@ place to, µ¥ place±1µ(10). ·@ rise to, µ¥
rise±1µ(5). ·@ or take«, ´plus or minus: ³She'll be here at 4 o'clock, @ or
take a few minutes. He's six feet tall, @ or take an inch or two. ´Cf ³give and
take ´at give±2´. ·@ sb best, ´(old use) admit his superiority. ·@ sb to
understand that«,´inform, assure him, that«:³I was @n to understand that you
might help me to find employment. ·@ it to sb, ´(colloq) punish or reprimand
him. ·@ sb sth to cry for, µ¥ cry±1µ(2). ·@ sb what Úfor/a piece of one's mind,
´(colloq) punish or scold him. ·@ way, ¸(a) ´retire, retreat: ³Our troops had
to @ way. ¸(b) ´fail to support: ³The ice gave way and we all went through into
the water. I felt the foundations giving way. The rope gave way´, broke,
snapped. ·@ way (to sth/sb), ¸(a) ´yield; allow priority to: ³G@ way to traffic
coming in from the right. ¸(b) ´be replaced by: ³Tears gave way to smiles. ¸(c)
´abandon oneself to: ³Don't @ way to despair/grief/tears. ¸(d) ´make
concessions (to): ³We mustn't @ way to these unreasonable demands. ¸11 ¶[VP2A]
´lose firmness; bend; yield to pressure: ³The branch gave ´(eÔg swung
downwards) ³but did not break. His knees seemed to @´, to feel weak (so that he
fell down). ³This chair @s comfortably´, is soft and springy. ³The frost is
beginning to @´, is less severe. ¸12 g@n ³pp ¸(a) ´(in formal documents)
delivered: ³@n under my hand and seal in this fifth day of May, 1705. ¸(b)
´granting or assuming that one has, eÔg as a basis for reasoning: ³G@n good
health, I hope to finish the work this year. ¸(c) ´agreed upon; assigned:
³under the @n conditions. They were to meet at a @n time and place. ¸(d) Ú@n
name, ´name @n to a child in addition to its family name, eÔg ³David ´in ³David
Hume. ¸(e) ·be @n to sth/doing sth, ´have as a habit: ³He's @n to boasting. I'm
not much @n to wild forecasts. ¸13 ¶[VP2C,15B,3A] ´(uses with ³adverbial
particles ´and ³preps)´:¼
·give sb away, ´(esp) hand over (the bride) to the bridegroom at a wedding:
³The bride was @n away by her father. ·@ sth away, ¸(a) ´allow sb else to
have; sacrifice: ³You've @n away a good chance of winning the match. ¸(b)
´distribute: ³The Mayor gave away the prizes at the sports meeting. ¸(c) ´@
freely, not expecting anything in return: ³He gave away all his money. ¸(d)
´reveal, intentionally or unintentionally: ³Don't @ away my secret. His accent
gave him away´, made known who or what he was. Hence, ¸Ú@-away ³n ´(colloq)
¸(a) ´sth given without charge: ³airlines which present @-aways ´(= gifts) ³to
their passengers. The last question on the exam paper was a @-away´, so easy
that it needed no effort, etc. ¸(b) ´sth revealed, intentionally or
unintentionally: ³The expression on the thief's face was a @-away´, showed his
guilt. ·*@ the Úgame away, µ¥ game±1µ(5).¼
·give sth back (to sb); @ sb back sth, ´restore; return: ³@ a thing back to its
rightful owner; @ a man back his liberty; a wall of rock that @s back loud
echoes.¼
·give sth forth, ´(old use or liter) give sth off.¼
·give in (to sb), ´surrender; yield; submit: ³The rebels were forced to @ in.
He has @n in to my views´, has accepted them. ³Mary usually has to @ in to her
big brother, ´accept his plans, etc and abandon her own. ·@ sth in, ´hand over
(papers, etc) to the proper authorities: ³Please @ in your examination papers
now. ·@ one's name in (to sb), ´make known one's willingness or readiness for
sth; eÔg a duty, as a candidate, etc.¼
·give sth off, ´emit, send out, eÔg smoke, smell, etc.¼
·give on to, ´look out on; overlook: ³The bedroom windows @ on to a courtyard.¼
·give out, ´come to an end; be exhausted: ³Our food supplies began to @ out.
Her patience/strength gave out. ·@ sb out/not out, ´(cricket, of the umpire)
say that the batsman has been/has not been defeated. ·@ sth out, ´distribute;
send out: ³@ out books/handbills. ·@ sb out to be; @ it out that sb is,
´announce: ³It was @n out that Mr Hall would be the chief speaker.¼
·give upon, ´= @ on to.¼
·give over, ´(sl) stop: ³Please @ over crying. Do @ over! ·@ sb/sth over (to
sb), ´hand (the usu word) over; deliver: ³@ sb over to the police. ·be @n over
to sth, ¸(a) ´be abandoned to (an undesirable state): ³be @n over to despair.
¸(b) ´be devoted to: ³The period after supper was @n over to games.¼
·give up, ´abandon the attempt (to do sth, to find the answer to sth): ³I can
do nothing more; I @ up. I can't answer that puzzle; I @ up. ·@ sb up, ¸(a)
´say that one regards sb, or his state, as hopeless: ³Even his teachers have @n
him up´, have decided that he cannot be reformed. ³The doctors have @n him up´,
say that they cannot cure him. ¸(b) ´(colloq) stop keeping company with
him: ³She was tired of Tom's nagging so she gave him up. ¸(c) ´no longer expect
sb: ³She was so late that we had @n her up. ·@ sb up for lost, ´no
longer expect him to be found or saved. ·@ sb/oneself/sth up (to sb),
´surrender; part with: ³@ up a fortress; @ up one's seat to sb´, eÔg in a
crowded bus. ³Shall we let the thief go or @ him up ´(= deliver him) ³to the
police? The escaped prisoner gave himself up. ·@ sth up, ´stop (doing) it: ³I
wish I could @ up smoking. ·give up the ghost, ´die.¼
¨give©2 ²/gIv/ ³n ¶[U] ´quality of being elastic, of yielding to
pressure: ³A good dance floor should have a certain amount of @ in it. A stone
floor has no @ in it; ´(fig) (of a person) quality of yielding: ³There's no @
in him´, He does not concede anything, eÔg in negotiations, argument. µ¥
give±1µ(11). ¸@ and take, ´compromise; mutual concession; willingness on both
sides to give way: ³There must be @ and take if the negotiations to settle an
industrial dispute are to succeed. ´(attrib) ³Is marriage a @-and-take affair?¼
¨given© ²/ÚgIvn/ ³pp ´of µgive±1µ.¼
¨giver© ²/ÚgIvE(r)/ ³n ´one who gives: ³a generous/cheerful @.¼
¨giz®zard© ²/ÚgIzEd/ ³n ´bird's second stomach for grinding food; (fig, colloq)
throat: ³It sticks in my @´, is a proposal, etc that I dislike intensely.¼
¨glac_e© ²/ÚglaseI ³US: ²glaÚseI/ ³adj ´(of fruits) iced, sugared; (of leather,
cloth) smooth, polished.¼
¨gla®cial© ²/ÚgleIsIEl ³US: ²ÚgleI2l/ ³adj ´of ice or the ice age: ³the @
era/epoch´, the time when large areas of the northern hemisphere were covered
with ice; (fig) ³a @ ´(= icy) ³manner/smile.¼
¨gla®cier© ²/ÚglasIE(r) ³US: ²ÚgleI2Er/ ³n ¶[C] ´mass of ice,
formed by snow on mountains, moving slowly along a valley. µ¥ ´the illus at
µmountain.¼
¨glad© ²/glad/ ³adj µ(-der, -dest) ¸1 ³(pred ´only) pleased: ³be/look/feel @
about something; @ to see someone. I am @ of your success/that you have
succeeded. ¸2 ´causing or bringing joy; joyful: ³Have you heard the @
news/tidings? All nature seemed @´, was bright and beautiful, as if rejoicing.
·give sb the Ú@ eye, ´(sl) give an amorous, inviting look. ·give sb the @ hand,
´(sl) offer the hand of welcome. ¸Ú@ rags, ´(sl) clothes for a festive
occasion. ¸@®den ²/Úgladn/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´make @. ¸@®ly ³adv ¸@®ness ³n ¸@®some
²/-sEm/ ³adj ´(liter) cheerful; joyful.¼
¨glade© ²/gleId/ ³n ´clear, open space in a forest.¼
¨gladi®ator© ²/ÚgladIeItE(r)/ ³n ´(in ancient Rome) man trained to fight with
weapons at public shows in an arena. ¸gladia®tor®ial ²/*gladIEÚtcrIEl/ ³adj
´of @s: ³@ial combats.¼
¨gladi®olus© ²/*gladIÚE8lEs/ ³n (pl µ-li ²/-lñI/ ´or µ@es³) ´plant with
sword-shaped leaves and spikes of brightly coloured flowers.¼
¨glam®our© ´(US also ¸glamor´) ²/ÚglamE(r)/ ³n ¶[U] ¸1 ´charm or
enchantment; power of beauty or romance to move the feelings: ³the @ of
moonlight on the sea. ¸2 ´alluring beauty or charm, often with sex-appeal.
¸glamor®ous ²/-Es/ ³adj ´full of @: ³glamorous film stars. ¸glamor®ize ²/-ñIz/
³vt ¶[VP6A] ´make glamorous: ³newspapers that glamorize the lives of film
stars. ¸glamor®iz®ation ²/*glamErñIÚzeI2n ³US: ²-rIÚz-/ ³n¼
¨glance© ²/glqns ³US: ²glans/ ³vi,vt ¸1 ¶[VP2C,3A] ·@ at/over/through/round,
´take a quick look: ³@ at the clock; @ over/through a letter; @ round a room.
She @d shyly at him from behind her fan. ¶[VP15A] ³He @d his eye down the
classified advertisements. ¸2 ¶[VP3A] ·@ off, ´(of a weapon or a blow)
quickly slip or slide: ³The arrow @d off his armour. ¸3 ¶[VP2C] ´(of bright
objects, light) flash: ³Their helmets @d in the sunlight. ´¹ ³n ¸1 ´quick look:
³take a @ at the newspaper headlines; loving @s. ·at a @, ´immediately on
looking. ·at first @, ´= at first sight, µ¥ sight±1µ(2). ¸2 ´(sudden movement
producing a) flash of light: ³a @ of spears in the sunlight.¼
¨gland© ²/gland/ ³n ´simple or complex organ that separates from the blood
those substances that are to be used by or expelled from the body: ³a snake's
poison @s; milk-producing @s in a female; sweat @s. ¸@u®lar ²/Úglandj8lE(r)
³US: ²-dZ8-/ ³adj ´of, like, or involving a gland.¼
¨glan®ders© ²/ÚglandEz/ ³n ¶[U] ´contagious disease of horses with swellings
below the jaw, and sores in the nose and throat.¼
¨glare©1 ²/gleE(r)/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´strong, fierce, unpleasant light: ³the @ of
the sun on the water; ´(fig) ³in the full @ of publicity, ´with public
attention directed towards one. ¸2 ¶[C] ´angry or fierce look; fixed look:
³look at someone with a @.¼
¨glare©2 ²/gleE(r)/ ³vi,vt ¸1 ¶[VP2A,C] ´shine in a dazzling or disagreeable
way: ³The tropical sun @d down on us all the day. ¸2 ¶[VP2A,C,3A] ·@ (at),
´stare angrily or fiercely: ³They stood glaring at each other. ¶[VP6A,14] ·@
(at), ³They @d defiance/hate at me. ¸glar®ing ³adj ¸1 ´dazzling: ³a car with
glaring headlights; glaring neon signs. ¸2 ´angry; fierce: ³glaring eyes. ¸3
´gross; conspicuous: ³a glaring error/blunder; glaring injustice. ¸4 ´(of
colours) crude; gaudy.¼
¨glass© ²/glqs ³US: ²glas/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´hard, brittle substance (as
used in windows), usu transparent: ³bottles made of @; a man with a @ eye. ¸2
¶[C] ´article made of this substance. ¸(a) ´@ drinking vessel or its contents:
³drink a @ of milk; have a @ too much´, drink too much alcoholic liquor, be
rather drunk. ¸(b) ´(also ¸Úlooking-@´) mirror made of @. ¸(c) ´telescope: ³The
sailor looked through his @. ¸(d) ´barometer: ³The @ is falling. ¸(e) ³(pl)
´(rarely ¸Úeye-@es´) ´spectacles: ³She can't read without @es. ¸(f) ³(pl)
´binoculars. ¸(g) ·Ú³magnifying @, ´@ lens on a handle for making writing, etc
appear larger. µ¥ ´the illus at µmagnet. ¸3 ¶[U] ´vessels and articles made of
@: ³There's plenty of @ in the house´, plenty of drinking @es, wine @es, @
bowls and dishes, etc. ³There are many acres of @ in Jersey´, acres covered
with @houses (for growing plants). ¸4 ´(compounds) ¸Ú@-blower ³n ´workman who
blows molten @ to shape it into bottles, etc. ¸Ú@-cutter ³n ´workman who cuts
designs on @; tool for cutting @. ¸Ú@®house ³n ´building with @ sides and roof
(for growing plants); (sl) military prison. ·People who live in @houses
shouldn't throw stones, ´(prov) People with faults shouldn't criticize those of
others. ¸Ú@®ware ²/-weE(r)/ ³n ¶[U] ´articles made of @. ¸*@-Úwool ³n ¶[U]
´fine @ fibres used for filtering and in man-made fibres. ¸Ú@®works ³n pl
´(with ³sing v´) factory where @ is manufactured. ´¹ ³vt ¶[VP6A,15B] ·@ (in),
´fit with @; glaze: ³a @ed-in veranda. ¸@®ful ²/-f8l/ ³n ´as much as a drinking
@ will hold. ¸@y ³adj µ(-ier, -iest) ´like @ in appearance: ³a @y calm; ´(of
the sea, etc) smooth and shiny; ³a @y stare/look/eye´, lifeless,
expressionless, fixed.¼
¨glau®coma© ²/glcÚkE8mE/ ³n ¶[U] ´eye disease involving gradual
loss of sight.¼
¨glau®cous© ²/ÚglckEs/ ³adj ¸1 ´dull greyish green or blue. ¸2 ´(of leaves,
grapes, etc) covered with bloomµ(3)´.¼
¨glaze© ²/gleIz/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A,15B] ·@ (in), ´fit glass into: ³@ a
window/house; @ in a porch/veranda´, enclose it with glass. ¸2 ¶[VP6A,15B] ·@
(over), ´cover with a glass-like surface: ³@ pottery/porcelain/bricks. ¸3
¶[VP2A,C] ·@ (over), ´(of the eyes) become glassy: ³His eyes @d over. His eyes
were @d in death. ´¹ ³n ¶[C,U] ´(substance used for, surface obtained by
giving, a) thin glassy coating: ³a Satsuma vase with a fine crackle @.¼
¨glaz®ier© ²/ÚgleIzIE(r) ³US: ²-ZE(r)/ ³n ´workman who fits glass into the
frames of windows, etc.¼
¨gleam© ²/glim/ ³n ¶[C] ¸1 ´beam or ray of soft light, esp one that comes and
goes: ³the @ of a distant light-house; the first @s of the morning sun. ¸2
´(fig) brief show of some quality or emotion: ³a novel with an occasional @ of
humour/intelligence; a @ of hope; a man with a dangerous @ in his eye´, with a
threatening look. ¹ ³vi ¶[VP2A,C] ´send out @s: ³a cat's eyes @ing in the
darkness; glass reflector studs @ing in the roadway.¼
¨glean© ²/glin/ ³vi,vt ¶[VP2A,6A] ´pick up grain left in a harvest field by
the workers; (fig) gather news, facts in small quantities: ³@ a field; @ corn.
¸@er ³n ´person who @s. ¸@®ings ³n pl ´(usu fig) small items of knowledge @ed
from various sources.¼
¨glebe© ²/glib/ ³n ¸1 ´(poet) earth; field. ¸2 ´portion of land that forms
part of a clergyman's benefice.¼
¨glee© ²/gli/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´feeling of joy caused by success or triumph: ³shout
with @. She was in high @ when she learnt the news. ¸2 ¶[C] ´song for three or
four voices singing different parts in harmony. ¸@®ful ²/-fl/ ³adj ´full of @;
joyous. ¸@®fully ²/-fElI/ ³adv¼
¨glen© ²/glen/ ³n ´narrow valley.¼
¨Glen®garry© ²/*glenÚgarI/ ³n (pl µ-ries³) ´kind of cap worn in the
Highlands of Scotland.¼
¨glib© ²/glIb/ ³adj µ(-bber, -bbest) ´(of a person, what he says or how he says
it) ready and smooth, but not sincere: ³a @ talker; @ excuses; @ in finding
excuses; have a @ tongue. ¸@®ly ³adv ¸@®ness ³n¼
¨glide© ²/glñId/ ³vi ¶[VP2A,C] ´move along smoothly and continuously: ³The
skier @d skilfully down the snow-covered slope. The skaters @d across the ice.
A boat @d past. ´¹ ³n ´gliding movement or sound. ¸@r ²/ÚglñIdE(r)/ ³n
´aircraft without an engine. ¸glid®ing ³n ´sport of flying in @rs.¼
¨glim®mer© ²/ÚglImE(r)/ ³vi ¶[VP2A,C] ´send out a weak, uncertain light:
³lights @ing in the distance. ´¹ ³n ´weak, faint, unsteady light: ³a @ of light
through the curtains; ´(fig) ³a @ of hope; not the least @ of
intelligence.¼
¨glimpse© ²/glImps/ ³n ´short look ³(at ´sth or sb). ·get/catch a @ of sb/sth,
´have a quick, imperfect view: ³get/catch a @ of something from the window of a
train. ´¹ ³vt ¶[VP6A,19A] ´catch a @ of.¼
¨glint© ²/glInt/ ³vi ´gleam. ¹ ³n ´gleam or flash: ³@s of gold in her hair.¼
¨glis®sade© ²/glIÚseId ³US: ²-Úsqd/ ³vi ´(mountaineering) slide on the feet
down a steep slope of ice or snow (usu with the support of an ice-axe);
(ballet) make a sliding step. ¹ ³n ´such a slide or step.¼
¨glissando© ²/glIÚsandE8/ ³adv, adj ´(music) passing quickly up or down the
scale.¼
¨glis®ten© ²/ÚglIsn/ ³vi ¶[VP2A,C] ´(esp of wet or polished surfaces,
tear-filled eyes) shine brightly; sparkle: ³@ing dew-drops; eyes @ing with
tears.¼
¨glis®ter© ²/ÚglIstE(r)/ ³vi, n ´(poet) glitter.¼
¨glit®ter© ²/ÚglItE(r)/ ³vi ¶[VP2A,C] ´shine brightly with flashes of light;
sparkle: ³stars @ing in the frosty sky; @ing with jewels. ´¹ ³n ¶[U]
´brilliant, sparkling light: ³the @ of the Christmas tree decorations. ¸@®ing
³adj ´brilliant; attractive: ³@ing prizes.¼
¨gloam®ing© ²/ÚglE8mIG/ ³n ¸the @, ´(poet) evening twilight.¼
¨gloat© ²/glE8t/ ³vi ¶[VP2A,3A] ·@ (over sth), ´look at with selfish delight:
³@ over one's wealth/the ruin of a rival; a miser @ing over his gold.
¸@®ing®ly ³adv¼
¨glo®bal© ²/ÚglE8bl/ ³adj ´world-wide; embracing the whole of a group of
items, etc.¼
¨globe© ²/glE8b/ ³n ¸1 ´object shaped like a ball; model of the earth;
spherical chart of the earth or the constellations. ¸the @, ´the earth. ¸2
´spherical glass vessel, esp a lampshade or a fishbowl. ¸3 Ú@ fish ³n ´fish
able to inflate itself into the shape of a @. ¸Ú@-trot ³vi ¶[VP2A] ´travel
hurriedly through many foreign countries. ¸Ú@-trotter ³n ´person who does
this.¼
¨glob®ule© ²/Úglobjul/ ³n ´tiny drop, esp of liquid. ¸globu®lar ²/Úglobj8lE(r)/
³adj ´globe-shaped; made of @s.¼
¨glock®en®spiel© ²/ÚglokEnspil/ ³n ´musical instrument consisting of metal bars
which are struck with two light hammers. µ¥ ´the illus at µpercussion.¼
¨gloom© ²/glum/ ³n ¶[C,U] ¸1 ´semi-darkness; obscurity. ¸2 ´feeling of sadness
and hopelessness: ³The future seems to be filled with @. The news cast a @ over
the village.¼
¨gloomy© ²/ÚglumI/ ³adj µ(-ier, -iest) ¸1 ´dark, unlighted. ¸2 ´depressed;
depressing: ³a @ outlook over roofs and chimneys; feeling @ about the future.
¸gloom®ily ²/-IlI/ ³adv¼
¨glor®ify© ²/ÚglcrIfñI/ ³vt (pt,pp µ-fied³) ¶[VP6A] ¸1 ´give adoration and
thanksgiving to (God); worship; give honour and glory to (a hero). ¸2 ´invest
(sth common or simple) with splendour; make (sth or sb) seem more imposing:
³His weekend cottage is only a glorified barn. ¸glori®fi®ca®tion
²/*glcrIfIÚkeI2n/ ³n ¶[U] ´@ing or being glorified.¼
¨glori®ous© ²/ÚglcrIEs/ ³adj ¸1 ´splendid; magnificent: ³a @ sunset/view. ¸2
´illustrious; honourable; possessing or conferring glory: ³a @ victory; the @
reign of Queen Elizabeth ²¥´. ¸3 ´(colloq) enjoyable: ³have a @ time; @ fun.
¸4 ´(ironic) dreadful: ³What a @ mess! ¸@®ly ³adv¼
¨glory© ²/ÚglcrI/ ³n ¶[U] ¸1 ´high fame and honour won by great achievements.
¸2 ´adoration and thanksgiving offered to God: ³"G@ to God in the highest.' ¸3
´quality of being beautiful or magnificent: ³the @ of a sunset. ¸4 ´(sometimes
¶[C] ³pl µ-ries´) reason for pride; subject for boasting; sth deserving respect
and honour: ³the glories of ancient Rome. ¸5 ´heavenly splendour: ³the saints
in @. ¸6 ´(colloq uses) ³go to @´, die; ³send sb to @´, kill him. ¸Ú@-hole ³n
´room, drawer, filled untidily with miscellaneous articles. ¹ ³vi ¶[VP3A] ·@
in, ´rejoice in, take great pride in: ³@ in one's strength/in working for a
good cause.¼
¨gloss©1 ²/glos/ ³n ¸1 ´smooth, bright surface: ³the @ of silk and satin;
material with a good @. ¸*@ Úpaint ³n ´paint which, when dry, leaves a @ (usu
washable) surface. ¸2 ´(usu ¸a @ ´) deceptive appearance: ³a @ of
respectability´, eÔg over a life of secret wrongdoing. ¹ ³vt ¶[VP15A] ·@ over,
´give a @(µ2´) to; cover up or explain away (an error, etc): ³@ over sb's
faults. ¸@y ³adj µ(-ier, -iest) ´smooth and shiny: ³a @y photographic print;
@y hair; @y periodicals´, those printed on high quality @y paper, with
photographs, coloured illustrations, etc, esp those periodicals dealing with
clothes, fashions, etc. ¸@®ily ²/-IlI/ ³adv ¸@i®ness ³n¼
¨gloss©2 ²/glos/ ³n ¶[C] ´explanation (in a footnote, or in a list
at the end of an article, a book, etc) of a word in the text; comment;
interpretation. ¹ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´add a @ or @es to (a text); write @es on; make
comments on.¼
¨gloss®ary© ²/ÚglosErI/ ³n (pl µ-ries³) ¶[C] ´collection of glosses; list and
explanations of special, eÔg technical, obsolete, words.¼
¨glot®tis© ²/ÚglotIs/ ³n ´opening between the vocal cords at the upper part of
the windpipe. µ¥ ´the illus at µhead. ¸glot®tal ²/Úglotl/ ³adj ´of the @.
¸glottal stop, ´speech sound produced by a complete closure of the @, followed
by an explosive release of breath.¼
¨glove© ²/glAv/ ³n ´covering of leather, knitted wool, etc for the hand, usu
with separated fingers. µ¥ ´the illus at µbase. ·fit like a @, ´fit perfectly.
·be hand in @ (with), ´be in close relations (with). ·take off the @s to sb;
handle sb without @s, ´argue or contend in earnest, without mercy.
¸Ú@-compartment ³n ´compartment in the dashboard of a car, for small articles.¼
¨glow© ²/glE8/ ³vi ¶[VP2A,C] ¸1 ´send out brightness or warmth without flame:
³@ing embers/charcoal; @ing metal from the furnace. ¸2 ´(fig) be, look, feel,
warm or flushed (as after exercise or when excited): ³@ing with
enthusiasm/health/pride. ¸3 ´show strong or warm colours: ³woods and forests
@ing with autumn tints. ´¹ ³n sing ´(with ³def ´or ³indef art´) @ing
state; warm or flushed look; warm feeling: ³in a @ of enthusiasm; cheeks with
the @ of health on them; (all) in a @ after a hot bath; the @ of the sky at
sunset. ¸Ú@-worm ³n ´insect of which the wingless female gives out a green
light at its tail. ¸@®ing ³adj ´showing warm colour or (fig) enthusiasm: ³give
a @ing account of what happened; describe an event in @ing colours. ¸@®ing®ly
³adv¼
¨glower© ²/Úglñ8E(r)/ ³vi ¶[VP2A,3A] ·@ (at), ´look in an angry or
threatening way. ¸@®ing®ly ³adv¼
¨glu®cose© ²/ÚglukE8s/ ³n ¶[U] ´grape sugar.¼
¨glue© ²/glu/ ³n ¶[U] ´thick, sticky liquid used for joining things, eÔg broken
wood, crockery. ¹ ³vt (pt,pp µglued´, ³pres p µgluing³) ¶[VP6A,15A,B] ·@ (to),
¸1 ´stick, make fast, with @: ³@ two pieces of wood together; @ a piece of wood
on to something. ¸2 ´put tightly or closely: ³His eyes were/His ear was @d to
the keyhole. Why must you always remain @d to your mother´, Why can you never
be separated from your mother? ¸@y ²/ÚgluI/ ³adj ´sticky, like @.¼
¨glum© ²/glAm/ ³adj µ(-mmer, -mmest) ´gloomy; sad. ¸@®ly ³adv ¸@®ness ³n¼
¨glut© ²/glAt/ ³vt µ(-tt-) ¶[VP6A,14] ·@ (with), ¸1 ´supply too much to: ³@ the
market (with fruit, etc). ¸2 ´overeat; satisfy to the full; fill to excess: ³@
one's appetite; @ oneself with rich food; @ted with pleasure. ´¹ ³n ¶[C]
´supply in excess of demand: ³a @ of pears in the market.¼
¨glu®ten© ²/ÚglutEn/ ³n ¶[U] ´sticky substance (protein) that is
left when starch is washed out of flour. ¸glu®ti®nous ²/ÚglutInEs ³US:
²-tEnEs/ ³adj ´of or like @; sticky.¼
¨glut®ton© ²/ÚglAtn/ ³n ´person who eats too much: ³You've eaten the whole pie,
you @! He's a @ for work´, (fig) is always willing and ready to work. ¸@®ous
²/ÚglAtEnEs/ ³adj ´very greedy (for food). ¸@®ous®ly ³adv ¸@y ²/-tEnI/ ³n ¶[U]
´habit or practice of eating too much.¼
¨gly®cer®ine© ´(US = ¸gly®cer®in´) ²/ÚglIsErin ³US: ²-rIn/ ³n ¶[U] ´thick,
sweet, colourless liquid made from fats and oils, used in medical and toilet
preparations and explosives.¼
¨G-man© ²/ÚdZi man/ ³n ´(US colloq) federal criminal investigation
officer.¼
¨gnarled© ²/nqld/ ³adj ´(of tree trunks) twisted and rough; covered with knobs:
³a @ old oak; @ ´(= knotty, deformed) ³hands/fingers.¼
¨gnash© ²/na2/ ³vi,vt ¸1 ¶[VP2A] ´(of the teeth) strike together, eÔg in rage.
¸2 ¶[VP6A] ´(of a person) cause (the teeth) to do this: ³wailing and @ing of
teeth.¼
¨gnat© ²/nat/ ³n ´small two-winged fly that stings; (fig) insignificant
annoyance. ·strain at a @, ´hesitate over a trifle.¼
¨gnaw© ²/nc/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A,15B,3A] ·@ (at), ´bite steadily at (sth hard):
³The dog was @ing (at) a bone. The rats had @ed away some of the woodwork. He
was @ing his finger-nails with impatience. ¸2 ¶[VP6A,3A] ·@ (at), ´torment;
waste away: ³fear and anxiety @ing (at) the heart; the @ing pains of hunger.¼
¨gnome© ²/nE8m/ ³n ´(in tales) small goblin living under the ground (often
guarding treasures of gold and silver).¼
¨gnu© ²/nu/ ³n ´wildebeest. µ¥ ´the illus at µlarge.¼
¨go©1 ²/gE8/ ³vi (3rd pers pres t µgoes ²/gE8z/³, pt µwent
²/went/³, pp µgone ²/gon ³US: ²gcn/³) ´(For idiomatic uses with ³adverbial
particles ´and ³preps, µ¥ 29 ´below.) ¸1 ¶[VP2A,C,3A,4A] ´(with a ³prep ´or
³adv ´of place or direction, present or implied; µ¥ come´) ·go (from/to),
´move, pass, ³from ´one point ³to ´another and away from the speaker, etc ´(cf
³come from/to´): ³Shall we go (there) by train or by plane? He has gone to
China´, is now in, or on his way to, China. ³He has gone to see his sister. Go
and get your hat. Let's go to the cinema. Let's go´, Let's leave. ³They came at
six and went ´(= left) ³at nine. I must be going now´, must leave now. ³I wish
this pain would go (away). All hope is gone ´(more usu today, ³has gone´). ³Be
gone! Go away! ´(the more usu expression today). ³Who goes there? ´(challenge
from a sentry = Say who you are). ¸2 ¶[VP2C] ¸(a) ´be placed; have as a usual
or proper position: ³Where do you want your piano to go? ´Where shall we put
it? ³"Where does this teapot go?' "In that cupboard.' This dictionary goes on
the top shelf. ¸(b) ´be fitted or contained in: ³My clothes won't go into this
small suitcase. 7 into 15 won't go´, 15 does not contain exact
multiples of 7. ¸3 ¶[VP2A,B,C,3A] ·go (from/to), ´reach, extend; last; (of a
person's behaviour, remarks, achievements, etc) reach certain limits: ³This
road goes to London. I want a rope that will go from the top window to the
ground. Differences between employers and workers go deep´, Their views are far
apart. ·go a long way, ¸(a) ´last: ³She makes a little money go a long way´,
buys many things, etc by careful spending. ³A little of this paint goes a long
way´, covers a large area. ¸(b) ´(colloq) be as much as one can bear: ³A little
of his company goes a long way´, One can endure his company for a short time
only. ·go a long way/go far towards doing sth, ´make a considerable
contribution towards: ³The Prime Minister's statement went a long way towards
reassuring the nation. ·go (very) far, ¸(a) ´last: ³A pound doesn't go far
nowadays´, doesn't last, doesn't buy much. ¸(b) ´(of a person, future tense)
succeed: ³He will go far in the diplomatic service, ´will win promotion, etc.
·go too far, ´go beyond acceptable limits: ³That's going too far´, saying or
doing more than is right. ³You must apologize at onceÅyou've gone too far´,
exceeded the limits of accepted behaviour, etc. ·go (any) further, ´go beyond a
certain point: ³I'll give you $50, but I can't go any further. Need I go any
further, ´do or say anything more? ·go as/so far as to do sth, ´do or say sth
to a certain limit: ³I won't go as far as to say he's dishonest´, won't accuse
him of this, even though I may suspect him of it. ³I would go so far as to
suggest that the House of Lords should be abolished. ·as far as it goes, ´to a
limited extent: ³That's all very well as far as it goes, ´The limitations of
the statement, explanation, etc must be realised. ³What he says is true as far
as it goes´, suggesting that further information, knowledge, etc is needed or
desirable. ·go to great lengths/trouble/pains (to do sth), ´take care to do sth
well: ³He went to great trouble to make his guests comfortable. ·go to one's
head, µ¥ head±1µ(19). ·go as low/high as, ´(of a price) reach a certain level:
³I'll go as high as $250´, will offer this sum, eÔg at an auction. ·go one
better (than sb), ´improve on what he has done: ³I hit the target 17 times out
of 20, but Tom went one better and scored 18. It all/just goes to show/prove
that´, tends or helps to show/prove that. ¸4 ·go on a journey/trip/outing,
´make a journey, take a trip, have an outing, etc. ·go for a walk/swim, etc,
´go out in order to walk, swim, etc. ·go walking/swimming, etc, ´take part in
the activity of walking, swimming, etc: ³Do they often go sailing? ´Is sailing
sth they often do? (Cf ³Let's go for a walk, referring to a specified
occasion.) ³Bill has gone (out) shopping, ´has gone to buy things in the shops.
¸5 ´(in the pattern ·go ³+ prep + n) ¸(a) ´pass into/from the state indicated
by the ³n. ·go into abeyance, µ¥ abeyance. ·go from bad to worse, µ¥ bad±1µ(4).
·go into a coma/trance, µ¥ coma, trance. ·go out of fashion, µ¥ fashion. ·go
into liquidation, µ¥ ³liquidation ´at µliquidate. ·go to pieces,
µ¥ piece±1µ(1). ·go to pot, µ¥ pot±1µ(2). ·go to rack and ruin, µ¥ rack±4µ. ·go
into retirement, µ¥ ³retirement ´at µretire. ·go to seed, µ¥ seed. ·go to
sleep, µ¥ sleep±1µ(3). ·go out of use, µ¥ use±1µ(1). ·go to war, µ¥ war. ¸(b)
´go to the place, etc indicated for the purpose associated with it. ·go to the
block/stake, µ¥ block±1µ(3), stake. ·go to church, ´attend a church service.
·go to hospital, µ¥ hospital. ·go to market, µ¥ market. ·go to
school/college/university, ´attend school, etc in order to learn or study. ·go
to sea, ´become a sailor. ·go on the stage, µ¥ stage. ·go on the streets, µ¥
street. ¸(c) ´have recourse to. ·go to the country, µ¥ country. ·go to law, µ¥
law(6). ¸6 ¶[VP3A] ·go to sb, ´pass into sb's possession; be allotted to: ³Who
did the property go to when the old man died´, Who inherited it? ³Honours do
not always go to those who merit them. The first prize went to Mr Hill. ¸7
¶[VP2D] ´become; pass into a specific condition: ³go blind/mad, etc. He went
purple with anger/grey with worry. Fish soon goes bad ´(= rotten) ³in hot
weather. The children went wild with excitement. This material has
gone a nasty colour. Kensington went Labour at the by-election,
´changed politically by returning the Labour candidate to Parliament. ³Will the
country go Democrat next year? ·go berserk, µ¥ berserk. ·go broke, ´become
penniless. ·go dry, µ¥ dry±1µ(12). ·go flat, ´(of liquid) lose its gas content:
³This beer has gone flat. ·go haywire, µ¥ hay. ·go native, ´adopt the mode of
life of the natives of the country in which one is living. ·go phut, ´(colloq)
(of machines) collapse: ³The old car went phut half way up the hill; ´(fig):
³His plan/scheme/project has gone phut. ·go scot-free/unchallenged/unpunished,
´be free from penalty or punishment; escape being challenged. ¸8 ¶[VP2A,C] ´be
moving, working, etc: ³This clock doesn't go. Is your watch going? Her tongue
was going nineteen to the dozen, µ¥ dozen. ³The play went (down) like a bomb´,
(colloq) was very favourably received. µ¥ go down ´in µ28 ´below. ·a going
concern, ´a business in working order, operating well. ¸9 ¶[VP2C,D] ´be or live
habitually in a specific state or manner: ³Refugees often go hungry. The men of
this tribe used to go naked. He went in fear of his life. You'd better go armed
´(= carry a weapon) ³while in the jungle. She is six months gone, ´six
months pregnant. ¸10 ¶[VP2C,D,E] ´(after ³How) ´progress: ³How's everything
going? ³How's work going? How goes work? How goes it? ´(colloq) How are you?
´(with an ³adv ´or ³adv ´equivalent, eÔg ³adjj ´such as ³slow, easy´,
indicating manner of progress): ·go badly/well, ´(of work, events) proceed
(un)satisfactorily: ³All has gone well with our plans´, they've succeeded.
³Things went better than had been expected. ·go easy (on/with sb/sth), ´be less
strenuous, less severe; handle gently or carefully: ³Go easy with/on the
butter, that's all we have´, don't be wasteful. ³Go easy with her, she's too
young to realise her mistake. ·go slow, ¸(a) ´(of traffic) move forward slowly.
¸(b) ´(of workers in factories, etc) work slowly, esp to reduce output, as a
protest against sth or to draw attention to demands. Hence, ¸Úgo-slow ³n
¶[C] ´such slow work. ·be going strong, ´be proceeding vigorously; be still
flourishing: ³He's ninety and/but still going strong. ¸11 ¶[VP2A,C] ´work;
operate: ³This machine goes by electricity. I've been going hard (at it) all
day and I'm exhausted. ¸12 ¶[VP2A,C] ´(in progressive tenses only) be
available, be offered: ³Are there any jobs going? ¸13 ¶[VP2C,3A] ·go (to sb)
for, ´be sold (to sb) for: ³The house went cheap. I shan't let mine go ´(= sell
it) ³for less than $8Ô000. ·go for a song, µ¥ song. ·Going! Going! Gone! ´(used
at an auction to announce the closing of the bidding). ¸14 ¶[VP3A] ·go on/in,
´(of money) be spent on: ³How much of your money goes on food and clothes/in
rent? Half the money he inherited went in gambling debts. ¸15 ¶[VP2A,C] ´be
given up, abandoned, lost: ³I'm afraid the car must go´, We can no longer
afford to run it, so must sell it. ³My sight is going´, I'm losing my ability
to see. ¸16 ¶[VP2A,C] ´be current or accepted; be commonly thought of or
believed: ³The story goes that«. ´It is said that«. ¸17 ¶[VP2A] ·as
people/things go, ´considering the average person/thing: ³They're good cars as
cars go nowadays´, judging them from the average or usual type today. ³Five
pounds for a pair of shoes is not bad as things go today´, in view of how much
things cost today. ¸18 ¶[VP2A] ´fail; collapse; give way; break off: ³First the
sails and then the mast went in the storm. The bank may go ´(= fail) ³any day.
He's far gone´, is critically ill or (colloq) is mad. ·let oneself go, ´relax,
enjoy oneself, etc. ¸19 ´die: ³He is going/ has gone, poor fellow! ·dead and
gone´, dead and buried. ¸20 ¶[VP2A,C] ´be decided: ³The case ´(iÔe in a law
court) ³went against him´, he lost. ³The case went in his favour´, he won. ³How
did the election go at Hull´, Who was elected? ³Does promotion go by favour in
your firm? ¸21 ´(various phrases) ·go bail (for sb), µ¥ bail±1µ. ·go Dutch
(with sb), µ¥ Dutch. ·go shares/halves (in sth with sb), µ¥ share±1µ(1), half.
·go sick, µ¥ sick±1µ(2). ·Úgo it, ´(colloq) act vigorously, indulge in wild
spending, etc. ·go it alone´, act by oneself, without support. ¸22 ¶[VP2A,C]
¸(a) ´have a certain wording or tune: ³I'm not quite sure how the words go/tune
goes. ¸(b) ´(of a verse or song) be adaptable (to a certain tune): ³It goes to
the tune of "Three Blind Mice'. ¸23 ´(colloq) (followed by ³and ´and another
³v´) proceed to do sth: ³Go and shut the door, would you? ´(as an informal
request). ³Go and ask that policeman the way. Now you've gone and done it´,
(sl) have made a mistake, blundered. ¸24 ¶[VP2A,C] ´make a specific sound: ³The
clock goes "tick-tock, tick-tock'. "Bang!' went the gun. ¸25 ´(in bridge±2´)
¶[VP6A] ´bid; declare: ³go two spades/three no trumps. ¸26 ¶[VP2A] ´begin an
activity: ³One, two, three, go! ´or ³Ready, steady, go! ´(eÔg as a signal for
competitors in a race to start). ³Well, here goes! ´(used to call attention to
the fact that one is about to start to do sth). ¸27 ´(used to express the
future) ·be going to do sth, ¸(a) ´indicating what is intended, determined or
planned: ³We're going to spend our holidays in Wales this year. I'm going to
have my own way. We're going to buy a house when we've saved enough money. ¸(b)
´indicating what is considered likely or probable: ³Look at those black
cloudsÅwe're going to have/there's going to be a storm. ¸(c) ´expressing the
immediate or near future (= ³about to´): ³I'm going to tell you a story. I'm
going to be twenty next month. ¸28 ´(compounds) ¸Úgo-ahead ³n µ¥ go ahead ´in
µ29 ´below. ¸*go-as-you-Úplease, ³attrib adj ´untroubled by regulations.
¸Úgo-by, µ¥ go by ´in µ29 ´below. ¸go-Úslow, µ¥ 10 ´above. ¸*go-to-Úmeeting,
³attrib adj ´(dated colloq of hats, clothes, etc) worn on special occasions,
eÔg for church: ³wearing their Sunday go-to-meeting clothes. ¸29 ¶[VP2C,15B,3A]
´(idiomatic uses with ³adverbial particles ´and ³preps´):¼
·go about, ¸(a) ´move from place to place; pay visits: ³I don't go about
much anymore. ¸(b) ´(of rumours, stories, etc) pass from person to person, usu
verbally; be current: ³A story/rumour is going about that«. ¸(c) ´(of a ship)
change course or tackµ(3)´. ·go about sth, ´set to work at: ³You're not going
about that job in the right way. We'll have to go about it more carefully. ·go
about one's business, ´deal with one's own affairs (rather than with sb
else's). ·go about with sb, ´spend time (in public) regularly with him: ³go
about with a bunch of thugs.¼
·go after sb/sth, ´try to win or obtain: ³He's going after that pretty Swedish
girl´, is trying to win her interest or affection. ³He's gone after a job in
the City.¼
·go against sb, ¸(a) ´oppose: ³Don't go against your father. ¸(b) ´have an
unsatisfactory outcome: ³The war is going against them´, They seem likely to
be defeated. µ¥ ´also µ20 ´above. ·go against sth, ´be contrary to: ³It goes
against my principles/interests. ·go against the grain, µ¥ grain.¼
·go ahead, ¸(a) ´make progress: ³He's going ahead fast. The Joneses are very
go-ahead ´(= progressive) ³people; it's difficult to keep up with them. ¸(b)
´proceed without hesitation: ³"May I start now?' "Yes, go ahead'. ´Hence,
¸Úgo-ahead ³n ´permission to proceed: ³give them the go-ahead.¼
·go along, ´proceed: ³You may have some difficulty first but you'll find it
easier as you go along. ·go along with sb, ¸(a) ´accompany: ³I'll go along
with you as far as the main road. ¸(b) ´agree with: ³I can't go along with you
on that point.¼
·go at sb/sth, ¸(a) ´rush at; attack: ³They went at each other furiously. They
went at it tooth and nail/hammer and tongs´, fought furiously. ¸(b) ´take sth
in hand, deal with it energetically: ³They were going at the job for all they
were worth, ´making the utmost possible effort to do the work.¼
·go away, ´leave. ·go away with sb/sth, ´take with, abscond with: ³He has gone
away with my razor, ´has taken it with him.¼
·go back, ¸(a) ´return. ¸(b) ´extend backwards in space or time: ³His family
goes back to the time of the Norman Conquest´, can be traced back to then. ·go
back on/upon, ´fail to keep; break or withdraw from, eÔg a promise: ³He's not
the sort of man who would go/to go back on his word.¼
·go before (sth), ´precede: ³Pride goes before a fall.¼
·go behind sth, ´search for sth: ³go behind a person's words´, look for a
hidden meaning in what he says. ·go behind sb's back, ´do or say sth without
his knowledge.¼
·go beyond sth, ´exceed: ³You've gone beyond your instructions. That's going
beyond a joke´, is too serious to be amusing.¼
·go by, ´pass: ³Time went by slowly. We waited for the procession to go by.
·Úgo by sth, ¸(a) ´be guided or directed by: ³I shall go entirely by what my
solicitor says´, shall follow his advice. ³That's a good rule to go by´, to be
guided by. ¸(b) ´form an opinion or judgement from: ³Have we enough evidence
to go by? It's not always wise to go by appearances. I go by what I hear. ·*go
by the Úbook, ´follow the rules closely. ·go by/under the name of, ´use the
name of; be called, ¸Úgo-by ³n´. ·give sb/sth the go-by, ´(colloq) ignore;
disregard; slight or snub: ³He gave me the go-by in the street yesterday´,
ignored me completely.¼
·go down, ¸(a) ´(of a ship, etc) sink. ¸(b) ´(of the sun, moon, etc) set. ¸(c)
´(of food and drink) be swallowed: ³This pill won't go down´, I can't swallow
it. ¸(d) ´leave a university for the vacation, having graduated, etc. ¸(e)
´(of the sea, wind, etc) become calm: ³The wind has gone down a little, ´is
less strong. ¸(f) ´(of prices) go lower: ³The price of eggs/The cost of living
has gone down. ¸(g) ·go down to the sea/country, etc, ´pay a visit to the
seaside, countryside, etc. ·go down before sb, ´be defeated or overthrown:
³Rome went down before the barbarians. ·go down (in sth), ´be written in; be
recorded or remembered in: ³It all goes down in his notebook. He'll go down in
history as a great statesman. ·go down to, ´be continued or extended as far
as: ³This "History of Europe' goes down to 1970. ·go down (with sb), ´(of an
explanation or excuse; of a story, play, etc) be accepted or approved (by
the listener, reader, audience, etc): ³The new play went down well/like a bomb
´(= extremely well) ³with provincial audiences. That explanation won't go down
well with me. The new teacher doesn't go down well with his pupils. ·go
down (with sth), ´fall ill (with an illness): ³Poor Peter Åhe's gone down with
'flu.¼
·go for sb, ¸(a) ´go to fetch: ³Shall I go for a doctor? ¸(b) ´attack: ³The dog
went for the postman as soon as he opened the garden gate. Go for him! ´(said
to a dog to urge him to attack). ³They went for me in the correspondence
columns of the papers. ¸(c) ´be applicable to: ³What I have said about Smith
goes for you, too. ·go for nothing/little, ´be considered of no/little value:
³All his work went for nothing.¼
·go forth, ´(formal) be published or issued: ³The order went forth that«.¼
·go forward, ¸(a) ´advance: ³A patrol went forward to investigate. ¸(b) ´make
progress: ³The work is going forward well.¼
·go in, ¸(a) ´enter: ³The key won't go in (the lock). This cork's too big; it
won't go in. She went in to cook the dinner. ¸(b) ´(of the sun, moon, etc) be
obscured by clouds: ³The sun went in and it grew rather cold. ¸(c) ´(cricket,
etc) begin an innings: ³Who goes in next? ¸(d) ´enter as a competitor: ³Go in
and win! ´(used as a form of encouragement). ·go in for sth, ¸(a) ´take, enter
(an examination or competition). ¸(b) ´have an interest in, have as a hobby,
etc: ³go in for golf/stamp-collecting/growing orchids.¼
·go into sth, ¸(a) ´enter: ³go into business; ³go into the Army/the
Church/Parliament. When did Britain go into Europe, ´join the EÔEÔC? ·go into
details, µ¥ detail±1µ(2). ¸(b) ´investigate; examine carefully: ³go into the
evidence; go deeply into a question. This problem will need a lot of going
into´, will need thorough investigation. ¸(c) ´(allow oneself to) pass into (a
certain state): ³go into fits of laughter/hysterical fits. ·go into mourning,
´wear black clothes as a symbol of mourning.¼
·go off, ¸(a) ´explode; be fired: ³The gun went off by accident.
¸(b) ´lose good quality; deteriorate: ³The cooking in the hotel has started
to go off. ³This milk has gone off´, turned sour. ³Meat and fish go off quickly
in hot weather. ¸(c) ´become unconscious, either in sleep or in a faint:
³Hasn't the baby gone off yet? She went off into a faint. ¸(d) ´(of goods) be
got rid of by sale: ³The goods went off quickly. ¸(e) ´(of events) proceed
well, etc: ³The performance/concert went off well. How did the sports meeting
go off? ¸(f) ´(as a stage direction in a printed play) leave the stage;
exit/exeunt: ³Hamlet goes off. ·go off sb/sth, ´lose interest in or one's taste
for: ³Jane seems to have gone off Peter. I've gone off beer. ·go off the beaten
track, µ¥ beaten. ·go off the deep end, µ¥ end±1µ(1). ·go off one's head, µ¥
head±1µ(19). ·go off with sb/sth, ´go away with, esp abscond with or steal:
³He's gone off to Edinburgh with his neighbour's wife. The butler went off with
some of the duke's treasured possessions.¼
·go on, ¸(a) ´(of time) pass: ³As the months went on, he became impatient. ¸(b)
´conduct oneself; behave, esp in a wrong, shameful or excited way: ³If you go
on like this you'll be thrown out. ¸(c) ´happen; take place; be in progress:
³What's going on there? There's nothing interesting going on here at present.
Harvesting was going on in the south. Things are going on much as usual. ¸(d)
´(theatre) appear on the stage: ³She doesn't go on until Act Two. ¸(e) ´take
one's turn at doing sth; (eÔg cricket) begin bowling: ³The captain told Snow to
go on next. ·Úgo on sth, ´take or accept, eÔg as evidence: ³What evidence have
we got to go on´, to be guided by in reaching a decision, etc? ·go on the
dole/social security/´(US)·welfare, ´obtain, eÔg when unemployed, payments
under various government schemes. ·go on the pill, ´start using contraceptive
pills. ·go on about sth, ´talk persistently and often irritatingly about: ³I
wish you'd stop going on about my smoking. ·go on (at sb), ´rail; nag; scold:
³She goes on at her husband continually. Oh, you do go on! ·be going on (for),
´(of age or time) be approaching: ³He's going on (for) seventy. ·be gone
on, ´(sl) be infatuated with: ³It's a pity Peter's so gone on Jane. ·go on to
sth/to do sth, ´do or say it next; proceed to it: ³Let's now go on to the next
item on the agenda. He went on to say that«, ´He next said that«. ³I shall now
go on to deal with our finances. ·go on (with sth/doing sth), ´continue,
persevere, with: ³Go on with your work. How much longer will this hot weather
go on? That's enough to go on with/to be going on with´, enough for our
immediate needs. ³Go on trying. I hope it won't go on raining all day. ·Go on
(with you)! ´(colloq) Don't expect me to believe that! Don't be so silly! etc,
according to context. ¸*goings-Úon ³n pl ´(colloq) (often with
³such strange/queer´) happenings; behaviour: ³I've never seen such queer
goings-on! ¸Úon-going ³adj ´continuing; progressing; evolving.¼
·go out, ¸(a) ´leave the room, building, etc: ³She was (all) dressed to go
out´, wearing outdoor clothes. ³Out you go! Do you often go out riding ´(iÔe
on a horse)? ¸(b) ´attend social functions, go to parties, dances, etc: ³She
still goes out a great deal, even at seventy-five. ·go out on a spree/on the
town, µ¥ spree, town. ¸(c) ´be extinguished: ³The fire ´(eÔg the fire burning
in the grate) ³has gone out. There was a power cut and all the lights went
out. ¸(d) ´become unfashionable: ³Has the fashion for boots/Have boots gone
out? ¸(e) ´(of a government) retire from power. ¸(f) ´(as used by workers of
themselves) strike: ³Are we likely to gain anything by going out? µ¥ ³come out
´in µcome(15) (d). ¸(g) ´(of a year, etc) end: ³The year went out gloomily. ·go
out on a limb, µ¥ limb(2). ·go out to, ´leave, eÔg one's own country, and go
to: ³He couldn't get work at home ´(eÔg in England) ³so went out to Australia.
·go out to sb, ´(of the heart, feelings) be extended to: ³Our hearts/sympathies
go out to those poor children orphaned by war. ·go out with sb, ´(colloq) be
regularly in sb's company: ³How long has Jane been going out with David? How
long have Jane and David been going out together?¼
·go over, ´(colloq) make an impression: ³I wonder whether this new play will
go over´, whether it will impress the public, be favourably received. ³David
didn't go over well with Jane's parents at the weekend. ·go over sth, ¸(a)
´examine the details of: ³We must go over the accounts carefully before we
settle them. ¸(b) ´look at; inspect: ³We should like to go over the house
before deciding whether we want to buy it. ¸(c) ´rehearse; study or review
carefully: ³Let's go over this chapter/lesson/the main facts/Scene 2 again.
´Hence, ¸*going-Úover ³n (pl µgoings-over³) ¸(a) ´(colloq) process of
examining or putting in good working order: ³The document will need a careful
going-over before we can make a decision. The patient was given a thorough
going-over by/from the doctor. ¸(b) ´(sl) beating: ³The thugs gave him a
thorough going-over, ´beat him repeatedly. ·go over to sb/sth, ´change one's
political party, side, a preference, etc: ³He has gone over to the Democrats.
I'm going over to a milder brand of cigarettes.¼
·go round, ¸(a) ´be enough, in number or amount, for everyone to have a share:
³There aren't enough apples/isn't enough whisky to go round. ¸(b) ´reach one's
destination by using a route other than the usual or nearest way: ³The main
road to Worcester was flooded and we had to go (a/the long way) round. ·go
round (to a place/to do sth), ´visit: ³We're going round to my mother's/to see
my mother at the weekend. ·go round the bend, ´(colloq) become hysterical,
enraged, mad, etc.¼
·go through, ¸(a) ´(= get through) be passed or approved: ³The Bill ´(iÔe in
Parliament) ³did not go through. ¸(b) ´be concluded: ³The deal did not go
through. ·go through sth, ¸(a) ´discuss in detail: ³Let's go through the
arguments again. ¸(b) ´search: ³The police went through the pockets of the
suspected thief. ¸(c) ´perform; take part in: ³She made him go through both a
civil and religious wedding. How long will it take to go through ´(= complete)
³the programme? ¸(d) ´undergo; suffer: ³go through hardships. ³If you only knew
what she has to go through with that husband of hers! ¸(e) ´(of a book) be
sold: ³The book went through ten editions´, Ten editions were sold out. ¸(f)
´reach the end of; spend: ³go through a fortune/all one's money. ·go through
with sth, ´complete; not leave unfinished: ³He's determined to go through with
the marriage in spite of his parents' opposition.¼
·go to/towards sth, ´contribute to, be contributed to: ³What qualities go to
the making of a statesman? This money can go towards the motor-bike you're
saving up for.¼
·go together, ¸(a) ´(of two or more things) be a normal accompaniment (of one
another): ³Crime and poverty often go together. ¸(b) ´match; be suitable
together: ³Do my green shirt and my blue jeans go together? µ¥ go with (c)
´below.¼
·go under, ¸(a) ´sink. ¸(b) ´(fig) fail; succumb; become bankrupt: ³The firm
will go under unless business improves.¼
·go up, ¸(a) ´rise: ³The barometer/temperature/thermometer is going up.
Everything went up (´iÔe in price³) in the budget except pensions. ¸(b) ´be
erected: ³New office blocks are going up everywhere. ¸(c) ´be blown up; be
destroyed by explosion or fire: ³The bridge went up with a roar when the mine
exploded. The whole building went up in flames. ¸(d) ´enter a university or
travel to a town, esp the capital: ³go up to London/to town. When will you go
up ´(eÔg to Cambridge)? ·go up sth, ´climb: ³go up a tree/ladder/wall/hill. ·go
up the wall, µ¥ wall.¼
·go with sb/sth, ¸(a) ´accompany: ³I'll go with you. We must go with the
times/tide´, do as others do nowadays. ³He always goes with his party´, votes,
etc as the party does. ¸(b) ´take the same view as: ³I can't go with you on
that´, can't agree with you. ¸(c) ´be a normal accompaniment of: ³Five acres
of land go with the house´, become the property of the buyers or are for the
use of the tenant. ³Disease often goes with squalor, but it is wrong to say
that crime always goes with poverty. ¸(d) ´match; be fitting and suitable
with: ³These new curtains don't go well with your carpet´, don't suit them. ³I
want some shoes to go with these trousers. ¸(e) ´(colloq) (of a young man or
girl) be often in the company of a person of the opposite sex possibly with a
view to marriage: ³go with a girl, µ¥ go out with sb ´above.¼
·go without (sth), ´endure the lack of: ³The poor boy often has to go without
supper. There's no money for a holiday this year; we'll just have to go
without. ·go without saying, ´be understood without actually being stated: ³It
goes without saying that she's a good cook.¼
¨go©2 ²/gE8/ ³n (pl µgoes ²/gE8z/³) ´(all uses colloq) ·all systems
go, ´(of launching or operating eÔg a spacecraft) all is ready to proceed. ·all
the go, ´very popular, fashionable: ³Leather pyjamas were all the go last year.
·at one go, ´at one attempt: ³He blew out all the candles on his birthday cake
at one go. ·be full of go; have plenty of go, ´be full of energy, enthusiasm.
·be on the go, ´be busy, active: ³She's been on the go all day´, has had no
rest. ·have a go (at sth), ´make an attempt: ³He had several goes at the high
jump before he succeeded in clearing it. The police warned the public not to
have a go because the bank raiders were armed´, not to try to intercept, catch
them. ·near go, ´narrow escape. ·no go, ¸(a) ´false start. ¸(b) ´impossible or
hopeless situation: ³It'll be no go to ask/asking for a rise when you arrive so
late. ¸*no-Úgo area, ´one to which access is prohibited to those who do not
live there.¼
¨goad© ²/gE8d/ ³n ´pointed stick for urging cattle on; (fig) sth
urging a person to action. ¹ ³vt ¶[VP6A,15B,14,17] ·@ sb on; @ sb into doing
sth, ´urge, drive forward: ³@ sb into a fury; be @ed by hunger into stealing.¼
¨goal© ²/gE8l/ ³n ¸1 ´point marking the end of a race; (football) posts between
which the ball is to be driven in order to score; point(s) made by doing this:
³score/kick a @; win by three @s to one; keep @´, protect the @. ¸Ú@®keeper,
@ie ²/ÚgE8lI/ ³n ´(colloq) player whose duty is to keep the ball out of the @.
¸Ú@-kick ³n ´(Association football) kick by the defending side after the
attacking side sends the ball over the @-line; (Rugby football) attempt to
kick a @. ¸Ú@-line ³n ´(football) line behind the @ posts, reaching to the
touch-lines. µ¥ ³touch-line ´at µtouch±1µ(7); ¥ ´the illus at µfootball,
Rugby. ¸2 ´(fig) object of efforts or ambition: ³one's @ in life; the @ of his
desires.¼
¨goat© ²/gE8t/ ³n ´small, active horned animal, µ¥ ´the illus at µdomestic.
¸Úshe-@ ´(or ¸Únanny-@´), female goat, kept for its milk. ¸Úhe-@ ´(or
¸Úbilly-@´), male goat. µ¥ kid±1µ(1). ·get one's @, ´(sl) irritate or annoy
one. ·play/act the giddy @, ´play the fool; behave in a foolish and excited
way. ·separate the sheep from the @s, ´the good from the bad. ¸Ú@-herd ³n
´person who looks after a flock of @s. ¸Ú@®skin ³n ¶[C,U] ´(garment made of)
skin of a goat. ¸@®ee ²/gE8Úti/ ³n ´small tuft of hair on the chin like a @'s
beard.¼
¨gob©1 ²/gob/ ³n ´(vulg) clot or lump of slimy substance.¼
¨gob©2 ²/gob/ ³n ´(derog sl) mouth.¼
¨gob©3 ²/gob/ ³n ´(US sl) sailor.¼
¨gob®bet© ²/ÚgobIt/ ³n ¶[C] ´lump or chunk, esp of meat.¼
¨gobble©1 ²/Úgobl/ ³vt,vi ¶[VP6A,15B,2A] ·@ (up), ´eat fast, noisily and
greedily.¼
¨gobble©2 ²/Úgobl/ ³vi ¶[VP2A,C] ´(of a turkeycock) make the characteristic
sound in the throat; (of a person) make such a sound when speaking, because of
rage, etc. ¹ ³n ´characteristic sound made by a turkeycock.¼
¨gobble®dy®gook© ²/ÚgobldIg8k/ ³n ¶[U] ´incomprehensible or pompous
specialist's jargon.¼
¨gob®bler© ²/ÚgoblE(r)/ ³n ´(US) male turkey.¼
¨go-between© ²/ÚgE8 bItwin/ ³n ´messenger or negotiator for two persons or
groups who do not or can not meet: ³In some countries marriages are arranged by
@s.¼
¨gob®let© ²/ÚgoblIt/ ³n ´glass or pottery drinking-vessel with a stem and base
and no handle.¼
¨gob®lin© ²/ÚgoblIn/ ³n ´mischievous demon; ugly-looking evil spirit.¼
¨go-cart© ²/ÚgE8 kqt/ ³n ´light handcart.¼
¨god© ²/god/ ³n ¸1 ´being regarded or worshipped as having power
over nature and control over human affairs; image in wood, stone, etc to
represent such a being: ³the blind god ´(or ³god of love´), Cupid ²/ÚkjupId/´;
³the god of the sea´, Neptune ²/Úneptjun ³US: ²-tun/´; ³a feast/sight for the
gods´, something extraordinary, exquisite, etc. ¸2 ¸God, ´the Supreme Being,
creator and ruler of the universe. ·God (almighty)! Good God! ³int ´(colloq)
exclamations of surprise, shock etc. ·God willing, ´if circumstances permit.
·God knows, ´= ³goodness knows, µ¥ goodness(3). ¸3 ´person greatly adored or
admired; very influential person; sth to which excessive attention is paid:
³make a god of one's belly´, think excessively about food and drink. ³He thinks
he's a (little) tin god´, used eÔg of an official who expects undeserved and
excessive respect. ¸4 ´(theatre) ¸the gods, ´(persons in the) gallery seats. ¸5
´(compounds) ¸Úgod®child, Úgod®daughter, Úgod®son ³nn ´person for whom a
godparent acts as sponsor at baptism. ¸Úgod®father, Úgod®mother, Úgod®parent
³nn ´person who undertakes, when a child is baptized, to take an active
interest in its welfare. ¸Úgod-damn(ed); ´(US) ¸Úgod®dam ²/Úgodam/ ³adj,adv ´Ï
(sl; intensive) very; very great. ¸Úgod®fearing ³adj ´reverent; living a good
life and sincerely religious. ¸Úgod®for®saken ³adj ´(of places) dismal;
wretched. ¸God's Úacre ³n ´(old use) churchyard. ¸Úgod®send ²/-send/ ³n ´piece
of good fortune coming unexpectedly; sth welcome because it is a great help in
time of need. ¸god®Úspeed ³n´: ³bid/wish sb godspeed´, wish him success on a
journey, etc.¼
¨god®dess© ²/ÚgodIs/ ³n ´female god, esp in Greek and Latin mythology: ³Diana,
the @ of hunting.¼
¨god®head© ²/Úgodhed/ ³n ¶[U] ´being God or a god; divine nature. ¸the G@´,
God.¼
¨god®less© ²/ÚgodlIs/ ³adj ´wicked; not having belief in God; not recognizing
God. ¸@®ness ³n¼
¨god®like© ²/ÚgodlñIk/ ³adj ´like God or a god in some quality.¼
¨god®ly© ²/ÚgodlI/ ³adj µ(-ier, -iest) ´loving and obeying God; deeply
religious. ¸god®li®ness ³n¼
¨go®down© ²/ÚgE8dñ8n/ ³n ´(in the East) warehouse.¼
¨go-get®ter© ²/*gE8 ÚgetE(r)/ ³n ´(colloq) pushing, enterprising person.¼
¨goggle© ²/Úgogl/ ³vi ¶[VP2A,3A] ·@ (at), ´roll the eyes about (or ³at ´sth);
stare at with bulging eyes: ³He @d at her in surprise. The frog's eyes seemed
to be goggling out of its head. ¸Ú@-box ³n ´(sl) TÔV set. ¸Ú@-eyed ³adj
´having staring, prominent, or rolling eyes.¼
¨goggles© ²/Úgoglz/ ³n pl ´large round spectacles with hoods to protect the
eyes from the wind, dust, water etc (worn by racing motorists, frogmen etc).
µ¥ ´the illus at µfrog.¼
¨go®ing© ²/ÚgE8IG/ ³n ´(µ¥ ´also µgo±1´) ¸1 ¶[U] ´condition of the ground, a
road, a race-course, etc, for walking, riding, etc: ³The @ is hard over this
mountain road. ¸2 ¶[U] ´method or speed of working or travelling: ³For a steam
train, 70 miles an hour is good @. ¸3 ´(usu ³pl´) ·comings and @s, ´(lit or
fig) arrivals and departures: ³the comings and @s in the corridors of power. ´¹
³adj ·a @ concern, µ¥ go±1µ(8).¼
¨goitre© ´(US = ¸goi®ter´) ²/ÚgãItE(r)/ ³n ´morbid swelling of the thyroid
gland (in the neck).¼
¨go-kart© ²/ÚgE8 kqt/ ³n ´small low racing car with open framework.¼
¨gold© ²/gE8ld/ ³n ¶[U] ¸1 ´precious yellow metal used for making coins,
ornaments, jewellery, etc: ³currencies backed by @; $500 in @´, in @ coins;
´(attrib) ³a @ watch/bracelet. ·worth one's weight in @, ´invaluable;
indispensable. ¸2 ´money in large sums; wealth. ¸3 ´(fig) brilliant or precious
things or qualities: ³a heart of @; a voice of @. ¸4 ´colour of the metal: ³the
red and @ of the woods in autumn; old @´, a dull, brownish-golden yellow. ¸5
´(compounds) ¸Ú@-beater ³n ´person whose trade is to beat @ into @-leaf.
¸Ú@-digger ³n ´person who digs for @; (sl) girl or woman who uses her
attractions to extract money from men. ¸Ú@-dust ³n ´@ in the form of dust, as
often found in @fields. ¸Ú@®field ³n ´district in which @ is found. ¸Ú@®finch
³n ´bright-coloured song-bird with yellow feathers in the wings. ¸Ú@®fish ³n
´small red carp kept in bowls or ponds. ¸*@-Úfoil, *@-Úleaf ³n ¶[U] ´@ beaten
into thin sheets. ¸Ú@®mine ³n ´place where @ is mined; (fig) source of wealth,
eÔg a shop that is very successful in making money. ¸*@-Úplate ³n ¶[U]
´articles ´(spoons, dishes and other vessels) made of @. ¸Ú@-rush ³n ´rush to a
newly discovered @field. ¸Ú@®smith ³n ´smith who makes articles of @. ¸Ú@
standard, µ¥ standardµ(4).¼
¨golden© ²/ÚgE8ldEn/ ³adj ¸1 ´of gold or like gold in value or
colour: ³@ hair. ¸2 ´precious; excellent; important: ³a @ opportunity. ¸the *@
Úage, ´(in Gk stories) the earliest and happiest period in history; period in a
nation's history when art or literature was most flourishing. ¸*@ Úhandshake,
´(usu large) sum of money given to a high-ranking member of a company when he
retires (in recognition of good work and loss of continuation of salary). ¸the
*@ Úmean, ´the principle of moderation. ¸the *@ Úrule, ´any important rule of
conduct (esp µMatt 7:12³, Treat others as you would like them to treat you).
¸*@ Úwedding´, fifieth wedding anniversary.¼
¨golf© ²/golf/ ³n ¶[U] ´game played by two or four persons, each with a small,
hard ¸Ú@-ball´, driven with a ¸Ú@-club´, into a series of 9 or 18 holes on
smooth greensµ(4) ´over a stretch of land (a ¸Ú@-course/-links´). ¹ ³vi ´play
@. ¸@er ³n ´person who plays @.¼
¨Gol®iath© ²/gEÚlñIET/ ³n ´giant. µ¥ 1 Sam 17.¼
¨gol®li®wog© ²/ÚgolIwog/ ³n ´black-faced doll with thick stiff hair.¼
¨golly© ²/ÚgolI/ ³int ´(sl) used to express surprise.¼
¨go®losh© ³n µ¥ galosh.¼
¨gon®dola© ²/ÚgondElE/ ³n ´long, flat-bottomed boat with high peaks at each
end, used on canals in Venice. ¸gon®do®lier ²/*gondEÚlIE(r)/ ³n ´man who
propels a @.¼
¨gone© ²/gon ³US: ²gcn/ ³pp ´of µgo.¼
¨goner© ²/ÚgonE(r) ³US: ²Úgcn-/ ³n ´(sl) person or thing in desperate straits,
ruined or doomed.¼
¨gong© ²/goG/ ³n ´metal disc with a turned rim giving a resonant note when
struck with a stick, esp as a signal, eÔg for meals. ¹ ³vt ´(of traffic
police) direct (a motorist) to stop by striking a @.¼
¨gonna© ²/ÚgonE/ ³c ´(US sl) = ³going to. µ¥ go±1µ(27).¼
¨gon®or®rhea© ´(also ¸-rhoea´) ²/*gonEÚrIE/ ³n ¶[U] ´contagious venereal
disease which causes an inflammatory discharge from the genital organs.¼
¨goo© ²/gu/ ³n ¶[U] ´(sl) sticky wet material; sentimentality. ¸gooey ²/ÚguI/
³adj ´sticky.¼
¨good©1 ²/g8d/ ³adj µ(better, best) ¸1 ´having the right or desired qualities;
giving satisfaction: ³a @ ´(eÔg sharp) ³knife; a @ fire´, one that is bright
and cheerful, giving warmth; ³@ ´(= fertile) ³soil. ³Is raw herring @ eating´,
Is it enjoyable to eat it? ¸2 ´beneficial; wholesome: ³Is this water @ to
drink´, Is it clean and pure? ³Milk is @ for children. Exercise is @ for the
health. ¸3 ´efficient; competent; able to do satisfactorily what is required:
³a @ teacher/driver/worker; a @ man for the position; @ at
mathematics/languages/describing scenery. She has been a @ wife to him. ¸4
´pleasing; agreeable; advantageous: ³@ news. ³It's @ to be home again. ·have a
@ time, ´enjoy oneself. Hence, ¸Ú@-time girl, ´(colloq) one whose chief aim is
enjoyment. ·(all) in @ time, ´at a suitable or advantageous time. ·be a @
thing, ´be sth that one approves of: ³Do you think lower taxes are a @ thing?
·be a @ thing that «, ´be fortunate that « ·have a good/bad night, ´sleep
well/badly. ·put in/say a @ word for sb, ´say sth in his favour.
·start/arrive/leave in @ time, ´early. ¸5 ´kind; benevolent; willing to help
others: ³It was @ of you to help them. Will you be @ enough to/be so @ as to
come early? How @ of you! ´Cf ³do sb a @ turn, µ¥ turn±1µ(5)´; (in exclamations
of surprise, shock, etc.) ·*³G@ ·Ú³God! ·*³G@ ·Ú³Gracious! ·*³G@ ·Ú³Heavens! ¸6
´thorough; sound; complete: ³give sb a @ beating/scolding; have a @ drink; find
a @ excuse; go for a @ long walk. ·have a @ mind (to do sth), ´feel a strong
desire to: ³I've a @ mind to report you to the police. ¸7 ´strong; vigorous:
³His eyesight is still @. The children were in @ spirits. µ¥ ³low spirits ´at
µlow±2µ(6). ¸8 ´amusing: ³a @ story/joke; as @ as a play. ¸9 ´fresh; eatable;
untainted: ³Fish does not keep @ in hot weather. This meat doesn't smell quite
@. ¸10 ´reliable; safe; sure: ³a car with @ brakes; @ debts´, debts that will
certainly be paid. µ¥ ³bad debts ´at µbad±1µ(4). ³He's a @ life´, is healthy
and is, therefore, likely to be acceptable for life assurance. ·@ for, ¸(a)
´safely to be trusted for (the amount stated): ³His credit is @ for $5Ô000.
¸(b) ´(of a draft, etc) drawn for (the amount stated): ³@ for $5. ¸(c) ´having
the necessary energy, inclination, etc: ³He's @ for several years' more
service. My car is @ for another five years. Are you @ for a five-mile walk?
¸(d) ´valid: ³The return half of the ticket is @ for three months.
¸Ú@-for-nothing, Ú@-for-naught ³adjj, nn ´worthless (person). ¸11 ´(esp of a
child) well behaved; not giving trouble: ³Try to be a @ boy. ·as @ as gold,
´giving no trouble. ¸12 ´morally excellent; virtuous: ³a @ and holy man; live a
@ life. ¸*@ Úworks, ´charitable deeds, helping the poor, the sick, etc. ¸13
´right; proper; expedient: ³He thought it @ to offer his help. ´(As an ³int´,
expressing approval): ³"You will come with us?' "G@!' ¸14 ´in forms of greeting
and farewell: ³G@ morning/afternoon/evening/night. ¸15 ´as a polite (but often
ironical, patronizing or indignant) form of address: ³my @ sir/man/friend; ´or
as a polite (but often condescending) description: ³How's your @ man ´(iÔe your
husband)³? How's the @ lady ´(iÔe your wife)³? ·the Ú@ people, ´the fairies.
¸16 ´as a form of commendation: ³@ men and true. G@ old Smith! That's a @ 'un!
²/Úg8dn/ ´(colloq) an amusing lie or story. ¸17 ´considerable in number,
quantity, etc: ³a @ deal of money; a @ many people; a @ few´, a considerable
number. ³We've come a @ way´, quite a long way. ¸18 ´not less than; rather more
than: ³We waited for a @ hour. It's a @ three miles to the station. He ate a @
half of the duck. ¸19 ·as @ as, ´practically, almost: ³He as @ as said I was a
liar´, suggested that I was a liar without actually using the word "liar'. ³My
car is as @ as new, even though I've had it a year. The matter is as @ as
settled´, We may look upon it as being settled. ¸20 ·make @, ´accomplish what
one attempts; prosper: ³He went to Canada, where he soon made @. ¶[VP22] ·make
sth @, ¸(a) ´compensate for; pay for (sth lost or damaged): ³make @ a loss or
theft. ¸(b) ´effect (a purpose): ³make @ one's escape. ¸(c) ´prove the truth of
an accusation, a statement, etc. ¸(d) ´restore to sound condition: ³The plaster
will have to be made @ before you paint it. ¸21 ´(phrases and compounds)
¸*@-Úfellowship ³n ´sociability. ¸*@ Úhumour ³n ´cheerful mood; happy state of
mind. ¸*@-Úhumoured ³adj ´cheerful, amiable. ¸*@ Úlooks ³n pl ´personal beauty.
¸*@-Úlooking ³adj ´(usu of persons) handsome. ¸*@ Úmoney, ¸(a) ´genuine money.
¸(b) ´(colloq) high wages. ·throw @ money after bad, ´lose money in
trying to regain money lost. ¸*@-Únatured ³adj ´kind; ready and willing to help
others, even by sacrificing one's own interests. ¸*@-Úneighbourliness ³n
´friendly conduct and relations. ¸*@ Úsense ³n ¶[U] ´soundness of judgement;
practical wisdom. ¸*@-Útempered ³adj ´not easily irritated or made angry.¼
¨good©2 ²/g8d/ ³n ¶[U] ¸1 ´that which is @; what is morally right,
beneficial, advantageous, profitable, etc; what has use, worth, value. ·do @,
´help: ³Social workers do a lot of @. µ¥ ³do-gooder ´at µdo±2µ(2). ·(do sth)
for the @ of, ´in order to benefit: ³He works for the @ of the country. I'm
giving you this advice for your @. Is it right to deceive people, even if it's
for their own @? ·do sb @, ´benefit him: ³Eat more fruit: it will do you @.
Smoking does you more harm than @. Much @ may it do you´, (usu ironic, meaning)
You won't get much benefit from it. ·be up to no @, ´be engaged in sth wrong,
mischievous, etc. ·be no/not much/any/some @ (doing sth), ´be no, not much, etc
use, of no, little, etc value: ³It's no @ (my) talking to him. Was his advice
ever any @? What @ was it? This gadget isn't much @. ¸2 ·for @ (and all),
´permanently; finally: ³He says that he's leaving the country for @´, intending
never to return to it. ¸3 ·to the @, ´as balance on the right side, as net
profit: ³We were $5 to the @. ¸4 ³(adj ´as ³pl n) ´good or virtuous persons:
³G@ and bad alike respected him.¼
¨good®bye© ²/*g8dÚbñI´; ³fast or informal: ²g8ÚbñI/ ³int, n
´(saying of) farewell: ³"I must say @ now'´, It is time for me to leave. ³Have
you said all your @s?¼
¨good®ish© ²/Úg8dI2/ ³attrib adj ´rather large, extensive, etc: ³It's a @ step
from here´, quite a long way.¼
¨good®ly© ²/Úg8dlI/ ³adj µ(-ier, -iest) ´(liter) ¸1 ´handsome;
pleasant-looking. ¸2 ´of considerable size: ³a @ sum of money; a @ heritage.¼
¨good®ness© ²/Úg8dnIs/ ³n ¶[U] ¸1 ´quality of being good; virtue: ³@ of heart.
·have the @ to, ´be kind enough to: ³Have the @ to come this way, please. ¸2
´strength or essence: ³meat with the @ boiled out. ¸3 ´(in exclamations) used
instead of ³God!´: ³G@ Gracious! G@ me! For @' sake! Thank @! I wish to @
that«´, wish very strongly that«. ·G@ knows, ¸(a) ´I do not know. ¸(b) ´I
appeal to Heaven to witness: ³G@ knows I've tried hard.¼
¨goods© ²/g8dz/ ³n pl ¸1 ´movable property; merchandise: ³He buys and sells
leather @s. Half his @s were stolen. ¸*@s and Úchattels, ´(legal) personal
belongings. ¸2 ´things carried by rail, etc (contrasted with passengers): ³a
·Ú³@s agent/station. ¸Ú@ train, ´iÔe not a passenger train (US = ³freight
train). ¸3 ·piece of @s, ´(colloq) person: ³She's a sexy little piece of @s´, a
sexy young girl.¼
¨good®will© ²/*g8dÚwIl/ ³n ¶[U] ¸1 ´friendly feeling: ³a policy of @ in
international relations. ¸2 ´privilege of trading as the successor to a
well-established business: ³The @ is to be sold with the business.¼
¨goody© ²/Úg8dI/ ³n ´(colloq) sweetmeat; desirable thing.¼
¨goody-goody© ²/Úg8dI g8dI/ ³adj, n ´(person who is) primly or pretentiously
virtuous.¼
¨gooey© ²/ÚguI/ ³adj µ¥ goo.¼
¨goof© ²/guf/ ³n ´(sl) ´silly or stupid person. ¹ ³vi,vt ¶[VP2A,6A] ´make a
mess (of). ¸@y ³adj ´silly, stupid, crazy.¼
¨goog®ly© ²/ÚguglI/ ³n (pl µ-lies³) ´(cricket) ball bowled as if to break in
one way that actually breaks in the opposite way.¼
¨goon© ²/gun/ ³n ´(sl) stupid or awkward person.¼
¨goose© ²/gus/ ³n (pl µgeese ²/gis/³) ¸1 ´water bird larger than a duck; female
of this, µ¥ gander´; µ¥ ´the illus at µfowl. ¶[U] ´its flesh as food. ·cook
sb's @, ´put an end to his hopes; prevent him from being a nuisance, etc. ·kill
the @ that lays the golden eggs, ´(prov) sacrifice future gains to satisfy
present needs. ·be unable to say "boo' to a @, ´be very timid. ·All one's geese
are swans, ´One over-estimates or exaggerates the good qualities of persons and
things. ¸Ú@-flesh ³n ¶[U] ´rough bristling skin caused by cold or fear.
¸Ú@-step ³n ´way of marching without bending the knees. ¸2 ´simpleton: ³You
silly @!¼
¨goose®berry© ²/Úg8zbErI ³US: ²ÚgusberI/ ³n (pl µ-ries³) ¶[C] ´(bush with)
green, smooth berry (used for jam, tarts, etc). µ¥ ´the illus at µfruit. ·play
@, ´be present with two persons, eÔg lovers, who prefer to be alone.¼
¨go®pher© ²/ÚgE8fE(r)/ ³n ´burrowing rat-like animal in N America.¼
¨Gor®dian© ²/ÚgcdIEn/ ³adj ´(only in) ¸@ knot, ´knot difficult or impossible
to untie; difficult problem or task. ·cut the @ knot, ´solve a problem by
force or by disregarding the conditions.¼
¨gore©1 ²/gc(r)/ ³n ¶[U] ´(liter, chiefly in descriptions of fighting)
thickened blood from a cut or wound.¼
¨gore©2 ²/gc(r)/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´pierce, wound, with the horns or tusks: ³@d to
death by an infuriated bull.¼
¨gorge©1 ²/gcdZ/ ³n ¸1 ´narrow opening, usu with a stream, between hills or
mountains. ¸2 ´gullet; contents of the stomach: ³His @ rose at the sight/It
made his @ rise´, He was sickened or disgusted.¼
¨gorge©2 ²/gcdZ/ ³vi,vt ¶[VP6A,14,2A,C] ·@ (oneself) (on/with sth), ´eat
greedily; fill oneself: ³@ on rich food; @
oneself with meat. ´¹ ³n ´act of gorging; surfeit.¼
¨gorg®eous© ²/ÚgcdZEs/ ³adj ¸1 ´richly coloured; magnificent: ³a @ sunset. ¸2
´(colloq) giving pleasure and satisfaction: ³@ weather; a @ dinner. ¸@®ly ³adv¼
¨Gor®gon© ²/ÚgcgEn/ ³n ´(Gk myth) one of three snake-haired sisters whose
looks turned to stone anyone who saw them.¼
¨Gor®gon®zola© ²/*gcgEnÚzE8lE/ ³n ¶[U] ´rich creamy blue-veined cheese (from @
in Italy).¼
¨gor®illa© ²/gEÚrIlE/ ³n ´man-sized, tree-climbing African ape. µ¥ ´the illus
at µape.¼
¨gor®man®dize© ²/ÚgcmEndñIz/ ³vi ´eat, devour, greedily for pleasure.¼
¨gorse© ²/gcs/ ³n ¶[U] ´yellow-flowered evergreen shrub with sharp thorns,
growing on waste land (also called ³furze ´or whin).¼
¨gory© ²/ÚgcrI/ ³adj µ(-ier, -iest) ´covered with blood; of bloody physical
violence: ³@ details/incidents.¼
¨gosh© ²/go2/ ³int ´(sl) (also ·by @´) by God.¼
¨gos®ling© ²/ÚgozlIG/ ³n ´young goose.¼
¨gos®pel© ²/Úgospl/ ³n ¸1 G@, ¶[U] ´(the life and teachings of Jesus Christ as
recorded in the) first four books of the New Testament; ¶[C] ´any one of these
set of principles that one acts upon or believes in: ³the @ of health; the @ of
soap and water´, (hum for) firm belief in the value of cleanliness.¼
¨gos®sa®mer© ²/ÚgosEmE(r)/ ³n ¸1 ¶[C,U] ´(thread of the) fine silky
substance of webs made by small spiders, floating in calm air or spread on
grass, etc. ¸2 ¶[U] ´soft, light, delicate material: ³as light as @´; (attrib)
³a @ veil.¼
¨gos®sip© ²/ÚgosIp/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´idle, often ill-natured, talk about the affairs
of other people: ³Don't believe all the @ you hear. She's too fond of @. ¸2
¶[U] ´informal writing about persons and social happenings, eÔg in letters or
in newspapers: (attrib) ³the ·Ú³@ column, ´of a newspaper; ³a ·Ú³@
writer/columnist. ¸3 ¶[C] ´instance of this; friendly chat: ³have a good @
with a neighbour over the garden fence. ¸4 ¶[C] ´person who is fond of @:
³She's an old @. ¹ ³vi µ(-p- ´or µ-pp-) ´(US µ-p-´) ¶[VP2A,C] ´talk or write @.¼
¨got© ³pt,pp ´of µget.¼
¨Goth© ²/goT/ ³n ´member of a Germanic tribe that invaded the Roman Empire in
the 3rd and 4th cc; rough, uncivilized person. µ¥ vandal.¼
¨Gothic© ²/ÚgoTIk/ ³adj ¸1 ´of the Goths or their language. ¸2 ´of
the style of architecture common in Western Europe in the 12th to 16th cc,
characterized by pointed arches, clusters of columns, etc. µ¥ ´the illus at
µchurch. ¸3 ´of an 18th c style of fantastic, romantic literature: ³@ novels.
¸4 ´(of printing type) thick or heavy, as formerly used for German. ¹ ³n ´@
language; @ architecture; @ type.¼
¨gotta© ²/ÚgotE/ ³c ´(US sl) = ³have got to. µ¥ get(13).¼
¨got®ten© ³pp ´(in US) of µget.¼
¨gouache© ²/g8Úq2/ ³n ¶[U] ´opaque watercolour paint; method of painting using
this material.¼
¨gouge© ²/gñ8dZ/ ³n ´tool with a sharp semicircular edge for cutting grooves in
wood. ¹ ³vt ¶[VP6A,15B] ·@ (out), ´cut with a @; shape with a @; force out
with, or as with, a @: ³@ out the stone from a horseshoe.¼
¨gou®lash© ²/Úgula2/ ³n ¶[C,U] ´(dish of) stew of steak and vegetables,
seasoned with paprika.¼
¨gourd© ²/g8Ed/ ³n ´(large, hard-skinned fleshy fruit of) kind of climbing or
trailing plant; bottle or bowl consisting of the dried skin of this fruit.¼
¨gour®mand© ²/Úg8EmEnd/ ³n ´lover of food.¼
¨gour®met© ²/Úg8EmeI/ ³n ´person who enjoys, and is expert in the choice of,
delicate food, wines, etc.¼
¨gout© ²/gñ8t/ ³n ¶[U] ´disease causing painful swellings in joints, esp toes,
knees and fingers. ¸@y ³adj ´suffering from @.¼
¨gov®ern© ²/ÚgAvn/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A,2A] ´rule (a country, etc); control or
direct the public affairs of (a city, country, etc): ³In Great Britain the
sovereign reigns but does not @. ¸2 ¶[VP6A] ´control: ³@ one's temper. ¸3
¶[VP6A] ´(usu passive) determine; influence: ³be @ed by the opinions of others.
Don't be @ed by what other people say. ¸4 ´(gram, esp of a ³v ´or ³prep´)
require, make necessary (a certain case or form of another word). ¸@®ing ³adj
´having the power or right to @: ³the @ing body of a school/college, etc.¼
¨gov®ern®ance© ²/ÚgAvEnEns/ ³n ¶[U] ´(formal) act, fact, manner, of
governing; sway, control.¼
¨gov®ern®ess© ²/ÚgAvEnIs/ ³n ´woman who is employed to teach young children in
a private family.¼
¨gov®ern®ment© ²/ÚgAvEnmEnt/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´governing; power to govern: ³What the
country needs is strong @. ¸2 ¶[U] ´method or system of governing: ³We prefer
democratic @. ¸3 ¶[C] ´body of persons governing a State: ³The Prime Minister
has formed a G@´, has chosen his colleagues, selected Ministers for the
Cabinet. ³The G@ ´(collectively) ³has welcomed the proposal. The G@ ´(its
members) ³are discussing the proposal. ¸G@ House, ´official residence of the
Governor (of a province, etc). ¸G@ securities, ´bonds, exchequer bills, etc,
issued by the state. ¸@al ²/*gAvnÚmentl/ ³adj ´connected with @.¼
¨gov®ernor© ²/ÚgAvEnE(r)/ ³n ¸1 G@, ´person who governs a province or colony or
(US) a State: ³the G@ of New York State. ´Cf ³the Mayor of New York City.
¸*G@-ÚGeneral ³n ´(in the British Commonwealth) representative of the Crown,
having no special powers: ³the G@-General of Canada. ¸2 ´member of the
governing body of an institution (eÔg a school in England, a college, a
hospital). ¸3 ´(colloq) chief; employer; father. ¸4 ´regulator in a machine,
automatically controlling speed or the intake of gas, steam, etc.¼
¨gown© ²/gñ8n/ ³n ¸1 ´woman's dress, esp one for special occasions:
³a ·Ú³ball-/·Ú³night-@. ¸2 ´loose, flowing robe worn by members of a
university, judges, etc. µ¥ ´the illus at µjudge. ´¹ ³vt ´(chiefly ³pp´) dress
in a @: ³beautifully @ed women.¼
¨grab© ²/grab/ ³vt,vi µ(-bb-) ¶[VP6A,3A] ·@ (at), ´take roughly; selfishly or
eagerly snatch: ³The dog @bed the bone and ran off with it. Don't @! He @bed
at the opportunity of going abroad. ´¹ ³n ¶[C] ¸1 ´sudden snatch: ³make a @ at
something. ¸2 ´mechanical device for taking up and holding sth to be lifted or
moved. ¸@®ber ³n ´person who @s; greedy person whose chief aim in life appears
to be making money.¼
¨grace© ²/greIs/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U,C] ´quality of being pleasing, attractive or
beautiful, esp in structure or movement: ³She danced with @/with a @ that
surprised us. ¸2 ¶[C] ´(usu ³pl´) pleasing accomplishment; elegance of manner.
·airs and @s, ´ways of speaking and behaving that are intended to impress and
attract people. ¸3 ¶[U] ´favour; goodwill. ·an act of @, ´sth freely given,
not taken as a right. ·days of @, ´time allowed by the law or custom after the
day on which a payment, eÔg of a bill of exchange, an insurance premium, is
due. ·give sb a day's/week's, etc @, ´allow him an extra day, etc before
requiring him to fulfil an obligation. ·be in sb's good @s, ´enjoy his favour
and approval. ¸4 ¶[U] ·have the @ to do sth, ´realize that it is right and
proper, and do it: ³He had the @ to say that he was sorry. ·do sth with a
good/bad @, ´do it willingly/reluctantly. ¸5 ¶[U,C] ´short prayer of thanks
before or after a meal: ³say (a) @. ¸6 ¶[U] ´God's mercy and favour towards
mankind; influence and result of this. ·in the year of @ ´, 19«, ´in the
19«th year after the birth of Jesus. ·in a state of @, ´being influenced by the
strength and inspiring power of God; having been pardoned; having received the
Sacraments. ·fall from @, ´fall to a lower moral state after being in a state
of @. ¸7 ´as a title, used when speaking of or to an archbishop, duke or
duchess: ³His/Her/Your G@. ¸8 the G@s, ´(Gk myth) three beautiful sister
goddesses who gave beauty, charm and happiness. ¹ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´add @ to; confer
honour or dignity on; be an ornament to: ³The occasion was @d by the presence
of the Queen. Her character is @d with every virtue.¼
¨grace®ful© ²/ÚgreIsfl/ ³adj ´having or showing graceµ(1,4)´: ³a @
dancer; a @ letter of thanks. ¸@ly ²/-fElI/ ³adv¼
¨grace®less© ²/ÚgreIslIs/ ³adj ´without graceµ(4)´; without a sense of what is
right and proper: ³@ behaviour. ¸@®ly ³adv¼
¨gra®cious© ²/ÚgreI2Es/ ³adj ¸1 ´(of persons and their behaviour)
kind; generous; courteous: ³her @ Majesty the Queen. It was @ of her to come.
¸2 ´(of God) merciful. ¸3 ´(in exclamations) expressing surprise: ³Good(ness)
G@! G@ me! ¸@®ly ³adv ¸@®ness ³n¼
¨gra®da®tion© ²/grEÚdeI2n ³US: ²greI-/ ³n ¶[C,U] ´step, stage, degree in
development; gradual change from one thing to another or from one state to
another: ³the @s of colour in the rainbow.¼
¨grade©1 ²/greId/ ³n ¶[C] ¸1 ´step, stage or degree in rank, quality, value,
etc; number or class of things of the same kind: ³The rank of major is one @
higher than that of captain. Potatoes are sold in @s, and G@ A potatoes are of
the best quality. This pupil has a high @ of intelligence. ¸2 ´(US) division of
the school course; one year's work; pupils in such a division: ³An elementary
school in the US has eight @s and is called a "·Ú³@ school'. Its teachers are
called "·Ú³@ teachers'. ¸3 ´the mark, eÔg 80%, or rating, eÔg "Excellent' or
"Fair', given to a pupil for his work in school. ·make the @, ´(colloq) reach
a good standard; do as well as is required. ¸4 ´(US) slope of a road, railway,
etc ´(GB = ³gradient´). ·on the Úup/Údown @, ´rising/falling: ³Business is on
the up @´, is improving. ¸@ crossing, ´(US) level crossing.¼
¨grade©2 ²/greId/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ¸1 ´arrange in order in grades or
classes: ³@ potatoes; @d by size. ¸2 ´make land (esp for roads) more nearly
level by reducing the slope. ¸3 ¶[VP6A,15B] ·@ (up), ´cross (cattle) with a
better breed.¼
¨gradi®ent© ²/ÚgreIdIEnt/ ³n ´degree of slope: ³a @ of one in nine; a steep @.¼
¨grad®ual© ²/ÚgradZ8El/ ³adj ´taking place by degrees; (of a slope) not steep:
³a @ increase in the cost of living. ¸@®ly ²/-dZ8lI/ ³adv ´by degrees. ¸@®ness
³n¼
¨grad®uate©1 ²/ÚgradZ8Et/ ³n ¸1 ´(GB) person who holds a university degree, esp
the first, or Bachelor's, degree: ³Oxbridge @s; a @ student; post-@ studies. ¸2
´(US) one who has completed a course at an educational institution: ³high
school @s; a @ nurse´, one from a College or School of Nursing. (Cf ³trained
nurse ´in GB).¼
¨grad®uate©2 ²/ÚgradZ8eIt/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A] ´mark with degrees for measuring:
³a ruler @d in both inches and centimetres; a @d glass, ´for
measuring quantities of liquid. ¸2 ¶[VP6A] ´arrange according to grade. ¸3
¶[VP2A,C] ´take an academic degree: ³He @d from Oxford/@d in law. ´(US, of
other institutions): ³a from the Boston School of Cookery. ¸4 ¶[VP6A]
´(chiefly US) give a degree or diploma to: ³The university @d 350 students last
year. He had been @d from Maryland College in the Class of 1868. ¸gradu®ation
²/*gradZ8ÚeI2n/ ³n ´graduating or being @d; (US) ceremony at which degrees are
conferred.¼
¨graf®fito© ²/grEÚfitE8/ ³n (pl µ-ti ²/-ti/³) ´(usu ³pl´) ´(I)
drawing, words, scratched on a hard surface, esp a wall.¼
¨graft©1 ²/grqft ³US: ²graft/ ³n ¸1 ´shoot from a branch or twig of a living
tree, fixed in a cut made in another tree, to form a new growth. ¸2 ´(surgery)
piece of skin, bone, etc from a living person or animal, transplanted on
another body or another part of the same body. ¹ ³vt,vi ¶[VP6A,15A,B,2A] ´put
a @ in or on: ³@ one variety on/upon/in/into another; @ on briar roots; @ new
skin.¼
¨graft©2 ²/grqft ³US: ²graft/ ³n ¶[C,U] ´(instance of) getting business
advantages, profit-making, etc through illegal or unethical means, eÔg by
taking wrong advantage of connections in politics, by bribery etc. ¹ ³vi
´practise @.¼
¨grail© ²/greIl/ ³n ´(usu ¸the Holy G@´) platter or cup used by Jesus at the
Last Supper and in which one of his followers is said to have received drops of
his blood at the Crucifixion.¼
¨grain© ²/greIn/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´(collective ³sing´) ´small, hard seed
of food plants such as wheat and rice: ³@ imports; a cargo of @. ·Ú@
³elevator´, storehouse for @, with devices for lifting @. µ¥ ´the illus at
µcereal. ¸2 ¶[C] ´single seed of such a plant: ³give a beggar a few @s of
rice; eat up every @ of rice in one's bowl. ¸3 ¶[C] ´tiny, hard bit: ³@s of
sand/salt/gold; ´(fig) small amount: ³a boy without a @ of sense; receive a
few @s of comfort. ¸4 ´smallest unit of weight, 1/7Ô000 lb or 0²Ø´065 gm. µ¥
App 5. ¸5 ¶[U] ´natural arrangement or pattern of the lines of fibre in wood,
etc as seen on a surface that has been sawn or cut: ³woods of fine/coarse @.
·be/go against the @, ´(fig) contrary to one's nature or inclination.¼
¨gram© ²/gram/ ³n ´metric unit of weight. µ¥ App 5.¼
¨gram®mar© ²/ÚgramE(r)/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´study or science of, rules for, the
combination of words into sentences ³(syntax)´, and the forms of words
³(morphology). ¸2 ¶[C] ´book containing the rules of @ of a language. ¸Ú@
school, ´(in GB) type of secondary school which provides academic (contrasted
with technical) courses. ¸@®ian ²/grEÚmeErIEn/ ³n ´expert in @.¼
¨gram®mati®cal© ²/grEÚmatIkl/ ³adj ´of, conforming to, the rules of grammar:
³a @ error/explanation/sentence. ¸@ly ²/-klI/ ³adv¼
¨gramme© ²/gram/ ³n ´= µgram.¼
¨gramo®phone© ²/ÚgramEfE8n/ ³n ´(US = ³phonograph´) machine for
reproducing music and speech recorded on flat discs (³record-player ´is now
the usu word).¼
¨gram®pus© ²/ÚgrampEs/ ³n ´large dolphin-like sea animal; person who breathes
loudly.¼
¨gran®ary© ²/ÚgranErI/ ³n (pl µ-ries³) ´storehouse for grain.¼
¨grand© ²/grand/ ³adj ¸1 ´(in official titles) chief; most important: ³G@
Master´, eÔg of some orders of knighthood; ³a @ master, ´chess champion; ³G@
Vizier´, (former title of) chief minister of Turkey. ¸2 ´of most or greatest
importance: ³the @ finale; the @ question; the @ staircase/entrance, ´of a
large building. ¸3 ´magnificent; splendid: ³a @ view; living in @ style; @
clothes. ¸4 ´self-important; proud: ³He puts on a very @ manner/air. ¸5
´(colloq) very fine or enjoyable: ³We had a @ time. What @ weather! ¸6 ´full;
complete: ³a @ orchestra´, one with all kinds of instruments (not strings
only); ³the @ total´, including everything; ³the @ result of our efforts. ¸7
´impressive because of high moral or mental qualities: ³Lincoln had a @
character. Gladstone was called the G@ Old Man. ¸8 ´(phrases) ¸the *G@
ÚNational, ´annual steeplechase at Liverpool. ¸*@ Úopera, ´in which there
are no spoken parts, everything being sung. ¸*@ piÚano, ´large piano with
horizontal strings. µ¥ ´the illus at µkeyboard. ¸*baby Ú@, ´small-size @
piano. ¸G@ Prix ²/*grqn Úpri/, ´(F) (motor-racing) one of several international
races. ¸Ú@®stand, ´rows of roofed seats for spectators at races,
sports-meetings, etc. ¸the *G@ ÚTour, ´(formerly) tour of the chief towns, etc
of Europe, completing the education of a wealthy young person. ¸@®ly ³adv¼
¨grand-© ²/grand/ ³pref ¸Ú@®child, Ú@®daughter, Ú@®son ³nn
´daughter or son of one's son or daughter. ¸Ú@®parent, Ú@®father, Ú@®mother ³nn
´father or mother of one's father or mother. ¸Ú@®nephew, Ú@®niece ³nn ´son or
daughter of one's nephew or niece. ¸Ú@®uncle, Ú@®aunt ³nn ´uncle or aunt of
either of one's parents. ¸Ú@®father clock ³n ´clock worked by weights in a tall
wooden case.¼
¨grand-dad©, gran®dad ²/Úgrandad/ ³n ´(colloq for) grandfather.¼
¨gran®dee© ²/granÚdi/ ³n ´(hist) Spanish or Portuguese nobleman of high rank.¼
¨gran®deur© ²/ÚgrandZE(r)/ ³n ¶[U] ´greatness; magnificence: ³the @ of the
Swiss Alps.¼
¨gran®dilo®quent© ²/granÚdIlEkwEnt/ ³adj ´using, full of, pompous words: ³a @
speaker; written in a @ style. ¸gran®dilo®quence ²/-Ens/ ³n ¶[U].¼
¨gran®di®ose© ²/ÚgrandIE8s/ ³adj ´planned on a large scale; imposing.¼
¨grand®ma© ²/Úgranmq/ ³n ´(colloq for) grandmother.¼
¨grand®pa© ²/Úgranpq/ ³n ´(colloq for) grandfather.¼
¨grange© ²/greIndZ/ ³n ´country house with farm buildings attached.¼
¨gran®ite© ²/ÚgranIt/ ³n ¶[U] ´hard, usu grey, stone used for building.¼
¨granny©, gran®nie ²/ÚgranI/ ³n ´(colloq for) grandmother. ¸Ú@ knot,
´reef-knot crossed the wrong way and therefore insecure. µ¥ ´the illus at
µknot.¼
¨grant© ²/grqnt ³US: ²grant/ ³vt ¸1 ¶[VP6A,12A,13A] ´consent to give or allow
(what is asked for): ³@ a favour/request; @ sb permission/a request
to do sth. He was @ed a pension. ¸2 ¶[VP6A,9,25] ´agree (that sth is true): ³@
the truth of what someone says; @ing this to be true/that this is true. I @ his
honesty/@ that he is honest. He's an honest man, I @ you. ·take sth for @ed,
´regard it as true or as certain to happen. ·take sb for @ed, ´treat his
presence and actions as a due rather than a favour. ´¹ ³n ´sth @ed, eÔg money
or land from a government: ³@s towards the cost of a university education;
@-aided schools/students.¼
¨granu®lar© ²/Úgranj8lE(r)/ ³adj ´of or like grains.¼
¨granu®late© ²/Úgranj8leIt/ ³vt,vi ¶[VP6A,2A] ´form into grains; roughen the
surface of: ³@d sugar´, sugar in the form of small crystals.¼
¨gran®ule© ²/Úgranjul/ ³n ¶[C] ´small grain.¼
¨grape© ²/greIp/ ³n ´green or purple berry growing in clusters on vines, used
for making wine: ³a bunch of @s. µ¥ ´the illus at µfruit. ·sour @s; the @s are
sour, ´said when sb says that sth he wants but cannot get has little or no
value. ¸Ú@-shot ³n ¶[U] ´(hist) cluster of small iron balls fired together from
a cannon to make a hail of shot. µ¥ shrapnel. ¸Ú@-sugar ³n ´dextrose or
glucose, a kind of sugar found in ripe @s and other kinds of fruit. ¸Ú@-vine ³n
¸(a) ´kind of vine on which @s grow. ¸(b) ´(fig) means by which news gets
about, eÔg in an office, school or a group of friends: ³I heard on the @-vine
that Jill is to be promoted.¼
¨grape®fruit© ²/ÚgreIpfrut/ ³n (pl µ@ ´or µ@s´) ¶[C] ´fruit like a
large orange but with an acid taste. µ¥ ´the illus at µfruit.¼
¨graph© ²/grqf ³US: ²graf/ ³n ¶[C] ´diagram consisting of a line or lines
(often curved) showing the variation of two quantities, eÔg the temperature at
each hour. ¸Ú@ paper, ´paper with small squares of equal size.¼
¨graphic© ²/ÚgrafIk/ ³adj ¸1 ´of visual symbols (eÔg lettering, diagrams,
drawings): ³a @ artist; @ displays; the @ arts. ¸2 ´(of descriptions) causing
one to have a clear picture in the mind: ³a @ account of the battle. ´¹ ³n pl
¸@s, ´lettering, drawings, etc. ¸graphi®cally ²/-klI/ ³adv ´by writing or
diagrams; (fig) vividly.¼
¨graph®ite© ²/ÚgrafñIt/ ³n ¶[U] ´soft, black substance (a form of carbon) used
in lubrication, as a moderator in atomic piles, and in making lead pencils.¼
¨grap®nel© ²/Úgrapnl/ ³n ¸1 ´anchor with many flukes±2´; instrument as used for
dragging along the bed of a river, lake, etc when searching for sth. ¸2
´instrument like this formerly used in sea battles for holding enemy ships.¼
¨grapple© ²/Úgrapl/ ³vi ¶[VP2A,C,3A] ·@ (with), ´seize firmly;
struggle with sb/sth at close quarters; (fig) try to deal with (a problem,
etc): ³@ with an enemy. The wrestlers @d together. ¸Úgrappling-iron ³n
´grapnel.¼
¨grasp© ²/grqsp ³US: ²grasp/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A] ´seize firmly with the hand(s)
or arm(s); understand with the mind: ³@ sb's hand/a rope; @ an argument/sb's
meaning. ¸2 ¶[VP3A] ·@ at, ´try to seize; accept eagerly: ³@ at an opportunity.
A man who @s at too much may lose everything. ´¹ ³n ´(usu ³sing´) firm hold or
grip; (power of) grasping: ³in the @ of a wicked enemy; have a thorough @ of
the problem; a problem within/beyond my @´, that I can/cannot understand.
¸@®ing ³adj ´eager to @; greedy (for money, etc): ³a @ing rascal.¼
¨grass©1 ²/grqs ³US: ²gras/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´kinds of common, wild, low-growing
plant of which the green blades and stalks are eaten by cattle, horses, sheep,
etc. ·not let the @ grow under one's feet, ´(fig) waste no time in doing sth.
¸2 ¶[C] ´(³pl µ@es´) any species of this plant (including, in botanical use,
cereals, reeds and bamboos). ¸3 ¶[U] ´grazing land; pasture: (of animals) ³at
@´, grazing. ·put/send/turn animals out to @, ´put them to graze. ¸@®land
²/-land/ ³n ´area of land covered with @ where there are few trees. ¸*@®Úroots
³n pl ´(often attrib) ordinary people remote from political decisions, but who
are affected by these decisions: ³a @roots movement/rebellion. We must not
neglect the @roots. ¸*@ Úwidow ³n ´wife whose husband is temporarily not
living with her. ¸@y ³adj µ(-ier, -iest) ´covered with @.¼
¨grass©2 ²/grqs ³US ²gras/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A,15B] ·@ (over), ´cover with turf;
¶[VP6A] ´(US) feed with grass. ¸2 ¶[VP2A,3A] ·@ (on sb), ´(GB sl) inform (on);
betray.¼
¨grass®hopper© ²/ÚgrqshopE(r) ³US: ²Úgras-/ ³n ´jumping insect
which makes a shrill, chirping noise. µ¥ ´the illus at µinsect.¼
¨grate©1 ²/greIt/ ³n ´(metal frame for holding coal, etc, in a) fireplace.¼
¨grate©2 ²/greIt/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A,15A] ´rub into small pieces, usu against a
rough surface; rub small bits off: ³@ cheese into beaten eggs´, eÔg when making
a cheese omelette. ¸2 ¶[VP6A,2A,3A] ·@ (on), ´make a harsh noise by
rubbing; (fig) have an irritating effect ³(on ´a person, his nerves): ³His bad
manners @d on everyone. Out-of-date slang @s. The gate @s on its hinges.
¸grat®ing®ly ³adv´. ¸@r ³n ´device with a rough surface for grating food, etc:
³a ·Ú³nutmeg @r.¼
¨grate®ful© ²/ÚgreItfl/ ³adj ¸1 ·@ (to sb) (for sth), ´feeling or showing
thanks: ³We are @ to you for your help. ¸2 ´(liter) pleasant; agreeable;
comforting: ³trees that afford a @ shade. @ly ²/-fElI/ ³adv¼
¨grat®ify© ²/ÚgratIfñI/ ³vt (pt,pp µ-fied³) ¶[VP6A] ¸1 ´give pleasure or
satisfaction to: ³We were all gratified with/at the result. It gratified me to
learn that you had been successful. ¸2 ´indulge; give what is desired to: ³@ a
person's whims/his fancies for something; @ a child's thirst for knowledge.
¸@®ing ³adj´: ³It is always @ing to have one's efforts rewarded.
¸grati®fi®ca®tion ²/*gratIfIÚkeI2n/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´@ing or being gratified; state
of being pleased or satisfied: ³I have the gratification of knowing that I have
done my duty. ¸2 ¶[C] ´that which causes one to feel gratified.¼
¨grat®ing© ²/ÚgreItIG/ ³n ¶[C] ´framework of wooden or metal bars, either
parallel or crossing one another, placed across an opening, eÔg a window, to
keep out burglars or to allow air to flow through.¼
¨gra®tis© ²/ÚgreItIs/ ³adv, adj ´free of charge: ³be admitted @.¼
¨grati®tude© ²/ÚgratItjud ³US: ²-tud/ ³n ¶[U] ·@ (to sb) (for sth),
´thankfulness, being grateful.¼
¨gra®tu®itous© ²/grEÚtjuItEs ³US: ²-Útu-/ ³adj ¸1 ´given, obtained or done,
without payment: ³@ service/information/help/advice. ¸2 ´done or given,
acting, without good reason: ³a @ insult; a @ lie/liar. ¸@®ly ³adv¼
¨gra®tu®ity© ²/grEÚtjuEtI ³US: ²-Útu-/ ³n (pl µ-ties³) ¸1 ´gift (of money in
addition to pay) to a retiring employee for services. ¸2 ´tip (for service).¼
¨grave©1 ²/greIv/ ³adj µ(-r, -st) ´serious; requiring careful
consideration: ³@ news; make a @ mistake; as @ as a judge. The situation is
more @/is @r than it has been since the end of the war. ¸@®ly ³adv¼
¨grave©2 ²/greIv/ ³n ´hole dug in the ground for a corpse; the mound of earth
or the monument over it. ·have one foot in the @, ´be nearing death, be very
old. ¸Ú@-clothes ³n pl ´wrappings in which a corpse is buried. ¸Ú@®stone ³n
´stone over a @, with the name, etc of the person buried there. µ¥ ´the
illus at µchurch. ¸Ú@®yard ³n ´burial ground.¼
¨grave©3 ²/grqv/ ³n ´(also ¸@ accent´) mark `Î placed over a vowel to indicate
how it is to be sounded (as in French ³m`ere´).¼
¨grave©4 ²/greIv/ ³vt (pp µgraven ²/ÚgreIvn/³) ´(archaic or liter) carve: ³@n
on my memory´, indelibly fixed. ¸*@n Úimage´, an idol.¼
¨gravel© ²/Úgravl/ ³n ¶[U] ´small stones with coarse sand, as used for roads
and paths: ³a load of @´; (attrib) ³a @ path/pit. ¸grav®elly ²/ÚgravElI/ ³adj
´(of a voice) deep and rough. ´¹ ³vt µ(-ll-, ´US also µ-l-) ¶[VP6A] ¸1 ´cover
with @: ³@ a road; @led paths. ¸2 ´(colloq) perplex; puzzle.¼
¨grav®ing dock© ²/ÚgreIvIG dok/ ³n ´dry dock in which the outside of a ship's
hull may be cleaned.¼
¨gravi®tate© ²/ÚgravIteIt/ ³vi ¶[VP3A] ·@ to/towards, ´move or be attracted:
³Young people in the country districts seem to @ towards the cities.
¸gravi®ta®tion ²/*gravIÚteI2n/ ³n ¶[U] ´process of gravitating; gravityµ(1)´.¼
¨grav®ity© ²/ÚgravEtI/ ³n ¶[U] ¸1 ´(phys) force of attraction between any two
objects, esp that force which attracts objects towards the centre of the
earth. ¸2 ´(phys) weight: ³centre of @. ¸spe*cific Ú@, ´relation between the
weight of a substance and that of the same volume of a standard substance (usu
water for liquids and solids, and air for gases). ¸3 ´quality of being serious
or solemn: ³the @ of the international situation; the @ of his appearance. He
could hardly keep his @´, could with difficulty refrain from smiling or
laughing.¼
¨gra®vure© ²/grEÚvj8E(r)/ ³n ´= µphotogravure.¼
¨gravy© ²/ÚgreIvI/ ³n ¶[U] ¸1 ´juice which comes from meat while it is
cooking; sauce made from this. ¸Ú@-boat ³n ´vessel in which @ is served at
table. ¸2 ´(sl) money or profit easily or unexpectedly acquired. ¸Ú@ train ³n
´source of much and easy money, etc: ³get on the @ train, ´get a job where such
money, etc is easily acquired.¼
¨gray© ²/greI/ ³adj, n ´= µgrey.¼
¨graze©1 ²/greIz/ ³vi,vt ¸1 ¶[VP2A,C] ´(of cattle, sheep, etc) eat growing
grass: ³cattle grazing in the fields. ¸2 ¶[VP6A] ´put (cattle, etc) in fields
to @: ³@ sheep; ´use grassland for cattle: ³@ a field. ¸Úgrazing-land ³n ´land
used for grazing cattle. ¸graz®ier ²/ÚgreIzIE(r) ³US: ²ÚgreIZE(r)/ ³n ´person
who feeds cattle for market.¼
¨graze©2 ²/greIz/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A] ´touch or scrape lightly in passing; rub
the skin from: ³The bullet @d his cheek. ¸2 ¶[VP2C] ´pass and touch while
going ³against/along/by/past. ´¹ ³n ´place where the skin is @d.¼
¨grease© ²/gris/ ³n ¶[U] ¸1 ´animal fat melted soft. ¸2 ´any thick, semi-solid
oily substance: ·Ú³axle @´, used to lubricate axles. ¸Ú@-gun ³n ´device for
forcing @ into the parts of an engine, machine, etc. ¸Ú@-paint ³n ¶[U]
´mixture of @ and paint used by actors to make up their faces. ¹ ³vt ´put or
rub @ on or in (esp parts of a machine). ·@ sb's palm, ´bribe him. ¸@r ³n ´man
who @s machinery, eÔg a ship's engines.¼
¨greasy© ²/ÚgrisI/ ³adj µ(-ier, -iest) ´covered with grease; slippery: ³@
fingers; a @ road. ¸greas®ily ²/-IlI/ ³adv ¸greasi®ness ³n¼
¨great© ²/greIt/ ³adj µ(-er, -est) ¸1 ´well above the average in
size, quantity or degree: ³take @ care of sth; an essay that shows @ ignorance
of grammar; a @ friend of mine´, one for whom I feel more than ordinary
friendship. ·@ with child, ´(old use) pregnant. ¸Ú@-coat ³n ´heavy overcoat.
¸2 ´of remarkable ability or quality: ³@ men; a @ painter/painting/musician. ¸3
´important; noted; of high rank or position: ³a @ occasion; the G@ Powers of
Europe; a @ lady; Alexander the G@. ¸4 ´(colloq, preceding another ³adj ´which
is often weakly stressed; implying surprise, indignation, contempt, etc
according to context): ³See what a @ big fish I've caught! Take your @ big head
out of my light! What a @ thick stick! ¸5 ´(also ¸G@er´) used as a distinctive
epithet of the larger of two. ¸the G@ Bear, µ¥ bear±1µ(3)´. ¸G@ Britain´, (abbr
¸GÔB´) England, Wales and Scotland, excluding Northern Ireland. ¸the G@ Lakes,
´series of five large lakes in N America along the boundary between Canada and
the US. ¸G@er London, ´an administrative area of local government that includes
inner London and the outer suburbs. ¸the G@ War´, that of 1914Å18. ¸6 ´(attrib
only) fully deserving the name of: ³He's a @ liar. They are @ friends. ¸7
´(with agent ³nouns; ´attrib only) doing or being sth to a high degree: ³He's a
@ reader/eater´, reads/eats very much. ³He's a @ landowner´, owns a large area
of land. ¸8 ´combined with words indicating quantity, etc: ³a @ deal´, very
much; ³a @ number; a @ while ago; the @ majority´, much the larger part. ¸9
´(colloq) splendid; satisfactory: ³We had a @ time in Paris. Wouldn't it be @
if we could go there again! ¸10 ´(colloq; pred only) ·@ at, ´clever or skilful
at. ·@ on, ´having a good knowledge of. ¸11 ´prefixed to a kinship words in
³grand- ´to show a further stage in relationship: ·*³@-·Ú³grandfather´, one's
father's or mother's grandfather; ·*³@-·Ú³grandson´, grandson of one's son or
daughter. ¸@®ly ³adv ´much; by much: ³@ly amused. ¸@®ness ³n¼
¨greaves© ²/grivz/ ³n pl ´pieces of armour to protect the shins. µ¥ ´the illus
at µarmour.¼
¨grebe© ²/grib/ ³n ´kind of short-bodied diving bird. µ¥ ´the illus at µwater.¼
¨Gre®cian© ²/Úgri2n/ ³adj ´(eÔg of architecture, pottery, culture
and features of the face) Greek.¼
¨greed© ²/grid/ ³n ¶[U] ´strong desire for more food, wealth, etc, esp for
more than is right or reasonable.¼
¨greedy© ²/ÚgridI/ ³adj µ(-ier, -iest) ¸1 ·@ (for sth/to have sth), ´filled
with greed: ³not hungry, just @; looking at the cakes with @ eyes; @ for
gain/honours. ¸2 ·@ (to do sth), ´intensely desirous. ¸greed®ily ²/-IlI/ ³adv
¸greedi®ness ³n¼
¨Greek© ²/grik/ ³n ¶[C] ´member of the Greek people, either of ancient Greece
or modern Greece; ¶[U] ´the Greek language. ·be @ to one, ´be beyond one's
understanding. ´¹ ³adj ´of Greece, its people, or the Greek language.¼
¨green©1 ²/grin/ ³adj µ(-er, -est) ¸1 ´of the colour between blue and yellow in
the spectrum, the colour of growing grass, and the leaves of most plants and
trees: ³a @ Christmas´, Christmas season when the weather is mild and there is
no snow. ¸*@ Úbelt, ´wide area of land round a town, where building is
controlled (by town-planning) so that there are @ fields, woods, etc. ·give
sb/get the @ light, ´(colloq, from the @ of traffic lights) permission to go
ahead with a project, etc. ¸2 ´(of fruit) not yet ripe: ³@ apples; @ figs´,
young and tender figs; (of wood) not yet dry enough for use: ³G@ wood does not
burn well. ¸3 ´inexperienced; undeveloped; gullible; untrained: ³a boy who is
still @ at his job. I'm not so @ as to believe that. ¸4 ´(fig) flourishing;
full of vigour: ³live to a @ old age; keep a person's memory @´, not allow it
to fade. ¸5 ´(of the complexion) pale; sickly looking. ¸*@-Úeyed ³adj ´jealous.
¸the *@-eyed Úmonster, ´jealousy. ·@ with envy, ´very envious. ¸6 ´(special
uses and compounds): ¸Ú@®back ³n ´US banknote, the back printed in @. ¸*@
Úfingers ³n ´(colloq) skill in gardening. ¸Ú@®fly ³n ´(collective ³pl; ¶[U]´)
kinds of aphis. ¸Ú@®gage ²/-geIdZ/ ³n ´kind of plum with greenish-yellow skin
and flesh and fine flavour. ¸Ú@®grocer ³n ´shopkeeper selling vegetables and
fruit. ¸Ú@®grocery ³n (pl µ-ries³) ´business of, things sold by, a @grocer.
¸Ú@®horn ³n ´inexperienced and easily deceived person. ¸Ú@®house ³n ´building
with sides and roof of glass, used for growing plants that need protection from
the weather. ¸Ú@ room ³n ´room in a theatre for actors and actresses when they
are not on the stage. ¸Ú@-stuffs, @s ³n pl ´@ vegetables. ¸Ú@®sward ³n ¶[U]
´turf. ¸*@ Útea ³n ´tea made from steam-dried leaves. ¸Ú@®wood ³n ´woodlands,
esp in summer; forest in full leaf, esp as the home of outlaws in olden times.¼
¨green©2 ²/grin/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U,C] ´green colour; what is green: ³a girl
dressed in @; a picture in @s and blues´, with various shades of @ and blue. ¸2
³(pl) ´green leaf vegetables, eÔg cabbage, spinach, before or
after cooking; vegetation: ´(US) ³Christmas @s´, eÔg branches of fir and holly
for decoration. ¸3 ¶[C] ´area of land with growing grass. ¸(a) ´public or
common land: ³the village @. ¸(b) ´for the game of bowls: ³a ·Ú³bowling-@. ¸(c)
´surrounding a hole on a golf course: ³a ·Ú³putting @.¼
¨greenery© ²/ÚgrinErI/ ³n ¶[U] ´green foliage; verdure: ³the @ of the woods in
spring.¼
¨greenish© ²/ÚgrinI2/ ³adj ´somewhat green: (in compounds) ·*³@-·Ú³yellow;
·*³@-·Ú³brown. ¸@®ness ³n¼
¨Greenwich© ²/ÚgrenIt2/ ³n ´suburb of London, east and west of
whose meridian longitude is measured. ¸@ Úmean time ´(abbr ¸GÔMÔT´), mean±2
´time for the meridian of @, used as a basis for calculating time in most parts
of the world (now called ³Universal time).¼
¨greet© ²/grit/ ³vt ¶[VP6A,14] ·@ (with), ¸1 ´say words of welcome to; express
one's feelings on receiving (news, etc); write (in a letter) words expressing
respect, friendship, etc: ³@ a friend by saying "Good morning!'; @ someone with
a smile. The news was @ed with dismay. They @ed me with a shower of stones. ¸2
´(of sights and sounds) meet the eyes and ears: ³the view that @ed us at the
hill-top. ¸@®ing ³n ´first words used on seeing sb or in writing to sb;
expression or act with which sb or sth is @ed: ³"Good morning' and "Dear Sir'
are @ings; a ·Ú³@ings telegram, ´one sent with, eÔg birthday, @ings.¼
¨greg®ari®ous© ²/grIÚgeErIEs/ ³adj ´living in groups or societies; liking the
company of others. ¸@®ly ³adv ¸@®ness ³n¼
¨Greg®or®ian© ²/grIÚgcrIEn/ ³adj ¸1 @ chant, ´the kind of church music
(³plainsong´) named after Pope Gregory ²¥ ´(540Å604). ¸2 @ calendar, ´the
calendar introduced by Pope Gregory X²_ ´(1502Å85), with the days and months
arranged as now. µ¥ Julian.¼
¨grem®lin© ²/ÚgremlIn/ ³n ´goblin said to cause mechanical trouble.¼
¨gre®nade© ²/grIÚneId/ ³n ´small bomb thrown by hand (·Ú³hand-@´) or fired from
a rifle (·Ú³rifle-@´).¼
¨grena®dier© ²/*grenEÚdIE(r)/ ³n ´(formerly) soldier who threw grenades; (now)
soldier in ³the G@s, the G@ Guards´, British infantry regiment.¼
¨grew© ²/gru/ ³pt ´of µgrow.¼
¨grey©, gray ²/greI/ ³adj ´between black and white, coloured like ashes, or
the sky on a dull, cloudy day: ³His hair has turned @. ¸Ú@®beard ³n ´old man.
¸*@-Úheaded ³adj ´old; of long service. ¸Ú@ matter, ´material of the brain: ³a
boy without much @ matter´, a not very intelligent boy. ¹ ³n ¶[U,C] ´@ colour;
@ clothes: ³dressed in @. ´¹ ³vt,vi ¶[VP6A,2A] ´make or become @.¼
¨grey®hound© ²/ÚgreIhñ8nd/ ³n ´slender, long-legged, keen-sighted dog, able to
run fast, used in chasing live hares and, as a modern sport (³@ racing´),
mechanical hares moved along a rail.¼
¨grey®ish© ²/ÚgreII2/ ³adj ´somewhat grey.¼
¨grid© ²/grId/ ³n ¶[C] ¸1 ´system of overhead cables carried on
pylons, for distributing electric current over a large area. ¸2 ´network of
squares on maps, numbered for reference. ¸3 ´grating: ³a ·Ú³cattle @´, one
placed at a gate, etc designed to prevent cattle from straying on to a road,
etc. ¸4 ´frame of spaced parallel spirals or networks of wires in a radio
valve. ¸5 ´gridiron.¼
¨griddle© ²/ÚgrIdl/ ³n ´circular iron plate used for baking cakes.¼
¨grid®iron© ²/ÚgrIdñIEn/ ³n ¸1 ´framework of metal bars used for cooking meat
or fish over a clear fire. ¸2 ´field for American football (marked with
numerous parallel lines).¼
¨grief© ²/grif/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´deep or violent sorrow: ³driven almost insane by @;
die of @. ¸2 ¶[C] ´sth causing @: ³His taking to drugs was a great @ to his
parents. ¸3 ·bring sb/come to @, ´(cause sb to) meet with misfortune, injury or
ruin.¼
¨griev®ance© ²/Úgrivns/ ³n ¶[C] ·@ (against), ´real or imagined cause for
complaint or protest: ³The trade union leader spoke about the @s of the
workers.¼
¨grieve© ²/griv/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A] ´cause grief to: ³@ one's
parents. ¸2 ¶[VP2A,C] ´feel grief: ³@ for the dead/over sb's death; @ about
one's misfortunes/at bad news.¼
¨griev®ous© ²/ÚgrivEs/ ³adj ¸1 ´causing grief or suffering: ³a @ railway
accident; @ wrongs. ¸2 ´severe: ³@ pain; @ bodily harm. ¸@®ly ³adv¼
¨grif®fin© ²/ÚgrIfIn/, ±grif®fon, gry®phon ²/ÚgrIfEn/ ³n ´(Gk myth)
fabulous creature with the head and wings of an eagle and a lion's body. µ¥
´the illus at µarmour.¼
¨grill© ²/grIl/ ³n ¶[C] ¸1 ´grating; grille; gridiron. ¸2 ´dish of meat, etc
cooked directly over or under great heat: ³a mixed @, ´steak, liver,
bacon, etc. ¸3 ´(also ¸Ú@-room´) room (in a hotel or restaurant) where @s are
cooked and served. ¹ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A,2A,C] ´cook, be cooked, on a gridiron,
or over great heat; expose oneself to great heat: ³lie @ing in the hot sun. ¸2
¶[VP6A] ´eÔg of the police, question closely and severely.¼
¨grille© ²/grIl/ ³n ´screen of parallel bars used to close an open space, eÔg
in a convent; similar screen over a counter, eÔg in a post office or bank as a
protection.¼
¨grim© ²/grIm/ ³adj µ(-mmer, -mmest) ´stern; severe; forbidding; without mercy:
³a @ struggle; a @ smile/expression; looking @; a @ joke/story´, one with an
element of cruelty in it. ·hold on like @ death, ´very firmly. ¸@®ly ³adv
¸@®ness ³n¼
¨gri®mace© ²/grIÚmeIs ³US: ²ÚgrImIs/ ³n ¶[C] ´ugly, twisted expression (on the
face), expressing pain, disgust, etc or intended to cause laughter. ´¹ ³vi
¶[VP2A] ´make @s.¼
¨grime© ²/grñIm/ ³n ¶[U] ´dirt, esp a coating on the surface of sth
or on the body: ³the soot and @ of a big manufacturing town; a face covered
with @ and sweat. ´¹ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´make dirty with @: ³@d with dust. ¸grimy
²/ÚgrñImI/ ³adj µ(-ier, -est) ´covered with @: ³grimy faces/roofs/windows.¼
¨grin© ²/grIn/ ³vi,vt µ(-nn-) ¸1 ¶[VP2A,C] ´smile broadly so as to show the
teeth, expressing amusement, foolish satisfaction, contempt, etc: ³@ning with
delight; @ from ear to ear. ·@ and bear it, ´endure pain, disappointment, etc,
uncomplainingly. ¸2 ¶[VP6A] ´express by @ning: ³He @ned his approval. ´¹ ³n
¶[C] ´act of @ning: ³the tigerish @ on the murderer's face; @s of derision.¼
¨grind© ²/grñInd/ ³vt,vi (pt,pp µground ²/grq8nd/³) ¸1
¶[VP6A,15A,B] ·@ (down) (to/into), ´crush to grains or powder between
millstones, the teeth, etc: ³@ sth to pieces; @ sth down; @ coffee beans; @
wheat in a mill; @ corn into flour. ¸2 ¶[VP2A,C] ´be capable of @ing: ³This
wheat @s well. This wheat will not @ fine´, cannot be ground fine. ¸3 ¶[VP6A]
´produce in this way: ³@ flour. ¸4 ¶[VP6A,15A,B] ·@ (down), ´(usu passive)
(fig) oppress or crush: ³people who were ground (down) by
poverty/taxation/tyranny; tyrants who grind down the poor. ¸5 ¶[VP6A] ´polish
or sharpen by rubbing on or with a rough, hard surface: ³@ a knife/lens. ·have
an axe to @, µ¥ axe. ¸6 ¶[VP6A,15A,B] ´rub harshly together, esp with a
circular motion: ³@ one's teeth (together); a ship @ing on the rocks; @ one's
heel into the ground. ·@ to a halt´, (of a vehicle) stop noisily (with brakes
that @); (fig) (of a process) stop slowly: ³The strikes brought industry @ing
to a halt. ¸7 ¶[VP6A,15A] ´work by turning; produce by turning: ³@ a
hand-mill/coffee-mill/barrel-organ; @ out a tune on an organ; ´(fig) ³@ out
some verses´, produce them slowly and with effort. ¸8 ¶[VP2C,15B] ·@
(away) (at), ´(cause to) work or study hard and long: ³@ away at one's studies;
@ for an exam. ´¹ ³n ´(colloq) long, monotonous task: ³the examination @´, the
task of preparing for an examination. ³Do you find learning English a @?¼
¨grinder© ²/ÚgrñIndE(r)/ ³n ¸1 ´thing that grinds, eÔg a molar tooth, apparatus
for grinding coffee: ³a ·Ú³coffee-@. ¸2 ´(in compounds) person who grinds: ³a
·Ú³knife-@; an ·Ú³organ-@´, person who produces tunes by turning the
handle of a barrel-organ.¼
¨grind®stone© ²/ÚgrñIndstE8n/ ³n ´stone shaped like a wheel, turned
on an axle, used for sharpening tools. ·keep sb's nose to the @, ´force him to
work hard without rest.¼
¨grip© ²/grIp/ ³vt,vi µ(-pp-) ¶[VP6A,2A] ´take and keep a firm hold of; seize
firmly: ³The frightened child @ped its mother's hand. The brakes failed to @
and the car ran into a wall. The speaker @ped the attention of his audience.
The film is a @ping story of love and hate. ´¹ ³n ¸1 ³(sing ´only except as
shown) act, manner, or power of @ping: ³let go one's @ of sth; take a @ on a
rope; have a good @ ´(fig, = understanding) ³of a problem; have a good @ on an
audience´, hold their attention and interest. ·be at @s with; come/get to @s
with, ´be attacking, begin to attack, in earnest; be in close combat: ³get to
@s with a problem. ·take a Ú@ on oneself, ´(colloq) stop being idle and
inattentive. ¸2 ¶[C] ´(in a machine, etc) part that @s or clips; clutch; part
that is to be @ped. ¸3 ¶[C] ´(also ¸Ú@®sack´) (US) traveller's handbag: ³a
leather @.¼
¨gripes© ²/grñIps/ ³n pl ¸(the) @, ´(colloq) violent pains in the abdomen.¼
¨grippe© ²/grip/ ³n ¸the @, ´influenza.¼
¨gris®ly© ²/ÚgrIzlI/ ³adj ´causing horror or terror; ghastly.¼
¨grist© ²/grIst/ ³n ¶[U] ´grain to be ground (chiefly in fig phrases). ·It's
all @ to the mill; All is @ that comes to his mill, ´(prov) He makes use of
everything.¼
¨gristle© ²/ÚgrIsl/ ³n ¶[U] ´tough, elastic tissue in animal bodies, esp in
meat: ³I can't eat this meatÅit's all @.¼
¨grit© ²/grIt/ ³n ¶[U] ¸1 ´(collective ³sing) ´tiny, hard bits of stone, sand,
etc: ³spread @ on icy roads. I've got some @ in my shoe. ¸2 ´quality of
courage and endurance: ³The soldiers showed that they had plenty of @. ´¹ ³vt
µ(-tt-) ·@ one's teeth, ´keep one's jaws tight together; (fig) show courage
and endurance. ¸@ty ³adj µ(-ier, -iest) ´of or like @µ(1)´: ³The sandstorm made
the food @ty.¼
¨grits© ²/grIts/ ³n pl ´husked but unground oats; coarse oatmeal.¼
¨grizzle© ²/ÚgrIzl/ ³vi ´(colloq) (esp of children) cry fretfully.¼
¨griz®zled© ²/ÚgrIzld/ ³adj ´grey; grey-haired.¼
¨griz®zly© ²/ÚgrIzlI/ ³n ´(also ¸@ bear´) large, fierce grey bear of N America.
µ¥ ´the illus at µbear.¼
¨groan© ²/grE8n/ ³vi,vt ¸1 ¶[VP2A,C] ´make a deep sound forced out by pain, or
expressing despair or distress: ³The wounded men lay there @ing, with no one
to help them. The teacher @ed with dismay. The people @ed under injustice. ¸2
¶[VP2A,C] ´(of things) make a noise like that of @ing: ³The ship's timbers @ed
during the storm. The table @ed with food´, (fig) was weighed down with large
quantities of food. ¸3 ¶[VP6A,15B] ·@ (out), ´express with @ing: ³He @ed out a
sad story. ¸4 ¶[VP15B] ·@ down, ´silence by @ing: ³The speaker was @ed down by
his audience´, They prevented him from being heard. ¹ ³n ¶[C] ´deep sound made
in @ing: ³the @s of the injured men; give a @ of dismay; a speech interrupted
by @s of disapproval.¼
¨groat© ²/grE8t/ ³n ´(hist) (14th to 17th cc) English silver coin worth
fourpence.¼
¨groats© ²/grE8ts/ ³n pl ´(crushed) grain, esp oats, that has been hulled.¼
¨grocer© ²/ÚgrE8sE(r)/ ³n ´shopkeeper who sells food in packets, tins, or
bottles, and general small household requirements. ¸@y ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´@'s trade:
³a ·Ú³@y business. ¸2 ³(pl) ¸@ies, ´things sold by a @.¼
¨grog© ²/grog/ ³n ¶[U] ´(a word used by sailors) drink of spirits mixed with
water.¼
¨groggy© ²/ÚgrogI/ ³adj µ(-ier, -iest) ¸1 ´unsteady; likely to collapse or
fall: ³The legs of that chair look rather @. ¸2 ´weak and unsteady as the
result of illness, shock, lack of sleep, etc: ³That last attack of flu left me
rather @.¼
¨groin© ²/grãIn/ ³n ¸1 ´depression between the stomach and the
thigh. µ¥ ´the illus at µtrunk. ¸2 ´(archit) curved edge where two vaults meet
(in a roof). µ¥ ´the illus at µchurch. ¸3 ´(US) = µgroyne. ´¹ ³vt ´build with
@s.¼
¨groom© ²/grum/ ³n ¸1 ´person in charge of horses. ¸2 ´bridegroom. ¹ ³vt
¶[VP6A] ¸1 ´feed, brush and in other ways look after (horses); (of apes,
monkeys) clean the fur and skin of: ³a female ape @ing her mate. ¸2 ´(usu in
the ³pp´, of persons): ³well/badly @ed´, well/badly dressed (esp of the hair,
beard and clothes). ¸3 ´(colloq) prepare (sb for a career, etc).¼
¨groove© ²/gruv/ ³n ¸1 ´long, hollow channel in the surface of hard material,
esp one made to guide the motion of sth that slides along it, eÔg a sliding
door or window; spiral cut on a gramophone disc (in which the needle or stylus
moves). ¸2 ´way of living that has become a habit. ·get into/be stuck in a @,
´become set in one's ways, one's style of living. ·in the @, ´(dated sl) in
the right mood (for sth); exhilarated. ¹ ³vt ´make @s in: ³a @d shelf. ¸@r
³n ´(sl) up-to-date person. ¸groovy ³adj ´(sl) up-to-date; in the latest
fashion (esp of young people): ³a groovy restaurant; groovy clothes/people.¼
¨grope© ²/grE8p/ ³vi,vt ¶[VP2A,C,3A,15A] ·@ (about) (for/after),
´(lit or fig) ´feel or search about as one does in the dark: ³grope for the
door-handle/the light switch/an answer. We @d our way along the dark
corridor. ¸grop®ing®ly ³adv ´in the manner of one who @s.¼
¨gross©1 ²/grE8s/ ³n (pl ´unchanged) twelve dozen; 144. µ¥ App 4.¼
¨gross©2 ²/grE8s/ ³adj ¸1 ´vulgar; not refined; coarse in mind or morals: ³@
language/jokes/morals. ¸2 ´(of food) coarse, greasy; liking such food: ³a @
eater. ¸3 ´(of the senses) heavy and dull. ¸4 ´flagrant; glaring; clearly seen:
³@ injustice/negligence; a @ error/overcharge. ¸5 ´(of vegetation)
luxuriant: ³the @ vegetation of the tropical rain-forest. ¸6 ´(of persons)
repulsively fat. ¸7 ´(opposite of ³net´) total, whole: ³the @ amount; his @
income. ¸@ national product ´(abbr ¸GÔNÔP´), ´annual total value of goods
produced, and services provided, in a country. ¸8 ·in (the) @, ´wholesale; in
bulk; in a general way. ¹ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´make as a total amount: ³His last film
@ed five million pounds. ¸@®ly ³adv ´extremely: ³@ly unfair/fat. ¸@®ness ³n¼
¨grot© ²/grot/ ³n ´(poet) grotto.¼
¨gro®tesque© ²/grE8Útesk/ ³adj ¸1 ´absurd; fantastic; laughable
because strange and incongruous: ³a @ appearance; @ manners. ¸2 ´(in art)
combining human, animal and plant forms in a fantastic way; made up of
comically distorted figures and designs. ¹ ³n ¸1 ´@ person, animal, figure or
design. ¸2 the @, ´painting, carving, etc in which the @ style appears. ¸@®ly
³adv ¸@®ness ³n¼
¨grotto© ²/ÚgrotE8/ ³n (pl µ@es, @s ²/-tE8z/´) cave, esp one made artificially
as a garden shelter.¼
¨grotty© ²/ÚgrotI/ ³adj ´(sl) unpleasant; ugly.¼
¨grouch© ²/grñ8t2/ ³vi ´(colloq) complain. ¹ ³n ´fit of ill temper; sulky,
discontented person. ¸@y ³adj ´sullenly discontented.¼
¨ground©1 ²/grñ8nd/ ³n ¸1 the @, ´solid surface of the earth: ³lie on/sit
on/fall to the @; ´(in compounds): ³@-to-air missiles´, fired from the @ (at
aircraft). ³The airliner made a @-controlled approach´, approached the runway
directed by the control tower. ·above @, ´alive. ·below @, ´dead
and buried. ·fall/be dashed to the @, ´(cause to) fail, be disappointed: ³The
scheme/Our plans fell to the @. Our hopes were dashed to the @. ·get off the @,
´(of an aircraft) rise into the air; (fig, of an undertaking or scheme) pass
from the planning stage and make a start. ¸2 ¶[U] ´position, area or distance
on the earth's surface. ·cut the @ from under sb's feet, ´anticipate his plans,
arguments, defences, etc and in this way embarrass him. ·cover (much, etc) @,
¸(a) ´travel: ³We've covered a great deal of @ today´, have come a long way.
¸(b) ´(fig, of a lecture, report, inquiry, etc) deal with a variety of
subjects; be far-reaching: ³The committee's report covers much new @´, deals
with many new matters. ·gain @, ´make progress; win a success or an advantage.
·give/lose @, ´retreat; fail to keep one's position or advantage.
·hold/stand/keep one's @, ´stand firm; not yield; maintain one's claim,
intention, argument, etc. ·shift one's @, ´change one's argument, etc.
·suit sb down to the @, ´suit him thoroughly: ³Her new hairstyle/job
suits her down to the @. ¸common @, ´subject on which two or more persons or
parties are in agreement or on which they have similar views. ¸forbidden @,
´subject that must be avoided. ¸3 ¶[U] ´soil; earth: ³till the @. The frost has
made the @ hard. ·break fresh/new @, ¸(a) ´cultivate land that has not been
cultivated before. ¸(b) ´(fig) do sth new; deal with a subject for the first
time. ¸4 ¶[C] ´area or piece of land for a special purpose or a particular use:
³a ·Ú³football/·Ú³cricket/·Ú³sports @; a ·Ú³parade/·*³recre·Ú³ation @; a
·Ú³play@; ·Ú³hunting/fishing-@s´, areas used for hunting/fishing. ¸5 ´(always
³pl´) land, gardens, round a building, often enclosed with walls, hedges or
fences: ³the @s of Buckingham Palace. The mansion has extensive @s. ¸6 ¶[U]
´bottom of the sea or of any other body of water: (chiefly in) ·touch @, ´(of a
ship) strike the bottom. µ¥ aground. ¸7 ³(pl) ´particles of solid matter that
sink to the bottom of a liquid: (esp) ·Ú³coffee-@s. ¸8 ³(pl ´or ¶[U]´)
reason(s) for saying, doing or believing sth. ·be/give/have @s for,
´be/give/have a cause or reason for: ³There are no @s for anxiety. I have good
@s for believing his version of events. They don't give me much @/many @s for
complaint. What are the @s for divorce in this country´, What is recognized as
a basis for an action of divorce? ·on the @s of, ´because of: ³excused on the
@s of youth; reject a man on ·Ú³medical @s. On what @s do you suspect him? ¸9
¶[C] ´surface on which a design is painted, printed, cut, etc; undecorated
part: ³a design of pink roses on a white @. ¸10 ´(compounds) ¸Ú@-bait ³n
¶[U] ´food thrown to the bottom of a fishing-@ to attract fish. ¸Ú@-fish ³n
´fish living at or near the bottom. ¸*@ Úfloor ³n ´the floor of a building
level with the @. ·be/get in on the @ floor, ´(colloq) join an enterprise at
its beginning. ¸Ú@®nut ³n ´kind of pea with pods ripening under the @ (also
called ³earthnut ´and ³peanut´). ¸Ú@-plan ³n ´plan of a building at @ level.
¸Ú@-rent ³n ´rent paid for the use of land leased for building. ¸@s®man ²/-mEn/
³n (pl µ-men³) ´man employed to look after a cricket @. ¸Ú@®sheet ³n
´waterproof sheet spread on the @, eÔg under bedding in a tent. ¸Ú@ speed ³n
´aircraft's speed on the @ (contrasted with ³air speed´). ¸Ú@ staff/crew ³n
´mechanics who service aircraft on the @; non-flying members of the staff of an
airfield, etc. ¸Ú@ swell ³n ¶[U] ´heavy, slow-moving waves caused by a distant
or recent storm. ¸Ú@®work ³n ¶[U] ´(usu fig) foundation; basis.¼
¨ground©2 ²/grñ8nd/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A,2A] ´(of a ship) (cause to)
touch the sea bottom; (of aircraft, airmen) compel to stay on the ground: ³Our
ship @ed in shallow water. All aircraft at London Airport were @ed by fog
yesterday. ¸2 ¶[VP6A] ·@ arms, ´(mil) lay (esp rifles) on the ground. ¸3
¶[VP14] ·@ sth on sth, ´base (the more usu word) (a belief, etc) on: ³@ one's
arguments on facts; a well-@ed theory. ¸4 ¶[VP14] ·@ sb in sth, ´give (sb) good
teaching or basic training in: ³The teacher @ed his pupils in arithmetic.
¸5 ¶[VP6A] ´connect (a piece of electrical apparatus) with the @ as conductor,
as a safety precaution ³(earth ´is the usu word). ¸@®ing ³n ´thorough teaching
of the elements of a subject: ³a good @ing in grammar.¼
¨ground©3 ²/grñ8nd/ ³pt,pp ´of µgrind´: ³@ rice´, reduced to fine powder. ¸@
glass, ´made non-transparent by grinding.¼
¨ground®less© ²/Úgrñ8ndlIs/ ³adj ´without foundation or good reason: ³@
fears/anxieties/rumours. µ¥ ground±1µ(8).¼
¨ground®sel© ²/Úgrñ8nsl/ ³n ¶[U] ´kinds of weed, the commonest kind of which is
used as food for some cage-birds.¼
¨group© ²/grup/ ³n ¶[C] ´number of persons or things gathered or placed
together, or naturally associated; number of jointly-controlled business
companies, eÔg as the result of a merger: ³a @ of girls/trees/houses; people
standing about in small @s; the Germanic @ of languages. ¸ÚG@ captain, ´Air
Force officer. ´¹ ³vt,vi ¶[VP6A,15A,B,2C] ´form into, gather in, a @ or @s:
³The police @ed (themselves) round the demonstrators. G@ the roses together.¼
¨grouse©1 ²/grñ8s/ ³n (pl ´unchanged) bird with feathered feet,
shot for sport and food: ·Ú³@ shooting´, the shooting of red @ on the moors of
Scotland and northern England. µ¥ ´the illus at µfowl.¼
¨grouse©2 ²/grñ8s/ ³vi ¶[VP2A,C] ´(colloq) grumble; complain. ¹ ³n ´complaint.¼
¨grove© ²/grE8v/ ³n ´group of trees; small wood.¼
¨grovel© ²/Úgrovl/ ³vi µ(-ll-, ´US also µ-l-) ¶[VP2A,C] ´lie down on one's
face, crawl, in front of sb whom one fears, (as if) begging for mercy; (fig)
humble oneself; behave in a way that shows one has no self-respect: ³@ at the
feet of a conqueror. ¸@®ler ³n ´person who @s.¼
¨grow© ²/grE8/ ³vi,vt (pt µgrew ²/gru/³, pp µgrown ²/grE8n/³) ¸1
¶[VP2A,C,D] ´develop; increase in size, height, length, etc: ³Rice @s in warm
climates. How quickly you are @ing! How tall you've @n! She has decided to let
her hair @´, not have it cut short. ³A full-@n elephant is very large. He has
@n into a fine young man. Plants @ from seeds. She has @n in stature but not
in wisdom. ·@ out of, ¸(a) ´become too big for: ³@ out of one's clothes. ¸(b)
´become too old for; cease to practise; abandon: ³He has @n out of the bad
habits of his boyhood days. ¸(c) ´have as a source: ³His troubles grew out of
his bad temper. ·@ up, ¸(a) ´(of persons, animals) reach the stage of full
development; become adult or mature: ³When the boys @ up,« He has a @n-up son.
¸(b) ´develop: ³A warm friendship grew up between the two men. ¸Ú@®ing-pains ³n
pl ¸(a) ´pains in the limbs of young children, popularly believed to be caused
by rapid growth. ¸(b) ´(fig) problems arising while a new enterprise is
developing: ³The business is still suffering from @ing pains. ¸Ú@n-up
²/ÚgrE8nAp/ ³n ¶[C] ´adult person (contrasted with a child). µ¹ ³adj ´adult;
mature. ¸2 ¶[VP2D] ´become: ³@ older; @ smaller. It began to @ dark. ¸3 ¶[VP4A]
·@ to be/like, etc, ´reach the point or stage where one is/likes, etc:
³One @s to like what one is accustomed to. My friendship with them grew to be
´(= by degrees became) ³considerable. ¸4 ¶[VP6A,12B,13B] ´cause or allow to @:
³@ roses. He's @ing a beard. Will you @ some herbs for me/@ me some herbs this
year? ¸5 ¶[VP3A] ·@ on/upon, ¸(a) ´become more deeply rooted: ³a habit that @s
on you. ¸(b) ´come to have a greater attraction for; win the liking of: ³a
book/a piece of music that @s on you. ¸@er ³n ¸1 ´person who @s things: ³a
·Ú³fruit-@er; ·Ú³rose-@ers. ¸2 ´plant, etc that @s in a certain way: ³a
free/rapid @er.¼
¨growl© ²/grñ8l/ ³vi,vt ¸1 ¶[VP2A,C] ´(of animals, men, thunder) make a low,
threatening sound: ³The dog @ed at me. We heard thunder @ing in the distance.
¸2 ¶[VP6A,15B] ·@ (out), ´say in a @ing manner: ³He @ed (out) his answer. ´¹
³n ¶[C] ´low threatening sound; angry complaint. ¸@®ing®ly ³adv¼
¨growler© ²/Úgrñ8lE(r)/ ³n ´(old colloq use) four-wheeled
horse-drawn cab.¼
¨grown© ²/grE8n/ ³pp ´of µgrow: ³a @ man´, a mature man.¼
¨growth© ²/grE8T/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´growing; development; process of growing: ³the
rapid @ of our economy. At what age does an elephant reach full @´, its
greatest size? ¸2 ¶[U] ´increase: ·Ú³@ shares´, thought likely to increase in
value. ¸3 ¶[U] ´cultivation: ³apples of foreign @´, grown abroad. ¸4 ¶[C] ´sth
that grows or has grown: ³a thick @ of weeds; a three-days' @ of beard. ¸5
¶[C] ´diseased formation in the body, eÔg a cancer.¼
¨groyne© ´(US = ¸groin´) ²/grãIn/ ³n ¶[C] ´structure of wood, etc, or a low,
broad wall of stone, concrete, etc built to prevent sand and pebbles from being
washed away by the sea, the current of a river, etc.¼
¨grub©1 ²/grAb/ ³n ¸1 ¶[C] ´larva of insect. ¸2 ¶[U] ´(sl) food.¼
¨grub©2 ²/grAb/ ³vt,vi µ(-bb-) ¶[VP6A,15B,2C] ´turn over the soil, esp in
order to get sth up or out: ³@bing up weeds. The pigs were @bing about among
the bushes.¼
¨grubby© ²/ÚgrAbI/ ³adj µ(-ier, -iest) ¸1 ´dirty; unwashed. ¸2 ´having grubs
in it.¼
¨grudge© ²/grAdZ/ ³vt ¶[VP12A,13A,6C] ´be unwilling to give or allow: ³I don't
@ him his success´, I admit that he deserves it. ³His cruel master @d him even
the food he ate´, gave him his food unwillingly. ³I @ paying $2 for a bottle of
wine that is not worth 50p. ´¹ ³n ¶[C] ´feeling of ill-will, resentment, envy
or spite: ³I bear him no @. He has a @ against me. I owe that man a @´, think I
have good reason to feel ill-will towards him. ¸grudg®ingly ³adv ´in a grudging
manner: ³His employer grudgingly raised his salary.¼
¨gruel© ²/ÚgruEl/ ³n ¶[U] ´liquid food of oatmeal, etc boiled in
milk or water.¼
¨gruel®ling© ´(US =¸gruel®ing´) ²/ÚgruElIG/ ³adj ´severe; exhausting: ³a @ling
race.¼
¨grue®some© ²/ÚgrusEm/ ³adj ´filling one with horror or disgust; frightful.
¸@®ly ³adv ¸@®ness ³n¼
¨gruff© ²/grAf/ ³adj ´(of a person, his voice, behaviour) rough; surly. ¸@®ly
³adv ¸@®ness ³n¼
¨grumble© ²/ÚgrAmbl/ ³vi,vt ¸1 ¶[VP2A,C,3A] ·@ (at/about/over sth), ´complain
or protest in a bad-tempered way: ³He's always grumbling. He @d at the low pay
offered to him. ¸2 ¶[VP6A,15B] ·@ (out), ´say in a sullen, dissatisfied way:
³@ (out) a reply. ¸3 ¶[VP2A,C] ´make a low, growling sound: ³thunder grumbling
in the distance. ´¹ ³n ¶[C] ´(usu bad-tempered) complaint or protest: ³That
fellow is full of @s. ¸grum®bler ²/ÚgrAmblE(r)/ ³n ´person who @s.¼
¨grumpy© ²/ÚgrAmpI/ ³adj µ(-ier, -iest) ´bad-tempered; surly. ¸grump®ily
²/IlI/ ³adv ¸grumpi®ness ³n¼
¨Grundy®ism© ²/ÚgrAndIIzEm/ ³n ¶[U] ´conventional propriety; prudery.¼
¨grunt© ²/grAnt/ ³vi,vt ¸1 ¶[VP2A] ´(of animals, esp pigs) make a low, rough
sound; (of persons) make a similar sound expressing disagreement, boredom,
irritation, etc. ¸2 ¶[VP6A,15B] ·@ (out), ´utter in a @ing way: ³@ (out) an
answer. ´¹ ³n ¶[C] ´low, rough sound.¼
¨gry®phon© ²/ÚgrIfEn/ ³n ´= µgriffin.¼
¨guano© ²/ÚgwqnE8/ ³n (pl µ-nos ²/-nE8z/³) ¶[C] ´dung dropped by sea-birds,
used as fertilizer.¼
¨guar®an®tee©1 ²/*garEnÚti/ ³n ¶[C] ¸1 ´(in law, ¸guaranty´) promise or
undertaking (usu in writing or print) that certain conditions agreed to in a
transaction will be fulfilled: ³a year's @ with a watch´, a promise to keep it
in good repair, etc. ¸2 ´(in law, ¸guaranty´) undertaking given by one person
to another that he will be responsible for sth to be done, eÔg payment of a
debt, by a third person. ¸3 ´(in law, ¸guarantor´) person who gives such an
undertaking: ³be @ for a friend's good behaviour. If I try to borrow
$1Ô000 from the bank, will you be my @? ¸4 ´(in law, ¸guaranty´) sth offered,
eÔg the deeds of a house or other document of ownership of property, as
security for the fulfilling of conditions in a @µ(1,2)´: ³"What @ can you
offer?' "I can offer my house and land as a @.' ¸5 ´(colloq) sth that seems to
make an occurrence likely: ³Blue skies are not always a @ of fine weather.¼
¨guar®an®tee©2 ²/*garEnÚti/ ³vt ¶[VP6A,7A,25,9,12A,13A] ¸1 ´give a
guaranteeµ(1,2,3) ´for (sth or sb): ³@ a man's debts; @ to pay a man's debts;
@ that the debts will be paid; @ the payment of the debts. We cannot @ the
punctual arrival of trains in foggy weather. This clock is @d for one year. We
can't @ our workers regular employment. ¸2 ´(colloq) promise (without legal
obligation): ³Many shopkeepers @ satisfaction to customers.¼
¨guar®an®tor© ²/*garEnÚtc(r)/ ³n ´(legal word for) guaranteeµ(3).¼
¨guar®an®ty© ²/ÚgarEntI/ ³n ´(legal word for) guaranteeµ(1,2,4).¼
¨guard©1 ²/gqd/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´state of watchfulness against attack, danger or
surprise: ³The sentry/soldier is on @´, at his post, on duty. ³The soldier was
ordered to keep @. ¸2 ¶[U] ´attitude of readiness to defend oneself, eÔg in
fencing, boxing, bayonet-drill. ·be on/off one's @, ´be prepared/unprepared
against an attack or surprise: ³Be on your @ against pick-pockets. He struck me
´while I was off my @. ¸3 ¶[C] ´soldier or party of soldiers keeping @; sentry.
·change @, ´(mil) replace one @ by another. Hence, ·the changing of the @, ´eÔg
at Buckingham Palace. ·mount @, ´take up one's post as a sentry. ·relieve @,
´take the place of a sentry who has finished his period of duty. ·stand @. ´act
as a sentry- ¸4 ´man (also called ³warder´) or group of men in charge of a
prison. ¸5 ´(GB) official in charge of a railway train. (US = ³brakeman´). ¸6
³(pl) ¸G@s, ´(in GB and some other countries) troops employed originally to
protect the sovereign: ³the G@s; the Royal Horse G@s; a G@s officer. ¸@s®man
²/-mEn/ ³n (pl µ-men³) ´soldier of the G@s. ¸7 ¶[C] ´body of soldiers with the
duty of protecting, honouring or escorting a person: ³The Duke, on his arrival,
inspected the @ of honour at the station. µ¥ ´also³rear@ ´at µrear±1µ(4)³, Home
G@ ´at µhome±1µ(7). ¸8 ´(esp in compounds) (part of) an article or apparatus
designed to prevent injury or loss: ³a ·Ú³fire-@, ´in front of a fireplace; ³a
·Ú³mud@ ´(over the wheel of a bicycle, etc); ³the @ of a sword, ´the part of
the hilt that protects the hand. ¸9 ´(compounds) ¸Ú@-boat ³n ´one sent round a
fleet of warships in harbour. ¸Ú@®house ³n ´(mil) building for a military @ or
one in which prisoners are kept. ¸Ú@-rail ³n ´rail, eÔg on a staircase, to
prevent falling or (elsewhere) to prevent persons from danger, eÔg from
traffic. ¸Ú@®room ³n ´room for soldiers on @ or for soldiers under @.
¸Ú@-ship ³n ´ship protecting a harbour.¼
¨guard©2 ²/gqd/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A,15A] ´protect; keep from danger: ³@ a camp; @
one's life/one's reputation; @ prisoners´, prevent them from escaping. ¸2
¶[VP3A] ·@ against, ´use care and caution to prevent: ³@ against disease/bad
habits/suspicion. ¸@ed ³adj ´(of statements, etc) cautious: ³a @ed answer: be
@ed in what one says. ¸@®ed®ly ³adv ´cautiously.¼
¨guard®ian© ²/ÚgqdIEn/ ³n ´(offical or private) person who guards,
esp (legal use) one who is responsible for the care of a young or incapable
person and his property. ¸*@ Úangel, ´spirit watching over a person or place.
¸Ú@®ship ²/-2Ip/ ³n ´position or office of a @.¼
¨guava© ²/ÚgwqvE/ ³n ´(topical tree with) pink edible fruit surrounded by a
light yellow outer skin. µ¥ ´the illus at µfruit.¼
¨gudg®eon© ²/ÚgAdZEn/ ³n ´small freshwater fish used as bait.¼
¨guel®der rose© ²/ÚgeldE rE8z/ ³n ´plant with round bunches of white flowers;
snowball tree.¼
¨guer®rilla©, guer®illa ²/gEÚrIlE/ ³n ´person, not a member of a regular army,
engaged in fighting in small, secret groups. ¸@ warfare ³n ¶[U] ´such fighting.
¸@ war ³n ¶[C] ´war fought by @s on one side or both sides. ¸urban @ ³n ´@ who
operates in towns only.¼
¨guess© ²/ges/ ³vt,vi ¶[VP6A,25,9,8,10,2A,C,3A] ·@ (at), ´form an opinion, give
an answer, make a statement, based on supposition, not on careful thought,
calculation or definite knowledge: ³Can you @ my weight/what my weight is/how
much I weigh? I should @ his age at 50/@ him to be 50/@ that he is 50. Can't
you even @ at her age? G@ what I'm thinking. You've @ed right/wrong. I @
´(US colloq, = ³suppose) you're right. ´¹ ³n ¶[C] ´opinion formed by @ing:
³make/have a @ (at sth). One man's @ is as good as another's. ·it's anybody's
@, ´no one can be sure about it. ·at a @, ´making a @: ³At a @ I should say
there were 50 people present. ·by @, ´by the use of @ing: ³Don't answer by @;
work the problem out. ¸Ú@®timate ²/ÚgestImEt/ ³n ´(modern colloq) estimate made
by combining @ing with reasoning. ¸Ú@-work ³n ¶[U] ´@ing; result of @ing.¼
¨guest© ²/gest/ ³n ´person staying at or paying a visit to another's house or
being entertained at a meal: ³We're expecting @s to dinner. ¸Ú@®room ³n
´bedroom kept for the use of @s. ¸Ú@®house ³n ´boarding-house. ¸Ú@-night ³n
´evening on which members of a club, college, mess±2´, etc may bring in and
entertain their friends as @s. ¸*paying Ú@ ³n ´boarder in a private house;
person staying at an inn, a hotel or boarding-house, and paying for his
entertainment.¼
¨guf®faw© ²/gEÚfc/ ³vi, n ´(give a) noisy laugh.¼
¨guid®ance© ²/ÚgñIdns/ ³n ¶[U] ´guiding or being guided; leadership.¼
¨guide© ²/gñId/ ³n ¸1 ´person who shows others the way, esp a
person employed to point out interesting sights on a journey or visit. ¸*Girl
ÚG@, µ¥ girl. ¸2 ´sth that directs or influences (conduct, etc): ³Instinct is
not always a good @. ¸Ú@-line ³n ´(usu ³pl´) ´advice (usu from sb in authority)
on policy, etc: ³@-lines on prices and incomes. ¸3 ´(also ¸Ú@®book´) book for
travellers, tourists, etc with information about a place: ³a @ to the British
Museum; a @ to Italy. ¸4 ´book of information; manual: ³a G@ to Poultry
Keeping. ¸5 ´bar, rod or part of a machine or apparatus that keeps other parts,
etc, moving as desired. ´¹ ³vt ¶[VP6A,15A,B] ´act as @ to: ³@ sb to a place; @
sb in/out/up, etc. You must be @d by your sense of what is right and just.
¸*@d Úmissile, ´rocket (for use in war) which can be @d to its destination
while in flight by electronic devices.¼
¨guild© ²/gIld/ ´(also, older spelling ¸gild´) ³n ´society of persons for
helping one another, forwarding common interests, eÔg trade, social welfare.
¸*G@-Úhall ³n ´hall in which members of a @ met in the Middle Ages. ¸the
ÚG@®hall, ´hall of the Corporation of the City of London, used for banquets,
receptions, etc. ¸@ socialism, ´system by which an industry is to be
controlled by a council of its members.¼
¨guilder© ²/ÚgIldE(r)/ ³n ´unit of currency of the Netherlands.¼
¨guile© ²/gñIl/ ³n ¶[U] ´deceit; cunning: ³a man full of @; get sth by @.
¸@®less ³adj ¸@®ful ²/-fl/ ³adj¼
¨guille®mot© ²/ÚgIlImot/ ³n ´kinds of arctic sea-bird. µ¥ ´the illus at
µwater.¼
¨guillo®tine© ²/ÚgIlEtin/ ³n ¸1 ´machine for beheading (criminals in France)
with a heavy blade sliding in grooves dropped from a
height. ¸2 ´kind of machine for cutting the edges of books during manufacture,
trimming sheets of paper, etc. ¸3 ´(in Parliament) method of stopping
obstruction of a bill (by excessive debate) by fixing times for taking votes.
´¹ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´use the @ on.¼
¨guilt© ²/gIlt/ ³n ¶[U] ´condition of having done wrong; responsibility for
wrong-doing: ³The @ of the accused man was in doubt. ¸@®less ³adj ·@
(of), ´innocent; without @: ³@less of the offence; ´not having knowledge or
possession. ¸@y ³adj µ(-ier, -iest) ·@y (of), ¸1 ´having done wrong: ³plead @y
to a crime; be @y of a crime. ¸2 ´showing or feeling guilt: ³look @y; @y looks;
a @y conscience. ¸@®ily ²/-IlI/ ³adv ¸@®iness ³n¼
¨guinea© ²/ÚgInI/ ³n ´(³pl µ@s ´abbr ¸gns´) (called ³money of account, µ¥
account ±1µ(2)´) formerly the sum of twenty-one shillings (now $1.05, or
105p), for which there was neither coin nor banknote, used in stating prices of
goods, professional fees, charges, subscriptions, etc: ³the 2Ô000 Gns race´,
horse-race with a prize of 2Ô000 @s.¼
¨guinea-fowl© ²/ÚgInI fñ8l/ ³n (pl ´unchanged) ´domestic fowl of
the pheasant family, with dark grey feathers spotted with white.¼
¨guinea-pig© ²/ÚgInI pIg/ ³n ´short-eared animal like a big rat, often used in
scientific experiments; sb allowing himself to be used in medical or other
experiments. µ¥ ´the illus at µsmall.¼
¨Guin®ness© ²/ÚgInIs/ ³n ´(P) kind of bitter stout; ´bottle or glass of this:
³A pint of draught @, please.¼
¨guise© ²/gñIz/ ³n ¶[C] ¸1 ´(old use) style of dress: ³in the @ of a monk. ¸2
·in/under the @ of, ´assuming a particular manner or appearance: ³under the @
of friendship.¼
¨guitar© ²/gIÚtq(r)/ ³n ´(usu) six-stringed musical instrument, plucked with
the fingers or a plectrum. µ¥ ´the illus at µstring.¼
¨gulch© ²/gAlt2/ ³n ´(US) deep, narrow, rocky valley.¼
¨gul®den© ²/Úg8ldEn/ ³n ´= µguilder.¼
¨gulf© ²/gAlf/ ³n ¸1 ´part of the sea almost surrounded by land: ³the G@ of
Mexico. ¸the ÚG@ Stream´, warm ocean current flowing north from the G@ of
Mexico to Europe. ¸2 ´deep hollow; chasm; abyss; (fig) dividing line, division
(³between ´opinions, etc).¼
¨gull©1 ²/gAl/ ³n ´large, long-winged sea-bird. µ¥ ´the illus at µwater.¼
¨gull©2 ²/gAl/ ³vt ¶[VP6A,15A] ´cheat; deceive: ³@ a fool out of his money. ´¹
³n ´person who is easily @ed. ¸@®ible ²/-Ebl/ ³adj ´easily @ed. ¸@i®bil®ity
²/*gAlEÚbIlEtI/ ³n¼
¨gul®let© ²/ÚgAlIt/ ³n ´food passage from the mouth to the stomach;
throat. µ¥ ´the illus at µhead.¼
¨gully© ²/ÚgAlI/ ³n (pl µ-lies³) ´narrow channel cut or formed by rainwater,
eÔg on a hillside, or made for carrying water away from a building.¼
¨gulp© ²/gAlp/ ³vt,vi ¶[VP2A,6A,15B] ·@ (down), ´swallow (food or drink)
quickly or greedily: ³@ down a cup of tea; ´hold back or suppress (as if
swallowing sth); make a @ing motion. ¹ ³n ¶[C] ´act of @ing: ³empty a glass at
one @; ´amount that is @ed; mouthful, esp of sth liquid: ³a @ of cold tea.¼
¨gum©1 ²/gAm/ ³n ´(usu ³pl) ´firm, pink flesh round the teeth: ³The
dog bared its gums at me. µ¥ ´the illus at µmouth. ¸gum®boil ²/ÚgAmbãIl/ ³n
´boil or abscess on the gums.¼
¨gum©2 ²/gAm/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´sticky substance exuded from some trees, used for
sticking things together. ¸2 ¶[U] ´gum that has been specially prepared in some
way: ³chewing-gum; ¶[C] ´(also ·Ú³gum-drop´) hard, transparent sweet made
of gelatine, etc. ¸3 ´(also ·Ú³gum-tree´) eucalyptus tree. ·up a gum-tree,
´(sl) in difficulties. ¸Úgum®boot, ´high rubber boot. ¸Úgum®shoe, ´(US) ¸(a)
´rubber shoe or overshoe. ¸(b) ´(sl) detective. ¹ ³vt µ(-mm-) ¶[VP6A,15A,B]
´stick together with gum; spread gum on the surface of: ³gum sth down; gum two
things together. ¸gummy ³adj µ(-ier, -iest) ´sticky.¼
¨gum©3 ²/gAm/ ³n ´(esp N England) (in oaths, etc) God: ³By gum!¼
¨gum®bo© ²/ÚgAmbE8/ ³n ´(US) thick okra soup.¼
¨gump®tion© ²/ÚgAmp2n/ ³n ¶[U] ´(colloq) common sense and initiative;
qualities likely to bring success: ³The lad lacks @.¼
¨gun© ²/gAn/ ³n ¸1 ´general name for any kind of firearm that sends shells or
bullets from a metal tube: ³a warship with 16-inch guns; machine-guns. µ¥
cannon, carbine, musket, pistol, revolver, rifle±1µ. ·be going great guns, ´be
proceeding vigorously and successfully. ·blow great guns, ´(of the wind)
blow violently. ·stick to one's guns, ´maintain one's position against attack
or argument. ¸Úgun®boat ³n ´small warship carrying heavy guns, or long-range
missiles. ·gun-boat diplomacy, ´(fig) diplomacy backed by the threat of force.
¸Úgun-carriage ³n ´wheeled support of a big gun, or part on which a gun slides
when it recoils. ¸Úgun-cotton ³n ¶[U] ´explosive of acid-soaked cotton.
¸Úgun®fire ³n ¶[U] ´firing of gun(s). ¸gun®man ²/-mEn/ ³n (pl µ-men´) man who
uses a gun to rob or kill people. ¸Úgun-metal ³n ´alloy of copper and tin or
zinc; dull blue-grey colour. ¸Úgun®powder ³n ´explosive powder used in guns,
fireworks, blasting, etc. ¸the ÚGunpowder Plot´, plot to blow up the Houses of
Parliament, 5 Nov 1605. ¸Úgun®room ³n ´(in a warship) room for junior officers.
¸Úgun-running ³n ¶[U] ´introduction of firearms, secretly and illegally, into a
country, eÔg to help a revolt. ¸Úgun-runner ³n ´person engaged in this.
¸Úgun®shot ³n ¸(a) ¶[C] ´shot fired by a gun. ¸(b) ¶[U] ´range of a gun: ³be
out of/within gunshot. ¸Úgun®smith ³n ´person who makes and repairs small
firearms. ¸2 ´person using a sporting gun, as a member of a shooting party. ¸3
big gun, ´(colloq) important or powerful person. ¹ ³vt ¶[VP6A,15B] ·gun sb
(down), ´shoot with a gun.¼
¨gun®ner© ²/ÚgAnE(r)/ ³n ´(in the army) soldier in the artillery;
(in the navy) warrant officer in charge of a battery of guns. ¸@y ³n ¶[U]
´construction and management of large guns.¼
¨gunny© ²/ÚgAnI/ ³n ¶[U] ´strong, coarse material used for making sacks,
bales, bags, etc.¼
¨gun®wale© ²/ÚgAnl/ ³n ´(naut) upper edge of the side of a boat or a small
ship. µ¥ ´the illus at µrow.¼
¨gurgle© ²/Úg3gl/ ³n ¶[C,U] ´bubbling sound as of water flowing from a
narrow-necked bottle: ³@s of delight. ´¹ ³vi ´make this sound: ³The baby was
gurgling happily.¼
¨Gur®kha© ²/Úg3kE/ ³n ´member of a ruling group in Nepal who became famous as
soldiers in the British Indian army.¼
¨guru© ²/Úg8ru/ ³n ´Hindu spiritual teacher; (colloq) respected and
influential teacher or authority.¼
¨gush© ²/gA2/ ³vi ¶[VP2A,C,3A] ¸1 ´burst, flow, out suddenly: ³oil @ing from a
new well; blood @ing from a wound. ¸2 ´talk with excessive enthusiasm: ³young
mothers @ing over their babies; girls who @ over handsome film stars. ´¹ ³n
´sudden outburst or outflow: ³a @ of oil/anger/enthusiasm. ¸@er ³n ´oil-well
with a strong natural flow (so that pumping is not needed). ¸@®ing ³adj´:
³@ing compliments. µ¥ 2 ´above. ¸@®ing®ly ³adv¼
¨gus®set© ²/ÚgAsIt/ ³n ¶[C] ´(usu triangular or diamond-shaped)
piece of cloth inserted in a garment to strengthen or enlarge it.¼
¨gust© ²/gAst/ ³n ¶[C] ´sudden, violent rush of wind; burst of rain, hail,
fire or smoke; (fig) outburst of feeling: ³The wind was blowing in @s. ¸@y
³adj µ(-ier, -iest) ´stormy; with wind blowing in @s.¼
¨gus®ta®tion© ²/gAÚsteI2n/ ³n ¶[U] ´(formal) tasting.¼
¨gusto© ²/ÚgAstE8/ ³n ¶[U] ´enjoyment in doing sth.¼
¨gut© ²/gAt/ ³n ¸1 ³(pl) ´(colloq) intestines; bowels: ³stick a bayonet into a
man's guts. ·hate sb's guts, ´(sl) hate him intensely. ¸2 ³(pl) ´(colloq)
contents of anything: ³His speech had no guts in it´, no real arguments, force,
etc. ³The real guts ´(= The essence) ³of his speech is«. ¸3 ³(pl) ´(colloq)
courage and determination: ³a man with plenty of guts. ¸4 ¶[U] ´strong cord
made from the intestines of animals, used for the strings of violins, etc. µ¥
catgut. ´¹ ³vt µ(-tt-) ¶[VP6A] ¸1 ´take the gutsµ(1) ´out of (a fish, etc). ¸2
´destroy the inside of or the contents of: ³a building gutted by fire.
¸gut®less ³adj ´lacking in gutsµ(3)´.¼
¨gutta-per®cha© ²/*gAtE Úp3t2E/ ³n ¶[U] ´rubber-like substance made from the
juice of various Malayan trees.¼
¨gut®ter©1 ²/ÚgAtE(r)/ ³n ¶[C] ¸1 ´channel or trough (usu metal) fixed under
the edge of a roof to carry away rainwater; channel at the side of a road for
the same purpose. ¸2 the @, ´(fig) poor or debased state of life: ³the language
of the @´, low and vulgar language. ·take a child out of the @, ´remove it from
poor and wretched conditions. ·the Úgutter press, ´newspapers giving much space
to salacious stories, scandals, etc. ¸Ú@®snipe ²/-snñIp/ ³n ´poor,
badly-dressed child who plays in slum streets.¼
¨gut®ter©2 ²/ÚgAtE(r)/ ³vi ¶[VP2A] ´(of a candle) burn unsteadily so that the
melted wax flows down the sides.¼
¨gut®tural© ²/ÚgAtErEl/ ³n, adj ´(sound that seems to be) produced
in the throat: ³@ consonants. ¸@®ly ³adv¼
¨guv®nor© ²/ÚgAvnE(r)/ ³n ´(GB sl) boss.¼
¨guy©1 ²/gñI/ ³n ¶[C] ´rope or chain used to keep sth steady or secured, eÔg to
hold a tent in place.¼
¨guy©2 ²/gñI/ ³n ¸1 ´figure in the form of a man, dressed in old clothes (eÔg
as burned on 5 Nov in memory of Guy Fawkes's Gunpowder Plot). ¸2 ´person
dressed in a strange or queer-looking way. ¸3 ´(sl) man. µ¥ ³fall-guy ´at
µfall±1µ(1). ¹ ³vt (pt,pp µguyed³) ¶[VP6A] ´ridicule; exhibit (sb) in effigy.¼
¨Guy's© ²/gñIz/ ³n ´(used for) Guy's Hospital (in London).¼
¨guzzle© ²/ÚgAzl/ ³vi,vt ¶[VP2A,6A,15B] ´(colloq) eat or drink greedily: ³be
always guzzling; @ beer. ¸guz®zler ²/-zlE(r)/ ³n ´person who @s.¼
¨gybe© ´(US ¸jibe´) ²/dZñIb/ ³vi,vt ¶[VP2A,6A] ´(naut) (of a sail or boom)
swing from one side of the ship to the other; (of a ship or a ship's crew)
cause this to happen. µ¥ ´the illus at µbarque.¼
¨gym© ²/dZIm/ ³n ´(sl) (short for) gymnasium, gymnastics: ·Ú³gym-shoes; the
·Ú³gym mistress. ¸Úgym-slip ³n ´sleeveless tunic worn in GB by some girls as
part of school uniform.¼
¨gym®khana© ²/dZImÚkqnE/ ³n ´public display of athletics, horse-riding or
vehicle-driving competitions.¼
¨gym®nasium© ²/dZImÚneIzIEm/ ³n (pl µ@s³) ´room or hall with apparatus for
physical training.¼
¨gym®nas®tic© ²/dZImÚnastIk/ ³adj ´of physical training. ¸@s ³n pl ´(forms of)
exercises for physical training. ¸gym®nast ²/ÚdZImnast/ ³n ´expert in @s.¼
¨gynae®col®ogy© ´(US = ¸gyne-´) ²/*gñInIÚkolEdZI/ ³n ¶[U] ´science of the
diseases of women and pregnancies. ¸gynae®colo®gist ´(US = ¸gyne-´) ³n ´expert
in @. ¸gynae®co®logi®cal ´(US = ¸gyne-´) ²/*gñInIkEÚlodZIkl/ ³adj¼
¨gyp©1 ²/dZIp/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´(sl) cheat.¼
¨gyp©2 ²/dZIp/ ³n ·give sb gyp, ´(sl) scold or punish him without mercy.¼
¨gyp®sum© ²/ÚdZIpsEm/ ³n ¶[U] ´mineral (calcium sulphate, ¸CaSO¶e´) from which
plaster of Paris is made; also used as a fertilizer.¼
¨Gypsy© ²/ÚdZIpsI/ ³n µ¥ µgipsy.¼
¨gy®rate© ²/*dZñIÚreIt ³US: ²ÚdZñIreIt/ ³vi ´move round in circles or spirals;
revolve. ¸gy®ra®tion ²/*dZñIÚreI2n/ ³n ¶[C,U] ´revolving; revolution.¼
¨gyro© ²/ÚdZñIErE8/ ³n ´(colloq abbr of) µgyroscope.¼
¨gyro®scope© ²/ÚdZñIrEskE8p/ ³n ´wheel which, when spinning fast, keeps steady
the object in which it is fixed. ¸gyro®scopic ²/*dZñIrEÚskopIk/ ³adj¼
¨H©, h ²/eIt2/ ³n (pl µH's, h's ²/ÚeIt2Iz/³) ´the eighth letter of
the English alphabet. ·drop one's h's, ´omit the sound ²/h/´, eÔg by saying
³'ot ´for ³hot.¼
¨ha© ²/hq/ ³int ´used to express surprise, joy, triumph, suspicion, etc. When
repeated in print ³("Ha! Ha! Ha!') ´it indicates laughter.¼
¨ha®beas cor®pus© ²/*heIbIEs ÚkcpEs/ ³n ´(Lat; legal) ·(writ of) @, ´order
requiring a person to be brought before a judge or into court, esp to
investigate the right of the law to keep him in prison.¼
¨hab®er®dasher© ²/ÚhabEda2E(r)/ ³n ´shopkeeper who sells clothing, small
articles of dress, pins, cotton, etc. ¸@y ³n ¶[U] ´@'s goods or business.¼
¨ha®bili®ments© ²/hEÚbIlImEnts/ ³n pl ´(liter or hum) clothing.¼
¨habit© ²/ÚhabIt/ ³n ¸1 ¶[C] ´sb's settled practice, esp sth that cannot
easily be given up: ³the @ of smoking; @-forming drugs. ·be in/fall into/get
into the @ of, ´have, acquire, the @ of. ·fall/get into bad @s, ´acquire them:
³Don't let yourself get into bad @s. ·get sb into the @ of/into bad @s,
´cause him to have the @ of/bad @s: ³Don't let him get you into the @ of taking
drugs. ·fall/get out of the @ of, ´abandon the @ of. ·make a @ of sth, ´do it
regularly. ¸2 ¶[U] ´usual behaviour: ³H@ is second nature. ·creature of @,
´sb whose life is marked by many @sµ(1). ·do sth/act from force of @, ´because
it is one's @. ·do sth out of @, ´because it is one's @. ¸3 ¶[C] ´(old use)
condition, general quality (of mind or body): ³a cheerful @ of mind. ¸4 ¶[C]
´dress worn by members of a religious order: ³a monk's @. ¸Úriding @´, woman's
coat and skirt for horse-riding.¼
¨hab®it®able© ²/ÚhabItEbl/ ³adj ´fit to be lived in: ³The old house
is no longer @.¼
¨habi®tat© ²/ÚhabItat/ ³n ´(of plants, animals) usual natural place and
conditions of growth; home.¼
¨habi®ta®tion© ²/*habIÚteI2n/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´living in: ³houses that were not fit
for @. ¸2 ¶[C] ´(liter) place to live in: ³On these plains there was not a
single human @.¼
¨ha®bit®ual© ²/hEÚbIt28El/ ³adj ¸1 ´regular, usual: ³He took his @ seat at the
dining-table. ¸2 ´acting by habit; having a regular habit: ³a @
liar/drunkard/cinema-goer. ¸@ly ²/-t28ElI/ ³adv ´as a habit: ³Tom is @ly late
for school.¼
¨ha®bitu®ate© ²/hEÚbIt28eIt/ ³vt ¶[VP14] ·@ sb/oneself to sth,
´(formal) accustom; get (sb/oneself) used to (sth): ³@ oneself to hard
work/getting up early/a cold
climate; @ a horse to the sound of gunfire.¼
¨habi®tude© ²/ÚhabItjud ³US: ²-tud/ ³n ¶[U] ´(formal) custom; tendency;
habitual way of acting or doing things.¼
¨ha®bitu_e© ²/hEÚbIt28eI/ ³n ´person who regularly goes to a place: ³a @ of the
orchestral concerts/of the Caf_e Royal.¼
¨haci®enda© ²/*hasIÚendE/ ³n (pl µ@s³) ´(in Latin American countries) large
landed estate with a house.¼
¨hack©1 ²/hak/ ³vt,vi ¶[VP6A,15A,B,2A,C,3A] ·@ (at), ´cut roughly or clumsily;
chop: ³After the murderer had killed his victim, he @ed the body to pieces. He
@ed at the branch ´(iÔe struck heavy blows at it) ³until it fell to the ground.
¸@ing cough, ´short, dry cough. ¸Ú@®saw ³n ´one with a replaceable blade in a
frame, for cutting through metal. µ¥ ´the illus at µtool.¼
¨hack©2 ²/hak/ ³n ¸1 ´horse that may be hired. ¸2 ´person paid to
do hard and uninteresting work as a writer: ³publisher's @s. ´¹ ³vi ´ride on
horseback on roads, at an ordinary pace: ³go @ing.¼
¨hackles© ²/Úhaklz/ ³n pl ´long feathers on the neck of the domestic cock:
³with his @ up´, (of a cock, dog or man) angry; ready to fight. ·have one's/get
sb's @ up, ´be, make sb angry, ready to fight.¼
¨hack®ney© ²/ÚhaknI/ ³n ´ordinary kind of horse for riding or driving. ¸Ú@
carriage, ´one that may be hired. ¸@ed ²/ÚhaknId/ ³adj ´(esp of sayings) too
common; repeated too often.¼
¨had© ²/had/ µ¥ have±1µ.¼
¨had®dock© ²/ÚhadEk/ ³n (pl ´unchanged³) ´sea-fish much used for food, esp
³smoked @.¼
¨Hades© ²/ÚheIdiz/ ³n ´(Gk myth) the underworld; place where the spirits of the
dead go.¼
¨Hadji© ²/ÚhadZI/ ³n ´(title of a) Muslim pilgrim who has been to Mecca.¼
¨haem-© µ¥ hem-.¼
¨haft© ²/hqft ³US: ²haft/ ³n ´handle of an axe, knife, dagger, etc.¼
¨hag© ²/hag/ ³n ´witch; ugly old woman, esp one who does, or is thought to do,
evil. ¸Úhag-ridden, ´afflicted by nightmares; harassed.¼
¨hag®gard© ²/ÚhagEd/ ³adj ´(of a person, his face) looking tired and lined,
esp from worry, lack of sleep.¼
¨hag®gis© ²/ÚhagIs/ ³n ´Scottish dish of various parts of a sheep, cut
up, mixed with oatmeal, and cooked in a sheep's stomach.¼
¨haggle© ²/Úhagl/ ³vi ¶[VP2A,3A] ·@ (with sb) (about/over sth), ´argue,
dispute, esp the price of sth or the terms of a bargain.¼
¨hagi®ol®ogy© ²/*hagIÚolEdZI/ ³n ´literature of the lives and
legends of saints.¼
¨haha© ²/Úhqhq/ ³n ´wall or fence bounding a park or garden, sunk in a hollow
so as not to interfere with the view.¼
¨hail©1 ²/heIl/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´frozen rain-drops falling from the sky. ¸Ú@®stone
³n ¶[C] ´small ball of @: ³@stones as big as peas. ¸Ú@®storm ³n ´storm with
fall of @. ¸2 ´(usu ·a @ of´) sth coming in great numbers and force: ³a @
of blows/curses. ´¹ ³vi,vt ¸1 ´(impers) (of @) come down: ³It @ed in the
late afternoon. ¸2 ¶[VP2C,15B] ·@ (sth) down (on sb), ´(of blows, etc)
come, send down, hard and fast (on): ³Blows @ed down on his back. They @ed
curses down on us.¼
¨hail©2 ²/heIl/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A,16B,23] ´greet; give a welcoming cry to; call
out to (so as to attract attention): ³Cheerful voices @ed us as we entered the
hall. They @ed him (as) king. He was @ed as a hero. Let's @ a taxi, shall we?
¸2 ¶[VP3A] ·@ from, ´come from: ³Where does the ship @ from´, Which is her home
port?
(colloq, of persons) ³They @ from all parts of the country. ´¹ ³n ´greeting;
@ing cry. ·within @, ´(esp of ships) near enough to be @ed. ·be
*@-fellow-well-Úmet (with sb), ´be very familiar and friendly.¼
¨hair© ²/heE(r)/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´(collective ³sing´) ´all the thread-like growths
on the skin of animals, esp on the human head, µ¥ ´the illus at µhead;
´thread-like growth on the stems and leaves of some plants; @-like thing:
³brush one's @; have one's ·Ú³@ cut; a cat with a fine coat of @´; ¶[C]
´single thread of @: ³find a @ in the soup; two blonde @s on his coat collar;
´(archaic) ³(pl´, in collective sense³): ³It will bring down my grey @s in
sorrow to the grave´, cause me, who am old, to die of sorrow. ·get sb by the
Úshort @s, ´(sl) have him at one's mercy; get complete control of him. ·keep
your Ú@ on, ´(sl) keep cool; don't lose your temper. ·let one's Ú@ down, ´(of a
woman) remove the pins and allow the @ to fall over the shoulders; (fig) relax
after a period of being formal. ·lose one's @, ¸(a) ´become bald. ¸(b) ´lose
one's temper. ·make one's Ú@ stand on end, ´fill one with fright or horror.
·put one's Ú@ up, ´arrange it so that it is rolled up on one's head. ·split @s,
´make or pretend to see differences of meaning, distinctions, etc, so small as
to be unimportant. Hence, ¸Ú@-splitting ³n ¶[U] ´acting in this way. ·tear
one's @, ´show great sorrow or vexation. ·not turn a @, ´give no sign of being
troubled. ·to a @, ´(of describing sth) exactly. ¸2 ´(compounds)
¸Ú@('s)-breadth ³n ´very small distance: ³escape by a @'s-breadth; have a
@-breadth escape´, a very narrow one. ¸Ú@®brush ³n ´toilet brush for the @. µ¥
´the illus at µbrush. ¸Ú@®cloth ³n ´cloth made of a mixture of fabric and
animal's @ for various purposes. ¸Ú@®cut ³n ´act or style of cutting the @ (by
a barber or @dresser). ¸Ú@-do ³n ´(colloq) haircut. ¸Ú@®dresser ³n ´person who
dresses and cuts @. µ¥ barber. ¸Ú@-dye ³n ´dye for the @. ¸Ú@®line ³n ´area
where the roots of @ join the forehead; width of a @; (attrib) very narrow: ³a
@line space/fracture. ¸Ú@®net ³n ´net for keeping the @ in place. ¸Ú@-oil ³n
´oil for dressing the @. ¸Ú@®piece ³n ´tress of false @. ¸Ú@®pin ³n ´(woman's)
pin for keeping the @ in place. ¸*@pin Úbend ³n ´sharp bend on a road, esp on a
steep road, so that the road doubles back. ¸Ú@-raising ³adj ´terrifying.
¸*@-Úshirt ³n ´shirt made of @cloth, uncomfortable to wear, for ascetics.
¸Ú@-slide ³n ´metal clip for keeping @ tidily in place. ¸Ú@®spring ³n ´very
delicate spring in a watch, controlling the balance-wheel.
¸Ú@®style ³n ´style of haircut. ¸Ú@®stylist ³n ´@dresser. ¸Ú@-trigger, ´one
that fires a gun, etc at the slightest pressure. ¸@®less ³adj ´without @;
bald. ¸Ú@®like ³adj ¸@y ³adj µ(-ier, -iest) ´of or like @; covered with @: ³a
@y chest. ¸@i®ness ³n¼
¨hake© ²/heIk/ ³n (pl ´unchanged³) ´fish of the cod family, used as
food.¼
¨hal®berd© ²/ÚhalbEd/ ³n ´weapon used in the Middle Ages, a combined spear and
battle-axe on a long handle. ¸hal®ber®dier ²/*halbEÚdIE(r)/ ³n ´soldier armed
with a @.¼
¨hal®cyon© ²/ÚhalsIEn/ ³adj ´calm and peaceful: ³@ days/weather.¼
¨hale© ²/heIl/ ³adj ´(usu of old persons) (rare except in) ·@ and hearty,
´strong and healthy.¼
¨half© ²/hqf ³US: ²haf/ ³n (pl µhalves ²/hqvz ³US: ²havz/³) adj, adv ¸1 ´one
of two equal or corresponding parts into which a thing is divided: ³The @ of 6
is 3/H@ of 6 is 3. Two halves make a whole. Two pounds and a @/Two and a @
pounds. H@ of the fruit is bad. H@ (of) the plums are bad. I want @ as much
again´, one and a @ the amount. ³Cut it in @/into halves. ·(do sth) by halves,
´incompletely, imperfectly. ·go halves (with sb) (in sth), ´share equally.
·too clever, etc by @, ´far too clever, etc. ·one's better @, ´(colloq) one's
wife, husband, etc. ¸2 ´(as ³adv´) to the extent of a @; to a considerable
degree; nearly: ³meat that is only @ cooked; @-cooked cabbage; not @ ´(= not
nearly) ³long enough; @ dead´, (colloq) tired out, exhausted; ³not @ bad´,
(sl) not at all bad; quite good. ·not @, ´(sl) to the greatest possible extent:
³He didn't @ swear´, He swore very violently. ³"Was she annoyed?' "Not @!'
´(iÔe she was intensely annoyed). ¸3 ´(in compounds) ¸*@ a Úcrown, a *@-Úcrown
³nn ´(before 1971) coin or amount of ³2§ shillings (12§p). ¸*@ a Údozen ³n
´six. ¸*@ and Ú@ ³n ´what is @ one thing and @ the other, eÔg a mixture of beer
and lemonade. ¸Ú@-back ³n ´(in football/hockey, etc) (position of) player
(defender) between the forwards and the backs. ¸*@-Úbaked ³adj ´(colloq)
dull-witted; crude and inexperienced: ³a @-baked young man; ´foolish; of poor
quality: ³@-baked ideas. ¸Ú@-blood ³n ´(relationship of a) person having one
parent in common with another. ¸Ú@-breed ³n ¸(a) ´person with parents of
different races. ¸(b) ´offspring of two animals or plants of different species.
¸Ú@-brother ³n ´brother by one parent only. ¸Ú@-caste ³n ´@-breed person. ¸*@
Úcock ³n ´position of the hammer of a gun when pulled @-way back. ·go off at @
cock, ´(fig) act too soon and fail. ¸*@-Úhardy ³adj ´(of plants) requiring
protection from frost but otherwise suitable for growing in the open.
¸*@-Úhearted ³adj ´done with, showing, little interest or enthusiasm: ³a
@-hearted attempt. ´Hence, ¸*@-Úheartedly ³adv ¸*@-Úholiday ³n ´day of which @
(usu the afternoon) is free from work or duty. ¸* @ an Úhour, a *@-Úhour ³nn
´period of 30 minutes. ¸*@-Úhourly ³adj, adv ´done, occurring
every 30 minutes: ³a @-hourly bus service. ¸*@-Úlength ³adj ´(of a portrait) of
the upper @ of a person. ·at *@-Úmast, ´(of a flag) at the position, near the
middle of a mast, to indicate mourning: ³Flags were at @-mast everywhere on the
day of the President's funeral. ¸*@-Úpay ³n ¶[U] ´reduced pay given to sb when
not fully employed but not yet retired: ³placed on @-pay. ¸@penny ²/ÚheIpnI
³US: ²ÚhafpenI/ ³n ´British coin worth @ a penny (§d before 1971, §p
now). ¸@®penny®worth ²/ÚheIpnIw3T ³US: ²hafÚpenIw3T/, ¸ha'p'orth ²/ÚheIpET/ ³n
´as much as §d would buy before 1971; now chiefly fig. µ¥ App 5. ¸*@-Úprice
³adv ´at @ the usual price: ³Children admitted @-price. ¸*@-seas-Úover ³pred
adj ´(colloq) @ drunk. ¸Ú@-sister ³n ´sister by one parent only. ¸*@-Úsize ³adj
´@ the usual or regular size. ¸*@-Útimbered ³adj ´(of a building) having walls
of a wooden framework filled in with brick, stone or plaster. ¸*@-Útime ³n
¶[U] ¸(a) ´work and pay for @ the usual time: ³Owing to the business depression
the workers are on @-time this month. ¸(b) ´the interval between the two halves
of a game of football, etc: ³The score at @-time was 2Å2. ¸Ú@-tone ³n ´black
and white photograph reproduced on paper, eÔg as an illustration in a book.
¸Ú@-track ³n ´troop-carrying vehicle with tracksµ(5) ´on both sides at the rear
and wheels at the front. Hence, ¸*@-Útracked ³adj ¸Ú@-truth ³n ´statement that
conveys only a part of the truth. ¸*@-Úway ³adj ¸(a) ´situated at an equal
distance from two places. ¸(b) ´going @ the way; not thorough: ³In an emergency
@-way measures are usually unsatisfactory. µ¹ ³adv ´to or at @ the distance:
³meet a person @-way´, be ready to make a compromise. ¸*@-Úwitted ³adj
´weak-minded. Hence, ¸Ú@-wit ³n ´@-witted person. ¸*@-Úyearly ³adj, adv ´(done,
occurring) every @ year.¼
¨hali®but© ²/ÚhalIbEt/ ³n (pl ´unchanged³) ´large, flat sea-fish used
as food.¼
¨hali®tosis© ²/*halIÚtE8sIs/ ³n ¶[U] ´bad-smelling breath.¼
¨hall© ²/hcl/ ³n ¸1 ´(building with) large room for meetings, concerts, public
business, etc: ³the Town/City H@; the County H@; the H@ of Justice; the
Festival H@, ´for concerts, in London; ·Ú³dance-@s. ¸2 ¶[U] ´(in colleges at
English universities) large room for meals: ³dine in @. ¸3 ´building for
university students: ³a @ of residence. ¸4 ´(in England) large country house,
usu one that belongs to the chief landowner in the district. ¸5 ´passage,
space, into which the main entrance or front door of a building opens: ³Leave
your hat and coat in the @. ¸Ú@-stand ³n ´piece of furniture for hats, coats,
umbrellas, etc. ¸6 ´building of a guild: ³Saddlers' H@.¼
¨hal®le®lu®jah© ²/*halIÚlujE/ ³n, int ´praise to God.¼
¨hal®liard© ²/ÚhaljEd/ ³n ´= µhalyard.¼
¨hall®mark© ²/Úhclmqk/ ³n ´mark used for marking the standard of gold and
silver in articles (as a guarantee of quality); (fig) distinguishing
characteristic (usu of excellence). µ¹ ³vt ´stamp a @ on.¼
¨hallo© ²/hEÚlE8/ ³int ´= µhullo.¼
¨hal®loo© ²/hEÚlu/ ³int, n ´cry to urge on hounds; shout to attract attention.
¹ ³vi ´shout "H@!', esp to hounds.¼
¨hal®low©1 ²/ÚhalE8/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´(usu passive) ´make holy; regard as holy:
³ground @ed by sacred memories.¼
¨hal®low©2 ²/ÚhalE8/ ³n ´(only in) ¸All H@'s Day, µ¥ all±1µ(6).¼
¨Hal®low®e'en© ²/*halE8Úin/ ³n ´31 Oct, eve of All Saints' Day or All Hallows'
Day.¼
¨hal®luci®na®tion© ²/hE*lusIÚneI2n/ ³n ¶[C,U] ´(instance of) seeming to see sth
not present, sth imagined: ³Drunken men are sometimes subject to @s.
¸hal®luci®na®tory ²/hEÚlusInEtrI ³US: ²-tcrI/, ¸hal®luci®no®genic
²/hE*lusInEÚdZenIk/ ³adjj ´(of drugs) inducing @.¼
¨halma© ²/ÚhalmE/ ³n ¶[U] ´game played on a board of 256 squares where pieces
are moved from one corner to the other.¼
¨halo© ²/ÚheIlE8/ ³n (pl µ@es, @s ²/-lE8z/³) ´circle of light round
the sun or moon or (in paintings) round or above the heads of Christ or
sacred figures.¼
¨halt©1 ²/hclt/ ³n ¸1 ´(chiefly mil, of soldiers) ·call a @ (to), ´make a short
stop on a march or journey: ³The officer called a @. ³It's time to call a @ to
vandalism, ´(fig) end it. ¸2 ´(more general use) ·come to a @, ´make a stop or
pause: ³The train came to a @. µ¥ grind(6). ¸3 ´stopping-place (smaller than a
station) on a railway-line, where trains stop for a short time only. ¹ ³vi,vt
¸1 ¶[VP2A] ´(as a mil command) stop marching; come to a @. ¸2 ¶[VP6A] ´bring to
a @: ³The officer @ed his troops for a rest.¼
¨halt©2 ²/hclt/ ³vi ¶[VP2A,C] ´hesitate; walk in a hesitating way: ³@ between
two opinions; in a @ing voice. ´¹ ³adj ´(archaic) lame: ³the @ and the blind.
¸@®ing®ly ³adv ´in a @ing way.¼
¨hal®ter© ²/ÚhcltE(r)/ ³n ¸1 ´rope or leather strap put round a horse's head
(for leading or fastening the horse). ¸2 ´rope used for hanging a person.¼
¨halve© ²/hqv ³US: ²hav/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ¸1 ´divide into two equal parts: ³@ an
apple. ¸2 ´lessen by one half: ³The newest planes have @d the time needed for
crossing the Atlantic.¼
¨halves© ²/hqvz ³US: ²havz/ ³pl ´of µhalf.¼
¨hal®yard© ²/ÚhaljEd/ ³n ´rope for raising or lowering a sail or flag.¼
¨ham© ²/ham/ ³n ¸1 ¶[C] ´upper part of a pig's leg, salted and dried or
smoked: ³hams hanging on hooks; ¶[U] ´this as meat: ³a slice of ham; a ham
sandwich. ¸2 ¶[C] ´(chiefly used of animals) back of the thigh, thigh and
buttock. ¸3 ´(sl) poor actor or performer; amateur who sends and receives
radio messages: ³a radio ham; ´(attrib) ³ham actors/acting/radio.
¸*ham-Úhanded/-Úfisted ³adj ´clumsy in using the hands. ¹ ³vt,vi µ(-mm-)
¶[VP2A,6A,15B] ·ham (up), ´(colloq) ´act in a deliberately artificial,
exaggerated way.¼
¨hama®dryad© ²/*hamEÚdrñIEd/ ³n ´nymph living and dying with the tree she
inhabited; poisonous Indian snake.¼
¨ham®burger© ²/Úhamb3gE(r)/ ³n ¸1 ´ground or chopped beef made into
round flat cakes and fried. ¸2 ´sandwich or bread roll filled with this.¼
¨ham®let© ²/ÚhamlIt/ ³n ´group of houses in the country; small village, esp one
without a church.¼
¨ham®mer© ²/ÚhamE(r)/ ³n ¸1 ´tool with a heavy metal head used for breaking
things, driving in nails, etc. µ¥ ´the illus at µtool. ·be/go at it @ and
tongs, ´fight, argue, with great energy and noise. ·throwing the @, ´athletic
competition in which a heavy long-handled @ is thrown as far as possible. ¸2
´(in a piano, etc) one of the @-like parts that strike the strings. ¸3 ´part
of the firing device of a gun that strikes and explodes the charge. ¸4 ´wooden
mallet used by an auctioneer. ·be/come under the @, ´be sold by auction. ¸5
´(anat) bone in the ear. µ¥ ´the illus at µear. ´¹ ³vt,vi
¶[VP6A,22,15B,2A,C,3A] ·@ (in/out/down); @ (at), ¸1 ´strike or beat with a @,
or as if with a @: ³@ nails into wood; @ down the lid of a box´, fasten it down
by @ing; ³@ in a nail/@ a nail in; @ a piece of metal flat; @ sth out´, make it
flat or smooth by @ing; ³@ at the door´, eÔg with a stick, one's fists; ³@ at
the keys´, play the piano loudly, without feeling. ¸2 ´(fig) ¶[VP15B] ·@ out,
´produce by hard work: ³@ out a scheme; ¶[VP3A] ·@ at, ´work hard at: ³@ away
at a problem/a solution/a compromise; ¶[VP6A] ´force: ³@ an idea into sb's
head. ¸3 ´(colloq) inflict heavy defeats on (sb) in war or in games.¼
¨ham®mock© ²/ÚhamEk/ ³n ´hanging bed of canvas or rope network, eÔg
as used by sailors, or in gardens.¼
¨ham®per©1 ²/ÚhampE(r)/ ³n ´packing-case or basket with a lid, esp one used for
sending food: ³a Christmas @´, one sent as a present, with food, wine, etc.¼
¨ham®per©2 ²/ÚhampE(r)/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´hinder; prevent free movement or activity:
³@ed by a heavy overcoat.¼
¨ham®ster© ²/ÚhamstE(r)/ ³n ´rodent like a large rat, kept by children as a
pet.¼
¨ham®string© ²/ÚhamstrIG/ ³vt ³(pt,pp µ@ed ´or µhamstrung ²/ÚhamstrAG/³)
¶[VP6A] ´cripple (a person or animal) by cutting the tendon(s) at the back of
the knee(s); (fig) destroy the power or efficiency of.¼
¨hand©1 ²/hand/ ³n ¸1 ´part of the human arm beyond the wrist:
³with his @s in his pockets. µ¥ ´the illus at µarm. ·at @, ´near; within
reach: ³He lives close at @´, quite near. ³The examinations are at @. ·at sb's
@s, ´from sb: ³I did not expect such unkind treatment at your @s. ·bind sb @
and foot, ´(lit, fig) make him completely helpless. ·serve/wait on sb @ and
foot, ´attend to his every wish; perform every sort of service for him. ·by @,
¸(a) ´without the use of machinery: ³Are your socks knitted by @/@-knitted
or machine-made? ¸(b) ´without the use of the post office: ³The note was
delivered by @´, by a messenger. ·bring up a baby/a calf, etc by @, ´rear it by
feeding from a bottle: ³The lamb had to be brought up by @. ·eat/feed out of
one's @, ¸(a) ´(eÔg of a bird) be quite tame. ¸(b) ´(fig) be ready to obey
without question. ·from @ to @, ´directly, from one person to another: ³Buckets
of water were passed from @ to @ to put the fire out. ·fight @ to @, ´at close
quarters. Hence, ³@-to-@ fighting. ·give/lend (sb) a @ (with sth), ´help with,
take a part in, doing sth: ³Give (me) a @ with the washing-up, please. ·give
one's @ on a bargain, ´take sb's @ and clasp it to seal the bargain. ·be @ in
glove (with sb), µ¥ glove. ·have one's Ú@s full, ´have all the work one can do;
be fully occupied. ·have/get the upper @ (of sb), µ¥ upper. ·have a free @;
give/allow sb a free @, µ¥ free±1µ(3). ·@ in @, ´holding @s; together: ³They
walked away @ in @. ´(fig) ³War and misery go @ in @. ·H@s off! ´Don't touch or
interfere! ·H@s up! ´Put your @s up! Surrender! ·@ over @, ´with each @ used
alternately (as when climbing, etc); (fig) rapidly and steadily. ·in @, ¸(a)
´in reserve, available for use: ³I still have some money in @. Cash in @,
$27.25. ¸(b) ´receiving attention; in course of completion: ³The work is in @
and will be finished by the end of the month. We have the situation well in @´,
are dealing with it satisfactorily. ·in the @s of, ´being looked after or
managed by. ·in good @s, ´being well cared for. ·lay (one's) @s on sth/sb, µ¥
lay±1µ(2). ·lend a @, µ¥ ³give a @, ´above. ·not lift a @; not do a @'s turn,
´make not the least attempt to help. ·lift/raise a @/one's @ against sb,
´threaten, attack him. ·live from @ to mouth, ´precariously, spending money as
soon as it is received. Hence, ³a @-to-mouth existence. ·(get sth) ·off one's
@s, ´taken from one's responsibility: ³I'd be glad to get it off my @s´, to rid
myself of responsibility for it. ·on @, ´available: ³We have some new woollen
goods on @´, in our shop, warehouse, etc. ·on one's @s, ´resting on one as a
responsibility: ³I have an empty house on my @s´, one for which I want to find
a buyer or tenant. ³Time hangs heavy on his @s´, seems burdensome, passes
slowly. ·out of @, ¸(a) ´out of control; undisciplined: ³The football fans have
got quite out of @. ¸(b) ´at once, without hesitation: ³The situation needs to
be dealt with out of @. ·shake @s with sb; shake sb's @, ´grasp his @ as a
greeting, or to express agreement, etc. ·take a @ (in), ´help; play a part (in
sth). ·take sth/sb in @, ´take charge of; undertake to control or manage. ·be
to @, ´(comm style for) ´be received: ³Your letter is to @´, has reached me and
is receiving attention. ·wash one's @s of, ´say that one will no longer be
responsible for. ·win @s down, ´win easily. ·(rule) with a heavy @,
´oppressively; severely. ·win a lady's @, ´win her consent to marriage. ¸2
³(pl) ´power; possession; responsibility. ·in sb's hands´: ³The property is no
longer in my @s´, It is no longer mine, or my responsibility. ³The matter is in
your @s´, You must decide how to deal with it. ³He's still in the @s of the
moneylenders. ·change @s, ´pass to another owner: ³The property has changed @s
recently, ´has been sold. ¸3 ³(sing ´only³) ´influence or agency: ³The @ of an
enemy has been at work here. ¸4 ³(sing ´only³) ´person from whom news,
etc comes: (only in) ·at first @, ´directly, without an intermediary: ³I
heard/learnt the news at first @. ·at second @, ´indirectly. ¸5 ³(sing ´only³)
´skill in using one's @s: ³She has a light @ at pastry´, makes it with skill.
³Why don't you try your @ at editing the staff magazine´, see whether you have
the skill needed? ·get one's @ in, ´acquire or return to one's usual degree of
skill by practice. ·keep one's Ú@ in, ´practise a skill, in order to retain it:
³practise the piano every day to keep one's @ in. ¸6 ¶[C] ´person who does what
is indicated by the context; performer: ³a good @ at fencing´, a good fencer.
³He's an old @ at this sort of work´, has long experience of it. ³He's an old
parliamentary @´, a person with long experience of parliamentary duties. ¸7
´workman, eÔg in a factory or dockyard; member of a ship's crew: ³The factory
has taken on 200 extra @s. All @s on deck! ´All seamen are needed on deck! ¸8
´turn; share in an activity. ·have a @ (in sth), ´have a share: ³Let me have a
@ now. Do you think he had a @ in it, ´was involved? ¸9 ¶[C] ´pointer or
indicator on the dial of a watch, clock or other instrument: ³the
·Ú³hour/·Ú³minute/·Ú³second @ of a watch. ¸10 ´position or direction (to right
or left). ·on every/either @; on all @s, ´to or from all quarters. ·on the one
@ « on the other @, ´used to indicate contrasted points of view, arguments,
etc. ¸11 ³(sing ´only³) ´handwriting: ³He writes a good/legible @. ¸12 ´(formal)
signature: ³set one's @ to a document. Given under my @ and seal´,
authenticated by my signature and seal. ¸13 ´(card games, eÔg bridge) ¸(a)
´(number of) cards dealt to, held by, a player at one time. ·have a
good/bad/poor @, ´good/bad etc cards. ·play a good/bad @, ´play well/badly.
·take a @ at sth, ´join in and play it. ·play into sb's @s, ´do sth that is to
his advantage. ¸(b) ´player at cards: ³We have only three playersÅwe need a
fourth @. ¸(c) ´one round in a game of cards: ³Let's play one more @, shall we?
¸14 ¶[C] ´unit of measurement, about four inches (10²Ø´16 cm), the breadth of
the @, used for the height of a horse (from the ground to the top of the
shoulder). ¸15 ´(colloq) applause by clapping. ·give sb/get a good @, ´a lot of
applause. ¸16 ´(compounds) ¸Ú@®bag ³n ´woman's bag for money, keys,
handkerchief, etc. (US = ³purse.) ¸Ú@-barrow ³n ´light two-wheeled barrow.
¸Ú@®bill ³n ´printed advertisement or announcement distributed by @. ¸Ú@®book
³n ´small book giving useful facts; guide-book. ¸Ú@®brake ³n ´auxiliary brake
in a motor-vehicle, used when the vehicle is stationary. ¸Ú@®cart ³n ´small
cart pushed or pulled by @. ¸Ú@®clap ³n ´clapping: ³a slow @clap´, slow
rhythmical clapping to show impatience. ¸Ú@®cuff ³n ´(usu ³pl´) one of a pair
of metal rings joined by a chain, fastened round a prisoner's wrists. µ¹ ³vt
´put @cuffs on. ¸@®ful ²/-f8l/ ³n (pl µ@fuls³) ¸(a) ´as much or as many as can
be held in one @. ¸(b) ´small number: ³Only a @ful of people came to the
meeting. ¸(c) ´(colloq) person or animal difficult to control: ³That young boy
of hers is quite a @ful´, is lively and unruly. ¸Ú@-grenade ³n ´grenade thrown
by hand. ¸Ú@-hold ³n ´(esp) anything a climber may grip, eÔg on a rock face.
¸Ú@-luggage ³n ´luggage light enough to be carried by hand. ¸*@-Úmade ³adj
´made by @ (contrasted with ³machine-made´). ¸Ú@®maid ³n ´(archaic) woman
servant or attendant. ¸Ú@-me-down ³n ´sth passed on (esp sth used and
discarded, eÔg clothes) to another. ¸Ú@-organ ³n ´portable barrel-organ with a
crank turned by @. ¸*@-Úpicked ³adj ´carefully selected. ¸Ú@®rail ³n ´railing
along the edge of a staircase, etc. ¸Ú@®saw ³n ´saw used with one hand
only. ¸Ú@®shake ³n ´greeting given by grasping a person's @ with one's own.
¸Ú@®stand ³n ´acrobatic feat of supporting oneself in an upright position on
the @s: ³do a @stand. ¸Ú@®work ³n ¶[U] ´work done by @, not by machinery.
¸Ú@®writing ³n ¶[U] ´(person's style of) writing by @: ³Whose @writing is
this? ¸*off-Ú@ ³adj µ¥ off-hand.¼
¨hand©2 ²/hand/ ³vt ¶[VP12A,13A,15A,B] ´give or pass (to sb); help
with the @(s): ³Please @ me that book. He @ed the book to the man at his side.
He @ed ´(= helped) ³his wife out of the railway carriage. ·@ sth down (to sb),
´pass by tradition, inheritance, etc: ³We cannot always observe the traditions
@ed down to us from the past. ·@ sth on (to sb), ´send, give, to another:
³Please @ on the magazine to your friends. ·@ sth out (to sb), ´distribute;
(colloq) give as alms. Hence, ¸Ú@-out ³n ¸(a) ´prepared statement given, eÔg by
a politician, to newspaper men; leaflet, etc, distributed free of charge. ¸(b)
´sth given as alms, eÔg food or money to a beggar at the door. ·@ sb over (to
sb), ´deliver a person to authority: ³@ sb over to the police. ·@ sth over (to
sb), ´transfer: ³You can't play with my gunÅhand it over at once. I've @ed over
my place on the committee. ·@ it to sb, ´(colloq) give him the credit that is
his due: ³He's done well! You've got to @ it to him.¼
¨handi®cap© ²/ÚhandIkap/ ³n ¶[C] ¸1 ´(competition, race, in which there is a)
disadvantage imposed on a competitor to make the chances of success more
nearly equal for all, eÔg a weight to be carried by a horse. ¸2 ´anything
likely to lessen one's chance of success: ³Poor eyesight is a @ to a student.
´¹ ³vt µ(-pp-) ¶[VP6A] ´give or be a @ to: ³@ped by ill health; @ped children´,
suffering from some disability.¼
¨handi®craft© ²/ÚhandIkrqft ³US: ²-kraft/ ³n ¶[C] ´art or craft needing skill
with the hands, eÔg needlework, pottery, woodwork, weaving.¼
¨handi®work© ²/ÚhandIw3k/ ³n ¶[U] ´work done, ¶[C] ´thing made, by the hands;
sth done by a named person: ³That's some of Smith's @.¼
¨hand®ker®chief© ²/ÚhaGkEt2If/ ³n ´square piece of cotton, silk, linen, etc
carried in the pocket or handbag, for blowing the nose into or wiping the
face; similar square worn for ornament, eÔg round the neck.¼
¨handle© ²/Úhandl/ ³n ¸1 ´part of a tool, cup, bucket, door,
drawer, etc by which it may be held in the hand. ¸Ú@®bar ³n ´(usu ³pl) ´bar
with a @ at each end, for steering a bicycle, etc. µ¥ ´the illus at µbicycle.
·fly off the @, ´(colloq) get into a rage and lose self-control. ·give a @
(to sb) (against sb), ´provide an excuse or pretext that may be taken advantage
of and used: ³Your indiscreet behaviour may give your enemies a @ against you.
¸2 ´(sl) title: ³have a @ to one's name´, have, eÔg "Sir' or "Lord' as part of
it. ¹ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ¸1 ´touch with, take up in, the hands: ³Gelignite is
dangerous stuff to @. Wash your hands before you @ my books, please. ¸2
´manage; deal with; control (men): ³An officer must know how to @ men. Can you
@ the situation´, deal with it? ¸3 ´treat; behave towards: ³The speaker was
roughly @d by the crowd. ¸4 ´(comm) buy and sell: ³This shop does not @
imported goods. ¸han®dler ²/ÚhandlE(r)/ ³n ´person who trains and controls an
animal, eÔg a police dog.¼
¨hand®some© ²/ÚhansEm/ ³adj ¸1 ´of fine appearance; (of men)
good-looking, having virile beauty; (of women) having a fine figure, vigour and
dignity: ³What a @ horse you have! What a @ old building it is! Would you
describe that woman as @ or beautiful? ¸2 ´(of gifts, behaviour) generous: ³He
said some very @ things about you. $500 is quite a @ birthday present. ·H@ is
as/that @ does, ´(prov) A fine person is one who acts generously. ¸@®ly ³adv
´in a @µ(2) ´manner: ³He came down @ly´, made a generous gift.¼
¨handy© ²/ÚhandI/ ³adj µ(-ier, -iest) ¸1 ´(of persons) clever with the hands.
¸@®man ²/-man/ ³n (pl µ-men³) ´person clever at doing odd jobs of various
kinds. ¸2 ´(of things, places) convenient; useful: ³A good toolbox is a @ thing
to have in the house. ·come in @, ´be useful some time or other: ³Don't throw
that plastic bag away; it may come in @. ¸3 ´not far away; available for use:
³Always keep a first-aid kit @. ¸hand®ily ²/-IlI/ ³adv ¸handi®ness ³n¼
¨hang©1 ²/haG/ ³n sing ¸1 ´way in which a thing hangs: ³the @ of a
coat/skirt. ¸2 ·get the @ of sth, ´(colloq) ¸(a) ´see how sth, eÔg a machine,
works or is managed: ³I've been trying to get the @ of this new electric
typewriter. ¸(b) ´see the meaning or significance of sth said or written: ³I
don't quite get the @ of your argument. ¸3 ·not give/care a @, ´(colloq)
(euphem for ³damn´) not care at all.¼
¨hang©2 ²/haG/ ³vt,vi (pt,pp µhung ²/hAG/ ´or, for µ2 ´and µ3
´below, µ@ed³) ´(For uses with ³adverbial particles ´and ³preps, µ¥ 7 ´below.)
¸1 ¶[VP6A,15A,B,2A,C] ´support, be supported, from above so that the lower end
is free: ³@ a lamp from the ceiling; curtains @ing over the window; windows
hung with curtains; pictures @ing on the wall. She hung the washing out in the
garden. H@ your coat on that hook. A dog's tongue @s out when it runs fast. ¸2
³(pt,pp µ@ed´) put, be put, to death by @ing with a rope around the neck: ³He
was @ed for murder. He said he would @ himself´, commit suicide by @ing. ¸3
´(dated sl; mild equivalent of ³damn´.) ¸4 ´(various uses) ³@ wallpaper´,
attach it to a wall with paste; ³@ bells´, fit them (eÔg in a belfry); ³@ a
door´, fasten it on hinges so that it swings freely to and fro. ·@ by a hair/a
single thread, ´(of a persons's fate etc) be in a delicate state, depend upon
sth small. ·@ one's head, ´let it fall forward (eÔg when ashamed). ·@ fire,
¸(a) ´(of a gun) be slow in going off. ¸(b) ´(of events) be slow in developing.
·let things go @, ´(colloq) be indifferent to them; take no interest in or care
of them. ·@ in the balance, ´have an outcome that is doubtful. ¸5 ¶[VP6A,2B]
´leave, eÔg meat, birds, @ing until in the right condition for eating: ³Hares
and pheasants need to be well hung. How long has this meat hung for? ¸6
´(compounds) ¸@®man ²/-mEn/ ³n (pl µ-men³) ´executioner who @s criminals.
¸Ú@®dog ³attrib adj ´(of sb's look) sly and ashamed. ¸Ú@®over ³n ¸(a)
´unpleasant after-effects of excessive drinking. ¸(b) ´(fig) survival of
out-of-date news, rules, etc. ¸7 ¶[VP2C,15A,B,3A] ´(with ³adverbial particles
´and ³preps)´:¼
·hang about/(a)round, ´be standing or loitering about, doing nothing definite:
³men @ing about at street corners, waiting for the pubs to open. There's
thunder @ing about´, ´Thunder seems likely at any time.¼
·hang back, ´hesitate; show unwillingness to act or advance: ³When volunteers
were asked for, not one man hung back.¼
·hang on, ¸(a) ´hold tight: ³He hung on until the rope broke. ¸(b) ´persevere:
³It's hard work, but if you @ on long enough you'll succeed. ·H@ on (a
minute)! ´(colloq) Wait (a minute)! ·@ on/upon sb's words, ´listen attentively
to them. ·@ on to sth, ´hold it tightly.¼
·hang out, ´(sl) live; lodge: ³Where are you @ing out now? ·@ sth out, ¸(a)
´hang (wet clothes, etc) out to dry: ³She's in the yard, @ing out the washing.
¸(b) ´display: ³@ out flags for the Queen's visit.¼
·hang together, ¸(a) ´(of persons) support one another; act in unison: ³If we
all @ together, our plan will succeed. ¸(b) ´fit well together: ³Their accounts
of what happened don't @ together´, are inconsistent, contradictory.¼
·hang up, ´replace the receiver at the end of a telephone conversation: ³She
hung up on me´, (colloq) hung up the receiver before I had said all I wanted
to say. ·be hung up, ´(colloq) ¸(a) ´be delayed or frustrated. ¸(b) ´be
emotionally inhibited or disturbed. ´Hence, ¸Ú@-up ³n ¸(a) ´difficulty. ¸(b)
´inhibition; obsession; neurosis.¼
¨hang®ar© ²/ÚhaGE(r)/ ³n ´building in which aircraft are housed.¼
¨hang®er© ²/ÚhaGE(r)/ ³n ´device, loop, etc to, on or by which sth is hung; (in
compounds): ¸Údress-/Úclothes-/Úcoat-@, ´device on which dresses, etc are hung.
¸@-on ²/*haGEr Úon/ ³n (pl µ@s-on³) ´person who forces his company upon another
or others in the hope of profit or advantage. ¸Úpaper-@, ´person who hangs (=
pastes) wallpaper on to walls.¼
¨hang®ing© ²/ÚhaGIG/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U,C] ´death by hanging: ³There were three @s here
last month. ¸2 ´(usu ³pl´) curtains, drapery, etc with which walls are hung.¼
¨hang®nail© ²/ÚhaGneIl/ ³n ´loose skin near the root of a
finger-nail.¼
¨hank© ²/haGk/ ³n ´(twisted) coil of wool, silk, etc thread: ³wind a @ of wool
into balls.¼
¨han®ker© ²/ÚhaGkE(r)/ ³vi ¶[VP3A] ·@ after/for sth, ´have a strong desire: ³@
for sympathy; @ after wealth. ¸@®ing ³n ´strong desire: ³have a @ing for/after
fame.¼
¨hanky© ²/ÚhaGkI/ ³n (pl µ-kies³) ´(child's word for) handkerchief.¼
¨hanky-panky© ²/*haGkI ÚpaGkI/ ³n ¶[U] ´(colloq) underhand dealing; trickery.¼
¨Han®sard© ²/Úhansqd/ ³n ´official report of proceedings in Parliament.¼
¨han®som© ²/ÚhansEm/ ³n ´(also ¸*@ Úcab´) (hist) two-wheeled horse-drawn cab
for two passengers, with the driver's seat high at the back and reins going
over the roof.¼
¨hap© ²/hap/ ³n ´(archaic) chance; luck. ¹ ³vi µ(-pp-) ´come about by chance;
happen.¼
¨hap®haz®ard© ²/hapÚhazEd/ ³adj, adv ´without order or plan; (at) random. ¸@®ly
³adv¼
¨hap®less© ²/ÚhaplIs/ ³adj ´(archaic) unlucky.¼
¨hap®ly© ²/ÚhaplI/ ³adv ´(archaic) by chance; perhaps.¼
¨ha'p'orth© ²/ÚheIpET/ ³n ´(colloq) halfpennyworth. µ¥ half(3).¼
¨hap®pen© ²/ÚhapEn/ ³vi ¸1 ¶[VP2A,3A] ·@ (to), ´take place; come about: ³How
did the accident @? What @ed next? Accidents will @´, They are to be expected.
³If anything @s to him ´(= If he meets with an accident), ³let me know. ¸2
¶[VP2A,4E] ´chance; have the fortune: ³I @ed to be out when he called. It so
@ed that I had no money with me. ·as it @s, ´by chance: ³As it @s, I have my
cheque-book with me. ¸3 ¶[VP3A] ·@ on/upon, ´find by chance: ³I @ed on just the
thing I'd been looking for. ¸@®ing ²/ÚhapEnIG/ ³n ´(often ³pl´) event: ³There
have been strange @ings here lately.¼
¨happy© ²/ÚhapI/ ³adj µ(-ier, -iest) ¸1 ´fortunate; lucky; feeling
or expressing pleasure, contentment, satisfaction, etc: ³Their marriage has
been a @ one. He is @ in having congenial work. ·as @ as the day is long´, very
@. ¸2 ´(in polite formulas) pleased: ³We shall be @ to accept your kind
invitation. ¸3 ´(of language, conduct, suggestions) well suited to the
situation: ³a @ thought/idea, etc. ¸@-go-lucky ²/*hapI gE8 ÚlAkI/ ³adj ´taking
what fortune brings; carefree: ³She goes through life in a @-go-lucky fashion.
¸hap®pily ²/-IlI/ ³adv ¸hap®pi®ness ³n¼
¨hara-kiri© ²/*harE ÚkIrI/ ³n ¶[U] ´suicide by disembowelment as practised in
the past by Japanese samurai when they believed they had failed in their duty.¼
¨har®angue© ²/hEÚraG/ ³n ´long, loud (often scolding) talk or speech. ¹ ³vt,vi
¶[VP6A,2A] ´make a @ (to).¼
¨har®ass© ²/ÚharEs ³US: ²hEÚras/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ¸1 ´trouble; worry: ³@ed by the
cares of a large family; @ed-looking housewives. ¸2 ´make repeated attacks on:
³In olden days the coasts of England were @ed by the Vikings. ¸@®ment ³n ¶[U]
´@ing or being @ed.¼
¨har®bin®ger© ²/ÚhqbIndZE(r)/ ³n ´sb or sth that foretells the coming of sb or
sth: ³The crowing of the cock is a @ of dawn. The cuckoo is a @ of spring.¼
¨har®bour© ´(US = ¸-bor´) ²/ÚhqbE(r)/ ³n ¸1 ´place of shelter for ships: ³a
natural @´, eÔg an inlet of the sea: ³an artificial @´, one made with
sea-walls, breakwaters. ¸Ú@ dues ³n pl ´money (to be) paid for anchoring or
mooring a ship in a @. ¸2 ´(fig) any place of safety or shelter. ¹ ³vt,vi ¸1
¶[VP6A] ´give lodging or shelter to; protect; conceal: ³@ an escaped criminal.
My dog has long, thick hair that @s fleas. ¸2 ¶[VP6A] ´hold in the mind: ³@
thoughts of revenge. ¸3 ¶[VP2A] ´come to anchor (in a @). ¸@®age
²/ÚhqbErIdZ/ ³n ´(place of) shelter.¼
¨hard©1 ²/hqd/ ³adj µ(-er, -est) ¸1 ´(contrasted with ³soft´) firm; not
yielding to the touch; not easily cut; solid: ³as @ as rock; ground made @ by
frost. Teak is a @ kind of wood. ·a @ nut to crack´, (fig) a difficult
problem; person difficult to deal with or influence. ¸2 ´(contrasted with
³easy´) difficult (to understand or explain); needing mental or moral effort:
³@ words, ´difficult for learners, (also µ¥ 4 ´below) ³a @
problem/book/language; a subject that is @ to understand. She found it @ to
make up her mind. That man is @ to please/He is
a @ man to please. It's @ to say which is better. It's @ for an old man to
change his way of living. ¸3 ´causing unhappiness, discomfort, or pain;
difficult to endure: ³have/be given a @ time´, experience difficulties,
misfortunes, etc; ³in these @ times´, in these times of money shortage,
unemployment, etc when life is difficult; ³the @ discipline of army life.
·learn (sth) the @ way, ´with perseverance and hardship. ¸4 ´severe; harsh: ³a
@ father´, one who treats his children severely; ³@ words´, harsh, showing lack
of sympathy. ·be @ on sb, ´treat him severely. ·drive a @ bargain, µ¥ bargain.
·take a @ line, ´be uncompromising. Hence, ¸*@-Úliner ³n ´person who is
uncompromising. µ¥ line±1µ(11). ¸5 ´(of the body) having @ muscles and not much
fat: ³Regular physical exercises soon made the boys @. ·as @ as nails, ¸(a)
´strong and muscular. ¸(b) ´(fig) without sentiment, or sympathy; @-hearted. ¸6
´done, doing (sth), with much effort or force; strenuous: ³a @
blow; go for a @ gallop; a @ worker. ¸7 ´(of the weather) severe: ³a @
winter/frost. ¸8 ´(of sounds) ³The letter "c' is hard in "cat' and soft in
"city'. The letter "g' is @ in "gun' and soft in "gin'. ¸9 ´(various uses) ·@
and fast (rules, etc), ´that cannot be altered to fit special cases. ·@ of
hearing, ´rather deaf. ¸Ú@®back/®cover ³n ´book bound in a @ (= stiff) cover
(contrasted with paper-backed books): ³The book has just appeared in @back.
´Hence, ¸Ú@®backed/®covered/®bound ³adj´. ¸Ú@®board ²/-bcd/ ³n ¶[U] ´kind of
material like plywood in appearance and use, made by compressing waste wood
that has been ground up finely. ¸*@ Úcash ³n ¶[U] ´coins and notes, not a
cheque or a promise to pay. ¸Ú@ core ³n ¸(a) ´broken brick, rubble, etc (as
used for foundations, roadmaking). ¸(b) ´solid, central, basic or underlying
part; nucleus: ³the @ core of the opposition/rebellion. ¸Ú@ court ³n ´(tennis)
court with a @ surface, not of grass. ¸*@ Úcurrency ³n ´one that is reliable
and stable. ¸*@ Údrug ³n ´one likely to lead to addiction, eÔg ³heroin.
¸*@-Úheaded ²/ÚhedId/ ³adj ´practical; not sentimental; business-like.
¸*@-Úhearted ²/ÚhqtId/ ³adj ´unfeeling; lacking in sympathy or the gentler
emotions. ¸*@ Úlabour ³n ¶[U] ´imprisonment with @ physical labour as a
punishment. ¸*@ Úliquor/Údrink ³n ¶[U] ´with high alcoholic content eÔg
³whisky. ¸*@ Úluck/Úlines ³n ¶[U] ´worse fortune than is deserved. Hence,
¸*@-Úluck story´, one seeking pity, sympathy (for oneself). ¸*@ Úshoulder ³n ´@
surface at the side of a motorway, to be used in an emergency: ³The lorry
driver pulled over to the @ shoulder when one of the tyres burst. ¸*@
Ústanding ³n ¶[U] ´area of @ surface, eÔg, concrete, for the parking of
vehicles. ¸Ú@®top ³n ´car with a steel top and no sliding roof. ¸Ú@®ware ³n
¶[U] ¸(a) ´ironmongery; metal goods for domestic use, eÔg ³pans, nails, locks.
¸(b) ³military @ware´, weapons and equipment, eÔg armoured vehicles. ¸(c)
³computer @ware´, mechanical equipment (contrasted with information and
programmes, called ³software). ¸*@ Úwater ³n ¶[U] ´containing mineral salts
that interfere with the lathering of soap. ¸Ú@®wood ³n ¶[U] ´@ heavy wood, eÔg
³oak, ebony, teak´, contrasted with soft wood, such as pine and fir:
(attrib) ³@wood floors. ¸@®ness ³n¼
¨hard©2 ²/hqd/ ³adv ¸1 ´with great energy; strenuously; with all
one's force: ³work/study/think/pull/push @; try @ to succeed; drink/swear @.
¸*@®Úhitting ³adj ´vigorous, direct: ³a @-hitting speech. ¸*@®Úworking ³adj
´working with care and energy. ¸2 ´severely; heavily: ³freezing/raining @. ¸3
´with difficulty; with a struggle; painfully: ³my @-earned money µ¥ hardly(5).
·be @ hit, ´be suffering severely, eÔg by financial losses, the death of sb
much loved. ·be @ pressed (for sth), ´be under pressure, strained. ·be @ Úput
to it (to do sth), ´find it difficult: ³He was @ put to it to explain what had
happened. ·be @ Úup, ´be short of money. ·be @ Úup for (sth), ´in want of; at a
loss for: ³He's @ up for ideas/something to do. ¸4 ´so as to be @µ(1)´, solid:
³boil eggs @. ¸*@-Úbaked ³adj ´baked until @. ¸*@-Úboiled ³adj ´(eÔg of eggs)
boiled @; (fig) callous. ¸*@-Úbitten ³adj ´(of a person) stubborn in fighting;
tough because of a difficult life, etc. ¸5 ´closely; immediately: ³follow @
after/upon/behind someone. ·@ by, ´close by; not far away. ·run sb @, ´pursue
him closely.¼
¨harden© ²/Úhqdn/ ³vt,vi ¶[VP6A,2A] ´make or become hard, strong,
hardy, etc: ³@ steel; @ the heart; a @ed criminal´, one who is callous, who
shows no signs of shame or repentance; ³@ the body, ´eÔg by taking exercise.
·be @ed to, ´made insensitive to. ¶[VP15B,2C] ·@ off, ´(of young plants, esp
seedlings) make or become hardy and ready for planting out in the open.¼
¨hardi®hood© ²/ÚhqdIh8d/ ³n ¶[U] ´boldness; audacity.¼
¨hard®ly© ²/ÚhqdlI/ ³adv ¸1 ´only just; not quite; scarcely: ³I @ know her´,
have only a very slight acquaintance with her. ³We had @ got/H@ had we got
into the country when it began to rain. ´(Cf No sooner« than). ³I'm so tired I
can @ walk. ¸2 ´(used to suggest that sth is improbable, unlikely or
unreasonable): ³He can @ have arrived yet. You can @ expect me to lend you
money again. ¸3 ´(neg in meaning) almost no; almost not: ³He @ ever ´(= very
seldom) ³goes to bed before midnight. ´Cf His wife ³almost always ´goes to bed
before midnight. ³I need @ say ´(= It is almost unnecessary for me to say)
³that I am innocent. There's @ any coal left. H@ anybody ´(= Very few people)
³came to the meeting. ¸4 ´(from µhard±1µ(4)´) severely: ³@ treated. ¸5 ´(from
µhard±1µ(6)´) with effort or difficulty. For this sense the ³adv ´"hard' is
usu preferred. (Cf ³hard-earned money ´and ³salary that was @ ´(iÔe only just,
barely) ³earned).¼
¨hard®ship© ²/Úhqd2Ip/ ³n ¸1 ¶[C] ´circumstance that causes discomfort or
suffering: ³the @s borne by soldiers during a war. ¸2 ¶[U] ´severe suffering:
³bear @ without complaining.¼
¨hardy© ²/ÚhqdI/ ³adj µ(-ier, -iest) ¸1 ´strong; able to endure
suffering or hardship: ³A few @ men broke the ice on the lake and had a swim.
¸2 ´(of plants) able to endure frost without being injured: ³@ annuals. ¸3
´bold; ready to face danger. ¸hardi®ness ³n¼
¨hare© ²/heE(r)/ ³n ´fast-running field animal with long ears and a divided
upper lip, like but larger than a rabbit. ·@ and hounds, ´paper-chase, a game
in which two persons called "hares' run across country dropping torn-up bits of
paper and are followed by others, called "hounds', who try to catch them. ·run
with the @ and hunt with the hounds, ´try to keep the favour of both sides in a
dispute; play a double game. ·mad as a March @, ´very mad or wild. ·start a
@, ´raise a topic, argument, etc unrelated to the main issue. ¸Ú@®bell ³n
´round-leaved plant with blue bell-like flowers (in Scotland called
³bluebell). ¸Ú@-brained ³adj ´rash; foolish: ³@-brained schemes. ¸*@®Úlip ³n
´person's upper lip divided (from birth) like that of a @. ¹ ³vi ¶[VP2C] ´run
fast or away: ³They @d off.¼
¨harem© ²/Úhqrim/ ³n ´women's part of a traditional Muslim household; women
living in it.¼
¨hari®cot© ²/ÚharIkE8/ ³n ´(also ¸@ bean´) kidney bean; French bean.¼
¨hark© ²/hqk/ ³vi ¸1 ´(chiefly imper) ·@ at, ´(colloq, teasing) listen to:
³Just @ at him! ¸2 ·@ back (to), ´refer back to sth done or said earlier.¼
¨har®le®quin© ²/ÚhqlIkwIn/ ³n ´character in Italian comedy; mute character in
English pantomime, full of tricks and very lively, wearing a mask and
multi-coloured costume; (hence) person fond of practical jokes; buffoon. ¸@®ade
²/*hqlIkwIÚneId/ ³n ´part of a pantomime in which a @ plays the chief part.¼
¨Har®ley Street© ²/ÚhqlI strit/ ³n ´London street where many
fashionable doctors and surgeons live.¼
¨har®lot© ²/ÚhqlEt/ ³n ´(archaic, or as a term of abuse) prostitute.¼
¨harm© ²/hqm/ ³n ¶[U] ´damage; injury: ³He probably meant no @´,
did not intend to hurt anyone or anyone's feelings. ³There's no @ in your
staying up late occasionally´, no reason why you should not do so. ·do sb @,
´cause injury to him: ³A few drinks will do you no @. ·out of @'s way, ´in a
place of safety. ¹ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´cause @ to: ³It hasn't @ed you, has it? ¸@®ful
²/-fl/ ³adj ´causing @ ³(to). ¸@®fully ²/-fElI/ ³adv ¸@®less ³adj ¸1 ´not doing
³@ (to)´: ³@less snakes. ¸2 ´innocent; inoffensive: ³Several @less spectators
were wounded during the rioting. ¸@®less®ly ³adv¼
¨har®mat®tan© ²/*hqmEÚtan/ ³n ´cold, dry wind from the north that blows in W
Africa from December to January.¼
¨har®monic© ²/hqÚmonIk/ ³n ´(music) higher note produced (by vibration of
strings) with a note that is played, and having a fixed relation to it.¼
¨har®mon®ica© ²/hqÚmonIkE/ ³n ´mouth-organ.¼
¨har®moni®ous© ²/hqÚmE8nIEs/ ³adj ¸1 ´pleasingly or satisfactorily arranged:
³a @ group of buildings. ¸2 ´in agreement; free from ill feeling: ³@
families/neighbours. ¸3 ´sweet-sounding; tuneful. ¸@®ly ³adv¼
¨har®mo®nium© ²/hqÚmE8nIEm/ ³n ´musical instrument with a keyboard like a
small organ, supplied with wind by means of bellows worked by pedals, but with
metal reeds instead of pipes.¼
¨har®mon®ize© ²/ÚhqmEnñIz/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A,14] ·@ (with), ´bring (one thing)
into harmony (with another); (music) add notes (to a melody) to make chords. ¸2
¶[VP2A,C] ·@ (with), ´be in harmony or agreement: ³colours that @ well (with
the decorations/with each other.) ¸har®mon®iz®ation
²/*hqmEnñIÚzeI2n ³US: ²-nIÚz-/ ³n¼
¨har®mony© ²/ÚhqmEnI/ ³n (pl µ-nies³) ¸1 ¶[U] ´agreement (of feeling,
interests, opinions, etc): ³There was not much @ in international affairs
during those years. ·be in @ (with), ´match; agree (with): ³His tastes are in @
with mine. ¸2 ¶[C,U] ´(instance or example of) pleasing combination of
related things: ³the @ of colour in nature´, eÔg the greens, browns, etc of
trees in autumn. ¸3 ¶[C,U] ´(music) pleasing combination of notes sounded
together to make chords.¼
¨har®ness© ²/ÚhqnIs/ ³n ´(collective ³sing) ´all the leather-work
and metal-work by which a horse is controlled and fastened to the cart, waggon,
plough, etc, that it pulls. µ¥ yoke. ·in @, ´(fig) doing one's regular work.
·die in @, ´die while engaged in one's regular work, not after retiring.
·work/run in double @, ´work with a partner, or with a husband or wife. ¹ ³vt
¶[VP6A] ¸1 ´put a @ on (a horse). ¸2 ´use (eÔg a river, waterfall, etc) to
produce (esp electric) power.¼
¨harp© ²/hqp/ ³n ´freestanding musical instrument with vertical strings played
with the fingers. µ¥ ´the illus at µstring. ´¹ ³vi ¸1 ´play the @. ¸2 ·@ on
sth, ´(fig) talk repeatedly or tiresomely about: ³She is always @ing on her
misfortunes. ¸@er, @®ist ²/-Ist/ ³nn ´player on the @.¼
¨har®poon© ²/hqÚpun/ ³n ´spear on a rope, thrown by hand or fired from a gun,
for catching whales and other large sea animals. ´¹ ³vt ´strike with a @.¼
¨harp®si®chord© ²/ÚhqpsIkcd/ ³n ´piano-like instrument used from the 16th to
the 18th cc (and today for music of these centuries). µ¥ ´the illus at
µkeyboard.¼
¨harpy© ²/ÚhqpI/ ³n (pl µ-pies³) ¸1 ´(Gk myth) cruel creature with a woman's
face and a bird's wings and claws. ¸2 ´cruel, greedy, hard-hearted woman.¼
¨har®ri®dan© ²/ÚharIdEn/ ³n ´worn-out, bad-tempered old woman.¼
¨har®rier© ²/ÚharIE(r)/ ³n ¸1 ´hound used for hunting hares; ³(pl) ´pack of
these with huntsmen. ¸2 ´cross-country runner.¼
¨har®row© ²/ÚharE8/ ³n ´heavy frame with metal teeth or discs for breaking up
ground after ploughing. ¹ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´pull a @ over (a field, etc); (fig)
distress (the feelings): ³a @ing tale of misfortunes.¼
¨harry© ²/ÚharI/ ³vt (pt,pp µ-rried³) ¶[VP6A] ¸1 ´lay waste and
plunder; attack frequently: ³The Vikings used to @ the English coast. ¸2
´annoy or worry: ³money-lenders @ing their debtors.¼
¨harsh© ²/hq2/ ³adj µ(-er, -est) ¸1 ´rough and disagreeable, esp to the
senses: ³a @ texture/voice/contrast; @ to the ear. ¸2 ´stern, cruel, severe:
³a @ judge/judgement/punishment. ¸@®ly ³adv ¸@®ness ³n¼
¨hart© ²/hqt/ ³n ´adult male of (esp red) deer; stag.¼
¨harum-scarum© ²/*heErEm ÚskeErEm/ ³adj, n ´(colloq) reckless, impulsive
(person).¼
¨har®vest© ²/ÚhqvIst/ ³n ¸1 ´(season for) cutting and gathering in of grain
and other food crops; quantity obtained: ³this year's wheat @; a succession of
good @s. ¸*@ Úfestival ³n ´service of thanksgiving in Christian churches after
the @ has been gathered. ¸Ú@ home ³n ´festival given by farmers to their
workers when the @ is gathered in. ¸*@ Úmoon ³n ´full moon nearest to the
autumn equinox. ¸2 ´(fig) consequences of action or behaviour: ³reap the @ of
one's hard work´, be rewarded for it. ¹ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´cut, gather, dig up, a
crop: ³@ rice/potatoes. ¸@er ³n ¸1 ´person who @s; reaper. ¸2 ´machine for
cutting and gathering grain, esp the kind that also binds the grain into
sheaves or ¸(*combine-Ú@er) ´threshes the grain.¼
¨has© µ¥ have±1µ.¼
¨has-been© ²/Úhaz bin/ ³n ´(colloq) person who, or thing which, has lost a
quality, skill, etc formerly possessed; sb or sth now out of date.¼
¨hash© ²/ha2/ ³vt ¶[VP6A,15B] ·@ (up), ´chop or cut up (meat) into small
pieces. ¹ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´(dish of) cooked meat, @ed and re-cooked. ¸2 ·make a @
of sth, ´(fig) do it very badly, make a mess of it. ·settle sb's @, ´deal with
him in such a way that he gives no more trouble. ¸3 ´(colloq) hashish.¼
¨hash®ish© ²/Úha2i2/ ³n ¶[U] ´dried hemp leaves made into a drug
for smoking or chewing; cannabis.¼
¨hasn't© ²/Úhaznt/ ³c ´= has not. µ¥ have±1µ.¼
¨hasp© ²/hqsp ³US: ²hasp/ ³n ´metal fastening for a door, window, etc used with
a staple. µ¥ ´the illus at µpadlock.¼
¨has®sle© ²/Úhasl/ ³n ´(colloq) argument; quarrel; wrangle. ¹ ³vi,vt ¶[VP2A,3A]
´wrangle; ¶[VP6A] ´bother, badger.¼
¨has®sock© ²/ÚhasEk/ ³n ´cushion for kneeling on, eÔg in church.¼
¨hast© ²/hast/ ³pres t ´(archaic): ³thou @, ´you have.¼
¨haste© ²/heIst/ ³n ¶[U] ´quickness of movement; hurry: ³Why all this @? ´Why
are you in such a hurry? ³He went off in great @. ·Make @! ´Hurry! ·More @,
less speed, ´(prov) The more you hurry, the less real progress you will make.¼
¨hasten© ²/ÚheIsn/ ³vi,vt ¸1 ¶[VP2A,C,4A] ´move or act with speed: ³@
away/home/to the office; @ to tell sb the good news. ¸2 ¶[VP6A] ´cause (sb) to
hurry; cause (sth) to be done or to happen quickly or earlier: ³Artificial
heating @s the growth of plants.¼
¨hasty© ²/ÚheIstI/ ³adj µ(-ier, -iest) ´said, made or done (too)
quickly: ³@ preparations for flight; a @ departure; @ words that are regretted
afterwards. ¸hast®ily ²/-IlI/ ³adv ¸hasti®ness ³n¼
¨hat© ²/hat/ ³n ´covering for the head, usu with a brim, worn out of doors. (Cf
³cap ´and ³bonnet ´without a brim). ·go/come hat/cap in hand, ´obsequiously,
apologetically. ·send/pass round the hat, ´ask for, collect, contributions of
money (usu for sb who has suffered a loss). ·take one's hat off to, ´(fig)
express admiration for. Hence, ·Hats off to«! ´Let us congratulate«! ·talk
through one's hat, ´(sl) talk foolishly. ¸a bad hat, ´(sl) bad person.
¸Úhat-band ³n ´band round the crown of a hat, above the brim. ¸Úhat-pin ³n
´long pin used (formerly) by women to fasten a hat to the hair. ¸Úhat trick ³n
´(cricket) taking of three wickets with successive balls; similar success in
other sports or activities. ¸hat®ful ²/-f8l/ ³n ´as much as a hat holds.
¸hat®less ³adj ´not wearing a hat. ¸hat®ter ³n ´man who makes or sells hats.
·as mad as a hatter, ´very mad.¼
¨hatch©1 ²/hat2/ ³n ¸1 ´(movable covering over an) opening in a
door or floor, esp (¸Ú@®way´) one in a ship's deck through which cargo is
lowered and raised; opening in a wall between two rooms, esp a kitchen and a
dining room, through which dishes, etc, are passed. ·under @es, ´below deck. ¸2
´lower half of a divided door.¼
¨hatch©2 ²/hat2/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A,2A] ´(cause to) break out (of an egg): ³@ an
egg; @ chickens. When will the eggs @? Three chickens @ed today. ·Don't count
one's chickens before they're @ed, ´(prov) Don't rely too much upon sth which
is uncertain. ¸2 ¶[VP6A] ´think out and produce (a plot, etc). ¸@®ery
²/Úhat2ErI/ ³n (pl µ-ries³) ´place for @ing (esp fish): ³a ·Ú³trout-@ery. ´Cf
³incubator´, for chicks.¼
¨hatch©3 ²/hat2/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´draw on or engrave (a surface) with parallel
lines. ¸@®ing ³n ¶[U] ´such lines.¼
¨hatchet© ²/Úhat2It/ ³n ´light, short-handled axe. µ¥ ´the illus at µtool.
·bury the @, ´stop quarrelling or fighting and be friendly.¼
¨hatch®way© ²/Úhat2weI/ ³n µ¥ hatch±1µ.¼
¨hate© ²/heIt/ ³vt ¶[VP6A,D,7A,17,19] ´have a strong dislike of or for;
(colloq) regret: ³My cat @s dogs. I @ to trouble you. I @ you to be troubled.
She @s getting to the theatre late. She @s anyone listening while she's
telephoning. ´¹ ³n ¶[U] ´strong dislike or ill-will: ³He was filled with @ for
his opponent.¼
¨hate®ful© ²/ÚheItfl/ ³adj ´exciting hatred or strong dislike: ³The sight of
food was @ to the seasick girl. ¸@ly ²/-fElI/ ³adv¼
¨hath© ²/haT/ ³pres t ´(archaic) ³3rd pers sing pres t ´of ³have.¼
¨hatred© ²/ÚheItrId/ ³n ·@ of/for, ´hate; strong dislike: ³He looked at me with
@.¼
¨hat®ter© ²/ÚhatE(r)/ ³n µ¥ hat.¼
¨hau®berk© ²/Úhcb3k/ ³n ´coat of chain mail (as worn by soldiers in
the Middle Ages); µ¥ ´the illus at µarmour.¼
¨haughty© ²/ÚhctI/ ³adj µ(-ier, -iest) ´arrogant; having or showing a high
opinion of oneself: ³The nobles used to treat the common people with @
contempt. ¸haught®ily ²/-IlI/ ³adv ¸haugh®ti®ness ³n¼
¨haul© ²/hcl/ ³vt,vi ¶[VP6A,15A,B,2C,3A] ´pull (with effort or force):
³elephants @ing logs; @ timber to a saw-mill; @ at/upon a rope. They @ed the
boat up the beach. ·@ down one's flag/colours, ´surrender. ·@ sb over the
coals, ´scold him severely (for wrongdoing). ¹ ³n ¶[C] ¸1 ´act of @ing;
distance along which sth is @ed: ³long @s on the railways. ¸2 ´amount gained
as the result of effort, esp of fish @ed up in a net: ³a good @ of fish. The
thief made a good @´, What he stole was valuable.¼
¨haul®age© ²/ÚhclIdZ/ ³n ¶[U] ´transport (of goods): ³the road @ industry´,
concerned with carriage of goods by road in lorries, etc; ³a @ contractor.¼
¨haul®ier© ²/ÚhclIE(r)/ ³n ´person or firm that owns lorries, and contracts to
carry goods by road; haulage contractor.¼
¨haulm© ²/hcm/ ³n ´(collective ³sing´) stems and stalks of peas, beans,
potatoes, etc, esp after the crop is gathered.¼
¨haunch© ²/hcnt2/ ³n ´(in man and animals) part of the body round the hips, or
between the ribs and the thighs: ³a @ of venison. The dog was sitting on its
@es.¼
¨haunt© ²/hcnt/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ¸1 ´visit, be with, habitually or repeatedly; (esp
of ghosts and spirits) appear repeatedly in: ³The old castle is said to be
@ed. ¸2 ´return to the mind repeatedly: ³a @ing melody/face. A wrongdoer is
constantly @ed by fear of discovery. ´¹ ³n ´place frequently visited by the
person(s) named: ³a @ of criminals; revisit the @s of one's schooldays´, the
places where one spent one's time then.¼
¨haut®boy© ²/ÚhE8bãI/ ³n ´= µoboe.¼
¨hau®teur© ²/E8Út3(r)/ ³n ¶[U] ´hautiness of manner.¼
¨Ha®vana© ²/hEÚvanE/ ³n ´cigar made at @ or elsewhere in Cuba.¼
¨have©1 ²/³usu form after "I, we, you, they´: ²v´; ³usu form after
a pause´: ²hEv´; ³usu form elsewhere´: ²Ev´; ³strong form´: ²hav/ ³aux v (3rd
pers sing µhas ²/³usu form´: ²z´; ³after ²p,t,k,f,T ³only´: ²s´; ³after
²s,z,2,Z, t2, dZ ³only´: ²Ez´; ³after a pause´: ²hEz´; ³strong form´: ²haz/,
³pt µhad ²/³usu form after "I, we, you, they'´: ²d´; ³usu form after a pause´:
²hEd´; ³usu form elsewhere´: ²Ed´; ³strong form´: ²had/´; ³neg forms´: µhaven't
²/Úhavnt/, µhasn't ²/Úhaznt/, µhadn't ²/Úhadnt/³) ¸1 ´used in forming the
perfect tenses and the perfect inf: ³I @/I've finished. He has/He's gone. H@
you done it? Yes, I @. No, I @n't. I shall @ done it by next week. You ought to
@ done it. ¸2 ´(By inverting the finite ³had ´with the subject, the equivalent
of an ³if´-clause is obtained): ³Had I ´(= If I had) ³known´,«. µ¥ if(1).¼
¨have©2 ²/hav/ ³anom v (3rd pers sing µhas ²/haz/´, ³pt,pp µhad ²/had/´, ³neg
forms µhaven't ²/Úhavnt/, µhasn't ²/Úhaznt/, µhadn't ²/Úhadnt/³) ´(conjugated
(for the neg and interr forms) without the ³aux v ´"do' in GB usage, but not
always in US usage; in GB colloq style often replaced by ³have±1 ³got´, eÔg
³I've got ´for ³I @´) ¸1 ´(in sentences that can be recomposed with the ³v
´"be'): ¶[VP6B] ³I @ no doubt ´(= There is no doubt in my mind) ³that«. Has the
house ´(= Is there with the house) ³a good garden? ¸2 ¶[VP6B] ´possess; own
(sth concrete): ³He's (got) a house in the country. How many books @ you/do you
@? ¸3 ¶[VP6B] ´possess or show as a mental or physical characteristic (often
equivalent to a construction with ³be´): ³Has she blue eyes or brown eyes?
´Are her eyes blue or brown? ³He hasn't a good memory. ´His memory isn't good.
(Notes: In US usage aux ³do ´is common: ³Does she @ blue eyes? Do you @ a good
memory? ´In GB colloq styles, the ³pp ³got ´is common: ³Has she got blue
eyes?´) ¸4 ¶[VP6B] ´used to indicate various connections: ³How many children @
they? He hasn't many friends here. ´(The notes above on GB and US usage apply
here, too.) ¸5 ´(followed by an abstract ³n ´+ ³to´-inf, in a construction
equivalent to ³be ´+ ³adj ´+ ³to´-inf): ³Will you @ the kindness/goodness, etc
´(= Please be kind or good enough) ³to hand me that book? How dare you @ the
impudence ´(= be so impudent as) ³to say that! Had she/Did she @ the cheek ´(=
Was she cheeky enough) ³to ask for more money? ¸6 ´(in colloq style usu with
³got´) hold or keep in the mind; exercise some quality of the mind; experience
(some emotion): ³H@ you (got)/Do you @ any idea where he lives? What reason @
you (got) for thinking that he's dishonest? What kind of holiday @ you in mind?
¸7 ¶[VP6A,18C,19B] ´(in the inf ´only and always stressed) ´allow; endure: ³I
won't ·Ú³@ such conduct. I won't ·Ú³@ you saying such things about my sister.¼
¨have©3 ´(for pronunciations µ¥ have±2´) ³vt ´(Used in the neg and
interr with or without the ³aux v ´"do'. The distinction is not always clear
and there can be recommendations only, not rules. When the reference is to sth
regular or habitual, the use of ³do ´for neg and interr is to be preferred.
When the reference is to a particular occasion, constructions without ³do´,
and, in colloq style, with ³got´, are to be preferred.) ¸1 ¶[VP7B] ·@ to do
sth, ³(have to = ²/Úhaf tE/´; ³has to = ²/Úhas tE/´; ³had to = ²/Úhat tE/³)
´expressing obligation or necessity: ³Do you often @ to go to the dentist's? H@
you (got) to go to the dentist's today? The children don't @ to go to school on
Sundays, do they? You @n't (got) to go to school today, @ you? I @ to be
getting along ´(= must leave) ³now. He's so rich that he doesn't @ to work. We
had to leave early. Had you/Did you @ to leave early? These shoes will @ to be
repaired. µ¥ must±2µ, need±2µ. ¸2 ¶[VP6A] ´(in various senses as shown in these
examples): ³Do you often @ ´(= suffer from) ³colds? H@ you (got) ´(= Are you
suffering from) ³a cold now? Do you @ ´(iÔe as a rule, generally) ³much time
for reading? H@ you (got) ´(iÔe now, or on the occasion specified) ³time to
come with me? Has your dog (got) any puppies now? How often does your dog @
´(iÔe give birth to) ³puppies? Can you @ ´(= take and look after) ³the children
for a few days?¼
¨have©4 ´(for pronunciations µ¥ have±2´) ³non-anom v ´(neg and
interr always with the ³aux v ´"do') ¸1 ¶[VP6A] ´take; receive; accept; obtain:
³There was nothing to be had, ´obtained. ³Do you @ tea or coffee for breakfast?
What shall we @ for dinner? ¸2 ¶[VP6A] ´(with a ³n´, so that ³have ´and the ³n
´are equivalent to a ³v ´identical with the ³n´): ³@ a swim/walk/wash/rest. Let
me @ a try/look. Go and @ a lie down. Do you ever @ dreams? ¸3 ¶[VP6A]
´experience; undergo: ³We didn't @ much difficulty. Did you @ a good holiday?
You've never had it so good´, never had so much, or such good quality, of it
before. ·let him/them @ it, ´(sl) shoot, punish sb, etc according to the
situation. ·@ had it, ´(sl) not be going to receive or enjoy sth: ³Here come
the policeÅI'm afraid we've had it! ¸4 ¶[VP24C] ·@ sth done, ´cause (sb to do
sth): ³You'd better @ that bad tooth pulled out. I must @ these shoes repaired.
When did you last @ your hair cut? µ¥ get(2). µ¥ ´also µ6 ´below. ¸5 ¶[VP18C]
·@ sb do sth, ´want him to do it: ³I would @ you know that«´, I want you to
know that«. ³What would you @ me do? I wouldn't @ you do that´, should prefer
you not to do it. ·@ to do with, µ¥ do±2µ(14). ¸6 ¶[VP24B] ·@ sth done,
´experience or suffer it: ³He had his pocket picked´, sth stolen from his
pocket. ³Charles ²¥ ³had his head cut off. ¸7 ¶[VP6A] ´(colloq) ¸(a) ´trick;
deceive: ³I'm afraid you've been had. Mind he doesn't @ you. ¸(b) ´beat; win an
advantage over: ³He had me in that argument. You had me there! ¸8 ´(with ³it
´and a clause) express; maintain: ³Rumour has it ´(= There is a rumour) ³that
the Prime Minister is going to resign. He will @ it ´(= He insists) ³that our
plan is impracticable. « as Plato has it ´(used when giving a quotation, etc).
¸9 ¶[VP15B] ´(uses with ³adverbial particles ´and ³preps´):¼
·have sth back: ³You shall @ it back ´(= It will be returned to you) ³next
month. Let me @ it back soon.¼
·have sb down, ´entertain sb as a visitor or guest: ³We're having the Greens
down ´(eÔg from London) ³for a few days.¼
·have sb in, ´receive him in the room, house, etc: ³We shall be having the
decorators in next month, ´The men will be decorating the house. ·@ sth in,
´possess in the house, etc: ³Do we @ enough coal in for winter?¼
·have it off/away (with sb), ´Ï (sl) @ sexual intercourse (with).¼
·have sb on, ´(colloq) play a trick on him, deceive him. µ¥ 7 ´above. ·@ sth
on, ¸(a) ´be wearing: ³He had nothing on, ´was naked. ¸(b) ´@ an engagement:
³I @ nothing on tomorrow evening´, I am free.¼
·have sth out, ´cause sth to be taken out: ³@ a tooth out. ·@ one's sleep out,
´continue sleeping until one wakes naturally: ³Let her @ her sleep out. ·@ it
out with sb, ´reach an understanding about sth by frank discussion.¼
·have sb over/round, ´be visited at home by him: ³We had Sue and Steve round
for dinner last night.¼
·have sb up, ¸(a) ´receive sb as a visitor (up to one's room, up from the
country, etc). ¸(b) ´(usu passive) (colloq) cause sb to appear before a
magistrate, in a court of law, etc: ³He was had up ´(= was prosecuted) ³for
exceeding the speed limit.¼
¨have©5 ²/hav/ ³n pl ·the *@s and the Ú@-nots, ´the rich and the
poor (of people and countries).¼
¨ha®ven© ²/ÚheIvn/ ³n ´harbour; (fig) place of safety or rest.¼
¨hav®er®sack© ²/ÚhavEsak/ ³n ´canvas bag, esp as used by soldiers, hikers and
others, for carrying food, etc.¼
¨havoc© ²/ÚhavEk/ ³n ¶[U] ´widespread damage; destruction: ³The floods caused
terrible @. ·play @ with/among; make @ of, ´destroy or injure.¼
¨haw©1 ²/hc/ ³n ´fruit (a red berry) of the hawthorn bush.¼
¨haw©2 ²/hc/ ³vi, n µ¥ hum(4).¼
¨haw-haw© ²/Úhc hc/ ³n, int ´boisterous laugh.¼
¨hawk©1 ²/hck/ ³n ¸1 ´strong, swift, keen-sighted bird of prey. µ¥ ´the illus
at µprey. ¸*@-Úeyed ³adj ´having keen sight. ¸2 ´person who favours the use of
military force in foreign policy. µ¥ dove.¼
¨hawk©2 ²/hck/ ³vt ¶[VP6A,15B] ·@ (about/around), ´offer (goods) for sale, by
going from house to house, street to street, etc; (fig) spread: ³@ news/gossip
about. ¸@er ³n ´person who @s goods (usu from a barrow or cart). µ¥ pedlar.¼
¨haw®ser© ²/ÚhczE(r)/ ³n ´thick, heavy rope; thin steel cable (used on ships).¼
¨haw®thorn© ²/ÚhcTcn/ ³n ´thorny shrub or tree with white, red or pink blossom
and small red berries (called ³haws´), often used for hedges in GB.¼
¨hay© ²/heI/ ³n ¶[U] ´grass cut and dried for use as animal food. ·make hay,
´turn it over for exposure to the sun; (hence) ¸Úhay-maker, Úhay-making ³nn
·make hay of, ´throw into confusion. ·make *hay while the Úsun shines, ´(prov)
make the earliest use of one's opportunities. ¸Úhay®cock ³n ´cone-shaped pile
of hay in a field, to be carted away when dry. ¸Úhay fever ³n ¶[U] ´disease
affecting the nose and throat, caused by pollen or dust. ¸Úhay-fork ³n
´long-handled two-pronged fork for turning and lifting hay. ¸Úhay®rick,
Úhay®stack ³nn ´large pile of hay firmly packed for storing, with a pointed or
ridged top. ¸Úhay®wire ³n ¶[U] ´wire for tying up bales of hay. µ¹ ³pred adj
´(colloq) out of order; excited or distracted. ·go haywire, ´(of persons)
become distraught; (of sth, eÔg a plan) become badly disorganised.¼
¨haz®ard© ²/ÚhazEd/ ³n ¸1 ¶[C] ´risk; danger: ·Ú³health @s´, eÔg
smoking cigarettes; ³a life full of @s. ·at all @s, ´whatever the risks may be.
¸2 ¶[U] ´game at dice, with complicated chances. ¹ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ¸1 ´take the
risk of; expose to danger: ³Rock-climbers sometimes @ their lives. ¸2 ´venture
to make: ³@ a guess/remark. ¸@®ous ²/-Es/ ³adj ´risky: ³a @ous climb.¼
¨haze©1 ²/heIz/ ³n ¶[C,U] ´thin mist; (fig) mental confusion or uncertainty.¼
¨haze©2 ²/heIz/ ³vt ´(US) harass (sb) by making him perform humiliating jobs;
bully or persecute.¼
¨hazel© ²/ÚheIzl/ ³n ¶[C] ´bush with edible nuts; ¶[U] ´(esp of eyes) colour
of the shell of the nut, reddish brown.¼
¨hazy© ²/ÚheIzI/ ³adj µ(-ier, -iest) ´misty: ³@ weather; ´(fig) vague;
slightly confused; uncertain: ³@ about what to do next. ¸haz®ily ²/-IlI/ ³adv
¸hazi®ness ³n¼
¨H-bomb© ²/ÚeIt2 bom/ ³n ´hydrogen bomb.¼
¨he© ²/³strong or initial form: ³hi´; ³medial weak form: ²i/ ³pron ¸1 ´male
person or animal previously referred to: ³Where's your brother? He's in Paris.
¸2 ´(as ³pref´) male: ·Ú³he-goat. ¸Úhe-man ²/-man/ ³n (pl µ-men³) ´(facet)
strong man. ¸3 ´(liter style) ·he who, ´the one who, anyone who.¼
¨head©1 ²/hed/ ³n ¸1 ´that part of the body which contains the eyes, nose,
mouth and brain: ³They cut his @ off. Hit him on the @ (´note: ³the @´, not
³his @). It cost him his @, ´his life. ³Many nobles lost their @s during the
French Revolution. µ¥ ´the illus here and at µinsect. ¸2 ´(as a measure) @'s
length: ³The Queen's horse won by a @. Tom is taller than Harry by a @. ·be @
and Úshoulders above sb, ´(fig) be considerably superior in intelligence or
ability. ¸3 @(s), ´that side of a coin on which the @ of a person appears, the
other side being ³tails ´or ³the tail. ·H@s or tails? ´(said ´when spinning a
coin to decide sth by chance): ³H@sÅI win! ·be unable to make @ or tail of sth,
´be unable to understand it in the least. ¸4 ´person: ³50 dinners at $1.50 a @.
¸5 ³(pl ´unchanged³) ´unit of a flock or herd: ³50 @ of cattle; a large @ ´(=
number) ³of game. ¸6 ´intellect; imagination; power to reason: ³He made the
story up out of his own @´, It was an original story, not one that he had heard
or read. ¸7 ´natural aptitude or talent: ³He has a good @ for business. ¸8 ´sth
like a @ in form or position, eÔg the part that is pressed ³(the @ of a pin)´,
struck ³(the @ of a nail)´, used for striking ³(the @ of a hammer) ´or for
cutting ³(the @ of an axe)´; ³a tape-recorder @, ´attachment that holds or
contains an electronic device to record, read or erase material on magnetic
tape, disc, etc. ¸9 ´top: ³at the @ of the page; standing at the @ of the
staircase; at the @ of the poll´, having received most votes at an election.
¸10 ´upper end: ³the @ of a lake´, the end at which a river enters it; ³the
@-waters of the Nile´, its sources and upper streams; ³the @ of a bed´, where a
person's @ rests. ¸11 ´(of plants) mass of leaves or flowers at the top of a
stem or stalk: ³a fine @ of cabbage; a @ of lettuce; a ·Ú³clover @; a ·Ú³flower
@. ¸12 ´(often attrib) ruler; chief; position of command: ³@s of government,
´eÔg the President of the US, the Prime Minister of GB; ³the crowned @s of
Europe, ´the kings and queens; ³the @ of the family; ³the @ office, ´the chief
or most important office (contrasted with ³branch ´offices); ³the @ waiter.
¸*H@ of ÚState ³n (pl µH@s of State³) ´the chief public representative of a
country, who may also be the head of government. ¸13 ´front; front part: ³at
the @ of the procession; marching at the @ of the regiment. The ship was down
by the @´, with the bows deeper in the water than the stern. ¸14 ´(chiefly in
proper names) cape or promontory: ³Beachy H@. µ¥ ³headland ´in µ20 ´below. ¸15
´body of water kept at a certain height (eÔg for a water-mill or a
hydro-electric power station); pressure or force (per unit of area) of a
confined body of steam, etc: ³They kept up a good @ of steam. ¸16 ´main
division in a discourse, essay, etc: ³a speech arranged under five @s; treat a
question under several @s. µ¥ heading. ¸17 ´foam of liquid (esp liquor) that
has been poured out: ³the @ on a glass of beer. ¸18 ´point rising from a boil
or other swelling on the flesh, esp when the boil is ripening and about to
burst: ³The boil came to a @. ·come to a @, ´(fig) reach a crisis, culminate:
³Discontent has come to a @. ¸19 ´(various phrases) ·above/over one's @,
´(in a way that is) too difficult for one to understand: ³be/talk above
one's @; go above one's head, ´be too difficult for one. ·an old @ on young
shoulders, ´wisdom in a young person. ·bite sb's Ú@ off, ´scold them angrily.
·eat one's Ú@ off, ´(of a horse) eat a great deal and do little work. ·give sb
his @, ´allow him to act freely, unchecked. ·go to one's @, ¸(a) ´(of liquor)
intoxicate: ³The whisky went to his @. ¸(b) ´excite: ³His successes have gone
to his @´, made him over-confident, conceited, etc. ·have a *good Ú@ on one's
shoulders, ´have practical ability, common sense, etc. ·@ over heels,
´topsy-turvy; (fig) deeply or completely: ³@ over heels in debt/in love. ·keep
one's @, ´keep calm. ·keep one's @ above water, ´(fig) stay out of debt,
difficulty, etc. ·keep one's Ú@ down, ´avoid danger or distraction.
·laugh/scream one's Ú@ off, ´laugh/scream loudly, with great energy. ·lose
one's @, ´become confused or over-excited. ·(go) off one's @, ´(become) crazy.
·(stand, etc) on one's @, ´with feet in the air: ³I could do it (standing) on
my @´, (colloq) It is very easy. ·on one's own @ be it, ´the consequences will
rest on one. ·over one's @, ´= ³above one's @. ·(be promoted) over another's
@/over the @s of others, ´before another or others with prior or stronger
claims. ·*put our/your/their Ú@s together, ´consult together. ·put sth into a
person's @, ´suggest it to him. ·put sth out of one's @, ´stop thinking about
it; give up the idea: ³You'd better put the idea of marriage out of your @.
·put sth out of sb's @, ´make him forget it: ³An interruption put it out of my
@. ·take sth into one's @, ´come to believe it: ³He took it into his @ that I
was secretly opposing him. ·talk one's Ú@ off, ´talk too much. ·talk sb's Ú@
off, ´weary him with talk. ·Two @s are better than one, ´(prov) The opinions,
advice, etc of a second person are valuable. ·turn sb's @, ´make them
conceited. ·(be) weak in the @, ´(be) not very intelligent. ¸20 ´(compounds)
¸Ú@®ache ³n ¶[C,U] ¸(a) ´continuous pain in the @: ³suffer from @ache(s); have
a bad @ache. ¸(b) ´(sl) troublesome problem: ³more @aches for the Department of
the Environment. ¸Ú@®band ³n ´band worn round the @. ¸Ú@®dress ³n ´covering for
the @, esp woman's ornamental kind. ¸Ú@®gear ³n ´hat, cap, @dress. ¸Ú@-hunter
³n ´savage who cuts off and keeps as trophies the @s of his enemies; (fig)
ruthless recruiter. ¸Ú@®lamp ³n ´= µheadlight. ¸Ú@®land ²/-lEnd/ ³n
´promontory, cape. ¸Ú@®light ³n ´large lamp on the front of a locomotive,
motor-car, etc. µ¥ ´the illus at µbicycle, motor. ¸Ú@®line ³n ´newspaper
heading; line at the top of a page containing title, etc; ³(pl) ´summary of
broadcast news: ³"Here are the news @lines.' ¸@®man ²/-man/ ³n (pl µ-men³)
´chief man of a village, tribe, etc. ¸*@®Úmaster/®Úmistress ³nn ´principal
master/mistress of a school. ¸*@-Úon ³adj, adv ´(of collisions) with the front
parts (of vehicles) meeting: ³a @-on collision; meet/strike @-on. ¸Ú@®phones ³n
pl ´receivers fitting over the @ (for radio, etc); earphones. ¸Ú@®piece ³n ¸(a)
´helmet. ¸(b) ´(colloq) intelligence; brains. ¸*@®Úquarters ³n pl ´(or ³sing´)
place from which (eÔg police, army) operations are controlled. ¸Ú@-rest ³n ´sth
that supports the @. ¸Ú@®room ³n ´= clearanceµ(2)´. ¸Ú@®set ³n ´@phones.
¸Ú@®ship ²/-2Ip/ ³n ´position of a @master or @mistress: ³apply for a @ship.
¸Ú@®stall ³n ´part of a bridle or halter that fits round the @. ¸Ú@®stone ³n
´stone set up at the @ of a grave. ¸Ú@-waters ³n pl µ¥ (10) ´above. ¸Ú@®way ³n
¶[U] ´progress. ·make some/no @way, ´(not) make progress. ¸Ú@-wind ³n ´one that
blows directly into one's face, or against the course of a ship, etc. ¸Ú@®word
³n ´word used as a heading, eÔg the first word, in heavy type, of a dictionary
entry. ¸@ed ³adj ´(in compounds) ·*³three-·Ú³@ed´, having three @s;
·*³long-·Ú³@ed´, having a long skull. ¸@®less ³adj ´having no @.¼
¨head©2 ²/hed/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A] ´be at the head or top of: ³@ a
procession; @ a revolt/rebellion´, act as the leader. ³Smith's name @ed the
list. ¸2 ¶[VP6A] ´strike, touch, with the head (eÔg the ball in football). ¸3
¶[VP15B] ·@ sth/sb off, ´get in front of, so as to turn back or aside: ³@ off
a flock of sheep ´(to prevent them from going the wrong way); (fig) prevent:
³@ off a quarrel. ¸4 ¶[VP2C] ´move in the direction indicated: ³@ south; @
straight for home; ´(fig) ³be @ing for disaster. Where are you @ed (for)?¼
¨header© ²/ÚhedE(r)/ ³n ¸1 ´fall, dive or jump with the head first: ³take a @
into a swimming pool. ¸2 ´(football) act of striking the ball with the head.¼
¨head®ing© ²/ÚhedIG/ ³n ´word or words at the top of a section of printed
matter (to show the subject of what follows).¼
¨head®long© ²/ÚhedloG ³US: ²-lcG/ ³adv, adj ¸1 ´with the head first: ³fall @.
¸2 ´thoughtless(ly) and hurried(ly): ³rush @ into danger; a @ decision.¼
¨head®strong© ²/ÚhedstroG ³US: ²-strcG/ ³adj ´self-willed; obstinate.¼
¨heady© ²/ÚhedI/ ³adj µ(-ier, -iest) ¸1 ´acting, done, on impulse;
headstrong. ¸2 ´(of alcoholic drink) having a quick effect on the senses;
quickly causing intoxication: ³a @ wine; ´(fig) (eÔg of sudden success) having
an exciting effect.¼
¨heal© ²/hil/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A,2A,C] ´(esp of wounds) (cause to) become healthy
and sound: ³The wound is not yet @ed´, the new skin has not yet covered it.
³The wound @ed slowly. It soon @ed up/over. ¸2 ¶[VP6A] ´(archaic or biblical)
restore (a person) to health; cure (a disease): ³@ sb of a disease (cure ´is
now the usu word). µ¥ ´also ³faith-@ing ´at µfaith. ¸3 ¶[VP6A] ´end: ³@ a
quarrel. ³Time @s all sorrows. ¸@er ³n ´person or thing that @s: ³Time is a
great @er. ¸@®ing ³adj ´having the power to @: ³@ing ointments.¼
¨health© ²/helT/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´condition of the body or the mind: ³be
in/enjoy/have good/poor @. ³Fresh air and exercise are good for the @ ´(more
colloq ³good for you´). ¸2 ´(in names of organizations, etc): ³the ·*³World
·Ú³H@ Organisation ´(abbr ¸WÔHÔO´); ³the Department of H@ and Social Security
´(in GB, abbr ¸DÔHÔSÔS´); ³the ·*³National ·Ú³H@ Service ´(in GB, abbr
¸NÔHÔS´). ¸3 ¶[U] ´state of being well and free from illness: ³restored to @.
¸4 ·drink sb's @; drink a @ (to sb), ´(as a social custom) raise one's glass
and wish good @ to him. ¸@®ful ²/-fl/ ³adj ´@-giving; good for the @.¼
¨healthy© ²/helTI/ ³adj µ(-ier, -iest) ¸1 ´having good health; well, strong and
able to resist disease: ³The children look very @. The children are quite @,
although they have slight colds at present. ´(Note that ³well ´is the usu word
when the reference is to a specific occasion: eÔg ³I hope you're quite well).
¸2 ´likely to produce good health: ³a @ climate; a @ way of living. ¸3 ´showing
good health: ³a @ appetite. ¸health®ily ²/-IlI/ ³adj ´in a @ way: ³arrive home
healthily tired.¼
¨heap© ²/hip/ ³n ¶[C] ¸1 ´number of things, mass of material, piled
up: ³a big @ of books; a @ of sand; building material lying about in @s. ·be
struck/knocked all of a @, ´(colloq) be overwhelmed; be thrown into a state of
bewilderment or confusion. ¸2 ·@s (of), ´(colloq) large number; plenty: ³We
have @s of books/time. She has been there @s of times´, very often. ³There is
@s more I could say on this question. ¸3 @s, ´(as ³adv; ´colloq) much: ³feeling
@s better. ´¹ ³vt ¸1 ¶[VP6A,15A,B] ·@ (up), ´put in a @: ³@ (up) stones; @ up
riches. ¸2 ¶[VP14] ·@ sth on/upon sb/sth; @ sb/sth with sth, ´fill; load: ³@ a
plate with food; @ favours upon a person; @ a person with favours; a @ed
spoonful´, more than a level spoonful.¼
¨hear© ²/hIE(r)/ ³vt,vi (pt,pp µheard ²/h3d/³) ¸1 ¶[VP2A,6A,18A,19A,24A]
´perceive (sound, etc) with the ears: ³Deaf people cannot @. I @d someone
laughing. He was @d to groan. Did you @ him go out? Have you ever @d that song
sung in Italian? We listened but could @ nothing. She doesn't/can't @ very
well. ´(Note the frequent use of ³can-could ´when an effort of perception is
implied.) ¸2 ¶[VP6A,9,3A] ´be told or informed: ³Have you @d the news? I @d
that he was ill. I've @d (say) that your country is beautiful. ·@ about sth,
´be given information about; learn about: ³I've just @d about his
dismissal/illness. You will @ about this later´, sometimes implying that there
will be a rebuke, etc. ·@ from sb, ´receive a letter, news, etc: ³How often do
you @ from your sister? ·@ of sb/sth, ´have knowledge of: ³I've never @d of
her/the place´, know nothing of her/the place. ·@ tell of, ´@ people talking
about: ³I've often @d tell of such happenings. ¸3 ¶[VP6A,10,15A,3A] ´listen
to; pay attention to; (of a judge in a law court) try (a case): ³You'd better
@ what they have to say. The court @d the evidence. Which judge will @ the
case? ·@ sb out, ´listen to the end: ³Don't judge me before I've finished my
explanation: @ me out, please. ·not @ of, ´(usu with ³will, would´) refuse to
consider or allow: ³I won't @ of such a thing! She wouldn't @ of it. ¸4 ·*H@!
ÚH@! ´used as a form of cheering to express approval or agreement, but also
ironically. ¸@er ³n ´person who @s, esp a member of an audience.¼
¨hear®ing© ²/ÚhIErIG/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´perception by sound: ³Her @ is
poor´, she is rather deaf. ·hard of @, ´rather deaf. ¸Ú@-aid ³n ´electronic
device for helping deaf people to hear. ¸2 ¶[U] ´distance within which one can
hear: ³In some countries it is unwise to talk about politics in the @ of
strangers´, where strangers may hear. ·within/out of @, ´near enough/not near
enough to hear or be heard: ³Please keep within @. ¸3 ¶[C] ´opportunity of
being heard (esp in self-defence). ·gain a @, ´an opportunity to be heard.
·give sb/get a fair @, ´an opportunity of being listened to impartially. ¸4
´(legal) trial of a case at law, esp before a judge without a jury.¼
¨hearken© ²/ÚhqkEn/ ³vi ´(archaic) listen ³(to´).¼
¨hear®say© ²/ÚhIEseI/ ³n ¶[U] ´common talk; rumour; what one has heard another
person or other persons say: ³I don't believe it; it's merely @. H@ evidence
is not accepted in law courts.¼
¨hearse© ²/h3s/ ³n ´carriage, car, for carrying a coffin at a funeral.¼
¨heart© ²/hqt/ ³n ¸1 ´that part of the body which pumps blood through the
system: ³When a man's @ stops beating, he dies. He had a ·Ú³@ attack´, a sudden
illness with irregular and violent beating of the @. µ¥ ´the illus at
µrespiratory. ¸2 ´centre of the emotions, esp love; deepest part of one's
nature: ³a man with a kind @; a kind-@ed man. ·sb after one's own @, ´of the
sort one very much likes or approves of. ·at @, ´deep down; basically. ·have
sth at @, ´be deeply interested in it, anxious to support or encourage it.
·from (the bottom of) one's @, ´sincerely. ·in one's @ of @s, ´in one's inmost
feelings. ·to one's @'s content, ´as much as, for as long as, etc one wishes.
·with all one's @, ´completely and willingly: ³I love you with all my @. ·@ and
soul, ´completely: ³I'm yours @ and soul. ·break a person's @, ´make him very
sad. Hence, ¸*broken-Ú@ed, Ú@®broken ³adjj´. ·cry one's Ú@ out, ´pine or brood
over sth, esp in secret. ·do one's Ú@ good, ´cause one to feel encouraged,
cheerful, etc. ·(get/learn/know sth) by @, ´from memory. ·have a @, ´show
sympathy, understanding. ·(have) a change of @, ´(experience) a change of
opinion. ·have the @ to, ´(usu neg, or interr with ³can-could´) be hard-@ed or
unsympathetic enough to: ³How can you have the @ to drown the kittens? ·have
one's @ in sth, ´be interested in it and fond of it. ·have one's @ in one's
boots, ´be greatly discouraged, feel hopeless. ·have one's @ in one's mouth,
´be badly frightened. ·have one's @ in the right place, ´have true or kind
feelings. ·have one's @ set on sth, ´desire greatly. ·lose @, ´be discouraged.
·lose one's @ to sb/sth, ´become very fond of; fall in love with. ·set one's @
on sth/having sth/doing sth, etc, ´be very anxious (to have, to do, etc). ·take
(fresh) @ (at sth), ´be confident. ·take sth to @, ´be much affected by it;
grieve over it. ·wear one's @ on/upon one's sleeve, ´show one's feelings quite
openly. ¸3 ´central part: ³in the @ of the forest; the @ of the matter´, the
essence; ³get to the @ of a subject/mystery; a cabbage with a good solid @. ¸4
¶[U] ´(of land) fertility: ³in good @´, in good condition; ³out of @´, in poor
condition. ¸5 ´@-shaped thing, esp the design used on playing-cards: ³the
ten/queen/etc of @s. H@s are trumps. µ¥ ´the illus at µcard. ¸6 ´(as a term of
endearment to a person) ³dear @; ·Ú³sweet@. ¸7 ´(compounds) ¸Ú@®ache ³n
¶[U] ´deep sorrow. ¸Ú@®beat ³n ¶[C] ´movement of the @ (about 70 beats a
minute). ¸Ú@®break ³n ¶[U] ´overwhelming sorrow. ¸Ú@®breaking ³adj ´causing
@break. ¸Ú@®broken ³adj ´crushed by @break. ¸Ú@®burn ³n ¶[U] ´burning sensation
in the lower part of the chest, caused by indigestion. ¸Ú@®burning ³n ¶[U]
´(and also in ³pl´) envious, discontented feeling(s), usu caused by
disappointment. ¸Ú@-disease ³n ¶[U] ´disease of the @. ¸Ú@-failure ³n
¶[U] ´failure of the @ to function. ¸Ú@®felt ³adj ´sincere: ³@felt
emotion/thanks. ¸Ú@-rending ³adj ´causing deep grief. ¸Ú@'s-ease ³n ¶[U] ´(old
name for) pansy. ¸Ú@®sick ³adj ´low-spirited. ¸Ú@®strings ³n pl ´deepest
feelings of love: ³play upon sb's @strings´, touch his feelings. ¸@ed ³adj ´in
compounds: ³hard-@ed; sad-@ed; faint-@ed´, lacking in courage. ¸@®less ³adj
´unkind; without pity. ¸@®less®ly ³adv ¸@®less®ness ³n¼
¨hearten© ²/Úhqtn/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´give courage to; cheer: ³@ing
news.¼
¨hearth© ²/hqT/ ³n ´floor of a fireplace; (fig) fireside as representing the
home: ³fight for @ and altar´, (rhet) in defence of one's home and religion.
¸Ú@-rug ³n ´rug spread out in front of the @.¼
¨heart®ily© ²/ÚhqtIlI/ ³adv ¸1 ´with goodwill, courage or appetite:
³set to work @; eat @. ¸2 ´very: ³@ glad that«; @ sick of this wet weather.¼
¨hearty© ²/ÚhqtI/ ³adj µ(-ier, -iest) ¸1 ´(of feelings) sincere: ³give sb a @
welcome; give one's @ approval/support to a plan. ¸2 ´strong; in good health:
³still hale and @ at eighty-five. ¸3 ´big: ³a @ meal/appetite.¼
¨heat©1 ²/hit/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ¸(the) @, ´high temperature: ³the @ of the sun's
rays. Cold is the absence of @. She's suffering from the @´, from the hot
weather. ¸*prickly Ú@, µ¥ prickle. ¸2 ¶[U] ¸(the) @, ´(fig) intense feeling:
³speak with considerable @; in the @ of the debate/argument. ¸3 ¶[C]
´competition the winners of which take part in (the further competitions
leading to) the finals: ³trial/preliminary @s. µ¥ ´also ³dead @, ´at µdead(6).
¸4 ¶[U] ´(of female mammals) period or condition of sexual excitement. ·be
in/on/at @. ¸5 ´(compounds) ¸Ú@ barrier ³n ´= thermal barrier, µ¥ thermal.
¸Ú@-flash ³n ´intense @, eÔg as released from the explosion of an atomic bomb.
¸Ú@ pump ³n ´machine that transfers @ from a substance at a relatively low
temperature to one at a higher temperature, eÔg for @ing a building. ¸Ú@ shield
³n ´device (esp on the nose-cone of a spacecraft) that gives protection against
excessive @. ¸Ú@®spot ³n ´mark or point on the skin caused by or sensitive to
@. ¸Ú@-stroke ³n ´sudden illness, prostration, caused by excessive @. ¸Ú@®wave
³n ´unbroken period of unusually hot weather.¼
¨heat©2 ²/hit/ ³vt,vi ¶[VP6A,15B,2C] ·@ (up), ´make or become hot: ³@ (up)
some water; @ up the cold meat for supper. ¸@ed ³adj ´excited; passionate: ³a
@ed discussion´, one during which feelings are roused; ³get @ed with wine.
¸@®ed®ly ³adv ´in a @ed manner. ¸@er ³n ´device for supplying warmth to a room,
or for @ing water, etc: ³a ·Ú³gas-@er; an ·Ú³oil-@er. ¸@®ing ³n ¶[U] ´means of
creating @: ³electric/gas/oil @ing. µ¥ central.¼
¨heath© ²/hiT/ ³n ¸1 ¶[C] ´area of flat unused land, esp if covered with @.
¸2 ¶[C,U] ´(kind of) low evergreen shrub with small purple, pink or white
bell-shaped flowers, eÔg ³ling ´and ³heather.¼
¨hea®then© ²/ÚhiDn/ ³n ¸1 ¶[C] ³(pl µ@s ´or, collectively, ¸the @´)
believer in a religion other than the chief world religions: ³The Saxons who
invaded England were @s. He went abroad to preach Christianity to the @. ¸2
¶[C] ´(colloq) person whose morals, etc are disapproved of: ³They've allowed
their daughter to grow up as a young @´, wild, ill-mannered, without
moral training. ¸3 ´(attrib): ³a @ land; @ customs. ¸@®ish ²/-I2/ ³adj ´of or
like @s; barbarous.¼
¨heather© ²/ÚheDE(r)/ ³n ¶[U] ´variety of heathµ(2)´, with small light-purple
or white flowers, common in Scotland. ·take to the @, ´(in olden times) become
an outlaw. ¸Ú@-mixture ³n ´(of cloth) of mixed colours supposed to be like @.¼
¨heave© ²/hiv/ ³vt,vi (pt,pp µ@d ´or (µ6 ´and µ7 ´below), nautical use, µhove
²/hE8v/³) ¸1 ¶[VP6A] ´raise, lift up (sth heavy): ³@ the anchor. ¸2 ¶[VP6A]
´utter: ³@ a sigh/groan. ¸3 ¶[VP6A,15A,B] ´(colloq) lift and throw: ³@ sth
overboard; @ a brick through a window. ¸4 ¶[VP2A,C,3A] ·@ (at/on sth), ´pull
³(at ´a rope, etc): ³@ (away) at the capstan. H@ away! H@ ho! ´(sailors' cries
when pulling at ropes or cables). ¸5 ¶[VP2A] ´rise and fall vigorously and
regularly: ³a heaving chest; the heaving billows´, iÔe waves. ¸6 ¶[VP2C,15B] ·@
to, ´(of a sailing-ship) (cause to) come to a standstill (without anchoring or
mooring). ¸7 ·@ in sight, ´become visible. ¹ ³n ´act of heaving: ³with a mighty
@´, a strong pull or throw.¼
¨heaven© ²/Úhevn/ ³n ¸1 ´home of God and the saints: ³die and go to @. ¸2 H@,
´God, Providence: ³It was the will of H@. H@ forbid! Thank H@ you were not
killed. ´Also in exclamations: ³For H@'s sake! Good H@s! ¸*@®Úsent ³adj
´providential: ³a @sent opportunity. ¸3 ´place, state, of supreme happiness.
¸4 ´(often ¸the @s´) the firmament: ³the broad expanse of @/the @s. ·move @ and
earth, ´do one's utmost. ¸@®ward(s) ²/-wEd(z)/ ³adj,adv ´towards @.¼
¨heav®en®ly© ²/ÚhevnlI/ ³adj ¸1 ´of, from, like, heaven: ³a @
angel/vision. ¸the @ bodies, ´iÔe the sun, moon, planets, etc. ¸the @ city,
´Paradise. ¸2 ´of more than earthly excellence. ¸3 ´(colloq) very pleasing:
³What @ peaches!¼
¨Heavi®side layer© ²/ÚhevIsñId leIE(r)/ ³n µ¥ ionosphere.¼
¨heavy© ²/ÚhevI/ ³adj µ(-ier, -iest) ¸1 ´having weight (esp great weight);
difficult to lift, carry or move: ³It's too @ for me to lift. Lead is a @
metal. ¸Ú@®weight ³n ´boxer weighing 175 lb (79²Ø´3 kg) or more. ¸2 ´of more
than usual size, amount, force, etc: ³@ guns/artillery´, of the largest class;
³@ ´(= abundant) ³crops; @ rain; @ work; a @ blow´, one with great force
behind it; ³a @ fall´, one likely to cause shock; ³a @ heart´, made sad; ³@
tidings´, bad news; ³@ soil´, difficult to cultivate; ³@ roads´, muddy and
sticky, difficult to travel over; ³a @ sky´, dark with clouds; ³a @ sea´,
rough, with big waves; ³@ food´, rich, difficult to digest; ³@ bread´, dense,
sticky, like dough. ·find sth @ going, ´find progress difficult. ·find sb
(rather) @ going, ´difficult or boring to listen to or follow. ¸*@ Úhydrogen,
´isotope of hydrogen with atoms twice the normal weight. ¸*@ Úwater, ´water
whose molecules consist of two @ hydrogen atoms and one ordinary oxygen atom.
¸3 ´(of persons) slow in speech or thought; (of writing or painting) dull,
tedious; (of parts in a play for the theatre) serious or solemn; ³play the
part of the @ father; ´(of bodily states) inactive: ³@ with sleep/wine. ¸4
´(compounds) ¸*@-Úhanded ³adj ´awkward, clumsy. ¸*@-Úhearted ³adj ´melancholy.
¹ ³adv ´heavily: ³The crime lies @ on his conscience. Do you ever find time
hangs @ on your hands´, Does it ever pass too slowly? ¸*@-Úladen ³adj
´carrying a @ load; (fig) having a @ (= sad) heart. ¸heav®ily ²/ÚhevIlI/ ³adv
´in a @ manner: ³a heavily loaded lorry. ¸heavi®ness ³n¼
¨heb®doma®dal© ²/hebÚdomEdl/ ³adj ´weekly: ³H@ Council´, one that meets
weekly.¼
¨He®braic© ²/hiÚbreIIk/ ³adj ´Hebrew.¼
¨He®brew© ²/Úhibru/ ³n ¸1 ¶[C] ´Israelite; Jew. ¸2 ¶[U] ´language used by the
ancient @s (as in the Old Testament); language now spoken by the people of
Israel. ¹ ³adj ´of the @ language or people.¼
¨heca®tomb© ²/ÚhekEtum/ ³n ´(in ancient Greece) great public sacrifice;
blood-offering (esp of 100 oxen).¼
¨heck© ²/hek/ ³n ´(sl, euphem) hell (used in exclamations): ³Oh! What the @!¼
¨heckle© ²/Úhekl/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´interrupt and ask many troublesome questions at
a public meeting: ³@ the Socialist candidate. ¸heck®ler ²/ÚheklE(r)/ ³n¼
¨hec®tare© ²/ÚhekteE(r)/ ³n ´measure of area in the metric system, 10Ô000 sq
metres (= 2²Ø´471 acres). µ¥ App 5.¼
¨hec®tic© ²/ÚhektIk/ ³adj ¸1 ´unnaturally red; feverish; consumptive: ³@
cheeks; a @ colouring. ¸2 ´(colloq) full of excitement and without rest: ³have
a @ time; lead a @ life; for one @ ´(= exciting) ³moment.¼
¨hecto-© ²/ÚhektE8/ ³pref ´(in comb) hundred: ·Ú³@gram(me)´, 100 grammes. µ¥
App 5.¼
¨hec®tor© ²/ÚhektE(r)/ ³vt,vi ´bully; bluster.¼
¨he'd© ²/³strong or initial form: ²hid´; ³medial weak form: ²id/ ´= he had; he
would.¼
¨hedge© ²/hedZ/ ³n ¸1 ´row of bushes, shrubs or tall plants, etc usu cut level
at the top, forming a boundary for a field, garden, etc: ³a ·Ú³beech-@. Will
this @ keep the sheep in the field? ¸Ú@-hop ³vi ´fly (an aircraft) not much
above ground level, eÔg when spraying crops. ¸Ú@®row ³n ´row of bushes forming
a @. ¸Ú@-sparrow ³n ´common GB and US bird. ¸2 ´(fig) means of defence against
possible loss: ³buy gold/diamonds as a @ against inflation. ¹ ³vt,vi ¸1
¶[VP6A,15A,B] ´put a @ or (fig) barrier round: ³@ a field; @ a person in/round
with rules and regulations´, restrict his freedom of action. ¸2 ¶[VP2A] ´refuse
to commit oneself; avoid giving a direct answer to a question: ³Answer "yes' or
"no'Ådon't @! ¸3 ¶[VP2A,6A] ´(colloq) secure oneself against loss, esp when
betting, by compensating transactions: ³@ one's bets. ¸4 ¶[VP2A] ´make or trim
@s.¼
¨hedge®hog© ²/ÚhedZhog ³US: ²-hcg/ ³n ´insect-eating animal covered
with spines, that rolls itself up into a ball to defend itself. µ¥ ´the illus
at µsmall.¼
¨he®don®ism© ²/ÚhidEnIzEm/ ³n ¶[U] ´belief that pleasure is the chief good.
¸he®don®ist ²/-Ist/ ³n ´believer in @. ¸he®don®is®tic ²/*hidEÚnIstIk/ ³adj¼
¨heed© ²/hid/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´(formal) pay attention to: ³@ a warning; @ what a
person says. ´¹ ³n ¶[U] ·pay/give @ (to); take @ (of), ´give attention,
notice: ³pay no @ to a warning. ¸@®ful ²/-fl/ ³adj ·@ful (of) ´attentive: ³be
more @ful of advice. ¸@®less ³adj ·@ (of), ´inattentive: ³@less of danger.¼
¨hee®haw© ²/Úhihc/ ³n ´ass's bray; loud laugh.¼
¨heel©1 ²/hil/ ³n ¸1 ´back part of the human foot; part of a sock, stocking,
etc covering this; part of a shoe, boot, etc supporting this. µ¥ ´the illus at
µleg. ·at/on the @s of sth; at/on sb's @s, ´close behind it/him: ³Famine often
follows on the @s of war. The thief ran off with an angry crowd at his @s.
·bring/come to @, ´(of a dog) bring/come close behind its master, under
control; (fig) submit to discipline and control. ·down at @, ´(of shoes) with
the @s badly worn down; (of a person) wearing such shoes, or untidy and
slovenly in appearance. ·head over @s, ´upside down, in a somersault; (fig)
completely. ·kick/cool one's @s, ´be kept waiting. ·kick up one's @s, ´behave
excitedly (esp to show joy at freedom). ·lay sb by the @s, ´confine or imprison
him. ·show a clean pair of @s, ´escape in a great hurry. ·take to one's @s,
´run away. ·turn on one's @, ´turn sharply round. ·under the @ of, ´(fig)
dominated by. ¸2 ´(US sl) cad; low-down person. ¹ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´put a @ on:
³sole and @ a pair of shoes. ¸*well-Ú@ed ³adj ´(sl) very rich.¼
¨heel©2 ²/hil/ ³vi,vt ¶[VP2A,C,15B] ·@ (over), ´(of a ship) (cause to) lean
over to one side.¼
¨hef®ty© ²/ÚheftI/ ³adj µ(-ier, -iest) ´(colloq) big and strong: ³a @ farm
worker.¼
¨he®gem®ony© ²/hIÚgemEnI ³US: ²ÚhedZEmE8nI/ ³n (pl µ-nies³) ¶[U,C]
´(formal) leadership, authority, influence, esp of one state in a group of
states.¼
¨He®gira©, He®jira ²/ÚhedÚIrE ³US: ²hIÚdZñIErE/ ³n ¸the @, ´Muhammad's flight
from Mecca to Medina; Muslim era reckoned from this (¶AÔD ´622).¼
¨heifer© ²/ÚhefE(r)/ ³n ´young cow that has not yet had a calf.¼
¨heigh®ho© ²/*heIÚhE8/ ³int ´used to express disappointment, boredom, etc.¼
¨height© ²/hñIt/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U,C] ´measurement from bottom to top; distance to the
top of sth from a level, esp sea-level: ³the @ of a mountain. What is your @´,
How tall are you? ³He is six feet in @. ¸2 ¶[C] ´high place: ³on the mountain
@s. ¸3 ¶[U] ´utmost degree: ³the @ of his ambition; dressed in the @ of
fashion. The storm was at its @.¼
¨heighten© ²/ÚhñItn/ ³vt,vi ¶[VP6A,2A] ´make or become high(er); make greater
in degree: ³@ a person's anger; @ an effect; her @ed colour´, the increased
colour in her face, eÔg caused by emotion.¼
¨hei®nous© ²/ÚheInEs/ ³adj ´(of crime) odious; atrocious. ¸@®ly ³adv ¸@®ness
³n¼
¨heir© ²/eE(r)/ ³n ´person with the legal right to receive a title, property,
etc when the owner dies: ³The eldest son is usually the @. He is @ to a large
fortune. Who is @ to the throne? ¸*@ Úapparent ³n (pl µ@s apparent´) @ whose
right cannot be superseded by the birth of a nearer @. ¸*@ preÚsumptive ³n
´whose right of inheritance may be lost by the birth of a nearer @. ¸@®ess
²/ÚeErIs/ ³n ´female @.¼
¨heir®loom© ²/ÚeElum/ ³n ´sth handed down in a family for several generations.¼
¨He®jira© ²/ÚhedZIrE ³US: ²hIÚdZñIErE/ ³n ´= µHegira.¼
¨held© ²/held/ ³pt,pp ´of µhold.¼
¨heli®cop®ter© ²/ÚhelIkoptE(r)/ ³n ´kind of aircraft with horizontal revolving
blades or rotors, able to take off and land in a very small space and remain
stationary in the air.¼
¨he®lio®graph© ²/ÚhilIEgrqf ³US: ²-graf/ ³n ´apparatus formerly
used for sending signals by reflecting flashes of sunlight. ¹ ³vt ´send (a
message) by @.¼
¨he®lio®trope© ²/ÚhilIEtrE8p/ ³n ´plant with small, sweet-smelling purple
flowers; colour of these.¼
¨heli®port© ²/ÚhelIpct/ ³n ´airport for helicopters.¼
¨he®lium© ²/ÚhilIEm/ ³n ¶[U] ´light, colourless gas (symbol ¸He´) that does not
burn, used in balloons and airships.¼
¨hell© ²/hel/ ³n ¸1 ´(in some religions) home of devils and of damned souls
after death. ¸2 ´place, condition, of great suffering or misery: ³suffer @ on
earth; make sb's life a @. We gave the enemy @. ¸3 ´(colloq, in exclamations,
to express anger, or to intensify a meaning) ³H@! What the @ do you want? He
ran like @´, very fast. ³I like him a @ of a lot. What a @ of a noise! ·for the
@ of it, ´for no particular reason. ·ride @ for leather, ´as quickly as
possible. ¸Ú@-cat ³n ´spiteful or furious person. ¸@®ish ²/-I2/ ³adj ´horrible;
devilish. ·be *@-Úbent on sth, ´(sl) be recklessly determined to do it.¼
¨he'll© ²/³strong or initial form: ²hil´; ³medial weak form: often: ²il/ ´= he
will, he shall.¼
¨Hel®lene© ²/Úhelin/ ³n ´subject of modern Greece; person of genuine Greek race
in ancient times. ¸Hel®lenic ²/heÚlinIk ³US: ²heÚlenIk/ ³adj ´of the
Greeks, their arts, culture, etc.¼
¨hello© ²/hEÚlE8/ ³int ´= µhullo.¼
¨helm©1 ²/helm/ ³n ´handle (also called ³tiller´) or wheel for moving the
rudder of a boat or ship: ³the man at the @´, the steersman, (fig) leader. ³the
@ of state´, (fig) the government of the nation. ¸@s®man ²/-mEn/ ³n (pl µ-men³)
´man at the @.¼
¨helm©2 ²/helm/ ³n ´(archaic) helmet.¼
¨hel®met© ²/ÚhelmIt/ ³n ´protective head-covering worn by soldiers, firemen,
miners, motorbike riders, divers (as part of a diving-suit), and some
policemen. µ¥ ´the illus at µarmour. µ¥ ´also ³sun-@ ´at µsun. ¸@ed ³adj
´wearing, provided with, a @.¼
¨helot© ²/ÚhelEt/ ³n ´one of a class of slaves in ancient Sparta;
(fig) member of any social class that is despised and kept in subjection.¼
¨help©1 ²/help/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´act of @ing: ³Thank you for your kind
@. ·be of @ (to sb); ·be (of) any/much/no/some @ (to sb), ´be @ful: ³Can I be
of any @ to you? It wasn't much @, ´didn't @ much. ¸2 a @, ´sb or sth that @s:
³Your advice was a great @. Far from being a @ to me, you're a hindrance. ¸3
¶[U] ´remedy: ³There's no @ for it´, It can't be @ed. µ¥ help±2µ(3). ¸4 ¶[C]
´(usu non-resident) person who @s with the housework: ³a home @, µ¥ home±1µ(3).
³The @ hasn't come this morning. ¸@®ful ²/-fl/ ³adj ´giving @: ³be @ful to
one's friends. ¸@®fully ²/-fElI/ ³adv ¸@®ful®ness ³n ¸@®less ³adj ¸1 ´without
@; not receiving @. ¸2 ´unable to act; dependent upon others: ³a @less invalid;
as @less as a baby. ¸@®less®ly ³adv ¸@®less®ness ³n ¸@er ³n ´person who @s.
¸@®ing ³n ´(esp) portion of food served at a meal: ³three @ings of pie; a
generous @ing of pudding.¼
¨help©2 ²/help/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A,17,18B,15A,B,2A,C] ´do part of the
work of another person; make it easier for (sb) to do sth or for (sth) to
happen; do sth for the benefit of (sb in need): ³I can't lift this box alone,
please @ me. I @ed him (to) find his things. ´(The omission of ³to ´is more
usual in US than in GB usage.) ³Please @ me up/down/out, etc with this heavy
trunk´, @ me to carry it up, etc. ³Will you @ me on with my overcoat, please´,
@ me to put it on? ³We @ed the injured man off with his clothes´, @ed him to
get them off. ³Tom has to @ his father, who is too old to work. Would it @ you
to know that«, ´if I told you that«. ·@ out, ´give @ (esp in a crisis). ¸2
¶[VP6A,14] ·@ sb/oneself (to sth), ´serve with food, drink, etc: ³May I @ you
to some more meat? H@ yourself to the fruit/cigarettes. ¸3 ¶[VP6A,C] ·can @
sth/doing sth, ´avoid; refrain; prevent: ³Don't tell him more than you can @´,
more than you must. ³I can't @ thinking he's still alive. She burst out crying;
she couldn't @ it. I can't @ my husband having so many dull relations. It can't
be @ed´, is inevitable. ¸4 ·So @ me God, ´(in an oath) (as I speak the truth,
etc) may God @ me.¼
¨help®mate© ²/ÚhelpmeIt/, ±help®meet ²/Úhelpmit/ ³nn ´helpful
partner, esp a wife or husband.¼
¨hel®ter-skel®ter© ²/*heltE ÚskeltE(r)/ ³adv ´in disorderly haste. ¹ ³n ´tall
spiral slide±1µ(2) ´in a fairground, etc.¼
¨helve© ²/helv/ ³n ´handle of a tool, esp an axe.¼
¨hem©1 ²/hem/ ³n ´border or edge of cloth, esp one on an article of clothing,
when turned and sewn down. ¸Úhemming-stitch ³n ´style of sewing hems on
dresses, skirts, etc by joining the turned edge to the length of material
using diagonal stitches. ¸Úhem-line ³n ´(esp) lower edge of a skirt or dress:
³lower/raise the hemline´, make a skirt, etc longer/shorter. ´¹ ³vt µ(-mm-) ¸1
¶[VP6A] ´make a hem on: ³hem a handkerchief. ¸2 ¶[VP15B] ·@ about/around/in,
´enclose; confine; surround: ³hemmed in by the enemy.¼
¨hem©2 ´(also ¸h'm´) ²/hem, hm/ ³int ´sound used to indicate doubt or sarcasm,
or to call attention. ¹ ³vi µ(-mm-) ´make this sound; hesitate in speech. ·hem
and haw/ha, ´= ³hum and haw/ha, µ¥ hum.¼
¨he®ma®tite© ´(also ¸hae-´) ²/ÚhemEtñIt/ ³n ´iron oxide ¸(Fe¶c¸O¶d¸) ´the main
ore of iron.¼
¨hemi®sphere© ²/ÚhemIsfIE(r)/ ³n ´half a sphere; half the earth. ¸the
Northern/Southern @, ´north/south of the equator. ¸the Eastern @, ´Europe,
Asia, Africa and Australia. ¸the Western @, ´N and S America.¼
¨hem®lock© ²/Úhemlok/ ³n ´plant with finely divided leaves and
small, white flowers, from which a poison is made. ¸Ú@ spruce ³n ´evergreen
tree, common in America and Asia, valuable for its timber.¼
¨he®mo®glo®bin© ´(also ¸hae-´) ²/*himEÚglE8bIn/ ³n ¶[U] ´substance present in
the red corpuscles of the blood.¼
¨he®mo®philia© ´(also ¸hae-´) ²/*himEÚfIlIE/ ³n ¶[U] ´(usu hereditary) tendency
of blood (from a wound, etc) not to clot, so that bleeding continues.
¸he®mo®phil®iac ´(also ¸hae-´) ²/*himEÚfIlIak/ ³n ´person having @.¼
¨hem®or®rhage© ´(also ¸hae-´) ²/ÚhemErIdZ/ ³n ¶[U] ´bleeding; ¶[C] ´escape of
blood.¼
¨hem®or®rhoids© ´(also ¸hae-´) ²/ÚhemErãIdz/ ³n pl ´swelling of a vein or
veins, esp at or near the anus; piles.¼
¨hemp© ²/hemp/ ³n ¶[U] ´(kinds of) plant from which coarse fibres are obtained
for the manufacture of rope and cloth. ¸(Indian) @, ´narcotic from the
flowering tops, seed and resin of such plants, also called ³bhang, cannabis,
hashish, marijuana. ¸@en ²/ÚhempEn/ ³adj ´made of @; like @: ³a @en rope.¼
¨hem®stitch© ²/ÚhemstIt2/ ³vt, n ´(ornament the hem of a handkerchief, dress,
skirt, towel, etc with a) decorative stitch made by pulling out some of the
threads and tying the cross-threads in groups.¼
¨hen© ²/hen/ ³n ¸1 ´female of the common domestic fowl. µ¥ cock±1µ(1). µ¥ ´the
illus at µfowl. ¸Úhen®bane ³n ´(narcotic obtained from a) poisonous plant.
¸Úhen-coop ³n ´coop for keeping poultry in. ¸Úhen-house ³n ´(usu wooden)
building for poultry. ¸Úhen-party ³n ´(colloq) party for women only. µ¥ ³stag
party. ´at µstag ¸Úhen-pecked ³adj ´(of a man) ruled by his wife. ¸Úhen-roost
³n ´place where fowls roost at night. ¸2 ´female (of the bird named):
·Ú³guinea-hen, ·Ú³pea-hen.¼
¨hence© ²/hens/ ³adv ´(formal) ¸1 ´from here; from now: ³a week @´,
in a week's time. ¸2 ´for this reason. ¸*@®Úforth, ¸*@®Úforward ³advv ´from
this time on; in future.¼
¨hench®man© ²/Úhent2mEn/ ³n (pl µ-men ²/-mEn/³) ´faithful supporter, esp a
political supporter who obeys without question the orders of his leader: ³the
Dictator and his henchmen.¼
¨henna© ²/ÚhenE/ ³n ¶[U] ´(plant, kind of Egyptian privet, producing)
reddish-brown dye stuff for colouring leather, the finger-nails, the hair,
etc. ¸hen®naed ²/ÚhenEd/ ³adj ´dyed with @.¼
¨hep© ²/hep/ ³adj µ¥ hip±4µ.¼
¨hepa®ti®tis© ²/*hepEÚtñItIs/ ³n ¶[U] ´inflammation of the liver.¼
¨hep®ta®gon© ²/ÚheptEgEn ³US: ²-gon/ ³n ´plane figure with 7 (esp equal)
sides.¼
¨her© ²/³strong or initial form: ²h3(r)´; ³medial weak form: ²3(r)/ ³pers pron
´(as an object, corresponding to ³she´): ³She's in the garden; I can see her.
Give her the book. ´¹ ³poss adj ´belonging to her: ³Mary's mother is dead but
her father is alive. That's her hat, not yours. ¸hers ²/h3z/ ³poss pron
´belonging to her: ³Is that his or hers? I've borrowed
a book of hers´, one of her books.¼
¨her®ald© ²/ÚherEld/ ³n ¸1 ´(hist) person making public announcements for, and
carrying messages from, a ruler. ¸2 ´person or thing foretelling the coming of
sb or sth: ³In England the cuckoo is a @ of spring. ¸3 ´official who keeps
records of families that have coats of arms. ¸H@s' College, ´corporation that
records pedigrees and grants coats of arms. ´¹ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´proclaim the
approach of. ¸her®al®dic ²/heÚraldIk/ ³adj ´of @s or @ry. ¸@ry ³n ¶[U] ´science
dealing with the coats of arms, descent, and history of old families.¼
¨herb© ²/h3b ³US: ²rb/ ³n ´low-growing, soft-stemmed plant which
dies down at the end of the growing season; plant of this kind whose leaves or
seeds, because of their scent or flavour, are used in medicine or for
flavouring food, eÔg sage, mint, dill. ¸@ beer ³n ´drink made from @s. ¸@®age
²/-IdZ/ ³n ¶[U] ´@s collectively; grass and other field plants. ¸@al ²/Úh3bl
³US: ²Ú3rbl/ ³adj ´of (esp) medicinal @s: ³@al remedies. ¸@®al®ist
²/Úh3bElIst ³US: ²Ú3rb-/ ³n ´person who grows or sells @s for medical use.
¸her®bivor®ous ²/h3ÚbIvErEs ³US: ²3-/ ³adj ´(of animals) feeding on @age. µ¥
³carnivorous ´at µcarnivore.¼
¨her®ba®ceous© ²/h3ÚbeI2Es ³US: ²3-/ ³adj ´(of plants) having stems that are
not woody: ³a @ border´, (in a garden) border with plants which come up and
flower year after year (not shrubs, annuals, etc).¼
¨her®cu®lean© ²/*h3kj8ÚliEn/ ³adj ´having, needing, great powers of body or
mind: ³a @ task.¼
¨herd© ²/h3d/ ³n ¸1 ´number or company of animals, esp cattle, feeding or going
about together: ³a @ of cattle/deer/elephants. ¸2 ´(chiefly in compounds)
keeper of a @: ·Ú³cow@; ·Ú³goat@. ¸3 ´(derog) ³the common/vulgar @´, the mass
of common people; ³the @ instinct´, the instinct to act, feel, think, etc like
the mass of people, and to be with the mass. ¹ ³vi,vt ¶[VP2C,15A,B] ´(cause to)
gather into a @ or as in a @; look after a @: ³people who @ed/were @ed together
like cattle. ¸@s®man ²/-mEn/ ³n (pl µ-men³) ´keeper of a @.¼
¨here© ²/hIE(r)/ ³adv ¸1 ´in, at, to this point or place: ³Come @.
I live @. Put the box @. Look @. ¸2 ´(with front position, and inversion of the
subject and finite ³v ´if the subject is a ³n´, but not if the subject is a
³pers pron´): ³H@ comes the bus! H@ it comes! H@ are the others! H@ they/we
are! H@'s something interesting. H@ you are/it is! ´H@ is what you asked for,
are looking for, etc according to context. ¸3 ´at this point (in a series of
events, in a process, etc): ³H@ he stopped reading and looked up. H@ the
speaker paused to have a drink. ·H@ goes! ´Now I'm going to make a start, have
a go. ¸4 ´(after ³preps´): ³Come over @´, near to where I am. ³Do you live
near @´, near this place? ¸5 ·@ and there, ´in various places. ·@, there and
everywhere, ´in all parts; all round. ·neither @ nor there, ´(colloq)
irrelevant. ¸6 ´(used after a ³n ´to call attention, or for emphasis): ³My
friend @ was a witness of the accident. ¸7 ´(used when drinking to sb's health,
wishing success to an enterprise, etc): ³H@'s to the bride and bridegroom!
¸@®abouts ²/*hIErEÚbñ8ts/ ³adv ´near or about @. ¸@®after ²/hIErÚqftE(r) ³US:
²-Úaf-/ ³adv, n ´(in the) future; the life to come. ¸@®by ²/hIEÚbñI/ ³adv
´(legal) by means or by reason of this. ¸@®in ²/*hIErÚIn/ ³adv ´(legal) in
this. ¸@®of ²/hIErÚov/ ³adv ´(legal) of or about this. ¸@®to ²/hIEÚtu/ ³adv
´(legal) to this. ¸@®to®fore ²/*hIEtuÚfc(r)/ ³adv ´(legal) until now; formerly.
¸@®upon ²/*hIErEÚpon/ ³adv ´(formal) at this point; in consequence of this.
¸@®with ²/*hIEÚwID ³US: ²-ÚwIT/ ³adv ´(comm) with this.¼
¨her®edita®ment© ²/*herIÚdItEmEnt/ ³n ´(legal) property that can be inherited.¼
¨her®ed®itary© ²/hIÚredItrI ³US: ²-terI/ ³adj ´passed on from
parent to child, from one generation to following generations: ³@
rulers/beliefs/diseases.¼
¨her®ed®ity© ²/hIÚredEtI/ ³n ¶[U] ´tendency of living things to pass their
characteristics on to offspring, etc; characteristics, qualities, etc so passed
on: ³@ factors/genes.¼
¨her®esy© ²/ÚherEsI/ ³n (pl µ-sies³) ¶[C,U] ´(holding of a) belief or opinion
contrary to what is generally accepted, esp in religion: ³fall into @; be
guilty of @; the heresies of the Protestants. ¸her®etic ²/ÚherEtIk/ ³n ´person
guilty of @ or supporting a @; person who holds an unorthodox opinion.
¸her®eti®cal ²/hIÚretIkl/ ³adj ´of @ or heretics: ³heretical beliefs.¼
¨heri®table© ²/ÚherItEbl/ ³adj ´(legal) capable of inheriting or
being inherited.¼
¨heri®tage© ²/ÚherItIdZ/ ³n ´that which has been or may be inherited.¼
¨her®maph®ro®dite© ²/h3ÚmafrEdñIt/ ³n ¶[C] ´animal or other creature, eÔg an
earthworm, which has both male and female sexual organs or characteristics.¼
¨her®metic© ²/h3ÚmetIk/ ³adj ´completely air-tight: ³a @ seal. ¸her®meti®cally
²/-klI/ ³adv´: ³@ally sealed´, sealed so as to keep all the air in or out.¼
¨her®mit© ²/Úh3mIt/ ³n ´person (esp man in early Christian times) living
alone. ¸@®age ²/-IdZ/ ³n ´cell or living-place of a @ or groups of @s.¼
¨her®nia© ²/Úh3nIE/ ³n ¶[U,C] ´rupture, esp one caused by a part of the bowel
being pushed through a weak point of the muscle wall of the abdomen.¼
¨hero© ²/ÚhIErE8/ ³n (pl µ@es ²/-rE8z/³) ¸1 ´person respected for bravery or
noble qualities. ¸2 ´chief ´person in a poem, story, play, etc. ¸@®oine
²/ÚherE8In/ ³n ´female @. ¸@®ism ²/ÚherE8IzEm/ ³n ¶[U] ´quality of being a @;
courage.¼
¨her®oic© ²/hIÚrE8Ik/ ³adj ¸1 ´of, like, fit for, a hero: ³@ deeds/tasks; use
@ remedies´, hazardous remedies but worth trying. ¸2 ´of a size larger than
life: ³a statue of @ size/on a @ scale. ¸3 ´of poetry dealing with heroes. ¸*@
Úverse, ´lines of ten syllables and five stresses, rhyming in pairs. ¸4 ´(of
language) grand; attempting great things; (hence) ¸@s ³n pl ´high-flown or
high-sounding talk or sentiments. ¸he®roi®cally ²/-klI/ ³adv¼
¨her®oin© ²/ÚherE8In/ ³n ¶[U] ´narcotic drug prepared from morphine, used
medically to cause sleep or relieve pain, or used by drug addicts.¼
¨heron© ²/ÚherEn/ ³n ´long-legged water-bird living in marshy places. µ¥ ´the
illus at µwater. ¸@ry ³n (pl µ-ries³) ´place where @s breed.¼
¨Herr© ²/heE(r)/ ³n (pl µHerren ²/ÚherEn/³) ´German equivalent of
³MrÔ´; German gentleman.¼
¨her®ring© ²/ÚherIG/ ³n (pl µ@s ´or unchanged) sea-fish, usu swimming in immense
shoals, valued as food (fresh, salted, or dried). µ¥ ´the illus at µfish.
¸Ú@®bone ³n ¶[U] ´pattern (like the spine and bones of a @) used for stitching,
designs on cloth, etc. ¸*red Ú@, µ¥ red(3).¼
¨hers© ²/h3z/ µ¥ her.¼
¨her®self© ²/3Úself ³strong form: ²h3Ús-/ ³pron ´reflex, emph ¸1 ´(reflex) ³She
hurt @. She ought to be ashamed of @. ·(all) by @, ¸(a) ´alone. ¸(b) ´without
help: ³Can she do it by @ or does she need help? ¸2 ´(emph) ³She @ told me the
news. She told me the news @. I saw Mrs Smith @´, iÔe not one of her family,
one of her staff, etc. ¸3 ³She's not quite @ today´, not in her normal state of
health or mind. ³She has come to @´, is now in her normal mental state. ´(Cf
³She has come to´, has regained consciousness.)¼
¨hertz© ²/h3ts/ ³n ´(symbol ¸Hz´) unit of frequency equal to one cycle per
second.¼
¨Hertz®ian© ²/h3tsIEn/ ³adj ¸@ waves, ´electromagnetic waves as used in radio.¼
¨he's© ²/³strong or initial form: ²hiz´; ³medial weak form: ²iz/ ´= he is, he
has.¼
¨hesi®tant© ²/ÚhezItEnt/ ³adj ´tending or inclined to hesitate. ¸@®ly ³adv
¸hesi®tance ²/-Ens/, ¸hesi®tancy ²/-EnsI/ ³nn ¶[U] ´(formal) ´state or quality
of being @.¼
¨hesi®tate© ²/ÚhezIteIt/ ³vi ¶[VP2A,3A,B,4C] ´show signs of uncertainty or
unwillingness in speech or action: ³He's still hesitating about joining/over
whether to join the expedition. He @s at nothing. I @ to spend so much money on
clothes. He @d (about) what to do next. ¸hesi®tat®ing®ly ³adv¼
¨hesi®ta®tion© ²/*hezIÚteI2n/ ³n ¶[U] ´state of hesitating; ¶[C] ´instance of
hesitating: ³She agreed without the slightest @. I have no @ in stating that«;
There's no room for @. His doubts and @s were tiresome.¼
¨hes®sian© ²/ÚhesIEn ³US: ²Úhe2n/ ³n ¶[U] ´strong, coarse cloth of hemp or
jute; sack-cloth.¼
¨het®ero®dox© ²/ÚhetErEdoks/ ³adj ´not orthodox. ¸@y ²/-sI/ ³n ¶[U] ´opposite
of µorthodoxy.¼
¨het®ero®gen®eous© ²/*hetErEÚdZinIEs/ ³adj ´made up of different kinds: ³the @
population of the UÔSÔA´, of many different races. µ¥ homogeneous.¼
¨het®ero®sex®ual© ²/*hetErEÚsek28El/ ³adj ´sexually attracted to persons of the
opposite sex. ¹ ³n ´@ person. ¸@®ity ²/*hetErE*sek28ÚalEtI/ ³n ¶[U] ´the
condition of being @.¼
¨het-up© ²/*het ÚAp/ ³adj ´excited; over-wrought.¼
¨heu®ris®tic© ²/hj8EÚrIstIk/ ³adj ´of the theory in education that a learner
should discover things for himself. ¸@s ³n ´method of solving problems by
inductive reasoning, by evaluating past experience and moving by trial and
error to a solution.¼
¨hew© ²/hju/ ³vt,vi ³(pt µhewed³, pp µhewed ´or µhewn ²/hjun/³)
¶[VP6A,15A,B,2A,C] ¸1 ´cut (by striking or chopping); aim cutting blows ³(at,
among)´: ³hew down a branch. He hewed his enemy to pieces´, eÔg with his sword.
¸2 ´shape by chopping: ³hewn timber´, roughly shaped by hewing. ¸3 ´make by
hard work: ³hew one's way through dense jungle´, cut out and beat a path; ³hew
out a career for oneself. ¸hewer ³n ´person who hews, esp a man who cuts out
coal in a mine: ³hewers of wood and drawers of water´, persons doing hard
menial work. (µ¥ Josh 9: 21.´)¼
¨hexa®gon© ²/ÚheksEgEn ³US: ²-gon/ ³n ´plane figure with 6 (esp equal) sides.
¸hex®ag®onal ²/heksÚagEnl/ ³adj ´six-sided.¼
¨hex®am®eter© ²/heksÚamItE(r)/ ³n ´(kind of) line of verse (esp Gk or Lat) with
six feet.¼
¨hey© ²/heI/ ³int ´used to call attention, or to express surprise or
interrogation. ¸*Hey Úpresto! ´conjuror's phrase used to announce the
completion of a trick.¼
¨hey-day© ²/ÚheI deI/ ³n sing ´time of greatest prosperity
or power: ³in the @ of youth. The 19th century was the @ of steam railways.¼
¨hi© ²/hñI/ ³int ¸1 ´= hey. ¸2 ´(esp US) = hullo.¼
¨hi®atus© ²/hñIÚeItEs/ ³n (pl µ@es ²/-sIz/´) gap in a series, making it
incomplete; break in continuity.¼
¨hi®ber®nate© ²/ÚhñIbEneIt/ ³vi ¶[VP2A] ´(of some animals) pass the whole of
the winter in a torpid state. ¸hi®ber®na®tion ²/*hqIbEÚneI2n/ ³n ¶[U]¼
¨hi®bis®cus© ²/hIÚbIskEs ³US: ²hñI-/ ³n ¶[U] ´cultivated plant or shrub with
brightly coloured flowers (chiefly in the tropics). µ¥ ´the illus at µflower.¼
¨hic®cup©, hic®cough ²/ÚhIkAp/ ³vi, n ´(have a) sudden stopping of the breath
with a cough-like sound. ¸(the) @s, ´an attack of @s: ³have the @s.¼
¨hick© ²/hIk/ ³n, adj ´(sl; derog) (of a) countryman, yokel.¼
¨hick®ory© ²/ÚhIkErI/ ³n (pl µ-ries³) ´(hard wood of a) N American tree with
edible nuts.¼
¨hid©, hidden µ¥ hide±1µ.¼
¨hide©1 ²/hñId/ ³vt,vi (pt µhid ²/hId/³, pp µhidden ²/ÚhIdn/ ´or (archaic)
µhid³) ¸1 ¶[VP6A,14] ·@ (from), ´put or keep (sb, sth, oneself) out of sight;
prevent from being seen, found or known: ³Quick, @ yourself! The sun was hidden
by the clouds. The future is hidden from us. She tried to @ her feelings. His
words had a hidden meaning. ¸2 ¶[VP2A] ´be or become hidden: ³You had better @.
Where is he hiding? ¸@-and-seek ²/*hñIdnsik/ ³n ¶[U] ´children's game
in which one child @s and others try to find him. ¹ ³n ´(US = ³blind´) place
where wild animals, birds, etc may be observed, eÔg by photographers, without
alarming them. ¸Ú@-out/-away ³nn ´(colloq) hiding-place: ³a guerrilla @-out in
the mountains. ¸hid®ing ³n ¶[U] ´(used of persons) ·be in/go into hiding, ´be
hidden/@ oneself. ·come out of hiding, ´show oneself. ¸Úhiding-place ³n ´place
where sb or sth is or could be hidden.¼
¨hide©2 ²/hñId/ ³n ¸1 ¶[C] ´animal's skin, esp as an article of commerce and
manufacture. ¸2 ¶[U] ´(colloq) human skin. ·save one's @, ´save oneself from a
beating, from punishment. ·tan sb's @, ´give him a beating.¼
¨hide®bound© ²/ÚhñIdbñ8nd/ ³adj ´narrow-minded; having, showing, too much
respect for rules and traditions.¼
¨hid®eous© ²/ÚhIdIEs/ ³adj ´very ugly; filling the mind with horror;
frightful: ³a @ face/crime/noise. ¸@®ly ³adv¼
¨hid®ing© ²/ÚhqIdIG/ ³n ¶[C] ´beating; thrashing: ³give sb/get a good
hiding.¼
¨hie© ²/hñI/ ³vi ´(archaic, or joc) go quickly (³to´).¼
¨hi®er®archy© ²/ÚhñIErqkI/ ³n (pl µ-chies³) ¶[C] ´organization with grades of
authority from lowest to highest: ³the @ of the Civil Service; ´group of
persons in authority; group of bishops of a country. ¸hi®er®archi®c(al)
²/*hqIEÚrqkIk(l)/ ³adj ´organized priesthood.¼
¨hi®ero®glyph© ²/ÚhñIErEglIf/ ³n ´picture or figure of an object,
representing a word, syllable or sound, as used in the writing of the ancient
Egyptians and Mexicans; other secret or unintelligible written symbol. ¸@ic
²/*hñIErEÚglIfIk/ ³adj ´of, written in, @s. ¸@®ics ³n pl ´= @s.¼
¨hi-fi© ²/*hñI ÚfñI/ ³n, adj ´(colloq abbr of) ´high-fidelity; apparatus
producing this: ³a @ (set). µ¥ high(12).¼
¨hig®gledy-pig®gledy© ²/*hIgldI ÚpIgldI/ ³adj, adv ´(colloq) mixed up; without
order.¼
¨high©1 ²/hñI/ ³adj µ(-er, -est) ´(For combinations of @ and ³nn,
participles´, etc with meanings not at once to be identified from the meanings
in the definitions, µ¥ 12 ´below.) ¸1 ´extending far upwards; measuring (the
distance given) from the base to the top. (Note that ³tall ´is used for human
beings and for a few things which have great height in relation to breadth,
eÔg ³a tall building/tower´): ³There was an aeroplane @ in the sky. How @ is
Mt Everest? ·@ and dry, ¸(a) ´(of a ship) stranded; aground; out of the water.
¸(b) ´(fig) abandoned; isolated; out of the current of events. ·be/get on one's
@ horse, µ¥ horse(1). ·(do sth) with a @ hand, ´arrogantly (³@-·Ú³handed(ly)
´is preferred). ¸2 ´chief; important: ³a @ official; a @ caste; the @ altar´,
in a church; ³the Most H@´, (in the Bible) God; ³@ society, ´the upper classes.
·@ and low, ´all classes of society. ¸3 ´(of sounds) at or near the top of the
scale; shrill; sharp: ³speak in a @ tone/key. ¸4 ´extreme; intense; great: ³@
prices/temperatures; bought at a @ cost; a @ wind; in @ favour; have a @
opinion of sb; in @ spirits; @ ´(= angry) ³words; in @ latitudes, ´near the
Poles; ³have a @ ´(= enjoyable) ³time; @ ´(= luxurious) ³living; @
noon/summer´, at or near its peak. ¸5 @ time, ´time when sth should be done at
once: ³It's @ time you started´, You should start at once. ³It's @ time to go´,
We must go at once. ¸6 ´noble; virtuous: ³a woman of @ character; @
aims/ideals; a @ calling´, eÔg that of a priest, doctor or nurse. ¸7 H@ Church,
´that section of the C of E that gives an important place to the authority of
bishops and priests, to ritual and the sacraments. Hence, ¸H@ Churchman. 8 ´(of
food, esp meat and game) slightly tainted. ¸9 ´(colloq) drunk. ¸10 ´(colloq)
under the influence of hallucinatory drugs: ³@ on marijuana. ¸11 ´(as ³n´) @
level: ³from (on) @´, from Heaven. ³Shares ´(iÔe on the Stock Exchange)
³reached a new @ ´(= the @est recorded level) ³last month. ¸12 ´(compounds)
¸Ú@®ball ³n ´(US) spirits with soda water, ginger ale, etc, served with ice in
a tall glass. ¸Ú@®born ³adj ´of noble birth. ¸Ú@®boy ³n ´(US) tallboy. ¸Ú@®brow
³n, adj ´(person) with tastes and interests considered to be superior (often
used contemptuously for ³intellectual´): ³@ drama/music. ¸*@ Úchair ³n ´one on
@ legs for an infant at table, or a baby's chair with a hinged tray attached to
it. ¸*H@ ÚChurch ³n µ¥ 7 ´above. ¸*@-Úclass ³adj ´first-class. ¸*@ Úcolour ³n
´reddish complexion. ¸*H@ ComÚmissioner ³n ´representative of one Commonwealth
country in another, equivalent to an ambassador. ¸ÚH@ Court ³n ´supreme court
of justice. ¸Ú@ day ³n ´festival (only in): ³@ days and holidays. ¸Ú@er-ups ³n
pl ´(colloq) persons @er in rank or status. ¸*@ exÚplosive ³n ´very powerful
explosive, eÔg TÔNÔT. ¸*@-faÚlutin ²/fEÚlutn/ ³adj ´(colloq) ridiculously
pompous, bombastic or pretentious: ³@ falutin ideas/language. ¸*@-fiÚdelity ³n,
adj ´(abbr ¸hi-fi´) (of radios, records, tapes and equipment for reproducing
sound) (quality of) giving faithful reproduction by the use of a wide range of
sound waves. ¸*@®Úflier/®Úflyer ³n ´ambitious person who goes to great extremes
to get what he aims at. ¸*@®Úflown ³adj ´exalted; bombastic and pretentious: ³a
@flown style´, eÔg of writing. ¸*@®Úflying ³adj ´(fig) (of persons) ambitious.
¸*@-Úfrequency ³n ´(abbr ¸hÔf´) radio frequency between 3 and 30 megacycles per
second. ¸H@ German ³n ´literary German; standard spoken German. ¸*@-Úgrade ³adj
´of @ or superior quality. ¸*@-Úhanded ³adj ´domineering; using power or
authority without consideration for the feelings of others. ¸*@-Úhanded®ly ³adv
¸*@ Úhat ³adj, n ´snobbish (person). µ¹ ³vt ´treat (sb) in a snobbish or
condescending way. ¸Ú@®jack ³vt ´(variant spelling of) µhijack. ¸*@ Újinks, µ¥
jinks. ¸the Ú@ jump ³n ´athletic contest for jumping over an adjustable
horizontal bar: ³enter for/win the @ jump. ·be for the @ jump, ´(sl) due for
severe punishment. ¸*@-Úkeyed ³adj ´(µ¥ 3 ´above) having a @ pitch; (fig)
easily excited or made nervous. ¸Ú@®land ²/-lEnd/ ³n ´mountainous region; ³(pl)
´mountainous parts of a country (esp ¸The H@lands, ´those of NÔW Scotland).
¸*H@land Úfling ³n ´Scottish reel±3µ. ¸ÚH@®lander ³n ´one who lives in The
H@lands; soldier in a (Scottish) H@land regiment. ¸*@-Úlevel ³adj ´(attrib
only) (of conferences, etc) conducted by persons in @ position, eÔg in
government, commerce. ¸Ú@ life ³n ¶[U] ¸(a) ´fashionable and luxurious style of
living. ¸(b) ´(in W Africa) popular kind of music and dance. ¸Ú@®light ³n ´(usu
³pl´) luminous area on a photograph, picture, etc which shows reflected light;
reflection of light on a shiny object; (fig) most conspicuous or prominent
part: ³the @lights of the week's events. µ¹ ³vt ´give prominence or emphasis
to. ¸*H@ ÚMass ³n ´(RÔC Church) µ¥ Mass±2µ. ¸*@-Úminded ²/ÚmñIndId/ ³adj ´of
morally @ character; having @ ideals or principles. Hence, ¸*@-Úminded®ly ³adv
¸*@-Úminded®ness ³n ¸*@-Únecked ³adj ´(of a dress) with the neckline cut @.
¸*@-Úoctane ³adj ´having a @ octane number. µ¥ octane. ¸*@-Úpitched ³adj ¸(a)
´(of sounds) shrill. ¸(b) ´(of roofs) having a steep slope. ¸*@-Úpowered ³adj
´having, using, great power: ³a @-powered salesman´, aggressive in selling his
goods. ¸*@-Úpressure ³n ¶[U] ´pressure @er than normal, esp @er than
atmospheric pressure; (fig) aggressive and persistent: ³@-pressure
salesmanship. ¸*@-Úpriced ³adj ´expensive. ¸*@ Úpriest ³n ´chief priest.
¸*@-Úprincipled ³adj ´honourable. ¸Ú@-ranking ³adj ´(of officers, etc) having @
rank. ¸*@ reÚlief ³n µ¥ relief±2µ(1). ¸Ú@-rise ³adj ´(attrib only) used of tall
buildings with many storeys or levels, reached by lifts (elevators): ³@-rise
flats. µ¥ ³tower-block ´at µtower. ¸Ú@®road ³n ´main road; (fig) most direct
way: ³Is there a @road to happiness? ¸ÚH@ School ³n ´secondary school giving
more advanced education than primary or elementary schools. ¸the *@ Úseas ³n pl
´all parts of the seas and oceans beyond territorial waters. ¸Ú@-sounding ³adj
´(of style) impressively pretentious. ¸*@-Úspeed ³adj ´(able to be) operated at
very fast speeds. ¸*@-Úspirited ³adj ´lively; (of a horse) frisky. ¸Ú@ spot ³n
´outstanding feature, memory, event, etc. ¸Ú@ street ³n ´(esp in proper names)
main street of a town: ³There are three banks in the @ street. ¸*@ Útable ³n
´table (on a dais) where senior members of a college dine. ¸*@ Útea ³n ´(GB)
early evening meal (or late tea) in homes where dinner is not eaten in the
evening, usu with meat or fish. ¸*@-Útension ³adj ´(electr) (of wires) having a
@ voltage. ¸*@ Útide ³n ´(time at which the) tide is at its @est level. ¸*@
Útime ³n µ¥ 5 ´above. ¸*@-Útoned ³adj ´socially or intellectually superior: ³a
@-toned finishing school for girls. ¸*@ Útreason ³n ¶[U] ´treason against the
State or a sovereign. ¸Ú@-up ³n ´(colloq) person of @ rank or great importance.
¸*@ Úwater ³n ¶[U] ´@ tide. ¸*@-Úwater mark ³n ´mark showing the @est
point reached by the tide (or any body of water); (fig) @est point of
achievement. ¸Ú@®way ³n ´main public road; main route (by air, sea or land);
(fig) easiest or most direct way. ¸*H@®way ÚCode ³n ´official guide-book for
users of public roads. ¸@®way®man ²/-mEn/ ³n (pl µ-men³) ´(formerly) man (usu
on horseback) who robbed travellers on @ways by using, or threatening to use,
violence.¼
¨high©2 ²/hñI/ ³adv ´in or to a @ degree: ³climb @; aim @; ´(lit,
fig) ³pay @´, pay a @ price; ³play @´, play a card of @ value, eÔg an ace;
³live @´, on rich, luxurious food and drink. ·fly @, ´(fig) have great
ambitions. ·hold one's head @, ´be proud. ·run @, ¸(a) ´(of the sea) have a
strong current with a @ tide. ¸(b) ´(of the feelings) be excited: ³Popular
feelings/passions ran @´, were strong. ·search/hunt/look @ and low (for sth),
´look everywhere (for it).¼
¨high®ly© ²/ÚhñIlI/ ³adv ´in or to a high degree: ³a @ paid
official; a @ amusing film; think @ of sb´, have a high opinion of him; ³speak
@ of sb´, praise him.¼
¨high®ness© ²/ÚhñInIs/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´(opposite of ³lowness´) state or quality of
being high: ³the @ of his character/aims. ¸2 ´title used of and to British and
various foreign princes: ³His/Her/Your Royal/Imperial H@.¼
¨hi®jack© ´(also ¸high®jack´) ²/ÚhñIdZak/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ¸1 ´steal goods from (an
aircraft or vehicle) by stopping it in transit. ¸2 ´use force, or the threat of
force, against those in control of an aircraft or vehicle, in order to achieve
certain aims or to reach a desired destination. ¹ ³n ¶[C] ´instance of @ing.
¸@er ³n ´person taking part in a @.¼
¨hike© ²/hñIk/ ³vi, n ´(colloq) (go for a) long walk in the country, taken for
pleasure or exercise. ¸@r ³n ´person who @s. µ¥ hitch hike.¼
¨hil®ari®ous© ²/hIÚleErIEs/ ³adj ´noisily merry. ¸@®ly ³adv ¸hil®ar®ity
²/hIÚlarEtI/ ³n ¶[U] ´noisy merriment; loud laughter.¼
¨hill© ²/hIl/ ³n ¸1 ´natural elevation on the earth's surface, lower than a
mountain. ¸Ú@®side ³n ´side of a @. ¸2 ´slope, eÔg on a road: ³The cyclists
had to push their machines up the steep @. ¸3 ´heap of earth: ·Ú³ant-@s;
·Ú³mole-@s. ¸@y ³adj µ(-ier, -iest) ´having many @s: ³@y country; a @y road.¼
¨hill-billy© ²/ÚhIl bIlI/ ³n (pl µ-lies³) ´(colloq, often used derog) farmer,
farm-worker, etc from the mountains in the SÔE of the US; ´(attrib) of these
people: ³@ music.¼
¨hill®ock© ²/ÚhIlEk/ ³n ´small hillµ(1)´.¼
¨hilt© ²/hIlt/ ³n ´handle of a sword or dagger. µ¥ ´the illus at
µsword. ·(up) to the @, ´completely: ³His guilt was proved to the @.¼
¨him© ²/³strong form: ²hIm´; ³medial weak form: ²Im/ ³pers pron ´used as
object form of ³he´: ³Mr Smith is in town; I saw him yesterday. Give him the
money. That's him´, (colloq) That's he.¼
¨him®self© ²/ImÚself ³strong form: ²hImÚs-/ ³pron ´reflex, emph ¸1 ´(reflex)
³He cut @. He ought to be ashamed of @. ·(all) by @, ¸(a) ´alone. ¸(b) ´without
help. ¸2 ´(emph) ³He @ says so. He says so @. Did you see the manager @? ¸3
³He's not quite @ today´, not in his normal state of health or mind.¼
¨hind©1 ²/hqInd/ ³adj ´(of things in pairs, front and back; cf ³fore´) at the
back: ³the @ legs of a horse. ¸*@ Úquarters ³n pl ´@ legs and loin of the
carcass of lamb, mutton, beef, etc. ¸Ú@®most ²/-mE8st/ ³adj ´farthest behind or
back. ¸Ú@®sight ²/-sñIt/ ³n ¶[U] ´perception of an event after its occurrence.¼
¨hind©2 ²/hñInd/ ³n ´female of (esp the red) deer.¼
¨hin®der© ²/ÚhIndE(r)/ ³vt ¶[VP6A,C,15A] ´obstruct; delay; get in the way of:
³Don't @ me in my work. I was @ed from getting here earlier. I have much
business that has @ed my answering your letter.¼
¨Hindi© ²/ÚhIndi/ ³n, adj ´(of) one of the official languages of N India.¼
¨hin®drance© ²/ÚhIndrEns/ ³n ¶[C] ´sth or sb that hinders: ³You are more of a @
than a help.¼
¨Hin®du© ²/*hInÚdu ³US: ²ÚhIndu/ ³n ´person, esp of N India, whose religion is
@ism. ¹ ³adj ´of the @s. ¸@ism ²/ÚhInduIzEm/ ³n ´religion of most of the @s.¼
¨Hin®du®stani© ²/*hInd8ÚstqnI/ ³n, adj ´(of) a form of Hindi.¼
¨hinge© ²/hIndZ/ ³n ´joint on which a lid, door or gate turns or
swings; (fig) central principle on which sth depends: ³Take the door off its @s
and rehang it. ´¹ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A] ´support, attach with, a @ or @s. ¸2
¶[VP3A] ·@ on/upon, ´turn or depend on: ³Everything @s upon what happens next.¼
¨hint© ²/hInt/ ³n ¶[C] ´slight or indirect indication or suggestion: ³She gave
him a @ that she would like him to leave. ·drop (sb) a @, ´indicate or suggest
sth indirectly (to sb). ·take a @, ´realise and do what is suggested. ¹ ³vt,vi
¸1 ¶[VP9,6A] ·@ (to sb), ´suggest indirectly; give a @: ³I @ed that he ought to
work harder. He @ed to me nothing of his intentions. ¸2 ¶[VP3A] ·@ at, ´refer
indirectly to: ³He @ed at my extravagance.¼
¨hin®ter®land© ²/ÚhIntEland/ ³n ´parts of a country behind the coast or a
river's banks.¼
¨hip©1 ²/hIp/ ³n ´part on either side of the body where the bone of a person's
leg is joined to the trunk: ³He stood there with his hands on his hips. µ¥ ´the
illus at µtrunk. ¸Úhip-bath ³n ´small tub in which one can sit immersed up to
the hips. ¸Úhip-flask ³n ´small flask (for brandy, etc) to be carried in the
hip-pocket. ¸*hip-Úpocket ³n ´pocket (in a pair of trousers) on the hip.¼
¨hip©2 ²/hIp/ ³n ´fruit (red when ripe) of the wild rose.¼
¨hip©3 ²/hIp/ ³int ´(only in) ·*Hip, hip, hurÚrah! ´cry, cheer, of satisfaction
or approval.¼
¨hip©4 ²/hIp/ ´(also ¸hep´) ³adj ´(sl) aware of, in keeping with, advanced
trends.¼
¨hip®pie© ²/ÚhIpI/ ³n µ¥ hippy.¼
¨hippo© ²/ÚhIpE8/ ³n (pl µ@s ²/-pE8z/³) ´(colloq abbr of)
hippopotamus.¼
¨Hip®po®cratic© ²/*hIpEÚkratIk/ ³adj ¸*@ Úoath, ´oath to observe the medical
code of ethical and professional behaviour, sworn by entrants to the
profession.¼
¨hip®po®drome© ²/ÚhIpEdrE8m/ ³n ´place for horse- or chariot-races in ancient
Greece and Rome.¼
¨hip®po®pota®mus© ²/*hIpEÚpotEmEs/ ³n (pl µ@es ²/-sIz/ ´or µ-mi ²/mñI/³)
´large, thick-skinned African river animal. µ¥ ´the illus at µlarge.¼
¨hippy©, hip®pie ²/ÚhIpI/ ³n (pl µ-pies³) ´(late 1960's) person who rejects
established social conventions and institutions and expresses his personality
by unusual styles of dress, living habits, etc.¼
¨hire© ²/ÚhñIE(r)/ ³vt ¶[VP6A,15B] ·@ (out), ´obtain or allow the use or
services of in return for fixed payment: ³@ a horse/a concert-hall; @ out
boats. ´(CF ³rent a house.) ¹ ³n ¶[U] ´(money paid for) hiring: ³bicycles on @,
50p an hour; pay for the @ of a hall; work for @. ·(pay for/buy sth) on @
purchase, ´(abbr ¸HÔP´) (buy by a) contract to pay by instalments, and the
right to use it after the first payment. ¸@®ling ²/ÚhñIElIG/ ³n ´(derog) person
whose services may be @d.¼
¨hir®sute© ²/Úh3sjut ³US: ²-sut/ ³adj ´(formal) hairy; rough; shaggy (eÔg of a
man with untidy long hair and beard).¼
¨his© ²/³strong or initial form: ²hIz´; ³medial weak form: ²Iz/ ³adj, pron
´belonging to him: ³He hurt his hand. That book is his, not yours. Are you a
friend of his?¼
¨hiss© ²/hIs/ ³vi,vt ¸1 ¶[VP2A] ´make the sound ²/s/´, or the noise heard when
water falls on a very hot surface: ³The snake raised its head and @ed. The
steam escaped with a @ing sound. ¸2 ¶[VP6A,15A,3A] ·@ (off); @ (at), ´show
disapproval by making this sound: ³@ an actor off the stage; @ (at) a new
play. ´¹ ³n ¶[C] ´@ing sound: ³The speaker was received with a mixture of
applause and @es.¼
¨his®tor®ian© ²/hIÚstcrIEn/ ³n ´writer of history.¼
¨his®toric© ²/hIÚstorIk ³US: ²-Ústcr-/ ³adj ¸1 ´notable or memorable in
history; associated with past times: ³a @ spot/event/speech. ¸@ times, ´of
which the history is known and recorded (contrasted with ³prehistoric times´).
¸2 ·the @ present, ´(gram) simple present tense used for events in the past (to
make the description more vivid).¼
¨his®tori®cal© ²/hIÚstorIkl ³US: ²-Ústcr-/ ³adj ¸1 ´belonging or pertaining to
history (as contrasted with legend and fiction): ³@ events and people, ´real,
not imaginary; ³a @ novel/play/film/painting, etc´, one dealing with real
events in history. ¸2 ´having to do with history: ³@ studies; the @ method of
investigation. ¸@ly ²/-klI/ ³adv¼
¨his®tory© ²/ÚhIstrI/ ³n (pl µ-ries³) ¸1 ¶[U] ´branch of knowledge dealing with
past events, political, social, economic, of a country, continent or the world:
³a student of @. ·make @, ´do sth which will be recorded in @. ¸ancient @, ´to
¶AÔD ´476, when the Western Roman Empire was destroyed. ¸medieval @, ´to 1453,
when Constantinople was taken by the Turks. ¸modern @, ´since 1453. ¸2 ¶[C]
´orderly description of past events: ³a new @ of Europe. ¸3 ¶[C] ´train of
events connected with a person or thing; interesting or eventful past career:
³a house with a strange @; the inner @ of the papal conclave. ¸4 natural Ú@,
´systematic account of natural phenomena.¼
¨his®tri®onic© ²/*hIstrIÚonIk/ ³adj ¸1 ´of drama, the theatre,
acting: ³@ ability. ¸2 ´theatrical; insincere. ¸his®tri®on®ics ³n pl ¸1
´theatrical performances. ¸2 ´dramatic or theatrical manners, behaviour, etc,
esp when exaggerated to create an effect.¼
¨hit© ²/hIt/ ³vt,vi µ(-tt-, ³pt,pp µhitµ) ¸1 ¶[VP6A,15A,12C] ´give
a blow or stroke to; strike (a target, an object aimed at); come against (sth)
with force: ³hit a man on the head; be hit by a falling stone; hit sb a hard
blow; hit the mark/target; hit a ball over the fence. He hit his forehead
against the kerb when he fell. ·hit a man when he's down; hit a man below the
belt, ´act contrary to the rules of boxing; (fig) take an unfair advantage.
·hit it; hit the nail on the head, ´guess right; say or do exactly the right
thing. ·hit it off (with sb/together), ´agree, get on well: ³They hit it off
well. ¸*hit-and-Úrun ³attrib adj ´(of a road accident) in which a pedestrian or
vehicle is hit by a vehicle which does not stop. ¸2 ·hit sb hard, ´cause him to
suffer: ³The slump hit his business hard. He was hard hit by his financial
losses. He has fallen in love and is hard hit. ¸3 ¶[VP6A] ´go to; find; reach:
³hit the right path´, find it during a journey. ·hit the headlines, ´(colloq,
of news) be printed prominently in the headlines (because sensational, etc).
·hit the road, ´(colloq) set out on the road. ¸4 ¶[VP2C] ´strike: ³Hit hard!
·hit out (against), ´strike vigorously; (fig) attack strongly: ³The Minister
hit out against trade union leaders. ¸5 ¶[VP3A] ·hit on/upon sth, ´find by
chance or unexpectedly: ³hit upon an idea/the right answer/a plan for making
money. ¸6 ¶[VP15B] ·hit sth/sb off, ´(colloq) describe briefly and accurately
(in words); make a quick sketch of. ¸7 ¶[VP6A] ´(cricket) score: ³He quickly
hit 60 runs. ´¹ ³n ¸1 ´blow; stroke: ³three hits and five misses; a clever hit.
¸2 ´successful attempt or performance: ³hit songs, ·Ú³song hits´, songs that
win wide popularity; ³a lucky hit. The new play is quite a hit´, has been
welcomed by the public. ·make a hit (with sb), ´(colloq) make a very
favourable impression (with him). ¸Úhit parade ³n ´list of top selling popular
records. ¸3 ´stroke of sarcasm, etc: ³That was a hit at me´, the words were
directed against me.¼
¨hitch© ²/hIt2/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A,15B] ·@ sth up, ´pull up with a
quick movement: ³@ up one's trousers. ¸2 ¶[VP15A,2C] ´fasten, become fastened,
on or to a hook, etc, or with a loop of rope, etc: ³@ a horse to a fence; @ a
rope round a bough of a tree. Her dress @ed on a nail. ¸3 ¶[VP2A,6A] ·@ (a
ride/lift), ´(colloq) ask the driver of a vehicle for a ride. µ¥ hitchhike. ´¹
³n ¸1 ´sudden pull or push. ¸2 ´kind of noose or knot used by sailors. µ¥ ´the
illus at µknot. ¸3 ´temporary stoppage or impediment: ³Everything went off
without a @´, quite smoothly, without difficulty: ³The blast-off was delayed by
a technical @.¼
¨hitch®hike© ²/ÚhIt2hñIk/ ³vi ¶[VP2A] ´(colloq abbr ³hitch´) get a free ride by
signalling for one (from a passing car, lorry, etc). ¸hitch®hiker ³n¼
¨hither© ²/ÚhIDE(r)/ ³adv ´(old use) to this place. ¸@®to ²/*hIDEÚtu/ ³adv
´until now.¼
¨hive© ²/hñIv/ ³n ¸1 ´(also ¸Úbee®@´) box (of wood, straw, etc) for bees to
live in; the bees living in a @. ¸2 ´place full of busy people: ³What a @ of
industry! ´¹ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A] ´cause (bees) to go into a @: ³@ a swarm; ´(of
bees) store (honey) in a @. ¸2 ¶[VP2C] ´enter a @; live close together as bees
do. ·@ off (from), ´(fig) become a separate (and perhaps self-governing) body
(as when a colony of bees leaves a @ and forms a new @); separate and make
independent (a part of an organization): ³@ off parts of the nationalized steel
industry.¼
¨hives© ²/hñIvz/ ³n pl ´skin disease with red patches and itching.¼
¨h'm© ²/hm/ µ¥ hem±2µ.¼
¨ho© ²/hE8/ ³int ´expressing surprise, admiration, etc.¼
¨hoar© ²/hc(r)/ ³adj ´(liter) (of hair) grey or white with age; (of a person)
having such hair. ¸Ú@®frost ³n ¶[U] ´white frost; frozen dew on grass, the
surface of leaves, roofs, etc.¼
¨hoard© ²/hcd/ ³n ´carefully saved and guarded store of money, food
or other treasured objects; collection of coins, valuable objects, etc dug up,
eÔg one dating from Saxon times in GB: ³a miser's @; a squirrel's @ of nuts. ´¹
³vt,vi ¶[VP6A,15B] ·@ (up), ´save and store: ³@ gold; @ up treasure. ¸@er ³n
´person who @s.¼
¨hoard®ing© ²/ÚhcdIG/ ³n ´(US = ³billboard´) (often temporary) fence of boards
round waste land, building work, etc, frequently used for posting
advertisements.¼
¨hoarse© ²/hcs/ ³adj ´(of the voice) rough and harsh; (of a person) having a @
voice: ³He shouted himself @. ¸@®ly ³adv ¸@®ness ³n¼
¨hoary© ²/ÚhcrI/ ³adj µ(-ier, -iest) ´grey or white with age; very old: ³the @
ruins of English abbeys. ¸hoari®ness ³n¼
¨hoax© ²/hE8ks/ ³n ¶[C] ´mischievous trick played on sb for a joke. ¹ ³vt
¶[VP6A,14] ´deceive (sb) in this way: ³@ sb into believing or doing sth
foolish. ¸@er ³n¼
¨hob© ²/hob/ ³n ´flat metal shelf at the side of a fireplace (with a surface
level with the top of the grate) where pots and pans can be kept warm or a
kettle boiled.¼
¨hobble© ²/Úhobl/ ³vi,vt ¸1 ¶[VP2A,C] ´walk as when lame, or as when the feet
or legs are impeded: ³The old man @d along with the aid of his stick. ¸2
¶[VP6A] ´tie two legs of a horse or donkey to prevent it from going far away. ¹
³n ´stumbling or limping way of walking. ¸Ú@-skirt ³n ´very narrow skirt which
caused the wearer to walk with short steps.¼
¨hobble®de®hoy© ²/ÚhobldIhãI/ ³n ´awkward overgrown youth.¼
¨hobby© ²/ÚhobI/ ³n (pl µ-bies³) ¶[C] ´occupation, not one's regular business,
for one's leisure time, eÔg stamp-collecting, growing roses.¼
¨hobby®horse© ²/ÚhobIhcs/ ³n ¶[C] ´wooden horse on rockers as a child's toy,
or on a merry-go-round; long stick with a horse's head; figure of a horse (in
wickerwork) fastened to a dancer (in the morris-dance); (fig) favourite topic
(of conversation, etc): ³Now he's started on his @´, begun to talk on his
favourite subject.¼
¨hob®gob®lin© ²/*hobÚgoblIn/ ³n ¶[C] ´mischievous imp; ugly and
evil spirit.¼
¨hob®nail© ²/ÚhobneIl/ ³n ´short nail with a heavy head used for the soles of
heavy shoes and boots, eÔg for mountain-climbing. ¸@ed ³adj ´(of boots, etc)
set with @s.¼
¨hob®nob© ²/Úhobnob/ ³vi µ(-bb-) ¶[VP2A,C,3A] ·@ (together)/(with sb), ´have
friendly social relations: ³I used to @ with the rich and famous.¼
¨hobo© ²/ÚhE8bE8/ ³n (pl µ@s, @es ²/-bE8z/³) ´(US, sl) unemployed worker who
wanders from place to place; vagrant.¼
¨Hob®son's choice© ²/*hobsnz Út2ãIs/ ³n µ¥ choice.¼
¨hock©1 ²/hok/ ³n ´middle joint of an animal's hind leg. µ¥ ´the illus at µdog,
domestic.¼
¨hock©2 ²/hok/ ³n ¶[U] ´(kind of) German white wine.¼
¨hock©3 ²/hok/ ³vt ´(sl) ¶[VP6A] ´pawn±2µ(1)´. ¹ ³n ·in @, ´pawned.¼
¨hockey© ²/ÚhokI/ ³n ¶[U] ¸Úfield @, ´game played with sticks on a field by two
teams of eleven players each and a ball. ¸Úice @, ´game played on ice by two
teams of six players each wearing skates and with sticks and a rubber disc (a
³puck). ¸Ú@ stick, ´long curved or angled stick used to hit the ball or puck.¼
¨ho®cus-po®cus© ²/*hE8kEs ÚpE8kEs/ ³n ¶[U] ´talk, behaviour, designed to draw
one's attention away from sth; deception.¼
¨hod© ²/hod/ ³n ´light open box with a long handle used by workmen for carrying
bricks, etc on the shoulder.¼
¨hodge®podge© ²/ÚhodZpodZ/ ³n ¶[U] ´= µhotch-potch.¼
¨hoe© ²/hE8/ ³n ´tool for loosening the soil, uprooting weeds among growing
crops, etc. µ¥ ´the illus at µtool. ¸Dutch hoe, ´the kind pushed forward by the
user. ¹ ³vt,vi (pt,pp µhoed³) ¶[VP6A,15B,2A] ´work with a hoe: ³hoeing up
weeds.¼
¨hog© ²/hog ³US: ²hcg/ ³n ´castrated male pig reared for meat. µ¥ boar(2),
sow±1´; (fig) greedy, dirty, selfish person. ·go the whole hog, ´do sth
thoroughly. ¸Úhog®wash ³n ´swillµ(2)´; (fig) nonsense; rubbish (esp of sth said
or written). ¹ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´take more than one's fair share of; take greedily
and selfishly. ¸hog®gish ²/-I2/ ³adj ´greedy and selfish.¼
¨Hog®ma®nay© ²/ÚhogmEneI/ ³n ´(Scotland) New Year's Eve (and its
festivities).¼
¨hogs®head© ²/Úhogzhed ³US: ²Úhcg-/ ³n ´large barrel for beer; liquid measure
(52§ gallons in GB or about 238²Ø´5 litres, 62 gallons in US or about 234²Ø´5
litres).¼
¨hoi pol®loi© ²/*hãI pEÚlãI/ ³n ¸the @, ´(pej) the masses; the rabble.¼
¨hoist© ²/hãIst/ ³vt ¶[VP6A,15B] ´lift with an apparatus of ropes and pulleys
or a kind of elevator: ³@ a flag/sail; @ casks and crates aboard; @ in the
boats´, raise them from the water up to the deck. ¹ ³n ´apparatus for @ing:
³an ammunition @ ´(on a warship); (colloq) pull or push: ³give sb a @´, eÔg
when he is climbing a wall.¼
¨hoity-toity© ²/*hãItI ÚtãItI/ ³adj ´(colloq) supercilious and haughty. ¹ ³int
´used to a @ person to express disapproval of him or her.¼
¨hold©1 ²/hE8ld/ ³vt,vi (pt,pp µheld ²/held/´) (For uses with
³adverbial particles ´and ³preps, µ¥ 14 ´below.) ¸1 ¶[VP6A,15A,B] ´have or
keep in one's possession, keep fast or steady, in or with the hand(s), arm(s)
or other part of the body, eÔg the teeth, or with a tool: ³The girl was @ing
her father's hand. They held hands/held each other's hands. She held me by the
sleeve. She was @ing up an umbrella. He held the knife in his teeth as he
climbed the tree. ·@ the line, ´keep a telephone connection (eÔg while the
person at the other end goes away to find sth or sb). µ¥ ´also µbaby,
brief±2µ(1), pistol. ¸2 ¶[VP6A,15A,B] ´restrain; keep back; control: ³The
police held back the crowd. It took three of us to @ the madman. Try to @ the
thief until the police arrive. He held his attacker at arm's length. The dam
gave way; it was not strong enough to @ the flood waters. ·@ one's breath, ´eÔg
from excitement or fear: ³The watchers held their breath as the acrobat crossed
the tightrope. ·@ (one's) fire, ´stop shooting for a time. ·@ one's
tongue/peace, ´be quiet. ·There is no @ing sb/sth, ´It is impossible to
restrain or control him/it: ³There was no @ing her´, eÔg because she was so
determined or high-spirited. ¸3 ¶[VP15A,B,2C] ´keep or maintain sb/sth in a
specified position, manner, attitude or relationship: ³H@ your head up. H@ your
arms up/out. H@ yourself still for a moment while I take your photograph. ·@
oneself in readiness (for), ´be prepared (for sth, an emergency). ·@ one's
sides with laughter, ´laugh heartily. ¸4 ¶[VP6A] ´maintain a grip of: ³This new
car @s the road well/has good road-@ing qualities´, is stable, eÔg when
cornering at speed. ¸5 ¶[VP6A] ´support; bear the weight of: ³This nail won't @
such a heavy mirror. Come downÅthat branch won't @ you! ¸6 ¶[VP6A] ´be filled
by; have the capacity to contain or accommodate: ³Will this suitcase @ all your
clothes? This barrel @s 25 litres. What does the future @ for us? He @s ´(=
has) ³strange views on religion. ·@ sth in one's head, ´retain, not forget, eÔg
a mass of details, statistics. ·(not) @ water, ´(not) be sound, valid, logical:
³Your argument doesn't @ water. ¸7 ¶[VP6A,22] ´keep the interest or attention
of: ³The speaker held his audience spellbound. ¸8 ¶[VP9,15A,B,22,25] ´consider;
regard; believe; affirm: ³@ a man to be a fool/@ that he is foolish; @ the view
that a plan is/@ a plan to be impracticable. The President is not held in great
respect. He does not @ himself responsible for his wife's debts. ·@ sb in
high/low esteem, ´have a high/low regard for him. ·@ sth dear/cheap, ´place a
high/low value on it: ³He @s his reputation dear. ¸9 ¶[VP6A] ´defend; keep
possession of: ³They held the fort against all attacks. ·@ the fort, ´(fig) be
in charge during sb's absence: ³Jane had to @ the fort ´(be in charge of the
house) ³while her mother was in hospital. ·@ one's ground, ´stand firm, not
retreat: ³Our soldiers held their ground bravely. ·@ one's own, ´not give way:
³The patient is still @ing his own´, maintaining his strength. ³Mr Green held
his own´, eÔg in a debate, maintained his position (by arguing well). ¸10
¶[VP6A] ´be the legal owner or possessor of: ³@ shares/stock. µ¥ ³land@er ´at
µland1µ(6)µ, ³share@er ´at µshare±1µ(3), ³stock@er ´at µstock±1µ(5). ¸11
¶[VP6A] ´occupy; have the position of: ³The Social Democrats held office then,
´were the government. ´Hence, ¸Úoffice-@er. ¸12 ¶[VP6A] ´have; conduct; cause
to take place: ³@ a meeting/debate/examination. We @ a General Election every
four or five years. The Motor Show is usually held in October. ·@ court, ´(fig)
entertain, welcome, admirers: ³a film-star @ing court at London Airport. µ¥
court±1µ(2). ¸13 ¶[VP2A,D] ´remain unbroken, unchanged, secure, under strain,
pressure, etc. µ¥ 5 ´above: ³How long will the anchor @´, stay fast in the sea
bed? ³How long will this fine weather @´, continue? µ¥ break±1µ(5). ³The
argument still @s (good/true)´, is still valid. ¸14 ¶[VP15B,3A,2C,14] ´(uses
with ³adverbial particles ´and ³preps; ´for non-idiomatic uses µ¥ 1,2,3
´above):¼
·hold sth against sb, ´allow sth to influence one's opinions adversely: ³Don't
@ his criminal convictions against him.¼
·hold (oneself) aloof, µ¥ aloof.¼
·hold back, ´hesitate; show unwillingness: ³Buyers are @ing back´, making few
or no offers. ³When danger came, no one held back. ·@ sb/sth back, ¸(a) µ¥ 2
´above. ¸(b) ´hinder the progress of: ³His poor education is @ing him back.
¸(c) ´keep secret or to oneself: ³@ back information.¼
·hold sb/sth down, ¸(a) µ¥ 3 ´above. ¸(b) ´oppress; keep down or under: ³rulers
who @ the people down´, oppress them. ³We must @ ´(= keep) ³prices down. ·@ a
job down, ´(colloq) keep it by proving one's capabilities.¼
·hold forth, ´speak rather pompously, as if in public. ·@ sth forth, ³(@ sth
out´, below is preferred) offer; propose.¼
·hold sth in, ´check; restrain: ³@ in one's temper; @ oneself in´, control
one's feelings, eÔg of indignation.¼
·hold off, ¸(a) ´remain at a distance: ³The storm held off. Will the rain @
off until after the picnic? ¸(b) ´delay action: ³H@ off for a minute. ·@
sb/sth off, ´keep at a distance: ³H@ your dog off! His cold manner @s ´(better
³keeps´) ³people off´, deters them from trying to be friendly.¼
·hold on, ¸(a) ´stand firm when there is danger, difficulty, etc: ³How much
longer do they think we can @ on? ¸(b) ´(usu imper) stop: ³H@ on a minute!
´Not so fast! Don't go further in what you're doing. ·@ on to, ¸(a) ´keep one's
grip on; not let go of: ³@ on to one's hat on a windy day. The boy held on to
the bush until someone climbed down the cliff to rescue him. ¸(b) ´not give
up the ownership of: ³You should @ on to your oil shares. ·@ sth on, ´keep in
position: ³These bolts and nuts @ the wheels on.¼
·hold out, ¸(a) ´maintain resistance; not give way: ³How long can we @ out
against these attacks? ¸(b) ´last: ³How long will our food supplies @ out? I
can't @ out ´(= retain my urine) ³much longerÅI must find a toilet. ·@ out for,
´continue to demand: ³The workers are still @ing out for higher wages´,
insisting on being granted their demands. ·@ out on, ´refuse to deal with:
³He's still @ing out on me´, still opposing my wishes, refusing my request. ·@
sb/sth out, ¸(a) µ¥ 3 ´above. ¸(b) ´offer: ³The doctors @ out little hope of
recovery.¼
·hold sth over, ´defer; postpone; adjourn: ³The matter was held over until the
next meeting. ·@ sth over sb, ´use it as a threat: ³He's @ing my past record
over me.¼
·hold to sth, ¸(a) ´remain loyal or steadfast to: ³He held to his
convictions/choice/course of action. ¸(b) ´keep to: ³The ship held to a
Southerly course. ·@ sb to sth, ´make sb keep, eÔg a promise: ³We must @ the
contractors to their estimates´, not allow them to exceed them. ·@ sb (up) to
ransom, ´demand money by threatening penalties, etc; blackmail: ³Those
strikers were not @ing the country (up) to ransom. µ¥ ransom.¼
·hold together, ¸(a) ´be and continue whole: ³The bodywork of this old car
hardly @s together´, is falling apart, eÔg from rust. ¸(b) ´remain united: ³We
Tories always @ together in times of crisis. ·@ sb/sth together, ´cause to
remain together; unite: ³The country needs a leader who will @ the nation
together.¼
·hold sb/sth up, ¸(a) µ¥ 1,2 ´above. ¸(b) ´delay: ³They were held up by
fog/the immigration authorities. ¸(c) ´stop by the use or threat of force, for
the purpose of robbery: ³The travellers were held up by bandits. ´Hence,
¸Ú@®up ³n´: ³a @-up on the Underground´, eÔg by a power failure; ³a bank
@-up´, eÔg one by armed robbers. ¸(d) ´put forward as an example: ³Don't @ me
up as a model husband. ·@ sb up to derision/scorn/ridicule´, expose him to
derision, etc.¼
·hold with sth, ´approve of: ³Do you @ with nudity on the stage?¼
¨hold©2 ²/hE8ld/ ³n ¸1 ¶[C,U] ´act, manner, power of holding:
³catch/get/take/lay/seize @ of sth; let go/lose (one's) @ of sth. ³He has a
great @ ´(= influence) ³over his younger brother. How long can the Government
keep its @ over the district´, keep the district under control? ¸2 ¶[C] ´sth
that may be used for holding on to: ³The rock face afforded few @s to climbers.
µ¥ ³foothold ´at µfoot±1µ(8). ¸3 ´(boxing and wrestling) (kinds of) grip:
³all-in wrestling, with no @s barred.¼
¨hold©3 ²/hE8ld/ ³n ´part of a ship below deck, where cargo is stored.¼
¨hold-all© ²/ÚhE8ld cl/ ³n ´portable bag or case large enough to hold clothes,
etc when travelling. µ¥ hold±11µ(6).¼
¨holder© ²/ÚhE8ldE(r)/ ³n ´person or thing that holds: ³a ·Ú³share @; a
³ciga·Ú³rette-@; an ·Ú³office-@; a ·Ú³kettle-@´, cloth for handling a hot
kettle.¼
¨hold®ing© ²/ÚhE8ldIG/ ³n ´sth (esp land) held or owned; tenure or ownership
(esp of land). ¸Úsmall-@ ³n ´small area of land farmed by the tenant himself.
¸a Ú@ company, ´one formed to hold the shares of subsidiary companies.¼
¨hold-up© ²/ÚhE8ld Ap/ ³n µ¥ hold±1µ(14).¼
¨hole© ²/hE8l/ ³n ¸1 ´opening or hollow place in a solid body: ³a @
in a tooth; roads full of @s; @s in the walls and roof of a building, caused
by shell fire; wear one's socks into @s´, wear them until there are @s. ·make
a @ in, ´use a large amount of: ³The hospital bills made a large @ in his
savings. ·pick @s in, ´find fault with, eÔg an argument. ·a square peg in a
round @, ´person not fitted for the position he occupies. ¸2 ´(colloq) awkward
situation: ³You've put me in a bad @. ¸3 ´animal's burrow: ³a mouse's
@/·Ú³mouse-@; the @ of a fox; ´(fig) small, dark, wretched place; den;
hiding-place: ³What a wretched little @ he lives in! ¸*@-and-Úcorner ³adj
´(colloq, attrib) secret; underhand: ³We don't like these @-and-corner methods.
¸4 ´(golf) hollow into which the ball must be hit; point scored by a player who
gets his ball from one @ to another with the fewest strokes: ³a ·Ú³nine-@ golf
course; win the first @. ´¹ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A] ´make a @ or @s in or through: ³@
a ship´, eÔg by striking a rock. ¸2 ¶[VP6A,15B,2C] ·@ (out), ´get (a ball) into
a @ (in golf, etc): ³@ out in one´, get the ball from the tee into the @ with
only one stroke. ¸3 ¶[VP2C] ·@ up, ´(sl) hide.¼
¨holi®day© ²/ÚholEdeI/ ³n ¸1 ´day of rest from work: ³Sunday is a @
in Christian countries; Friday is a @ in Muslim countries. µ¥ ´also ³bank @ ´at
µbank±3µ(1). ¸2 ´(often ³pl´) (US = ³vacation´) period of rest from work: ³the
school @s; the Christmas @s; take a month's @ in summer; ´(attrib) ·Ú³@ camps.
·on @, ´having a @: ³Our typist is away on @ this week. ¸Ú@-maker ³n ´person on
@.¼
¨holi®ness© ²/ÚhE8lInIs/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´being holy or sacred. ¸2 His/Your H@,
´title used of/to the Pope.¼
¨hol®ler© ²/ÚholE(r)/ ³vi,vt ´(sl) yell (to indicate excitement, etc): ³Stop
@ingÅnobody's going to hurt you!¼
¨hol®loa© ²/ÚholE8/ ³n, vi, int ´shout, esp to hounds (during a fox-hunt).¼
¨hol®low© ²/ÚholE8/ ³adj ¸1 ´not solid; with a hole or empty space
inside: ³a @ tree; a @ ball. ¸2 ´(of sounds) as if coming from sth @: ³a @
voice/groan. ¸3 ´(fig) unreal; false; insincere: ³@ sympathy/words/promises; a
@ laugh; @ joys and pleasures´, not giving true happiness; ³a @ victory´, one
without real value. ¸4 ´sunken: ³@ cheeks; ·*³@-·Ú³eyed. ¸5 ´(colloq, as ³adv´)
·beat sb @, ´completely. ´¹ ³n ´hole; @ place: ³a @ in the ground; ´small
valley: ³a wooded @´, small valley with trees. ¹ ³vt ¶[VP6A,15A,B] ·@ (out),
´make a @ or @s in; bend into a @ shape: ³river banks @ed out by rushing
water.¼
¨holly© ²/ÚholI/ ³n ¶[U] ´evergreen shrub with hard, shiny, dark-green
sharp-pointed leaves and, in winter, red berries.¼
¨holly®hock© ²/ÚholIhok/ ³n ¶[C] ´tall garden plant with brightly coloured
flowers.¼
¨Holly®wood© ²/ÚholIw8d/ ³n ´centre of the US film industry: ³@ films/stars.¼
¨holm-oak© ²/ÚhE8m E8k/ ³n ¶[C] ´evergreen oak, ilex.¼
¨holo®caust© ²/ÚholEkcst/ ³n ¶[C] ´large-scale destruction, esp of human lives
by fire, etc: ³a nuclear @.¼
¨holo®graph© ²/ÚholEgrqf ³US: ²-graf/ ³n ´document written wholly by the person
in whose name it appears.¼
¨hol®ster© ²/ÚhE8lstE(r)/ ³n ´leather case for a pistol or revolver.¼
¨holy© ²/ÚhE8lI/ ³adj µ(-ier, -iest) ¸1 ´of God; associated with God or with
religion: ³the H@ Bible; H@ Writ´, the Bible; ³the ·Ú³H@ Land´, where Jesus
lived; ³the H@ City´, Jerusalem; ·Ú³H@ Week´, the week before Easter Sunday;
³H@ Communion; the H@ Father´, the Pope; ³the H@ Office´, the Inquisition; ³@
ground´, land held in religious awe; ³@ water´, water blessed by a priest; ³a @
war´, one (said to be) fought in defence of sth sacred. ¸2 ´devoted to
religion: ³a @ man; live a @ life. ¸3 ·a @ terror, ´(sl) formidable person;
mischievous, embarrassing child. ´¹ ³n ¸the *H@ of ÚHolies, ¸(a) ´most sacred
inner chamber in a Jewish temple, entered by the High Priest once a year. ¸(b)
´(fig) any sacred place.¼
¨holy®stone© ²/ÚhE8lIstE8n/ ³n ¶[U] ´soft sandstone used for scrubbing wooden
decks of ships. ´¹ ³vt ´scrub with @.¼
¨hom®age© ²/ÚhomIdZ/ ³n ¶[U] ¸1 ´expression of respect; tribute
paid (³to ´sb, his merits). ·do/pay @ (to sb), ´express respect for: ³Many came
to do the dead man @. We pay @ to the genius of Shakespeare. ¸2 ´(in feudal
times) formal and public acknowledgement of loyalty to a lord or ruler.¼
¨home©1 ²/hE8m/ ³n ¸1 ´place where one lives, esp with one's family: ³He left
@ at the age of 16´, left his parents and began an independent life. ³He looks
forward to seeing the old @ again, ´eÔg his birthplace. ³He was born in
England, but he now looks on Paris as his @. When I retire I shall make my @
in the country. He left India for @´, for his own country. ·at @, ¸(a) ´in the
house: ³I've left my books at @. Is there anybody at @? ¸(b) ´(football, etc)
in the town, etc to which the team belongs: ³Is our next match at @ or away?
´Hence ¸the Ú@ team, ´the team playing at @. ¸(c) ´expecting and ready to
receive visitors at an appointed time: ³"Mrs Carr will be at @, Monday, 1 May,
5pÔm.' ¸at-Ú@ ³n ´social function at which guests are expected at a time
announced. ·not at @ (to), ´not receiving visitors: ³Mrs Hill is not at @ to
anyone except relatives. ·make oneself/be/feel/ at @, ´as if in one's own
house; at one's ease: ³The boy did not feel at @ in such a splendid house. ·at
@ in, ´familiar with, accustomed to: ³Is it difficult to feel at @ in a
foreign language´, to feel easy and confident while using one? ·be @ and dry,
´(colloq) succeed. ·a @ from @, ´a place where one is as happy, comfortable,
etc as in one's own @: ³Prison is not usually a @ from @. ·nothing to write @
about, ´(colloq) nothing remarkable. ¸2 ´institution or place (for the care of
children, old or sick people, etc): ³an ·Ú³orphans' @; a ·Ú³nursing @;
ma·Ú³ternity @s. ¸3 ´(often attrib) family or domestic life: ³the pleasures of
@; @ comforts/joys; @ life. ¸*@ ecoÚnomics ´= µhousecraft. ¸*@ Úhelp ³n ´(GB)
person employed to help the elderly, infirm or ill (and who are without the
help of relatives or friends). ¸4 ´(= habitat) place where an animal or plant
is native or most common: ³the @ of the tiger and the elephant´, eÔg the
jungle; ³the @ of the fur-seal. ¸5 ´(in sport and in various games) goal; place
where a player is safe and cannot be caught, put out, etc. ¸the Ú@ plate,
´(baseball) base at which the batsman stands to bat. ¸*@ Úrun, ´(baseball) one
made after a hit which enables the batsman to go round all the bases without
stopping. ¸the *@ Ústraight/stretch, ´last part of a track, near the
winning-post. ¸6 ´(attrib) of the @; of one's own country (= ³domestic, inland,
´contrasted with ³foreign´): ³@ industries/products; the @ trade/market. ¸one's
*@ Útown, ´town (not necessarily one's birthplace) in which one lives
permanently. ¸the *H@ ÚCounties, ´those round London. ¸the ÚH@ Office,
´department controlling local government, police, etc in England and Wales,
under the minister called the ³H@ Secretary´, or ³Secretary of State for H@
Affairs ´(US = ³Department of the Interior´). ¸7 ´(compounds) ¸*@-Úbaked ³adj
´(of bread, etc) baked at @, not bought from a shop. ¸*@-Úbrewed ³adj ´beer,
etc brewed at @ (contrasted with beer from a brewery). ¸Ú@®coming ³n ´arrival
at @, coming to one's @; ³@coming weekend´, (US) when alumni or alumnae return
to their school, etc. ¸*@-Úcured ³adj ´(of food, esp bacon) treated (by
smoking, salting, etc) at @ (contrasted with food cured in factories). ¸Ú@-farm
³n ´farm that supplies the needs of a large estate or establishment (contrasted
with farmland that is rented out). ¸the *@ Úfront, ´the civilians (in a country
at war). ¸*@-Úgrown ³adj ´(of food, etc) produced in the country (contrasted
with what is imported). ¸*H@ ÚGuard ³n ´(member of the) British citizen army
(1940-57). ¸Ú@®land ²/-land/ ³n ´native land; country from which one's
ancestors came. ¸*@-Úmade ³adj ´(of bread, cakes, etc) made at @ (contrasted
with what is bought from shops). ¸*H@ ÚRule, ´government of a country by its
own citizens. ¸Ú@®sick ³adj ´sad because away from @; Hence, ¸Ú@®sick®ness ³n
¸Ú@®spun ³adj, n ´(cloth made of yarn) spun at @; (fig) (anything) plain and
homely. ¸Ú@®stead ²/-sted/ ³n ´house with the land and outbuildings round it;
farmhouse; (US) land given to sb by the state on condition that he lives on it
and cultivates it. ¸Ú@ thrust ³n ´attack (with a weapon or in words) that is
effective. ¸*@ Útruth ³n ´unpleasant fact that one is made aware of. ¸Ú@®work
³n ¶[U] ´work which a pupil is required to do ¸(a) ´at @ in the evening and
take to his teacher(s) at school. ¸(b) ´(colloq) preparatory work, eÔg for a
report or discussion. µ¥ ³housework ´at µhouse±1µ(7). ¸@®less ³adj ´having no
@. ¸@®like ³adj ´like @. ¸@®ward ²/-wEd/ ³adj ´going towards @. ¸@®ward(s)
²/-wEd(z)/ ³adv ´towards @.¼
¨home©2 ²/hE8m/ ³adv ¸1 ´at, in or to one's @ or country: ³Is he @
yet? I saw him on his way @. He went @. Send the children @. We ought to turn
back and get @´, iÔe to the starting-point, whether this is or is not one's
usual place of residence. ¸2 ´to the point aimed at; so as to be in the right
place: ³drive a nail @´, strike it so that it is completely in. ·bring
sth/come @ to sb, ´(cause sb to) realize fully: ³The stupidity of his behaviour
was brought/came @ to him. ·drive a point/an argument @, ´cause its full force
to be understood.¼
¨home®ly© ²/ÚhE8mlI/ ³adj µ(-ier, -iest) ¸1 ´simple and plain; of
the sort used every day: ³a @-looking old lady´, not trying to seem important
or dignified; ³a @ meal. ¸2 ´causing one to think of home or feel at home: ³a @
atmosphere. ¸3 ´(US) (of people, their features) not attractive or
good-looking. ¸home®li®ness ³n¼
¨ho®meo®path© ³n ´= µhomoeopath.¼
¨Ho®meric© ²/hE8ÚmerIk/ ³adj ´of, in the style of, Homer ²/ÚhE8mE(r)/ ´(about
10th c ¶BÔC´; Greek poet) or his epics. ¸@ laughter, ´loud, boisterous
laughter like that of the gods in Homer's epics.¼
¨homey© ²/ÚhE8mI/ ³adj ´(US colloq) like home; cosy.¼
¨homi®cide© ²/ÚhomIsñId/ ³n ¶[U] ´killing of a human being; ¶[C] ´person who
kills a human being: ³H@ is not criminal when committed in self-defence. ¸Ú@
squad, ´(US) group of police officers who investigate @s. µ¥ murder.
¸homi®cidal ²/*homIÚsñIdl/ ³adj ´of @: ³a homicidal lunatic; homicidal
tendencies.¼
¨hom®ily© ²/ÚhomIlI/ ³n (pl µ-lies³) ¶[C] ´sermon; long and tedious moralizing
talk. ¸homi®letic ²/*homIÚletIk/ ³adj ´of homilies. ¸homi®let®ics ³n pl ´art
of preaching.¼
¨hom®ing© ²/ÚhE8mIG/ ³adj ´(of pigeons) having the instinct to fly home (when
released a long way from home); (of torpedoes, missiles) fitted with
electronic devices that enable them to reach a predetermined target: ·Ú³@
devices; a ·*³@ ·Ú³guidance system.¼
¨hom®iny© ²/ÚhomInI/ ³n ¶[U] ´ground maize boiled in water or milk: ³@ grits´,
biscuits made from ground maize.¼
¨homo© ²/ÚhE8mE8/ ³n ´(Lat) man. ¸*@ Úsapiens ²/ÚsapIenz/, ´modern
man regarded as a species.¼
¨ho®moe®opathy© ´(US = ¸ho®me®o-´) ²/*hE8mIÚopETI/ ³n ¶[U] ´treatment of
disease by drugs (usu in small doses) that, if given to a healthy person, would
produce symptoms like those of the disease. ¸ho®moeo®path ´(US = ¸ho®meo-´)
²/ÚhE8mIEpaT/ ³n ´person who practises @.¼
¨ho®mo®gene®ous© ²/*homEÚdZinIEs/ ³adj ´(formed of parts) of the same kind. µ¥
heterogeneous. ¸ho®mo®gene®ity ²/*hE8mEdZIÚniEtI/ ³n ´quality of being @.
¸hom®ogen®ize ²/hEÚmodZInñIz/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´make @; (esp) make milk more uniform
in consistency by breaking down and blending the particles of fat.¼
¨homo®graph© ²/ÚhomEgrqf ³US: ²-graf/ ³n ´word spelt like another but with a
different meaning or pronunciation, eÔg ³bow±2 ²/bñ8/´.¼
¨homo®nym© ²/ÚhomEnIm/ ³n ´homograph or homophone; word that is the same in
form and sound as another but different in meaning, eÔg ³see±1´; ³see±2´.¼
¨homo®phone© ²/ÚhomEfE8n/ ³n ´word pronounced like another but different in
meaning, spelling or origin, eÔg ³some/sum ²/sAm/´; ³knew/new ²/nju/´.¼
¨homo®sex®ual© ²/*homEÚsek28El/ ³adj ´sexually attracted to persons of one's
own sex. ´¹ ³n ´@ person. ¸@®ity ²/*hE8mEsek28ÚalEtI/ ³n ¶[U] ´the condition of
being @.¼
¨hone© ²/hE8n/ ³n ¶[C] ´stone used for sharpening tools (eÔg old-style razors).
´¹ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´sharpen on a @.¼
¨hon®est© ²/ÚonIst/ ³adj ¸1 ´not telling lies; not cheating or stealing;
straightforward: ³an @ man; @ in business; give an @ opinion. ·to be quite @
about it, ´phrase used before a statement that one wishes to be believed. ·earn
an @ penny, ´earn money fairly. ¸2 ´showing, resulting from, an @ mind: ³an @
face; look @; an @ piece of work, ´done conscientiously; ³@ weight´, not short
weight. ·make an @ woman of sb, ´(dated use) marry her after seducing her.
¸@®ly ³adv ´in an @ manner; really: ³Honestly, that's all the money I have.
¸hon®esty ³n ¶[U] ´the quality of being @; freedom from deceit, cheating, etc.¼
¨honey© ²/ÚhAnI/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´sweet, sticky yellowish substance made
by bees from nectar; (fig) sweetness. ¸Ú@®bee ³n ´ordinary kind of bee that
lives in hives. ¸Ú@®dew ³n ¶[U] ¸(a) ´sweet, sticky substance found on the
leaves and stems of plants in hot weather. ¸(b) ´tobacco sweetened with
molasses. ¸@®suckle ²/ÚhAnIsAkl/ ³n ¶[U] ´climbing shrub with sweet-smelling
tube-shaped yellow or reddish flowers. ¸2 ¶[C] ³(pl @s³) ´(colloq) sweetheart;
darling: ³Come here, my @s´, eÔg a mother to her children. ¸@ed ²/ÚhAnId/ ³adj
´sweet as @: ³@ed words.¼
¨honey®comb© ²/ÚhAnIkE8m/ ³n ¶[C,U] ´wax structure of six-sided cells made by
bees for honey and eggs; (piece of) ornamental work in a @ pattern. ´¹ ³vt
¶[VP6A] ´fill with holes, tunnels, etc: ³The rock at Gibraltar is @ed with
galleries.¼
¨honey®moon© ²/ÚhAnImun/ ³n ´holiday taken by a newly married couple; (fig)
period of harmony at the start of an undertaking, etc. ´¹ ³vi ´spend a @:
³They will @ in Paris.¼
¨honk© ²/hoGk/ ³n ´cry of the wild goose; sound made by (the old style of)
motor horn. ´¹ ³vi ´make a @.¼
¨hon®or®ar®ium© ²/*onEÚreErIEm/ ³n ´fee offered (but not claimed) for
professional services.¼
¨hon®or®ary© ²/ÚonErErI ³US: ²ÚonErerI/ ³adj ¸1 ´(shortened in writing to
¸Hon´) (of a position) unpaid: ³the @ secretary. ¸2 ´(of a degree, rank)
conferred as an honour, without the usual requirements: ³an @ degree/doctorate;
´holding an @ title or position: ³an @ vice-president.¼
¨ho®nor®ific© ²/*onEÚrIfIk/ ³n, adj ´(expression) implying respect: ³the @s so
frequently used in oriental languages.¼
¨hon®our©1 ´(US = ¸honor´) ²/ÚonE(r)/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´great respect; high public
regard: ³win @ in war; a ceremony in @ of those killed in battle; show @ to
one's parents. ·do sb @; do @ to sb, ´show courtesy to, esteem of: ³Twenty
heads of state attended the Queen's coronation to do her @. ¸*maid of Ú@, ´lady
in attendance upon a queen, princess, etc. ¸*guard of Ú@, ´number of soldiers
chosen to escort or welcome a distinguished person as a mark of respect. ¸2
¶[U] ´good personal character; reputation for good behaviour, loyalty,
truthfulness, etc. ·on one's @, ´on one's reputation for telling the truth. ·an
affair of @, ´(hist) duel fought to settle a question of @. ·be/feel in @ bound
to do sth, ´required to do it as a moral duty, but not by law. ·one's word of
@, ´guarantee to fulfil an obligation, keep a promise, etc. ·pay/incur a debt
of @, ´one that need not be paid legally, but which one's good name requires
one to pay. ·put sb on his @, ´trust him, his @ being lost if he fails to do
what is required, breaks a promise, etc. ¸3 ´(in polite formulas) giving of @.
·do sb the @ of; have the @ of/to´: ³May I have the @ of your company at
dinner? Will you do me the @ of dining with me this evening? ´(formal style) ³I
have the @ to inform you that«. ¸4 Your/His H@, ´title of respect used to/of
some judges. ¸5 an @, ´person or thing bringing credit: ³He is an @ to his
school/family. ¸6 ³(pl) ´marks of respect, distinction, etc; titles;
civilities. ¸birthday @s, ´(in GB) list of titles, decorations, etc conferred
by the Sovereign on her or his birthday. ¸New Year H@s, ´similar list awarded
on 1 Jan. ¸full military @s, ´ceremonies, marks of respect, paid by soldiers
at the burial of a soldier, to distinguished visitors, eÔg Presidents. ·do the
@s, ´(colloq) ´(of the table, house, etc) act as host(ess), guide, etc and do
what politeness requires; perform some small ceremony, eÔg propose a toast. ¸7
³(pl) ´(in universities) (place in) top division of marks in degree
examinations; special distinction for extra proficiency. ¸@s degree, ´one
requiring some specialization. µ¥ general, pass±1µ(1). ¸8 ´(in card games,
whist and bridge) card of highest value, eÔg 10, knave, queen, king, ace of
trumps.¼
¨hon®our©2 ´(US = ¸honor´) ²/ÚonE(r)/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ¸1 ´respect
highly, feel honour for; confer honour on: ³Fear God and @ the Queen. I feel
highly @ed by the kind things you say about me. Will you @ me with a visit? ¸2
´(comm) accept and pay when due: ³@ a bill/cheque/draft, etc; @ one's
signature´, agree that one has signed a bill, note, etc and pay the money.¼
¨hon®our®able© ´(US = ¸hon®or-´) ²/ÚonErEbl/ ³adj ¸1 ´possessing or showing the
principles of honour; consistent with honourµ(1,2)´: ³@ conduct; conclude an @
peace; @ burial. ¸2 H@ ´(abbr ¸Hon´) title given eÔg to judges, to the children
of peers below the rank of Marquis, and (during debates) to members of the
House of Commons: ³my H@ friend the member for Chester. ¸Right H@, ´(abbr ¸Rt
Hon´) title given eÔg to cabinet ministers, privy councillors and peers below
the rank of Marquis.¸hon®our®ably ²/-EblI/ ³adv¼
¨hooch© ²/hut2/ ³n ¶[U] ´(US sl) alcoholic liquor.¼
¨hood©1 ²/h8d/ ³n ¸1 ´bag-like covering for the head and neck, often fastened
to a cloak so that it can hang down at the back when not in use; (in
universities) fold of cloth worn over an academic gown showing by its colour
the degree gained by the wearer and the university by which it was conferred.
¸2 ´anything like a @ in shape or use; folding roof over a carriage (for
protection against rain or sun), or over an open motor-car; (US) hinged cover
over the engine of a motor-car (GB = ³bonnet´). µ¥ ´the illus at µmotor. ´¹
³vt ´(chiefly in ³pp´) cover with, or as with, a @: ³a @ed falcon.¼
¨hood©2 ²/h8d/ ³n ´(US sl) (abbr of) hoodlum.¼
¨hood®lum© ²/ÚhudlEm/ ³n ´(sl) gangster; dangerous criminal.¼
¨hoo®doo© ²/Úhudu/ ³n ´(chiefly US) (person or thing regarded as bringing) bad
luck. ´¹ ³vt ´render unlucky.¼
¨hood®wink© ²/Úh8dwIGk/ ³vt ¶[VP6A,14] ·@ sb (into), ´deceive; trick; mislead.¼
¨hooey© ²/ÚhuI/ ³n ¶[U] ´(sl) humbug; nonsense.¼
¨hoof© ²/huf/ ³n (pl µ@s ´or µhooves ²/huvz/³) ´horny part of the foot of a
horse, ox or deer: ³buy cattle on the @´, alive µ¥ ´the illus at µdomestic.¼
¨hook©1 ²/h8k/ ³n ¸1 ´curved or bent piece of metal or other material, for
catching hold of sth, or for hanging sth on: ³a ·Ú³fish-@; a ·Ú³crochet @; a
·Ú³clothes-@; @s and eyes´, for fastening a dress. ·@, line and sinker, ´(from
fishing) (fig) entirely; completely. ·be on the @, ´(colloq) in a position
where one has problems, difficult or distressing decisions to make. ·be/get
off the @, ´no longer in such a position. ·sling one's @, µ¥ sling±11µ.
¸Ú@-nosed ³adj ´having a nose shaped like a @ (or like the nose of an eagle).
¸Ú@®worm ³n ´worm that infests the intestines of men and animals, the male of
which has @-like spines. ¸2 ´curved tool for cutting (grain, etc) or for
chopping (branches, etc): ³a ·Ú³reaping-@; a ·Ú³bill-@. ·by @ or by crook, ´by
one means or another. ¸3 ´(cricket, golf) kind of stroke; (boxing) short blow
with the elbow bent: ³a left @.¼
¨hook©2 ²/h8k/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A,15A,B,2C] ´fasten, be fastened, catch, with a @
or @s: ³a dress that @s/is @ed at the back; @ something on/up; @ a fish; @ a
husband´, (fig) catch a man and marry him. ¸2 ´make into the form of a @: ³@
one's finger. ¸3 ·@ it, ´(sl) run away. ¸4 Ú@-up ³n ´network of broadcasting
stations connected to transmit the same programme: ³speak over an international
@-up. ¸@ed ³adj ¸1 ´@-shaped: ³a @ed nose; ´furnished with hooks. ¸2 ·@ed (on),
´(sl) addicted to; completely committed to: ³be/get @ed on heroin. My aunt is
@ed on package holidays in Spain.¼
¨hookah© ²/Úh8kE/ ³n ´tobacco pipe (also called a ³hubble-bubble´)
with a long flexible tube through which smoke is drawn through water in a vase
and so cooled.¼
¨hooky© ²/Úh8kI/ ³n ·play @, ´(US sl) play truant.¼
¨hoo®li®gan© ²/ÚhulIgEn/ ³n ´one of a gang of disorderly persons making
disturbances in the streets or other public places. ¸@®ism ²/-IzEm/ ³n¼
¨hoop©1 ²/hup/ ³n ¸1 ´circular band of wood, metal etc. ¸2 ´small iron arch
fixed in the ground, through which balls are hit in the game of croquet. ¸3
´large ring with paper stretched over it through which circus riders and
animals jump. ·put sb/go through the @(s), ´(fig) undergo an ordeal. ´¹ ³vt
´bind (a cask, etc) with @s.¼
¨hoop©2 ²/hup/ ³vt ´= µwhoop.¼
¨hoop-la© ²/Úhup lq/ ³n ¶[U] ´game in which rings are thrown at small objects
which are won if the rings encircle them.¼
¨hoo®ray© ²/huÚreI/ ³int ´= µhurrah.¼
¨hoot© ²/hut/ ³n ¸1 ´cry of an owl. ¸2 ´sound made by a motor-car horn,
steam-whistle, foghorn, etc. ¸3 ´shout or cry expressing disapproval or scorn.
·not care a @/two @s, ´(sl) not care at all. ´¹ ³vi,vt ¸1 ¶[VP2A,C] ´make a @
or @s: ³an owl @ing in the garden. The crowd @ed and jeered at the speaker.
¸2 ¶[VP6A,15A,B] ´make @s at, drive away by doing this: ³@ an actor; @ a
speaker down/off/away. ¸@er ³n ´siren or steam-whistle, esp as a signal for
work to start or stop; similar device in a motor-vehicle to attract attention
from other motorists, pedestrians, etc.¼
¨Hoov®er© ²/ÚhuvE(r)/ ³n ´(P) kind of vacuum cleaner. ´¹ ³vt
¶[VP6A] ´(colloq) clean (carpets, etc) with a vacuum cleaner.¼
¨hooves© ²/huvz/ ³pl ´of µhoof.¼
¨hop©1 ²/hop/ ³n ¶[C] ´tall climbing plant with flowers growing in clusters;
³(pl) ´ripe cones (seed-vessels) of this plant, dried and used for giving a
bitter flavour to beer, etc. ¸Úhop-garden/-field ³nn ´field for the
cultivation of hops. ¸Úhop®pole ³n ´tall pole to support wires on which hop
plant is trained. ¸Úhop-picker, hop®per ³nn ´worker, machine, employed to pick
hops. ´¹ ³vi µ(-pp-) ´gather hops: ³go hopping in Kent.¼
¨hop©2 ²/hop/ ³vi,vt µ(-pp-) ¸1 ¶[VP2A,C] ´(of persons) jump on one foot; (of
other living creatures, eÔg birds, frogs, grasshoppers) jump with both or all
feet together: ³Sparrows were hopping about on the lawn. He had hurt his left
foot and had to hop along. ·hop off; hop it, ´(sl) go away. ·hopping mad,
´(colloq) very angry. ¸2 ¶[VP6A] ´cross (a ditch, etc) by hopping. ´¹ ³n ¸1
´the action of hopping. ·on the hop, ´active, restless. ·catch sb on the hop,
´when he is unprepared, off guard. ·keep sb on the hop, ´keep him active,
alert. ¸2 ´short jump. ·hop, skip/step and jump, ´athletic exercise consisting
of these three movements one after the other. ¸3 ´(colloq) informal party and
dance, with popular music. ¸4 ´(flying) one stage in a long-distance flight:
³from Berlin to Tokyo in three hops. ¸hop®scotch ²/Úhopskot2/ ³n ¶[U]
´children's game of throwing a stone into numbered squares, etc marked on the
ground, and hopping from square to square to collect it.¼
¨hope©1 ²/hE8p/ ³n ¸1 ¶[C,U] ´feeling of expectation and desire; feeling of
trust and confidence: ³There is not much @ that they are/of their being still
alive. ·hold out some/no/little/not much @ (of sth), ´give some, etc
encouragement or expectation: ³The doctors could hold out no @ of recovery.
·be past/beyond @; not have a @, ´be without possibility of success, recovery,
etc. ·in the @ of doing sth, ´hoping to do it: ³I called in the @ of finding
her at home. ·live in @(s) of sth, ´have @(s) of: ³I haven't much money now but
live in @. We live in @s of better times. ·raise sb's @s, ´give him
encouragement of better fortune, etc: ³Don't raise his @s too much. ¸2 ¶[C]
´person, thing, circumstance, etc on which @ is based: ³He was the @ of the
school. You are my last @; if you can't help, I'm ruined. ¸Ú@ chest ³n ´(US)
chest or drawer used by a young woman for storing linen, articles for household
use, etc in anticipation of marriage (GB = ³bottom drawer´).¼
¨hope©2 ²/hE8p/ ³vt,vi ¶[VP7A,9,2A,3A] ´expect and desire: ³We @ to
see you soon. I @ you haven't hurt yourself. "Will it be fine tomorrow?'Å"I @
so.' "Will it rain tomorrow?'Å"I @ not.' Let us @ for the best. We've had no
news from him but we're still hoping. ·@ against @, ´@ even though there is
only a mere possibility.¼
¨hope®ful© ²/ÚhE8pfl/ ³adj ¸1 ´having hope: ³be/feel @ about the future; feel
@ of success/that he will succeed. ¸2 ´giving hope; promising: ³The future
does not seem very @. He seems quite a @ pupil´, likely to do well. ¸3 ´(as
³n) ¸(young) @, ´boy or girl who seems likely to succeed. ¸@ly ²/-fElI/ ³adv ¸1
´in a @ way. ¸2 ´= "I hope' or "it is to be hoped'. ¸@®ness ³n¼
¨hope®less© ²/ÚhE8plIs/ ³adj ¸1 ´feeling no hope; giving or promising no hope:
³give way to @ grief; a @ case; a @ illness. ¸2 ´incurable: ³a @ idiot. ¸@®ly
³adv ¸@®ness ³n¼
¨hopped-up© ²/hopt ÚAp/ ³adj ´(US sl) souped up, supercharged: ³a @ engine.¼
¨hop®per©1 ²/ÚhopE(r)/ ³n ´hop-picker. µ¥ hop±1µ.¼
¨hop®per©2 ²/ÚhopE(r)/ ³n ¸1 ´structure like an inverted cone or
pyramid through which grain passes to a mill, coal or coke to a furnace, etc;
any similar contrivance for feeding materials into a machine, etc. ¸2 ´any
hopping insect, eÔg a flea, a young locust; (in Australia) kangaroo.¼
¨horde© ²/hcd/ ³n ¸1 ´wandering tribe (of nomads): ³a Gypsy @; @s of Tartars.
¸2 ´(usu contemptuous) crowd; great number: ³@s of people. ¸3 ´multitude: ³a @
of locusts.¼
¨hor®izon© ²/hEÚrñIzn/ ³n ¸1 ´the @, line at which the earth or sea and sky
seem to meet: ³The sun sank below the @. ¸2 ´(fig) limit of one's knowledge,
experience, thinking, etc. ¸hori®zon®tal ²/*horIÚzontl ³US: ²*hcr-/ ³adj
´parallel to the @; flat or level: ³a @tal line; @tal bars above the floor for
gymnastic exercises. µ¥ vertical. ¹ ³n ´@tal line, bar, etc. ¸@®tally ²/-tElI/
³adv¼
¨hor®mone© ²/ÚhcmE8n/ ³n ´(kinds of) internal secretion that passes into the
blood and stimulates the bodily organs; medical preparation made from a
secretion of this kind.¼
¨horn© ²/hcn/ ³n ¸1 ´one of the hard, pointed, usu curved, outgrowths on the
heads of cattle, deer, and some other animals. µ¥ ´the illus at µdomestic,
large. µ¥ bull±1µ(1). ¸2 ¶[U] ´substance of these outgrowths: ³a knife with a
handle of @/a @ handle; a @ spoon. ¸Ú@-rimmed ³adj ´(of spectacles) with the
frame made of material that resembles @. ¸3 ´article made from this substance
(or a modern substitute): ³a ·Ú³shoe-@. ·a @ of plenty, ´= µcornucopia. ¸4
´(music) wind instrument: ³a ·Ú³hunting @. ¸(French) @, ´brass orchestral
instrument. µ¥ ´the illus at µbrass. ¸English @´, (also, esp GB ¸cor anglais
²/*kcr ÚoGgleI ³US: ²oGÚgleI/´) woodwind instrument like, but larger than, an
oboe, and lower in pitch. ¸5 ´device for making warning sounds: ³a ·Ú³fog-@; a
·Ú³motor-@. ¸6 ´@-like part, eÔg on the head of a snail. ¸Ú@®bill ³n ´bird with
a @like growth on its beak. ·draw in one's @s, ´(fig) draw back, show less zeal
for an undertaking. ¸7 ´either of the ends of the crescent moon. µ¥ ´the illus
at µphase. ·on the @s of a dilemma, ´faced with a choice between things that
are equally undesirable, etc. ´¹ ³vi ´(sl, only in) ·@ in (on), ´intrude; join
in without being invited. ¸@ed ³adj ´having @sµ(3)´: ³@ed cattle; the @ed owl´,
with tufts like @s. ¸@®less ³adj ´without @s: ³@less cattle. ¸@®like ³adj ¸@y
³adj µ(-ier, -iest) ´made of @; hard like @: ³hands @y from hard work.¼
¨horn®beam© ²/Úhcnbim/ ³n ´small tree with hard wood.¼
¨hor®net© ²/ÚhcnIt/ ³n ´large insect of the wasp family, able to inflict a
severe sting. ·stir up a Ú@s' nest; bring a Ú@s' nest about one's ears´, stir
up enemies; cause an outburst of angry feeling.¼
¨horn®pipe© ²/ÚhcnpñIp/ ³n ¶[C] ´(music for a) lively dance (usu for one
person, esp a sailor).¼
¨hor®ol®ogy© ²/hoÚrolEdZI/ ³n ¶[U] ´art of designing and constructing clocks.¼
¨horo®scope© ²/ÚhorEskE8p ³US: ²Úhcr-/ ³n ´diagram of, observation of,
positions of planets at a certain time, eÔg a person's birth, for the purpose
of forecasting future events; such a forecast.¼
¨hor®rible© ²/ÚhorEbl ³US: ²Úhcr-/ ³adj ¸1 ´exciting horror: ³@
cruelty/crimes. ¸2 ´(colloq) unpleasant: ³@ weather. ¸hor®ribly ²/-EblI/ ³adv¼
¨hor®rid© ²/ÚhorId ³US: ²ÚhcrId/ ³adj ¸1 ´frightful; terrible. ¸2 ´(colloq)
disagreeable: ³@ weather. ¸@®ly ³adv ¸@®ness ³n¼
¨hor®rific© ²/hEÚrIfIk/ ³adj ´(colloq) horrifying.¼
¨hor®rify© ²/ÚhorIfñI ³US: ²Úhcr-/ ³vt (pt,pp µ-fied³) ¶[VP6A] ´fill with
horror; shock: ³We were horrified by what we saw. Don't let the children see
such @ing scenes.¼
¨hor®ror© ²/ÚhorE(r) ³US: ²Úhcr-/ ³n ¶[C,U] ´(sth that causes a)
feeling of extreme fear or dislike: ³She recoiled in @ from the snake. She
expressed her @ of cruelty. To her @ she saw her husband knocked down by a
bus. We have all read about the @s of modern warfare. ¸*chamber of Ú@s,
´collection of objects, representations, etc, connected with crime, cruelty,
etc. ¸Ú@ fiction/comics/films, ´in which the subject matter and treatment are
intended to arouse feelings of @. ¸Ú@-struck/-stricken ³adj ´overcome with @.¼
¨hors de com®bat© ²/*c dE Úkombq/ ³pred adj ´(F) unable to take further part in
fighting because wounded or disabled.¼
¨hors d'oeuvres© ²/*c Úd3vrE ³US: ²Úd3v/ ³n pl ´dishes of food served at the
beginning of a meal as a relish.¼
¨horse© ²/hcs/ ³n ¸1 ´four-legged solid-hoofed animal with flowing mane and
tail, used from early times to carry loads, for riding, etc. µ¥ ´the illus at
µdomestic. µ¥ colt±1µ, filly, foal, mare, stallion. ·a dark @, ´person whose
chances of success are not yet known, or have been overlooked. ·a @ of another
colour, ´quite a different matter. ·back the wrong @, ´support the loser in a
contest. ·be/get on one's high @, ´insist on being treated with proper respect.
·eat/work like a @, ´eat a lot/work hard. ·flog a dead @, µ¥ flog. ·hold one's
@s, ´hesitate; show restraint. ·look a gift @ in the mouth, ´accept sth
ungratefully esp by examining it critically for faults (because a @'s teeth
indicate its age). ·put the cart before the @, µ¥ cart. ·(straight) from the
@'s mouth, ´(of tips, advice, information) from a first-hand source. ¸2
´(collective ³sing) ´cavalry: ³@ and foot´, cavalry and infantry; ³light @´,
lightly armed mounted soldiers; ³@ artillery´, light artillery with mounted
gunners; ³the ·Ú³H@ Guards, µ¥ guard±1µ(6). ¸3 ´framework, often with legs, on
which sth is supported: ³a ·Ú³clothes-@´, on which clothes may be dried in
front of a fire; ³a ·Ú³vaulting-@´, block used in a gymnasium for vaulting
over. ¸4 ´(compounds) ¸Ú@®back ³n ´(only in) ·on @back, ´on a @. ¸Ú@®box ³n
´closed vehicle for taking a @ by rail, or towing behind a car, etc.
¸*@-Úchestnut ³n ´large tree with spreading branches and clusters of white or
pink blossom; shiny reddish-brown nut of this tree. ¸Ú@®flesh ³n ¶[U] ¸(a)
´flesh of @s as food. ¸(b) ´@s collectively: ³He's a good judge of @flesh.
¸Ú@®fly ³n (pl µ-flies³) ´large insect troublesome to @s and cattle. ¸Ú@®hair
³n ¶[U] ´hair from the mane or tail of @s, formerly used for stuffing sofas,
etc. ¸Ú@-laugh ³n ´loud, coarse laugh. ¸@®man ²/-mEn/ ³n (pl µ-men³) ´rider on
@back, esp one who is skilled. ¸@®man®ship ²/-2Ip/ ³n ¶[U] ´art of riding,
skill in riding, on @back. ¸Ú@®meat ³n ´= @flesh. ¸Ú@-play ³n ¶[U] ´rough,
noisy fun or play. ¸Ú@-pond ³n ´pond for watering and washing @s. ¸Ú@®power ³n
¶[U] ´(shortened to ¸hÔp´) unit for measuring the power of an engine, etc (550
foot-pounds per second). ¸Ú@-race ³n ´race between @s with riders. ¸Ú@-racing
³n ¶[U]. ¸Ú@-radish ³n ¶[U] ´(plant with a) hot-tasting root which is ground or
scraped to make a sauce (eaten with beef). ¸Ú@-sense ³n ´ordinary wisdom.
¸Ú@®shoe ²/Úhc22u/ ³n µU-´shaped metal shoe for a @; sth of this shape, eÔg ³a
@shoe table. ¸Ú@®whip ³n, vt µ(-pp-) ´(thrash with a) whip for @s. ¸Ú@®woman ³n
´woman who rides on @back.¼
¨horsy© ²/ÚhcsI/ ³adj ´concerned with, fond of, horses or horse-racing;
showing by dress, conversation, manners, etc familiarity with horses,
horse-racing, grooms, jockeys, etc.¼
¨hor®ta®tive© ²/ÚhctEtIv/ ³adj ´(formal) exhorting; serving to encourage.¼
¨hor®ti®cul®ture© ²/ÚhctIkAlt2E(r)/ ³n ¶[U] ´(art of) growing flowers, fruit
and vegetables. ¸hor®ti®cul®tural ²/*hctIÚkAlt2ErEl/ ³adj ´of @: ³a
horticultural show/society. ¸hor®ti®cul®tur®ist ²/*hctIÚkAlt2ErIst/ ³n ´person
who practises @.¼
¨ho®sanna© ²/hE8ÚzanE/ ³n, int ´cry of praise and adoration (to
God).¼
¨hose©1 ²/hE8z/ ³n ¶[C,U] ´(length of) flexible tubing (of rubber, canvas or
plastic) for directing water on to fires, watering gardens, cleaning streets,
etc: ³60 feet of plastic @; plenty of fire @s in the building. ¸Ú@®pipe ³n
´length of @. ´¹ ³vt ¶[VP6A,15B] ·@ (down), ´water (a garden, etc) with a @;
wash (a motor-car, etc) by using a @: ³@ (down) the car.¼
¨hose©2 ²/hE8z/ ³n ¸1 ´(collective, as ³pl) ´(trade name for) stockings and
socks: ³six pair of @. ¸2 ´(hist) garment from the waist to the knees or feet
worn by men in former times; tights: ³dressed in doublet and @. µ¥ ´the illus
at µdoublet.¼
¨ho®sier© ²/ÚhE8zIE(r) ³US: ²-ZE(r)/ ³n ´tradesman who sells @±2µ(1) ´and
knitted underwear. ¸ho®siery ²/ÚhE8zIErI ³US: ²ÚhE8ZErI/ ³n ¶[U] ´goods sold by
a @.¼
¨hos®pice© ²/ÚhospIs/ ³n ¸1 ´house of rest for travellers. ¸2 ´hospital for
dying people.¼
¨hos®pit®able© ²/hoÚspItEbl/ ³adj ´giving, liking to give, hospitality: ³a @
man/household. ¸hos®pit®ably ²/-EblI/ ³adv¼
¨hos®pi®tal© ²/ÚhospItl/ ³n ´place where people are treated for, nursed
through, their illness or injuries: ³He's still in @. I'm going to the @ to
see my brother. His sister is a @ nurse. ·go to @, ´enter a @ as a patient.
¸@®ize ³vt ´send to, admit into, @. ¸@®iz®ation ²/*hospItElñIÚzeI2n ³US:
²-lIÚz-/ ³n ´state of being @ized.¼
¨hos®pi®tal®ity© ²/*hospIÚtalEtI/ ³n ¶[U] ´friendly and generous reception and
entertainment of guests, esp in one's own home.¼
¨host©1 ²/hE8st/ ³n ¸1 ´great number ³(of)´: ³He has @s of friends.
We are faced with a @ of difficulties. ¸2 ´(archaic) army: ³Lord of H@s´,
Jehovah, God of the Hebrews.¼
¨host©2 ²/hE8st/ ³n ¸1 ´person who entertains guests: ³As Mr Hill was away,
Tom, the eldest son, acted as @ at the dinner party´, welcomed the guests,
etc. (In the ³pl ´this word may be common gender.) ³The Parnwells are such
good @s. ¸2 ´inn-keeper; hotel-keeper. ·reckon without one's @, ´make
calculations, plans, etc without consulting the chief person(s) concerned;
overlook possible opposition. ¸3 ´(biol) organism which harbours a parasite. ¹
³vt ¶[VP6A] ´(US colloq) act as @ to or at.¼
¨Host© ²/hE8st/ ³n ¸the @, ´bread eaten at Holy Communion.¼
¨hos®tage© ²/ÚhostIdZ/ ³n ´person (less often, a thing) given or left as a
pledge that demands will be satisfied: ³take sb @. The bandits demanded that
one of the travellers should stay with them as a @. ·give @s to fortune, ´by an
tunwise step, take the risk of being harmed in future.¼
¨hos®tel© ²/Úhostl/ ³n ¸1 ´building in which board and lodging are provided
(with the support of the authorities concerned) for students, workmen in
training, etc: ³a ·*³YÔMÔCÔ·Ú³A @. ¸Úyouth @, ´one for young people walking,
riding or cycling on holiday tours, used by members of the International Youth
H@ Association. ¸2 ´(archaic) inn. ¸@ry ³n ´(archaic) inn. ¸@®ler
²/ÚhostElE(r)/ ³n ´person travelling from @ to @, esp youth @lers.¼
¨host®ess© ²/ÚhE8stIs/ ³n ¸1 ´woman who entertains guests; wife of
one's host. ¸2 ´woman inn-keeper. ¸3 ¸Úair @, µ¥ air±1µ(7).¼
¨hos®tile© ²/ÚhostñIl ³US: ²-tl/ ³adj ¸1 ´of an enemy: ³a @ army. ¸2 ´feeling
or showing enmity ³(to)´; unfriendly: ³a @ crowd; @ looks; @ to reform. ¸@®ly
²/-llI/ ³adv¼
¨hos®til®ity© ²/hoÚstIlEtI/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´enmity; ill will: ³feelings
of @; feel no @ towards anyone: show @ to sb. ¸2 ³(pl; µ-ties³) ´(acts of)
war: ³at the outbreak of hostilities; open/suspend hostilities´, begin/stop
fighting.¼
¨hot© ²/hot/ ³adj µ(-ter, -test) ¸1 ´having a high temperature:
³hot weather; ³a hot day; feel hot. I like my food hot. This coffee is too hot
to drink. ·be in/get into hot water, ´in trouble or disgrace (because of
foolish behaviour, etc). ·be/get hot under the collar, ´angry, excited,
indignant. ·make a place/make it too hot for sb, ´(fig) compel him to leave by
rousing hostility against him. ¸2 ´producing a burning sensation to the taste:
³This curry is too hot. Pepper and mustard are hot. ¸3 ´fiery; eager; intense;
violent; impetuous: ³get hot over an argument; a man with a hot temper; in the
hottest part of the election campaign. ·be hot on the trail of sb/on sb's
tracks, ´near to what is being pursued; close behind. ¸4 ´(in hunting, of the
scent) fresh and strong. ¸5 ´(of music, esp jazz) strongly rhythmical and
emotional. ¸6 ´(sl) (of stolen goods) difficult to dispose of (because of
determined efforts made by the police to trace them): ³These articles are too
hot to handle/hold. ¸7 ´(as ³adv) ¸(a) ´recently: ³hot off the press. µ¥ hot
news ´below. ¸(b) ·blow hot and cold, ´(fig) be by turns favourable and
unfavourable. ¸(c) ·give it sb hot, ´punish or scold severely. ¸8 ´(special
uses with ³nn ´and ³participles) ¸*hot Úair ³n ¶[U] ´meaningless talk,
promises, etc. ¸hot-air balloon ³n µ¥ balloon. ¸Úhot®bed ³n ´bed of earth
heated by rotting manure to promote growth of plants; (fig) place favourable to
growth, esp of sth evil: ³a hotbed of vice/crime. ¸*hot-Úblooded ³adj
´passionate. ¸*hot cross Úbun ³n ´one with a cross marked on it, eaten on Good
Friday. ¸*hot Údog ³n ´hot sausage served with onions and mustard in a sandwich
or bread roll. ¸*hot®Úfoot ³adv ´eagerly; in great haste: ³run @ after the
pickpocket. µ¹ ³vi ´go hastily: ³hotfoot it down to the swimming-pool. ¸*hot
Úgospeller ³n ´(colloq) fervent evangelist preacher. ¸Úhot®head ³n ´impetuous
person. ¸*hot-Úheaded ³adj ´impetuous. ¸Úhot-house ³n ´heated building, usu
made of glass, for growing delicate plants. ¸Úhot line ³n ´direct line of
communication (telephone or teleprinter) between heads of governments, eÔg
between Moscow and Washington. ¸*hot Úmoney ³n ¶[U] ´short-term funds moved
from one financial centre to another by speculators seeking high interest rates
and security. µ¥ ´also µ6 ´above. ¸*hot Únews ³n ¶[U] ´recent (esp sensational)
news. ¸Úhot®plate ³n ´flat surface of a cooking-stove; similar surface (not
part of a stove) that can be heated, eÔg electrically, for cooking, boiling
water, etc. ¸*hot poÚtato ³n ´(fig, colloq) sth difficult or unpleasant to deal
with: ³The issue is a political hot potato. ¸Úhot rod ³n ´(US sl) supercharged
car. ¸the *hot Úseat ³n ´electric chair (for the electrocution of murderers);
(fig) position of sb who has to make difficult, often agonizing, decisions, eÔg
of a head of state. ¸*hot Úspring ³n ´naturally heated spring±1µ(2)´. ¸*hot
Ústuff ³n ¶[U] ´(sl) sb/sth of first-rate quality. ¸*hot-Útempered ³adj ´easily
angered. ¸*hot-Úwater-bottle ³n ´container (often of rubber) to be filled with
hot water for warmth in bed. ¹ ³vt,vi µ(-tt-) ¶[VP2C,15B] ·hot (sth) up,
´(colloq) make or become hotter or (fig) more exciting: ³Things are hotting up.
¸hot®ly ³adv ´passionately; excitedly: ³He replied hotly that«; It was a hotly
contested match.¼
¨hotch®potch© ²/Úhot2pot2/ ³n ´jumble; number of things mixed
together without order: ³His essay was a @ of other people's ideas.¼
¨ho®tel© ²/hE8Útel/ ³n ´(either ³a @ ´or ³an @) ´building where meals and
rooms are provided for travellers. ¸@®ier ²/hE8ÚtelIeI ³US: ²*hE8telÚjeI/ ³n
´a @-keeper.¼
¨hound© ²/hñ8nd/ ³n ¸1 ´(kinds of) dog used for hunting and racing: ·Ú³fox@;
·Ú³blood@; ·Ú³grey@. ´(When not in a compound, @ usu means ³fox@.´) ·follow the
@s; ride to @s, ´hunt with a pack of @s. ¸Master of H@s, ´the master of a
huntµ(2). ¸2 ´(dated colloq) mean, wretched, contemptible fellow. ´¹ ³vt
¶[VP6A] ´chase or hunt with, or as with, @s; harass: ³be @ed by one's
creditors´, worried by requests for payment of money owing.¼
¨hour© ²/ñ8E(r)/ ³n ¸1 ´twenty-fourth part of a day; 60 minutes: ³hire a horse
by the @; walk for @s (and @s); a three @s' journey; the happiest @s ´(=
period) ³of my life; work a forty-@ week; ³18Ô00 @s´, time calculated on a 24-@
basis, = 6.00pÔm, µ¥ App 4. ·at the eleventh @, ´when almost too late.
·the Úsmall @s, ´the three or four @s after midnight. ¸Ú@®glass ³n ´sand-glass
which runs out in one @. ¸Ú@ hand ³n ´small hand on a clock or watch, pointing
to the @. ¸2 ´time of day; point or period of time: ³The church clock was
striking the @ as we got home. This clock strikes the @s and the half-@s, but
not the quarters. Please come at an early @. They disturb me at all @s of the
day and night´, constantly. ¸3 ³(pl) ´fixed periods of time, esp for work:
·Ú³school @s. ·Ú³Office @s, 9aÔm to 5pÔm. ·after @s, ´after the period of
regular business, etc. ·out of @s, ´outside (before or after) regular @s (of
duty, etc). ·keep good/bad/early/late/regular, etc @s, ´get up, go to bed,
start/stop work, leave/arrive home, etc, early/late, etc. ¸4 ´a particular, or
the present, point in time: ³questions of the @´, now being discussed; ³in the
@ of danger/temptation; in a good/evil @´, at a lucky/unlucky time.¼
¨houri© ²/Úh8ErI/ ³n ´young and beautiful woman of the Muslim
Paradise.¼
¨hour®ly© ²/Úñ8ElI/ ³adv ¸1 ´every hour; once every hour: ³This medicine is to
be taken @. ¸2 ´at any hour: ³We're expecting news @. ´¹ ³adj ¸1 ´done or
occurring every hour: ³an @ service of trains; an @ bus service. ¸2 ´continual:
³live in @ dread of discovery.¼
¨house©1 ²/hñ8s/ ³n (pl µ@s ²/Úhñ8zIz/³) ¸1 ´building made for people to live
in, usu for one family (or a family and lodgers, etc): ³New @s are going up
everywhere. I've bought a @. µ¥ home±1µ(1). ·get on like a Ú@ on fire, ´(of
people) quickly become friendly and jolly together. ·under @ arrest, ´forbidden
by law to leave one's @ or receive visitors. ¸2 ´(usu with a ³pref´) building
made or used for some particular purpose or occupation: ·Ú³hen@; ·Ú³cow@;
·Ú³store@; ·Ú³ware@; ·Ú³alms-@; ·Ú³bake@; ·Ú³custom-@´, etc, µ¥ ´these entries.
¸the H@ of God, ´church or chapel. ·@ of cards, ´one built by a child out of
playing cards; (fig) scheme likely to collapse. ·@ of ill fame, ´(old use)
brothel. ·on the @, ´at the expense of the inn, firm, etc. ¸3 ´(building used
by an) assembly: ³the H@ of Commons/Lords; the H@s of Parliament. ¸the H@,
´(colloq, GB) ¸(a) ´the Stock Exchange. ¸(b) ´the H@ of Commons or Lords:
³enter the H@´, become an MÔP. ¸(c) ´(US) the H@ of Representatives. ¸(d)
´business firm. ¸4 ¶[U] ·keep @, ´manage the affairs of a @hold. ·keep a good
@, ´provide good food and plenty of comfort. ·keep open @, ´be ready to welcome
guests at any time. ·set/put one's Ú@ in order, ´put one's affairs straight. ¸5
´household; family line; dynasty: ³the H@ of Windsor´, the British Royal
family; ³an ancient @; an old trading @´, business firm. ¸6 ´spectators,
audience, in a theatre: ³make oneself heard in every part of the @; a full @´,
every seat occupied. ³The second @ ´(= performance) ³starts at 9 o'clock. Is
there a doctor in the @? ·bring down the @; bring the Ú@ down, ´win very great
applause and approval. ¸7 ´(compounds) ¸Ú@ agent ³n ´(GB) person who sells or
lets @s for others. µ¥ ´(US) µrealtor. ¸Ú@®boat ³n ´boat fitted up as a place
to live in, eÔg on a river or estuary. ¸Ú@®bound ³adj ´confined to the @, eÔg
through ill-health: ³Should wives with children be @bound? ¸Ú@®breaker ³n ¸(a)
´person who enters another's @ by day to steal. µ¥ burglar. ¸(b) ´(US =
¸Ú@®wrecker´) workman employed to pull down old buildings. ¸Ú@®coat ³n ´usu
cotton or silk coat worn by women in the house during the day. ¸Ú@®craft ³n
¶[U] ´theory and practice of running a home±1µ(1). ¸Ú@®dog ³n ´dog trained to
guard a @. ¸Ú@®father ³n ´man in charge of children in an institution. ¸Ú@ flag
³n ´flag flown by a firm's ships. µ¥ 5 ´above. ¸Ú@®fly ³n (pl µ-flies³) µ¥
fly±1µ. ¸@®ful ²/-f8l/ ³n ´as much as a @ can contain or accommodate. ¸Ú@®hold
³n ´all persons (family, lodgers, etc) living in a @: ³@hold cavalry/troops´,
employed to guard the Sovereign; ³@hold duties/expenses. ¸*@®hold Úword,
´commonly used word or name. ¸Ú@®holder ³n ´person leasing or owning and
occupying a @, not sb living in a hotel, lodgings, etc. ¸Ú@®keeper ³n
´person employed to manage the affairs of a @hold. ¸Ú@®lights ³n pl ´lights in
the auditorium of a theatre, cinema, etc. ¸Ú@®maid ³n ´female servant in a @,
esp one who cleans rooms, etc. ¸*@maid's Úknee, ´inflammation of the kneecap
due to kneeling. ¸@®man ²/-mEn/ ³n (pl µ-men³) ´(GB) doctor who is an assistant
to a physician or surgeon in a hospital (US = ³intern´). ¸Ú@ martin ³n ´common
bird which nests in the walls of @s and cliffs. ¸Ú@®master ³n ´teacher in
charge of a school boarding-@. ¸Ú@®mother ³n ´woman in charge of children in an
institution. ¸Ú@-party ³n ´party of guests being entertained for several days
at a country @, etc. ¸Ú@ physician ³n ´one who resides in a hospital. ¸Ú@®proud
³adj ´very much concerned with the care of the @, with the appearance of the
furnishings, etc. ¸Ú@®room ³n ´space: ³I wouldn't give that table @room´, would
not have it in my @, would not accept it even as a gift. ¸Ú@ sparrow ³n ´common
grey and brown bird. ¸Ú@ surgeon ³n ´one who resides in a hospital.
¸Ú@®top ³n ´(chiefly in) ³cry/publish/proclaim sth from the @tops´, make known
to all; declare publicly. ¸Ú@®trained ³adj ´(of domestic pets) trained not to
defecate and urinate inside buildings. ¸Ú@-warming ³n ´party given to friends
by a person who moves into a new @. ¸Ú@®wife ³n ¸(a) ´woman head of a family,
who runs the home, brings up the family, etc. ¸(b) ²/ÚhAzIf/ ´(dated) case for
needles and thread. ¸Ú@®wife®ly ³adj ´of a @wifeµ(1)´. ¸Ú@®wifery ²/-wIfErI/ ³n
¶[U] ´work of a @wife. ¸Ú@®work ³n ¶[U] ´work done in a @, cleaning, cooking,
etc. µ¥ ³homework ´at µhome±1µ(7).¼
¨house©2 ²/hñ8z/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ¸1 ´provide a house or shelter for;
find room for: ³We can @ you and your friends if the hotels are full. ¸2 ´store
(goods, etc): ³@ one's old books in the attic.¼
¨hous®ing© ²/Úhñ8zIG/ ³n ¶[U] ´accommodation in houses, etc: ³More @ is needed
for old people. The @ in this part of the town is sub-standard. ¸Ú@ association
³n ´non-profitmaking society for the construction and provision of @ing. ¸Ú@
estate ³n ´area of houses planned and built either by a local authority or
other organization, to be let or sold.¼
¨hove© ²/hE8v/ ³pt,pp ´of µheave.¼
¨hovel© ²/Úhovl ³US: ²ÚhAvl/ ³n ´small house or cottage that is unfit to live
in; open-sided shed or outhouse.¼
¨hover© ²/ÚhovE(r) ³US: ²ÚhAvEr/ ³vi ¶[VP2A,C] ¸1 ´(of birds) remain in the air
at one place: ³a hawk @ing overhead/@ing over its prey; a helicopter @ing over
the house. ¸Ú@®craft ³n ´craft capable of moving over land or water while
supported on a cushion of air made by jet engines. ¸2 ´(of persons) wait
about; remain at or near: (fig) ³@ between life and death.¼
¨how© ²/hñ8/ ³adv ¸1 ´in what way or manner; by what means: ³How is
the word spelt? Tell me how to spell the word. How did you escape? Tell me how
you escaped. ¸2 ´(in questions and exclamations) to what extent; in what
degree: ³How old is he? How often do you go there? How many are there? How much
do you want? How dirty the house is! How kind you are! How he snores! ´iÔe he
snores very loudly. ³How well you look! ·And how! ´(emphatic) Yes! ¸3 ´in what
state of health: ³How are you? How's your father? How do you do? ´(formula used
as a conventional greeting, esp when persons are formally introduced; used only
with the ³pron ´"you'.) ¸how-d'ye-do ²/*hñ8 dj8 Údu/ ³n ´(colloq) awkward state
of affairs: ³Well, here's a pretty how-d'ye-do! ¸4 ´(introducing an indirect
statement) that: ³He told me how ´(= that) ³he had read about it in the
newspapers. ¸5 ´used in asking for an opinion, decision, explanation, etc: ³How
about going ´(= What do you think about going) ³for a walk? How do you find
your new job, ´Do you like it, etc. ·How come«, ´(colloq) Why is it that«: ³How
come we don't see you more often? ·How's that? ¸(a) ´What's the explanation of
that? ¸(b) ´What's your opinion of that? eÔg an object pointed to. ¸(c) ´(in
cricket, to the umpire) Is the batsman out or not out? ·How so? ´Can you prove
that it is so? ¸how®beit ²/hñ8ÚbiIt/ ³conj ´(archaic) nevertheless. ¸how®ever
²/hñ8ÚevE(r)/ ³adv ¸1 ´in whatever way or degree: ³He will never succeed,
however hard he tries. We must do something, on however humble a scale. ¸2
´(also ³conj´) ´although that is/may be/was, etc so: ³Later, however, he
decided to go. He was mistaken, however.¼
¨how®dah© ²/Úhñ8dE/ ³n ´seat (usu with a canopy) on an elephant's
back.¼
¨how®it®zer© ²/Úhñ8ItsE(r)/ ³n ´short gun for firing shells at a high angle at
short range.¼
¨howl© ²/hñ8l/ ³n ¶[C] ´long, loud cry, eÔg of a wolf; long cry of a person in
pain, or of sb expressing scorn, amusement, etc: ³@s of derision. ´¹ ³vi,vt ¸1
¶[VP2A,C] ´utter such cries: ³wolves @ing in the forest. The wind @ed through
the trees. The boys @ed with laughter. ¸2 ¶[VP6A,15A,B] ·@ (down), ´utter @s
at; utter with @s: ³@ defiance at the enemy; @ down a speaker´, prevent him
from being heard. ¸@er ³n ´(colloq) foolish and laughable mistake. ¸@®ing ³adj
´(sl) extreme; glaring: ³a @ing shame.¼
¨hoy®den© ²/ÚhãIdn/ ³n ´boisterous girl. ¸@®ish ²/-I2/ ³adj ´of or like a @.¼
¨hub© ²/hAb/ ³n ´central part of a wheel from which the spokes radiate, µ¥
´the illus at µbicycle´; (fig) central point of activity or importance: ³a hub
of industry/commerce. He thinks that Boston is the hub of the universe.¼
¨hubble-bubble© ²/ÚhAbl bAbl/ ³n ´= µhookah.¼
¨hub®bub© ²/ÚhAbAb/ ³n ¶[U] ´confused noise, eÔg of many voices; uproar.¼
¨hubby© ²/ÚhAbI/ ³n ´(GB) (colloq) husband.¼
¨hu®bris© ²/ÚhjubrIs/ ³n ¶[U] ´(Gk) arrogant pride.¼
¨hucka®back© ²/ÚhAkEbak/ ³n ´strong, rough, cotton or linen material used for
towels, etc.¼
¨huckle®berry© ²/ÚhAklbErI ³US: ²-berI/ ³n (pl µ-ries³) ´(small, dark-blue
berry of a) low shrub common in N America.¼
¨huck®ster© ²/ÚhAkstE(r)/ ³n ´hawker.¼
¨huddle© ²/ÚhAdl/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP2C] ´crowd together: ³sheep huddling together
for warmth. ¸2 ¶[VP2C] ·@ up (against), ´curl or coil up against: ³Tom was
cold, so he @d up against his brother in bed. ¸3 ¶[VP15A,B] ´heap up in a
confused mass: ³@ things together/up/into sth. ´¹ ³n ´number of things or
persons close together without order or arrangement. ·be in/go into a @,
´(colloq, of persons) be/get together to confer.¼
¨hue©1 ²/hju/ ³n ¶[C] ´(shade of) colour: ³the hues of the rainbow;
the dark hue of the ocean. ¸hued ²/hjud/ ´(in compounds) having the hue(s)
indicated: ·Ú³dark-hued; ·Ú³many-hued.¼
¨hue©2 ²/hju/ ³n ´(only in) ·hue and cry, ²/*hju En ÚkrñI/ ´general outcry of
alarm (as when a criminal is being pursued, or when there is opposition to
sth): ³raise a hue and cry against new tax proposals.¼
¨huff©1 ²/hAf/ ³n ´fit of ill temper. ·be in/get into a @. ¸@®ish ²/-I2/, ¸@y
³adjj ´in a @; taking offence easily. ¸@®ily ²/-IlI/ ³adv¼
¨huff©2 ²/hAf/ ³vi ´puff; blow.¼
¨hug© ²/hAg/ ³vt µ(-gg-) ¶[VP6A] ¸1 ´put the arms round tightly, esp to show
love: ³The child was hugging her doll. ¸2 ´cling to: ³hug cherished beliefs.
¸3 ·hug the shore, ´(of a ship) keep close to it. ¸4 ·hug oneself (with
pleasure/delight) over sth, ´be very pleased with oneself, congratulate
oneself. ¹ ³n ¶[C] ´tight embrace: ³She gave her mother a big hug.¼
¨huge© ²/hjudZ/ ³adj ´very great. ¸@®ly ³adv ´enormously; very much.¼
¨hug®ger-mug®ger© ²/ÚhAgE mAgE(r)/ ³n, adj, adv ´secrecy; secret(ly);
confusion; confused(ly).¼
¨Hu®gue®not© ²/ÚhjugEnE8/ ³n ´(16th and 17th cc) French Protestant.¼
¨hula© ²/ÚhulE/ ³n ´native Hawaiian dance.¼
¨hulk© ²/hAlk/ ³n ¸1 ´old ship no longer in use or used only as a storehouse;
(formerly) old ship used as a prison. ¸2 ´big, clumsy ship, thing or person.
¸@®ing ³adj ´clumsy; awkward: ³Get out of my way, you @ing great idiot!¼
¨hull©1 ²/hAl/ ³n ´outer covering of some fruits and seeds, esp the pods of
peas and beans. ¹ ³vt ´remove the @s of.¼
¨hull©2 ²/hAl/ ³n ´body or frame of a ship. µ¥ ´the illus at
µbarque. ·@ down ¸(a) ´(of a ship almost below the horizon) with only the
mast(s), funnel(s), etc, visible. ¸(b) ´(of a tank) with only the turret
showing.¼
¨hul®la®ba®loo© ²/*hAlEbEÚlu/ ³n ´uproar; disturbance: ³What a @! What's all
this @ about?¼
¨hullo© ´(also ¸hallo, hello´) ²/hEÚlE8/ ³int ´used as a greeting, to call
attention, to express surprise, and to answer a call, eÔg on the telephone.¼
¨hum© ²/hAm/ ³vi,vt µ(-mm-) ¶[VP6A,2A,C] ¸1 ´make a continuous sound like that
made by bees; sing with closed lips: ³She was humming a song to herself. The
bees were humming in the garden. ¸Úhumming®bird ³n ´name used of several
species, usu small and brightly coloured, that make a humming sound by
vibration of the wings. ¸Úhumming-top ³n ´top that hums when it spins. ¸2 ´be
in a state of activity: ³make things hum; a factory humming with activity. ¸3
´(sl) smell unpleasantly: ³This ham is beginning to hum. ¸4 ´usu ·hum and
haw/ha, ´(colloq) make sounds expressing hesitation or doubt. ´¹ ³n ´humming
noise: ³the hum of bees/of distant traffic; a hum of voices/conversation from
the next room.¼
¨hu®man© ²/ÚhjumEn/ ³adj ¸1 ´of man or mankind (contrasted with animals, God):
³a @ being; @ nature; @ affairs. "To err is @, to forgive divine.' ¸2 ´having,
showing, the qualities that distinguish man: ³His cruelty suggests that he is
less than @. ¸@®ly ³adv ´(esp) by @ means; without divine help: ³The doctors
have done all that is @ly possible. ¸*@®Úkind ³n ¶[U] ´mankind.¼
¨hu®mane© ²/hjuÚmeIn/ ³adj ¸1 ´tender; kind-hearted: ³a man of @
character; a @ officer. ¸@ killer, ´instrument for the painless killing of
animals. ¸2 ´(of branches of study) tending to refinement; polished. µ¥
humanity(4). ¸@®ly ³adv´.¼
¨hu®man®ism© ²/ÚhjumEnIzEm/ ³n ¶[U] ¸1 ´devotion to human interests; system
that is concerned with ethical standards (but not with theology), and with the
study of mankind. ¸2 ´literary culture (of about the 14th to 16th cc) based on
Greek and Roman learning.¼
¨hu®man®ist© ²/ÚhjumEnIst/ ³n ¸1 ´student of human nature or human affairs (as
opposed to theological subjects). ¸2 ´supporter of humanism. ¸3 ´(esp in the
14th to 16th cc) student of Greek and Roman literature and antiquities.¼
¨hu®mani®tar®ian© ²/hju*manIÚteErIEn/ ³adj, n ´(of, holding the views of, a)
person who works for the welfare of all human beings by reducing suffering,
reforming laws about punishment, etc. ¸@®ism ²/-IzEm/ ³n¼
¨hu®man®ity© ²/hjuÚmanEtI/ ³n ¶[U] ¸1 ´the human race; mankind: ³crimes
against @. ¸2 ´human nature. ¸3 ´quality of being humaneµ(1)´: ³treat people
and animals with @. ¸4 ³(pl) ¸the humanities, ´the branches of learning
concerned with ancient Greek and Latin culture; the Arts subjects, esp
literature, history and philosophy.¼
¨hu®man®ize© ²/ÚhjumEnñIz/ ³vt,vi ¶[VP6A,2A] ´make or become human or humane.¼
¨humble© ²/ÚhAmbl/ ³adj µ(-r, -st) ¸1 ´having or showing a modest opinion of
oneself, one's position, etc: ³He is very @ in the company of his superiors.
·eat @ pie, ´make an abject apology, humiliate oneself. ¸2 ´(of persons) low in
rank or position; obscure and unimportant; (of things) poor; mean: ³men of @
birth; a @ home; a @ occupation´. ´¹ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´make @; make lower in rank
or self-opinion: ³@ one's enemies; @ sb's pride; @ oneself before God.
¸hum®bly ³adv ´in a @ way: ³beg most humbly for forgiveness; humbly born´, of
@ parents.¼
¨hum®bug© ²/ÚhAmbAg/ ³n ¸1 ¶[C,U] ´(instance of) dishonest and deceiving
behaviour or talk; ¶[C] ´dishonest, deceitful person. ¸2 ´(GB) hard boiled
sweet flavoured with peppermint. ´¹ ³vt µ(-gg-) ¶[VP6A,14] ´deceive or trick
(sb ³into ´or ³out of ´sth): ³Don't try to @ me! ´¹ ³int ´Nonsense!¼
¨hum®dinger© ²/*hAmÚdIGE(r)/ ³n ´(US sl) sth marvellous or extraordinary.¼
¨hum®drum© ²/ÚhAmdrAm/ ³adj ´dull; commonplace; monotonous: ³live a
@ life; engaged in @ tasks.¼
¨hu®merus© ²/ÚhjumErEs/ ³n ´(anat) bone of the upper arm in man. µ¥ ´the illus
at µskeleton.¼
¨hu®mid© ²/ÚhjumId/ ³adj ´(esp of air, climate) damp. ¸@®ify ²/hjuÚmIdIfñI/ ³vt
(pt,pp µ-fied³) ´make @. ¸@®ity ²/hjuÚmIdEtI/ ³n ¶[U] ´(degree of) moisture (in
the air).¼
¨hu®mili®ate© ²/hjuÚmIlIeIt/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´cause to feel ashamed; put to shame;
lower the dignity or self-respect of: ³a country that was @d by defeat;
humiliating peace terms. ¸hu®mili®ation ²/hju*mIlIÚeI2n/ ³n ¶[U] ´humiliating
or being @d; ¶[C] ´instance of this: ³the humiliation of having to surrender.¼
¨hu®mil®ity© ²/hjuÚmIlEtI/ ³n ¶[U] ´humble condition or state of mind.¼
¨hum®ming®bird© ²/ÚhAmIGb3d/ ³n µ¥ hum(1).¼
¨hum®mock© ²/ÚhAmEk/ ³n ´hillock; rising ground in a marsh; hump in an
ice-field.¼
¨hu®mor®ist© ²/ÚhjumErIst/ ³n ´humorous talker or writer; facetious person.¼
¨hu®mor®ous© ²/ÚhjumErEs/ ³adj ´having or showing a sense of humour; funny: ³a
@ writer´, eÔg Mark Twain; ³@ remarks. ¸@®ly ³adv¼
¨hu®mour© ´(US = ¸hu®mor´) ²/ÚhjumE(r)/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´(capacity to
cause or feel) amusement: ³a story full of @; have no/not much/a good sense of
@. ¸2 ¶[U] ´person's state of mind (esp at a particular time); temper: ³in a
good/bad @; not in the @ for work´, not feeling inclined to work; ³in no @ to
trifle; when the @ takes him´, when he feels so inclined. ·out of @,
´displeased; in a bad mood. ¸3 ¶[C] ´(old use) one of four liquids (blood,
phlegm, choler, melancholy) in the body, said to determine a person's mental
and physical qualities. ´¹ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´give way to, gratify: ³When a person is
ill he may have to be @ed´, his wishes may have to be granted, even if they are
senseless. ³Is it wise to always @ a child´, give it everything it wants?¼
¨hump© ²/hAmp/ ³n ¸1 ´round lump, eÔg on a camel's back or (as a deformity) on
a person's back. µ¥ ´the illus at µlarge. ¸Ú@®back ³n ´(person having a) back
with a @. ¸Ú@®backed ³adj ´having such a back. ¸2 ·have/give sb the @, ´(sl)
fit of depression or irritation. ´¹ ³vt ¶[VP6A,15B] ·@ (up), ´make @-shaped;
gather the shoulders into a @: ³The cat @ed (up) her back when she saw the
dog.¼
¨humph© ²/hAmpf ³or spontaneously as a grunt with lips closed and then puffed
open²/ ³int ´used to show doubt or dissatisfaction.¼
¨hu®mus© ²/ÚhjumEs/ ³n ¶[U] ´earth formed by the decay of vegetable matter
(dead leaves, plants).¼
¨Hun© ²/hAn/ ³n ´member of an Asiatic race which ravaged Europe in the 4th and
5th cc.¼
¨hunch© ²/hAnt2/ ³n ¸1 ´thick piece; hunk; hump. ¸Ú@-back(ed), ´=
µhumpback(ed). ¸2 ·have a @ that«, ´(colloq) think it likely that«.
´¹ ³vt ¶[VP6A,15B] ·@ (up), ´arch to form a hump: ³sitting at the table with
his shoulders @ed up.¼
¨hun®dred© ²/ÚhAndrEd/ ³n, adj ´the number 100: ³two @ and five´, 205; ³a few @
people; @s of people. µ¥ App 4. ¸Ú@®weight ³n ´(often written ¸cwt´) ²% ´of one
ton, 112 lb (in US 100 lb). µ¥ App 5. ¸Ú@®fold, ´(US) ¸*@®Úfold ³adv ´one @
times as much or as many. ¸@th ²/ÚhAndrEdT/ ³n, adj ´next after the 99th; one
of a @ equal parts.¼
¨hung© ²/hAG/ ³pt,pp ´of µhang.¼
¨hun®ger© ²/ÚhAGgE(r)/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´need, desire for food: ³die of @; satisfy
one's @. ·be/go on (a) Ú@-strike, ´(eÔg of a prisoner) refuse to take food as a
protest, in order to win release, etc. ¸Ú@-march ³n ´one undertaken, eÔg by
unemployed workers, to call attention to sufferings, etc. Hence, ¸Ú@-marcher
³n´. ¸2 ´(fig) any strong desire: ³a @ for excitement/adventure. ´¹ ³vi
¶[VP2A,3A,4C] ·@ for/to do sth, ´feel, suffer from, @; have a strong desire: ³@
for news.¼
¨hun®gry© ²/ÚhAGgrI/ ³adj µ(-ier, -iest) ´feeling, showing signs of, causing,
hunger: ³be/go @. The boy had a @ look. Hay-making is @ work. The orphan child
was @ for affection. ¸hun®grily ²/ÚhAGgrElI/ ³adv¼
¨hunk© ²/hAGk/ ³n ´thick piece cut off: ³a @ of bread/cheese/meat.¼
¨hun®kers© ²/ÚhAGkEz/ ³n pl ´(colloq) haunches, esp ·on one's @, ´in a
squatting position.¼
¨hunt©1 ²/hAnt/ ³n ¸a/the @, ¸1 ´act of @ing: ³have a good @; find sth after a
long @, ´search. ¸2 ´(esp in GB) group of persons who regularly @ foxes and
stags with horses and hounds; the area in which they do this: ³The Quorn H@; a
member of the @. ¸*@ Úball, ´ball organized by members of a @. ¸@er ³n ¸(a)
´person who @s: ³@ers of big game in Africa. ´(Note that in GB a person who @s
foxes, etc on horseback or shoots grouse, pheasants, etc is not called a @er.
"Do you hunt/shoot?' is preferred to "Are you a @er?') ¸(b) ´horse used in
fox-hunting. ¸3 ´pocket watch with a metal cover protecting the glass face.
¸@®ing ³n ¶[U] ¸(a) ´the act of @ing; (esp in GB) fox-@ing: ³He's fond of @ing.
¸(b) ´(attrib) ³a ·Ú³@ing-man; a ·Ú³@ing-horn. ¸Ú@ing ground, ´(fig) place
where one may search for sth with hope of success. ¸*@ing Úpink, ´shade of red
worn by huntsmen. ¸@®ress ²/ÚhAntrIs/ ³n ´(liter) woman who @s, eÔg the goddess
Diana.¼
¨hunt©2 ²/hAnt/ ³vi,vt ¸1 ¶[VP6A,2A,C] ´go after (wild animals) for
food or sport: ³@ big game; go out @ing. Wolves @ in packs. µ¥ ³shooting ´at
µshoot. ¸2 ¶[VP2A,3A,15B] ´search for. ·@ down, ´pursue and find; bring to bay:
³@ down a criminal/an escaped prisoner. ·@ for, ´search for; try to find: ³@
for a lost book. ·@ out, ´(try to) find by searching (sth that has been put
away and forgotten): ³@ out an old diary/a black tie that hasn't been needed
for years. ·@ up, ´search for (sth hidden or difficult to find): ³@ up old
records/references/quotations. ¸3 ¶[VP6A,15A] ´drive or chase away: ³@ the
neighbour's cats out of the garden. ¸4 ¶[VP6A] ´(special uses in GB;
foxhunting) follow the hounds through or in (a district): ³@ the county;
´employ (a horse) in @ing: ³@ one's horse all winter; ´act as master or
huntsman of (a pack of hounds): ³@ the hounds.¼
¨hunts®man© ²/ÚhAntsmEn/ ³n (pl µ-men³) ¸1 ´hunterµ(1)´. ¸2 ´man in charge of
the hounds during a huntµ(2)´.¼
¨hurdle© ²/Úh3dl/ ³n ¸1 ´(GB) movable upright oblong frame of wood, etc used
for making temporary fences, eÔg for sheep pens. ¸2 ´light upright frame to be
jumped over in a ·Ú³@-race. ¸3 ´(fig) difficulty to be overcome. ´¹ ³vt,vi ¸1
¶[VP15B] ·@ off, ´fence with @s. ¸2 ¶[VP2A] ´jump over a @; run in a
@-race. ¸hur®dler ³n ´person who makes @sµ(1)´; person who runs in @-races.¼
¨hurdy-gurdy© ²/Úh3dI g3dI/ ³n ´street piano or barrel organ, usu mounted on
wheels, played by turning a handle.¼
¨hurl© ²/h3l/ ³vt ¶[VP6A,15A,B] ´throw violently: ³@ a spear at a tiger. They
@ed themselves at/upon the enemy and attacked them violently. ´¹ ³n ´violent
throw.¼
¨hurl®ing© ²/Úh3lIG/ ³n ¶[U] ´Irish ball game resembling hockey.¼
¨hurly-burly© ²/Úh3lI b3lI/ ³n ¶[U] ´noisy commotion; uproar.¼
¨hur®rah© ²/h8Úrq/, ±hur®ray ²/h8ÚreI/ ³int ´expressing joy, welcome,
approval, etc: ³H@ for the Queen! Hip, hip, @! ´¹ ³vi ´shout @; cheer.¼
¨hur®ri®cane© ²/ÚhArIkEn ³US: ²Ú-keIn/ ³n ¶[C] ´violent windstorm,
esp a W Indian cyclone. ¸Ú@ lamp/lantern ³nn ´kind with the light protected
from the wind.¼
¨hurry© ²/ÚhArI/ ³n ¶[U,C] ´eager haste; wish to get sth done quickly; (with
neg, or in the interr) need for haste: ³Everything was @ and excitement. Why
all this @? Is there any/a @´, need for @? ³Don't start
yetÅthere's no @´, there's plenty of time. ·in a @, ¸(a) ´impatient; acting,
anxious to act, quickly: ³He was in a @ to leave. In his @ to catch the train,
he left his luggage in the taxi. ¸(b) ´(colloq) soon, willingly: ³I shan't ask
that rude man to dinner again in a @. ¸(c) ´(colloq) easily: ³You won't find a
better specimen than that in a @. ´¹ ³vt,vi (pt,pp µ-ried³) ¶[VP6A,15A,B,2A,C]
´(cause to) move or do sth quickly or too quickly: ³Don't @; there's plenty of
time. It's no use @ing her/trying to make her @. If we @ the work, it may be
spoiled. He picked up his bag and hurried off. More soldiers were hurried to
the front line. H@ up! ´Make haste. ³H@ him up! Make him @. ¸hur®ried ³adj
´done, etc in a @; showing haste: ³a hurried meal; write a few hurried lines.
¸hur®ried®ly ³adv¼
¨hurt© ²/h3t/ ³vt,vi (pt,pp µhurt³) ¸1 ¶[VP6A,B,2A] ´cause bodily injury or
pain to; damage: ³He @ his back when he fell. He was more frightened than @.
Did you @ yourself? These shoes are too tight; they @ (me). ¸2 ¶[VP6A] ´pain a
person, his feelings: ³Their criticisms have @ him deeply. She was @ to find
that no one admired her performance. ¸3 ¶[VP2A] ´suffer injury; come to harm;
have a bad effect: ³It won't @ to postpone the matter for a few days. ´¹ ³n
¶[U] ´(or with ³indef art´) harm; injury: ³I intended no @ to his feelings. It
was a severe @ to his pride. ¸@®ful ²/-fl/ ³adj ´causing @: ³@ful to the
health.¼
¨hurtle© ²/Úh3tl/ ³vi ¶[VP2C] ´rush or fly violently: ³During the
gale chimney-pots and roof-tiles came hurtling down.¼
¨hus®band© ²/ÚhAzbEnd/ ³n ´man to whom a woman is married. ´¹ ³vt ¶[VP1,6A]
´use sparingly: ³@ one's resources/strength.¼
¨hus®band®man© ²/ÚhAzbEndmEn/ ³n (pl µ-men ²/-mEn/³) ´(old use) farmer.
¸hus®bandry ²/ÚhAzbEndrI/ ³n ¶[U] ´farming; management: ³animal husbandry;
good/bad husbandry.¼
¨hush© ²/hA2/ ³vt,vi ¶[VP2A,15A,B] ´make or become silent or quiet: ³H@! ´Be
silent! ³She @ed the baby to sleep. ·@ sth up, ´prevent it from becoming
public knowledge: ³She tried unsuccessfully to @ up the fact that her husband
was an ex-convict. ´¹ ³n ¸a/the @, ´silence; stillness: ³in the @ of night;
there was a sudden @. ¸Ú@-money ³n ´money paid to @ sth up (usu sth scandalous
or discreditable). ¸*@-Ú@ ³adj ´(colloq) (to be) kept very secret: ³a @-@
affair.¼
¨husk© ²/hAsk/ ³n ´(usu ³pl´) ´dry outer covering of seeds, esp of grain: ³rice
in the @´, with the @s not removed; (fig) worthless outside part of anything.
µ¥ ´the illus at µcereal. ´¹ ³vt ´remove @s from.¼
¨husky© ²/ÚhAskI/ ³adj µ(-ier, -iest) ¸1 ´(dry) like husks. ¸2 ´(of a person,
his voice) hoarse; with a dry and almost whispering voice: ³a @ voice/cough.
You sound @ this morning. ¸3 ´(colloq) big and strong: ³a fine @ woman,
excellent as a farmer's wife. ´¹ ³n ¸1 ´thick-coated dog of N American
Eskimos. ¸2 ´@µ(3) ´person. ¸husk®ily ²/-IlI/ ³adv ¸huski®ness ³n¼
¨hus®sar© ²/h8Úzq(r)/ ³n ´soldier of a light cavalry regiment.¼
¨hussy© ²/ÚhAsI/ ³n (pl µ-sies³) ´worthless woman; ill-mannered girl.¼
¨hus®tings© ²/ÚhAstIGz/ ³n pl ¸the @, ´proceedings (canvassing, speech-making,
etc) leading up to a parliamentary election.¼
¨hustle© ²/ÚhAsl/ ³vt,vi ¶[VP6A,15A,B,2A,C] ¸1 ´push or jostle roughly;
(force sb to) hurry: ³The police @d the thief into their van. I don't want to @
you into a decision. ¸2 ´(esp US) (colloq) sell or obtain sth by energetic (esp
deceitful) activity. ¸3 ´(US sl) engage in prostitution. ¹ ³n sing
´quick and energetic activity: ³The railway station was a scene of @ and
bustle. ¸hus®tler ³n ´person who @s; (US sl) prostitute.¼
¨hut© ²/hAt/ ³n ¸1 ´small, roughly made house or shelter: ³Alpine
huts´, for the use of mountain climbers. ¸2 ´temporary wooden building for
soldiers. ¸Úhut®ment ³n ´encampment of huts. ¸hut®ted ³adj´: ³hutted camps´,
with huts, not tents (for troops, etc)¼
¨hutch© ²/hAt2/ ³n ´box or cage with a front of wire netting, esp one used for
rabbits.¼
¨hya®cinth© ²/ÚhñIEsInT/ ³n ´plant growing from a bulb; its sweet-smelling
flowers. ¸Úwater®@, ´wild plant that grows in floating masses on rivers,
lakes, etc and may hinder navigation.¼
¨hy®aena© ²/hñIÚinE/ µ¥ hyena.¼
¨hy®brid© ²/ÚhñIbrId/ ³n, adj ´(animal, plant, etc) from parents of different
species or varieties: ³A mule is a @ animal. "Cablegram' is a @; half the word
is Latin and half is Greek. ¸@®ize ²/-ñIz/ ³vt,vi ¶[VP6A,2A] ´(cause to)
produce @s; interbreed.¼
¨hy®dra© ²/ÚhñIdrE/ ³n ´(Gk myth) great sea serpent with many heads that grew
again if cut off.¼
¨hy®drangea© ²/hñIÚdreIndZE/ ³n ´shrub with large round heads of white, blue or
pink flowers.¼
¨hy®drant© ²/ÚhñIdrEnt/ ³n ´pipe from a water-main (esp in a street) with a
nozzle to which a hose can be attached for street-cleaning, putting out fires,
etc.¼
¨hy®drate© ²/ÚhñIdreIt/ ³n ´chemical compound of water with another
substance. ´¹ ³vt,vi ´combine with water to make a @; become a @.¼
¨hy®drau®lic© ²/hñIÚdrclIk/ ³adj ´of water moving through pipes; worked by the
pressure of a fluid, esp water: ³a @ lift; @ brakes´, in which the braking
force is transmitted by compressed fluid; hardening under water: ³@ cement.
¸hy®drau®lics ³n pl ´science of using water to produce power.¼
¨hy®dro®car®bon© ²/*hñIdrEÚkqbEn/ ³n ¶[C] ´substance formed of hydrogen and
carbon, eÔg benzene, paraffin, coal-gas.¼
¨hy®dro®chloric© ²/*hñIdrEÚklorIk ³US: ²-Úklcr-/ ³adj´: ³@ acid, ´acid ¸(HCl)
´containing hydrogen and chlorine.¼
¨hy®dro®elec®tric© ²/*hñIdrE8IÚlektrIk/ ³adj ´of electricity
produced by water-power.¼
¨hy®dro®foil© ²/ÚhñIdrEfãIl/ ³n ´boat equipped with plates or fins which, when
the boat is in motion, raise the hull out of the water.¼
¨hy®dro®gen© ²/ÚhñIdrEdZEn/ ³n ´gas (symbol ¸H´) without colour, taste or
smell, that combines with oxygen to form water. ¸Ú@ bomb ´(also ³fusion bomb´)
variety of ³atomic bomb, µ¥ atomic. ¸*@ peÚroxide ³n ´solution of peroxide of
@, ¸(H¶c¸O¶c¸)´, used as an antiseptic and bleaching agent.¼
¨hy®drop®athy© ²/hñIÚdropETI/ ³n ¶[U] ´use of water (internally and externally)
in the treatment of disease. ¸hy®dro®pathic ²/*hñIdrEÚpaTIk/ ³adj ´of @.¼
¨hy®dro®pho®bia© ²/*hñIdrEÚfE8bIE/ ³n ¶[U] ´rabies; disease marked by strong
contractions of the muscles of the throat and consequent inability to drink
water.¼
¨hy®dro®plane© ²/ÚhñIdrEpleIn/ ³n ´hydrofoil; motor-boat with a flat bottom,
able to skim very fast over the surface; (old name for) seaplane.¼
¨hy®dro®pon®ics© ²/*hñIdrEÚponIks/ ³n pl ´art of growing plants without soil,
in water to which necessary chemical food is supplied.¼
¨hy®ena©, hy®aena ²/hñIÚinE/ ³n ´flesh-eating wild animal, like a wolf, with a
laughing cry. µ¥ ´the illus at µlarge.¼
¨hy®giene© ²/ÚhñIdZin/ ³n ¶[U] ´science of, rules for, healthy living;
cleanliness. ¸hy®gienic ²/hñIÚdZinIk ³US: ²*hñIdZIÚenIk/ ³adj ´of @; likely to
promote health; free from disease germs: ³hygienic conditions. ¸hy®gieni®cally
²/-klI/ ³adv¼
¨hy®men© ²/ÚhñImEn/ ³n ¸1 H@, ´Greek god of marriage. ¸2 ´(anat) fold of tissue
partly closing the vagina of a virgin girl or woman.¼
¨hymn© ²/hIm/ ³n ´song of praise to God, esp one for use in a religious
service. ¹ ³vt ´praise (God) in @s; express (praise) in @s. ¸hym®nal ²/ÚhImnEl/
³n ´book of @s.¼
¨hy®per®bola© ²/hñIÚp3bElE/ ³n ´curve produced when a cone is cut
by a plane passing anywhere except through its point.¼
¨hy®per®bole© ²/hñIÚp3bElI/ ³n ¶[U] ´(use of) exaggerated statement(s) made for
effect and not intended to be taken literally; ¶[C] ´instance of this, eÔg
³waves as high as Everest.¼
¨hy®per®criti®cal© ²/*hñIpEÚkrItIkl/ ³adj ´too critical, esp of small faults.¼
¨hy®per®market© ²/ÚhñIpEmqkIt/ ³n ´immense supermarket occupying an extensive
area, outside a town, with a large car park, selling all varieties of goods.¼
¨hy®phen© ²/ÚhñIfn/ ³n ´the mark (-) used to join two words together (as in
³Anglo-French´), or to show that a word has been divided between the end of one
line and the beginning of another. µ¥ App 9. ¹ ³vt ´join (words)
with a @; write (a compound word) with a @. ¸@®ate ²/-eIt/ ³vt ´= @.¼
¨hyp®no®sis© ²/hIpÚnE8sIs/ ³n (pl µ-ses ²/-siz/³) ¶[U,C] ´state like deep sleep
in which a person's acts may be controlled by another person. ¸hyp®notic
²/hIpÚnotIk/ ³adj ´of @: ³in a hypnotic state. ¸hyp®not®ism ²/ÚhIpnEtIzEm/ ³n
¶[U] ´artificial production of @. ¸hyp®not®ize ²/ÚhIpnEtñIz/ ³vt ¶[VP6A]
´produce @ in (sb). ¸hyp®not®ist ²/ÚhIpnEtIst/ ³n ´person able to produce @.¼
¨hypo© ²/ÚhñIpE8/ ³n ´(colloq abbr of) sodium thiosulphate ¸(Na¶c¸S¶c¸O¶c¸)´,
used in photography as a fixing agent.¼
¨hy®po®chon®dria© ²/*hñIpEÚkondrIE/ ³n ¶[U] ´state of mental depression either
without apparent cause or due to unnecessary anxiety about one's health.
¸hy®po®chon®driac ²/*hñIpEÚkondrIak/ ³adj ´of, affected by, @. ¹ ³n ´person who
suffers from @.¼
¨hy®poc®risy© ²/hIÚpokrEsI/ ³n (pl µ-sies³) ¶[C,U] ´(instance of) falsely
making oneself appear to be virtuous or good. ¸hyp®ocrite ²/ÚhIpEkrIt/ ³n
´person guilty of @. ¸hy®po®criti®cal ²/*hIpEÚkrItIkl/ ³adj ´of @ or a
hypocrite. ¸hy®po®criti®cally ²/-klI/ ³adv¼
¨hy®po®der®mic© ²/*hñIpEÚd3mIk/ ³adj ´(of drugs, etc) injected
beneath the skin: ³@ injections; a @ needle/syringe´, used for giving such
injections. µ¥ ´the illus at µsyringe. ´¹ ³n ´@ injection or syringe.¼
¨hy®pot®en®use© ²/*hñIÚpotEnjuz ³US: ²-tnus/ ³n ´side of a right-angled
triangle opposite the right angle.¼
¨hy®poth®ecate© ²/hñIÚpoTIkeIt/ ³vt ´(legal) pledge; mortgage.¼
¨hy®poth®esis© ²/hñIÚpoTEsIs/ ³n (pl µ-ses ²/-siz/³) ´idea, suggestion, put
forward as a starting-point for reasoning or explanation. ¸hy®po®theti®cal
²/*hñIpEÚTetIkl/ ³adj ´of, based on, a @; not based on certain knowledge.¼
¨hys®sop© ²/ÚhIsEp/ ³n ´strong-smelling plant formerly used in medicine.¼
¨hys®teria© ²/hIÚstIErIE/ ³n ¶[U] ¸1 ´disturbance of the nervous system, with
outbursts of emotion, often uncontrollable. ¸2 ´senseless, uncontrolled
excitement, eÔg in a crowd at a football match.¼
¸hys®teri®cal ²/hIÚsterIkl/ ³adj ´caused by, suffering from, @: ³hysterical
laughter; hysterical outbursts of fury. ¸hys®teri®cally ²/-klI/ ³adv
¸hys®ter®ics ²/hIÚsterIks/ ³n pl ´attack(s) of @: ³go into hysterics.¼
¨I©1 i ²/ñI/ ³n (pl µI's i's ²/ñIz/³) ´the ninth letter of the English
alphabet; symbol for Roman numeral 1, µ¥ App 4.¼
¨I©2 ²/ñI/ ³pers pron ´used by a speaker or writer to refer to himself. Cf
³me´, object form, and ³we, us´, plural forms.¼
¨iamb© ²/ÚñIam/ ³n ´= µiambus.¼
¨iam®bus© ²/ñIÚambEs/ ³n (pl µ@es ´or µ-bi ²/-bñI/³) ´(prosody) metrical foot
of one unaccented and one accented syllable eÔg ³a·Ú³lone. ¸iam®bic
²/ñIÚambIk/ ³adj ´of, containing, @es: ³iambic feet´, eÔg I ·Ú´come / from
·Ú´haunts / of ·Ú´coot / and ·Ú´fern. ¸iam®bics ³n pl ´iambic verse.¼
¨ibex© ²/ÚñIbeks/ ³n ´wild goat (of the Alps and Pyrenees) with large curved
horns.¼
¨ibi®dem© ²/ÚIbIdem/ ³adv ´(Lat) in the same book, chapter, etc
(previously quoted).¼
¨ibis© ²/ÚñIbIs/ ³n ´large wading bird (like a stork or heron) found in lakes
and swamps in warm climates.¼
¨ice©1 ²/ñIs/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´frozen water; water made solid by cold: ³Is the ice
thick enough for skating? ·break the ice, ´(fig) get people on friendly terms;
overcome formality or reserve; take the first steps in a delicate matter. ·cut
no ice (with sb), ´have little or no effect or influence (on him). ·keep sth
on ice, ´in a refrigerator; (fig) reserve for later use. ·be skating on thin
ice, ´(fig) in a dangerous or delicate situation. ¸dry ice, µ¥ dry±1µ(13). ¸2
¶[C] ´frozen sweet of various kinds: ³water-ice; cream ices; two strawberry
ices. µ¥ ice-cream ´below. ¸3 ´(compounds) ¸ÚIce Age ³n ´time when much of the
N hemisphere was covered with glaciers; glacial period. ¸Úice-axe ³n ´axe used
by mountain climbers for cutting steps in ice. ¸Úice®berg ³n ´mass of ice
(broken off a glacier) moving in the sea; (fig) unemotional person: ³his
iceberg of a wife. ¸Úice®boat ³n ´boat fitted with runners and sails for
travelling on a frozen lake or sea. ¸Úice®bound ³adj ´(of harbours, etc)
obstructed by ice. ¸Úice®box ³n ´box in which ice is used to keep food cool;
(US) refrigerator. ¸Úice®breaker ³n ´ship with strong curved bows used for
breaking a passage through ice. ¸Úice®cap ³n ´permanent covering of ice
sloping down on all sides from a high centre. ¸*ice-Úcream ³n ¶[C,U] ´(portion
of) cream or custard (or various modern substitutes), sweetened, and flavoured
and frozen. ¸Úice®cube ³n ´cube of ice made in an icetray in a refrigerator.
¸Úice®fall ³n ´steep part of a glacier, like a frozen waterfall. ¸Úice®field ³n
´large expanse of (esp marine) ice in the Polar regions. ¸Úice®floe ²/-flE8/ ³n
´large sheet of floating ice. ¸Úicefree ³adj ´(of a port or harbour) free from
ice. µ¥ icebound ´above. ¸Úice hockey, µ¥ hockey. ¸Úice®house ³n ´building
often partly or wholly underground for storing ice in winter for use in summer.
¸*ice-Úlolly ³n ´flavoured ice on a stick. ¸Úice-man ²/-man/ ³n (pl µ-men³)
´(US) man who retails and delivers ice (for use in ice-boxes, etc). ¸Úice®pack
³n ¸(a) ´stretch of sea covered with broken ice that has drifted into masses.
¸(b) ´bag of broken ice used as an application, eÔg to the head, for fever.
¸Úice-show ³n ´variety entertainment in which the performers are on ice-skates
(on a floor of artificial ice). ¸Úice®pick ³n ´tool for breaking ice.
¸Úice®rink ³n ´indoor skating-rink with a floor of artificial ice. ¸Úice-skate
³n ´thin metal runner or blade on a boot for skating on ice. µ¹ ³vi ´skate on
ice. µ¥ ´the illus at µskate. ¸Úice-tray ³n ´one kept in the deep-freeze
compartment of a refrigerator, for making cubes of ice.¼
¨ice©2 ²/ñIs/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A] ´make very cold: ³ice a bottle of
beer; iced water. ¸2 ¶[VP2C,15B] ·@ over/up, ´cover, become covered, with a
coating of ice: ³The pond (was) iced over. The wings of the aircraft had iced
up. ¸3 ¶[VP6A] ´cover (a cake) with sugar icing. µ¥ icing.¼
¨ich®neu®mon© ²/IkÚnjumEn ³US: ²-Únu-/ ³n ¸1 ´small brown weasel-like animal
noted for destroying crocodiles' eggs. ¸2 ´(also ¸Ú@-fly´) insect which lays
its eggs in or on the larva of another insect.¼
¨icicle© ²/ÚñIsIkl/ ³n ´pointed piece of ice formed by the freezing of dripping
water.¼
¨icing© ²/ÚñIsIG/ ³n ¶[U] ¸1 ´mixture of sugar, white of egg, flavouring, etc
for covering cake(s). ¸2 ´formation of ice on the wings of aircraft.¼
¨icon© ²/ÚñIkon/ ³n ´(in the Eastern Church) painting, carving or mosaic of a
sacred person, itself regarded as sacred.¼
¨icono®clast© ²/ñIÚkonEklast/ ³n ´person who took part in the movement against
the use of images in religious worship in the churches of Eastern Europe in the
8th and 9th cc (also applied to Puritans in England, 17th c); (fig) person
who attacks popular beliefs or established customs which he thinks mistaken or
unwise.¼
¨icy© ²/ÚñIsI/ ³adj µ(-ier, -iest) ´very cold, like ice: ³icy
winds; ´covered with ice: ³icy roads; ´(fig) ³an icy welcome/manner. ¸icily
²/ÚñIsIlI/ ³adv ´(lit, fig) in an icy manner.¼
¨id© ²/Id/ ³n ´(psych) ¸(the) @, ´person's unconscious instincts and impulses.¼
¨I'd© ²/ñId/ ³c ´= ³I had ´or ³I would.¼
¨idea© ²/ñIÚdIE/ ³n ¸1 ´thought; picture in the mind: ³This book gives you a
good @ of life in ancient Greece. ¸2 ´plan; scheme; design; purpose: ³That man
is full of new @s. ¸3 ´opinion: ³You shouldn't force your @s on other people.
¸4 ´vague belief; fancy; feeling that sth is probable: ³I have an @ that she
will be late. ¸5 ´conception: ³What @ can a man who is blind from birth have
of colour? Picnicking is not my @ of pleasure. You can have no @ (of) how
anxious we have been. ·put Ú@s into sb's head, ´give him expectations that are
not likely to be realized. ¸6 ´(in exclamations): ³The @ of such a thing! What
an @! ´(used to suggest that what has been suggested is unrealistic,
outrageous, etc). ¸7 ´way of thinking: ³the young @´, the child's mind.¼
¨ideal© ²/ñIÚdIEl/ ³adj ¸1 ´satisfying one's idea of what is perfect: ³@
weather for a holiday. ¸2 ´(contrasted with ³real´) existing only in the
imagination or as an idea; not likely to be achieved: ³@ happiness; @ plans for
reforming the world. ´¹ ³n ¶[C] ´idea, example, looked upon as perfect:
³the high @s of the Christian religion. She's looking for a husband but hasn't
found her @ yet. ¸@ly ²/ñIÚdIElI/ ³adv¼
¨ideal®ism© ²/ñIÚdIElIzEm/ ³n ¶[U] ¸1 ´living according to, being
guided by, one's ideals. ¸2 ´(in art) (opposite of ³realism´) imaginative
treatment, showing beauty and perfection even if this means being untrue to
facts. ¸3 ´(in philosophy) system of thought in which ideas are believed to be
the only real things or the only things of which we can know anything.
¸ideal®ist ²/-Ist/ ³n ´person who believes in @. ¸ideal®istic ²/ñI*dIEÚlIstIk/
³adj ´of idealists and @.¼
¨ideal®ize© ²/ñIÚdIElñIz/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´see, think of, as perfect: ³Some
biographers @ their subjects. ¸ideal®iz®ation ²/ñI*dIElñIÚzeI2n ³US: ²-lIÚz-/
³n¼
¨idem© ²/ÚñIdem/ ³n, adj ´(Lat) (by) the same author, etc; the same word, book,
authority, etc (already mentioned).¼
¨ident®ical© ²/ñIÚdentIkl/ ³adj ·@ (to/with), ¸1 ´the same: ³This knife is @ to
the one with which the murder was committed. ¸2 ´exactly alike; agreeing in
every way: ³The fingerprints of no two persons are @. Our views of what should
be done are @. 40 inches is @ with 3 feet 4 inches. ¸3 *@ Útwins, ´twins
from one single fertilized ovum. ¸@ly ²/-klI/ ³adv¼
¨ident®ify© ²/ñIÚdentIfñI/ ³vt (pt,pp µ-fied³) ¶[VP6A,14,3A] ¸1 ´say, show,
prove, who or what sb or sth is; establish the identity of: ³Could you @ your
umbrella among a hundred others? His accent was difficult to @. ¸2 ·@ sth with
sth, ´treat (sth) as identical (with); equate (one thing with another). ¸3 ·@
(oneself) with sb/sth, ´give support to, be associated with; feel close to: ³He
refused to @ himself/become identified with the new political party.
¸identi®fi®ca®tion ²/ñI*dentIfIÚkeI2n/ ³n ¶[U] ´@ing or being identified: ³the
identification of persons killed in a road accident´, finding out who they
are.¼
¨iden®ti®kit© ²/ñIÚdentIkIt/ ³n ´composite drawing of the face of an
unidentified person (esp a suspected criminal), from features recalled by those
who saw him.¼
¨ident®ity© ²/ñIÚdentEtI/ ³n (pl µ-ties³) ¸1 ¶[U] ´state of being
identical; absolute sameness; exact likeness. ¸2 ¶[C,U] ´who sb is; what sth
is: ³There is no clue to the @ of the thief´, nothing to show who he is. ³The
cheque will be cashed upon proof of @. He was arrested because of mistaken @.
¸Ú@ card/disc/certificate, ´card, etc that gives proof of one's @.¼
¨ideo®gram© ²/ÚIdIEgram/, ±ideo®graph ²/ÚIdIEgrqf ³US: ²-graf/ ³nn ´written
or printed character, used in making up words, that symbolizes the idea of a
thing without indicating the sounds that make up the word, eÔg as used in
Chinese writing. ¸ideo®graphic ²/*IdIEÚgrafIk/ ³adj¼
¨ideol®ogy© ²/*ñIdIÚolEdZI/ ³n (pl µ-gies³) ¸1 ¶[C] ´manner of thinking, ideas,
characteristic of a person, group, etc, esp as forming the basis of an
economic or political system: ³bourgeois, Marxist and totalitarian ideologies.
¸2 ¶[U] ´unproductive thought. ¸ideo®logi®cal ²/*ñIdIEÚlodZIkl/ ³adj
¸ideo®logi®cally ²/-klI/ ³adv¼
¨ides© ²/ñIdz/ ³n pl ´(in the calendar of ancient Rome) the 15th of March, May,
July, Oct or the 13th of other months.¼
¨id est© ²/*Id Úest/ ³x ´(abbr ¸iÔe´) (Lat) that is to say.¼
¨idi®ocy© ²/ÚIdIEsI/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´state of being an idiot; extreme stupidity.
¸2 ¶[C] ³(pl µ-cies³) ´extremely stupid act, remark, etc.¼
¨idio®lect© ²/ÚIdIElekt/ ³n ´the total of a person's language that he knows and
uses at any stage of his language development: ³Is the word "psychosis' part of
your @?¼
¨id®iom© ²/ÚIdIEm/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´language of a people or country; specific
character of this, eÔg one peculiar to a country, district, group of people, or
to one individual: ³the French @; the @ of the New England countryside´, iÔe
the kind of English used by country people there; ³Shakespeare's @´, the method
of expression peculiar to him. ¸2 ¶[C] ´phrase or sentence whose meaning is not
obvious through knowledge of the individual meanings of the constituent words
but must be learnt as a whole, eÔg ³give way, in order to, be hard put to it.
¸idio®matic ²/*IdIEÚmatIk/ ³adj ¸1 ´in accordance with the @sµ(2) ´of a
language, dialect, etc: ³speak @atic English. ¸2 ´full of @sµ(2)´: ³an @atic
language. ¸idi®om®ati®cally ²/*IdIEÚmatIklI/ ³adv¼
¨idio®syn®crasy© ²/*IdIEÚsIGkrEsI/ ³n (pl µ-sies³) ¶[C] ´way of
thinking or behaving that is peculiar to a person; personal mannerism.
¸idio®syn®cratic ²/*IdIEsIGÚkratIk/ ³adj¼
¨id®iot© ²/ÚIdIEt/ ³n ¸1 ´person so weak-minded that he is incapable of
rational conduct. ¸2 ´(colloq) fool: ³"I've left my suitcase in the train.
What an @ I am!' ¸idi®otic ²/*IdIÚotIk/ ³adj ´stupid. ¸@i®cally ²/-klI/ ³adv¼
¨idle© ²/ÚñIdl/ ³adj µ(-r, -st) ¸1 ´doing no work; not employed; not active or
in use; (of time) not spent in doing something: ³When men cannot find
employment they are @ ´(though not necessarily lazy). ³During the business
depression half the machines in the factory were @. We spent many @ hours
during the holidays. ¸2 ´(of persons) not willing to work; lazy (which is the
commoner word for this sense): ³an @, worthless girl. ¸3 ´useless; worthless:
³Don't listen to @ gossip/tales. It's @ to expect help from that man. ´¹
³vi,vt ¸1 ¶[VP2A,C] ´be @; ³Don't @ (about). ¸2 ¶[VP15B] ·@ away, ´spend in an
@ manner: ³Don't @ away your time. ¸3 ´(of a car engine) run slowly in neutral
gear. ¸idler ²/ÚñIdlE(r)/ ³n ´person who @s. ¸idly ²/ÚñIdlI/ ³adv ¸@®ess ³n
´state of being @: ³live in @ness.¼
¨idol© ²/ÚñIdl/ ³n ¸1 ´image in wood, stone, etc of a god; such an image used
as an object of worship; false god. ¸2 ´sb or sth greatly loved or admired: ³He
was an only child, and the @ of his parents. Don't make an @ of wealth. ¸@®ater
²/ñIÚdolEtE(r)/ ³n ¸1 ´worshipper of @s. ¸2 ´devoted admirer ³(of«). ¸@®atress
²/ñIÚdolEtrIs/ ³n ´woman @ater. ¸@®atrous ²/ñIÚdolEtrEs/ ³adj ´(of a person)
worshipping @s; of the worship of @s. ¸@®atrous®ly ³adv ¸@®atry ²/qIÚdolEtrI/
³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´the worship of @s; excessive devotion to or admiration of (sb or
sth). ¸2 ¶[C] ³(pl µ-ries³) ´instance of this. ¸@®ize ²/ÚñIdElñIz/ ³vt ¶[VP6A]
´make an @ of; love or admire to excess. ¸@®iz®ation ²/*ñIdElñIÚzeI2n ³US:
²-lIÚz-/ ³n ´@izing or being @ized.¼
¨idyll© ²/ÚIdIl ³US: ²ÚñIdl/ ³n ´short description, usu in verse,
of a simple scene or event, esp of country life; period of great peace and
happiness. ¸idyl®lic ²/IÚdIlIk ³US: ²ñIÚd-/ ³adj ´suitable for, like, an @;
simple, peaceful and pleasant.¼
¨if© ²/If/ ³conj ¸1 ´on the condition that; supposing that: ¸(a) ´(Present or
Present Perfect Tense in the ³if-´clause, indicating that sth is possible,
probable, or likely): ³If you ask him, he will help you. If (it is) necessary,
I can come at six. If you have finished with that book, take it back to the
library. ¸(b) ´(with ³should ´in the ³if´-clause, to indicate that an event is
unlikely or improbable): ³If anyone should call, please let me know. If it
should be necessary, I could come at six. ¸(c) ´(with ³will ´in the
³if´-clause, not to show future time, but as part of the polite formula "Will
you, please'): ³If you will wait a moment ´(= Please wait a moment and) ³I'll
go and tell the manager that you are here. ¸(d) ´(Past Tense in the
³if´-clause, indicating a condition that cannot be, or is unlikely to be
realized, or is one put forward for consideration): ³If you were a bird, you
could fly. If I asked him/If I were to ask him for a loan, would he agree? If
you would lend me $5 until Monday, I should be grateful. ¸(e) ´(Past Perfect
Tense in the ³if´-clause, indicating that the condition was not fulfilled, eÔg
because it was an impossible one, or through sb's failure to act): ³If they'd
started earlier, they would have arrived in time. If they had not started when
they did, they wouldn't be here now. ´(After some ³vv, ´eÔg ³think, remember,
ask´, the main clause depending upon the condition is usu omitted): ³If you
think about it´, (you realize that) ³there were many bright boys in that
class. If you ask me´, (I will tell you) ³he's a fool. ¸2 ´(In literary style
³if ´may be omitted, and an inversion of subject and ³aux v, ´esp
³were/had/should´, used instead): ³Should it ´(= If it should) ³be necessary«;
Were I ´(= If I were) ³in your place«; Had I ´(= If I had) ³known earlier«. ¸3
´(When ³if ´is used meaning "when' or "whenever', so that there is no
condition, tenses in the main clause and the ³if´-clause may be the same): ³If
you mix yellow and blue you get green. If she wants the steward she rings the
bell. ¸4 ·(even) if, ´granting or admitting that: ³If I'm mistaken, you're
mistaken, too. Even if he did say that, I'm sure he didn't intend to hurt your
feelings. ¸5 ·(even) if, ´although: ³I'll do it, even if it takes me all the
afternoon. ¸6 ´(colloq) (³if ´replacing ³whether´, to introduce an
interrogative clause): ³Do you know if Mr Smith is at home? She asked if that
was enough. ´(Note: ³if ´should not replace ³whether ´in cases where there may
be ambiguity: cf ³Let me know whether you are coming´, (information wanted
in either case). ³Let me know if (´= only if³) you are coming´, (information
wanted only in the one case).) ¸7 ·as if, ´as it would be if (³it isn't as if«
´suggests that the contrary of what follows is true): ³It isn't as if we were
rich´, iÔe We are ³not ´rich. ³It isn't as if he doesn't know the rules´, iÔe
He ³does ´know the rules. ³(As if ´often introduces an exclamation): ³As if I
would allow it! ´iÔe I would certainly ³not ´allow it! µ¥ as±2µ(11). ¸8 ·if
only, ´(often introduces a wish, or indicates an unfulfilled condition, esp in
exclamations): ³If only he arrives in time! If only she would marry me! If only
she had known about it ´(but she did not know)! ³If only you could/If you could
only have seen it. ¸9 ³(if, ´followed by a ³v ´in the neg, is used in
exclamations to indicate dismay, surprise, etc): ³Well, if I haven't left my
umbrella in the train! And if he didn't try to knock me down! ´What do you
think he did? He tried to knock me down!¼
¨ig®loo© ²/ÚIglu/ ³n (pl µ@s³) ´dome-shaped hut made of blocks of
hard snow, used by the Eskimos.¼
¨ig®neous© ²/ÚIgnIEs/ ³adj ´(of rocks) formed by volcanic action.¼
¨ig®nis fatuus© ²/*IgnIs Úfatj8Es/ ³n (pl µignes fatui ²/*Igniz Úfatj8aI/³) ¸1
´= µwill-o'-the-wisp. ¸2 ´(colloq) sth misleading.¼
¨ig®nite© ²/IgÚnñIt/ ³vt,vi ¶[VP6A,2A] ´set on fire; take fire. ¸ig®ni®tion
²/IgÚnI2n/ ³n ¶[U] ´igniting or being @d; (in a petrol engine) electrical
mechanism for igniting the mixture of explosive gases: ³switch on the ignition.
µ¥ ´the illus at µmotor.¼
¨ig®noble© ²/IgÚnE8bl/ ³adj ¸1 ´dishonourable; shameful: ³an @ man/action; an
@ peace. ¸2 ´(old use) of low birth. ¸ig®nobly ²/-ÚnE8blI/ ³adv¼
¨ig®nom®ini®ous© ²/*IgnEÚmInIEs/ ³adj ´bringing contempt, disgrace, shame;
dishonourable: ³@ behaviour; an @ defeat. ¸@®ly ³adv¼
¨ig®nom®iny© ²/ÚIgnEmInI/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´public dishonour or shame. ¸2 ¶[C] ³(pl
µ-nies³) ´dishonourable or disgraceful act; ¶[U] ´dishonourable behaviour.¼
¨ig®nor®amus© ²/*IgnEÚreImEs/ ³n (pl µ@es ²/-sIz/³) ´ignorant person.¼
¨ig®nor®ance© ²/ÚIgnErEns/ ³n ¶[U] ·@ (of), ´the state of being ignorant; want
of knowledge: ³We are in complete @ of his plans. If he did wrong, it was
from/through @.¼
¨ig®nor®ant© ²/ÚIgnErEnt/ ³adj ¸1 ·@ (of), ´(of persons) knowing little or
nothing; not aware: ³He's not stupid, merely @. You are not @ of the reasons
for her behaviour. What his plans are I am quite @ of. ¸2 ´showing ignorance;
resulting from ignorance: ³an @ reply; @ conduct. ¸@®ly ³adv¼
¨ig®nore© ²/IgÚnc(r)/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´take no notice of; refuse to take notice
of: ³@ rude remarks; be @d by one's superiors.¼
¨iguana© ²/IÚgwqnE/ ³n ´large tree-climbing lizard of tropical
America.¼
¨ikon© ²/ÚñIkon/ ³n ´= µicon.¼
¨ilex© ²/ÚñIleks/ ³n ´holm-oak; (bot) genus of trees including the common
holly.¼
¨ilk© ²/Ilk/ ³n ·of that/his etc ilk, ´(colloq, hum) of that/his etc
family, set, type.¼
¨ill© ²/Il/ ³adj ¸1 ´(usu pred) in bad health; sick: ³She was ill with anxiety.
·fall/be taken ill, ´become ill. µ¥ worse, worst. ¸2 ´(attrib) bad: ³ill
health; in an ill temper/humour; ill repute; do sb an ill turn; have ill
luck; a bird of ill omen. ·It's an ill wind that blows Únobody any good,
´(prov) An affair must be very bad indeed if it does not benefit somebody.
·Ill weeds grow apace, ´(prov) Harmful things grow or spread rapidly.
¸*ill-Úbreeding ³n ´bad manners. ¸*ill-Úfavoured ³adj ´(of a person)
unpleasant to look at; ugly. ¸*ill-Úmannered ³adj ´having bad manners; rude.
¸*ill-Únatured ³adj ´bad-tempered. ¸*ill-Úomened ³adj ´destined to misfortune.
¸*ill-Ústarred ³adj ´born under an evil star; unlucky.
¸*ill-Útreatment/-Úusage ³n ¶[U] ´cruelty; harsh treatment. ¸*ill Úwill ³n
´enmity; unkind feeling. ´¹ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´evil; injury: ³do ill. ¸2 ¶[C]
´misfortune; trouble: ³the various ills of life. ´¹ ³adv ´badly; imperfectly;
unfavourably: ³They were ill ´(= insufficiently) ³provided with ammunition. We
could ill ´(= not well, not easily) ³afford the time and money. It ill becomes
you to criticize him´, It is not right or proper for you to do so. ·be/feel ill
at ease, ´uncomfortable, embarrassed. ·speak ill of sb, ´in an unkind or
unfavourable way. ¸*ill-adÚvised ³adj ´unwise; imprudent. ¸*ill-afÚfected
(towards) ³adj ´not well-disposed; not feeling favour. ¸*ill-Úbred ³adj ´badly
brought up; rude. ¸*ill-disÚposed (towards) ³adj ¸(a) ´wishing to do harm (to).
¸(b) ´unfavourable (towards a plan, etc). ¸*ill-Úfated ³adj ´destined to
misfortune; bringing misfortune. ¸*ill-gotten Úgains ³n pl ´money gained by
evil or unlawful methods. ¸*ill-Újudged ³adj ´done at an unsuitable time;
showing poor judgement: ³an ill-judged attempt. ¸*ill-Útimed ³adj ´badly
timed; done at a wrong or unsuitable time. ¸*ill-Útreat/-Úuse ³vt ´treat badly
or cruelly.¼
¨I'll© ²/ñIl/ ³c ´= ³I will ´or ³I shall.¼
¨il®legal© ²/IÚligl/ ³adj ´not legal; contrary to law. ¸@ly ²/-gElI/ ³adv
¸@®ity ²/*IlIÚgalEtI/ ³n ¶[U] ´being @; ¶[C] ³(pl µ-ties³) ´@ act.¼
¨il®leg®ible© ²/IÚledZEbl/ ³adj ´difficult or impossible to read.
¸il®leg®ibly ²/-EblI/ ³adv ¸il®leg®ibil®ity ²/I*ledZEÚbIlEtI/ ³n ¶[U].¼
¨il®legit®imate© ²/*IlIÚdZItImEt/ ³adj ¸1 ´not authorized by law; contrary to
law. ¸2 ´born of parents who were not married to each other: ³an @ child; of @
descent. ¸3 ´(of a conclusion in an argument, etc) not logical; wrongly
inferred. ´¹ ³n ´an @ person. ¸@®ly ³adv ¸il®legit®imacy ²/*IlIÚdZItImEsI/ ³n
¶[U].¼
¨il®lib®eral© ²/IÚlIbErEl/ ³adj ´not befitting a free man; narrow-minded;
intolerant; ungenerous; mean. ¸@ly ²/-rlI/ ³adv ¸@®ity ²/I*lIbEÚralEtI/ ³n¼
¨il®licit© ²/IÚlIsIt/ ³adj ´unlawful; forbidden: ³the @ sale of opium. ¸@®ly
³adv¼
¨il®limit®able© ²/IÚlImItEbl/ ³adj ´boundless; without limits: ³@
space/ambition.¼
¨il®lit®er®ate© ²/IÚlItErEt/ ³adj ´with little or no education; unable to read
or write; showing such ignorance: ³an @ letter´, one full of spelling and
grammatical errors. ¹ ³n ´@ person. ¸il®lit®er®acy ²/IÚlItErEsI/ ³n ¶[U,C]
´(instance of) being @.¼
¨ill®ness© ²/ÚIlnIs/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´state of being ill (contrasted with ³health´):
³There has been no/not much/a great deal of @ in the village this winter. ¸2
¶[C] ´specific kind of, occasion of, @: ³@es of children; a serious @; one @
after another.¼
¨il®logi®cal© ²/IÚlodZIkl/ ³adj ´without logic; contrary to logic.
¸@ly ²/-klI/ ³adv ¸@®ity ²/I*lodZIÚkalEtI/, ¸@®ness ³nn ¶[U,C] ´(instance of)
being @.¼
¨il®lume© ²/IÚlum/ ³vt ´(poet) illuminate.¼
¨il®lumi®nate© ²/IÚlumIneIt/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ¸1 ´give light to; throw light on: ³a
street @d by oil lamps; poorly @d rooms. ¸2 ´decorate (streets, etc) with
bright lights as a sign of rejoicing. ¸3 ´decorate (initial letters in a
manuscript) with gold, silver and bright colours (as was the custom in the
Middle Ages). ¸4 ´make clear, help to explain: ³@ a difficult passage in a
book. ¸il®lumi®na®tion ²/I*lumIÚneI2n/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´illuminating or being @d.
¸2 ´(usu ³pl´) lights, etc, used to @µ(2) ´a town for a special occasion. ¸3
³(pl) ´decorations on a manuscript. ¸il®lu®mine ²/IÚlumIn/ ³vt ¶[VP6A]
´(liter) enlighten spiritually; make bright.¼
¨il®lu®sion© ²/IÚluZn/ ³n ¸1 ¶[C] ´(the seeing of) sth that does not really
exist, or of sth as different from the reality; false idea or belief: ³an
optical @. ·be under an @, ´be deceived by one. ·cherish an @/the @ that«,
´like to believe«. ·have no @s about sb/sth, ´have no false beliefs about
him/it. ¸2 ¶[U] ´state of mind in which one is deceived in this way. ¸@®ist
²/-Ist/ ³n ´person who produces optical @s on the stage; conjurer.¼
¨il®lu®sive© ²/IÚlusIv/, ±il®lu®sory ²/IÚlusErI/ ³adjj ´deceptive; based on
illusion.¼
¨il®lus®trate© ²/ÚIlEstreIt/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ¸1 ´explain by examples, pictures,
etc. ¸2 ´supply a book, article, lecture, etc with pictures, diagrams, etc: ³a
well-@d textbook. ¸il®lus®tra®tor ²/-tE(r)/ ³n ´person who @s books, etc.
¸il®lus®tra®tion ²/*IlEÚstreI2n/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´illustrating or being @d: ³cite
instances in illustration of a theory. Illustration is often more useful than
definition for giving the meanings of words. ¸2 ¶[C] ´sth that @s; picture,
diagram, etc. ¸il®lus®tra®tive ²/ÚIlEstrEtIv ³US: ²IÚlAs-/ ³adj ´serving to @,
as an explanation or example (³of ´sth).¼
¨il®lus®tri®ous© ²/IÚlAstrIEs/ ³adj ´greatly distinguished; celebrated. ¸@®ly
³adv¼
¨I'm© ²/ñIm/ ³c ´= ³I am. µ¥ be±1µ.¼
¨im®age© ²/ÚImIdZ/ ³n ¶[C] ¸1 ´likeness or copy of the shape of sb
or sth, esp one made in wood, stone, etc: ³an @ of the Virgin Mary; graven @s,
´@s carved in wood, etc and regarded as gods. ¸2 ´close likeness; counterpart:
³Did man create God in his own @? ·be the (very/spitting) @ (of sth/sb), ´be
exactly like it/him. ¸3 ´mental picture or idea; concept of sth or sb, eÔg a
politician, political party, commercial firm, product, held by the public:
³How can we improve our @? ¸4 ´simile; metaphor: ³speak in @s´, use figures of
speech that bring pictures to the mind. ¸5 ´reflection seen in a mirror or
through the lens of a camera. µ¥ ´the illus at µcamera. ´¹ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ¸1
´make an @ of, portray. ¸2 ´reflect; mirror. ¸@ry ²/ÚImIdZErI/ ³n ¶[U] ´the use
of @sµ(4)´, or figures of speech, in writing; @sµ(1) ´collectively.¼
¨im®agin®able© ²/IÚmadZInEbl/ ³adj ´that can be imagined: ³We had the greatest
difficulty @ getting here in time.¼
¨im®agin®ary© ²/IÚmadZInErI ³US: ²-EnerI/ ³adj ´existing only in the mind;
unreal.¼
¨im®agin®ation© ²/I*madZIÚneI2n/ ³n ¸1 ¶[C,U] ´power of the mind to imagine:
³He hasn't much @. Novelists use their @. Children are encouraged to use
their @s. ¸2 ´what is imagined: ³You didn't really see a ghostÅit was only @.
¸im®agin®ative ²/IÚmadZInEtIv ³US: ²-EneItIv/ ³adj ´of, having, using, @:
³imaginative writers.¼
¨im®ag®ine© ²/IÚmadZIn/ ³vt ¶[VP6A,C,9,10,16B,19A,C,25] ´form a picture of in
the mind; think of (sth) as probable: ³wild imaginings. Can you @ life without
electricity and other modern conveniences? I@ yourself (to be) on a desert
island. I@ you've been ship-wrecked. I @ him as a big, tall man. Can you @
him/yourself becoming famous as an actor? I can't @ (my) marrying a girl of
that sort. Don't @ ´(= get the idea) ³that I can lend you money every time you
need it!¼
¨imam© ²/IÚmqm/ ³n ´prayer leader in a mosque. ¸I@, ´title of
various Muslim leaders.¼
¨im®bal®ance© ²/*ImÚbalEns/ ³n ´absence of balance between two totals, eÔg
payments; lack of proportion: ³the country's @ in world payments´, the state
that exists when the total sum paid for imports, etc, is unequal to the total
received for exports, services, etc; ³the increasing @ between rich and poor
countries´, the increasing wealth of some and the increasing poverty of
others.¼
¨im®be®cile© ²/ÚImbEsil ³US: ²-sl/ ³adj ´weak-minded; stupid: ³@
remarks/conduct. ´¹ ³n ´@ person; fool. ¸im®be®cil®ity ²/*ImbEÚsIlEtI/ ³n ¶[U]
´stupidity; ¶[C] ³(pl µ-ties³) ´stupid act, remark, etc.¼
¨im®bed© ²/ImÚbed/ ³vt µ(-dd-) ´= µembed.¼
¨im®bibe© ²/ImÚbñIb/ ³vt ´(formal) drink; take in: ³@ ideas/knowledge.¼
¨im®bro®glio© ²/ImÚbrE8lIE8/ ³n (pl µ@s ²/-z/³) ´complicated, confused or
embarrassing (esp political or emotional) situation.¼
¨im®bue© ²/ImÚbju/ ³vt (pt,pp µ-bued³) ¶[VP14] ·@ with, ´(formal) fill,
inspire: ³@d with patriotism/hatred, etc; politicians @d with a sense of their
own importance.¼
¨imi®tate© ²/ÚImItEIt/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ¸1 ´copy the behaviour of; take as an
example: ³You should @ great and good men. ¸2 ´mimic (consciously or not):
³Parrots @ human speech. ¸3 ´be like; make a likeness of: ³wood painted to @
marble. ¸imi®ta®tor ²/-tE(r)/ ³n¼
¨imi®ta®tion© ²/*ImIÚteI2n/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´imitating: ³I@ is the sincerest form
of flattery. He sets us a good example for @. She was pirouetting in @ of her
teacher. ¸2 ´(attrib) not real: ³@ leather/jewellery. ¸3 ¶[C] ´sth made or
done in @: ³@s of the cries of birds and animals. Beware of @s.¼
¨imi®tat®ive© ²/ÚImItEtIv ³US: ²-teItIv/ ³adj ´following the model
or example of: ³the @ arts´, painting and sculpture; ³@ words´, eÔg ³buzz,
plop´, the sound of the word being considered similar to the sound it
represents; ³as @ as a monkey.¼
¨im®macu®late© ²/IÚmakj8lEt/ ³adj ¸1 ´pure; faultless: ³@ conduct. ¸the I@
Conception, ´(RC church) teaching that the Virgin Mary was free of Original
Sin. ¸2 ´perfectly clean; without a flaw; right in every detail: ³an @
suit/record. ¸@®ly ³adv´: ³@ly dressed.¼
¨im®ma®nent© ²/ÚImEnEnt/ ³adj ·@ (in), ´(of qualities) present; inherent; (of
God) permanently pervading the universe. ¸im®ma®nence ²/-Ens/ ³n¼
¨im®ma®terial© ²/*ImEÚtIErIEl/ ³adj ¸1 ·@ (to), ´unimportant: ³@ objections.
That's quite @ to me. ¸2 ´not having physical substance: ³as @ as a ghost.¼
¨im®ma®ture© ²/*ImEÚtj8E(r) ³US: ²-Út8Er/ ³adj ´not yet fully developed: ³an @
girl; the @ minds of young children. ¸im®ma®tur®ity ²/*ImEÚtj8ErEtI ³US:
²-Út8Er-/ ³n ¶[U].¼
¨im®measur®able© ²/IÚmeZErEbl/ ³adj ´that cannot be measured.¼
¨im®medi®ate© ²/IÚmidIEt/ ³adj ¸1 ´(of time or space) without anything coming
between; nearest: ³two objects in @ contact; the @ heir to the throne´, the
next in succession, not a remote heir; ³my @ neighbours; @ information´,
first-hand or direct, not second-hand. ¸2 ´occurring, done, at once: ³an @
answer; take @ action. ¸im®medi®acy ²/-EsI/ ³n ¶[U] ´being @. ¸@®ly ³adv ¸1 ´at
once; without delay. ¸2 ´directly or closely. µ¹ ³conj ´as soon as: ³You may
leave @ly he comes.¼
¨im®mem®or®ial© ²/*ImEÚmcrIEl/ ³adj ´going back beyond the reach of memory:
³the @ privileges of the House of Commons. ·from time @, ´for a very long time
back.¼
¨im®mense© ²/IÚmens/ ³adj ´very large. ¸@®ly ³adv ´in an @ degree;
(colloq) very much: ³They enjoyed themselves @ly. ¸im®men®sity ²/IÚmensEtI/ ³n
¶[U] ´great size; ³(pl; µ-ties³) ´things that are @.¼
¨im®merse© ²/IÚm3s/ ³vt ¶[VP6A,14] ·@ (in), ¸1 ´put under the surface of (water
or other liquid): ³@ one's head in the water. ¸2 ´absorb, involve deeply: ³be
@d in a book/thought/work/one's business. ¸im®mer®sion ²/IÚm32n ³US: ²-Zn/ ³n
´immersing or being @d; (esp) baptism by putting the whole body into water.
¸imÚmersion heater, ´electric water-heater (usu one that is fixed in a
hot-water tank).¼
¨im®mi®grate© ²/ÚImIgreIt/ ³vi ¶[VP2A,3A] ·@ (to/into), ´come as a settler
(to/into another country), not as a tourist or visitor. ¸im®mi®grant
²/ÚImIgrEnt/ ³n ´person who @s: ³European immigrants in Australia.
¸im®mi®gra®tion ²/*ImIÚgreI2n/ ³n ¶[U] ´immigrating; ¶[C] ´instance of this:
³the numerous immigrations into the US.¼
¨im®mi®nent© ²/ÚImInEnt/ ³adj ´(of events, esp dangers) likely to
come or happen soon: ³A storm is @. He was faced with @ death. ¸@®ly ³adv
¸im®mi®nence ²/-Ens/ ³n ¶[U] ´being @.¼
¨im®mo®bile© ²/IÚmE8bñIl ³US: ²-bl/ ³adj ´not able to move or be moved;
motionless. ¸im®mo®bi®lize ²/IÚmE8blñIz/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´make @; render armed
forces, vehicles, etc incapable of being moved; take capital, specie out of
circulation. ¸im®mo®bil®iz®ation ²/I*mE8blñIÚzeI2n ³US: ²-lIÚz-/ ³n
¸im®mo®bil®ity ²/*ImEÚbIlEtI/ ³n ¶[U] ´being @.¼
¨im®mod®er®ate© ²/IÚmodErEt/ ³adj ´excessive; extreme: ³@ eating and drinking.
¸@®ly ³adv¼
¨im®mod®est© ²/IÚmodIst/ ³adj ¸1 ´lacking in modesty; indecent or indelicate:
³an @ dress; @ behaviour. ¸2 ´impudent: ³@ boasts. ¸@®ly ³adv ¸@y ³n ¶[U] ´@
behaviour; boldness; ¶[C] ³(pl µ-ties³) ´@ act or remark.¼
¨im®mo®late© ²/ÚImEleIt/ ³vt ¶[VP6A,14] ·@ (to), ´(formal) kill as an offering;
sacrifice (one thing ³to ´another). ¸im®mo®la®tion ²/*ImEÚleI2n/ ³n ¶[U]
´immolating or being @d; ¶[C] ´instance of this.¼
¨im®moral© ²/IÚmorEl ³US: ²IÚmcrEl/ ³adj ´contrary to morality; wicked and
evil: ³@ conduct. You @ swindler! ¸@ly ²/-rElI/ ³adv ¸@®ity ²/*ImEÚralEtI/ ³n
¶[U] ´@ conduct: ³a life of @ity; ¶[C] ³(pl µ-ties³) ´@ act.¼
¨im®mor®tal© ²/IÚmctl/ ³adj ´living for ever: ³the @ gods/soul; ´never
forgotten: ³@ poetry/music; @ fame. ´¹ ³n ´@ being. ¸the @s, ´the gods of
ancient Greece and Rome. ¸@®ity ²/*ImcÚtalEtI/ ³n ¶[U] ´endless life or fame.
¸@®ize ²/IÚmctElñIz/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´give endless life or fame to.¼
¨im®mov®able© ²/IÚmuvEbl/ ³adj ¸1 ´that cannot be moved: ³@ property´, eÔg
buildings, land. ¸2 ´steadfast: ³@ in purpose. ¸im®mov®ably ²/-EblI/ ³adv¼
¨im®mune© ²/IÚmjun/ ³adj ·@ (from/against/to), ´free, secure: ³@
from smallpox as the result of vaccination; @ to/against
poison/disease/infection/criticism/attack. ¸im®mun®ity ²/IÚmjunEtI/ ³n ¶[U]
´safety, security ³(from ´disease, etc); exemption (³from ´taxation, etc):
³diplomatic immunity. ¸im®mu®nize ²/ÚImj8nñIz/ ³vt ¶[VP6A,14] ·@ (against),
´make @ ³(against). ¸im®mu®niz®ation ²/*Imj8nñIÚzeI2n ³US: ²-nIÚz-/ ³n ¶[U].
¸im®mu®nology ²/*Imj8ÚnolEdZI/ ³n ¶[U] ´study of resistance to infection.¼
¨im®mure© ²/IÚmj8E(r)/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´(formal) imprison; shut (oneself) up: ³@d
in a dungeon; @ oneself in one's study in order to work undisturbed.¼
¨im®mut®able© ²/IÚmjutEbl/ ³adj ´(formal) that cannot be changed. ¸im®mut®ably
²/-EblI/ ³adv ¸im®muta®bil®ity ²/I*mjutEÚbIlEtI/ ³n¼
¨imp© ²/Imp/ ³n ´child of the devil; little devil; (playfully) mischievous
child.¼
¨im®pact© ²/ÚImpakt/ ³n ·@ (on), ¸1 ¶[C] ´collision. ¸2 ¶[U] ´force exerted by
one object when striking against another: ³The car body collapses on @´, when
it collides with sth. ¸3 ´strong impression or effect: ³the @ of new ideas on
discontented students. ´¹ ³vt ²/ImÚpakt/ ´pack, drive or wedge firmly together:
³an @ed tooth´, incapable of growing out of the jawbone.¼
¨im®pair© ²/ImÚpeE(r)/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´weaken; damage: ³@ one's health by
overwork. ¸@®ment ³n¼
¨im®pala© ²/ImÚpqlE/ ³n ´(kind of) African antelope.¼
¨im®pale© ²/ImÚpeIl/ ³vt ¶[VP6A,15A] ´pierce through, pin down, with a
sharp-pointed stake, spear, etc. ¸@®ment ³n¼
¨im®pal®pable© ²/ImÚpalpEbl/ ³adj ´that cannot be touched or felt; not easily
grasped by the mind.¼
¨im®panel© ²/ImÚpanl/ ´= µempanel.¼
¨im®part© ²/ImÚpqt/ ³vt ¶[VP6A,14] ·@ (to), ´(formal) give, pass on, a share of
sth, a quality, a secret, news, etc: ³I have nothing of interest to @ to you
today.¼
¨im®par®tial© ²/ImÚpq2l/ ³adj ´fair (in giving judgements, etc); not favouring
one more than another. ¸@ly ³adv ¸im®par®tial®ity ²/*Im*pq2IÚalEtI/ ³n ¶[U]
´the quality of being @.¼
¨im®pass®able© ²/ImÚpqsEbl ³US: ²-Úpas-/ ³adj ´impossible to travel
through or on: ³Country roads/Alpine passes @ in winter.¼
¨im®passe© ²/Úampqs ³US: ²ÚImpas/ ³n ´blind alley; place, position, from which
there is no way out; deadlock.¼
¨im®pas®sioned© ²/ImÚpa2nd/ ³adj ´full of, showing, deep feeling: ³an @
speech.¼
¨im®pass®ive© ²/ImÚpasIv/ ³adj ´showing no sign of feeling; unmoved. ¸@®ly
³adv ¸@®ness, im®pass®iv®ity ²/*ImpaÚsIvEtI/ ³nn¼
¨im®pa®tient© ²/ImÚpeI2nt/ ³adj ·@ for sth/to do sth, ´not patient: ³The
children were @ to start/for the film to start. They are growing @. ·@ of,
´intolerant of. ¸@®ly ³adv ¸im®pa®tience ²/ImÚpeI2ns/ ³n ¶[U].¼
¨im®peach© ²/ImÚpit2/ ³vt ¸1 ¶[VP6A] ´(formal) question, raise doubts about
(sb's character, etc): ³Do you @ my motives´, suggest that they are
dishonourable? ¸2 ¶[VP14] ·@ sb for/of/with sth; @ sb for doing sth, ´(legal)
accuse sb of wrongdoing; (esp) accuse (sb) of a crime against the State: ³@ a
judge for taking bribes; @ sb of a crime. ¸@®ment ³n ¶[U] ´@ing or being @ed;
¶[C] ´instance of this.¼
¨im®pec®cable© ²/ImÚpekEbl/ ³adj ´(formal) faultless; incapable of doing
wrong: ³an @ character/record.¼
¨im®pe®cuni®ous© ²/*ImpIÚkjunIEs/ ³adj ´(formal) having little or no money.¼
¨im®pede© ²/ImÚpid/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´get in the way of; hinder: ³What @s your
making an early start?¼
¨im®pedi®ment© ²/ImÚpedImEnt/ ³n ¶[C] ´sth that hinders, esp a defect in
speech, eÔg a stammer. ¸im®pedi®menta ²/Im*pedIÚmentE/ ³n pl ´baggage (esp of
an army).¼
¨im®pel© ²/ImÚpel/ ³vt µ(-ll-) ¶[VP17,14] ·@ (to), ´drive, force, urge: ³He
said he had been @led to crime by poverty. The President's speech @led the
nation to greater efforts. ¸@®ler ³n ´rotor or rotor blade (of a jet engine).¼
¨im®pend© ²/ImÚpend/ ³vi ´(chiefly in ³pres part´) (formal) be imminent; be
about to come or happen: ³her @ing arrival; the @ing storm; the danger @ing
over us.¼
¨im®pen®etrable© ²/ImÚpenItrEbl/ ³adj ·@ (to), ´that cannot be penetrated: ³@
forests and swamps; dig down to @ rock; @ darkness; men who are @ to reason.¼
¨im®peni®tent© ²/ImÚpenItEnt/ ³adj ´(formal) not penitent. ¸@®ly
³adv ¸im®peni®tence ²/-Ens/ ³n¼
¨im®pera®tive© ²/ImÚperEtIv/ ³adj ¸1 ´urgent; essential; needing immediate
attention: ³Is it really @ for them to have such a large army? Is it @ that
they should have/for them to have six cars? ¸2 ´not to be disobeyed; done,
given with, authority: ³The duke's orders were @. "Go at once!', he said, with
an @ gesture. ¸3 ´(gram) (also ³n´) (of the) form of a verb or a sentence
expressing a command: ³the @ mood. ¸@®ly ³adv¼
¨im®per®cep®tible© ²/*ImpEÚseptEbl/ ³adj ´that cannot be perceived; very
slight or gradual. ¸im®per®cep®tibly ²/-EblI/ ³adv¼
¨im®per®fect© ²/ImÚp3fIkt/ ³adj ¸1 ´not perfect or complete. ¸2 ¸@ tense,
´(gram) that denotes action in progress but not completed (also called
³progressive ´or ³continuous ´tense), as in eÔg "I am/was/have been/will be
speaking.' ¹ ³n ´@ tense. ¸@®ly ³adv ¸im®per®fec®tion ²/*ImpEÚfek2n/ ³n ¶[U]
´state of being @; ¶[C] ´fault.¼
¨im®perial© ²/ImÚpIErIEl/ ³adj ¸1 ´of an empire or its ruler(s): ³@ trade; His
I@ Majesty. ¸2 ´majestic; august; magnificent: ³with @ generosity. ¸3 ´(of
weights and measures) used by law in the United Kingdom: ³an @ pint/gallon. ´¹
³n ´small, pointed beard grown beneath the lower lip. ¸@ly ²/-rIElI/ ³adv¼
¨im®peri®al®ism© ²/ImÚpIErIElIzEm/ ³n ´belief in the value of colonies; policy
of extending a country's empire and influence. ¸im®per®ial®ist ²/-Ist/ ³n
´supporter of, believer in, @. ¸im®per®ial®is®tic ²/Im*pIErIEÚlIstIk/ ³adj ´of
@: ³imperialistic views.¼
¨im®peril© ²/ImÚperEl/ ³vt µ(-ll-, ´US also µ-l-) ¶[VP6A] ´(liter)
put or bring into danger.¼
¨im®peri®ous© ²/ImÚpIErIEs/ ³adj ´(formal) ¸1 ´commanding; haughty; arrogant:
³@ gestures/looks. ¸2 ´urgent; imperative. ¸@®ly ³adv ¸@®ness ³n¼
¨im®per®ish®able© ²/ImÚperI2Ebl/ ³adj ´(formal) that cannot perish; that will
never pass away: ³@ fame/glory.¼
¨im®per®ma®nent© ²/ImÚp3mEnEnt/ ³adj ´(formal) not permanent. ¸im®per®ma®nence
²/-Ens/ ³n¼
¨im®per®me®able© ²/ImÚp3mIEbl/ ³adj ·@ (to), ´(formal) that cannot be
permeated (esp by fluids); impervious.¼
¨im®per®sonal© ²/*ImÚp3sEnl/ ³adj ¸1 ´not influenced by personal feeling; not
referring to any particular person: ³@ remarks; an @ discussion. ¸@ pronoun,
´the pronouns µone±4 ´and µyou(2). ¸2 ´having no existence as a person: ³@
forces´, eÔg those of nature. ¸3 ´(of ³verbs´) used after "it' to make general
statements such as ³"It is raining/freezing'. ¸@ly ²/-EnElI/ ³adv¼
¨im®per®son®ate© ²/ImÚp3sEneIt/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ¸1 ´act the part of (in a play,
etc); pretend to be (another person). ¸2 ´personify. ¸im®per®son®ation
²/Im*p3sEÚneI2n/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´impersonating or being @d. ¸2 ¶[C] ´instance of
this: ³He gave some clever impersonations of well-known men. ¸im®per®son®ator
²/-neItE(r)/ ³n ´person who @s.¼
¨im®per®ti®nent© ²/ImÚp3tInEnt/ ³adj ¸1 ´not showing proper respect; impudent;
saucy: ³@ remarks; an @ boy. ¸2 ´not pertinent; not pertaining to the matter in
hand. ¸@®ly ³adv ¸im®per®ti®nence ²/-Ens/ ³n ¶[U] ´being @; ¶[C] ´@ act or
remark.¼
¨im®per®turb®able© ²/*ImpEÚt3bEbl/ ³adj ´(formal) not capable of being
excited; calm. ¸im®per®turb®abil®ity ²/*ImpE*t3bEÚbIlEtI/ ³n ¶[U].¼
¨im®per®vi®ous© ²/ImÚp3vIEs/ ³adj ·@ (to), ¸1 ´(of materials) not allowing
(water, etc) to pass through: ³Rubber boots are @ to water. ¸2 ´(fig) not
moved or influenced by: ³@ to criticism/argument.¼
¨im®pe®tigo© ²/*ImpIÚtñIgE8/ ³n ¶[U] ´contagious skin disease.¼
¨im®petu®ous© ²/ImÚpet28Es/ ³adj ´moving quickly or violently; acting,
inclined to act, on impulse, energetically but with insufficient thought or
care; done or said hastily: ³Children are usually more @ than old people. Your
@ remarks will get you into trouble. ¸@®ly ³adv ¸im®petu®os®ity
²/Im*pet28ÚosEtI/ ³n ¶[U] ´quality of being @; ¶[C] ³(pl µ-ties³) ´@ act,
remark, etc.¼
¨im®pe®tus© ²/ÚImpItEs/ ³n (pl µ@es ²/-sIz/³) ¸1 ¶[U] ´force with which a body
moves. ¸2 ¶[C] ´impulse; driving force: ³The treaty will give an @ to trade
between the two countries.¼
¨im®pi®ety© ²/ImÚpñIEtI/ ³n ´(formal) ¸1 ¶[U] ´lack of reverence or
dutifulness. ¸2 ¶[C] ³(pl µ-ties³) ´act, remark, etc that shows lack of
reverence or dutifulness.¼
¨im®pinge© ²/ImÚpIndZ/ ³vi ¶[VP3A] ·@ on/upon, ´(formal) make an impact.
¸@®ment ³n¼
¨im®pi®ous© ²/ÚImpIEs/ ³adj ´(formal) not pious. ¸@®ly ³adv¼
¨imp®ish© ²/ÚImpI2/ ³adj ´of or like an imp; mischievous. ¸@®ly ³adv ¸@®ness
³n¼
¨im®plac®able© ²/ImÚplakEbl/ ³adj ´(formal) that cannot be appeased;
relentless: ³an @ enemy; @ hatred/love.¼
¨im®plant© ²/ImÚplqnt ³US: ²-Úplant/ ³vt ¶[VP6A,14] ·@ in, ´fix or put ideas,
feelings, etc in: ³deeply @ed hatred; @ sound principles in the minds of
children.¼
¨im®ple®ment©1 ²/ÚImplImEnt/ ³n ´tool or instrument for working with: ³farm @s;
stone and bronze @s made by primitive man. µ¥ ´the illus at µtool.¼
¨im®ple®ment©2 ²/ÚImplIment/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´carry an undertaking, agreement,
promise into effect: ³@ a scheme. ¸im®ple®men®ta®tion ²/*ImplImenÚteI2n/ ³n¼
¨im®pli®cate© ²/ÚImplIkeIt/ ³vt ¶[VP6A,14] ·@ (in), ´(formal) show that (sb)
has a share ³(in ´a crime, etc): ³@ officials in a bribery scandal. µ¥
involve.¼
¨im®pli®ca®tion© ²/*ImplIÚkeI2n/ ³n ´(formal) ¸1 ¶[U] ´implicating
or being implicated (in a crime, etc). ¸2 ¶[C] ´what is implied; sth hinted at
or suggested, but not expressed: ³What are the @s of this statement? ´What is
implied by it?¼
¨im®pli®cit© ²/ImÚplIsIt/ ³adj ´(formal) ¸1 ·@ (in), ´implied though not
plainly expressed: ³an @ threat; @ in the contract. µ¥ explicit. ¸2
´unquestioning: ³@ belief. ¸@®ly ³adv¼
¨im®plore© ²/ImÚplc(r)/ ³vt ¶[VP6A,17,14] ·@ (for), ´request earnestly: ³@ a
judge for mercy; @ a friend to help one; an imploring glance. ¸im®plor®ing®ly
³adv¼
¨im®plo®sion© ²/ImÚplE8Zn/ ³n ¶[U,C] ´bursting inward, collapse, of a vessel,
eÔg an electric light bulb, from external pressure. µ¥ explosion.¼
¨im®ply© ²/ImÚplñI/ ³vt (pt,pp µ-plied³) ¶[VP6A,9] ´give or make a suggestion
³(that)´; involve the truth (of sth not definitely stated): ³an implied
rebuke. Silence sometimes implies consent´, failure to say "No' may be taken
to mean "Yes'. ³Are you @ing that I am not telling the truth?¼
¨im®po®lite© ²/*ImpEÚlñIt/ ³adj ´not polite. ¸@®ly ³adv ¸@®ness ³n¼
¨im®poli®tic© ²/ImÚpolEtIk/ ³adj ´(formal) not politic; not expedient.¼
¨im®pon®der®able© ²/ImÚpondErEbl/ ³adj ¸1 ´(phys) that cannot be weighed or
measured. ¸2 ´of which the effect cannot be estimated. ¹ ³n ´@ thing; (esp
³pl´) qualities, emotions, etc of which the effect cannot be estimated.¼
¨im®port© ²/ImÚpct/ ³vt ¸1 ¶[VP6A,14] ·@ (from) (into), ´bring in, introduce,
esp goods from a foreign country: ³@ wool from Australia. ¸2 ¶[VP6A,9]
´(formal) mean; signify; make known (that): ³What does this @´? What is its
significance? ´¹ ³n ²/ÚImpct/ ¸1 ´(usu ³pl´) goods @ed: ³@s of raw cotton; food
@s. ¸2 ¶[U] ´act of @ing goods. ¸3 ¶[U] ´what is implied; meaning: ³What is the
@ of his statement? ¸4 ¶[U] ´(formal) importance: ³questions of great @. ¸@er
³n ´person (usu a merchant) who @s goods. ¸im®port®ation ²/*ImpcÚteI2n/ ³n ¶[U]
´act of @ing (goods); ¶[C] ´sth @ed.¼
¨im®port®ant© ²/ImÚpctnt/ ³adj ¸1 ´of great influence; to be
treated seriously; having a great effect: ³@ decisions/statements, etc. ¸2 ´(of
a person) having a position of authority. ¸@®ly ³adv ¸im®port®ance ²/-tns/ ³n
¶[U] ´being @: ³The matter is of great/no/not much/little importance to us. He
spoke with an air of importance.¼
¨im®por®tu®nate© ²/ImÚpct28nEt/ ³adj ´(formal) ¸1 ´(of persons) making
repeated and inconvenient requests: ³an @ beggar. ¸2 ´(of affairs, etc)
urgent: ³@ demands/claims. ¸@®ly ³adv ¸im®por®tun®ity ²/*ImpEÚtjunEtI ³US:
²-Útu-/ ³n ¶[U] ´being @µ(1)´; ³(pl; µ-ties³) ´instance of this.¼
¨im®por®tune© ²/*ImpEÚtjun/ ³vt ¶[VP6A,9,14,17] ·@ (for), ´(formal) ¸1 ´beg
urgently and repeatedly: ³She @d her husband for more money/with requests for
money/to give her more money. ¸2 ´(of a prostitute) solicitµ(3)´.¼
¨im®pose© ²/ImÚpE8z/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP14] ·@ on, ´lay or place a tax, duty, etc
on: ³New taxes were @d on wines and spirits. I must perform the task that has
been @d upon me. ¸2 ¶[VP14] ·@ on sb, ´force (sth, oneself, one's company) on
sb: ³Don't @ yourself/your company on people who don't want you. ¸3 ¶[VP3A] ·@
upon sth, ´take advantage of: ³@ upon sb's good nature. ¸im®pos®ing ³adj
´making a strong impression because of size, character, appearance: ³an
imposing old lady; an imposing display of knowledge. ¸im®pos®ing®ly ³adv¼
¨im®po®si®tion© ²/*ImpEÚzI2n/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´the act of imposingµ(1)´: ³Everyone
grumbled at the @ of new taxes. ¸2 ¶[C] ´sth imposed, eÔg a tax, burden,
punishment, unwanted guest.¼
¨im®poss®ible© ²/ImÚposEbl/ ³adj ¸1 ´not possible: ³an @
scheme/story. ·the @, ´that which is @: ³Don't ask me to do the @. ¸2 ´that
cannot be endured: ³It's an @ situation! He's an @ person. ¸im®poss®ibly
²/-EblI/ ³adv ¸im®possi®bil®ity ²/Im*posEÚbIlEtI/ ³n ¶[U] ´state of being @;
¶[C] ³(pl µ-ties³) ´sth that is @.¼
¨im®pos®tor© ²/ImÚpostE(r)/ ³n ´person pretending to be sb he is not.¼
¨im®pos®ture© ²/ImÚpost2E(r)/ ³n ¶[C] ´act of deception by an impostor; ¶[U]
´fraudulent deception: ³make a living by lying and @.¼
¨im®po®tent© ²/ÚImpEtEnt/ ³adj ´lacking sufficient strength (to do sth);
unable to act; (of males) wholly lacking in sexual power. ¸@®ly ³adv
¸im®po®tence ²/-Ens/ ³n ¶[U] ´state of being @: ³We have reduced the enemy to
impotence´, made them quite powerless.¼
¨im®pound© ²/ImÚpñ8nd/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ¸1 ´take possession of by law or by
authority. ¸2 ´(in former times) shut up (cattle that had strayed) in a pound.
µ¥ pound±2µ.¼
¨im®pov®er®ish© ²/ImÚpovErI2/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´(formal) cause to become poor; take
away good qualities: ³@ed by doctors' bills; @ed soil´, eÔg when crops are
grown year after year without the use of fertilizers; ³@ed rubber´, rubber
that has lost its elasticity. ¸@®ment ³n¼
¨im®prac®ti®cable© ²/ImÚpraktIkEbl/ ³adj ¸1 ´that cannot be put into practice:
³an @ scheme. ¸2 ´(of routes) impassable; that cannot be used.
¸im®prac®ti®cably ²/-EblI/ ³adv ¸im®prac®ti®ca®bil®ity ²/Im*praktIkEÚbIlEtI/,
¸@®ness ³nn¼
¨im®prac®ti®cal© ²/ImÚpraktIkl/ ³adj ´not practical.¼
¨im®pre®cate© ²/ÚImprIkeIt/ ³vt ¶[VP14] ·@ on/upon sb, ´(formal) invoke, call
down (evil on ´sb). ¸im®pre®ca®tion ²/*ImprIÚkeI2n/ ³n ¶[C] ´curse.¼
¨im®preg®nable© ²/ImÚpregnEbl/ ³adj ´that cannot be overcome or
taken by force; able to resist all attacks: ³an @ fortress; @
defences/arguments. ¸im®preg®nably ²/-EblI/ ³adv ¸im®preg®na®bil®ity
²/Im*pregnEÚbIlEtI/ ³n¼
¨im®preg®nate© ²/ÚImpregneIt ³US: ²ImÚpreg-/ ³vt ¶[VP6A,14] ·@ (with), ¸1 ´make
pregnant; fertilize, eÔg an ovum. ¸2 ´fill, saturate: ³water @d with salt. ¸3
´imbue, fill with feelings, moral qualities, etc.¼
¨im®pre®sario© ²/*ImprIÚsqrIE8/ ³n (pl µ@s ²/-z/³) ´manager of an
operatic or concert company; sponsor of commercial public entertainment.¼
¨im®press© ²/ImÚpres/ ³vt ¶[VP6A,14] ·@ (on/upon)/(with), ¸1 ´press (one thing
on or with another); make (a mark, etc) by doing this: ³@ wax with a seal; @ a
seal on wax; @ a figure/design on sth. ¸2 ´have a strong influence on; fix
deeply (on the mind, memory): ³His words are strongly @ed on my memory. The
book did not @ me at all´, I did not think it good, useful, etc. ³I @ed on him
the importance of his work. He @ed me unfavourably´, I formed an unfavourable
opinion of him. ´¹ ³n ²/ÚImpres/ ´mark made by stamping a seal, etc on sth.¼
¨im®pres®sion© ²/ImÚpre2n/ ³n ¶[C] ¸1 ´mark made by pressing: ³the @ of a seal
on wax. ¸2 ´print (of an engraving, etc). ¸3 ´(product of) any one printing
operation: ³a first @ of 5Ô000 copies. Forty @s ´(= reprints without resetting;
µ¥ edition´) ³of this book have been sold so far. ¸4 ´effect produced on the
mind or feelings: ³It's my @ that«; The speech made a strong @ on the House.
I'm surprised you got an unfavourable @ of him. What were your first @s of
London? First @s are often misleading. ¸5 ´(vague or uncertain) idea, belief:
³It's my @ that he doesn't want to come. ·be under the @ that«, ´have a vague
idea, think, that« ¸@®ism ²/-IzEm/ ³n ¶[U] ´method of painting or writing so as
to give the general effect without elaborate detail. ¸@®ist ²/-Ist/ ³n ´person
who uses this method. ¸@®is®tic ²/Im*pre2EÚnIstIk/ ³adj ¸1 ´of, characteristic
of, @ism or @ists. ¸2 ´giving only a general @.¼
¨im®pres®sion®able© ²/ImÚpre2EnEbl/ ³adj ´easily influenced: ³children who are
at the @ age´, adolescent; ³an @ young lady´, eÔg one who easily falls in
love.¼
¨im®pres®sive© ²/ImÚpresIv/ ³adj ´making a deep impression on the mind and
feelings: ³an @ ceremony. ¸@®ly ³adv ¸@®ness ³n¼
¨im®pri®ma®tur© ²/*ImprIÚmeItE(r)/ ³n ´(RC Church) official
permission to print; (fig) sanction, approval.¼
¨im®print© ²/ImÚprInt/ ³vt ¶[VP14] ·@ with/on, ´print; stamp: ³@ a letter with
a postmark/a postmark on a letter; ideas @ed on the mind. ´¹ ³n ²/ÚImprInt/
¶[C] ´that which is @ed: ³the @ of a foot ´(= footprint); ³the @ of suffering
on a person's face; a publisher's/printer's @´, his name, address, etc on the
title-page or at the end of the book.¼
¨im®prison© ²/ImÚprIzn/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´put or keep in prison. ¸@®ment ³n ¶[U]
´@ing or being @ed: ³sentenced to one year's @ment.¼
¨im®prob®able© ²/ImÚprobEbl/ ³adj ´not likely to be true or to happen: ³an @
story/result. Rain is @. ¸im®prob®ably ²/-EblI/ ³adv ¸im®prob®abil®ity
²/Im*probEÚbIlEtI/ ³n ¶[U] ´being @; ¶[C] ³(pl µ-ties³) ´sth which is or seems
@: ³Don't worry about such improbabilities as floods and earthquakes.¼
¨im®promptu© ²/ImÚpromptju ³US: ²-tu/ ³adj, adv ´without preparation: ³an @
speech; speak @. ´¹ ³n ´musical composition that seems to have been
improvised.¼
¨im®proper© ²/ImÚpropE(r)/ ³adj ¸1 ´not suited for the purpose, situation,
circumstances, etc: ³Laughing and joking are @ at a funeral. ¸2 ´incorrect: ³@
diagnosis of disease. ¸3 ´indecent: ³@ stories. ¸@®ly ³adv¼
¨im®pro®pri®ety© ²/*ImprEÚprñIEtI/ ³n ´(formal) ¶[U] ´incorrectness;
unsuitability; ¶[C] ³(pl µ-ties³) ´improper act, remark, etc.¼
¨im®prove© ²/ImÚpruv/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A,2A] ´make or become better: ³This is
not good enough; I want to @ it. He came back from his holiday with greatly @d
health. He is improving in health. His health is improving. ¶[VP3A] ·@ on/upon,
´produce sth better than: ³Your complexion is wonderful; don't try to @ upon
nature. ¸2 ¶[VP6A] ´make good use of; turn to account: ³@ the occasion. ¸@®ment
³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´improving or being @d: ³There is need for @ment in your
handwriting. Little/no/not much @ment seemed possible. ¸2 ¶[C] ´sth which @s,
which adds to beauty, usefulness, value, etc: ³I have noticed a number of
@ments in the town since I was here six years ago. We all hope for an @ment in
the weather. This is an @ment upon your first attempt.¼
¨im®provi®dent© ²/ImÚprovIdEnt/ ³adj ´(formal) wasteful; not looking to future
needs. ¸@®ly ³adv ¸im®provi®dence ²/-Ens/ ³n ¶[U].¼
¨im®pro®vise© ²/ÚImprEvñIz/ ³vt,vi ¶[VP6A,2A] ¸1 ´compose music while playing,
compose verse while reciting, etc: ³If an actor forgets his words, he has to @.
The pianist @d an accompaniment to the song. ¸2 ´provide, make or do sth
quickly, in time of need, using whatever happens to be available: ³an @d meal
for unexpected guests; an @d bed´, eÔg one made up on a couch.
¸im®pro®vis®ation ²/*ImprEvñIÚzeI2n ³US: ²-vIÚz-/ ³n ¶[U,C].¼
¨im®prud®ent© ²/ImÚprudnt/ ³adj ´rash; indiscreet: ³Isn't it @ of you to marry
while your salary is so low? ¸@®ly ³adv ¸im®prud®ence ²/-ns/ ³n ¶[U] ´being @;
¶[C] ´@ act, remark, etc.¼
¨im®pu®dent© ²/ÚImpj8dEnt/ ³adj ´shamelessly rude; rudely disrespectful: ³He
was @ enough to call me a fool. ¸@®ly ³adv ¸im®pu®dence ²/-Ens/ ³n ¶[U] ´being
@; @ words and actions: ³None of your impudence! He had the impudence to thumb
his nose at me.¼
¨im®pugn© ²/ImÚpjun/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´(formal) challenge, express doubt about (a
statement, act, quality, etc).¼
¨im®pulse© ²/ÚImpAls/ ³n ¸1 ¶[C] ´push or thrust; impetus: ³give an
@ to trade/education. ¸2 ¶[C] ´sudden inclination to act without thought about
the consequences: ³seized with an @ to do sth; feel an irresistible @ to jump
out of a window´, eÔg during a fit of insanity. ¸3 ¶[U] ´state of mind in
which such inclinations occur; tendency to act without reflection: ³a man of
@. ·on (an) @, ´without reflection or planning: ³phone sb on @. ¸Ú@-buy
³vt,vi ´buy on @. ¸4 ´(science) sudden, brief force.¼
¨im®pul®sion© ²/ImÚpAl2n/ ³n ¶[U] ´impelling; driving or being driven forward;
¶[C] ´impetus; mental impulse.¼
¨im®pul®sive© ²/ImÚpAlsIv/ ³adj ¸1 ´(of persons, their conduct) acting on
impulse; resulting from impulse: ³a girl with an @ nature. ¸2 ´(of a force)
tending to impel. ¸@®ly ³adv ¸@®ness ³n¼
¨im®pun®ity© ²/ImÚpjunEtI/ ³n ¶[U] ´freedom from punishment. ·with @, ´without
risk of injury or punishment.¼
¨im®pure© ²/ImÚpj8E(r)/ ³adj ´not pure: ³the @ air of towns; @ milk; @
motives. ¸im®pur®ity ²/-EtI/ ³n ¶[U] ´state of being @; ¶[C] ³(pl µ-ties³) ´@
thing: ³impurities in food.¼
¨im®pute© ²/ImÚpjut/ ³vt ¶[VP14] ·@ to, ´(formal) consider as the
act, quality, or outcome of: ³They @d the accident to the driver's
carelessness. He was innocent of the crime @d to him. ¸im®pu®ta®tion
²/*Impj8ÚteI2n/ ³n ¶[U] ´act of imputing; ¶[C] ´accusation or suggestion of
wrong-doing, etc: ³imputations on a person's character.¼
¨in©1 ²/In/ ³adv part ´(contrasted with ³out´) ¸1 ´(used with many
³vv´, in obvious meanings, as ³come in ´(= enter) and meanings that are not
obvious, as ³give in ´(= surrender); µ¥ ´the ³v ´entries for these) ¸2 ·be in,
¸(a) ´at home: ³Is there anyone in? My husband won't be in until six o'clock.
¸(b) ´arrive: ³Is the train in yet´, Has it arrived? ¸(c) ´(of crops)
harvested; brought in from the fields: ³The wheat crop/the harvest is safely
in. ¸(d) ´in season; obtainable: ³Strawberries are in now. When will oysters be
in? ¸(e) ´in fashion: ³Long skirts are in again. ¸(f) ´elected; in power; in
office: ³The Democrats are in. The Liberal candidate is in´, has been elected.
¸(g) ´burning: ³Is the fire still in? ¸(h) ´(cricket, baseball) batting: ³Which
side is in? He was bowled before he had been in ´(= at the wicket) ³five
minutes. ¸3 ·be in for sth, ¸(a) ´likely to have or experience (esp sth
unpleasant): ³I'm afraid we're in for a storm. You're in for an unpleasant
surprise. ¸(b) ´committed to; having agreed to take part in: ³I'm in for the
competition´, shall be a competitor. ³Are you in for the 1Ô000 metres race?
·have it in for sb, ´be wanting to take revenge on him. ·be in on sth,
´(colloq) participate in; have a share in: ³I'd like to be in on this scheme.
·day in, day out; week in, week out; year in, year out, ´day after day, week
after week, etc in a monotonous way. ·in and out, ´now in and now out: ³He's
always in and out of hospital´, is frequently ill and in hospital. ·be (well)
in with sb, ´be on good terms with him (and likely to benefit from his
friendship). ¸4 ´(preceding a ³n´): ³an ·Ú³in-patient´, one who lives in a
hospital while receiving treatment (contrasted with ·Ú³out-patient´).¼
¨in©2 ²/In/ ³prep ´(For the use of ³in ´with many ³nn ´and ³vv, µ¥
´the ³n ´and ³v ´entries, eÔg ³in print, in memory of, fail in an
examination). ¸1 ´(of place; µ¥ at´): ³the highest mountain in the world; in
Africa; in the east of Asia; in Denmark; in the provinces; in Kent; in London;
the village in which he was born; the only shop in the village; islands in the
Pacific Ocean; sailing in British waters´, iÔe on the seas round Britain; ³in
every quarter of the town; children playing in the street; not a cloud in the
sky; swimming in the lake; standing in the corner of the room. ´Cf the house
³at ´the corner; ³working in the fields/in coal-mines; a picnic in the woods;
a holiday in the country/in the mountains. ´Cf ³at ´the seaside; ³a light in
the distance; in the background/foreground; lying in bed. ´Cf sitting ³on ´the
bed; ³sitting in an armchair. ´Cf ³on ´a chair without arms; ³in
school/church/prison; a ride in a motor-car. He was wounded in the leg. The
key is in the lock. There were plants in the window´, iÔe ³on ´the
window-sill, framed by the window. ³What would you do in my place, ´if you
were situated as I am situated? ³I read about it in the newspapers. He had a
stick in his hand and a cigar in his mouth. You will find the verse in the
second chapter of Genesis. ¸2 ´(of direction): ³in this/that direction; in all
directions. ¸3 ´(indicating direction of motion or activity) into: ³He dipped
his pen in the ink. He put his hands in his pockets. Cut the apple in two,
´into halves. ³Cut/break it in two. Throw it in the fire. They fell in love.
¸4 ´(of time when): ³in the 20th c; in 1970; in the reign of Queen Anne; in
spring/summer, etc; in my absence; in his youth; in old age; still in her
teens; in these/those days; in the morning/afternoon/evening. ´Cf ³on ´Monday
morning; ³in the daytime; at ten o'clock in the night. ´Cf ³at ´night; ³in
(the) future; in the past; in the end, ´finally; ³in time of war; in the hour
of victory/death, etc. He has met many famous men in his time´, during his
lifetime. ³She was a famous beauty in her day´, during her best years. ³The
school was quite small in my time´, when I was there. ¸5 ´(of time) in the
course of; within the space of: ³I shall be back in a short time/in a few
days/in a week's time, etc. Can you finish the work in an hour? I'll be ready
in a moment. ´Cf also ³in time. ¸6 ´(indicating inclusion) ³seven days in a
week; four quarts in a gallon; a man in his thirties´, iÔe between 30 and 39
years of age; ³in the early thirties of this century´, iÔe between 1930 and
1934 or 1935. ³There is 10 per cent for service in the (hotel) bill. He has
nothing of the hero in him´, Heroism is not among his characteristics. ³He has
in him the makings of a good soldier´, has qualities, abilities, etc that will
help him to become a good soldier. ¸7 ´(indicating ratio): ³a slope/gradient
of one in five. He paid his creditors 25p in the pound. Not one in ten of the
boys could spell well. ¸8 ´(of dress, etc): ³dressed/clothed in rags; the man
in the top hat; a prince in disguise; the woman in white´, wearing white
clothes; ³in uniform; in mourning; in brown shoes; in his shirt sleeves´, not
wearing a jacket or coat; ³a prisoner in irons. ¸9 ´(indicating physical
surroundings, circumstances, etc): ³go out in the rain; sitting in the
sun(shine); standing outside in the cold; sleep in the open; a temperature of
95ÄF in the shade; lose one's way in the dark; unable to work in this heat; go
for a walk in the moonlight. ¸10 ´(indicating state or condition): ³in a
troubled state; in good order; in poor health; in good repair; in a good
humour; in a fever of excitement; in despair; in a rage; in tears; in a hurry;
living in luxury; in poverty; in ruins; not in the mood for work; in debt; in
love; in doubt; in wonder; in public; in secret; in fun/jest/joke; in earnest.
¸11 ´(indicating form, shape, arrangement): ³a novel in three parts; books
packed in bundles of ten; men standing about in groups; children sitting in
rows; wolves hunting in packs; words in alphabetical order; with her hair in
curls/in ringlets; dancing in a ring; cloth hanging in folds. ¸12 ´(indicating
the method of expression, the medium, means, material, etc): ³speaking/writing
in English; a message in code; written in ink/pencil; (printed) in italic
type; in two colours; in writing; in a few words; in round numbers´, eÔg
200Ô000 for 197Ô563; ³talking in a loud voice; bound in leather; painted in
oils; carved in oak; cast in bronze; a statue in marble; payment in cash/in
kind. ¸13 ´(indicating degree or extent): ³in large/small quantities; in great
numbers; in some measure; in part. The enemy appeared in great strength. ·in
all, ´as the total: ³We were fifteen in all. ¸14 ´(indicating identity): ³You
will always have a good friend in me´, I shall always befriend you. ³We have
lost a first-rate teacher in Jim, ´Jim, who has left us, was a first-rate
teacher. ³The enemy lost 200 in killed and wounded´, 200 of them were killed
or wounded. ¸15 ´(indicating relation, reference, respect): ³in some/all
respects; in every way; inferior in physique but superior in intellect; young
in years but old in wisdom; weak in the head´, not intelligent; ³deficient in
courage; a country rich/poor in minerals; blind in the left eye; my equal in
strength; ten feet in length/depth/diameter, etc; wanting/lacking in
judgement. ¸16 ´(indicating occupation, activity, etc): ³He's in the army/in
insurance/in the motor business/in the Cabinet/in the Air Ministry. He's in
politics´, is a politician. ³He was killed in action´, while fighting in war.
³How much time do you spend in reading? ¸17 ´(used in numerous prepositional
phrases of the pattern ·in ³+ n + prep, µ¥ ´the ³n ´entries, eÔg): ³in defence
of; in exchange for; in justice to; in memory of; in touch with. ¸18 ·in
camera, ´(legal) in private, in the judge's private room, not in open court;
(colloq) secretly. ·in that, ´since, because: ³The higher income tax is harmful
in that it may discourage people from trying to earn more. ·in as/so far as,
´in such measure as; to the extent that: ³He is a Russian in so far as he was
born in Russia, but he became a French citizen in 1920. ·in itself, ´in its own
nature; absolutely; considered apart from other things: ³Card playing is not
harmful in itself; it is only when combined with wild gambling that it may be
harmful.¼
¨in©3 ²/In/ ³n ´(only in) ·the ins and (the) outs, ¸(a) ´political
party in office and political party out of office. ¸(b) ´the different parts;
the details and complexities: ³know all the ins and outs of a problem.¼
¨-in© ²/In/ ³suff ´added to another word (usu a ³v´) to indicate participation
in a group activity, etc. µ¥ ´the ³v ´entries, eÔg ³sit-in, teach-in.¼
¨in®abil®ity© ²/*InEÚbIlEtI/ ³n ¶[U] ·@ (to do sth), ´being unable; lack of
power or means.¼
¨in®ac®cess®ible© ²/*InakÚsesEbl/ ³adj ·@ (to), ´(formal) not accessible.
¸in®ac®cessi®bil®ity ²/*Inak*sesEÚbIlEtI/ ³n ¶[U].¼
¨in®ac®cur®ate© ²/InÚakj8rEt/ ³adj ´not accurate. ¸@®ly ³adv ¸in®ac®cur®acy
²/-EsI/ ³n ¶[U] ´being @; ¶[C] ³(pl µ-cies³) ´@ statement, etc.¼
¨in®ac®tion© ²/InÚak2n/ ³n ¶[U] ´doing nothing; lack of activity.¼
¨in®ac®tive© ²/InÚaktIv/ ³adj ´not active. ¸in®ac®ti®vate ²/*InÚaktIveIt/ ³vt
´make @: ³inactivate a virus. ¸in®ac®tiv®ity ²/*InakÚtIvEtI/ ³n ¶[U].¼
¨in®ad®equate© ²/InÚadIkwEt/ ³adj ·@ (for sth/to do sth), ´not adequate;
insufficient. ¸@®ly ³adv ¸in®ad®equacy ²/InÚadIkwEsI/ ³n ¶[U].¼
¨in®ad®miss®ible© ²/*InEdÚmIsEbl/ ³adj ´that cannot be admitted or allowed: ³@
evidence; @ in evidence.¼
¨in®ad®ver®tent© ²/*InEdÚv3tEnt/ ³adj ´(formal) not paying or showing proper
attention; (of actions) done thoughtlessly or not on purpose. ¸@®ly ³adv
¸in®ad®ver®tence ²/-tEns/ ³n ¶[U] ´the quality of being @; ¶[C] ´oversight or
error which is the result of being @.¼
¨in®alien®able© ²/*InÚeIlIEnEbl/ ³adj ´(formal) (of rights, etc) that cannot be
given away or taken away.¼
¨in®ane© ²/IÚneIn/ ³adj ´silly; senseless: ³an @ remark. ¸@®ly ³adv
¸in®an®ity ²/IÚnanEtI/ ³n ¶[U] ´being @; ¶[C] ³(pl µ-ties³) ´@ remark, act,
etc.¼
¨in®ani®mate© ²/InÚanImEt/ ³adj ¸1 ´lifeless: ³@ rocks and stones. ¸2 ´without
animal life: ³@ nature´, outside the animal world. ¸3 ´spiritless; dull: ³@
conversation.¼
¨in®ani®tion© ²/*InEÚnI2n/ ³n ¶[U] ´(formal) ¸1 ´emptiness. ¸2 ´extreme
weakness from lack of food.¼
¨in®ap®pli®cable© ²/InÚaplIkEbl/ ³adj ·@ (to), ´not applicable.¼
¨in®ap®preci®able© ²/*InEÚpri2Ebl/ ³adj ´not worth reckoning; too small or
slight to be perceived: ³an @ difference.¼
¨in®ap®pro®pri®ate© ²/*InEÚprE8prIEt/ ³adj ·@ to, ´not appropriate or
suitable.¼
¨in®apt© ²/InÚapt/ ³adj ´unskilful; not bearing on the subject: ³@ remarks.
¸in®ap®ti®tude ²/InÚaptItjud ³US: ²-tud/ ³n ¶[U] ´being @.¼
¨in®ar®ticu®late© ²/*InqÚtIkj8lEt/ ³adj ¸1 ´(of speech) not clear or distinct;
not well joined together; (of a person) not speaking distinctly; not able to
express himself clearly and fluently; not of the nature of speech: ³@
rage/sounds/letters. ¸2 ´not jointed: ³an @ body´, eÔg a jelly-fish.¼
¨in®as®much as© ²/*InEzÚmAt2 Ez/ ³adv ´since; because.¼
¨in®at®ten®tion© ²/*InEÚten2n/ ³n ¶[U] ´lack of, failure to pay, attention.
¸in®at®ten®tive ²/*InEÚtentIv/ ³adj ´not attentive.¼
¨in®aud®ible© ²/InÚcdEbl/ ³adj ´that cannot be heard. ¸in®audi®bil®ity
²/In*cdEÚbIlEtI/ ³n ¶[U].¼
¨in®aug®ural© ²/IÚncgj8rEl/ ³adj ´of or for an inauguration: ³an @ lecture. ´¹
³n ´@ address.¼
¨in®au®gur®ate© ²/IÚncgj8reIt/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ¸1 ´introduce a new official,
professor, etc at a special ceremony: ³@ a president. ¸2 ´enter, with public
formalities, upon (an undertaking); open an exhibition/a new public building
with formalities. ¸3 ´be the beginning of: ³The invention of the internal
combustion engine @d a new era in travel. ¸in®aug®ur®ation ²/I*ncgj8ÚreI2n/ ³n
¶[U,C] ´inaugurating or being @d: ³the inauguration of the President of the US
´(20 Jan).¼
¨in®aus®picious© ²/*IncÚspI2Es/ ³adj ´not auspicious; not of good
omen. ¸@®ly ³adv¼
¨in®board© ²/ÚInbcd/ ³adj ´within the hull of a ship: ³an @ motor. µ¥
outboard.¼
¨in®born© ²/*InÚbcn/ ³adj ´(of a quality) possessed (by a person or animal) at
birth; implanted by nature: ³a boy with an @ love of mischief; an @ talent for
art.¼
¨in®bound© ²/ÚInbñ8nd/ ³adj ´(of a ship) inward or homeward bound.¼
¨in®bred© ²/*InÚbred/ ³adj ¸1 ´inborn; innate: ³@ courtesy. ¸2 ´bred for
several or many generations from ancestors closely related. ¸in®breed®ing
²/*InÚbridIG/ ³n ¶[U] ´breeding from closely related ancestors, stocks, etc.¼
¨in®built© ²/*InÚbIlt/ ³adj ´= built-in, µ¥ build±1µ(3).¼
¨in®cal®cu®lable© ²/InÚkalkj8lEbl/ ³adj ¸1 ´too great to be calculated: ³This
has done @ harm to our reputation. ¸2 ´that cannot be reckoned beforehand. ¸3
´(of a person, his character, etc) uncertain: ³a lady of @ moods.¼
¨in®can®descent© ²/*InkanÚdesnt/ ³adj ´giving out, able to give
out, light when heated: ³an @ filament´, eÔg in an electric-light bulb.
¸in®can®descence ²/-sns/ ³n ¶[U] ´being or becoming @.¼
¨in®can®ta®tion© ²/*InkanÚteI2n/ ³n ¶[C,U] ´(the use of) (a form of) words
used in magic; charm or spell.¼
¨in®capable© ²/InÚkeIpEbl/ ³adj ·@ (of), ´not capable: ³@ of telling a lie´,
too honest to do so. ·drunk and @, ´helplessly drunk. ¸in®capa®bil®ity
²/In*keIpEÚbIlEtI/ ³n ¶[U].¼
¨in®ca®paci®tate© ²/*InkEÚpasIteIt/ ³vt ¶[VP6A,14] ·@ sb (for/from), ¸1 ´make
incapable or unfit: ³His poor health @d him for work/from working. ¸2
´disqualify.¼
¨in®ca®pac®ity© ²/*InkEÚpasEtI/ ³n ¶[U] ·@ (for sth/for doing sth/to do sth),
´inability; powerlessness.¼
¨in®car®cer®ate© ²/InÚkqsEreIt/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´(formal) imprison.
¸in®car®cer®ation ²/In*kqsEÚreI2n/ ³n¼
¨in®car®nate© ²/InÚkqnEt/ ³adj ¸1 ´having a body; (esp) in human form: ³That
prison officer is a devil @/an @ fiend. ¸2 ´(of an idea, ideal, etc) appearing
in human form: ³Liberty @. ´¹ ³vt ²/InÚkqneIt/ ¶[VP6A] ¸1 ´make @. ¸2 ´put (an
idea, etc) into a real or material form. ¸3 ´(of a person) be a living form of
(a quality): ³a wife who @s all the virtues.¼
¨in®car®na®tion© ²/*InkqÚneI2n/ ³n ¸1 the I@, ´the taking of bodily form by
God in Jesus. ¸2 ¶[C] ´person looked upon as a type of a quality: ³She looked
the @ of every desirable quality.¼
¨in®cau®tious© ²/InÚkc2Es/ ³adj ´not cautious; rash. ¸@®ly ³adv¼
¨in®cen®di®ary© ²/InÚsendIErI ³US: ²-dIerI/ ³n (pl µ-ries³), adj ¸1 ´(person)
setting fire to property unlawfully and with an evil purpose; (person) tending
to stir up violence: ³an @ speech/newspaper article. ¸2 ´(bomb) causing fire.
¸in®cen®di®ar®ism ²/InÚsendIErIzEm/ ³n ¶[U].¼
¨in®cense©1 ²/ÚInsens/ ³n ¶[U] ´(smoke of a) substance producing a sweet smell
when burning.¼
¨in®cense©2 ²/InÚsens/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´make angry: ³@d by sb's conduct; @d at
sb's remarks.¼
¨in®cen®tive© ²/InÚsentIv/ ³n ·@ (to sth/to do sth/to doing sth),
¶[C,U] ´that which incites, rouses or encourages a person: ³He hasn't much
@/many @s to work hard/to hard work.¼
¨in®cep®tion© ²/InÚsep2n/ ³n ´(formal) start.¼
¨in®cer®ti®tude© ²/InÚs3tItjud ³US: ²-tud/ ³n ¶[U] ´(formal) uncertainty.¼
¨in®cess®ant© ²/InÚsesnt/ ³adj ´continual; often repeated: ³a week of @ rain.
¸@®ly ³adv¼
¨in®cest© ²/ÚInsest/ ³n ¶[U] ´sexual intercourse between near relations, eÔg
brother and sister. ¸in®ces®tuous ²/InÚsestj8Es/ ³adj ´of @; guilty of,
involving, @.¼
¨inch© ²/Int2/ ³n ¸1 ´measure of length, one-twelfth of a foot: ³six @es of
rain in one day. µ¥ App 5. ¸2 ´small amount. ·@ by @, ´by degrees. ·by @es,
¸(a) ´only just: ³The car missed me by @es. ¸(b) ´bit by bit; gradually. ·every
@, ´entirely, completely: ³He's every @ a soldier. ·within an @ of, ´very
near, almost: ³He came within an @ of being struck by a falling tile. ·not
yield an @, ´not give way at all. ´¹ ³vt,vi ¶[VP15A,B,2C] ´move by @es; edge
one's way: ³@ one's way forward; @ along a ledge on a cliff.¼
¨in®cho®ate© ²/InÚkE8It/ ³adj ´(formal) just begun; in an underdeveloped,
half-formed state. ¸in®choa®tive ²/InÚkE8EtIv/ ³adj ´expressing the beginning
of an action or state: (gram) ³inchoative verbs´, eÔg ³get ´in ³get dark, fall
´in ³fall ill.¼
¨in®ci®dence© ²/ÚInsIdEns/ ³n ´way in which sth affects things: ³the @ of a
disease´, the range or extent of its effect, the number and kind of people who
catch it; ³the @ of a tax´, the way it falls to certain people to pay it.¼
¨in®ci®dent©1 ²/ÚInsIdEnt/ ³adj ·@ to, ´(formal) forming a natural or expected
part of; naturally connected with: ³the risks @ to the life of a test pilot;
the social obligations @ to life in the diplomatic service.¼
¨in®ci®dent©2 ²/ÚInsIdEnt/ ³n ¸1 ´event, esp one of less importance than
others: ³frontier @s´, eÔg disputes between forces on a frontier. ¸2
´happening which attracts general attention. ¸3 ´(modern use) happening, eÔg
rebellion, bomb explosion, war, which for various reasons persons in authority
do not wish to describe precisely. ¸4 ´separate piece of action in a play or
poem.¼
¨in®ci®den®tal© ²/*InsIÚdentl/ ³adj ·@ (to), ¸1 ´accompanying but
not forming a necessary part: ³@ music to a play. ¸2 ´small and comparatively
unimportant: ³@ expenses´, additional to the main expenses. ¸3 ´liable to
happen or occur: ³discomforts @ to exploration in a wild country. ¸@ly ²/-tlI/
³adv ´in an @ manner; by chance.¼
¨in®cin®er®ate© ²/InÚsInEreIt/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´burn to ashes. ¸in®cin®er®ator
²/-tE(r)/ ³n ´furnace, enclosed fireplace, for burning rubbish, etc.
¸in®cin®er®ation ²/In*sInEÚreI2n/ ³n ¶[U] ´burning up: ³Household and
industrial waste disposalÅthe choice is between tipping and incineration.¼
¨in®cipi®ent© ²/InÚsIpIEnt/ ³adj ´beginning; in an early stage: ³@ decay of
the teeth.¼
¨in®cise© ²/InÚsñIz/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´make a cut in; engrave. ¸in®ci®sion
²/InÚsIZn/ ³n ¶[U] ´cutting (into sth); ¶[C] ´cut, eÔg one made in a surgical
operation.¼
¨in®cis®ive© ²/InÚsñIsIv/ ³adj ´sharp and cutting; (of a person's mind,
remarks) acute; clear-cut: ³@ criticism. ¸@®ly ³adv¼
¨in®cisor© ²/InÚsñIzE(r)/ ³n ´(in human beings) any one of the eight
sharp-edged front cutting teeth, four in the upper and four in the lower jaw.
µ¥ ´the illus at µmouth.¼
¨in®cite© ²/InÚsñIt/ ³vt ¶[VP6A,14,17] ·@ sb (to sth/to do sth), ´stir up,
rouse: ³Insults @ resentment. The soldier was shot for inciting his comrades to
rise against their officers. ¸@®ment ³n ¶[U] ´inciting or being @d; ¶[C]
´instance of this; sth that @s.¼
¨in®civ®il®ity© ²/*InsIÚvIlEtI/ ³n ´(formal) ¶[U] ´impoliteness; ¶[C] ³(pl
µ-ties³) ´impolite act, remark, etc.¼
¨in®clem®ent© ²/InÚklemEnt/ ³adj ´(formal) (of weather or climate) severe;
cold and stormy. ¸in®clem®ency ²/-EnsI/ ³n ¶[U] ´being @.¼
¨in®cli®na®tion© ²/*InklIÚneI2n/ ³n ¸1 ¶[C] ´bending; bowing;
slope; slant: ³an @ of the head´, a nod; ³an @ of the body´, a bow; ³the @ of
a roof´, its degree of slope. ¸2 ¶[C,U] ·@ (to sth/to do sth), ´mental
leaning; liking or desire; disposition: ³Are you usually ready to sacrifice @
to duty´, put on one side what you like doing in order to do your duty? ³He
showed no @ to leave. She is not free to follow her own @s, even in the matter
of marriage. He has an @ ´(= tendency) ³to stoutness/to grow fat.¼
¨in®cline©1 ²/InÚklñIn/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A,15A,2A] ´(cause to) lean, slope or
slant; bend (the head, body, oneself) forward or downward: ³@ the head in
prayer. ¸2 ¶[VP17] ´(liter) dispose; direct: ³"I@ our hearts to keep this law.'
¸3 ¶[VP17] ´(usu passive) direct the mind in a certain direction; cause (sb) to
have a tendency or wish (³to do ´sth): ³The news @s me/I am @d to start at
once. His letter @s me to believe that he doesn't want to come. I am
@d to think ´(= I have a feeling or idea) ³that he is opposed to the plan.
He's @d to be lazy. We can go for a walk if you feel so @d. ¸4 ¶[VP4C] ´tend;
be disposed: ³I @ to believe in his innocence. ¸5 ¶[VP3A] ·@ to/towards sth,
´have a physical or mental tendency: ³He @s to leanness. She @s towards
melancholia.¼
¨in®cline©2 ²/ÚInklñIn/ ³n ´slope; sloping surface: ³run down a steep @; an @
of 1 in 5. µ¥ gradient.¼
¨in®close©, in®clos®ure ²/InÚklE8z, InÚklE8ZE(r)/ ´= µenclose, enclosure.¼
¨in®clude© ²/InÚklud/ ³vt ¶[VP6A,C] ´bring in, reckon, as part of the whole:
³This atlas contains fifty maps, including six of North America. Price $2.75,
postage @d. Your duties will @ putting the children to bed. ¸in®clu®sion
²/InÚkluZn/ ³n ¶[U] ´including or being @d.¼
¨in®clus®ive© ²/InÚklusIv/ ³adj ·@ (of), ¸1 ´including: ³$10, @ of
interest; from 1 May to 3 June @´, 1 May and 3 June being included. µ¥ ´(US)
µthrough±2µ(4). ¸2 ´including much or all: ³@ terms, ´(at a hotel, etc) without
any extra charges. ¸@®ly ³adv¼
¨in®cog®nito© ²/*InkogÚnitE8/ ³adj ´concealed under a disguised identity; with
an assumed name: ³a king @. ´¹ ³adv ´with one's name, identity, etc concealed:
³The millionaire called himself Dick Brown and travelled @.¼
¨in®co®her®ent© ²/*InkE8ÚhIErEnt/ ³adj ´not coherent: ³so drunk as to be quite
@. ¸@®ly ³adv ¸in®co®her®ence ²/-Ens/ ³n¼
¨in®com®bus®tible© ²/*InkEmÚbAstEbl/ ³adj ´(formal) that cannot be consumed by
fire.¼
¨in®come© ²/ÚIGkAm/ ³n ´money received during a given period (as salary,
receipts from trade, interest from investments, etc): ³live within one's @´,
spend less than one receives. ³Tax was payable on @ over $2Ô000. ¸@-tax
²/ÚIGkEm taks/ ³n ´tax levied on @ above a certain level.¼
¨in®com®ing© ²/*InÚkAmIG/ ³adj ´coming in: ³the @ tide/tenant.¼
¨in®com®men®sur®ate© ²/*InkEÚmen2ErEt/ ³adj ·@ (to/with), ¸1 ´not comparable
³(to) ´in respect of size; not worthy to be measured ³(with´): ³His abilities
are @ to the task he has been given. ¸2 ´that cannot be compared; having no
common measure.¼
¨in®com®mode© ²/*InkEÚmE8d/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´(formal) cause trouble or
inconvenience to: ³Will it @ you if I don't pay what I owe you until next
year?¼
¨in®com®muni®cado© ²/*InkE*mjunIÚkqdE8/ ³adj ´(of sb in confinement) not
permitted to communicate with persons outside.¼
¨in®com®par®able© ²/InÚkomprEbl/ ³adj ·@ (to/with), ´not to be
compared; without equal: ³her @ beauty. ¸in®com®par®ably ²/-EblI/ ³adv¼
¨in®com®pat®ible© ²/*InkEmÚpatEbl/ ³adj ·@ (with), ´opposed in character;
unable to exist in harmony; inconsistent: ³Excessive drinking is @ with good
health. They are sexually @. ¸in®com®pati®bil®ity ²/*InkEm*patEÚbIlEtI/ ³n
¶[U] ´being @: ³Incompatibility of temper may cause friction between husband
and wife.¼
¨in®com®pe®tent© ²/InÚkompItEnt/ ³adj ´not qualified or able: ³@ to teach
science/for teaching science/as a teacher of science. ¸@®ly ³adv
¸in®com®pe®tence ²/-Ens/, ¸in®com®pe®tency ²/-EnsI/ ³nn ¶[U] ´being @.¼
¨in®com®plete© ²/*InkEmÚplit/ ³adj ´not complete. ¸@®ly ³adv¼
¨in®com®pre®hen®sible© ²/*In*komprIÚhensEbl/ ³adj ´(formal) that cannot be
understood. ¸in®com®pre®hen®si®bil®ity ²/In*komprI*hensEÚbIlEtI/ ³n ¶[U].¼
¨in®com®pre®hen®sion© ²/In*komprIÚhen2n/ ³n ¶[U] ´failure to understand.¼
¨in®com®press®ible© ²/InkEmÚpresEbl/ ³adj ´(formal) that cannot be compressed;
hard and unyielding.¼
¨in®con®ceiv®able© ²/*InkEnÚsivEbl/ ³adj ´that cannot be imagined; (colloq)
hard to believe; very remarkable.¼
¨in®con®clus®ive© ²/*InkEnÚklusIv/ ³adj ´(of evidence, arguments, discussions,
actions) not decisive or convincing; not bringing a definite result. ¸@®ly
³adv¼
¨in®con®gru®ous© ²/InÚkoGgr8Es/ ³adj ·@ (with), ´not in harmony or agreement;
out of place. ¸@®ly ³adv ¸in®con®gru®ity ²/*InkoGÚgruEtI/ ³n ¶[U] ´the quality
of being @; ¶[C] ³(pl µ-ties³) ´sth @.¼
¨in®con®sequent© ²/InÚkonsIkwEnt/ ³adj ´not following naturally what has been
said or done before: ³an @ remark; ´(of a person) saying or doing @ things.
¸@®ly ³adv ¸in®con®sequen®tial ²/In*konsIÚkwen2l/ ³adj ´= @; unimportant.¼
¨in®con®sid®er®able© ²/*InkEnÚsIdrEbl/ ³adj ´not worth considering;
of small size, value, etc.¼
¨in®con®sid®er®ate© ²/*InkEnÚsIdErEt/ ³adj ´(of a person, his actions)
thoughtless; lacking in regard for the feelings of others; ³@ children; @
remarks. ¸@®ly ³adv¼
¨in®con®sist®ent© ²/*InkEnÚsIstEnt/ ³adj ·@ (with), ¸1 ´not in harmony:
³actions that are @ with one's principles. ¸2 ´contradictory; having parts
that do not agree: ³His account of what happened was @. ¸@®ly ³adv
¸in®con®sist®ency ²/-EnsI/ ³n ¶[U] ´the quality of being @; ¶[C] ³(pl µ-cies³)
´instance of this.¼
¨in®con®sol®able© ²/*InkEnÚsE8lEbl/ ³adj ´that cannot be consoled: ³@ grief.
The widow was @.¼
¨in®con®spicu®ous© ²/*InkEnÚspIkj8Es/ ³adj ´not conspicuous: ³The shy girl
tried to make herself as @ as possible´, tried to avoid attention. ³She always
dresses in @ colours´, colours that are not striking or obvious. ¸@®ly ³adv¼
¨in®con®stant© ²/InÚkonstEnt/ ³adj ´(formal) (of persons) changeable in
feelings, intentions, purpose, etc: ³an @ lover. ¸in®con®stancy ²/-EnsI/ ³n
¶[U] ´being @; ¶[C] ´instance of this.¼
¨in®con®test®able© ²/*InkEnÚtestEbl/ ³adj ´that cannot be disputed.¼
¨in®con®ti®nent© ²/InÚkontInEnt ³US: ²-tEnEnt/ ³adj ´lacking in self-control or
self-restraint; (med) unable to control excretion or urination.
¸in®con®ti®nence ²/-Ens/ ³n ¶[U].¼
¨in®con®tro®vert®ible© ²/In*kontrEÚv3tEbl/ ³adj ´(formal) that cannot be
disputed.¼
¨in®con®ven®ience© ²/*InkEnÚvinIEns/ ³n ¶[C,U] ´(cause or instance of)
discomfort or trouble: ³I was put to/I suffered great @. They have been at
great @ in order to help us. Think of the @s of living in such a small house
with a large family. ´¹ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´cause @ to.¼
¨in®con®ven®ient© ²/*InkEnÚvinIEnt/ ³adj ´causing discomfort, trouble or
annoyance. ¸@®ly ³adv¼
¨in®con®vert®ible© ²/*InkEnÚv3tEbl/ ³adj ´that cannot be converted,
eÔg paper money that cannot be exchanged for gold. ¸in®con®ver®ti®bil®ity
²/*InkEn*v3tEÚbIlEtI/ ³n¼
¨in®cor®por®ate©1 ²/InÚkcpErEt/ ³adj ´incorporated; formed into, united in, a
corporation.¼
¨in®cor®por®ate©2 ²/InÚkcpEreIt/ ³vt,vi ¶[VP6A,14,23,2A,3A] ·@ (in/into/with),
´make, become, united in one body or group; (legal) form into, become, a
corporationµ(2)´: ³Hanover was @d into Prussia in 1886. He was @d a member of
the college. Your suggestions will be @d in the plan. The firm @d with others.
¸in®cor®por®ation ²/In*kcpEÚreI2n/ ³n ´incorporating or being @d.¼
¨in®cor®por®eal© ²/*InkcÚpcrIEl/ ³adj ´(formal) not composed of matter; having
no bodily form.¼
¨in®cor®rect© ²/*InkEÚrekt/ ³adj ´not correct. ¸@®ly ³adv ¸@®ness ³n¼
¨in®cor®ri®gible© ²/InÚkorIdZEbl ³US: ²-Úkcr-/ ³adj ´(of a person, his faults,
etc) that cannot be cured or corrected: ³an @ liar; @ bad habits.¼
¨in®cor®rupt®ible© ²/*InkEÚrAptEbl/ ³adj ´that cannot decay or be destroyed;
that cannot be corrupted, esp by being bribed: ³as @ as an English judge.
¸in®cor®rupti®bil®ity ²/*InkE*rAptEÚbIlEtI/ ³n¼
¨in®crease©1 ²/ÚIGkris/ ³n ¶[U] ·@ (in), ´increasing; growth; ¶[C] ´amount by
which sth @s: ³I@ in population made emigration necessary. There was a steady
@ in population. ·on the @, ´growing: ³Is the consumption of beer still on the
@?¼
¨in®crease©2 ²/InÚkris/ ³vt,vi ¶[VP6A,2A] ´make or become greater in size,
number, degree, etc: ³The population has @d by 200Ô000 to 50Ô000Ô000. The
driver @d speed. Our difficulties are increasing. ¸in®creas®ing®ly
²/InÚkrisIGlI/ ³adv ´more and more.¼
¨in®cred®ible© ²/InÚkredEbl/ ³adj ´that cannot be believed; (colloq) difficult
to believe; surprising. ¸in®cred®ibly ²/-EblI/ ³adv ¸in®credi®bil®ity
²/In*kredEÚbIlEtI/ ³n¼
¨in®credu®lous© ²/InÚkredj8lEs ³US: ²-dZ8-/ ³adj ´unbelieving;
showing disbelief: ³@ looks/smiles. ¸@®ly ³adv ¸in®cred®ul®ity ²/*InkrIÚdjulEtI
³US: ²-Údu-/ ³n¼
¨in®crement© ²/ÚInkrEmEnt/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´profits; increase: ³unearned @´,
increased value of sth, eÔg land, due not to the owner's labour but to other
causes, eÔg a big demand for land. ¸2 ¶[C] ´amount of increase: ³"Salary
$4Ô000 per annum, with yearly @s of $250 to a maximum of $5Ô500.'¼
¨in®crimi®nate© ²/InÚkrImIneIt/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´say, be a sign, that (sb) is
guilty of wrongdoing: ³Don't say anything that may @ your friends.¼
¨in®crus®ta®tion© ²/*InkrAÚsteI2n/ ³n ¶[U] ´encrusting; ¶[C] ´crust; hard
coating.¼
¨in®cu®bate© ²/ÚInkj8beIt/ ³vt,vi ¶[VP6A,2A] ¸1 ´hatch (eggs) by sitting on
them or by artificial warmth; sit on eggs. ¸2 ´(of bacteria, etc) develop under
favourable conditions. ¸in®cu®ba®tion ²/*Inkj8ÚbeI2n/ ³n ¸1 ´hatching (of
eggs): ³artificial incubation´, hatching by artificial warmth. ¸2 @ (period),
´(path) (of a disease) period between infection and the appearance of the first
symptoms. ¸in®cu®ba®tor ²/-tE(r)/ ³n ´apparatus for hatching eggs by artificial
warmth or for rearing small, weak babies (esp those born prematurely).¼
¨in®cu®bus© ²/ÚIGkj8bEs/ ³n (pl µ@es ²/-sIz/, ´or µ-bi ²/-bñI/³) ´nightmare;
evil spirit supposed to lie on a sleeping person and weigh him down; sb or sth,
eÔg a debt, an approaching examination, that oppresses one like a nightmare.¼
¨in®cul®cate© ²/ÚInkAlkeIt ³US: ²InÚkAl-/ ³vt ¶[VP6A,14] ·@ sth (in sb)
´(formal) fix (ideas, etc) firmly by repetition: ³@ in young people the duty
of loyalty.¼
¨in®cul®pate© ²/ÚInkAlpeIt ³US: ²InÚkAl-/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´(formal) involve (sb)
in a charge or wrongdoing; blame.¼
¨in®cum®bent© ²/InÚkAmbEnt/ ³adj ·be @ on/upon sb (to do sth), ´(formal) be his
duty: ³It is @ upon you to warn the boy of the danger of smoking. ´¹ ³n ´person
holding an official position. ¸in®cum®bency ²/-EnsI/ ³n (pl µ-cies³) ´position
of an @.¼
¨in®cur© ²/InÚk3(r)/ ³vt µ(-rr-) ¶[VP6A] ´bring upon oneself: ³@ debts; @
hatred; @ great expense.¼
¨in®cur®able© ²/InÚkj8ErEbl/ ³adj ´that cannot be cured: ³@
diseases/habits. ´¹ ³n ´person who is @: ³a home for @s. ¸in®cur®ably ²/-EblI/
³adv¼
¨in®curi®ous© ²/InÚkj8ErIEs/ ³adj ´(formal) having no curiosity; not
inquisitive; inattentive.¼
¨in®cur®sion© ²/InÚk32n ³US: ²-Zn/ ³n ·@ on/upon, ´sudden attack or invasion
(not usu made for the purpose of permanent occupation): ³the Danish @s on our
coasts in early times; ´(fig) ³@s upon my leisure time.¼
¨in®curved© ²/*InÚk3vd/ ³adj ´curved inwards; bent into a curve.¼
¨in®debted© ²/InÚdetId/ ³adj ·@ to sb, ´owing money or gratitude: ³I am
greatly @ to you for your help. ¸@®ness ³n¼
¨in®de®cent© ²/InÚdisnt/ ³adj ¸1 ´(of behaviour, talk, etc) not decentµ(2)´;
obscene. ¸2 ´(colloq) improper: ³leave a party in @ haste´, eÔg as if to
suggest that one is glad to escape from boredom. ¸@®ly ³adv ¸in®de®cency
²/-nsI/ ³n ¶[U] ´being @; ¶[C] ³(pl µ-cies³) ´act, gesture, expression, etc
that is @.¼
¨in®de®cipher®able© ²/*IndIÚsñIfrEbl/ ³adj ´that cannot be deciphered.¼
¨in®de®cision© ²/*IndIÚsIZn/ ³n ´the state of being unable to decide;
hesitation.¼
¨in®de®cis®ive© ²/*IndIÚsñIsIv/ ³adj ´not decisive: ³an @ battle/answer; @
evidence; ´hesitating; uncertain: ³a man with an @ manner. ¸@®ly ³adv¼
¨in®dec®or®ous© ²/InÚdekErEs/ ³adj ´(formal) in bad taste; not in accordance
with good manners. ¸@®ly ³adv¼
¨in®de®cor®um© ²/*IndIÚkcrEm/ ³n ¶[U] ´lack of decorum; ´improper behaviour.¼
¨in®deed© ²/InÚdid/ ³adv ¸1 ´really; as you say; as you may imagine: ³I was @
very glad to hear the news. "Are you pleased at your son's success?'Å"Yes, @'
´(or) ³"I@, yes.' ¸2 ´(to intensify) ³Thank you very much @. It was very kind
@ of you to help. ¸3 ´used as a comment to show interest, surprise, irony,
etc: ³"He spoke to me about you.'Å"Oh, @!' ´"Oh, did he?' ³"Who is this
woman?'Å"Who is she, @?' ´"That's what we all want to know!'¼
¨in®de®fati®gable© ²/*IndIÚfatIgEbl/ ³adj ´(formal) untiring; that cannot be
tired out: ³@ workers.¼
¨in®de®feas®ible© ²/*IndIÚfizEbl/ ³adj ´(formal) that cannot be
forfeited or done away with: ³@ rights/claims.¼
¨in®de®fens®ible© ²/*IndIÚfensEbl/ ³adj ´that cannot be defended, justified or
excused.¼
¨in®defin®able© ²/*IndIÚfñInEbl/ ³adj ´that cannot be defined.¼
¨in®defi®nite© ²/InÚdefInEt/ ³adj ´vague; not clearly defined or stated: ³He
has rather @ views on the question. He gave me an @ answer´, neither "Yes' nor
"No'. ·the *@ Úarticle, ³a ´or ³an. ¸@®ly ³adv¼
¨in®del®ible© ²/InÚdelEbl/ ³adj ´(of marks, stains, ink or (fig) of disgrace)
that cannot be rubbed out or removed: ³an @ pencil; @ shame. ¸in®del®ibly
²/-EblI/ ³adv¼
¨in®deli®cate© ²/InÚdelIkEt/ ³adj ´(of a person, his speech, behaviour, etc)
lacking in refinement; immodest: ³@ remarks. ¸in®deli®cacy ²/-kEsI/ ³n ¶[U]
´being @; ¶[C] ³(pl µ-cies³) ´@ act, utterance, etc.¼
¨in®dem®nify© ²/InÚdemnIfñI/ ³vt (pt,pp µ-fied³) ¸1 ¶[VP6A,14] ·@ sb
(from/against), ´(legal, comm) make (sb, oneself) safe: ³@ a person against
harm/loss. ¸2 ¶[VP6A,14] ·@ sb (for sth), ´pay sb back: ³I will @ you for any
expenses you may incur on my behalf. ¸in®dem®ni®fi®ca®tion ²/In*demnIfIÚkeI2n/
³n ¶[U] ´@ing or being indemnified; ¶[C] ´sth given or received as compensation
or repayment.¼
¨in®dem®nity© ²/InÚdemnEtI/ ³n (pl µ-ties³) ¸1 ¶[U] ´security against damage or
loss; compensation for loss. ¸2 ¶[C] ´sth that gives security against damage or
loss; sth given or received as compensation, esp a sum of money, or
goods, demanded from a country defeated in war.¼
¨in®dent© ²/InÚdent/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A] ´break into the edge or surface of (as
if with teeth): ³an @ed ´(= very irregular) ³coastline. ¸2 ¶[VP6A] ´start (a
line of print or writing) farther from the margin than the others: ³You must @
the first line of each paragraph. ¸3 ¶[VP3A] ·@ (on sb) for sth, ´(comm) order
goods by means of an @. ³The firm @ed for new machinery. ´¹ ³n ²/ÚIndent/
´(comm) trade order placed in the United Kingdom for goods to be exported;
official requisition for stores. ¸in®den®ta®tion ²/*IndenÚteI2n/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U]
´@ing or being @ed. ¸2 ¶[C] ´deep recess in a coastline; notch; space left at
the beginning of a line of print or writing.¼
¨in®den®ture© ²/InÚdent2E(r)/ ³n ´agreement of which two copies are made, esp
one binding an apprentice to his master. ·take up one's @s, ´receive them back
at the end of the period of training. ´¹ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´bind (a person) by @s (as
an apprentice).¼
¨in®de®pen®dence© ²/*IndIÚpendEns/ ³n ¶[U] ·@ (from), ´the state of being
independent: ³When a boy leaves college and begins to earn money he can live a
life of @. Several of these colonies have claimed and have been given @ from
the mother country. ¸ÚI@ Day, ´4 July, celebrated in the US as the anniversary
of the day, in 1776, on which the Declaration of I@ (that the American
colonies were free and independent of GB) was made.¼
¨in®de®pen®dent© ²/*IndIÚpendEnt/ ³adj ¸1 ·@ (of), ´not dependent
on or controlled by (other persons or things); not relying on others; not
needing to work for a living: ³If you have a car you are @ of trains and buses.
They went camping, so as to be @ of hotels. ·@ means, ´private means. ¸2
´self-governing: ³when the colony became @. ¸3 ´acting or thinking upon one's
own lines; free from control; not influenced by others: ³an @ thinker; an @
witness; @ proof/research´, resulting from @ work, not related to the work of
others. ¹ ³n ´(esp) MÔP, candidate, etc who does not belong to a political
party: ³Vote for the @s at the next election. ¸@®ly ³adv¼
¨in®de®scrib®able© ²/*IndIÚskrñIbEbl/ ³adj ´that cannot be described.
¸in®de®scrib®ably ²/-EblI/ ³adv¼
¨in®de®struct®ible© ²/*IndIÚstrAktEbl/ ³adj ´that cannot be destroyed: ³@
plastics. ¸in®de®struct®ibil®ity ²/*IndI*strAktEÚbIlEtI/ ³n ¶[U].¼
¨in®de®ter®mi®nate© ²/*IndIÚt3mInEt/ ³adj ´not fixed; vague or
indefinite: ´(maths) ³an @ quantity´, with no fixed value. ¸in®de®ter®min®able
²/*IndIÚt3mInEbl/ ³adj ´that cannot be determined, decided or (esp of an
industrial dispute) be settled. ¸in®de®ter®min®ably ²/-EblI/ ³adv
¸in®de®ter®min®acy ²/-EsI/ ³n ´the state or quality of being @: ³the
indeterminacy of small-scale physical events´, the impossibility of determining
them in advance.¼
¨in®dex© ²/ÚIndeks/ ³n (pl µ@es ´or, in science, µindices ²/ÚIndIsiz/³) ¸1 ´sth
that points to or indicates; pointer (on an instrument) showing measurements:
³The increasing sale of luxuries was an @ of the country's prosperity. ¸the Ú@
finger, ´the finger next to the thumb, used for pointing. µ¥ ´the illus at
µarm. ¸2 ´list of names, subjects, references, etc in ABC order, at the end of
a book, or on cards (a ¸Úcard @´) in a library, etc. ¸the I@, ´(hist) list of
books not to be read by members of the RÔC Church without permission. ¸3 Ú@
number/figure, ´one that indicates the relative level of prices or wages at a
particular date compared with the figure 100 (for an earlier period) taken as
a standard (as in ³the cost of living @´). ¸4 ´(alg) exponent: ³In b±3 ³and
x²$³, 3 and n are indices. ´¹ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´make an @ for a book, collection of
books, etc; put a word, reference, etc in an @: ³The book is not well @ed.
¸@er ³n ´person who prepares an @ µ(2).¼
¨In®dia© ²/ÚIndIE/ ³n ¸Ú@ paper ³n ´very thin paper, eÔg for airmail editions
of newspapers. ¸@man ²/-mEn/ ³n (pl µ-men³) ´(formerly) sailing-ship engaged
in the trade with India. ¸*@-Úrubber ³n ¶[C] ´piece of rubber for rubbing out
pencil or ink marks.¼
¨In®dian© ²/ÚIndIEn/ ³adj, n ¸1 ´(native) of the Republic of India. ¸2
A*merican Ú@, ´(one) of the original inhabitants of America. ¸*West Ú@,
´(native) of the West Indies. ¸3 ´(various uses) ¸Ú@ club, ´bottle-shaped
club, for use in gymnastic exercises. ¸Ú@ corn, ¶[U] ´maize. ·in @ file, ´in
single file, one behind the other. ¸*@ Úhemp, µ¥ hemp. ¸*@ Úink, ´black ink
made in China and Japan (used when writing ideographs with a brush). ¸*@ Úred,
´(soil of a) yellowish-red colour. ¸*@ Úsummer, ´period of calm, dry hazy
weather in late autumn, esp in the northern part of the US; (fig) revival of
the feelings of youth in old age.¼
¨in®di®cate© ²/ÚIndIkeIt/ ³vt ¶[VP6A,9,14] ´point to; point out;
make known; be a sign of; show the need of; state briefly: ³A sign-post @d the
right road for us to follow. He @d that the interview was over. The sudden
rise in temperature was indicating the use of penicillin. A fresh approach to
industrial relations is @d´, is necessary or advisable. ¸in®di®ca®tion
²/*IndIÚkeI2n/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´indicating or being @d. ¸2 ¶[C,U] ´sign or
suggestion; that which @s: ³Did he give you any indication of his feelings?
There was not much indication/were not many indications that the next few
years would be peaceful.¼
¨in®dica®tive© ²/InÚdIkEtIv/ ³adj ¸1 ´(gram) stating a fact or asking
questions of fact: ³the @ mood. ¸2 ·@ of/that, ´giving indications (of): ³Is a
high forehead @ of great mental power?¼
¨in®di®cator© ²/ÚIndIkeItE(r)/ ³n ´person, thing, that points out or gives
information, eÔg a pointer, needle, recording apparatus, on a machine, etc
showing speed, pressure, etc: ³Litmus paper can be used as an @ of the
presence or not of acid in a solution; (·Ú³traffic-@) ´(on a motor vehicle)
flashing light or other device to indicate a change of direction; ³(·Ú³train
@) ´one in a railway station showing times of arrivals and departures of
trains, their platform numbers, etc.¼
¨in®di®ces© ²/ÚIndIsiz/ ³pl ´of µindex.¼
¨in®dict© ²/InÚdñIt/ ³vt ¶[VP6A,14,16B] ´(legal) accuse (sb): ³@ sb for riot/as
a rioter/on a charge of rioting. ¸in®dict®able ²/-Ebl/ ³adj ´liable to be @ed;
for which one may be @ed: ³@able offences´, that may be tried by jury. ¸@®ment
³n ¶[C] ´written statement that @s sb: ³bring in an @ment against sb. This is a
clear @ment of government mismanagement. ¶[U] ´@ing or being @ed.¼
¨in®dif®fer®ence© ²/InÚdIfrEns/ ³n ¶[U] ·@ (to), ´the state of
being indifferent; absence of interest or feeling: ³He treated my request with
@. Success or failure cannot be a matter of @ to you. His @ to future needs is
unfortunate.¼
¨in®dif®fer®ent© ²/InÚdIfrEnt/ ³adj ¸1 ·@ (to), ´having no interest in; neither
for nor against; not caring for: ³How can you be so @ to the sufferings of
these children? The explorers were @ to the discomforts and dangers of the
expedition. We cannot remain @ ´(= neutral) ³in this dispute. It is quite @ to
me whether you go or stay´, I don't care which you do. ¸2 ´commonplace; not of
good quality or ability: ³an @ book; a very @ footballer. ¸@®ly ³adv¼
¨in®digen®ous© ²/InÚdIdZInEs/ ³adj ·@ (to), ´native, belonging naturally (to):
³Kangaroos are @ to Australia; @ language´, that of the people regarded as the
original inhabitants of an area.¼
¨in®di®gent© ²/ÚIndIdZEnt/ ³adj ´(formal) poor. ¸in®di®gence ²/-Ens/ ³n ¶[U]
´poverty.¼
¨in®di®gest®ible© ²/*IndIÚdZEstEbl/ ³adj ´difficult or impossible to digest.¼
¨in®di®ges®tion© ²/*IndIÚdZest2En/ ³n ¶[U] ´(pain from) difficulty in
digesting food: ³suffer from @; have an attack of @.¼
¨indig®nant© ²/InÚdIgnEnt/ ³adj ´angry and scornful, esp at injustice or
because of undeserved blame, etc: ³@ at a false accusation; @ with a cruel
man. ¸@®ly ³adv¼
¨in®dig®na®tion© ²/*IndIgÚneI2n/ ³n ¶[U] ´anger caused by injustice,
misconduct, etc: ³arouse the @ of the people; to the @ of all decent people.
They felt strong @ against their teachers.¼
¨in®dig®nity© ²/InÚdIgnEtI/ ³n ¶[U] ´rude or unworthy treatment causing shame
or loss of respect; ¶[C] ³(pl µ-ties³) ´sth said or done that humiliates a
person: ³The hijackers subjected us to all sorts of indignities.¼
¨in®digo© ²/ÚIndIgE8/ ³n ¶[U] ´deep blue dye (obtained from
plants). ¸@ (blue), ´blue-violet. µ¥ ´the illus at µspectrum.¼
¨in®direct© ²/*IndIÚrekt/ ³adj ¸1 ´not straight or direct; not going straight
to the point: ³an @ road; make an @ reference to sb´, not mentioning his name
although making clear who is referred to; ³an @ answer to a question; @
lighting´, by reflected light. ¸2 ´(of taxes) not paid direct to a
tax-collector, but in the form of higher prices for taxed goods: ³the @ taxes
on tobacco, wines, etc. ¸3 ¸*@ Úobject, ´person etc secondarily affected by
the ³v´, and replaceable by ³to/for ´+ object, eÔg ³him (=to him) ´in ³Give
him the money. ¸*@ Úquestion, ´question in @ speech. ¸*@ Úspeech, ´speech as it
is reported with the necessary changes of pronouns, tenses, etc, eÔg ³He said
he would come ´for ³He said "I will come'. ¸4 ´not directly aimed at: ³an @
result. ¸@®ly ³adv ¸@®ness ³n¼
¨in®dis®cern®ible© ²/*IndIÚs3nEbl/ ³adj ´that cannot be discerned.¼
¨in®dis®ci®pline© ²/InÚdIsIplIn/ ³n ¶[U] ´absence of discipline.¼
¨in®dis®creet© ²/*IndIÚskrit/ ³adj ´not wary, cautious or careful. ¸@®ly ³adv
¸in®dis®cre®tion ²/*IndIÚskre2n/ ³n ¶[U] ´@ conduct; lack of discretion; ¶[C]
´@ remark or act; offence against social conventions.¼
¨in®dis®crete© ²/*IndIÚskrit/ ³adj ´not formed of distinct or separate parts.¼
¨in®dis®crimi®nate© ²/*IndIÚskrImInEt/ ³adj ´acting, given, without care or
taste: ³@ in making friends; give @ praise; deal out @ blows´, hit out at
anyone, whether an enemy or not. ¸@®ly ³adv¼
¨in®dis®pens®able© ²/*IndIÚspensEbl/ ³adj ·@ to, ´that cannot be dispensed
with; absolutely essential: ³Air, food and water are @ to life.
¸in®dis®pen®sa®bil®ity ²/*IndI*spensEÚbIlEtI/ ³n ¶[U].¼
¨in®dis®posed© ²/*IndIÚspE8zd/ ³adj ¸1 ´unwell: ³She has a headache and is
@. ¸2 ·@ for/to do sth, ´not inclined: ³He seems @ to help us.¼
¨in®dis®po®si®tion© ²/*IndIspEÚzI2n/ ³n ¶[C,U] ¸1 ´ill health;
slight illness. ¸2 ·@ for/to do sth, ´feeling of unwillingness or
disinclination; feeling of aversion.¼
¨in®dis®put®able© ²/*IndIÚspjutEbl/ ³adj ´that cannot be disputed.¼
¨in®dis®sol®uble© ²/*IndIÚsolj8bl/ ³adj ´(formal) that cannot be dissolved or
broken up; firm and lasting: ³the @ bonds of friendship between my country and
yours. The Roman Catholic Church regards marriage as @.¼
¨in®dis®tinct© ²/*IndIÚstIGkt/ ³adj ´not distinct: ³@ speech; @
sounds/memories. ¸@®ly ³adv ¸@®ness ³n¼
¨in®dis®tin®guish®able© ²/*IndIÚstIGgwI2Ebl/ ³adj ´that cannot be
distinguished.¼
¨in®dite© ²/InÚdñIt/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´(archaic) put into words; compose.¼
¨in®di®vid®ual© ²/*IndIÚvIdZ8El/ ³adj ¸1 ´(opp of ³general´) specially for one
person or thing: ³A teacher cannot give @ attention to his pupils if his class
is very large. ¸2 ´characteristic of a single person, animal, plant or thing:
³an @ style of speaking/dressing. ´¹ ³n ¸1 ´any one human being (contrasted
with ³society´): ³Are the rights of the/an @ more important or less important
than the rights of society as a whole? ¸2 ´(colloq) person: ³What a scruffy @
he is! ¸@ly ²/-dZ8ElI/ ³adv ´(opp of ³collectively´) separately; one by one:
³speak to each member of a group @ly.¼
¨in®di®vid®ual®ism© ²/*IndIÚvIdZ8ElIzEm/ ³n ¶[U] ¸1 ´social theory that favours
the free action and complete liberty of belief of individuals (contrasted with
the theory favouring the supremacy of the state). ¸2 ´feeling
or behaviour of a person who puts his own private interests first; egoism.
¸in®di®vid®ual®ist ²/-Ist/ ³n ´supporter of @. ¸in®di®vid®ual®is®tic
²/*IndI*vIdZ8EÚlIstIk/ ³adj ´of @ or its principles.¼
¨in®di®vidu®al®ity© ²/*IndI*vIdZ8ÚalEtI/ ³n (pl µ-ties³) ¸1 ¶[U]
´all the characteristics that belong to an individual and that mark him out
from others: ³a man of marked @. ¸2 ´state of separate existence. ¸3 ´(usu
³pl´) individual tastes, etc.¼
¨in®di®vid®ual®ize© ²/*IndIÚvIdZ8ElñIz/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ¸1 ´give an individual or
distinct character to: ³Does your style of writing @ your work? ¸2 ´specify;
treat separately and in detail.¼
¨in®di®vis®ible© ²/*IndIÚvIzEbl/ ³adj ´that cannot be divided.¼
¨Indo-© ²/*IndE8/ ³pref ´(in compounds) = Indian. ¸*@-*EuroÚpean, ´of the
family of languages spoken in Europe and parts of western Asia, esp Iran,
Pakistan and India.¼
¨in®doc®tri®nate© ²/InÚdoktrIneIt/ ³vt ¶[VP6A,14] ·@ sb with, ´fill the mind
of (sb) (with particular ideas or beliefs). ¸in®doc®tri®na®tion
²/In*doktrIÚneI2n/ ³n ¶[U].¼
¨in®do®lent© ²/ÚIndElEnt/ ³adj ´lazy; inactive. ¸@®ly ³adv ¸in®dol®ence
²/-Ens/ ³n ¶[U].¼
¨in®domi®table© ²/InÚdomItEbl/ ³adj ´that cannot be subdued or conquered;
unyielding: ³@ courage; an @ will.¼
¨in®door© ²/ÚIndc(r)/ ³adj ´(attrib only) belonging to, carried on, situated,
inside a building: ³@ games/photography; an @ swimming-bath.¼
¨in®doors© ²/*InÚdcz/ ³adv ´in or into a building: ³go/stay @; kept @ all week
by bad weather.¼
¨in®dorse© ²/InÚdcs/ ´= µendorse.¼
¨in®drawn© ²/*InÚdrcn/ ³adj ´drawn in: ³an @ breath.¼
¨in®dubi®table© ²/InÚdjubItEbl ³US: ²-Údu-/ ³adj ´(formal) that cannot be
doubted.¼
¨in®duce© ²/InÚdjus ³US: ²-Údus/ ³vt ¸1 ¶[VP17] ·@ sb to do sth,
´persuade or influence; lead or cause: ³What @d you to do such a thing? We
couldn't @ the old lady to travel by air. ¸2 ¶[VP6A,14] ´bring about: ³illness
@d by overwork; @ labour, ´(in childbirth) by artificial means; ³@ magnetism in
a piece of iron, ´by holding it near a magnet. ¸@®ment ³n ¶[C,U] ´that which
@s; incentive: ³He hasn't much @ment/many @ments to study English.¼
¨in®duct© ²/InÚdAkt/ ³vt ¶[VP6A,14,16B] ·@ sb (to/into/as), ´install formerly
or with ceremony in position or office; ´admit as a member of.¼
¨in®duc®tion© ²/InÚdAk2n/ ³n ¸1 ´inducting or being inducted: ³an @ course´,
one designed to provide general knowledge of future activities, requirements,
etc. ¸2 ´method of reasoning which obtains or discovers general laws from
particular facts or examples; production of facts to prove a general
statement. µ¥ deduction. ¸3 ´the bringing about of an electric or magnetic
state in a body by proximity (without actual contact) of an electrified or
magnetized body: ³@ coils/motors. µ¥ induce(2).¼
¨in®duc®tive© ²/InÚdAktIv/ ³adj ¸1 ´(of reasoning) based on inductionµ(2)´. ¸2
´of magnetic or electrical induction.¼
¨in®due© ²/InÚdju ³US: ²-Údu/ ´= µendue.¼
¨in®dulge© ²/InÚdAldZ/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A] ´gratify; give way to and satisfy
(desires, etc); overlook the faults of: ³It is sometimes necessary to @ a sick
child/the fancies of a sick child. ¸2 ¶[VP3A] ·@ in, ´allow oneself the
pleasure of: ³He occasionally @s in the luxury of a good cigar. ¸in®dul®gent
²/-Ent/ ³adj ´inclined to @; ³indulgent parents´, parents who @ their children.
¸in®dul®gent®ly ³adv¼
¨in®dul®gence© ²/InÚdAldZEns/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´indulgingµ(1)´; the state of being
indulgedµ(1). ¸2 ¶[U] ·@ (in), ´(the habit of) gratifying one's own desires,
etc: ³Constant @ in bad habits brought about his ruin. ¸3 ¶[C] ´sth in which a
person indulgesµ(2)´: ³One pint of beer a day and an occasional game of
billiards are his only @s. ¸4 ¶[U] ´(in the RÔC Church) ´granting of freedom
from punishment still due for sin after sacramental absolution; ¶[C] ´instance
of this.¼
¨in®dus®trial© ²/InÚdAstrIEl/ ³adj ´of industries: ³the @ areas of
England ´(contrasted with ³agricultural´, etc). ¸@ action, ´striking±2µ(5).
·take @ action, ´strike±2µ(5). ¸@ alcohol, ´for @ use (unfit for drinking).
¸@ dispute´, one between workers and management. ¸@ estate´, area of land
planned and used for the building of factories (to be rented to manufacturers).
¸the @ revolution´, the changes brought about by mechanical inventions in the
18th and early 19th cc. ¸@®ism ²/-IzEm/ ³n ´social system in which large-scale
industries have an important part. ¸@®ist ²/-Ist/ ³n ´owner of a large-scale @
undertaking; supporter of @ism.¼
¨in®dus®tri®ous© ²/InÚdAstrIEs/ ³adj ´hard-working; diligent. µ¥ industry(1).
¸@®ly ³adv¼
¨in®dus®try© ²/ÚIndEstrI/ ³n (pl µ-tries³) ¸1 ¶[U] ´quality of being
hard-working; being always employed usefully: ³His success was due to @ and
thrift. ¸2 ¶[C,U] ´(branch of) trade or manufacture (contrasted with
distribution and commerce): ³the cotton and woollen industries.¼
¨in®dwell®ing© ²/*InÚdwelIG/ ³adj ´(formal) living, always present, in the
mind or soul.¼
¨in®ebri®ate© ²/IÚnibrIeIt/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´(formal or joc) make drunk;
intoxicate. ¹ ³n, adj ²/IÚnibrIEt/ ´(person who is habitually) drunk: ³an
institution for @s. ¸in®ebri®ation ²/I*nibriIÚeI2n/, ¸in®ebri®ety
²/*InIÚbrñIEtI/ ³nn ¶[U] ´drunkenness.¼
¨in®ed®ible© ²/InÚedEbl/ ³adj ´(formal) (of a kind) not suitable to
be eaten.¼
¨in®ef®fable© ²/InÚefEbl/ ³adj ´(formal) too great to be described in words: ³@
joy/beauty. ¸in®ef®fably ²/-EblI/ ³adv¼
¨in®ef®fec®tive© ²/*InIÚfektIv/ ³adj ´not producing the effect(s) desired; (of
a person) inefficient. ¸@®ly ³adv ¸@®ness ³n¼
¨in®ef®fec®tual© ²/*InIÚfekt28El/ ³adj ´without effect; unsuccessful; lacking
confidence and unable to get things done: ³an @ teacher/leader. ¸@ly
²/-t28ElI/ ³adv¼
¨in®ef®fic®ient© ²/*InIÚfI2nt/ ³adj ´(of persons) wasting time, energy, etc in
their work or duties: ³an @ management/administration; ´(of machines,
processes, etc) wasteful; not producing adequate results. ¸@®ly ³adv
¸in®ef®fic®iency ²/-nsI/ ³n ¶[U].¼
¨in®elas®tic© ²/*InIÚlastIk/ ³adj ´not flexible or adaptable; unyielding: ³an @
programme/timetable.¼
¨in®el®egant© ²/*InÚelIgEnt/ ³adj ´not graceful or refined. ¸@®ly ³adv
¸in®el®egance ²/-Ens/ ³n¼
¨in®eli®gible© ²/InÚelIdZEbl/ ³adj ·@ (for), ´not eligible; not suitable or
qualified: ³@ for the position. ¸in®eli®gi®bil®ity ²/In*elIdZEÚbIlEtI/ ³n
¶[U].¼
¨in®eluc®table© ²/*InIÚlAktEbl/ ³adj ´(formal) that cannot be escaped from:
³the victim of @ fate.¼
¨in®ept© ²/IÚnept/ ³adj ´unskilful; said or done at the wrong time: ³@ remarks.
¸@®ly ³adv ¸in®ep®ti®tude ²/IÚneptItjud ³US: ²-tud/ ³n ¶[U] ´quality of being
@; ¶[C] ´@ action, remark, etc.¼
¨in®equal®ity© ²/*InIÚkwolEtI/ ³n (pl µ-ties³) ¸1 ¶[U] ´want of, absence of,
equality in size, degree, circumstances, etc; difference in size, rank, wealth,
etc; ¶[C] ´instance of this: ³Great inequalities in wealth cause social unrest.
¸2 ³(pl) ´(of a surface) irregularity: ³the inequalities of the landscape´, the
rise and fall of the ground, etc.¼
¨in®equi®table© ²/InÚekwItEbl/ ³adj ´(formal) unjust; unfair: ³an @ division of
the profits.¼
¨in®equity© ²/InÚekwEtI/ ³n (pl µ-ties³) ¶[C,U] ´(instance of) injustice or
unfairness.¼
¨in®eradi®cable© ²/*InIÚradIkEbl/ ³adj ´that cannot be rooted out;
firmly and deeply rooted: ³an @ fault/failing.¼
¨in®ert© ²/IÚn3t/ ³adj ¸1 ´without power to move or act: ³@ matter. ¸2
´without active chemical properties: ³@ gases. ¸3 ´heavy and slow in (mind or
body). ¸in®er®tia ²/IÚn32E/ ³n ¶[U] ¸1 ´state of being @µ(3)´. ¸2 ´property of
matter by which it remains in a state of rest or, if it is in motion,
continues in the same direction and in a straight line unless it is acted upon
by an external force.¼
¨in®es®cap®able© ²/*InIÚskeIpEbl/ ³adj ´not to be escaped from: ³we were
forced to the @ conclusion that he was an embezzler.¼
¨in®es®ti®mable© ²/InÚestImEbl/ ³adj ´too great, precious, etc to be
estimated.¼
¨in®evi®table© ²/InÚevItEbl/ ³adj ¸1 ´that cannot be avoided, that is sure to
happen. ¸2 ´(colloq) so frequently seen, heard, etc that it is familiar and
expected: ³a tourist with his @ camera. ¸in®evi®ta®bil®ity ²/In*evItEÚbIlEtI/
³n ¶[U].¼
¨in®ex®act© ²/*InIgÚzakt/ ³adj ´not exact. ¸in®ex®acti®tude ²/*InIgÚzaktItjud
³US: ²-tud/ ³n ¶[U] ´being @; ¶[C] ´instance of this: ³terminological
@itudes´, (joc euphem for) lies.¼
¨in®ex®cus®able© ²/*InIkÚskjuzEbl/ ³adj ´that cannot be excused: ³@
conduct/delays.¼
¨in®ex®haust®ible© ²/*InIgÚzcstEbl/ ³adj ´that cannot be exhausted: ³My
patience is not @.¼
¨in®exor®able© ²/*InÚeksErEbl/ ³adj ´relentless; unyielding: ³@
demands/pressures. ¸in®exor®ably ²/-EblI/ ³adv¼
¨in®ex®pedi®ent© ²/*InIkÚspidIEnt/ ³adj ´not expedient. ¸in®ex®pedi®en®cy
²/-EnsI/ ³n ¶[U] ´quality of being @.¼
¨in®ex®pen®sive© ²/*InIkÚspensIv/ ³adj ´not expensive; low priced. ¸@®ly ³adv¼
¨in®ex®pe®ri®ence© ²/*InIkÚspIErIEns/ ³n ¶[U] ´lack of experience: ³He didn't
get the job because of his @. ¸in®ex®pe®ri®enced ³adj ´lacking experience.¼
¨in®ex®pert© ²/InÚeksp3t/ ³adj ´unskilled: ³@ advice/guidance.
¸@®ly ³adv¼
¨in®ex®pi®able© ²/InÚekspIEbl/ ³adj ´(formal) (of an offence) that cannot be
expiated; (of resentment, hatred, etc) that cannot be appeased.¼
¨in®ex®plic®able© ²/*InIkÚsplIkEbl/ ³adj ´that cannot be explained.¼
¨in®ex®press®ible© ²/*InIkÚspresEbl/ ³adj ´that cannot be expressed in words:
³@ sorrow/anguish.¼
¨in®ex®tin®guish®able© ²/*InIkÚstIGgwI2Ebl/ ³adj ´that cannot be extinguished
or quenched: ³@ hatred.¼
¨in®ex®tri®cable© ²/*InIkÚstrIkEbl/ ³adj ´that cannot be reduced to order,
solved, untied, or escaped from: ³@ confusion/difficulties.¼
¨in®fal®lible© ²/InÚfalEbl/ ³adj ¸1 ´incapable of making mistakes or doing
wrong: ³None of us is @. ¸2 ´never failing: ³@ remedies/cures/methods/tests.
¸in®fal®li®bil®ity ²/In*falEÚbIlEtI/ ³n ´complete freedom from the possibility
of being in error: ³the infallibility of the Pope.¼
¨in®fa®mous© ²/ÚInfEmEs/ ³adj ´wicked; shameful; disgraceful: ³@ behaviour; an
@ plot/traitor. ¸in®famy ²/ÚInfEmI/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´being @; public dishonour:
³hold a person up to infamy. ¸2 ¶[U] ´@ behaviour; ¶[C] ³(pl µ-mies³) ´@ act.¼
¨in®fancy© ²/ÚInfEnsI/ ³n ¶[U] ¸1 ´state of being, period when one is, an
infant; early childhood; (legal, in GB) minorityµ(1)´, period before one
reaches 18. µ¥ minority. ¸2 ´early stage of development or growth: ³the @ of a
nation; when aviation was still in its @.¼
¨in®fant© ²/ÚInfEnt/ ³n ¸1 ´child during the first few years of its life;
(legal) minor. ¸2 ´(attrib) ³@ voices; @ food; an ·Ú³@-school´, part of a
primary school for children under 7; ³@ industries´, new, in an early stage.¼
¨in®fan®ti®cide© ²/InÚfantIsñId/ ³n ¶[U] ´crime of killing an infant; the
custom, among some peoples in the past, of killing unwanted new-born children.¼
¨in®fan®tile© ²/ÚInfEntñIl/ ³adj ´characteristic of infants: ³@
diseases/pastimes; @ paralysis´, name formerly used for poliomyelitis.
¸in®fan®til®ism ²/InÚfantIlIzEm/ ³n ¶[U] ´mentally and physically
under-developed or arrested state.¼
¨in®fan®try© ²/ÚInfEntrI/ ³n ´(collective ³sing) ¶[U] ´soldiers who fight
on foot: ³two regiments of @; an @ regiment. ¸@®man ²/-mEn/ ³n (pl µ-men³)
´soldier in an @ regiment. µ¥ cavalry.¼
¨in®fatu®ate© ²/InÚfat28eIt/ ³vt ·be @d with/by sb, ´be filled with a wild and
foolish love for: ³He's @d with that girl. ¸in®fatu®ation ²/In*fat28ÚeI2n/ ³n
¶[U] ´infatuating or being @d; ¶[C] ·@ (for), ´instance of this; unreasoning
love or passion.¼
¨in®fect© ²/InÚfekt/ ³vt ¶[VP6A,14] ·@ (with), ´contaminate; give disease,
(fig) feelings, ideas, to a person, his body or mind: ³@ a wound; @ed with
cholera. Mary's high spirits @ed all the girls in the class.¼
¨in®fec®tion© ²/InÚfek2n/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´infecting or being infected;
communication of disease, esp by agency of the atmosphere or water, µ¥
contagion. ¸2 ¶[C] ´disease, (fig) influence, that infects.¼
¨in®fec®tious© ²/InÚfek2Es/ ³adj ¸1 ´infecting with disease; (of disease) that
can be spread by means of bacteria carried in the atmosphere or in water. µ¥
contagious. ¸2 ´(fig) quickly influencing others; likely to spread to others:
³@ humour.¼
¨in®fer© ²/InÚf3(r)/ ³vt µ(-rr-) ¶[VP6A,9,14] ·@ (from sth) (that«),
´conclude; reach an opinion (from facts or reasoning): ³Am I to @ from your
remarks that you think I am a liar? ¸@®ence ²/ÚInfErEns/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´process of
@ring: ³by @ence´, as the result of drawing a conclusion. ¸2 ¶[C] ´that which
is @red; conclusion: ³Is that a fair @ence from his statement? ¸@®en®tial
²/*InfEÚren2l/ ³adj ´that may be @red.¼
¨in®ferior© ²/InÚfIErIE(r)/ ³adj ´low(er) in rank, social position,
importance, quality, etc: ³@ goods/workmanship; an @ officer/court of law; make
sb feel @. ´¹ ³n ´person who is @ (in rank, ability, etc). ¸@®ity
²/In*fIErIÚorEtI ³US: ²-Úcr-/ ³n ¶[U] ´state of being @. ¸Ú@ity complex, ´state
of mind in which a person who has a morbid feeling of being @ to others may try
to win recognition for himself by boasting and being aggressive.¼
¨in®fer®nal© ²/InÚf3nl/ ³adj ´of hell; devilish; abominable: ³the @ regions; @
cruelty. ¸@ly ²/-nElI/ ³adv¼
¨in®ferno© ²/InÚf3nE8/ ³n (pl µ@s ²/-nE8z/³) ´hell; scene of horror, eÔg a
blazing building in which people are trapped.¼
¨in®fer®tile© ²/InÚf3tñIl ³US: ²-tl/ ³adj ´not fertile; barren.
¸in®fer®til®ity ²/*InfEÚtIlEtI/ ³n ¶[U].¼
¨in®fest© ²/InÚfest/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´(of rats, insects, etc) be present in large
numbers: ³warehouses @ed with rats; clothes @ed with vermin/lice.
¸in®fes®ta®tion ²/*InfeÚsteI2n/ ³n ¶[U,C] ´(instance of) ´@ing or being @ed.¼
¨in®fi®del© ²/ÚInfIdEl/ ³n ¸1 ´(hist) person with no belief in a religion, esp
in what is considered to be the true religion. ¸2 ´(attrib) unbelieving; of
unbelievers: ³He showed an @ contempt for sacred places.¼
¨in®fi®del®ity© ²/*InfIÚdelEtI/ ³n (pl µ-ties³) ¶[C,U] ´(formal) (act of)
disloyalty or unfaithfulness; adultery: ³conjugal @´, @ to one's husband or
wife.¼
¨in®field© ²/ÚInfild/ ³n ´(cricket) (opp of ³outfield´) part of the ground near
the wicket; fieldsmen stationed there; baseball diamond.¼
¨in-fight®ing© ²/ÚIn fñItIG/ ³n ¶[U] ´boxing at rather close quarters; (colloq)
often ruthless competition between colleagues or rivals (esp in commerce and
industry).¼
¨in®fil®trate© ²/ÚInfIltreIt/ ³vt,vi ¶[VP6A,14,2A,3A] ·@ sth (into sth); @
(into/through), ´(cause to) pass through or into by filtering; (of troops) pass
through defences without attracting notice; (of ideas) pass into people's
minds. ¸in®fil®tra®tion ²/*InfIlÚtreI2n/ ³n ¶[U] ´infiltrating or being @d;
(esp) gradual and unnoticed occupation of land by small groups, eÔg of soldiers
or settlers.¼
¨in®fi®nite© ²/ÚInfInEt/ ³adj ´endless; without limits; that cannot
be measured, calculated, or imagined: ³@ space; the @ goodness of God. Such
ideas may do @ harm. ¸the I@, ´God. ¸@®ly ³adv ´in an @ degree: ³Atoms and
molecules are @ly small. ¸in®fini®tesi®mal ²/*InfInIÚtesIml/ ³adj ´@ly small.¼
¨in®fini®tive© ²/InÚfInEtIv/ ³adj, n ´(gram) (in English) non-finite form of a
³v ´used with or without ³to´, eÔg let him ³go´; allow him ³to go.¼
¨in®fini®tude© ²/InÚfInItjud ³US: ²-tud/ ³n ¶[U] ´(formal) the state of being
endless or boundless; boundless number or extent ³(of)´: ³the @ of God's mercy;
¶[C] ´infinite number, quantity, or extent: ³an @ of small particles.¼
¨in®fin®ity© ²/InÚfInEtI/ ³n ¶[U] ´the state of being endless or
boundless; (maths) infinite quantity (expressed by the symbol ²&´).¼
¨in®firm© ²/InÚf3m/ ³adj ¸1 ´physically weak (esp through age): ³walk with @
steps. ¸2 ´mentally or morally weak. ·@ of purpose, ´not purposeful; undecided.
¸in®firm®ity ²/InÚf3mEtI/ ³n (pl µ-ties³) ¶[C,U] ´(particular form of)
weakness: ³I@ity often comes with old age. Deafness and failing eyesight are
among the @ities of old age.¼
¨in®firm®ary© ²/InÚf3mErI/ ³n (pl µ-ries³) ¸1 ´hospital. ¸2 ´(in a school,
institution, etc) room used for people who are ill or injured.¼
¨in®flame© ²/InÚfleIm/ ³vt,vi ¶[VP2A,6A] ´(cause to) become red, angry,
overheated: ³@d eyes; an @d boil´, red and angry looking; ³speeches that @d
popular feeling´, roused people to anger, indignation, etc; ³@d with passion.¼
¨in®flam®mable© ²/InÚflamEbl/ ³adj ´easily set on fire or (fig) excited:
³PetroleumÅHighly I@! µ¥ flammable.¼
¨in®flam®ma®tion© ²/*InflEÚmeI2n/ ³n ¶[U] ´inflamed condition (esp of some
part of the body): ³@ of the lungs/liver; ¶[C] ´instance of this; place on or
in the body where there is redness, swelling and pain.¼
¨in®flam®ma®tory© ²/InÚflamEtrI ³US: ²-tcrI/ ³adj ¸1 ´tending to
inflame: ³@ speeches. ¸2 ´of, tending to produce, inflammation´: ³an @
condition of the lungs, ´eÔg as a symptom of pneumonia.¼
¨in®flate© ²/InÚfleIt/ ³vt ¶[VP6A,14] ·@ sth (with), ¸1 ´fill a tyre, balloon,
etc with air or gas; (cause to) swell: (fig) ³@d with pride; @d language´,
full of high-sounding words but containing little substance. ¸2 ´take action
to increase the amount of money in circulation so that prices rise. µ¥
deflate. ¸in®flat®able ²/-Ebl/ ³adj ´that can be @d: ³an inflatable rubber
dinghy. ¸in®fla®tion ²/InÚfleI2n/ ³n ¶[U] ´act of inflating; state of being
@d; (esp) (rise in prices brought about by the) expansion of the supply of
bank money, credit, etc. ¸in®fla®tion®ary ²/InÚfleI2nrI ³US: ²-nerI/ ³adj ´of,
caused by, inflation: ³the inflationary spiral´, economic situation in which
prices and wages rise in turn as the supply of money is increased.¼
¨in®flect© ²/InÚflekt/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ¸1 ´(gram) change the ending or form of (a
word) to show its relationship to other words in a sentence. ¸2 ´modulate (the
voice); bend inwards; curve.¼
¨in®flec®tion© ²/InÚflek2n/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´inflecting. ¸2 ¶[C] ´inflected form of
a word, eÔg ³am, are, is´; suffix used to inflect, eÔg ³-ed, -ing. ¸3 ¶[U]
´rise and fall of the voice in speaking. ¸@al ²/-2Enl/ ³adj ´of @: ³@al
endings/forms, ´eÔg ³-ed.¼
¨in®flex®ible© ²/InÚfleksEbl/ ³adj ´that cannot be bent or turned; (fig)
rigid; unbending; not to be turned aside: ³@ courage; an @ will. ¸in®flex®ibly
²/-EblI/ ³adv ¸in®flexi®bil®ity ²/In*fleksEÚbIlEtI/ ³n ¶[U].¼
¨in®flex®ion© ²/InÚflek2n/ ³n ´= µinflection.¼
¨in®flict© ²/InÚflIkt/ ³vt ¶[VP6A,14] ·@ sth (on/upon), ´give (a blow, etc);
cause to suffer; impose: ³@ a blow/a severe wound upon sb. The judge @ed the
death penalty upon the murderer. I'm sorry to have to @ myself/my company upon
you´, force my company upon you. ¸in®flic®tion ²/InÚflIk2n/ ³n ¶[U] ´@ing or
being @ed: ³the unnecessary @ion of pain and suffering; ¶[C] ´sth @ed; painful
or troublesome experience.¼
¨in®flor®escence© ²/*InflcÚresns/ ³n ¶[U] ´arrangement of a plant's
flowers on the stem; collective flower of a plant; (lit or fig) flowering. µ¥
´the illus at µflower.¼
¨in®flow© ²/ÚInflE8/ ³n ¶[U] ´flowing in; ¶[C,U] ´that which flows in: ³an @ of
capital/investment; an @ of 25 litres an hour; ´(attrib) ³an @ pipe.¼
¨in®flu®ence© ²/ÚInfl8Ens/ ³n ·@ on/upon, ¸1 ¶[U] ´power to affect sb's
character, beliefs or actions through example, fear, admiration, etc; ¶[C]
´person, fact, etc that exercises such power; ¶[U] ´the exercise of such
power: ³Many a woman has had a civilizing @ upon her husband. He's an @ for
good in the town. Heredity and environment are @s on character. He was under
the @ of alcohol´, had had too much to drink. ¸2 ¶[U] ´action of natural
forces: ³the @ of the moon (on the tides); the @ of climate (on vegetation).
¸3 ¶[U] ´power due to wealth, position, etc: ³Will you please use your @ with
the manager on my behalf? Will you use your @ to get me a job? ´¹ ³vt ¶[VP6A]
´exert an @ on; have an effect on: ³Can the planets @ human character, as
astrologers claim? Don't be @d by bad examples.¼
¨in®flu®en®tial© ²/*Infl8Úen2l/ ³adj ´having influence: ³@ politicians;
considerations which are @ in reaching a decision. ¸@ly ²/-2ElI/ ³adv¼
¨in®flu®enza© ²/*Infl8ÚenzE/ ³n ¶[U] ´(colloq abbr ¸flu ´infectious disease
with fever, muscular pain and catarrh.¼
¨in®flux© ²/ÚInflAks/ ³n ¶[U] ´flowing in; ¶[C] ³(pl µ@es³) ´constant inflow of
large numbers or quantities: ³repeated @es of visitors; an @ of wealth.¼
¨in®form© ²/InÚfcm/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A,11,14,21] ·@ sb (of
sth)/(that«), ´give knowledge to: ³We were @ed that two prisoners had escaped.
Keep me @ed of fresh developments. He's a well-@ed man. Have you @ed them of
your intended departure? ¸2 ¶[VP3A] ·@ against/on sb, ´(legal) bring evidence
or an accusation against him (to the police). ¸@®ant ²/-Ent/ ³n ´person who
gives information; (ling) native speaker of a language who helps a foreign
scholar who is making an analysis of it. ¸@er ³n ´person who @sµ(2)´, esp
against a criminal or fugitive.¼
¨in®for®mal© ²/InÚfcml/ ³adj ´not formalµ(1,2)´; irregular; without ceremony or
formality: ³an @ visit; @ dress; @ conversations between the statesmen of two
countries, ´no official records being kept. ¸@ly ²/-mElI/ ³adv ¸@®ity
²/*InfcÚmalEtI/ ³n ¶[U] ´being @; ¶[C] ³(pl µ-ties³) ´@ act, etc.¼
¨in®for®ma®tion© ²/*InfEÚmeI2n/ ³n ¶[U] ·@ on/about, ¸1 ´informing or being
informed. ¸2 ´sth told; news or knowledge given: ³That's a useful piece/bit of
@. Can you give me any @ on/about this matter? The ·Ú³@ bureau may be able to
help you.¼
¨in®forma®tive© ²/InÚfcmEtIv/ ³adj ´giving information; instructive: ³@ books;
an @ talk. ¸@®ly ³adv¼
¨in®fra© ²/ÚInfrE/ ³adv ´(Lat, formal) below; farther or later on (in a book,
etc): ³See @ pÔÔ21´, see pÔÔ21 farther on in this book. ¸*@ Údig ²/dIg/ ³pred
adj ´beneath one's dignity. ¹ ³pref ¸*@-Úred ³adj ´of those invisible rays
below the red in the spectrum. ¸Ú@®structure ³n ´the parts of a system that
compose the whole; (esp) permanent military installations forming a basis for
defence. µ¥ supra.¼
¨in®frac®tion© ²/InÚfrak2n/ ³n ¶[U] ´breaking of a rule, law, etc; ¶[C]
´instance of this.¼
¨in®fre®quent© ²/InÚfrikwEnt/ ³adj ´not frequent; rare. ¸@®ly ³adv
¸in®fre®quency ²/-kwEnsI/ ³n ¶[U].¼
¨in®fringe© ²/InÚfrIndZ/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A] ´break (a rule, etc);
transgress; violate: ³@ a rule/an oath/copyright/a patent. ¸2 ¶[VP3A] ·@ upon,
´encroach: ³Be careful not to @ upon the rights of other people. ¸@®ment ³n
¶[U] ´infringing; ¶[C] ·@ment of, ´instance of this, eÔg the unlawful use of a
trade name or of copyright material.¼
¨in®furi®ate© ²/InÚfj8ErIeIt/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´fill with fury or rage:
³infuriating delays.¼
¨in®fuse© ²/InÚfjuz/ ³vt,vi ´(formal) ¸1 ¶[VP14] ·@ into/with, ´put, pour (a
quality, etc ³into´); fill (sb with´): ³@ fresh courage/new life into soldiers;
@ soldiers with fresh courage. ¸2 ¶[VP6A] ´pour (hot) liquid on (leaves, herbs,
etc) to flavour it or to extract its constituents: ³@ herbs. ¸3 ¶[VP2A]
´undergo infusion: ³Let the herbs @ for three minutes.¼
¨in®fu®sion© ²/InÚfjuZn/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´infusing or being infused. ¸2 ¶[C]
´liquid made by infusing. ¸3 ¶[U] ´pouring in; mixing: ³the @ of new blood
into old stock´, the use of new breeds to improve old breeds.¼
¨in®gath®er®ing© ²/ÚIngaDErIG/ ³n ¶[C] ´(formal) gathering in;
harvest.¼
¨in®geni®ous© ²/InÚdZinIEs/ ³adj ¸1 ´(of a person) clever and skilful (at
making or inventing); showing skill, etc: ³an @ mind. ¸2 ´(of things) skilfully
made: ³an @ toy/tool. ¸@®ly ³adv ¸in®ge®nuity ²/*IndZIÚnjuEtI ³US:
²-Únu-/ ³n ¶[U] ´cleverness and skill; originality in design.¼
¨in®g_e®nue© ²/ÚanZeInju ³US: ²ÚandZEnu/ ³n ´(F) (formal) simple, innocent
girl, esp as a type in dramas; actress playing such a part.¼
¨in®genu®ous© ²/InÚdZenj8Es/ ³adj ´(formal) frank; open; innocent; natural: ³an
@ smile. ¸@®ly ³adv ¸@®ness ³n¼
¨in®gest© ²/InÚdZest/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´(formal) (lit or fig) take in (food, etc)
by, or as if by, swallowing.¼
¨ingle-nook© ²/ÚIGgl n8k/ ³n ´chimney-corner (in a wide old-fashioned
fireplace) where the fire burns on an open hearth.¼
¨in®glori®ous© ²/InÚglcrIEs/ ³adj ¸1 ´shameful; ignominious. ¸2
´obscure. ¸@®ly ³adv¼
¨in®going© ²/ÚIngE8IG/ ³adj ´going in: ³the @ ´(= new) ³tenant of a
house/flat.¼
¨in®got© ²/ÚIGgEt/ ³n ¶[C] ´(usu brick-shaped) lump of metal (esp gold and
silver), cast in a mould.¼
¨in®graft© ²/InÚgrqft ³US: ²-Úgraft/ ³v ´= µengraft.¼
¨ingrained© ²/*InÚgreInd/ ³adj ¸1 ´(of habits, tendencies, etc) deeply fixed;
thorough: ³@ prejudices/honesty. ¸2 ´going deep: ³@ dirt.¼
¨in®grati®ate© ²/InÚgreI2IeIt/ ³vt ¶[VP14] ·@ oneself with sb, ´bring oneself
into favour, esp in order to gain an advantage: ³with an ingratiating
smile. ¸in®grati®at®ing®ly ³adv¼
¨in®grati®tude© ²/InÚgratItjud ³US: ²-tud/ ³n ¶[U] ´want of gratitude.¼
¨in®gredi®ent© ²/InÚgridIEnt/ ³n ¶[C] ´one of the parts of a mixture: ³the @s
of a cake; the @s of a man's character´, all those qualities, etc that
together form it.¼
¨in®gress© ²/ÚIngres/ ³n ¶[U] ´(formal) going in; (right of) entrance: ³a means
of @. µ¥ egress.¼
¨in®grow®ing© ²/ÚIngrE8IG/ ³adj ´growing inwards: ³an @ toe-nail´, one growing
into the flesh.¼
¨in®habit© ²/InÚhabIt/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´live in; occupy. ¸in®hab®it®able ²/-Ebl/
³adj ´that can be lived in. ¸in®habit®ant ²/-Ent/ ³n ´person living in a
place.¼
¨in®hale© ²/InÚheIl/ ³vt,vi ¶[VP6A,2A] ´draw into the lungs: ³@
air/gas/tobacco smoke. I@! Exhale! ´Breathe in! Breathe out! ¸in®haler ³n
´device for producing a chemical vapour to make breathing easier.¼
¨in®har®moni®ous© ²/*InhqÚmE8nIEs/ ³adj ´not harmonious.¼
¨in®herent© ²/InÚhIErEnt/ ³adj ·@ (in), ´existing as a natural and permanent
part or quality of: ³Weight is an @ quality of matter. He has an @ love of
beauty. The power @ in the office of President must not be abused.¼
¨in®herit© ²/InÚherIt/ ³vt,vi ¶[VP6A,2A] ¸1 ´receive property, a title, etc as
heir: ³The eldest son will @ the title. ¸2 ´derive (qualities, etc) from
ancestors: ³She @ed her mother's good looks and her father's bad temper.
¸in®herit®ance ²/-Ens/ ³n ¶[U] ´@ing: ³receive sth by @ance; ¶[C] ´(liter,
fig) what is @ed: ³an @ance of ill-feeling.¼
¨in®hibit© ²/InÚhIbIt/ ³vt ¶[VP6A,14] ·@ sb (from sth/doing sth), ´hinder,
restrain: ³@ wrong desires and impulses; an @ed person´, one who is unable or
unwilling to express his feelings. ¸in®hi®bi®tion ²/*InIÚbI2n/ ³n ¶[U]
´(psych) restraint on, habitual shrinking from, an action for which there is
an impulse or desire; ¶[C] ´instance of this: ³Wine weakens a person's @ions.
¸in®hibi®tory ²/InÚhIbItrI ³US: ²-tcrI/ ³adj ´tending to @; of an inhibition.¼
¨in®hos®pi®table© ²/*InhoÚspItEbl/ ³adj ´not hospitable; (of a place, coast,
etc) not affording shelter: ³an @ coast.¼
¨in®hu®man© ²/InÚhjumEn/ ³adj ´cruel; unfeeling: ³@ treatment. ¸@®ity
²/*InhjuÚmanEtI/ ³n ¶[U] ´@ conduct or behaviour: ³man's @ity to man; ¶[C] ³(pl
µ-ties³) ´@ act.¼
¨in®hu®mane© ²/*InhjuÚmeIn/ ³adj ´not humane; cruel; without pity.
¸@®ly ³adv¼
¨in®imi®cal© ²/IÚnImIkl/ ³adj ·@ (to), ´(formal) unfriendly or harmful:
³actions @ to friendly relations between countries.¼
¨in®imi®table© ²/IÚnImItEbl/ ³adj ´(formal) too good, clever, etc to be
imitated. ¸in®imi®tably ²/-EblI/ ³adv¼
¨in®iqui®tous© ²/IÚnIkwItEs/ ³adj ´(formal) very wicked or unjust: ³an @
system/regime. ¸@®ly ³adv ¸in®iquity ²/IÚnIkwEtI/ ³n ¶[U] ´being @; ¶[C] ³(pl
µ-ties³) ´@ act.¼
¨in®itial© ²/IÚnI2l/ ³adj ´of or at the beginning: ³the @ letter of a word;
the @ stages of an undertaking. ´¹ ³n ´@ letter, esp ³(pl) ´first letters of a
person's names, as ³GÔBÔS ´(for ³George Bernard Shaw). ´¹ ³vt µ(-ll-, ´US also
µ-l-) ¶[VP6A] ´mark, sign, with one's @s: ³@ a note or document. ¸@ly ²/-2ElI/
³adv ´at the beginning.¼
¨in®iti®ate© ²/IÚnI2IeIt/ ³vt ¸1 ¶[VP6A] ´set (a scheme, etc) working: ³@ a
plan. ¸2 ¶[VP14] ·@ sb into sth, ´admit or introduce sb to membership of (a
group, etc). ¸3 ¶[VP14] ·@ sb into sth, ´give sb elementary instruction, or
secret knowledge of: ³@ students into the mysteries of interstellar
communication. ´¹ ³n, adj ²/IÚnI2IEt/ ³n ´(person) who has been @dµ(2,3)´: ³an
@ member of a secret society. ¸in®iti®ation ²/I*nI2IÚeI2n/ ³n ¶[U] ´initiating
or being @d; being made acquainted with the rules of a society, etc: ´(attrib)
³initiation ceremonies.¼
¨in®iti®at®ive© ²/IÚnI2EtIv/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U,C] ´first or introductory step or move:
³peace @s. ·act/do sth on one's own @, ´without an order or suggestion from
others. ·have the @, ´be in the position to make the first move, eÔg in war.
·take the @ (in doing sth), ´make the first move towards it. ¸2 ¶[U] ´capacity
to see what needs to be done and enterprise enough to do it: ³A statesman must
have/show/display @. ¸3 ¶[C] ´power or right of citizens outside the
legislature to put forward proposals for legislation (as in Switzerland).¼
¨in®ject© ²/InÚdZekt/ ³vt ¶[VP6A,14] ·@ sth (into sb/sth); @ sb/sth
(with sth), ´drive or force a liquid, drug, etc into sth with, or as with, a
syringe; fill (sth with a liquid, etc) by @ing: ³@ penicillin into the
blood-stream; @ sb's arm with morphia; ´(fig, colloq) ³His appointment may @
some new life into the committee. ¸in®jec®tion ²/InÚdZek2n/ ³n ¶[U] ´@ing;
¶[C] ´instance of this: ³five @ions of glucose; an @ion in the left buttock;
¶[C] ´liquid, etc that is @ed. ¸Úfuel injection, ´method by which liquid fuel
is converted to vapour and sprayed into the cylinders of an internal
combustion engine.¼
¨in®ju®di®cious© ²/*IndZuÚdI2Es/ ³adj ´(formal) not well-judged: ³@ remarks.
¸@®ly ³adv¼
¨in®junc®tion© ²/InÚdZAGk2n/ ³n ¶[C] ´authoritative order, esp a written order
from a law court, demanding that sth shall or shall not be done (called an
³interdict ´in Scotland).¼
¨in®jure© ²/ÚIndZE(r)/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´hurt; damage. ¸in®jured ³adj ´wounded;
hurt; wronged; offended: ³@d looks; in an @d voice; the dead and the @d´,
those people killed and hurt (in an accident, etc).¼
¨in®juri®ous© ²/InÚdZ8ErIEs/ ³adj ·@ (to), ´(formal) causing, likely to cause,
injury; hurtful: ³behaviour that is @ to social order; habits that are @ to
health.¼
¨in®jury© ²/ÚIndZErI/ ³n (pl µ-ries³) ¸1 ¶[U] ´harm; damage; wrongful
treatment: ³If you knock a man down with your car, and then call him a fool,
you are adding insult to @. ·do sb an @, ´cause sb harm. ¸2 ¶[C] ´place (in
the body) that is hurt or wounded; act that hurts; insult: ³The cyclist
suffered severe injuries. This attack was a severe @ to his reputation.¼
¨in®jus®tice© ²/InÚdZAstIs/ ³n ¶[U] ´lack of justice; ¶[C] ´unjust act, etc.
·do sb an @, ´judge him unfairly.¼
¨ink© ²/IGk/ ³n ¶[U] ´(kinds of) coloured liquid used for writing
and printing; black liquid ejected by cuttlefish, etc: ³written in ink; a pen
and ink drawing. ¸Úink-bottle/-pot ³nn ´for holding ink. ¸Úink-pad ³n ´pad for
ink used on rubber stamps. ¸Úink®stand ³n ´stand for one or more ink-bottles,
with grooves or a tray for pens, etc. ¸Úink-well ³n ´ink-pot that fits into a
hole in a desk. ¹ ³vt ¶[VP6A,15B] ·@ (in), ´mark with ink: ³ink one's fingers;
³ink in a drawing´, mark with ink lines previously drawn in pencil. ¸inky
µ(-ier, -iest) ´marked with ink: ³inky fingers; ´black like ink: ³inky
darkness.¼
¨ink®ling© ²/ÚIGklIG/ ³n ¶[C] ·give sb/have/get an/some/no @ (of sth), ´give
sb/have/get a hint, slight understanding of it.¼
¨in®laid© ²/*InÚleId/ ³pt,pp ´of µinlay.¼
¨in®land© ²/ÚInlEnd/ ³adj ¸1 ´situated in the interior of a country, far from
the sea or border: ³@ towns; the I@ Sea of Japan´, area of sea almost enclosed
by large islands. ¸2 ´carried on, obtained, within the limits of a country: ³@
´(= domestic) ³trade. ¸the *I@ ÚRevenue, ´(GB) money obtained by taxation
within the country (excluding taxes on imported goods); (colloq) department
responsible for collecting these taxes. ¹ ³adv ²/InÚland/ ´in or towards the
interior.¼
¨in-laws© ²/ÚIn lcz/ ³n pl ´(colloq) relatives by marriage: ³All my @ will be
visiting us this summer.¼
¨in®lay© ²/*InÚleI/ ³vt (pt,pp µinlaid ²/-leId/³) ¶[VP6A,14] ·@
(in/into/with), ´set pieces of (designs in) wood, metal, etc in the surface of
another kind of wood, metal, etc so that the resulting surface is smooth and
even: ³gold inlaid into ivory; ivory inlaid with gold. ´¹ ³n ²/ÚInleI/ ¸1 ¶[U]
´inlaid work; materials used for this; ¶[C] ´design, pattern, made by @ing. ¸2
¶[C,U] ´(dentistry) (method of making a) solid filling of gold, plastic, etc
for a cavity in a tooth.¼
¨in®let© ²/ÚInlet/ ³n ¸1 ´strip of water extending into the land from a larger
body of water (the sea, a lake), or between islands. ¸2 ´sth let in or
inserted, eÔg a piece of material inserted into a garment. ¸3 ´(attrib) way
in: ³@ and outlet channels´, eÔg in a reservoir.¼
¨in loco par®en®tis© ²/In *lE8kE8 pEÚrentIs/ ³adv ´(Lat) in the place or
position of a parent: ³I stood towards him @.¼
¨in®mate© ²/ÚInmeIt/ ³n ´one of a number of persons living
together, esp in a hospital, prison or other institution.¼
¨in mem®oriam© ²/*In mEÚmcrIEm/ ³x ´(Lat) (used in epitaphs, on gravestones) in
memory of; as a memorial to.¼
¨in®most© ²/ÚInmE8st/ ³adj ´most inward; farthest from the surface; (fig) most
private or secret: ³my @ feelings.¼
¨inn© ²/In/ ³n ¸1 ´public house where lodgings, drink and meals may be had,
usu (today) in the country. µ¥ hotel. ¸Úinn-keeper ³n ´person who keeps an
inn. ¸2 *Inn of ÚCourt, ´(building of) one of four law societies in London
having the exclusive right of admitting persons to the bar. µ¥ bar±1µ(12).¼
¨in®nards© ²/ÚInEdZ/ ³n pl ´(colloq) ¸1 ´stomach and bowels; entrails. ¸2 ´any
inner parts.¼
¨in®nate© ²/IÚneIt/ ³adj ´(of a quality, etc) in one's nature; possessed from
birth: ³her @ courtesy. ¸@®ly ³adv¼
¨in®ner© ²/ÚInE(r)/ ³adj ´inside; of the inside: ³an @ room; an ·Ú³@ tube´, a
tube, (to be) filled with air, inside the cover of a pneumatic tyre. ·the *@
Úman, ¸(a) ´man's soul or mind (contrasted with ³body´). ¸(b) ´(joc) the
stomach: ³satisfy the @ man. ¸@®most ²/-mE8st/ ³adj ´= µinmost.¼
¨in®ning© ²/ÚInIG/ ³n ¸1 ´(baseball) division of a game in which each team
bats. ¸2 @s, ´(with ³sing v´) (cricket) ´time during which a player or team is
batting: ³Our team made 307 runs in its first @s. The first batsman had a short
@s. ´(fig) period of power, eÔg of a political party, or of opportunity to show
one's ability, period of active life: ³have a good @s´, (colloq) have a long
and happy life.¼
¨in®no®cent© ²/ÚInEsnt/ ³adj ¸1 ·@ (of), ´not guilty: ³@ of the
charge/accusation. ¸2 ´harmless: ³@ amusements. ¸3 ´knowing nothing of evil or
wrong: ³as @ as a new-born babe. ¸4 ´foolishly simple: ³Don't be so @ as to
believe everything the politicians say. ´¹ ³n ´@ person, esp a young child.
¸@®ly ³adv ¸in®no®cence ²/-sns/ ³n ¶[U] ´quality or state of being @.¼
¨in®nocu®ous© ²/IÚnokj8Es/ ³adj ´causing no harm: ³@ snakes/drugs.¼
¨in®no®vate© ²/ÚInEveIt/ ³vi ¶[VP2A] ´make changes; introduce new things.
¸in®no®va®tor ²/-tE(r)/ ³n ´person who @s. ¸in®no®va®tion ²/*InEÚveI2n/ ³n
¶[U] ´innovating; ¶[C] ´instance of this; sth new that is introduced:
³technical innovations in industry.¼
¨in®nu®endo© ²/*InjuÚendE8/ ³n (pl µ@es ²/-dE8z/³) ´indirect reference (usu sth
unfavourable to a person's reputation): ³If you throw out such @es against the
Minister, you'll be sued for libel.¼
¨in®numer®able© ²/IÚnjumErEbl ³US: ²IÚnu-/ ³adj ´too many to be counted.¼
¨in®ocu®late© ²/IÚnokj8leIt/ ³vt ¶[VP6A,14] ·@ sb (with sth) (against sth),
´inject a serum or vaccine into him to give him a mild form of the disease to
safeguard him against it: ³@ sb against cholera; ´(fig) fill the mind with
opinions, etc: ³@d with evil doctrines. ¸in®ocu®la®tion ²/I*nokj8ÚleI2n/ ³n
¶[U] ´inoculating or being @d; ¶[C] ´instance of this: ³have inoculations
against cholera and yellow fever. µ¥ vaccinate.¼
¨in®of®fen®sive© ²/*InEÚfensIv/ ³adj ´not giving offence; not objectionable:
³an @ remark/person.¼
¨in®op®er®able© ²/*InÚopErEbl/ ³adj ´(of tumours, etc) that cannot be cured by
a surgical operation.¼
¨in®op®er®at®ive© ²/*InÚopErEtIv/ ³adj ´(of laws, rules, etc) not working or
taking effect; invalid.¼
¨in®op®por®tune© ²/*InÚopEtjun ³US: ²-tun/ ³adj ´(esp of time) not appropriate:
³at an @ moment. ¸@®ly ³adv¼
¨in®or®di®nate© ²/IÚncdInEt/ ³adj ´(formal) not properly restrained or
controlled; excessive: ³@ passions; the @ demands of the Tax Collector. ¸@®ly
³adv¼
¨in®or®ganic© ²/*IncÚganIk/ ³adj ¸1 ´not having an organized
physical structure, esp as plants and animals have; not forming part of the
substance of living bodies: ³@ chemistry. Rocks and metals are @ substances.
¸2 ´not the result of natural growth: ³an @ form of society. ¸in®or®gani®cally
²/-klI/ ³adv¼
¨in-pa®tient© ²/ÚIn peI2nt/ ³n ´person who lives in hospital while receiving
treatment. µ¥ out-patient.¼
¨in®pour®ing© ²/ÚInpcrIG/ ³n, adj ´(formal) pouring in: ³an @ of spiritual
comfort.¼
¨in®put© ²/ÚInp8t/ ³n ¶[U] ·@ (to), ´what is put in or supplied, eÔg data for
processing in a computer, power supplied to a machine.¼
¨in®quest© ²/ÚInkwest/ ³n ·@ (on), ´official inquiry to learn facts, esp
concerning a death which may not be the result of natural causes.¼
¨in®quie®tude© ²/InÚkwñIEtjud ³US: ²-tud/ ³n ¶[U] ´(formal) uneasiness of mind;
anxiety.¼
¨in®quire©, en®quire ²/InÚkwñIE(r)/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A,8,10,14,2A] ·@ sth (of sb),
´ask to be told: ³@ a person's name; @ what a person wants/where to stay/how
to do sth/at the railway station; @ of sb the reason for sth. ¸2 ¶[VP3A] ·@
about/concerning/upon, ´ask for information about: ³@ about trains to London.
³I@ within upon everything´, eÔg as the title of a small encyclopaedia. ·@
after, ´ask about (sb's health, welfare). ·@ for, ´ask for (goods in a shop),
ask to see (sb): ³@ for a book in a shop; @ for the manager. ·@ into, ´try to
learn the facts about; investigate: ³We must @ into the matter. ¸in®quirer ³n
´person who @s. ¸in®quir®ing ³adj ´in the habit of asking for information: ³an
inquiring mind´, showing a desire to learn; ³inquiring looks. ¸in®quir®ing®ly
³adv¼
¨in®quiry©, en®quiry ²/InÚkwñIErI ³US: ²ÚInkwErI/ ³n (pl µ-ries³) ¸1 ¶[U]
´asking; inquiring: ³learn sth by @. ·on @, ´when one has asked. ¸court of
@, ´(mil) one to investigate charges brought against sb. ¸2 ¶[C] ´question;
investigation: ³make inquiries about sb or sth; hold an official @ into sth.¼
¨in®qui®si®tion© ²/*InkwIÚzI2n/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´thorough search or
investigation; ¶[C] ´instance of this, esp a judicial or official inquiry. ¸2
the I@, ´(also called ³the Holy Office´) court appointed by the Church of Rome
to suppress heresy (esp active in 15th and 16th cc) and to compile the
Indexµ(2)´.¼
¨in®quisi®tive© ²/InÚkwIzEtIv/ ³adj ´fond of, showing a fondness for,
inquiring into other people's affairs. ¸@®ly ³adv ¸@®ness ³n¼
¨in®quisi®tor© ²/InÚkwIzItE(r)/ ³n ´investigator, esp an officer of the
Inquisitionµ(2)´; person appointed by law to make an inquiry.
¸in®quisi®tor®ial ²/In*kwIzIÚtcrIEl/ ³adj ´of or like an @.¼
¨in®road© ²/ÚInrE8d/ ³n ´sudden attack (into a country, etc), esp one made for
the purpose of plunder. ·make @s on/upon, ´encroach: ³make @s upon one's
leisure time/one's savings.¼
¨in®rush© ²/ÚInrA2/ ³n ´rushing in: ³an @ of water/tourists.¼
¨in®sane© ²/InÚseIn/ ³adj ´mad; senseless: ³an @ person; an @ asylum´, place
where @ people are cared for, now called a mental hospital or home. ¸@®ly ³adv
¸in®san®ity ²/InÚsanEtI/ ³n ¶[U] ´madness.¼
¨in®sani®tary© ²/InÚsanItrI ³US: ²-terI/ ³adj ´not sanitary: ³living under @
conditions.¼
¨in®sa®tiable© ²/InÚseI2Ebl/ ³adj ·@ (of/for), ´(formal) that cannot be
satisfied; very greedy: ³@ appetites; politicians who are @ of power.
¸in®sa®tiably ²/-2EblI/ ³adv¼
¨in®sa®tiate© ²/InÚseI2IEt/ ³adj ´(formal) never satisfied.¼
¨in®scribe© ²/InÚskrñIb/ ³vt ¶[VP6A,15A] ·@ (on/in/with), ´write (words, one's
name, etc in or on); mark (sth with words, etc): ³@ names on a war
memorial/one's name in a book; @ a tomb with a name. ¸@d stock, ´(comm) stock
of which the names of the holders are recorded in lists or registers.
¸in®scrip®tion ²/InÚskrIp2n/ ³n ¶[C] ´sth @d, esp words cut on a stone, eÔg a
monument, or stamped on a coin or medal. µ¥ ´the illus at µepitaph.¼
¨in®scru®table© ²/InÚskrutEbl/ ³adj ´that cannot be understood or
known; mysterious: ³the @ ways of Providence; the @ face of the Sphinx.¼
¨in®sect© ²/ÚInsekt/ ³n ´sort of small animal, eÔg ant, fly, wasp, having six
legs and no backbone and a body divided into three parts (head, thorax,
abdomen); (incorrect but pop usage) similar tiny, crawling creature, eÔg
spider. ¸Ú@-powder ³n ´powder for killing or driving away @s. ¸in®sec®ti®cide
²/InÚsektIsñId/ ³n ´preparation used for killing @s, eÔg DÔDÔT.
¸in®sec®tivor®ous ²/*InsekÚtIvErEs/ ³adj ´eating @s as food: ³Swallows are
@ivorous.¼
¨in®secure© ²/*InsIÚkj8E(r)/ ³adj ¸1 ´not safe; not providing good support; not
to be relied on: ³have an @ hold on sth´, eÔg when rock-climbing. ¸2
´feeling unsafe; without protection; lacking confidence. ¸@®ly ³adv
¸in®se®cur®ity ²/*InsIÚkj8ErEtI/ ³n ¶[U] ³suffer from feelings of insecurity.¼
¨in®semi®nate© ²/InÚsemIneIt/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´sow seed into; introduce semen into.
¸in®semi®na®tion ²/In*semIÚneI2n/ ³n ¶[U] ´inseminating. ¸*artificial
in*semiÚnation, ´the introduction of semen taken, eÔg from a pedigree animal,
into the generative organs of a female animal so that offspring may be
produced without sexual union.¼
¨in®sen®sate© ²/InÚsenseIt/ ³adj ´(formal) ¸1 ´without the power to feel or
experience: ³@ rocks. ¸2 ´unfeeling; without sensibility; foolish: ³@
rage/cruelty.¼
¨in®sen®si®bil®ity© ²/In*sensEÚbIlEtI/ ³n ¶[U] ´(formal) lack of mental
feeling or emotion; state of being unable to know, recognize, understand or
appreciate: ³@ to pain/beauty/art; in a state of @´, unconscious.¼
¨in®sen®sible© ²/InÚsensEbl/ ³adj ¸1 ´unconscious as the result of injury,
illness, etc: ³The rock struck her on the head and she was @ for nearly an
hour. ¸2 ·@ (of), ´unaware (of): ³He seemed to be @ of his danger. I'm not @
how much I owe to your help. ¸3 ·@ (to), ´without feeling: ³When your hands are
frozen they become @, ´numb. ¸4 ´unsympathetic; emotionless; callous. ¸5 ´(of
changes) too small or gradual to be perceived: ³by @ degrees. ¸in®sen®sibly
²/-EblI/ ³adv¼
¨in®sen®si®tive© ²/InÚsensEtIv/ ³adj ·@ (to), ´not sensitive (to
touch, light, the feelings of other people). ¸@®ly ³adv ¸in®sen®si®tiv®ity
²/In*sensEÚtIvEtI/ ³n ¶[U].¼
¨in®sen®tient© ²/InÚsen2nt/ ³adj ´(formal) inanimate; without feeling or
awareness.¼
¨in®sep®ar®able© ²/InÚseprEbl/ ³adj ·@ (from), ´that cannot be separated: ³@
friends.¼
¨in®sert© ²/InÚs3t/ ³vt ¶[VP6A,15A] ´put, fit, place (sth ³in, into, between,
´etc): ³@ a key in a lock/an advertisement in a newspaper/a new paragraph in
an essay. ´¹ ³n ²/ÚIns3t/ ´sth @ed, eÔg in a book. ¸in®ser®tion ²/InÚs32n/ ³n
¶[U] ´@ing or being @ed; ¶[C] ´sth @ed, eÔg an announcement or advertisement
in a newspaper, a piece of lace, etc @ed in a dress.¼
¨in-ser®vice© ²/ÚIn s3vIs/ ³attrib adj´, while in service
(contrasted with ³pre´-service training, etc): ³the @ training of teachers. ´Cf
³refresher course.¼
¨in®set© ²/ÚInset/ ³n ¶[C] ´extra page(s) inserted in a book, etc; small map,
diagram, etc within the border of a printed page or of a larger map; piece of
material, eÔg lace, let into a dress. ´¹ ³vt ²/*InÚset/ ´(³pt,pp µinset´) put
in; insert.¼
¨in®shore© ²/*InÚ2c(r)/ ³adj, adv ´close to the shore: ³an @ current; @
fisheries.¼
¨in®side© ²/InÚsñId/ ³n ¸1 ´inner side or surface; part(s) within: ³the @ of a
box; a door bolted on the @. ·@ ²/InsñId/ ·out, ´with the inner side out: ³He
put his socks on @ out. The wind blew her umbrella @ out. The burglars turned
everything @ out´, put drawers, boxes, etc and their contents into great
disorder. ³He knows the subject @ out, ´knows it thoroughly. ¸2 ´part of a
road, track, etc on the inner edge of a curve; part of a pavement or footpath
farthest from the road. ¸3 ´(colloq) stomach and bowels: ³a pain in his @. ´¹
³adj ´(or ³n ´used attrib) ²/ÚInsñId/ ´situated on or in, coming from the @:
³the @ pages of a newspaper. ¸*@ Úleft/Úright, ´(football, etc) player in the
forward (attacking) line immediately to the left/right of the centre-forward.
µ¥ ´the illus at µfootball. ¸the Ú@ track, ´(in racing) track nearest to the
inner edge of a curve, giving an advantage to those using it; (fig) a position
of advantage. ¸an Ú@ job, ´(sl) theft committed by, or with the help of, sb
employed in a building. ´¹ ³adv ¸1 ´on or in or to the @: ³Is this coat worn
with the fur @ or outside? Look @. Go @. There's nothing @. ·@ of, ´(colloq) in
less than: ³We can't finish the work @ of a week. ¸2 ´(GB sl) in prison: ³Jones
is @ for three years. ´¹ ³prep ´on the inner side of: ³Don't let the dog come @
the house. She was standing just @ the gate. ¸in®sider ³n ²/InÚsñIdE(r)/ ´person
who, because he is a member of some society, organization, etc is in a position
to obtain facts and information, or win advantages, that others cannot get for
themselves. µ¥ outsider.¼
¨in®sidi®ous© ²/InÚsIdIEs/ ³adj ´doing harm secretly, unseen: ³an @
enemy/disease. ¸@®ly ³adv ¸@®ness ³n¼
¨in®sight© ²/ÚInsñIt/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ·@ (into sth), ´understanding;
power of seeing into sth with the mind; ¶[C] ´instance of this: ³a man of @;
show @ into human character; a book full of remarkable @s. ¸2 ¶[C] ´(often
sudden) perception, glimpse, or understanding: ³When he spoke, she had an
unpleasant @ into what life would be like as his wife.¼
¨in®sig®nia© ²/InÚsIgnIE/ ³n pl ´symbols of authority, dignity, or honour, eÔg
the crown and sceptre of a king; (mil) identifying badge of a regiment, etc.¼
¨in®sig®nifi®cant© ²/*InsIgÚnIfIkEnt/ ³adj ´having little or no value, use,
meaning or importance: ³@ talk; an @-looking little man. ¸@®ly ³adv
¸in®sig®nifi®cance ²/-Ens/ ³n ¶[U].¼
¨in®sin®cere© ²/*InsInÚsIE(r)/ ³adj ´not sincere. ¸@®ly ³adv ¸in®sin®cer®ity
²/*InsInÚserEtI/ ³n ¶[U].¼
¨in®sinu®ate© ²/InÚsInj8eIt/ ³vt ¸1 ¶[VP6A,14] ·@ sth/oneself (into), ´make a
way for (oneself/sth) gently and craftily: ³@ oneself into a person's favour.
µ¥ worm. ¸2 ¶[VP9] ·@ (to sb) that, ´suggest unpleasantly and indirectly: ³@
(to sb) that a man is a liar. ¸in®sinu®ation ²/In*sInj8ÚeI2n/ ³n ¶[U]
´insinuating; ¶[C] ´sth @d; indirect suggestion.¼
¨in®sipid© ²/InÚsIpId/ ³adj ´without taste or flavour: ³@ food; ´(fig) ³@
conversation; a pretty but @ young lady´, one who is lacking in interest or
spirit. ¸@®ly ³adv ¸@®ness ³n ¸in®si®pid®ity ²/*InsIÚpIdEtI/ ³n ¶[U].¼
¨in®sist© ²/InÚsIst/ ³vi,vt ¶[VP3A,B] ¸1 ·@ on/that, ´urge with
emphasis, against opposition or disbelief; declare emphatically: ³@ on one's
innocence; @ that one is innocent; @ on the importance of being punctual. ¸2
¶[VP3A,B] ·@ on/that, ´declare that a purpose cannot be changed; urge in a
forcible or emphatic manner: ³I @ed that he should come with us/@ed on his
coming with us. I @ on your being there. ³"You must come'Å"All right, if you
@.' ¸in®sist®ent ²/-Ent/ ³adj ´urgent; compelling attention: ³the @ent demands
of the Commander-in-Chief for more troops. ¸in®sist®ence ²/-Ens/ ³n ¶[U] ´@ing
or being @ed: ³the officer's @ence on strict obedience.¼
¨in situ© ²/*In ÚsItju/ ³adv ´(Lat) in its (original) place.¼
¨in®so®far© ²/*InsEÚfq(r)/ ³adv ´(US) = in so far. µ¥ in±1µ(18).¼
¨in®sole© ²/ÚInsE8l/ ³n ´inner sole of a shoe.¼
¨in®so®lent© ²/ÚInsElEnt/ ³adj ·@ (to), ´insulting; offensive; contemptuous.
¸@®ly ³adv ¸in®so®lence ²/-Ens/ ³n ¶[U] ´being @.¼
¨in®sol®uble© ²/InÚsolj8bl/ ³adj ¸1 ´(of substances) that cannot be dissolved.
¸2 ´(of problems, etc) that cannot be solved or explained.¼
¨in®sol®vent© ²/InÚsolvEnt/ ³n, adj ´(person) unable to pay debts; bankrupt.
¸in®sol®vency ²/-EnsI/ ³n ¶[U] ´being @.¼
¨in®som®nia© ²/InÚsomnIE/ ³n ¶[U] ´inability to sleep; want of sleep: ³ill
after weeks of @. ¸in®som®niac ²/InÚsomnIak/ ³n ´person suffering from @.¼
¨in®so®much© ²/*InsE8ÚmAt2/ ³adv ´to such a degree or extent ³(that/as).¼
¨in®souci®ance© ²/InÚsusIEns/ ³n ¶[U] ´freedom from care; state of being
unconcerned. ¸in®souci®ant ²/-Ent/ ³adj¼
¨in®span© ²/InÚspan/ ³vt ´(S African) µ(-nn-) ´yoke or harness (oxen, etc) to a
vehicle.¼
¨in®spect© ²/InÚspekt/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´examine carefully; visit officially to see
that rules are obeyed, that work is done properly, etc. ¸in®spec®tion
²/InÚspek2n/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´@ing or being @ed: ³On @ion the notes proved to be
forgeries. ¸2 ¶[C] ´instance of this: ³carry out ten @ions a week.¼
¨in®spec®tor© ²/InÚspektE(r)/ ³n ¸1 ´official who inspects, eÔg
schools, factories, mines: ·*³I@ of ·Ú³Taxes´, offical who examines returns of
income and assesses the tax to be paid. ¸2 ´(GB) police officer who is, in
rank, below a superintendent and above a sergeant. ¸@®ate ²/InÚspektErEt/ ³n
´body of @s: ³the Ministry of Education @ate.¼
¨in®spi®ra®tion© ²/*InspEÚreI2n/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´influence(s) arousing creative
activity in literature, music, art, etc: ³Many poets and artists have drawn
their @ from nature. ¸2 ¶[C] ·@ (to/for), ´person or thing that inspires: ³His
wife was a constant @ to him. ¸3 ¶[C] ´(colloq) good thought or idea that comes
to the mind: ³have a sudden @. ¸4 ¶[U] ´divine guidance held to have been given
to those who wrote the Bible.¼
¨in®spire© ²/InÚspñIE(r)/ ³vt ¶[VP6A,14,17] ·@ sth (in sb); @ sb (with sth/to
do sth), ¸1 ´put uplifting thoughts, feelings or aims into: ³@ sb with
hope/enthusiasm/confidence; @ confidence in sb. ³What @d him to give such a
brilliant performance? ¸2 ´fill with creative power: ³@d poets/artists; in an
@d moment. ¸3 ³(pp) ¸@d, ´(of sth written or spoken) one secretly suggested
by an influential person who has special information.¼
¨in®sta®bil®ity© ²/*InstEÚbIlEtI/ ³n ¶[U] ´lack of stability (usu of character,
moral qualities).¼
¨in®stall© ´(US also ¸in®stal´) ²/InÚstcl/ ³vt ¶[VP6A,14] ·@ sb/sth (in sth),
¸1 ´place (sb) in a new position of authority with the usual ceremony: ³@ a
priest. ¸2 ´place, fix (apparatus) in position for use: ³@ a heating or
lighting system. ¸3 ´settle (sb/oneself) in a place: ³be comfortably @ed in a
new home. She @ed herself in her father's favourite chair. ¸in®stal®la®tion
²/*InstEÚleI2n/ ³n ¶[U] ´@ing or being @ed; ¶[C] ´sth that is @ed, esp
apparatus: ³a heating @ation.¼
¨in®stal®ment© ´(US also ¸in®stall®ment´) ²/InÚstclmEnt/ ³n ¶[C] ¸1
´any one of the parts in which sth is presented over a period of time: ³a
story that will appear in @s´, eÔg in a periodical. ¸2 ´any one of the parts
of a payment spread over a period of time: ³We're paying for the television by
monthly @s. ¸Ú@ plan, ´(chiefly US) this method of paying for goods (also
called, chiefly GB, ³hire purchase).¼
¨in®stance© ²/ÚInstEns/ ³n ¶[C] ¸1 ´example; fact, etc supporting a general
truth: ³This is only one @ out of many. ·for @, ´by way of example. ·in the
first @, ´firstly. ¸2 ·at the @ of, ´at the request of. ´¹ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´give
as an example.¼
¨in®stant©1 ²/ÚInstEnt/ ³adj ¸1 ´coming or happening at once: ³feel @ relief
after taking a dose of medicine. The novel was an @ success. ¸2 ´urgent: ³in @
need of help. ¸3 ´(abbr ¸inst´) (comm; dated style) ´of the present month: ³in
reply to your letter of the 9th inst. ¸4 ´(of food preparations) that can be
made ready for use quickly and easily: ³@ coffee, ´prepared by adding boiling
water or milk to a powder. ¸@®ly ³adv ´at once. µ¹ ³conj ´as soon as.¼
¨in®stant©2 ²/ÚInstEnt/ ³n ¸1 ´precise point of time: ³Come here this @! ´at
once! ³He left that @/on the @´, immediately. ³I sent you the news the @
(that) I heard it´, ´as soon as I heard it. ¸2 ´moment: ³I shall be back in an
@. Help arrived not an @ too soon.¼
¨in®stan®taneous© ²/*InstEnÚteInIEs/ ³adj ´happening, done, in an instant:
³Death was @´, eÔg in an accident. ¸@®ly ³adv¼
¨in®stead© ²/InÚsted/ ³adv ´as an alternative or substitute: ³If Harry is not
well enough to go with you, take me @. The water here is not good, so I'm
drinking beer @. ·@ of, ³prep phrase ´in place of; as an alternative to or
substitute for (followed by a ³n, pron, gerund´, or ³prep phr´): ³Shall we
have fish @ of meat today? I will go @ of you. He has been playing all
afternoon @ of getting on with his work. We'll have tea in the garden @ of in
the house.¼
¨in®step© ²/ÚInstep/ ³n ´upper surface of the human foot between
the toes and the ankle; part of a shoe, etc covering this. µ¥ ´the illus at
µleg.¼
¨in®sti®gate© ²/ÚInstIgeIt/ ³vt ¶[VP6A,17] ·@ sth/sb to do sth, ´incite; goad
(sb to do sth); cause (sth) by doing this: ³@ workers to down tools; @ a
strike. ¸in®sti®ga®tor ²/-tE(r)/ ³n ¸in®sti®ga®tion ²/*InstIÚgeI2n/ ³n
´instigating or being @d.¼
¨in®stil© ´(US = ¸in®still´) ²/InÚstIl/ ³vt µ(-ll-) ¶[VP6A,14] ·@ sth into sb,
´introduce (ideas, etc) gradually. ¸in®stil®la®tion ²/*InstIÚleI2n/ ³n¼
¨in®stinct© ²/ÚInstIGkt/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´natural tendency to behave in a certain
way without reasoning or training: ³Birds learn to fly by @. ¸2 ¶[C] ´innate
impulse or intuition; instance of @µ(1)´: ³He seems to have an @ for always
doing and saying the right thing. ´¹ ³pred adj ²/*InÚstIGkt/ ·@ with, ´filled
with, animated by: ³a picture @ with life; a poem @ with passion.
¸in®stinc®tive ²/InÚstIGktIv/ ³adj ´based on @, not coming from training or
teaching: ³Animals have an @ive dread of fire. ¸in®stinc®tive®ly ³adv¼
¨in®sti®tute©1 ²/ÚInstItjut ³US: ²-tut/ ³n ¶[C] ´society or organization for a
special (usu a social or educational) purpose; its office(s) or building(s).¼
¨in®sti®tute©2 ²/ÚInstItjut ³US: ²-tut/ ³vt ¸1 ¶[VP6A] ´establish, start, an
inquiry, custom, rule, etc: ³@ legal proceedings against sb; @ an action at
law; ³@ restrictions on the use of pesticides. ¸2 ¶[VP6A,14] ·@ sb (to),
´appoint him (to an official position).¼
¨in®sti®tu®tion© ²/*InstIÚtju2n ³US: ²-Útu2n/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U]
´instituting or being instituted: ³the @ of customs/rules, etc; @ as a bishop.
¸2 ¶[C] ´long-established law, custom, or group (eÔg a club or society);
familiar object or person. ¸3 ´(building of) organization for social welfare,
eÔg an orphanage, a home for old people. ¸@al ²/-2Enl/ ³adj ´of or connected
with an @µ(3)´: ³old people in need of @al care. ¸@al®ize ²/-2EnElñIz/ ³vt
¶[VP6A] ´make into an @µ(2).¼
¨in®struct© ²/InÚstrAkt/ ³vt ¸1 ¶[VP6A,15A] ´teach a school subject, a skill:
³@ a class in history; ³@ recruits/a class of apprentices. ¸2 ¶[VP17,20,21]
´give orders or directions to: ³@ sb to start early; @ sb how to do his work.
¸3 ¶[VP11,20,21] ´inform: ³I have been @ed by my agent that you still owe me
$50. ¸in®struc®tor ²/-tE(r)/ ³n ´person who @s; trainer. ¸in®struc®tress
²/-trIs/ ³n ´woman who @s.¼
¨in®struc®tion© ²/InÚstrAk2n/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´instructing or being instructed: ³@
in chemistry; give/receive @. ¸2 ³(pl) ´directions; orders: ³give sb @s to
arrive early; @s ´(= coded commands) ³to a computer. ¸@al ²/-2Enl/ ³adj
´educational: ³@al films´, eÔg of industrial processes.¼
¨in®struc®tive© ²/InÚstrAktIv/ ³adj ´giving or containing instruction: ³@
books. ¸@®ly ³adv¼
¨in®stru®ment© ²/ÚInstr8mEnt/ ³n ¶[C] ¸1 ´implement, apparatus, used in
performing an action, esp for delicate or scientific work: ³optical @s´, eÔg a
microscope; ³surgical @s´, eÔg a scalpel. ´Cf ³tools ´used by labourers and
craftsmen. ¸2 ´apparatus for producing musical sounds, eÔg a piano, violin,
flute or drum. µ¥ ´the illus at µbrass, percussion, string. ¸3 ´person used by
another for his own purposes: ³be made the @ of another's crime. ¸4 ´formal
(esp legal) document: ³The King signed the @ of abdication.
¸in®stru®men®ta®tion ²/*Instr8menÚteI2n/ ³n ¶[U] ´arrangement of music for @s;
the development and manufacture of @s for scientific use.¼
¨in®stru®men®tal© ²/*Instr8Úmentl/ ³adj ¸1 ´serving as an
instrument or means: ³be @ in finding well-paid work for a friend. ¸2 ´of or
for musical instruments: ³@ music. ¸@®ist ²/-tElIst/ ³n ´player of a musical
instrument. ¸@®ity ²/*Instr8menÚtalEtI/ ³n ¶[U] ´agency: ³by the @ity of´, by
means of.¼
¨in®sub®or®di®nate© ²/*InsEÚbcdInEt/ ³adj ´disobedient; rebellious.
¸in®sub®or®di®na®tion ²/*InsE*bcdIÚneI2n ³US: ²-dnÚeI2n/ ³n ¶[U]
´being @; ¶[C] ´instance of this.¼
¨in®sub®stan®tial© ²/*InsEbÚstan2l/ ³adj ¸1 ´not solid or real; lacking
substance: ³an @ vision. ¸2 ´without good foundation: ³an @ accusation.¼
¨in®suf®fer®able© ²/InÚsAfrEbl/ ³adj ´over-proud; unbearably conceited;
unbearable: ³@ insolence.¼
¨in®suf®fi®cient© ²/*InsEÚfI2nt/ ³adj ´not sufficient: ³@ evidence/grounds.
¸@®ly ³adv ¸in®suf®fi®ciency ²/-2nsI/ ³n¼
¨in®su®lar© ²/ÚInsj8lE(r) ³US: ²-sElEr/ ³adj ¸1 ´of an island: ³an @ climate.
¸2 ´of or like islanders; (esp) narrow-minded: ³@ habits and prejudices. ¸@®ism
²/-IzEm/, ¸in®su®lar®ity ²/*Insj8ÚlarEtI ³US: ²-sEÚl-/ ³nn ¶[U] ´state of being
@ (esp µ2´).¼
¨in®su®late© ²/ÚInsj8leIt ³US: ²-sEl-/ ³vt ¶[VP6A,14] ·@ (from), ¸1 ´cover or
separate (sth) with non-conducting materials to prevent loss of heat, prevent
passage of electricity, etc: ³@ a cooking-stove with asbestos; ·Ú³insulating
tape, ´as used for covering joins in flex for electric current. ¸2 ´separate
(sb or sth) (from): ³children carefully @d from harmful experiences; ´isolate.
¸in®su®la®tor ²/-tE(r)/ ³n ¶[C] ´substance, device, for insulating, esp a
device of porcelain used for supporting bare electric wires and cables.
¸in®su®la®tion ²/*Insj8ÚleI2n ³US: ²-sEÚl-/ ³n ¶[U] ´insulating or being @d;
materials used for this.¼
¨in®su®lin© ²/ÚInsj8lIn ³US: ²-sEl-/ ³n ¶[U] ´substance (a hormone)
prepared from the pancreas of sheep, used in the medical treatment of sufferers
from diabetes.¼
¨in®sult© ²/InÚsAlt/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´speak or act in a way that hurts or is
intended to hurt a person's feelings or dignity. ´¹ ³n ²/ÚInsAlt/ ¶[C,U]
´remark or action that @s. ¸@®ing ³adj ¸@®ing®ly ³adv¼
¨in®sup®er®able© ²/InÚsjuprEbl ³US: ²-Úsu-/ ³adj ´(of difficulties, etc) that
cannot be overcome: ³@ barriers.¼
¨in®sup®port®able© ²/*InsEÚpctEbl/ ³adj ´unbearable; that cannot be endured.¼
¨in®sur®ance© ²/InÚ28ErEns/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´(undertaking, by a company, society, or
the State, to provide) safeguard against loss, provision against sickness,
death, etc in return for regular payments. ¸2 ¶[U] ´payment made to or by such
a company, etc: ³When her husband died, she received $20Ô000 @. He pays out
$110 in @/in @ premiums every year. ¸Ú@ policy ³n ´contract made about @. ¸3
¶[C] ´@ policy: ³How many @s have you? ¸4 ´any measure taken as a safeguard
against loss, failure, etc: ³He's sitting an entrance exam at Leeds University
as an @ against failure at York.¼
¨in®sure© ²/InÚ28E(r)/ ³vt ¶[VP6A,14] ·@ (against), ´make a contract that
promises to pay, secures payment of, a sum of money in case of accident,
damage, loss, injury, death, etc: ³@ one's house against fire; @ oneself/one's
life for $50Ô000. Insurance companies will @ ships and their cargoes against
loss at sea. ¸the @d, ´the person to whom payment will be made. ¸the @r, ´the
person or company undertaking to make payment in case of loss, etc. ¸the
insurant ²/InÚ28ErEnt/, ´(legal) the person who pays the premiums.¼
¨in®sur®gent© ²/InÚs3dZEnt/ ³adj ´(rarely ³pred) ´rebellious; in
revolt: ³@ troops. ´¹ ³n ´rebel soldier.¼
¨in®sur®mount®able© ²/*InsEÚmñ8ntEbl/ ³adj ´(of obstacles, etc) that cannot be
surmounted or overcome.¼
¨in®sur®rec®tion© ²/*InsEÚrek2n/ ³n ¶[U] ´rising of people in open resistance
to the government; ¶[C] ´instance of this.¼
¨in®tact© ²/InÚtakt/ ³adj ´untouched; undamaged; complete: ³He lived on the
interest and kept his capital @.¼
¨in®taglio© ²/InÚtqlIE8/ ³n (pl µ@s ²/-z/³) ¶[U] ´(I) (process of) carving in
depth; ¶[C] ´(gem with) figure or design made by cutting into the surface of
metal or stone. µ¥ cameo.¼
¨in®take© ²/ÚInteIk/ ³n ¸1 ¶[C] ´place where water, gas, etc is taken into a
pipe, channel, etc. ¸2 ¶[C,U] ´quantity, number, etc entering or taken in
(during a given period): ³an annual @ of 100Ô000 men, ´eÔg for military
service. ¸3 ´(area of) land reclaimed from a moor, marsh or the sea.¼
¨in®tan®gible© ²/InÚtandZEbl/ ³adj ´that cannot be touched or grasped; (esp)
that cannot be grasped by the mind: ³@ ideas; ³@ assets, ´assets (of a
business) which cannot be measured, eÔg a good reputation. ¸in®tan®gi®bil®ity
²/In*tandZEÚbIlEtI/ ³n¼
¨in®te®ger© ²/ÚIntIdZE(r)/ ³n ´whole number (contrasted with ³fraction´): ³1, 3
and ­3 are @s, ´Ö ³is not an @.¼
¨in®te®gral© ²/ÚIntIgrEl/ ³adj ¸1 ´necessary for completeness: ³The arms and
legs are @ parts of a human being. ¸2 ´whole; having or containing all parts
that are necessary for completeness. µ¥ calculus. ¸3 ´(maths) of, denoted by,
an integer; made up of integers. ¸@ly ²/-grElI/ ³adv¼
¨in®te®grate© ²/ÚIntIgreIt/ ³vt ¶[VP6A,2A] ¸1 ´combine (parts) into
a whole; complete (sth that is imperfect or incomplete) by adding parts: ³an @d
personality´, person whose physical, mental and emotional components fit
together well (so that his behaviour is normal, etc). ¸2 ´bring or come
into equality and mixing of group or race; desegregate: ³The US armed forces
are now @d´, black and white soldiers now serve together. ¸in®te®gra®tion
²/*IntIÚgreI2n/ ³n ¶[U] ´integrating or being @d: ³the integration of black
children into the school system in the Southern States of America.¼
¨in®teg®rity© ²/InÚtegrEtI/ ³n ¶[U] ¸1 ´quality of being honest and upright in
character: ³a man of @; commercial @. ¸2 ´state or condition of being complete:
³The old Roman walls may still be seen, but not in their @. Wasn't this Treaty
supposed to guarantee our territorial @?¼
¨in®tegu®ment© ²/InÚtegj8mEnt/ ³n ´(formal) (usu natural) outer covering, eÔg
skin, a husk, rind or shell.¼
¨in®tel®lect© ²/ÚIntElekt/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´power of the mind to reason (contrasted
with feeling and instinct): ³I@ distinguishes man from the animals. He's a man
of @. ¸2 ´(collective ³sing´, or in ³pl´) ´person(s) of good understanding,
reasoning power, etc: ³the @(s) of the age.¼
¨in®tel®lec®tual© ²/*IntEÚlekt28El/ ³adj ¸1 ´of the intellect: ³the @
faculties. ¸2 ´having or showing good reasoning power; interested in things of
the mind (the arts, ideas for their own sake): ³@ people; @ interests/pursuits.
´¹ ³n ¶[C] ´@ person: ³a play/book for the @s. ¸@®ly ²/-t28ElI/ ³adv¼
¨in®tel®li®gence© ²/InÚtelIdZEns/ ³n ¶[U] ¸1 ´the power of perceiving,
learning, understanding and knowing; mental ability: ³a boy who shows little @.
The children were given an @ test. When the water-pipe burst, she had the @ to
turn the water off at the main. ¸2 ´news; information, esp with reference to
important events: ³have secret @ of the enemy's plans; the I@
Department/Service´, eÔg of an army or navy, collecting and studying
information useful in war. ¸in®tel®li®gent ²/-Ent/ ³adj ´having, showing, @:
³intelligent answers to questions. ¸in®tel®li®gent®ly ³adv¼
¨in®tel®li®gent®sia© ²/In*telIÚdZentsIE/ ³n ´(usu collective ³sing
¸the @´) that part of a community which can be regarded (or which regards
itself) as intellectual and capable of serious independent thinking.¼
¨in®tel®li®gible© ²/InÚtelIdZEbl/ ³adj ´that can be easily understood; clear
to the mind: ³@ speech; an @ explanation. ¸in®tel®li®gibly ²/-EblI/ ³adv
¸in®tel®li®gi®bil®ity ²/In*telIdZEÚbIlEtI/ ³n ´the quality of being @.¼
¨in®tem®per®ate© ²/InÚtempErEt/ ³adj ´(formal) (of a person or his behaviour)
not moderate; showing lack of self-control: ³@ habits´, (esp) habits of
excessive drinking. ¸@®ly ³adv ¸in®tem®per®ance ²/-pErEns/ ³n ¶[U].¼
¨in®tend© ²/InÚtend/ ³vt ¶[VP6A,D,7A,9,14,17] ¸1 ·@ (for), ´have in mind as a
purpose or plan: ³What do you @ to do/@ doing today? They @ that this reform
shall be carried through this year. We @ them to do it/that they shall do it.
His son is @ed for the medical profession. This book is @ed for you´, is to be
given to you. ³Is this sketch @ed to be me´, Is it a sketch of me? ³Does he @
marriage or is he only flirting with her? Let me introduce you to my @ed, ´(sl
for "my future wife'). ¸2 ·@ (by), ´(old use) mean: ³What do you @ by this
word?¼
¨in®tense© ²/InÚtens/ ³adj ¸1 ´(of qualities) high in degree: ³@ heat. ¸2 ´(of
feelings, etc) ardent; violent; (of persons) highly emotional: ³@ political
convictions. ¸@®ly ³adv¼
¨in®ten®sify© ²/InÚtensIfñI/ ³vt,vi (pt,pp µ-fied³) ¶[VP6A,2A]
´make or become more intense. ¸in®ten®si®fi®ca®tion ²/In*tensIfIÚkeI2n/ ³n
¶[U,C].¼
¨in®ten®sity© ²/InÚtensEtI/ ³n ¶[U] ´state or quality of being intense;
strength or depth (of feeling, etc); ¶[C] ´instance of these.¼
¨in®ten®sive© ²/InÚtensIv/ ³adj ¸1 ´characterized by, relating to, intensity
(as opposed to extent); deep and thorough: ³make an @ study of a subject; @
methods of horticulture´, producing large quantities by concentrating labour
and care on small areas of land; ³an @ bombardment. ¸@ care ³n ´medical
treatment with constant observation etc of the patient. ¸@ Úcare unit ´part
of a hospital where this is given. ¸2 ´(gram) giving force and emphasis: ³In "a
bloody difficult book' and "a terribly hot day', "bloody' and "terribly' are
used colloquially as @ words. ¸@®ly ³adv¼
¨in®tent©1 ²/InÚtent/ ³adj ¸1 ´(of looks) eager; earnest: ³There was an @ look
on her face as she watched the game. ¸2 ·@ on/upon sth/doing sth, ´(of persons)
with the desires or attentions directed towards: ³He was @ on his work/on
getting to the office in time. ¸@®ly ³adv ¸@®ness ³n¼
¨intent©2 ²/InÚtent/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´(chiefly legal) purpose; intention: ³shoot
with @ to kill; with good/evil/malicious @. ¸2 ³(pl) ·to all @s and purposes,
´in all essential points.¼
¨in®ten®tion© ²/InÚten2n/ ³n ¶[C,U] ´intending; thing intended; aim; purpose:
³If I've hurt your feelings, it was quite without @. He went to Paris with the
@ of learning French. His @s are good, but he seldom carries them out. Has he
made known his @s´, said what he intends to do? ¸(-)in®ten®tioned ³adj´:
·*³well-·Ú³@ed´, having good @s; ·*³ill-·Ú³@ed´, having bad, wrong, etc @s.¼
¨in®ten®tional© ²/InÚten2nEl/ ³adj ´intended; done with purpose: ³If I hurt
your feelings, it was not @. ¸@®ly ²/-2EnElI/ ³adv ´with purpose.¼
¨in®ter© ²/InÚt3(r)/ ³vt µ(-rr-) ´(formal) place (a corpse) in a grave or tomb;
bury.¼
¨in®ter®act© ²/*IntErÚakt/ ³vi ´act on each other. ¸in®ter®ac®tion
²/-Úak2n/ ³n ¸in®ter®ac®tive ²/-ÚaktIv/ ³adj¼
¨in®ter alia© ²/*IntEr ÚeIlIE/ ³adv ´(Lat) among other things.¼
¨in®ter®breed© ²/*IntEÚbrid/ ³vt,vi (pt,pp µ-bred ²/-Úbred/³) ¶[VP6A,2A]
´crossbreed; produce hybrids.¼
¨in®ter®ca®lary© ²/InÚt3kElErI ³US: ²-lerI/ ³adj ´(of a day or month) added to
make the calendar year correspond to the solar year; (of a year) having such an
addition.¼
¨in®ter®cede© ²/*IntEÚsid/ ³vi ¶[VP3A] ·@ (with sb) (for sb), ´plead (as a
peacemaker, or to obtain a favour): ³@ with the father for/on behalf of the
daughter. ¸in®ter®ces®sion ²/*IntEÚse2n/ ³n ¶[U] ´interceding; ¶[C] ´prayer or
entreaty for another.¼
¨in®ter®cept© ²/*IntEÚsept/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´stop, catch (sb or sth) between
starting-point and destination: ³@ a letter/a messenger. Can our fighter-planes
@ the enemy's bombers? ¸in®ter®cep®tion ²/*IntEÚsep2n/ ³n ¶[U,C].
¸in®ter®cep®tor ²/-tE(r)/ ³n ´sb or sth that @s, eÔg a fast fighter-plane.¼
¨in®ter®change© ²/*IntEÚt2eIndZ/ ³vt ¸1 ¶[VP6A] ´(of two persons, etc) give
and receive; make an exchange of: ³@ views/gifts/letters. ¸2 ¶[VP6A,2A] ´put
(each of two things) in the other's place. ¸@®able ²/-Ebl/ ³adj ´that can be
@d: ³True synonyms are @able. This machine has @able parts. ´¹ ³n
²/ÚIntEt2eIndZ/ ¶[U,C] ´interchanging: ³an @ of views.¼
¨in®ter®col®legi®ate© ²/*IntEkEÚlidZIEt/ ³adj ´carried on, etc between
colleges: ³@ games/debates.¼
¨in®ter®com© ²/ÚIntEkom/ ³n ´(colloq) system of (inter)communication, eÔg in
aircraft: ³receive a message on/over the @.¼
¨in®ter®com®mu®ni®cate© ²/*IntEkEÚmjunIkeIt/ ³vi ´communicate with one another:
³The prisoners @ by using the Morse code. ¸in®ter®com®mu®ni®ca®tion
²/*IntEkE*mjunIÚkeI2n/ ³n ¶[U].¼
¨in®ter®com®mu®nion© ²/*IntEkEÚmjunIEn/ ³n ´mutual communion, esp between
different Churches, eÔg Catholic and Orthodox.¼
¨in®ter®con®ti®nen®tal© ²/*IntE*kontIÚnentl/ ³adj ´between continents: ³@
ballistic missiles´, that can be fired from one continent to another.¼
¨in®ter®course© ²/ÚIntEkcs/ ³n ¶[U] ¸1 ´social dealings between individuals;
exchanges of trade, ideas, etc between persons, societies, nations, etc: ³our
commercial @ with S America. ¸2 (sexual) @, ´= µcoitus.¼
¨in®ter®de®nomi®na®tional© ²/*IntEdI*nomIÚneI2Enl/ ³adj ´common to, shared by,
different religious denominations, eÔg Methodist, Baptist, Catholic.¼
¨in®ter®de®pen®dent© ²/*IntEdIÚpendEnt/ ³adj ´depending on each other.
¸in®ter®de®pen®dence ²/-Ens/ ³n¼
¨in®ter®dict© ²/*IntEÚdIkt/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´(formal) prohibit (an action); forbid
(the use of sth); (RÔC Church) exclude from sacraments and church services. ¹
³n ²/ÚIntEdIkt/ ¶[C] ´formal or authoritative prohibition, esp (RÔC Church) an
order debarring a person or place from sacraments and church services: ³lay a
priest/a town under an @. ¸in®ter®dic®tion ²/*IntEÚdIk2n/³n ¶[U,C] ´@ing;
@³(n).¼
¨in®ter®dis®ci®plin®ary© ²/*IntE*dIsIÚplInErI/ ³adj ´of more than one branch of
learning: ³@ studies/degrees.¼
¨in®ter®est©1 ²/ÚIntrEst/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´condition of wanting to know or learn
about sth or sb: ³feel/take no/not much/a great @ in politics; events that
arouse great @. µ¥ lose. ¸2 ¶[U] ´quality that arouses concern or curiosity,
that holds one's attention: ³a matter of considerable/not much @. Suspense adds
@ to a story. ¸3 ¶[C] ´sth with which one concerns oneself: ³Her chief @ seems
to be horse-racing. His two great @s in life are music and painting. ¸4 ¶[C]
´(often ³pl´) advantage; profit; well-being: ³look after one's own @s; work in
the @(s) of humanity; travel in Asia in the @s of a business firm. It is to
your @ to go. ¸5 ¶[C] ´legal right to a share in sth, esp in its profits: ³have
an @ in a brewery´, eÔg by owning shares; ³have an @ in an estate´, a legal
claim to part of it; ³American @s in the Caribbean´, eÔg capital invested in
the countries of that area; ³He has sold his @ in the company. ¸6 ¶[U] ´money
charged or paid for the use of money: ³rate of @/Ú@ rate, ´payment made by a
borrower for a loan, expressed as a percentage, eÔg 5%; ³pay 6 per cent @ on a
loan. ·with @, ´(fig) with increased force: ³return a blow/sb's kindness with
@´, give back more than one received. ¸7 ´(often ³pl´) group of persons engaged
in the same trade, etc or having sth in common: ³the landed @´, landowners
collectively; ³the business @s´, large business firms collectively; ³the
brewing @´, brewers collectively.¼
¨in®ter®est©2 ²/ÚIntrEst/ ³vt ¶[VP6A,14] ·@ sb (in sth), ´cause
(sb) to give his attention to: ³Can I @ you in this question? He is @ed in
shipping, ¸(a) ´likes to know and learn about ships. ¸(b) ´has money invested
in the shipping industry. ¸@ed ³adj ·@ed (in) ¸1 ´having an interestµ(1) ´in;
not impartial: ³When manufacturers demand higher tariffs, we may suspect them
of having @ed motives. ¸2 ´showing interestµ(1)´: ³an @ed look. ¸3 ´taking an
interestµ(1) ´in: ³@ed spectators; not @ed in botany/his work. I shall be @ed
to know what happens. ¸@®ing ³adj ´holding the attention; arousing
interestµ(1)´: ³@ing men/books/conversation. ¸@®ing®ly ³adv¼
¨in®ter®face© ²/ÚIntEfeIs/ ³n ¸1 ´surface common to two areas. ¸2 ´(fig) area
common to two or more systems, processes, etc: ³at the @ of creative art and
experimental science.¼
¨in®ter®fere© ²/*IntEÚfIE(r)/ ³vi ¸1 ¶[VP2A,3A] ·@ (in sth), ´(of
persons) break in upon (other person's affairs) without right or invitation;
³Please don't @ in my business. Isn't she an interfering old lady! It's unwise
to @ between husband and wife. ¸2 ¶[VP2A,3A] ·@ (with), ´(of persons) meddle;
tamper (with): ³Do not @ with this machine. ¸3 ¶[VP3A] ·@ with, ´(of events,
circumstances, etc) come into opposition; hinder or prevent: ³Do you ever
allow pleasure to @ with duty? ¸in®ter®fer®ence ²/*IntEÚfIErEns/ ³n ¶[U]
´interfering: ³interference from foreign broadcasting stations´, eÔg when
these have a wave-length close to that of the station one wishes to receive;
(computers) existence of unwanted signals in a communications circuit.¼
¨in®terim© ²/ÚIntErIm/ ³n ¸1 ·in the @, ´meanwhile; during the time that comes
between. ¸2 ´(attrib) as an instalment: ³@ dividends´, paid between annual
dividends as advance payments; provisional or temporary: ³an @ report´, one
that precedes the final report.¼
¨in®terior© ²/InÚtIErIE(r)/ ³adj ¸1 ´situated inside; of the inside. ¸2
´inland; away from the coast. ¸3 ´home or domestic (contrasted with ³foreign´).
¹ ³n ¸the @, 1 ´the inside: (used attrib) ³@ decorators´, those who decorate
the inside of a building (with paint, wallpaper, etc). ¸2 ´inland areas. ¸3
´(department dealing with the) domestic affairs of a country: (US) ³the
Department of the I@. ´(Cf ³Home Office ´in GB.)¼
¨in®ter®ject© ²/*IntEÚdZekt/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´put in suddenly (a remark, etc)
between statements, etc made by another. ¸in®ter®jec®tion ²/*IntEÚdZek2n/ ³n
´word or phrase used as an exclamation, eÔg ³Oh! For goodness sake!¼
¨in®ter®lace© ²/*IntEÚleIs/ ³vt,vi ¶[VP6A,2A,14] ·@ (with), ´join,
be joined, by weaving or lacing together, one with another; cross as if woven:
³interlacing branches.¼
¨in®ter®lard© ²/*IntEÚlqd/ ³vt ¶[VP14] ·@ with, ´(formal) mix writing, speech,
etc with foreign phrases, etc: ³essays @ed with quotations from the poets.¼
¨in®ter®leave© ²/*IntEÚliv/ ³vt ¶[VP6A,14] ·@ (with), ´insert (usu blank
leaves) between the leaves of (a book, etc): ³a diary @ed with blotting-paper.¼
¨in®ter®link© ²/*IntEÚlIGk/ ³vt,vi ¶[VP6A,2A] ´link together.¼
¨in®ter®lock© ²/*IntEÚlok/ ³vt,vi ¶[VP6A,2A] ´lock or join together; clasp
firmly together.¼
¨in®ter®locu®tor© ²/*IntEÚlokj8tE(r)/ ³n ´person taking part in a discussion
or dialogue.¼
¨in®ter®lo®per© ²/ÚIntElE8pE(r)/ ³n ´person who, esp for profit or personal
advantage, pushes himself in where he has no right.¼
¨in®ter®lude© ²/ÚIntElud/ ³n ¸1 ´interval of different character between two
events or two periods of time: ³@s of bright weather. ¸2 ´interval between two
acts of a play, two scenes of an opera or between parts of a psalm, hymn etc;
music played during such an interval.¼
¨in®ter®marry© ²/*IntEÚmarI/ ³vi (pt,pp µ-married³) ¶[VP2A,3A] ·@ (with), ´(of
tribes, races, etc) become connected by marriage with other tribes, etc.
¸in®ter®mar®riage ²/*IntEÚmarIdZ/ ³n ¶[U] ´marriage between members of
different families, tribes, castes, etc.¼
¨in®ter®medi®ary© ²/*IntEÚmidIErI ³US: ²-dIerI/ ³n (pl µ-ries³), adj ¸1 ·@
(between), ´(sb or sth) acting as a link between (persons and groups);
go-between; mediator. ¸2 ´(sth) intermediate.¼
¨in®ter®medi®ate© ²/*IntEÚmidIEt/ ³adj ´situated or coming between
in time, space, degree, etc: ³at an @ stage´, eÔg the cocoon stage of
development of a butterfly; ³@ courses, between elementary and advanced;
³@-range ballistic missiles. ´¹ ³n ´sth that is @. ¸@®ly ³adv¼
¨in®ter®ment© ²/InÚt3mEnt/ ³n ¶[U] ´being buried; ¶[C] ´instance of this;
burial.¼
¨in®ter®mezzo© ²/*IntEÚmetsE8/ ³n (pl µ@s ²/-tsE8z/ ´or µ-zzi ²/-tsI/³) ´short
musical composition to be played between the acts of a drama or an opera, or
one that connects the main divisions of a large musical work such as a
symphony.¼
¨in®ter®mi®nable© ²/InÚt3mInEbl/ ³adj ´endless; tedious because too long: ³an @
debate/sermon. ¸in®ter®mi®nably ²/-EblI/ ³adv¼
¨in®ter®mingle© ²/*IntEÚmIGgl/ ³vt,vi ¶[VP6A,14] ·@ (with), ´mix together (two
things, one with the other); mingle: ³The conference delegates @d over coffee.¼
¨in®ter®mis®sion© ²/*IntEÚmI2n/ ³n ´pause; interval: ³The film lasted for three
hours without @/with a short @ half-way through.¼
¨in®ter®mit®tent© ²/*IntEÚmItnt/ ³adj ´pausing or stopping at intervals;
stopping and starting again: ³@ fever. ¸@®ly ³adv¼
¨in®ter®mix© ²/*IntEÚmIks/ ³vt,vi ´= µmix ´(the usu word). ¸@®ture ²/-t2E(r)/
³n¼
¨in®tern©1 ²/InÚt3n/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´compel (a person, esp an enemy alien during a
war) to live within certain limits or in a special building, camp, etc. ¸@®ment
³n ¶[U] ´@ing or being @ed: ·Ú³@ment camp. ¸@ee ²/*Int3Úni/ ³n ´person who is
@ed.¼
¨in®tern©2 ´(US also ¸in®terne´) ²/ÚInt3n/ ³n ´(US) young doctor who is
completing his training by residing in a hospital and acting as an assistant
physician or surgeon there. GB = ³houseman.¼
¨in®ter®nal© ²/InÚt3nl/ ³adj ¸1 ´of or in the inside: ³suffer @
injuries in an accident; @ bleeding´, eÔg in the bowels. ¸@ combustion, ´the
process by which power is produced by the explosion of gases or vapours inside
a cylinder (as in the engine of a car). ¸2 ´domestic; of the home affairs of a
country: ³@ trade/revenue, ´(also ³Inland Revenue´). ¸3 ´derived from within
the thing itself: ³@ evidence´, eÔg of when an old book was written, or of the
date of an old manuscript. ¸@ly ²/-nElI/ ³adv¼
¨in®ter®na®tional© ²/*IntEÚna2Enl/ ³adj ´existing, carried on, between nations:
³@ trade/law/agreements/conferences. ¸@ money order, ´one which may be cashed
in a country other than the country of origin. ´¹ ³n ¸the 1st/2nd/3rd I@,
´three socialist associations for members of the working classes in all
countries, formed in 1864, 1889 and 1919. ¸@®ism ²/-nAElIzEm/ ³n ´the doctrine
that the common interests of nations are greater and more important than their
differences. ¸@®ist ²/-Ist/ ³n ´person who supports and advocates @ism. ¸@®ize
²/-2EnElñIz/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´make @; bring under the combined control or
protection of all or many nations: ³Should the Suez and Panama Canals be @ized?
¸@®iz®ation ²/*IntE*na2EnElñIÚzeI2n ³US: ²-lIÚz-/ ³n¼
¨in®ter®na®tio®nale© ²/*IntEna2EÚnql/ ³n ¸The I@, ´(revolutionary) socialist
song.¼
¨in®terne© ²/ÚInt3n/ ³n µ¥ intern±2µ.¼
¨in®ter®necine© ²/*IntEÚnisñIn/ ³adj ´(usu of war) causing destruction to both
sides.¼
¨in®ternee© ²/*Int3Úni/ ³n µ¥ intern±1µ.¼
¨in®ter®pel®late© ²/InÚt3pEleIt ³US: ²*IntErÚpeleIt/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´(in some
Parliaments, eÔg the French and Japanese) interrupt the proceedings and demand
a statement or explanation from (a Minister). ¸in®ter®pel®la®tion
²/In*t3pEÚleI2n ³US: ²*IntEr-/ ³n ¶[U] ´interpellating or being @d; ¶[C]
´instance of this.¼
¨in®ter®phone© ²/ÚIntEfE8n/ ³n ´(US) = µintercom.¼
¨in®ter®plan®etary© ²/*IntEÚplanItrI ³US: ²-terI/ ³adj ´between planets: ³an @
journey in a spacecraft.¼
¨in®ter®play© ²/ÚIntEpleI/ ³n ¶[U] ´operation of two or more things on each
other: ³the @ of colours´, their combined effect.¼
¨In®ter®pol© ²/ÚIntEpol/ ³n ´International Police Commission.¼
¨in®ter®po®late© ²/InÚt3pEleIt/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´make (sometimes misleading)
additions to a book, etc. ¸in®ter®po®la®tion ²/In*t3pEÚleI2n/ ³n ¶[U]
´interpolating; ¶[C] ´sth @d.¼
¨in®ter®pose© ²/*IntEÚpE8z/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A] ´put forward an objection, a
veto, etc as an interference: ³Will they @ their veto yet again? ¸2 ¶[VP6A,2A]
´say (sth) as an interruption; make an interruption. ¸3 ¶[VP2A,3A,14] ·@
(oneself) between; @ in, ´place oneself, be, between others: ³@ between two
persons who are quarrelling; ´mediate (in a dispute). ¸in®ter®po®si®tion
²/*IntEpEÚzI2n/ ³n ¶[U] ´interposing; ¶[C] ´sth @d.¼
¨in®ter®pret© ²/InÚt3prIt/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A] ´show, make clear, the meaning of
(either in words or by artistic performance): ³@ a difficult passage in a book;
´(of an actor) ³@ a role; ´(of a conductor) ³@ a symphony. Poetry helps to @
life. ¸2 ¶[VP6A,16B] ´consider to be the meaning of: ³We @ed his silence as a
refusal. ¸3 ¶[VP2A] ´act as @er: ³Will you please @ for me´, translate what is
(to be) said? ¸@er ³n ´person who gives an immediate oral translation of words
spoken in another language. ¸in®ter®pre®ta®tion ²/In*t3prIÚteI2n/ ³n ¶[U]
´interpreting; ¶[C] ´result of this; explanation or meaning: ³The announcement
may be given several @ations.¼
¨in®ter®racial© ²/*IntEÚreI2l/ ³adj ´between, involving, different races.¼
¨in®ter®reg®num© ²/*IntEÚregnEm/ ³n (pl µ@s, -na ²/-nE/³) ´period
during which a State has no normal or legitimate ruler, esp between the end of
a Sovereign's reign and the beginning of his successor's reign; pause or
interval.¼
¨in®ter®re®late© ²/*IntErIÚleIt/ ³vt,vi ¶[VP6A,2A] ´come or bring together in
reciprocal relationship: ³@d studies, ´of separate but related subjects as a
united group, eÔg politics, philosophy and economics.¼
¨in®ter®re®lation© ²/*IntErIÚleI2n/ ³n ·@ of/between, ´mutual relation.
¸@®ship ²/-2Ip/ ³n ´mutual relationship.¼
¨in®ter®ro®gate© ²/InÚterEgeIt/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´put questions to, esp closely or
formally: ³@ a prisoner. ¸in®ter®ro®ga®tor ²/-tE(r)/ ³n ´person who @s.
¸in®ter®ro®ga®tion ²/In*terEÚgeI2n/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´asking questions.
¸in®ter®ro®ga®tion point, ´question mark; the mark (?). ¸2 ¶[C,U] ´oral
examination; inquiry: ³long and tiring interrogations by police officers.¼
¨in®ter®roga®tive© ²/*IntEÚrogEtIv/ ³adj ¸1 ´showing or having the form of a
question; of inquiry: ³an @ look/glance; in an @ tone. ¸2 ´(gram) used in
questions: ³@ pronouns/adverbs´, eÔg who, why. ¹ ³n ´@ word, esp a pronoun.
¸@®ly ³adv¼
¨in®ter®roga®tory© ²/*IntEÚrogEtrI ³US: ²-tcrI/ ³adj ´of inquiry: ³in an @
tone.¼
¨in®ter®rupt© ²/*IntEÚrApt/ ³vt,vi ¶[VP6A,2A] ¸1 ´break the continuity of: ³The
war @ed the flow of commerce between the two countries. Traffic was @ed by
floods. Those trees are growing so high that they @ ´(= obstruct) ³the view. ¸2
´break in upon (a person's action, speech, etc): ³Don't @ (me) while I'm busy.
Don't @ the speaker; ask your questions afterwards. ¸@er ³n ´person or thing
that @s. ¸in®ter®rup®tion ²/*IntEÚrAp2n/ ³n ¶[U] ´@ing or being @ed; ¶[C]
´instance of this; sth that @s: ³Numerous @ions have prevented me from
finishing the work.¼
¨in®ter®sect© ²/*IntEÚsekt/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A] ´divide by cutting, passing or
lying across. ¸2 ¶[VP6A,2A] ´(of lines) cut or cross each other: ³The lines
AÔB and CÔD @ at E. The line AÔB @s the line CÔD at E. ¸in®ter®sec®tion
²/*IntEÚsek2n/ ³n ¶[U] ´@ing or being @ed; ¶[C] ´point where two lines, etc @.¼
¨in®ter®sperse© ²/*IntEÚsp3s/ ³vt ¶[VP14] ·@ among/between, ´place
here and there. ·@ with, ´diversify: ³a speech @d with witty remarks.¼
¨in®ter®state© ²/*IntEÚsteIt/ ³adj ´(US) between States: ³@ commerce.¼
¨in®ter®stel®lar© ²/*IntEÚstelE(r)/ ³adj ´between the stars: ³@ matter´, eÔg
the masses of gas between stars; ³@ communications.¼
¨in®ter®stice© ²/InÚt3stIs/ ³n ´crack; chink; crevice: ³@s ´(= very small
spaces) ³between stones in a heap.¼
¨in®ter®tribal© ²/*IntEÚtrñIbl/ ³adj ´between tribes: ³@ wars.¼
¨in®ter®twine© ²/*IntEÚtwñIn/ ³vt,vi ¶[VP6A,2A] ´twine or twist together;
become twined or twisted together: ³a lattice @d with vines.¼
¨in®ter®val© ²/ÚIntEvl/ ³n ¸1 ´time (between two events or two parts of an
action); (esp) time between two acts of a play, two parts of a concert, etc:
³buses leaving at short @s´, iÔe very frequently. ¸2 ´space between (two
objects or points): ³arranged at @s of ten feet. ¸3 ´(music) difference of
pitch between two notes on a given scale.¼
¨in®ter®vene© ²/*IntEÚvin/ ³vi ¸1 ¶[VP2A] ´(of events, circumstances) come
between (others) in time: ³I shall leave on Sunday if nothing @s. ¸2 ¶[VP2A,3A]
·@ (in), ´(of persons) interfere so as to prevent sth or change the result: ³@
in a dispute; @ between people who are disputing. ¸3 ¶[VP2A] ´(of time) come or
be between: ³during the years that @d. ¸in®ter®ven®tion ²/*IntEÚven2n/ ³n ¶[U]
´intervening (esp µ2 ´above): ³armed intervention by one country in the affairs
of other countries; ¶[C] ´instance of this.¼
¨in®ter®view© ²/ÚIntEvju/ ³n ¶[C] ´meeting with sb for formal
consultation or examination, eÔg between employers and applicants for posts;
meeting (of a reporter, etc) with sb whose views are requested: ³The Ambassador
refused to give any @s to journalists or TÔV men. ´¹ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´(of a
reporter, etc) have or obtain an @ with.¼
¨in®ter®weave© ²/*IntEÚwiv/ ³vt (pt µ-wove ²/-ÚwE8v/, ³pp µ-woven ²/-ÚwE8vn/³)
¶[VP6A,14] ·@ (with), ´weave together (one with another).¼
¨in®tes®tate© ²/InÚtesteIt/ ³adj ´not having made a will before death occurs:
³die @.¼
¨in®tes®tine© ²/InÚtestIn/ ³n ´(usu ³pl´) lower part of the food canal from
below the stomach to the anus: ³small/large @´, parts of this. ¸in®tes®ti®nal
²/InÚtestInl/ ³adj ´of the @s: ³intestinal disorders. µ¥ abdominal; µ¥ ´the
illus at µalimentary.¼
¨in®ti®mate©1 ²/ÚIntImEt/ ³adj ¸1 ´close and familiar: ³@ friends. ·be/get on @
terms (with), ´eÔg when one calls a man "Jack' instead of "Mr Hill'. ¸2
´innermost; private and personal: ³tell a friend the @ details of one's life;
an @ diary´, one in which one records experiences, thoughts, emotions, etc usu
kept secret. ¸3 ´resulting from close study or great familiarity: ³an @
knowledge of Greek philosophy. ´¹ ³n ´@ friend. ¸@®ly ³adv ¸in®ti®macy
²/ÚIntImEsI/ ³n (pl µ-cies³) ¸1 ¶[U] ´the state of being @; close friendship or
relationship; (euphem) sexual relations. ¸2 ³(pl) ´@ actions, eÔg caresses or
kisses.¼
¨in®ti®mate©2 ²/ÚIntImeIt/ ³vt ¶[VP6A,9,14] ·@ sth (to sb); @ (to sb) that«,
´make known; show clearly: ³@ one's approval of a plan/that one approves of a
plan. He @d to me his intention of leaving early/that he intended to leave
early. ¸in®ti®ma®tion ²/*IntIÚmeI2n/ ³n ¶[U] ´intimating; ¶[C] ´sth @d;
notification; suggestion.¼
¨in®timi®date© ²/InÚtImIdeIt/ ³vt ¶[VP6A,14] ·@ (into), ´frighten,
esp in order to force (sb into doing sth): ³@ a witness´, eÔg by threatening
him. ¸in®timi®da®tion ²/In*tImIÚdeI2n/ ³n ¶[U] ´intimidating or being @d:
³surrender to intimidation.¼
¨into© ²/ÚIntE ³strong form: ²ÚIntu/ ³prep ¸1 ´(indicating motion or direction
to a point within): ³Come @ the house/garden. Throw it @ the fire. He worked
late @ the night. ¸2 ´(indicating change of condition, result): ³She burst @
tears. Don't get @ trouble. The rain changed @ snow. He poked the fire @ a
blaze´, poked it so that it blazed up. ³Collect them @ heaps. He frightened her
@ submission. ·be @ sth, ´(mod use, colloq) be involved in, concerned with, it:
³She's heavily @ vegetarianism. ¸3 ´(maths): ³5 @ 25 ´(= 25 divided by 5) ³goes
5.¼
¨in®tol®er®able© ²/InÚtolErEbl/ ³adj ´that cannot be tolerated or endured: ³@
heat/insolence. Is the world becoming an @ place to live in? ¸in®tol®er®ably
²/-EblI/ ³adv¼
¨in®tol®er®ant© ²/InÚtolErEnt/ ³adj ·@ (of), ´not tolerant: ³a man who is @ of
opposition. ¸@®ly ³adv ¸in®tol®er®ance ²/-Ens/ ³n¼
¨in®ton®ation© ²/*IntEÚneI2n/ ³n ¶[U] ´the rise and fall of the pitch of the
voice in speaking; this as an element of meaning in language.¼
¨in®tone© ²/InÚtE8n/ ³vt,vi ¶[VP6A,2A] ´recite a prayer, psalm, etc in a
singing tone; speak with a particular tone.¼
¨in toto© ²/In ÚtE8tE8/ ³adv ´(Lat) totally; altogether.¼
¨in®toxi®cant© ²/InÚtoksIkEnt/ ³adj, n ´intoxicating (liquor).¼
¨in®toxi®cate© ²/InÚtoksIkeIt/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ¸1 ´make stupid with, cause to lose
self-control as the result of taking, alcoholic drink: ³If a man drinks too
much whisky, he becomes @d. ¸2 ´excite greatly, beyond self-control: ³be @d by
success; @d with joy. ¸in®toxi®ca®tion ²/In*toksIÚkeI2n/ ³n ¶[U] ´being @d;
alcoholic poisoning.¼
¨in®trac®table© ²/*InÚtraktEbl/ ³adj ´not easily controlled or dealt with;
hard to manage: ³@ children; an @ temper. ¸in®trac®ta®bil®ity
²/In*traktEÚbIlEtI/ ³n¼
¨in®tra®mural© ²/*IntrEÚmj8ErEl/ ³adj ¸1 ´existing, done, within
the walls of a town, building, etc: ³@ burial´, inside a church instead of in
the churchyard. ¸2 ´intended for full-time, residential students. µ¥
extramural.¼
¨in®tran®si®gent© ²/InÚtransIdZEnt/ ³adj ´(formal) uncompromising, esp in
politics. ¸in®tran®si®gence ²/-Ens/ ³n¼
¨in®tran®si®tive© ²/InÚtransEtIv/ ³adj ´(of verbs) used without a direct
object. ¸@®ly ³adv µ¥ transitive.¼
¨in®tra-uter®ine© ²/*IntrE ÚjutErñIn/ ³adj ´(med) within the uterus. ¸@
device´, (abbr ¸IÔUÔD´), loop or spiral inserted in the uterus as a
contraceptive.¼
¨in®tra®venous© ²/*IntrEÚvinEs/ ³adj ´within a vein or veins: ³@ injections,
´and so into the blood stream.¼
¨in®trench© ²/InÚtrent2/ ´= µentrench.¼
¨in®trepid© ²/InÚtrepId/ ³adj ´fearless. ¸@®ly ³adv ¸in®trep®id®ity
²/*IntrIÚpIdEtI/ ³n ¶[U] ´fearlessness; ¶[C] ³(pl µ-ties³) ´fearless act.¼
¨in®tri®cate© ²/ÚIntrIkEt/ ³adj ´complicated; puzzling; difficult to follow or
understand: ³a novel with an @ plot; an @ piece of machinery. ¸@®ly ³adv
¸in®tri®cacy ²/ÚIntrIkEsI/ ³n (pl µ-cies³) ¶[U] ´the quality of being @; ³(pl)
´@ things, events, etc.¼
¨in®trigue© ²/InÚtrig/ ³vi,vt ¸1 ¶[VP2A,3A] ·@ (with sb) (against sb), ´make
and carry out secret plans or plots: ³@ with Smith against Robinson. ¸2
¶[VP6A] ´arouse the interest or curiosity of: ³The news @d all of us. ´¹ ³n ¸1
¶[U] ´secret plotting. ¸2 ¶[C] ´plot; secret plan; secret love affair.¼
¨in®trin®sic© ²/InÚtrInsIk ³US: ²-zIk/ ³adj ´(of value, quality) belonging
naturally; existing within, not coming from outside: ³a man's @ worth´, eÔg
such qualities as honour and courage, contrasted with ³extrinsic ´qualities,
eÔg family connections; ³the @ value of a coin´, the value of the metal in it,
usu less than its face value. ¸in®trin®si®cally ²/-klI/ ³adv¼
¨in®tro®duce© ²/*IntrEÚdjus ³US: ²-Údus/ ³vt ¶[VP6A,15A] ¸1 ´bring in; bring
forward: ³@ a Bill before Parliament. ¸2 ¶[VP14] ·@ into/to, ´bring (sth) into
use or into operation for the first time; cause (sb) to be acquainted with
(sth): ³@ new ideas into a business. Tobacco was @d into Europe from America.
The teacher @d his young pupils to the intricacies of geometry. ¸3 ¶[VP6A,14]
·@ sb (to sb), ´make (persons) known by name (to one another), esp in the usual
formal way: ³@ two friends. He @d me to his parents. The chairman @d the
lecturer to the audience. ¸4 ¶[VP6A,14] ·@ (into), ´insert: ³@ a tube into a
wound; @ a subject into a conversation.¼
¨in®tro®duc®tion© ²/*IntrEÚdAk2n/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´introducing or being introduced:
³a letter of @´, one that introduces the bearer to friends of the writer;
³foreign words of recent @´, recently introduced into the language. ¸2 ¶[C]
´introducing of persons to one another: ³It was necessary to make @s all
round´, to introduce many people to one another. ¸3 ¶[C] ´sth that leads up to
sth else; the opening paragraph of a letter, essay, speech, etc; explanatory
article at or before the beginning of a book. ¸4 ¶[C] ´elementary textbook:
³"An I@ to Greek Grammar.'¼
¨in®tro®duc®tory© ²/*IntrEÚdAktErI ³US: ²-tcrI/ ³adj ´serving to introduce: ³an
@ chapter; a few @ remarks by the chairman.¼
¨in®tro®spect© ²/*IntrEÚspekt/ ³vi ¶[VP2A] ´(formal) examine one's
own thoughts and feelings. ¸in®tro®spec®tion ²/*IntrEÚspek2n/ ³n ¶[U] ´@ing.
¸in®tro®spec®tive ²/-tIv/ ³adj ´inclined towards, based on, @ion.¼
¨in®tro®vert© ²/*IntrEÚv3t/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´turn (the mind, thought) inward upon
itself. ¹ ³n ²/ÚIntrEv3t/ ´person who habitually does this; one who is more
interested in his own thoughts and feelings than in things outside himself.
¸in®tro®ver®sion ³n ¶[U] ´state of being @ed. µ¥ extrovert.¼
¨in®trude© ²/InÚtrud/ ³vt,vi ¶[VP14,2A,3A] ·@ (oneself) on/upon sb; @
(oneself/sth) into sth, ´force (sth, oneself, upon sb, into a place); enter
without invitation: ³the thought/suspicion that @d itself into my mind; @
oneself into a meeting; @ upon a person's time/privacy. I hope I'm not
intruding. ¸in®truder ³n ´person or thing that @s: (attrib) ³@r aircraft; @r
patrols´, iÔe intruding into the enemy's country.¼
¨in®tru®sion© ²/InÚtruZn/ ³n ·@ (on/upon/into), ¶[U] ´intruding:
³guilty of unpardonable @ upon sb's privacy; ¶[C] ´instance of this: ³angry at
numerous @s on one's privacy by rude journalists. ¸in®tru®sive ²/InÚtrusIv/
³adj ´intruding: ³the intrusive "r'´, eÔg the r-sound often heard in eÔg "awe
and wonder'.¼
¨in®trust© ²/InÚtrAst/ ´= µentrust.¼
¨in®tuit© ²/InÚtjuIt ³US: ²-Útu-/ ³vt,vi ¶[VP2A,6A] ´sense by intuition.¼
¨in®tu®ition© ²/*IntjuÚI2n ³US: ²-tu-/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´(power of) the immediate
understanding of something without conscious reasoning or study. ¸2 ¶[C]
´piece of knowledge gained by this power. ¸in®tu®itive ²/InÚtjuItIv ³US:
²-Útu-/ ³adj ´of @: ³intuitive knowledge; ´possessing @: ³Are women more
intuitive than men? ¸in®tu®itive®ly ³adv¼
¨in®tu®mes®cence© ²/*IntjuÚmesns ³US: ²-tu-/ ³n ´(med) process or condition of
swelling or expanding.¼
¨in®un®date© ²/ÚInAndeIt/ ³vt ¶[VP6A,14] ·@ (with), ´flood; cover (with water)
by overflowing; (fig, esp passive) overwhelm: ³be @d with requests for
help/applications for a post. ¸in®un®da®tion ²/*InAnÚdeI2n/ ³n ¶[U] ´flooding;
¶[C] ´instance of this; flood.¼
¨in®ure© ²/IÚnj8E(r)/ ³vt ¶[VP14] ·@ oneself/sb to, ´(usu passive) accustom:
³Living in the far North had @d him to cold. He had become @d to ridicule.¼
¨in®vade© ²/InÚveId/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ¸1 ´enter (a country) with armed forces in
order to attack; (fig) crowd into; enter: ³a city @d by tourists; a mind @d by
worry and anxiety. ¸2 ´violate; interfere with: ³@ sb's rights. ¸in®vader ³n
´person or thing that @s.¼
¨in®valid©1 ²/InÚvalId/ ³adj ´not valid: ³@ excuses/claims/arguments; an @
will/cheque´, eÔg one without a signature; ³declare a marriage @.
¸in®vali®date ²/InÚvalIdeIt/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´make @. ¸in®vali®da®tion
²/In*valIÚdeI2n/ ³n ¶[U] ´state of being @; ¶[C,U] ´(act of) rendering sth @:
³the invalidation of a passport. ¸in®val®id®ity ²/*InvEÚlIdEtI/ ³n ¶[U] ´state
of being @.¼
¨in®va®lid©2 ²/ÚInvElId/ ³adj ¸1 ´weak or disabled through illness
or injury: ³a home of rest for @ soldiers. ¸2 ´suitable for @ persons: ³an @
chair, ´one with wheels; ³an @ diet. ´¹ ³n ´@ person. ¹ ³vt ¶[VP15A] ´(esp of
members of the armed forces) remove from active service as an @; send ³(home)
´as an @: ³be @ed home; @ed out of the army. ¸@®ism ²/-IzEm/ ³n ´chronic ill
health.¼
¨in®valu®able© ²/InÚvalj8Ebl/ ³adj ·@ (to), ´of value too high to be measured:
³Her services are @ to me.¼
¨in®vari®able© ²/InÚveErIEbl/ ³adj ´never changing; unchangeable; constant:
³an @ pressure/temperature. ¸in®vari®ably ²/-EblI/ ³adv¼
¨in®vasion© ²/InÚveIZn/ ³n ¶[U] ´invading or being invaded; ¶[C] ´instance of
this: ³an @ of privacy.¼
¨in®vas®ive© ²/InÚveIsIv/ ³adj ´making invasion; tending to spread.¼
¨in®vec®tive© ²/InÚvektIv/ ³n ¶[U] ´abusive language: ³speeches filled with
@´; (³pl´) curses; violent expressions: ³a stream of coarse @s.¼
¨in®veigh© ²/InÚveI/ ³vi ¶[VP3A] ·@ against sb/sth, ´speak bitterly; attack
violently in words.¼
¨in®veigle© ²/InÚveIgl/ ³vt ¶[VP14] ·@ sb into (doing) sth, ´trick by using
flattery, deception, etc: ³@ sb into investing his money unwisely.¼
¨in®vent© ²/InÚvent/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ¸1 ´create or design (sth not existing
before): ³When was the steam engine @ed? ´Cf ³discover´, find sth existing
before, but unknown. ¸2 ´make up, think of: ³@ a story/an excuse. ¸in®ven®tive
²/InÚventIv/ ³adj ´able to @: ³an @ive mind; @ive powers. ¸in®ven®tor
²/-tE(r)/ ³n ´person who @s things.¼
¨in®ven®tion© ²/InÚven2n/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´inventing: ³the @ of the
telephone; ´capacity for inventing: ³Necessity is the mother of @. ¸2 ¶[C]
´sth invented: ³the numerous @s of Edison; newspapers that are full of @s,
´invented, untrue stories.¼
¨in®ven®tory© ²/ÚInvEntrI ³US: ²-tcrI/ ³n (pl µ-ries³) ´detailed list, eÔg of
household goods, furniture, etc.¼
¨in®verse© ²/InÚv3s/ ³adj ´inverted; reversed in position, direction or
relations: ³@ ratio/proportion´, that between two quantities one of which
increases proportionately as the other decreases. ¹ ³n ²/ÚInv3s/ ¶[U] ´inverted
state. ¸@®ly ³adv¼
¨in®vert© ²/InÚv3t/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´put upside down or in the opposite order,
position or arrangement: ³@ a glass, ´so that it is bottom upwards. ¸*@ed
Úcommas, ´quotation marks (""Ô'' or "Ô'). µ¥ App 9. ¸in®ver®sion ²/InÚv32n ³US:
²-Zn/ ³n ¶[U] ´@ing or being @ed; ¶[C] ´instance of this; sth @ed.¼
¨in®vert®ebrate© ²/InÚv3tIbreIt/ ³adj ´not having a backbone or spinal column,
eÔg molluses, insects, worms; (fig) weak-willed. ¹ ³n ´@ animal.¼
¨in®vest© ²/InÚvest/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A,14] ·@ (in), ´put (money in): ³@ $1Ô000
in government stock; @ one's savings in a business enterprise. ¸2 ¶[VP3A] ·@
in, ´(colloq) buy (sth considered useful): ³@ in a new kettle. ¸3 ¶[VP14] ·@
with, ´clothe; endow; decorate; surround (with qualities): ³The military
governor has been @ed with full authority. The old ruins were @ed with
romance. ¸4 ¶[VP6A] ´surround a fort, town, etc with armed forces; lay siege
to. ¸@or ²/-tE(r)/ ³n ´person who @s money. ¸@®ment ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´@ing money:
³By careful @ment of his capital, he obtained a good income. ¸2 ¶[C] ´sum of
money that is @ed; that in which money is @ed: ³an @ment of $500 in oil
shares; wise and profitable @ments. ¸3 ¶[U] ´act of @ing a town, fort, etc;
blockade. ¸4 ´= µinvestiture.¼
¨in®ves®ti®gate© ²/InÚvestIgeIt/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´examine, inquire
into; make a careful study of: ³@ a crime/the causes of a railway accident; @
the market for sales of a product. ¸in®ves®ti®ga®tor ²/-tE(r)/ ³n ´person who
@s. ¸in®ves®ti®ga®tion ²/In*vestIÚgeI2n/ ³n ¶[U] ´careful and thorough inquiry;
¶[C] ´instance of this: ³The matter is under investigation.¼
¨in®ves®ti®ture© ²/InÚvestIt2E(r) ³US: ²-t28Er/ ³n ´(from
µinvest(3)´) ceremony of investing sb ³with ´an office, rank, power or
dignity.¼
¨in®vest®ment© µ¥ invest.¼
¨in®vet®er®ate© ²/InÚvetErEt/ ³adj ´(esp of habits, feelings) deep-rooted;
long-established: ³an @ smoker; @ prejudices.¼
¨in®vidi®ous© ²/InÚvIdIEs/ ³adj ´likely to cause ill-feeling (because of real
or apparent injustice): ³make @ distinctions. ¸@®ly ³adv¼
¨in®vigi®late© ²/InÚvIdZIleIt/ ³vi ¶[VP2A,6A] ´watch over (eÔg students during
examinations). ¸in®vigi®la®tor ²/-tE(r)/ ³n ´person who @s. ¸in®vigi®la®tion
²/In*vIdZIÚleI2n/ ³n ¶[U,C].¼
¨in®vig®or®ate© ²/InÚvIgEreIt/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´make vigorous; give strength or
courage to: ³an invigorating climate/speech.¼
¨in®vin®cible© ²/InÚvInsEbl/ ³adj ´too strong to be overcome or defeated: ³an
@ will. ¸in®vin®cibly ²/-EblI/ ³adv ¸in®vin®ci®bil®ity ²/In*vInsEÚbIlEtI/ ³n
¶[U].¼
¨in®viol®able© ²/InÚvñIElEbl/ ³adj ´(formal) not to be violated, dishonoured or
profaned: ³an @ oath/law.¼
¨in®viol®ate© ²/*InÚvñIElEt/ ³adj ´(formal) kept sacred; held in respect; not
violated: ³keep an oath/a promise/rule @; remain @.¼
¨in®vis®ible© ²/InÚvIzEbl/ ³adj ´that cannot be seen: ³stars that are @ to the
naked eye. ¸@ exports/imports´, money that goes out of/comes into a country as
interest on capital, payments for shipping services, tourist expenditure, etc.
¸@ ink´, ink which, when used for writing, can be seen only after treatment by
heat, etc. ¸@ mending´, repair of woven materials, silk stockings, etc by
interweaving threads so that the repair is hardly noticeable. ¸in®vis®ibly
²/-EblI/ ³adv ¸in®visi®bil®ity ²/In*vIzEÚbIlEtI/ ³n ¶[U].¼
¨in®vite© ²/InÚvñIt/ ³vt ¸1 ¶[VP15A,B,17] ´ask (sb to do sth, come somewhere,
etc): ³@ a friend to dinner/to one's house. He didn't @ me in. We are old now,
and seldom get @d out. ¸2 ¶[VP6A] ´ask for: ³@ questions/opinions/confidences.
¸3 ¶[VP6A,17] ´encourage: ³The cool water of the lake @d us to swim. Don't
leave the windows openÅit's inviting thieves to enter. ´¹ ³n ²/ÚInvñIt/ ´(sl) =
µinvitation(2). ¸in®vit®ing ³adj ´tempting; attractive. ¸in®vit®ing®ly ³adv ´in
an inviting way: ³The doors were invitingly open´, open in a way that @d people
to enter. ¸in®vi®ta®tion ²/*InvIÚteI2n/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´inviting or being @d: ³a
letter of invitation; admission by invitation only. ¸2 ¶[C] ´request to
come or go somewhere, or do sth: ³send out invitations to a party.¼
¨in®vo®ca®tion© ²/*InvEÚkeI2n/ ³n µ¥ invoke.¼
¨in®voice© ²/ÚInvãIs/ ³vt, n ¶[VP6A] ´(make a) list of goods sold with the
price(s) charged: ³@ sb for goods.¼
¨in®voke© ²/InÚvE8k/ ³vt ¸1 ¶[VP6A] ´call upon God, the power of the law, etc
for help or protection. ¸2 ¶[VP6A,14] ·@ sth on/upon, ´request earnestly; call
down from heaven: ³@ vengeance on one's enemies. ¸3 ¶[VP6A] ´summon up (by
magic): ³@ evil spirits. ¸in®vo®ca®tion ²/*InvEÚkeI2n/ ³n ¶[U] ´invoking or
being @d; ¶[C] ´prayer or appeal that @s.¼
¨in®vol®un®tary© ²/InÚvolEntrI ³US: ²-terI/ ³adj ´done without intention; done
unconsciously: ³an @ movement of fear. ¸in®vol®un®tar®ily ²/InÚvolEntrElI ³US:
²In*volEnÚterElI/ ³adv¼
¨in®vo®lute© ²/ÚInvElut/ ³adj ´complex; intricate; (bot) curled spirally.
¸in®vo®lu®tion ²/*InvEÚlu2n/ ³n ´anything internally complex or intricate.¼
¨in®volve© ²/InÚvolv/ ³vt ¸1 ¶[VP6A,14] ·@ (in), ´cause (sb or sth) to be
caught or mixed up (in trouble, etc); get (sb or sth) into a complicated or
difficult condition: ³They are deeply @d in debt. Don't @ yourself in
unnecessary expense. ¸2 ¶[VP6A,B,19C] ´have as a necessary consequence: ³To
accept the position you offer would @ my living in London. The war @d a great
increase in the national debt. ¸3 ³(pp) ¸@d, ´complicated in form, etc: ³an @d
sentence; Henry James's @d style. ¸@®ment ³n¼
¨in®vul®ner®able© ²/InÚvAlnErEbl/ ³adj ´that cannot be wounded or
hurt: (fig) ³in an @ position.¼
¨in®ward© ²/ÚInwEd/ ³adj ¸1 ´situated within; inner: ³@ happiness´, iÔe of the
spirit; ³one's @ ´(iÔe mental or spiritual) ³nature. ¸2 ´turned towards the
inside: ³an @ curve. ¸@®ly ³adv ´in mind or spirit: ³grieve @ly´, iÔe so as not
to show one's grief. ¸@®ness ³n ´(person's) inner nature; spiritual quality:
³the true @ness of Christ's teaching. ¸@(s) ³adv ´towards the inside; into or
towards the mind or soul.¼
¨in®wrought© ²/*InÚrct/ ³adj ´(of a fabric) decorated (³with ´a pattern, etc);
(of a pattern or design) worked or woven ³(in ´or ³on).¼
¨iod®ine© ²/ÚñIEdin ³US: ²-dñIn/ ³n ¶[U] ´non-metallic element (symbol ¸I´)
found in seawater and seaweed, widely used as an antiseptic (in the form
"tincture of @'), in photography and in the manufacture of some dyes.¼
¨ion© ²/ÚñIEn/ ³n ´electrically charged particle formed by losing or gaining
electrons. Such particles make a solution of certain chemicals a conductor of
electricity. ¸ion®ize ²/ÚñIEnqIz/ ³vi, vt ¶[VP2A,6A] ´be converted or convert
into ions. ¸ion®iz®ation ²/*ñIEnñIÚzeI2n ³US: ²-nIÚz-/ ³n ¶[U]. ¸iono®sphere
²/ñIÚonEsfIE(r)/ ³n ´(also known as the ³Heaviside Layer´) ´set of layers of the
earth's atmosphere, which reflect radio waves and cause them to follow the
earth's contour.¼
¨Ionic© ²/ñIÚonIk/ ³adj ´(archit) of the type of columnµ(1) ´in ancient Greek
architecture having scrolls on the capitalµ(4). µ¥ ´the illus at µcolumn.¼
¨iota© ²/ñIÚE8tE/ ³n ´the Greek letter ²<´; (fig) smallest amount:
³not an @ of truth in the story´, no truth at all.¼
¨IÔOÔU© ²/*ñI E8 Úju/ ³n ´(= ³I owe you´) signed paper acknowledging that one
owes the sum of money stated.¼
¨ipse dixit© ²/*IpsI ÚdIksIt/ ³n ´(Lat) (= ³he himself said it´) dogmatic
statement made on sb's unsupported word.¼
¨ipso facto© ²/*IpsE8 ÚfaktE8/ ³adv phrase ´(Lat) by that very fact.¼
¨iras®cible© ²/IÚrasEbl/ ³adj ´(formal) easily made angry. ¸iras®ci®bil®ity
²/I*rasEÚbIlEtI/ ³n ´tendency to anger; angry behaviour.¼
¨irate© ²/ñIÚreIt/ ³adj ´(formal) angry. ¸@®ly ³adv¼
¨ire© ²/ÚñIE(r)/ ³n ´(poet or formal) anger. ¸ire®ful ²/-fl/ ³adj ´angry.¼
¨iri®des®cent© ²/*IrIÚdesnt/ ³adj ´(formal) showing colours like those of the
rainbow; changing colour as light falls from different directions.
¸iri®des®cence ²/-Údesns/ ³n ¶[U].¼
¨irid®ium© ²/IÚrIdIEm/ ³n ¶[U] ´hard, silver-white metal (symbol ¸Ir´): ³an @
pen point´, point of this metal at the end of the nib of a fountain-pen.¼
¨iris© ²/ÚñIErIs/ ³n ¸1 ´coloured part round the pupil of the eye. µ¥ ´the
illus at µeye. ¸2 ´kinds of flowering plant with sword-shaped leaves.¼
¨Irish© ²/ÚñIErI2/ ³adj ´of Ireland: ³the @ Free State/the @ Republic ´(also
³Eire ²/ÚeErE/´), part of Ireland that became independent in 1922. ¸@ stew,
´one of mutton, boiled with onions and other vegetables. ´¹ ³n ´the @ language
(= ³@ Gaelic, µ¥ Gael´). ¸the @´, @ people. ¸@®man ²/-mEn/ ³n (pl µ-men³)
¸@®woman ²/-w8mEn/ ³n (pl µ-women³) ´native of Ireland.¼
¨irk© ²/3k/ ³vt ´trouble; annoy (chiefly in): ³It irks me to (do sth).
¸irk®some ²/-sEm/ ³adj ´tiresome.¼
¨iron©1 ²/ÚñIEn ³US: ²ÚñIErn/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´commonest of all metallic elements
(symbol ¸Fe´), used in various forms (µ¥ ³cast @ ´at µcast±1µ(3), ³wrought @
´at µwrought´): ³@ ore; as hard as @; ´(fig) ³an @ will. ·rule with a rod of
@/with an @ hand, ´with extreme severity. ·a man of @, ´a hard, unyielding or
merciless man. ·an @ fist in a velvet glove, ´an appearance of gentleness
concealing severity, determination. ·strike while the @ is hot, ´act while the
opportunity is good. ¸the ÚI@ Age, ´prehistoric period, following the Bronze
Age, when @ came into use for tools and weapons. ¸@ curtain, ´(fig) frontier
between countries, considered as a barrier to information and trade. ¸@ lung,
´apparatus fitted over the whole body, except the head, to provide a person
with artificial respiration by the use of mechanical pumps. ¸@ rations, ´store
of food for use in an emergency as for troops/explorers. ¸2 ¶[C] ´(esp in
compounds) tool, etc made of @: ³(Úflat-)@, ´flat-bottomed household implement,
heated (usu electrically) and used for smoothing clothes, etc; ·Ú³fire-@s,
´poker, tongs, etc used at a fireplace or stove; golf-club with an @ head;
branding tool; ³(pl) ´fetters: ³put sb in @s´, fasten his wrists and ankles in
chains. ·have too many @s in the fire´, too many undertakings needing attention
at the same time. ¸3 ´(compounds) ¸Ú@®clad ³adj ´protected by @. ¸Ú@-foundry ³n
´foundry where cast-@ is produced. ¸*@-Úgrey ³adj, n ´(of) the colour of
freshly broken cast-@. ¸Ú@®monger ²/-mAGgE(r)/ ³n ´dealer in metal goods.
¸@®mongery ²/-mAGgErI/ ³n ´business of an @monger. ¸Ú@®mould ³n ´discolouration
caused by @ rust or ink. ¸Ú@®side ³n ´one of Oliver Cromwell's cavalry troopers
(17th c); (fig) tough, obstinate man. ¸Ú@®ware ²/-weE(r)/ ³n ¶[U] ´goods made
of @; hardware. ¸Ú@®work ³n ´anything made of @, eÔg gratings, rails, railings.
¸Ú@®works ³n ´(usu with ³sing v´) place where @ is smelted or where heavy @
goods are made.¼
¨iron©2 ²/ÚñIEn ³US: ²ñIErn/ ³vt,vi ¶[VP6A,15A,B,2A,C] ´smooth
cloth/clothes with an @ (a ²Ú´flat-@): ³@ a shirt. Do clothes @ more easily
when they are damp? She's been @ing all afternoon. ·@ out, ´remove by @ing: ³@
out wrinkles; ´(fig) remove: ³@ out misunderstandings/points of disagreement.
¸Ú@ing-board ³n ´padded board on which to @ clothes, etc.¼
¨ironic© ²/ñIÚronIk/, ±ironi®cal ²/ñIÚronIkl/ ³adjj ´of, using, expressing,
irony: ³an @ smile/remark/person. ¸ironi®cally ²/-klI/ ³adv¼
¨irony© ²/ÚñIErEnI/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´the expression of one's meaning by saying sth
which is the direct opposite of one's thoughts, in order to make one's remarks
forceful. ¸2 ¶[C] ³(pl µ-nies³) ´event, situation, etc which is itself
desirable, but which, because of the circumstances, is of little or no value,
thus appearing to be directed by evil fate: ³the @ of fate/circumstances. If a
poor man inherits a large fortune and dies a month later, one might call it
one of life's ironies.¼
¨ir®ra®di®ate© ²/IÚreIdIeIt/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´(formal) ¸1 ´send rays of light
upon; subject to sunlight, ultra-violet rays, or radioactivity; (fig) throw
light on (a subject). ¸2 ´light up: ³faces @d with joy.¼
¨ir®ration®al© ²/IÚra2Enl/ ³adj ¸1 ´not endowed with reason: ³behave like an @
animal. ¸2 ´not guided by reason: ³@ fears/behaviour. ¸@ly ²/-2nElI/ ³adv¼
¨ir®rec®on®cil®able© ²/I*rekEnÚsñIlEbl/ ³adj ´(formal) (of persons) that cannot
be reconciled; (of ideas, actions) that cannot be brought into harmony.¼
¨ir®re®cover®able© ²/*IrIÚkAvErEbl/ ³adj ´(formal) that cannot be recovered or
remedied: ³@ losses.¼
¨ir®re®deem®able© ²/*IrIÚdimEbl/ ³adj ¸1 ´(of paper currency) that cannot be
exchanged for coin; (of government annuities) that cannot be terminated by
repayment. ¸2 ´that cannot be restored, reclaimed, saved: ³an @
loss/misfortune.¼
¨ir®re®den®tist© ²/*IrIÚdentIst/ ³n ´person who advocates the
reunion to his own country of territory which has been lost to a foreign
government, or which is culturally related to his own country, eÔg to Italy of
Italian-speaking districts. ¸ir®ri®den®tism ²/-IzEm/ ³n¼
¨ir®re®duc®ible© ²/*IrIÚdjusEbl ³US: ²-Údus-/ ³adj ·@ (to), ´(formal) ¸1 ´that
cannot be reduced or made smaller: ³$250 is the @ minimum for repairs to the
house. ¸2 ´that cannot be brought ³(to ´a desired condition).¼
¨ir®re®fut®able© ²/*IrIÚfjutEbl/ ³adj ´that cannot be proved false: ³an @
argument/case.¼
¨ir®regu®lar© ²/IÚregj8lE(r)/ ³adj ¸1 ´contrary to rules, to what is normal
and established: ³an @ proceeding/marriage; be @ in church attendance´, be
absent frequently; ³@ troops´, not trained for, or not forming part of, the
regular army. ¸2 ´uneven; not regular in shape, arrangement, etc: ³@ lines and
figures; a coast with an @ outline´, with many bays, inlets, etc. ¸3 ´(gram)
not inflected in the usual way: ³"Child' has an @ plural. ´¹ ³n ´(usu ³pl´)
member of an @ military force. ¸@®ly ³adv ¸@®ity ²/I*regj8ÚlarEtI/ ³n (pl
µ-ties³) ¶[U] ´state or quality of being @; ¶[C] ´sth @: ³@ities in behaviour;
the @ities of the earth's surface.¼
¨ir®rel®evant© ²/IÚrelEvEnt/ ³adj ·@ (to), ´not relevant (to); not connected
(with): ³@ remarks/evidence. What you say is @ to the subject. ¸ir®rel®evance
²/-Ens/, ¸ir®rel®evancy ²/-EnsI/ ³nn (pl µ@s, -cies³) ¶[U] ´state of being @;
¶[C] ´@ remark, question, etc: ³Let us ignore these irrelevancies.¼
¨ir®re®li®gious© ²/*IrIÚlIdZEs/ ³adj ´opposed to, showing no interest in,
religion: ³@ acts/persons.¼
¨ir®re®medi®able© ²/*IrIÚmidIEbl/ ³adj ´that cannot be remedied: ³@
acts/faults.¼
¨ir®re®mov®able© ²/*IrIÚmuvEbl/ ³adj ´that cannot be removed (esp from
office).¼
¨ir®rep®ar®able© ²/IÚrepErEbl/ ³adj ´(of a loss, injury, etc) that
cannot be put right or restored: ³@ harm.¼
¨ir®re®place®able© ²/*IrIÚpleIsEbl/ ³adj ´of which the loss cannot be
supplied.¼
¨ir®re®press®ible© ²/*IrIÚpresEbl/ ³adj ´that cannot be held back or
controlled: ³a girl with @ high spirits.¼
¨ir®re®proach®able© ²/*IrIÚprE8t2Ebl/ ³adj ´free from blame or fault: ³@
conduct.¼
¨ir®re®sist®ible© ²/*IrIÚzIstEbl/ ³adj ´too strong, convincing, delightful,
etc to be resisted: ³@ desires/temptations. On this hot day the sea was @´, We
couldn't resist the desire to go to or into the sea.¼
¨ir®res®ol®ute© ²/IÚrezElut/ ³adj ´undecided; hesitating. ¸ir®res®ol®ution
²/I*rezEÚlu2n/ ³n ¶[U].¼
¨ir®re®spec®tive© ²/*IrIÚspektIv/ ³adj ·@ of, ´not paying consideration to; not
taking into account: ³He rushed forward to help, @ of the consequences.¼
¨ir®re®spon®sible© ²/*IrIÚsponsEbl/ ³adj ¸1 ´not responsible for conduct, etc;
not to be blamed or punished: ³an @ child. ¸2 ´(doing things, done) without a
proper sense of responsibility; not trustworthy: ³@ teenagers; @ behaviour.
¸ir®re®spon®si®bil®ity ²/*IrI*sponsEÚbIlEtI/ ³n ¶[U].¼
¨ir®re®triev®able© ²/*IrIÚtrivEbl/ ³adj ´that cannot be retrieved or remedied:
³an @ loss.¼
¨ir®rev®er®ent© ²/IÚrevErEnt/ ³adj ´feeling or showing no respect for sacred
things. ¸@®ly ³adv ¸ir®rev®er®ence ²/-Ens/ ³n ¶[U].¼
¨ir®re®vers®ible© ²/*IrIÚv3sEbl/ ³adj ´that cannot be reversed or revoked: ³an
@ decision.¼
¨ir®revo®cable© ²/IÚrevEkEbl/ ³adj ´final and unalterable; that cannot be
revoked: ³an @ decision/judgement; an @ letter of credit.¼
¨ir®ri®gate© ²/ÚIrIgeIt/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ¸1 ´supply (land, crops) with water (by
means of rivers, water-channels, overhead pipes, etc): ³@ desert areas and
make them fertile. ¸2 ´construct reservoirs, canals, etc for the distribution
of water (to fields). ¸3 ´wash out (a wound, etc) with a constant flow of
liquid. ¸ir®ri®ga®tion ²/*IrIÚgeI2n/ ¶[U] ´irrigating: (attrib) ³an irrigation
project; irrigation canals.¼
¨ir®ri®table© ²/ÚIrItEbl/ ³adj ´easily annoyed or made angry.
¸ir®ri®tably ²/-EblI/ ³adv ¸ir®ri®ta®bil®ity ²/*IrItEÚbIlEtI/ ³n ¶[U].¼
¨ir®ri®tant© ²/ÚIrItEnt/ ³adj ´causing irritation. ´¹ ³n ´@ substance, eÔg
dust or pepper in the nose; sth that irritates the mind.¼
¨ir®ri®tate© ²/ÚIrIteIt/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ¸1 ´make angry or annoyed; excite the
temper of: ³@d by the delay. ¸2 ´cause discomfort to (part of the body); make
sore or inflamed: ³The smoke @d her eyes. ¸ir®ri®ta®tion ²/*IrIÚteI2n/ ³n ¶[U]
´irritating or being @d; ¶[C] ´instance of this.¼
¨ir®rup®tion© ²/IÚrAp2n/ ³n ´sudden and violent entry; bursting in.¼
¨is© µ¥ be±1µ.¼
¨isin®glass© ²/ÚñIzIGglqs ³US: ²-glas/ ³n ¶[U] ´clear white jelly made from the
air bladders of some freshwater fish, used for making glue.¼
¨Is®lam© ²/IzÚlqm ³US: ²ÚIslqm/ ³n ´faith, religion, proclaimed by the Prophet
Muhammad; all Muslims; all the Muslim world. ¸@ic ²/IzÚlamIk ³US: ²IsÚlqmIk/
³adj¼
¨is®land© ²/ÚñIlEnd/ ³n ´piece of land surrounded by water; sth resembling an @
because it is detached or isolated: ³a ·Ú³traffic @´, a raised place in a busy
street where people may be safe from traffic. ¸@er ³n ´person born on or living
on an @.¼
¨isle© ²/ñIl/ ³n ´island (not much used in prose, except in proper names): ³the
I@ of Wight; the British I@s. ¸is®let ²/ÚñIlIt/ ³n ´small island.¼
¨ism© ²/ÚIzEm/ ³n ´distinctive doctrine or practice: ³behaviourism and all the
other isms of the twentieth century.¼
¨isn't© ²/ÚIznt/ ³c µ¥ be±1µ.¼
¨iso®bar© ²/ÚñIsEbq(r)/ ³n ´line on a map, esp a weather chart, joining places
with the same atmospheric pressure at a particular time.¼
¨iso®late© ²/ÚñIsEleIt/ ³vt ¶[VP6A,14] ·@ (from), ¸1 ´separate, put
or keep apart from others: ³feel @d from one's fellows. When a person has an
infectious disease, he is usually @d. Several villages in the north have been
@d by heavy snowfalls. ¸2 ´(chem) separate a substance, germ, etc from its
combinations.¼
¨iso®la®tion© ²/*ñIsEÚleI2n/ ³n ¶[U] ·@ (from), ´isolating or being isolated.
·in @, ´alone; separated: ³consider facts in @ from others. ¸Ú@ hospital/ward´,
one for persons with infectious diseases. ¸@®ism ²/-IzEm/ ³n ´(in international
affairs) policy of non-participation in the affairs of other countries. ¸@®ist
²/-Ist/ ³n ´supporter of @ism.¼
¨isos®celes© ²/ñIÚsosEliz/ ³adj ´(of a triangle) having two sides equal.¼
¨iso®therm© ²/ÚñIsET3m/ ³n ´line on a map joining places having the same mean
temperature.¼
¨iso®tope© ²/ÚñIsEtE8p/ ³n ´atom of an element, eÔg heavy hydrogen,
having a nuclear mass different from that of other atoms of the same element
although chemically identical: ³radio-active @s´, unstable forms used in
medicine and industry.¼
¨issue© ²/ÚI2u/ ³vi,vt ¸1 ¶[VP2A,3A] ·@ (out/forth) (from), ´come, go, flow,
out: ³smoke issuing from chimneys; blood issuing from a wound. ¸2 ¶[VP6A,14] ·@
(sth to sb), @ (sb with sth), ´distribute for use or consumption: ³@ warm
clothing to the troops; @ them with warm clothing. ¸3 ¶[VP6A,14] ·@ (to),
´publish (books, etc); put stamps, banknotes, shares±1µ(3)´, etc into
circulation. ¹ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´outgoing; outflowing: ³the point or place of @´;
¶[C] ´the act of flowing out; that which flows out: ³an @ of blood from the
nose. ¸2 ¶[U] ´putting forth; sending out; publication: ³the @ of a newspaper/a
new coinage; buy new stamps on the day of @´; ¶[C] ´that which is sent out,
etc: ³new @s of banknotes; the most recent @s of a periodical; an @ of winter
clothing to the troops. ¸3 ¶[C] ´question that arises for discussion: ³debate
an @; raise a new @; argue political @s. ·join/take @ with sb (on/about sth),
´proceed to argue with him (about it). ·the point/matter at @, ´the point being
discussed. ¸4 ¶[C] ´result; outcome; consequence: ³bring a campaign to a
successful @; await the @. ¸5 ¶[U] ´(legal) offspring: ³die without @´, iÔe
childless.¼
¨isth®mus© ²/ÚIsmEs/ ³n (pl µ@es ²/-sIz/³) ´neck of land joining two larger
bodies of land: ³the I@ of Panama.¼
¨it© ²/It/ ³pron (pl µthey ²/DeI/, µthem ²/DEm; strong form Dem/³)
¸1 ´(used of lifeless things, of animals (when sex is unknown or unimportant),
and of a baby or small child when the sex is unknown or a matter of
indifference): ³This is my watch; it's a Swiss one. Where's my book?ÅHave you
seen it? "Where's the cat?'Å"It's in the garden.' She's expecting another baby
and hopes it will be a boy. ¸2 ´(used to refer to a group of words which
follows, this being the grammatical subject. This may be) ¸(a) ´an infinitive
phrase: Is ³it ´difficult ³to learn written Chinese? ¸(b) ´a construction with
³for´, a ³noun/pronoun´, and a ³to-´infinitive: ³It ´was hard ³for him to live
on his small pension. ¸(c) ´a gerundial phrase: ³It ´doesn't seem much use
³going on. It's ´no use ³your trying to do that. ¸(d) ´a clause: ³It ´seems
unlikely ³that he will catch the train. ´I think ³it ´a pity ³that you didn't
try harder. It ´doesn't matter ³whether we start now or later. ´Does ³it
´matter ³what you do next? ¸3 ´(used to refer backwards or forwards to identify
sb or sth. Note that if the identity of a person is already known, ³it ´is not
used): ³"Who's that at the door?'Å"It's the postman.' ´(Cf ³Mr Smith is at the
door. He wants to see you.) "What was that noise?'Å"It was a mouse.' ¸4 ´(used
as a formal or meaningless word to supply a subject) ¸(a) ´dealing with the
weather, atmospheric conditions, etc: ³It is raining/snowing, etc. It's
warm/cold/windy, etc. Isn't it a nice day! How dark it is! ¸(b) ´for time:
³It's six o'clock. It is past midnight. It's Monday, the 1st of May. It is
three years since I last met you. It's a month to Christmas. ¸(c) ´for
distance: ³It's ten miles to Oxford. It's only a short way now. ¸(d) ´vaguely
for the general situation, or for sth that is to be understood from the
context: ³So it seems. It can't be helped. Whose turn is it next? That's the
best/worst of it! Keep at it, ´iÔe at whatever you are doing. ³You've got what
it takes´, have the qualities, etc needed for this job, situation, etc. ³You've
had it´, there's nothing more to be had from this situation, experience, etc.
³Go it! ´Go on with your efforts, etc. ³Now you've done it! ´iÔe You've done
sth wrong or foolish! ³Now you'll catch it! ´You'll be reprimanded, punished,
etc! ³As it happened,«; If it hadn't been for your help,«. ¸5 ´(used to bring
into prominence one part of a sentence) ¸(a) ´the subject: ³It was his work
during the weekend that exhausted him. ¸(b) ´the object of a ³v´: ³It's the red
book that I want, not the green one. ¸(c) ´the object of a ³prep´: ³It was John
I gave the book to, not Harry. ¸(d) ´an adverbial adjunct: ³It was on Sunday
that I saw him, not on Saturday. ¸its ²/Its/ ³poss adj ´of it: ³The dog wagged
its tail. The child fell and hurt its knee. I don't like this hatÅits shape is
wrong. ¸itself ²/ItÚself/ ³reflex pron´: ³The dog got up and stretched itself.
´¹ ³emph pron´: ³The thing itself is not valuable, but I want it as a keepsake.
·by itself, ¸(a) ´automatically: ³The machine works by itself. ¸(b) ´alone:
³The farmhouse stands by itself in the fields.¼
¨italic© ²/IÚtalIk/ ³adj ´(of printed letters) sloping: ³This is @
type. ´¹ ³n pl ´@ letters: ³in @s. ¸itali®cize ²/IÚtalIsñIz/ ³vt ´print in @s.
µ¥ Roman(2).¼
¨itch© ²/It2/ ³n ¸1 ´(with ³def ´or ³indef art´, but rarely ³pl´) feeling of
irritation on the skin, causing a desire to scratch: ³have/suffer from the
@/an @. ¸2 ´(usu with the ³indef art ´or a ³poss adj´) restless desire or
longing: ³have an @ for money; his @ to go to the South Seas. ´¹ ³vi ¸1
¶[VP2A,4A] ´have an @: ³scratch where it @es. Scratch yourself if you @. Are
your mosquito bites still @ing? ¸2 ¶[VP3A] ·@ for, ´(colloq) long for: ³The
boys were @ing for the lesson to end. ·have an @ing palm, ´be @ing for money.
¸@y ³adj µ(-ier, -iest)´: ³an @y scalp.¼
¨item© ²/ÚñItEm/ ³n ¸1 ´single article or unit in a list, etc: ³the first @ on
the programme; number the @s in a catalogue. ¸2 ´detail or paragraph (of news):
³Are there any interesting ·Ú³news @s/@s of news in the paper this morning? ´¹
³adv ´also (used to introduce successive articles in a list): ³I@, one chair;
@, two carpets. ¸@®ize ²/-ñIz/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´give, write, every @ of: ³an @ized
account; @ize a bill.¼
¨it®er®ate© ²/ÚItEreIt/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´say again and again; make (an
accusation, etc) repeatedly. ¸it®er®ation ²/*ItEÚreI2n/ ³n ¶[U] ´iterating;
¶[C] ´sth @d.¼
¨i®tin®er®ant© ²/ñIÚtInErEnt/ ³adj ´travelling from place to place: ³@
musicians.¼
¨i®tin®er®ary© ²/ñIÚtInErErI ³US: ²-rerI/ ³n (pl µ-ries³) ¶[C] ´plan for,
details or records of, a journey; route.¼
¨it'll© ²/ÚItl/ ³c ´= ³it will.¼
¨its©, it®self ²/Its, ItÚself/ µ¥ it.¼
¨it's© ²/Its/ ³c ´= ³it is ´or ³it has.¼
¨I've© ²/ñIv/ ³c ´= ³I have.¼
¨ivory© ²/ÚñIvErI/ ³n ¶[U] ´white, bone-like substance forming the tusks of
elephants, used for ornaments, piano-keys, etc; (attrib) the colour of @: ³an @
skin/complexion. ¸@ tower, ´place of seclusion or retreat from the realities of
life.¼
¨ivy© ²/ÚñIvI/ ³n ¶[U] ´climbing, clinging, evergreen plant with dark, shiny
(often five-pointed) leaves. ¸ivied ²/ÚñIvId/ ³adj ´covered with ivy: ³ivied
walls.¼
¨J©, j ²/dZEI/ ³n (pl µJ's, j's ²/dZeIz/³) ´the tenth letter of the English
alphabet.¼
¨jab© ²/dZab/ ³vt,vi µ(-bb-) ¸1 ¶[VP3A] ·jab at, ´poke or push at sb/sth with
force: ³jab at sb/sth with a knife. He jabbed at his opponent´, (boxing) aimed
a quick blow at him. ¸2 ¶[VP14] ·jab sth into sth/sb, ´force sth into sth/sb:
³He jabbed his elbow into my side. ¸3 ¶[VP15B] ·jab sth out, ´force or push
out by jabbing: ³Be careful! Don't jab my eye out with your umbrella! ´¹ ³n
´sudden, rough blow or thrust: ³a jab in the arm´, (colloq) an injection or
inoculation: ³Have you had your cholera jabs yet?¼
¨jabber© ²/ÚdZabE(r)/ ³vi,vt ¸1 ¶[VP2A,C] ´talk excitedly; talk in what seems
to be a rapid and confused manner: ³Listen to those children @ing away! ¸2
¶[VP6A,15B] ´utter (words, etc) rapidly and indistinctly: ³@ (out) one's
prayers. ´¹ ³n ¶[U] ´@ing; chatter: ³Listen to the @ of those monkeys. ¸@er ³n
´person who @s.¼
¨jabot© ²/ÚZabE8/ ³n ¶[C] ´ornamental frill on the front of a
woman's blouse or a man's shirt.¼
¨jack©1 ²/dZak/ ³n ¸1 J@, ´familiar form of the name ³John. ¸J@ Frost, ´frost
personified. ¸ÚJ@ in office, ´self-important official who fusses over details.
¸*J@ of Úall trades, ´person who can turn his hand to anything; workman
knowing something of many trades. ·before one can say J@ Robinson, ´very
quickly or suddenly. ·J@ is as good as his master, ´the workman is the equal
of his employer. ¸2 ´(colloq) man. ·every man @, ´everybody. ¸3 ´(usu
portable) device for raising heavy weights off the ground, esp one for raising
the axle of a car so that a wheel may be changed. ¸4 ´(in the game of bowls)
small white ball towards which bowls are rolled. ¸5 ´ship's flag to show
nationality. ¸the Union J@, ´flag of the United Kingdom. µ¥ ´the illus at
µflag. ¸Ú@ staff ³n ´staff on which a ship's flag is flown to show nationality.
¸6 ´(in a pack of playing-cards) knave. ¸7 ´(compounds) ¸Ú@-in-the-box ³n ´toy
in the form of a box with sth inside which springs up when the lid is opened.
¸*@-o'-Úlantern ³n ´will-o'-the-wisp; pumpkin cut to look like a face and used
as a lantern (by placing a candle inside) in fun. ¸Ú@ rabbit ³n ´large hare of
Western N America. ¸@ tar ³n ´(old name for a) naval rating; ordinary seaman in
the Navy, wearing a jumper and wide-bottomed trousers.¼
¨jack©2 ²/dZak/ ³vt ¶[VP15B] ·@ sth in, ´(sl) abandon (the work, attempt, etc.
·@ sth up, ´lift with a jackµ(2)´: ³J@ up the car and change the wheel with the
punctured tyre.¼
¨jackal© ²/ÚdZakcl ³US: ²-kl/ ³n ´wild dog-like animal.¼
¨jack®a®napes© ²/ÚdZakEneIps/ ³n ¸1 ´conceited person. ¸2 ´(often playfully of
a child) impudent or mischievous person.¼
¨jack®ass© ²/ÚdZakas/ ³n ´male ass; foolish person. ¸laughing @,
´(in Australia) Giant Kingfisher.¼
¨jack-boot© ²/ÚdZak but/ ³n ´large boot coming above the knee (as formerly worn
by cavalrymen).¼
¨jack®daw© ²/ÚdZakdc/ ³n ´bird of the crow family (noted for flying off with
small bright objects).¼
¨jacket© ²/ÚdZakIt/ ³n ¸1 ´short, sleeved coat. ·dust a person's @, ´beat him.
¸2 ´outer covering round a boiler, tank, pipe, etc to lessen loss of heat, or
³(a water @) ´to cool an engine. ¸3 ´skin (of a potato): ³baked in their @s.
¸4 ´(also ·Ú³dust-@´) loose paper cover in which a hardback book is issued.¼
¨jack-knife© ²/ÚdZak nñIf/ ³n ´large pocket-knife with a folding blade. ¹ ³vi
¶[VP2A] ´(esp of an articulated truck) fold and double back like the blade and
handle of a @.¼
¨jack-plane© ²/ÚdZak pleIn/ ³n ´plane±2 ´for rough smoothing of wood.¼
¨jack®pot© ²/ÚdZakpot/ ³n ´accumulated stakes in various games (esp poker),
increasing in value until won. ·hit the @, ´have great success or good
fortune.¼
¨Jaco®bean© ²/*dZakEÚbIEn/ ³adj ´of the reign of James ²¥ ´(1603Å25) of
England: ³@ literature/architecture/furniture.¼
¨Jac®obin© ²/ÚdZakEbIn/ ³n ´member of a group of revolutionaries organized in
1789 during the French Revolution. ¹ ³adj ´violent; extremely radical. ¸@®ism
²/-IzEm/ ³n ´(politics) extreme radicalism.¼
¨Jac®obite© ²/ÚdZakEbñIt/ ³n ´supporter of James ²¢ ´(reigned 1685Å1688) of
England after his overthrow or of his descendants who claimed the English
throne.¼
¨jade©1 ²/dZeId/ ³n ¶[U] ´hard, usu green stone, carved into ornaments, etc.¼
¨jade©2 ²/dZeId/ ³n ¸1 ´tired out or worn-out horse. ¸2 ´(either contemptuous
or playful) woman: ³You saucy little @! ¸@d ²/ÚdZeIdId/ ³adj ´worn out;
over-worked; dulled: ³He looks @d. He has a @d appetite.¼
¨jag©1 ²/dZag/ ³n ´sharp projection, eÔg of rock. ¸jaggy ³adj ´having @s.¼
¨jag©2 ²/dZag/ ³vt µ(-gg-) ¶[VP6A] ´cut or tear in an uneven manner; give an
edge like that of a saw to. ¸jag®ged ²/ÚdZagId/ ³adj ´notched; with rough,
uneven edges: ³jagged rocks.¼
¨jag®uar© ²/ÚdZagj8E(r)/ ³n ´large, fierce, cat-like meat-eating animal of
Central and South America. µ¥ ´the illus at µcat.¼
¨jail© ²/dZeIl/ µ¥ gaol.¼
¨jakes© ²/dZeIks/ ³n ´(sl) water-closet.¼
¨ja®lopy© ²/dZEÚlopI/ ³n (pl µ-pies³) ´(colloq) old, rickety or battered
automobile or aircraft.¼
¨jam©1 ²/dZam/ ³n ¶[U] ´fruit boiled with sugar until it is thick, and
preserved in jars, pots, tins, etc. ·money for jam, ´(sl) something for
nothing; something coming by good luck. ¸Újam-jar/-pot ³nn ´one for containing
jam. ¸Újam session ³n ´impromptu performance by jazz musicians.¼
¨jam©2 ²/dZam/ ³vt,vi µ(-mm-) ¸1 ¶[VP6A,15A,B,14,2A,C] ·@ (in/under/between
etc), ´crush, be crushed, between two surfaces or masses; squeeze, be squeezed:
³a ship jammed in the ice. The logs jammed in the river´, became tightly
packed. ¸2 ¶[VP15B,2A,C] ·@ (on), ´(of parts of a machine, etc) (cause to)
become fixed so that movement or action is prevented: ³jam the brakes on/jam on
the brakes. The brakes jammed and the car skidded badly. ¸3 ¶[VP6A,15A,B] ´push
(things) together tightly: ³jam one's clothes into a small suitcase. The
corridors were jammed by/with hordes of schoolchildren. ¸4 ¶[VP6A] ´make the
reception of a broadcast programme impossible or difficult by broadcasting a
signal that deliberately interferes: ³jam the enemy's stations during a war. ´¹
³n ¶[C] ¸1 ´number of things or people crowded together so that movement is
difficult or impossible: ·Ú³traffic-jams in our big towns; a ·Ú³log-jam, ´on a
river, etc. ¸2 ´stoppage of a machine due to jammingµ(2)´. ¸3 ´(sl) awkward
position; difficult situation: ³be in/get into a jam.¼
¨jamb© ²/dZam/ ³n ´vertical side post of a doorway, window frame,
etc; ³(pl) ´stone sides of a fireplace.¼
¨jam®boree© ²/*dZambEÚri/ ³n ¸1 ´merry meeting. ¸2 ´large rally or gathering,
esp of Scouts or Guides.¼
¨jam®pack© ²/*dZamÚpak/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´(colloq) crowd to capacity: ³a stadium @ed
with spectators.¼
¨jangle© ²/ÚdZaGgl/ ³vt,vi ¶[VP6A,2A] ´(cause to) give out a harsh metallic
noise; argue noisily. ¹ ³n ¶[U] ´harsh noise.¼
¨jani®tor© ²/ÚdZanItE(r)/ ³n ¸1 ´doorkeeper. ¸2 ´(US) person hired to take
care of a building, offices, etc, eÔg by cleaning, stoking the furnaces.¼
¨Jan®uary© ²/ÚdZanj8rI ³US: ²-j8erI/ ³n ´the first month of the year.¼
¨Ja®nus© ²/ÚdZeInEs/ ³n ´ancient Roman god, guardian of gates and doors,
beginnings and ends, represented with two faces, one on the front and the
other on the back of his head.¼
¨ja®pan© ²/dZEÚpan/ ³vt µ(-nn-)³, n ´(cover with) hard, shiny black enamel.¼
¨jape© ²/dZeIp/ ³n ´(old use) joke.¼
¨ja®pon®ica© ²/dZEÚponIkE/ ³n ¶[U] ´(sorts of) ornamental variety of pear or
quince.¼
¨jar©1 ²/dZq(r)/ ³n ¶[C] ¸1 ´(usu harsh) sound or vibration: ³We felt a jar
when the engine was coupled to the train. ¸2 ´shock; thrill of the nerves;
discord: ³The fall from his horse gave him a nasty jar. It was an unpleasant
jar to my nerves.¼
¨jar©2 ²/dZq(r)/ ³n ´tall vessel, usu round, with a wide mouth, with or
without handle(s), of glass, stone or earthenware; its contents: ³a jar of
strawberry jam. ¸jar®ful ²/-f8l/ ³n¼
¨jar©3 ²/dZq(r)/ ³vi,vt µ(-rr-) ¸1 ¶[VP3A] ·jar against/on, ´strike with a
harsh unpleasant sound. ¸2 ¶[VP3A] ·jar on, ´have an unpleasant effect (on):
³The way he laughs jars on me/on my ears/on my nerves. ¸3 ¶[VP6A] ´send a
shock through (the nerves): ³He was badly jarred by the blow. She was jarred
by this sad news. ¸4 ¶[VP2A,3A] ·jar (with), ´be out of harmony: ³His opinions
jar with mine. Try to avoid colours that jar when choosing curtains and rugs.
¸jar®ring ³adj ´causing disharmony; harsh: ³a jarring note. ¸jar®ring®ly ³adv¼
¨jar®gon© ²/ÚdZqgEn/ ³n ¶[U] ¸1 ´language difficult to understand,
because it is badly formed or spoken badly: ³Only a mother can understand her
baby's @. ¸2 ´language full of technical or special words: ³the @ of radio
technicians/linguists.¼
¨jas®mine© ²/ÚdZasmIn/ ³n ¶[U] ´shrub with white or yellow sweet-smelling
flowers.¼
¨jas®per© ²/ÚdZaspE(r)/ ³n ¶[U] ´semi-precious stone, red, yellow
or brown.¼
¨jaun®dice© ²/ÚdZcndIs/ ³n ¶[U] ´disease, caused by stoppage of the flow of
bile, marked by yellowness of the skin and the whites of the eyes; (fig) state
of mind in which one is jealous, spiteful, envious and suspicious. ´¹ ³vt
´(usu passive) affect with @: ³take a @d view´, one influenced by jealousy,
spite, etc.¼
¨jaunt© ²/dZcnt/ ³n ´short journey for pleasure. ´¹ ³vi ¶[VP2A,C] ´make such a
journey. ¸Ú@®ing-car ³n ´light, two-wheeled horse-drawn vehicle with seats back
to back, used in Ireland.¼
¨jaunty© ²/ÚdZcntI/ ³adj µ(-ier, iest) ´feeling or showing self-confidence and
self-satisfaction: ³He wore his hat at a @ angle´, tipped to one side as a
sign of high spirits, etc. ¸jaunt®ily ²/-IlI/ ³adv ¸jaunti®ness ³n ¶[U].¼
¨javelin© ²/ÚdZavlIn/ ³n ´light spear for throwing (usu in sport).¼
¨jaw© ²/dZc/ ³n ¸1 ¸(lower/upper) jaw´, either of the bone structures
containing the teeth: ³Which jaw moves up and down when you talk? µ¥ ´the illus
at µhead. ¸Újaw-bone ³n ´one of the bones in which the teeth are set.
¸Újaw-breaker ³n ´(colloq) word hard to pronounce. ¸2 ³(pl) ´framework of the
mouth, including the teeth; ³(sing´) lower part of the face: ³a man with a
strong jaw. ¸3 ³(pl) ´narrow mouth of a valley, channel, etc: (fig) ³into/out
of the jaws of death´, into/out of great danger. ¸4 ³(pl) ´parts of a tool,
machine, etc, eÔg a vice, between which things are gripped or crushed. ¸5
´(colloq) talkativeness: ³None of your jaw! ¸6 ´(colloq) long, dull talk giving
moral advice. ´¹ ³vi ¶[VP2A,C,3A] ·jaw (at), ´(colloq) talk, esp at tedious
length; give a moral talk to: ³Stop jawing at me!¼
¨jay© ²/dZeI/ ³n ´noisy European bird with brightly coloured feathers; (fig)
impertinent person who chatters too much. ¸Újay-walker ³n ´person who walks
erratically across or along streets without paying attention to traffic.
¸Újay-walk ³vi ´walk in this way.¼
¨jazz© ²/dZaz/ ³n ¶[U] ´popular music first played by Negro groups
in Southern UÔSÔA in the early 20th c, characterized by improvisation and
strong rhythms, called ³traditional @´; similar music played by large bands
for dancing; a later variation much influenced by the ³blues ´to produce an
unhurried unemotive style, called ³modern @´: ³the ·Ú³@ age; ´(attrib) ³@
music; a ·Ú³@ band. ´¹ ³vt ¸1 ¶[VP6A] ´play or arrange in the style of @: ³@ a
song/tune; ´dance to @ music. ¸2 ¶[VP15B] ·@ sth up, ´(fig, colloq) liven up;
put more energy into: ³@ up a party; @ things up a bit. ¸jazzy ³adj µ(-ier,
-iest) ´(colloq) of or like @; flashy, showy: ³@y cushions; a @y sports car.¼
¨jeal®ous© ²/ÚdZelEs/ ³adj ¸1 ´feeling or showing fear or ill will because of
possible or actual loss of rights or love: ³a @ husband; @ looks. ¸2 ·@ (of
sb/sth), ´feeling or showing unhappiness because of the better fortune, etc of
others: ³@ of sb else's success. ¸3 ·@ (of sb/sth), ´taking watchful care
³(of)´: ³@ of one's rights; keep a @ eye on sb. ¸4 ´(in the Bible, of God)
requiring exclusive loyalty and whole-hearted worship and service. ¸@®ly ³adv
¸jeal®ousy ²/ÚdZelEsI/ ³n (pl µ-sies³) ¸1 ¶[U] ´being @: ³a lover's @y. ¸2 ¶[C]
´instance of this; act or utterance that shows @y: ³I'm tired of all these
jealousies and quarrels.¼
¨jean© ²/dZin/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´heavy, strong cotton cloth: ´(attrib) ³@ overalls.
¸2 @s, ´tough (usu denim) trousers worn informally by men, women and children.¼
¨jeep© ²/dZip/ ³n ´small, light utility motor vehicle with great freedom of
movement, useful on rough ground.¼
¨jeer© ²/dZIE(r)/ ³vi,vt ¶[VP2A,3A,6A] ·@ (at sb), ´mock, laugh
rudely: ³@ at a defeated enemy; @ (at) the speaker; a @ing crowd. ´¹ ³n ¶[C]
´@ing remark; taunt. ¸@®ing®ly ³adv¼
¨Je®ho®vah© ²/dZIÚhE8vE/ ³n ´name of God used in the Old Testament.¼
¨je®june© ²/dZIÚdZun/ ³adj ´(formal) (of writings) dry; uninteresting;
unsatisfying to the mind. ¸@®ly ³adv ¸@®ness ³n ¶[U].¼
¨Jekyll and Hyde© ²/*dZekl En ÚhñId/ ³n ´single person with two personalities,
one good (³Jekyll´) and one bad (³Hyde´).¼
¨jell© ²/dZel/ ³vi,vt ¶[VP2A,6A] ´(colloq) ´(cause to) become like jelly; take
shape: ³My ideas are beginning to @.¼
¨jel®laba© ²/ÚdZelEbE/ ³n ´loose hooded cloak worn by Arab men.¼
¨jelly© ²/ÚdZelI/ ³n (pl µ-lies³) ¸1 ¶[U] ´soft, semi-solid food substance
made from gelatin; similar substance made of fruit juice and sugar. ¸2 ¶[C,U]
´(portion of) this substance prepared in a mould, flavoured and coloured, as a
sweet dish. ¸3 ¶[C,U] ´@-like substance. ¸Ú@-fish ³n ´@-like sea animal. µ¥
´the illus at µsea. ´¹ ³vt,vi ¶[VP6A,2A] ´(cause to) become like @. ¸jel®lied
³adj ´set in @; prepared in @; like @: ³jellied eels.¼
¨jemmy© ²/ÚdZemI/ ³n (pl µ-mies³) ´(US = ³jimmy´) crowbar, esp as used by
burglars for forcing open doors, windows and drawers.¼
¨jenny© ²/ÚdZenI/ ³n µ¥ ³spinning @ ´at µspin.¼
¨jeop®ard®ize© ²/ÚdZepEdñIz/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´put in danger. ¸jeop®ardy ²/ÚdZepEdI/
³n ¶[U] ´danger of harm or loss, usu in the phrase: ·be/place/put in
jeopardy´.¼
¨jer®boa© ²/dZ3ÚbE8E/ ³n ´small rat-like animal of Asia and the N African
deserts with long hind legs and the ability to jump well.¼
¨jere®miad© ²/*dZerIÚmñIad/ ³n ´long, sad and complaining story of troubles,
misfortunes, etc.¼
¨jerk©1 ²/dZ3k/ ³n ¶[C] ¸1 ´sudden push, pull, start, stop, twist, lift or
throw: ³The train stopped with a @/a series of @s. ¸2 ´sudden involuntary
twitch of a muscle or muscles. ¸3 physical @s´, (colloq) gymnastic exercises.
¸4 ´(sl) foolish person. ´¹ ³vt,vi ¶[VP6A,15A,B,2C] ´give a @ to; move with a @
or @s: ³He @ed the fish out of the water. The train @ed along/@ed to a stop.
Don't @ out your words; try to recite more smoothly. ¸@y ³adj µ(-ier, -iest)
´with @s; not smooth: ³a @y ride in an old bus. ¸@®ily ²/-IlI/ ³adv ¸@i®ness ³n
¶[U].¼
¨jerk©2 ²/dZ3k/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´cure (esp beef) by cutting it into
long slices and drying it in the sun.¼
¨jer®kin© ²/ÚdZ3kIn/ ³n ´short, close-fitting jacket, usu of leather (as worn
by men in olden times). µ¥ ´the illus at µdoublet.¼
¨jerry© ²/ÚdZerI/ ³n (pl µ-ries³) ¸1 Ú@-builder/-building, ´builder/building
of houses of poor quality with bad materials. Hence, ¸Ú@-built ³adj´. ¸2 Ú@®can,
´army-style metal container used for carrying extra supplies of water or petrol
on long journeys. ¸3 J@, ´(army sl) German soldier. ¸4 ´(sl) chamber-pot.¼
¨jer®sey© ²/ÚdZ3zI/ ³n (pl µ-seys³) ¸1 ¶[U] ³(·Ú³@-wool) ´soft, fine knitted
fabric used for clothes; ¶[C] ´close-fitting knitted woollen garment with
sleeves. µ¥ jumper, pullover, sweater. ¸2 J@, ´cow of the breed that originally
came from J@, one of the Channel Islands (near the French coast).¼
¨jest© ²/dZest/ ³n ¶[C] ¸1 ´joke; sth said or done to cause amusement. ·in @,
´as a joke, not in earnest. ¸2 ´object of ridicule: ³a standing @´, sth or sb
always laughed at. ´¹ ³vi ¶[VP2A,3A] ·@ (with), ´make @s; act or speak lightly:
³Don't @ about serious things. He's not a man to @ with. ¸@®ing ³adj ´spoken in
@: ³@ing remarks; ´fond of @s: ³a @ing fellow. ¸@®ing®ly ³adv¼
¨jest®er© ²/ÚdZestE(r)/ ³n ´person who jests, esp (in olden times) a man whose
duty it was to make jokes to amuse the court or noble household in which he
was employed.¼
¨Jesuit© ²/ÚdZezj8It ³US: ²ÚdZeZ8It/ ³n ´member of the Society of Jesus, a RÔC
order founded in 1534 by Ignatius Loyola ²/Ig*neI2Es lãIÚE8lE/ ´(1491Å1556),
Spanish priest, taking vows of obedience, poverty and chastity; (as used by
opponents of the Society) person who thinks that it may be right to dissemble
or prevaricate if this helps to obtain good results. ¸@i®cal ²/*dZezj8ÚItIkl
³US: ²*dZeZ8-/ ³adj ´of or like the @s.¼
¨Jesus© ²/ÚdZizEs/ ³n ´the founder of the Christian religion.¼
¨jet©1 ²/dZet/ ³n ¶[C] ¸1 ´fast, strong stream of gas, liquid, steam or flame,
forced out of a small opening: ³The pipe burst and a jet of water shot across
the kitchen. ¸*jet-proÚpulsion (engine), ´propulsion of aircraft and spacecraft
by engines that suck in air at the front, mix the air with gases, and send out
the hot, burnt gases in jets at the back. Hence, ¸*jet
(Úaircraft/Úairliner/Úfighter) ³nn ¸*jet-proÚpelled ³adj´. µ¥ ´the illus at
µair. ¸the Újet set, ´wealthy persons who often travel by jet aircraft for
holidays. ¸2 ³(pl) ´(often a brief but repeated) stream of liquid, gas, etc:
³He cut his wrist so badly that jets of blood spurted out. ¸3 ´narrow opening
from which a jet comes out: ³a ·Ú³gas-jet. ´¹ ³vi,vt µ(-tt-) ¸1 ´come, send
out, in a jet or jets. ¸2 ´(colloq) travel by jet airliner.¼
¨jet©2 ²/dZet/ ³n ¶[U] ´hard, black mineral that takes a brilliant polish,
used for buttons, ornaments, etc; the colour of this mineral; (attrib) made of
jet; (also ¸*jet-Úblack´) deep, glossy black.¼
¨jet®sam© ²/ÚdZetsEm/ ³n ¶[U] ´goods thrown overboard from a ship at sea to
lighten it, eÔg in a storm; such goods washed up on the seashore. ¸flotsam and
@, ´(fig use) persons whose lives have been wrecked: ³Sick and starving
refugees are the flotsam and @ of war.¼
¨jet®ti®son© ²/ÚdZetIsn/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´throw (goods) overboard in order to
lighten a ship, eÔg during a storm; abandon, discard (what is unwanted): ³@ an
unpleasant passenger/an unworkable plan.¼
¨jetty© ²/ÚdZetI/ ³n (pl µ-ties³) ´structure built out into a body of water as
a breakwater or as a landing-place for ships and boats.¼
¨Jew© ²/dZu/ ³n ´person of the Hebrew people or religion. ¸Jew®ess
²/dZuIs/ ³n ´female Jew. ¸Jew®ish ²/ÚdZuI2/ ³adj ´of the Jews.¼
¨jewel© ²/ÚdZuEl/ ³n ¸1 ´precious stone, eÔg a diamond or a ruby; ornament with
a @ or @s set in it. ¸2 ´artificial diamond: ³This watch has 15 @s. ¸3 ´(fig)
sth or sb highly valued: ³His wife is a @. ´¹ ³vt µ(-ll-, ´US µ-l-) ´adorn with
@s: (usu in ³pp) a @led ring; a @led watch, ´with industrial, not gem
diamonds, in the movement. ¸@®ler, ´(US = ¸@er´) ²/ÚdZuElE(r)/ ³n ´trader in
@s; ´person who sells @s. ¸@ry, @®lery ²/ÚdZuElrI/ ³n ¶[U] ´@s collectively,
iÔe precious stones, ornaments set with @s, etc.¼
¨Jeze®bel© ²/ÚdZezEbl ³US: ²-bel/ ³n ´(as a term of abuse) shameless, immoral
woman. µ¥ Kings 1:18.¼
¨jib©1 ²/dZIb/ ³n ¸1 ´small triangular sail (in front of the mainsail).
¸*jib-Úboom ³n ´spar to which the lower part of a jib is fastened. µ¥ ´the
illus at µbarque, sail. ·the cut of his jib, ´his personal appearance. ¸2
´projecting arm of a crane or derrick. µ¥ ´the illus at µcrane.¼
¨jib©2 ²/dZIb/ ³vi µ(-bb-) ¶[VP2A] ´(of a horse, etc) stop suddenly; refuse to
go forwards; (fig) refuse to proceed: ³On seeing the gate the horse jibbed.
¶[VP3A] ·jib at, ´(fig) show unwillingness or dislike: ³He jibbed at working
overtime every day. My small car sometimes jibs at a steep hill.¼
¨jibe© ²/dZñIb/ ³vi ´(US) ¸1 ´= µgibe. ¸2 ´= µgybe.¼
¨jiffy© ²/ÚdZIfI/ ³n ´(colloq) moment. ·in a @, ´very soon.¼
¨jig© ²/dZIg/ ³n ¶[C] ¸1 ´(music for a) quick, lively dance. ¸2 ´appliance that
holds a piece of work and guides the tools that are used on it. ´¹ ³vi,vt
µ(-gg-) ¸1 ¶[VP2A,C] ´dance a jig. ¸2 ¶[VP15B,2C] ´move up and down in a
quick, jerky way: ³jigging up and down in excitement; jig a baby (up and down)
on one's knees.¼
¨jig®ger© ²/ÚdZIgE(r)/ ³n ¸1 ´flea or other parasite that burrows
under the skin; (in England) harvest mite. ¸2 ´small measure for liquor (esp
spirits), as fitted to bottles in bars.¼
¨jig®gered© ²/ÚdZIgEd/ ³pred adj ´(colloq) ¸1 ´amazed: ³Well, I'm @! ¸2
´exhausted.¼
¨jig®gery-po®kery© ²/*dZIgErI ÚpE8kErI/ ³n ¶[U] ´(colloq) hocus-pocus; humbug.¼
¨jig®gle© ²/ÚdZIgl/ ³vt,vi, n ´joggle.¼
¨jig®saw© ²/ÚdZIgsc/ ³n ¸1 ´machine fretsaw. ¸2 Ú@ (puzzle), ´picture, map, etc
pasted on thin board or wood and cut in irregularly shaped pieces which are to
be fitted together again.¼
¨ji®had© ²/dZIÚhqd/ ³n ´religious war by Muslims against unbelievers; (fig)
campaign for or against a teaching, practice, etc.¼
¨jilt© ²/dZIlt/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´give up, send away, (sb) after giving him
encouragement or a promise to marry: ³When he lost his job, she @ed him. ´¹ ³n
´person who jilts sb.¼
¨Jim Crow© ²/*dZIm ÚkrE8/ ³n ´Ï (US) contemptuous name for a Negro.¼
¨ji®miny© ²/ÚdZImEnI/ ³int ´(colloq) exclamation of surprise.¼
¨jim-jams© ²/ÚdZIm dZamz/ ³n pl ´(sl) ¸the @, ´the jitters.¼
¨jimmy© ²/ÚdZImI/ ³n ´(US) = µjemmy.¼
¨jingle© ²/ÚdZIGgl/ ³n ¶[C] ¸1 ´metallic clinking or ringing sound (as of
coins, keys or small bells). ¸2 ´series of the same or similar sounds in words,
esp when designed to attract the attention; jingling verse. ´¹ ³vt,vi ¸1
¶[VP6A,15B,2A,C] ´(cause to) make a light, ringing sound: ³He @d his keys. The
money in his pocket @d. ¸2 ¶[VP2A] ´(of verse) be full of alliterations and
rhymes that make it easy to learn and remember.¼
¨jingo© ²/ÚdZIGgE8/ ³n (pl µ@es ²/-gE8z/³) ´person who combines excessive
patriotism with contempt for other countries, esp one who supports a warlike
policy. ·By @! ´(dated sl) exclamation expressing surprise, pleasure, etc or
giving emphasis to a statement. ¸@®ism ²/-IzEm/ ³n ´attitude of mind,
principles, of @es. ¸@®ist ²/-Ist/ ³n ¸@®is®tic ²/*dZIGgE8ÚIstIk/ ³adj
´characteristic of @es.¼
¨jinks© ²/dZIGks/ ³n ¶[U] ´(only in) ·high @, ´noisy merrymaking;
uncontrolled fun.¼
¨jinn© ²/dZIn/ ³n ´= µgenie.¼
¨jinx© ²/dZIGks/ ³n ´(colloq) person or thing that brings bad luck. ·put a @ on
sb, ´do sth to bring him bad luck.¼
¨jit®ney© ²/ÚdZItnI/ ³n ´(US colloq) ¸1 ´(old use) nickel. ¸2 ´small
motor-bus.¼
¨jit®ters© ²/ÚdZItEz/ ³n pl ¸the @, ´(sl) extreme nervousness: ³have/get/give
sb the @. ¸jit®ter-bug ²/ÚdZItE bAg/ ³n ¸1 ´(person who participated in a)
lively, popular dance of the 1940's to swing music. ¸2 ´(old use) flustered
person. ¸jit®tery ²/ÚdZItErI/ ³adj ´nervous; frightened.¼
¨jive© ²/dZñIv/ ³n ´style of popular music with a strong beat; dancing to this.
´¹ ³vi ´dance to @ music.¼
¨job©1 ²/dZob/ ³n ¸1 ´piece of work, either to be done, or completed: ³Your new
Bentley car is a lovely job´, is magnificent. ·on the job, ´(colloq) at work;
busy. ·be paid by the job, ´separately for each job. ·make a good/fine
job of sth´, do it well. ·odd jobs, ´bits of work not connected with one
another. ¸*odd-Újob man, ´one who makes a living by doing any bits of work he
is asked to do. ¸2 ·a good job, ´(colloq) a fortunate state of affairs: ³He
lost his seat in Parliament, and a good job, too! ·give sb/sth up as a bad
job, ´(colloq) decide that sb/sth is hopeless. ·make the best of a bad job,
´do what one can to remedy an unfortunate state of affairs. ¸3 ·be/have a
(hard) job doing/to do sth, ´be/have a difficult task: ³It's a (hard) job for
a poor man to keep his wife and children clothed and fed. You'll have a job
convincing your wife that you were really detained at the office. ¸4 ´(colloq)
employment; position: ³He has a job as a bus-driver. He lost his job. ·out of a
job, ´unemployed. ·jobs for the boys, ´(colloq) positions for one's supporters,
friends, etc. ¸5 ¸job lot, ´collection of miscellaneous articles, bought
together. ¸6 ·just the job, ´(colloq) exactly what is wanted. ¸7 ´(sl) sth done
by intrigue or dishonesty for private profit or advantage: ³a put-up job. µ¥
³put up ´at µput±1µ(11). ¸8 ´(sl) criminal act, esp theft: ³He got three years
for a job he did in Leeds.¼
¨job©2 ²/dZob/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP2A] µ¥ 1 ´above; do odd jobs: ³a
jobbing gardener´, one who works for several employers and is paid by the
hour/day; ³a jobbing printer´, one who prints leaflets, posters, etc. ¸2
¶[VP6A] ´(on the Stock Exchange) act as a broker; buy, sell (stocks and shares)
for others. ¸3 ¶[VP2A,14] ´(colloq) use a position of trust for private
advantage or for the benefit of one's friends: ³He jobbed his brother into a
well-paid post. ¸job®ber ³n ¸1 ´dealer in Stock Exchange securities. µ¥ broker.
¸2 ´person who jobsµ(1)´. ¸3 ´person who jobsµ(3)´. ¸job®bery ²/ÚdZobErI/ ³n
¶[U] ´jobbing; (esp) use of unfair means to gain private advantage.¼
¨Job© ²/dZE8b/ ³n ´(from Job in the Book of Job in the Old
Testament) person of great patience. ·try the patience of Job´, be very
difficult to endure, very vexatious. ·a Job's comforter, ´one who aggravates
the distress of the person he is supposed to be comforting.¼
¨jockey© ²/ÚdZokI/ ³n (pl µ@s³) ´professional rider in horse-races. µ¥ ´also
µdisc. ¸ÚJ@ Club, ´club that controls horse-racing in England. ¹ ³vt,vi
¶[VP15A,3A] ´trick; cheat: ³He @ed Green out of his job. ·@ for position, ¸(a)
´(in racing) jostle other riders in order to get a more favourable position.
¸(b) ´(fig) try by skilful management, by tricky manoeuvring, to gain an
advantage.¼
¨jo®cose© ²/dZE8ÚkE8s/ ³adj ´(formal) humorous; playful. ¸@®ly ³adv ¸@®ness,
jo®cos®ity ²/dZE8ÚkosEtI/ ³nn ¶[U].¼
¨jocu®lar© ²/ÚdZokj8lE(r)/ ³adj ´meant as a joke; given to joking. ¸@®ly ³adv
¸@®ity ²/*dZokj8ÚlarEtI/ ³n (pl µ-ties³) ¶[U] ´being @; ¶[C] ´@ act or
utterance.¼
¨joc®und© ²/ÚdZokEnd/ ³adj ´(liter) merry; cheerful. ¸@®ity ²/dZE8ÚkAndEtI/ ³n
(pl µ-ties³) ¶[U] ´being @; ¶[C] ´@ act or utterance.¼
¨jodh®purs© ²/ÚdZodpEz/ ³n pl ´long breeches for horse-riding, close-fitting
from the knee to the ankle.¼
¨jog© ²/dZog/ ³vt,vi µ(-gg-) ¸1 ¶[VP6A,15B] ´give a slight knock or push to;
shake with a push or jerk: ³The horse jogged its rider up and down. He jogged
my elbow´, touched it, eÔg to attract my attention, to warn me, etc. ·jog sb's
memory, ´try to make him remember or recall sth. ¸2 ¶[VP15B] ´cause to move
unsteadily, in a shaking manner: ³The old bus jogged us up and down on the
rough mountain road. ¸3 ¶[VP2C] ·jog along/on, ´make slow, patient progress:
³We jogged along the bad roads. Matters jog along. We must jog on somehow
until business conditions improve. ¸4 ¶[VP2A] ´(mod colloq) run slowly and
steadily for a time, for physical exercise. ¸jog®ger ²/ÚdZogE(r)/ ³n ´person
who jogsµ(4). ¸jog®ging ²/ÚdZogIG/ ³n ¶[U] ´the physical exercise of
joggingµ(4). ´¹ ³n ¶[C] ¸1 ´slight push, shake or nudge. ¸2 ´(also ¸Újog-trot´)
slow walk or trot.¼
¨joggle© ²/ÚdZogl/ ³vt,vi ¶[VP6A,2A] ´shake, move, by or as if by
repeated jerks. ¹ ³n ´slight shake.¼
¨john© ²/dZon/ ³n ´(sl) water-closet.¼
¨John Bull© ²/*dZon Úb8l/ ³n ´the English nation; typical Englishman.¼
¨joie de vivre© ²/*Zwq dE ÚvivrE/ ³n ´(F) carefree enjoyment of life.¼
¨join© ²/dZãIn/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A,14,15A,B] ·@ sth to sth; @ things together/up,
´put together; unite; connect (two points, things) with a line, rope, bridge,
etc: ³@ one thing to another; @ two things together; @ the pieces together; @
an island to the mainland (with a bridge); ³@ two persons in
marriage´, make them man and wife. ³Where does this stream @ the Danube? ·@
battle, ´begin fighting. ·@ hands, ´clasp each other's hands; (fig) combine in
an enterprise, etc. ·@ forces (with«), ´unite in action; work together. ¸2
¶[VP2A,C] ´come together; unite: ³Parallel lines are, by definition, lines that
never @. Which two rivers @ at Lyons? ¸3 ¶[VP6A] ´become a member of: ³@ the
army/a club. ¶[VP2C] ·join up, ´(colloq) join the army. ¸4 ¶[VP6A,15A,3A] ·@
(sb) in sth, ´come into the company of; associate with (sb in sth): ³I'll @ you
in a few minutes. Will you @ us in a walk´, come with us? ³Why doesn't Tom @ in
the conversation´, Why is he silent? ³May I @ in (the game)? ´¹ ³n ´place or
line where two things are @ed: ³The two pieces were put together so cleverly
that the @ could not be seen.¼
¨joiner© ²/ÚdZãInE(r)/ ³n ´skilled workman who makes the inside woodwork of
buildings, etc. µ¥ carpenter, ³cabinet-maker ´at µcabinet. ¸join®ery ³n ¶[U]
´work of a @: ³learn @y; lessons in @y.¼
¨joint©1 ²/dZãInt/ ³adj ´(attrib only) held or done by, belonging
to, two or more persons together: ³@ efforts/ownership/responsibility; @ heirs
to a legacy; a @ account, ´bank account in the name of more than one person,
eÔg a husband and wife; ³a @-·Ú³stock company´, a number of persons who carry
on a business with capital contributed by all; ³during their @ lives´, (legal)
while they are both (or all) living; ³settle a trade dispute by @
consultation´, eÔg workers and management. ¸@®ly ³adv¼
¨joint©2 ²/dZãInt/ ³n ¸1 ´place, line or surface at which two or more things
are joined: ³the @s in a jigsaw puzzle. ¸2 ´device or structure by which
things, eÔg lengths of pipe, bones, are joined together: ·Ú³finger @s. ·out of
@, ´(of bones) dislocated; pushed out of position: ³He fell and put his knee
out of @. ·put sb's Únose out of @, ´(fig) take his place in another's
affections or favour; upset or humble sb who is a nuisance. ¸3 ´limb (shoulder,
leg) or other division of an ox, a sheep, etc which a butcher supplies to
customers: ³a slice off the @, ´eÔg of roast beef. ¸4 ´(sl) place visited by
people for gambling, drinking or drug-taking. ¸Úclip @, ´bar, night-club, etc
at which extortionate charges are made (often for services not rendered). ¸5
´(sl) cigarette containing a drug.¼
¨joint©3 ²/dZãInt/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ¸1 ´provide with a joint or jointsµ(2)´: ³a @ed
fishing-rod/doll. ¸2 ´divide at a @ or into @sµ(3)´.¼
¨join®ture© ²/ÚdZãInt2E(r)/ ³n ¶[C] ´(legal) property settled on a woman during
her marriage, to be used by her after her husband's death.¼
¨joist© ²/dZãIst/ ³n ´one of the parallel pieces of timber (from wall to wall)
to which floorboards are fastened; steel beam supporting a floor or ceiling
laths.¼
¨joke© ²/dZE8k/ ³n ´sth said or done to cause amusement; circumstance that
causes amusement. ·have a @ with sb, ´share one with him. ·make a @ about sb or
sth, ´speak lightly or amusingly about. ·play a @ on sb, ´cause him to be
the victim of a practical @. ·a practical @, ´a trick played on sb in order to
make him appear ridiculous. ·It's no @, ´It's a serious matter. ·the @ of the
village/town, etc, ´the laughing-stock; person, event, etc which causes great
amusement. ´¹ ³vi ¶[VP2A,C] ´make @s: ³He's always joking. I was only joking.
¸jok®ing®ly ³adv ´in a joking manner.¼
¨joker© ²/ÚdZE8kE(r)/ ³n ¸1 ´person who is fond of making jokes. ¸2
´(sl) fellow. ¸3 ´extra playing card (the 53rd) which is used in some games as
the highest trump or as a wildµ(10) ´card.¼
¨jolly© ²/ÚdZolI/ ³adj µ(-ier, -iest) ´joyful; gay; merry; slightly drunk.
¸J@ Roger, ´pirate's black flag (with skull and crossbones). ¹ ³adv ´(GB
colloq) very: ³I'll take @ good care not to lend him money again. ´¹ ³vt
¶[VP6A,15A,B] ´(colloq) keep (sb) in a good humour (esp in order to win his
co-operation): ³They jollied me along until I agreed to help them.
¸jol®li®fi®ca®tion ²/*dZolIfIÚkeI2n/ ³n ¶[U] ´merry-making; festivity; ¶[C]
´instance of this. ¸jol®lity ²/ÚdZolEtI/ ³n ¶[U] ´state of being @.¼
¨jolly®boat© ²/ÚdZolIbE8t/ ³n ´kind of ship's boat.¼
¨jolt© ²/dZE8lt/ ³vt,vi ¶[VP6A,15A,B,2A,C] ´give a jerk or jerks to; shake up;
(of a vehicle) move along by jerks: ³The old bus @ed us as it went over the
stony road. The bus @ed along. ´¹ ³n ´jerk; sudden bump or shake; (fig)
surprise, shock. ¸@y ³adj ´@ing.¼
¨Jo®nah© ²/ÚdZE8nE/ ³n ´person whose presence seems to bring ill luck; person
who is sacrificed lest he should bring ill luck.¼
¨jon®quil© ²/ÚdZoGkwIl/ ³n ´kind of narcissus.¼
¨joss© ²/dZos/ ³n ´(in China) carving in stone, etc, of a god. ¸Ú@-house ³n
´temple. ¸Ú@-stick ³n ´stick of incense.¼
¨jostle© ²/ÚdZosl/ ³vt,vi ¶[VP6A,2C] ´push roughly (against); push:
³We were @d by the crowd. The pickpocket @d against me in the crowd.¼
¨jot©1 ²/dZot/ ³n ¸a jot, ´(usu with neg) small amount: ³There's not a jot of
truth in the story´, no truth at all.¼
¨jot©2 ²/dZot/ ³vt µ(-tt-) ¶[VP15B] ·jot sth down, ´make a quick written note
of: ³The policeman jotted down my name and address. ¸jot®ter ³n ´notebook or
pad for rough notes. ¸jot®tings ³n pl ´notes jotted down; memoranda.¼
¨joule© ²/dZul/ ³n ´(electr) (abbr ¸J´) unit of energy or work.¼
¨jour®nal© ²/ÚdZ3nl/ ³n ¸1 ´daily newspaper; other periodical: ³the Ladies'
Home J@; the Economic J@. ¸2 ´daily record of news, events, business accounts,
etc. ¸@®ese ²/*dZ3nEÚliz/ ³n ¶[U] ´style of language full of clich_es, common
in some @s, eÔg the use of "prior to interment' for "before burial'. ¸@®ism
²/-IzEm/ ³n ¶[U] ´work of writing for, editing, or publishing @s. ¸@®ist
²/-Ist/ ³n ´person engaged in @ism. ¸@®is®tic ²/*dZ3nEÚlIstIk/ ³adj ´of @ism;
characteristic of @ism.¼
¨jour®ney© ²/ÚdZ3nI/ ³n (pl µ@s³) ´(distance travelled (esp on land) in) going
to a place, esp a distant place: ³reach one's @'s end; go/come/send sb on a @;
make a @ half-way round the world. µ¥ flight±1µ(2), voyage. ´¹ ³vi ¶[VP2A,C]
´travel; make a @.¼
¨jour®ney®man© ²/ÚdZ3nImEn/ ³n (pl µ-men ²/-mEn/³) ´skilled workman who works
for a master (contrasted with an ³apprentice´).¼
¨joust© ²/dZñ8st/ ³vi, n ´(hist) (engage in a) fight on horseback with lances
(as between knights in the Middle Ages).¼
¨Jove© ²/dZE8v/ ³n ´Jupiter, esp ·By @! ´(as an exclamation of surprise, etc).¼
¨jov®ial© ²/ÚdZE8vIEl/ ³adj ´full of fun and good humour; merry: ³a @ fellow;
in a @ mood. ¸@ly ²/-IElI/ ³adv ¸@®ity ²/*dZE8vIÚalEtI/ ³n ¶[U] ´being @; good
humoured behaviour; ¶[C] ³(pl; µ-ties³) ´@ acts or utterances.¼
¨jowl© ²/dZñ8l/ ³n ´jaw; lower part of the face: ³a man with a
heavy @/a heavy-jowled man´, one with heavy jaws, a fold or folds of flesh
hanging from the chin. ·cheek by @, µ¥ cheek(1). ¸@y ³adj ´with a heavy @.¼
¨joy© ²/dZãI/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´deep pleasure; great gladness: ³I wish you joy. We
heard with joy that she had escaped injury. He has been a good friend to me,
both in joy and in sorrow. They danced/jumped for joy´, because they were full
of joy. ¸Újoy-bells ³n pl ´bells rung to celebrate a happy occasion. ¸Újoy-ride
³n ´(sl) ride in a vehicle for fun and thrills. ¸Újoy-stick ³n ´(sl) control
lever on an aircraft. ¸2 ¶[C] ´sth that gives joy; occasion of great happiness:
³the joys and sorrows of life. ´¹ ³vi ´(poet) rejoice: ³joy in a friend's
success. ¸joy®ful ²/-fl/ ³adj ´filled with, showing, causing, joy. ¸joy®fully
²/-fElI/ ³adv ¸joy®less ³adj ´without joy; gloomy; sad. ¸joy®less®ly ³adv
¸joy®ful®ness, joy®less®ness ³nn ¸joy®ous ²/ÚdZãIEs/ ³adj ´full of joy.
¸joy®ous®ly ³adv ¸joy®ous®ness ³n¼
¨ju®bi®lant© ²/ÚdZubIlEnt/ ³adj ´(formal) triumphant; showing joy. ¸@®ly ³adv
¸ju®bi®la®tion ²/*dZubIÚleI2n/ ³n ¶[U] ´rejoicing; ¶[C] ´occasion of this.¼
¨ju®bi®lee© ²/ÚdZubIli/ ³n ¶[C] ´(celebration of a special anniversary of some
event, eÔg a wedding. ¸diamond @, ´60th anniversary. ¸golden @, ´50th
anniversary. ¸silver @, ´25th anniversary.¼
¨Ju®da®ism© ²/ÚdZudeI-IzEm ³US: ²-dI-IzEm/ ³n ´the religion of the Jewish
people; their culture and social way of life. ¸Ju®daic ²/dZuÚdeIIk/ ³adj ´of
Jews and @.¼
¨Judas© ²/ÚdZudEs/ ³n ´(from @ who betrayed Jesus Christ; µ¥ ´Mark 3: 19)
betrayer; traitor.¼
¨jud®der© ²/ÚdZAdE(r)/ ³vi ´shudder violently.¼
¨judge©1 ²/dZAdZ/ ³n ¸1 ´(of God) supreme arbiter; public officer with
authority to hear and decide cases in a law court: ³@-made law´, principles
based on @s' decisions, not statute law; ³as grave as a @. µ¥ justice(3,4),
magistrate. ¸2 ´person who decides in a contest, competition, dispute, etc:
³the @s at a flower show. ¸3 ´person qualified and able to give opinions on
merits and values: ³a good @ of horses. He says the diamonds are not genuine;
but then, he's no @´, does not know much about diamonds. ¸4 ´(in Hebrew
history) officer given temporary authority as ruler in the period between
Joshua and the Kings. ¸J@s, ´the book of the Old Testament recording this
period.¼
¨judge©2 ²/dZAdZ/ ³vt,vi (pres p µjudging³) ¸1 ¶[VP6A,2A] ´act as a
judgeµ(1)´; hear and try (cases) in a law court: ³God will @ all men. ¸2
¶[VP6A,2A] ´give a decision (in a competition, etc): ³Who is going to @ the
roses at the Flower Show? Will you @ at the Baby Show next week? ¸3
¶[VP6A,9,10,22,25,2A,3A] ´estimate; consider; form an opinion about: ³I @d him
to be about 50. I can't @ whether he was right or wrong. I @d, from his
manner, that he was guilty. The committee @d it better to postpone the
meeting. Don't @ (of) a man by his looks. Judging from what you say, he ought
to succeed.¼
¨judge®ment© ´(US, and in GB legal use ¸judg®ment´) ²/ÚdZAdZmEnt/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U]
´judging or being judged: ³sit in @ on a case, ´(in a law court); ³pass @ on a
prisoner´, give a decision after trial. ¸the Day of J@, ´(also ¸ÚJ@ Day, the
Last J@´) the day when God will judge all men. ¸2 ¶[C] ´decision of a judge or
court: ³The @ was in his favour. ¸3 ¶[U] ´process of judging: ³an error of @.
His @ was at fault. ¸4 ¶[U] ´good sense; ability to judgeµ(2,3)´: ³a man of
@. He showed excellent @ in choosing the wine. ¸5 ¶[C] ´misfortune considered
to be a punishment from God: ³Your failure is a @ on you for being so lazy. ¸6
¶[C,U] ´opinion: ³in my @; in the @ of most people.¼
¨ju®di®ca®ture© ²/ÚdZudIkEt2E(r)/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´administration of justice: ³the
Supreme Court of J@, ´full title of the English Courts of Justice. ¸2 ¶[C]
´body of judges.¼
¨ju®di®cial© ²/dZuÚdI2l/ ³adj ¸1 ´of or by a court of justice; of a
judge or of judgement: ³the @ bench´, the judges; ³take/bring @ proceedings
against sb´, bring a law case against him; ³a @ separation´, the right to
separate from a husband or wife, granted by a judge, usu with arrangements
favourable to the wronged person concerning money or children; ³@ murder´,
legal but unjust sentence of death. ¸2 ´critical; impartial: ³a man with a @
mind. ¸@ly ²/-2ElI/ ³adv¼
¨ju®dici®ary© ²/dZuÚdI2ErI ³US: ²-2IerI/ ³n (pl µ-ries³) ¸1 ´the judges of a
country collectively. ¸2 ´the system of law courts in a country.¼
¨ju®di®cious© ²/dZuÚdI2Es/ ³adj ´(formal) showing or having good sense. ¸@®ly
³adv ¸@®ness ³n¼
¨judo© ²/ÚdZudE8/ ³n ¶[U] ´Japanese art of wrestling and self-defence in which
an opponent's own weight and strength are used against him.¼
¨jug©1 ²/dZAg/ ³n ¸1 ´deep vessel with a handle and lip; the contents of such
a vessel: ³a ·Ú³milk-jug; drink a jug of milk. ¸2 ´(sl) prison. ¸jug®ful
²/-f8l/ ³n (pl µjugfuls³) ´amount a jug will hold.¼
¨jug©2 ²/dZAg/ ³vt µ(-gg-) ¶[VP6A] ¸1 ´(usu in ³pp´) stew or boil (hare, etc)
in a jug or jar: ³jugged hare. ¸2 ´(colloq) imprison.¼
¨jug®ger®naut© ²/ÚdZAgEnct/ ³n ¸1 ´cause or belief to which persons are
sacrificed or to which they sacrifice themselves: ³the @ of war. ¸2 ´(colloq)
huge long-distance transport vehicle.¼
¨juggle© ²/ÚdZAgl/ ³vi,vt ¸1 ¶[VP2A,3A] ·@ (with), ´do tricks, perform (with
balls, plates, etc) to amuse people; play tricks (with facts, figures, etc) to
deceive people. ¸2 ¶[VP6A,16A] ´play tricks with; deceive: ³The manager @d his
figures to make it seem that the company was prosperous. ¸jug®gler ³n ´person
who @s.¼
¨jugu®lar© ²/ÚdZAgj8lE(r)/ ³adj ´of the neck or throat: ³@ veins´, the large
veins of the neck, returning blood from the head to the heart.¼
¨juice© ²/dZus/ ³n ¶[C,U] ¸1 ´fluid part of fruits, vegetables and
meat: ³a glass of ·Ú³orange @; a mixture of ·Ú³fruit @s. ¸2 ´fluid in organs
of the body: ³gastric/digestive @s´, those that help to digest food. ¸3
¶[U] ´(colloq) electricity, petrol or other source of power.¼
¨juicy© ²/ÚdZusI/ ³adj µ(-ier, -iest) ¸1 ´containing much juice: ³@ oranges.
¸2 ´(colloq) interesting (esp because scandalous, etc). ¸juici®ness ³n¼
¨ju-jitsu© ²/*dZu ÚdZItsu/ ³n ´Japanese art of self-defence from which judo
was developed.¼
¨juju© ²/ÚdZudZu/ ³n ´West African charm or fetish; its magic power.¼
¨ju®jube© ²/ÚdZudZub/ ³n ¶[C] ´lozenge of gelatin, flavoured and sweetened.¼
¨juke-box© ²/ÚdZuk boks/ ³n ¶[C] ´coin-operated record-player.¼
¨ju®lep© ²/ÚdZulIp/ ³n ´(US) spirit (eÔg whisky), mint and ice: ³mint @.¼
¨Jul®ian© ²/ÚdZulIEn/ ³adj ´of Julius Caesar. ¸@ calendar´, the calendar
introduced by him in Rome in 46 ¶BÔC´. µ¥ Gregorian.¼
¨July© ²/dZuÚlñI/ ³n ´seventh month of the year.¼
¨jumble© ²/ÚdZAmbl/ ³vi,vt ¶[VP15B,2C] ·@ (up), ´mix, be mixed, in a confused
way: ³The untidy girl's toys, books, shoes and clothes were all @d up together
in the cupboard. ´¹ ³n ´confused mixture; muddle. ¸Ú@-sale ³n ´sale of a mixed
collection of old or second-hand articles.¼
¨jumbo© ²/ÚdZAmbE8/ ³adj ´unusually large: ³@ jets; @-sized.¼
¨jump©1 ²/dZAmp/ ³n ¸1 ´act of jumping; sudden spring from the ground. ¸the
·Ú¸long/·Ú¸high @, ´athletic competitions in which competitors jump a
distance/height. ¸2 ´sudden movement caused by fear. ·give sb a @, ´frighten
him. ¸the @s, ´(colloq) form of nervous excitement with uncontrollable bodily
movements. ¸3 ´sudden rise in amount, price, value, etc: ³a @ in car exports.
¸jumpy ³adj µ(-ier, -iest) ´excited and nervous. ¸@i®ness ³n¼
¨jump©2 ²/dZAmp/ ³vi,vt ¸1 ¶[VP2A,C] ´move quickly by the sudden
use of the muscles of the legs or (of fish) the tail; rise suddenly (from a
seat, etc); move quickly ³(into ´sth): ³@ to one's feet; @ over a fence; @ up
out of one's chair; @ into a taxi´, enter one quickly; (fig) ³@ from one
subject to another in a speech. ·@ down sb's throat, ´answer, interrupt, him
violently. ¸*@ing-Úoff place, ´starting point. ¸Ú@ed-up ³adj ´(colloq) upstart.
¸2 ¶[VP6A] ´pass over by moving in this way: ³@ a ditch; ´cause (a horse, etc)
to move in this way: ³@ a horse over a fence. ·@ the rails/track, ´(of a train,
tram, etc) leave the rails suddenly. ¸3 ¶[VP2A,C] ´move with a jerk or jerks
from excitement, joy, etc; start suddenly: ³@ for joy; @ up and down in
excitement. Her heart @ed when she heard the news. ¸4 ¶[VP2A,C] ´rise suddenly
in price: ³Gold shares @ed on the Stock Exchange yesterday. ¸5 ·@ at, ´accept
eagerly: ³@ at an offer. ·@ to conclusions, ´reach them hastily. ·*@ Úto it,
´act quickly or promptly. ·@ on/upon, ´attack, reprove severely; scold. ¸6 ·@
(one's) bail, ´fail to appear for trial, µ¥ bail±1µ. ·@ a claim, ´(colloq) take
possession of land or mining rights, eÔg in a new goldfield, to which another
person has already established a claim. ·@ the gun, ´start too soon (as from
the use of a shot to start a race). ·(go and) @ in the lake, ´(colloq, imper)
go away (said dismissively or angrily). ·@ the queue, ´(lit or fig) obtain sth
without waiting for one's proper turn. ·@ a train, ´travel illegally by goods
train, eÔg by riding in or under a closed wagon.¼
¨jumper© ²/ÚdZAmpE(r)/ ³n ¸1 ´outer knitted garment, with or
without sleeves, pulled on over the head and coming down to the hips, µ¥
jersey, pullover, sweater´; (US) pinafore. ¸2 ´person, animal or insect, that
jumps.¼
¨junc®tion© ²/ÚdZAGk2n/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´joining or being joined; ¶[C] ´instance of
this: ³The allied armies hope to effect a @´, meet and unite. ¸2 ¶[C] ´place
where roads, railway lines or sections of an electrical circuit meet or
diverge.¼
¨junc®ture© ²/ÚdZAGkt2E(r)/ ³n ¶[C] ´(formal) ¸1 ´junctionµ(1)´. ¸2 ´state of
affairs, esp in the phrase: ·at this @, ´at this time, when affairs are/were in
this state.¼
¨June© ²/dZun/ ³n ´sixth month of the year.¼
¨jungle© ²/ÚdZAGgl/ ³n ¸1 ´(usu ·the @, ³sing ´or ³pl´) (land covered with)
thickly growing underwood and tangled vegetation: ³cut a path through the @; @
warfare; @ birds and animals; ·Ú³@ fever´, malarial fever. ·the law
of the @, ´(fig) ruthless competition or exploitation. ¸2 ´(in compounds)
·Ú³@-cat, ·Ú³@-fowl. ¸jun®gly ²/ÚdZAGglI/ ³adj ´of, like, from the @ or its
inhabitants.¼
¨jun®ior© ²/ÚdZunIE(r)/ ³n, adj ¸1 ´(person) younger, lower in rank, than
another: ³a @ high school; @ dress sizes. He is my @ by two years. He is the @
partner in the firm. Tom Brown, Junior ´(or abbr ¸Jun, Jnr, Jr´), used of a son
having the same first name as his father, or the younger of two boys of the
same surname in a school, etc. ¸2 ´(US schools and colleges) student in his
third year (of four).¼
¨ju®ni®per© ²/ÚdZunIpE(r)/ ³n ´evergreen shrub with dark berries from which an
oil ³(oil of @)´, is obtained used in medicine, etc.¼
¨junk©1 ²/dZAGk/ ³n ¶[U] ´old, discarded things of little or no value: ³an
attic full of @; a @ dealer. ¸Ú@-shop, ´one selling cheap second-hand goods.¼
¨junk©2 ²/dZAGk/ ³n ¶[C] ´flat-bottomed Chinese sailing-vessel.¼
¨junket© ²/ÚdZAGkIt/ ³n ¸1 ¶[C,U] ´(dish of) milk curdled by the addition of
acid, often sweetened and flavoured. ¸2 ´social gathering for a feast; picnic.
¹ ³vi ´take part in a @µ(2)´. Hence, ¸@®ing ³n ¶[U] ´feasting; merrymaking.¼
¨junkie©, junky ²/ÚdZAGkI/ ³n ´(sl) ´drug (esp heroin) addict.¼
¨Juno®esque© ²/*dZunE8Úesk/ ³adj ´(of a woman) having a stately
beauty (like the goddess Juno).¼
¨junta© ²/ÚdZAntE ³US: ²Úh8ntE/ ³n ´(in Spain and Italy) deliberative or
administrative council; group of army officers who have seized power by a coup
d'_etat.¼
¨Jupi®ter© ²/ÚdZupItE(r)/ ³n ´(ancient Rome) ruler of gods and men; largest
planet of the solar system. µ¥ ´the illus at µplanet.¼
¨ju®ridi®cal© ²/dZ8EÚrIdIkl/ ³adj ´of law or legal proceedings.¼
¨ju®ris®dic®tion© ²/*dZ8ErIsÚdIk2n/ ³n ¶[U] ´administration of justice; legal
authority; right to exercise this; extent of this: ³The courts have @ not only
over our own citizens but over foreigners living here. This matter does not
come/fall within our @´, We have no authority to deal with it.¼
¨ju®ris®pru®dence© ²/*dZ8ErIsÚprudns/ ³n ¶[U] ´science and philosophy of human
law.¼
¨jur®ist© ²/ÚdZ8ErIst/ ³n ´expert in law.¼
¨juror© ²/ÚdZ8ErE(r)/ ³n ´member of a jury.¼
¨jury© ²/ÚdZ8ErI/ ³n (pl µ-ries³) ¶[C] ¸1 ´body of persons (in US and GB
twelve) who swear to give a decision (³verdict) ´on issues of fact in a case in
a court of justice: ³trial by @. The @ found the prisoner not guilty. ¸Ú@-box
³n ´enclosure for a @ in court. ¸2 grand @, ´specially chosen body of 12 to 23
persons who (GB until 1933) inquire into a charge in order to decide
whether there is enough evidence to justify a trial or whether the case should
be abandoned. ¸coroner's @, ´one that decides the cause of a death (if
unnatural death, eÔg suicide or murder, is suspected). ¸3 ´body of persons
chosen to give a decision or make an award in a competition; (fig) ³the @ of
public opinion´, the public, thought of as a @, deciding a question. ¸@®man
²/-mEn/ ³n (pl µ-men³) ´member of a jury; juror.¼
¨jury-mast© ²/ÚdZ8ErI mqst ³US: ²mast/ ³n ´temporary mast put up in place of
one that is broken or lost overboard.¼
¨just©1 ²/dZAst/ ³adj ¸1 ´in accordance with what is right: ³a @
man; a @ sentence; be @ to a person. ¸2 ´well deserved; fairly earned:
³get/receive one's @ deserts´, be rewarded or punished as one deserves. ¸3
´reasonable; based on reasonable grounds: ³a @ opinion; @ suspicions. ¸@®ly
³adv´: ³to feel @ly ashamed. ¸@®ness ³n¼
¨just©2 ²/dZAst/ ³adv ¸1 ´used (GB) in the perfect tenses and (US
often) with the simple past tense, placed with the ³v, ´to indicate an
immediate past: (GB) ³I've @ had dinner. ´(US) ³I @ had dinner. Cf I had
dinner an hour ago. My son had @ left school. ¸2 ´(followed by ³nn, n
phrases ´and clauses) ´exactly; precisely: ³It's @ two o'clock. This is
@ what I wanted. That's @ what I was going to say. J@ my luck! J@ the thing! ¸3
·@ as (+ ³adj ·+ as), ¸(a) ´exactly as: ³Leave everything @ as (tidy as) you
find it. Come @ as you are´, Do not make any special preparations. ³This is @
´(= quite) ³as good as the other. ¸(b) ´(introducing adverbials of time) when:
³He arrived @ as I was about to go out/@ as I was shaving. ¸(c) ´(introducing
clauses of comparison) in the same way as: ³J@ as you find it difficult to like
Mr Green, so I find it easy to like his wife. ¸4 ´(with ³advv´) exactly: ³@
here/there. ¸5 ´(used to indicate approximation) more or less: ³I've had @
about enough of your impudence´, almost more than I can endure. ³Put it @ over
there´, near that place. ³It's @ about tall enough´, will be satisfactory. ¸6
´at this/that very moment: ³We're @ off/@ about to start. His new book is @
out/@ published. ·@ now, ¸(a) ´at this moment: ³I'm busy @ now. ¸(b) ´a short
time ago: ³Tom came in @ nowÅhe's probably upstairs. ¸7 ·(only) @, ´almost not;
with a very little time/space/margin etc to spare: ³We (only) @ caught the
train´, almost missed it. ³Jane @ managed to pass the exam. ´Cf She ³almost
´failed. ³I've @ enough money to last me till pay-day. ¸8 ´(used in familiar,
colloquial style, esp with imperatives, to call attention to sth, sometimes to
soften what follows): ³J@ listen to him! ´and note how clever/silly/amusing,
etc he is! ³J@ taste this! ´(so that you may judge its quality, say whether it
is right, etc). ³J@ feel it! ´and note how hard, soft, smooth, etc it is! ³J@
´(= please) ³come here a moment. J@ a moment, please, ´Please wait a moment. ¸9
´only; merely: ³He's @ an ordinary man. I've come here @ ´(= on purpose) ³to
see you. Would you walk five miles @ to see a film? ¸10 ´(colloq) very; very
much: ³The concert was @ splendid. "Did you enjoy yourselves?'Å"I should @ say
we did!' ´or ³Didn't we @!' ´(emph) We had a most enjoyable time.¼
¨jus®tice© ²/ÚdZAstIs/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´just conduct; the quality of
being right and fair: ³treat all men with @. ·in @ to, ´in order to be just
to. ·do @ to, ´treat fairly; show that one has a just opinion of, that one
realizes the value of: ³To do him @, we must admit that his intentions were
good. He did @ to the dinner´, showed by eating heartily that the food was
good. ·do oneself @, ´behave in a way that is worthy of one's abilities:
³You're not doing yourself @´, You could do much better if you tried. ¸2 ¶[U]
´the law and its administration: ³a court of @. ·bring sb to @, ´arrest, try
and sentence (a criminal). ¸3 ¶[C] ´judge of the Supreme Courts: ³the Lord
Chief J@; the Lords J@s; the Chief J@ of England; Mr J@ Smith. ¸4 ¸*J@ of the
ÚPeace, ´(abbr ¸JÔP´) magistrate. ¸Department of J@, ´(US) executive
department, headed by the Attorney General, supervising internal security,
naturalization, immigration, etc.¼
¨jus®tici®ary© ²/dZAÚstI2ErI ³US: ²-2IerI/ ³n (pl µ-ries³) ´(jurisdiction of
a) judge or chief justice: (in Scotland) ³the High Court of J@.¼
¨jus®tify© ²/ÚdZAstIfñI/ ³vt (pt,pp µ-fied³) ¶[VP6A,19C] ¸1 ´show
that (a person, statement, act, etc) is right, reasonable or proper: ³The Prime
Minister justified the action of the Government. You can hardly @ such conduct.
You'd be hard put to it to @ your behaviour. ¸2 ´be a good reason for: ³Your
wish to go for a walk does not @ your leaving the baby alone in the
house. ¸3 ´adjust (a line of type) to fill a space neatly. ¸jus®ti®fi®able
²/*dZAstIÚfñIEbl/ ³adj ´that can be justified: ³justifiable homicide.
¸jus®ti®fi®ably ²/-EblI/ ³adv ¸jus®ti®fi®ca®tion ²/*dZAstIfIÚkeI2n/ ³n ¶[U] ¸1
´sth that justifies: ³His justification for stealing was that his children
were starving. ·in justification (for/of sth/sb), ´@ing it/him: ³It can be said
in justification for what he had done that«. ¸2 ´the act of @ing sth. ¸3 ´the
state of being free from blame.¼
¨jut© ²/dZAt/ ³vi µ(-tt-) ¶[VP2C] ·jut out, ´stand out from; be out of line
(from what is around): ³The soldier saw a gun jutting out from a bush. The
balcony juts out over the garden.¼
¨jute© ²/dZut/ ³n ¶[U] ´fibre from the outer skin of certain plants, used for
making canvas, rope, etc: ³the @ mills of Bangladesh.¼
¨ju®ven®ile© ²/ÚdZuvEnñIl/ ³n ´young person. ´¹ ³adj ´of, characteristic of,
suitable for, @s: ³@ books; a @ appearance; a @ court, ´where children are
tried; ³@ delinquency´, law-breaking by young people; ³@ delinquent´, young
offender; ³a @ sense of humour´, eÔg in an adult.¼
¨jux®ta®pose© ²/*dZAkstEÚpE8z/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´place side by side.
¸jux®ta®po®si®tion ²/*dZAkstEpEÚzI2n/ ³n ¶[U] ´placing side by side; the state
of being placed side by side.¼
¨K©, k ²/keI/ ³n (pl µK's, k's ²/keIz/³) ´the 11th letter of the English
alphabet.¼
¨kaf®fir© ²/ÚkafE(r)/ ³n ´Ï (offensive word for) black
African person.¼
¨Kaiser© ²/ÚkñIzE(r)/ ³n ´Emperor (esp of Germany before 1918).¼
¨kake®mono© ²/*kakIÚmE8nE8/ ³n ´Japanese painting in a hanging scroll of silk
or paper.¼
¨kale©, kail ²/keIl/ ³n ´kind of curly-leaved cabbage.¼
¨ka®leido®scope© ²/kEÚlñIdEskE8p/ ³n ¶[C] ¸1 ´tube containing mirrors and
small, loose pieces of coloured glass. When the tube is turned, constantly
changing patterns are seen through the eye-piece. ¸2 ´(fig) frequently
changing pattern of bright scenes: ³Sunlight and shadow made the landscape a @
of colour. ¸ka®leido®scopic ²/kE*lñIdEÚskopIk/ ³adj ´quickly changing.¼
¨kal®ends© ²/Úkalendz/ ³n pl µ¥ calends.¼
¨kam®pong© ²/ÚkampoG/ ³n ´(in Malaysia) enclosed space; village.¼
¨kan®ga®roo© ²/*kaGgEÚru/ ³n ´Australian marsupial that jumps along on its
strong hind legs. The female has a pouch in which its young are carried. µ¥
´the illus at µlarge. ¸@ court, ´one set up without authority by workers,
prisoners, etc to try someone whom they consider to have acted against their
interests.¼
¨kao®lin© ²/ÚkeIElIn/ ³n ¶[U] ´fine white clay used in making porcelain, etc.¼
¨ka®pok© ²/ÚkeIpok/ ³n ¶[U] ´soft cotton-like material (from seeds
of a tropical tree) used for filling cushions, life-belts, mattresses, etc.¼
¨ka®put© ²/kEÚp8t/ ³adj ´(pred only) (G) (sl) done for; ruined; smashed.¼
¨karat© ²/ÚkarEt/ ³n ´(US) = µcarat(2).¼
¨ka®rate© ²/kEÚrqtI/ ³n ¶[U] ´Japanese method of unarmed combat using blows
made with the sides of the hands, foot, head or elbow.¼
¨karma© ²/ÚkqmE/ ³n ´(in Buddhism) person's acts in one of his successive
existences, looked upon as deciding his fate in his next existence.¼
¨kava© ²/ÚkqvE/ ³n ¶[U] ´(intoxicating drink made from the roots of a)
Polynesian shrub.¼
¨kayak© ²/ÚkñIak/ ³n ´Eskimo canoe of light wood covered with sealskins; any
small, covered canoe. µ¥ ´the illus at µcanoe.¼
¨ke®bab© ²/kEÚbab/ ³n ´dish of small pieces of meat, seasoned and
roasted on skewers.¼
¨ked®ger®ee© ²/ÚkedZEri/ ³n ¶[U] ´rice cooked with fish, eggs, etc.¼
¨keel© ²/kil/ ³n ´timber or steel structure on which the framework of a ship
is built up: ³lay down a @´, start the building of a ship. ·(keep) on an even
@, ¸(a) ´(of a ship) without movement to one side or the other. ¸(b) ´(fig)
steady; steadily; calm(ly). ´¹ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A] ´turn (a ship) over on one
side to repair it, clean the @, etc. ¸2 ¶[VP15B,2C] ·@ over, ´capsize; upset.¼
¨keen©1 ²/kin/ ³adj µ(-er, -est) ¸1 ´(of points and edges) sharp: ³a knife
with a @ edge; ´(fig) ³a @ ´(= cutting) ³wind; @ sarcasm. ¸2 ´(of interest,
the feelings) strong; deep: ³He has a @ interest in his work. ¸3 ´(of the
mind, the senses) active; sensitive; sharp: ³@ sight; ·*³@-·Ú³sighted; a @
intelligence. ¸4 ´(of persons, their character, etc) eager; anxious to do
things: ³a @ sportsman. He's very @ to see his birthplace again. ·@ on,
´(colloq) interested in, fond of, eager to/for: ³@ on going abroad. Mrs Hill is
@ on Tom('s) marrying Stella/@ that Tom should marry Stella. Tom is not very @
on Stella´, does not like her much. ³I'm not very @ on jazz. ¸@®ly ³adv ¸@®ness
³n¼
¨keen©2 ²/kin/ ³n ´Irish funeral song accompanied by wailing. ´¹
³vi,vt ´utter this song; lament (a person) in this way.¼
¨keep©1 ²/kip/ ³vt,vi (pt,pp µkept ²/kept/³) ´(For idiomatic uses with
³adverbial particles ´and ³preps, µ¥ 18 ´below. ´For ³keep ´and ³nn ´not given
here, µ¥ ´the ³n ´entries, eÔg ³@ pace/step, @ time, @ watch, @ good/early
hours.´) ¸1 ¶[VP22,15A] ´cause sb/sth to remain in a specified state or
position: ³@ the children quiet/happy. The cold weather kept us indoors. If
your hands are cold, @ them in your pockets. Will they @ me in prison/custody?
Extra work kept ´(= detained) ³me at the office. Will you @ these things safe
for me? ·@ an eye on, ´(colloq) watch over closely: ³Please @ an eye on the
baby while I'm in the garden. ·@ sth in mind, ´remember it: ³Do @ it in mind
that we expect a report next week. ·@ track of/tabs on/a tab on, µ¥ track(1),
tab(2). ¸2 ¶[VP19B] ´cause a process or state to continue: ³Please @ the fire
burning. I'm sorry I've kept you waiting. ·@ sb going, ´help him to continue
in some way: ³Will $10 @ you going until pay-day´, cover your expenses? ³The
doctors manage to @ me going´, help me to remain active. ·@ the ball rolling,
µ¥ ball±1µ. ·@ the pot boiling, µ¥ pot±1µ(2). ¸3 ¶[VP14] ·@ sb/sth from doing
sth, ´prevent, hold back, refrain: ³What kept you from joining me? ´Often
shortened to ³"What kept you?'. ³We must @ them from getting to know our plans.
We must do something to @ the roof from falling in. ¶[VP3A] ·@ from doing sth,
´refrain: ³I couldn't @ from laughing. ¸4 ¶[VP15B,14] ·@ sth (back) (from),
¸(a) ´not let others know about it: ³She can @ nothing (back) from her friends.
¸(b) ´hold back; withhold: ³They @ back $20 a month from my salary for National
Insurance. ·@ sth to oneself, ¸(a) ´(often imper) ´not express, eÔg comments,
views, etc: ³K@/You may @ your remarks to yourself´, I don't want to hear them.
¸(b) ´refuse to share: ³He kept the good news to himself. ·@ one's own counsel,
µ¥ counsel±1µ. ·@ a secret, µ¥ secret. ¸5 ¶[VP6A] ´(with an implied complement,
eÔg ³inviolate´) pay proper respect to; be faithful to; observe; fulfil: ³@ a
promise/a treaty/an appointment/the law. ·@ faith with sb, µ¥ faith. ¸6 ¶[VP6A]
´celebrate: ³@ the Sabbath, ´iÔe @ it sacred; ³@ Christmas/one's birthday. ¸7
¶[VP6A] ´guard; protect: ³@ goal, µ¥ goalkeeper´; ³@ wicket, ´(cricket) stand
behind the wicket to stop or catch the ball, µ¥ wicket-keeper. ³May God/the
Lord bless and @ you´, iÔe keep you safe. ¸8 ¶[VP6A] ´continue to have; have in
one's possession and not give away; not lose; preserve, eÔg for future use or
reference: ³You may @ thisÅI don't want it back. K@ the change´, iÔe from money
offered in payment. ³Please @ these things for me while I'm away. We'll @ these
for another day. ·@ hold of; @ a firm/tight hold on, ´not let go: ³K@ a tight
hold on the horse's reins. ¸9 ¶[VP6A,15A,22] ´support; take care of; provide
what is needed for; maintain: ³Does he earn enough to @ himself and his family?
He has a wife and ten children to @, poor fellow! She lives with her parents
but earns enough to @ herself in clothes´, to buy her own clothes. ³He @s sheep
in the Highlands. He @s a mistress in Chelsea ´(hence, now dated, ¸kept woman´,
one whose needs are provided by a man whose mistress she is). ¸10
¶[VP6A] ´have habitually on sale or in stock: ³"Do you sell batteries for
transistor sets?'Å"Sorry, but we don't @ them'. ¸11 ·@ house, ´be responsible
for the housework, cooking, shopping, etc: ³His sister @s house for him. µ¥
³housekeeper ´at µhouse±1µ. ·@ open house´, be ready to entertain friends, etc
at any time. ¸12 ¶[VP6A] ´own or manage, esp for profit: ³@ hens/bees/pigs; @ a
shop/an inn. ´Hence, ¸Úshop®@er, Úinn®@er. 13 ¶[VP6A] ´make entries in, records
of: ³@ a diary. ·@ accounts´, records of money paid out and received. ·@
books´, = @ accounts. ´Hence, ¸Úbook-@er. 14 ¶[VP2C,D] ´continue to be, remain,
in a specified condition: ³If you've got the 'flu, you'd better go to
bed and @ warm. Please @ quiet! I hope you're @ing well. K@ cool! ´(fig) Don't
get excited! ·@ fit, ´(do physical exercise to) remain in good health: (attrib)
³@-fit classes. ¸15 ¶[VP6A,2C,3A] ·@ on/to, ´continue in a particular
direction; remain in a particular relationship to a place, etc: ³We kept (on)
our way/course all morning. While that big lorry @s (to) the middle of the
road, we can't possibly overtake it. K@ straight on until you get to the
church. Traffic in Britain @s (to the) left. K@ left´, as a traffic sign. ³He
was ill and had to @ to his bed/the house for weeks. She couldn't @ her seat´,
iÔe on her horse. ¸16 ¶[VP2E,3A] ·@ (on) doing sth, ´continue doing sth; do sth
frequently or repeatedly: ³K@ smiling! Why does she @ (on)
giggling? My shoe lace @s (on) coming undone. ·@ going, ´not
stop; not give up; continue to function: ³This is exhausting
work, but I manage to @ going. I'm not sure that the company
can @ going, ´continue in business. ¸17 ¶[VP2A] ´(of food)
remain in good condition: ³Will this meat @ till tomorrow? Cf
@ fresh, µ¥ ¸14 ´above. ³This news will @, ´(fig) need not be
told now, can be told later. ¸18 ¶[VP2C,3A,14,15B] ´(uses with ³adverbial
particles ´and ³preps´):¼
·keep at sth, ´work at it: ³K@ Úat it´, don't give up! ·@ sb at sth, ´make him
work: ³K@ them at it! ´Don't let them get lazy!¼
·keep away (from sth), ´avoid coming/going near (to): ³K@ away from the water's
edge. ·@ sb/sth away (from), ´prevent from going/coming near: ³K@ the child
away from the water's edge.¼
·keep back (from sth), ´remain in the rear, at the back. ·@ sb back, ´restrain
sb; prevent sb from advancing. ·@ sth back, µ¥ 4 ´above.¼
·keep sb down, ´hold in subjection; oppress: ³@ down subject nations. ·@ sth
down, ¸(a) ´control: ³He couldn't @ down his anger. This chemical will @ the
weeds down. ¸(b) ´limit: ³We must @ down expenses. ¸(c) ´retain: ³He couldn't @
his food down´, had to vomit.¼
·keep in, ´eÔg of a coal fire in a grate, continue burning: ³Will the fire @
in until we get back? ´(Cf ³go out.´) ·@ in with sb, ´remain on good terms with,
continue to be friendly with: ³You must @ in with your customers´, retain their
goodwill. ·@ sb in, ´(esp) detain (a child in school) as a punishment. ·@ sth
in, ¸(a) ´see that (a fire) continues to burn; µ¥ @ in, ´above: ³Shall we @ the
fire in or let it out? ¸(b) ´restrain. ³He couldn't @ in his indignation. ´(Cf
³burst out´.)¼
·keep off, ´remain at a distance; not come: ³if the rain @s off´, if it doesn't
start to rain. ·@ off sth, ´refrain from: ³Please @ off that subject´, say
nothing about it. ³Do please @ off drugs´, Don't use them. ·@ sb/sth off,
´hold, cause to remain, at a distance: ³They made a big fire to @ wild animals
off. K@ your hands off, ´Don't touch it, me, etc.¼
·keep on (doing sth), ´continue; persist: ³@ on (working) although one is
tired. Don't @ on asking silly questions. Why do the dogs @ on barking? µ¥
´also µ16 ´above. ·@ sth on, ´continue to wear: ³@ one's hat on. ·@ your hair
on, µ¥ hair. ·@ one's shirt on, µ¥ shirt(1). ·@ sb on, ´continue to employ: ³@
an old employee on´, not dismiss her/him. ·@ on at sb, ´worry with repeated
complaints, questions, etc.¼
·keep out (of sth), ´remain outside: ³Danger! K@ out! K@ out of their
quarrels´, Don't get involved in them. ·@ sb/sth out (of sth), ´prevent from
entering: ³Shut the window and @ the cold out. K@ that dog out of my study.¼
·keep to sth, ¸(a) ´do what one has agreed to do: ³He always @s to his
promises/an agreement/his word. ¸(b) ´limit oneself to: ³keep to the
subject/the point at issue. ·@ (oneself) to oneself, ´avoid meeting people.¼
·keep sb/sth under, ´control; repress: ³The firemen managed to @ the fire
under´, prevented it from spreading. ³That boy needs @ing under´, needs
discipline. ·@ sb under observation, µ¥ observation(2).¼
·keep up (with sb), ´go forward at the same pace or speed as: ³Dave couldn't @
up with the class´, learn as quickly as his fellow pupils. ³I can't @ up with
you´, walk as fast as you. ·@ up with the Joneses, ´compete with one's
neighbours, etc (in the purchase of articles, eÔg clothes, a car, indicating
social status). ·@ sb up, ´delay sb from going to bed: ³It's wrong to @ the
children up so late´, They should go to bed. ³I don't want to @ you up; you
look sleepy and ready for bed. ·@ sth up, ¸(a) ´prevent from sinking or
getting low: ³K@ up your courage/spirits. K@ your chin up! ´Cheer up, have
courage, etc. ¸(b) ´observe: ³@ up old customs. ¸(c) ´continue: ³They kept up
the attack all day. ¸(d) ´maintain in proper condition: ³How much does it cost
you to @ up your large house and garden? ·@ up appearances, µ¥ appearance. ¸(e)
´continue; carry on: ³@ up a correspondence with an old friend. ·@ one's end
up, µ¥ end±1µ. ³Do you still @ up your Greek´, still read the Greek classics?
·@ it up, ´continue without slackening: ³He works far too hard; he'll never be
able to @ it up. µ¥ upkeep.¼
¨keep©2 ²/kip/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´(food needed for) support: ³The dog
doesn't earn his @´, is not useful enough to be worth the cost of keeping him.
¸2 ¶[C] ´tower of a fortress, etc (in olden times): ³the castle @. ¸3 ·for @s,
´(colloq) permanently: ³Is this mine for @s?¼
¨keeper© ²/ÚkipE(r)/ ³n ¸1 ´guard, eÔg a person who looks after animals in a
zoo. ¸2 ´(in compounds) person with special duties: ·Ú³park-@; ·Ú³lighthouse-@;
game@, µ¥ game±1µ(6)´; ·Ú³goal@, µ¥ goal´; person who manages a shop, inn, etc:
·Ú³shop@; ·Ú³inn@. µ¥ keep±1µ(11,12,13).¼
¨keeping© ²/ÚkipIG/ ³n ¶[U] ¸1 ´care. ·in safe @, ´being kept carefully: ³The
valuables are in safe @. ¸2 ´(in verbal senses): ³the @ of bees; ·Ú³bee-@.
·in/out of @ (with), ´in/out of harmony (with): ³His actions are not in @ with
his promises.¼
¨keep®sake© ²/ÚkipseIk/ ³n ´sth kept in memory of the giver: ³Please have this
ring for a @.¼
¨keg© ²/keg/ ³n ´small barrel, usu of less than 10 gallons: ³a @ of brandy.¼
¨kelp© ²/kelp/ ³n ¶[U] ´large kinds of seaweed.¼
¨Kelt© ²/kelt/ ³n ´= µCelt.¼
¨ken©1 ²/ken/ ³n ¶[U] ´(only in) ·beyond/outside my @, ´(colloq) not wihin
one's range of knowledge.¼
¨ken©2 ²/ken/ ³vt µ(-nn-) ¶[VP6A,9] ´(Scot) know.¼
¨ken®nel© ²/Úkenl/ ³n ¸1 ´hut to shelter a dog. ¸2 ´(establishment for a) pack
of hounds; place where dogs are cared for (eÔg during quarantine). ¹ ³vt,vi
µ(-ll-, ´US also µ-l-) ´put, keep, in a @; live in a @.¼
¨kepi© ²/ÚkeIpI/ ³n ´French military cap with a horizontal peak.¼
¨kept© ²/kept/ µ¥ keep±2µ.¼
¨kerb© ´(also ¸curb´) ²/k3b/ ³n ´stone edging to a raised path or pavement.
¸Ú@®stone ³n ´stone forming a part of this.¼
¨ker®chief© ²/Úk3t2If/ ³n ¶[C] ´(old use) square piece of cloth or
lace used by women as a head covering.¼
¨ker®nel© ²/Úk3nl/ ³n ¶[C] ¸1 ´softer, inner (usu edible) part of a nut or
fruit-stone. µ¥ ´the illus at µpalm. ¸2 ´part of a seed, eÔg a grain of wheat,
within the husk; (fig) central or important part of a subject, problem, etc.¼
¨kero®sene© ²/ÚkerEsin/ ³n ¶[U] ´paraffin oil: (attrib) ³a @ lamp.¼
¨kes®trel© ²/ÚkestrEl/ ³n ´kind of small hawk.¼
¨ketch© ²/ket2/ ³n ´small two-masted sailing vessel used in coastal trading.¼
¨ketch®up© ²/Úket2Ep/ ³n ¶[U] ´highly-flavoured sauce made from tomato juice,
vinegar etc.¼
¨kettle© ²/Úketl/ ³n ´metal vessel with lid, spout and handle, for boiling
water. ·a Úpretty @ of fish, µ¥ fish±1µ(1).¼
¨kettle®drum© ²/ÚketldrAm/ ³n ´drum shaped like a hemisphere, made of brass or
copper, with parchment stretched over the edge. µ¥ ´the illus at µpercussion.
µ¥ timpani.¼
¨key©1 ²/ki/ ³n ¸1 ´metal instrument for moving the bolt of a lock: ³put the
key in the lock; turn the key. µ¥ ´the illus at µbunch. ¸Úmaster/Úskeleton
key, ´one that will open several locks. ¸Úkey®hole ³n ´hole in a lock, door,
etc, into which a key fits. ¸Úkey money ³n ¶[U] ´extra payment (requested by
some house agents, now illegal in GB) before completion of an agreement about
renting a house, flat, etc. ¸Úkey-ring ³n ´(usu split) ring on which to keep
keys. ¸2 ´instrument for winding a clock or a watch by tightening the spring.
¸3 ·@ (to), ´(fig) sth that provides an answer (to a problem or mystery). ¸4
´set of answers to exercises or problems; translation of sth from a foreign
language: ³a key for the use of teachers only´, eÔg to a book of problems in
algebra. ¸5 ´(also attrib) place which, from its position, gives control of a
route or area: ³a key position. Gibraltar has been called the key to the
Mediterranean. ¸6 ´(attrib) essential: ³key industry, ´one (eÔg coal-mining)
that is essential to the carrying on of others; ³a key man/a man in a key
position´, one whose work is essential to the work of others. ¸Úkey®stone ³n
´(archit) stone at the top of an arch locking the others into position; (fig)
central principle on which everything depends. µ¥ ´the illus at µwindow. ¸7
´operating part (lever or button) of a typewriter, piano, organ, flute, etc
pressed down by a finger. µ¥ ´the illus here and at µbrass. ¸Úkey®board ³n ´row
of such keys (on a piano, organ, typewriter). ¸8 ´(bot) usu one-seeded winged
fruit of some trees, eÔg the ash and elm. ¸9 ´(music) scale of notes definitely
related to each other and based on a particular note called the ·Ú³keynote´:
³the key of C major; ´(fig) tone or style of thought or expression: ³in a minor
key´, sadly; ³all in the same key´, monotonously, without expression; ³speak in
a high/low key, ´urgently/not urgently. ¸Úkey®note ³n ¸(a) ´(music) note on
which a key is based. ¸(b) ´(fig) prevailing tone or idea: ³The keynote of the
Minister's speech was the need for higher productivity. ¸key®less ³adj ´not
having or needing a key.¼
¨key©2 ²/ki/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´tune (the strings of a musical instrument
by tightening or loosening). ·key sth Úin, ´bring it into harmony. ·key sth to
sth, ´bring sth into harmony with sth; make connections between (the two
things). ·key sb up, ´stimulate or raise the standard of (a person, his
activity, etc): ³The thought of the coming adventure keyed him up to a state of
great excitement. The crowd was keyed up for the football match.¼
¨key©3 ²/ki/ ³n ´low island or reef, esp off the coasts of Florida, W Indies.¼
¨khaki© ²/ÚkqkI/ ³n, adj ´(cloth, military uniform, of a) dull
yellowish-brown.¼
¨khan©1 ²/kqn/ ³n ´title used by some rulers and officials in Central Asia,
Afghanistan, etc; (in olden times) title used by supreme rulers of Turkish,
Tartar and Mongol tribes.¼
¨khan©2 ²/kqn/ ³n ´(in the East) inn built round a courtyard where
caravans may rest.¼
¨kib®butz© ²/kIÚb8ts/ ³n (pl µ@im ²/kIb8Útsim/³) ´communal farm or settlement
in Israel. ¸@nik ²/-nIk/ ³n ´member of a @.¼
¨kick©1 ²/kIk/ ³n ¸1 ´act of kicking: ³give a @ at the door; give sb a @ in the
arse. The bruise was caused by a @. ·more @s than halfpence, ´more harsh
treatment than reward (for what one does). ¸Ú@-back ³n ´(US sl) percentage
payment made to sb who has enabled one to make money. µ¥ ³rake-off ´at
µrake±1´. ¸*@-Ústart(er) ³n ´lever on a motor cycle or lawnmower which is @ed
to start the engine. ¸2 ´(colloq) thrill; excitement: ³He gets a good deal of
@/a big @ out of motor-racing. He gets his @s by playing football. ·do sth/live
for @s, ´for thrills; for excitement: ³I don't expect to win when I betÅI do it
for @s. ·be on a @, ´(sl) ´be deeply absorbed in a new activity: ³She's on a
health-food @ at the moment. ¸3 ¶[U] ´(colloq) resilience; strength: ³He has no
@ left in him´, is exhausted. ³This beer has a lot of @ in it, ´is strong.¼
¨kick©2 ²/kIk/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A,15A,B,2A,C] ´hit with the foot; move the foot;
move sth by doing this; move the foot or feet jerkily: ³@ a ball; @ a man on
the shin; @ a hole in sth´, make one by @ing. ³The baby was @ing and screaming.
This horse @s´, has the habit of @ing. ·@ the bucket, ´(sl) die. ·@ a goal,
´(Rugby football) score a penalty; convert a try. Cf ³score a goal ´in
Association football. ·@ one's heels, ´be idle (as when forced to waste time
when waiting for sth/sb). ·@ sb upstairs, ´(fig) get sb out of the way, eÔg
from the House of Commons, by giving him a higher position, eÔg a peerage, so
that he sits in the House of Lords. ¸2 ¶[VP2A] ´(of a gun) recoil when fired:
³The old rifle @s badly. ¸3 ¶[VP2A,C,3A,15B] ´(special uses with ³adverbial
particles ´and ³preps ´): ·@ against/at, ´show annoyance; protest: ³He @ed
at/against the treatment he was receiving.¼
·@ off, ´(football) start the game; resume after half-time, by making the first
@. Hence, ¸Ú@-off ³n´: ³@-off at 2.30. ·@ sth off, ´remove by @ing: ³He @ed off
his slippers.¼
·@ sb out, ´expel him: ³The drunken man was @ed out of the bar.¼
·@ over the traces, µ¥ trace±3µ.¼
·@ sth up, ´raise by @ing: ³@ up the carpet´, turn up the edge by striking it
with the foot. ·@ up a fuss/shindy/row/stink, ´(colloq) cause a disturbance,
eÔg by protesting vigorously. ·@ up one's heels, ´(of a horse) make lively
jumps, showing enjoyment of freedom after a period of work; (fig) enjoy
oneself.¼
¨kid©1 ²/kId/ ³n ¸1 ¶[C] ´young goat. ¸2 ¶[U] ´leather made from skin of this:
³a book bound in kid. ¸kid gloves ³n pl ´gloves made of kid. ·handle sb with
kid gloves´, deal with him gently, avoiding severe methods. ´Hence, (attrib):
³kid-glove methods. ¸3 ´(sl) child; (US sl) young person: ³college kids. ¸kiddy
³n (pl µ-dies³) ´(sl) (young) child.¼
¨kid©2 ²/kId/ ³vt,vi µ(-dd-) ´(sl) ´tease by telling a lie; hoax:
³You're kidding (me)! ´Cf ³You're pulling my leg!¼
¨kid®nap© ²/ÚkIdnap/ ³vt ´(GB µ-pp-´, US µ-p-´) steal (a child); carry away
(sb) by force and unlawfully (esp in order to obtain a ransom). ¸@®per ³n
´person who @s.¼
¨kid®ney© ²/ÚkIdnI/ ³n (pl µ@s³) ´one of a pair of organs in the abdomen that
separate waste liquid (urine) from the blood; @ of sheep, cattle, etc as food.
¸*@-Úbean ³n ´(plant with pod containing) reddish-brown @-shaped bean (either
the dwarf French bean or the runner bean). ¸Ú@ machine ³n ´one which does the
work of diseased @s by washing the blood and removing waste materials.¼
¨kill© ²/kIl/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A,2A] ´put to death; cause the death of: ³@
animals for food. Thou shalt not @´, (biblical, one of the Ten Commandments).
³The troops were shooting to @´, eÔg in a riot, shooting with the intention of
@ing, not merely to warn or wound the rioters. ³The frost @ed the flowers. ·@
sb/sth off, ¶[VP15B] ´get rid of: ³The frost @ed off most of the insect pests.
·@ time, ´find ways of passing the time without being bored, eÔg when compelled
to wait for sb/sth. ·@ two birds with one stone, µ¥ bird. ¸2 ¶[VP6A]
´neutralize, make ineffective, by contrast: ³The scarlet carpet @s ´(= deadens)
³your curtains. ¸3 ¶[VP6A] ´cause the failure or defeat of; veto: ³@ a
proposal/a Bill in Parliament. ¸Ú@®joy ³n ´person who throws gloom over those
who are enjoying themselves. ¸4 ¶[VP6A,2A] ´overwhelm; impress deeply. ·@ sb
with kindness, ´harm him by being excessively or mistakenly kind. ·(be)
dressed/got up to @, ´dressed elaborately, so as to impress people. ¹ ³n sing
¸1 ´act of @ing, esp in hunting. ·be in at the @, ´be present when sth,
eÔg a fox, is @ed. ¸2 ´(in hunting) number of animals @ed: ³There was a
plentiful @´, many animals were @ed. ¸@®ing ³adj ´(colloq, dated) amusing: ³a
@ing joke; ´exhausting: ³a @ing experience. µ¹ ³n ·make a @ing, ´be
extraordinarily successful. ¸@®ing®ly ³adv ¸@er ³n ´one who, that which, @s;
(journalese) murderer.¼
¨kiln© ²/ÚkIln/ ³n ´furnace or oven for burning, baking or drying,
esp ·Ú³brick-@´, for baking bricks; ·Ú³hop-@´, for drying hops; ·Ú³lime-@´, for
burning lime.¼
¨kilo© ²/ÚkilE8/ ³n ´(pl µ@s´) (abbr of) µkilogram.¼
¨kilo-© ²/ÚkIlE-/ ³pref ´1Ô000, esp in ¸kilo®cycle ²/ÚkIlEsñIkl/ ³n ´unit of
frequency of vibration, used of wireless waves. ¸kilo®gram ²/ÚkIlEgram/ ³n
´1Ô000 grams. ¸kilo®litre ³n ´1Ô000 litres. ¸kilo®metre ´(US = ¸-meter´)
²/ÚkIlEmitE(r) ³US: ²kIÚlomItEr/ ³n ´1Ô000 metres. ¸kilo®watt ²/ÚkIlEwot/ ³n
´1Ô000 watts. µ¥ App 5.¼
¨kilt© ²/kIlt/ ³n ´pleated skirt, usu of tartan cloth, from waist to knee, worn
as part of male dress in the Scottish Highlands; similar skirt worn by women
and children. ¸@ed regiment, ´regiment of Scottish soldiers wearing @s.¼
¨kim®ono© ²/kIÚmE8nE8 ³US: ²-nE/ ³n (pl µ@s³) ¸1 ´wide-sleeved long flowing
gown, characteristic of Japanese traditional costume. µ¥ ´the illus at µsarong.
¸2 ´style of loose garment worn as a dressing-gown.¼
¨kin© ²/kIn/ ³n ´(collective ³pl´) family; relations: ³We are near kin´, are
closely related. ·next of kin, ´nearest relation(s).¼
¨kind©1 ²/kñInd/ ³adj µ(-er, -est) ´having, showing, thoughtfulness, sympathy
or love for others: ³be @ to animals. Will you be @ enough/so @ as to close the
door? It was @ of you to help us. ¸*@-Úhearted ³adj ´having a @ nature;
sympathetic. ¸@®ly ³adv ¸1 ´in a @ manner: ³speak @ly to sb; treat sb @ly. ¸2
´(in polite formulas) ³Will you @ly tell me the time? ¸3 ´naturally; easily:
³He took @ly to his new duties. He doesn't take @ly to being treated as an
inferior. ¸@®ness ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´@ nature; being @. ·out of @ness (to sb),
´because of feeling @ (towards): ³He did it all out of @ness´, not in the hope
of reward. ¸2 ¶[C] ·do/show sb a @ness, ´perform a @ act: ³He has done/shown me
many @nesses.¼
¨kind©2 ²/kñInd/ ³n ¸1 ´race, natural group, of animals, plants, etc:
·*³man·Ú³@; ·*³human·Ú³kind. ¸2 ´class, sort or variety: ³apples of several
@s/several @s of apples; people of this @. What @ of tree is this? She's the @
of woman who likes to help other people. She's not the @ (of person) to talk
scandal. ·nothing of the @, ´not at all like it. ·something of the @, ´sth like
the thing in question. ·of a @, ¸(a) ´of the same @: ³two of a @. ¸(b)
´(implying contempt) scarcely deserving the name: ³They gave us coffee of a @.
·a @ of«, ´used when there is uncertainty: ³I had a @ of suspicion ´(= I
vaguely suspected) ³that he was cheating. ·@ of, ´(sl, sometimes spelt ¸@a
²/ÚkqIndE/´) ³adv ´to some extent: ³I @ of thought this would happen. ¸3 ¶[U]
´nature; character: ³They differ in degree but not in @. ¸4 ·in @, ´(of
payment) in goods or natural produce, not in money: ³benefits in @´, benefits
other than wages or salary received by employees, eÔg the right to buy articles
at cost price; (of repayment, fig) with what was received: ³repay insolence in
@´, be insolent in return.¼
¨kin®der®gar®ten© ²/ÚkIndEgqtn/ ³n ´school for children too young
to begin formal education.¼
¨kindle© ²/ÚkIndl/ ³vt,vi ¶[VP6A,2A] ¸1 ´(cause to) catch fire or burst into
flames or flaming colour: ³The sparks @d the dry wood. This wood is too wet to
@. The setting sun @d the sky. ¸2 ´rouse, be roused, to a state of strong
feeling, interest, etc: ³@ the interest of an audience. Her eyes @d with
excitement. ¸kind®ling ²/ÚkIndlIG/ ³n ¶[U] ´material for lighting a fire, esp
light, dry sticks of wood.¼
¨kind®ly©1 ²/ÚkñIndlI/ ³adj µ(-ier, -iest) ´friendly: ³speak in a @ tone; give
sb @ advice.¼
¨kind®ly©2 ²/ÚkñIndlI/ ³adv µ¥ kind±1µ.¼
¨kin®dred© ²/ÚkIndrId/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´relationship by birth between
persons: ³claim @ with sb. ¸2 ´(collective ³pl´) family; relations: ³Most of
his @ are still living in Ireland. ´¹ ³adj ´(attrib only) ¸1 ´related; having a
common source: ³@ languages´, eÔg English and Dutch; ³dew, frost and @
phenomena; @ tribes/races. ¸2 ´similar: ³@ natures; a @ spirit´, sb whom one
feels to be congenial, sympathetic.¼
¨kine© ²/kñIn/ ³n pl ´(old form) cows.¼
¨kin®etic© ²/kIÚnetIk/ ³adj ´of, relating to, produced by, motion. ¸*@ Úart,
´sculptural objects parts of which may be in motion, eÔg from air currents. ¸*@
Úenergy, ´energy of a moving body because of its motion. ¸@s ³n pl sing-v
´science of the relations between the motions of bodies and the forces
acting on them.¼
¨king© ²/kIG/ ³n ¸1 ´male sovereign ruler (esp one whose position is
hereditary) of an independent state: ³the K@ of Denmark. µ¥ queen.
¸K@'s/Queen's Bench, µ¥ bench. ¸K@'s/Queen's Counsel, µ¥ counsel±1µ(3). ·turn
K@'s/Queen's evidence, ´(of one who has shared in a crime) give evidence
against accomplices (often in order to escape punishment). ¸@'s evil,
´scrofula, formerly thought to be curable by the touch of a @. ¸K@s, ´either of
two books in the Old Testament, giving the history of the @s of Israel and
Judah. ¸2 ´person of great influence: ³an ·Ú³oil @. ¸3 ´principal piece in the
game of chess, µ¥ ´the illus at µchess´; (playing cards) court-card with a
picture of a @: ³the @ of spades. ¸4 ´largest variety of a species; most
prominent member of a group, category, etc: ³the @ of beasts´, the lion; ³the @
of the forest´, the oak; ³the @ of terrors´, death; ³@ cobra/crab/penguin. ¸5
´(compounds) ¸Ú@®cup ³n ´large variety of buttercup; marsh marigold. ¸Ú@®fisher
³n ´small brightly-coloured bird feeding on fish in rivers, etc. µ¥ ´the illus
at µbird. ¸Ú@®pin ³n ´vertical bolt used as a pivot; (fig) indispensable or
essential person or thing. ¸Ú@-size(d) ³adj ´(in advertising, etc) larger than
normal; very large: ³@-size cigarettes. ¸Ú@®like, @®ly ³adjj ´of, like,
suitable for, a @; majestic; regal. ¸@®ship ²/-2Ip/ ³n ¶[U] ´state or office of
a @.¼
¨king®dom© ²/ÚkIGdEm/ ³n ¸1 ´country ruled by a king or a queen.
¸the United K@ ´(¸the UÔK´), the Union of Great Britain (iÔe England, Scotland
and Wales) and Northern Ireland. ¸2 ´the spiritual reign of God: ³Thy @ come´,
May the rule of God be established. ·gone to k@ come, ´(colloq) dead, gone to
the next world. ¸3 ´any one of the three divisions of the natural world: ³the
animal, vegetable and mineral @s. ¸4 ´realm or province: ³the @ of thought,
´the mind.¼
¨kink© ²/kIGk/ ³n ¸1 ´irregular back-twist in a length of wire, pipe, cord, etc
such as may cause a break or obstruction. ¸2 ´(fig) mental twist; sth abnormal
in a person's way of thinking. ¹ ³vt,vi ´make a @ in; form a @ or @s: ³This
hosepipe @s easily. ¸@y ³adj ´(colloq) eccentric; perverted.¼
¨kins®folk© ²/ÚkInzfE8k/ ³n pl ´relations by blood. ¸kins®man ²/-mEn/ ³n (pl
µ-men³) ´male relative. ¸kins®woman ³n (pl µ-women³) ´female relative.¼
¨kin®ship© ²/Úkin2Ip/ ³n ¶[U] ´relationship by blood; similarity in
character.¼
¨kiosk© ²/Úkiosk/ ³n ¸1 ´small open-fronted structure, esp a round one, for
the sale of newspapers, sweets, cigarettes, etc, eÔg in a park. ¸2 ´small
booth for a public telephone.¼
¨kip© ²/kIp/ ³n ´(GB sl) (room or bed in a) house where beds may be rented;
sleep. ¹ ³vi ¶[VP2A,C] ´go to bed; sleep: ³time to kip down.¼
¨kip®per© ²/ÚkIpE(r)/ ³n ´kind of salted herring, dried or smoked. µ¥ bloater.¼
¨kirk© ²/k3k/ ³n ´(Scot) church.¼
¨kirsch© ²/kIE2/ ³n ¶[U] ´colourless liqueur made from the juice of wild
cherries.¼
¨kirtle© ²/Úk3tl/ ³n ´(archaic) woman's gown or outer petticoat; man's tunic.¼
¨kis®met© ²/ÚkIzmet/ ³n ¶[U] ´destiny; the will of Allah.¼
¨kiss© ²/kIs/ ³vt,vi ¶[VP6A,2A,15A,B] ´touch with the lips to show affection or
as a greeting: ³@ the children goodnight. He @ed her (on the) cheek. She @ed
the child goodbye. She @ed away the child's tears. ·@ the book, ´@ the Bible on
taking an oath. ·@ the dust/ground, ¸(a) ´give abject submission to a
conqueror. ¸(b) ´be killed. ·@ hands/the Queen's hand, ´@ the sovereign's hand
on being appointed to an office (eÔg as a member of the Cabinet). ·@ the rod,
´accept punishment meekly. ¹ ³n ´touch, caress, given with the lips. ·@ of
life, ´method of mouth-to-mouth resuscitation, eÔg for sb rescued from
drowning. ¸@er ³n ´(sl) mouth.¼
¨kit© ²/kIt/ ³n ¸1 ´(collective ³sing´) all the equipment (esp
clothing) of a soldier, sailor or traveller: ·Ú³kit inspection´, examination of
kit by an officer to see that it is complete, etc. ¸Úkit-bag ³n ´long canvas
bag in which kit is carried. ¸2 ¶[C] ´equipment needed by a workman for his
trade: ³a plumber's kit. ¸3 ¶[C,U] ´outfit or equipment needed for sport or
some other special purpose: ·Ú³shooting/·Ú³golfing/·Ú³skiing kit; a surÚvival
kit´, articles to be used by a person in distress, eÔg an airman who has come
down in a desert or jungle. ¸4 ¶[C] ·*do-it-yourÚself kit, ´collection of
parts, eÔg for a piece of furniture, or a set, to be assembled by the
purchaser. ¹ ³vt µ(-tt-) ¶[VP 15B] ·kit sb out/up (with sth), ´equip.¼
¨kit®chen© ²/ÚkIt2In/ ³n ´room in which meals are cooked or prepared, and for
other forms of housework; (in many homes in GB) general purpose rooms, eÔg
where meals are eaten. ¸*@ Úgarden ³n ´one for fruit and vegetables. ¸@ sink,
µ¥ sink±1 ¸*@-sink Údrama, ´drama in GB (late 1950's, early 1960's) portraying
working-class family life, showing political, social and educational awareness.
¸Ú@ unit, ´unit combining two or more articles of @ equipment, eÔg a sink and a
storage cabinet. ¸@®ette ²/*kIt2IÚnet/ ³n ´tiny room or alcove used as a @ (esp
in a small flat).¼
¨kite© ²/kñIt/ ³n ¸1 ´bird of prey of the hawk family. ¸2
´framework of wood, etc covered with paper or cloth, made to fly in the wind at
the end of a long string or wire. ·fly a @, ´(fig) test possible public
reactions by means of hints, rumours, etc. Cf ³see which way the wind blows.
¸Ú@-balloon, ´sausage-shaped captive balloon for military observation.¼
¨kith© ²/kIT/ ³n ´(only in) ·@ and kin, ´friends and relations.¼
¨kitsch© ²/kIt2/ ³adj ´(in the arts, design, etc) pretentious; superficial;
showy.¼
¨kit®ten© ²/ÚkItn/ ³n ´young cat. ¸@®ish ²/-I2/ ³adj ´like a @; playful.¼
¨kitty© ²/ÚkItI/ ³n ¸1 ´(in some card games) pool of stakes to be played for;
(colloq) any joint pool or fund, eÔg of savings. ¸2 ´(bowls) jack±1µ(4). ¸3
´child's name for a cat.¼
¨kiwi© ²/Úkiwi/ ³n ´New Zealand bird with undeveloped wings; (sl) New
Zealander. µ¥ ´the illus at µrare.¼
¨klaxon© ²/Úklaksn/ ³n ´(P) powerful electric warning hornµ(4).¼
¨kleenex© ²/Úklineks/ ³n ´(P) ¶[U,C] ´tissue paper. µ¥ tissue(3).¼
¨klep®to®mania© ²/*kleptEÚmeInIE/ ³n ´obsessive wish to steal, not necessarily
from poverty. ¸klep®to®maniac ²/-nIak/ ³n ´person with @.¼
¨knack© ²/nak/ ³n ´(rarely ³pl´) ´cleverness (intuitive or acquired through
practice) enabling one to do sth skilfully: ³There's a @ in it´, You have to
learn by doing it. ³It's quite easy to drive a car when you have/get the @ of
it.¼
¨knacker© ²/ÚnakE(r)/ ³n ¸1 ´person who buys and slaughters useless horses (to
sell the meat and hides). ¸2 ´person who buys and breaks up old houses, ships,
etc for the materials in them. ¸@'s yard, ´place where old metal goods, etc are
broken up for scrap.¼
¨knap© ²/nap/ ³vt µ(-pp-) ´break (flints for roads) with a hammer.¼
¨knap®sack© ²/Únapsak/ ³n ¶[C] ´canvas or leather bag, strapped to the back
and used (by soldiers, travellers) for carrying clothing, food, etc.¼
¨knave© ²/neIv/ ³n ¸1 ´(old use) dishonest man; man without honour. ¸2
´(playing cards) court-card between 10 and Queen in value: ³the @ of hearts. µ¥
jack. ¸knav®ery ²/ÚneIvErI/ ³n ¶[U] ´dishonesty; ¶[C] ³(pl µ-ries³) ´dishonest
act. ¸knav®ish ²/ÚneIvI2/ ³adj ´deceitful: ³knavish tricks. ¸knav®ish®ly ³adv¼
¨knead© ²/nid/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ¸1 ´make (flour and water) into a firm
paste (dough) by working with the hands; do this with wet clay; make (bread,
pots) in this way. ¸2 ´massage; apply hands to (muscles, etc) as if making
dough.¼
¨knee© ²/ni/ ³n ¸1 ´joint between the thigh and the lower part of the leg in
man, µ¥ ´the illus at µleg´; corresponding part in animals. ·be on/go (down) on
one's @s, ´be kneeling/kneel down (to pray, or in submission). ·bring sb to his
@s, ´force him to submit. ¸2 ´part of a garment covering the @s: ³the @s of a
pair of trousers. ¸3 ´(compounds) ¸Ú@-breeches ²/-brIt2Iz/ ³n pl ´breeches
reaching down to or just below the @s. ¸Ú@®cap ³n ¸(a) ´flat, movable bone
forming the front part of the @-joint. µ¥ ´the illus at µskeleton. ¸(b)
´protective covering for the @. ¸*@-Údeep ³adj, adv ´so deep as to reach the
@s: ³The water was @-deep. ¸*@-Úhigh ³adj, adv ´so high as to reach the @s:
³The grass was @-high.¼
¨kneel© ²/nil/ ³vi (pt,pp µknelt ²/nelt/³) ¶[VP2A,C] ·@ (down), ´go down on
the knees; rest on the knees: ³He knelt down to look for a coin he had dropped.
Everyone knelt in prayer.¼
¨knell© ²/nel/ ³n sing ´(with ³a ´or ³the´) sound of a bell, esp for a death or
at a funeral; (fig) sign of the end or death of sth; ³toll the @; the @ of her
hopes.¼
¨knelt© ²/nelt/ µ¥ kneel.¼
¨Knes®set© ²/Úkneset/ ³n ´Israeli parliament.¼
¨knew© ²/nju ³US: ²nu/ µ¥ know.¼
¨knicker®bock®ers© ²/ÚnIkEbokEz/ ³n pl ´loose wide breeches gathered in below
the knees.¼
¨knickers© ²/ÚnIkEz/ ³n pl ¸1 ´(US) knickerbockers. ¸2 ´(dated) woman's or
girl's drawers from the waist to the thighs. ·get one's Ú@ in a twist, ´(GB sl)
become confused.¼
¨knick-knack© ²/ÚnIk nak/ ³n ´small ornament, piece of jewellery,
article of dress, piece of furniture, etc.¼
¨knife© ²/nñIf/ ³n (pl µknives ²/nñIvz/³) ´sharp blade with a handle, used as a
cutting instrument or as a weapon: ³a ·Ú³table @´, used for food at table; ³a
·Ú³pocket @´, one with hinged blade(s). ·get one's @ into sb, ´have the wish to
harm him. ·war to the @, ´war without mercy; relentless enmity. ¸Ú@-edge ³n
´cutting edge of the blade of a @. ·on a @-edge, ´(of (a person awaiting) an
important outcome, result, etc) extremely uncertain. ´¹ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´cut or
stab with a @.¼
¨knight© ²/nñIt/ ³n ¸1 ´(in the Middle Ages) man, usu of noble birth, raised to
honourable military rank (after serving as a page and squire). ¸*@-Úerrant
²/-ÚerEnt/ ³n (pl µ@s-errant´) @ who went about in search of adventure. ¸2 ´(GB
modern use) man on whom a title or honour is conferred (lower than that of
baronet) as a reward for services to the State. (The title ³Sir ´is always used
before the man's first name, with or without his surname, as in ³Sir Harold;
Sir James Hill). ¸3 ´(GB history) ·@ (of the shire)´, person who represented a
shire or county in Parliament. ¸4 ´piece in the game of chess, usu made with a
horse's head. µ¥ ´the illus at µchess. ´¹ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´make (sb) a @. ¸@®hood
²/-h8d/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´rank, character or dignity of a @; ¶[C] ´a particular
@hood: ³The Queen conferred @hoods on two magicians. ¸2 ¶[U] ´@s collectively:
³the @hood of the Commonwealth. ¸@®ly ³adj ´chivalrous; brave and gentle; like
a @: ³@ly qualities.¼
¨knit© ²/nIt/ ³vt,vi (pt,pp µ@ted ´or, old form, µknit³) µ(-tt-)
¶[VP6A,15A,B,2A,C] ·@ sth (up) (from/into), ¸1 ´make (an article of clothing,
etc) by looping wool, silk, etc yarn on long needles: ³@ stockings out of wool;
@ wool into stockings; @ sth up´, repair it by @ting. ³She often @s while
reading. ¸2 ´unite firmly or closely: ³@ broken bones; a closely @ argument.
Mortar is used to @ bricks together. The two families are @ together by common
interests. ¸3 ´draw together. ·@ one's/the brows, ´frown. ¸@®ter ³n ´person who
@s. ¸@®ting ³n ¶[U] ¸1 ´action of one who @s. ¸2 ´material that is being @ted:
³Her @ting fell from her lap to the floor. ¸Ú@®ting-machine ³n ´machine that
@s. ¸Ú@®ting-needle ³n ´long slender rod of steel, wood, etc two or more of
which are used together in @ting. ¸@®wear ²/-weE(r)/ ³n ¶[U] ´(trade use) ´@ted
garments.¼
¨knives© ²/nñIvz/ µ¥ knife.¼
¨knob© ²/nob/ ³n ¶[C] ¸1 ´round-shaped handle of a door, drawer, walking-stick,
etc; control, eÔg of a radio or television set: ³turn the @ clockwise to switch
the set on. ¸2 ´round-shaped swelling or mass on the surface of sth, eÔg a tree
trunk. ¸3 ´small lump (eÔg of coal). ¸Ú@®ker®rie ²/ÚnobkerI/ ³n ´short stick
with a @ at one end of it, formerly used as a weapon (by S African tribes).¼
¨knob®ble© ²/Únobl/ ³n ´small knob. ¸knob®bly ²/ÚnoblI/ ³adj µ(-ier, -iest)
´having @s: ³@bly knees.¼
¨knock©1 ²/nok/ ³n ¶[C] ¸1 ´(short, sharp sound of a) blow: ³He got a nasty @
on the head when he fell. I heard a @ at the door. I knew him by his @´,
because of the way he @ed (at the door). ·@ for @, ´situation in a motoring
accident when insurance companies agree to pay only for the damage to the
vehicle for which they are liable. ¸2 ´sound of @ing in a petrol engine. µ¥
knock±2µ(3)´, and µanti@. ¸3 ´(cricket) innings: ³have a good @. ¸4 ´(sl)
criticism; insult; financial loss: ³He's taken a bad @´, suffered a financial
reverse. ¸@er ³n ´person or thing that @s; (esp) hinged metal device on a door
for @ing on it (now often replaced by an electric bell).¼
¨knock©2 ²/nok/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A,15A,B,14,2A,C] ´hit; strike; cause
to be (in a certain state) by hitting; make by hitting: ³Someone is @ing at the
door/on the window. Come inÅdon't @. He @ed the bottom out of the box. Let's @
a hole in the wall. He @ed ´(= struck by accident) ³his head on/against the
wall. The blow @ed me flat/senseless. ·@ one's head against a brick wall,
´(fig) achieve nothing. ·@ sb/sth into a cocked hat, µ¥ cock±3µ(1). ·@ the
bottom out of an argument, µ¥ bottom(7). ·@ spots off sth/sb, µ¥ spot. ¸2
¶[VP6A] ´(sl) surprise; shock: ³What @s me is his impudence. ¸3 ¶[VP2A] ´(of a
petrol engine) make a tapping or thumping noise (because of a defect that
prevents the engine from running smoothly): ³The engine of this old car is @ing
badly. µ¥ antiknock. ¸4 ¶[VP6A] ´(sl) criticize unfavourably: ³Why must you
always @ my driving? ¸5 ´(compounds) (also µ¥ (6) ´below) ¸Ú@-about ³adj ´(of a
comic performance) ´= ³slapstick. µ¥ slap´; ´(of clothes) suitable for rough
wear. ¸Ú@-down ³adj ¸(a) ´(of prices, eÔg at an auction) lowest at which goods
are to be sold; reserve price. ¸(b) ´(fig) overwhelming; stunning. ¸*@-Úkneed
³adj ´having legs curved so that the knees touch when walking. ¸Ú@-out ³adj, n
¸(a) ´(abbr ¸KÔO´) (blow) that @s a boxer out. ¸(b) ´(of a) tournament or
competition for eliminating weaker competitors. ¸(c) ´(colloq) (person, thing)
impressive or attractive: ³Isn't she a @-out! ¸(d) ´(sl) drug, etc which
induces sleep or unconsciousness: ³@ out-pills. ¸6 ¶[VP2C,15B] ´(uses with
³adverbial particles ´and ³preps´):¼
·knock about, ´(colloq) lead an unsettled life, travelling and living in
various places: ³He has @ed about all over Asia. ·@ about (with sb), ´(sl) have
a (casual) (sexual) relationship with sb: ³She's @ing about with a married man.
·@ sb/sth about, ´hit repeatedly, treat roughly: ³The ship had been @ed about
by storms.¼
·knock sth back, ´(sl) drink: ³@ back a pint of beer.¼
·knock sb down, ´strike to the ground or floor: ³He was @ed down by a bus. He
@ed his opponent down. ·You could have @ed me down with a feather, ´I was
very surprised. ·@ sth down, ¸(a) ´demolish: ³These old houses are to be @ed
down. ¸(b) ´take to pieces to save cost and space in transport: ³The machines
will be @ed down before being packed for shipment to Singapore. ´Hence,
·Ú³@-down furniture, etc´, which can be taken to pieces. ·@ sth down to sb,
´(at an auction sale) sell (to a bidder): ³The painting was @ed down to Mr
Smith for $50. ·@ sth/sb down (to sth), ´(compel sb to) lower a price: ³He
asked $500 for his car but I managed to @ him down 10 per cent/@ed his price
down to $450. ´Hence, ³@-down prices. ´also µ¥ ³knock-down ´at µ(5) ´above.¼
·knock sth in, ´strike so that sth goes/stays in: ³@ in a nail; @ in the top of
a barrel.¼
·knock off (work), ´stop work: ³It's time to @ off for tea. ·@ sb off, ´(sl)
quickly seduce and then abandon. ·@ sth off, ¸(a) ´deduct: ³I'll @ 50p off the
price. ¸(b) ´compose or finish rapidly: ³@ off an article/some verses for a
magazine. ¸(c) ´(cricket) score quickly: ³@ off the runs needed to win a match.
¸(d) ´(sl) break into, rob: ³@ off a bank. ·K@ it off! ´(sl) Stop it!¼
·knock on, ´(Rugby) @ the ball forward when trying to catch it (a foul). Hence,
¸Ú@-on ³n¼
·knock sb out, ¸(a) ´(boxing) strike (an opponent) so that he cannot rise to
his feet for the count. ¸(b) ´(fig) overwhelm; stun: ³She was @ed out by the
news. ¸(c) ·@ sb out (of), ´eliminate him (from a competition) (by defeating
him). ·@ sth out, ´empty by @ing: ³@ out one's pipe, ´iÔe of ash, etc.¼
·knock (things) together, ´make roughly or hastily: ³@ boards together for a
camp table. The bookshelves had obviously been @ed together, ´not made with
care. ·@ your/their heads together, ´use force to prevent you/them from
quarrelling, being foolish or stubborn.¼
·knock up, ´(tennis) practise shots before the start of a match. ·@ sb up,
¸(a) ´(GB colloq) waken or rouse sb by @ing at his door, etc: ³Please could
you @ me up at seven o'clock. ¸(b) ´(GB colloq) make tired; exhaust: ³He was
@ed up after the long steep climb. ¸(c) ´(US sl) attack; beat up. ¸(d) ´Ï (US
vulg sl) (of a man) have sexual intercourse with; make pregnant. ·@ sth up,
¸(a) ´drive upwards with a blow: ³K@ his arm up! ¸(b) ´arrange, put together
quickly: ³@ up a meal from whatever there is in the larder; @ up a shelter for
mountain-climbers. ¸(c) ´score (runs) at cricket. ·@ up copy, ´prepare material
for printing (in a newspaper, etc).¼
¨knoll© ²/nE8l/ ³n ´small hill; mound.¼
¨knot© ²/not/ ³n ¶[C] ¸1 ´part of one or more pieces of string, rope, etc,
twisted together, usu to make a fastening: ³tie a @ in a rope; tie a rope in a
firm @; make a @; ´(fig) sth that ties together: ³the ·Ú³marriage-@. ¸2 ´piece
of ribbon, etc twisted and tied as an ornament. ¸3 ´difficulty; hard problem.
·tie oneself in/up in/into @s, ´get badly confused about sth. µ¥ Gordian. ¸4
´hard lump in wood where a branch grew out from a bough or trunk; round
cross-grained piece caused by this in a board. ¸Ú@-hole ³n ´hole (in a board)
from which such a piece has come out. ¸5 ´group of persons or things: ³People
were standing about in @s, anxiously waiting for news. ¸6 ´measure of speed
for ships: ³a vessel of 20 @s´, able to sail 20 nautical miles an hour. µ¥
App 5. ´¹ ³vt,vi µ(-tt-) ¶[VP6A,15B,2A] ´make a @ or @s in; tie sth with @s;
form @s: ³@ two ropes together; @ a parcel firmly; string that @s easily. ¸@ty
³adj µ(-ier, -iest) ´full of @s: ³a @ty board. ¸@ty problem, ´one that is
difficult to solve.¼
¨knout© ²/nñ8t/ ³n ´leather whip formerly used in Russia for
punishment.¼
¨know© ²/nE8/ ³vt,vi (pt µknew ²/nju ³US: ²nu/, ³pp µknown ²/nE8n/³) ¸1
¶[VP6A,8,9,10,17,25,2A] ´have in the mind as the result of experience or of
being informed, or because one has learned: ³Every child @s that two and two
make four. He @s a lot of English. Do you @ how to play chess? I don't @
whether he is here or not. I @ (that) he's an honest man. I @ him to be honest.
I'm not guessingÅI really @. Oh, yes, I @ all about that. There's no @ing ´(=
It is impossible to @) ³when we shall meet again. ¶[VP17,18B] ´(past and
perfect tenses only): ³I have never @n a man (to) die of love, but I have @n a
disappointed lover (to) lose weight. ·@ one's business/what's Úwhat/the ropes/a
Úthing or two, ´have common sense, good judgement, practical experience. ·@
better than to do sth, ´be wise enough (not to«): ³You ought to @ better than
to go swimming on such a cold day. ¸2 ¶[VP6A] ´be acquainted with (a person);
be able to distinguish (sb) from others: ³Do you @ Mr Hill? ´Have you met him,
talked with him, etc? (Cf ³Do you @µ(1) ³who Napoleon was?´) ³I @ Mr White by
sight but have never spoken to him. I've @n Mrs Grey since I was a child. I was
introduced to Miss Wood last week, but I've a bad memory for faces and might
not @ ´(= recognize) ³her again. ·make oneself @n to sb, ´introduce oneself:
³There's your host; you'd better make yourself @n to him. ·be @n to´: ³He's @n
to the police´, The police have his name in their records, eÔg because he has
been a criminal. ·be @n as´: ³He's @n as ´(= has the reputation of being) ³a
successful architect. ·@ sb from sb, ´distinguish from: ³They're twins and it's
almost impossible to @ one from the other. ·not @ sb from Adam/from a bar of
soap, ´(colloq) ´have no idea who he is. ¸3 ¶[VP6A] ´have personal experience
of: ³He knew poverty and sorrow in his early life. He's @n better days´, has
not always been so poor, unfortunate, etc, as he is now. ¸4 ¶[VP6A] ´be able to
recognize: ³He @s a good singing voice when he hears one. She doesn't @ a
swallow from a house-martin. ¸5 ¶[VP3A] ·@ about/of, ´have information
concerning; be aware of: ³I knew about that last week. I didn't @ about that´,
was in ignorance. ³I @ of an excellent little restaurant near here. "Has Smith
been ill?'Å"Not that I @ of.' ´I am not aware of his having been ill. ³I don't
actually @µ(2) ³the man you mention, but of course I @ ·Ú³of him´, I'm aware of
his existence. ¸6 ´(compounds) ¸*don't-Ú@ ³n ´(colloq) person who is unable to
give an answer in a ³poll±1µ(2). ¸Ú@-all ³n ´person who @s, or claims to @,
everything. ¸Ú@-how ³n ¶[U] ´faculty of @ing how (to do sth); knowledge of
methods; ingenuity (contrasted with theoretical knowledge). ´¹ ³n ´(only in)
·in the @, ´(colloq) having information not shared by all or not available to
all.¼
¨know®ing© ²/ÚnE8IG/ ³adj ´cunning; wide-awake; having, showing
that one has, intelligence, sharp wits, etc: ³a @ fellow; @ looks. ¸@®ly ³adv
¸1 ´consciously; intentionally: ³He would never @ly do anything to hurt your
interests. ¸2 ´in a @ manner: ³look @ly at someone.¼
¨knowl®edge© ²/ÚnolIdZ/ ³n ¶[U] ¸1 ´understanding: ³A baby has no @ of good
and evil. ¸2 ´familiarity gained by experience; range of information: ³My @ of
French is poor. K@ of the defeat soon spread. It has come to my @ ´(= I have
been informed) ³that you have been spreading gossip about me. To the best of
my @ ´(= As far as I know) ³he is honest and reliable. She married without the
@ of her parents. ¸@®able ²/-8bl/ ³adj ´well-informed; having much @.¼
¨knuckle© ²/ÚnAkl/ ³n ¸1 ´bone at a finger-joint: ³give a boy a rap over/on the
@s. µ¥ ´the illus at µarm.¸2 ´(in animals) knee-joint, or part joining leg to
foot (esp as food). ´¹ ³vi ·@ down to, ´(of a task, etc) apply oneself
earnestly. ·@ under, ´submit, yield.¼
¨ko®ala© ²/kE8ÚqlE/ ³n ´Australian tree-climbing tailless mammal,
like a small bear. µ¥ ´the illus at µsmall.¼
¨kobo© ²/ÚkE8bE8/ ³n ´(Nigeria) 100th part of a naira; coin of this value.¼
¨kohl© ²/kE8l/ ³n ¶[U] ´cosmetic preparation used in the East to darken the
eyelids.¼
¨kohl®rabi© ²/*kE8lÚrqbI/ ³n ¶[C,U] ´cabbage with turnip-shaped stem.¼
¨kola© ²/ÚkE8lE/ ³n ´W African tree. ¸Ú@-nut ³n ´the white or pink bitter
edible seed of the @ tree, used in cooking or to chew.¼
¨kooka®burra© ²/Úk8kEbArE/ ³n ´large Australian kingfisher (also called
³laughing jackass´).¼
¨ko®peck© ²/ÚkE8pek/ ³n ´= µcopeck.¼
¨kopje©, kop®pie ²/ÚkopI/ ³n ´(in S Africa) small hill.¼
¨Ko®ran© ²/kEÚrqn ³US: ²-Úran/ ³n ´sacred book containing the Prophet Muhammad's
oral revelations, written in Arabic. ¸@ic ³adj¼
¨ko®sher© ²/ÚkE82E(r)/ ³n, adj ´(food, foodshop) fulfilling the requirements of
Jewish dietary law.¼
¨kou®miss© ²/ÚkumIs/ ³n ´= µkumis.¼
¨kow®tow©, ko®tow ²/*kñ8Útñ8/ ³n ´(former Chinese custom) touching of the
ground with the forehead (as a sign of respect, submission, etc). ´¹ ³vi ·@
(to), ´make a @; act obsequiously (to).¼
¨kraal© ²/krql ³US: ²krcl/ ³n ´(in S Africa) fenced-in village of huts;
enclosure for domestic animals.¼
¨Krem®lin© ²/ÚkremlIn/ ³n ´citadel of a Russian town, esp that of Moscow. ¸the
@, ´the Government of the UÔSÔSÔR.¼
¨krona© ²/ÚkrE8nE/ ³n (pl µ-nor ²/-nE/³) ´unit of currency in
Sweden.¼
¨krone© ²/ÚkrE8nE/ ³n (pl µ-ner ²/-nE/³) ´unit of currency in Denmark and
Norway.¼
¨ku®dos© ²/Úkjudos/ ³n ¶[U] ´(colloq) honour and glory; credit.¼
¨kumis©, kou®miss ²/ÚkumIs/ ³n ¶[U] ´fermented liquor of Central Asia made from
mare's milk.¼
¨k¢um®mel© ²/Úk8mEl/ ³n ¶[U] ´herb-flavoured liqueur.¼
¨kung fu© ²/*k8G Úfu/ ³n ¶[U] ´Chinese form of karate.¼
¨kvass© ²/Úkvas/ ³n ¶[U] ´kind of Russian beer.¼
¨kwela© ²/ÚkweIlE/ ³n ¶[U] ´kind of S African jazz music.¼
¨L©, l ²/el/ ³n (pl µL's l's ²/elz/³) ´the 12th letter of the English
alphabet; symbol for the Roman numeral 50, µ¥ App 4.¼
¨la© ²/lq/ ³n ´sixth note of the musical octave.¼
¨laa®ger© ²/ÚlqgE(r)/ ³n ´camp, defensive encampment, esp inside a circle of
carts or wagons; (mil) park for armoured vehicles.¼
¨lab© ²/lab/ ³n ´(colloq abbr of) laboratory.¼
¨label© ²/ÚleIbl/ ³n ´piece of paper, cloth, metal, wood or other material used
for describing what sth is, where it is to go, etc: ³plant @s; put @s on one's
luggage. ´¹ ³vt µ(-ll-, ´US µ-l-) ¶[VP6A] ´put a @ or @s on: ³properly @led
luggage; ´(fig) ³@ sb as a demagogue´, assign him to this class of persons.¼
¨la®bial© ²/ÚleIbIEl/ ³adj ´of the lips; made with the lips: ³@ sounds´, eÔg
²/m, p, v/´.¼
¨labor© ²/ÚleIbE(r)/ ³n ´(US) = µlabour.¼
¨lab®ora®tory© ²/lEÚborEtrI ³US: ²ÚlabrEtcrI/ ³n (pl µ-ries³) ´room or building
used for scientific experiments, research, testing, etc esp in chemistry. µ¥
language.¼
¨la®bori®ous© ²/lEÚbcrIEs/ ³adj ¸1 ´(of work, etc) requiring great effort: ³a @
task. ¸2 ´showing signs of great effort; not fluent or easy: ³a @ style of
writing. ¸@®ly ³adv¼
¨la®bour© ´(US = ¸la®bor´) ²/ÚleIbE(r)/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´bodily or mental work: ³The
majority of men earn their living by manual @. ¸hard @ ³n ¶[U] ´work done by
criminals (sentenced to penal servitude) as a punishment. ¸Ú@-saving ³adj ´that
reduces the amount of @ needed: ³@-saving devices´, eÔg washing-machines,
vacuum cleaners. ¸2 ¶[C] ´task; piece of work. ·a @ of love, ´task gladly
undertaken (eÔg one for the good of sb one loves). ¸3 ¶[U] ´workers as a class
(contrasted with the owners of capital, etc): ³skilled and unskilled @; @
relations, ´between workers and employers. ¸ÚL@ Exchange, ´Government agency
used by employers for finding workers and by workers for finding jobs. ¸the ÚL@
Party, ´one of the two large political parties in Britain, representing
socialist opinion. ¸L@ leaders, ´leaders of this party; trade union officials.
¸the L@ vote, ´of those who support the L@ Party. ¸ÚLabor Day, ´(US) first
Monday in September, a legal holiday in honour of the working class. ¸Úlabor
union, ´(US) = trade union. ¸4 ¶[U] ´process of childbirth: ³a woman in @. ´¹
³vi,vt ¸1 ¶[VP2A,C,4A] ´work; try hard: ³@ for the happiness of mankind; @ at a
task; @ to complete a task; @ in the cause of peace. ¸2 ¶[VP2A,C] ´move,
breathe, slowly and with difficulty: ³The ship @ed through the heavy seas. The
old man @ed up the hillside. ¸3 ¶[VP3A] ·@ under sb/sth, ´be the victim of,
suffer because of: ³@ under a delusion/difficulty/disadvantage. ¸4 ¶[VP6A]
´work out in detail; treat at great length: ³There's no need to @ the
point/argument. ¸@ed ³adj ¸1 ´slow and troublesome: ³@ed breathing. ¸2 ´not
easy or natural; showing too much effort: ³a @ed style of writing. ¸@er ³n ´man
who performs heavy unskilled work: ³agricultural @ers, ´farm workers. ¸L@®ite
²/-ñIt/ ³n ´member or supporter of the L@ Party.¼
¨la®bur®num© ²/lEÚb3nEm/ ³n ´small tree with yellow flowers that
hang down gracefully and with seeds in long pods.¼
¨lab®y®rinth© ²/ÚlabErInT/ ³n ´network of winding paths, roads, etc through
which it is difficult to find one's way without help; (fig) entangled state of
affairs. ¸laby®rin®thine ²/*labEÚrInTñIn ³US: ²-TIn/ ³adj¼
¨lace© ²/leIs/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´delicate, ornamental openwork fabric of threads: ³a
dress trimmed with @; a @ collar. ¸gold/silver @, ´braid used for trimming
uniforms, eÔg of diplomats, army officers. ¸2 ¶[C] ´string or cord put through
small holes in shoes, etc to draw edges together: ³a pair of ·Ú³shoe-@s. ´¹
³vt,vi ¶[VP6A,15A,B,2A,C] ·@ (up), ¸1 ´fasten or tighten with @sµ(2)´: ³@ (up)
one's shoes; a corset that @s (up) at the side. ¸2 ¶[VP3A] ·@ into sb, ´lash
him, beat him. ¸3 ¶[VP14] ·@ with, ´flavour or strengthen (a liquid) (with some
kind of spirit): ³a glass of milk @d with rum.¼
¨lac®er®ate© ²/ÚlasErEIt/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´tear (the flesh; (fig) the feelings).
¸lac®er®ation ²/*lasEÚreI2n/ ³n ¶[U] ´tearing; ¶[C] ´tear or injury.¼
¨lach®ry®mal© ²/ÚlakrIml/ ³adj ´of tears: (esp) ³@ glands. ¸lach®ry®mose
²/ÚlakrImE8s/ ³adj ´tearful; in the habit of weeping.¼
¨lack© ²/lak/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6B,3A] ·@ (in), ´be without; not have;
have less than enough of: ³@ wisdom. I @ words with which to express my thanks.
What I @ in experience I make up in curiosity. ·be @ing in sth, ´not have
enough of it: ³He's @ing in (´= He @s³) courage. ¸2 ·be @ing, ´be in short
supply, not be available: ³Money was @ing ´(= There was no money) ³for the
plan. ¸3 ¶[VP3A] ·@ for, ´(formal) need: ³They @ed for nothing´, had everything
they wanted. ´¹ ³n ¶[U] ´want, need, shortage: ³The plants died for @ of water.
¸Ú@-lustre ³adj ´(of eyes) dull.¼
¨lacka®daisi®cal© ²/*lakEÚdeIzIkl/ ³adj ´appearing tired, uninterested,
unenthusiastic. ¸@ly ²/-klI/ ³adv¼
¨lackey© ²/ÚlakI/ ³n (pl µ@s³) ´manservant (usu in livery); (fig) person who is
too obsequious, who obeys orders without question, etc.¼
¨la®conic© ²/lEÚkonIk/ ³adj ´using, expressed in, few words: ³a @ person/reply.
¸la®coni®cally ²/-klI/ ³adv ¸la®coni®cism ²/-nIsIzEm/, ¸lac®on®ism
²/ÚlakEnIzEm/ ³nn ¶[U] ´being @; ¶[C] ´instance of this; short, pithy saying.¼
¨lac®quer© ²/ÚlakE(r)/ ³n ¶[U] ´varnish used to give a hard, bright
coating to metal (esp brass); varnish used for wooden articles (esp ¸Japanese
@´); liquid sprayed on the hair to keep it in place. ¹ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´coat with
@.¼
¨la®crosse© ²/lEÚkros ³US: ²-Úkrcs/ ³n ¶[U] ´outdoor game, popular in N
America, played with a ball which is caught in, carried in, and thrown from, a
racket with a net (called a ³crosse´).¼
¨lac®tic© ²/ÚlaktIk/ ³adj ´of milk. ¸*@ Úacid, ´the acid in sour milk.¼
¨la®cuna© ²/lEÚkjunE/ ³n (pl µ@s ´or µ@e ²/-ni/³) ´blank; empty part; missing
portion, esp in writing, or in an argument.¼
¨lacy© ²/ÚleIsI/ ³adj µ(-ier, -iest) ´of or like lace.¼
¨lad© ²/lad/ ³n ´boy; young man.¼
¨lad®der© ²/ÚladE(r)/ ³n ¸1 ´two lengths of wood, metal or rope, with
crosspieces (called ³rungs´), used in climbing up and down walls, a ship's
side, etc. µ¥ ³Ústep-@ ´at µstep±2µ(5). ¸2 ´(US = ³run´) fault in a stocking
caused by stitches becoming undone, so that there is a vertical @-like flaw.
¸Ú@-proof ³adj ´proof against such flaws. ¹ ³vi ´(of stockings etc) develop @s:
³Have you any tights that won't @?¼
¨lad®die© ²/ÚladI/ ³n ´= µlad.¼
¨lade© ²/leId/ ³vt (pp µladen ²/ÚleIdn/³) ¶[VP6A] ´load (which is the usu
word).¼
¨laden© ²/ÚleIdn/ ³adj ·@ with, ´weighted or burdened with: ³trees @ with
apples; a mind @ with grief.¼
¨la-di-da© ²/*lq dI Údq/ ³adj ´(colloq) pretentious; genteel; affected (esp in
pronunciation).¼
¨lad®ing© ²/ÚleIdIG/ ³n ¶[U] ´(naut) cargo; freight. ¸*bill of Ú@, ´list with
details of a ship's cargo.¼
¨ladle© ²/ÚleIdl/ ³n ´large, deep, cup-shaped spoon for dipping out liquids:
³a ·Ú³soup @. ´¹ ³vt ¶[VP6A,15B] ·@ (out), ´serve with or as from a @: ³@ out
soup; ´(fig) ³@ out honours.¼
¨lady© ²/ÚleIdI/ ³n (pl µ-dies³) ¸1 ´(corresponding to ³gentleman´)
woman belonging to the upper classes; woman who has good manners and some claim
to social position. ¸*@-in-Úwaiting, *@ of the Úbed-chamber, ´@ attending upon
a queen. ¸2 ´(used courteously for any) woman of any kind or class, with or
without good manners and refinement. ¸3 ³(pl ´only) form of address, esp
³"Ladies and Gentlemen'. ¸4 ´(attrib) female: ³@ doctor/clerk, (woman ´being
preferable). ¸5 Ladies ´(as a ³sing n´) women's public lavatory: ³Is there a
Ladies near here? ¸6 L@, ´(title in GB) used of and to the wives of some
nobles; (prefixed to Christian names) titles used of and to the daughters of
some nobles. ¸7 ·My L@, ´formal term of address used to holders of the title
³Lady ´(as in µ6 ´above). ¸8 ´(compounds) ¸Ú@®bird ³n ´reddish-brown or yellow
insect (a small flying beetle) with black spots. ¸*Our ÚL@, ´the Virgin Mary.
¸ÚL@-chapel, ´chapel (in a large church) dedicated to the Virgin Mary. ¸ÚL@
Day, ´the feast of the Annunciation, 25th March. ¸Ú@-killer ³n ´man with the
reputation of being very successful with women. ¸Ú@'s-maid ³n ´@'s personal
servant, esp in charge of her toilet. ¸Ú@'s/Úladies' man, ´man fond of the
society of women. ¸Ú@®like ³adj ´behaving as a @; befitting a @; genteel.
¸Ú@®ship ²/-2Ip/ ³n ·Your/Her L@ship, ´used in speaking to or of a titled @.¼
¨lag©1 ²/lag/ ³vi µ(-gg-) ¶[VP2A,C] ´go too slow, not keep up with: ³The lame
child lagged behind. ´¹ ³n ¸Ú(time) lag, ´period of time by which sth is slower
or later.¼
¨lag©2 ²/lag/ ³n ´(sl) ´person convicted of crime; (esp) ¸old lag, ´one who has
served several sentences of imprisonment.¼
¨lag©3 ²/lag/ ³vt µ(-gg-) ¶[VP6A,14] ·lag (with), ´encase
(waterpipes, cisterns, etc) with material that will not conduct heat or cold,
esp to prevent freezing of water in pipes, waste of heat, etc. ¸lag®ging ³n
¶[U] ´material used for this.¼
¨la®ger© ²/ÚlqgE(r)/ ³n ¶[U] ´sort of light beer; ¶[C] ´bottle or glass of
this.¼
¨lag®gard© ²/ÚlagEd/ ³n ´person who lags behind; person who is lacking in
energy, etc.¼
¨la®goon© ²/lEÚgun/ ³n ´(usu shallow) salt-water lake separated from the sea by
sandbank(s) or coral reef(s); water enclosed by an atoll. µ¥ ´the illus at
µatoll.¼
¨laic© ²/ÚleIIk/ ³adj ´of the laity; secular. ¸lai®cize ²/ÚleIIsñIz/ ³vt
¶[VP6A] ´free from ecclesiastic control; make, eÔg priest, a layman.¼
¨laid© ²/leId/ ³pt,pp ´of µlay±1µ.¼
¨lain© ²/leIn/ ³pp ´of µlie±2µ.¼
¨lair© ²/leE(r)/ ³n ´wild animal's resting-place or den.¼
¨laird© ²/leEd/ ³n ´(Scot) landowner.¼
¨laissez-faire© ²/*leIseI ÚfeE(r)/ ³n ¶[U] ´(F) (policy of) allowing individual
activities (esp in commerce) to be conducted without government control.¼
¨laity© ²/ÚleIEtI/ ³n ´(usu ¸the @, ´and a ³pl v´) ¸1 ´all laymen (iÔe all
those persons not in Holy Orders, those who are not clergy). ¸2 ´all those
persons outside a particular learned profession (thus, used by a doctor, the
word may mean all those not trained for the medical profession).¼
¨lake©1 ²/leIk/ ³n ´large area of water enclosed by land. ¸the ÚL@ District,
the L@s, ´part of NÔW England with many @s. ¸ÚL@ Poets, ´poets who lived in
this area, esp Coleridge and Wordsworth. ¸the Great L@s, µ¥ great. ¸Ú@
dwelling, µ¥ ³pile-dwelling ´at µpile±1µ.¼
¨lake©2 ²/leIk/ ³n ´(often ³crimson @´) dark red colouring material.¼
¨lakh© ²/lqk/ ³n ´(India and Pakistan) 100Ô000. µ¥ crore.¼
¨lam© ²/lam/ ³vt,vi µ(-mm-) ´(sl) ¶[VP6A] ´thrash. ¶[VP3A] ·lam
into sb, ´attack him, physically or verbally.¼
¨lama© ²/lqmE/ ³n ´Buddhist monk in Tibet or Mongolia. ¸@®sery ²/ÚlqmEsErI ³US:
²-serI/ ³n (pl µ-ries³) ´monastery of @s.¼
¨lamb© ²/lam/ ³n ¸1 ¶[C] ´young of the sheep, µ¥ ´the illus at µdomestic; ¶[U]
´its flesh as food: ³a leg of @; roast @. ¸2 ´innocent, mild-mannered person;
dear person. ·like a @, ´without resistance or protest. ´¹ ³vi ´bring forth @s:
³the @ing season´, when @s are born. ¸Ú@®kin ²/-kIn/ ³n ´very young @. ¸Ú@®skin
³n ¶[C] ´skin of a @ with the wool on it (as used for coats, gloves, etc); ¶[U]
´leather made from @skin.¼
¨lam®baste© ²/lamÚbeIst/ ³vt ´(sl) thrash; beat; scold violently.¼
¨lam®bent© ²/ÚlambEnt/ ³adj ´(liter) (of a flame or light) moving over the
surface with soft radiance; (of the eyes, sky) shining softly; (of humour, wit)
gently brilliant. ¸lam®bency ²/-EnsI/ ³n¼
¨lame© ²/leIm/ ³adj ¸1 ´not able to walk normally because of an injury or
defect: ³@ in the left leg. ¸@ duck, µ¥ duck±1µ(1). ¸2 ´(of an excuse,
argument, etc) unconvincing; unsatisfactory. ¸3 ´(of metre) halting. ¹ ³vt
´make @. ¸@®ly ³adv ¸@®ness ³n¼
¨lam_e© ²/ÚlqmeI ³US: ²lqÚmeI/ ³n ¶[U] ´fabric with metal threads interwoven.¼
¨la®ment© ²/lEÚment/ ³vt,vi ¶[VP6A,3A,2A] ·@ (for/over), ´show, feel, express,
great sorrow or regret: ³@ the death of a friend; @ for a friend; @ (over)
one's misfortunes. ´¹ ³n ¶[C] ´expression of grief; (music) song or poem
expressing grief: ³a funeral @. ¸lam®en®table ²/ÚlamEntEbl/ ³adj ´regrettable;
to be deplored: ³a @able ´(= poor, unsatisfying) ³performance of an opera.
¸Úlam®en®tably ²/-EblI/ ³adv ¸lam®en®ta®tion ²/*lamenÚteI2n/ ³n ¶[U] ´@ing;
¶[C] ´@; expression of grief.¼
¨lami®nate© ²/ÚlamIneIt/ ³vt,vi ¶[VP6A,2A] ´beat or roll (metal)
into thin plates; split into layers; manufacture by placing layer on layer;
cover with metal plates: ³@d wood/plastics´, of layers one over the other.¼
¨Lam®mas© ²/ÚlamEs/ ³n ´(hist) 1st August, formerly a harvest festival in
England.¼
¨lamp© ²/lamp/ ³n ´container with oil and wick, used to give light; (in modern
times) any apparatus for giving light (from gas, electricity, etc). ¸Ú@-black
³n ¶[U] ´black colouring matter made from the soot of burning oil, formerly
used in making paint and printing-ink. ¸Ú@®light ³n ¶[U] ´light from a @: ³read
by @light. ¸Ú@®lighter ³n ´(hist) man who went round the streets to light
public @s (when gas was used). ¸Ú@-post ³n ´(usu metal) post for a street @.
¸Ú@®shade ³n ´globe of glass, screen of silk, parchment, etc placed round or
over a lamp.¼
¨lam®poon© ²/lamÚpun/ ³n ¶[C] ´piece of satirical writing attacking and
ridiculing sb. ´¹ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´write a @ against.¼
¨lam®prey© ²/ÚlamprI/ ³n (pl µ@s³) ´eel-like water animal.¼
¨lance©1 ²/lqns ³US: ²lans/ ³n ´(hist) weapon with a long wooden shaft and a
pointed steel head used by a horseman; similar instrument used for spearing
fish. ¸*@-Úcorporal ³n ´grade of non-commissioned officer in the army. ¸@r ³n
´soldier of a cavalry regiment originally armed with @s. ¸@rs ³n pl ´(with
³sing v´) (music for a) dance for four or more couples.¼
¨lance©2 ²/lqns ³US: ²lans/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´cut open, prick, with a lancet: ³@ an
abscess.¼
¨lan®cet© ²/ÚlqnsIt ³US: ²Úlan-/ ³n ¸1 ´pointed, two-edged knife
used by surgeons. ¸2 ´(archit) high, narrow, pointed arch or window.¼
¨land©1 ²/land/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´solid part of the earth's surface (contrasted with
³sea, water´): ³travel over @ and sea; come in sight of @; glad to be on @/to
reach @/to come to @ again. Are you going by @ or by sea´, by train, car, etc,
or by boat? ³a @ breeze´, one blowing from the land towards the sea (after
sunset); ³@-based aircraft´, using bases on @ (contrasted with aircraft based
on carriers). ·make @, ´see, reach the shore. ·see/find out how the Ú@ lies, µ¥
lie±2µ(4). ¸2 ¶[U] ´ground, earth, as used for farming, etc: ³working on the @;
·Ú³@-workers; rough and stony @. ¸Ú@ army, ´(GB) body of women farm workers in
World War ²¢´. ¸3 ¶[U] ´property in the form of @: ³How far does your @ extend?
Do you own much @ here? ¸Ú@-agent, ´(chiefly GB) person employed to manage an
estate; person who buys and sells estates (US = ³real estate agent). ¸4 ³(pl)
´estate; area of @ with the trees, etc on it: ³own houses and @s. ¸5 ´country
and its people (liter or emotive in this sense, ³country ´being the ordinary
word): ³my native @; visit distant @s. ·the @ of the living, ´this present
existence. ¸the Promised L@, the L@ of Promise, ´Canaan ²/ÚkeInEn/, ´promised
by God to the Israelites. ¸6 ´(compounds, etc) ¸Ú@®fall ³n ´approach to @, esp
for the first time during a voyage: ³a good @fall´, one that corresponds well
to the calculations made by the ship's officers. ¸Ú@ forces ³n pl ´military
forces (not naval). ¸Ú@®holder ³n ´owner or (more usu) tenant of @. ¸Ú@®lady ³n
(pl µ-ladies³) ´woman who owns a house which she leases to a tenant, or who
rents a house, rooms of which she sublets to tenants: ³owe one's @lady a
month's rent. ¸Ú@-locked ³adj ´(of a bay, harbour, etc) almost or entirely
surrounded by @. ¸Ú@®lord ³n ¸(a) ´person from whom another rents @ or
building(s). ¸(b) ´keeper of an inn, a public house, a boarding-house or
lodging-house. ¸Ú@-lubber ²/lAbE(r)/ ³n ´(used by sailors to describe a) person
not accustomed to the sea and ships. ¸Ú@®mark ³n ¶[C] ¸(a) ´object that marks
the boundary of a piece of @. ¸(b) ´object, etc easily seen from a distance and
helpful to travellers (eÔg navigating officers of a ship). ¸(c) ´(fig) event,
discovery, change, etc that marks a stage or turning-point: ³@marks in the
history of mankind. ¸Ú@®mine ³n ¶[C] ´explosive charge laid in or on the ground
or dropped by parachute and exploded by vehicles passing over it. ¸Ú@®owner ³n
´owner of @. ¸ÚL@®rover ³n ´(P) strongly-built motor vehicle for use over rough
ground. ¸Ú@®slide ³n ¶[C] ¸(a) ´sliding down of a mass of earth, rock, etc from
the side of a cliff, hillside, railway cutting, etc. ¸(b) ´sudden change in
political opinion resulting in an overwhelming majority of votes for one side
in an election: ³a Democratic @slide´, a great victory for the Democratic
party. ¸Ú@®slip ³n ´= @slideµ(a)´. ¸Ú@s®man ²/-mEn/ ³n (pl µ-men³) ´person who
is not a sailor.¼
¨land©2 ²/land/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A,2A,C] ´go, come, put, on @ (from a
ship, aircraft, etc): ³The passengers @ed/were @ed as soon as the ship reached
harbour. We @ed at Bombay. The airliner @ed safely. The pilot @ed the airliner
safely. µ¥ ´also ³crash-@ ´at µcrash±1 ´and ³soft@ ´at µsoft. ·@ on one's
feet, ´(fig) be lucky; escape injury. ¸2 ·@ sb/oneself in sth, ´get into
(trouble, difficulties, etc): ³What a mess you've @ed us all in! ·@ up,
´(colloq) arrive; find oneself: ³If you go on behaving in this way, you'll @ up
in prison one day. Tom has been away for months, but he'll @ up one of these
days. She @ed up in a strange city without any money or friends. ¸3 ¶[VP6A]
´(colloq) obtain: ³@ a good job/a contract for building a factory. ¸4 ¶[VP12C]
´(sl) strike (a blow): ³She @ed him one in the eye. ¸@ed ³adj ¸1 ´consisting of
@: ³@ed property. ¸2 ´owning @: ³the @ed classes/gentry. ¸@®less ³adj ´without
@; not owning @.¼
¨lan®dau© ²/Úlandc/ ³n ´(hist) four-wheeled horse-carriage with a folding roof
in two sections.¼
¨land®grave© ²/ÚlandgreIv/ ³n ´(hist) title of some German princes.¼
¨land®ing© ²/ÚlandIG/ ³n ¸1 ´act of coming or bringing to land:
³the @ of the Pilgrim Fathers in America. The pilot made an emergency @.
¸Ú@-craft ³n ´ship whose bows can be opened up to allow (usu military) vehicles
to get ashore without being lifted out. ¸Ú@-field/-strip ³n ´area of land for
aircraft to take off from and land on. ¸Ú@-gear ³n ´undercarriage and wheels of
an aircraft. ¸Ú@-net ³n ´bag-shaped net on a long handle for landing fish
caught with a rod and line. ¸Ú@-party ³n ´party of armed men who are landed
(eÔg to keep order). ¸2 ´(also ¸Ú@-place´) place where people and goods may be
landed from a boat, etc. ¸Ú@-stage ³n ´platform (usu floating) on which
passengers and goods are landed. ¸3 ´area at the top of a flight of stairs on
to which doors may open.¼
¨land®scape© ²/ÚlandskeIp/ ³n ¶[C] ´(picture of) inland scenery; ¶[U] ´branch
of art dealing with this. ¸*@ Úgardening/Úarchitecture ³n ¶[U] ´the laying out
of grounds and gardens in imitation of natural scenery.¼
¨lane© ²/leIn/ ³n ¸1 ´narrow country road, usu between hedges or banks. ¸2
´(usu as part of a proper name) narrow street or alley between buildings:
³Drury L@. ¸3 ´passage made or left between lines of persons. ¸4 ´route
regularly used by ships or aircraft. ¸5 ´marked division of a wide road for the
guidance of motorists; line of vehicles within such a division: ³the
inside/nearside @; the outside/offside @; four-@ traffic. ¸6 ´marked course for
a competitor in a race (eÔg on a running track or a swimming pool).¼
¨lang®syne© ²/*laGÚsñIn/ ³adv, n ´(Scot) (in) the old days; (in) past time.¼
¨lan®guage© ²/ÚlaGgwIdZ/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´human and non-instinctive
method of communicating ideas, feelings and desires by means of a system of
sounds and sound symbols. ¸2 ¶[C] ´form of @ used by a group: ³the @s of Asia;
foreign @s. ¸dead @, ´one no longer in spoken use (eÔg classical Greek). ¸Ú@
laboratory, ´classroom(s) where @s are taught using tape-recorders, etc. ¸3
¶[U] ´manner of using words: ³a person with a good command of @´, person who is
fluent or eloquent. ¸4 ¶[U] ´words, phrases, etc used by a profession or class:
³technical/legal @; the @ of diplomacy. ¸5 ¶[U] ¸bad @; strong @, ´language
full of oaths, violent words, etc. ¸6 ¶[U,C] ´system of signs used as @:
³com·Ú³puter @´, ordered system for giving instructions to a computer;
·Ú³finger @, ´as used by deaf and dumb persons; ³the @ of flowers; the @ of
algebra.¼
¨lan®guid© ²/ÚlaGgwId/ ³adj ´lacking in energy; slow-moving. ¸@®ly ³adv¼
¨lan®guish© ²/ÚlaGgwI2/ ³vi ¶[VP2A,C] ´be or become languid; lose health and
strength; be unhappy because of a desire ³(for ´sth): ³@ in prison; @ for love
and sympathy. She gave the young man a @ing look´, one that suggested a desire
for love or sympathy.¼
¨lan®guor© ²/ÚlaGgE(r)/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´weakness of body (as produced by hard work)
or of spirit (as produced by sorrow or an unhappy love affair); lack of life or
movement; stillness or heaviness: ³the @ of a summer day. ¸2 ´(often ³pl´) soft
or tender mood. ¸@®ous ²/-Es/ ³adj ¸@®ous®ly ³adv¼
¨lan®gur© ²/lAGÚg8E(r)/ ³n ´(kind of) long-tailed monkey.¼
¨lank© ²/laGk/ ³adj ¸1 ´(of hair) straight and lying limp or flat. ¸2 ´tall and
lean.¼
¨lanky© ²/ÚlaGkI/ ³adj µ(-ier, -iest) ´(of a person, his arms or legs) long and
lean in an ungraceful way: ³a @, overgrown girl.¼
¨lano®lin© ²/ÚlanElIn/ ³n ¶[U] ´fat extracted from sheep's wool used as the
basis of ointments for the skin.¼
¨lan®tern© ²/ÚlantEn/ ³n ´case (usu metal and glass) protecting a
light from the wind, etc, outdoors. µ¥ dark±2µ(1), magic. ¸Ú@-jawed ³adj
´having long and thin jaws so that the face has a hollow look.¼
¨lan®yard© ²/ÚlanjEd/ ³n ¸1 ´cord (worn by sailors and soldiers) for a whistle
or knife. ¸2 ´short rope used on a ship for fastening or moving sth.¼
¨lap©1 ²/lap/ ³n ´front part of a person's legs from the waist to the knees,
when sitting, as the place on which a child is nursed or sth held: ³The mother
had the baby on her lap. ·be/live in the lap of luxury, ´in fortunate and
luxurious circumstances. ·in the lap of the gods, ´(of future events)
uncertain. ¸Úlap-dog ³n ´small pet dog.¼
¨lap©2 ²/lap/ ³vt,vi µ(-pp-) ¸1 ¶[VP15B] ´wrap or fold (cloth, etc) ³round ´or
³in. ¸2 ¶[VP6A,2A,C] ´(cause to) overlap: ³Put the slates on the roof so that
they lap over. µ¥ overlap. ´¹ ³n ¸1 ´amount by which one thing laps over. ¸2
´one circuit round a track or race-course: ³Smith overtook the other
runners/riders/drivers on the last lap.¼
¨lap©3 ²/lap/ ³vi,vt µ(-pp-) ¸1 ¶[VP15B] ·lap up, ´drink by taking up with the
tongue, as a cat does: ³The cat quickly lapped up all the milk. ¸2 ´(colloq)
(of human beings) take quickly or eagerly: ³lap up compliments. ¸3 ¶[VP2A,C]
´(of water) move with a sound like the lapping up of liquid: ³waves lapping on
the beach; water lapping against the sides of a canoe. ¸4 ¶[VP6A] ´(in a race)
become ahead of by a lap±2µ(2). ´¹ ³n ¸1 ´act of lapping: ³The dog emptied the
plate with three laps of the tongue. ¸2 ¶[U] ´sound of lapping: ³the lap of the
waves against the side of the boat.¼
¨la®pel© ²/lEÚpel/ ³n ´part of the breast of a coat or jacket folded back and
forming a continuation of the collar.¼
¨lapi®dary© ²/ÚlapIdErI ³US: ²-derI/ ³adj ´cut on stone; (fig)
neat; precise: ³a @ inscription/speech. ´¹ ³n ´person who cuts, polishes or
engraves, gems.¼
¨lap®is la®zuli© ²/*lapIs Úlazj8lI ³US: ²ÚlaZElI/ ³n ¶[U,C] ´bright blue
semi-precious stone; its colour.¼
¨lapse© ²/laps/ ³n ¶[C] ¸1 ´slight error in speech or behaviour; slip of the
memory, tongue or pen. ¸2 ·@ (from) (into), ´falling away from what is right:
³a @ from virtue; a @ from true belief into heresy. ¸3 ´(of time) passing away;
interval: ³the @ of time; a long @ of time. ¸4 ´(legal) ending of a right, etc
from failure to use it or ask for its renewal. ¹ ³vi ¸1 ¶[VP2A,3A] ·@
(from) (into), ´fail to keep one's position; fall (from good ways into bad
ways): ³@ from virtue into vice; @ into bad habits; a @d Catholic. ¸2 ¶[VP2A]
´(legal) (of rights and privileges) be lost because not used, claimed or
renewed.¼
¨lap®wing© ²/ÚlapwIG/ ³n ´bird of the plover family; pewit.¼
¨lar®board© ²/ÚlqbEd/ ³n, adj ´left side of a ship when looking forward (now
always called the ³port ´side). µ¥ starboard.¼
¨lar®ceny© ²/ÚlqsEnI/ ³n (pl µ-nies³) ¶[U] ´(legal) stealing; theft; ¶[C]
´instance of this.¼
¨larch© ²/lqt2/ ³n ¶[C] ´deciduous tree with small cones and light-green
leaves; ¶[U] ´its wood.¼
¨lard© ²/lqd/ ³n ¶[U] ´fat of pigs prepared for use in cooking. ¹ ³vt ¶[VP6A]
´put @ on; put pieces of bacon into or on (meat, etc) before cooking, in order
to add to the flavour. ·@ with, ´(fig, often derog) enrich: ³a speech @ed with
boring quotations.¼
¨lar®der© ²/ÚlqdE(r)/ ³n ´room or cupboard where meat and other kinds of food
are stored.¼
¨large© ²/lqdZ/ ³adj µ(-r, -st) ¸1 ´of considerable size; taking up much space;
able to contain much: ³A man with a @ family needs a @ house. She inherited a @
fortune. ·as @ as life, µ¥ life(10). ´(Note that ³large ´is less colloq than
³big ´and not so emotive as ³great. ´"A great city' is large, but the use of
"great' suggests that it is also important or famous. ³Large ´is seldom used of
persons, but note ·@ of limb´, having @ limbs.) ¸Ú@-scale ³adj ¸(a) ´extensive:
³@-scale operations. ¸(b) ´made or drawn to a @ scale: ³a @-scale map. ¸2
´liberal; generous; unprejudiced (chiefly in the following): ³a @ heart´,
(hence) ·*³@-·Ú³hearted; ·*³@-·Ú³minded´, hence, ·*³@-·Ú³mindedness. ¸3 ´of
wide range; not confined or restricted: ³give an official @ powers/discretion;
a man with @ ideas; @ and small farmers´, men farming on a @ and a small scale.
¹ ³n ´(only in) ·at @, ¸(a) ´at liberty; free: ³The escaped prisoner is still
at @. ¸(b) ´at full length; with details: ³to talk/write at @. ¸(c) ´in
general: ³Did the people at @ approve of the government's policy? ¸(d) ´at
random; without definite aim: ³scatter accusations at @. ´¹ ³adv ¸1 ´(only in)
·bulk/loom/writ @, µ¥ bulk, loom±2µ, write(6). ·by and @, µ¥ by±1µ(4). ¸2
´boastfully: ³talk @. ¸@®ish ²/-I2/ ³adj ´rather @. ¸@®ly ³adv ¸1 ´to a great
extent: ³His success was @ly due to luck. ¸2 ´generously; freely: ³He gives @ly
to charity. ¸@®ness ³n¼
¨lar®gesse© ´(US also ¸lar®gess´) ²/lqÚdZes/ ³n ¶[U] ´generous or excessive
giving; money or other things generously or excessively given.¼
¨largo© ²/ÚlqgE8/ ³n (pl µ@s ²/-gE8z/³), adv ´(piece of music, movement) in
very slow and solemn time.¼
¨lar®iat© ²/ÚlarIEt/ ³n ´rope for tethering a horse; long rope with a noose;
lasso.¼
¨lark©1 ²/lqk/ ³n ´small songbird, esp the skylark. µ¥ ´the illus at µbird.¼
¨lark©2 ²/lqk/ ³n ¶[C] ´bit of fun; frolic: ³Boys are fond of having a @. He
did it for a @´, in fun. ³What a @! ´How amusing! ¹ ³vi ¶[VP2A,C] ´play pranks:
³Stop @ing about and get on with your work.¼
¨lark®spur© ²/Úlqksp3(r)/ ³n ´tall garden plant with blue, white or pink
flowers.¼
¨larn© ²/lqn/ ³vt,vi ´(dial) learn.¼
¨larva© ²/ÚlqvE/ ³n (pl µ@e ²/-vi/³) ´insect in the first stage of its
life-history, after coming out of the egg. µ¥ ´the illus at µbutterfly.
¸lar®val ²/Úlqvl/ ³adj ´of or in the form of a @.¼
¨lar®ynx© ²/ÚlarIGks/ ³n ´(anat) upper part of the windpipe where the vocal
cords are. µ¥ ´the illus at µhead. ¸lar®yn®gi®tis ²/*larInÚdZñItIs/ ³n ¶[U]
´inflammation of the @.¼
¨las®car© ²/ÚlaskE(r)/ ³n ´seaman from the East Indies.¼
¨las®civ®ious© ²/lEÚsIvIEs/ ³adj ´feeling, causing, expressing, lust. ¸@®ly
³adv ¸@®ness ³n¼
¨laser© ²/ÚleIzE(r)/ ³n ´device for generating, amplifying and concentrating
light waves into an intense beam in one specific direction: (attrib) ³@ beams.¼
¨lash©1 ²/la2/ ³n ¸1 ´part of a whip with which strokes are given; (usu
leather) thong; blow or stroke given with a @: ³He was given twenty @es. ¸the
@, ´punishment of flogging: ³mutinous sailors sentenced to the @´; (fig) ³the @
of criticism; the @ of an angry woman's tongue. ¸2 ´= eyelash.¼
¨lash©2 ²/la2/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A,14,2C] ´strike violently; make a sudden
movement of (a limb, etc): ³The rain was @ing (against) the windows. The tiger
@ed its tail angrily. He @ed his faint-hearted men with his tongue. He @ed the
horse across the back with his whip. ¸2 ·@ sb into (a state), ´rouse into:
³The speaker @ed his listeners into a fury. ·@ out (against/at sb/sth), ´attack
violently (with blows or words): ³The horse @ed out at me´, kicked or tried to
kick, me. ³The speaker @ed out against the government. ¸3 ¶[VP15A,B] ·@ one
thing to another; @ things together, ´fasten tightly together (with rope, etc).
·@ sth down, ´make it secure with rope, etc. ¸Ú@-up ³n ´improvised or roughly
constructed piece of apparatus.¼
¨lash®ing© ²/Úla2IG/ ³n ¸1 ¶[C] ´cord or rope used for binding or fastening. ¸2
¶[C] ´whipping or beating. ¸3 ³(pl, ´colloq) plenty: ³strawberries with @s of
cream; @s of drink/@s to drink.¼
¨lass© ²/las/ ³n ´girl; sweetheart.¼
¨las®sie© ²/ÚlasI/ ³n ´= µlass.¼
¨lassi®tude© ²/ÚlasItjud ³US: ²-tud/ ³n ¶[U] ´tiredness; state of
being uninterested in things.¼
¨lasso© ²/laÚsu/ ³n (pl µ@s, @es ²/-Úsuz/³) ´long rope with a slip-knot, used
for catching horses and cattle, esp in America. ¹ ³vt ´catch with a @.¼
¨last©1 ²/lqst ³US: ²last/ ³adj ¸1 ´(contrasted with ³first. µ¥ late±1µ.´)
coming after all others in time or order: ³the @ month of the year; the @
Sunday in June; the @ time I saw you; the @ letters of the alphabet, ´iÔe
XÔYÔZ; ³the two @/the @ two persons to arrive; ³a @-minute appeal´, one made
just before sth is to be done, decided, etc. ·@ but not least, ´coming at the
end, but not least in importance. ·be on one's @ legs, µ¥ leg(2). ·the L@ Day,
µ¥ ³Doomsday ´at µdoom±1µ. ·the @ post, µ¥ post±2µ. ·the @ straw, µ¥ straw.
·have the @ word, µ¥ word. ¸2 ´(contrasted with ³next´) coming immediately
before the present: ³@ night/week/month/summer/year; on Tuesday @; @ May; in
May @; in/for/during the @ few days/weeks, etc; this day @ week, ´a week ago.
¸3 ´only remaining: ³He had spent his @ dollar. He would share his @ crust with
a beggar. This is our @ hope. I wouldn't marry you if you were the @ person on
earth. ¸4 ´least likely, suitable, willing, desirable, etc: ³She's the @ woman
I want to sit next to at dinner´, I have no wish whatever to do so. ³That's the
@ thing I should expect him to do´, It seems most improbable that he will do
it. ¸5 ´final; leaving nothing more to be said or done: ³I've said my @ word on
this question. This is the @ thing ´(= the newest, the most up-to-date, thing)
³in labour-saving devices. ´¹ ³adv ¸1 ´(contrasted with ³first´) after all
others: ³I am to speak @ at the meeting. The horse I bet on came in @. ¸2
´(contrasted with ³next´) on the @ occasion before the present time: ³When did
you @ get a letter from her? She was quite well when I saw her @/when I @ saw
her. When were you @ in London/in London @? ´¹ ³n ·the @ of, ´that which comes
at the end of: ³These are the @ of our apples. James ²¢ ³was the @ of the
Stuart kings. We shall never hear the @ of this´, People will always talk about
it. ³I hope we've seen the @ of her´, that we shall never see her again. ·at
(long) @, ´in the end; after (much) delay: ³At (long) @ we reached London. The
holidays came at @. ·to/till the @, ´until the end; (liter or rhet) until
death: ³faithful to the @. ·breathe one's @, ´(liter) die. ¸@®ly ³adv ´(in
making a list) in the @ place; finally: ³L@ly I must explain that«.¼
¨last©2 ²/lqst ³US: ²last/ ³vi ¶[VP2A,B,C] ·@ (out), ¸1 ´continue;
endure: ³How long will the fine weather @? Will Jim @ out in his new job? ¸2
´be adequate or enough (for): ³We have enough food to @ (us) three days. ¸@®ing
³adj ´continuing for a long time: ³a @ing peace.¼
¨last©3 ²/lqst ³US: ²last/ ³n ´block of wood shaped like a foot for making
shoes on. ·stick to one's @, ´not try to do things one cannot do well.¼
¨latch© ²/lat2/ ³n ¸1 ´simple fastening for a door or gate, the bar falling
into a catch and being lifted by a small lever. ¸2 ´small spring lock for a
door opened from outside with a @key. ·on the @, ´fastened with a @, but not
locked. ¸Ú@®key, ´key for releasing or turning back a @. ¸Ú@key child,
´(colloq) one left to look after himself because both parents go out to work. ¹
³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A,2A] ´fasten with a @: ³L@ the doors. This door won't @
properly. ¸2 ¶[VP2C,3A] ·@ on (to), ´(colloq) cling to; get possession of;
understand.¼
¨late©1 ²/leIt/ ³adj µ(-r, -st) ´(µ¥ last±1µ, latter.´) ¸1 ´(contrasted with
³early´) after the right, fixed or usual time: ³Am I @? Don't be @ for work.
The train was ten minutes @. The crops are @ this year. ¸2 ´far on in the day
or night, in time, in a period or season: ³at a @ hour; in the @ afternoon; in
@ summer´, eÔg in Sept; ³in the @ eighties´, eÔg of the 19th c, in the years
just before 1890; ³@ Latin´, between classical Latin and the Latin of the
Middle Ages; ³keep @ hours´, iÔe much after the usual times. ³The @ edition of
this paper appears at 3pÔm; there's a later one at 5pÔm; the final edition
comes out at 7pÔm. ¸3 ´recent; that recently was: ³the @ political troubles;
the @st news/fashions; the very @st improvements; Mr Greene's @st novel´, the
most recently published. (Cf ³latest ´and ³last´: ³Mr Greene has said that his
@st novel will be his last´, that he will write no more novels.) ¸4 ´former,
recent (and still living): ³the @ prime minister. ¸5 ´former, recent (and not
now living): ³her @ husband; the @ King. ¸6 ·of @, ´recently. ·at (the) @st,
´before or not later than: ³Be here on Monday at (the) latest.¼
¨late©2 ²/leIt/ ³adv ¸1 ´(contrasted with ³early´) after the usual, right,
fixed or expected time: ³get up/go to bed/arrive home @; marry @ in life´, eÔg
at the age of 50; ³two years @r; sit/stay up @´, not go to bed until a @ hour.
³Better @ than never. ·@ in the day, ´@er than desired or expected. ·@r on, ´at
a @r time; afterwards: ³a few days @r on; as we shall see @r on. ·early and @,
´at all hours: ³He's at his desk early and @. ·sooner or @r, ´some time or
other. ¸2 ´recently: ³I saw him as @ as/no @r than yesterday. ¸lat®ish
²/ÚleItI2/ ³adj ´rather @.¼
¨la®teen© ²/lEÚtin/ ³adj ´(naut) (only in) ¸@ sail, ´triangular
sail on a long yard at an angle of 45Ä to the mast.¼
¨late®ly© ²/ÚleItlI/ ³adv ´(usu in neg and interr sentences, or with ³only´, or
in ³as @ as) ´in recent times; recently: ³Have you seen Sam @? I haven't been
home @. ´(Cf in the affirm: ³I saw Sam a few days ago. I was home not long
ago.) I saw her as @ as last Sunday. It is only @ that she has been well enough
to go out.¼
¨latent© ²/ÚleItnt/ ³adj ´present but not yet active, developed or visible: ³@
bacteria; @ energy; the @ image on a photographic film´, not visible until the
film is developed; ³@ abilities.¼
¨lat®eral© ²/ÚlatErEl/ ³adj ´of, at, from, to, the side(s): ³Pinch out the @
buds to get large chrysanthemum blooms.¼
¨lat®erite© ²/ÚlatErñIt/ ³n ¶[U] ´kind of red soil much used for road-making in
the tropics.¼
¨latex© ²/ÚleIteks/ ³n ¶[U] ´milk-white liquid of (esp rubber) plants; emulsion
of rubber globules used in paints, etc.¼
¨lath© ²/lqT ³US: ²laT/ ³n (pl µ@s ²/lqDz ³US: ²laDz/³) ´long, thin strip of
wood, esp as used in plaster walls and ceilings, and for making trellises,
Venetian blinds.¼
¨lathe© ²/leID/ ³n ´machine for holding and turning pieces of wood or metal
while they are being shaped, etc.¼
¨lather© ²/ÚlqDE(r) ³US: ²ÚlaD-/ ³n ¶[U] ¸1 ´soft mass of white froth from soap
and water (as made on a man's face before shaving). ¸2 ´frothy sweat on a
horse. ´¹ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A] ´make @ on: ³@ one's chin before shaving. The horse
was badly @ed. ¸2 ¶[VP2A] ´form @: ³Soap does not @ in sea-water. ¸3 ¶[VP6A]
´(colloq) whip or beat.¼
¨lathi© ²/ÚlqtI/ ³n ´long, iron-bound stick used as a weapon (by the police) in
India.¼
¨Latin© ²/ÚlatIn ³US: ²Úlatn/ ³n ´language of ancient Rome. ´¹ ³adj ´of the @
language; of peoples speaking languages descended from @ (in Italy, France,
Spain, Portugal, etc). ¸@ America, ´countries of S and Central America in which
Spanish and Portuguese are spoken. ¸the @ Church, ´the RÔC Church. ¸@ cross, µ¥
´the illus at µcross. ¸the Ú@ Quarter, ´(in Paris) area on the south bank of
the Seine, a centre for students and artists for many centuries. ¸@®ist ²/-Ist/
³n ´@ scholar. ¸@®ize ²/-ñIz/ ³vt ´give a @ form to (a word); put (sth) into
@.¼
¨lati®tude© ²/ÚlatItjud ³US: ²-tud/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´distance north or
south of the equator measured in degrees. µ¥ ´the illus at µprojection. ¸2
³(pl) ´regions or districts: ³high/low @s´, places a long way from/near to the
equator; ³warm @s. ¸3 ¶[U] ´(measure of) freedom in action or opinion: ³Does
your government allow much @ in political belief´, allow people to hold widely
different political beliefs? ¸4 ´(photo) time limits within which a film may
safely be under- or over-exposed. ¸lati®tudi®nal ²/*latIÚtjudInl ³US:
²-ÚtudEnl/ ³adj ¸lati®tudi®nar®ian ²/*latItjudIÚneErIEn ³US: ²-*tudnÚeEr-/
³adj, n ´(person who is) tolerant, broad-minded (esp in religious beliefs and
dogmas).¼
¨la®trine© ²/lEÚtrin/ ³n ´(in places where there are no sewers, eÔg camps) pit
or trench to receive human urine and excrement.¼
¨lat®ter© ²/ÚlatE(r)/ ³adj ¸1 ´recent; belonging to the end (of a period): ³the
@ half of the year. ¸*@-Úday ³adj ´modern. ¸2 ´(also as ³pron´) ·the @´,
(contrasted with ·the former´) the second of two things or persons already
mentioned: ³Of these two men the former is dead, but the @ is still alive.
¸@®ly ³adv ´of late; nowadays.¼
¨lat®tice© ²/ÚlatIs/ ³n ´framework of crossed laths or metal strips as a
screen, fence or door, or for climbing plants to grow over: (attrib) ³a @
frame/girder/pylon´, made with iron or steel @-work. ¸@ window, ´one with small
square- or diamond-shaped pieces of glass in a framework of lead. µ¥ ´the illus
at µwindow. ¸@d ²/ÚlatIst/ ³adj ´made in the form of a @; provided with a @.¼
¨laud© ²/lcd/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´(formal) praise; glorify. ¸@®able
²/-Ebl/ ³adj ´deserving praise. ¸@®ably ²/-EblI/ ³adv¼
¨lauda®num© ²/ÚlcdEnEm/ ³n ¶[U] ´opium prepared for use as a sedative.¼
¨lauda®tory© ²/ÚlcdEtErI ³US: ²-tcrI/ ³adj ´(formal) expressing or giving
praise.¼
¨laugh© ²/lqf ³US: ²laf/ ³vi,vt ¸1 ¶[VP2A,B,C,3A] ´make sounds and movements of
the face and body, showing amusement, joy, contempt, etc: ³The jokes made
everyone @. ·@ at, ¸(a) ´be amused by: ³@ at a joke/a funny story. ¸(b) ´make
fun of; ridicule: ³It's unkind to @ at a person who is in trouble. ¸(c)
´disregard; treat with indifference: ³@ at difficulties. ·@ in sb's face, ´defy
openly, show contempt for. ·@ one's Úhead off, ´@ heartily. ·@ on the other
side of one's face, ´change from joy or triumph to sorrow or regret. ·@ over,
´@ while discussing, examining, etc: ³@ over a letter. ·@ up one's sleeve, ´be
secretly amused. ·He @s best who @s last; He who @s last @s longest, ´(prov)
warning against expressing triumph too soon. ¸2 ¶[VP15B] ·@ away, ´dismiss (a
subject) by @ing: ³@ away sb's fears or doubts´, suggest, by @ing, that they
are without real cause. ·@ down, ´silence by @ing scornfully; reject by @ing:
³They @ed the speaker/the proposal down. ·@ off, ´escape from, get rid of, by
@ing: ³@ off an embarrassing situation. ¸3 ¶[VP22,15A] ´arrive at a state,
obtain a result, by @ing: ³@ oneself silly/helpless; @ oneself into
convulsions; @ a person out of his depression/out of a foolish belief. ·@
sb/sth out of court, ´dismiss him/it completely by ridicule. ¸4 ¶[VP6B]
´express with or by means of a @: ³He @ed his denial. ´¹ ³n ¶[C] ´sound made in
@ing; act of @ing: ³We've had a good many @s over his foolishness. They all
joined in the @. ""Oh, yes'', she answered with a @. ·have/get the @ of sb,
´score off him. µ¥ score±2µ(4). ·have the last @, ´get one's satisfaction.
¸Úbelly-@, µ¥ belly±1µ(1). ¸@®able ²/-Ebl/ ³adj ´amusing; causing persons to @:
³a @able mistake. ¸@®ably ²/-EblI/ ³adv ¸@®ing ³adj ´showing happiness,
amusement, etc: ³@ing faces. ¸Ú@ing-gas ³n ´nitrous oxide (¸N¶c¸O´) used in
dental surgery. ¸Ú@ing-stock ³n µ¥ stock±1µ(7). ¸@®ing®ly ³adv¼
¨laugh®ter© ²/ÚlqftE(r) ³US: ²Úlaf/ ³n ¶[U] ´laughing: ³burst into @; roar with
@; an outburst of @.¼
¨launch©1 ²/lcnt2/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A] ´set (a ship, esp one newly
built) afloat: ³@ a new passenger liner. ¸2 ¶[VP6A,15A] ·@ sth (against/at),
´set in motion; send; aim: ³@ an attack; @ threats at an opponent; @ a
missile/spacecraft into outer space. ¸Ú@ing-pad ³n ´base or platform from which
spacecraft, etc are @ed. ¸Ú@ing-site ³n ´place for @ing-pads. µ¥ ´the illus at
µrocket. ¸3 ¶[VP6A,15A] ´(fig) get started; set going: ³@ a new business
enterprise; @ a man into business. ¸4 ¶[VP2C,3A] ·@ out; @ (out) into, ´make or
start (on): ³@ out into a new argument/debate; @ into a new subject; @ out into
extravagance. ´¹ ³n ´act of @ing (a ship or spacecraft).¼
¨launch©2 ²/lcnt2/ ³n ´mechanically propelled passenger-carrying boat (on
rivers and lakes, in harbours).¼
¨launder© ²/ÚlcndE(r)/ ³vt,vi ¶[VP6A,2A] ´wash and press (clothes): ³Send these
sheets to be @ed. Will these shirts @ well?¼
¨laun®der®ette© ²/lcnÚdret/ ³n ´laundry at which members of the public may
launder their clothes, etc in coin-operated automatic washing-machines and
dryers.¼
¨laun®dress© ²/ÚlcndrIs/ ³n ´woman who earns money by washing and ironing
clothes.¼
¨laun®dry© ²/ÚlcndrI/ ³n (pl µ-dries³) ¸1 ¶[C] ´laundering business; place
where clothes, sheets, etc, are sent to be laundered. ¸2 the @, ´clothes (to
be) laundered: ³Has the @ come back yet? ¸Ú@®man ²/-man/ ³n (pl µ-men³) ´man
who collects and delivers @.¼
¨laur®eate© ²/ÚlorIEt ³US: ²Úlcr-/ ³adj ´crowned with a laurel
wreath. ³n ¸the (*Poet) ÚL@, ´poet officially appointed to the Royal Household
in GB. The holder may write poems on great national occasions.¼
¨laurel© ²/ÚlorEl ³US: ²ÚlcrEl/ ³n ´evergreen shrub with smooth, shiny leaves,
used by ancient Romans and Greeks as an emblem of victory, success and
distinction. ·look to one's @s, ´beware of losing one's reputation; be on the
look-out for possible successes among rivals. ·rest on one's @s, ´be content
with one's successes and rest. ·win/gain one's @s, ´win reputation, honour.
¸@®led ³adj ´crowned with @.¼
¨lav© ²/lav/ ³n ´(colloq abbr of) lavatory.¼
¨lava© ²/ÚlqvE/ ³n ¶[U] ´hot liquid material flowing from a volcano: ³a stream
of @; ´this material when it has cooled and hardened: ·Ú³@ beds. µ¥ pumice.¼
¨lava®tory© ²/ÚlavEtrI ³US: ²-tcrI/ ³n (pl µ-ries³) ¶[C] ´room for washing the
hands and face in; water-closet.¼
¨lave© ²/leIv/ ³vt ´(poet) wash; bathe; (of a stream) flow gently past or
against.¼
¨lav®en®der© ²/ÚlavEndE(r)/ ³n ¶[U] ´plant with pale purple sweet-scented
flowers; the dried flowers and stalks (sewn up in bags and placed among linen
sheets, etc); the colour of @. ¸Ú@ water ³n ¶[U] ´perfume distilled from @.¼
¨lav®ish© ²/ÚlavI2/ ³adj ¸1 ·@ (of sth/in doing sth), ´giving or producing
freely, liberally or generously: ³He is never @ of praise/in giving money to
charity. ¸2 ´(of what is given) given abundantly; excessive: ³@
praise/expenditure on luxuries. ´¹ ³vt ¶[VP14] ·@ on, ´give abundantly and
generously to: ³@ care on an only child. ¸@®ly ³adv¼
¨law© ²/lc/ ³n ¸1 ¶[C] ´rule made by authority for the proper regulation of a
community or society or for correct conduct in life: ³When a Bill is passed by
Parliament and signed by the Sovereign, it becomes a law. ¸Úlaw-giver ³n ´man
who gives a code of laws (eÔg Moses in Hebrew history, Solon in Greek history).
¸Úlaw-officer ³n ´(esp) Attorney or Solicitor-General. µ¥ regulation, statute.
¸2 ¶[U] ¸the law, ´the whole body of laws considered collectively: ³If a man
fails to observe the law he can be punished. Does the law allow me to do this?
·break the law, ´fail to observe it. ·lay down the law, ´talk authoritatively,
as if one were certain of being right. ¸Úlaw-abiding ³adj ´obeying the law.
¸Úlaw-breaker ³n ´person who disobeys the law. ¸3 ¶[U] ´controlling influence
of the laws: ³maintain law and order´, see that the laws are respected.
³Necessity knows no law´, When sth cannot be avoided, ordinary laws and rules
will be ignored or broken. ¸4 ¶[U] ´the laws as a system or science; the legal
profession: ³study law; law students; read law´, study in order to become a
lawyer. µ¥ jurisprudence. ¸5 ¶[U] ´(with a defining word) one of the branches
of the study of law: ³commercial law; the law of nations; international law. ¸6
¶[U] ´operation of the law (as providing a remedy for wrongs). ·go to law
(against sb); have the law on sb, ´(colloq) appeal to the law courts. ·take the
law into one's own hands, ´use force to redress a wrong. ¸Úlaw court ³n ´court
of justice. ¸Úlaw suit ³n ´prosecution of a claim in a law court. ¸7 ¶[C] ´rule
of action or procedure, esp in the arts or a game: ³the laws of
perspective/harmony; the laws of cricket. ·be a law unto oneself, ´disregard
rules and conventions; do what one thinks right. ¸8 ¶[U,C] ´(also ·law of
nature ´or ·natural law´) factual statement of what always happens in certain
circumstances; regularity in nature, eÔg the order of the seasons: ³Newton's
law; the laws of motion; the law of supply and demand; the law of
self-preservation´, the instinct of men and animals to behave in a way that
will save them from danger. ¸law®ful ²/-fl/ ³adj ¸1 ´allowed by law; according
to law: ³lawful acts; the lawful ruler. ¸2 ´(of offspring) legitimate: ³the
lawful heir. ¸law®fully ²/-fElI/ ³adv ¸law®less ³adj ¸1 ´not in accordance with
the law; not conforming to the law; not restrained by law; unruly: ³lawless
acts; lawless tribes. ¸law®less®ly ³adv ¸law®less®ness ³n ¶[U].¼
¨lawn©1 ²/lcn/ ³n ¶[C] ´area of grass (turf) kept closely cut and
smooth, eÔg in a private garden or a public park; such an area of grass used
for a game: ³a ·Ú³croquet @; a ·Ú³tennis @. ¸Ú@-mower ³n ´machine for cutting
grass on @s. ¸*@ Útennis ³n ¶[U] ´the game of tennis played on an unwalled
court, either hard surfaced or turfed. µ¥ ´the illus at µtennis.¼
¨lawn©2 ²/lcn/ ³n ¶[U] ´kind of fine linen used for dresses, blouses and esp
for a bishop's sleeves.¼
¨law®yer© ²/ÚlcjE(r)/ ³n ´person who practises law, esp a barrister or
solicitor.¼
¨lax© ²/laks/ ³adj ¸1 ´negligent; inattentive; not strict or severe: ³lax
discipline/behaviour; lax in morals. ¸2 ´(of the bowels) free in action.
¸lax®ity ²/ÚlaksEtI/ ³n ¶[U] ´being lax; ¶[C] ³(pl µ-ties³) ´instance of being
lax. ¸lax®ly ³adv¼
¨laxa®tive© ²/ÚlaksEtIv/ ³n, adj ´(medicine, drug) causing the bowels to
empty.¼
¨lay©1 ²/leI/ ³vt,vi (pt,pp µlaid ²/leId/³) ´For uses with
³adverbial particles ´and ³preps µ¥ 12 ´below. ¸1 ¶[VP6A,15A] ´put on a
surface; put in a certain position, in the proper place for a purpose: ³Who
will lay the carpet´, spread it out, fasten it down, etc? ³He laid his hand on
my shoulder. A new submarine cable was laid between England and Holland. The
woodcutter laid his axe to the tree´, began to chop. ³A bricklayer is a man who
lays bricks. ·lay a snare/trap/an ambush (for sb/sth), ´prepare one. ¸2
¶[VP6A,15B] ´(of non-material things, and fig uses) place; put. ·lay (one's)
hands on sth/sb, ¸(a) ´seize; get possession of: ³He keeps everything he can
lay (his) hands on. ¸(b) ´do violence to: ³How dare you lay hands on me? He
laid violent hands on himself´, (dated) tried to commit suicide. ¸(c) ´find: ³I
have the book somewhere, but can't lay my hands on it just now. ¸(d) ´(eccles)
confirm; ordain; consecrate. Hence, ·laying-on of hands, ´confirmation;
ordination; consecration. ·lay the blame (for sth) on sb, ´say that he is
responsible for what is wrong, etc. ·lay a (heavy) burden on sb, ´cause sb to
be responsible for sth likely to be difficult, to cause suffering, etc. ·lay
one's hopes on, ´= pin (the more usu word) one's hopes on. ·lay a strict
injunction on sb (to do sth), ´give him strict orders (to do it). ·lay
great/little store by/on sth, ´value very much/little. ·lay
stress/emphasis/weight on sth, ´treat it as important; emphasize it. ·lay a tax
on sth, ´impose one. ¸3 ¶[VP15A] ´cause to be in a certain state, condition, or
situation. ·lay sb to rest, ´(esp) bury sb: ³He was laid to rest in the
churchyard. ·lay sb under a/the necessity/obligation, ´make it necessary or
obligatory for him (to do sth): ³Your conduct lays me under the necessity of
dismissing you. He was laid under an obligation to support the wife he had
deserted. ·lay sb under contribution, ´compel him to contribute money, etc.
·lay sth to sb's charge, ´hold him responsible. ·lay claim to sth, µ¥ claim.
·lay sth at sb's door, µ¥ door. ·lay one's finger on, µ¥ finger. ·lay siege to,
µ¥ siege. ¸4 ¶[VP22] ³(lay ´+ ³n, adj ´or ³adv phrases) ´cause to be in a
specified condition. ·lay sth bare, ´show; reveal: ³lay bare one's heart´,
reveal one's inmost feelings, etc. ·lay sth flat, ´cause to be flat: ³crops
laid flat by heavy rainstorms. ·lay sth open, ¸(a) ´expose, reveal: ³lay open a
plot. ¸(b) ´cut, gash: ³lay open one's cheek´, eÔg by falling and striking it
against a rock. ·lay oneself open to sth, ´render oneself liable to criticism,
calumny, etc. ·lay sth waste, ´ravage, destroy: ³a countryside laid waste by
invading armies. ¸5 ¶[VP6A] ´cause to be down, settle: ³sprinkle water on the
roads to lay the dust. ·lay sb's doubts, ´get rid of them, µ¥ allay, ´the more
usu word. ·lay a ghost/spirit, ´expel or exorcize it; cause it to stop
appearing to people. ¸6 ¶[VP6A,2A] ´(of birds and insects) produce (eggs): ³Are
your hens laying yet? How many eggs does this hen lay each week? New laid eggs,
5p each. ¸7 ¶[VP15A] ´(usu passive) set (a story, etc) in time and place: ³The
scene is laid in Athens, in the third century, ¶BÔC´. ¸8 ¶[VP6A] ´place or
arrange by laying (ready for use, etc): ³lay the table (for breakfast)´, put
out plates, knives, etc; ³lay the cloth´, spread it on the table ready for a
meal; ³lay a fire´, put wood, coal, etc in a fireplace, ready for lighting. ¸9
¶[VP6A,12C,14] ´put down (a sum of money) as a wager or stake (on sth of which
the result is uncertain); offer as a bet: ³They laid a wager on the result of
the race. I'll lay you $5 that he won't come. I'll lay ´(= make) ³you a bet
that«. ¸10 ¶[VP6A,15A] ´cover; coat: ³Lay carpet on the floor/lay the floor
with carpet; lay straw over the yard/lay the yard with straw; lay colours on
canvas. µ¥ ³lay on ´at µ12 ´below. ¸11 ¶[VP6A] ´(sl) have sexual intercourse
with. ¸12 ¶[VP2C,B] ´(uses with ³adverbial particles ´and ³preps´):¼
·lay about one (with sth), ´hit out in all directions: ³When they rushed at
him, Harry laid about him with his big stick.¼
·lay sth aside, ¸(a) ´save; keep for future use: ³lay aside money for one's old
age. ¸(b) ´put down: ³He laid his book aside to listen to me. ¸(c) ´abandon;
give up: ³lay aside bad habits.¼
·lay sth back, ´turn back: ³The horse laid back its ears.¼
·lay sth by, ´= lay sth asideµ(a).¼
·lay sb/oneself down, ´place in a lying or recumbent position: ³Lay the baby
down gently. She laid herself down. ·lay sth down, ¸(a) ´pay or wager: ³How
much are you ready to lay down? ¸(b) ´(begin to) build: ³lay down a new ship.
¸(c) ´convert (land) to pasture: ³lay down land in/to/with/under grass. ¸(d)
´store (wine) in a cellar: ³lay down claret and port. ·lay sth down; lay it
down that«, ´establish: ³You can't lay down hard and fast rules. It was laid
down that all applicants should sit a written examination. These prices have
been laid down by the manufacturers. ·lay down one's arms, ´put one's weapons
down as a sign of surrender. ·lay down the law, ´say with (or as if with)
authority what must be done. ·lay down one's life, ´sacrifice it: ³He laid down
his life for his country. ·lay down office, ´resign a position of authority.¼
·lay sth in, ´provide oneself with a stock of: ³lay in provisions/stores.¼
·lay off, ´(colloq) ¸(a) ´discontinue work or activity; rest: ³The doctor told
me to lay off for a week. ¸(b) ´stop doing sth which irritates or annoys: ³I
hear you've been pestering my sister againÅWell, you can just lay off. ·lay sb
off, ´dismiss temporarily: ³lay off workmen´, eÔg because of a shortage of
materials. Hence, ¸Úlay-off ³n ´period during which men are temporarily
dismissed.¼
·lay sth on, ¸(a) ´supply gas, water, electricity to a building: ³We can't
occupy the new house until gas and water are laid on. ¸(b) ´(colloq) provide:
³Sight-seeing tours were laid on for the distinguished visitors from Poland.
·lay it on (thick/with a trowel), ´use exaggerated praise, flattery, etc: ³To
call him a genius is laying it on a bit too thick!¼
·lay sth out, ¸(a) ´spread out ready for use or so as to be seen easily: ³lay
out one's evening clothes; the magnificent scene that was laid out before the
climbers when they reached the summit. ¸(b) ´prepare for burial: ³lay out a
corpse. ¸(c) ´spend (money): ³lay out one's money carefully. ¸(d) ´make a plan
for; arrange: ³well laid-out streets and avenues; lay out a printed page.
´Hence, ¸Úlay-out ³n ´arrangement, plan, design of a printed page, an
advertisement, a book, a group of buildings. ·lay oneself out (to do sth),
´exert oneself, take pains: ³She laid herself out to make her guests
comfortable.¼
·lay over, ´(US) (GB = ³stop over´) stop at a place during a journey because of
a requirement in a schedule. ¸Úlay®over ³n ´such a stop.¼
·lay sth up, ¸(a) ´save; store: ³lay up provisions. ¸(b) ´ensure by what one
does or fails to do that one will have trouble, etc in future: ³You're only
laying up trouble for yourself. ¸(c) ´put (a ship) out of commission: ³lay a
ship up for repairs. ·lay sb up, ´(usu passive) force sb to stay in bed: ³He's
laid up with a broken leg. The flu has laid him up for a few days.¼
¨lay©2 ²/leI/ ³n ´(chiefly in) ·the lay of the land ³(lie ´is more
usu), ´the nature or formation of an area of land.¼
¨lay©3 ²/leI/ ³n ´(sl) partner in sexual intercourse. µ¥ lay±1µ(11).¼
¨lay©4 ²/leI/ ³n ´(liter) minstrel's song; ballad.¼
¨lay©5 ²/leI/ ³pt ´of µlie±2µ.¼
¨lay©6 ²/leI/ ³adj ´(attrib only) ¸1 ´of, for, done by, persons who are not
priests: ³a lay brother/sister´, one who wears the dress and has taken the vows
of a religious order, but who does manual work and is excused other duties. µ¥
laity. ¸2 ´non-professional; not expert (esp with reference to the law and
medicine): ³lay opinion´, what non-professional people think. ³To the lay mind
the language of a lawyer seems to be full of jargon. ¸Úlay®man ²/-mEn/ ³n (pl
µ-men³) ´lay(µ2´) person: ³Where the law is concerned I am only a layman´, I
have no expert knowledge.¼
¨lay®about© ²/ÚleIEbñ8t/ ³n ´(GB sl) loafer; person who avoids working for a
living.¼
¨lay®by© ²/ÚleIbñI/ ³n ´(GB) area at the side of a road where vehicles may park
without hindering the flow of traffic.¼
¨layer© ²/ÚleIE(r)/ ³n ¶[C] ¸1 ´thickness of material (esp one of several) laid
or lying on or spread over a surface, or forming one horizontal division: ³a @
of clay. ¸Ú@-cake, ´one with horizontal divisions separated by cream, jam, etc.
¸2 ´(gardening) shoot of a plant fastened down to take root while still growing
from the parent plant. ¸3 ´(of hens) ³good/bad @s´, hens that lay eggs in
large/small numbers. ¹ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´fasten down (a shoot of a plant): ³@
carnations.¼
¨lay®ette© ²/leIÚet/ ³n ´garments, blankets, etc for a new-born baby.¼
¨lay fig®ure© ²/*leI ÚfIgE(r)/ ³n ´jointed wooden figure of the human body
(used by artists for arranging drapery, etc); (fig) dummy.¼
¨lay®man© µ¥ lay±6µ.¼
¨lazar© ²/ÚlazE(r)/ ³n ´(archaic) poor and diseased person, esp a
leper.¼
¨laza®retto© ²/*lazEÚretE8/ ³n (pl µ@s ²/-tE8z/³) ´(also ¸laza®ret, laza®rette
²/*lazEÚret/´) ´quarantine station; ship's storeroom.¼
¨Laz®arus© ²/ÚlazErEs/ ³n ´beggar; (in contrasts) very poor man: ³@ and Dives.
µ¥ Luke 16:19.¼
¨laze© ²/leIz/ ³vi,vt ¶[VP2A,C,15B] ·@ (away), ´be lazy; pass (time) in
idleness: ³@ all day; lazing away the afternoon.¼
¨lazy© ²/ÚleIzI/ ³adj µ(-ier, -iest) ´unwilling to work; doing little work;
suitable for, causing, inducing, inactivity: ³a @ fellow; a @ afternoon. µ¥
idle. ¸Ú@-bones ³n ´@ person. ¸lazi®ly ³adv ¸lazi®ness ³n¼
¨lea© ²/li/ ³n ´(poet) stretch of open grass land.¼
¨leach© ²/lit2/ ³vt ¸1 ¶[VP6A] ´cause (a liquid) to percolate through some
material. ¸2 ¶[VP15B] ·@ out/away, ´purge (a soluble matter) away or out by the
action of a percolating fluid: ³the @ing of the soil´, the washing away, eÔg by
heavy rainfall, of elements in it necessary for plant growth.¼
¨lead©1 ²/led/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´soft, heavy, easily melted metal (symbol ¸Pb´) of a
dull bluish-grey colour used for water- and gas-pipes, as a roofing material,
and in numerous alloys. ¸Ú@-ore ³n ¶[U] ´rock containing @. ¸*@ Úpoisoning ³n
´diseased condition caused by taking @ into the system. ¸@ shot, µ¥ shot±1µ(4).
¸Ú@ works ³n sing ´place where @-ore is smelted. ¸2 ¶[U] ´(also ¸Úblack @´)
graphite; stick of graphite as used in a @-pencil. ¸3 ¶[C] ´lump of @ fastened
to a line marked in fathoms for measuring the depth of the sea from ships.
·cast/heave the @, ´take soundings. ·swing the @, ´(sl) evade one's proper
share of work by pretending to be ill, using tricks, etc. ¸4 ³(pl) ´strips of @
used to cover a roof; area of (esp horizontal) @-covered roof; @ frames for
glass, eÔg in a lattice window. ¸@ed ²/ÚledId/ ³adj ´secured with strips of @:
³@ed windows. ¸@ed light, µ¥ light±3µ(9). ¸@en ²/Úledn/ ³adj ¸1 ´made of @: ³a
@en coffin. ¸2 ´having the colour or appearance of @: ³@en clouds. ¸3 ´dull and
heavy like @: ³@en sleep; a @en heart. ¸@®ing ²/ÚledIG/ ³n ¶[U] ´space between
lines of print.¼
¨lead©2 ²/lid/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U,C] ´(³sing ´only) action of guiding or
giving an example; direction given by going in front; sth that helps or hints.
·follow sb's @, ´follow his example. ·give sb a @, ´encourage him by doing sth
first, or by giving a hint towards the solution of a problem. ·take the @,
´take the leading place, give an example. ¸2 the @, ´first place or position:
³have/gain the @ in a race; ´(attrib) ³the @ story, ´(journalism, news
broadcasting) item of news given the greatest prominence. ¸a @, ´distance by
which one leads: ³have a @ of ten feet. ·take over/lose the @, ´move to the
front/fall behind in a race, in business, etc. ¸3 ¶[C] ´cord, leather strap,
for leading a dog: ³Keep your dog on the @ in these busy streets. ¸4 ¶[C]
´principal part in a play; actor or actress who plays such a part: ³the
juvenile @´, eÔg the actor who plays the part of the handsome young hero. ¸5
¶[C] ´artificial watercourse leading to a mill; channel of open water in an
ice-field. ¸6 ¶[C] ´(electr) conductor conveying current from a source to the
place where it is used. ¸7 ¶[C] ´(in card games) act or right of playing first:
³Whose @ is it?¼
¨lead©3 ²/lid/ ³vt,vi (pt,pp µled ²/led/³) ¸1 ¶[VP6A,15A,B] ´guide
or take, esp by going in front: ³Our guide led us through a series of caves.
The secretary led the visitors in/out/back. ·@ the way (to), ´go first; show
the way. ¸Ú@-in ³n ¸(a) ´preliminary remarks, introduction (to). ¸(b) ´wire
joining an aerial to a wireless receiver or television set. ¸2 ¶[VP6A,15A,B]
´conduct (sb) by the hand, by touching him, or by a rope, etc: ³@ a blind man;
@ a horse, ´by holding the halter and walking at its head. ·@ sb astray, ´(fig)
tempt him to do sth wrong. ·@ sb by the nose, ´control him completely; make
him do everything one wishes him to do. ·@ sb on, ´(fig) entice sb to do more
than he intended. ·@ a woman to the altar, ´(joc) marry her. ¸3 ¶[VP6A,2A] ´act
as chief; direct by example or persuasion; direct the movements of: ³@ an
army/an expedition/a mutiny; @ the Conservative Party; @ the fashion; @ the
choir/the singing. Who's going to @? ¸4 ¶[VP6A,2A,C] ´have the first place in;
go first: ³A brass band led the regiment. Which horse is @ing? ´eÔg in a race.
·@ off, ´start. ³Who's going to @ off? He led off by saying that«. ¸5
¶[VP6A,17,14] ·@ (to), ´guide the actions and opinions of; influence; persuade:
³What led you to this conclusion? He is easier led than driven. I am led to
believe ´(= Certain facts, etc cause me to believe) ³that he is disloyal to us.
What led you to think so? ¸6 ¶[VP2C] ´be a path, way or road to; (fig) have as
a result: ³Where does this road @? Your work seems to be @ing nowhere´, getting
no result. ³This led to great confusion. ·@ up to, ´be a preparation for or an
introduction to; direct the conversation towards: ³That's just what I was @ing
up to. Chapter One describes the events that led up to the war. ·All roads @ to
Rome, ´(fig) There are many ways of reaching the same result. ¸7 ¶[VP6A,12C]
´(cause sb to) pass, go through, spend (life, etc): ³@ a miserable existence; @
a double life/a Jekyll and Hyde existence. ·@ sb a (pretty) dance, µ¥
dance±1µ(1). ·@ sb a Údog's life, ´make his life wretched. ¸8 ¶[VP6A,2A] ´(in
card games) put down, as first player (a certain card or kind of card): ³@ the
two of clubs; @ trumps. ¸9 ¶[VP3A] ·@ with, ´(journalism) have as the main
article or news story: ³We'll @ with the dock strike.¼
¨leader© ²/ÚlidE(r)/ ³n ¸1 ´person who leads: ³the @ of an army/an
expedition/the Labour Party; the @ of the choir; the @ of an orchestra ´(usu
the first violinist). ¸2 ´principal counsel in a law court case: ³the @ for the
defence. ¸3 ´(GB) leading article (in a newspaper). µ¥ leading ´below. ¸4
´shoot growing at the end of a stem or principal branch. ¸5 ´tendon or sinew.
¸@®less ³adj ¸Ú@®ship ²/-2Ip/ ³n ¶[U] ´being a @; power of leading; the
qualities of a @.¼
¨lead®ing© ²/ÚlidIG/ ³adj ´chief; most important: ³the @ men of the
day; the @ topics of the hour´, those now being discussed; ³the @ lady´, the
actress with the chief part in a play; ³L@ Aircraftman´, non-commissioned rank
in the RÔAÔF. ¸*@ Úarticle, ´(in a newspaper) one giving editorial opinions on
events, policies, etc. ¸*@ Úcase, ´(legal) one that establishes a precedent.
¸*@ Úlight, ´(colloq) prominent person. ¸*@ Úquestion, ´one that suggests the
answer that is hoped for. ´¹ ³n ´act of leading. ¸Ú@-rein ³n ´for @ a horse.
¸Ú@-strings ³n pl ´straps, etc with which babies were formerly taught to walk:
³in @-strings´, (fig) guided and controlled like a young child.¼
¨leaf© ²/lif/ ³n (pl µleaves ²/livz/³) ¸1 ´one of the parts (usu green and
flat) growing from the side of a stem or branch or direct from the root of a
tree, bush, plant, etc (collectively called ³foliage´): ³sweep up dead leaves
in autumn; ´(colloq) petal (as in ³rose-leaves). µ¥ ´the illus at µflower,
tree. ·in @, ´with the leaves grown: ³The trees will soon be in @. ·come into
@, ´grow leaves: ³The trees come into @ in spring. ¸Ú@-bud ³n ´one from which
leaves, not flowers, develop. ¸Ú@-mould ³n ¶[U] ´soil composed chiefly of
decaying leaves. ¸2 ´single sheet of paper forming two pages of a book. ·take a
@ out of sb's book, ´take him as a model. ·turn over a new @, ´make a new and
better start. ¸3 ´hinged or loose part of an extending table (used to make the
table larger). ¸4 ¶[U] ´very thin sheet of metal, esp of gold or silver: ³gold
@. ´¹ ³vi ·@ through (a book, etc), ´turn over the pages quickly; glance
through. ¸@®less ³adj ´having no leaves. ¸@y ³adj µ(-ier, -iest) ´covered with
leaves; having leaves; made by leaves: ³a @y shade.¼
¨leaf®let© ²/ÚliflIt/ ³n ¸1 ´young leaf. ¸2 ´printed sheet (unbound but
sometimes folded) with announcements, etc esp one for free distribution.¼
¨league©1 ²/lig/ ³n ´(old) measure of distance (about three miles
or 4²Ø´8 kms).¼
¨league©2 ²/lig/ ³n ¶[C] ¸1 ´agreement made between persons, groups or nations
for their common welfare, eÔg to work for peace; the parties that make such an
agreement. ¸the L@ of Nations, ´that formed in 1919 after the First World War,
with headquarters at Geneva, dissolved in 1946. µ¥ United Nations. ·in @ with,
´allied with; having made an agreement with. ¸2 ´group of sports clubs or teams
playing matches among themselves: ³@ football matches. ´¹ ³vt,vi
¶[VP6A,15A,B,2C] ´form into, become, a @: ³countries that are @d together.¼
¨leak© ²/lik/ ³n ¸1 ´hole, crack, etc caused by wear, injury, etc through
which a liquid, gas, etc may wrongly get in or out: ³a @ in the roof, ´allowing
rain to enter; ³a @ in the gas-pipe, ´allowing gas to escape; (fig) ³a @ of
information; an inspired @´, of news that is deliberately disclosed. ·spring a
leak, µ¥ spring±3µ(6). ¸2 ´the liquid, gas, etc that gets out or in. ´¹ ³vi,vt
¸1 ¶[VP2A,C] ´(allow to) pass out or in through a @: ³The rain is @ing in. The
ship was @ing badly. ¸2 ¶[VP2A,6A,14] ·@ (out) (to), ´(of news, secrets, etc)
(cause to) become known by chance or with authority: ³The news has @ed out. Who
@ed the news to the press? ¸Ú@®age ²/-IdZ/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´the process of @ing:
³@age of military secrets. ¸2 ¶[C] ´instance of this; that which @s in or out;
amount that @s in or out. ¸@y ³adj ´having a @: ³a @y kettle.¼
¨leal© ²/lil/ ³adj ´(Scot or liter) loyal.¼
¨lean©1 ²/lin/ ³adj µ(-er, -est) ¸1 ´(of persons and animals) having less than
the usual proportion of fat; (of meat) containing little or no fat. ¸2 ´not
productive; of poor quality: ³a @ harvest; @ years´, years of scarcity. ´¹ ³n
¶[U] ´meat with little or no fat. ¸@®ness ³n¼
¨lean©2 ²/lin/ ³vi,vt (pt,pp µ@t ²/lent/ ´or µleaned ²/lind/³) ¸1
¶[VP2A,C] ´be or put in a sloping position; ³@ backwards; @ out of a window;
trees that @ over in the wind; the L@ing Tower of Pisa. ·@ over backward(s)
(to do sth), ´(colloq) make a great effort (to please sb, get a result, etc).
¸2 ¶[VP2C,3A] ·@ (on/upon), ´rest in a sloping position for support: ³@ on a
table; @ upon one's elbows; @ on sb's arm. ¸3 ¶[VP15A] ´cause to rest against
and be supported by: ³@ a ladder against a wall/one's elbows on a table. ¸4
¶[VP3A] ·@ towards, ´have a tendency: ³Do some oriental philosophies @ towards
fatalism? ¸5 ¶[VP3A] ·@ on/upon, ´depend: ³@ on a friend's advice; @ upon
others for guidance. ¸@®ing ³n ¶[C] ´tendency (of mind ³towards ´sth): ³He has
pacifist @ings/@ings towards pacificism. ¸Ú@-to ³n ´building with the rafters
of its roof resting against the side of another building: (attrib) ³a @-to
greenhouse.¼
¨leap© ²/lip/ ³vi,vt (pt,pp µleapt ²/lept/ ´or µleaped ²/lipt/³) ¸1
¶[VP2A,C,3A] ´jump ³(jump ´is the usu word; ³leap ´is used in liter and rhet
style): ³He @t at the opportunity´, seized it eagerly. ·Look before you @, µ¥
look±1µ(1). ¸2 ¶[VP6A,15A] ´(cause to) jump over: ³@ a wall; @ a horse over a
fence. ´¹ ³n ¶[C] ´jump; sudden upward or forward movement: ³a great @
forward´, (fig) a great advance. ·a @ in the dark, ´an attempt to do sth the
result of which cannot be foreseen. ·by @s and bounds, ´very rapidly. ¸Ú@-frog
³n ¶[U] ´game in which players jump with parted legs over others who stand with
bent backs. µ¹ ³vt µ(-gg-) ´jump over in this way. ¸Ú@-year ³n ´in which
February has 29 days.¼
¨learn© ²/l3n/ ³vt,vi (pt,pp µ@t ²/l3nt/, µ@ed ²/l3nd/³)
¶[VP2A,3A,6A,7A,8,9,10,15A,B] ¸1 ´gain knowledge of or skill in, by study,
practice or being taught: ³@ a foreign language; @ to swim/how to ride a horse.
Has he @t his lessons? Some boys @ slowly. ·@ sth by heart, ´memorize it. ¸2
´be told or informed: ³I'm sorry to @ of his illness/that he's ill. We have not
yet @ed whether he arrived safely. ¸3 ´(vulg or dialect sometimes ³larn
²/lqn/´) teach: ³I'll @ you ´(= punish you and so teach you how unwise it is)
³to come into my orchard and steal apples. ¸@ed ²/Úl3nId/ ³adj ´having or
showing much knowledge, esp of the humanities: ³the @ed professions´, those
needing much knowledge; ³@ed men; @ed books/periodicals/societies; to look @ed.
¸@ed®ly ³adv ¸@er ³n ´person who is @ing; beginner: ³He hasn't passed his
driving test yet; he's only a @er. ¸@®ing ³n ¶[U] ´wide knowledge gained by
careful study: ³a man of great @ing.¼
¨lease© ²/lis/ ³n ¶[C] ´contract by which the owner of land or a
building ³(the lessor) ´agrees to let another ³(the lessee) ´have the use of
it for a certain time for a fixed money payment (called ³rent´); the rights
given under such a contract: ³take a farm on a @ of several years. When does
the @ expire? ·by/on @´: ³We took the land on @. ·give sb/get a new @ of life,
´a better chance of living longer, or of being happier, more active. ´¹ ³vt
¶[VP6A] ´give, take possession of (land, etc), by @. ¸*@-Úlend ³n ¶[U]
´arrangement (1941) by which the President of the US could supply war materials
to countries whose defence he considered important. ¸Ú@®hold ³n, adj ´(land)
(to be) held for a term of years on @. µ¥ ³freehold ´at µfree±1µ(3). ¸Ú@®holder
³n ´person who holds a @; lessee.¼
¨leash© ²/li2/ ³n ¶[C] ´leather strap or thong for holding or controlling an
animal (esp a hound): ³hold in @´, (fig) control. ·strain at the @, ´(fig) show
eagerness to be free, to have an opportunity to do sth.¼
¨least© ²/list/ ³adj, n ´(contrasted with ³mostÔ´; µ¥ less,
little´) ¸1 (the) @, ´smallest in size, amount, extent, etc: ³A has little, B
has less, and C has (the) @. There isn't the @ wind today´, no wind at all.
³That's the @ of my anxieties. ·The @ said the better, ´The best thing is
silence. ·L@ said soonest mended, ´(prov) Talking will only make things worse.
¸2 ´(phrases) ·at @´: ³It will cost at @ five pounds, ´five pounds and perhaps
more. ³He is at @ as tall as you. You should at @ have warned her. You can at @
try. ·(not) in the @´: ³It doesn't matter in the @. I don't understand in the @
what this author is trying to say. "Would you mind holding this box?' "Not in
the @.' ´I do not mind at all. ·to say the @ (of it), ´without saying more;
without exaggeration: ³It wasn't a very good dinner, to say the @ of it. ´¹
³adv ¸(the) @, ´to the smallest extent: ³He works hardest and is being paid @.
This is the @ useful of the four books. ·@ of all³: ³None of you can complain,
Charles @ of all´, Charles has the @ reason for complaining. ³L@ of all would I
want to hurt your feelings´, That is sth I would never do. ¸Ú@®wise ²/-wñIz/,
¸Ú@®ways ²/-weIz/ ³advv ´or at least, or rather.¼
¨leather© ²/ÚleDE(r)/ ³n ¶[U] ´material made by curing animal
skins, used for making shoes, gloves, bags, etc: ³@ upholstery, eÔg for the
seats of a car. ¸Ú@-jacket ³n ´grub of the crane-fly. ¸Ú@®neck ³n ´(US, sl)
marine. ¸@y ³adj ´like @: ³@y meat´, hard, tough. ¸*@®Úette ²/-Úret/ ³n
´imitation @.¼
¨leave©1 ²/liv/ ³vt,vi (pt,pp µleft ²/left/³) ¸1 ¶[VP6A,2A,3A] ´go away from:
³When did you @ London? It's time for us to @/time we left. ·@ for, ´go away
to: ³We're leaving for Rome next week. ¸2 ¶[VP6A,15A,2A] ´go away finally or
permanently; no longer live (in a place); cease to belong to a school, society,
etc; give up working for (an employer, etc): ³When did you @ school? The
secretary has threatened to @. The boy left home and went to sea. He left
medicine for the law´, changed from the medical to the legal profession. ³My
typist has left me´, has resigned. ·be/get nicely left´, (colloq) be tricked,
deceived or deserted. ¸3 ¶[VP15A,B] ´neglect or fail to take, bring or do sth:
³I've left my umbrella in the train. I left my books on the table. He left half
his work until the next day. ·@ sb/sth behind, ´neglect or forget to bring or
take: ³The luggage has been left behind! Don't @ me behind! ¸4
¶[VP15A,B,22,19B,2C,24,25] ´allow or cause to remain in a certain place or
condition: ³L@ your hat and coat in the hall. Always @ things where you can
find them again. Did you @ the doors and windows firmly fastened? Who left that
window open? His illness has left him weak. Don't @ her waiting outside in the
rain. ·@ sb/sth alone, ´not touch, spoil or interfere with: ³L@ the cat alone´,
Don't tease it. ·@ well alone, ´(prov) Don't try to improve what is already
satisfactory. ·@ off, ´stop: ³Has the rain left off yet? We left off at the end
of Chapter Five. ·@ sth off, ¸(a) ´stop: ³It's time to @ off work. Do @ off
biting your nails, Jane! ¸(b) ´no longer wear: ³They left off their woollen
underwear when the weather got warm. ·@ sth/sb out, ´omit; fail to consider: ³@
out a possibility; @ out a letter´, eÔg spell ³embarrass ´with one r instead of
two r's. ³Don't @ me out, please! ´Don't forget meÅI want a share, a place,
etc. ·@ sth over, ´postpone: ³That matter can be left over until the committee
meets next week. ·@ it at that, ´do or say nothing more: ³There's nothing we
can do; we must @ it at that. ·@ sb to himself/to his own devices, ´not try to
control or direct his activities: ³The children were left very much to
themselves during the holidays´, were allowed to do what they liked, without
guidance or help. ·@ sth unsaid, ´not say it: ³Some things are better left
unsaid, ´It is better to remain silent about them. ·@ much/a lot/sth/nothing to
be desired, ´be (un)satisfactory: ³His behaviour @s a lot/nothing to be
desired´, is very unsatisfactory/is quite satisfactory. ·@ go/hold (of sth),
´(more usu ³let go) ´cease holding: ³L@ go of my hair, you brute! ¸5
¶[VP6A,12B,13B,14] ´(cause to) remain; allow to remain: ³Three from seven @s
four ´(7 ­ 3 = 4). ³When I've paid all my debts, there'll be nothing left/I'll
have nothing left. Have you left anything for me/left me anything? ·To be left
until called for, ´used as a direction for a letter, package, etc which is to
be collected. ¸6 ¶[VP6A,14,12B,13B] ´hand over before going away: ³Did the
postman @ anything for me? ·@ word (with sb) (for sb), ´give a message etc:
³Please @ word (for me) with your secretary if you get news of what happened.
¸7 ¶[VP16A,14] ´entrust; commit; hand over: ³I'll @ the matter in your hands/@
it to you/@ you to attend to the matter. He left his assistant in charge of the
shop/left the shop in his assistant's charge. ¸8 ¶[VP6A,12B,13B,15A,22] ·@ sth
(to sb); @ sb sth, ´bequeath by will; have at the time of one's death: ³She
left all her money to charity. He left me $500. He died leaving nothing but
debts. He @s a widow and two sons. He left her poor. ¸9 ¶[VP15A] ´pass beyond
(a place, etc) so that it is in the direction or relation indicated: ³L@ the
church on your left and go on up the hill.¼
¨leave©2 ²/liv/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´permission; consent; authority, esp to
be absent from duty or work: ³You have my @ to stay away from the office
tomorrow. ·@ of absence, ´permission to be absent: ³The soldier asked for @ of
absence. ·on @, ´absent with permission: ³He went home on @. ·by/with your @,
´with your permission. ·(take) French @, ´absence without permission. ¸2 ¶[C]
´period of such absence; occasion of being absent from duty, etc: ³have only
two @s in six years; a six months' @. ¸3 ¶[U] ´departure. ·take (one's) @ (of
sb), ´say goodbye. Hence, ¸Ú@-taking ³n´. ·take @ of one's senses, ´behave as if
mad.¼
¨leaven© ²/Úlevn/ ³n ¶[U] ´substance, eÔg yeast, used to make dough rise before
it is baked to make bread; (fig) quality or influence spreading in and changing
sth. ´¹ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´add @ to: act like @ upon.¼
¨leaves© ²/livz/ ³pl ´of µleaf.¼
¨leav®ings© ²/ÚlivIGz/ ³n pl ´what is left, esp sth unwanted or of little
value: ³Give the @, ´eÔg unwanted food, ³to the dog.¼
¨lech®er®ous© ²/Úlet2ErEs/ ³adj ´lustful; having, giving way to,
strong sexual desires. ¸lecher ²/Úlet2E(r)/ ³n ´@ person. ¸lech®ery ²/Úlet2ErI/
³n ¶[U] ´lust; ¶[C] ³(pl µ-ries³) ´lustful or lascivious act.¼
¨lec®tern© ²/ÚlektEn/ ³n ´sloping reading-desk as for a Bible in church.¼
¨lec®ture© ²/Úlekt2E(r)/ ³n ¶[C] ¸1 ´talk (to an audience or class) for the
purpose of teaching: ³give/read a @; a course of @s on Greek philosophy; go on
a @ tour. ¸2 ´reproof: ³give sb a @´, scold or reprove him. ´¹ ³vi,vt ¸1
¶[VP2A,3A] ·@ (on), ´give a @ or course of @s: ³@ on modern drama. ¸2
¶[VP6A,14] ·@ sb (for), ´scold, reprove: ³The teacher @d the boys for being
lazy. ¸@r ²/Úlekt2ErE(r)/ ³n ´person, lower in rank than a professor, who gives
@s, esp at a college or university. ¸@®ship ²/-2Ip/ ³n ´post as a @r at a
university, etc.¼
¨led© ²/led/ ³pt,pp ´of µlead±3µ.¼
¨ledge© ²/ledZ/ ³n ¸1 ´narrow horizontal shelf coming out from a wall, cliff or
other upright surface: ³a ·Ú³window @; a @ for chalk at the bottom of a
blackboard. ¸2 ´ridge of rocks under water, esp near the shore.¼
¨ledger© ²/ÚledZE(r)/ ³n ¸1 ´book in which a business firm's accounts are kept.
¸2 ´(music) ·Ú³@ ´(or ·Ú³leger) line´, short line added above or below the
stave for outside notes. µ¥ ´the illus at µnotation.¼
¨lee© ²/li/ ³n ¶[U] ´(place giving) protection against wind. ¸lee (side), ´the
side away from the wind (contrasted with the ³windward ´or ³weather ´side):
³the lee side of a ship; a ·Ú³lee shore´, on the lee side of one's ship; ³a
·Ú³lee tide´, one flowing in the same direction as the wind.¼
¨leech© ²/lit2/ ³n ¸1 ´small blood-sucking worm living in wet places of which
one kind was formerly used by doctors for bleeding patients: ³stick like a @´,
(fig) be very persistent, be difficult to get rid of. ¸2 ´(fig) person who
sucks profit out of others. ¸3 ´(old use) doctor.¼
¨leek© ²/lik/ ³n ´onion-like vegetable with a long, slender white bulb. µ¥
´the illus at µvegetable.¼
¨leer© ²/lIE(r)/ ³n ¶[C] ´sly, unpleasant look that suggests evil desire or ill
will. ´¹ ³vi ¶[VP2A,3A] ·@ (at sb), ´look with a @: ³@ing at his neighbour's
pretty young wife.¼
¨lees© ²/liz/ ³n pl ´dregs; sediment (of wine, etc); basest part; refuse (as at
the bottom of a cask, etc). ·drink/drain to the @, ´(fig) experience the last
extremes of suffering, passion, etc.¼
¨lee®ward© ²/ÚliwEd ³among sailors: ²ÚluEd/ ³adj, adv ´on or to the
sheltered side (contrasted with ³windward´). ´¹ ³n ¶[U] ´lee side; sheltered
side: ³on the @; steer to @.¼
¨lee®way© ²/ÚliweI/ ³n ¶[U] ´sideways drift (of a ship) in the direction
towards which the wind is blowing; (fig) freedom to vary (while still being
tolerated or safe). ·make up @, ´make up for lost time; get back into
position.¼
¨left©1 ³pt,pp ´of µleave.¼
¨left©2 ²/left/ ³adj, n, adv ´(opposite of ³right´) (of, in, on,
the) side of a person's body which is towards the west when he faces north:
³Not many people write with the @ hand. The @ bank of a river is on your @ as
you face the direction in which it flows. Come and sit on my @, ´iÔe at my @
side. ³Turn (to the) @ at the pub. ¸the L@ (Wing), ´more radical group(s),
party or parties, eÔg socialists, communists: (attrib) ³@-wing militants.
¸Ú@-hand ³adj ´of, situated on, the @ side: ³a house on the @-hand side of the
street; a @-hand blow/stroke. ¸*@-Úhanded ³adj ´(of a person) using the @ hand
more easily or with more skill than the right. ·a @-handed compliment, ´one
that is ambiguous, of doubtful sincerity. ¸Ú@®ist ²/-Ist/ ³n ´supporter of
socialism or radicalism.¼
¨leg© ²/leg/ ³n ¸1 ´one of the parts of an animal's or a person's
body used for walking, esp (of a human body) the part above the foot: ³have a
leg of mutton for dinner. He lost his right leg in the war. ·be all legs, ´(of
a person) be overgrown, lanky and thin. ·be off one's legs, ´resting: ³Poor
woman! She's never off her legs´, is always working. ·be on one's legs (´or
joc, ·on one's hind legs), ¸(a) ´be standing, esp to make a speech. ¸(b)
´(after an illness) be well enough to walk about again. ·be on one's last
legs, ¸(a) ´fatigued, exhausted. ¸(b) ´near one's death or end. ·feel/find
one's legs, ³(feet ´is more usu) ¸(a) ´(of a baby) get the power of standing or
walking. ¸(b) ´(fig) begin to realize one's powers, abilities, etc; become
self-confident. ·find one's Úsea-legs, µ¥ sea(7). ·give sb a leg up, ´(lit)
help him to mount a horse or to climb up sth; (fig) help him in time of need.
·pull sb's leg, ´try, for a joke, to make him believe sth that is untrue.
Hence, ¸Úleg-pull ¶[C] ´and ¸Úleg-pulling ¶[U] ³nn. ·run sb off his legs, ´tire
him by keeping him constantly busy. ·shake a leg, ´(colloq) dance; (imper)
start. ·show a leg, ´(colloq) get out of bed; (imper) do sth with more effort.
·not have a *leg to Ústand on, ´have nothing to support one's opinion, defence,
etc. ·stretch one's legs, ´go for a walk (esp to take exercise after sitting
for a long time). ·take to one's legs, ³(heels ´is more usu) run away. ·walk
one's Úlegs off; walk sb off his legs, ´tire oneself/him out with walking. ¸2
´that part of a garment that closely covers a leg: ³the leg of a stocking; the
legs of a pair of trousers. ¸3 ´support of a chair, table, etc: ³a stool with
three legs; the legs of a bed. ·be on its last legs, ´weak and likely to
collapse. ¸4 ¶[U] ´(cricket) part of the field to the left rear of a
right-handed batsman in position (or vice versa): ³leg-stump´, stump nearest to
this; ³hit a ball to leg. µ¥ ´the illus µcricket. ¸5 ´one section of a journey,
esp by air: ³the first leg of a round-the-world flight; ´one of a
series of games in a competition. ¸-legged ²/legd/ ³adj ´(in compounds)
·*³long-·Ú³legged´, having long legs; ·*³three-·Ú³legged´, having three legs,
eÔg a stool; ³a three-legged ²/ÚlegId/ ³race´, for pairs with two legs tied
together; ·*³bare-·Ú³legged´, having bare legs. ¸leg®less ³adj ´having no
legs.¼
¨leg®acy© ²/ÚlegEsI/ ³n (pl µ-cies³) ¶[C] ¸1 ´money, etc (to be)
received by a person under the will of and at the death of another person. ¸2
´(fig) sth handed down from ancestors or predecessors: ³a @ of ill will.¼
¨legal© ²/Úligl/ ³adj ´connected with, in accordance with, authorized or
required by, the law: ³@ affairs; my @ adviser/representative´, eÔg a
solicitor; ³take @ action (against sb)´; ³the @ fare; @ tender´, form of money
which must be accepted if offered in payment; ³a @ offence´, one against the
law, contrasted with an offence against convention; ³free @ aid´, help (from
lawyers paid by the State) given to persons unable to pay the usual charges.
¸@ly ²/ÚligElI/ ³adv ¸Ú@®ism ²/-IzEm/ ³n ¶[U] ´strict adherence to, undue
respect for, the law and @ forms.¼
¨legal®ity© ²/liÚgalEtI/ ³n ¶[U] ´the state or quality of being legal: ³the @
of an act.¼
¨legal®ize© ²/ÚligElñIz/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´make legal: ³@ the sale of alcoholic
drinks. ¸legal®iz®ation ²/*ligElñIÚzeI2n ³US: ²-lIÚz-/ ³n ¶[U].¼
¨leg®ate© ²/legIt/ ³n ´Pope's ambassador to a country.¼
¨lega®tee© ²/*legEÚti/ ³n ¶[C] ´(legal) person who receives a legacy.¼
¨leg®ation© ²/lIÚgeI2n/ ³n ¶[C] ´(house, offices, etc, of a) diplomatic
minister below the rank of ambassador, with those under him, representing his
government in a foreign country.¼
¨le®gato© ²/lIÚgqtE8/ ³adj, adv ´(musical direction) (to be played)
smoothly, without breaks.¼
¨leg®end© ²/ÚledZEnd/ ³n ¸1 ¶[C] ´old story handed down from the past, esp one
of doubtful truth: ³the @s of King Arthur. ¸2 ¶[U] ´literature of such stories:
³heroes who are famous in @. ¸3 ¶[C] ´inscription on a coin or medal;
explanatory words on a map, a picture, etc. ¸@®ary ²/ÚledZEndrI ³US: ²-derI/
³adj ´famous, known only, in @s: ³@ary heroes.¼
¨leger®de®main© ²/*ledZEdEÚmeIn/ ³n ¶[U] ´juggling; quick and clever
performance of tricks with the hands; (fig) deceitful argument.¼
¨leger line© ²/ÚledZE(r) lqIn/ ³n µ¥ ledger(2).¼
¨leg®ging© ²/ÚlegIG/ ³n ´(usu ³pl´) outer covering, of leather or strong cloth,
for the leg up to the knee, or (for small children) for the whole of the leg:
³a pair of @s.¼
¨leggy© ²/ÚlegI/ ³adj ´having long legs (esp of young children, puppies and
colts).¼
¨leg®horn© ²/leÚgcn ³US: ²ÚlegEn/ ³n ¸1 ´kind of domestic fowl. ¸2 ´hat made of
the kind of straw imported from Leghorn (also called Livorno), a town in NÔW
Italy.¼
¨leg®ible© ²/ÚledZEbl/ ³adj ´(of handwriting, print) that can be read easily.
¸leg®ibly ²/-EblI/ ³adv ¸legi®bil®ity ²/*ledZEÚbIlEtI/ ³n¼
¨legion© ²/ÚlidZEn/ ³n ¸1 ´division of several thousand men in the armies of
ancient Rome; (fig) great number: ³Their numbers are @. ¸2 British L@,
´national association of ex-service men formed in 1921. ¸(French) Foreign L@,
´body of non-French volunteers who serve in the French army, usu overseas. ¸L@
of Honour, ´high French decoration (civilian and military). ¸3 ´(in liter or
rhet style) vast host or number. ¸legion®ary ²/ÚlIdZEnErI ³US: ²-nerI/ ³n (pl
µ-ries³) adj ´(member) of a @, esp the (French) Foreign L@.¼
¨legis®late© ²/ÚledZIsleIt/ ³vi ¶[VP2A,3A] ´make laws: ³@ against gambling.
¸legis®la®tion ²/*ledZIsÚleI2n/ ³n ¶[U] ´making laws; the laws made.¼
¨legis®lat®ive© ²/ÚledZIslEtIv ³US: ²-leItIv/ ³adj ´(of)
law-making: ³@ assemblies; @ reforms.¼
¨legis®la®tor© ²/ÚledZIsleItE(r)/ ³n ´member of a law-making body.¼
¨legis®la®ture© ²/ÚledZIsleIt2E(r)/ ³n ´law-making body, eÔg Parliament in GB.¼
¨le®git®imate© ²/lIÚdZItImEt/ ³adj ¸1 ´lawful, regular: ³the @ king; use public
money only for @ purposes. ¸2 ´reasonable; that can be justified: ³a @ reason
for being absent from one's work. ¸3 ´born of persons married to one another;
the result of lawful marriage: ³a @ child; of @ birth. ¸4 ·the @ theatre,
´drama, not revue or musical comedy etc. ¸@®ly ³adv ¸le®git®imacy
²/lIÚdZItImEsI/ ³n ¶[U] ´being @. ¸le®git®ima®tize ²/lIÚdZItImEtñIz/ ³vt ´make
@.¼
¨leg®umin®ous© ²/lIÚgjumInEs/ ³adj ´of, like, the botanical family that
includes peas and beans (and other seeds in pods).¼
¨lei© ²/ÚleIi/ ³n ´garland of flowers worn round the neck (as in Polynesian
islands).¼
¨lei®sure© ²/ÚleZE(r) ³US: ²ÚliZEr/ ³n ¶[U] ¸1 ´spare time; time free from
work: ³have no @ for sport. ·at @, ´(when) not occupied: ³I am seldom at @. ·at
one's @, ´when one has free time: ³Please look through these papers at your @.
¸2 ´(attrib) ³@ time/hours/clothes. ¸@®ly ³adv ´without haste or hurry: ³work
@ly. µ¹ ³adj ´unhurried; deliberate: ³@ly movements. ¸@d ²/ÚleZEd ³US:
²ÚliZErd/ ³adj ´having plenty of @: ³the @d classes.¼
¨lem®ming© ²/ÚlemIG/ ³n ´small arctic migratory rodent like a field-mouse.¼
¨lemon© ²/ÚlemEn/ ³n ¸1 ´(tree with) pale yellow fruit with acid juice used
for drinks and flavouring. µ¥ ´the illus at µfruit. ¸Ú@ drop ³n ´piece of
boiled sugar flavoured with @. ¸*@ Úsquash ³n ´drink of @-juice and water or
soda-water. ¸Ú@ squeezer ³n ´device for pressing juice out of a @. ¸*@ Úsole ³n
´kind of edible flatfish, like a plaice. ¸2 ´(GB sl) silly and plain-looking
person. ¸@®ade ²/*lemEÚneId/ ³n ¶[U] ´drink made from @-juice,
sugar and water.¼
¨lemur© ²/ÚlimE(r)/ ³n ´nocturnal animal of Madagascar, similar to
a monkey but with a foxlike face.¼
¨lend© ²/lend/ ³vt (pt,pp µlent ²/lent/³) ¸1 ¶[VP6A,12A,13A,14] ·@ sth to sb;
@ sb sth, ´give (sb) the use of (sth) for a period of time on the understanding
that it or its equivalent will be returned: ³I will @ you $100, but I can't @
money to everyone. ·@ a hand (with sth), ´help. ¸Ú@ing-library, ´one from which
books may be borrowed. ¸2 ¶[VP14] ·@ sth to sth, ´contribute: ³facts that @
probability to a theory. ¸3 ¶[VP14] ·@ oneself to sth, ´give; accomodate:
³Don't @ yourself to such dishonest schemes. This peaceful garden @s itself to
´(= is favourable for) ³meditation. ¸@er ³n ´person who @s.¼
¨length© ²/leGT/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´measurement from end to end (in space or time):
³the @ of a road/field/stick; a river 300 miles in @; a room 8 metres in @ and
6 in breadth; a river navigable for most of its @; make a stay in Rome for some
@´, for a considerable period of time; ³the @ of time needed for the work. ·at
@, ¸(a) ´at last; finally. ¸(b) ´for a long time: ³speak at (great) @. ¸(c) ´in
detail; thoroughly: ³treat a subject at @. ·(at) full @, ´with the body
stretched out and flat: ³lying at full @ on the grass. ·keep sb at arm's @,
´avoid being friendly with him. ¸2 ¶[C] ´measurement of a particular thing from
end to end: ³The car can turn in its own @. The horse/boat won by a @´, by its
own @, this being used as a unit of measurement. ¸3 ¶[U,C] ´extent; extreme.
·go to any @(s), ´do anything necessary to get what one wants. ¸4 ¶[C] ´piece
of cloth, etc, long enough for a purpose: ³a ·Ú³dress @; a @ of tubing/pipe.
¸@en ²/ÚleGTEn/ ³vt,vi ¶[VP6A,2A] ´make or become longer: ³@en a skirt. The
days @en in March. ¸Ú@®wise ²/-wñIz/, ¸Ú@®ways ²/-weIz/ ³adv, adj ´in the
direction from end to end. ¸@y ³adj ´(of speech, writing) very long; too long.¼
¨leni®ent© ²/ÚlinIEnt/ ³adj ´not severe (esp in punishing people):
³@ parents/judges. ¸leni®ence ²/-Ens/, ¸leni®ency ²/-EnsI/ ³nn ¶[U] ´being @.
¸@®ly ³adv¼
¨len®ity© ²/ÚlenEtI/ ³n ¶[U] ´(formal) mercifulness; mercy shown.¼
¨lens© ²/lenz/ ³n (pl µlenses³) ¸1 ´piece of glass or glasslike substance with
one or both sides curved, for use in spectacles, cameras, telescopes and other
optical instruments. µ¥ ´the illus at µcamera, concave. ¸2 ´(anat) transparent
part of the eye, behind the pupil, through which light is refracted. µ¥ ´the
illus at µeye.¼
¨lent© ²/lent/ ³pt,pp ´of µlend.¼
¨Lent© ²/lent/ ³n ´(in Christian Churches) period of forty days before Easter,
the weekdays of this period being observed by devout persons as a period of
fasting and penitence. ¸@ lily, ´daffodil. ¸@en ²/ÚlentEn/ ³adj ´of @: ³@en
services ´(in church); sparse: ³@en fare.¼
¨len®til© ²/Úlentl/ ³n ¶[C] ´kind of bean plant; edible seed of this: ³@ soup.¼
¨lento© ²/ÚlentE8/ ³adj, adv ´(musical direction) slow(ly).¼
¨Leo© ²/ÚliE8/ ³n ´the fifth sign of the zodiac. µ¥ ´the illus at µzodiac.¼
¨leo®nine© ²/ÚlIEnñIn/ ³adj ´of or like a lion.¼
¨leop®ard© ²/ÚlepEd/ ³n ´large African and South Asian flesh-eating animal with
a yellowish coat and dark spots. µ¥ ´the illus at µcat. ¸@®ess ²/*lepEÚdes/ ³n
´female @.¼
¨leper© ²/ÚlepE(r)/ ³n ´person suffering from leprosy.¼
¨lep®re®chaun© ²/ÚleprEkcn/ ³n ´(in Irish folklore) fairy or sprite.¼
¨lep®rosy© ²/ÚleprEsI/ ³n ¶[U] ´skin disease that forms silvery scales on the
skin, causes local insensibility to pain, etc and the loss of fingers and
toes. ¸lep®rous ²/ÚleprEs/ ³adj ´of, having, @.¼
¨les®bian© ²/ÚlezbIEn/ ³n ´homosexual woman. ¸@®ism ²/-IzEm/ ³n¼
¨lese maj®esty© ²/*leIz ÚmadZIstI ³US: ²*liz-/ ³n ¶[U] ´treason; (joc)
presumptuous conduct on the part of inferiors.¼
¨lesion© ²/ÚliZn/ ³n ¶[C] ´harmful change in the tissues of a bodily organ,
caused by injury or disease.¼
¨less© ²/les/ ³adj ´(@ is contrasted with ³more. ´It is an
independent comparative, with no real corresponding positive. µ¥ little,
least.´) ¸1 ´(used with a ³n ´that stands for what is measured by amount or
quality or degree; ³fewer ´is used before a ³pl n´) not so much; a smaller
quantity of: ³@ butter. ´Cf ³fewer eggs; @ food. ´Cf ³fewer meals; @ manpower.
´Cf ³fewer workers; @ shipping. ´Cf ³fewer ships; pay @ money for the house.
´Cf ³pay a lower rent; have @ difficulty with one's work. ´Cf ³meet with fewer
difficulties; @ size means @ weight; of @ value/importance. ¸2 ´(followed by
³than´): ³I have @ money than you. ´¹ ³adv ¸1 ´(modifying ³vv´) to a smaller
extent; not so much: ³Eat @, drink @, and sleep more. ¸2 ´(with ³adjj,
participles ´and ³advv´) not so: ³Tom is @ clever than his brother. Please
behave @ foolishly. ´Note that ³less« than ´may be replaced by ³not so« as´,
eÔg ³He was @ hurt than frightened. ´Cf ³He was not so hurt as frightened. Try
to be @ impatient. ´Cf ³Try not to be so impatient. ¸3 ·the @: ³I was the @
surprised as I had been warned´, My surprise was @ because«. ³The @ you worry
about it the better it will be. µ¥ the±2µ. ·any the @, ´in a lower degree: ³I
don't think any the @ of him ´(= My opinion of him is not lower) ³because of
this one failure. ·even/still @, ´and certainly not: ³I don't suspect him of
robbery, still @ of robbery with violence. ·no less («) than«, ´not a
smaller amount (of sth) than«: ³He won no @ than $50 in the lottery/He won
$50, no @, in the lottery ´(expressing suprise at the amount). ³Our
soldiers fought with no @ daring than skill, ´Their daring equalled their
skill. ·none the @, ´but for all that; all the same: ³Though he cannot leave
the house, he is none the @ ´(= he is, in spite of that) ³busy and active. ´¹
³n ¶[U] ´smaller amount, quantity, time, etc: ³in @ than an hour. I won't sell
it for @ than $50. I want @ of this and more of that. ´Cf ³fewer of these and
more of those. I expect to see @ of her ´(= to see her @ often) ³in future. ´¹
³prep ´minus; with the deduction of: ³$30 a week @ $2 for National Insurance
contribution.¼
¨les®see© ²/leÚsi/ ³n ´person who holds land, a building, etc on a
lease.¼
¨les®sen© ²/Úlesn/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A,2A] ´make or become less: ³to @ the
impact/effect of sth. ¸2 ¶[VP6A] ´cause (sth) to appear smaller, less
important; belittle: ³@ a person's importance.¼
¨les®ser© ²/ÚlesE(r)/ ³adj ´(attrib only) not so great as the other: ³choose
the @ evil. ·in/to a @ degree, ´not so much as the other.¼
¨les®son© ²/Úlesn/ ³n ¸1 ´sth to be learnt or taught; period of time given to
learning or teaching: ·Ú³English @s; a @ in music. ¸2 ³(pl) ´children's
education in general: ³Tom is very fond of his @s. ¸3 ´sth experienced, esp sth
serving as an example or a warning: ³Let his fate be a @ to all of you! ¸4
´passage from the Bible read aloud during a church service.¼
¨les®sor© ²/Úlesc(r)/ ³n ´(legal) person who grants a lease.¼
¨lest© ²/lest/ ³conj ¸1 ´for fear that; in order that« not: ³He ran away @ he
should be seen. ¸2 ´(after ³fear, be afraid/anxious etc´) that: ³We were afraid
@ he should get here too late.¼
¨let©1 ²/let/ ³vt,vi (pt,pp µlet³) µ(-tt-) ´(For uses with
³adverbial particles ´and ³preps µ¥ 8 ´below.) ¸1 ¶[VP18B] ´(followed by a
³noun/pronoun ´and an ³infinitive ´without ³to; ´rarely used in the passive in
this sense) allow to: ³Her father will not let her go to the dance. She wants
to go to the party but her father won't let her ´(iÔe let her ³go. ´The
omission of the ³infinitive ´is frequent when it may be inferred from the
context). ³Please let me know ´(iÔe inform me) ³what happens. Don't let the
fire go out. ¸2 ¶[VP18B] ´(used with first and third person ³pronouns ´to
supply an indirect imperative): ³Let's start at once, shall we? Don't let's
start yet! Let me seeÅwhere did I leave my hat? Let us both have a try! Let
her do it at once. Let there be no mistake about it, ´Don't make any mistake,
don't misunderstand me, etc. ·Live and let live, µ¥ live±2µ(2). ¸3 ¶[VP18B]
³(let, ´in the imperative, may also indicate an assumption. It may also
indicate permission, with a suggestion of defiance): ³Let AÔB be equal to CÔD.
Let AÔBÔC be an angle of ninety degrees. Let them do their worst! ´I defy them
to do their worst! ³Let them all come! ¸4 ¶[VP18B] ´(The pattern ³let + noun +
infinitive´, as in ³let the waitress go´, is sometimes replaced by the pattern
³let + infinitive + noun´, as in ³let drop a hint. ´In some cases, eÔg in ³let
fly´, the object of ³let ´is omitted). Note the following: ·let sb/sth be,
´allow to be quiet or unworried: ³Let me be, ´Don't worry me. ³Let the poor
dog be, ´Don't tease it. ·let drive (at sb/sth), ´aim a blow (at); throw sth
(at): ³He let drive with his left fist. He let drive at me with a stone. ·let
sb/sth drop, ´allow to drop; (fig) utter (on purpose or by chance). ·let sth
fall, ´allow to fall; (fig) allow to be heard: ³He let fall a hint of his
intentions. ·let fly (at sb/sth), ´discharge; send out violently; shoot; strike
out (at): ³He aimed carefully and then let fly ´(iÔe fired) ³at the ducks. The
angry man let fly a volley of oaths. ·let sb/sth go; let go of sb/sth, ´release
one's hold of him/it: ³Don't let the rope go/let go of the rope. Let me go!
´Take your hands off me; ´don't hold or keep me. ·let oneself go, ´give way to,
no longer hold back, one's feelings, desires, impulses, etc: ³He let himself go
on the subject. ·let it go at that, ´say no more about it; dismiss the subject:
³I don't agree with all you say but we'll let it go at that. ·let sth pass,
´overlook; disregard: ³It's not a serious error; we can let it pass, I think.
·let sth slip, ¸(a) ´miss (an opportunity, etc). ¸(b) ´= let sth drop/fall,
(see above). ¸5 ¶[VP22] ´(combined with ³adjj) ·let sb/sth alone, ´allow (sb)
to do sth unaided; not interfere with: ³Let it alone! ·Let well alone, ´(prov)
Don't try to improve sth that is already satisfactory. ·let alone, ´(colloq) to
say nothing of; not to mention: ³There were seven people in the car, let alone
a pile of luggage and three dogs. ·let sb/sth loose (on sb/sth), ´allow to be
free (somewhere); (fig) release (one's anger, etc, on sb): ³Don't let that dog
loose. ¸6 ¶[VP6A,14,22,24A] ·@ sth (to), ´give the use of (buildings, land) in
return for regular money payments: ³This house is to be let. The house would
let ´(= could be let) ³easily. She has let her house furnished. ·to let,
´offered for renting. ·let out, ´put out to hire: ³He used to let out horses by
the day. ¸7 ¶[VP6A] ´(surgery) ·@ blood, ´cause it to flow. Hence,
¸Úblood-letting ³n ¶[U]. ¸8 ¶[VP15A,B,2C,14] ´(uses with ³adverbial particles
´and ³preps´):¼
·let sth down, ´lower; put or take down: ³Please let the window down. This
skirt needs letting down, ´lengthening by lowering the hem-line. ³She let down
her hair. That chair has a broken leg, it might let you down, ´might not
support you. ·let sb down, ´(fig) disappoint; fail to help: ³Harry will never
let you down, ´You can rely upon him to help you always. ³I've been badly let
down, ´placed in a difficult or awkward situation through the failure of others
to support me. Hence, ¸Úlet-down ³n ´feeling of having been let down;
disappointment. ·let the side down, µ¥ side±1µ(10).¼
·let sb/sth in/into sth, ´allow to enter: ³Windows let in light and air. These
shoes let in water. He let himself in/into the flat with a latch-key, ´opened
the door using the key. ³Who let you into the building? ·let sth in, ´make (a
garment, etc) narrower: ³This skirt needs letting in at the waist. ·let sb in
for sth, ´involve in loss, difficulty, hard work, etc: ³He didn't know what a
lot of unpaid work he was letting himself in for when he agreed to become
secretary of the society.¼
·let sb into sth, ´allow to share (a secret): ³She has been let into ´(= told)
³the secret. ·let sth into sth, ´put into the surface of: ³We must let another
window into this wall.¼
·let sb off, ´excuse; not compel; not punish; not punish severely: ³He was let
off with a fine instead of being sent to prison. You have let him off lightly,
´eÔg by excusing him from too much work, by punishing him lightly, etc. ·let
sth off, ´fire off: ³The boys were letting off fireworks.¼
·let on (that«), ´(colloq) reveal a secret: ³He knew where the boy was hiding
but he didn't let on, ´didn't tell anyone.¼
·let sb/sth out, ´allow to go (flow, etc) out: ³He let the air out of the
tyres. Let the water out of the bath-tub. ·let sth out, ´make (a garment, etc)
looser, larger, etc: ³He's getting so fat that his trousers need to be let out
round the waist. µ¥ ´also µ6 ´above. ·let out at sb, ´aim a violent blow, kick,
etc, at him; (fig) use violent language to him: ³Be careful! That mule has a
habit of letting out at people.¼
·let sb/sth through sth, ´allow to pass (an examination, etc): ³He got only
40%, so the examiners couldn't possibly let him through.¼
·let up, ´become less strong, etc: ³Will the rain never let up? ¸Úlet-up ³n
´(colloq) cessation; diminution: ³There has been no let-up in the rain yet.
I've been working ten hours without a let-up. ·let up on sb, ´(colloq) treat
more leniently.¼
¨let©2 ²/let/ ³n ´(from µlet±1µ(6)³) ´letting; lease: ³I can't get
a let for my house´, can find no one willing to rent it from me. ¸let®ting ³n
¶[C] ´property that is let: ³a furnished letting´, a furnished house or flat
that is let.¼
¨let©3 ²/let/ ³vt ´(archaic) hinder; obstruct. ¹ ³n ¸1 ´hindrance, esp in the
legal phrase: ³without let or hindrance. ¸2 ´(tennis) ball which when served,
strikes the net before dropping into the opponent's court.¼
¨lethal© ²/ÚliTl/ ³adj ´causing, designed to cause, death: ³a @ dose of
poison; @ weapons; a @ chamber´, eÔg in which sick animals may be put to death
painlessly.¼
¨leth®argy© ²/ÚleTEdZI/ ³n ¶[U] ´(state of) being tired, uninterested; want of
energy. ¸leth®ar®gic ²/lIÚTqdZIk/ ³adj ´sleepy; lacking in energy; caused by,
likely to cause, @. ¸leth®ar®gi®cally ²/-klI/ ³adv¼
¨Lethe© ²/ÚliTI/ ³n ´(Gk myth) (river in Hades ²/ÚheIdiz/´, the Greek
underworld, producing) forgetfulness of the past.¼
¨let's© ²/lets/ ³c ´= let us. µ¥ let±1µ(2).¼
¨let®ter© ²/ÚletE(r)/ ³n ¸1 ´character or sign representing a sound, of which
words in writing are formed: ³the 26 @s of the English alphabet; capital @s
´(A, B, C, etc) ³and small @s ´(a, b, c, etc). ´Cf phonetic ³symbol. ¸2
´written message, request, account of events, etc sent by one person to
another: ³I have some @s to write. Inform me by @ of your plans. ·*@ of
Úcredit, µ¥ credit±1µ(1). ¸Ú@-box ³n ´(US = ³mail box´) ¸(a) ´box (in the
street, at a post office) in which @s are posted; pillar-box. ¸(b) ´box (in a
building) for receiving @s from the post. ¸Ú@-card ³n ´folded card with a
gummed edge for use instead of notepaper and an envelope. ¸Ú@-case ³n
´pocket-book for holding @s. ¸Ú@®head ³n ´(sheet of paper with a) printed name
and address, eÔg of a business firm. ¸Ú@®press ³n ¶[U] ´contents of an
illustrated book other than the pictures; printing from type. ¸3 ´(phrases)
·keep (to) the @ of the law/an agreement, ´carry out the stated conditions
without regard to its spirit or true purpose. ·to the @, ´paying strict
attention to every detail: ³carry out an order to the @. ¸4 ³(pl) ´literature
and learning: ³the profession of @s; a man of @s. ¸@ed ²/ÚletEd/ ³adj ´having a
good knowledge of books: ³a @ed young man. ¸@®ing ²/ÚletErIG/ ³n ¶[U] ´@s,
words, esp with reference to their style and size: ³the @ing on a book cover;
poor @ing on a gravestone.¼
¨let®tuce© ²/ÚletIs/ ³n ¶[C] ´garden plant with crisp green leaves
used in salads; ¶[U] ´these leaves as food. µ¥ ´the illus at µvegetable.¼
¨leu®co®cyte© ´(US = ¸leu®ko®cyte´) ²/ÚlukEsñIt/ ³n ¶[C] ´white blood-cell.¼
¨leu®kae®mia© ´(US = ¸leu®ke®mia´) ²/luÚkimIE/ ³n ¶[U] ´disease in which there
is an excess of leucocytes, with changes in the lymph glands.¼
¨lev®ant© ²/lIÚvant/ ³vi ´abscond; leave (esp without paying gambling losses).¼
¨Lev®ant© ²/lIÚvant/ ³n ¸the @, ´Eastern part of the Mediterranean, its
countries and islands. ¸@®ine ²/-ñIn/ ³n, adj ´(native) of the @.¼
¨levee©1 ²/ÚlevI/ ³n ´(hist) formal reception; (GB) assembly held by a king or
his representative at which men only were received.¼
¨levee©2 ²/ÚlevI/ ³n ´(US) embankment built to protect land from a river in
flood: ³the @s along the Mississippi.¼
¨level©1 ²/Úlevl/ ³adj ¸1 ´having a horizontal surface: ³@ ground; make a
surface @. ¸@ crossing, ´(US = ³grade crossing´) place where a road and a
railway cross on the same @. ¸2 ´on an equality: ³a @ race´, one in which the
competitors keep close together; ³draw @ with the other runners. ¸3 ·have a @
head, ´be steady and well-balanced, able to judge well. Hence, ¸*@-Úheaded
³adj´. ·do one's @ best, ´do all that one can do, do everything possible.¼
¨level©2 ²/Úlevl/ ³n ¸1 ¶[C] ´line or surface parallel with the
horizon; such a surface with reference to its height: ³1Ô000 metres above sea
@. The water rose until it was on a @ with the river banks. Water always finds
its own @. ¸2 ´natural or right position, stage, social standing, etc: ³He has
found his own @´, (fig) has found the kind of people with whom he is morally,
socially or intellectually equal. ³They'll rise to higher @s ´(= advance in
civilization, etc) ³very quickly. ¸3 ¶[U] ´(group of persons having) equal
position or rank: ³consultations at cabinet @´, among members of the cabinet;
³top-level talks´, talks between persons in the highest positions (in
government, etc). (Cf ³summit ´talks.) ¸ÚO-/ÚA-@ (examination) ³n ¶[C] ´@ of
achievement (Ordinary/Advanced) in the school-leaving examination in England
and Wales: ³a girl with five O-@s and three A-@s. ¸4 ·on the @, ´(colloq)
honest(ly); straightforward(ly): ³Is he on the @? µ¥ crooked(2). ¸5 Úspirit-@,
µ¥ spirit(11).¼
¨level©3 ²/Úlevl/ ³vt,vi µ(-ll-, ´US µ-l-) ¸1 ¶[VP6A,15A,B] ´make
or become @ or flat: ³@ a building with the ground. Death @s all men´, makes
them equal by ending social distinctions, etc. ·@ sth down/up, ´make (incomes,
marks, standards, surfaces, etc) equal by lowering the higher or raising the
lower. ¸2 ¶[VP6A,14,2C,3A] ´bring or come into a horizontal plane: ³@ a gun at
a tiger´, raise it and aim. ·@ sth against sb, ´put forward (a charge, an
accusation, etc). ·@ off/out, ¸(a) ´cause an aircraft to fly parallel to the
earth's surface: ³On reaching 1Ô000 metres, the pilot @led off. ¸(b) ´(fig)
reach a point in one's career etc beyond which no further progress is likely:
³You're unlikely to get further promotionÅwe all have to @ off some time.
¸@®ler, ´US ¸@er ²/ÚlevElE(r)/ ³n ´(esp) person who wishes to abolish social
distinctions.¼
¨lever© ²/ÚlivE(r) ³US: ²ÚlevEr/ ³n ´bar or other tool turned on a fulcrum to
lift sth or to force sth open, eÔg a window or drawer; (fig) means by which
moral force may be exerted. ¹ ³vt ¶[VP6A,15B] ´move (sth ³up, along, into/out
of position´, etc) with a @. ¸@®age ²/-IdZ/ ³n ¶[U] ´action of, power or
advantage gained by, using, a @.¼
¨lev®eret© ²/ÚlevErIt/ ³n ´young (esp first-year) hare.¼
¨lev®ia®than© ²/lIÚvñIETEn/ ³n ¸1 ´(in the Bible) sea animal of enormous size.
¸2 ´anything of very great size and power.¼
¨levis© ²/ÚlivñIz/ ³n pl ´(P) jeans.¼
¨levi®tate© ²/ÚlevIteIt/ ³vt,vi ¶[VP6A,2A] ´(with reference to powers claimed
by spiritualists) (cause to) rise and float in the air in defiance of gravity.
¸levi®ta®tion ²/*levIÚteI2n/ ³n¼
¨lev®ity© ²/ÚlevEtI/ ³n ¶[U] ´(formal) tendency to treat serious matters
without respect; lack of seriousness; ¶[C] ³(pl µ-ties³) ´instance of this.¼
¨levy© ²/ÚlevI/ ³vt,vi (pt,pp µlevied³) ¸1 ¶[VP6A,14] ·@ (on), ´impose; collect
by authority or force: ³@ a tax/a fine/a ransom on sb; @ing an army/troops´,
using compulsion to get men as soldiers. ¸2 ·@ war upon/against, ´declare,
make, war on after @ing men and supplies. ¸3 ¶[VP3A] ·@ on, ´seize by law: ³@
on a person's property/estate´, seize this in order to get money for an unpaid
debt. ¹ ³n (pl µlevies³) ¶[C] ´act of @ing; amount of men, number of men, so
obtained. ¸capital @, µ¥ capital±2µ.¼
¨lewd© ²/ljud ³US: ²lud/ ³adj ´indecent; lustful. ¸@®ly ³adv ¸@®ness ³n¼
¨lexi®cal© ²/ÚleksIkl/ ³adj ´(contrasted with ³grammatical´) of the vocabulary
of a language. ¸@ly ²/-klI/ ³adv ¸lexis ²/ÚleksIs/ ³n ¶[U] ´vocabulary.¼
¨lexi®cogra®phy© ²/*leksIÚkogrEfI/ ³n ¶[U] ´dictionary compiling.
¸lexi®cogra®pher ²/*leksIÚkogrEfE(r)/ ³n ´person who compiles a dictionary.¼
¨lexi®con© ²/ÚleksIkEn ³US: ²-kon/ ³n ´dictionary (esp of Greek, Latin or
Hebrew).¼
¨ley© ²/leI/ ³n ¶[C] ´area of land temporarily under grass: ³new-sown leys.¼
¨lia®bil®ity© ²/*lñIEÚbIlEtI/ ³n (pl µ-ties³) ¸1 ¶[U] ´the state of being
liable: ³@ to pay taxes; @ for military service, ´in a country where there is
conscription; ³@ to disease; Don't admit @ for the accident´, eÔg because of
car insurance claims. ¸*limited Ú@ company, µ¥ limit±2µ. ¸2 ³(pl) ´debts; sums
of money that must be paid (contrasted with ³assets). ¸3 ´(colloq) handicap:
³His wife is more of a @ at a party than an asset.¼
¨li®able© ²/ÚlñIEbl/ ³adj ´(usu ³pred´) ¸1 ·@ for, ´responsible
according to law: ³Is a man @ for his wife's debts in your country? ¸2 ·be @ to
sth, ´be subject to: ³If you drive a car to the danger of the public, you make
yourself @ to a heavy fine, or even to imprisonment. He is @ to
seasickness. ¸3 ·be @ to do sth, ´have a tendency to, be likely to: ³We are all
@ to make mistakes occasionally.¼
¨li®aise© ²/lIÚeIz/ ³vi ¶[VP2A,3A] ·@ (with/between), ´(colloq) act as a
link.¼
¨li®aison© ²/lIÚeIzn ³US: ²ÚlIEzon/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´connection; linkage between two
separate groups. ¸Ú@ officer, ´one who keeps two such groups in touch with each
other; member of a committee, etc acting as a link between the committee and
other people. ¸2 ¶[C] ´illicit (eÔg sexual) relationship.¼
¨li®ana© ²/lIÚqnE ³US: ²-ÚanE/ ³n ´climbing and twining tropical plant.¼
¨liar© ²/ÚlñIE(r)/ ³n ´person who tells an untruth or who has told an untruth;
person who habitually tells lies.¼
¨lib© ²/lIb/ ³n ´(colloq abbr for) liberation. ¸gay/women's lib, ´movement
(early 1970's) for the liberation of homosexuals/women from legal, social,
economic and self oppression.¼
¨li®ba®tion© ²/lñIÚbeI2n/ ³n ¶[C] ´(pouring out of an) offering of wine, etc to
a god: ³make a @ to Jupiter.¼
¨li®bel© ²/ÚlñIbl/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U,C] ´(the publishing of a) written or printed
statement that damages sb's reputation: ³sue a newspaper for @; utter/publish a
@ against sb. ¸2 ¶[C] ·@ on, ´(colloq) anything that brings discredit upon
or fails to do justice to: ³The portrait is a @ on me. ´¹ ³vt µ(-ll-, ´US
µ-l-) ¶[VP6A] ´publish a @ against; fail to do full justice to. ¸@®lous, ´US
¸@®ous ²/ÚlIbElEs/ ³adj ´containing a @; in the nature of a @: ³@lous reports;
´in the habit of uttering @s: ³a @lous person/periodical.¼
¨lib®eral© ²/ÚlIbErEl/ ³adj ¸1 ´giving or given freely; generous:
³a @ giver to charities; a @ supply of food and drink; a @ table´, one with
plenty of food and drink. ³He is @ of promises but not @ of money´, gives
plenty of promises but not much money. ¸2 ´open-minded; having, showing, a
broad mind, free from prejudice. ¸3 ´(of education) directed chiefly towards
the broadening of the mind, not specially to professional or technical needs.
¸the @ arts´, eÔg philosophy, history, languages. ¸4 ´(politics in GB) of the
party (dominant until the 1920's), favouring moderate democratic reforms. ¹ ³n
´person in favour of progress and reform and opposed to privilege. ¸L@, ´member
of the L@ party in GB. ¸@®ism ²/-IzEm/ ³n ¶[U] ´@ views, opinions and
principles. ¸@®ize ²/ÚlIbrElñIz/ ³vt ´make @; free from narrow-mindedness.
¸@®iz®ation ²/*lIbrElñIÚzeI2n ³US: ²-lIÚz-/ ³n¼
¨lib®er®al®ity© ²/*lIbEÚralEtI/ ³n (pl µ-ties³) ¸1 ¶[U] ´generosity; free
giving; quality of being broad-minded; freedom from prejudice. ¸2 ³(pl)
´instances of generosity: ³He has made himself poor by his liberalities.¼
¨lib®er®ate© ²/ÚlIbEreIt/ ³vt ¶[VP6A,14] ·@ (from), ´set free: ³@ slaves; @
the mind from prejudice. ¸lib®er®ator ²/-tE(r)/ ³n ¸lib®er®ation
²/*lIbEÚreI2n/ ³n ¶[U] ´liberating or being @d. µ¥ lib.¼
¨lib®er®tine© ²/ÚlIbEtin/ ³n ´licentious person. ¸chartered @, ´person whose
irregularities and eccentricities of behaviour are tolerated.¼
¨lib®erty© ²/ÚlIbEtI/ ³n (pl µ-ties³) ¸1 ¶[U] ´state of being free
(from captivity, slavery, imprisonment, despotic control, government by
others); right or power to decide for oneself what to do, how to live, etc:
³They fought to defend their @. ·at @, ´(of a person) free; not imprisoned:
³You are now at @ to leave any time´, may do so. ·set sb at @, ´release: ³set
prisoners/slaves at @. ·@ of conscience, ´freedom to have one's own (esp
religious) beliefs without interference. ·@ of speech, ´freedom to say openly,
in public, what one thinks, eÔg on social and political questions. ·@ of the
press, ´freedom to write and print in periodicals, books, etc whatever one
wishes without interference. ¸2 ¶[U] ´ungranted and sometimes improper
familiarity; setting aside of convention. ·take the @ of doing sth/to do sth´:
³I took the @ of borrowing your lawn-mower while you were away on holiday.
·take liberties with´: ³You must stop taking liberties with the young woman´,
stop treating her with too much familiarity. ¸3 ³(pl) ´privileges or rights
granted by authority: ³the liberties of the City of London.¼
¨li®bid®in®ous© ²/lIÚbIdInEs/ ³adj ´lustful.¼
¨li®bido© ²/lIÚbidE8/ ³n ¶[U,C] ´(psych) sexual desire; emotional energy or
cravings.¼
¨Libra© ²/ÚlibrE/ ³n ´the seventh sign of the zodiac (also called "the scales'
or "the balance'). µ¥ ´the illus at µzodiac.¼
¨li®brary© ²/ÚlñIbrErI ³US: ²-brerI/ ³n (pl µ-ries³) ¸1 ´room or
building for a collection of books kept there for reading; the books in such a
room or building: ³the public @´, maintained by a town or city council, etc; ³a
·Ú³circulating @´, one that lends books for profit, members paying a
subscription fee; ·Ú³reference @´, one in which books may be consulted but not
taken away. ¸2 ´(attrib) ³a ·Ú³@ book; a ·Ú³@ edition´, book usu of large size
and print and with a strong binding. ¸3 ´writing and reading room in a private
house. ¸4 ´series of books issued by a publisher in uniform binding and
connected in some way: ³the Home University L@. ¸li®brar®ian ²/lñIÚbreErIEn/ ³n
´person in charge of a @. ¸li®brar®ian®ship ³n ¶[U] ´the work of a librarian.¼
¨li®bretto© ²/lIÚbretE8/ ³n (pl µ@s ²/-tE8z/ ´or µ-tti ²/-ti/³) ´book of words
of an opera or musical play. ¸li®bret®tist ²/lIÚbretIst/ ³n ´writer of a @.¼
¨lice© ²/lñIs/ ³n pl ´of µlouse.¼
¨li®cence© ´(US = ¸li®cense´) ²/ÚlñIsns/ ³n ¸1 ¶[C] ´(written or printed
statement giving) permission from someone in authority to do sth; ¶[U]
´authorization: ³a @ to drive a car/a ·Ú³driving @; a @ to practise as a
doctor; marry by (special) @ ´(contrasted with ³banns´); ³a @ for the sale of
alcoholic drinks. ¸Úon-@ ³n ¶[C] ´(GB) licence for the sale of alcoholic drinks
to be consumed on the premises. ¸Úoff-@ ³n ¶[C] ´(GB) licence for the sale of
liquor to be taken away; shop where liquor is sold and taken away. ¸2 ¶[U]
´wrong use of freedom; disregard of laws, customs, etc; licentious
behaviour: ³The @ shown by the troops when they entered enemy territory
disgusted everyone. ¸poetic @, ´freedom from the ordinary rules of language,
eÔg of word order, allowed in verse.¼
¨li®cense© ´(also ¸li®cence´) ²/ÚlñIsns/ ³vt ¶[VP6A,17A] ´give a licence to:
³shops @d to sell tobacco; @ a doctor to practise medicine; a @d house/@d
premises´, where the sale of alcoholic drinks is allowed, eÔg hotels,
restaurants; ³a @d victualler; the @d quarters´, (in some countries) part of a
town where there are @d brothels. ¸li®cen®see ²/*lñIsEnÚsi/ ³n ´person holding
a licence (esp to sell alcohol).¼
¨li®cen®tiate© ²/lñIÚsen2IEt/ ³n ´person who has a licence or certificate
showing that he is competent to practice a profession.¼
¨li®cen®tious© ²/lñIÚsen2Es/ ³adj ´immoral (esp in sexual matters); not held
back by morality. ¸@®ly ³adv ¸@®ness ³n¼
¨li®chee©, li®chi ²/ÚlñIt2i/ ´= µlychee.¼
¨li®chen© ²/ÚlñIkEn/ ³n ¶[U] ´dry-looking plant that grows on
rocks, walls, tree-trunks, etc, usu green, yellow or grey.¼
¨lich®gate©, lych®gate ²/ÚlIt2geIt/ ³n ´roofed gateway of a churchyard, where,
at a funeral, the coffin used to await the arrival of the clergyman.¼
¨licit© ²/ÚlIsIt/ ³adj ´lawful; permitted.¼
¨lick© ²/lIk/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A,15A,B,22] ´pass the tongue over or
under: ³The cat was @ing its paws. He @ed the spoon clean. ·@ sb's boots,
´cringe before sb; be abject, servile. ·@ one's lips, ´show eagerness or
satisfaction. ·@ one's wounds, ´try to recover after a defeat. ·@ sth off,
´remove by @ing: ³The boy @ed the jam off his lips. ·@ sth up, ´take it up by
@ing: ³The cat @ed up the milk. ·@ into shape, ´(fig) make presentable,
efficient, properly trained: ³The recruits were soon @ed into shape by the
drill sergeants. ·@ the dust, ´(rhet) fall to the ground, defeated or killed.
¸2 ¶[VP6A] ´(esp of waves, flames) touch lightly: ³The flames @ed the sides
of the fireplace. ¸3 ¶[VP6A] ´(colloq) overcome; triumph over; give a whipping
to: ³Well, that @s everything! ´That is more surprising than anything I've ever
seen or heard! ¸4 ¶[VP2A] ´(sl) go; hurry: ³He went off as hard as he could @.
´¹ ³n ¸1 ´act of @ing with the tongue. ·give sth a @ and a promise, ´a feeble
attempt to clean, polish, etc (with a promise of sth more thorough later). ¸2
´(also ¸Úsalt-@´) place to which animals go for salt. ¸3 ´(sl) ·at a great @;
at full @, ´at a great pace. ¸@®ing ³n ´(colloq) beating; defeat: ³Our
football team got a @ing yesterday.¼
¨licor®ice© ²/ÚlIkErIs/ ³n µ¥ liquorice.¼
¨lid© ²/lId/ ³n ¸1 ´movable cover (hinged or detachable) for an opening, esp at
the top of a container: ³the lid of a kettle/box; the ·Ú³teapot lid. ¸2
´eyelid. ¸@®less ³adj¼
¨lido© ²/ÚlidE8/ ³n (pl µ@s ²/-dE8z/³) ´public open-air swimming pool or
bathing beach.¼
¨lie©1 ²/lñI/ ³vi (pt,pp µlied³, pres p µlying³) ¶[VP2A] ´make a statement that
one knows to be untrue: ³He lied to me. He's lying. ¹ ³n ´such a statement:
³He's telling lies. What a pack of lies! ´What a lot of untrue
statements! ³He lived a lie´, deceived without using words. ¸white lie, µ¥
white±1µ(3). ·give sb the lie, ´accuse him of lying. ¸Úlie-detector ³n ´device
which records physiological changes, eÔg heart beats, rate of breathing, caused
by emotional stresses while a person is being questioned.¼
¨lie©2 ²/lñI/ ³vi (pt µlay ²/leI/³, pp µlain ²/leIn/³, pres p
µlying³) ¶[VP2A,C,D,3A] ¸1 ´be, put oneself, flat on a horizontal surface or in
a resting position; be at rest: ³lie on one's back/side; lie face downwards.
Don't lie in bed all morning! His body lies ´(= He is buried) ³in the
churchyard. He lay on the grass enjoying the sunshine. ·lie back, ´get into, be
in a resting position: ³lie back in an armchair. ·take sth lying down, ´submit
to a challenge, an insult without protest. ·lie down under (an insult, etc),
´fail to protest, resist, etc. ·lie in, ¸(a) ´stay in bed after one's usual
time for getting up. Hence, ¸*lie-Úin ³n´: ³have a nice lie-in on Sunday
morning. ¸(b) ´remain in bed to give birth to a child: ³The time had come for
her to lie in. ¸*lying-Úin hospital ´(old use) maternity hospital. ·lie in
ambush, µ¥ ambush. ·lie low, ´(colloq) µ¥ low±1µ(12). ·lie up, ´stay in bed or
in one's room (from illness, etc). ·lie with, ´(old use, biblical, now usu
³sleep with´) have sexual intercourse with. ·Let sleeping dogs lie, ´(prov)
Avoid discussing problems that are likely to cause trouble. ¸Úlie-abed ²/-Ebed/
³n ´lazy person who lies in bed instead of getting up. ¸2 ´(of things) be
resting flat on sth: ³The book lay open on the table. How long has your bicycle
been lying out on the wet grass? ¸3 ´be kept, remain, in a certain state or
position: ³money lying idle in the bank; towns lying in ruins; men who lay ´(=
were) ³in prison for years. The snow lay thick on the ground. The fields lay
thickly covered with snow. ·lie heavy on sth, ´cause discomfort, trouble,
distress to it: ³The lobster lay heavy on his stomach. The theft lay heavy on
his conscience. ·lie over, ´be left for action at a future time: ³Let the
matter lie over until the next committee meeting. ¸4 ´be spread out to view;
extend: ³The valley lay before us. The coast was undefended and lay open to
attack. If you are young, life still lies before you. ·find out/see how the
Úland lies, ´(fig) learn how matters stand, what the state of affairs is. ¸5
´be situated: ³ships lying at anchor. The ship is lying at No 5 berth. The
fleet lay off the headland. ·lie Úto, ´(of a ship) come almost to a stop,
facing the wind. ¸6 ´(of abstract things) exist; be in a certain position or
manner: ³The trouble lies ´(= is) ³in the engine. The answer to this
difficulty lies in not putting too much pressure on the engine. He knows where
his interest lies´, where he may win an advantage, make a profit. ³I will do
everything that lies in ´(= that is within) ³my power. ·lie at sb's door, ´be
attributable to: ³At whose door should the blame/fault/responsibility lie´,
Who should we attribute it to? (Cf ³lay sth at sb's door, µ¥ door(1).´) ·lie
with sb, ´be sb's duty or responsibility: ³The solution/The burden of proof
lies with you. It lies with you ´(= It is your duty) ³to accept or reject the
proposal. ·as far as in me lies, ´to the best of my power. ¸7 ´(legal) be
admissible: ³The appeal will not lie´, is not according to law, cannot be
admitted. ¹ ³n sing ´the way sth lies; (golf) the position of a ball
when it comes to a stop. ·the lie of the land, ´the natural features (esp the
contours) of an area; (fig) the state of affairs.¼
¨lied© ²/lit/ ³n (pl µ@er ²/ÚlidE(r)/³) ´(G) German song or lyric.
¸Ú@er-singer, ´person who sings @er.¼
¨lief© ²/lif/ ³adv ´(archaic or liter) willingly: ³I would/had as @ join the
Crusade as anything´, would do this more willingly than anything else.¼
¨liege© ²/lidZ/ ³adj ´(legal) (only in) ¸Ú@ lord/sovereign, ´(feudal times)
ruler, landowner, entitled to receive service and homage. ¸@®man ²/-mEn/ ³n
(pl µ-men³) ´feudal vassal; faithful follower. ¹ ³n ´@ lord; @man.¼
¨lien© ²/lIEn/ ³n ´legal claim ³(upon ´property) until a debt on it is repaid:
³A shipping company has a @ upon cargo until the freight is paid.¼
¨lieu© ²/lu/ ³n ´(only in) ·in @ (of), ´instead (of).¼
¨lieu®ten®ant© ²/lefÚtenEnt ³US: ²luÚt-/ ³n ¸1 ´army officer below a captain;
²/lEÚtenEnt/ ´junior officer in the Navy. ¸2 ´(in compounds) officer with the
highest rank under: ·*³@-·Ú³general; ·*³@-·Ú³colonel; ·*³@-com·Ú³mander;
·*³@-·Ú³governor´, official under a governor-general. ¸3 ´deputy or substitute;
one who acts for a superior. ¸Lord L@ (of the County), ´the Queen's
representative in a county. ¸L@ of the Tower, ´(iÔe the Tower of London).
¸lieu®ten®ancy ²/-EnsI/ ³n ´rank, position, of a @.¼
¨life© ²/lñIf/ ³n (pl µlives ²/lñIvz/³) ¸1 ¶[U] ´condition that distinguishes
animals and plants from earth, rock, etc: ³How did @ begin? Where did @ come
from? ¸life force, ´vital energy thought of as working for the survival of the
human race and the individual. ¸2 ¶[U] ´living things collectively, in general;
plants, animals, people: ³Is there any @ on the planet Mars? A naturalist
studies animal and plant @. ¸3 ¶[U] ´state of existence as a human being: ³L@
is sweet. The battle was won, but only with great loss of @, ´many were killed.
·bring to @, ´cause to live; cause to recover from a faint, an illness thought
to be fatal, etc. ·come to @, ´recover consciousness, recover from a faint,
etc: ³We all thought he was drowned, but after an hour's artificial respiration
he came (back) to @. ·run for one's @/for dear @, ´in order to, or as if to,
save oneself from death. ·a matter of @ and/or death, ´one on which sb's
continued existence depends. ·kiss of @, µ¥ kiss. ·this @, ´@ on earth. ·the
Úother @; future/eternal/everlasting @, ´conscious existence, the state of
existence, after bodily death. ·with all the pleasure in @, ´with the greatest
possible pleasure. ¸4 ¶[C] ´state of existence as an individual living being:
³How many lives were lost in the disaster? ·take sb's @, ´kill him. ·take one's
own @, ´kill oneself; commit suicide. ·a @ for a @, ´phrase used to express the
view that murder must be revenged by the killing or execution of the murderer
or (in a vendetta) by the killing of a member of his family. ·cannot for the Ú@
of one, ´cannot, however hard one tries: ³For the @ of me I couldn't recall her
name. ·Not on your @! ´(colloq ³int´) Quite definitely not. ¸5 ¶[C] ´period
between birth and death, or between birth and the present, or between the
present and death: ³He lived all his @ in London. I have lived here all my @.
The murderer received a @ sentence/was sentenced to imprisonment for @. ³The
murderer is doing @/was given @´, (sl) imprisonment for @. ¸@ annuity, ´one
that will be paid for the rest of a person's @. ¸Ú@ cycle, ´progression through
different stages of development: ³the @ cycle of a frog, ´from the egg to the
tadpole to the final stage. ¸@ interest, ´(legal) benefit valid (from property,
etc) during a person's @. ¸@ peer, ´member of the House of Lords, whose title
is not inherited by his heirs. ·early/late in @, ´during the early/late part of
one's @: ³marry early/late in @. ·have the time of one's @, ´(colloq) enjoy
oneself immensely, as never before. ¸6 ¶[U] ´human relations; the business,
pleasures, social activities, etc, of the world: ³Sailors don't earn much
money, but they do see @´, see how people everywhere live. ³There is not much @
´(eÔg social activity) ³in our small village. ·true to @, ´(of a story, drama,
etc) giving a true description of how people live. ¸7 ¶[C,U] ´(way of) living;
career: ³Some people have easy lives. Which do you prefer, town @ or country @?
That's the @ for me! ´That's how I should like to live. ¸Úhigh @, µ¥
high±1µ(12). ¸8 ¶[C] ´written account of sb's @; biography: ³Do you enjoy
reading the lives of great men? He has written a new @ of Newton. ¸Ú@ story,
´biography. ¸9 ¶[U] ´activity, liveliness, interest: ³The children are full of
@´, are active and cheerful. ³Put more @ into your work. ·the @ (and soul) of
the party, ´person who is the most lively and amusing member of a social
gathering. ¸10 ¶[U] ´living form or model: ³a portrait/picture taken from (the)
@; a ·Ú³@ drawing; a ·Ú³@ class´, (in an art school) one in which students draw
or paint from living models. ·to the @, ´with great fidelity or exactness:
³draw/portray/imitate sb to the @. µ¥ lifelike ´below. ·as large as @, ¸(a) ´of
natural or ordinary size: ³a statue as large as @. ¸(b) ´(colloq and in joke)
in person; without possibility of doubt or error. ¸11 ¶[C] ´fresh start or
opportunity after a narrow escape from death, disaster, etc: ³The batsman was
given a @´, eÔg when the fielders missed an easy catch. ³They say a cat has
nine lives. ¸12 ¶[C] ´period during which sth is active or useful: ³the @ of a
steamship/a government. ¸13 Ú@ assurance/insurance, µ¥ ´these words.
·expectation of @; Ú@ expectancy, ´(insurance) statistically determined number
of years that a person at a particular age may expect to live. ·a good/bad @,
´person who is likely to pass/not to reach this average. ¸14 ´(compounds)
¸Ú@®belt ³n ´belt of cork or other buoyant material to keep a person afloat in
water. ¸Ú@®blood ³n ¶[U] ´blood necessary to @; (fig) vitalizing influence; sth
that gives strength and energy. ¸Ú@®boat ³n ¸(a) ´boat specially built for
going to the help of persons in danger at sea along the coast. ¸(b) ´boat
carried on a ship for use in case the ship is in danger of sinking, is on fire,
etc. ¸Ú@®buoy ³n ´@belt in the form of a ring, through which a person puts his
head, shoulders and arms. ¸Ú@ cycle ³n µ¥ 5 ´above. ¸Ú@ estate ³n ´property
that a person enjoys for @, but cannot dispose of further. ¸Ú@-giving ³adj
´that strengthens or restores physical or spiritual @. ¸Ú@®guard ³n ¸(a)
´expert swimmer on duty at dangerous places where people swim. ¸(b) ´bodyguard
of soldiers. ¸ÚL@ Guards ³n pl ´cavalry regiment in the British army. ¸*@
Úhistory ³n ´(biol) record of the @ cycle of an organism. ¸Ú@-jacket ³n ´one of
cork or other buoyant material or one that can be inflated. ¸Ú@®like ³adj ¸1
´resembling real @; looking like the person represented: ³a @like portrait. ¸2
´like a living thing: ³a @like cloud. ¸Ú@®line ³n ´rope used for saving @, eÔg
one attached to a @buoy, or one fastened along the deck of a ship during a
storm, for persons to cling to; diver's line for signalling to the ship from
which he is working; (fig) anything on which one's @ depends; (palmistry) line
across the palm of the hand, alleged to show one's length of @, major events in
one's @, etc. ¸Ú@®long ³adj ´continuing for a long time; lasting throughout @.
¸Ú@-office ³n ´life assurance office or business. ¸@ peer ³n µ¥ 5 ´above.
¸Ú@-preserver ³n ¸(a) ´(GB) short stick with a heavy, weighted end, used as a
weapon of defence. ¸(b) ´(US) = ´@-jacket. ¸Ú@-saver ³n ´(esp in Australia)
@guardµ(a)´. ¸Ú@-size(d) ³adj ´(of pictures, statues, etc) having the same
size, proportions, etc, as the person represented. ¸Ú@-span ³n ´(biol) longest
period of @ of an organism known from the study of it. ¸*@-supÚport system,
´equipment in a spacecraft which provides an environment in which astronauts
may live. ¸Ú@®time ³n ´duration of a person's @. ·the chance of a @time, ´an
opportunity that comes only once. ¸*@-Úwork ³n ´task that occupies one's whole
@ or to which one devotes all one's @. ¸@®less ³adj ¸1 ´never having had @:
³@less stones. ¸2 ´having lost @; dead. ¸3 ´dull; not lively: ³answer in a
@less manner. ¸@®less®ly ³adv ¸lifer ²/ÚlñIfE(r)/ ³n ¸1 ´(with ³adj ´prefixed)
person who lives a certain kind of @: ³a simple-lifer. ¸2 ´(sl) (one who serves
a) sentence of @ imprisonment.¼
¨lift© ²/lIft/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A,15A,B] ´raise to a higher level or
position: ³@ (up) a table; @ sth out of a box/a child out of his cot. This box
is too heavy for me to @ (it). This piece of good luck @ed her spirits. ·@ up
one's eyes (to«), ´look up (at). ·have one's face @ed, ´have a face-lift; µ¥
face±1µ(2). ·not @ a finger, µ¥ finger. ·@ up one's voice, ´raise it, cry out.
¸2 ¶[VP2C] ·@ off, ´(of a rocket, spacecraft) rise from the launching site.
Hence, ¸Ú@-off ³n´: ³We have @-off. ¸3 ¶[VP2A] ´yield to an attempt to @: ³This
window won't @´, won't go up. ¸4 ¶[VP2A] ´(of clouds, fog, etc) rise; pass
away: ³The mist began to @. ¸5 ¶[VP6A] ´dig up (root crops); remove (plants,
shrubs, etc) from the ground: ³@ potatoes. ¸6 ¶[VP6A] ´steal: ³@ articles in a
supermarket. ¸Úshop®@, µ¥ shop(1). ´take without permission or proper
acknowledgement: ³Long passages in this textbook have been @ed from other
authors. ¸7 ¶[VP6A] ´end a ban, prohibition, blockade, siege. ¹ ³n ¶[C] ¸1 ´act
of @ing. ·give sb/get a @, ¸(a) ´offer sb/be offered a ride in a car or other
vehicle: ³Can you give me a @ to the station? µ¥ ´also ³air @ ´at µair±1µ(7).
¸(b) ´(of a person's spirits) become/make more cheerful, contented: ³The big
increase in her salary gave her a tremendous @. ¸2 ´(US = ³elevator´) box-like
apparatus in a building for taking people up or down to another floor: ³take
the @ to the tenth floor. ¸Ú@®man ²/-man/ ³n ´one who operates a @.¼
¨liga®ment© ²/ÚlIgEmEnt/ ³n ¶[C] ´band of tough, strong tissues that holds two
or more bones together in the body.¼
¨liga®ture© ²/ÚlIgEt2E(r)/ ³n ¶[C] ¸1 ´bandage, piece of thread, etc used in
tying, esp cord used to tie up a bleeding artery. ¸2 ´(printing) two or more
letters jointed, eÔg ³f ´and ³l ´joined as ²Y´.¼
¨light©1 ²/lñIt/ ³adj µ(-er, -est) ´(opposite of ³dark´) ¸1 ´(of a
place) well provided with light±3µ(1)´: ³a @ room. It's beginning to get @. ¸2
´pale-coloured: ³@ hair; a @ complexion; @ blue/green/brown. ¸Ú@-coloured ³adj
´having a @ colour: ³a @-coloured dress.¼
¨light©2 ²/lñIt/ ³adj µ(-er, -est) ´(opposite of ³heavy´) ¸1 ´not heavy; not
having much weight (for its size): ³as @ as air/as a feather; a @ fall of snow;
a pair of @ shoes; a @ cart or van´, one made for @ loads and quick movement;
³@ clothing, ´for summer; ³a @ building/bridge; a @ railway, ´for @ traffic; ³a
@ cruiser, ´with @ armour and guns. ¸@ horse´, light-armed cavalry: ³a ·Ú³@
(horse) brigade´, with @ equipment and weapons. Hence, ¸*@-Úarmed ³adj ¸2
´gentle; delicate: ³give sb a @ touch on the shoulder; walk with @
footsteps/movements; have a @ hand for pastry´, have delicacy of touch that
gives good results. Hence, ¸*@-Úhanded ³adj ´having a @ hand. ¸*@-Úhandedly
³adv ¸*@-Úfingered ³adj ´skilful in using the fingers; clever at stealing, eÔg
as a pickpocket. ¸3 ´below the correct weight, amount, etc: ³a @ coin; give @
weight. We're about 50p @ on the petty cash´, 50p short. ¸4 ´(of beer, wines)
not very strong; (of food) easily digested; (of meals) small in quantity: ³a @
supper´, (hence) ³a @ eater; ´(of sleep) not deep; easily disturbed; (of
sleepers) easily waked; (of books, plays, music) primarily for amusement, not
for serious entertainment or study: ³@ reading/music/comedy; a @ comedian; ´(of
soil) easily broken up; (of work) easily done; (of taxes, punishment) not
difficult to bear; (of a syllable) not stressed, unemphatic. ·make @ work of
sth, ´do it without much effort. ¸5 ´not serious or important: ³a @ attack of
illness. ·make @ of, ´treat as of no or little importance: ³He makes @ of his
illness. ¸6 ´thoughtless; frivolous; jesting: ³@ conduct; a man of @
character´, not troubling much about moral questions. ¸*@-Úminded ³adj
´frivolous. Hence, ¸*@-Úmindedness ³n ¸7 ´cheerful; free from sorrow: ³a @
heart. ´Hence, ¸*@-Úhearted ³adj ¸*@-Úheartedly ³adv ¸*@-Úheartedness ³n ¸8
´without moral discipline; wanton: ³a @ woman. ¸9 ´dizzy, delirious: (chiefly
in) ¸*@-Úheaded ³adj ¸*@-Úheadedly ³adv ´and ¸*@-Úheadedness ³n ¸10
´(compounds) ¸*@-o'-Úlove ³n ´fickle woman; harlot. ¸Ú@®weight ³n, adj ´(man or
animal) below average weight; (esp, boxing) boxer weighing between 126 and 135
lb (or 57 to 61 kg); (fig) (person) not important or serious. ¸@-Úheavyweight
³n ´(esp) boxer weighing between 160 and 175 lb (or 72²Ø´5 to 79²Ø´3 kg). ¹
³adv ´in a @ manner: ³tread/sleep @; travel @´, with little luggage; ³get off
@(ly)´, (colloq) escape without heavy punishment. ¸@®ly ³adv ¸@®ness ³n¼
¨light©3 ²/lñIt/ ³n ´(opposite of ³dark±1 ´or ³darkness´) ¸1 ¶[U]
´(and with ³indef art ´and ³adjj´) that which makes things visible: ³the @ of
the sun/a lamp/the fire; read by the @ of a candle; a bright/dim @; go for a
walk by ·Ú³moon@; bathed in ·Ú³sun@. We need more @. The @ ´(iÔe day@) ³began
to fail´, It began to get dark. ·in a good/bad @, ¸(a) ´so as to be seen
well/badly: ³The picture has been hung in a bad @. ¸(b) ´(fig) so as to make a
good/bad impression: ³Press reports always make him appear in a bad @. ·see the
@, ¸(a) ´(liter or rhet) be born. ¸(b) ´be made public. ¸(c) ´realize the truth
of sth that one has been obstinate about. ¸(d) ´undergo religious conversion.
·be/stand in sb's @, ¸(a) ´obscure what he is looking at. ¸(b) ´(fig) hamper,
hinder (sb's chances of success, progress). ·stand in one's own @, ¸(a) ´so as
to obscure one's work, etc. ¸(b) ´(fig) act against one's own interests. ¸Ú@
year, ´(astron) unit of measurement for distances between stars; distance
travelled by @ in one year (about 6 million million miles). ¸2 ¶[C] ´source of
@; sth that gives @, eÔg a candle or lamp: ·Ú³traffic @s; ·*³navi·Ú³gation @s.
L@s were burning in every room. Turn/Switch the @s on/off. Put that @ out! All
the @s went outÅthere was a power failure. ·L@s out, ´(bugle call signalling)
the time when @s are to be turned out. ¸northern/southern @s, µ¥ aurora. ¸3
¶[C] ´flame; spark; sth used for producing a spark or flame: ³Can you give me a
@, please? ´eÔg for a cigarette or pipe. Note that ³fire ´is not used in this
sense. ³Strike a @´, make a @ by striking a match. ¸4 ¶[U] ´expression of
brightness or liveliness in a person's face (esp in the eyes), suggesting
happiness or other emotion: ³The @ died out of her eyes´, Her looks changed
from happiness to sadness, from liveliness to lack of interest. ·the @ of sb's
countenance, ´(biblical) his favour, approval. ¸5 ¶[U] ´knowledge or
information that helps understanding; ¶[C] ´fact or discovery that explains.
·come/bring sth to @, ´become/cause sth to be visible or known: ³Much new
evidence has come to @/has been brought to @ in recent years. ·shed/throw @/(a)
new @ on sth, ´make sth clearer, provide new information: ³These facts shed (a)
new @ on the matter. ·by the @ of nature, ´without the help of revelation or
teaching. ·in the @ of, ´with the help given by or gained from. ¸6 ¶[C]
´aspect; way in which sth appears: ³I cannot view your conduct in a favourable
@´, cannot approve of it. ³I have never looked upon the matter in that @. ³In
the @ of the new evidence, it was decided to take the manufacturers to court.
¸7 ³(pl) ´(natural or acquired) abilities; mental powers. ·according to one's
@s, ´to the best of one's abilities. ¸8 ¶[C] ´famous person; person (to be)
regarded as an example or model: ³one of the leading/shining @s of our age. ¸9
¶[C] ´window or opening in a wall or roof for the admission of @ (esp in a
roof): ³a ·Ú³sky@´; compartment of glass in the side or roof of a greenhouse or
frame (used for ventilation). ¸leaded @, ´small pane or panel of glass, secured
in strips of lead, often coloured, forming part of a larger window. µ¥ ´also
³quarter-@ ´at µquarter(16). ¸10 ¶[C] ´(painting) part of a picture shown as
lighted up: ·Ú³high @s´, the brightest parts; ³@ and shade. ¸11 ´(compounds)
¸Ú@®house ³n ´tower or other tall structure containing beacon @s for warning or
guiding ships at sea. ¸Ú@®ship ³n ´ship moored or anchored and provided with
beacon @s for the same purpose as those in a @house.¼
¨light©4 ²/lñIt/ ³vt,vi (pt,pp µlit ²/lIt/ ´or µ@ed³) (@ed ´is more
usu as a ³pred adj´, as in ³a @ed candle). ¸1 ¶[VP6A] ´cause to begin burning
or to give out @: ³@ a lamp/candle/cigarette; @ a fire´, put a burning match
to the material in a fireplace, etc. ¸2 ¶[VP6A] ´provide lights±3µ(2) ´to or
for: ³Is your flat @ed/lit by gas or by electricity? Our streets are @ed/lit by
electricity. ¸3 ¶[VP15B] ·@ sth up, ´cause to become bright: ³The shops were
brilliantly lit up. The burning building lit up the whole district. ¸4 ¶[VP2C]
·@ up, ¸(a) ´switch on (electric) @s; turn on gas-lamps, etc: ³It's getting
darkÅtime to @ up. ´Hence, ¸*@ing-Úup time ³n ´time at which, according to
regulations, lamps in the roads and on vehicles must be lit. ¸(b) ´(colloq)
begin to smoke a pipe or cigarette: ³He struck a match and lit up. ¸5
¶[VP2C,15B] ·@ up (with), ´(of a person's face or expression) (cause to) become
bright: ³Her face lit up with pleasure. A smile lit up her face. ¸6 ¶[VP15A]
´guide with or by a light: ³@ a person on his way.¼
¨light©5 ²/lñIt/ ³vi (pt,pp µlit ²/lIt/ ´or µ@ed³) ¶[VP3A] ·@
on/upon, ´come upon a find by chance: ³@ upon a rare book in a secondhand
bookshop.¼
¨lighten©1 ²/ÚlñItn/ ³vt,vi ¶[VP6A,2A] ´make or become less heavy; reduce the
weight of: ³@ a ship's cargo; @ a ship of her cargo; @ taxes. Her heart @ed
when she heard the news.¼
¨lighten©2 ²/ÚlñItn/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A] ´make light or bright: ³A solitary
candle @ed the darkness of the cellar. ¸2 ¶[VP2A] ´become light or bright: ³The
eastern sky @ed. ¸3 ¶[VP2A] ´send out lightning: ³It's thundering and @ing.¼
¨lighter©1 ²/ÚlñItE(r)/ ³n ¶[C] ¸1 ´device for lighting cigarettes or cigars.
¸2 ´(chiefly in compounds) person or thing that lights: ·Ú³lamp-@´, man who
went round the streets with a ladder to light gas-lamps.¼
¨lighter©2 ²/ÚlñItE(r)/ ³n ´boat, usu flat-bottomed, used for loading and
unloading ships not brought to a wharf, and for carrying goods in a harbour or
river: ³a tug with a string of @s behind it. ´¹ ³vt ´remove (goods) in a @.
¸Ú@®age ²/-IdZ/ ³n ´fees charged for carrying goods in @s.¼
¨light®ning© ²/ÚlñItnIG/ ³n ¶[U] ´flash of bright light produced by natural
electricity between clouds in the sky or clouds and the ground, with thunder:
³struck/killed by @. ·like @; with @ speed´, very fast. ¸@ bug, ³n ´(US)
´firefly. ¸Ú@-rod/-conductor ³nn ´metal rod fixed on the top of a high
building, etc and connected with the earth, to prevent damage by @. ¸@ strike
³n ´strike, of workers, started without warning.¼
¨lights© ²/lñIts/ ³n pl ´lungs of sheep, pigs, bullocks, etc used as food.¼
¨light®some© ²/ÚlñItsEm/ ³adj ¸1 ´graceful. ¸2 ´merry; light-hearted;
frivolous. ¸@®ly ³adv ¸@®ness ³n¼
¨lig®neous© ²/ÚlIgnIEs/ ³adj ´(of plants) woody. µ¥ herbaceous.¼
¨lig®nite© ²/ÚlIgnñIt/ ³n ¶[U] ´soft, brownish-black coal.¼
¨lik®able©, like®able ²/ÚlñIkEbl/ ³adj ´of a kind that is, or deserves to be,
liked; pleasing: ³He's a very @ fellow.¼
¨like©1 ²/lñIk/ ³adj µ¥ alike. ´(used attrib and pred) similar;
having the same or similar qualities, etc; having a resemblance: ³The two girls
are very @. L@ ´(iÔe similar) ³causes produce @ ´(iÔe similar) ³results. He
writes well on this and @ subjects. They are as @ as two peas. L@ father, @
son; @ master, @ man ´(prov) As the one is, so the other will be. ¸*@-Úminded
²/ÚmñIndId/ ³adj ´having the same tastes, aims, etc. ¹ ³adv ¸1 ·@ as,
´(archaic) in the same manner as. ¸2 ´probably: (only in) ·@ enough; most/very
@; as @ as not, ´very probably (³likely ´is more usu, µ¥ likely(2)´). ´¹ ³conj
¸1 ´as (common use among those who have not been taught to avoid it; considered
incorrect, but found in many good writers): ³She can't cook @ her mother does.
Don't think you can learn grammatical rules @ you learn the multiplication
tables. ¸2 ´(non-standard use) as if: ³It rained like the skies were falling.
´¹ ³n ¸1 ´@ person or thing; that which is equal or similar to sth else: ³That
was acting, the @ of which we shall not see again, ´We shall not see acting
equally good. ³Music, painting and the @, ´and similar branches of the arts. ³I
never heard the @ (of it), ´anything so strange, etc according to context. ¸2
·the @s of, ´(colloq) person(s) thing(s) similar to: ³the @s of us/them. Have
you ever seen the @s of this? ´¹ ³prep ¸1 ´(Often governing a ³pron, n´, or
³gerund´; originally ³like to/unto, ´this being now archaic or poet) such as;
resembling: ³What is he @? ´What sort of person is heÅin looks, behaviour, etc,
according to the situation? ³He was wearing a hat rather @ this one. It looks @
gold, ´has the appearance of gold. ³This is nothing @ as good, ´not nearly so
good. ·nothing @, ´nothing to equal; nothing to be compared with: ³There's
nothing @ ´(= nothing as good as) ³leather. There's nothing @ walking as a
means of keeping fit. ·something @, ´nearly; about: ³The cost will be something
@ five pounds. This is something ·Ú³@ a dinner! ´This is a remarkably good or
satisfactory dinner! ¸2 ·Úfeel @, ´be in a state or mood right or suitable for:
³Do you feel @ having a rest? She felt @ crying. We'll go for a walk if you
feel @ it. ·Úlook @, ´look as if sb/it might be (used to show probability or
likelihood): ³He looks @ winning, ´It seems likely that he will win. ³It looks
@ being a fine day, ´Appearances suggest that the day will be fine. ³It looks @
rain. ¸3 ´characteristic of: ³That's just @ him! ´He has behaved, spoken, etc
just as one would expect! ³It's (just) @ her to think of others before thinking
of herself. ¸4 ´in the manner of; to the same degree as: ³Don't talk @ that,
´in that way. ³If I were to behave @ you«, ´in the way you behave«. ³If
everyone worked @ me,«. It fits him @ a glove, ´closely, tightly. ³He drinks @
a fish. ¸5 ´(colloq, sl) ·@ anything, ´as hard, etc as can be expected or
imagined: ³She works @ anything when she's interested. ·@ mad/crazy, ´as if
crazy: ³He complains @ mad when things go wrong. ·@ hell/blazes, ¸(a)
´furiously; energetically: ³He moans @ hell when he loses a bet. ¸(b) ´(as an
³int´) of course (not)!: ³"But you were there, weren't you?' "L@ hell, I was!'
´I certainly wasn't!¼
¨like©2 ²/lñIk/ ³vt ¸1 ¶[VP6A,D,7A] ´be fond of; have a taste for;
find satisfactory or agreeable: ³Do you @ fish? I @ to read in bed but I don't
@ having meals in bed. She @s him but she doesn't love him. I @ his impudence!
´(ironic, meaning that his impudence is preposterous or amusing).
³Well, I @ that! ´(ironic, meaning that what has been said or done is
surprising, unexpected, etc). ¸2 ¶[VP6D,7A] ´(in ³neg ´sentences) be unwilling
or reluctant: ³I didn't @ to disturb you. I don't @ troubling her. ¸3
¶[VP6A,7A] ´(with ³should, would) ´used to indicate a wish: ³I should @ to go
there, ´if it were possible, if I were invited, etc. ³I shouldn't @ to do
that´, have no wish to do it. ³She would @ a cup of tea, I think. I should @
to know/to see«´, often ironic, meaning that it would be difficult to explain,
show, etc. ³They would have @ed to come«. ¸4 ¶[VP6A,7A,17,19B,C,22] ´prefer;
choose; wish: ³I @ people to tell the truth. How do you @ your tea? I @ ´(=
prefer) ³it rather weak. I @ this more (´or, colloq ³better) than that. You
wouldn't @ there to be another war, would you? I don't @ you to smoke/you
smoking/your smoking. ·if you @, ´used to express consent to a request or
suggestion: ³I will come if you @. ¸5 ¶[VP6A] ´suit the health of: ³I @ lobster
but it doesn't @ me´, iÔe it gives me indigestion. ¹ ³n pl ´(only in) ¸*@s and
Údis@s, µ¥ dislike.¼
¨like®ly© ²/ÚlñIklI/ ³adj µ(-ier, -iest) ¸1 ´that seems reasonable
or suitable, that seems right for a purpose: ³That's a @ story/excuse ´(often
used ironically). ³This looks a @ field for mushrooms. What do you think is
the likeliest/the most @ time to find him at home? Which are the most @
candidates, ´those with the best chance of success? ¸2 ·@ ³+ to´-inf; ·@ that«,
´to be expected: ³He is not @ to succeed. It's highly ´(= very) ³@ that he will
succeed. An incident @ to lead to war is reported from X. That is not @ to
happen. ´¹ ³adv ·most/very @, ´probably. ³I shall very @ be here again next
month. ·as @ as not, ´with greater probability: ³He will succeed as @ as not.
He'll forget all about it as @ as not. ¸like®li®hood ²/-h8d/ ³n ¶[U]
´probability: ³In all likelihood ´(= Very probably), ³we shall be away for a
week.¼
¨liken© ²/ÚlñIkEn/ ³vt ¶[VP14] ·@ sth to sth, ´point out the likeness of one
thing (to another): ³@ the heart to a pump.¼
¨like®ness© ²/ÚlñIknIs/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´resemblance; being like: ³I
can't see much @ between the two boys. ·in the @ of, ´in the form, shape or
external appearance of. ¸2 ¶[C] ´point of resemblance; instance of being like:
³There's a family @ in all of them. ¸3 ¶[C] ´representation (in a portrait,
picture, photograph etc): ³The portrait is a good @.¼
¨like®wise© ²/ÚlñIkwñIz/ ³adv ´in the same or a similar way: ³Watch him and do
@. ´¹ ³conj ´also; moreover.¼
¨lik®ing© ²/ÚlñIkIG/ ³n ¸(a) @, ´fondness. ·have a @ for, ´be fond of. ·to
one's @, ´as one likes it; satisfactory: ³Is everything to your @?¼
¨li®lac© ²/ÚlñIlEk/ ³n ¸1 ´shrub with sweet-smelling pale purple or white
blossom: ³an avenue of @s, ´@ shrubs; ³a bunch of @ (sing ´for the blossom). ¸2
´pale purple or pinkish-purple: ³a @ dress.¼
¨Lil®li®pu®tian© ²/*lIlIÚpju2n/ ³n ´native of Lilliput ²/ÚlIlIpAt/ ´(the
country described in Swift's ³Gulliver's Travels). ´¹ ³adj ´very small.¼
¨lilt© ²/lIlt/ ³n ¶[C] ´(lively song or tune with a) well-marked rhythm or
swing. ¹ ³vt,vi ´go, sing with a @: ³a @ing waltz.¼
¨lily© ²/ÚlIlI/ ³n (pl µ-lies³) ´(kinds of) plant growing from a bulb, of many
sizes, shapes and colours: ·*³@ of the ·Ú³valley; ·Ú³water lilies; ·Ú³Easter
lilies; ·Ú³calla lilies. ¸@-livered ²/ÚlIlI lIvEd/ ³adj ´cowardly. ¸*@-Úwhite
³adj ´as white as a @; pure white.¼
¨limb© ²/lIm/ ³n ¸1 ´leg, arm or wing (the more usu words): ³rest one's tired
@s; be torn @ from @ by wolves; escape with life and @´, without serious
injury. ¸2 ´bough (of a tree). ·leave sb/be/go out on a @, ´(colloq) leave
sb/be/put oneself in a vulnerable position, eÔg because separated from
supporters. ¸3 ´(colloq) ·@ of the devil/of Satan´, mischievous child. ¸-limbed
²/lImd/ ³suff ´(in compounds) ·*³long-/·*³strong-·Ú³@ed´, having long/strong
@s.¼
¨lim®ber© ²/ÚlImbE(r)/ ³adj ´flexible, pliable. ¹ ³vt,vi ¶[VP15B,2C] ·@
(oneself) up, ´make oneself (one's muscles) pliant, flexible.¼
¨limbo© ²/ÚlImbE8/ ³n (pl µ@s ²/-bE8z/³) ¸1 ¶[U] ·in @, ´in a condition of
being forgotten and unwanted: ´(colloq) ³The idea of forming a staff
association is in @ ´(= has been put to one side) ³until the new Manager is
appointed. ¸2 ¶[C] ´place for forgotten and unwanted things. ¸3 ´(usu ¸L@´)
region for souls of unbaptized infants and pre-Christian righteous persons.¼
¨lime©1 ²/lñIm/ ³n ¶[U] ¸1 ´white substance (calcium oxide, ¸CaO´) obtained by
burning limestone, used in making cement and mortar. ¸Úquick®@, ´@ before water
is added. ¸*slaked Ú@, ´@ after being acted upon by water. µ¥ calcium. ¸Ú@®kiln
³n ´kiln in which @stone is burnt. ¸Ú@®light ³n ¶[U] ´intense white light
produced by heating @ in a very hot flame, formerly used for lighting the stage
in theatres. ·the @light, ´publicity: ³fond of the @light. ·in the @light,
´receiving publicity. ¸Ú@®stone ³n ¶[U] ´(kinds of) rock containing much @,
quarried for industrial use. ¸2 ¶[U] ¸(Úbird-)@, ´sticky substance made from
holly bark for catching small birds. ¹ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´put @ on (fields, etc) (to
control acidity).¼
¨lime©2 ²/lñIm/ ³n ´(also ¸Ú@-tree´) tree with smooth heart-shaped leaves and
sweet-smelling yellow blossoms.¼
¨lime©3 ²/lñIm/ ³n ´(tree with) round juicy fruit like, but more acid than, a
lemon. ¸Ú@®juice ³n ´juice of this fruit used for flavouring, as a drink, and
medicinally.¼
¨lim®er®ick© ²/ÚlImErIk/ ³n ´humorous or nonsense poem of five lines.¼
¨limey© ²/ÚlñImI/ ³n (pl µ@s³) ´(US sl) British person.¼
¨limit©1 ²/ÚlImIt/ ³n ¶[C] ´line or point that may not or cannot be
passed; greatest or smallest amount, degree, etc of what is possible: ³within
the city @s, ´boundaries; ³within a @ of five miles/a five-mile @. We must set
a @ to the expense of the trip´, fix a sum not to be exceeded. ³As we grow
older we learn the @s of our abilities´, learn what we can do and what we
cannot do. ³His greed knows no @s. There is a @ to my patience. She reached the
@ of her patience. ·within @s, ´in moderation: ³I'm willing to help you, within
@s. ·without @, ´to any extent or degree: ³If only the banks would lend money
without @! ·off @s, ´(US) = out of bounds, µ¥ bound±1µ. ·That's the @,
´(colloq) That is as much as (or more than) can be tolerated. ¸Úage @ ³n
´age±1µ(1) ´given as a @ for participation in an activity, etc.¼
¨limit©2 ²/ÚlImIt/ ³vt ¶[VP6A,14] ·@ sb/sth (to sth), ´put a limit
or limits to; be the limit of: ³We must @ the expense to what we can afford. I
shall @ myself to three aspects of the subject. ¸@ed ³pp ´small; restricted;
narrow: ³a @ed edition´, one @ed to a specified number of copies. ³Our
accommodation is very @ed. He seems to have only a @ed intelligence. ¸*@ed
*liaÚbility company, ´(abbr ¸Ltd´, placed after the name) business company
whose members are liable for its debts only to the extent of the capital sum
they have provided. ¸*@ed Úmonarchy, ´one that is restricted by the
constitution. µ¥ absolute(2). ¸@®less ³adj ´without @: ³the @less ocean; a
dictator whose ambitions were @less.¼
¨limi®ta®tion© ²/*lImIÚteI2n/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´limiting; condition of being
limited. ¸2 ¶[C] ´condition, fact or circumstance that limits; disability or
inability: ³He knows his @s´, knows well that in some respects his abilities
are limited.¼
¨limn© ²/lIm/ ³vt ´(old use) paint (a picture); portray (in drawing or in
words).¼
¨limou®sine© ²/ÚlImEzin/ ³n ´large, luxurious motor-car with an enclosed body,
the front seats being separated by means of a partition (as in a London taxi).
´(Cf ³saloon-car, ´with no partition behind the driver.)¼
¨limp©1 ²/lImp/ ³adj ´not stiff or firm; lacking strength: ³The book is bound
in @ cloth; a @ edition of a book. The flowers looked @ in the heat. ¸@®ly
³adv ¸@®ness ³n¼
¨limp©2 ²/lImp/ ³vi ¶[VP2A,C] ´walk lamely or unevenly as when one
leg or foot is hurt or stiff: ³The wounded soldier @ed off the battlefield.
The damaged ship @ed ´(= managed with difficulty to get) ³back to port. ´¹ ³n
´(usu ¸a @´) lame walk: ³walk with/have a bad @.¼
¨lim®pet© ²/ÚlImpIt/ ³n ´small shellfish that fastens itself tightly to rocks,
µ¥ ´the illus at µmollusc´; (fig) person who sticks tightly to an office, a
position or another person. ¸Ú@ mine, ´explosive mine (to be) placed in
position against the hull of a ship, eÔg by frogmen.¼
¨lim®pid© ²/ÚlImpId/ ³adj ´(lit, fig, rhet) (of liquids, the atmosphere, the
eyes) clear; transparent. ¸@®ly ³adv ¸@®ity ²/lImÚpIdEtI/ ³n ¶[U] ´quality or
state of being @.¼
¨linch®pin© ²/ÚlInt2pIn/ ³n ´iron pin passed through the end of an axle to
keep the wheel in position; (fig) vital part; person who, because of his work,
etc, keeps an organization, etc together.¼
¨Lin®coln green© ²/*lIGkEn Úgrin/ ³n ´bright green cloth as made at Lincoln:
³Robin Hood and his men, dressed in @.¼
¨lin®den© ²/ÚlIndEn/ ³n ´(also ¸Ú@-tree´) = µlime±2´.¼
¨line©1 ²/lñIn/ ³n ¸1 ´piece or length of thread, string, rope or wire for
various purposes: ·Ú³fishing @s; ·Ú³telephone @s. Hang (out) the clothes on
the @, (´iÔe ³the ·Ú³clothes-@). L@ fishing is quite different from
net-fishing. He's clever with rod and @´, is a good angler. ³The @s ´(iÔe
telephone, etc @s) ³are all down as a result of the blizzard. Give me a @,
please, ´(to the operator of a telephone switchboard) Connect me to the
Exchange, please (so that I can dial direct). ³L@ engaged! ´(US ³L@ busy´)
used of a telephone @ already in use. ¸crossed Ú@, µ¥ cross±2µ(5). ¸Úhot @, µ¥
hot±1µ(8). ¸Úparty/shared @, ´telephone @ serving two or more subscribers. ¸2
´long, narrow mark made on a surface: ³L@s may be straight, crooked or curved.
Draw a @ from A to B. In mathematics a @ is defined as having length but not
breadth or thickness. ¸3 ¶[U] ´the use of @sµ(2) ´in art, etc: ³a ·Ú³@
drawing´, eÔg with a pen or pencil; ·Ú³@-engraving, ´done with @s cut on a
surface; ³the beauty of @ in the work of Botticelli; translate life into @ and
colour´, represent living things by means of @s and colour. ¸4 ´(in games) mark
made to limit a court or ground, or special parts of them: ³Did the ball cross
the @? µ¥ lineman. ¸5 ´mark like a @ on the skin of the face; furrow or
wrinkle; one of the marks on the palm of the hand: ³There were deep @s on her
face. ¸6 ³(pl) ´contour; outline: ³a ship of fine @s, ´with a graceful outline;
³the delicate @s of Gothic architecture; ´(in shipbuilding) plans, esp of
horizontal, vertical and oblique sections. ¸7 ´row of persons or things: ³a @
of trees/chairs/people waiting to go into a cinema; manufactured goods on the
as·Ú³sembly @; a long @ of low hills. ·in (a) @, ´forming a @: ³The boys were
standing in (a) @. ·in @ for, ´next in order for: ³He's in @ for promotion. ·on
the @, ´(of objects exhibited, esp paintings) with the centre about level with
the eyes of the viewer. ¸8 ´edge, boundary, that divides: ³cross the @ into
Canada ´(iÔe from US); equator: ³cross the @. ·draw the @ (at), µ¥
draw±2µ(13). ¸9 ´railway; single track of railway @s: ³the ·Ú³up/·Ú³down @´,
to/from the chief terminus; ³the main @; a ·Ú³branch @. Cross the @ by the
bridge. ·reach the end of the @, ´(fig, eÔg of a relationship) reach the point
where it breaks down, ends. ¸10 ´organized system of transport under one
management and giving a regular service: ³an ·Ú³air@; a new ·Ú³bus @; a
·Ú³steamship @. ¸11 ´direction; course; track; way of behaviour, dealing with a
situation, etc: ³the @ of march of an army; ·*³communi·Ú³cation @s. Don't stand
in the @ of fire! You'll get shot! You should keep to your own @´, be
independent of others. ·choose/follow/take the @ of least resistance, ´the
easiest way of doing things. ·take a strong/firm @ (over sth), ´deal with a
problem, etc resolutely: ³Should the government take a stronger @ over
inflation? What @ do you intend to take´, How will you approach the problem?
·do sth along/on sound/correct, etc @s, ´use good, etc methods: ³He is studying
the subject on sound @s/on the wrong @s. I shall proceed along/on these @s
until further notice. ·(be) in/out of @ (with), ´in agreement/disagreement
(with). ·bring sth into @, ´cause sth to conform. ·come/fall into @ (with),
´(persuade or cause sb to) accept views, conform, agree. ·toe the @, ´(fig)
submit to discipline, accept the ideas, programme, etc of a (political, etc)
party. ·the party @, ´the agreed or established policy of a political party:
³follow the party @´, vote, speak, write, etc in accordance with this policy.
¸12 ´connected series of persons following one another in time, esp of the same
ancestry: ³a long @ of great kings; the last of his @; trace back one's family
@´, one's ancestry; ³a descendant of King David in a direct @/in the male @.
¸13 ´row of words on a page of writing or in print: ³page 5, @ 10. ³"L@s to a
friend on her birthday'´, eÔg as the title of a poem. ·drop sb a @, ´(colloq)
write to sb: ³Drop me a @ to say how you're getting on. ·read between the @s,
´(fig) find more meaning than the words appear to express. ¸Úmarriage @s, ´(GB
colloq) certificate of marriage. ¸@s, ¸(a) ´words of an actor's part: ³The
leading actor was not sure of his @s. ¸(b) ´form of punishment by which a
schoolchild is required to write out a specified number of @s. ¸14 ´series of
connected military defence posts, trenches, etc: ³go into the front @(s)´, the
area nearest to the enemy's @s; ³high-ranking officers well behind the @s. ·all
along the @´, at every point; in every way. ·go up the @, ´leave base for the
front @(s). ¸15 ´(mil) row of tents, huts, etc in a camp: ³inspect the @s; the
·Ú³horse @s. ¸16 ¸the @, ´(GB army) regular infantry regiments (excluding the
Guards and Rifles): ³regiments of the @; a @ regiment; infantry of the @; ´(US
army) regular fighting forces of all classes. ¸17 ¶[U] ´(mil) double row (front
and rear ranks) of men standing side by side (contrasted with ³file ´and
³column´): ³The troops attacked in extended @. The men formed into @. ¸18
´(naval) ·@ abreast, ´(number of parallel ships) abreast of each other. ·@
astern, ´(number of ships) in a @ one behind the other. ¸ship of the @;
@-of-battle ship, ´(in former times) ship of 74 or more guns; largest type of
warship. ¸19 ´department of activity; business; occupation: ³He's in the
·Ú³drapery @. His @ is stockbroking/banking. That's not much in my @´, I don't
know much about it, am not much interested in it. ¸20 ´(trade use) class of
commercial goods: ³a cheap @ in felt hats; the best-selling @ in woollen
underwear. ¸21 ·Hard @s! ´Bad luck! ¸22 ´(sl) ·shoot a @, ´brag, boast. Hence,
¸Ú@-shooting, Ú@-shooter ³nn ¸23 ´(colloq) ·give sb/get/have a @ on sth,
´give etc information about it.¼
¨line©2 ²/lñIn/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A,15B] ´mark (sth) with lines: ³@d
paper´, with lines printed on it; ³@ in a contour, ´on a blank map; ³@ sth out
on paper´, mark it out with @s. ¸2 ¶[VP6A] ´cover with lines: ³a @d face; a
face @d with anxiety. Pain had @d her forehead. ¸3 ¶[VP2C,15B] ·@ up, ´(cause
to) be in a line, get into a line. ³The general @d up his troops. The soldiers
quickly @d up. µ¥ line-up. ·@ up (for sth), ´(US) queue (for it). ¸4 ¶[VP6A]
´form, be placed, in a line or lines along: ³a road @d with trees; a road @d
with police. Crowds of people @d the kerb to see the funeral procession.¼
¨line©3 ²/lñIn/ ³vt ¶[VP6A,14] ·@ sth (with sth), ¸1 ´provide with an inside
covering; add a layer of (usu different) material to the inside of (bags,
boxes, articles of clothing): ³fur-@d gloves; an overcoat @d with silk. µ¥
lining. ¸2 ´(fig) fill (one's purse, pocket, stomach, etc): ³He has @d his
purse well´, made a lot of money.¼
¨lin®eage© ²/ÚlInIIdZ/ ³n ¶[U] ´family line; ancestry; line of
descent.¼
¨lin®eal© ²/ÚlInIEl/ ³adj ´in the direct line of descent (from father to son,
etc): ³a @ descendant/heir. ¸@®ly ²/-IElI/ ³adv¼
¨lin®ea®ment© ²/ÚlInIEmEnt/ ³n ´(formal) (usu ³pl ´except after ³each ´and
³every´) line, detail, distinctive feature or characteristic (of the face):
³the @s of a Mongol face.¼
¨lin®ear© ²/ÚlInIE(r)/ ³adj ¸1 ´of or in lines: ³a @ design. ¸2 ´of
length: ³@ measure´, eÔg feet and inches or metres. µ¥ App 5.¼
¨line®man© ²/ÚlñInmEn/ ³n ¸1 ´man who puts up and maintains telegraph and
telephone lines. ¸2 ´(US) = µlinesman.¼
¨linen© ²/ÚlInIn/ ³n ¶[U] ´cloth made of flax; articles made from this cloth,
esp shirts and collars, bed-sheets, tablecloths and table napkins: (attrib) ³@
handkerchiefs. ¸Ú@-draper ³n ´person who sells @ and cotton goods. ·wash one's
dirty @ in public, ´discuss family quarrels, unpleasant personal affairs, etc
in the presence of other people.¼
¨liner© ²/ÚlñInE(r)/ ³n ¸1 ´ship or aircraft of a lineµ(10) ´of ships or
aircraft: ³a fast ·Ú³air@; a trans-Atlantic @. µ¥ ´the illus at µship. ¸2
Ú@(-train) ´(also ·Ú³freight@´), long distance express goods train between
industrial centres and seaports, with facilities for fast (un)loading of
goods.¼
¨lines®man© ²/ÚlñInzmEn/ ³n ´(sport) person who helps the umpire or referee by
saying whether or where the ball touches or crosses one of the lines.¼
¨line-up© ²/ÚlñIn Ap/ ³n ¸1 ´way in which persons, states, etc are arranged or
allied; alignment: ³a new @ of Afro-Asian powers; a @ of men in an
identification parade. ¸2 ´formation of players ready for action (in a game
such as baseball or football). ¸3 ´programme of items (esp for radio or TÔV):
³This evening's @ includes an interview with the Chairman of British Rail.¼
¨ling©1 ²/lIG/ ³n ¶[U] ´(kinds of) heather.¼
¨ling©2 ²/lIG/ ³n ´long, slender N European seafish (usu salted) for food.¼
¨lin®gam© ²/ÚlIGgEm/ ³n ´phallic emblem (as a symbol of the Hindu god Siva
²/Ú2ivE/´).¼
¨lin®ger© ²/ÚlIGgE(r)/ ³vi ¶[VP2A,C] ´be late or slow in going away; stay at
or near a place: ³@ on after everyone else has left; @ about/around. The
custom @s on´, is still observed but is now weak. ¸@®ing ³adj ´long;
protracted: ³a @ing illness; a @ing look´, one showing regret, unwillingness
to leave or give up sth; ³a few @ing ´(remaining) ³doubts. ¸@®ing®ly ³adv ¸@er
³n ´person who @s.¼
¨linge®rie© ²/ÚlanZEri ³US: ²*lqndZeÚreI/ ³n ¶[U] ´(F) (trade name for) women's
underclothing.¼
¨lingo© ²/ÚlIGgE8/ ³n (pl µ@es ²/-gE8z/³) ´(hum or derog) language,
esp one that one does not know; way of talking, vocabulary, of a special
subject or class of people: ³the strange @ used by experts in radio and
television.¼
¨lin®gua franca© ²/*lIGgwE ÚfraGkE/ ³n ´language adopted for local
communication over an area in which several languages are spoken, eÔg Swahili
in E Africa.¼
¨lin®gual© ²/ÚlIGgwEl/ ³adj ´of the tongue, speech or languages, esp in
compounds, as ¸*audio-Ú@, ´(of methods, devices, etc) requiring one to listen
and speak: ³audio-@ aids´, eÔg a tape-recorder. ¸*biÚ@, ´speaking two
languages. ¸*multi-Ú@, ´speaking many languages.¼
¨lin®guist© ²/ÚlIGgwIst/ ³n ¸1 ´person skilled in foreign languages: ³She's a
good @. I'm no @´, am poor at foreign languages. ¸2 ´one who makes a
scientific study of language(s).¼
¨lin®guis®tic© ²/lIGÚgwIstIk/ ³adj ´of (the scientific study of) languages:
³the @ study of literature´, centred on the language. ¸@s ³n pl sing-v
´the science of language, eÔg of its structure, acquisition, relationship to
other forms of communication. ¸ap*plied Ú@s, ´this study put to practical uses,
esp in the teaching of languages.¼
¨lini®ment© ²/ÚlInImEnt/ ³n ¶[C,U] ´(kind of) liquid usu made with oil for
rubbing on stiff or aching parts of the body.¼
¨lin®ing© ²/ÚlñInIG/ ³n ¸1 ¶[C] ´layer of material added to the inside of sth:
³an overcoat with a fur @; a jewel-box with a velvet @. ·Every cloud has a
silver @, ´(prov) There is sth good in every evil. ¸2 ¶[U] ´material used for
this purpose.¼
¨link©1 ²/lIGk/ ³n ¸1 ´one ring or loop of a chain. ¸2 ´(usu ³pl´)
one of a pair of fasteners for the sleeves of a shirt: ·Ú³cuff-@s. ¸3 ´person
or thing that unites or connects two others: ³a @ in a chain of evidence; the @
between the past and the future. ¸missing @, ´that which is needed to
complete a series; animal supposed to have existed, of a type between the apes
and man. ¸Ú@®man ²/-man/ ³n (pl µ-men³) ´person who provides the connecting
@ between two groups. ¸4 ´measure of length, one hundredth of a chain; 7²Ø´92
inches or about 20 centimetres. µ¥ App 5. ´¹ ³vt,vi ¶[VP6A,15A,B,2A,C] ·@ (up),
´join, be joined, with, or as with, a @ or @s: ³@ things together; @ one's arm
in/through another person's arm; two towns @ed by a canal; @ing verbs´, eÔg
³be. How do religion and philosophy @ up? ´Hence, ¸Ú@-up ³n ´act or result of
@ing.¼
¨link©2 ²/lIGk/ ³n ´(hist) torch formerly used for lighting people along
streets. ¸Ú@®boy, Ú@®man ²/-man/ ³nn ´one formerly employed to carry @s and
guide people through badly lighted streets.¼
¨links© ²/lIGks/ ³n ¸1 ³(´with ³pl v) ´grassy land, esp sand-hills, near the
sea. ¸2 ´(often ¸a @, ´with ³sing v´) golf-course.¼
¨lin®net© ²/ÚlInIt/ ³n ´small brown songbird, common in Europe.¼
¨lino© ²/ÚlñInE8/ ³n ¶[U] ´(abbr for) linoleum. ¸Ú@-cut ³n ¶[C] ´design cut in
relief on a block of linoleum; print made from this.¼
¨lin®oleum© ²/lIÚnE8lIEm/ ³n ¶[U] ´strong floor-covering of canvas treated with
powdered cork and oil.¼
¨lino®type© ²/ÚlñInE8tñIp/ ³n ´(P) machine (with a keyboard like that of a
typewriter) used for setting type, each line of type being cast in the form of
a complete bar of metal.¼
¨lin®seed© ²/ÚlInsid/ ³n ¶[U] ´seed of flax. ¸@ oil ³n ¶[U] ´oil pressed from
@, used in making printing-ink, linoleum, etc.¼
¨lin®sey-wool®sey© ²/*lInzI Úw8lzI/ ³n ¶[U] ´strong, coarse material made from
inferior wool woven with cotton.¼
¨lint© ²/lInt/ ³n ¶[U] ´linen, with one side scraped so as to be
fluffy, used for dressing wounds: (attrib) ³a @ bandage.¼
¨lin®tel© ²/ÚlIntl/ ³n ´horizontal piece of wood or stone forming the top of
the frame of a door or window. µ¥ ´the illus at µwindow.¼
¨lion© ²/ÚlñIEn/ ³n ¸1 ´large, strong, flesh-eating animal found in Africa and
S Asia, called "the King of Beasts' because of its fine appearance and courage.
µ¥ ´the illus at µcat. ·the @'s share, ´the larger or$largest part. ¸Ú@-hearted
³adj ´brave. ¸2 ´person whose company is very much desired at social
gatherings, eÔg a famous author or musician. ¸Ú@-hunter ³n ´person who tries to
get @s as guests at dinner parties, etc. ¸@®ess ²/-es/ ³n ´female @. µ¥ ´the
illus at µcat. ¸Ú@®ize ²/-ñIz/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´treat as a @µ(2)´: ³The famous
explorer was @ized when he returned home.¼
¨lip© ²/lIp/ ³n ¸1 ´one or other of the fleshy edges of the opening of the
mouth: ³the lower/upper lip; a man with a cigar between his lips. She refused
to open her lips´, wouldn't say anything. µ¥ ´the illus at µmouth. ·bite one's
lip, ´show vexation. ·curl one's lip, ´show scorn. ·give/pay Úlip-service to
sth, ´make promises, express regret, admiration etc about it, not sincerely
felt. ·hang on/upon sb's lips, ´listen eagerly to every word he says. ·keep a
stiff upper lip, ´show no emotion, sign of fear, anxiety, etc. ·lick/smack
one's lips, ´show (anticipation of) enjoyment. ¸Úlip-reading ³n ¶[U] ´method
(taught to deaf people) of understanding speech from lip movements. Hence,
¸Úlip-read ³vt´. ¸Úlip®stick ³n ¶[C,U] ´(stick of) cosmetic material for
reddening the lips: ³buy three lipsticks; use too much lipstick. ¸2 ´edge of a
hollow vessel or opening: ³the lip of a saucer/crater. ¸3 ¶[U] ´(sl) impudence:
³None of your lip! ´Don't be impudent! ¸-lipped, ´in compounds:
·*³thick-/·*³dry-·Ú³lipped´, having thick/dry lips.¼
¨liquefy© ²/ÚlIkwIfñI/ ³vt,vi (pt,pp µ-fied³) ¶[VP6A,2A] ´make or
become liquid. ¸lique®fac®tion ²/*lIkwIÚfak2n/ ³n ¶[U] ´making or becoming
liquid; being liquified.¼
¨li®ques®cent© ²/lIÚkwesnt/ ³adj ´becoming, apt to become, liquid.¼
¨li®queur© ²/lIÚkj8E(r) ³US: ²-Úk3r/ ³n ´strong usu sweet alcoholic drink for
taking in small quantities: ³@ brandy´, of special quality for drinking as a @;
·Ú³@ glass´, very small for @s.¼
¨liquid© ²/ÚlIkwId/ ³n ¸1 ¶[C,U] ´substance like water or oil that flows
freely and is neither a solid nor a gas: ³Air is a fluid but not a @; water is
both a fluid and a @. You have added too much @ to the mixture. ¸2 ´(phon) the
consonant ²/r/ ´or ²/l/´. ¹ ³adj ¸1 ´in the form of a @; not solid or gaseous:
³@ food, ´soft, easily swallowed, suitable for sick people; ³@ mud,
´so soft that it can be poured. ¸@ gas, ´gas reduced to a @ state by intense
cold. ¸2 ´clear, bright and moist-looking: ³@ eyes´, bright and shining; ³a @
sky. ¸3 ´(of sounds) clear; pure; not guttural: ³the @ notes of a blackbird.
¸4 ´not fixed; easily changed: ³@ opinions. ¸5 ´(in finance) easily sold or
changed into cash: ³@ assets.¼
¨liqui®date© ²/ÚlIkwIdeIt/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A] ´pay or settle (a debt). ¸2
¶[VP6A] ´bring (esp an unsuccessful business company) to an end by dividing up
its property to pay debts; ¶[VP2A] ´(of a company) go through this process. ¸3
¶[VP6A] ´(colloq or newspaper style) get rid of, put an end to; kill:
³gangsters who @ their rivals. ¸liqui®da®tion ²/*lIkwIÚdeI2n/ ³n ¶[U]
´liquidating or being @ed. ·go into liquidation, ´become bankrupt.
¸liq®ui®da®tor ²/-tE(r)/ ³n ´official who @s µ(2)´.¼
¨liq®uid®ity© ²/lIÚkwIdEtI/ ³n ¶[U] ´state of being liquidµ(5)´; state of being
able to raise funds easily by selling assets.¼
¨liquid®ize© ²/ÚlIkwIdqIz/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´crush, eÔg fruit, vegetables, to a
liquid pulp. ¸@r ³n ´device (usu with an electric motor) for liquidizing fruit,
etc.¼
¨liquor© ²/ÚlIkE(r)/ ³n ¶[C,U] ¸1 ´(GB) any alcoholic drink: ³under
the influence of @´, partly drunk; ³the worse for @´, drunk; ³malt @´, beer;
³brandy and other spirituous @s. ¸2 ´(US) any distilled alcoholic drink: ³@
store. ¸3 ´liquid produced by boiling or fermenting a food substance.¼
¨liquor®ice© ´(US = ¸licor®ice´) ²/ÚlIkErIs/ ³n ¶[U] ´(plant from whose root is
obtained a) black substance used in medicine and in sweets.¼
¨lira© ²/ÚlIErE/ ³n (pl µlire ²/ÚlIEreI, ÚlIErE/ ´or µ@s´) unit of money in
Italy.¼
¨lisle© ²/ÚlñIl/ ³n ¶[U] ´fine, hard-twisted cotton fabric, used for stockings,
gloves, etc.¼
¨lisp© ²/lIsp/ ³vi,vt ¶[VP2A,6A,15B] ´fail to use the sounds ²/s/ ´and ²/z/
´correctly, eÔg by saying ²/TIkÚTtin/ ´for ³sixteen; ´say in a @ing manner:
³She @s. He @ed (out) his words. ´¹ ³n ´lisping way of speaking: ³The child
has a bad @. ¸@®ing®ly ³adv¼
¨lis®som©, lis®some ²/ÚlIsEm/ ³adj ´lithe; quick and graceful in movement.
¸@®ness ³n¼
¨list©1 ²/lIst/ ³n ´number of names (of persons, items, things, etc) written
or printed: ³a ·Ú³shopping @; make a @ of things one must do; put sb's name
on/take his name off the list. ¸@ price, ´(comm) published or advertised
price. ¸the active @, ´@ of officers in the armed forces who may be called
upon for service. ¸the free @, ¸(a) ´those goods admitted into a country free
of duty. ¸(b) ´those persons who are admitted to a cinema, theatre, concert
hall, etc without payment. ¹ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´make a @ of; put on a @: ³@ all
one's engagements; @ sb's name.¼
¨list©2 ²/lIst/ ³vi ¶[VP2A,C] ´(esp of a ship) lean over to one side, eÔg
because the cargo has shifted: ³The ship @s to starboard. ´¹ ³n ´@ing of a
ship: ³a bad @ to port.¼
¨list©3 ²/lIst/ ³vt,vi ´(old use) listen ³(to).¼
¨list©4 ²/lIst/ ³vi ´(old use) please; choose: ³"The wind bloweth where it
@eth.'¼
¨lis®ten© ²/ÚlIsn/ ³vi ¶[VP2A,C,3A] ·@ (to), ¸1 ´try to hear; pay attention:
³We @ed but heard nothing. The boys heard their father's voice but were not
@ing to what he was saying. Please @ carefully for the telephone while I'm
upstairs. ·@ in (to), ¸(a) ´listen to a broadcast programme: ³Did you @ in to
the Prime Minister yesterday evening? ¸(b) ´@ in to a conversation, eÔg by
tapping telephone lines or using an extension telephone receiver. ¸2 ´agree to
a suggestion, request, etc: ³Don't @ to him; he wants to get you into trouble.
¸@er ³n ´one who @s.¼
¨list®less© ²/ÚlIstlIs/ ³adj ´too tired to show interest or do
anything. ¸@®ly ³adv ¸@®ness ³n¼
¨lists© ²/lists/ ³n pl ´(hist) (palisades enclosing an) area of ground for
fights between men on horseback wearing armour and using lances. ·enter the @
(against sb), ´(fig) challenge (sb) or accept a challenge (from sb) to a
contest.¼
¨lit© ²/lIt/ ³pt,pp ´of µlight±4µ. ·lit up, ´(sl) drunk.¼
¨lit®any© ²/ÚlItEnI/ ³n (pl µ-nies³) ´form of prayer for use in church
services, recited by a priest with responses from the congregation. ¸the L@,
´that in the Book of Common Prayer of the Church of England.¼
¨lit®chi© ²/ÚlñIt2i/ µlychee.¼
¨liter© ²/ÚlitE(r)/ µ¥ litre.¼
¨lit®er®acy© ²/ÚlItErEsI/ ³n ¶[U] ´ability to read and write.¼
¨lit®eral© ²/ÚlItErEl/ ³adj ¸1 ´connected with, expressed in, letters of an
alphabet: ³a @ error, ´a misprint. ¸2 ´corresponding exactly to the original:
³a @ transcript/copy of an old manuscript; a @ translation. ´(Cf ³free
´translation.) ¸3 ´(contrasted with ³figurative´) taking words in their usual
and obvious sense, without allegory or metaphor: ³I hear nothing in the @ sense
of the word´, (iÔe of the word "hear') get no news by hearing people speak
(though I may get news from letters, etc). ¸4 ´(of a person) prosaic; matter of
fact; lacking in imagination: ³He has a rather @ mind. ´¹ ³n ´@ error;
misprint. ¸@ly ²/ÚlItErElI/ ³adv ¸1 ´word for word; strictly: ³translate @ly;
carry out orders too @ly. ¸2 ´(informal use, to intensify meaning) without
exaggeration: ³The children were @ly starving.¼
¨lit®er®ary© ²/ÚlItErErI ³US: ²ÚlItErerI/ ³adj ´of literature or
authors: ³the @ profession; a @ man, ´either an author or a man interested in
literature; ³@ style, ´as used in literature contrasted with ³colloquial´,
etc. ¸@ property´, the right of an author to fees, royalties, etc coming from
his writings.¼
¨lit®er®ate© ²/ÚlItErEt/ ³adj ¸1 ´able to read and write. ¸2 ´cultured;
well-read: ³He's a remarkably @ young man. ´¹ ³n ´@ person.¼
¨lit®er®ati© ²/*lItEÚrqErI/ ³n pl ´the literary intelligentsia.¼
¨lit®era®ture© ²/ÚlItrEt2E(r) ³US: ²-t28Er/ ³n ¶[U] ¸1 ´(the writing or the
study of) books, etc valued as works of art (drama, fiction, essays, poetry,
biography, contrasted with technical books and journalism). ¸2 ´(also with
³indef art´) all the writings of a country ³(French @) ´or a period ³(18th
century English @´); books dealing with a special subject: ³travel @; the @ of
poultry-farming. There is now an extensive @ dealing with the First World War.
¸3 ¶[U] ´printed material describing or advertising sth, eÔg pamphlets: ³We
shall be glad to send you some @ about our refrigerators/package holidays.¼
¨lithe© ²/lñID/ ³adj ´(of a person, a body) bending, twisting or turning
easily: ³@ movements; make one's muscles @.¼
¨lith®ogra®phy© ²/lIÚTogrEfI/ ³n ¶[U] ´process of printing from parts of a flat
stone or sheet of zinc or aluminium that are prepared to receive a greasy
ink. ¸litho®graph ²/ÚlITEgrqf ³US: ²-graf/ ³n ´sth (esp a picture) printed by
this process. µ¹ ³vt,vi ´print by this process. ¸litho®graphic ²/*lITEÚgrafIk/
³adj ´of @.¼
¨liti®gant© ²/ÚlItIgEnt/ ³n ´person engaged in a lawsuit.¼
¨liti®gate© ²/ÚlItIgeIt/ ³vi,vt ¸1 ¶[VP2A] ´go to law; make a claim
at a court of law. ¸2 ¶[VP6A] ´contest (sth) at a court of law. ¸liti®ga®tion
²/*lItIÚgeI2n/ ³n ¶[U] ´litigating; going to law. ¸lit®igious ²/lIÚtIdZEs/
³adj ¸1 ´fond of going to law. ¸2 ´that can be disputed at law.¼
¨lit®mus© ²/ÚlItmEs/ ³n ´blue colouring-matter that is turned red by acid and
can then be restored to blue by alkali. ¸Ú@-paper, ´paper stained with @ and
used as a test for acids and alkalis.¼
¨li®totes© ²/ÚlñItE8tiz/ ³n ´understatement used ironically, esp using a
negative to express the contrary, as "I shan't be sorry when it's over' meaning
"I shall be very glad', or "It was no easy matter' for "It was very
difficult'.¼
¨litre© ´(US = ¸liter´) ²/ÚlitE(r)/ ³n ´unit of capacity in the metric system.
1 @ = about 1Ö pints. µ¥ App 5.¼
¨lit®ter©1 ²/ÚlItE(r)/ ³n ¸1 ´(hist) couch or bed (often with a covering and
curtains) in which a person may be carried about, eÔg on men's shoulders, and
as used in ancient Rome. ¸2 ´sort of stretcher for carrying a sick or wounded
person.¼
¨lit®ter©2 ²/ÚlItE(r)/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´odds and ends, bits of paper, discarded
wrappings, bottles, etc left lying about in a room or public place: ³Pick up
your @ after a picnic. ¸Ú@-bin/-basket ³n ´bin, basket, into which to place @.
¸Ú@-lout ³n ´(colloq) person who leaves @ about in public places. ¸2 a @,
´state of untidiness that results when things are left lying about instead of
being put away: ³Her room was in such a @ that she was ashamed to ask me in. ¸3
¶[U] ´straw and dung of a farmyard; straw and similar material, eÔg dry
bracken, used as bedding for animals or for protecting plants from frost. ¸4
¶[C] ´all the newly born young ones of an animal: ³a @ of puppies; ten little
pigs at a @. ´¹ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A,15A,B,14] ·@ sth (up) with sth, ´make untidy
with odds and ends; scatter @µ(1)´: ³@ a desk with papers; @ up one's room. ¸2
¶[VP6A,15B] ·@ sth (down), ´supply (a horse, etc) with straw; make a bed for an
animal: ³@ down a horse/a stable. ¸3 ¶[VP2A] ´(of animals, esp dogs and pigs)
bring forth a @ of young ones.¼
¨little© ²/ÚlItl/ ³adj ´(In senses µ1, 2 ´and µ4 ´@ has no real
³comp and superl; µ@r ´and µ@st ´are occasionally used but are better avoided;
µ¥ less ´and µleast ´for senses µ3 ´and µ5.´) ¸1 ´small, or small in
comparison; (as a distinctive epithet) ³the @ finger/toe. ¸2 ´(often preceded
by another ³adj ´with no connotation of smallness, to indicate affection,
tenderness, regard, admiration, or the contrary, depending upon the preceding
³adj´): ³Isn't he a @ devil! ´(indicating affectionate regard). ³What a pretty
@ house! That poor @ girl! ´(indicating sympathy). ³What horrid @ children!
She's a nice @ thing ´(indicating tenderness or regard, but possibly patronage,
or a feeling of superiority). ³Such a dear @ man ´(suggesting benign patronage)
³came round and fixed my central heating. He's quite the @ gentleman!
´(suggesting patronage). ·the Ú@ people/folk, ´(esp in Ireland) fairies; elves.
¸3 ´short (in time, distance, stature): ³Won't you stay a @ time with me? Come
a @ way with me. ¸4 ´young: ³How are the @ ones´, the children? ³Here come the
@ Smiths´, the Smith children. ¸5 ´not much: ³He gained @ advantage from the
scheme. I have very @ time for reading. He knows @ Latin and less Greek. ¸6 a
@, ´some but not much; a small quantity of: ³He knows a @ French. A @ care
would have prevented the accident. Will you have a @ cake, ´a piece or slice of
cake? (Cf ³Will you have a cake´, one of these cakes?) ·not a @, ´(euphem)
much: ³It has caused me not a @ anxiety´, considerable anxiety. ´¹ ³adv ¸1 ´not
much; hardly at all; only slightly: ³He is @ known. She slept very @ last
night. I see him very @ ´(iÔe rarely) ³nowadays. He left @ more than an hour
ago. That is @ short of ´(= is almost) ³madness! He is @ better than ´(= is
almost as bad as) ³a thief. ¸a @, ´(used ³adverbially ´meaning) rather;
somewhat: ³She seemed to be a @ afraid. This hat is a @ too large for me. He
was not a @ annoyed´, was considerably annoyed. ¸2 ´(with such ³vv ´as ³know,
think, imagine, guess, suspect, realize´, and always placed before the ³v´) not
at all: ³They @ suspect/L@ do they suspect that their plot has been discovered.
He @ knows/L@ does he know that the police are about to arrest him. ¸@®ness ³n
¶[U] ´the quality of being @. ¹ ³n ´(µ¥ less, least´). ¸1 ´not much; only a
small amount: ³You have done very @ for us´, have not helped us much. ³I see
very @ of him´, do not see him often or for long. ³The @ of his work that I
have seen seems excellent. I got @ out of it´, not much advantage or profit.
³He did what @ he could. Every @ helps. ·@ by @, ´gradually; by degrees. ·@ or
nothing, ´hardly anything. ·in @, ´on a small scale. ¸2 a @, ´a small quantity;
something ³(a @ ´is positive; @ is negative): ³He knows a @ of everything. A @
makes some people laugh. Please give me a @. ·after/for a @, ´after/for a short
time or distance.¼
¨lit®toral© ²/ÚlItErEl/ ³n, adj ´(part of a country which is) along the coast.¼
¨lit®urgy© ²/ÚlItEdZI/ ³n (pl µ-gies³) ¶[C,U] ´fixed form of public
worship used in a church. ¸li®turgi®cal ²/lIÚt3dZIkl/ ³adj¼
¨liv®able©, live®able ²/ÚlIvEbl/ ³adj ´(of life) tolerable. ·@ (in), ´(of a
house, room, climate, etc) fit to live in. ·@ (with), ´(of persons) easy to
live with.¼
¨live©1 ²/lñIv/ ³adj ´(rarely pred; µ¥ living ´and µalive ´for pred ´uses) ¸1
´having life: ³@ fish; ´(joc) actual, not pretended: ³There's a real @ burglar
under my bed! ¸2 ´burning or glowing: ³@ coals/embers; ´unexploded: ³a @
shell/cartridge/bomb; ´not used: ³a @ match; ´charged with electricity: ³a @
rail´, carrying current for trains. ·a Ú@ wire, ´(fig) a lively energetic
person. ¸3 ´(of sth broadcast) not recorded in advance (on tape or records):
³It was a @ broadcast, not a recording. ¸4 Ú@-birth ³n ´(contrasted with
³still-birth´) baby born alive: ³the ratio of @-births to still-births. ¸5
´full of energy, activity, interest, importance, etc: ³a @ question/issue´, one
in which there is great interest. ´¹ ³adv ´(from µ3 ´above): ³The concert will
be broadcast @.¼
¨live©2 ²/lIv/ ³vi,vt ¸1 ¶[VP2A] ´have existence as a plant or animal; be
alive (the more usu phrase: ³He's still alive ´is preferable to ³He still @s´).
¸2 ¶[VP2A,B,C,4A] ´continue to be alive; remain alive: ³@ to be old/to a great
age; @ to see all one's grandchildren married. She's very illÅthe doctors
don't think she will @. Can he @ through the night? ·@ on, ´continue to @:
³The old people died but the young people @d on in the village. ·@ through,
´experience and survive: ³He has @d through two wars and three revolutions.
·You/We @ and learn, ´phrase used when one hears sth new, esp sth surprising.
·@ and Úlet @, ´be tolerant; ignore the failings of others in order that one's
failings may be ignored. ¸3 ¶[VP3A] ·@ by doing sth, ´earn one's livelihood
by doing it. ·@ by one's wits, ´get money by ingenious and irregular methods,
not necessarily honest. ·@ off the land, ´use its agricultural products for
one's food needs. ·@ on sth, ´have it as food or diet: ³@ on fruit/a milk diet;
´depend upon for support, etc: ³@ on one's salary/on $3Ô000 a year/on one's
wife's income. ·@ on one's name/reputation, ´keep one's position, continue to
earn money, because one has been successful in the past. ¸4 ¶[VP2C,3A] ·@
(in/at), ´make one's home; reside: ³@ in England; @ at home; @ abroad; @ in
lodgings/an hotel. Where do you @? ·@ in/out, ´(esp of domestic servants, shop
assistants, workers) lodge in/out of the building where one is employed. ·@
together, ´live in the same house, etc; (of two persons of opposite sex) live
as if married: ³I hear that Jane and Bill are living together. ¸5 ¶[VP6B,2D]
´(with cognate object) ´spend, pass, experience: ³@ a happy life/a virtuous
life; @ a double life, ´act two different parts in life. ³He @d the life of a
Christian. He @d and died a bachelor. ¸6 ¶[VP2C,D] ´conduct oneself; pass one's
life in a specified way: ³@ honestly/happily; @ like a saint; ³@ well,
´live a life satifying all the appetites. ·@ a lie´, express a lie by one's
manner of living. ·@ to oneself´, in isolation, without trying to make friends.
¸7 ¶[VP15B] ·@ sth down, ´live in such a way that (past guilt, scandal,
foolishness, etc) is forgotten: ³He hopes to @ down the scandal caused by the
divorce proceedings. ¶[VP2C] ·@ up to sth, ´put (one's faith, principles, etc)
into practice; reach the standard that may be expected: ³It's difficult to @ up
to the principles of the Christian religion. He didn't @ up to his reputation.
¶[VP3A] ·@ with sth, ´accept and endure it: ³I don't like the noise of these
jet aircraft, but I've learnt to @ with it. ¸8 ¶[VP2A] ´(of things without
life) remain in existence; survive: ³His memory will always @´, He will never
be forgotten. ³No ship could @ in such a rough sea. ¸9 ¶[VP2A] ´enjoy life
intensely: ³"I want to @', she said, "I don't want to spend my days cooking and
cleaning and looking after babies.' ·@ it up, ´live a life of hectic
enjoyment.¼
¨live®li®hood© ²/ÚlñIvlIh8d/ ³n ´means of living; way in which one
earns money: ³earn/gain one's @ by teaching; earn an honest @; deprive a man of
his @.¼
¨live®long© ²/ÚlIvloG ³US: ²ÚlñIvlcG/ ³adj ´(only in) ·the @ day/night, ´the
whole length of the day/night (implying, according to context, weariness or
delight).¼
¨live®ly© ²/ÚlñIvlI/ ³adj µ(-ier, -iest) ¸1 ´full of life and spirit; gay and
cheerful: ³She's as @ as a kitten. The patient seems a little livelier/a little
more @ this morning. He has a @ imagination. They had a @ time´,
exciting, perhaps with an element of danger. ·look @, ´move more quickly,
show more energy. ·make things @ for sb, ´make it exciting and perhaps
dangerous for him. ¸2 ´(of colour) bright; gay. ¸3 ´(of non-living things)
moving quickly or causing quick movement: ³a @ ball; a @ (cricket) pitch.
¸4 ´lifelike; realistic: ³a @ description of a football game; give sb a @ idea
of what happened. ¸live®li®ness ³n ¶[U] ´state of being @.¼
¨liven© ²/ÚlñIvn/ ³vt,vi ¶[VP15B,2C] ·@ up, ´make or become lively: ³How can we
@ things up? The party is beginning to @ up.¼
¨liver©1 ²/ÚlIvE(r)/ ³n ¸1 ¶[C] ´large, reddish-brown organ in the body which
secretes bile and purifies the blood. µ¥ ´the illus at µalimentary. ¸2 ¶[U]
´animal's @ as food. ¸@®ish ²/-I2/, ¸@y ³adjj ´(colloq) suffering from @
trouble; bilious.¼
¨liver©2 ²/ÚlIvE(r)/ ³n ´person who lives in a specified way: ³an
evil/clean/loose @.¼
¨liver®wurst© ²/ÚlIvEw3st/ ³n ´(US) sausage of chopped liver, popular in
sandwiches.¼
¨liv®ery© ²/ÚlIvErI/ ³n (pl µ-ries³) ¸1 ´special dress or uniform
worn by men servants in a great household (esp of a king or noble) or by
members of one of the city companies of London (trade or craft guilds).
·in/out of @, ´wearing/not wearing such dress or uniform. ¸Ú@ company, ´one of
the London trade guilds that has a distinctive uniform. ¸2 ´(fig, poet) dress;
covering: ³trees in the @ of spring´, with new green leaves; ³birds in their
winter @. ¸3 Ú@ (stable), ´stable where horses are kept for their owners, fed
and looked after for payment; stable from which horses may be hired.
¸liv®er®ied ²/ÚlIvErId/ ³adj ´wearing @µ(1)´. ¸@®man ²/-mEn/ ³n (pl µ-men³) ¸1
´member of a @ company. ¸2 ´keeper of, worker in, a @ stable.¼
¨lives© ²/lñIvz/ ³pl ´of µlife.¼
¨live®stock© ²/ÚlñIvstok/ ³n ¶[U] ´(esp farm) animals kept for use or profit,
eÔg cattle, sheep, pigs.¼
¨livid© ²/ÚlIvId/ ³adj ´of the colour of lead, blue-grey; (of a person or his
looks) furiously angry: ³@ marks/bruises on the body; @ with cold/rage. ¸@®ly
³adv¼
¨liv®ing©1 ²/ÚlIvIG/ ³adj ¸1 ´alive, esp now existent: ³@ languages. No man @
´(= No man who is now alive) ³could do better. ·within/in @ memory, ´within
the memory of people now alive. ¸2 ´(of a likeness) true to life: ³He's the @
image of ´(= is exactly like) ³his father. ¸3 ´strong; active; lively: ³a @
hope/faith. ·the @ theatre, ´the ordinary theatre (contrasted with the cinema,
TÔV, etc). ¸the @ ³n pl ´those now alive: ³He's still in the
land of the @.¼
¨liv®ing©2 ²/ÚlIvIG/ ³n ¸1 ´means of keeping alive, of earning what is needed
for life: ³earn/gain/get/make a @ as a car salesman. ¸2 ¶[U] ´manner of life:
³good @´, having good food, etc; ³plain @ and high thinking´, having plain,
simple food and leading a philosophic life; ³the high cost/standard of @ in the
US; the art of @. ¸*@ Úwage, ´minimum wage for a worker and his family to live
on. ¸Ú@-room ³n ´room for general use during the day (often a general purpose
room, used for meals, recreation, etc). ¸Ú@-space ³n ´area of land
considered by a State as necessary for further expansion. ¸3 ´(Church of
England) benefice.¼
¨liz®ard© ²/ÚlIzEd/ ³n ´small, creeping, long-tailed, four-legged
reptile. µ¥ ´the illus at µreptile.¼
¨llama© ²/ÚlqmE/ ³n ´S American animal with a thick woolly coat, used as a
beast of burden. µ¥ ´the illus at µlarge.¼
¨Lloyd's© ²/lãIdz/ ³n ´society of underwriters in London. ·AÔ1 at @, ´(dated
sl) excellent. ¸@'s Register, ´annual list of ships in various classes.¼
¨lo© ²/lE8/ ³int ´(old use) Look! See! ·Lo and behold! ´This will surprise
you.¼
¨load©1 ²/lE8d/ ³n ¶[C] ¸1 ´that which is (to be) carried or supported, esp if
heavy: (fig) weight of care, responsibility, etc: ³a heavy @ on one's
shoulders; a ·Ú³coach-@ of passengers. ·take a @ off sb's mind, ´relieve him
of anxiety, etc. ·@s of, ´(colloq) a large amount of: ³@s of
friends/money/time. ¸Ú@-line ³n ´= µPlimsoll line. ¸2 ´amount which a cart, etc
can take: ³a ·Ú³cart-@ of hay; two ·Ú³lorry-@s of coal. µ¥ ´also ³pay-load ´at
µpay±1µ. ¸3 ´amount of work that a dynamo, motor, engine, etc is required to
do; amount of current supplied by a generating station or carried by an
electric circuit. ¸Ú@-shedding ³n ´cutting off the supply of current on certain
lines when the demand for current is greater than the supply.¼
¨load©2 ²/lE8d/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A,14,15A,B,2A,C] ·@ sth into/on to sth/sb; @
sth/sb (with sth); @ sb/sth down (with sth), ´put a @ in or on: ³@ sacks on to
a cart/a donkey; @ a cart with coal; @ a lot of work on to one's staff; a poor
old woman @ed (down) with her shopping; ´(fig) ³@ a man with favours/honours;
a heart @ed with sorrow. ·@ (sth) up, ´fill with goods, materials, etc: ³Have
you finished @ing up (the van) yet? ¸2 ¶[VP6A,2A] ´put a cartridge or shell
into (a gun) or a length of film into (a camera): ³Are you @ed? ´Is there a
cartridge in your gun? ¸3 ¶[VP6A] ´weight with lead; add extra weight to: ³a
@ed cane/stick´, one having lead added to make the cane useful as a weapon;
³@ed dice´, so weighted as to fall with a certain face, eÔg the six, uppermost.
·@ the dice (against sb), ´(fig) do sth that gives one an unfair advantage
(over him). ·a @ed question, ´one that is intended to trap a person into making
an admission which may be harmful. ¸@ed ³adj ´(sl) having much money.¼
¨load®star© ²/ÚlE8dstq(r)/ ³n µ¥ lode.¼
¨load®stone© ²/ÚlE8dstE8n/ ³n µ¥ lode.¼
¨loaf©1 ²/lE8f/ ³n (pl µloaves ²/lE8vz/³) ¸1 ´mass of bread cooked as a
separate quantity: ³a two-pound @. ·Half a @ is better than none/Úno bread, ´It
is better to take what one can get or is offered than to run the risk of having
nothing. ¸2 Úsugar-@ ³n ¶[C] ´cone-shaped mass of sugar, as formerly made and
sold. ¸Ú@-sugar ³n ¶[U] ´sugar cut into small lumps. ¸3 ¶[C,U] ´(quantity of)
food shaped and cooked: ³(a) meat @´, made of minced meat, eggs, etc. ¸4 ´(sl)
·use one's @, ´think intelligently; reflect.¼
¨loaf©2 ²/lE8f/ ³vi,vt ¶[VP2A,C,15A,B] ´(colloq) waste time; spend time idly:
³out-of-work men @ing at street corners. Don't @ about while there's so much
work to be done. Don't @ away your time. ´¹ ³n sing ´@ing. ¸@er ³n
´person who @s.¼
¨loam© ²/lE8m/ ³n ¶[U] ´rich soil with some sand or a little clay, and with
much decayed vegetable matter in it. ¸@y ³adj ´of or like @: ³@y land.¼
¨loan© ²/lE8n/ ³n ¸1 ¶[C] ´sth lent, esp a sum of money: ³government @s´, sum
lent to the government; ³domestic and foreign @s. ¸2 ¶[U] ´lending or being
lent. ·have the @ of sth; have sth on @ (from sb), ´have it as a borrower: ³May
I have the @ of your sewing-machine? I have the book out on @ from the library.
¸Ú@-collection ³n ´number of pictures, etc lent by their owners for
exhibition. ¸Ú@-office ³n ´one for lending money to private borrowers.
¸Ú@®word ³n ´word taken from another language. ¹ ³vt ¶[VP6A,14] ·@ sth (to
sb), ´lend (which is the more usu word except in formal style).¼
¨loath©, loth ²/lE8T/ ³adj ´(pred only) ·@ to do sth, ´unwilling.
·nothing @, ´quite willing.¼
¨loathe© ²/lE8D/ ³vt ¶[VP6A,C] ¸1 ´feel disgust for; dislike greatly: ³She was
seasick, and @d the smell of greasy food. ¸2 ´(colloq) dislike: ³He @s
travelling by air. ¸loath®ing ³n ¶[U] ´disgust. ¸loath®ly, ´(rare), ¸loath®some
²/-sEm/ ³adjj ´disgusting; causing one to feel shocked: ³a loathsome disease.¼
¨loaves© ²/lE8vz/ ³pl ´of µloaf±1µ.¼
¨lob© ²/lob/ ³vi,vt µ(-bb-) ¶[VP6A,15A,2C] ´strike or send (a ball) in a high
arc (in tennis). ¹ ³n ´ball bowled underhand at cricket or hit high up into the
air at tennis.¼
¨lobby© ²/ÚlobI/ ³n (pl µ-bies³) ¸1 ´porch, entrance-hall, anteroom, corridor:
³the @ of a hotel/theatre. ¸2 ´(in the House of Commons, etc) large hall used
for interviews between members and the public; group of people who
try to influence members, eÔg of the House of Commons, the Senate in
Washington, DÔC, to support or oppose proposed legislation. ¸3 (diÚvision) @,
´(House of Commons) one of two corridors to which members retire when a vote
is taken in the House. ¹ ³vt,vi ¶[VP6A,15A,2A,C] ´(try to) influence the
members of a law-making body; get (a bill) passed or rejected in this way: ³@
a bill through the Senate; the National Union of Farmers @ing in order to
maintain subsidies/@ing for higher subsidies/@ing their MÔP's. ¸Ú@®ist ²/-Ist/
³n ´person who lobbies.¼
¨lobe© ²/lE8b/ ³n ¸1 ´lower rounded part of the external ear. µ¥
´the illus at µear. ¸2 ´subdivision of the lungs or the brain. µ¥ ´the illus
at µrespiratory. ¸@d ³adj ´having @s.¼
¨lob®ster© ²/ÚlobstE(r)/ ³n ¸1 ¶[C] ´shellfish with eight legs and two claws,
bluish-black before and scarlet after being boiled. µ¥ ´the illus at
µcrustacean. ¸Ú@-pot ³n ´basket in which @s are trapped. ¸2 ¶[U] ´its flesh as
food.¼
¨lo®cal© ²/ÚlE8kl/ ³adj ¸1 ´of, special to, a place or district: ³the @ doctor,
´living in the district; ³@ customs; a column of @ news; @ government. ¸@
colour, ´details of the scenes and period described in a story, added to make
the story more real. ¸@ option/veto´, (in some countries) system by which
people may decide, by voting, whether they do or do not want sth, eÔg the sale
of alcoholic drink, in their district. ¸@ time, ´time at any place in the world
as calculated from the position of the sun: ³L@ time changes by one hour for
every 15Ä longitude. ¸2 ´affecting a part, not the whole: ³a @ pain/injury; a @
anaesthetic. ´¹ ³n ¸1 ´(usu ³pl´) inhabitant of a particular district. ¸2 ´item
of @ news in a newspaper. ¸3 ´(colloq) @ public house: ³pop into the @ for a
pint. ¸@ly ²/-kElI/ ³adv¼
¨lo®cale© ²/lE8Úkql ³US: ²-Úkal/ ³n ¶[C] ´scene of an event; scene of a novel,
etc.¼
¨lo®cal®ism© ²/ÚlE8kElIzEm/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´interest in a district, esp one's own;
favouring of what is local; narrowness of ideas that may be the result of
this. ¸2 ¶[C] ´local idiom, pronunciation, etc.¼
¨lo®cal®ity© ²/lE8ÚkalEtI/ ³n (pl µ-ties³) ¸1 ¶[C] ´thing's position; place in
which an event occurs; place, district, neighbourhood. ¸2 ¶[U] ´faculty of
remembering and recognizing places, features of the landscape, etc, esp as a
help in finding one's way: ³She has a good sense of @.¼
¨lo®cal®ize© ²/ÚlE8kElñIz/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ¸1 ´make local, not general;
confine within a particular part or area: ³There is little hope of localizing
the disease. ¸2 ´invest with local characteristics. ¸lo®cal®iz®ation
²/*lE8kElñIÚzeI2n ³US: ²-lIÚz-/ ³n¼
¨lo®cate© ²/lE8ÚkeIt ³US: ²ÚlE8keIt/ ³vt ¶[VP6A,15A] ¸1 ´discover, show, the
locality of: ³@ a town on a map. ¸2 ´establish in a place: ³a new school to be
@d in the suburbs. Where is the new factory to be @d? ¸3 ·be @d, ´be situated.
¸lo®ca®tion ²/lE8ÚkeI2n/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´locating or being @d. ¸2 ¶[C] ´position
or place: ³suitable locations for new factories. ¸3 ´place, not a film studio,
where (part of) a cinema film is photographed. ·on location, ´shooting film in
this way. ¸4 ´(in S Africa) suburb where Africans are constrained to live.¼
¨loch© ²/lok/ ³n ´(Scot) ¸1 ´long, narrow arm of the sea almost enclosed by
land. ¸2 ´lake.¼
¨loci© ²/ÚlE8sñI/ ³pl ´of µlocus.¼
¨lock©1 ²/lok/ ³n ´portion of hair that naturally hangs or clings together;
³(pl) ´hair of the head: ³my scanty @s.¼
¨lock©2 ²/lok/ ³n ¸1 ´appliance, mechanism, by which a door, gate, lid, etc may
be fastened with a bolt that needs a key to work it. ·keep sth/put sth/be under
@ and key, ´in sth fitted with a @. ¸Ú@®smith ³n ´maker and mender
of @s. ¸2 ´mechanism by which a gun is fired. ·@, stock and barrel, ´the whole
of the thing; completely. ¸3 ´enclosed section of a canal or river at a point
where the water level changes, for raising or lowering boats by the use of
gates fitted with sluices. ¸*@-Úgate, ´gate on a lock. ¸Ú@-keeper ³n ´keeper
of a canal or river @, who opens and shuts the gates to allow boats to pass
through. ¸4 ¶[U] ´condition of being fixed or jammed so that movement is
impossible. ¸Ú@®jaw ³n ¶[U] ´form of disease (tetanus) that causes the jaws to
be firmly locked together. ¸Ú@®nut ³n ´extra nut screwed over another to
prevent its turning. ¸Ú@®stitch ³n ´sewing-machine stitch by which two threads
are firmly joined together. µ¥ ´also ³air @ ´at µair±1µ(7). ¸5 ´(motoring)
extent of the turning arc of a steering wheel: ³full @´, with the steering
wheel turned (right or left) as far as it will go.¼
¨lock©3 ²/lok/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A,15A,B] ´fasten a door, box, etc
with a lock. ·@ the stable door after the horse has bolted/has been stolen,
´take precautions when it is too late. ·@ sth away, ´put it away in a @ed box,
drawer, etc; (fig) keep securely: ³have a secret safely @ed (away) in one's
breast. ·@ sb in, ´put sb in a room of which the door is @ed on the outside.
·@ oneself in, ´@ the door so that no one can enter from outside, or so that
one cannot open it again. ·@ sb out, ´keep him outside, prevent him from
entering, by @ing the gate or door(s) on the inside: ³If you don't get back
before midnight, you'll be @ed out. ¸Ú@-out ³n ´refusal of employers to allow
workmen to enter their place of work until certain conditions are agreed to or
demands given up. µ¥ strike±1µ. ·@ sth/sb up, ¸(a) ´make safe by placing in sth
that @s: ³L@ up your jewellery before you go away. ¸(b) ´shut up a house, etc
by @ing all the doors. ¸(c) ´put (a person) in a @ed room, a prison, a mental
home, etc. ¸(d) ´invest (money) in such a way that it cannot easily or quickly
be exchanged for cash: ³All his capital is @ed up in land. ¸Ú@-up ³n ´place
where prisoners may be kept temporarily; (colloq) any prison. µ¹ ³adj ´(attrib
only) that can be @ed: ³a @-up garage´, one, eÔg at a hotel, that can be @ed.
¸2 ¶[VP2A] ´have a @; become @ed; be capable of being @ed: ³This trunk doesn't
@´, has no lock or has a lock that does not work. ³The door @s easily. ¸3
¶[VP6A,2A,C] ´(cause to) become fixed, unable to move: ³His jaws were tightly
@ed. He @ed the wheels of the car to prevent its being stolen. They were @ed
together in a fierce struggle. They were @ed in each other's arms. The parts @
into each other, ´interlock. ¸4 ¶[VP2C] ·@ on to, ´(of a missile, etc) find and
automatically follow (a target) by radar.¼
¨locker© ²/ÚlokE(r)/ ³n ¸1 ´small cupboard, esp one of a number used for
keeping one's clothes, eÔg at a swimming-pool or golf-club. ¸2 ´box or
compartment in a ship used for clothes, stores, ammunition, etc. ·be in/go to
Davy Jones's @, ´be drowned at sea.¼
¨locket© ²/ÚlokIt/ ³n ´small (often gold or silver) case for a portrait, a lock
of hair, etc, usu worn round the neck on a chain.¼
¨loco© ²/ÚlE8kE8/ ³adj ´(sl) mad.¼
¨loco®mo®tion© ²/ÚlE8kEmE82n/ ³n ¶[U] ´moving, ability to move, from place to
place. ¸loco®mo®tive ²/*lE8kEÚmE8tIv/ ³adj ´of, having, causing, @. µ¹ ³n
´self-propelled engine for use on railways: ³steam/Diesel/electric
locomotives.¼
¨locum© ²/ÚlE8kEm/, ±locum tenens ²/*lE8kEm Útinenz/ ³n ´doctor or priest
performing the duties of another who is away, eÔg on holiday.¼
¨lo®cus© ²/ÚlE8kEs/ ³n (pl µloci ²/ÚlE8sñI/³) ´exact place of sth. ¸@
classicus ²/ÚklasIkEs/, ´best known or most authoritative passage on a
subject.¼
¨lo®cust© ²/ÚlE8kEst/ ³n ¸1 ´(kinds of) migratory African and Asian winged
insect which flies in great swarms and destroys crops and vegetables. µ¥ ´the
illus at µinsect. µ¥ hopper±2µ(2). ¸2 Ú@(-tree), ´(kind of) tree, esp ³carob
´and a N American tree, ³false acacia.¼
¨loc®ution© ²/lEÚkju2n/ ³n ¶[U] ´style of speech; way of using words; ¶[C]
´phrase or idiom.¼
¨lode© ²/lE8d/ ³n ´vein of metal ore. ¸Ú@®star ³n ´star by which a ship may be
steered; the pole-star; (fig) guiding principle. ¸Ú@®stone ³n ´magnetized iron
ore.¼
¨lodge©1 ²/lodZ/ ³n ¸1 ´small house, esp one at the entrance to the grounds of
a large house, occupied by a gatekeeper, gardener or other employee of the
estate. ¸2 ´country house used in the hunting or shooting season: ³a ·Ú³hunting
@ in the Highlands; ´(US) hut or cabin for temporary use: ³a ·Ú³skiing @. ¸3
´porter's room(s) in the chief gateway or entrance to a college, factory, block
of flats, etc. ¸4 ´(GB) residence of the head of a college. ¸5 ´(place of
meeting for) members of a branch of a society such as the Freemasons. ¸6
´beaver's lair.¼
¨lodge©2 ²/lodZ/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A,15A] ´supply (sb) with a room or
place to sleep in for a time; receive as a guest: ³The shipwrecked sailors were
@d in the school. ¸2 ¶[VP3A] ·@ at/with, ´live as a paying guest: ³Where are
you lodging now? I'm lodging at Mrs P's/with Mr and Mrs X. ¸3 ¶[VP3A] ·@ in,
´enter and become fixed: ³The bullet @d in his jaw. ¸4 ¶[VP6A,15A] ·@ (in),
´cause (sth) to enter and become fixed ³(in)´; put or place (in a particular
place): ³@ a bullet in a man's brain. ¸5 ¶[VP6A,15A] ´put (money, etc) for
safety: ³@ one's valuables in the bank while away from home on holiday. ¸6
¶[VP6A,14] ·@ sth (with sb) (against sb), ´place (a statement, etc) with the
proper authorities: ³@ a complaint against one's neighbours with the
authorities. ¸@r ³n ´person paying for rooms, etc in sb's house: ³The widow
makes a living by taking in lodgers.¼
¨lodge®ment© ´(also ¸lodg®ment´) ²/ÚlodZmEnt/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´act or process of
lodging: ³the @ of a complaint. µ¥ lodge±2µ(6). ¸2 ¶[C] ´sth that has
accumulated or been deposited: ³a @ of dirt in a pipe. ¸3 ¶[C] ´(mil) position
gained in enemy territory: ³gain a @ on an enemy-held coast.¼
¨lodg®ing© ²/ÚlodZIG/ ³n ´(usu ³pl´) room or rooms (not in a hotel) rented to
live in: ³It's cheaper to live in @s than in a hotel. Where can we find @s/a @
for the night? ¸Ú@-house ³n ´house in which @s are let (usu by the week).¼
¨lo®ess© ²/ÚlE8es/ ³n ¶[U] ´deposit of fine yellowish-grey soil, found esp in
northern China, central UÔSÔA and central Europe.¼
¨loft©1 ²/loft ³US: ²lcft/ ³n ¸1 ´room, place, used for storing
things, in the highest part of a house, under the roof; space under the roof
of a stable or barn, where hay or straw is stored. ¸2 ´gallery in a church or
hall: ³the ·Ú³organ-@.¼
¨loft©2 ²/loft ³US: ²lcft/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´(golf, cricket) hit (a ball) high: ³@
a ball over the fielders' heads.¼
¨lofty© ²/ÚloftI ³US: ²ÚlcftI/ ³adj µ(-ier, -iest) ¸1 ´(not used of persons) of
great height: ³a @ tower/mountain. ¸2 ´(of thoughts, aims, feelings, etc)
distinguished; noble: ³@ sentiments; a @ style. ¸3 ´haughty; proud; consciously
superior: ³a @ appearance; in a @ manner. ¸loft®ily ²/-IlI/ ³adv ¸lofti®ness
³n¼
¨log©1 ²/log ³US: ²lcg/ ³n ¶[C] ´rough length of tree-trunk that has fallen or
been cut down; short piece of this for a fire: ³a raft of logs´, floating down
a river. ·like a log, ´unconscious; immovable. ·sleep like a log, ´sleep
soundly and with little or no movement. ¸*log-Úcabin ³n ´cabin with walls and
roof made of logs, not boards. ¸Úlog-jam ³n ´mass of floating logs tightly
mixed together; (US) deadlock. ¸Úlog-rolling ³n ´practice of giving support to
others in return for support from them, eÔg by author-reviewers who praise each
other's books. ¸log®ging ³n ´work of cutting down forest trees for timber: ³a
logging camp.¼
¨log©2 ²/log ³US: ²lcg/ ³n ¸1 ´device attached to a knotted line, trailed from
a ship, to measure its speed through the water: ³sail by the log´, calculate a
ship's position by means of information gained from the log. ¸2 ´(also
¸Úlog-book´) book with a permanent daily record of events during a ship's
voyage (esp the weather, ship's position, speed, and distance as recorded by
the log); (by extension) any record of performance, eÔg of a car or aircraft.
¸3 ´(colloq) registration book (of a motor-vehicle). ¹ ³vt µ(-gg-) ¶[VP6A]
´enter (facts) in the log-book of a ship or aircraft.¼
¨log©3 ²/log ³US: ²lcg/ ³n ´(colloq abbr for) µlogarithm.¼
¨lo®gan®berry© ²/ÚlE8gEnberI/ ³n (pl µ-ries³) ´large dark-red berry
from a plant that is a cross between a blackberry and a raspberry.¼
¨log®ar®ithm© ²/ÚlogErIDEm ³US: ²Úlcg-/ ³n ´(arith) one of a series of numbers
set out in tables which make it possible to work out problems in multiplication
and division by adding and subtracting.¼
¨log®ger®heads© ²/ÚlogEhedz/ ³n ´(only in) ·at @ (with), ´disagreeing or
disputing: ³He's constantly at @ with his wife.¼
¨log®gia© ²/ÚlodZIE/ ³n ´(I) open-sided gallery or arcade; part of a house with
one side open to the garden.¼
¨logic© ²/ÚlodZIk/ ³n ¶[U] ´science, method, of reasoning; (person's) ability
to argue and convince: ³argue with learning and @. ¸logi®cal ²/-kl/ ³adj ´in
accordance with the rules of @; able to reason correctly: ³a @al
mind/argument/conclusion; @al behaviour. ¸logi®cally ²/-klI/ ³adv ¸logi®cal®ity
²/*lodZIÚkalEtI/ ³n ¶[U] ´being @al. ¸lo®gician ²/lEÚdZI2n/ ³n ´person skilled
in @.¼
¨lo®gis®tics© ²/lEÚdZIstIks/ ³n ´(with ³sing v) ´supply, distribution and
replacement of materials and personnel, eÔg for the armed forces.¼
¨loin© ²/lãIn/ ³n ¸1 ³(pl) ´the lower part of the body on both sides of the
spine between the ribs and the hip-bones. µ¥ ´the illus at µdog, domestic.
·gird (up) one's @s, ´(biblical) prepare for a journey; make ready for action.
¸Ú@-cloth ³n ´piece of cloth covering the middle of the body, folded between
the legs, and fastened round the @s. ¸2 ´joint of meat which includes the @s:
³@ of mutton.¼
¨loi®ter© ²/ÚlãItE(r)/ ³vi,vt ¶[VP2A,C,15B] ´go slowly and stop frequently on
the way somewhere; stand about; pass time thus: ³@ on one's way home; @ the
hours away; @ over a job. ¸@er ³n ´@ing person.¼
¨loll© ²/lol/ ³vi,vt ¸1 ¶[VP2A,C] ·@ (about/around), ´rest, sit or
stand ³(about) ´in a lazy way. ¸2 ¶[VP2C,15B] ·@ out, ´(of the tongue) (allow
to) hang: ³The dog @ed its tongue out. The dog's tongue was @ing out.¼
¨lol®li®pop© ²/ÚlolIpop/ ³n ´large sweet of boiled sugar on a stick, held in
the hand and sucked. ¸Ú@ man/woman, ´(colloq) one who carries a pole with a
disc marked "Stop! Children crossing', to conduct children across busy roads,
eÔg outside a school.¼
¨lolly© ²/ÚlolI/ ³n ¸1 ´(colloq) lollipop. ¸ice(d) @, ´quantity of frozen fruit
juice on a stick. ¸2 ´(sl) money, (esp money easily earned and lavishly
spent).¼
¨lone© ²/lE8n/ ³adj ´(attrib only; µ¥ alone ´and µlonely, ´which are more usu)
solitary; without companions; unfrequented. ·play a @ hand, ´(fig) do sth
without the help or support of others, esp sth not very popular.¼
¨lone®ly© ²/ÚlE8nlI/ ³adj µ(-ier, -iest) ¸1 ´without companions: ³a @
traveller. ¸2 ´sad or melancholy because one lacks companions, sympathy,
friendship: ³a @-looking girl; feel @. ¸3 ´(of places) not often visited; far
from inhabited places or towns: ³a @ house; a @ mountain village. ¸lone®li®ness
³n ¶[U] ´state of being @: ³suffer from loneliness.¼
¨lone®some© ²/ÚlE8nsEm/ ³adj ¸1 ´sad because alone: ³feel @; ´causing a feeling
of loneliness: ³a @ journey. ¸2 ´solitary, unfrequented: ³a @ valley.¼
¨long©1 ²/loG ³US: ²lcG/ ³adj (comp µ-nger ²/-GgE(r)/´, ³sup µ-ngest
²/-GgIst/³) ¸1 ´of extent in space; measuring much from end to end: ³How @ is
the River Nile? The new road is twenty miles @. Your car is @er than mine. What
a lot of men have @ hair nowadays! What a lot of @-haired men we see today!
·put on a @ face, µ¥ face±1µ(3). ¸2 ´in phrases indicating (great) extent.
·have a @ arm, ´be able to make one's power felt far. ·the @ arm of the law,
´its far-reaching power. ·make a @ arm for sth, ´reach out for sth, eÔg at
table. ·It's as broad as it's @, µ¥ broad±1µ(9). ¸3 ´expressing duration or
extent in time: ³the @ vacation´, the summer vacation of law courts and
universities. ³He was ill for a @ time. How @ are the holidays? They're six
weeks @. He won't be @ (in) making up his mind´, will soon do so. ³Don't be too
@ about it´, Do it soon or quickly. ·@ time no see! ´(colloq; as greeting) We
haven't met for a long time. ¸4 ´(of vowel sounds) usually taking more time to
utter than others: ³"Sit' has a short vowel and "seed' has a @ vowel. The "u'
in "rude' is @. ¸5 ´(in phrases concerned with extent in time) ¸@ bond, ´(fin)
which matures in 20 years or more. ·take a @ cool/hard look at sth, ´consider
facts, problems shrewdly and at length. ·take the @ view, ´consider events,
factors, etc a @ time ahead, rather than the present situation, etc. ·in the @
run, µ¥ run±1µ(7). ·in the @ term, ´looking ahead for a @ time. Hence,
¸*@-Úterm, ³attrib adj ´lasting for a @ time: ³@-term
agreements/contracts/investments. ¸6 ´(compounds) ¸Ú@®boat ³n ´sailing-ship's
largest boat. ¸Ú@®bow ³n ´bow drawn by hand, equal in length to the height of
the archer, used with feathered arrows. µ¥ crossbow. ·draw the @bow, ´tell
exaggerated or invented stories. ¸*@-Údistance ³attrib adj ´covering a @
distance: ³@-distance runners ´(in sport); ³a @-distance telephone call; a
@-distance lorry driver. ¸@ drink ³n ´large quantity, eÔg of beer, served in a
tall glass (contrasted with a ³short drink´, eÔg neat whisky). ·a @ dozen,
´thirteen. ¸Ú@®hand ³n ¶[U] ´ordinary handwriting (contrasted with ³shorthand
and typing´). ¸*@-Úhaired ³adj ¸(a) µ¥ 1 ´above. ¸(b) ´intellectual; artistic;
unconventional. ·a @ haul, µ¥ haul. ¸*@-Úheaded ³adj ´shrewd; having foresight.
¸the Ú@ jump, ´(athletic contest) measured along the ground for distance. µ¥
³high jump ´at µhigh±1µ(12). ¸@ measure, µ¥ App 5. ¸@ metre ³n ¶[U] ´stanza of
four eight-syllable lines. ¸@ odds ³n pl ´(in betting) very uneven, eÔg 50 to
1. ¸*@-play(ing) Údisc/Úrecord ³n ´(abbr ¸LÔP´) playing (at slow speed) for a
@er time than earlier kinds. ¸Ú@-range ³attrib adj ´of @ periods of time or @
distances: ³a @-range weather forecast´, eÔg for one month ahead; ³@-range
planning, ´for a @ time ahead, eÔg ten years; ³@-range missiles. ¸Ú@®shore®man
³n ´man who works on shore (on wharves, in dockyards) loading and unloading
ships. ·a Ú@ shot, µ¥ shot±1µ(2). ¸*@-Úsighted ³adj ´able to see things a great
distance away; (fig) prudent; having foresight. ·a @ suit, µ¥ suit±1µ(5). ¸Ú@
stop ³n ¶[U] ´(cricket) player who fields straight behind the wicket-keeper µ¥
´the illus at µcricket. ¸Ú@-time ³attrib adj ´that has lasted for a long time:
³a @-time acquaintance. ¸@ ton ³n ´2Ô240 lb. ¸Ú@ wave ³n ¶[U] ´(radio
telegraphy) one having a wave-length of 1Ô000 metres or over. ¸*@-Úwinded ³adj
´tedious and diffuse in speaking or writing: ³a @-winded and boring lecturer.
´Hence, ¸*@-Úwindedness.¼
¨long©2 ²/loG ³US: ²lcG/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´@ time or interval: ³I shall
see you before @. The work won't take @. Will you be away for @? ·at (the)
@est, ´to give the most distant date, etc: ³I can wait only three days at
@est´, not after the third day from now. ·the @ and the short of it, ´all that
need be said; the general effect or result. ¸2 ¶[C] ´@ syllable, esp in
Latin verse: ³four @s and six shorts.¼
¨long©3 ²/loG ³US: ²lcG/ ³adv (comp µ-er ²/-GgE(r)/´, ³sup µ-est ²/-GgIst/³)
¸1 ·(for) @, ´for a long time: ³Stay (for) as @ as you like. I've @ wanted to
meet her. ·as/so @ as, ´on condition that, provided that: ³You may borrow the
book so @ as you don't lend it to anyone else. ¸2 ´(in numerous compounds):
¸*@-drawn-Úout ³adj ´extended; unduly prolonged: ³a @-drawn-out visit from my
mother-in-law. ¸*@-Úlived ³adj ´having a long life; living for a long time: ³a
@-lived family. ¸*@-Ústanding ³adj ´that has lasted for a long time: ³a
@-standing invitation to visit the Browns. ¸*@-Úsuffering ³adj ´patient and
uncomplaining in spite of trouble, provocation, etc: ³his @-suffering wife. ¸3
´at a long time (from a point of time): ³@ ago/before/after/since. That
happened @ ago. ¸4 ´(with ³nn ´indicating duration) throughout the specified
time: ³all day @´, throughout the whole day; ³all my life @. ¸5 ·no/any/much
@er, ´after a certain point of time: ³I can't wait any/much @er. He's no @er
living here.¼
¨long©4 ²/loG ³US: ²lcG/ ³vi ¶[VP3A,4C] ·@ for sth/for sb to do sth, ´desire
earnestly; wish for very much: ³She @ed for him to say something. I'm @ing to
see you. The children are @ing for the holidays. ¸@®ing ³n ¶[C,U] ´(an)
earnest desire: ³a @ing for home. µ¹ ³adj ´having or showing an earnest
desire: ³a @ing look; with @ing eyes. ¸@®ing®ly ³adv¼
¨lon®gev®ity© ²/lonÚdZevEtI/ ³n ¶[U] ´long life.¼
¨longi®tude© ²/ÚlondZItjud ³US: ²-tud/ ³n ´distance east or west (measured in
degrees) from a meridian, esp that of Greenwich, in London. µ¥ ´the illus at
µprojection. ¸longi®tudi®nal ²/*londZIÚtjudInl ³US: ²-Útudnl/ ³adj ¸1 ´of @.
¸2 ´of or in length. ¸3 ´running lengthwise: ³longitudinal stripes´, eÔg in a
flag.¼
¨long®ways© ²/ÚloGweIz ³US: ²ÚlcG-/, ±long®wise ²/ÚloGwñIz ³US: ²ÚlcG-/ ³adv
´= µlengthways.¼
¨loo© ²/lu/ ³n ´(GB colloq) water-closet.¼
¨loo®fah©, loofa ²/ÚlufE/ ³n ¶[C] ´dried pod of a plant (kind of gourd or
pumpkin) used as a sponge.¼
¨look©1 ²/l8k/ ³vi,vt (pt,pp µ@ed³) ´(For uses with ³adverbial
particles ´and ³preps µ¥ 7 ´below.) ¸1 ¶[VP2A,C,3A,4A] ·@ (at), ´use one's
sight; turn the eyes in some direction; try to see: ³@ (up) at the ceiling; @
(down) at the floor. We @ed but saw nothing. I happened to be @ing another
way´, in a different direction. ³L@ to see whether the road's clear before you
cross. ·to @ at him/it, etc, ´judging by the outward appearance: ³To @ at her
you'd never guess that she was a university teacher. ·L@ before you leap,
´(prov) Avoid acting hastily, without considering the possible consequences.
¸Ú@®ing-glass ³n ´mirror made of glass. ¸2 ¶[VP2D,4D] ´seem to be; have the
appearance of being: ³@ sad/ill/tired. The town always @s deserted on Sunday
mornings. It @s very suspicious to me´, I suspect that it is not strictly
honest, straightforward, etc. ³The girl @ed puzzled. ·(not) @ oneself, ´(not)
have one's normal appearance: ³You're not @ing yourself today´, You're @ing
ill, worried, etc. ³He's beginning to @ himself again´, @ well again, eÔg after
an illness. ·@ one's age, ´have an appearance that conforms to one's age: ³She
@s her age´, seems as old as she in fact is. ³You don't @ your age, ´You look
younger than you are. ·@ one's best, ´appear to the greatest advantage: ³She @s
her best in jeans. ·@ black (at), ´@ angrily (at). ·@ blue, ´appear sad or
discontented. ·@ good, ¸(a) ´seem attractive, enticing, etc. ¸(b) ´seem to be
making satisfactory progress, doing well, etc: ³The horse I put my money on @ed
good until the last hundred metres. ´Hence, ¸*good-Ú@ing ³adj ´of fine
appearance. ·@ small, ´@ mean or insignificant: ³We made him @ small´, exposed
him as being insignificant. ·L@ alive! ´Get busy! Make haste! ·L@ here! ´often
used to call attention to sth; or demand attention. ·L@ sharp! ´Hurry up! ·@
well, ¸(a) ´(of persons) be healthy in appearance. ¸(b) ´(of things) be
attractive, pleasing, satisfactory: ³Does this hat @ well on me? ¸(c) ´(of a
person wearing sth) @ attractive: ³He @s well in naval uniform. ¸3 ¶[VP2C] ·@
like/as if, ´seem (to be): ³It @s like salt and it is salt. It @s like ´(=
threatens to) ³rain. It @s like being ´(= promises to be) ³a fine day. This @s
to me like a way in. She @s as if she were about to faint. You @ as if you
slept badly. It doesn't @ to me as if we shall get there in time. ¸4 ¶[VP8]
´pay attention; learn by seeing: ³L@ where you're going! L@ who's here! L@ (and
see) whether the postman has been yet. ¸5 ´(= @ at) ·@ sb/sth in the
eye(s)/face, ´confront calmly and bravely: ³@ death/one's enemy in the face. ¸6
¶[VP6A] ´express by one's appearance: ³@ one's thanks/consent. ¸7
¶[VP2C,3A,15B] ´(uses with ³adverbial particles ´and ³preps´):¼
·look about (for sth), ´be on the watch, in search of; examine one's
surroundings, the state of affairs, etc: ³Are you still @ing about for a job?
·@ about one, ´examine one's surroundings; give oneself time to make plans:
³We hardly had time to @ about us before we had to continue our journey.¼
·look after sb/sth, ¸(a) ´take care of; watch over; attend to: ³Who will @
after the children while their mother is in hospital? He needs someone to @
after him. He's well able to @ after himself/to @ after his own interests. ¸(b)
´follow with the eyes: ³They @ed after the train as it left the station.¼
·look at sth, ´(special uses) ¸(a) ·not @ at sth, ´(usu with ³will, would´)
not consider: ³They wouldn't @ at my proposal. ¸(b) ´examine: ³We must @ at the
question from all sides. Will you please @ at the battery of my car?
Doctor, will you @ at my ankle? ¸(c) ´in polite requests: ³Will you please @
at ´(iÔe read) ³this letter? ·good/bad, etc to @ at, ´of good, etc appearance:
³The hotel is not much to @ at´, does not appear to be good from the outside.¼
·look away (from sth), ´turn the eyes away.¼
·look back (on/to sth), ´(fig) turn one's thoughts to sth in the past. ·never
@ back, ´make uninterrupted progress.¼
·look down on sb/sth, ´despise; consider oneself superior to; show false
contempt for: ³When she married the boss, she @ed down on the office girls she
had worked with. ·@ down one's nose at sb/sth, ´(colloq) regard with
displeasure or contempt.¼
·look for sb/sth, ¸(a) ´search for; try to find: ³Are you still @ing for a job?
That foolish fellow is @ing for trouble´, is behaving in a way that will
get him into trouble. ¸(b) ´expect: ³It's too soon yet to @ for results.¼
·look forward to sth, ´anticipate (usu with pleasure): ³We're @ing forward to
seeing you again.¼
·look in (on sb), ´make a short (usu casual) visit; pay a call: ³Why don't you
@ in (on me) next time you're in town? The doctor will @ in again this evening.
·give sb/get a Ú@-in, ´(colloq, sport, etc) chance (of winning, etc): ³You
won't get a @-in with such strong competition.¼
·look into sth, ¸(a) ´investigate; examine: ³@ into a question. ¸(b) ´dip into
(a book, etc). ¸(c) ´@ at the inside of, the depths of: ³He @ed into the
box/the mirror/her eyes.¼
·look on, ¸(a) ´be a spectator; watch: ³Why don't you play football instead of
just @ing on? ´Hence, ¸*@er-Úon ³n ´person who @s on. ·@ on/upon sb/sth as,
´regard as: ³Do you @ on him as an authority on the subject? ·@ on/upon sb/sth
with, ´regard in the way specified: ³He seems to @ on me with distrust. ·@ on
to, ´(of a place, room, etc) overlook, give a view of: ³My bedroom @s on to the
garden.¼
·look out (of sth) (at sth), ³He stood at the window and @ed out (at the view).
They were @ing out of the window. ·@ out on (to)/over, ´supply an outlook or
view over: ³Our hotel room here @s out on the sea front. ·@ out (for sb/sth),
´be prepared (for), be on the watch (for): ³L@ out! ´Be on the watch, be
careful! ³Will you go to the station and @ out for Mr Hill? ´Hence, ¸Ú@-out ³n
¸(a) ·keep a good @-out (for); be on the @-out (for), ´be watchful (for). ¸(b)
¶[C] ´place from which to watch; person who has the duty of watching: (attrib)
³a @-out post; send @-outs in advance. ¸(c) ³(sing ´only) prospect; what seems
likely to come or happen: ³It seems a bad @-out for their children. That's your
own @-out´, sth you yourself must be responsible for. ·@ sth out (for sb),
´select by making an inspection: ³@ out some books for a friend in
hospital.¼
·look over sth, ´inspect; examine: ³We must @ over the house before we decide
to rent it. ·@ sth over, ´inspect one by one or part by part: ³Here's the
correspondence; I've @ed it over. ´Hence. ¸Ú@-over ³n´: ³give something a
@-over´, examine it.¼
·look round, ¸(a) ´(fig) examine possibilities before deciding sth: ³Don't
make a hurried decision; @ round well first. ¸(b) ´turn the head (to see):
³When I @ed round for her, she was leaving the hall. ·@ round (sth), ´go
sight-seeing, etc: ³Have we time to @ round (the town) before lunch?¼
·look through sth, ´revise (a lesson, etc); study; examine: ³L@ through your
notes before the examination. I must @ through these bills and check them
before I pay them. ·@ sth through, ´inspect carefully or successively: ³He @ed
the proposals through before approving them.¼
·look to sth, ´be careful of or about: ³The country must @ to its defences. L@
to your manners, my boy, ´Don't be so rude. ³L@ to it ´(= Take care) ³that
this does not happen again. ·@ to sb for sth/to do sth, ´rely on: ³They all @
to you for help. They're @ing to you for a solo/to sing to them. ·@
to/towards, ´face: ³a house @ing towards the river/to the south.¼
·look up, ¸(a) ´raise the eyes: ³Don't @ up. ¸(b) ´improve in price or
prosperity: ³Business is/Oil shares are @ing up. ·@ sth up, ´search for (a
word in a dictionary, facts in a reference book, etc): ³Please @ up a fast
train to Leeds, ´in a railway guide. ·@ sb up, ´pay a call on; visit: ³Do @ me
up next time you're in London. ·@ up to sb (as«), ´respect: ³They all @ up to
him as their leader. ·@ sb up and down, ´examine him carefully or
contemptuously.¼
¨look©2 ²/l8k/ ³n ¶[C] ¸1 ´act of looking: ³Let me have a @ at your
new car. ¸2 ´facial expression; appearance: ³A @ of pleasure came to her face.
There were angry @s from the neighbours. The town has a European @. ·give
sth/get a new @, ´a new and more up-to-date appearance: ³The High Street has
been given a new @. ¸3 ³(pl) ´person's appearance: ³She's beginning to lose her
@s´, her beauty. ¸@er ³n´: ³a ·*³good-·Ú³@er´, a good-looking person.¼
¨loom©1 ²/lum/ ³n ´machine for weaving cloth.¼
¨loom©2 ²/lum/ ³vi ¶[VP2C,D] ·loom (large), ´appear indistinctly and in a
threatening way; (fig) appear great and fill the mind: ³The dark outline of
another ship @ed (up) through the fog. The threat of the H-bomb @ed large in
their minds.¼
¨loon©1 ²/lun/ ³n ´large diving-bird that lives on fish and has a loud, wild
cry.¼
¨loon©2 ²/lun/ ³n ´(Scot and archaic) foolish, idle, good-for-nothing person.¼
¨loony© ²/ÚlunI/ ³n, adj ´(sl) lunatic. ¸Ú@®bin ²/-bIn/ ³n ´(sl) mental home.¼
¨loop© ²/lup/ ³n ¸1 ´(shape produced by a) curve crossing itself as in the
letters ³l ´and ³h ´in ordinary handwriting). ¸2 ´part of a length of string,
wire, ribbon, etc in such a shape, eÔg as a knot or fastening; curved piece of
metal as a handle; (colloq) @-shaped intra-uterine contraceptive device. ¸3
´(also ¸Ú@-line´) ´railway or telegraph line that separates from the main
line, runs in a curve, and then rejoins the main line farther on. ¸4 ´circuit
in which an aviator, motor-cyclist, etc is for a time travelling in a @ or in
@s: ³The airman looped the @ five times, ´flew the shape of a @ five times. ´¹
³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A,15B] ´form or bend into a @ or @s; supply with a @ or @s: ³@
the curtains up/back; @ things together. ¸2 ¶[VP6A,2A] ´perform a @µ(4)´; make
a @ or @s.¼
¨loop®hole© ²/ÚluphE8l/ ³n ¸1 ´narrow vertical opening in a wall
for shooting or looking through, or to admit light and air (as in old forts,
stockades, etc). ¸2 ´(fig) way of escape from control, esp one provided by
careless and inexact wording of a rule: ³find a @ in the law.¼
¨loopy© ²/ÚlupI/ ³adj ´(sl) crazy.¼
¨loose©1 ²/lus/ ³adj µ(-r, -st) ¸1 ´free; not held, tied up, fastened, packed,
or contained in sth: ³Many Englishmen carry their small change ´(iÔe coins) ³@
in their trouser pocket, not in a purse. That dog is too dangerous to be left
@. ·break/get @, ´escape confinement: ³One of the tigers in the zoo has
broken/got @´, has escaped from its cage. ·let sth @, ´allow it to be free
from control: ³He let @ his indignation´, did not control it. ¸Ú@ box,
´separate compartment in a stable or railway van, in which a horse can move
about freely. ¸*@-Úleaf ³attrib adj ´(of a notebook) with leaves that may be
detached separately and replaced. ¸2 ´not close-fitting; not tight or tense: ³a
@ collar; @-fitting clothes. ¸3 ´moving more freely than is right or usual:
³a @ tooth; @ bowels´, with a tendency to diarrhoea; ³a @ thread; a @ window´,
one that shakes or rattles in the wind. ·come @, ´(of a fastening, etc)
come unfastened or insecure. ·have a Úscrew @, ´(colloq) be unsound in one's
mind. ·have a @ tongue, ´be in the habit of talking too freely. ·ride with a @
rein, ¸(a) ´allow the horse freedom. ¸(b) ´(fig) manage a person indulgently.
·work @, ´(of a bolt, etc) become insecure, no longer tight. ¸4 ´not firmly or
properly tied: ³a @ knot; a @ end of rope´, one that is not fastened. ·at a @
end, ´(fig of a person) having nothing to do. ¸5 ´(of talk, behaviour, etc) not
sufficiently controlled: ³@ conduct; lead a @ life; a @ ´(= immoral) ³woman.
·(be) on the @, ´(colloq) free from the restraints of morality or discipline;
dissipated. ·play fast and @ (with sb), ´behave dishonestly or in a deceitful
manner. ¸6 ´not strict; inexact; indefinite; (of translations) not close to the
original: ³@ thinking; a @ thinker; a @ ´(= badly constructed) ³argument. ¸7
´not compact; not closely packed: ³@ soil; cloth with a @ weave. ¸8 ´(of the
human body) not closely knit: ³a @ frame; @ limbs, ´rather awkward, ungainly in
appearance; ´(of bodily actions) careless, bungling or inaccurate: ³@ bowling
and fielding ´(in cricket). ¸@®ly ³adv ´in a @ manner: ³words @ly employed, µ¥
6 ´above; ³rules @ly enforced.¼
¨loose©2 ²/lus/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´make free or loose: ³Wine @d his
tongue´, made him talk freely ³(loosen ´is more usu).¼
¨loosen© ²/Úlusn/ ³vt,vi ¶[VP6A,2A,15B] ·@ (up), ´make or become loose or
looser: ³L@ the screw. The screw has @ed. This medicine may @ your cough´, help
to get up the phlegm. ³I must take some exercise and @ up my muscles.¼
¨loot© ²/lut/ ³n ¶[U] ´goods (esp private property) taken away unlawfully and
by force, eÔg by thieves, or by soldiers in time of war. ¹ ³vt,vi ¶[VP6A,2A]
´carry off @ from: ³The brutal soldiers @ed and massacred for three weeks.
¸@er ³n¼
¨lop©1 ²/lop/ ³vt µ(-pp-) ¶[VP6A,15B] ·lop (away/off), ´cut off, separate
branches, etc from a tree.¼
¨lop©2 ²/lop/ ³vi µ(-pp-) ´hang down loosely; (chiefly in compounds):
¸Úlop-ears ³n pl ´drooping ears. ¸Úlop-eared ³adj ´having lop-ears: ³a
lop-eared rabbit. ¸*lop-Úsided ³adj ´with one side lower than the other.¼
¨lope© ²/lE8p/ ³vi ¶[VP2A,C] ´move along with long, easy steps or strides (as a
hare does). ¹ ³n ´step or stride of this kind: ³The deer went off at an easy
@.¼
¨lo®qua®cious© ²/lEÚkweI2Es/ ³adj ´talkative; fond of talking.
¸@®ly ³adv ¸@®ness, ¸lo®quac®ity ²/lEÚkwasEtI/ ³nn ¶[U] ´being @.¼
¨lo®quat© ²/ÚlE8kwot/ ³n ¶[C] ´(tree, common in China and Japan, with a) yellow
or yellowish-red fruit that grows in clusters and has a sharp taste. µ¥ ´the
illus at µfruit.¼
¨lor© ²/lc(r)/ ³int ´(vulg substitute for) Lord! (= God).¼
¨lord© ²/lcd/ ³n ¸1 ´supreme male ruler: ³our sovereign @ the King. ¸2 the L@,
´God; Christ. ·L@! L@ God! Good L@! L@ knows! L@ bless us/me! ´exclamations of
surprise, etc. ¸Our L@, ´Christ. ¸the ÚL@'s Day´, Sunday. ¸the *L@'s ÚPrayer´,
that given by Jesus to his followers. ¸the *L@'s ÚSupper´, the taking of bread
and wine to commemorate the last meal taken by Jesus Christ with his twelve
disciples before his death. ¸3 ´peer; nobleman: ³live/treat sb like a @´,
sumptuously. ·as drunk as a @, ´excessively drunk. ¸the House of L@s, ´(in GB)
the upper division of Parliament, consisting of ³the @s spiritual ´(the
Archbishops and Bishops) and ³the @s temporal ´(hereditary and life peers). ¸4
´(in feudal times) superior. ¸the @ of the manor, ´man from whom vassals held
land and to whom they owed service. ¸5 ´(joc, also ³@ and master´) husband;
great leader of industry: ³the ·Ú³cotton @s ´(cf ·Ú³beer barons); the @s of
creation´, mankind (contrasted with the animals). ¸6 ´person in a position of
authority: ³the L@s of the Admiralty/Treasury´, the chief members of these
Boards; ³the First L@ of the Admiralty´, the president of this Board. ¸7
´first word in many official titles: ³the L@ Mayor of London; the L@
Chamberlain´, etc. ¸8 ´title prefixed to names of peers and barons: ³L@ Derby.
´Cf ³the Earl of Derby. ¸9 ·My @, ´respectful formula for addressing certain
noblemen and judges and bishops. ¹ ³vt ´(chiefly in) ·@ it over sb, ´rule over
like a @: ³"I will not be @ed over', she said to her husband. ¸@®less ³adj
´without a @.¼
¨lord®ly© ²/ÚlcdlI/ ³adj µ(-ier, -iest) ¸1 ´haughty; insolent. ¸2
´like, suitable for, a lord; magnificent. ¸lord®li®ness ³n¼
¨lord®ship© ²/Úlcd2Ip/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ·@ over, ´rule, authority. ¸2 ¶[C] ·His/Your
L@, ´used when speaking of/to a lord.¼
¨lore© ²/lc(r)/ ³n ¶[U] ´learning or knowledge, esp handed down from past
times, or possessed by a class of people: ·Ú³Irish @; ·Ú³gypsy @´; or of a
special subject: ·Ú³fairy @/·Ú³bird @/·Ú³folk @.¼
¨lor®gnette© ²/lcÚnjet/ ³n ´pair of eye-glasses held to the eyes on a long
handle.¼
¨lorn© ²/lcn/ ³adj ´(poet or hum) forlorn; desolate: ³a lone, @ widow.¼
¨lorry© ²/ÚlorI ³US: ²ÚlcrI/ ³n (pl µ-ries³) ´(US = ³truck´) long, low, open
motor-vehicle, for carrying goods by road.¼
¨lose© ²/luz/ ³vt,vi (pt,pp µlost ²/lost ³US: ²lcst/³) ¸1 ¶[VP6A]
´no longer have; have taken away from one by accident, carelessness,
misfortune, death, etc: ³@ one's money; @ a leg´, eÔg in a road accident; ³@ a
lot of money at the races ´(by betting); ³@ one's balance´, fall over. ³He lost
two sons in the war´, They were killed. ³She lost her husband´, He is dead. ³He
has lost his job´, has been dismissed. ³You're losing your hair´, getting bald.
³She has lost her good looks´, is no longer good-looking. ³It was so cold that
we lost the use of our hands´, could not use them. ³He's losing patience´, is
becoming impatient. ·@ one's cool, ´(colloq) lose one's composure; be no longer
calm or composed. ·@ ground, µ¥ ground±1µ(2). ·@ one's head, µ¥ head±1µ(19). ·@
heart, µ¥ heart(2). ·@ one's heart to sb, µ¥ heart(2). ·@ interest (in sb/sth),
´cease to be interested in, attracted by. ·@ one's reason/senses, ´become
insane or wildly excited. ·@ one's temper, ´become angry. ·@ A to B, ´have A
taken away by B: ³The little grocery shop is losing all its customers to the
new supermarket. ·@ touch (with), µ¥ touch±2µ(6). ¸2 ´(passive) ´be lost,
disappear; die; be dead: ³The ship and all its crew were lost. Is
letter-writing a lost art´, Has the art of writing (social) letters died, eÔg
because of the use of the telephone? ·be lost to sth, ´be no longer affected
by, be insensible to, eÔg all sense of shame, decency, honour, duty. ·be lost
in sth, ´be deeply occupied or filled with, eÔg thought, wonder, admiration. ¸3
¶[VP6A] ´(contrasted with ³find, recover´) be unable to find: ³I've lost the
keys of my car. The books seem to be lost/to have been lost. She lost her
husband in the crowd. ·@ one's place, ´(in a book, etc) be unable to find the
page, paragraph, etc where one stopped reading. ·@ oneself/one's way, ´get
lost, be unable to find the right way, road, etc; not know where one is: ³The
children lost their way in the forest. We lost our way in the dark. I hope the
children haven't got lost/lost themselves. ·@ sight of sth, ¸(a) ´overlook;
fail to take account of: ³We mustn't @ sight of the fact that«. ¸(b) ´no longer
be able to see: ³The early navigators disliked losing sight of land. We lost
sight of him in the crowd. ·@ the thread of sth, ´eÔg an argument, µ¥ thread.
·@ one's tongue, µ¥ tongue. ·@ track of sth, µ¥ track. ¸4 ¶[VP6A] ´(contrasted
with ³catch´) be too late for; fail to hear, see, etc: ³@ ´(more usu ³miss)
one's train/the bus. ·@ the post, ´get to the post office, etc too late for the
collection; ³@ ´(= not hear) ³the end of a sentence. What he said was lost in
the applause that greeted him. ¸5 ¶[VP12C] ´cause (sb) the loss of: ³Such
insolence will @ you your situation. This remark lost him our sympathy. ¸6
¶[VP6A,2A] ´fail to win, be defeated: ³@ a game/a match/a battle/a war/a
lawsuit/a prize; @ a motion´, fail to carry it in a debate. ·a lost cause, ´one
that has already been defeated or is sure to be defeated. ·(play) a losing
game, ´one in which defeat is likely or certain. ·@ out (to), ´(colloq) be
overcome and replaced (by): ³Has the cinema lost out to TÔV? ¸7 ¶[VP6A,15A,3A]
·@ by/in/on sth, ´be or become worse: ³You will @ nothing by waiting´, will not
suffer any loss. ³Will the publisher @ by it´, be worse off because of
publishing the book? ³How much did he lose on the transaction? The
story does not @ in the telling´, is not made less interesting, is perhaps
exaggerated. ¸8 ¶[VP2A,B] ´(of a watch or clock) go too slowly; fail to keep
correct time because of this: ³Does your watch gain or @? My watch @s two
minutes a day. ¸9 ¶[VP6A] ´spend time, opportunity, efforts to no purpose;
waste: ³There's not a moment to @. I shall @ no time in doing it´, shall do it
at once. ·be lost upon sb, ´fail to influence or attract the attention of: ³My
hints were not lost upon him, ´They were noted. ¸10 ·@ oneself in sth,
´(reflex) become engrossed in it: ³She lost herself in a book´, became so
deeply interested in it that she was unaware of other things. ¸@r ³n ´person
who @s or is defeated: ³He's a good/bad @r´, is cheerful/discontented when he
@s.¼
¨loss© ²/los ³US: ²lcs/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´act or fact or process of
losing: ³@ of blood; @ of prestige. L@ of health is more serious than @ of
money. The @ of his heavyweight title doesn't seem to worry him. The @ of so
many ships worried the Admiral. ¸2 ¶[U] ´(and with ³indef art´) failure to
keep, maintain or use: ³a heavy @; @ of opportunities; without (any) @ of
time. There was a temporary @ of power. ¸3 ¶[U] ´failure to win or obtain:
³the @ of a contract. ¸4 ¶[C] ´that which is lost: ³sell sth at a @; suffer
heavy @es in war´, men killed, wounded, captured; ships and aircraft lost. µ¥
gain±1µ, profit±1µ(2). ·a total @, ´sth from which nothing can be saved: ³The
ship was wrecked and became a total @. ¸*@-Úleader ³n ´(comm) article, etc sold
at a @ in order to attract customers to buy other goods. ¸5 ³(sing ´only)
disadvantage or deprivation: ³Such a man is no great @´, We need not regret
losing his services. ·be a dead @, ´(colloq, of a person) be quite worthless:
³We'd better fire SmithÅHe's a dead @. ¸6 ·(be) at a @ for sth/to do sth, ´be
perplexed, uncertain: ³He was at a @ for words/to know what to say´, did not
know how to express himself.¼
¨lost© ²/lost ³US: ²lcst/ ³pt,pp ´of µlose.¼
¨lot©1 ²/lot/ ³n ´(colloq) ¸1 ·the lot; the whole lot; all the lot, ´the whole
number or quantity: ³That's the lot´, That's all or everything. ³Take the
(whole) lot. Go away, the whole lot of you/all the lot of you´, (emphat for)
"all of you', "every one of you'. ³She wants a new car, a fridge, and a colour
TÔVÅthe lot! ¸2 ·a lot (of); lots (and lots) (of), ´a great amount or number
(of): ³What a lot of time you take to dress! She spends a lot of money on
clothes. There were such a lot of people in the shops! I want lots. I saw quite
a lot of her ´(= saw her often) ³when I was in London last month. We don't see
a lot of her nowadays. ¸3 ´(used ³adverbially´) very much: ³He's feeling a lot
better today. A lot you care! ´(ironic) You don't care at all! Cf ³a good deal,
a little.¼
¨lot©2 ²/lot/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´(one of a set of objects used in) the making of a
selection or decision by methods depending upon chance: ³divide property by
lot. ·draw/cast lots, ´eÔg by taking pieces of paper marked in some way from a
box: ³They drew lots as to who should begin. ¸2 the lot, ´decision or choice
resulting from this: ³The lot came to/fell upon me. ¸3 ´person's fortune or
destiny: ³His lot has been a hard one. Such good fortune falls to the lot of
few men. It has fallen to my lot to oppose the President in the election.
·cast/throw in one's lot with sb, ´decide to share the fortunes of. ¸4 ´item,
or number of items, (to be) sold at an auction sale: ³Lot 46, six chairs. ¸5
´collection of objects of the same kind: ³We have received a new lot of hats
from the manufacturers. ¸6 ·a bad lot, ´(colloq) a bad person. ¸7 ´(cinema)
studio and surrounding land. ¸8 ´plot of land: (esp US) ³a ·Ú³parking lot,
´for cars; ³a vacant lot´, a building site.¼
¨loth© ²/lE8T/ ³adj µ¥ loath.¼
¨lo®tion© ²/ÚlE82n/ ³n ¶[C,U] ´(kind of) medicinal liquid for use on the skin:
³a bottle of cleansing @ for the face; soothing @s for insect bites.¼
¨lot®tery© ²/ÚlotErI/ ³n (pl µ-ries³) ¶[C] ¸1 ´arrangement to give prizes to
holders of numbered tickets previously bought by them and drawn by lot:
(attrib) ·Ú³@ tickets. ¸2 ´(fig) sth considered to be as uncertain as the
winning of prizes in a @: ³Is marriage a @?¼
¨lot®to© ²/ÚlotE8/ ³n ¶[U] ´game of chance; bingo.¼
¨lo®tus© ²/ÚlE8tEs/ ³n (pl µ@es ²/-sIz/³) ´(not often used in the
³pl; ·Ú³@ blooms ´is preferred). ¸1 ´(kinds of) water-lily, esp Egyptian and
Asiatic kinds. µ¥ ´the illus at µflower. ¸2 ´(in old Gk legends) plant
represented as bringing about a distaste for an active life. ¸Ú@-eater ³n
´person who gives himself up to indolent enjoyment.¼
¨loud© ²/lñ8d/ ³adj µ(-er, -est) ¸1 ´not quiet or soft; easily heard: ³@
voices/cries/laughs. The bomb exploded with a @ noise. ¸*@-Úhailer ³n
´electronic device that enables a voice to be magnified and so be audible at a
great distance: ³The naval officer called to the trawler by @-hailer across the
water. ¸*@-Úspeaker ³n ´(often shortened to ³speaker´) part of a radio
receiving apparatus that converts electric impulses into audible sounds.
¸2 ´(of a person's behaviour; of colours) of the kind that forces itself on the
attention. ¹ ³adv ´(after ³talk, speak, laugh ´etc) ´in a @ manner: ³Don't talk
so @. They laughed @ and long. Speak @er! Who laughed @est? ¸@®ly ³adv ´in a @
manner: ³Someone knocked @ly at the door. What a @ly dressed girl! ¸@®ness ³n¼
¨lough© ²/lok/ ³n ´(in Ireland) lake; arm of the sea.¼
¨lounge© ²/lñ8ndZ/ ³vi ¶[VP2A,C] ´sit, stand about (leaning against
sth) in a lazy way: ³idlers lounging at street corners; lounging over a caf_e
table. ¸@r ³n ´person who @s. ¹ ³n ¸1 ´act of lounging: ³have a @. ¸2
´comfortable sitting-room, esp in a club or hotel. ¸Ú@-lizard ³n ´(dated sl)
professional dance-partner for women at dances in hotel @s. ¸3 Ú@-bar ³n
´smartest bar in a public house. ¸Ú@-chair ³n ´comfortable easy-chair. ¸Ú@-suit
³n ´man's ordinary suit of jacket, (waistcoat), and trousers.¼
¨lour©, lower ²/Úlñ8E(r)/ ³vi ¶[VP2A,3A] ·@ at/on/upon, ´frown; look sullen or
threatening; (of the sky, clouds) look dark, as if threatening a storm.
¸@®ing®ly ³adv¼
¨louse© ²/lñ8s/ ³n (pl µlice ²/lñIs/³) ¸1 ´small insect living on the bodies of
animals and human beings under dirty conditions; similar insect living on
plants. ¸2 ´(sl) contemptible person: ³He's an absolute @.¼
¨lousy© ²/Úlñ8zI/ ³adj µ(-ier, -iest) ´infested with lice; (colloq) bad: ³a @
dinner; ´(sl) well provided ³(with)´: ³He's @ with money.¼
¨lout© ²/lñ8t/ ³n ´clumsy, ill-mannered person. ¸Úlitter-@, µ¥ litter±2µ(1).
¸Ú@®ish ²/-I2/ ³adj ´of or like a @: ³@ish behaviour.¼
¨louvre© ´(also ¸lou®ver´) ²/ÚluvE(r)/ ³n ´arrangement of fixed or moveable
slats (in a door or window) for ventilation (like the slats in a Venetian
blind). ¸lou®vered ³adj ´having @s: ³a @ed door.¼
¨lov®able© ²/ÚlAvEbl/ ³adj ´deserving or inspiring love; worthy of
love: ³a @ child; a child's @ ways.¼
¨love©1 ²/lAv/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´warm, kind feeling; fondness; affectionate and
tender devotion: ³a mother's @ for her children; a @ of learning/adventure; @
of (one's) country´, patriotism; ³show @ towards one's neighbours. ·give/send
sb one's @, ´give or send an affectionate greeting. ·play for @, ´for the
pleasure of the game, not for stakes. ·not to be had for @ or money,
´impossible to get by any means. ·There's *no Ú@ lost between them, ´They
dislike each other. ·a labour of @, ¸(a) ´sth that one enjoys doing for its own
sake. ¸(b) ´one does for the @ of sb. ·for the @ of, ´(in appeals, etc) for the
sake of; in the name of: ³Put that gun down, for the @ of God! ¸Ú@-feast ³n
´meal taken by early Christians in token of brotherly @; religious service
imitating this. ¸2 ¶[U] ´warm, kind feeling between two persons; sexual passion
or desire; this as a literary subject: ³a ·Ú³@-story; marry for @, not for
money. ·be in @ (with sb), ´have @ and desire (for): ³Hero and Leander were in
@. Leander was in @ with Hero. ·fall in @ (with sb), ´come to feel @ (for);
begin to be in @ (with). ·make @ (to sb), ´show that one is in @ with sb; do
the things that lovers do, eÔg kiss, caress; have sexual intercourse: ³Jana
thinks it's more fun to make @ than to make the beds. Make @, not war! ´Hence,
¸Ú@-making ³n ¸Ú@-affair ³n ´instance of being in @, often with a physical
relationship: ³a girl who had numerous @-affairs before her marriage. ¸Ú@®bird
³n ´small brightly coloured parrot said to pine away when it loses its mate;
³(pl) ´lovers very much in @. ¸Ú@-child ³n ´child of unmarried parents.
¸Ú@-knot ³n ´bow of ribbon, tied in a special way, formerly given or worn as a
pledge of @. ¸Ú@-letter ³n ´letter between persons in @ and concerned with
their @. ¸Ú@®lorn ²/-lcn/ ³adj ´unhappy because one's @ is not returned; pining
with @. ¸Ú@-match ³n ´marriage made for love's sake, not an arranged marriage.
¸Ú@-philtre/-potion ³nn ´magic drink supposed to make the person who drinks it
fall in @ with the person from whom it is received. ¸Ú@-seat ³n µS´-shaped
bench with two seats facing in opposite directions. ¸Ú@®sick ³adj ´languishing
because of @. ¸Ú@-song ³n ´song about or expressing @. ¸Ú@-story ³n ´novel or
story of which the main theme is @. ¸Ú@-token ³n ´sth given as a symbol of @.
¸3 ´form of address between lovers, husband and wife, or to a child: ³Come
here, my @. ¸4 ´(colloq) delightful or lovable person or thing: ³Isn't she a
little @? What a @ of a cottage! ¸5 ´person who is a sweetheart: ³She was an
old @ of mine years ago (flame ´is more usu). ¸6 ´personification of @, iÔe a
Cupid. ¸7 ¶[U] ´(in games) no score, nothing, nil: ³@ all´, no score for either
side; ·Ú³@ game´, one in which the loser did not score. ¸@®less ³adj ´unloving;
unloved; without @: ³a @less marriage.¼
¨love©2 ²/lAv/ ³vt ¸1 ¶[VP6A] ´have strong affection or deep tender
feelings for: ³@ one's parents/one's country/one's husband. ¸2 ¶[VP6A]
´worship: ³@ God. ¸3 ¶[VP6A] ´have kind feelings towards: ³The Bible tells us
to @ all men. ¸4 ¶[VP6A,D,7A,17] ´(colloq) be very fond of; like; find pleasure
in: ³@ comfort/mountain-climbing. She @s to have/@s having a lot of dogs and
young men round her. "Will you come with me?'Å"I should @ to'. I'd @ you to
come with me.¼
¨love®ly© ²/ÚlAvlI/ ³adj ¸1 ´beautiful; attractive; pleasant: ³a @ view; a @
woman; @ hair/weather. ¸2 ´(colloq) enjoyable; amusing: ³We had a @ holiday.
What a @ joke! It's @ and warm here´, @ because warm. ¸love®li®ness ³n¼
¨lover© ²/ÚlAvE(r)/ ³n ¸1 ´person who is fond of or devoted to
(sth): ³a @ of music/horses/good wine. ¸2 ´person in love with another; regular
sexual partner. ¸Ú@®like ³adj ´in the manner of a @.¼
¨lov®ing© ²/ÚlAvIG/ ³adj ´feeling or showing love: ³a @ friend. ¸Ú@-cup ³n
´large wine-cup passed round from person to person so that everyone may drink
from it. ¸*@-Úkindness ³n ¶[U] ´tender consideration; mercy and kindness coming
from love.¸@®ly ³adv ´in a @ way: ³Yours @ly´, formula at the end of a letter,
eÔg from a child to its parents.¼
¨low©1 ²/lE8/ ³adj µ(-er, -est) ¸1 ´not high; not extending far
upwards: ³a low wall/ceiling/shelf; a low range of hills; low-rise housing´,
of houses not many storeys high. ³The moon was low in the sky. The glass is
low´, The mercury in the barometer is low. ³He has a low brow´, short distance
between the hair and the eyebrows. ³She was wearing a dress low in the neck/a
·Ú³low-necked dress´, one leaving the neck and (part of) the shoulders and
breasts visible. ¸*low-reÚlief, µ¥ bas-relief. ¸2 ´below the usual or normal
level or intensity: ³low-lying land; low pressure´, eÔg of the atmosphere, of
gas or water from the mains; ³a low-density housing estate´, with comparatively
few houses to the acre. ³The rivers were low during the dry summer. ¸low gear,
µ¥ gear(1). ¸low tide/water, ´time when the tide is out and far from the shore
or river bank. ¸*low-Úwater mark, ´lowest points reached at low tide. ·be in
low water, ´(fig) short of money. ¸3 ´(of sounds) not loud; not high in pitch:
³speak in a low voice; the low notes of a cello. A tenor cannot get so low as a
baritone. ¸*low-Úkeyed, ´(fig) restrained in style or quality. ¸*low-Úpitched,
´(music) low in pitch. ¸4 ´of or in inferior rank or social class: ³all classes
of people, high and low; men of low birth; have a low station in life. ·be
brought low, ´be humbled. ¸5 ´commonplace; coarse; vulgar; little civilized:
³low manners; low company; low life´, of persons who are vulgar, coarse, etc;
³low tastes; low cunning´, cunning typical of sb who is mean or morally
degraded. ³I never fell as low as that´, never let my standard of behaviour
fall so low. ¸6 ´feeble; lacking in strength of body or mind: ³in a low state
of health; feel low/in low spirits´, unhappy, depressed. Hence, ¸*low-Úspirited
³adj ¸7 ´of small amount as measured by a scale or by degrees: ³a low
temperature; a low pulse; low prices/wages/rates of pay. ¸low latitudes, ´near
the equator. ·have a low opinion of sb/sth, ´think very little of him, his
work, etc. ·at lowest, ´at the least possible figure, quantity, etc. ¸8 ´(of a
supply of anything) ·be/run low, ´be/become nearly exhausted: ³Our stock of
coal is running low. Food supplies were running low in the besieged town. ¸9
´(of the position of the tongue when speaking) not raised: ³a low vowel´, one,
eÔg the vowel ²/q/´) made with the tongue low in the mouth. ¸10 ´not highly
developed: ³low forms of life. ¸11 Low Church, ´party in the Church of England
giving a low place to the authority of bishops and priests, ecclesiastical
organization, ritual, etc (contrasted with ³High Church´). Hence, ¸Low
Churchman, ´supporter of this. ¸12 ´(phrases) ·bring/lay sb/sth low, ´make low
in health, wealth, position, etc; defeat; humble. ·lie low, ´(fig) keep quiet
or hidden; say nothing and wait: ³The escaped prisoners had to lie low for
months. ¸13 ´(compounds) ¸*low-Úborn ³adj ´of humble birth. ¸*low-Úbred ³adj
´having vulgar manners. ¸Úlow®brow ³n, adj ´(person) showing little interest in
or taste for intellectual things, esp art, music, literature (contrasted with
³highbrow). ¸lower case, ´(in printing) small letters, not capitals. ¸Lower
Chamber/House, ´lower branch of a legislative assembly, eÔg the House of
Commons in GB, the House of Representatives in US. ¸low comedian, ´person who
acts in ¸low comedy, ´kind of drama bordering on farce, with laughable
situations, comic dialogue, etc. ¸the lower deck, ´(in the Navy) the ratings;
those who are not officers. ¸Úlow-down ³adj ´(colloq) caddish; dishonourable:
³@-down behaviour/tricks. ·give sb/get the low-down (on sth/sb), ´(colloq)
give/get the true facts, inside information which is not generally known.
¸Úlow®lander ²/-lEndE(r)/ ³n ´person who lives in lowlands, esp (¸L@´) one who
lives in the Scottish Lowlands. ¸Úlow®lands ²/-lEndz/ ³n pl ´low level country:
³the lowlands of Scotland. ¸Low Latin, ´late, popular Latin (contrasted with
classical Latin). ¸Low Mass, ´(formerly) celebration of the Eucharist without a
choir. ¸Low Sunday, Low Week, ´coming after Easter Day and Easter Week.
¸Úlow®er®most ³adj ´lowest. ¸low®ness ³n¼
¨low©2 ²/lE8/ ³adv µ(-er, -est) ´in or to a low position; in a low
manner; ³aim/shoot low; bow low to the Queen; buy low ´(= at low prices) ³and
sell high; play low, ´(in gambling) for small sums; ³speak low.¼
¨low©3 ²/lE8/ ³n ´sth low; low level or figure: ³Several industrial shares
reached new lows yesterday´, Their prices went down to a new low price (on the
stock market).¼
¨low©4 ²/lE8/ ³n ´sound made by cattle. ¹ ³vi ´(of cattle) make
this characteristic sound.¼
¨lower©1 ²/ÚlE8E(r)/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A] ´let or bring down; cause to be down: ³@
the sails/a flag. ·@ away, ´(naut) lower a boat, sail, etc. ¸2 ¶[VP6A,15A,2A]
´make or become less high: ³@ the rent of a house. The stocks @ed in value. He
@ed his voice to a whisper. We can't @ the ceiling. ¸3 ¶[VP15A] ·@ oneself,
´degrade, disgrace: ³He would never @ himself by taking bribes. ¸4 ¶[VP6A]
´weaken: ³Poor diet @s resistance to illness.¼
¨lower©2 ²/Úlñ8E(r)/ ³vi ´= µlour.¼
¨low®ly© ²/ÚlE8lI/ ³adj µ(-ier, -iest) ´humble; simple; modest. ¸low®li®ness
³n¼
¨loyal© ²/ÚlãIEl/ ³adj ´true and faithful ³(to)´: ³@ subjects of the Queen; @
supporters; @ to one's country. ¸Ú@®ist ²/-Ist/ ³n ´person who is @ to his
ruler and government, esp one who supports the head of an established
government during a revolt: (attrib) ³the @ist army/troops. ¸@ly ²/ÚlãIElI/
³adv ¸@ty ³n (pl µ-ties³) ¸1 ¶[U] ´being @; @ conduct. ¸2 ³(pl) ´kinds of @
attachment: ³tribal loyalties.¼
¨loz®enge© ²/ÚlozIndZ/ ³n ¸1 ´four-sided, diamond-shaped figure. ¸2 ´small
tablet of flavoured sugar, esp one containing medicine: ³cough @s.¼
¨L-plate© ²/Úel pleIt/ ³n ´plate with a large capital µL´, fixed to a motor
vehicle being driven by a learner who has not passed his driving test.¼
¨LÔSÔD© ²/*el es Údi/ ³n ¶[U] ´odourless, colourless and tasteless
semi-synthetic substance causing hallucinations (often referred to as "acid').
µ¥ App 2.¼
¨´$Ô±sÔd© ²/*el es Údi/ ³n ¶[U] ´term used, before British currency was
decimalized, for pounds, shillings and pence; (colloq) money: ³I'm short of
$ÔsÔd just now. µ¥ App 5.¼
¨lub®ber© ²/ÚlAbE(r)/ ³n ´big, clumsy, stupid fellow. µ¥ ³land-@ ´at
µland±1µ(6). ¸@®ly ³adj¼
¨lu®bri®cate© ²/ÚlubrIkeIt/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´put oil or grease into (machine
parts) to make (them) work easily; (fig) do sth that makes action, etc easier.
¸lu®bri®cant ²/ÚlubrIkEnt/ ³n ¶[U,C] ´substance that @s. ¸lu®bri®ca®tion
²/*lubrIÚkeI2n/ ³n ¶[U,C] ´(instance of) lubricating or being @d.¼
¨lu®cent© ²/Úlusnt/ ³adj ´(liter) shining; translucent.¼
¨lu®cerne© ²/luÚs3n/ ³n ¶[U] ´(GB) clover-like plant used for feeding animals.
(US = ³alfalfa´).¼
¨lu®cid© ²/ÚlusId/ ³adj ¸1 ´clear; easy to understand: ³a @
explanation; a @ literary style; a @ mind. ¸2 ´mentally sound: ³@ intervals´,
periods of sanity between periods of insanity. ¸3 ´(poet) bright, clear,
transparent. ¸@®ly ³adv ¸@®ity ²/luÚsIdEtI/ ³n ¶[U] ´quality of being @.¼
¨Luci®fer© ²/ÚlusIfE(r)/ ³n ¸1 ´Satan, the chief rebel angel: ³as proud as @.
¸2 ´(the planet Venus as) the morning star.¼
¨luck© ²/lAk/ ³n ¶[U] ´chance; fortune (good or bad); sth that is considered to
come by chance: ³have good/bad @ in one's affairs; have hard @´, be
unfortunate. ³As @ would have it´,« Fortunately,« (or Unfortunately,« according
to context). ³It was hard @ on you that«´, used to show sympathy. ³He tried his
@ at the gaming tables´, gambled, hoping for success. ³What rotten @! Bad @!
´(used to show sympathy). ³Good @! ´(used to encourage, express hopes of good
fortune, etc). ³Just my @! ´I am unlucky, as usual. ³My @'s in/out´, I am/am
not fortunate. ³I never have any @. I had the @ ´(= was fortunate enough) ³to
find him at home. ·be down on one's @, ´(colloq) be unfortunate; suffer
misfortune. ·be in/out of @, ´have/not have good fortune. ·for @, ´to bring
good fortune: ³keep sth for @. ·worse @, ´(used parenthetically) more's the
pity; unfortunately. ¸@®less ³adj ´unfortunate; turning out badly: ³a @less
day/attempt.¼
¨lucky© ²/ÚlAkI/ ³adj µ(-ier, -iest) ´having, bringing, resulting from, good
luck: ³a @ escape/guess/man. It's my @ day´, one on which I am having good
fortune. ³You are @ to be alive after being in that accident. ¸*@ Údip ³n ´tub,
etc containing articles of various values for which a person may dip in (taking
the chance of getting sth of value) for a payment: ³L@ dip, 10p. ¸luck®ily
²/ÚlAkIlI/ ³adv ´in a @ manner; fortunately: ³Luckily for me the train was
late, so I just caught it.¼
¨lu®cra®tive© ²/ÚlukrEtIv/ ³adj ´profitable; bringing in money.¼
¨lucre© ²/ÚlukE(r)/ ³n ¶[U] ´(in a bad sense) profit or money-making (as a
motive for action): ³a man who would do anything for @.¼
¨Lud®dite© ²/ÚlAdñIt/ ³n ´member of bands of workers who, in England, 1811Å16,
destroyed new machinery which, they thought, would cause unemployment.¼
¨lu®di®crous© ²/ÚludIkrEs/ ³adj ´ridiculous; causing laughter. ¸@®ly ³adv¼
¨ludo© ²/ÚludE8/ ³n ¶[U] ´simple game played by moving counters on a special
board after throwing dice.¼
¨luff© ²/lAf/ ³vt,vi ´(naut) bring the head of a ship in a
direction nearer to that of the wind; turn (the helm) so that this happens.¼
¨lug©1 ²/lAg/ ³vt µ(-gg-) ¶[VP6A,15A,B] ´pull or drag roughly and with much
effort: ³lugging two heavy suitcases up the stairs; lug a handcart along. ´¹
³n ´hard or rough pull.¼
¨lug©2 ²/lAg/ ³n ´projecting part (of a metal casting) by which it is kept
securely in place.¼
¨luge© ²/luZ/ ³n ´(F) short toboggan for one person, as used in Switzerland.¼
¨lug®gage© ²/ÚlAgIdZ/ ³n ¶[U] ´bags, trunks, etc and their contents taken on a
journey: ³six pieces of @; get one's @ through the Customs. ´(US = ³baggage.)
¸Ú@-carrier ³n ´metal frame, eÔg one fixed behind the saddle of a bicycle, for
@. ¸Ú@-rack ³n ´rack (above the seats) in a railway carriage, coach, etc, or
on the roof of a motor-car, for @. ¸Ú@-van ³n ´van for @ on a railway train.¼
¨lug®ger© ²/ÚlAgE(r)/ ³n ´small ship with one or more four-cornered sails set
fore and aft.¼
¨lug®sail© ²/ÚlAgseIl/ ³n ´(naut) four-cornered sail.¼
¨lu®gu®bri®ous© ²/lEÚgubrIEs/ ³adj ´(formal) dismal; mournful. ¸@®ly ³adv
¸@®ness ³n¼
¨luke®warm© ²/*lukÚwcm/ ³adj ¸1 ´(of liquids, etc) neither very
warm nor cold. ¸2 ´(fig) not eager either in supporting or opposing: ³give
only @ support to a cause; @ friendship. ¸@®ly ³adv ¸@®ness ³n¼
¨lull© ²/lAl/ ³vt,vi ¶[VP6A,15A,2A] ´make or become quiet or less active: ³@ a
baby to sleep´, eÔg by rocking it and singing to it; ³@ a person's
fears/suspicions. The wind/sea was @ed. The wind @ed. ´¹ ³n ¶[C] ´interval of
quiet; period of lessened activity, etc: ³a @ in the storm/in the
conversation.¼
¨lull®aby© ²/ÚlAlEbñI/ ³n (pl µ-bies³) ´song for lulling a baby to sleep;
gentle, soft sound, eÔg made by wind in trees or by the running water of a
brook.¼
¨lum®bago© ²/lAmÚbeIgE8/ ³n ¶[U] ´muscular pain in the lumbar regions.¼
¨lum®bar© ²/ÚlAmbE(r)/ ³adj ´of the loins: ³the @ regions´, the lower part of
the back.¼
¨lum®ber©1 ²/ÚlAmbE(r)/ ³n ¶[U] ¸1 ´roughly prepared wood; wood that has been
sawn into planks, boards, etc. ¸Ú@®man ²/-man/, ¸Ú@®jack ³nn ´man who fells
trees; man who saws or transports @. ¸Ú@-mill ³n ´saw-mill. ¸Ú@®yard ³n ´place
where @ is stored. ¸2 ´(chiefly GB) useless or unwanted articles stored away or
taking up space (eÔg old furniture, pictures). ¸Ú@®room ³n ´one in which @ is
stored. ¹ ³vt ¶[VP6A,14,15A,B] ·@ sth (up) (with), ´(often in passive) fill
with @; fill space inconveniently; encumber: ³a room @ed up with useless
articles; ´(fig) ³a mind that is @ed (up) with useless bits of information.¼
¨lum®ber©2 ²/ÚlAmbE(r)/ ³vi ¶[VP2C] ´move in a heavy, clumsy, noisy way: ³The
heavy army tanks @ed along/by/past. What a big @ing cart!¼
¨lu®min®ary© ²/ÚlumInErI ³US: ²-nerI/ ³n (pl µ-ries³) ¸1 ´star; the sun or
moon; any light-giving body in the sky. ¸2 ´(fig) person who, because of his
learning, is like a shining light; great moral or intellectual leader.¼
¨lu®mi®nous© ²/ÚlumInEs/ ³adj ¸1 ´giving out light; bright: ³@
paint, ´as used on road signs, clocks and watches, visible in the dark. ¸2
´(fig) clear; easily understood: ³a @ speaker/explanation. ¸lu®min®os®ity
²/*lumIÚnosEtI/ ³n ¶[U] ´quality of being @.¼
¨lummy©, lumme ²/ÚlAmI/ ³int ´(dated GB sl) indicating surprise.¼
¨lump©1 ²/lAmp/ ³n ¶[C] ¸1 ´hard or compact mass, usu without a regular shape:
³a @ of clay; break a piece of coal into small @s; a @ of sugar; Ú@ sugar´,
sugar cut into cubes. ·in the @, ´added together; taken as a whole.
¸@ sum, ´one payment for a number of separate sums that are owed. ¸2 ´swelling
or bump; bruise: ³He has a bad @ on the forehead. ·have a @ in one's/the
throat, ´a feeling of pressure (as caused by strong emotion). ¸3 ´(colloq)
heavy, dull person: ³Get out of my way, you big fat @ of a man! ´¹ ³vt ¸1
¶[VP6A,15B] ·@ (together), ´put together in one @; include (a number of things)
under one heading: ³The boys agreed to @ the expenses of their camping holiday.
Can we @ all these items together under the heading "incidental expenses'? ¸2
¶[VP2A] ´form into @s: ³This oatmeal @s if you don't stir it well. ¸@®ish
²/-I2/ ³adj ´(of a person) thickset; clumsy; stupid. ¸@y ³adj µ(-ier, -iest)
´full of, covered with @s: ³a @y sauce; ´(of the surface of water) cut up by
wind into small waves; choppy.¼
¨lump©2 ²/lAmp/ ³vt ´(only in) ·@ it, ´(colloq) endure, put up with, sth
unpleasant or unwanted: ³If you don't like it you can @ it. Well, you'll just
have to @ it!¼
¨lu®nacy© ²/ÚlunEsI/ ³n (pl µ-cies³) ¸1 ¶[U] ´madness; state of being a
lunatic; mad or foolish behaviour: ³It's sheer @. ¸2 ³(pl) ´mad or very foolish
acts.¼
¨lu®nar© ²/ÚlunE(r)/ ³adj ´of the moon: ³a @ month´, average time between
successive new moons, about 29§ days; ³a @ module, ´detachable section of a
spacecraft that orbits the moon and may descend to its surface; ³a @ orbit ´(by
a spacecraft); ³a @ year, ´period of 12 @ months.¼
¨lu®na®tic© ²/ÚlunEtIk/ ³n ¸1 ´mad person: ´mental patient (the
preferred term). ¸Ú@ asylum, ´hospital ³(mental home ´and ³mental hospital ´are
the names in present-day use) for the care and treatment of @s. ¸2 ´(attrib)
mad; extremely foolish: ³a @ proposal. ¸*@ Úfringe, ´minority group with
extreme views, or engaged in eccentric activities, eÔg in politics or
literature.¼
¨lunch© ²/lAnt2/ ³n ´meal taken in the middle of the day: ³They were at @ when
I called. ´¹ ³vi,vt ´eat @; provide @ for: ³He @ed me well at the Savoy. ¸@eon
²/ÚlAnt2En/ ³n ´(formal word for) @.¼
¨lung© ²/lAG/ ³n ¸1 ´either of the two breathing organs in the chest of man and
other animals: ³the ·Ú³@ passages/tissues; @ cancer. That opera singer has good
@s´, produces a great volume of sound. µ¥ ´the illus at µrespiratory. ¸Ú@-power
³n ¶[U] ´power of voice. ¸2 ´(fig) open space in or close to a large city.¼
¨lunge© ²/lAndZ/ ³n ´sudden forward movement, eÔg with a sword, or forward
movement of the body (eÔg when aiming a blow). ¹ ³vi ¶[VP2A,C] ´make a @: ³He
@d at his opponent/@d out suddenly.¼
¨lu®pin© ´(US = ¸lu®pine´) ²/ÚlupIn/ ³n ´garden or fodder plant with tall
spikes of flowers of various colours.¼
¨lurch©1 ²/l3t2/ ³n ´(only in) ·leave sb in the @, ´leave him when he is in
difficulties and needing help.¼
¨lurch©2 ²/l3t2/ ³n ´sudden change of weight to one side; sudden roll or pitch:
³The ship gave a @ to starboard. ´¹ ³vi ¶[VP2C] ´move along with a @ or @es:
³The drunken man @ed across the street.¼
¨lurcher© ²/Úl3t2E(r)/ ³n ´dog, a cross between a sheep-dog and a greyhound,
used for retrieving game (esp by poachers).¼
¨lure© ²/l8E(r)/ ³n ¶[C] ´bunch of brightly coloured feathers used to attract
and recall a trained hawk; bait or decoy to attract wild animals; (fig) sth
that attracts or invites; the attraction or interest that sth has: ³the @ of
the sea; the @s used by a pretty woman to attract men. ´¹ ³vt ¶[VP6A,15B]
´attract, tempt: ³@ sb away from his duty; be @d on to destruction.¼
¨lu®rid© ²/Úl8ErId/ ³adj ¸1 ´highly coloured, esp suggesting flame and smoke:
³a @ sky/sunset; @ thunder-clouds. ¸2 ´(fig) sensational; violent and shocking:
³@ details of a railway accident; a @ tale. ¸@®ly ³adv ¸@®ness ³n¼
¨lurk© ²/l3k/ ³vi ¶[VP2C] ´be, keep, out of view, lying in wait or
ready to attack: ³a suspicious-looking man @ing in the shadows. Some suspicion
still @ed in his mind. ¸Ú@®ing-place ³n ´hiding-place.¼
¨luscious© ²/ÚlA2Es/ ³adj ¸1 ´rich and sweet in taste and smell, attractive: ³@
peaches/lips. ¸2 ´(of art, music, writing) very rich in ornament; suggesting
sensual delights. ¸@®ly ³adv ¸@®ness ³n¼
¨lush© ²/lA2/ ³adj ´(esp of grass and vegetation) growing luxuriantly: ³@
meadows; a @ growth of vegetation after the rains; ´(fig) luxuriously
comfortable. ¹ ³n ´(US sl) drunkard.¼
¨lust© ²/lAst/ ³n ¶[U] ´violent desire to possess sth, esp strong sexual desire
³(for)´; passionate enjoyment ³(of)´: ³filled with @´; ¶[C] ´instance of this:
³a @ for power/gold; the @s of the flesh. ´¹ ³vi ¶[VP3A] ·@ after/for, ´have @
for: ³@ for/after gold; ´(biblical) ³@ after a woman´, have strong sexual
desire. ¸@®ful ²/-fl/ ³adj ´full of @. ¸@®fully ²/-fElI/ ³adv¼
¨lustre© ´(US = ¸lus®ter´) ²/ÚlAstE(r)/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´quality of being bright,
esp of a smooth or polished surface; sheen; soft reflected light: ³the @ of
pearls. ¸2 ¶[U] ´(fig) glory; distinction: ³add @ to one's name; deeds that
shed @ on an honoured family´, make its reputation more distinguished. ¸3
´(glass pendant of a) chandelier. ¸lus®trous ²/ÚlAstrEs/ ³adj ´having @:
³lustrous pearls; her lustrous eyes.¼
¨lusty© ²/ÚlAstI/ ³adj ´healthy and strong; vigorous: ³a @ girl from the
country; @ cheers. ¸Úlust®ily ²/-IlI/ ³adv´: ³work/fight/shout lustily.¼
¨lute© ²/lut/ ³n ´stringed musical instrument (14th to 17th cc)
associated with poets and poetry. ¸lu®tan®ist ²/ÚlutEnIst/ ³n ´player of the
@.¼
¨Lu®theran© ²/ÚluTErEn/ ³adj, n ´(follower) of Martin Luther ²/ÚluTE(r)/
´(1483Å1546); (member) of the Protestant Church named after Luther.¼
¨luxe© ²/lAks/ ³adj ´= µde luxe.¼
¨lux®ur®iant© ²/lAgÚZ8ErIEnt/ ³adj ¸1 ´strong in growth; abundant: ³the @
vegetation of the tropics; ´(fig) ³a @ imagination. ¸2 ´(of liter and artistic
style) richly ornamented; very elaborate. ¸@®ly ³adv ¸lux®ur®iance ²/-Ens/ ³n
¶[U] ´@ growth.¼
¨lux®ur®iate© ²/lAgÚZ8ErIeIt/ ³vi ¶[VP3A] ·@ in, ´take great delight in: ³@ in
the warm spring sunshine.¼
¨lux®ur®ious© ²/lAgÚZ8ErIEs/ ³adj ¸1 ´supplied with luxuries; very comfortable:
³live in @ surroundings; a @ hotel. ¸2 ´choice and costly: ³@ food. ¸3 ´fond of
luxuries; self-indulgent: ³@ habits. ¸@®ly ³adv¼
¨lux®ury© ²/ÚlAk2ErI/ ³n (pl µ-ries³) ¸1 ¶[U] ´state of life in which, to an
excessive degree, one has and uses things that please the senses (good food and
drink, clothes, comfort, beautiful surroundings): ³live in @; a life of @. ¸2
´(attrib use) ´enabling people to live this kind of life: ³a @ hotel/ocean
liner ´(perhaps suggesting ostentation rather than real comfort, etc. µ¥
luxurious´). ¸3 ¶[C] ´sth not essential but which gives enjoyment and pleasure,
esp sth expensive, out of season, etc: ³His salary is low and he gets few
luxuries.¼
¨lyc_ee© ²/ÚliseI ³US: ²liÚseI/ ³n ´state secondary school in France.¼
¨ly®ceum© ²/lñIÚsiEm/ ³n ´(US) lecture hall; (building of an) association for
organizing lectures, concerts, etc.¼
¨ly®chee© ´(also ¸li®chee, li®chi, li®tchee, li®tchi´) ²/ÚlñIt2i/
³n ´fruit-tree, originally from China, widely grown in Bengal; its
fruit consisting of a thin brown shell containing a white pulp round a
single seed. µ¥ ´the illus at µfruit.¼
¨lych®gate© ³n ´= µlichgate.¼
¨lye© ²/lñI/ ³n ´alkali obtained by passing water through wood
ashes, used in washing; any alkaline solution or detergent.¼
¨ly®ing© ²/ÚlñIIG/ ³pres p ´of µlie±1µ, lie±2µ.¼
¨lymph© ²/lImf/ ³n ¶[U] ´colourless fluid in animal matter, like blood but
without colouring matter. ¸lym®phatic ²/lImÚfatIk/ ³adj ¸1 ´of or carrying @:
³the @atic vessels´, carrying @ from the tissues with any waste matter. ¸2 ´(of
persons) sluggish; slow in thought and action.¼
¨lynch© ²/lInt2/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´put to death (usu by hanging) without a lawful
trial (sb believed to be guilty of crime). ¹ ³n ¸Ú@ law, ´procedure of persons
who executed a (supposed) criminal in this way.¼
¨lynch®pin© ²/ÚlInt2pIn/ ³n ´= µlinchpin.¼
¨lynx© ²/lIGks/ ³n ´short-tailed wild animal of the cat family, noted for its
keen sight. µ¥ ´the illus at µcat. ´Hence, ¸*@-Úeyed ³adj ´keen-sighted.¼
¨lyre© ²/ÚlñIE(r)/ ³n ´kind of harp with strings fixed in a µU´-shaped frame,
used by the ancient Greeks. ¸Ú@-bird ³n ´Australian bird, the male having a
long tail, shaped like a @ when spread out.¼
¨lyric© ²/ÚlIrIk/ ³adj ¸1 ´of, composed for, singing. ¸2 ´of poetry expressing
direct personal feeling. ¹ ³n ¶[C] ´@ poem; ³(pl) ´verses of a song, eÔg in a
musical play.¼
¨lyri®cal© ²/ÚlIrIkl/ ³adj ¸1 ´= µlyric. ¸2 ´full of emotion; enthusiastic:
³She became/waxed quite @ over the new dresses she had brought back from Paris.
¸@ly ²/-klI/ ³adv¼
¨ly®sol© ²/ÚlñIsol ³US: ²-scl/ ³n ¶[U] ´(P) dark oily liquid used as an
antiseptic and disinfectant.¼
¨M©, m ²/em/ ³n (pl µM's, m's ²/emz/³) ´the 13th letter of the English alphabet;
symbol for the Roman numeral 1Ô000. µ¥ App 4.¼
¨ma© ²/mq/ ³n ´(colloq, abbr of) µmamma.¼
¨ma'am© ²/mam/ ³n ´madam, used in addressing a Queen.¼
¨mac© ²/mak/ ³n ´(GB colloq, abbr of) µmackintosh.¼
¨ma®cabre© ²/mEÚkqbrE/ ³adj ´gruesome; suggesting death. ¸danse @
²/dqns mEÚkqbrE/ ³n ´(F) dance of death.¼
¨ma®cadam© ²/mEÚkadEm/ ³n ¶[U] ¸@ road, ´road with a surface of several layers
of crushed rock or stone, each rolled hard before the next is put down. ¸@®ize
²/-ñIz/ ³vt ´make or cover with such layers: ³@ized roads. µ¥ tarmac.¼
¨maca®roni© ²/*makEÚrE8nI/ ³n ¶[U] ´flour paste made in the form of long tubes
(often chopped into short pieces), prepared for eating by being boiled.¼
¨maca®roon© ²/*makEÚrun/ ³n ¶[C] ´small, hard, flat, sweet cake or biscuit made
of sugar, white of egg, and crushed almonds or coconut.¼
¨ma®caw© ²/mEÚkc/ ³n ´large, long-tailed parrot of tropical America.¼
¨mace©1 ²/meIs/ ³n ¸1 ´large, heavy club, usu with a metal head covered with
spikes, used as a weapon in the Middle Ages. ¸2 ´ceremonial rod or staff (often
very much ornamented) carried or placed before an official, eÔg a Mayor.
¸Ú@-bearer ³n ´person who carries an official @.¼
¨mace©2 ²/meIs/ ³n ¶[U] ´dried outer covering of nutmegs, used as spice.¼
¨mac®er®ate© ²/ÚmasEreIt/ ³vt,vi ¶[VP6A,2A] ´make or become soft by soaking in
water or caustic potash.¼
¨Mach© ²/mqk/ ³n ¸Ú@ number, ´ratio of the air speed of an aircraft to the
speed of sound: ³@ two´, twice the speed of sound.¼
¨ma®chete© ²/mEÚt2etI ³US: ²-Ú2etI/ ³n ´cutlass µ(2)´; broad, heavy knife used
in Latin America and the W Indies as a cutting tool and weapon.¼
¨mach®ia®vel®lian© ²/*makIEÚvelIEn/ ³adj ´showing or having no scruples in
gaining what is wanted; of or like the ideas set out by Machiavelli
²/*makIEÚvelI/ ´(Italian statesman, 1469Å1527), who advocated putting
expediency above political morality and the use of deceit in statecraft.¼
¨machi®na®tion© ²/*makIÚneI2n/ ³n ¶[C,U] ´(esp evil) plot/plotting;
scheme/scheming.¼
¨ma®chine© ²/mEÚ2in/ ³n ¶[C] ¸1 ´appliance or mechanical device with parts
working together to apply power, often steam or electric power ³(a
·Ú³printing-@´), but also human power ³(a ·Ú³sewing-@). We live in the @ age´,
the age in which @s more and more replace hand labour. ¸Ú@-gun ³n ´gun that
fires continuously while the trigger is pressed. ¸*@-Úmade ³adj ´made by @
(contrasted with ³hand-made´). ¸Ú@ tool, ´tool, mechanically operated, for
cutting or shaping materials. ¸2 ´persons organized to control a group: (US)
³the Democratic @. ´¹ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´operate on, make (sth) with, a @ (esp of
sewing and printing). ¸ma®chin®ist ²/mEÚ2inIst/ ³n ´one who makes, repairs or
controls @ tools; one who works a @, esp a sewing-@.¼
¨ma®chin®ery© ²/mEÚ2inErI/ ³n ¶[U] ¸1 ´moving parts of a machine; machines
collectively: ³How much new @ has been installed? ´(Cf ³How many new machines
have been installed?) ¸2 ´methods, organization (eÔg of government).¼
¨ma®chismo© ²/mEÚt2IzmE8/ ³n ¶[U] ´exaggerated male pride; man's need to prove
his virility.¼
¨mack®erel© ²/ÚmakrEl/ ³n (pl ´unchanged) striped seafish used as food. ¸@ sky
³n ´sky with bars of cloud like the stripes on a @'s back.¼
¨mack®in®tosh© ²/ÚmakInto2/ ³n ´(GB) rainproof coat made of cloth treated with
rubber.¼
¨mac®ro®bi®otic© ²/*makrE8bñIÚotIk/ ³adj ´prolonging life. ¸@ food, ´containing
pure vegetable substances grown and prepared without chemical assistance.¼
¨mac®ro®cosm© ²/ÚmakrE8kozEm/ ³n ´the universe; any great whole. µ¥ microcosm.¼
¨mad© ²/mad/ ³adj µ(-dder, -ddest) ¸1 ´having, resulting from, a diseased mind;
mentally ill. ·drive/send sb mad, ´cause him to be mad. ·as mad as a March
hare/as a hatter, ´very mad. ¸Úmad®house ³n ´(colloq) mental hospital.
¸Úmad®man ²/-mEn/, ¸Úmad®woman ³nn ´person who is mad. ¸2 ´(colloq) much
excited; filled with enthusiasm: ³mad about pop music; ´(esp US) angry: ³mad
about/at missing the train; ´wild: ³mad with pain. The dog was mad for water´,
behaving wildly because it needed water; foolish: ³What a mad ³thing to do!
·be/go mad, ´be/become wildly excited, angry, upset, etc. ·like mad, ´(colloq)
with great energy; much: ³work/run/smoke like mad. ¸Úmad®cap ²/-kap/ ³n ´person
acting recklessly or on impulse. ¸3 ´(of a dog, etc) rabid. ¸mad®ly ³adv ´in a
mad manner; (colloq) extremely: ³madly excited/jealous. ¸mad®ness ³n ¶[U] ´the
state of being mad; mad behaviour: ³It would be madness to try to climb the
mountain in such a snowstorm. ¸mad®den ²/Úmadn/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´make mad;
irritate; annoy: ³maddening delays.¼
¨madam© ²/ÚmadEm/ ³n ¸1 ´respectful form of address to a woman
(whether married or unmarried): ³Can I help you, @? ´(eÔg asked by a shop
assistant); used in letters, as ³Sir ´is used to a man: ³Dear M@. ¸2 ´(colloq)
woman or girl who likes to order people about: ³She's a bit of a @. Isn't she a
little @! ¸3 ´(colloq) woman who manages a brothel.¼
¨Mad®ame© ²/mEÚdqm ³US: ²mEÚdam/ ³n ´(abbr ¸Mme´) ³(pl µMesdames ²/meIÚdqm/³)
´French title before the name of a married woman; also used before names of
married women who are not British or American.¼
¨mad®der© ²/ÚmadE(r)/ ³n ¶[U] ´(red dye obtained from the root of a) herbaceous
climbing plant with yellowish flowers.¼
¨made© ²/meId/ ³pt,pp ´of µmake±1µ.¼
¨Ma®deira© ²/mEÚdIErE/ ³n ´white dessert wine from @ (an island in the Atlantic
Ocean). ¸Ú@ cake ³n ´kind of sponge-cake.¼
¨Mad®emoi®selle© ²/*madmwEÚzel/ ³n ´(abbr ¸Mlle´) ³(pl µMesdemoiselles
²/*meIdmwEÚzel/´) French title used before the name of a young girl or an
unmarried woman.¼
¨Ma®donna© ²/mEÚdonE/ ³n ¸the @, ´(picture or statue of) Mary, Mother of Jesus
Christ. ¸Ú@ lily, ´kind of pure white lily (as often shown in pictures of the
@).¼
¨mad®ri®gal© ²/ÚmadrIgl/ ³n ´part-song for several voices without instrumental
accompaniment.¼
¨Mae®cenas© ²/mñIÚsinEs/ ³n ´generous patron of literature or art.¼
¨mael®strom© ²/ÚmeIlstrEm/ ³n ´great whirlpool: (fig) violent or
destructive force; whirl of events: ³the @ of war.¼
¨mae®nad© ²/Úminad/ ³n ´priestess of Bacchus, the Greek god of wine; frenzied
woman.¼
¨maes®tro© ²/ÚmñIstrE8/ ³n (pl µ@s ´or µmaestri ²/ÚmñIstrI/³) ´(I) eminent
musical composer, teacher, or conductor.¼
¨maf®fick© ²/ÚmafIk/ ³vi ´go in for wild public merry-making and rejoicing (eÔg
in war, when there is news of a victory).¼
¨Ma®fia© ²/ÚmafIE ³US: ²Úmqf-/ ³n ¸the @, ´secret organization in Sicily,
opposed to legal authority and engaged in crime; similar organization on the
mainland of Italy and in US.¼
¨mag© ²/mag/ ³n ´(colloq abbr of) µmagazine(3)´: ³the colour mags.¼
¨maga®zine© ²/*magEÚzin ³US: ²ÚmagEzin/ ³n ¸1 ´store for arms, ammunition,
explosives, etc. ¸2 ´chamber for holding cartridges to be fed into the breech
of a rifle or gun; place for rolls or cartidges of film in a camera. µ¥ ´the
illus at µrifle. ¸3 ´paper-covered (usu weekly or monthly, and illustrated)
periodical, with stories, articles, etc by various writers.¼
¨ma®genta© ²/mEÚdZentE/ ³adj, n ´bright crimson (substance used as a dye).¼
¨mag®got© ²/ÚmagEt/ ³n ´larva or grub, esp of a kind of fly (the bluebottle)
that lays its eggs in meat, and of the cheese-fly. ·have a Ú@ in one's head,
´have a strange whim or fancy. ¸@y ³adj ´having @s: ³@y cheese.¼
¨Magi© ²/ÚmeIdZñI/ ³n pl ¸the M@, ´the three wise men from the East who brought
offerings to the infant Jesus. µ¥ Matt 2:1.¼
¨magic© ²/ÚmadZIk/ ³n ¶[U] ¸1 ´art of controlling events by the pretended use
of supernatural forces; witchcraft; primitive superstitious practices based on
a belief in supernatural agencies. ·like @; as if by @, ´in a mysterious
manner. ¸black/white @, ´@ done with/without the help of devils. ¸2 ´art of
obtaining mysterious results by tricks: ³The conjurer used @ to produce a
rabbit from his hat. ¸3 ´the identification of a symbol with the thing it
stands for, as when the wearing of a lion's skin is thought to give the wearer
a lion's courage. ¸4 ´(fig) mysterious charm; quality produced as if by @: ³the
@ of Shakespeare's poetry/of the woods in autumn. ´¹ ³adj ´done by, or as if
by, @; possessing @; used in @: ³@ arts/words; a @ touch. ¸@ eye, ´(colloq)
name used for various electronic devices which control or indicate sth, eÔg the
automatic opening and closing of doors, exact tuning of a radio set. ¸@
lantern, ´apparatus (now a toy) for throwing a magnified image of a picture,
etc from a glass slide on to a white screen ´(³projector ´is the name of the
modern apparatus). µ¥ ´the illus at µlantern. ¸@ square, ´large square divided
into smaller squares, each with a number, so that the sum of each row,
vertical, horizontal or diagonal is always the same. ¸magi®cal ²/-kl/ ³adj ´of
or like @; (colloq) charming: ³a @al stage set. ¸magi®cally ²/-klI/ ³adv
¸ma®gician ²/mEÚdZI2n/ ³n ´person skilled in @µ(2)´; wizard.¼
¨magis®terial© ²/*madZIÚstIErIEl/ ³adj ´of, conducted by, a magistrate; having
or showing authority: ³@ rank; a @ manner/opinion. ¸@ly ²/-IElI/ ³adv¼
¨magis®trate© ²/ÚmadZIstreIt/ ³n ´civil officer acting as a judge
in the lowest courts; Justice of the Peace. ¸magis®tracy ²/ÚmadZIstrEsI/ ³n (pl
µ-cies³) ´position of a @. ¸the magis®tracy, ´@s collectively.¼
¨mag®nani®mous© ²/magÚnanImEs/ ³adj ´having, showing, generosity. ¸@®ly ³adv
¸mag®na®nim®ity ²/*magnEÚnImEtI/ ³n ¶[U] ´being @; ¶[C] ³(pl µ-ties³) ´@ act,
etc.¼
¨mag®nate© ²/ÚmagneIt/ ³n ´wealthy leading man of business or industry; person
who has power through wealth or position: ³territorial @s´, influential
landowners.¼
¨mag®nesia© ²/magÚni2E/ ³n ¶[U] ´white, tasteless powder (carbonate of
magnesium, ¸MgO´) used medicinally and in industry.¼
¨mag®nesium© ²/magÚnizIEm/ ³n ¶[U] ´silver-white metal (symbol
¸Mg´) used in the manufacture of aluminium and other alloys, fireworks and
flash photography: ³@ light´, bright light obtained by burning @ wire.¼
¨mag®net© ²/ÚmagnIt/ ³n ¶[C] ¸1 ´piece of iron, often a horseshoe shape, able
to attract iron, either natural (as in lodestone) or by means of an electric
current. ¸2 ´(fig) person or thing that attracts. ¸@®ic ²/magÚnetIk/ ³adj ¸1
´having the properties of a @; able to attract, etc: ³@ic field´, area in all
parts of which a @ic force may be detected; ³a @ic mine´, submarine mine
that is detonated when a large mass of iron (eÔg a ship) approaches it; ³a @ic
needle´, one that points north and south; ³the @ic north´, the point indicated
by such a needle; ³a @ smile/personality´, attracting the attention of people.
¸@ic tape, ´kind of tape coated with iron oxide used for recording sound and
vision. ¸2 ´of magnetism. ¸mag®neti®cally ²/-klI/ ³adv¼
¨mag®net®ism© ²/ÚmagnItIzEm/ ³n ¶[U] ´(the science of) magnetic phenomena and
properties; (fig) personal charm and attraction.¼
¨mag®net®ize© ²/ÚmagnItñIz/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´give magnetic properties to; (fig)
attract as a magnet does, eÔg by personal charm, moral or intellectual power.¼
¨mag®neto© ²/magÚnitE8/ ³n (pl µ@s ²/-tE8z/³) ´electric apparatus for producing
sparks in the ignition system of an internal combustion engine.¼
¨Mag®nifi®cat© ²/magÚnIfIkat/ ³n ´song of the Virgin Mary in Luke 1: 46Å55.¼
¨mag®nifi®cent© ²/magÚnIfIsnt/ ³adj ´splendid; remarkable; important-looking:
³a @ house; his @ generosity. ¸@®ly ³adv ¸mag®nifi®cence ²/-sns/ ³n ¶[U].¼
¨mag®nify© ²/ÚmagnIfñI/ ³vt (pt,pp µ-fied³) ¶[VP6A] ¸1 ´make (sth)
appear larger (as with a lens or microscope): ³a ·Ú³@ing glass´, lens for this
purpose. ¸2 ´exaggerate: ³@ dangers. ¸3 ´extol; give praise to (God): ³@ the
Lord. ¸mag®ni®fier ²/-fñIE(r)/ ³n ´instrument, etc, that magnifies.
¸mag®ni®fi®ca®tion ²/*magnIfIÚkeI2n/ ³n ´(esp) power of @ing, eÔg of a lens, a
pair of binoculars.¼
¨mag®nil®oquent© ²/magÚnIlEkwEnt/ ³adj ´(of words, speech) pompous; (of a
person) using pompous or high-sounding words. ¸@®ly ³adv ¸mag®nil®oquence
²/-Ens/ ³n¼
¨mag®ni®tude© ²/ÚmagnItjud ³US: ²-tud/ ³n ¶[U] ´size; (degree of) importance;
comparative brightness of stars.¼
¨mag®no®lia© ²/magÚnE8lIE/ ³n ´tree with large, sweet-smelling wax-like
flowers.¼
¨mag®num© ²/ÚmagnEm/ ³n ´(bottle containing) two quarts (of wine or spirit).¼
¨mag®num opus© ²/*magnEm ÚE8pEs/ ³n µ¥ opus.¼
¨mag®pie© ²/ÚmagpñI/ ³n ´noisy black-and-white bird which is attracted by, and
often takes away, small, bright objects; (fig) person who chatters very much;
(fig) petty thief.¼
¨Mag®yar© ²/Úmagjq(r)/ ³n, adj ´(member, language) of the largest
group of people in Hungary.¼
¨Ma®ha®ra®ja(h)© ²/*mqhEÚrqdZE/ ³n ´title of a prince in India, esp a sovereign
ruler of one of the indigenous states. ¸Ma®ha®ra®nee ²/*mqhEÚrqni/ ³n ´wife of
a @; queen or princess with a position like that of a @.¼
¨Ma®hatma© ²/mEÚhatmE/ ³n ´(in India, etc) (title given to) one of a class of
persons revered as having great high-mindedness and love of humanity.¼
¨mah®jong© ²/*mqÚdZoG/ ³n ´Chinese game for four persons played with 136 (or
144) pieces or tiles of wood, bone or ivory.¼
¨ma®hog®any© ²/mEÚhogEnI/ ³n ´(tropical tree with) dark-brown wood much used
for furniture.¼
¨ma®hout© ²/mEÚhuñ8t/ ³n ´(in India) elephant-driver.¼
¨maid© ²/meId/ ³n ¸1 ´(liter) girl. ¸2 ´(old use) young, unmarried woman. ¸old
@, ´elderly woman who is considered unlikely to marry. ¸*@ of Úhonour, (a)
´unmarried woman attending a queen or princess. ¸(b) ´principal bridesmaid. ¸3
´(usu modern sense) woman servant: ³It's the @'s day off; ´(in compounds):
·Ú³@servant, ·Ú³house@, ·Ú³nurse@.¼
¨maiden© ²/ÚmeIdn/ ³n ´(liter) girl; young unmarried woman. ¹ ³adj ´(attrib
only) ¸1 ´of a girl or woman. ¸Ú@ name, ´family name before marriage. ¸2 ´first
or earliest: ³a ship's @ voyage. ¸@ speech, ´first speech in Parliament of a
new member. ¸3 @ (over), ´(cricket) one in which no runs are scored. ¸4 ´(of a
woman) unmarried: ³my @ aunt. ¸5 ´(compounds) ¸Ú@®hair ³n ´(kinds of) fern with
fine stalks and delicate fronds. ¸Ú@®head ²/-hed/ ³n ¶[U] ´the hymen;
virginity. ¸Ú@®hood ²/-h8d/ ³n ´state of being a @, period when one is a @.
¸Ú@®like, @®ly ³adjj ´gentle; modest; of or like a @.¼
¨mail©1 ²/meIl/ ³n ¶[U] ´body armour of metal rings or plates: ³a coat of @;
·Ú³chain-@. ¸@ed ³adj ´only in ·the @ed fist, ´(threat of) armed force.¼
¨mail©2 ²/meIl/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´government system of collecting,
carrying and delivering letters and parcels: ³send a letter by air@; the
·Ú³@-coach´, (formerly) horse-drawn stage-coach for carrying @. ¸Ú@®bag ³n
´stout bag in which @ is carried. ¸Ú@®boat ³n ´one that transports @. ¸Ú@®box
³n ´(US) letter-box. ¸Ú@®man ²/-man/ ³n (pl µ-men³) ´(US) postman. ¸*@ Úorder
³n ´order for goods to be delivered by post; ³a @-order business´, one in which
the buying and selling of goods is conducted by correspondence; ³a @-order
catalogue´, one with a price-list of goods. ¸Ú@-train ³n ´train that carries @.
¸2 ¶[C,U] ´letters, parcels, etc, sent or delivered by post; the letters, etc,
sent, collected or delivered at one time: ³Is there any @ this morning? I had a
lot of @ last week. My secretary usually opens the @. The ship sank and
the @s were lost. ´¹ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´(chiefly US; in GB ³post ´is more usu) send
by @. ¸Ú@ing-card, ´(US) postcard. ¸Ú@®ing-list ³n ´list of names of persons to
whom sth, eÔg announcements of new books from a publisher, is regularly sent:
³Please add my name to your @ing-list.¼
¨maim© ²/meIm/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´wound or injure so that some part of the body is
useless: ³He was seriously @ed in the war.¼
¨main©1 ²/meIn/ ³adj ´(attrib only; no comp or superl) ¸1 ´chief; most
important: ³the @ thing to remember; the @ street of a town; the @ line of a
railway; the @ point of my argument; the @ current/stream of traffic; the @
course of a meal. ·have an eye to the @ chance, µ¥ chance±1µ(3). ¸2 ´exerted
to the full. ·do sth by @ force, ´using one's strength to the utmost. ¸3
´(compounds) ¸Ú@ deck ³n ´upper deck. ¸Ú@®land ²/-land/ ³n ´country, continent
or land mass, without its islands. ¸Ú@®mast ³n ´principal mast of a
sailing-ship. ¸Ú@-spring ³n ¸(a) ´principal spring of a clock or watch. ¸(b)
´(fig) driving force or motive. ¸Ú@®stay ²/-steI/ ³n ´rope from the top of the
@mast to the bottom of the foremast; (fig) chief support. ¸Ú@®stream ³n ¸1
´dominant trend, tendency, etc: ³the @stream of political thought. ¸2 ´style of
jazz between traditional and modern. ¸@®ly ³adv ´chiefly; for the most part:
³The people in the streets were @ly tourists. You are @ly to blame.¼
¨main©2 ²/meIn/ ³n ¸1 ¶[C] ´(often ¸the @s´) principal pipe
bringing water or gas, principal wire transmitting electric current, from the
source of supply into a building (contrasted with pipes from a cistern inside
the building, etc); principal sewer to which pipes from a building are
connected: ³My new house is not yet connected to the @s. We take our electric
current from the @s. ¸Ú@s set, ´radio set to be connected to the @s for
current, not a battery set. ¸2 ·in the @, ´for the most part; on the whole. ¸3
·with might and @, µ¥ might ±2´. ¸4 ´(poet) sea, esp a wide expanse of sea. ¸5
the Spanish M@, ´that part of the NÔE coast of S America and the adjoining part
of the Caribbean Sea, visited by the early Spanish navigators.¼
¨main®tain© ²/meInÚteIn/ ³vt ¸1 ¶[VP6A] ´keep up; retain; continue: ³@ friendly
relations (with«); @ prices, ´keep them steady; ³@ law and order; @ a speed of
60 miles an hour. The improvement in his health is being @ed. ·@ an open mind
on sth, ´be ready to listen to and consider the views of others on a subject.
¸2 ¶[VP6A] ´support: ³@ a son at the university; neglect to @ one's family. Can
you @ my daughter ´(iÔe if you marry her) ³in the style she has been accustomed
to? It's difficult to @ a family on $30 a week. ¸3 ¶[VP6A,9,25] ´assert as
true: ³@ one's innocence; @ that one is innocent of a charge. ¸4 ¶[VP6A] ´keep
in good repair or working order: ³@ the roads. ¸5 ¶[VP6A] ´defend: ³@ one's
rights. ¸@®able ²/-Ebl/ ³adj ´that can be @ed.¼
¨main®ten®ance© ²/ÚmeIntEnEns/ ³n ¶[U] ´maintaining or being maintained; (esp)
what is needed to support life. ¸Ú@ order ³n ´(legal) order made by a court of
law obliging sb to support sb, eÔg a husband to support his wife from whom he
is separated. ¸Ú@ men/gang ³n ´workmen who maintain roads and other public
services. ¸*retail *price Ú@, ´practice of maintaining fixed retail prices. µ¥
³cut price ´at µcut±1µ(9).¼
¨mai®son®nette© ²/*meIzEÚnet/ ³n ´flat±1 ´on two floors±1µ(2).¼
¨maize© ²/meIz/ ³n ¶[U] ´(also called ³Indian corn´) sort of grain plant. µ¥
´the illus at µcereal.¼
¨ma®jes®tic© ²/mEÚdZestIk/ ³adj ´having, showing, majesty. ¸ma®jes®ti®cally
²/-klI/ ³adv¼
¨maj®esty© ²/ÚmadZEstI/ ³n (pl µ-ties³) ¸1 ¶[U] ´kingly or queenly appearance,
conduct, speech, causing respect; stateliness; royal power. ¸2 ·His/Her/Your
M@; Their/Your Majesties, ´form used when speaking of or to a sovereign ruler
or rulers.¼
¨ma®jol®ica© ²/mEÚdZolIkE/ ³n ¶[U] ´(kinds of) Italian ornamented pottery;
modern imitations of these, with white or coloured glazes.¼
¨ma®jor©1 ²/ÚmeIdZE(r)/ ³adj ¸1 ´(contrasted with ³minor´) greater or more
important: ³@ roads; the @ portion; a @ operation´, (surgery) one that may be
dangerous to the person's life. ¸@ premise ³n µ¥ premise. ¸@ scale ³n ´(music)
scale having two full tones between the key note and the third note. ¸@ suit ³n
´(cards, bridge) either spades or hearts. ¸2 ´(placed after a name) elder or
first of two persons of the same name, eÔg in a school: ³Smith @. µ¥ minor,
senior. ´¹ ³vi ¶[VP3A] ·@ in sth, ´specialize in (a certain subject) at college
or university: ³Christina @ed in two subjects at Keele University. Brian @ed in
economics. µ¹ ³n ´subject @ed in.¼
¨ma®jor©2 ²/ÚmeIdZE(r)/ ³n ´army officer between a captain and a colonel.
¸*@-Úgeneral ³n ´army officer next above a brigadier and under a
lieutenant-general.¼
¨ma®jor-domo© ²/*meIdZE ÚdE8mE8/ ³n (pl µ@s ²/-mE8z/³) ´head steward in a great
household, esp of a prince in Italy or Spain in former times.¼
¨ma®jor®ity© ²/mEÚdZorEtI ³US: ²-ÚdZcr-/ ³n (pl µ-ties³) ¸1 ´(with ³sing ´or
³pl v´) ·a/the @ (of), ´the greater number or part ³(of)´: ³The @ of people
seem to prefer watching games to playing games. The @ were/was in favour of the
proposal. ¸2 ¶[C] ´number by which votes for one side exceed those for the
other side: ³He was elected by a large @/by a @ of 3Ô749. The Government's @
was a small one. ·be in the/a @, ´have the @. ·a @ verdict, ´verdict of the @
(of a jury, etc). ¸3 ·one's @, ¸(a) ´legal age of reaching manhood or
womanhood: ³He will reach his @ next month. ¸(b) ´army rank of major: ³obtain
one's @.¼
¨make©1 ²/meIk/ ³vt,vi (pt,pp µmade ²/meId/³) ´(For uses with ³nn,
µ¥ 25,26 ´below; for uses with ³adjj, µ¥ 27 ´below; for uses with ³adverbial
particles ´and ³preps, µ¥ 30 ´below.) ¸1 ¶[VP6A,14,12B,13B] ·@ sth from/(out)
of sth; @ sth into sth, ´construct or produce by combining parts or putting
materials together; form or shape from material; bring into existence (esp by
effort): ³@ bricks; @ bread; @ a coat; @ ´(= manufacture) ³paper. She made ´(=
prepared) ³coffee for all of us. I made myself a cup of tea. Cloth is made of
cotton, wool, silk and other materials. Wine is made from grapes. We @ bottles
(out) of glass. Glass is made into bottles. God made man. ·show sb/let sb see
what one is made of, ´show sb one's qualities, powers, abilities, etc. ·be as
clever etc as they @ 'em, ´be very clever etc. µ¥ come(10). ¸2 ¶[VP6A] ´cause
to appear by breaking, tearing, removing material: ³@ a hole in the ground/a
gap in a hedge. ·@ a hole/dent in one's savings/reserves/finances etc, ´reduce
them by a considerable amount. ¸3 ¶[VP6A,16A] ´enact; establish: ³The
regulations were made to protect children. Who made this ridiculous rule? ¸4
¶[VP6A] ´draft; draw up: ³Father is making a fresh will. A treaty has been made
with our former enemies. I'll get my solicitor to @ a deed of transfer. ¸5
¶[VP6A] ´eat, have (a meal): ³We made a good breakfast before leaving. He made
a hasty lunch. ¸6 ¶[VP6A,13B] ´cause to be: ³Why @ a disturbance at this time
of night? I don't want to @ any trouble for you. ¸7 ¶[VP16A] ´(passive only) be
meant or intended: ³John and Mary seem to have been made for each other´, eÔg
because they get on so well together. ³In England we think bacon and eggs were
made to be eaten together. ¸8 ¶[VP22,24A] ´cause to be or become: ³The news
made her happy. He made his meaning clear. He made clear his objections/made it
clear that he objected to the proposal. His actions made him universally
respected. He soon made himself understood. Can you easily @ yourself
understood in English? The full story was never made known/public. He couldn't
@ himself/his voice heard above the noise of the traffic. ·@ oneself useful
³(about the house etc), ´do sth to help: ³Don't stand about doing nothingÅ@
yourself useful! ·@ it worth sb's while (to do sth), ´pay or reward him: ³If
you'll help me with this job, I'll @ it worth your while. ·@ sth good, µ¥
good±1µ(20). ¸9 ¶[VP6A] ´earn; win; gain; acquire: ³@ $5Ô000 a year; @ a
profit/loss of $100. He first made his name/reputation as a junior Minister. He
made a name/reputation for himself at the Bar´, iÔe as a barrister. ³He soon
made a fortune on the Stock Exchange. ·@ a pile/packet, ´(colloq) acquire a
great deal of money. ·@ one's living (as/at/by/from), ´have as one's work or
livelihood: ³He @s his living by giving piano lessons. Can you @ a living from
freelance journalism? Does he @ a living at it? ¸10 ¶[VP2A, 6A] ´(various uses
in card games, eÔg bridge) ¸(a) ´win (a trick); play to advantage: ³He made his
Queen of Hearts. ¸(b) ´(of a card) win a trick: ³Your ace and king won't @
until you've drawn trumps. ¸(c) ´win (what one has set out to win): ³Little
slam bid and made. ¸(d) ´shuffle, mix (the cards): ³Will you @ the pack? My
turn to @. ¸11 ¶[VP6A] ´score (at cricket): ³@ a century in a test match. 50
runs were made in the first hour. ¸12 ¶[VP2A] ´(of the tide) begin to flow or
ebb: ³The tide is making fast. The ebb was now making´, The ebb tide was
flowing. ¸13 ·@ or break/mar, ´either be successful or be ruined. ·a made man,
´one whose success has been assured: ³Get the Minister's help and you'll be a
made man. ¸14 ¶[VP18B] ´compel; force; persuade; cause (sb) to do sth; cause
(sth) to happen: ³They made me repeat/I was made to repeat the story. Can you @
this old engine start? The children never behave well and no one ever tries to
@ them ´(= @ them behave well). ³What @s the grass grow? I can't @ anyone
hear´, eÔg by ringing the doorbell, knocking, calling. ³His jokes made us all
laugh. ·*@ one's Úblood boil; @ one's Úhackles rise, ´anger one. ·*@ one's
Úhair stand on end, ´shock or frighten one: ³His ghost stories made our hair
stand on end. ·@ (sth) do; @ do with sth, ´manage with it although it may not
be really adequate or satisfactory: ³You'll have to @ do with cold meat for
dinner. There's not much of it but I'll try to @ (it) do. ·@ do and mend,
´manage without buying new articles, eÔg clothing, bed linen, household
articles, esp by repairing and remaking old ones. ·@ sth go round, ´make it
last or be enough: ³I don't know how she @s the money go round. ·@ believe
(that«/to be«), ´pretend: ³Let's @ believe that we're Red Indians. The children
made believe that they were/made believe to be shipwrecked on a desert island.
´Hence, ¸Ú@-believe ³n ¶[U] ´pretending; ¶[C] ´pretence. ¸15 ¶[VP22,18B,23]
´represent as; cause to appear as; allege (to be, to do): ³Olivier, in the
film, @s Hamlet a figure of tragic indecision. Most of the old Chronicles @ the
king die in 1026´, give 1026 as the date of his death. ³In the play the author
@s the villain commit suicide´, describes him as doing this. ³You've made my
nose too big´, eÔg in a drawing or painting. ¸16 ¶[VP6A,25] ´estimate or reckon
(to be); put (a total, etc) at: ³What time do you @ it? What do you @ the time?
How large do you @ the audience? I @ the total (to be) about $50. I @ the
distance about 70 miles. ¸17 ¶[VP6A] ´come to, equal; add up to; constitute;
amount to (in significance): ³Twenty shillings used to @ one pound. Twelve
inches @ one foot. 5 and 7 is 12, and 3 is 15, and 4 more @s 19. How many
members @ a quorum? His adventures @ excellent reading. The play @s an
excellent evening's entertainment. ·@ (good/not much) sense, ´seem to have
(plenty of/little) sense: ³His arguments have never made much sense. ·One
swallow doesn't @ a summer, µ¥ swallow±1µ. ¸18 ¶[VP6A] ´be (in a series); count
as: ³This @s the fifth time you've failed this examination. Will you @ a fourth
at bridge? ¸19 ¶[VP6A,23] ´turn into; turn out to be; prove to be: ³If you
train hard, you will @ a good footballer. He will @ an excellent husband. She
will @ him a good wife´, will be one. ³This length of cloth will @ me a suit´,
can be made up into one. ¸20 ¶[VP6A] ´(colloq uses) travel over (a distance);
reach, maintain (a speed); be in time to catch or reach; (US) gain the rank or
place of: ³We've made 80 miles since noon. We've made good time´, travelled the
distance in good time´, iÔe fast. ³The ship was making only nine knots. The
disabled cruiser was only just able to @ ´(= reach) ³port. The train leaves at
7.13; can we @ it´, reach the station in time? ³He's tired out alreadyÅhe'll
never @ the summit. His new novel has made the best-seller list´, has sold
enough copies to be on this list. ³He'll never @ ´(= win a place on) ³the team.
Jones made ´(= reached the rank of) ³sergeant in six months. ¸21 ¶[VP23]
´elect; appoint; nominate; raise to the dignity of: ³@ sb King/an earl/a peer.
Newton was made President of the Royal Society. He was made General Manager by
the directors. We @ you our spokesman. He made her his wife´, married her. ¸22
¶[VP12A,13A] ´offer, propose, hold out (to sb): ³M@ me an offer´, suggest a
price! ³We made them two or three attractive proposals. The Chairman of British
Rail has made a new offer to the men´, eÔg of a rise in wages during a strike.
³I made him a bid for the antique table. I made her a present of the vase. ¸23
·@ sth of sb/sth; ·@ sth/sb sth, ´cause sb/sth to be or become sth: ³His
parents want to @ a doctor of him´, want him to be educated for the medical
profession. ³We must @ an example of him´, eÔg by punishing him as a warning to
others. ³Don't @ a habit of it/Don't @ it a habit´, Don't let it become a
habit. ³Don't @ a hash/mess/muddle of it´, Don't do the job badly. ³He has made
a business of politics´, has made politics his chief concern. ³Don't @ an
ass/fool of yourself´, behave foolishly. ³Don't @ a practice of cheating at
exams. Don't @ cheating a practice. µ¥ ³n ´entries esp in µ25 ´and µ26 ´below
for other examples of this pattern. ¸24 ¶[VP2C] ´behave as if about to do sth:
³He made as if to strike me. He made to reply ´(= seemed to be about to do so)
³and then became silent. ¸25 ¶[VP6A,14] ´(used with many ³nn ´where @ + ³n
´have the same meaning as a ³v ´related in form to the ³n´). ·@ allowance(s)
(for), µ¥ allowance(3). ·@ (an) application (to sb) (for sth), ´apply (to sb)
(for sth). ·@ arrangements for, ´arrange for. ·@ a decision, ´decide. ·@ a
guess (at), ´guess (at). ·@ an impression (on), ´impress. ·@ a request (to
sb) (for sth), ´request (sth) (from sb). ·@ a success of sth, ´succeed with
it/in doing it. (For other phrases of this kind, µ¥ ´the ³n ´entries.) ¸26
¶[VP6A,14] ´(used with a large number of ³nn ´in special senses; cf do±2µ(2)
´for ³nn ´used with ³doÔ´; ´the examples below are a selection only; µ¥ ´the ³n
´entries): ³@ much µado ³(about); @ µadvances ³(to); @ µamends ³(to sb/for
sth); @ an µappointment³; @ an µattempt³; @ a µbid ³(for); @ the µbed(s)³; @ a
µbee-line ³(for); @ the µbest ³of; @ no µbones ³about; @ make a µbreak ³for it;
@ a clean µbreast ³of; @ µcapital ³(out) of sth; @ a µchange³; @ one's µday³; @
a µdeal ³(with sb); @ µdemands ³(of/on); @ some/little µdifference³; @ an
µeffort³; @ an µexcuse³; @ µeyes ³at; @ a µface/faces ³(at); @ µfun ³of; @ a
µfuss ³(of); @ a µgame ³of; @ a µgesture³; @ a µgo ³of sth; @ µhay ³of; @ µhead
³or tail of; @ a µhit ³(with); @ µinroads ³into; @ a good/poor µjob ³of; @ a
µman ³of; @ one's µmark³; @ µmincemeat ³of; @ µmischief³; @ a µmockery ³of; @
µmoney³; @ the µmost ³of; @ a µmountain ³out of a molehill; @ µmuch ³of; @ a
µname ³for oneself; @ a µnight ³of it; @ µnonsense ³of; @ a µpass ³at; @ one's
µpeace ³(with); @ great µplay ³(with); @ a µpoint ³(of); @ µroom ³(for); @ a
µsecret ³of; @ µshift ³with; @ a µsong ³and dance about; @ µwar ³(on); @
µwater³; @ one's µway ³in the world; @ heavy µweather ³of; @ the µworst ³of.
¸27 ¶[VP2D] ´(used with ³adjj ´in special senses; µ¥ ´the ³adj ´entries): ³@ so
µbold ³(as to); @ µcertain ³(of/that); @ sth µfast³; @ µfree ³with; @ sth
µgood³; @ µlight ³of; @ µmerry³; @ µsure³. ¸28 ¶[VP2C,3A] ´(of arguments,
evidence, etc) point; tend: ³All the evidence @s (points ´is more usu³) in the
same direction. ·@ against, ´(rare) be contrary, unfavourable, prejudicial or
harmful to: ³These dissipations @ against your chance of success. ¸29
´(compounds) ¸Ú@-believe ³n µ¥ 14 ´above. ¸Ú@®shift ³n ´sth used for a time
until sth better is obtainable: ³use an empty crate as a @shift for a table/as
a @shift table. ¸Ú@-up ³n ´(µ¥ ³@ up ´in µ30 ´below) ¸(a) ´arrangement of type,
etc on a printed page. ¸(b) ´character, temperament: ³people of that @-up. ¸(c)
¶[C,U] ´cosmetics, etc as used by actors; result of using these: ³What a clever
@-up! ¸(d) ¶[U] ´cosmetics as used on the face: ³use too much @-up/the wrong
kind of @-up. ¸Ú@®weight ³n ´small quantity added to get the weight required;
(fig) sth or sb of small value that fills a gap, supplies a deficiency. ¸30
¶[VP2C,14,15B,3A] ´(uses with ³adverbial particles ´and ³preps)´:¼
·make after sb, ´(formal) pursue; chase: ³She made after him like a madwoman.¼
·make at sb, ´move aggressively towards: ³The angry woman made at me with her
umbrella. µ¥ ³come at ´at µcome(15).¼
·make away with oneself, ´commit suicide: ³Why did he @ away with himself? ·@
away with sth, ´destroy or steal it.¼
·make for sb/sth, ¸(a) ´move in the direction of; head for: ³The frigate made
for the open sea. It's late; we'd better turn and @ for home. ¸(b) ´charge at,
rush towards: ³The bull made for me and I had to run. When the interval came
everyone made for the bar´, iÔe to buy drinks. ¸(c) ´contribute to, tend
towards: ³Does early rising @ for good health? The improved lid of this jar @s
for easier opening.¼
·make sth/sb into sth, ´change or convert to: ³The huts can be made into
temporary houses. He wasn't always a bullyÅyou made him into one.¼
·make sth of sb/sth, ´understand, interpret: ³What do you @ of it all? What are
we to @ of his behaviour? I can @ nothing of all this scribble.¼
·make off, ´hurry away (esp in order to escape): ³The get-away car made off at
top speed. ·@ off with sth, ´steal and hurry away: ³The cashier made off with
the firm's money.¼
·make sth out, ¸(a) ´write out; complete or fill in: ³@ out a cheque for $10; @
out a list for the grocer; @ out a document in duplicate. ¸(b) ´manage to see,
read (usu implying difficulty): ³We made out a figure in the darkness. The
outline of the house could just be made out. ·@ out that«/@ sb out to be,
´claim; assert; maintain: ³He made out that he had been badly treated. He @s
himself out to be cleverer than he really is. He's not such a good lawyer as
some people @ out´, iÔe @ him out to be. ·@ sb out, ´understand sb's nature:
³What a queer fellow he is! I can't @ him out at all. ·@ it out; @ (it) out
if/whether, ´understand: ³I can't @ out what he wants. I couldn't @ it outÅdid
they want our help or not? How do you/does he, etc @ that out? ´How do you/does
he reach that conclusion, support that contention? ·@ out (with sb), ´progress,
get on: ³How are things making out? How are you making out with Lucy? ´How's
your friendship progressing? ·@ out a case for/against/that«, ´argue
for/against: ³He has made out a strong case for prison reform. A case could be
made out that Smith should be released/for Smith's release.¼
·make sth/sb over, ¸(a) ´change, transform, convert: ³The basement has been
made over into a workshop. You can't @ over a personality in one day. ¸(b)
´transfer the possession or ownership of: ³He has made over the whole of his
property to the National Trust. How much did he @ over?¼
·make sth up, ¸(a) ´complete: ³We still need $5 to @ up the sum we asked for.
They need ten more men to @ up their full complement. ¸(b) ´supply; @ good:
³Our losses have to be made up with more loans. ¸(c) ´invent; compose (esp to
deceive): ³The whole story is made up. It's all a made-up story. Stop making
things up! ¸(d) ´arrange type, illustrations, etc in columns or pages for
printing: ³Who is in charge of making up/the @-up of the financial pages? ¸(e)
´form; compose; constitute: ³Are all animal bodies made up of cells? What are
the qualities that @ up Hamlet's character? I object to the way the committee
is made up/to the @-up of the committee. ¸(f) ´prepare, eÔg medicine, a
prescription, tonic, by mixing ingredients: ³Ask the chemist to @ this up for
you. ¸(g) ´put together; shape: ³@ up a bundle of old clothes for the church
bazaar. The grocer was making up the butter into packages of half a kilo. Have
you made up Mrs Smith's order yet´, iÔe collected the items, articles, etc she
ordered? ¸(h) ´@ (material, cloth, etc) into a garment: ³Customer's own
materials made up. Can you @ up this suit length for me? This material will @
up into two dresses. ¸(i) ´add fuel to, eÔg a fire in a fireplace or stove:
³The fire needs making up´, needs to have more coal put on it. ³If the stove
isn't made up, it will go out. ¸(j) ´prepare (a bed) not at present in use (as
for a new hospital patient); prepare (a new makeshift bed, eÔg on the floor):
³You can't go into the ward yet; your bed's still to be made up. They made up
a bed on the sofa for the unexpected visitor. ·@ sb/oneself up, ´prepare (an
actor/oneself) for the stage by applying grease-paint, hair, etc to his/one's
face or body; apply cosmetics to the face: ³It takes him more than an hour to
@ up/do his @-up for the part of Othello. Isn't she badly made up! ´Hence,
¸Ú@-up ³n´. ·@ up one's/sb's mind, ´come/cause sb to come to a decision: ³I've
made up my mind. My mind's made up. He needs someone to @ up his mind for him.
·@ up for sth, ´compensate for; outweigh: ³Hard work can often @ up for a lack
of intelligence. Do you think her beauty could @ up for her stupidity? ·@ up
for lost time, ´hurry, work hard, etc after losing time, starting late, etc. ·@
up to sb for sth, ´atone; redress; @ amends for: ³How can we @ it up to them
for what they have suffered? ·@ up to sb, ´@ oneself pleasant to sb, to win
favours: ³He's always making up to influential people. He doesn't welcome being
made up to. ·@ it up to sb, ´compensate sb for sth missed or suffered, or for
money etc spent: ³Thanks for buying my ticketÅI'll @ it up to you later´, by
refunding you. ·@ it up (with sb), ´end a quarrel, dispute or misunderstanding:
³They quarrel every morning and @ it up every evening. Why don't you @ it up
with her?¼
¨make©2 ²/meIk/ ³n ¶[C,U] ¸1 ´way a thing is made; method or style
of manufacture: ³cars of all @s; an overcoat of first-class @. Is this your own
@´, made by you? ·on the @, ´(sl) concerned with making a profit, gaining sth.
¸2 ´(electr) completion of an electric circuit.¼
¨maker© ²/ÚmeIkE(r)/ ³n ¸1 the/our M@, ´the Creator; God. ¸2 ´(esp in
compounds) person or thing that makes: ·Ú³dress@.¼
¨mak®ing© ²/ÚmeIkIG/ ³n ¸1 ·be the @ of, ´cause the well-being of; cause to
develop well: ³The two years he served in the Army were the @ of him´, made him
develop well (physically, etc according to context). ¸2 ·have the @s of, ´have
the necessary qualities for becoming: ³He has in him the @s of a great man.¼
¨ma®lac®ca© ²/mEÚlakE/ ³n ¸*@ Úcane, ´cane walking-stick.¼
¨mala®chite© ²/ÚmalEkñIt/ ³n ¶[U] ´green mineral, a kind of stone used for
ornaments, decoration, etc.¼
¨mal®adjusted© ²/*malEÚdZAstId/ ³adj ´badly adjusted; (esp of a person) unable
to adapt himself properly to his environment, eÔg social or occupational.
¸mal®adjust®ment ³n ¶[U] ´condition of being @.¼
¨mal®adroit© ²/ÚmalEdrãIt/ ³adj ´not adroit; clumsy; tactless. ¸@®ly ³adv
¸@®ness ³n¼
¨mal®ady© ²/ÚmalEdI/ ³n (pl µ-dies³) ¶[C] ´disease; illness: ³a social @;
spiritual maladies.¼
¨mal®aise© ²/maÚleIz/ ³n ¶[U,C] ´feeling of bodily discomfort, but without
clear signs of a particular illness: (fig) ³years of @ in industrial
relations.¼
¨mala®prop®ism© ²/ÚmalEpropIzEm/ ³n ¶[C] ´misuse of a word, esp in mistake for
one that resembles it, causing amusement, eÔg ³"Come girls, this gentleman will
exhort ´(for ³escort) us!'¼
¨mal®apro®pos© ²/*mal*aprEÚpE8/ ³adj, adv ´inappropriate(ly); inopportune(ly).¼
¨ma®laria© ²/mEÚleErIE/ ³n ¶[U] ´kinds of fever conveyed by
mosquitoes, which introduce the germs into the blood. ¸ma®lar®ial ²/-IEl/ ³adj
´of @; having @: ³a @l patient; a @l district.¼
¨Ma®lay© ²/mEÚleI/ ³adj, n ´(language, member) of the people living in the @
peninsula and adjacent areas.¼
¨mal®con®tent© ²/ÚmalkEntent/ ³adj, n ¶[C] ´(person who is) discontented and
inclined to rebel.¼
¨male© ²/meIl/ ³adj ¸1 ´of the sex that does not give birth to offspring; of or
for this sex: ³a ·*³@ voice ·Ú³choir´, of men and/or boys. ¸2 ´(of parts of
tools, etc) designed for insertion into a bore or socket, the corresponding
female part: ³a @ screw. ´¹ ³n ´@ person, animal, etc.¼
¨mal®edic®tion© ²/*malIÚdIk2n/ ³n ¶[C] ´curse; prayer to God that sb or sth
may be destroyed, hurt, etc.¼
¨mal®efac®tor© ²/ÚmalIfaktE(r)/ ³n ´wrongdoer; criminal.¼
¨ma®lefi®cent© ²/mEÚlefIsnt/ ³adj ´hurtful ³(to).¼
¨ma®levo®lent© ²/mEÚlevElnt/ ³adj ´wishing to do evil or cause harm to others;
spiteful (³to/towards´). ¸@®ly ³adv ¸ma®levo®lence ²/-Ens/ ³n ¶[U] ´ill will.¼
¨mal®feas®ance© ²/*malÚfizns/ ³n ´(legal) ¶[U] ´wrongdoing; ¶[C] ´illegal act,
esp an instance of official misconduct.¼
¨mal®for®ma®tion© ²/*malfcÚmeI2n/ ³n ¶[U] ´state of being badly formed or
shaped; ¶[C] ´badly formed part: ³a @ of the spine. ¸mal®formed ²/*malÚfcmd/
³adj ´badly formed or shaped.¼
¨mal®func®tion© ²/*malÚfAGk2n/ ³vi ¶[VP2A] ´fail to function in a normal or
satisfactory manner. ¹ ³n ¶[U,C] ´failure of this sort.¼
¨mal®ice© ²/ÚmalIs/ ³n ¶[U] ·@ (towards), ´active ill will; desire to harm
others: ³bear sb no @; with @ towards none. ·(with) @ aforethought, ´(legal)
(with) conscious intention to cause harm, do wrong. ¸ma®licious ²/mEÚlI2Es/
³adj ´feeling, showing, caused by, @: ³malicious gossip. ¸ma®licious®ly ³adv¼
¨ma®lign© ²/mEÚlñIn/ ³adj ´(of things) injurious: ³exercise a @ influence. ´¹
³vt ¶[VP6A] ´speak ill of (sb); tell lies about: ³@ an innocent person.¼
¨ma®lig®nant© ²/mEÚlIgnEnt/ ³adj ¸1 ´(of persons, their actions)
filled with, showing, a desire to hurt (@ is stronger in meaning than
³malicious ´and ³malevolent´): ³@ fairies; @ glances. ¸2 ´(of diseases) harmful
to life; violent: ³@ cancer. ¸@®ly ³adv ¸ma®lig®nancy ²/-nEnsI/ ³n ¶[U] ´the
state of being @.¼
¨ma®lig®nity© ²/mEÚlIgnEtI/ ³n (pl µ-ties³) ¸1 ¶[U] ´deep-rooted ill will; ¶[C]
´instance of this; act, remark, etc, caused by such ill will. ¸2 ´(of diseases)
malignant character.¼
¨ma®linger© ²/mEÚlIGgE(r)/ ³vi ¶[VP2A] ´pretend to be ill, protract an illness,
in order to escape duty or work. ¸@er ³n ´person who @s.¼
¨mal®lard© ²/Úmalqd ³US: ²ÚmalErd/ ³n ´kind of wild duck.¼
¨mal®leable© ²/ÚmalIEbl/ ³adj ¸1 ´(of metals) that can be hammered or pressed
into new shapes. ¸2 ´(fig, eÔg of a person's character) easily trained or
adapted. ¸mal®lea®bil®ity ²/*malIEÚbIlEtI/ ³n¼
¨mal®let© ²/ÚmalIt/ ³n ¸1 ´hammer with a wooden head, eÔg for striking the
handle of a chisel. µ¥ ´the illus at µtool. ¸2 ´long-handled wooden-headed
hammer for striking a croquet or polo ball.¼
¨mal®low© ²/ÚmalE8/ ³n ´wild plant with hairy stems and leaves and pink, mauve
or white flowers; garden varieties of this.¼
¨malm®sey© ²/ÚmqmzI/ ³n ¶[U] ´a sweet wine from Greece, Spain, etc.¼
¨mal®nu®tri®tion© ²/*malnjuÚtrI2n ³US: ²-nu-/ ³n ¶[U] ´condition caused by not
getting enough food or (enough of) the right kind(s) of food.¼
¨mal®odor®ous© ²/*malÚE8dErEs/ ³adj ´(formal) ill-smelling.¼
¨mal®practice© ²/*malÚpraktIs/ ³n ´(legal) ¶[U] ´wrongdoing; neglect of duty;
¶[C] ´instance of this, eÔg the dishonest use of a position of trust for
personal gain.¼
¨malt© ²/mclt/ ³n ¶[U] ´grain (usu barley) allowed to germinate, used for
brewing or distilling: (attrib) ³@ liquors´, eÔg beer, stout. ´¹ ³vt,vi ¸1
¶[VP6A] ´make (grain) into @; ¶[VP2A] ´(of grain) come to the condition of @.
¸2 ¶[VP6A] ´prepare with @: ³@ed milk.¼
¨Mal®tese© ²/mclÚtiz/ ³adj, n (pl ´unchanged) (language, native) of
Malta: ¸@ cross, µ¥ ´the illus at µcross.¼
¨Mal®thu®sian© ²/malÚTjuzIEn ³US: ²-ÚTuZn/ ³adj ´(supporter) of the principles
of T R Malthus ²/ÚmalTEs/, ´1766Å1834, English economist (who declared that the
growth of the world's population would, unless checked, lead to a world
shortage of food).¼
¨mal®treat© ²/*malÚtrit/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´treat roughly or cruelly. ¸@®ment ³n ¶[U]
´@ing or being @ed.¼
¨malt®ster© ²/ÚmcltstE(r)/ ³n ´person who makes malt.¼
¨mal®ver®sa®tion© ²/*malvEÚseI2n/ ³n ¶[U] ´(formal) corrupt administration (³of
´public money, etc).¼
¨mamba© ²/ÚmambE/ ³n ´black or green poisonous African snake. µ¥ ´the illus at
µsnake.¼
¨mam(m)a© ²/mEÚmq ³US: ²ÚmqmE/ ³n ´familiar word for ³mother.¼
¨mam®mal© ²/Úmaml/ ³n ´any of the class of animals which feed their young with
milk from the breast. µ¥ ´the illus at µape, cat, domestic, large, small.¼
¨mam®mon© ²/ÚmamEn/ ³n ¶[U] ´wealth (regarded as an evil influence). ¸M@, ´the
god of greed: ³worshippers of M@.¼
¨mam®moth© ²/ÚmamET/ ³n ´large hairy kind of elephant now extinct; (attrib)
immense: ³@ business enterprises.¼
¨mammy© ²/ÚmamI/ ³n (pl µ-mies³) ¸1 ´(child's word for) mother. ¸2 ´(US) (old
use, now derog) Ï negro nursemaid for white children.¼
¨man©1 ²/man/ ³n (pl µmen ²/men/³) ¸1 ´adult male human being. ·one's man of
business, ´one's agent or solicitor. ·a man of letters, ´a writer and scholar.
·a man about town, ´one who spends much time in society, in clubs, at parties,
theatres, etc. ·a man of the world, ´one with wide experience of business and
society. ·man and boy, ´from boyhood onwards: ³He has worked for the firm, man
and boy, for thirty years. ¸2 ´human being; person: ³All men must die. Growing
old is something a man has to accept. ·be one's own man, ´be free to act or do
as one pleases; be in full possession of one's own senses. ·every man for
himself (and devil take the hindmost), ´all must see to their own safety. ·the
man in the street, ´person looked upon as representing the interests and
opinions of ordinary people. ·to a man; to the last man, ´all without
exception: ³They answered "Yes' to a man. They were killed to the last man. ¸3
³(sing ´only, no ³article) ´the human race; all mankind: ³Man is mortal. ¸4
´husband (usu in ³man and wife). ¸5 ´male person under the authority of
another; manservant or valet: ³masters and men´, employers and workers;
³officers and men´, eÔg in the army. ¸6 ´piece used in such games as chess. ¸7
´male person having the good qualities associated with men: ³Be a man! Play the
man! ´Be brave! ³He's only half a man´, is lacking in spirit, strength,
courage. ³How can we make a man of him? ¸8 ´(as a vocative, to call attention;
used in a lively or impatient way): ³Hurry up, man! Nonsense, man! ¸9 ´(with
³possessive adjj) ´the person required: ³If you want to sell your car, I'm your
man´, I'll make an offer. ³If you want a good music teacher, here's your man´,
here's someone suitable. ¸10 ´(as second element in compounds): ·Ú³clergyman;
·Ú³postman; ·Ú³fisherman´, etc. µ¥ App 3. ¸11 ´(compounds) ¸*man-at-Úarms ³n
´soldier, esp (in the Middle Ages) a mounted soldier with heavy armour and
weapons. ¸Úman-eater ³n ´cannibal; man-eating tiger or shark. ¸Úman-handle ³vt
´move by physical strength; handle roughly: ³The drunken man was manhandled by
the police. ¸Úman®hole ³n ´opening (usu with a lid) through which a man may
enter (an underground sewer, boiler, tank, etc) for inspection purposes.
¸Úman-hour ³n ´work done by one man in one hour. ¸*man-of-Úwar ³n ´(old use)
armed ship belonging to a country's navy. ¸Úman®power ³n ´number of men
available for military service, industrial needs, etc: ³a shortage of manpower
in the coal-mines. ¸Úman®servant ³n ´male servant. ¸Úman-sized ³adj ´of a size
or type right for a man; large-scale: ³a man-sized beefsteak. ¸Úman®slaughter
³n ¶[U] ´act of killing a human being unlawfully but not wilfully. ¸Úman®trap
³n ´trap for catching trespassers, poachers, etc.¼
¨man©2 ²/man/ ³vt µ(-nn-) ¶[VP6A] ´supply with person(s) for
service or defence: ³man a fort/a ship; man a telephone switchboard.¼
¨man®acle© ²/ÚmanEkl/ ³n ´(usu ³pl) ´fetter or chain for the hands or feet. ´¹
³vt ¶[VP6A] ´fetter with @s; (fig) restrain.¼
¨man®age© ²/ÚmanIdZ/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A] ´control: ³@ a horse; @ a sailing-boat´,
handle the sails, etc, properly; ³@ a business/household; @ a naughty
child/one's wife; the managing director´, who controls the business operations
of a company. ³Mrs Hill is a very managing woman´, one who likes to @ or
control other people. ¸2 ¶[VP2A,C,4A,3A] ·@ (to do sth); @ (with/without
sth/sb), ´succeed; contrive: ³I shan't be able to @ without help. If I can't
borrow the money I shall have to @ without. We can't @ with these poor tools.
In spite of these insults, she @d to keep her temper. ¸3 ¶[VP6A] ´(colloq, with
³can, could, be able to) ´make use of; eat: ³can you @ another slice of cake?
¸@®able ²/-Ebl/ ³adj ´that can be @d; easily controlled. ¸@®abil®ity
²/*manIdZEÚbIlEtI/ ³n¼
¨man®age®ment© ²/ÚmanIdZmEnt/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´managing or being managed: ³The
failure was caused by bad @. The business is under new @. ¸2 ¶[U] ´skilful
treatment; delicate contrivance (and perhaps trickery): ³It needed a good deal
of @ to persuade them to give me the job. ¸3 ¶[C,U] ´(with ³sing ´or ³pl v´)
all those concerned in managing an industry, enterprise, etc: ³joint
consultation between workers and @. What this department store needs is a
stronger @.¼
¨man®ager© ²/ÚmanIdZE(r)/ ³n ¸1 ´person who controls a business, a hotel, etc.
¸2 ´(usu with an ³adj´) ´one who conducts business, manages household affairs,
etc, in a certain way: ³My wife is an excellent @. ¸@®ess ²/*manIdZEÚres/ ³n
´woman @µ(1)´.¼
¨mana®gerial© ²/*manIÚdZIErIEl/ ³adj ´of managers: ³the ·Ú³@ class´, people
such as managers, directors, etc.¼
¨mana®tee© ²/*manEÚti/ ³n ´large sea mammal with flippers and a broad, flat
tail; sea-cow. µ¥ dugong.¼
¨man®da®rin© ²/ÚmandErIn/ ³n ¸1 ´(old use) name for high Chinese government
official. ¸2 ´standard spoken Chinese language. ¸3 @ duck, ´small Chinese duck
with brightly coloured feathers. ¸4 @ orange, ´tangerine. ¸5 ´person whose
behaviour and language seems deliberately remote and difficult: (attrib): ³the
@ prose of some civil servants.¼
¨man®date© ²/ÚmandeIt/ ³n ¶[C] ¸1 ´order from a superior; command given with
authority. ¸2 ´(hist) authority to administer a territory authorized by the
League of Nations after the First World War. ¸3 ´authority given to
representatives by voters, members of a trade union, etc: ³the @ given to us by
the electors. ´¹ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´put (a territory) under a @µ(2)´: ³the @d
territories. ¸man®da®tory ²/ÚmandEtrI ³US: ²-tcrI/ ³adj ´of, conveying, a
command; compulsory, obligatory: ³the mandatory power. µ¹ ³n ´(also ¸-tary
²/-tErI ³US: ²-terI/´) person or state to whom a @ has been given.¼
¨man®dible© ²/ÚmandIbl/ ³n ¸1 ´jaw, esp the lower jaw in mammals and fishes. ¸2
´either part of a bird's beak. ¸3 ´(in insects) either half of the upper pair
of jaws, used for biting and seizing.¼
¨man®do®lin© ²/ÚmandElIn/ ³n ´musical instrument with 6 or 8 metal strings
stretched in pairs on a rounded body.¼
¨man®drag®ora© ²/manÚdragErE/ ³n ¶[U] ´poisonous plant used in
medical preparations (as an emetic and for causing sleep).¼
¨man®drake© ²/ÚmandreIk/ ³n ´= µmandragora.¼
¨man®drill© ²/ÚmandrIl/ ³n ´large, fierce, baboon of western Africa.¼
¨mane© ²/meIn/ ³n ¶[C] ´long hair on the neck of a horse, lion, etc; (colloq or
hum) thick hair on a man's head. µ¥ ´the illus at µcat, domestic.¼
¨manes© ²/ÚmqneIz/ ³n pl ´(Lat) (among the ancient Romans) spirits of the dead,
esp of ancestors worshipped as guardian influences.¼
¨ma®neu®ver© ²/mEÚnuvE(r)/ ³n, v ´(US spelling of) µmanoeuvre.¼
¨man®ful© ²/Úmanfl/ ³adj ´brave; resolute; determined. ¸@ly ²/-fElI/ ³adv¼
¨man®ga®nese© ²/ÚmaGgEniz/ ³n ¶[U] ´hard, brittle, light-grey metal (symbol
¸Mn´) used in making steel, glass, etc.¼
¨mange© ²/meIndZ/ ³n ¶[U] ´contagious skin disease, esp of dogs and cats.
¸mangy ²/ÚmeIndZI/ ³adj ¸1 ´suffering from @: ³a mangy dog. ¸2 ´squalid;
neglected. ¸mang®ily ²/ÚmeIndZIlI/ ³adv¼
¨man®gel-wur®zel© ²/ÚmaGgl w3zl/ ³n ¶[C] ´large round root, a kind of beet,
used as cattle food.¼
¨manger© ²/ÚmeIndZE(r)/ ³n ´long open box or trough for horses or cattle to
feed from. ·dog in the @, µ¥ dog±1µ(2).¼
¨mangle©1 ²/ÚmaGgl/ ³n ¶[C] ´machine with rollers for pressing out water from
and for smoothing clothes, etc, that have been washed. ¹ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´put
(clothes, etc) through a @.¼
¨mangle©2 ²/ÚmaGgl/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ¸1 ´cut up, tear, damage, badly: ³He was
knocked down by a lorry and badly @d. ¸2 ´(fig) spoil by making bad mistakes:
³@ a piece of music.¼
¨mango© ²/ÚmaGgE8/ ³n (pl µ@es ´or µ@s ²/-gE8z/³) ´(tropical tree bearing)
pear-shaped fruit with yellow flesh: ³@ chutney´, kind made with (green) unripe
@es. µ¥ ´the illus at µfruit.¼
¨man®go®steen© ²/*maGgEÚstin/ ³n ´(E Indian tree bearing) fruit
with thick red rind and white juicy pulp.¼
¨man®grove© ²/ÚmaGgrE8v/ ³n ¶[C] ´tropical tree growing in swamps and sending
down new roots from its branches.¼
¨mangy© ²/ÚmeIndZI/ µ¥ mange.¼
¨man®handle© µ¥ man±1µ(11).¼
¨man®hat®tan© ²/manÚhatn/ ³n ´(US) cocktail of whisky and vermouth.¼
¨man®hood© ²/Úmanh8d/ ³n ¶[U] ¸1 ´the state of being a man: ³reach @; @
suffrage´, giving the vote to male citizens. ¸2 ´manly qualities; courage;
sexual virility. ¸3 ´all the men (collectively, ³of ´a country): ³the @ of
Scotland.¼
¨mania© ²/ÚmeInIE/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´violent madness. ¸2 ¶[C] ·@ (for), ´extreme
enthusiasm ³(for ´sth³)´: ³a @ for collecting china ornaments. ¸maniac
²/ÚmeInIak/ ³n ´raving madman; (fig) extreme enthusiast. ¸ma®niacal
²/mEÚnñIEkl/ ³adj ´violently mad; (fig) extremely enthusiastic. ¸ma®niacally
²/mEÚnñIEklI/ ³adv¼
¨manic-depressive© ²/*manIk dIÚpresIv/ ³adj, n ´(person) suffering from
alternating periods of happy excitement and melancholic depression.¼
¨mani®cure© ²/ÚmanIkj8E(r)/ ³n ¶[U] ´care of the hands and finger-nails: ³have
a course in @; ¶[C] ´treatment of this kind: ³She has a @ once a week. ¹ vt
¶[VP6A] ´give @ treatment to; cut, clean and polish the finger-nails.
¸Úmani®cur®ist ²/-Ist/ ³n ´person who practises @ as an occupation.¼
¨mani®fest©1 ²/ÚmanIfest/ ³n ´list of a ship's cargo for the use of customs
officials.¼
¨mani®fest©2 ²/ÚmanIfest/ ³adj ´clear and obvious: ³a @ truth; sth that should
be @ to all of you. ¹ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ¸1 ´show clearly: ³@ the truth of a
statement. ¸2 ´give signs of: ³She doesn't @ much desire to marry him. ¸3
´(reflex) come to light; appear: ³No disease @ed itself during the long voyage.
Has the ghost @ed itself recently? ¸mani®fes®ta®tion ²/*manIfeÚsteI2n/ ³n ¶[U]
´@ing; making clear; ¶[C] ´act or utterance that @s. ¸@®ly ³adv ´clearly;
obviously.¼
¨mani®festo© ²/*manIÚfestE8/ ³n (pl µ@s ´or µ@es ²/-tE8z/³) ´public
declaration of principles, policy, purposes, etc by a ruler, political party,
etc or of the character, qualifications of a person or group.¼
¨mani®fold© ²/ÚmanIfE8ld/ ³adj ´having or providing for many (uses, forms,
parts etc); many and various. ¹ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´(now usu ³duplicate´) make a
number of copies of (a letter, etc) on a machine. ¹ ³n ´pipe or chamber with
several openings, for connections, eÔg for leading gases into or out of
cylinders.¼
¨mani®kin© ²/ÚmanIkIn/ ³n ¸1 ´small, undersized man; dwarf. ¸2 ´anatomical
model of the human body; figure of the human body used by artists, eÔg for
drapery, clothes.¼
¨Ma®nilla© ´(US also ¸Ma®nila´) ²/mEÚnIlE/ ³n ¸1 @ (hemp), ´plant fibre used
for making ropes, mats, etc. ¸2 m@ paper, ´strong, brown wrapping paper made
from @ hemp. ¸m@ envelopes, ´strong variety. ¸3 ´cheroot made in @, the capital
of the Philippine Islands.¼
¨ma®nipu®late© ²/mEÚnIpj8leIt/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ¸1 ´operate, handle, with skill: ³@
the gears and levers of a machine. ¸2 ´manage or control (sb or sth) skilfully
or craftily, esp by using one's influence or unfair methods: ³A clever
politician knows how to @ his supporters/@ public opinion. ¸ma®nipu®la®tion
²/mE*nIpj8ÚleI2n/ ³n ¶[U] ´manipulating or being @d; ¶[C] ´instance of this:
³make a lot of money by clever manipulation of the Stock Market.¼
¨man®kind©1 ²/*manÚkñInd/ ³n ¶[U] ´the human species.¼
¨man®kind©2 ²/ÚmankñInd/ ³n ¶[U] ´the male sex (contrasted with ·Ú³womankind´).¼
¨man®like© ²/ÚmanlñIk/ ³adj ´having the qualities (good or bad) of a man.¼
¨man®ly© ²/ÚmanlI/ ³adj µ(-ier, -iest) ´having the good qualities expected of a
man; (of a woman) having a man's qualities; (of things, qualities, etc) right
for a man. ¸man®li®ness ³n¼
¨manna© ²/ÚmanE/ ³n ¶[U] ´(in the Bible) food provided by God for
the Israelites during their forty years in the desert (µ¥ Exod 16´); (fig) sth
unexpectedly supplied or that gives spiritual refreshment.¼
¨man®ne®quin© ²/ÚmanIkIn/ ³n ¸1 ´woman employed to display new clothes for sale
by wearing them (³model ´is the usual word today). ¸2 ´life-size dummy of a
human body, used by tailors and in shops and shop-windows for the display of
clothes.¼
¨man®ner© ²/ÚmanE(r)/ ³n ¶[C] ¸1 ´way in which a thing is done or happens: ³Do
it in this @. ·(as) to the @ born, ´as if knowing how to deal with a situation,
practice, custom, etc from birth; naturally fitted for a position, duty, etc.
¸2 ´(³sing ´only) person's way of behaving towards others: ³He has an awkward @.
I don't like his @. ¸3 ³(pl) ´habits and customs; ´social behaviour: ³good/bad
@s. ³He has no @s at all´, is very badly behaved. ³It is bad @s to stare at
people. Aren't you forgetting your @s, Mary? ´(eÔg to a child who forgets to
say "Thank you' for a present). ·comedy of @s, ´play which is a satire on the
customs of (a certain section of) society. ¸4 ´style in literature or art: ³a
painting in the @ of Raphael. ¸5 ´kind, sort: ³What @ of man is he? ·all @ of,
´every kind of. ·in a @, ´in a certain degree; to a certain extent. ·in a @ of
speaking, ´as one might say (used to weaken or qualify what one says). ·by Úno
@ of means, ´in no circumstances. ¸@ed ³adj ¸1 ´(in compounds)
·*ill-/*well-/*rough-Ú@ed, ´having bad/good/rough @sµ(3)´. ¸2 ´showing
mannerisms.¼
¨man®ner®ism© ²/ÚmanErIzEm/ ³n ¶[C] ´peculiarity of behaviour, speech, etc, esp
one that is habitual; excessive use of a distinctive manner in art or
literature.¼
¨man®ner®ly© ²/ÚmanElI/ ³adj ´having good manners; polite.¼
¨man®nish© ²/ÚmanI2/ ³adj ¸1 ´(of a woman) like a man. ¸2 ´more
suitable for a man than for a woman: ³a @ style of dress; ´characteristic of a
man.¼
¨ma®noeuvre© ´(US = ¸ma®neu®ver´) ²/mEÚnuvE(r)/ ³n ¸1 ´planned movement (of
armed forces); ³(pl) ´series of such movements, eÔg as training exercises:
³army/fleet @s; troops on @s. ¸2 ´movement or plan, made to deceive, or to
escape from sb, or to win or do sth: ³the despicable @s of some politicians. ´¹
³vi,vt ¶[VP2A,C,6A,15A] ´(cause to) perform @s: ³The fleet is manoeuvring off
the east coast. Can we @ the enemy out of their strong position? She @d her car
into a difficult parking space. Can you @ me into a good job´, use your
influence, etc in order to get a good job for me? ³The yachts were manoeuvring
for position´, moving about to get advantageous positions (in a race).
¸ma®noeuvr®able ´(US = ¸ma®neu®ver®able´) ²/-vrEbl/ ³adj ´that can be @d.
¸ma®noeuvr®abil®ity ´(US = ¸-neu®ver-´) ²/mE*nuvrEÚbIlEtI/ ³n ¸@r ´(US =
¸ma®neu®verer´) ³n¼
¨manor© ²/ÚmanE(r)/ ³n ´(in England) ¸1 ´unit of land under the feudal system,
part of which was used directly by the lord of the @ (µ¥ lord(4)´) and the rest
occupied and farmed by tenants who paid rent in crops and service. ¸2 ´(modern
use) area of land with a principal residence (called the ¸Ú@-house´).
¸ma®nor®ial ²/mEÚncrIEl/ ³adj ´of a @.¼
¨man®sard© ²/Úmansqd/ ³n ¸@ (roof), ´roof with a double slope, the lower being
steeper than the upper.¼
¨manse© ²/mans/ ³n ´church minister's house, esp in Scotland.¼
¨man®sion© ²/Úman2n/ ³n ¸1 ´large and stately house. ¸the ÚM@ House, ´the
official residence of the Lord Mayor of London. ¸2 ´(³pl´, in proper names)
block of flats: ³Victoria M@s.¼
¨man®tel© ²/Úmantl/ ³n ´structure of wood, marble, etc above and
around a fireplace; (in modern houses, usu ·Ú³@piece´) shelf projecting from
the wall above a fireplace.¼
¨man®tilla© ²/manÚtIlE/ ³n ´large veil or scarf worn by Spanish women to cover
the hair and shoulders.¼
¨man®tis© ²/ÚmantIs/ ³n ¸(praying) @, ´(kinds of) long-legged insect. µ¥ ´the
illus at µinsect.¼
¨mantle©1 ²/Úmantl/ ³n ¸1 ´loose, sleeveless cloak; (fig) covering: ³hills with
a @ of snow. ¸2 ´lace-like cover fixed round the flame of a gas lamp and
becoming incandescent, to provide bright light.¼
¨mantle©2 ²/Úmantl/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A] ´cover in, or as in, a mantle: ³an
·Ú³ivy-@d wall. ¸2 ¶[VP6A,2C] ´(old use, or liter) (of blood) flow into the
blood-vessels of; (of the face) flush: ³Blushes/Blood @d (over) her cheeks. Her
face @d with blushes. ´(fig) ³Dawn @d in the sky.¼
¨man®ual© ²/Úmanj8El/ ³adj ´of, done with, the hands: ³@ labour; @ training´,
eÔg in schools, training in carpentry, metal work; ³@ exercises, ´eÔg drill in
handling a rifle. ¹ ³n ¸1 ´handbook or textbook: ³a shorthand @. ¸2 ´keyboard
of an organ, played with the hands. ¸@ly ²/-j8ElI/ ³adv¼
¨manu®fac®ture© ²/*manj8Úfakt2E(r)/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ¸1 ´make, produce (goods, etc)
on a large scale by machinery: ³@ shoes/cement; manufacturing industries; @d
goods ´(contrasted with raw materials, hand-made goods, etc). ¸2 ´invent (a
story, an excuse, etc). ¹ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´the making or production of goods and
materials: ³firms engaged in the @ of plastics; goods of foreign @. ¸2 ³(pl)
´@d goods and articles. ¸manu®fac®turer ³n ´person, firm, etc that @s things.¼
¨manu®mit© ²/*manj8ÚmIt/ ³vt µ(-tt-) ´(in former times) set (a slave) free.
¸manu®mission ²/*manj8ÚmI2n/ ³n¼
¨ma®nure© ²/mEÚnj8E(r)/ ³n ¶[U] ´animal waste, eÔg from stables and cow barns,
or other material, natural or artificial, spread over or mixed with the soil to
make it fertile. µ¥ ³fertilizer, ´the usu word for chemical or artificial
manure, at µfertilise. ´¹ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´put @ in or on land/soil.¼
¨manu®script© ²/Úmanj8skrIpt/ ³n ´(shortened to ¸MÔS, ³pl ¸MÔSÔS´) book, etc
as first written out or typed: ³send a @ to the printers. ·in @, ´not yet
printed: ³poems still in @.¼
¨Manx© ²/maGks/ ³adj ´of the Isle of Man. ¸Ú@ cat, ´tailless kind
of cat. ¹ ³n ´@ language.¼
¨many© ²/ÚmenI/ ³adj, n ´(contrasted with ³few; µ¥ more, most´) ¸1 ´(used with
³pl nn; µ¥ much´; in purely affirm sentences it is often preferable to use ³a
large number (of), numerous´, or (colloq) ³a lot (of), lots (of), plenty
(of)´): ³Were there @ people at the meeting? I have some, but not @. M@ people
think so. M@ of them were broken. M@ of us left early. How @ do you want? How
@ of them were absent? You gave me two too @. Do you need so @? He made ten
spelling mistakes in as @ lines´, iÔe in ten lines. ³I have six here and as @
again ´(iÔe six more) ³at home. ·a great/good @, ´a large number (of): ³I have
a good @ things to do today. ·one too @, ´one more than the correct or needed
number: ³I wish Jane would go away; she's one too @ here´, We don't want her
company. ³He's had one too @ again, ´is slightly drunk. ·be one too @ for, ´be
more than a matchµ(2) ´for; get the better of; outwit: ³He was one too @ for
you that time. ¸the @, ´the masses; the large numbers of ordinary people: ³Is
it right that the @ should starve while the few have plenty? ¸2 ·@ a, ´(used
with a ³sing n; ´rather liter, usu replaced by @ and the ³pl n ´in ordinary
style): ³M@ a man ´(= M@ men) ³would welcome the opportunity. I've been here @
a time. ·@'s the sth/sb that/who«, ´it/he has often« ·@'s the time (that)
sth/sb«, ´it/he often« ¸*@-Úsided ³adj ´having @ sides; (fig) having @ aspects,
capabilities, etc: ³a @-sided problem.¼
¨Mao®ism© ²/Úmñ8IzEm/ ³n ´political theories and practice of Mao
Tse-Tung ²/*mñ8 tseI Út8G/ ´(1893Å1976) chairman of the Communist Party in
China 1943Å1976. ¸Mao®ist ²/Úmñ8Ist/ ³n ´supporter of @.¼
¨Maori© ²/Úmñ8rI/ ³n ´member, language, of the aboriginal race of New Zealand.¼
¨map© ²/map/ ³n ´representation on paper, etc of the earth's surface or a part
of it, showing countries, oceans, rivers, mountains, etc; representation of the
sky showing positions of the stars, etc. µ¥ ´the illus at µprojection. µ¥
chart, plan. ·on the map, ´(fig) important, to be reckoned with. ·off the map,
´(colloq, of a place) inaccessible; (fig) unimportant. ¸Úmap-reader ³n ´(with
an ³adj´) person able to get information from maps: ³He's a good/poor
map-reader. ¹ ³vt µ(-pp-) ¶[VP6A] ´make a map of; show on a map; ¶[VP15B] ·map
out, ´plan, arrange: ³map out one's time.¼
¨maple© ²/ÚmeIpl/ ³n ¸1 ¶[C] ´(sorts of) tree of the northern hemisphere, grown
for timber and ornament. µ¥ ´the illus at µtree. ¸@ sugar/syrup ³n ´sugar/syrup
obtained from the sap of one kind of @. ¸Ú@-leaf ³n ´emblem of Canada. ¸2 ¶[U]
´wood of this tree.¼
¨ma®quis© ²/Úmaki ³US: ²Úmqki/ ³n ¸the @, ´the secret army of French patriots
during World War ²¢´, fighting in France against the Germans.¼
¨mar© ²/mq(r)/ ³vt µ(-rr-) ¶[VP6A] ´injure; spoil; damage: ³Nothing marred the
happiness of our outing. ·make or mar, ´make a great success of or ruin
completely.¼
¨mara®bou© ²/ÚmarEbu/ ³n ´large W African stork; tuft of its soft feathers as
trimming, eÔg for a hat.¼
¨mar®as®chino© ²/*marEÚskinE8/ ³n (pl µ@s ²/-nE8z/³) ´sweet liqueur made from a
small black kind of cherry.¼
¨mara®thon© ²/ÚmarETEn ³US: ²-Ton/ ³n ¸the M@, ´long-distance race on foot
(about 26 miles (or 41²Ø´8 kilometres) at modern sports meetings); (fig) test
of endurance.¼
¨ma®raud© ²/mEÚrcd/ ³vi ¶[VP2A] ´go about in search of plunder or prey: ³The
Roman Empire was attacked by @ing Goths and Huns. ¸@er ³n ´person or animal
that @s.¼
¨marble© ²/Úmqbl/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´(sorts of) hard limestone used, when
cut and polished, for building and sculpture: (attrib) ³a @ statue/tomb. ¸2
³(pl) ´works of art in @; collection of @ sculptures. ¸3 ´small ball of glass,
clay or stone used in games played by children. ¸@s, ´game played with these
balls: ³Let's have a game of @s. ¸4 ´(attrib) like @: ³a @ brow´, smooth and
white; ³a @ breast´, hard and unsympathizing personality. ¸@d ²/Úmqbld/ ³adj
´stained or printed so as to look like variegated @: ³a book with @d edges.¼
¨march©1 ²/mqt2/ ³vi,vt ¸1 ¶[VP2A,B,C] ´walk as soldiers do, with regular and
measured steps: ³They have @ed thirty miles today. They @ed into the town.
Quick @! ´(military command to begin @ing). ³The troops @ed
by/past/in/out/off/away. He @ed impatiently up and down the station platform.
¸Ú@ing orders, ´orders for troops to leave for manoeuvres, for war, etc; (fig)
dismissal. ¸2 ¶[VP15A,B] ´cause to @: ³They @ed the prisoner away. He was @ed
off to prison.¼
¨march©2 ²/mqt2/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´act of marching (by soldiers, etc). ·on the @,
´marching. ·a line of @, ´a route followed by troops when @ing: ³Scouts were
sent out to discover the enemy's line of @. ¸2 ¶[C] ´instance of marching;
distance travelled: ³a @ of ten miles. ·a @ past, ´iÔe of troops past a
saluting point at a review. ·a forced @, ´one made more quickly than usual, or
for a greater distance, in an emergency. ·steal a Ú@ on sb, ´win a position of
advantage by doing sth earlier than expected by him. ¸3 the @ of, ´progress;
onward movement: ³the @ of events/time. ¸4 ¶[C] ´piece of music for marching
to: ³military @es; a dead @´, one in slow time for a funeral. ¸@er ³n¼
¨march©3 ²/mqt2/ ³n ´(usu ³pl´) (hist) frontier areas (esp between
England and Scotland or Wales), esp land that is in dispute: ³riding round the
@es. ¹ ³vi ¶[VP3A] ·@ upon/with, ´(archaic) (of countries, estates, etc) border
upon; have a common frontier with: ³Our territory @es with theirs.¼
¨March© ²/mqt2/ ³n ´the third month of the year: ³M@ hare, µ¥ hare.¼
¨mar®chion®ess© ²/*mq2EÚnes/ ³n ´wife or widow of a marquis; woman who holds in
her own right a position equal to that of a marquis.¼
¨Mardi Gras© ²/*mqdI Úgrq/ ³n ´(F) Shrove Tuesday; last day of carnival before
Lent, celebrated in some places with parades and merrymaking.¼
¨mare© ²/ÚmeE(r)/ ³n ´female horse or donkey. ·a Ú@'s nest, ´a hoax; a
discovery that turns out to be false or worthless.¼
¨mar®gar®ine© ²/*mqdZEÚrin ³US: ²ÚmqrdZErIn/ ³n ¶[U] ´food substance, used like
butter, made from animal or vegetable fats.¼
¨marge© ²/mqdZ/ ³n ´(colloq abbr for) margarine.¼
¨mar®gin© ²/ÚmqdZIn/ ³n ¶[C] ¸1 ´blank space round the printed or written
matter on a page: ³wide/narrow @s; notes written in the @. ¸2 ´edge or border:
³sit on the @ of a lake/swimming pool; road @s. ¸3 ´amount (of time, money,
etc) above what is estimated as necessary. ¸4 ´condition near the limit or
borderline, below or beyond which sth is impossible: ³a safety @. He escaped
defeat by a narrow @. ¸5 ´(comm) difference between cost price and selling
price: ³an increase of a penny a gallon in the dealer's @ on the price of
petrol. ¸@al ²/-nl/ ³adj ¸1 ´of or in a @µ(1)´: ³@al notes. ¸2 ´of a @µ(4)´:
³The differences between the employers and the workers are @al. ¸@al land´,
land which is not fertile enough for profitable farming except when prices of
farm products are high. ¸@al seat/constituency, ´one where the MÔP has been
elected by a small majority. ¸@®ally ²/-nElI/ ³adv¼
¨Mar®grave© ²/ÚmqgreIv/ ³n ´hereditary title of certain princes in
the Holy Roman Empire.¼
¨mar®guer®ite© ²/*mqgEÚrit/ ³n ´kinds of daisy, esp the ox-eye daisy with
white petals round a yellow centre.¼
¨mari®gold© ²/ÚmarIgE8ld/ ³n ´(kinds of) plant with orange or yellow flowers.¼
¨mari®juana©, mari®huana ²/*marIÚwqnE/ ³n ´(also called ³hashish, cannabis,
pot´) dried leaves and flowers of Indian hemp, (esp) smoked in cigarettes
(called ³reefers ´or ³joints´) to induce euphoria.¼
¨mar®imba© ²/mEÚrImbE/ ³n ´musical instrument similar to the xylophone.¼
¨ma®rina© ²/mEÚrinE/ ³n ´harbour designed for pleasure boats (small yachts,
cabin cruisers, etc) often with hotels, etc.¼
¨mari®nade© ²/*marIÚneId/ ³n ¶[U] ´pickle of wine, vinegar and spice; fish or
meat pickled in this. ¹ ³vt ´(also ¸mari®nate ²/ÚmarIneIt/´) steep, make
tender, in @.¼
¨mar®ine© ²/mEÚrin/ ³adj ¸1 ´of, by, found in, produced by, the sea: ³@
products; a ·Ú³@ painter´, artist who paints seascapes. ¸2 ´of ships,
sea-trade, the navy, etc: ³@ insurance´, of ships and cargo; ³@ stores´,
materials and supplies for ships. ¸Ú@ corps, ´body of soldiers serving on
warships and trained for amphibious warfare. ¹ ³n ¸1 *merchant/*mercantile Ú@,
´all the merchant ships of a country. ¸2 ¶[C] ´soldier of a @ corps serving on
a warship. ¸the M@s, ´country's general body of such soldiers. ·Tell that to
the @s, ´(used to express disbelief in an impossible story).¼
¨mari®ner© ²/ÚmarInE(r)/ ³n ´sailor, esp one who assists in navigating a ship:
³a @'s compass. ¸master @´, captain of a merchant ship.¼
¨mari®on®ette© ²/*marIEÚnet/ ³n ´jointed doll or puppet moved by strings on a
small stage. µ¥ ´the illus at µpuppet.¼
¨mari®tal© ²/ÚmarItl/ ³adj ´of a husband; of marriage: ³@ obligations´, eÔg
providing for one's wife.¼
¨mari®time© ²/ÚmarItñIm/ ³adj ¸1 ´connected with the sea or navigation: ³@ law;
the great @ powers. ¸2 ´situated or found near the sea: ³the @ provinces
of the UÔSÔSÔR.¼
¨mar®joram© ²/ÚmqdZErEm/ ³n ¶[U] ´sweet-smelling herb used as seasoning in
cooking and in medicine.¼
¨mark©1 ²/mqk/ ³n ¸1 ´line, scratch, cut, stain, etc that spoils
the appearance of sth: ³Who made these dirty @s on my new book? ¸2 ´noticeable
spot on the body by which a person or animal may be recognized: ³a horse with
a white @ on its head; a ·Ú³birth@. ¸3 ´visible trace; sign or indication (of
a quality, etc): ³@s of suffering/old age. Please accept this gift as a @ of
my esteem. ¸4 ´figure, design, line, etc, made as a sign or indication:
·*³punctu·Ú³ation @s; ·Ú³price-@s, ´on goods; ·Ú³trade @s. ¸5 ´numerical or
alphabetical symbol, eÔg ²«´+, to indicate an award in an examination, or for
conduct. ·give sb/get/gain a good/bad, etc @ (for sth)´: ³get 72 @s out of 100
for geography/full @s for science. He got the best @s of his year. ¸6 ´target;
sth aimed at. ·be/fall wide of the @, ´be inaccurate, imprecise: ³Your
guess/calculation is wide of the @. ·hit/miss the @, ´(fig) succeed/fail in an
attempt. ·an easy @, ´(colloq) person who is easily cheated, persuaded or
ridiculed. ·beside the @, ´irrelevant. ¸7 ¶[U] ´distinction; fame: ·make one's
@, ´become distinguished. ¸8 the @, (a) ´standard. ·be up to/below the @,
´equal to/below the required standard. ¸(b) ´what is normal. ·not be/feel
(quite) up to the @, ´not in one's usual health. ¸9 ´cross made on a document
by an illiterate person: ³make one's @. John Doe, his @´, cross made by John
Doe instead of a signature. ¸10 ´(athletics) line indicating the starting-point
of a race: ³On your @s, get set, go! ´(words used by the starter). ¸11 ´(with
numbers) model or type: ³Meteor M@ 3´, eÔg of an aircraft.¼
¨mark©2 ²/mqk/ ³vt ¸1 ¶[VP6A,15A,B] ·@ sth on/with sth; @ sth
down/up, ´put or leave a @ on sth by writing, stamping, etc: ³@ one's name on
one's clothes/@ one's clothes with one's name. All our stock has been @ed down
for the sales´, reduced in prices. ³The new tax made it necessary to @ up all
the goods in the shop´, put higher price @s on them. Hence, ¸Ú@-up ³n ´amount
by which a price is @ed up: ³a 10% @-up. ¸Ú@®ing-ink ³n ´indelible ink for @ing
linen, etc. ¸2 ´(passive) have natural @s or visible signs: ³A zebra is @ed
with stripes. His face is @ed with smallpox´, has the scars of smallpox. ³Her
face is @ed with grief. ¸3 ¶[VP6A] ´give @sµ(5) ´to: ³@ examination papers;
have twenty essays to @/to be @ed. ¸4 ¶[VP22] ´indicate sth by putting a @, eÔg
a tick or a cross, on or against: ³@ sth wrong; @ a pupil absent. ¸5
¶[VP6A,8,10,2A] ´pay attention (to): ³M@ carefully how it is done/how to do
it/how he does it. ·(You) m@ my words, ´Note what I say (and you will find,
later, that I am right). ¸a @ed man, ´one whose conduct is watched with
suspicion or enmity. ¸6 ¶[VP6A] ´be a distinguishing feature of: ³What are the
qualities that @ a great leader? ¸7 ¶[VP6A] ´signal; denote: ³His death @ed the
end of an era. There will be ceremonies to @ the tenth anniversary of the
Queen's accession. ¸8 ·@ time, ´stamp the feet as when marching but without
moving forward; (fig) wait until further progress becomes possible. ¸9 ¶[VP15B]
´(uses with ³adverbial particles´) ·@ sth off, ´put @s on (to show boundary
lines, measurements, etc). ·@ sth out, ´put lines on sth to indicate limits,
etc: ³@ out a tennis-court. ·@ sb out for sth, ´decide in advance that sb will
receive sth: ³@ sb out for promotion. Peter was @ed out for a special
management course. ¸@ed ²/mqkt/ ³adj ´clear; readily seen: ³a @ed
difference/improvement; a man of @ed ability. ¸@®ed®ly ²/ÚmqkIdlI/ ³adv ´in a
@ed manner. ¸@®ing ³n ´(esp) pattern of different colours of feathers, skin,
etc.¼
¨mark©3 ²/mqk/ ³n ´unit of German currency.¼
¨marker© ²/ÚmqkE(r)/ ³n ¸1 ´person or tool that marks, esp a person who marks
the score at games, eÔg billiards. ¸2 ´sth that marks or indicates, eÔg a flag
or post on a playing field, a post showing distances.¼
¨mar®ket©1 ²/ÚmqkIt/ ³n ¸1 ¶[C] ´public place (an open space or a building)
where people meet to buy and sell goods; time during which such a meeting takes
place: ³She went to (the) @ to buy food for the family. There are numerous
small @s in the town. The next @ is on the 15th. ·bring one's eggs/hogs to a
bad @/to the wrong @, ´fail in one's plans, fail because one goes to the wrong
people for help. ·go to @, ´go there for the purpose of shopping. ·go to a
bad/good @, ´be (un)successful. ¸Ú@-day ³n ´fixed day on which a @ is held.
¸*@-Úgarden ³n ´one where vegetables are grown for @s. Hence, ¸*@-Úgardening ³n
¶[U] ´the practice of doing this. ¸Ú@-place/-square ³n ´square or open place in
a town where a @ is held. ¸Ú@ hall, ´(usu large) roofed area for a @. ¸Ú@-town
³n ´one where a @ (esp one for cattle and sheep) is held. ¸2 ´trade in a class
of goods: ³the ·Ú³corn @; the ·Ú³coffee @´; state of trade as shown by prices:
³a dull/lively @. The @ rose/fell/was steady´, Prices rose/fell/did not change
much. ¸@ price, ´price for which sth, eÔg commodities/securities, is sold in
the open @. ¸Údown-/Úup-@ ³adjj ´(trade use) low/high class. ¸3 ´demand:
³There's no/not much/only a poor @ for these goods. ¸4 ¸the @, ´buying and
selling. ·be on/come on (to) the @, ´be offered for sale: ³This house will
probably come on the market next month. ·be in the @ for sth, ´be ready to buy
or (fig) consider sth. ·play the @, ´speculate (by buying and selling shares,
commodities, etc). ·put sth on the @, ´offer it for sale. ¸*@ reÚsearch, ´study
of the reasons why people buy, or do not buy, certain goods, how sales are
affected by advertising, etc. ¸5 ¶[C] ´area, country, in which goods may be
sold: ³We must find new @s for our products. Which countries are Brazil's best
@s for coffee? ¸*Common ÚM@, µ¥ common±1µ(1).¼
¨mar®ket©2 ²/ÚmqkIt/ ³vi,vt ¸1 ¶[VP2A] ´buy or sell in a @: ³go
@ing. ¸2 ¶[VP6A] ´take or send to @; prepare for (a/the) @ and offer for sale.
¸@®able ²/-Ebl/ ³adj ´that can be sold; fit to be sold: ³@able products.
¸@®ing ³n ´theory and practice of (large-scale) selling.¼
¨marks®man© ²/ÚmqksmEn/ ³n (pl µ-men ²/-mEn/³) ´person skilled in aiming at a
mark, esp with a rifle. ¸@®ship ²/-2Ip/ ³n ´skill in shooting.¼
¨marl© ²/mql/ ³n ¶[U] ´soil consisting of clay and carbonate of lime, used as a
fertilizer.¼
¨mar®line®spike© ²/ÚmqlInspñIk/ ³n ´pointed iron tool used for separating the
strands of a rope which is to be spliced.¼
¨mar®ma®lade© ²/ÚmqmEleId/ ³n ¶[U] ´(bitter) jam made from citrus fruit (usu
oranges).¼
¨mar®mor®eal© ²/mqÚmcrIEl/ ³adj ´(poet) white, cold or polished, like marble.¼
¨mar®mo®set© ²/ÚmqmEzet/ ³n ´small, tropical American monkey with soft, thick
hair and a bushy tail. µ¥ ´the illus at µape.¼
¨mar®mot© ²/ÚmqmEt/ ³n ´small animal of the squirrel family.¼
¨ma®ro®cain© ²/ÚmarEkeIn/ ³n ¶[U] ´thin, fine dress material of silk or wool.¼
¨ma®roon©1 ²/mEÚrun/ ³adj, n ´brownish-red (colour).¼
¨ma®roon©2 ²/mEÚrun/ ³n ´rocket, esp the kind used as a warning signal.¼
¨ma®roon©3 ²/mEÚrun/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´put (sb) on a desert island, uninhabited
coast, etc, and abandon him there.¼
¨marque© ²/mqk/ ³n ·*letters of Ú@, ´authority formerly given to private
persons to fit out an armed ship and use it to attack, capture, and plunder.¼
¨mar®quee© ²/mqÚki/ ³n ´large tent (as used for flower shows, garden parties,
or for a circus).¼
¨mar®quetry© ²/ÚmqkItrI/ ³n ¶[U] ´inlaid work (wood, ivory, etc) used for
decorating furniture.¼
¨mar®quis©, mar®quess ²/ÚmqkwIs/ ³n ´(GB) nobleman next in rank above an earl
and below a duke; (in other countries) nobleman next in rank above a count. µ¥
marchioness.¼
¨mar®riage© ²/ÚmarIdZ/ ³n ¸1 ¶[C,U] ´(instance of a) legal union of a man and
woman as husband and wife; state of being married: ³A @ has been arranged
between« and«. She has had an offer of @. ·give sb ´(esp one's daughter) ·in @
(to sb), ´offer her as a wife. ·take sb in @, ´take as husband or wife. ¸Ú@
certificate/licence/settlement, µ¥ ´these words. ¸Ú@ lines, ´(colloq) @
certificate. ¸2 ´(usu ³wedding´) ceremony of being married: ³Was it a civil or
a church @? µ¥ civil(1). ¸@®able ²/-Ebl/ ³adj ´(of a young person) old enough,
fit for, @: ³a girl of @able age. ¸@®abil®ity ²/*marIdZEÚbIlEtI/ ³n¼
¨mar®ried© ²/ÚmarId/ ³adj ´united in marriage; of marriage: ³@ couples; @
life.¼
¨mar®row© ²/ÚmarE8/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´soft, fatty substance that fills the hollow
parts of bones. ·chilled to the @, ´cold through and through. ¸Ú@®bone ³n ´bone
containing edible @. ¸2 ¶[U] ´(fig) essence; essential part: ³the pith and @ of
his statement. ¸3 ¶[C] ¸(vegetable) @, ´vegetable of the gourd family (US =
µsquash´, like a large fat cucumber); ¶[U] ´this as food, eÔg stuffed with
minced meat: ³stuffed @ for lunch. µ¥ ´the illus at µvegetable.¼
¨marry© ²/ÚmarI/ ³vt,vi (pt,pp µ-ried³) ¸1 ¶[VP6A,2A,D,4A] ´take as
a husband or wife; have a husband or wife: ³John is going to @ Jane. Tom and
Alice are going to get married. Mary married young. Harry didn't @ until he was
over fifty. She married again six months after the death of her first husband.
She married to get away from her tyrannical mother. ¸2 ¶[VP6A] ´(of a priest, a
civil official) join as husband or wife: ³Which priest is going to @ them? ¸3
¶[VP6A,15B] ·@ (off), ´give in marriage: ³He married both his daughters to rich
directors. She has married off all her daughters´, has found husbands for them.
¸4 ¶[VP6A] ´obtain by @ing: ³@ money/wealth.¼
¨Mars© ²/mqz/ ³n ¸1 ´(Roman myth) the god of war. ¸2 ´(astron) planet fourth in
order from the sun. µ¥ ´the illus at µplanet.¼
¨Mar®sala© ²/mqÚsqlE/ ³n ¶[U] ´sweet white wine originally exported from
Marsala, Sicily.¼
¨Mar®seil®laise© ²/*mqsEÚleIz/ ³n ´French national anthem.¼
¨marsh© ²/mq2/ ³n ¶[C,U] ´(area of) low-lying, wet land: ³miles and miles of @;
the Romney @es. ¸Ú@ gas, ´fire-damp; methane. ¸*@-Úmallow ³n ¸(a) ´shrubby herb
that grows near salt @es. ¸(b) ´soft, spongy sweetmeat. ¸@y ³adj µ(-ier, -iest)
´of or like a @.¼
¨mar®shal©1 ²/Úmq2l/ ³n ¸1 ´Officer of highest rank: ·*³Field-·Ú³M@, ´(in the
Army); ·*³Air-·Ú³M@, ´(in the Air Force). ¸2 ´official responsible for
important public events or ceremonies, eÔg one who accompanies a High Court
judge; an officer of the royal household. ¸3 ´(US) official with the functions
of a sheriff; head of a fire or police department.¼
¨mar®shal©2 ²/Úmq2l/ ³vt µ(-ll-, ´US µ-l-) ¶[VP6A,15A,B] ¸1
´arrange in proper order: ³@ facts/military forces. ¸Úmarshalling-yard ³n
´railway yard in which goods trains, etc are assembled. ¸2 ´guide or lead (sb)
with ceremony: ³@ persons into the presence of the Queen.¼
¨mar®su®pial© ²/mqÚsupIEl/ ³adj, n ´(animal) of the class of mammals the
females of which have a pouch in which to carry their young, which are born
before developing completely, eÔg kangaroos.¼
¨mart© ²/mqt/ ³n ¸1 ´(liter) market-place; centre of commerce. ¸2 ´auction
room.¼
¨mar®ten© ²/ÚmqtIn/ ³n ¶[C] ´small animal of the weasel family; ¶[U] ´its fur.¼
¨mar®tial© ²/Úmq2l/ ³adj ¸1 ´of, associated with, war: ³@ music; @ bearing. ¸*@
Úlaw, ´military government, by which ordinary law is suspended, eÔg during a
rebellion; ³declare @ law; be under @ law. ¸2 ´brave; fond of fighting: ³show a
@ spirit, ´show eagerness for war. ¸@ly ²/-2ElI/ ³adv¼
¨Mar®tian© ²/Úmq2n/ ³n, adj ´(hypothetical inhabitant) of the planet Mars.¼
¨mar®tin© ²/ÚmqtIn ³US: ²-tn/ ³n ¸(Úhouse-)@, ´bird of the swallow family that
builds a mud nest on walls, etc.¼
¨mar®ti®net© ²/*mqtIÚnet ³US: ²-tnÚet/ ³n ´person who requires and enforces
strict discipline.¼
¨mar®tini© ²/mqÚtinI/ ³n ´cocktail made of gin and dry vermouth.¼
¨mar®tyr© ²/ÚmqtE(r)/ ³n ´person who is put to death or caused to suffer
greatly for his religious beliefs or for the sake of a great cause or
principle: ³the early Christian @s in Rome. He died a @ in the cause of
science´, lost his life through his efforts to help forward the cause of
science. ·make a @ of oneself, ´sacrifice one's own wishes or advantage (or
pretend to do so) in order to get credit or reputation. ·be a @ to sth, ´suffer
greatly from: ³He's a @ to rheumatism. ´¹ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´put to death, cause to
suffer, as a @. ¸Ú@®dom ²/-dEm/ ³n ´@'s suffering or death: ³His wife's
never-ending complaints made his life one long @dom.¼
¨mar®vel© ²/Úmqvl/ ³n ¶[C] ¸1 ´wonderful thing; sth causing great
surprise, pleased astonishment: ³the @s of modern science. It's a @ to me that
he escaped unhurt. The doctor's pills worked @s´, had wonderful results. ¸2 ·@
of sth, ´wonderful example: ³She's a @ of patience. Your room is a @ of
neatness and order. ´¹ ³vi µ(-ll-, ´US µ-l-) ¸1 ¶[VP3A] ·@ at sth, ´be greatly
surprised at: ³@ at sb's boldness. ¸2 ¶[VP3B] ·@ that/why, etc, ´wonder: ³I @
that she should agree to marry that man/@ why she should want to marry him.
¸@®lous, ´(US = ¸@®ous´) ²/ÚmqvElEs/ ³adj ´astonishing; wonderful. ¸@®lous®ly
´(US = ¸@®ous®ly´) ³adv¼
¨Marx®ist© ²/ÚmqksIst/ ³n ´follower of Karl Marx ²/mqks/, ´(1818Å83) the
German economist and socialist: (attrib) ³@ criticism; a @ party. ¸Marx®ism
²/ÚmqksIzEm/ ³n ´(esp) political and economic theory that class struggle has
been the major force behind historical change, that the dominant class has
exploited the other classes and that capitalism will inevitably be superseded
by socialism and a classless society.¼
¨mar®zi®pan© ²/ÚmqzIpan/ ³n ¶[U] ´thick paste of ground almonds, sugar, etc,
made up into small cakes; ¶[C] ´small cake made of this mixture.¼
¨mas®cara© ²/maÚskqrE ³US: ²-ÚskarE/ ³n ¶[U] ´cosmetic preparation
for darkening the eyelashes.¼
¨mas®cot© ²/ÚmaskEt/ ³n ´person, animal or object considered likely to bring
good fortune.¼
¨mas®cu®line© ²/Úmaskj8lIn/ ³adj ¸1 ´of, like, the male sex: ³a @ style; a @
woman. ¸2 ´of male gender: ³"He' and "him' are @ pronouns. ¸mas®cu®lin®ity
²/*maskj8ÚlInEtI/ ³n ´quality of being @. µ¥ feminine.¼
¨ma®ser© ²/ÚmeIzE(r)/ ³n ´device for producing or amplifying microwaves.¼
¨mash© ²/ma2/ ³n ¶[U] ¸1 ´grain, bran, etc cooked in water for poultry, cattle
or pigs. ¸2 ¶[U,C] ´any substance softened and crushed, eÔg boiled potatoes
beaten and crushed: ³a plate of sausage and @. ¸3 ´mixture of malt and hot
water used in brewing. ¹ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´beat or crush into a @: ³@ed turnips.
¸@er ³n ´cooking utensil for @ing, eÔg potatoes.¼
¨mask©1 ²/mqsk ³US: ²mask/ ³n ¸1 ´covering for the face, or part of it, eÔg a
piece of silk or velvet for hiding the face; replica of the face carved in
wood, ivory, etc; disguise. ·do sth under a/the @ of friendship, ´while
pretending to be a friend. ·throw off one's @, ´(fig) show one's true character
and intentions. ¸2 (Úgas)®@, ´breathing apparatus, in some cases for the whole
of the head, worn as a protection against poisonous gas, smoke, etc, eÔg in
coalmines, or by a fireman in a burning building. ¸3 ´pad of sterile gauze worn
over the mouth and nose by eÔg doctors and nurses, eÔg for a surgical
operation. ¸4 ´replica of the face worn by an actor or actress. ¸5 ´likeness of
a face made by taking a mould in wax, etc. ¸Údeath @, ´one made by taking a
mould of the face of a dead person. ¸6 ´face or head of a fox.¼
¨mask©2 ²/mqsk ³US: ²mask/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ¸1 ´cover (the face) with a mask: ³a @ed
woman´, one wearing a mask; ³a @ed ball´, one at which masks are worn. ¸2
´conceal: ³@ one's enmity under an appearance of friendliness; @ed guns´,
hidden from the enemy.¼
¨maso®chism© ²/ÚmasEkIzEm/ ³n ¶[U] ´getting satisfaction (esp
sexual pleasure) from pain or humiliation. µ¥ Sadism. ¸maso®chist ²/-kIst/ ³n
¸maso®chis®tic ²/*masEÚkIstIk/ ³adj¼
¨ma®son© ²/ÚmeIsn/ ³n ¸1 ´stone-cutter; worker who builds or works with stone.
¸2 ´freemason. ¸@ic ²/mEÚsonIk/ ³adj ´of freemasons. ¸@ry ²/ÚmeIsnrI/ ³n ¸1
´stonework; that part of a building made of stone and mortar. ¸2 ´freemasonry.¼
¨Mason-Dixon line© ²/*meIsn ÚdIksn lñIn/ ³n ´(US hist) boundary between
Pennsylvania and Maryland, dividing the free and the slave States before the
Civil War.¼
¨masque© ²/mqsk ³US: ²mask/ ³n ´drama in verse, often with music, dancing, fine
costumes and pageantry, esp as given in castles and great mansions in England
during the 16th and 17th cc.¼
¨mas®quer®ade© ²/*mqskEÚreId ³US: ²*mask-/ ³n ¸1 ´ball at which masks and other
disguises are worn. ¸2 ´(fig) false show or pretence. ¹ ³vi ¶[VP2A,C] ·@ (as),
´appear, be, in disguise: ³a prince who @d as a peasant.¼
¨mass© ²/mas/ ³n ¸1 ¶[C] ·@ (of), ´lump, quantity of matter, without regular
shape; large number, quantity or heap: ³@es of dark clouds in the sky. The
azaleas made a @ of colour in the garden. A @ of snow and rock broke away and
started an avalanche. The poor fellow was a @ of bruises´, (colloq) was covered
with bruises. ¸2 the @es, ´the proletariat; (manual) workers. ·in the @, ´in
the main; as a whole: ³The nation in the @ was not interested in politics. ¸@
meeting, ´large meeting, esp of people wishing, or requested, to express their
views (protesting against sth, urging that sth be done, etc). ¸@
com*munications; @ media, ´means (esp newspapers, radio, TÔV) of imparting
information to, influencing the ideas of, enormous numbers of people. ¸@
observation, ´study of the social customs of ordinary people. ¸@ production,
´manufacture of large numbers of identical articles by standardized processes.
Hence, ¸*@-proÚduce ³vt ¸3 ¶[U] ´(science) quantity of material in a body
measured by its resistance to change of motion. µ¥ size±1µ(1). ³¹ vt,vi
¶[VP6A,2A] ´form or collect into a @: ³@ed bands´, number of bandsµ(5) ´playing
together. ³Troops are @ing/are being @ed on the frontier. The clouds are @ing.
¸@y ³adj ´solid; massive.¼
¨Mass© ²/mas/ ³n ¶[C,U] ´celebration (esp RÔC church) of the Eucharist: ³solemn
@´, with eÔg incense, music and considerable ceremony; ³go to @; hear @. M@es
were said for peace in the world.¼
¨mass®acre© ²/ÚmasEkE(r)/ ³n ¶[C] ´cruel killing of large numbers of (esp
defenceless) people (occasionally used of animals). ¹ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´make a @
of.¼
¨mass®age© ²/ÚmasqZ ³US: ²mEÚsqZ/ ³n ¶[C,U] ´(instance of) pressing and rubbing
the body, usu with the hands, esp the muscles and joints, in order to lessen
pain, stiffness, etc. ¹ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´apply @ to. ¸mass®eur ²/maÚs3(r)/,
¸mass®euse ²/maÚs3z/ ³nn ´man, woman, who practises @. µ¥ ³physiotherapist ´at
µphysiotherapy.¼
¨massif© ²/maÚsif/ ³n ´compact group of mountain heights.¼
¨mass®ive© ²/ÚmasIv/ ³adj ¸1 ´large, heavy and solid: ³a @ monument. ¸2 ´(of
the features) heavy-looking: ³a @ forehead. ¸3 ´(fig) substantial; impressive.
¸@®ly ³adv ¸@®ness ³n¼
¨mast©1 ²/mqst ³US: ²mast/ ³n ¸1 ´upright support (of wood or metal) for a
ship's sails. µ¥ ´the illus at µbarque, ship. ·sail before the @, ´work as an
ordinary seaman (with a berth in the forepart of the ship). ¸Ú@-head ³n
´highest part of a @, used as a look-out post. ¸2 ´tall pole (for a flag). ¸3
´tall steel structure for aerials of a radio or television transmitter; (also
·Ú³mooring-@´) tall tower to which an airship may be moored.¼
¨mast©2 ²/mqst ³US: ²mast/ ³n ¶[U] ´fruit of beech, oak and other
forest trees (as food for pigs).¼
¨mas®ter©1 ²/ÚmqstE(r) ³US: ²Úmas-/ ³n ¸1 ´man who has others working for him
or under him: ³@ and man´, employer and workman (or manservant); (attrib)
skilled workman or one in business on his own account: ³a @ carpenter/builder,
etc. ·be one's own @, ´be free and independent. ¸2 ´male head of a household:
³the @ of the house. ·be @ in one's own house, ´manage one's affairs without
interference from others. ¸3 ´captain of a merchant ship: ³a @ mariner; obtain
a @'s certificate´, one that gives the holder the right to be a ship's captain.
¸4 ´male owner of a dog, horse, etc. ¸5 ´male teacher: ³the ·*³mathe·Ú³matics
@; ·Ú³school@; ·Ú³house@, µ¥ house±1µ(7)´; male teacher of subjects taught
outside school: ³a ·Ú³dancing/·Ú³fencing/·Ú³riding-@. ¸6 ·@ of, ´person who has
control or who has (sth) at his disposal: ³He is @ of the situation´, has it
under control. ³If only I could be @ of this subject´, come to know it
thoroughly. ³He has made himself @ of the language´, has learnt it well, so
that he can use it freely. ³You cannot be the @ of your fate´, cannot decide
your own destiny. ³He is @ of a large fortune´, can use it as he wishes. ¸7 the
M@, ´Jesus Christ. ¸*M@ of ÚArts/ÚScience, etc, ´holder of the second
university degree. µ¥ bachelor. ¸8 ´(with a boy's name) young Mr: ³M@ Charles
Smith´, sometimes used when speaking of or to a boy up to about the age of 14.
¸9 ´title of the heads of certain colleges: ³the M@ of Balliol, ´Oxford. ¸10
´great artists, esp ¸old @s, ´the great painters of the 13th to 17th cc;
painting by one of these artists. ¸11 ´(attrib) commanding; superior: ³the work
of a @ hand´, a superior and skilful artist, etc. ³His @ passion ´(= The
passion that dominates his thoughts, etc) ³is motor-racing. ¸Ú@®mind ³n ´person
with superior brains (esp one who plans work to be carried out by others).
Hence, ¸Ú@-mind ³vt ´plan, direct, a scheme: ³The whole affair was @-minded by
the publicity department. ¸12 ´as title of various officials. ¸M@ of the Horse,
´official in the royal household. ¸M@ of foxhounds, ´man who controls them. ¸M@
of Ceremonies, ´(abbr ¸MÔC´) person who superintends the forms to be observed
on various social occasions, eÔg a public banquet. ¸13 ´(compounds)
¸*@-at-Úarms ³n ´police officer in the Navy and in passenger ships of the
merchant service. ¸Ú@-key ³n ´one that will open many different locks, each
also opened by a separate key. ¸Ú@®piece ³n ´sth made or done with very great
skill. ¸Ú@®stroke ³n ´surpassingly skilful act or piece (of policy, etc). µ¥
´(for senses µ1-5´) µmistress.¼
¨mas®ter©2 ²/ÚmqstE(r) ³US: ²Úmas-/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´become the @ of; overcome: ³@
one's temper/feelings; @ a foreign language/the saxophone. ¸@®less ³adj ´having
no @.¼
¨mas®ter®ful© ²/ÚmqstEfl ³US: ²Úmas-/ ³adj ´fond of controlling
others; dominating: ³speak in a @ manner. ¸@ly ²/-fElI/ ³adv¼
¨mas®ter®ly© ²/ÚmqstElI ³US: ²Úmas-/ ³adj ´worthy of a great master; very
skilful: ³with a few @ strokes of the brush.¼
¨mas®ter®ship© ²/ÚmqstE2Ip ³US: ²Úmas-/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´dominion; control. ¸2 ¶[C]
´office, duties, of a (esp school-) master: ³He was offered an assistant-@
(´now usu ³teaching post) in Bolton.¼
¨mas®tery© ²/ÚmqstErI ³US: ²Úmas-/ ³n ¶[U] ¸1 ·@ (of), ´complete control or
knowledge: ³his @ of the violin; get @ of a wild horse. ¸2 ·@ (over),
´supremacy: ³Which side will get the @?¼
¨mas®ti®cate© ²/ÚmastIkeIt/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´chew; soften, grind up (food) with the
teeth. ¸mas®ti®ca®tion ²/*mastIÚkeI2n/ ³n¼
¨mas®tiff© ²/ÚmastIf/ ³n ´large, strong dog with drooping ears, much used as a
watchdog. µ¥ ´the illus at µdog.¼
¨mas®to®don© ²/ÚmastEdon/ ³n ´large extinct elephant-like animal.¼
¨mas®toid© ²/ÚmastãId/ ³n ´bone at the back of the ear. ¸@®itis
²/*mastãIÚdñItIs/ ³n ´inflammation of the @.¼
¨mas®tur®bate© ²/ÚmastEbeIt/ ³vi,vt ¶[VP2A,6A] ´procure or provide sexual
excitement by manual or other stimulation of the genital organs.
¸mas®tur®ba®tion ²/*mastEÚbeI2n/ ³n¼
¨mat©1 ²/mat/ ³n ¸1 ´piece of material (woven or plaited, of straw, rope,
rushes, rags, fibre, etc) used for a floor covering, for sleeping on, or (a
·Ú³doormat´) for wiping dirty shoes on. ¸2 ´small piece of material placed
under vases, ornaments, etc, or (a ·Ú³table-mat ´of cork, asbestos, etc) under
hot dishes on a table (to prevent injury to a varnished surface, etc). ¸3
´anything thickly tangled or twisted together: ³a mat of weeds; comb the mats
out of a dog's thick hair. ´¹ ³vt,vi µ(-tt-) ¶[VP6A] ´cover or supply with
mats; ¶[VP6A,15A,2A,C] ´(cause to) be or become tangled or knotted: ³matted
hair.¼
¨mat©2, matt ²/mat/ ´(US also ¸matte´) ³adj ´(of surfaces, eÔg paper) dull; not
shiny or glossy: ³paint that dries with a @ finish. µ¥ gloss±1µ(1).¼
¨mata®dor© ²/ÚmatEdc(r)/ ³n ´man whose task is to kill the bull in the sport of
bull-fighting.¼
¨match©1 ²/mat2/ ³n ´short piece of wood, pasteboard, wax taper, etc, with a
head made of material that bursts into flame when rubbed on a rough or
specially prepared surface (the second kind being called ·Ú³safety @es´):
³strike a @; a box of @es. ¸Ú@®box ³n ´box for holding @es. ¸Ú@®wood ³n ¸(a)
´wood suitable for making @es. ¸(b) ´splinters or fragments of wood: ³smashed
to @wood´, completely broken up.¼
¨match©2 ²/mat2/ ³n ¸1 ´contest; game: ³a ·Ú³football/·Ú³wrestling
@; a ·Ú³boxing @ of twenty rounds. ¸*@-Úpoint, ´final point needed to win a @,
eÔg tennis. ¸2 ´person able to meet another as his equal in strength, skill,
etc: ³find/meet one's @. He is up against more than his @´, has met sb who is
his superior (in skill, etc). ³You are no @ for him´, are not strong, clever,
etc enough to compete with him. ¸3 ´marriage: ³They decided to make a @ of it´,
(of two persons) They decided to marry. ¸Ú@®maker ³n ´(esp) person who is fond
of arranging @esµ(3) ´for others. ¸4 ´person considered from the point of view
of marriage: ³He's a good @´, is considered satisfactory or desirable as a
possible husband. ¸5 ´person or thing exactly like, or corresponding to, or
combining well with, another: ³colours/materials that are a good @. ¸@less ³adj
´unequalled.¼
¨match©3 ²/mat2/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP14] ·@ sth/sb against/with, ´put in competition:
³I'm ready to @ my strength with/against yours. ¸2 ¶[VP6A] ´be equal to; be,
obtain, a matchµ(2) ´for: ³a well-@ed pair´, eÔg boxers about equal in skill.
³No one can @ him in archery. Can you @ that story´, tell one that is equally
good, amusing, etc? ¸3 ¶[VP6A,2A] ´be equal to or corresponding (with) (in
quality, colour, design, etc): ³The carpets should @ the curtains. The curtains
and carpets should @. She was wearing a brown dress with hat and gloves to @.
µ¥ clash(4). ¸4 ¶[VP6A,12B,13B] ´find a material, etc that @esµ(3) ´with
(another): ³Can you @ (me) this silk?¼
¨match®et© ²/Úmat2It/ ³n ´= µmachete.¼
¨match®lock© ²/Úmat2lok/ ³n ´old-fashioned style of musket.¼
¨mate©1 ²/meIt/ ³n ¸1 ´(colloq) friend; companion; fellow-worker (often as a
form of address): ³Where are you going, @? µ¥ ³class-@ ´at µclass, ³play@ ´at
µplay±1µ(1). ¸2 ´ship's officer (not an engineer) below the rank of captain:
³the chief @´, below the captain; ³the first/second/third @. ¸3 ´helper: (in
titles) ³the cook's/gunner's/surgeon's @; a plumber's @. ¸4 ´one of a pair of
birds or animals: ³the lioness and her @. ¸5 ´(colloq) partner in marriage, iÔe
husband or wife: ³She has been a faithful @ to him.¼
¨mate©2 ²/meIt/ ³vt,vi ¶[VP6A,14,2A,3A] ·@ (with), ´(of birds or
animals) (cause to) unite for the purpose of having sexual intercourse,
producing young: ³the ·Ú³mating season, ´spring, when birds make their nests.
³The zoo's camels have not @d this year.¼
¨mate©3 ²/meIt/ ³n, v ´(in chess) ´= µcheckmate.¼
¨mat_e© ²/ÚmqteI/ ³n ´(tea made from) dried leaves of a S American evergreen
holly shrub.¼
¨ma®terial©1 ²/mEÚtIErIEl/ ³adj ¸1 ´(contrasted with ³mental ´and ³spiritual´)
made of, connected with, matter or substance: ³the @ world; a ·Ú³@ noun´,
naming a material, eÔg stone, wood, wool. ¸2 ´of the body; of physical needs:
³@ needs´, eÔg food and warmth; ³@ comforts and pleasures; a @ point of view´,
worldly, considering only the things of the senses. ¸3 ´(legal) important;
essential: ³@ evidence/testimony. The judge warned the witness not to hold back
@ facts´, facts that might influence a decision. ³Is this point @ to your
argument? ¸@ly ²/-IElI/ ³adv ´in a @µ(3) ´manner; essentially.¼
¨ma®terial©2 ²/mEÚtIErIEl/ ³n ¸1 ¶[C,U] ´that of which sth is or can be made or
with which sth is done: ³raw @s´, not yet used in manufacture; ·Ú³dress @s´,
cloth; fabrics from which dresses may be made; ³too much @ for one overcoat;
not enough @ for two overcoats. ¸Úwriting @s, ´pen, ink, paper, etc. ¸2 ¶[U]
´(fig) facts, happenings, elements: ³@ for a newspaper article; the @ from
which history is made.¼
¨ma®teri®al®ism© ²/mEÚtIErIElIzEm/ ³n ¶[U] ¸1 ´theory, belief, that
only material things exist. ¸2 ´tendency to value, valuation of, material
things (wealth, bodily comforts, etc) too much and spiritual, artistic and
intellectual things too little. ¸ma®teri®al®ist ²/-Ist/ ³n ´believer in @;
person who ignores religion, painting, music, etc. ¸ma®teri®al®is®tic
²/mE*tIErIEÚlIstIk/ ³adj ´of @ or materialists. ¸ma®teri®al®is®ti®cally ²/-klI/
³adv¼
¨ma®teri®al®ize© ²/mEÚtIErIElñIz/ ³vi ¶[VP6A,2A] ´take material form; (cause
to) become fact: ³Our plans did not @´, came to nothing, were not carried out.
¸ma®teri®al®iz®ation ²/mE*tIErIElñIÚzeI2n ³US: ²-lIÚz-/ ³n¼
¨ma®ternal© ²/mEÚt3nl/ ³adj ´of or like a mother: ³@ care/instincts; my @
grandfather/aunt, etc´, on my mother's side of the family. ¸@®ly ²/-nElI/ ³adv¼
¨ma®tern®ity© ²/mEÚt3nEtI/ ³n ¶[U] ´being a mother: (attrib) ·Ú³@
ward/hospital´, for women who are about to become mothers.¼
¨matey© ²/ÚmeItI/ ³adj ·@ (with), ´(colloq) sociable, familiar, friendly.¼
¨mathe®mat®ics© ²/*maTEÚmatIks/ ³n ´(with ³sing ´or ³pl v´) science of size and
numbers (of which arithmetic, algebra, trigonometry and geometry are branches):
³His @ are weak. M@ is his weak subject. ¸math®emat®ical ²/*maTEÚmatIkl/ ³adj
´of @. ¸math®emat®ically ²/-klI/ ³adv ¸math®ema®tician ²/*maTEmEÚtI2n/ ³n
´expert in @.¼
¨maths© ´(US = ¸math´) ²/maTs ³US: ²maT/ ³n ´(colloq abbr of) µmathematics.¼
¨mati®n_ee© ²/ÚmatIneI ³US: ²*matnÚeI/ ³n ¶[C] ´afternoon performance at a
cinema or theatre: ·Ú³@ idol´, much admired actor.¼
¨mat®ins© ²/ÚmatInz ³US: ²-tnz/ ³n pl ´service of Morning Prayer in the Church
of England; prayers recited at daybreak in the RÔC Church.¼
¨ma®tri®arch© ²/ÚmeItrIqk/ ³n ´woman head of a family or tribe.
¸ma®tri®archy ²/-qkI/ ³n ´social organization in which mothers are the heads of
families. ¸ma®tri®ar®chal ²/*meItrIÚqkl/ ³adj¼
¨ma®tric© ²/mEÚtrIk/ ³n ´(colloq abbr of) µmatriculation.¼
¨ma®trices© ²/ÚmeItrIsiz/ ³pl ´of µmatrix.¼
¨mat®ri®cide© ²/ÚmatrIsñId/ ³n ¶[U] ´killing of one's own mother; ¶[C]
´instance of this; ¶[C] ´person guilty of this.¼
¨ma®tricu®late© ²/mEÚtrIkj8leIt/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A,2A] ´(allow to) enter a
university as a student, usu after passing an examination; admit, be admitted,
as a member of a university. ¸2 ¶[VP2A,C] ´(formerly) pass the final school
examination. ¸ma®tricu®la®tion ²/mE*trIkj8ÚleI2n/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´matriculating or
being @d; ¶[C] ´instance of this. ¸2 ¶[U] ´(formerly) final school
examination.¼
¨mat®ri®mony© ²/ÚmatrImEnI ³US: ²-mE8nI/ ³n ¶[U] ´state of being married:
³unite persons in holy @. ¸mat®ri®mo®nial ²/*matrIÚmE8nIEl/ ³adj ´of @:
³solicitors who help people who have matrimonial troubles´, eÔg persons
wanting divorce.¼
¨ma®trix© ²/ÚmeItrIks/ ³n (pl µmatrices ²/ÚmeItrIsiz/ ´or µ@es´) ¸1 ´mould
into which hot metal, or other material in a soft or liquid condition, is
poured to be shaped, eÔg in the printing trade, or for making gramophone
records. ¸2 ´substance in which a mineral, etc is found embedded in the ground.
¸3 ´place where sth begins or develops.¼
¨ma®tron© ²/ÚmeItrEn/ ³n ¸1 ´woman housekeeper in a school or other
institution. ¸2 ´woman who manages the domestic affairs and nursing staff of a
hospital. ¸3 ´married woman or widow (often used with a suggestion of dignity
and social position): (dressmaking) ³styles suitable for @s´, for middle-aged
women. ¸@ly ³adj ´of, like, suitable for, @s: ³@ly duties; a @ly ´(iÔe
dignified) ³manner.¼
¨matt© ²/mat/ ³adj ´= µmat±2µ.¼
¨mat®ted© ²/ÚmatId/ ³adj µ¥ mat±1 ³v.¼
¨mat®ter©1 ²/ÚmatE(r)/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´substance(s) of which a physical thing is
made (contrasted with mind, spirit, etc): ³organic/inorganic @. ¸2 ´material
for thought or expression; substance of a book, speech, etc contrasted with the
form or style: ³The @ in your essay is good but the style is deplorable. ¸3
¶[U] ´sth printed or written. ¸Úreading @, ´books, periodicals, etc. ¸Úpostal
@, ´everything sent by post. ¸Úprinted @, ´(used on sth sent by post, to show
that it goes out at a rate cheaper than for ordinary letters, etc). ¸4 ¶[C]
´sth to which attention is given; piece of business; affair: ·Ú³money @s. This
is a @ I know little about. There are several @s to be dealt with at the
committee meeting. ·a @ of course, ´sth to be expected in the natural course of
events. Hence, ¸*@-of-Úcourse ³adj ´to be expected. ·a @ of opinion´, sth about
which opinions may differ. ·as a @ of fact, ´in reality; although you may not
know it or may be surprised. ´Hence, ¸*@-of-Úfact ³adj ´(of a person, his
manner) unimaginative: ordinary; keeping to the facts. ·for Úthat @; for the @
of that, ´so far as that is concerned. ·in the @ of, ´as regards, in what
concerns: ³He is strict in the @ of discipline. ·a Úhanging @, ´a crime for
which the penalty may be death by hanging. ·no Úlaughing @, ´sth serious, sth
not to be joked about. ¸5 ¶[U] ´importance. ·(make/be) no @, ´(be) of no
importance: ³If you can't do it, no @. It's no @/it makes no @ whether you
arrive early or late. ·no @ who/what/where, etc, ´whoever (it is), whatever
(happens, etc): ³Don't trust him, no @ what ´(= whatever) ³he says. Don't
believe the rumour, no @ who ´(= whoever) ³repeats it/no @ how often you hear
it. ¸6 ·be the @ (with), ´be wrong (with): ³What's the @ with it? ´(colloq)
Surely this is all right, isn't it? ³Is there anything the @ with him´, Is he
ill, in trouble, etc (according to context)? ¸7 ·a @ of, ´approximately; only:
³a @ of 20 weeks/10 miles/$50; within a @ of hours.¼
¨mat®ter©2 ²/ÚmatE(r)/ ³vi ¶[VP2A,C] ´(chiefly in interr, neg and
conditional sentences) be of importance: ³What does it @? It doesn't @ much,
does it? It hardly @s at all. It doesn't @ to me what you do or where you go.¼
¨mat®ting© ²/ÚmatIG/ ³n ¶[U] ´rough woven material used for floor covering and
for packing goods: ³coconut-@.¼
¨mat®tins© ²/ÚmatInz ³US: ²-tnz/ ³n pl ´= µmatins.¼
¨mat®tock© ²/ÚmatEk/ ³n ´heavy tool with a long handle and an iron head, one
end of which is pointed and the other blunt, used for breaking up hard ground,
etc. µ¥ ´the illus at µtool.¼
¨mat®tress© ²/ÚmatrIs/ ³n ¶[C] ´long, thick, flat, oblong pad of wool, hair,
feathers, foam rubber, etc on which to sleep. ¸spring @, ´one with coiled wires
fitted inside a padded cover of canvas or other frame of strong material.¼
¨matu®rate© ²/Úmatj8reIt/ ³vi ¶[VP2A] ´become mature. ¸matu®ra®tion
²/*matj8ÚreI2n/ ³n ¶[U] ´process of becoming mature.¼
¨ma®ture© ²/mEÚtj8E(r) ³US: ²-Út8Er/ ³vt,vi ¶[VP6A,2A] ¸1 ´come or bring to
full development or to a state ready for use: ³His character @d during these
years. These years @d his character. This wine has not @d properly. ¸2 ´(of
bills) become due. ¹ ³adj ¸1 ´fully grown or developed; ripe with fully
developed powers: ³persons of @ years. ¸2 ´careful; perfected: ³after @
deliberation; @ plans, ´based on @ deliberation. ¸3 ´(comm, of bills) due for
payment. ¸@®ly ³adv ¸ma®tur®ity ²/mEÚtj8ErEtI ³US:²-Út8E-/³n ¶[U] ´the state of
being @.¼
¨ma®tuti®nal© ²/mEÚtjutInl ³US: ²-Útutnl/ ³adj ´(formal) of, occurring in, the
morning.¼
¨maud®lin© ²/ÚmcdlIn/ ³adj ´sentimental or self-pitying in a silly
or tearful way: ³The drunken man began to get @.¼
¨maul© ²/mcl/ ³vt ¶[VP6A,15B] ´hurt or injure by rough or brutal handling:
³@ed by a tiger. Stop @ing the cat. His latest novel has been @ed by the
critics´, They have written extremely adverse reviews. ³Stop @ing me about!¼
¨maul®stick© ²/ÚmclstIk/ ³n ´light stick held by a painter's (left) hand as a
support to the (right) hand that holds the brush.¼
¨maun®der© ²/ÚmcndE(r)/ ³vi ¶[VP2A,C] ´talk in a rambling way; move or act in
a listless way.¼
¨Maundy Thurs®day© ²/*mcndI ÚT3zdI/ ³n ´Thursday before Easter, commemorating
the Last Supper. µ¥lord(2); John 13: 14.¼
¨mau®so®leum© ²/*mcsEÚliEm/ ³n ´magnificent and monumental tomb.¼
¨mauve© ²/mE8v/ ³adj, n ´bright but delicate pale purple.¼
¨mav®er®ick© ²/ÚmavErIk/ ³n ´(US) ¸1 ´unbranded calf. ¸2 ´unorthodox person;
person who dissents from the ideas, etc of an organized group: ³@ politicians.¼
¨ma®vis© ²/ÚmeIvIs/ ³n ´(poet) song-thrush.¼
¨maw© ²/mc/ ³n ´animal's stomach or throat; (fig) devouring or destructive
agency ready to swallow or engulf sth.¼
¨mawk®ish© ²/ÚmckI2/ ³adj ´foolishly sentimental. ¸@®ly ³adv ¸@®ness ³n¼
¨maxi-© ²/ÚmaksI/ ³pref ´of a large or long size, length, etc. µ¥ mini-.¼
¨maxim© ²/ÚmaksIm/ ³n ´widely accepted rule of conduct or general truth briefly
expressed, eÔg ³"Waste not, want not'.¼
¨maxi®mize© ²/ÚmaksImñIz/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´increase to a maximum: ³@ educational
opportunities. ¸maxi®mi®za®tion ²/*maksImñIÚzeI2n ³US: ²-mIÚz-/ ³n¼
¨maxi®mum© ²/ÚmaksImEm/ ³n, adj (pl µ@s ´or µ-ma ²/-mE/´) ´(opposite of
³minimum´) (of) greatest possible or recorded degree, quantity, etc: ³the @
temperature recorded in London; a @ and minimum thermometer´, made so as to
register @ and minimum temperatures; ³obtain 81 marks out of a @ of 100. The @
load for this lorry is one ton.¼
¨may© ²/meI/ ³anom fin (pt µmight ²/mñIt/³) (neg µmay not´,
shortened to µmayn't ²/meIEnt/ ´and µmight not ´shortened to µmightn't
²/ÚmñItnt/´) ¶[VP5] ¸1 ´(used to indicate possibility or probability; as ³might
´is used to indicate a future condition, the perfect infinitive ³might have ´is
used for past time): ³That may or may not be true. He may have ´(= Perhaps he
has) ³missed his train. This medicine may/might cure your cough. This might
have cured your cough, ´if you had taken it. ³You may walk ´(= It is possible
to walk) ³for miles and miles among the hills without meeting anyone. ¸2 ´(used
to indicate permission or request for permission; ³might ´suggests greater
hesitation or diffidence. µ¥ can±2µ(3)´): ³May I come in? Might I make a
suggestion? Well, if I may say so,«. You may come if you wish. ¸3 ´(used to
indicate uncertainty, and asking for information, or expressing wonder): ³Well,
who may you be? How old may/might she be? ¸4 ´(used with ³well ´to suggest
"There is good reason'): ³You may well say so. Well may/might you be surprised!
We may as well stay where we are´, It seems reasonable to do so. ³You might
just as well go as not´, There is just as much to be said in favour of going as
there is against. µ¥ well±2µ(4). ¸5 ´(used to express wishes and hopes): ³May
you both be happy! Long may she live to enjoy her good fortune! ¸6 ´(used to
express requests): ³You might do me a favour´, Please do sth for me. ³I think
you might at least offer to help. ¸7 ´(in clauses) (used to express purpose,
and after ³wish, fear, be afraid´, etc): ³He died so that others might live.
I'll write to him today so that he may know when to expect us. I'm afraid the
news may be true.¼
¨May© ²/meI/ ³n ¸1 ´the fifth month of the year. ¸ÚMay Day, ´1st of
May, celebrated as a spring festival and also as a day for socialist and labour
demonstrations. ¸ÚMay Queen, ´girl crowned with flowers on May Day.
¸Úmay-beetle, Úmay-bug ³nn ´cockchafer. ¸Úmay®fly ³n ´short-lived insect that
appears in May. ¸Úmay®pole ³n ´flower-decorated pole danced round on May Day.
¸2 m@, ´hawthorn (blossom).¼
¨may®be© ²/ÚmeIbi/ ³adv ´perhaps; possibly. ·as soon as @, ´as soon as
possible.¼
¨may®day© ²/ÚmeIdeI/ ³n ´(radio telephony) (from French ³m'aider´, help me)
international signal (used by aircraft and ships) of distress: ³a @ call from
an airliner.¼
¨May®fair© ²/ÚmeIfeE(r)/ ³n ´fashionable district in the West End of London.¼
¨may®hem© ²/ÚmeIhem/ ³n ¸1 ´(old use, and US) crime of maiming. ¸2 ´state of
violent disorder; havoc: ³cause/create @.¼
¨may®on®naise© ²/*meIEÚneIz ³US: ²ÚmeIEneIz/ ³n ¶[U] ´thick dressing of eggs,
cream, oil, vinegar, etc used on cold foods, esp salads; dish of food with this
dressing: ³salmon @.¼
¨mayor© ²/meE(r) ³US: ²ÚmeIEr/ ³n ´head of a municipal corporation of a city or
borough. ¸@®ess ²/meEÚres ³US: ²ÚmeIErEs/ ³n ´wife or female relative of a @,
helping in social duties; woman holding the office of @. ¸@®alty ²/ÚmeErEltI
³US: ²ÚmeIEr-/ ³n ´@'s (period of) office.¼
¨maze© ²/meIz/ ³n ¸1 ´network of lines, paths, etc; labyrinth: ³a @ of narrow
alleys. ¸2 ´state of confusion or bewilderment (when faced by a confused mass
of facts, etc). ·be in a @, ´be puzzled, bewildered. ¸mazed ³adj ´bewildered.¼
¨ma®zurka© ²/mEÚz3kE/ ³n ´(piece of music for a) lively Polish dance for four
or eight couples.¼
¨Mc®Carthy®ism© ²/mEÚkqTIIzEm/ ³n ´(US, 1950's; after J R McCarthy, 1909Å1957,
US politician) political policy of accusing persons of disloyalty (esp by
saying they were pro-Communist); unscrupulous methods of investigation used for
this purpose; witchhunt.¼
¨me© ²/mi/ ³pron ´object form for the pronoun ³I´: ³He saw me. Give
me one. It's me ´(now usu for "It is I').¼
¨mead©1 ²/mid/ ³n ¶[U] ´alcoholic drink made from fermented honey and water.¼
¨mead©2 ²/mid/ ³n ¶[C] ´(poet) meadow.¼
¨meadow© ²/ÚmedE8/ ³n ¶[C,U] ´(area, field, of) grassland, esp kept for hay.¼
¨meagre© ´(US = ¸mea®ger´) ²/ÚmigE(r)/ ³adj ¸1 ´thin; lacking in flesh: ³a @
face. ¸2 ´insufficient; poor; scanty: ³a @ meal; @ fare; a @ attendance at the
council meeting. ¸@®ly ³adv ¸@®ness ³n¼
¨meal©1 ²/mil/ ³n ¶[C] ¸1 ´occasion of eating: ³three @s a day; breakfast, the
first @ of the day. ¸Ú@®time ³n ´usual time for taking a @. ¸2 ´food that is
eaten: ³have a good @.¼
¨meal©2 ²/mil/ ³n ¶[U] ´grain coarsely ground: ·Ú³oat@; Úcorn @, ´(US) @ of
maize or other grain. Cf ³flour ´for grain finely ground.¼
¨mealie© ²/ÚmilI/ ³n ´(S Africa) (³pl´) maize; ¶[C] ´an ear of maize.¼
¨mealy© ²/ÚmilI/ ³adj µ(-ier, -iest) ´of, like, containing, covered with,
meal; (of potatoes when boiled) dry and powdery. ¸Ú@-bug ³n ´insect that
infests vines, etc. ¸*@-Úmouthed ³adj ´too squeamish in the choice of words;
tending to avoid plain speaking.¼
¨mean©1 ²/min/ ³adj µ(-er, -est) ¸1 ´poor in appearance; shabby-looking: ³a @
house in a @ street. ¸2 ´(of behaviour) unworthy; discreditable: ³That was a @
trick! It was @ of you to eat all the peaches! He took a @ advantage of me.
What a @ revenge! ¸3 ´(of persons, their character, etc) having or showing a
fondness for @ behaviour: ³a @ rascal. Don't be so @ to your little brother´,
Don't tease him, treat him unkindly, etc. ³He's a @-minded sort of fellow. ¸4
´of low rank or humble birth. ¸5 ´(of the understanding, the natural powers)
inferior; poor: ³This should be clear even to the @est intelligence. He is no @
scholar´, is a good one. ¸6 ´lacking in generosity; selfish: ³Her husband is
rather @ over money matters. ¸7 ´(colloq) secretly ashamed: ³feel rather @ for
not helping more. ¸8 ´(US) nasty; vicious: ³He's a really @ fellowÅhe likes to
see people suffer. ¸@®ly ³adv ¸@®ness ³n ¸@ie, @y ²/ÚminI/ ³nn ´(colloq)
@-minded person: ³What a @ie you are! µ¥ 6 ´above.¼
¨mean©2 ²/min/ ³adj ´occupying the middle position between two
extremes; average: ³the @ annual temperature in Malta. ¸Greenwich M@ Time, µ¥
Greenwich. ¸@ price, ´(fin, Stock Exchange) the average between the Stock
jobber's buying and selling price; the market price of an investment.¼
¨mean©3 ²/min/ ³n ¸1 ¶[C] ´condition, quality, course of action, etc that is
halfway between two extremes. ·the happy/golden @, ´a moderate course of
action. ¸2 ´(maths) term between the first and the last of a series: ³In 1:3
²Å ³3:9, the @ is 3. The @ of 3, 5 and 7 is 5 ´(because 3 + 5 + 7 = 15 and 15
²; ´3 = 5).¼
¨mean©4 ²/min/ ³vt (pt,pp µmeant ²/ment/³) ¸1 ¶[VP6A] ´(of words, sentences,
etc) signify; import: ³A dictionary tries to tell you what words @. The Latin
word "amo' @s "I love'. ¸2 ¶[VP6AC,9] ´be a sign of; be likely to result in;
entail: ³This new frontier incident probably @s war/that there will be war.
These new orders for our manufacturers will @ working overtime. ¸3
¶[VP6A,9,14,16B,17] ·@ (by), ´have as a purpose; contemplate; intend; refer to:
³What do you @ by saying that? ´What have you in mind? (or if the context
allows) How dare you say that? ³I wasn't seriousÅI @t it/It was @t as a joke.
Do you @ ´(= refer to) ³Miss Elsie Smith or Miss Dora Smith? I didn't @ you to
read the letter. Is this figure @t to be a 1 or a 7? I'm sorry if I hurt your
feelingsÅI didn't @ to. I @ there to be/that there should be no argument about
this´, won't allow any argument. ³Is this valuable painting @t for me´, Is the
owner thinking of giving it to me? ·@ business, ´(colloq) be in earnest, ready
to act (not merely talk). ·@ mischief, ´have in mind sth evil or injurious. ¸4
¶[VP7A,12A,13A,14,17] ·@ (for), ´intend; be determined; destine: ³He @s to
succeed. He @s his son to succeed. He @s you no harm´, does not intend to hurt
you. ³He @s no harm to anyone. I @t this for my son´, intended to give it to
him. ³He seems obviously @t for the army/@t to be a soldier´, is the sort of
man destined for the army. ¸5 ¶[VP14] ·@ sth to sb, ´be of importance or value
to: ³Your friendship @s a great deal to me´, I value it highly. ³$20 @s a lot
to her´, is quite a large sum in her view. ³I can't tell you what Mary has @t
to me´, what a difference she has made in my life. ³The high cost of living @s
nothing to some people´, They do not worry about it (eÔg because they are very
rich). ¸6 ·@ well, ´have good intentions (though perhaps not the will or
capacity to carry them out): ³Of course he @s well. ·@ well by sb, ´have kindly
intentions towards sb: ³We all know that he @s well by you. ¸@®ing ³n ¶[C,U]
´what is @t or intended: ³a word with many distinct @ings; a passage without
much @ing. He looked at me with @ing. ³What's the @ing of this? ´(asked, for
example, by sb who thinks he has been badly treated, etc). µ¹ ³adj ´full of
@ing: ³a @ing look; well-@ing´, having good intentions. ¸@®ing®ful ²/-fl/ ³adj
´significant; full of @ing. ¸@®ing®fully ²/-fElI/ ³adv ¸@®ing®less ³adj
´without @ing or motive. ¸@®ing®ly ³adv ´with @ing.¼
¨me®ander© ²/mIÚandE(r)/ ³vi ¶[VP2A,C] ´wander here and there;
(fig) speak in an aimless way; (of a stream) follow a winding course, flowing
slowly and gently. ¸@®ings ²/mIÚandrIGz/ ³n pl ´winding path, course, etc.
¸@®ing®ly ²/mIÚandrIGlI/ ³adv¼
¨means©1 ²/minz/ ³n pl ´(often treated as a ³sing´, as in examples) method,
process, by which a result may be obtained: ³a @ to an end´, a way of achieving
sth. ³There is/are no @ of learning what is happening. Every @ has/All possible
@ have been tried. Does the end always justify the @´, If the aim or purpose is
good, may any methods, even if bad, be employed? ·by @ of, ´through; with the
help of: ³Thoughts are expressed by @ of words. ·by Úall @, ´certainly. ·by Úno
@, ´not at all: ³These goods are by no @ satisfactory. ·by Úno manner of @, ´in
no way. ·by some @ or other, ´somehow or other; if not in one way, then in
another. ·by fair @ or foul, ´by any methods, just or unjust. ·ways and @,
´methods, esp of providing money by taxation for government needs.¼
¨means©2 ²/minz/ ³n pl ´money; wealth; resources: ³a man of @´, a rich man; ³a
man of your @´, with the money, etc you have at your disposal; ³have private
@´, an income from property, investments, etc (not earned as salary, etc).
·live beyond/within one's @, ´spend more/less than one's income. ¸Ú@ test ³n
´inquiry into the @ of sb seeking help from the State or local authorities
(eÔg if unemployed or too old to work).¼
¨meant© ²/ment/ ³pt,pp ´of µmean±4µ.¼
¨mean®time© ²/ÚmintñIm/ ³adv, n ·(in the) @, ´meanwhile.¼
¨mean®while© ²/ÚminwñIl ³US: ²-hwñIl/ ³adv ´in or during the time between.¼
¨measles© ²/Úmizlz/ ³n pl sing-v ¶[U] ´infectious disease, marked by
fever and small red spots that cover the whole body.¼
¨measly© ²/ÚmizlI/ ³adj ´(colloq) of little value; of poor quality; of small
size or amount: ³What a @ birthday present! What a @ helping of ice-cream!¼
¨measure©1 ²/ÚmeZE(r)/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´size, quantity, degree, weight, etc as
found by a standard or unit. ·give full/short @, ´give the full/less than the
full amount. ·made to @, ´(of clothes) specially made for sb after taking
@ments. ·get/take the @ of sb, ´(fig) form an estimate of his character,
abilities, etc. ¸2 ¶[C] ´unit, standard or system used in stating size,
quantity, or degree: ³liquid/dry @. An inch is a @ of length. Twenty @s of
wheat means twenty bushels. µ¥ App 5. ¸3 ¶[C] ´sth with which to test size,
quantity, etc: ³a pint @. A yardstick is a @; so is a foot-rule. A chain's
weakest link is the @ of its strength. Words cannot always give the @ of one's
feelings´, cannot show the depth or strength of one's feelings. ¸Útape-@, µ¥
tape. ¸*greatest *common Ú@, ´(abbr GÔCÔM) largest number that will divide each
of several given numbers exactly. ¸4 ´extent. ·beyond @, ´very great(ly): ³Her
joy was beyond @. ·in Úsome/Úany @, ´to some/any extent or degree. ·in
great/large @, ´to a large extent: ³Their success was in some @/in great @ the
result of thorough preparation. ·set @s to, ´limit: ³set @s to one's ambitions.
¸5 ¶[C] ´(proposed) law. ¸6 ¶[C] ´proceeding; step: ³What @ ´(= plan) ³do you
propose? They took strong @s ´(= acted vigorously) ³against dangerous drivers.
¸7 ¶[U] ´verse-rhythm; metre; time of a piece of music; ¶[C] ´(archaic) dance.
·tread a @ (with sb), ´dance (with him).¼
¨measure©2 ²/ÚmeZE(r)/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A,2A] ´find the size, extent,
volume, degree, etc of (sth or sb): ³@ a piece of ground/the strength of an
electric current/the speed of a car; tested for speed over a @d mile. The
tailor @d me for a suit. Can you @ accurately? ¸2 ¶[VP2B] ´be (a certain
length, etc): ³This room @s 10 metres across. ¸3 ¶[VP6A,15A,B] ·@ out/off,
´give a @d quantity of: ³@ out a dose of medicine; ´mark out: ³@ off 2 metres
of cloth. ¸4 ·@ one's length, ´fall flat on the ground. ·@ swords against/with
sb, ´(fig) try out one's strength against him. ·@ one's strength (with sb),
´try or test it. ¸meas®ured ³adj ¸1 ´(of language) considered and weighed: ³@d
words. ¸2 ´in slow and regular rhythm: ³with a @d tread. ¸measur®able
²/ÚmeZErEbl/ ³adj ´that can be @d: ³We came within measurable distance of
´(close to) ³success. ¸measur®ably ²/-EblI/ ³adv ¸@®less ³adj ´immeasurable;
limitless. ¸@®ment ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´measuring: ³the metric system of @ment. ¸2 ³(pl)
´figures about length, breadth, depth, etc: ³the @ments of a room.¼
¨meat© ²/mit/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´flesh of animals used as food, excluding fish and
birds: ³@-eating animals; cold @´, meat that has been cooked and has then
become cold; ³chilled/frozen @´, meat chilled/frozen in order to keep it in
good condition; ³fresh @´, from a recently killed animal. ¸Ú@®ball ³n ´small
ball of minced meat or sausage-meat. ¸Ú@-safe ³n ´cupboard for storing @, usu
with sides of wire gauze. ¸@ pie ³n ´@ cooked with a covering of pastry. ¸a @
tea, ´high tea with some kind of @ dish included. µ¥ high±1µ(12). ¸2 ´(fig)
´important or substantial part of sth: ³There's not much @ in this argument. ¸3
´(old use) food in general: ³@ and drink. ·one man's @ is another man's poison,
´(prov) What one person likes is not necessarily liked by anyone else. ¸@®less
³adj ´without @: ³@less days during the war. ¸@y ³adj µ(-ier, -iest) ´(fig)
full of substance; substantial.¼
¨Mecca© ²/ÚmekE/ ³n ¸1 ´city in Saudi Arabia, birthplace of
Muhammad and the spiritual centre of Islam. ¸2 ´goal of one's ambitions; place
one is anxious to visit: ³Stratford-on-Avon, the @ of tourists in Britain.¼
¨mech®anic© ²/mIÚkanIk/ ³n ´skilled workman, esp one who repairs or adjusts
machinery and tools: ³a ·Ú³motor-@.¼
¨mech®an®ical© ²/mIÚkanIkl/ ³adj ¸1 ´of, connected with, produced by, machines:
³@ power/transport/engineering. ¸2 ´(of persons, their actions) like machines;
automatic; as if done without thought: ³@ movements. ¸@ly ²/-klI/ ³adv ´in a @
way: ³@ly operated. µ¥ ³manually ´at µmanual.¼
¨mech®an®ics© ²/mIÚkanIks/ ³n ¸1 ´(usu with ³sing v) ´science of motion and
force; science of machinery: ³M@ is taught by Mr MacHine. ¸2 ´(with ³pl v´)
´(method of) construction: ³the @ of play-writing.¼
¨mech®an®ism© ²/ÚmekEnIzEm/ ³n ¶[C] ¸1 ´working parts of a machine
collectively; structure or arrangement of parts that work together as the parts
of a machine do: ³the @ of the body; the @ of government. ¸2 ´way in which sth
works or is constructed.¼
¨mech®an®is®tic© ²/*mekEÚnIstIk/ ³adj ¸the @ theory´, the theory that all
changes in the universe and all living creatures are caused by physical and
chemical forces only.¼
¨mech®an®ize© ²/ÚmekEnñIz/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´use machines in or for; give a
mechanical character to: ³@d forces´, eÔg in the army, using motor transport
instead of horses or mules. ¸mech®ani®z®ation ²/*mekEnñIÚzeI2n ³US: ²-nIÚz-/
³n¼
¨medal© ²/Úmedl/ ³n ´flat piece of metal, usu shaped like a coin, with words
and a design stamped on it, given as an award for bravery, to commemorate sth,
or for distinction in scholarship. ¸@®list ´(US = ¸@®ist´) ²/ÚmedElIst/ ³n
´person who has been awarded a @, eÔg for distinction in literature, sport.¼
¨me®dal®lion© ²/mIÚdalIEn/ ³n ´large medal; large, flat circular ornamental
design, eÔg on a carpet or on a lace curtain.¼
¨meddle© ²/Úmedl/ ³vi ¶[VP2A,3A] ·@ (in sth), ´busy oneself in sth
without being asked to do so: ³Don't @ in my affairs. Don't @ in politics. ·@
(with sth), ´interfere: ³Who's been meddling with my papers? You're always
meddling. ¸meddler ³n ´person who @s. ¸Ú@®some ²/-sEm/ ³adj ´fond of, in the
habit of, meddling.¼
¨me®dia© ²/ÚmidIE/ ³n ¸the @, ´(usu with ³sing v) ´mass communications, eÔg
television, radio, the press. µ¥ mass(2), medium.¼
¨medi®aeval© ²/*medIÚivl ³US: ²*mid-/ ´= µmedieval.¼
¨me®dial© ²/ÚmidIEl/ ³adj ¸1 ´situated in the middle. ¸2 ´of average size. ¸@ly
²/-IElI/ ³adv¼
¨me®dian© ²/ÚmidIEn/ ³adj ´situated in, passing through, the middle. ¹ ³n ´@
point, line, part, etc.¼
¨me®diate© ²/ÚmidIeIt/ ³vi,vt ¸1 ¶[VP2A,3A] ·@ (between), ´act as go-between
or peacemaker: ³@ between two warring countries/between employers and their
workers. ¸2 ¶[VP6A] ´bring about by doing this: ³@ a settlement/a peace.
¸me®di®ation ²/*midIÚeI2n/ ³n ¶[U] ´mediating: ³All offers of mediation by a
third party were rejected. ¸me®di®ator ²/-tE(r)/ ³n ´one who @s.¼
¨medic© ²/ÚmedIk/ ³n ´(colloq abbr for) medical student.¼
¨medi®cal© ²/ÚmedIkl/ ³adj ¸1 ´of the art of medicine (the treatment of
disease): ³a ·Ú³@ examination, ´to ascertain one's state of health; ³a @
practitioner´, a qualified doctor; ³a ·Ú³@ school; ·Ú³@ students/knowledge; @
jurisprudence´, legal knowledge required by a doctor. ¸2 ´of the art of
medicine (contrasted with ³surgery´): ³@, not surgical, treatment. The hospital
has a @ ward and a surgical ward. ´¹ ³n ¸1 ´(colloq) @ student. ¸2 ´@
examination. ¸@ly ²/-klI/ ³adv¼
¨medic®ament© ²/mIÚdIkEmEnt/ ³n ´substance used in medical treatment,
internally or externally. µ¥ medicine(2).¼
¨Medi®care© ²/ÚmedIkeE(r)/ ³n ¶[U] ´(US) government programme providing medical
care (esp for old persons).¼
¨medi®cate© ²/ÚmedIkeIt/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´treat medically; permeate with a
medicinal substance: ³@d soap/gauze. ¸medi®ca®tion ²/*medIÚkeI2n/ ³n ¶[U]
´process of medicating: ³mass medication´, eÔg, the addition of fluorine to
public water supplies; the supply of vitamin tablets through the social
services; ¶[C] ´medicine.¼
¨med®ici®nal© ²/mIÚdIsnEl/ ³adj ´having healing or curative
properties: ³@ preparations for both internal and external use.¼
¨medi®cine© ²/Úmedsn ³US: ²ÚmedIsn/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´the art and science of the
prevention and cure of disease: ³study @ and surgery; a ·*³Doctor of ·Ú³M@. ¸2
¶[C,U] ´(kind of) substance, esp one taken through the mouth, used in @: ³He's
always taking @s. He takes too much @. This is a good (kind of) @ for a cough.
´(Note: for remedies not taken through the mouth, µ¥ ³injection ´at µinject,
lotion, ³medicinal preparation ´at µmedicinal, ointment.´) ¸Ú@-ball ³n ´large,
heavy ball thrown and caught for physical exercise. ¸Ú@-chest ³n ´chest with a
selection of useful medicinal preparations. ¸3 ´(fig) deserved punishment.
·take one's @, ´(fig) submit to what is unwelcome and unpleasant. ·get some/a
little of one's own @, ´be given the kind of unwelcome treatment that one has
given to others. ¸4 ¶[U] ´(among primitive peoples) spell; charm; fetish;
magic. ¸Ú@-man ²/-man/ ³n (pl µ-men³) ´witch-doctor.¼
¨med®ico© ²/ÚmedIkE8/ ³n (pl µ@s ²/-kE8z/³) ´(colloq, hum) doctor or medical
student.¼
¨medi®eval© ´(also ¸medi®aeval´) ²/*medIÚivl ³US: ²*mid-/ ³adj ´of the Middle
Ages (about ¶AÔD ´1100Å1500).¼
¨me®di®ocre© ²/*midIÚE8kE(r)/ ³adj ´not very good; neither very good nor very
bad; second-rate. ¸me®di®oc®rity ²/*midIÚokrEtI/ ³n (pl µ-ties³) ¶[U] ´quality
of being @; ¶[C] ´person who is @ (in qualities, abilities, etc): ³a Government
of mediocrities.¼
¨medi®tate© ²/ÚmedIteIt/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A] ´think about; consider: ³@
revenge/mischief. ¸2 ¶[VP2A,3A] ·@ (up/upon), ´give oneself up to serious (esp
religious) thought: ³He sat there meditating upon his misfortunes.¼
¨medi®ta®tion© ²/*medIÚteI2n/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´meditating: ³deep in @.
¸2 ¶[C] ´instance of this: ³a @ on the causes of aggression in man.
¸medi®tat®ive ²/ÚmedItEtIv ³US: ²-teIt-/ ³adj ´of @; fond of @.
¸medi®tat®ive®ly ³adv¼
¨Medi®ter®ra®nean© ²/*medItEÚreInIEn/ ³adj ´of, characteristic of, the M@ Sea
or the countries, etc bordering this sea: ³@ climate.¼
¨me®dium© ²/ÚmidIEm/ ³n (pl µ@s ´or µmedia ²/ÚmidIE/³) ¸1 ´that by which sth
is expressed: ³Commercial television is a @ for advertising. Vacant positions
can be made known through the @ of the press´, by putting announcements in
newspapers. ³Oil paints and water colours are @s for the creation of works of
art. µ¥ ´also µmass(2). ¸2 ´middle quality or degree. ¸the happy @, ´avoidance
of extremes, eÔg by being neither very lax nor very severe in maintaining
discipline. ¸3 ³(pl ´often µmedia´) substance, surroundings, in which sth
exists or through which sth moves: ³Air is the @ of sound. ¸4 ´person who acts
as a go-between, esp in spiritualism; person who claims to be able to receive
messages from the spirits of the dead. ¹ ³adj ´coming halfway between; not
extreme: ³a man of @ height; a @-sized firm; ³@ bonds´, maturing in a period
between 15 and 20 years; ³the @ income group, ´those who have incomes between
high and low. ¸Ú@ wave, ´(radio telegraphy) one having a length of from 100 to
1Ô000 metres.¼
¨med®lar© ²/ÚmedlE(r)/ ³n ´(tree with) fruit like a small brown apple, eaten
when it begins to decay.¼
¨med®ley© ²/ÚmedlI/ ³n (pl µ@s³) ¶[C] ´mixture of things or persons of
different sorts: ³the @ of races in Hawaii.¼
¨meed© ²/mid/ ³n ´(poet) deserved portion (³of ´praise, etc).¼
¨meek© ²/mik/ ³adj µ(-er, -est) ´mild and patient; unprotesting (the contrary
of ³self-assertive´): ³She's as @ as a lamb. ¸@®ly ³adv ¸@®ness ³n¼
¨meer®schaum© ²/ÚmIE2Em/ ³n ¶[U] ´white clay-like substance; ¶[C]
´tobacco pipe with a bowl made of this.¼
¨meet©1 ²/mit/ ³vt,vi (pt,pp µmet ²/met/³) ¸1 ¶[VP6A,2A,C] ´come face to face
with (sb or sth coming from the opposite or a different direction); come
together from different points or directions: ³@ sb in the street. We met (each
other) quite by chance. Goodbye till we @ again. The two trains @ ´(= pass each
other) ³at Crewe. We write regularly but seldom @´, see each other. ³Can you @
´(= face) ³misfortune with a smile? The Debating Society @s every Friday at
8pÔm. ·@ with, ¸(a) ´experience: ³@ with misfortune/an accident/great kindness.
¸(b) ´come upon by chance: ³@ with obstacles; @ with an old friend at a dinner
party. ¸(c) ´(US) ´have a meeting with. ¸2 ¶[VP6A,2A] ´make the acquaintance
of; be introduced to: ³I know Mrs Hill by sight, but have never met her/we've
never met. ´(As a form of introduction) ³M@ my wife. Pleased to @ you. ¸3
¶[VP6A] ´go to a place and await the arrival of: ³Will you @ me at the station?
I'll @ your train. The hotel bus @s all the trains. ¸4 ¶[VP6A] ´satisfy (a
demand, etc): ³@ sb's wishes´, do what he wants. ³Can you @ their
objections/criticisms´, answer them in a satisfactory way? ·@ the case, ´be
adequate, satisfactory: ³I'm afraid your proposal hardly @s the case. ·@ sb
halfway, ´(fig) compromise; give way to some extent in order to satisfy him. ·@
all expenses/bills, etc, ´pay them. ¸5 ¶[VP6A,2A] ´come into contact; touch:
³Their hands met. His hand met hers. My waistcoat won't @´, is too small to be
buttoned. ·make (both) ends @, ´make one's income and one's expenditure equal.
¸6 ·@ the eye/ear, ´be visible/audible. ·There is more to/in sth/sb than @s the
eye, ´it/he has qualities, characteristics, etc that are not immediately seen.
·@ sb's eye, ´look in his eyes: ³She was afraid to @ my eye.¼
¨meet©2 ²/mit/ ³n ¸1 ´(GB) gathering of riders and hounds at a
fixed place (for foxhunting). ¸2 ´(US) coming together of a number of people
for a purpose: ³an ath·Ú³letic @; a ·Ú³track/·Ú³swimming @ (meeting ´is the usu
word in GB).¼
¨meet©3 ²/mit/ ³adj ´(archaic) right; suitable; proper.¼
¨meet®ing© ²/ÚmitIG/ ³n ¸1 ´coming together of a number of persons at a certain
time and place, esp for discussion: ³political @s. Mr Smith will now address
the @. ¸Ú@-house ³n ´building for @s, esp those held by Quakers. ¸Ú@-place ³n
´place fixed for a @. ¸2 ´any coming together: ³a ·Ú³race-@; a ·Ú³sports-@. The
@ between the two families was a joyful one. She is shy at a first @´, when she
meets sb for the first time.¼
¨mega®cycle© ²/ÚmegEsñIkl/ ³n ¶[C] ´one million cycles (of changes of radio
current).¼
¨mega®death© ²/ÚmegEdeT/ ³n ´death of one million people (in nuclear war).¼
¨mega®lith© ²/ÚmegElIT/ ³n ´large stone, esp one used as a monument.
¸mega®lithic ²/*megEÚlITIk/ ³adj ´made of @s; marked by the use of @s (esp in
very early times).¼
¨mega®lo®ma®nia© ²/*megElEÚmeInIE/ ³n ¶[U] ´form of madness in which a person
has exaggerated ideas of his importance, power, wealth, etc: ³The dictator was
obviously suffering from @. ¸mega®lo®ma®niac ²/-nIak/ ³n ´person suffering from
@.¼
¨mega®phone© ²/ÚmegEfE8n/ ³n ¶[C] ´horn for speaking through, carrying the
voice to a distance.¼
¨mega®ton© ²/ÚmegEtAn/ ³n ´explosive force equal to one million tons of TÔNÔT.¼
¨me®grim© ²/ÚmigrIm/ ³n ´(archaic) ¸1 ´migraine. ¸2 ³(pl) ´low spirits.¼
¨mei®osis© ²/mñIÚE8sIs/ ³n ´= µlitotes.¼
¨mel®an®cholic© ²/*melEGÚkolIk/ ³adj ´melancholy; with a tendency
to melancholy.¼
¨mel®an®choly© ²/ÚmelEGkolI/ ³n ¶[U] ´sadness; low spirits. ¹ ³adj ´sad;
low-spirited; causing sadness or low spirits: ³@ news; a @ occasion´, eÔg a
funeral. ¸mel®an®cholia ²/*melEnÚkE8lIE/ ³n ¶[U] ´mental illness marked by @.¼
¨m_e®lange© ²/ÚmeIlqnZ ³US: ²meIÚlqnZ/ ³n ´(F) mixture; medley.¼
¨m^e®l_ee© ²/ÚmeleI ³US: ²meIÚleI/ ³n ´(F) confused struggle; confused crowd of
people.¼
¨meli®or®ate© ²/ÚmilIEreIt/ ³vt,vi ¶[VP6A,2A] ´make or become better; improve.
¸melio®ra®tion ²/*milIEÚreI2n/ ³n ´process of improving. ¸meli®or®ism
²/ÚmilIErIzEm/ ³n ´belief that mankind tends to @, and that conscious human
effort may further this tendency.¼
¨mel®lif®lu®ous© ²/meÚlIfl8Es/ ³adj ´(of a person's voice or words, of music,
etc) sweet-sounding; smooth-flowing.¼
¨mel®low© ²/ÚmelE8/ ³adj µ(-er, -est) ¸1 ´soft and sweet in taste; soft, pure
and rich in colour or sound: ³a @ wine; the @ colours of the roofs in
Dubrovnik. ¸2 ´made wise and sympathetic by age or experience: ³@ judgement. ¸3
´(colloq) genial; slightly intoxicated. ¹ ³vt,vi ¶[VP6A,2A] ´make or become @.
¸@®ly ³adv ¸@®ness ³n¼
¨mel®odic© ²/mIÚlodIk/ ³adj ´of melody; melodious.¼
¨mel®odi®ous© ²/mIÚlE8dIEs/ ³adj ´of, producing, melody; sweet-sounding: ³the @
notes of a thrush. ¸@®ly ³adv ¸@®ness ³n¼
¨melo®drama© ²/ÚmelEdrqmE/ ³n ¸1 ¶[C] ´exciting and emotional (often
sensational, exaggerated) drama, usu with a happy ending; event or series of
events, piece of behaviour or writing, which suggests a stage @. ¸2 ¶[U]
´language, behaviour, suggestive of plays of this kind. ¸melo®dram®atic
²/*melEdrEÚmatIk/ ³adj ´of, like, suitable for, @. ¸melo®dram®ati®cally ²/-klI/
³adv¼
¨mel®ody© ²/ÚmelEdI/ ³n (pl µ-dies³) ¸1 ¶[U] ´sweet music; tunefulness;
arrangement of notes in a musically expressive succession. ¸2 ¶[C] ´musical
arrangement of words; ´song or tune: ³old Irish melodies. ¸3 ¶[C] ´principal
part or thread in harmonized music: ³The @ is next taken up by the flutes.¼
¨melon© ²/ÚmelEn/ ³n ´(kinds of) large, juicy, round fruit growing
on a plant that trails along the ground: ³a slice of @. µ¥ ´the illus at
µfruit.¼
¨melt© ²/melt/ ³vt,vi (pt µ@ed³, pp µ@ed ´or µmolten
²/ÚmE8ltEn/³) ¸1 ¶[VP6A,15B,2A,C] ´(cause to) become liquid through heating:
³The ice will @ when the sun shines on it. The hot sun soon @ed the ice. It is
easy to @ butter. ·@ away, ´become less, disappear, by @ing: ³The snow soon @ed
away when the sun came out. Her money seemed to @ away in Paris. The crowd
quickly @ed away ´(= dispersed) ³when the storm broke. ·@ sth down, ´@ (a metal
article) in order to use the metal as raw material. ¸2 ¶[VP2A,C] ´(of soft
food) dissolve, be softened, easily: ³This cake/pear @s in the mouth. ¸3
¶[VP2A,6A] ´(of a solid in a liquid) dissolve: ³Sugar @s in hot tea/Hot tea @s
sugar. ¸4 ¶[VP6A,2C] ´(of a person, heart, feelings) soften, be softened: ³Her
heart @ed with pity. Pity @ed her heart. She @ed into tears. ¸5 ¶[VP2C] ´fade;
go (slowly) away: ³One colour @ed into another´, eÔg in the sky at sunset.
¸@®ing ³adj ´(fig) tender; sentimental: ³in a @ing voice/mood. ¸Ú@®ing-point ³n
´temperature at which a solid @s: ³Lead has a lower @ing-point than iron.
¸Ú@ing-pot ³n ¸(a) ´pot in which metals, etc, are @ed. ·go into the @ing-pot´,
(fig) undergo a radical change. ¸(b) ´place, country, eÔg US, where immigrants
from many different countries are assimilated.¼
¨mem®ber© ²/ÚmembE(r)/ ³n ¸1 ´person belonging to a group, society, etc: ³a @
of a club. Every @ of her family came to her wedding. ¸*M@ of ÚParliament,
´(abbr ¸MÔP´) elected representative in the House of Commons. ¸2 ´part of a
human or animal body: ³The tongue is sometimes called "the unruly @'. ¸@®ship
²/-2Ip/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´the state of being a @ (of a society, etc). ¸2 ´(no ³pl´)
´number of @s: ³The society has a large @ship/a @ship of 80.¼
¨mem®brane© ²/ÚmembreIn/ ³n ¶[C] ´soft, thin, pliable skin-like covering or
lining, or connecting part, in an animal or vegetable body; ¶[U] ´tissue of
which such coverings, etc, are made. ¸mem®bra®nous ²/ÚmembrEnEs/ ³adj ´of or
like @.¼
¨mem®ento© ²/mIÚmentE8/ ³n (pl µ@s, @es ²/-tE8z/³) ´sth that serves
to remind one of a person or event.¼
¨memo© ²/ÚmemE8/ ³n (pl µ@s ²/-mE8z/³) ´short for µmemorandum.¼
¨mem®oir© ²/Úmemwq(r)/ ³n ¸1 ´record of events, esp by someone with first-hand
knowledge. ¸2 ³(pl) ´person's written account of his own life or experiences:
³the flood of war @s by generals and politicians.¼
¨mem®or®able© ²/ÚmemErEbl/ ³adj ´deserving to be remembered. ¸mem®or®ably
²/-EblI/ ³adv¼
¨mem®or®an®dum© ²/*memEÚrandEm/ ³n (pl µ-da ²/-dE/ ´or µ@s³) ´(abbr ¸memo´) ¸1
´note or record for future use: ³make a @ of sth. ¸2 ´informal business
communication, usu without a personal signature, on paper headed ³M@ ´(or
³Memo´). ¸3 ´(legal) record of an agreement that has been reached but not yet
formally drawn up and signed.¼
¨mem®or®ial© ²/mIÚmcrIEl/ ³n ¸1 ´sth made or done to remind people
of an event, person, etc: ³a @ to the dead; a ·Ú³war @´, a monument with the
names of men killed in wars. ¸2 ´(attrib use) serving to keep in mind: ³a @
tablet´, eÔg in the wall of a church, in memory of someone; ³a @ service. ¸ÚM@
Day, ´(US) day set aside by law for honouring the memory of members of the
armed forces killed in war (30 May in most States). ¸3 ´(usu ³pl´) historical
records or chronicles. ¸4 ´(more usu ³petition´) written statement of facts,
views, etc sent to authorities making a request or protest. ¸@®ize ²/-ñIz/ ³vt
¶[VP6A] ¸1 ´(more usu ³petition´) present a @µ(4) ´to. ¸2 ´commemorate (which
is the more usu word).¼
¨mem®or®ize© ²/ÚmemErñIz/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´learn by heart; commit to memory.¼
¨mem®ory© ²/ÚmemErI/ ³n (pl µ-ries³) ¸1 ¶[U] ´power of keeping facts in the
conscious mind and of being able to call them back at will; preservation of
past experience for future use. ·commit sth to @, ´learn it by heart. ·speak
from @, ´iÔe without referring to notes, etc. ·to the best of my @, ´as far as
I can remember. ·in @ of sb; to the @ of sb, ´serving to recall sb, to keep him
fresh in people's minds. ¸2 ¶[C] ´this power in an individual (also used, by
extension, of the unit of a computer which stores data for future use): ³Some
people have better memories than others. He has a bad @ for dates. ¸3 ¶[U]
´period over which the @ can go back: ³beyond/within the @ of men. ·within
living @´, within the years that people now alive can remember. ¸4 ¶[C] ´sth
that is remembered; sth from the past stored in the @: ³memories of childhood.
¸5 ¶[U] ´reputation after death (esp of saints, great rulers): ³the late
king/pope, of blessed @.¼
¨mem®sa®hib© ²/Úmemsqb/ ³n ´(In India) (form of address to a)
European woman.¼
¨men© ²/men/ ³n pl ´of µman±1µ(1).¼
¨men®ace© ²/ÚmenEs/ ³n ¶[C,U] ´danger; threat: ³a @ to world peace; in a
speech filled with @. That woman is a @´, is a nuisance, is troublesome! ¹ ³vt
¶[VP6A] ´threaten: ³countries @d by/with war. ¸men®ac®ing®ly ³adv ´in a
threatening manner.¼
¨m_e®nage© ²/meIÚnqZ/ ³n ´(F) household.¼
¨men®ag®erie© ²/mIÚnadZErI/ ³n ´collection of wild animals in captivity, esp
for a travelling circus.¼
¨mend© ²/mend/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A] ´remake, repair, set right (sth broken, worn
out, or torn); restore to good condition or working order: ³@ shoes/a broken
window. ¸2 ¶[VP6A,2A] ´(= ³amend´) free from faults or errors: ³That won't @
´(= improve) ³matters. ·It's never too late to @, ´(prov) reform one's way of
living. ·@ one's ways, µ¥ way(10). ¸3 ¶[VP2A] ´regain health; heal: ³The
patient is @ing nicely. ¸4 ¶[VP6A] ´increase: ³@ one's pace´, quicken it; walk
faster; ³@ the fire´, (regional use) put more coal on it. ¹ ³n ´damaged or torn
part, that has been @ed: ³The @s were almost invisible. ·on the @, ´improving
in health or condition. ¸@er ³n ´(chiefly in compounds) one who @s:
·Ú³road-@er. ¸Ú@®ing ³n ´(esp) work of @ing (clothes, etc): ³a basketful of
@ing´, of clothes, etc, to be @ed; ³invisible @ing, µ¥ invisible.¼
¨men®da®cious© ²/menÚdeI2Es/ ³adj ´(formal) false; untruthful: ³@ newspaper
reports. ¸@®ly ³adv ¸men®dac®ity ²/menÚdasEtI/ ³n ´(formal) ¶[U]
´untruthfulness; ¶[C] ³(pl µ-ties³) ´untrue statement.¼
¨Men®delian© ²/menÚdilIEn/ ³adj ´of the theory of genetics of Mendel ²/Úmendl/,
´1822Å1884, the Czechoslovakian biologist.¼
¨men®di®cant© ²/ÚmendIkEnt/ ³n, adj ´(person) getting a living by
asking for alms, or as a beggar; ³@ friars.¼
¨men®folk© ²/ÚmenfE8k/ ³n pl ´(colloq) men, esp the men of a family: ³The @
have all gone out fishing.¼
¨me®nial© ²/ÚminIEl/ ³adj ´suitable for, to be done by, a household servant:
³such @ tasks as washing pots and pans. ¹ ³n ´(usu derog) servant. ¸@ly
²/-IElI/ ³adv¼
¨men®in®gi®tis© ²/*menInÚdZñItIs/ ³n ¶[U] ´(serious illness caused by)
inflammation of any or all of the membranes enclosing the brain and spinal
cord.¼
¨meno®pause© ²/ÚmenEpcZ/ ³n ´final cessation of the menses at the age of about
50 (colloq called ³"change of life').¼
¨men®ses© ²/Úmensiz/ ³n pl ´monthly bleeding from the uterus.¼
¨men®stru®ate© ²/Úmenstr8eIt/ ³vi ¶[VP2A] ´discharge the menses.
¸men®stru®ation ²/*menstr8ÚeI2n/ ³n ¶[U] ´this process. ¸men®strual
²/Úmenstr8El/ ³adj ´of the menses or menstruation.¼
¨men®sur®ation© ²/*mensj8ÚreI2n/ ³n ´process of, mathematical rules for,
finding length, area and volume. ¸men®sur®able ²/Úmensj8rEbl/ ³adj ´(rare)
measurable.¼
¨men®tal© ²/Úmentl/ ³adj ´of or in the mind. ¸@ age, ´person's @ level measured
in terms of the average age of children having the same @ standard. ¸*@
aÚrithmetic, ´done in the mind without using written figures or a mechanical
device. ¸*@ deÚficiency, ´subnormal development of intellectual powers,
preventing a person from learning normally, looking after himself, etc. ¸Ú@
home/hospital, ´one for @ patients. ¸*@ Úillness, ´illness of the mind. ¸Ú@
patient, ´person suffering an illness of the mind. ¸*@ reserÚvation, ´one
concerning a statement, oath, etc present in the mind but not spoken in words.
¸@ly ²/ÚmentElI/ ³adv´: ³@ly deficient/defective´, suffering from @ illness;
unable to profit from the ordinary kind of school education; ³@ly deranged,
´(colloq = µmad´).¼
¨men®tal®ity© ²/menÚtalEtI/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´general intellectual
character; degree of intellectual power: ³persons of average @. ¸2 ¶[C] ³(pl
µ-ties³) ´characteristic attitude of mind: ³a war @.¼
¨men®thol© ²/ÚmenTol/ ³n ¶[U] ´solid white substance obtained from oil of
peppermint, used, eÔg by being rubbed on the skin, to relieve neuralgia, etc
and as a flavouring, eÔg in @ cigarettes. ¸men®tho®lated ²/ÚmenTEleItId/ ³adj
´containing @.¼
¨men®tion© ²/Úmen2n/ ³vt ¶[VP6A,C,9,13A] ´speak or write sth about; say the
name of; refer to: ³He @ed to me that he had seen you. I shall @ it to him. Did
I hear my name @ed´, Was somebody talking about me? ·not to @; without @ing,
´phrases used either to excuse @ of sth unimportant or to emphasize sth
important: ³We're too busy to take a long holiday this year, not to @ the fact
that we can't afford it. ·Don't @ it, ´phrase used to indicate that thanks, an
apology, etc are unnecessary. ¹ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´@ing or naming: ³He made no @ of
your request. ¸2 ¶[C] ´brief notice or reference: ³Did the concert get a @ in
the paper? ¸-men®tioned ³adj ´(with an ³adv ´prefixed):
·*³above-/below-·Ú³mentioned, ´referred to above/below.¼
¨men®tor© ²/Úmentc(r)/ ³n ´wise and trusted adviser and helper (of an
inexperienced person).¼
¨menu© ²/Úmenju/ ³n ´list of courses at a meal or of dishes available at a
restaurant.¼
¨Mephi®stoph®elian© ²/*mefIstEÚfilIEn/ ³adj ´of or like
Mephistopheles ²/*mefIÚstofEliz/ ´(the devil in a German legend); fiendish.¼
¨mer®can®tile© ²/Úm3kEntñIl/ ³adj ´of trade, commerce and merchants. ¸@ marine,
´country's merchant ships and seamen.¼
¨Mer®cator's pro®jec®tion© ²/mE*keItEz prEÚdZek2n/ ³n ´method of making maps of
the world in which meridians and parallels of latitude cross at right angles
(so that areas far from the equator are exaggerated in size). µ¥ ´the illus at
µprojection.¼
¨mer®cen®ary© ²/Úm3sInErI ³US: ²-nerI/ ³adj ´working only for money or other
reward; inspired by love of money: ³@ politicians; act from @ motives. ¹ ³n (pl
µ-ries³) ´soldier hired for pay to serve in a foreign army.¼
¨mer®cer© ²/Úm3sE(r)/ ³n ´(GB) dealer in woven materials, esp silk and other
textiles.¼
¨mer®cer®ize© ²/Úm3sErñIz/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´treat (cotton threads) so that they are
better able to take dyes and become glossy like silk: ³@d cotton.¼
¨mer®chan®dise© ²/Úm3t2EndñIz/ ³n ¶[U] ´goods bought and sold; trade goods.¼
¨mer®chant© ²/Úm3t2Ent/ ³n ¸1 ´(usu wholesale) trader, esp one doing business
with foreign countries. ¸2 ´(chiefly attrib) of commercial shipping: (attrib)
³@ ships. ¸the @ navy/service/marine´, the @ ships and seamen of a country
collectively. ¸@ seaman´, sailor in a @ ship. ¸3 ´(as the second half of a
compound ³n´) person trading inside a country in the goods indicated: ³a
·Ú³coal-@/·Ú³wine-@. ¸4 ´(GB sl) person who is very fond of (sth) or addicted
to (sth): ³a ·Ú³speed @´, person who likes to drive at high speeds. ¸@®man
²/-mEn/ ³n (pl µ-men³) ´@ ship.¼
¨mer®ci®ful© ²/Úm3sIfl/ ³adj ·@ (to), ´having, showing, feeling mercy (to).
¸@ly ²/-fElI/ ³adv¼
¨mer®ci®less© ²/Úm3sIlIs/ ³adj ·@ (to), ´showing no mercy (to). ¸@®ly ³adv¼
¨mer®cur®ial© ²/m3Úkj8ErIEl/ ³adj ¸1 ´of, like, caused by, containing, mercury:
³@ ointment; @ poisoning. ¸2 ´(fig) lively; quickwitted. ¸3 ´(of persons)
changeable; inconstant.¼
¨mer®cury© ²/Úm3kj8rI/ ³n ¶[U] ´(also called ³quicksilver´) heavy,
silver-coloured metal (symbol ¸Hg´) usu liquid, as in thermometers and
barometers.¼
¨Mer®cury© ²/Úm3kj8rI/ ³n ´(Roman myth) messenger of the gods; ´(astron) planet
nearest the sun. µ¥ ´the illus at µplanet.¼
¨mercy© ²/Úm3sI/ ³n (pl µ-cies³) ¸1 ¶[U] ´(capacity for) holding oneself back
from punishing, or from causing suffering to, sb whom one has the right or
power to punish; ³They showed little @ to their enemies. We were given no @.
He threw himself on my @´, begged me to have @ on him, not to punish him, etc.
³The jury brought in a verdict of guilty, with a recommendation to @´, asking
that the punishment should not be too severe. ·at the @ of, ´in the power of;
without defence against: ³The ship was at the @ of the waves´, was out of
control, likely to be wrecked, etc. ·be left to the tender @/mercies of, ´be
exposed to the probably unkind, rough or cruel treatment of. ¸2 ¶[C] ´piece of
good fortune; sth to be thankful for; relief: ³That's a @! We must be thankful
for small mercies. His death was a @´, eÔg of sb with a painful and incurable
illness. ¸Ú@ killing ³n ´(colloq for) euthanasia. ¸3 ³M@! M@ on us!
´exclamations of surprise or (often pretended) terror.¼
¨mere©1 ²/mIE(r)/ ³adj ´not more than: ³She's a @ child. It's a @/the @st
trifle´, nothing at all important, nothing of any value, etc. ³M@ words ´(=
Words without acts) ³won't help. ¸@®ly ³adv ´only; simply: ³I @ly asked his
name. I said it @ly as a joke.¼
¨mere©2 ²/mIE(r)/ ³n ´pond; small lake.¼
¨mere®tri®cious© ²/*merIÚtrI2Es/ ³adj ´attractive on the surface but of little
value: ³@ jewellery; a @ style´, superficially attractive. ¸@®ly ³adv ¸@®ness
³n¼
¨merge© ²/m3dZ/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP2A,3A,6A,14] ·@ (in/into/with), ´(comm) (of
business companies) (cause to) become one: ³We are merging with the company
that supplies components for our cars. The small banks @d/were @d into one
large organization. ¸2 ¶[VP3A] ·@ into, ´fade or change gradually into:
³Twilight @d into darkness. His fear gradually @d into curiosity to know what
was happening. ¸merger ²/Úm3dZE(r)/ ³n ¶[U] ´merging; ¶[C] ´instance of this;
combining of estates, business companies, etc.¼
¨mer®id®ian© ²/mEÚrIdIEn/ ³n ¸1 ´(either half of a) circle round
the globe, passing through a given place and the north and south poles: ³the @
of Greenwich´, longitude 0Ä. ¸2 ´highest point reached by the sun or other star
as viewed from a point on the earth's surface; 12 noon. ¸3 ´(fig) period of
greatest splendour, success, power, etc. ¸4 ´(attrib) of a @: ³@ line/altitude;
´(fig) ³in his @ splendour.¼
¨mer®idi®onal© ²/mEÚrIdIEnl/ ³adj ´of the south; of the south of Europe, esp
the south of France.¼
¨me®ringue© ²/mEÚraG/ ³n ¶[U,C] ´whites of egg and sugar baked and used as a
covering over pies, tarts, etc; small cake made of this mixture.¼
¨mer®ino© ²/mEÚrinE8/ ³n (pl µ@s ²/-nE8z/³) ¸1 ´(also ¸Ú@-sheep´) breed of
sheep with long, fine wool. ¸2 ¶[U] ´yarn or cloth from this wool; soft wool
and cotton material.¼
¨merit© ²/ÚmerIt/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´quality or fact of deserving well; worth;
excellence: ³There isn't much @ in giving away things you don't value or want.
Do men of @ always win recognition? She was awarded a certificate of @ for her
piano playing. ¸2 ¶[C] ´quality, fact, action, etc, that deserves reward:
³We must decide the case on its @s´, according to the rights and wrongs of the
case, without being influenced by personal feelings. ·make a @ of sth,
´represent it as deserving reward or praise: ³Don't make a @ of being
punctualÅit's only what we expect of you. ´¹ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´deserve; be worthy
of: ³@ reward/punishment.¼
¨meri®toc®racy© ²/*merIÚtokrEsI/ ³n (pl µ-cies³) ´(system of
government or control by) persons of high practical or intellectual ability.¼
¨meri®tori®ous© ²/*merIÚtcrIEs/ ³adj ´praiseworthy; deserving reward: ³a prize
for @ conduct. ¸@®ly ³adv¼
¨mer®maid© ²/Úm3meId/ ³n ´(in children's stories, etc) woman with a fish's
tail in place of legs. ¸mer®man ²/Úm3mEn/ ³n (pl µ-men³) ´male @.¼
¨merry© ²/ÚmerI/ ³adj µ(-ier, -iest) ¸1 ´happy; cheerful; bright and gay: ³a @
laugh; wish sb a @ Christmas. ·make @, ´be gay and cheerful; laugh, talk, sing
and feast. ¸Ú@-maker ³n ´person who does this. ¸Ú@-making ³n ¶[U] ´doing this.
¸Ú@-go-round ³n ´revolving machine with horses, cars, etc on which children
ride at fun fairs, etc. ¸2 ´(old use) pleasant: ³the @ month of May; M@
England. ¸mer®rily ²/ÚmerElI/ ³adv ¸mer®ri®ment ²/ÚmerImEnt/ ³n ¶[U].¼
¨m_e®sal®liance© ²/*meIÚzalIqns/ ³n ´marriage with a person of lower social
position.¼
¨mes®cal© ²/Úmeskl/ ³n ¸1 ´globe-shaped cactus of Mexico. ¸2 ´Mexican liquor
distilled from the juices of the agave plant. ¸mes®ca®line ²/ÚmeskElIn/ ³n
¶[U] ´hallucinatory drug extracted from the @ cactus.¼
¨Mes®dames© ²/meIÚdqm/ ³n pl ´of µmadame.¼
¨Mes®demoi®selles© ²/*meIdmwEÚzel/ ³n pl ´of µmademoiselle.¼
¨me®seems© ²/mIÚsimz/ ³vi ´(old use) it seems to me.¼
¨mesh© ²/me2/ ³n ¸1 ´one of the spaces in a net or wire screen: ³a net with
half-inch @es; ´spaces in other material. µ¥ micromesh. ¸2 ³(pl) ´network:
³the @es of a spider's web; ´(fig) ³entangled in the @es of political intrigue.
¸3 ´(mechanics) ·in @, ´(of the geared teeth of wheels) engaged, interlocked.
µ¥ ´also µsynchromesh. ´¹ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A] ´catch (eÔg fish) in a net. ¸2
¶[VP2A,3A] ·@ (with), ´(of toothed wheels) interlock; be engaged (with others);
(fig) harmonize: ³Our ways of looking at these problems don't @.¼
¨mes®mer®ism© ²/ÚmezmErIzEm/ ³n ¶[U] ´(older name for) hypnotism.
¸mes®meric ²/mezÚmerIk/ ³adj ´hypnotic. ¸mes®mer®ist ²/-Ist/ ³n ´hypnotist.
¸mes®mer®ize ²/-ñIz/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´hypnotize.¼
¨me®son© ²/ÚmisEn/ ³n ´(phys) type of subatomic particle with a mass between
that of an electron and a proton.¼
¨mess©1 ²/mes/ ³n ´(with ³indef art´, but rarely ³pl´) state of confusion,
dirt or disorder: ³The workmen cleaned up the @ before they left. Who's going
to clear up the @ made by the cat? You've made a @ of the job´, have done it
very badly. ³He has got into another @´, is in trouble again. ³A nice @ you've
made of it´, You've spoilt it! ³I've never seen so much @ and disorder! ´¹
³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A,15B] ·@ sth (up), ´make a @ of; put into disorder or
confusion: ³The late arrival of the train @ed up all our plans. ´Hence, ¸Ú@-up
³n ´(colloq) disorder or confusion: ³There's been a bit of a @-up ´(= a
misunderstanding, a failure to do what was needed) ³about booking seats for
that concert. ¸2 ¶[VP2C,15B] ·@ sth/sb about, ¸(a) ´do things with no very
definite plan; behave foolishly. ¸(b) ´make a @ or muddle (of sth); treat (sb)
roughly or inconsiderately: ³Stop @ing me about! ¸@y ³adj µ(-ier, -iest)
´dirty; in a state of disorder: ³a @y job´, eÔg one that makes the hands and
clothes dirty.¼
¨mess©2 ²/mes/ ³n ¶[C] ´company of persons taking meals together (esp in the
Armed Forces); these meals; the room, etc in which the meals are eaten.
¸Ú@-jacket ³n ´(uniform) jacket worn at @. ¸Ú@-mate ³n ´member of the same @
(esp a ship's @ in the Navy). ¹ ³vi ·@ with sb; @ together, ´eat meals. ³The
five young men @ together. ¸Ú@®ing allowance ³n ´money allowed (in the Armed
Forces) for cost of meals in a @.¼
¨mess®age© ²/ÚmesIdZ/ ³n ¸1 ´piece of news, or a request, sent to
sb: ³Radio @s told us that the ship was sinking. Will you take this @ to my
brother? Got the @? ´(sl) Have you understood? ¸2 ´social, moral or religious
teaching: ³the @ of Muhammad to his age.¼
¨mess®en®ger© ²/ÚmesIndZE(r)/ ³n ´person carrying a message.¼
¨Mess®iah© ²/mIÚsñIE/ ³n ´person expected by the Jews to come and set them
free; Jesus Christ considered as this.¼
¨Mess®ieurs© ²/meIÚsj3(r)/ ³n pl ´of µmonsieur.¼
¨Messrs© ²/ÚmesEz/ ³n ´(abbr of ³Messieurs´) used as the ³pl ´of ³Mr ´before a
list of men's names: ³@ Smith, Brown and Robinson´, and before names of
business firms: ³@ T Brown & Co.¼
¨mes®suage© ²/ÚmeswIdZ/ ³n ´(legal) dwelling-house with the outbuildings and
land that go with it.¼
¨met© ²/met/ ³pt, pp ´of µmeet.¼
¨Met© ²/met/ ³n ´(abbr of) Meteorological: ³get the latest @ report, ´issued
by the ·Ú³Met Office ´on the weather.¼
¨me®tab®olism© ²/mIÚtabElIzEm/ ³n ¶[U] ´process by which food is built up into
living matter or by which living matter is broken down into simple substances.
¸meta®bolic ²/*metEÚbolIk/ ³adj ´of @.¼
¨meta®car®pal© ²/*metEÚkqpl/ ³adj, n ´(anat) (of a) bone in the
hand. µ¥ ´the illus at µskeleton.¼
¨metal© ²/Úmetl/ ³n ¸1 ¶[C] ´any of a class of mineral substances such as tin,
iron, gold and copper: ³a worker in @s. ¸Ú@-work ³n ´artistic work in @.
¸Ú@-worker ³n ´one who shapes objects in @. ¸2 ¶[U] ´one of these (as a
material ³n´): ³Is it made of wood or @? ¸3 ¶[U] ¸(Úroad-)@, ´(GB) broken
stone used for making roads or the beds of railways. ¸4 ³(pl) ´railway-lines:
³The train left/jumped the @s. ´¹ ³vt µ(-ll-, ´US µ-l-) ¶[VP6A] ´make or repair
a road with @µ(3)´: ³@led roads; a @led road surface.¼
¨me®tal®lic© ²/mIÚtalIk/ ³adj ´of or like metal: ³a @ currency´, iÔe with metal
coins; ³@ compounds; @ sounds´, eÔg as made by brass objects struck together.¼
¨me®tal®lurgy© ²/mIÚtalEdZI ³US: ²ÚmetEl3rdZI/ ³n ¶[U] ´science and technology
of metals, eÔg of separating metal from ore, purifying it, and of working in
metal. ¸me®tal®lur®gist ²/-dZIst/ ³n ´expert in @. ¸me®tal®lur®gi®cal
²/*metEÚl3dZIkl/ ³adv ´of @.¼
¨meta®mor®phose© ²/*metEÚmcfE8z/ ³vt,vi ¶[VP6A,14,3A] ·@ (sb/sth) (into),
´change in form, change the nature of (as by sorcery): ³Circe @d the companions
of Odysseus into swine.¼
¨meta®mor®pho®sis© ²/*metEÚmcfEsIs/ ³n (pl µ-oses ²/-Esiz/³) ´change of form or
character, eÔg by natural growth or development: ³the @ in the life of an
insect, ´from the egg, etc; ³the social @ that has occurred in China.¼
¨meta®phor© ²/ÚmetEfE(r)/ ³n ¶[C,U] ´(example of) the use of words to indicate
sth different from the literal meaning, as in "I'll make him ³eat ´his words'
or "He has a heart ³of stone´'. Cf ³simile´: "a heart ³like stone´'. ¸@i®cal
²/*metEÚforIkl ³US: ²-Úfcr-/ ³adj ´of or like a @; containing or using @s.
¸@i®cally ²/-klI/ ³adv¼
¨meta®phys®ics© ²/*metEÚfIzIks/ ³n pl sing-v ¸1 ´branch of philosophy
dealing with the nature of existence, truth and knowledge: ³M@ deals with
abstractions. Do we need a new @? ´(Note: on the analogy of French and German,
³metaphysic ´is sometimes used, meaning "system of @'). ¸2 ´(pop use)
speculative philosophy; abstract talk. ¸meta®phys®ical ²/*metEÚfIzIkl/ ³adj
´of @; based on abstract reasoning.¼
¨meta®tar®sal© ²/*metEÚtqsl/ ³adj, n ´(anat) (of a) bone in the foot. µ¥ ´the
illus at µskeleton.¼
¨mete© ²/mit/ ³vt ¶[VP15B] ·@ out, ´portion or measure: ³@ out
rewards/punishments. Justice was @d out to them.¼
¨me®teor© ²/ÚmitIE(r)/ ³n ¶[C] ´small particle of matter that enters the
earth's atmosphere from outer space and becomes bright (as a ³"shooting star'
´or ³"falling star'´) in the night sky as it is burnt up.¼
¨me®teoric© ²/*mitIÚorIk ³US: ²-Úcr-/ ³adj ¸1 ´of the atmosphere or of
atmospheric conditions; of meteors. ¸2 ´(fig) brilliant but brief: ³a @
career.¼
¨me®teor®ite© ²/ÚmitIErñIt/ ³n ¶[C] ´fallen meteor; fragment of rock or metal
that has reached the earth's surface from outer space.¼
¨me®teor®ol®ogy© ²/*mitIEÚrolEdZI/ ³n ¶[U] ´science of the weather; study of
the earth's atmosphere and its changes. ¸me®teor®ol®ogist ²/*mitIEÚrolEdZIst/
³n ´expert in @. ¸me®teoro®logi®cal ²/*mitjErEÚlodZIkl ³US: ²*mitIcr-/ ³adj ´of
@: ³weather forecasts from the Central Meteorological Office.¼
¨me®ter©1 ²/ÚmitE(r)/ ³n ¶[C] ´apparatus which measures, esp one that records
the amount of whatever passes through it, or the distance travelled, fare
payable, etc: ³an ·*³elec·Ú³tricity-@; a ·Ú³gas-@; a ·Ú³water-@; an
ex·Ú³posure-@´, for measuring the time needed for exposure of photographic
film, etc; ³a ·Ú³parking-@´, one that measures the time during which a car is
(for a fee) parked in a public place; ³fares mounting up on the @´, eÔg of a
taxi-cab.¼
¨me®ter©2 ²/ÚmitE(r)/ ³n ´(US) = µmetre.¼
¨meth®ane© ²/ÚmiTeIn/ ³n ¶[U] ´odourless, colourless inflammable gas ¸(CH¶e¸)
´that occurs in coalmines (as fire damp, causing explosions) and (as natural
gas, marsh gas) on marshy areas.¼
¨me®thinks© ²/mIÚTIGks/ ³vi (pt µmethought ²/mIÚTct/´) (old use) it seems to
me.¼
¨method© ²/ÚmeTEd/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´systemµ(2)´, orderliness: ³He's a
man of @. ·There's @ in his madness, ´His behaviour, etc is not so unreasonable
as it seems. ¸2 ¶[C] ´way of doing sth: ³modern @s of teaching arithmetic; @s
of payment´, eÔg cash, cheques, monthly instalments. ¸@i®cal ²/mIÚTodIkl/ ³adj
¸1 ´done, carried out, with order or @: ³@ical work. ¸2 ´doing things with @;
having orderly habits: ³a @ical worker. ¸@i®cally ²/-klI/ ³adv ¸@®ol®ogy
²/*meTEÚdolEdZI/ ³n ¶[U] ´science or study of @; ¶[C] ´set of @s used in
working at sth.¼
¨Meth®od®ism© ²/ÚmeTEdIzEm/ ³n ´teaching, organization and manner of worship in
the Christian denomination deriving from John Wesley ²/ÚwezlI/ ´1703Å1791.
¸Meth®od®ist ²/-Ist/ ³n, adj ´(member) of this denomination. µ¥ Wesleyan.¼
¨me®thought© ²/mIÚTct/ ³pt ´of µmethinks.¼
¨meths© ²/meTs/ ³n pl ´(colloq abbr for) µmethylated spirits.¼
¨Me®thuse®lah© ²/mIÚTjuzElE/ ³n ´(in the Bible) man stated to have lived 969
years; (hence) man who lives to a great age. µ¥ Gen 5: 27.¼
¨methyl© ²/ÚmeTIl/ ³n ¸@ alcohol, ´kind of alcohol (also called ³wood spirit´)
present in many organic compounds. ¸Ú@®ated ²/-eItId/ ³adj ¸*@ated Úspirit(s),
¶[U] ´form of alcohol (made unfit for drinking) used for lighting and heating.¼
¨me®ticu®lous© ²/mIÚtIkj8lEs/ ³adj ·@ (in), ´giving, showing, great attention
to detail; careful and exact. ¸@®ly ³adv¼
¨m_e®tier© ²/ÚmetIeI/ ³n ´one's trade, profession or line of business.¼
¨metre©1 ´(US = ¸me®ter´) ²/ÚmitE(r)/ ³n ´unit of length in the metric system.
µ¥ App 5.¼
¨metre©2 ´(US = ¸me®ter´) ²/ÚmitE(r)/ ³n ¶[U] ´verse rhythm; ¶[C] ´particular
form of this; fixed arrangement of accented and unaccented syllables.¼
¨met®ric© ²/ÚmetrIk/ ³adj ´of the metre±1´: ¸the Ú@ system, ´the decimal
measuring system based on the metre as the unit of length, the kilogram as the
unit of mass and the litre as the unit of capacity. ¸@ ton, ´1Ô000 kilograms.
¸met®ri®cize ²/ÚmetrIsñIz/ ³vt ´convert to the @ system.¼
¨metri®cal© ²/ÚmetrIkl/ ³adj ¸1 ´of, composed in, metre±2
´(contrasted with ordinary prose): ³a @ translation of the Iliad. ¸2
´connected with measurement: ³@ geometry. ¸@ly ²/-klI/ ³adv¼
¨metri®ca®tion© ²/*metrIÚkeI2n/ ³n ´conversion to the metric system.¼
¨Metro© ²/ÚmetrE8/ ³n ¸(the) @, ´the underground railway system in Paris. ´Cf
in London, ³Underground ´or ³tube.¼
¨met®ro®nome© ²/ÚmetrEnE8m/ ³n ´(music) graduated inverted pendulum for
sounding an adjustable number of beats per minute. µ¥ ´the illus at µmeter.¼
¨me®trop®olis© ²/mEÚtropElIs/ ³n (pl µ@es³) ´chief city of a country; capital;
(in GB) ³the @´, London.¼
¨metro®poli®tan© ²/*metrEÚpolItEn/ ³adj ¸1 ´of or in a capital city: ³the @
police. ¸2 ´of an ecclesiastical province. ¸@ bishop, ´one (usu an archbishop)
having authority over the bishops in his province. ¸3 M@ France, ´France itself
as distinct from its dependencies overseas. ¹ ³n ¸1 ´person who lives in a
metropolis. ¸2 M@, ´@ bishop.¼
¨mettle© ²/Úmetl/ ³n ¶[U] ´quality, eÔg in persons, horses, of endurance and
courage: ³a man of @; a horse that is full of @; try sb's @´, test his quality.
·be on one's @; put sb on his @, ´rouse oneself/him to do one's/his best, put
oneself/him in a position that tests one's/his @. ¸Ú@®some ²/-sEm/ ³adj
´high-spirited.¼
¨mew© ²/mju/ ´(also ¸miaow´) ³n ´sound made by a cat or a sea-bird. ¹ ³vi
¶[VP2A] ´make this sound: ³We heard the mewing of a cat.¼
¨mews© ²/mjuz/ ³n ´(with ³sing v) ´(old use) square or street of stables behind
a residential street; (modern use) such stables rebuilt for use as garages or
converted into flats, etc: ³living in a South Kensington @.¼
¨mezza®nine© ²/ÚmezEnin/ ³n, adj ´(floor) between ground floor and first floor,
often in the form of a balcony.¼
¨mezzo© ²/ÚmetsE8/ ³adv ´(musical direction) moderately; half: ³@
forte´, moderately loud. ¸@-so®prano ²/*metsE8-sEÚprqnE8 ³US: ²-Úpran-/ ³n
´(person with, part for a) voice between soprano and contralto.¼
¨mezzo®tint© ²/ÚmetsE8tInt/ ³n ¶[C,U] ´(print produced by a) method of printing
from a metal plate which has a rough surface of small dots scraped and polished
to produce areas of light and shade.¼
¨mi©, me ²/mi/ ³n ´third note in the musical octave.¼
¨mi®aou©, mi®aow ²/miÚñ8/ ³n, vi ´= µmew.¼
¨mi®asma© ²/mIÚazmE/ ³n ´unhealthy mist rising from the ground; (fig) unhealthy
environment or influence.¼
¨mica© ²/ÚmñIkE/ ³n ¶[U] ´transparent mineral substance easily divided into
thin layers, used as an electrical insulator, etc.¼
¨mice© ²/mñIs/ ³n pl ´of µmouse.¼
¨Michael®mas© ²/ÚmIklmEs/ ³n ´29 Sept, the feast of St Michael. ¸*@ Údaisy,
´perennial aster flowering in autumn, with blue, white, pink or purple
flowers.¼
¨mickey© ²/ÚmIkI/ ³n ·take the @ (out of sb), ´(sl) hold (him) up to ridicule;
mock or tease (him).¼
¨mickle© ²/ÚmIkl/, ±muckle ²/ÚmAkl/ ³n ´(Scot) large amount: ³Many a
little makes a @.¼
¨microbe© ²/ÚmñIkrE8b/ ³n ´tiny living creature that can be seen only with the
help of a microscope, esp kinds of bacteria causing diseases and fermentation.¼
¨micro®bi®ol®ogy© ²/*mñIkrE8bñIÚolEdZI/ ³n ¶[U] ´study of micro-organisms.¼
¨micro®cosm© ²/ÚmñIkrE8kozEm/ ³n ¶[C] ´sth, (esp man, by the ancient
philosophers) considered as representing (on a small scale) mankind or the
universe; miniature representation ³(of ´a system, etc). µ¥ macrocosm.¼
¨micro®dot© ²/ÚmñIkrE8dot/ ³n ´photograph reduced to the size of a dot.¼
¨mi®cro®elec®tron®ics© ²/*mñIkrE8*lekÚtronIks/ ³n pl sing-v ´design,
construction and use of devices with extremely small (usu solid state)
components.¼
¨micro®fiche© ²/ÚmñIkrE8fi2/ ³n ¶[C,U] ´sheet of microfilm.¼
¨micro®film© ²/ÚmñIkrE8fIlm/ ³n ¶[C,U] ´(roll, section, of)
photographic film for small-scale reproduction of documentary material, etc. ¹
³vt ¶[VP6A] ´photograph in this way: ³@ old historical records/bank accounts.¼
¨mi®crom®eter© ²/mñIÚkromItE(r)/ ³n ´device for measuring very small objects.¼
¨mi®cron© ²/ÚmñIkron/ ³n ´unit of length (symbol ²X´) equal to one millionth of
a metre.¼
¨micro-or®gan®ism© ²/*mñIkrE8ÚcgEnIzEm/ ³n ´organism so small as to be visible
only under a microscope.¼
¨micro®phone© ²/ÚmñIkrEfE8n/ ³n ´instrument for changing sound waves into
electrical current, as in telephones, radio, etc.¼
¨micro®scope© ²/ÚmñIkrEskE8p/ ³n ´instrument with lenses for making very small
near objects appear larger: ³examine sth under the @. ¸micro®scopic
²/*mñIkrEÚskopIk/, ¸micro®scopi®cal ²/-kl/ ³adjj ´of the @; too small to be
visible except under a @. ¸micro®scopi®cally ²/-klI/ ³adv¼
¨micro®wave© ²/ÚmñIkrE8weIv/ ³n ´very short wave (as used in radio and radar).¼
¨mid©1 ²/mId/ ³adj ¸1 ´the middle of: ³from mid June to mid August; in mid
winter; a collision in mid Channel/in mid air. ¸2 ´(in compounds used attrib):
³a midwinter day; mid-morning coffee. ¸the *MidÚwest, ´(also known as ¸the
*Middle ÚWest´) that part of the US which is the Mississippi basin as far south
as Kansas, Missouri and the Ohio River. ¸3 ´(cricket) ¸*mid-Úoff, *mid-Úon,
´fielder near the bowler on the off, on, side. µ¥ ´the illus at µcricket.
¸mid®most ²/ÚmIdmE8st/ ³adj, adv ´(³superl ´of µmid´) (that is) in the very
middle.¼
¨mid©2 ²/mId/ ³prep ´(poet) amid; among.¼
¨mid®day© ²/*mIdÚdeI/ ³n ´noon: (attrib) ³the @ meal´, iÔe lunch.¼
¨mid®den© ²/ÚmIdn/ ³n ´heap of dung or rubbish.¼
¨middle© ²/ÚmIdl/ ³n ¸1 the @, ´point, position or part, which is at an equal
distance from two or more points, etc or between beginning and end: ³the @ of a
room; in the @ of the century; in the very @ of the night; standing in the @ of
the street; a pain in the @ of the back. They were in the @ of dinner ´(= were
having dinner) ³when I called. I was in the @ of reading ´(= was busy reading)
³when she telephoned. ¸*@-of-the-Úroad, ´(attrib) (of policies, etc) avoiding
extremes. ¸2 ´(colloq) waist: ³seize sb round the @; fifty inches round the @.
¸3 ´(attrib use) in the @: ³the @ house in the row. ¸*@ Úage, ´the period of
life between youth and old age. Hence, ¸*@-Úaged ²/-ÚeIdZd/ ³adj ´of @ age: ³a
@-aged woman. ¸*@-age(d) Úspread´, (colloq) corpulence that tends to come with
@ age. ¸the *M@ ÚAges, ´the period (in European history) from about ¶AÔD ´1100
to 1500. ¸*@ Úclass, ´class of society between the lower and upper classes (eÔg
shopkeepers, business men, professional workers). Hence, ¸*@-Úclass ³adj ´of
this class: ³a @-class residential area. ·(take/follow) a @ course, ´a
compromise between two extreme courses (of action). ¸the *@ Údistance, ´that
part of a landscape, scene, painting, etc between the foreground and the
background. ¸the *@ Úear, ´hollow space of the central part of the ear, in
front of the ear-drum. µ¥ ´the illus at µear. ¸the *M@ ÚEast, µ¥ East. ¸*@
Úfinger, ´the second. ¸the *M@ ÚKingdom, ´(an old name for) China. ¸Ú@®man
²/-man/ ³n (pl µ-men³) ´any trader through whose hands goods pass between the
producer and the consumer. ¸*@ Úname, ´second of two given names, eÔg ³Bernard
´in ³George Bernard Shaw. ¸Ú@ school, ´(in some countries) type of school
between elementary school and high school. ¸the *@ Úwatch, ´(on ships) between
midnight and 4aÔm. ¸Ú@®weight, ´(esp) boxer weighing between 147 and 160 lb or
(66²Ø´6 to 72²Ø´5 kg). ¸the *M@ ÚWest, µ¥ ³Midwest ´at µmid±1µ(2).¼
¨mid®dling© ²/ÚmIdlIG/ ³adj ´of middle or medium size, quality, grade, etc: ³a
town of @ size. He says he's feeling only @ ´(often ·fair to @´), (colloq) in
fairly good but not very good health. ¹ ³adv ´(colloq) moderately: ³@ tall. ´¹
³n ´(usu ³pl´) goods of second or inferior quality, esp coarse-ground wheat
flour mixed with bran.¼
¨middy© ²/ÚmIdI/ ³n (pl µ-dies³) ´(colloq abbr of) midshipman. ¸Ú@ blouse,
´loose blouse like that worn by naval seamen.¼
¨midge© ²/mIdZ/ ³n ´small winged insect like a gnat.¼
¨midget© ²/ÚmIdZIt/ ³n ´extremely small person, eÔg one exhibited as a
curiosity at a circus; (attrib) very small: ³a @ submarine.¼
¨midi®nette© ²/*mIdIÚnet/ ³n ´Parisian shop-assistant, esp a milliner's
assistant.¼
¨mid®land© ²/ÚmIdlEnd/ ³n ´(often attrib) middle part of a country. ¸the M@s,
´the @ counties of England.¼
¨mid®night© ²/ÚmIdnñIt/ ³n ¸1 ´12 o'clock at night: ³at/before/after @. ¸2
´(attrib) during the middle of the night; at @: ³the @ hours. ·burn the @ oil,
´sit up and work late at night. ·the @ sun, ´the sun as seen at @ in summer
within the Arctic or Antarctic Circle.¼
¨mid®riff© ²/ÚmIdrIf/ ³n ¸1 ´(anat) diaphragm. ¸2 ´abdomen, belly: (boxing) ³a
blow on the @.¼
¨mid®ship®man© ²/ÚmId2IpmEn/ ³n (pl µ-men³) ´non-commissioned officer ranking
below a sub-lieutenant in the Royal Navy; student training to be commissioned
as an officer in the US Navy.¼
¨mid®ships© ²/ÚmId2Ips/ ³adv ´= µamidships.¼
¨midst© ²/mIdst/ ³n ´(liter or archaic) middle part: ³in/into/from/out of the
@ (of). ·in our/your/their @, ´among, with us etc. ´¹ ³prep ´(liter or archaic)
in the middle of; amidst.¼
¨mid®stream© ²/*mIdÚstrim/ ³n ¶[U] ´the part of a stream, river, etc away from
both its banks. ·in @, ´in the middle of the action, event, etc.¼
¨mid®sum®mer© ²/*mIdÚsAmE(r)/ ³n ¶[U] ´period about 21 June. ¸*M@ Úday, ´24
June. ¸*@ Úmadness, ´the height of madness.¼
¨mid®way© ²/*mIdÚweI/ ³adj, adv ·@ (between), ´situated in the middle;
halfway.¼
¨mid®wife© ²/ÚmIdwñIf/ ³n (pl µmidwives ²/-wñIvz/³) ´woman trained
to help women in childbirth. ¸mid®wifery ²/ÚmIdwIfrI/ ³n ¶[U] ´profession and
work of a @; obstetrics: ³take a course in @ry.¼
¨mien© ²/min/ ³n ´(liter) person's appearance or bearing (as showing a mood,
etc): ³with a sorrowful @; of pleasing @; the severity of his @.¼
¨might©1 ²/mñIt/ ³pt ´of µmay.¼
¨might©2 ²/mñIt/ ³n ¶[U] ´great power; strength: ³work with all one's @; "M@ is
right', he said, ´iÔe Having power to enforce one's will gives one the right to
do so. ·with @ and main, ´using all one's physical force.¼
¨mighty© ²/ÚmñItI/ ³adj µ(-ier, -iest) ¸1 ´(liter, biblical) powerful: ³a @
nation. ¸2 ´great; massive: ³the @ ocean. ·high and @, ´very proud. ¹ ³adv
´(colloq) very: ³think oneself @ clever. ¸Úmight®ily ²/-IlI/ ³adv ´greatly;
(dated colloq) extremely: ³mightily indignant.¼
¨mignon®ette© ²/*mInjEÚnet/ ³n ¶[U] ´garden plant with small, sweet-smelling,
greenish-white flowers.¼
¨mi®graine© ²/ÚmigreIn/ ³n ´severe, frequently recurring, headache (usu on one
side only of the head or face), often accompanied by nausea.¼
¨mi®grant© ²/ÚmñIgrEnt/ ³n ´one who migrates, esp a bird: ³Swallows are @s. ¸@
labour, ´that available in a country from (short-term) immigrants.¼
¨mi®grate© ²/mñIÚgreIt ³US: ²ÚmñIgreIt/ ³vi ¶[VP2A,3A] ·@ (from/to), ¸1 ´move
from one place to another (to live there). ¸2 ´(of birds and fishes) come and
go with the season; travel regularly from one region to another. ¸mi®gra®tion
²/mñIÚgreI2n/ ´n ¶[U] ´migrating; ¶[C] ´instance of this; ¶[C] ´number of
persons, animals, etc migrating together. ¸mi®gra®tory ²/ÚmñIgrEtrI ³US:
²-tcrI/ ³adj ´having the habit of migrating: ³migratory birds.¼
¨mi®kado© ²/mIÚkqdE8/ ³n ´(name formerly used outside, but not inside, Japan
for) Emperor of Japan.¼
¨mike© ²/mñIk/ ³n ´(colloq abbr for) µmicrophone.¼
¨mi®lady© ²/mIÚleIdI/ ³n (pl µ-dies³) ´(dated form of address to a)
lady. Cf current use ³My Lady.¼
¨mi®lage© ²/ÚmñIlIdZ/ ³n ´= µmileage.¼
¨milch© ²/mIlt2/ ³adj ´(of domestic mammals) kept for, giving, milk: ·Ú³@
cows.¼
¨mild© ²/mñIld/ ³adj µ(-er, -est) ¸1 ´soft; gentle; not severe: ³@ weather; @
punishments; a @ answer. I'm the @est man alive´, No one is gentler, etc than I
am. ¸2 ´(of food, drink, tobacco) not sharp or strong in taste or flavour: ³@
cheese; a @ cigar; @ (ale) and bitter´, @ and bitter beer mixed. ·draw it @, µ¥
draw±2µ(5). ¸3 @ steel, ´tough and malleable, with a low percentage of carbon.
¸@®ly ³adv ´in a @ manner. ·to put it @ly, ´to say the least of it, to speak
without exaggeration. ¸@®ness ³n¼
¨mil®dew© ²/ÚmIldju ³US: ²-du/ ³n ¶[U] ´(usu destructive) growth of tiny fungi
forming on plants, leather, food, etc in warm and damp conditions: ³roses
ruined by @. ´¹ ³vt,vi ¶[VP6A,2A] ´affect, become affected, with @.¼
¨mile© ²/mñIl/ ³n ´measure of distance, 1Ô760 yards: ³For @s and @s there's
nothing but desert. It's a 30 @/a 30 @s' journey. He ran the @ in 4 minutes/a
4-minute @. She's feeling @s better today´, (colloq) very much better. ³There's
no one within @s of him as a tennis player´, no one who can rival him. µ¥
nautical; ¥ App 5. ¸@®om®eter ²/mñIÚlomItE(r)/ ³n ´device (in a motor-vehicle)
recording the number of @s travelled. ¸Ú@®stone ³n ¸(a) ´stone set up at the
side of a road showing distances. ¸(b) ´(fig) (important) stage or event in
history or in human life.¼
¨mile®age© ²/ÚmñIlIdZ/ ³n ¸1 ´distance travelled, measured in miles: ³a used
car with a small @´, one that has not run many miles. ¸2 ´allowance for
travelling expenses at so much a mile.¼
¨miler© ²/ÚmñIlE(r)/ ³n ´(colloq) runner specializing in one mile races: ³He's
our best @.¼
¨mi®lieu© ²/Úmilj3 ³US: ²*milÚj3 ³the ²3 ³having no ²r ³quality²/
³n ´environment; social surroundings.¼
¨mili®tant© ²/ÚmIlItEnt/ ³adj ´ready for fighting; actively engaged in or
supporting the use of force or strong pressure: ³@ students/workers. ¹ n ´@
person, eÔg in trade unionism, politics. ¸Úmili®tancy ²/-EnsI/ ³n¼
¨mili®tar®ism© ²/ÚmIlItErIzEm/ ³n ¶[U] ´belief in, reliance upon, military
strength and virtues. ¸mili®tar®ist ²/ÚmIlItErIst/ ³n ´supporter of, believer
in @. ¸mili®tar®istic ²/*mIlItEÚrIstIk/ ³adj¼
¨mili®tary© ²/ÚmIlItrI ³US: ²-terI/ ³adj ´of or for soldiers, an army, war on
land: ³@ training; in @ uniform; @ government; a @ attach_e; called up for two
years' @ service´, to serve as a soldier. ¹ ³n ¶[U] ¸the @, ´the soldiers; the
army: ³The @ were called in to deal with these civil disorders.¼
¨mili®tate© ²/ÚmIlIteIt/ ³vi ¶[VP3A] ·@ against, ´(of evidence, facts) have
force, operate: ³Several factors combined to @ against the success of our
plan.¼
¨mil®itia© ²/mIÚlI2E/ ³n ´(usu ¸the @´) force of civilians trained as soldiers
but not part of the regular army. ¸@®man ²/-mEn/ ³n (pl µ-men³) ´member of the
@.¼
¨milk©1 ²/mIlk/ ³n ¶[U] ¸1 ´white liquid produced by female mammals as food for
their young, esp that of cows, drunk by human beings and made into butter and
cheese: ³@ fresh from the cow; tinned @; ³@ puddings´, eÔg rice, sago or
tapioca baked with @ in a dish. ·the @ of human kindness, ´the kindness that
should be natural to human beings. ·It's no use crying over spilt @, ´over a
loss or error for which there is no remedy. ·@ and water, ´(fig) feeble
discourse or sentiment. ¸2 ´(compounds) ¸Ú@®bar ³n ´bar for the sale of drinks
made from @, ice-cream and other light refreshments. ¸Ú@-churn ³n ´large vessel
fitted with a lid for carrying @. ¸Ú@ loaf, ´sweet-tasting white bread.
¸Ú@®maid ³n ´woman who milks cows and works in a dairy. ¸Ú@®man ²/-mEn/ ³n (pl
µ-men³) ´man who sells @; man who goes from house to house delivering @.
¸Ú@-powder ³n ´@ dehydrated by evaporation. ¸Ú@ round ³n ´@man's route from
house to house, street to street. ¸Ú@®shake ³n ´beverage of @ with ice-cream
mixed into it and beaten up. ¸Ú@®sop ²/-sop/ ³n ´man or youth who is lacking in
spirit, who is too soft and gentle. ¸Ú@-tooth ³n (pl µ-teeth³) ´one of the
first (temporary) teeth in young mammals. ¸*@-Úwhite ³adj ´as white as @. ¸3
´@-like juice of some plants and trees, eÔg the juice inside a coconut.
¸Ú@®weed ³n ´name used for several kinds of wild plant with a juice like @. ¸4
´@-like preparation made from herbs, drugs, etc: ³@ of magnesia.¼
¨milk©2 ²/mIlk/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A] ´draw milk from a cow/ewe/goat, or juice
from a plant, or venom from a snake; extract money, information, etc (by guile
or dishonesty) from a person or institution. ¸2 ¶[VP2A] ´yield milk: ³The cows
are @ing well. ¸Ú@ing-machine ³n ´apparatus for @ing cows mechanically.¼
¨milky© ²/ÚmIlkI/ ³adj µ(-ier, -iest) ´of or like milk; mixed with milk; (of a
liquid) cloudy, not clear. ¸the *M@ ÚWay, ´the broad luminous band of stars
encircling the sky; the Galaxy (as seen from earth).¼
¨mill©1 ²/mIl/ ³n ¸1 ´(building (·Ú³flour-@´) with) machinery or
apparatus for grinding grain into flour (old style, ·Ú³water@, ·Ú³wind@´).
·put sb/go through the @, ´(cause to) undergo hard training or experience.
·run-of-the-@, µ¥ run±1µ(10). ¸Ú@-dam ³n ´dam built across a stream to make
water available for a @. ¸Ú@-pond ³n ´water retained by a @-dam, to flow to
the @: ³like a @-pond´, (of the sea) very calm. ¸Ú@-race ³n ´current of water
that turns a ·Ú³@-wheel. ¸Ú@®stone ³n ´one of a pair of circular stones
between which grain is ground. ·a @stone round one's neck, ´(fig) heavy burden:
³That mortgage has been like a @stone round my neck. ·be between the upper and
nether ´(= lower) ·@stone, ´be subject to irresistible pressure. ¸Ú@-wheel ³n
´wheel (esp a water-wheel) that supplies power to drive a @. ¸Ú@®wright ³n ´man
who builds and repairs water@s and wind@s. ¸2 ´building, factory, workshop, for
industry: ³a ·Ú³cotton/·Ú³paper/·Ú³silk/·Ú³steel-@. ¸Ú@-hand ³n ´factory
worker. ¸Ú@-girl ³n ´girl who works in a @, esp a cotton-@. ¸3 ´small machine
for grinding: ³a ·Ú³coffee-@; a ·Ú³pepper-@.¼
¨mill©2 ²/mIl/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A] ´put through a machine for
grinding; produce by doing this: ³@ grain; @ flour; @ ore´, crush it; ³@
steel´, make it into bars. ¸2 ¶[VP6A] ´produce regular markings on the edge of
(a coin): ³silver coins with a @ed edge. ¸3 ¶[VP2C] ·@ about/around, ´(of
cattle, crowds of people) move in a confused way; move in a mass.¼
¨mill®board© ²/ÚmIlbcd/ ³n ¶[U] ´stout pasteboard used in binding books.¼
¨mil®len®nium© ²/mIÚlenIEm/ ³n (pl µ-nia ²/-nIE/, µ@s³) ¸1 ´period of 1Ô000
years. ¸2 ´(fig) future time of great happiness and prosperity for everyone.
¸mil®len®arian ²/*mIlIÚneErIEn/ ³n ´person who believes that the @µ(2) ´will
come.¼
¨mil®le®pede© ²/ÚmIlIpid/ ³n ´small worm-like creature with very many legs,
usu in double pairs at each segment. µ¥ ´the illus at µinsect.¼
¨mil®ler© ²/ÚmIlE(r)/ ³n ´owner or tenant of a mill, esp the old-fashioned
flour-mill worked by wind or water.¼
¨mil®let© ²/ÚmIlIt/ ³n ¶[U] ´cereal plant growing 3 to 4 feet high and
producing a large crop of small seeds; the seeds (as food).¼
¨milli-© ²/ÚmIlI/ ³pref ´(in the metric system) one-thousandth part of:
·Ú³@gram; ·Ú³@metre. µ¥ App 5.¼
¨mil®liard© ²/ÚmIlIqd/ ³n ´(GB) thousand millions (1Ô000Ô000Ô000)
(US = ³billion). µ¥ App 4.¼
¨mil®li®bar© ²/ÚmIlIbq(r)/ ³n ´unit of atmospheric pressure.¼
¨mil®liner© ²/ÚmIlInE(r)/ ³n ´person who makes and sells women's hats, and
sells lace, trimmings, etc for hats. ¸@y ²/-nErI ³US: ²-nerI/ ³n ¶[U] ´(the
business of making and selling) women's hats, with lace, ribbons, etc.¼
¨mil®lion© ²/ÚmIlIEn/ ³n, adj ´one thousand thousand (1Ô000Ô000). (Note: the
³pl ´is rarely used after a number): ³@s of pounds; six @ people. ·make a @,
´make a @ pounds/dollars, etc. ¸@®aire ²/*mIlIEÚneE(r)/ ³n ´person who has a @
dollars, pounds, etc: extremely rich man. ¸Ú@®fold ³adv ´a @ times. ¸mil®lionth
²/-lIEnT/ ³n, adj µ¥ App 4.¼
¨mil®li®pede© ²/ÚmIlIpid/ ³n ´= µmillepede.¼
¨mil®ometer© ²/mñIÚlomItE(r)/ ³n ´= mileometer. µ¥ mile.¼
¨mi®lord© ²/mIÚlcd/ ³n ´(F word formerly used for) English lord; wealthy
Englishman.¼
¨milt© ²/mIlt/ ³n ¶[U] ´(soft) roe of male fish; fish sperm.¼
¨mime© ²/mñIm/ ³n ¶[U] ´(in the theatre, etc) use of only facial
expressions and gestures to tell a story; ¶[C] ´such a performance; ´actor in
such drama. ¹ ³vi,vt ¸1 ¶[VP2A] ´act in a @. ¸2 ¶[VP6A] ´express by @.¼
¨mimeo®graph© ²/ÚmImIEgrqf ³US: ²-graf/ ³n ´apparatus for making copies of
written or typed material from a stencil. ¹ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´make (copies) with a
@.¼
¨mi®metic© ²/mIÚmetIk/ ³adj ´of, given to, imitation or mimicry.¼
¨mimic© ²/ÚmImIk/ ³attrib adj ´imitated or pretended: ³@ warfare´, as in
peacetime manoeuvres; ³@ colouring´, eÔg of animals, birds and insects that
have the colours of their natural surroundings. ¹ ³n ´person who is clever at
imitating others, esp in order to make fun of their habits, appearance, etc. ¹
³vt (pt,pp µ@ked´) ¶[VP6A] ¸1 ´ridicule by imitating: ³He was @king his uncle's
voice and gestures very cleverly. ¸2 ´(of things) resemble closely: ³wood
painted to @ marble. ¸@ry ³n ¶[U] ´@king: ³protective @ry´, the resemblance of
birds, animals and insects to their natural surroundings, giving some
protection from enemies.¼
¨mim®osa© ²/mIÚmE8zE ³US: ²-ÚmE8sE/ ³n ¶[U,C] ´shrub with clusters
of small, ball-shaped, sweet-smelling yellow flowers.¼
¨min®aret© ²/*mInEÚret/ ³n ´tall, slender spire, connected with a mosque, from
the balconies of which people are called to prayer by a muezzin (or, often
today, by loudspeaker). µ¥ ´the illus at µmosque.¼
¨mina®tory© ²/ÚmInEtErI ³US: ²-tcrI/ ³adj ´threatening.¼
¨mince© ²/mIns/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A] ´cut or chop (meat, etc) into small pieces
(with a knife, or a machine with revolving blades, called a ·Ú³mincing machine
´or ³mincer). ·not to Ú@ matters/@ one's Úwords, ´to speak plainly or bluntly
in condemnation of sth or sb; not to take pains to keep within the bounds of
politeness. ¸2 ¶[VP6A] ´say (words) with an affectation of delicacy; ¶[VP2A]
´put on fine airs when speaking or walking, trying to appear delicate or
refined. ¹ ³n ´minced meat. ¸Ú@®meat ³n ¶[U] ´mixture of currants, raisins,
sugar, candied peel, apples, suet, etc for a @-pie. ·make @meat of, ´(colloq)
defeat a person/an argument, etc. ¸*@-Úpie ³n ´small round pie containing
@meat. ¸mincer ³n ´device for mincing food. ¸Úminc®ing ³adj ³take mincing steps;
an affected, mincing young girl, µ¥ 2 ´above. ¸Úminc®ing®ly ³adv¼
¨mind©1 ²/mñInd/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´memory; remembrance. ·bear/keep sth in @,
´remember sth. ·bring/call sth to @, ´recall it to the memory. ·go/pass
from/out of one's @, ´be forgotten. ·put sb in @ of sth, ´remind sb of, cause
sb to think of sth. ·Out of sight, out of @, ´(prov) What is not seen is soon
forgotten. ¸2 ¶[U] ´(but with ³indef art ´or ³pl ´in some phrases, as shown
below) what a person thinks or feels; way of thinking; conscious thoughts;
feeling, wishing; opinion; intention; purpose: ³Nothing was further from his
@´, his intentions. ·absence of @, ´failure to think of what one is doing. µ¥
³absent-minded ´at µabsent±1µ. ·presence of @, ´ability to act or decide
quickly when this is needed. ·be out of one's @/not in one's right @, ´mad. ·be
of one @ (about sth), ´be in agreement; have the same opinion. ·be of the
same @, ¸(a) ´(of a number of persons) be in agreement. ¸(b) ´(of one person)
be unchanged in an opinion, decision, etc: ³Is he still of the same @? ·be in
two @s about sth, ´feel doubtful, hesitate, about sth. ·bend one's @,
´influence the @ so that it is permanently affected (by beliefs, etc). Hence,
¸Ú@-bending ³adj ·blow one's @, ´(colloq) (of drugs, extraordinary or
sensational sights, sounds, etc) cause mental excitement, state of ecstasy,
etc. Hence, ¸Ú@-blowing ³adj ¸Ú@-boggling ³adj ´alarming; extraordinary.
·change one's @, ´change one's purpose or intention. ·give one's @ to sth,
´direct one's attention to sth. ·give sb a piece of one's @, µ¥ piece±1µ(2).
·have a good @ to do sth, ´be strongly disposed to do sth. ·have half a @ to do
sth, ´be rather inclined to do sth. ·have sth on one's @, ´be troubled about
sth which, one feels, one ought to deal with. ·keep one's @ on sth, ´continue
to pay attention to, not be diverted from: ³Keep your @ on what you're doing.
·know one's own @, ´know what one wants, have no doubts: ³He never knows his
own @´, often doubts, hesitates, about what to do. ·make up one's @, ¸(a) ´come
to a decision; ³I've made up my @ to be a doctor. Have you made up your @ about
what you'll do? ¸(b) ´reconcile oneself to sth that cannot be changed, etc:
³We're no longer a first-class power; we must make up our @s to that. ·read
sb's @, ´know what he is thinking. Hence, ¸Ú@ reading, ´guessing; knowing by
intuition what sb is thinking. Hence, ¸Ú@-reader ³n ·set one's @ on sth, ´want
very much; be determined to have: ³We've set our @s on a holiday in France.
·speak one's @, ´say plainly what one thinks. ·take one's/sb's @ off sth, ´turn
one's/sb's attention away from sth; distract from. ·in the @'s eye, ´in
imagination; in memory. ·to Úmy @, ´according to my way of thinking: ³To my @,
this is just a nonsense. ¸3 ¶[C,U] ´(person with) mental ability; intellect:
³He has a very good @. He has one of the great @s of the age. No two @s think
alike.¼
¨mind©2 ²/mñInd/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A,9] ´take care of; attend to: ³Who
is @ing the baby? When Mr Green was called to the phone, his wife had to @ the
shop´, to attend to the shop. ³M@ the step´, Watch out for it. ³M@ your head´,
(as a warning to stoop, eÔg at a low doorway). ³M@ the dog´, Beware of it. ³M@
that you don't forget. ·@ out (for sth), ´be careful (of it): ³M@ out! ´(as a
warning). ³Could you @ out, please ÅI want to pass. When you go into the
garden, remember to @ out for the new seedlings. ·@ one's P's and Q's, ´be
careful and polite about what one says or does. ·*M@ your *own Úbusiness, ´Do
not interfere in the affairs of others. ·@ Úyou ´or ·@, ´used as an ³int
´meaning "Please note': ³I have no objection, @ (you), but I think it unwise.
¸2 ¶[VP6A,C,2A,19C] ´(usu in interr, neg and conditional sentences, and in
affirm sentences that answer a question) be troubled by; feel objection to:
³He doesn't @ the cold weather at all. Do you @ if I smoke? Do you @ my
smoking? Would you @ opening the window´, Will you please do this? ³Would you @
my opening the window´, Would you object if I did this? ³"Do you @ my leaving
this payment until next year?'Å"Yes, I do @', ´I object to that. ³I shouldn't @
a glass of iced beer´, I should like one. ·Never @, ¸(a) ´It doesn't matter.
¸(b) ´Don't worry about it. ¸@er ³n ´person whose duty it is to attend to sth;
(in compounds) ³ma·Ú³chine-@er; ·Ú³baby-@er.¼
¨minded© ²/ÚmñIndId/ ³adj ¸1 ³(pred ´only) ·@ to do sth, ´disposed
or inclined: ³He could do it if he were so @. If she were @ to help,«. ¸2
´having the kind of mind indicated (by an ³adj ´or ³adv ´prefixed): ³a
·Ú³strong-@ man; ·Ú³high-@ leaders; ·Ú³evil-@ opponents; com·Ú³mercially-@ men.
¸3 ´conscious of the value or importance of (what is indicated by a ³n
´prefixed): ³He has become very ·Ú³food-@ since his holiday in France´, has
become a gourmet.¼
¨mind®ful© ²/ÚmñIndfl/ ³adj ·@ of, ´giving thought and attention to: ³@ of
one's duties/the nation's welfare. ¸@ly ²/-fElI/ ³adv ¸@®ness ³n¼
¨mind®less© ²/ÚmñIndlIs/ ³adj ¸1 ·@ of, ´paying no attention to;
forgetful of: ³@ of danger. ¸2 ´quite lacking in or not requiring intelligence:
³@ drudgery; @ layabouts. ¸@®ly ³adv ¸@®ness ³n¼
¨mine©1 ²/mñIn/ ³poss pron ´of or belonging to me: ³Is this book yours or @?
He's an old ·Ú³friend of @´, one of my old friends. ¹ ³poss adj ´(in poet and
biblical style only, before a vowel sound or ³h´; sometimes placed after the
³n´) my: ³@ eyes; @ heart; O mistress @; @ enemy.¼
¨mine©2 ²/mñIn/ ³n ¸1 ´excavation with shafts, galleries, etc made in the earth
from which coal, mineral ores, etc, are extracted. µ¥ quarry ´for stone or
slate: ·Ú³coal@; ·Ú³gold@´; (fig) rich or abundant source: ³A good
encyclopaedia/My grandmother is a @ of information. ¸2 ´(tunnel for) charge of
high explosive (as used to destroy enemy fortifications); charge of high
explosive buried and exploded, eÔg electrically, from a distance or laid on or
just below the ground, exploded by contact with a vehicle, or a time fuse,
etc: ³The lorry was destroyed by a buried @. ¸3 ´(in war at sea) charge of
high explosives in a metal case, placed in the sea, exploded on contact, or
electrically, or magnetically. ¸4 Ú@-detector ³n ´electro-magnetic device for
finding @sµ(2,3)´. ¸Ú@-disposal ³n ´the making of @s harmless (by defusing
them, etc): ³@-disposal squads. ¸Ú@®field ³n ¸(a) ´area of land or sea where
@sµ(2,3) ´have been laid. ¸(b) ´area of land where there are many @sµ(1)´.
¸Ú@-layer ³n ´ship or aircraft used for laying @s at sea. Hence, ¸Ú@-laying,
´as in ³@-laying vessel. ¸Ú@-sweeper ³n ´naval vessel (usu a trawler) employed
for clearing the sea of @s. Hence, ¸Ú@-sweeping ³n¼
¨mine©3 ²/mñIn/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A,2A,3A] ·@ (for), ´dig (for coal,
ores, etc) from the ground; obtain (coal, etc) from mines: ³@ (for) coal/gold;
@ the earth for coal. Gold is @d from deep under ground. ¸2 ¶[VP6A] ´(=
³undermine´) make tunnels (in the earth) under: ³@ the enemy's trenches/forts.
¸3 ¶[VP6A] ´lay minesµ(2,3) ´in; destroy by means of these: ³@ the entrance to
a harbour. The cruiser was @d, and sank in five minutes. ¸4 ¶[VP6A] ´(fig)
weaken; undermine (which is the more usu word).¼
¨miner© ²/ÚmñInE(r)/ ³n ¸1 ´man who works in a mine underground:
·Ú³coal@s. ¸2 ´soldier trained to dig tunnels and lay mines under enemy
trenches, etc.¼
¨min®eral© ²/ÚmInErEl/ ³n ¶[C] ´natural substance (not vegetable or animal) got
from the earth by mining, esp one that has a constant chemical composition:
³Coal and iron ore are @s. ¹ adj ´of the class of @s; containing, mixed with,
@s: ³@ ores. ¸the @ kingdom, ´natural substances of inorganic matter. µ¥
animal ´and µvegetable. ¸Ú@ oil, ´any oil of @ origin. ¸Ú@ pitch, ´asphalt.
¸Ú@ water, ¸(a) ´water that naturally contains a @ substance, esp one said to
have medicinal value. ¸(b) ´(GB) non-alcoholic drink (usu bottled, often
flavoured) containing soda-water. ¸Ú@ wool, ´inorganic fibrous material (used
for insulating, etc).¼
¨min®er®al®ogy© ²/*mInEÚralEdZI/ ³n ¶[U] ´the study and science of minerals.
¸min®er®al®ogist ²/*mInEÚralEdZIst/ ³n ´student of @.¼
¨min®estrone© ²/*mInIÚstrE8nI/ ³n ¶[U] ´(I) rich soup (of Italian origin) of
mixed vegetables, vermicelli and meat broth.¼
¨mingle© ²/ÚmIGgl/ ³vt,vi ¶[VP6A,14,2A,C] ·@ (with), ´mix: ³truth @d with
falsehood; @ with ´(= go about among) ³the crowds; two rivers that join and @
their waters.¼
¨mingy© ²/ÚmIndZI/ ³adj µ(-ier, -iest) ´(GB colloq) mean, ungenerous, stingy:
³a @ fellow.¼
¨mini-© ²/ÚmInI/ ³pref ´of small size, length, etc. µ¥ maxi-´: ·Ú³@bus;
·Ú³@cab; ·Ú³@skirt; ·Ú³@tour.¼
¨minia®ture© ²/ÚmInIt2E(r) ³US: ²-t28Er/ ³n ¸1 ¶[C] ´very small painting of a
person, esp one on ivory or vellum; ¶[U] ´this branch of painting. ·in @, ´on
a small scale. ¸2 ¶[C] ´small-scale copy or model of any object. ¸3 ´(attrib)
on a small scale: ³a @ railway; a @ camera´, one for 35 mm or sub-standard
size of film. ¸minia®tur®ist ²/ÚmInIt2ErIst/ ³n ´painter of @s.¼
¨minim© ²/ÚmInIm/ ³n ´(music) note half the value of a semibreve. µ¥ ´the
illus at µnotation.¼
¨mini®mal© ²/ÚmInIml/ ³adj ´smallest in amount or degree: ³On these cliffs
vegetation is @.¼
¨mini®mize© ²/ÚmInImñIz/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´reduce to, estimate at, the smallest
possible amount or degree: ³@ an accident´, try to reduce its importance, say
that it is not serious.¼
¨mini®mum© ²/ÚmInImEm/ ³n, adj (pl µ-ma ²/-mE/, µ@s³)
´(opposite of ³maximum´) (of) ´least possible or recorded amount, degree, etc:
³reduce sth to a @; ³the @ temperature; a maximum and @ thermometer; ³a @
wage´, lowest wage that regulations allow to be paid.¼
¨min®ing© ²/ÚmñInIG/ ³n ´the process of getting minerals, etc from mines: ³a
·Ú³@ engineer; the ·Ú³@ industry; open-cast @´, getting coal, etc that is near
the surface, using mechanical shovels, etc.¼
¨min®ion© ²/ÚmInIEn/ ³n ´(derog) servant who, in order to win favour, obeys a
master slavishly. ·the @s of the law´, police, jailers.¼
¨min®is®ter©1 ²/ÚmInIstE(r)/ ³n ¸1 ´person at the head of a
Department of State (and often a member of the Cabinet): ³the M@ of Employment
and Productivity; the Prime M@. ¸2 ´person representing his Government in a
foreign country of lower rank than an ambassador. ¸3 ´Christian priest or
clergyman, esp one in the Presbyterian and Noncomformist Churches. ´Cf ³priest
´for the RÔC Church, and ³vicar, rector, curate ´for the Church of England.¼
¨min®is®ter©2 ²/ÚmInIstE(r)/ ³vi ¶[VP3A] ·@ to, ´give help or service: ³@ to
the wants of a sick man; @ing to her husband's needs´, satisfying them.¼
¨min®is®ter®ial© ²/*mInIÚstIErIEl/ ³adj ¸1 ´of a Minister of State, his
position, duties, etc: ³@ functions/duties. ¸2 ´of or for a ministryµ(1) ´(or
Cabinet): ³the @ benches. ¸@ly ²/-IElI/ ³adv¼
¨min®is®trant© ²/ÚmInIstrEnt/ ³attrib adj ´(formal) administering. ¹ ³n
´attendant; supporter or helper.¼
¨min®is®tra®tion© ²/*mInIÚstreI2n/ ³n ¶[U] ´ministering or serving, eÔg in
performing a religious service; ¶[C] ´act of this kind: ³Thanks to the @s ´(=
nursing, services) ³of my devoted wife, I was restored to health.¼
¨min®is®try© ²/ÚmInIstrI/ ³n (pl µ-ries³) ¸1 ´Department of State under a
Minister: ³the ·Ú³Air M@; the ·*³M@ of ·Ú³Finance. ¸2 the @, ´the ministers of
religion as a body: ³He was intended for the @´, destined to be a minister,
eÔg by his parents. ·enter the @, ´become a minister of religion. ¸3 ¶[C]
´office, duties, term of service, of a minister of religion.¼
¨mini®ver© ²/ÚmInIvE(r)/ ³n ¶[U] ´ermine fur (as for the ceremonial robes of
peers).¼
¨mink© ²/mIGk/ ³n ¶[C,U] ´(valuable brown fur skin of a) small stoat-like
animal: (attrib) ³a @ coat.¼
¨min®now© ²/ÚmInE8/ ³n ´(sorts of) very small fresh-water fish.¼
¨mi®nor© ²/ÚmñInE(r)/ ³adj ¸1 ´smaller, less important: ³@
repairs/alterations; a broken leg and @ injuries. ¸2 ´comparatively
unimportant: ³the @ planets, ´the asteroids; ³@ poets; play only a @ part in
the play; ´(cards) ³a @ suit´, iÔe diamonds or clubs. ¸3 ´(in schools) second
or younger of two boys (esp in the same school): ³Smith @. ¸4 ´(music) ³a @
third´, an interval of three semi-tones; ³a @ key´, in which the scale has a @
third. ·in a @ key, ´(fig) in a melancholy or depressed mood. µ¥ major. ¹ ³n
´(legal) person not yet legally of age.¼
¨mi®nor®ity© ²/mñIÚnorEtI ³US: ²-Úncr-/ ³n (pl µ-ties³) ¸1 ¶[U] ´(legal) the
state of being under age (in GB under 18). ¸2 ¶[C] ´the smaller number or part,
esp of a total of votes; small racial, religious, etc group in a community,
nation, etc. ·be in a/the @, ´be in the smaller of two groups: ³We're in the
@´, More people are against us than with us. ³I'm in a @ of one´, have had
support from no one. ¸Ú@ government, ´one which has a @ of the total number of
seats in a legislative assembly. ¸Ú@ programme, ´(TÔV, radio) one viewed or
listened to by a comparatively small proportion of the total viewers or
listeners. ¸Ú@ report, ´one made (after an official inquiry or investigation)
by the @, giving views, etc, different from those of the majority.¼
¨Mino®taur© ²/ÚmñInEtc(r)/ ³n ¸the @, ´(Gk myth) monster, half man and half
bull, fed with human flesh, kept in the labyrinth in Crete.¼
¨min®ster© ²/ÚmInstE(r)/ ³n ´large or important church, esp one that once
belonged to a monastery: ³York @.¼
¨min®strel© ²/ÚmInstrEl/ ³n ¸1 ´(in the Middle Ages) travelling composer,
player and singer of songs and ballads. ¸2 ´one of a company of public
entertainers. ¸@sy ²/ÚmInstrElsI/ ³n ¶[U] ´the art, songs, etc, of @sµ(1)´.¼
¨mint©1 ²/mInt/ ³n ¶[U] ´(sorts of) plant whose leaves are used for
flavouring (eÔg in drinks and in chewing-gum) and in making a sauce: ³@ sauce´,
chopped-up @ leaves, in vinegar and sugar, as eaten with lamb.¼
¨mint©2 ²/mInt/ ³n ¸1 ´place where coins are made, usu under State authority:
³coins fresh from the @. ¸2 ·make/earn a @ (of money), ´(colloq) a large
amount. ¸3 ´(attrib, of medals, stamps, prints, books, etc) unused. ·in @
condition, ´as if new; unsoiled; perfect. ¹ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ¸1 ´make (coin) by
stamping metal: ³@ coins of 50p. ¸2 ´(fig) invent a word, phrase, etc.¼
¨min®uet© ²/*mInj8Úet/ ³n ¶[C] ´(piece of music for a) slow, graceful dance
for groups of two couples (dating from the middle of the 17th c).¼
¨minus© ²/ÚmñInEs/ ³adj ¸1 the Ú@ sign´, the sign ­. µ¥ plus. ¸2 µ¥ positive.
´negative: ³a @ quantity´, a quantity less than zero (eÔg ­2³x±2´). ¹ ³prep
´less; with the deduction of: ³7 @ 3 is 4; ´(colloq) without: ³He came back
from the war @ a leg. ´¹ ³n ´@ sign or quantity.¼
¨min®us®cule© ²/ÚmInEskjul/ ³adj ´tiny; very small.¼
¨min®ute©1 ²/ÚmInIt/ ³n ¸1 ´the sixtieth part of one hour: ³seven @s to six;
arrive ten @s early. µ¥ App 4. ¸Ú@-gun ³n ´one fired at intervals of a @, eÔg
at a grand funeral. ¸Ú@-hand ³n ´hand indicating the @s on a watch or clock.
¸Ú@-man ²/-mEn/ ³n (pl µ-men³) ´(US hist) militiaman ready to fight at a
minute's notice. ·in a @, ´soon: ³I'll come downstairs in a @. ·to the @,
´exactly: ³The train arrived at 5 o'clock to the @. ·the @ (that), ´as soon as:
³I'll give him your message the @ (that) he arrives. ·up to the @, ´most recent
or fashionable. ¸*up-to-the-Ú@ ³attrib adj ´most recent or fashionable:
³up-to-the-@ information/hairstyles. ¸2 ´the sixtieth part of a degree (in an
angle): ³37Ä 30ÔÔ²!´, 37 degrees 30 @s. ¸3 ¶[C] ´official record giving
authority, advice or making comments: ³make a @ of sth. ¸4 ³(pl) ´summary,
records, of what is said and decided at a meeting, esp of a society or
committee: ³read and confirm the @s of the last meeting. ¸Ú@-book ³n ´book in
which @s are written. ¹ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´record (sth) in the @sµ(4)´; make a record
of sth in a memorandum.¼
¨mi®nute©2 ²/mñIÚnjut ³US: ²-Únut/ ³adj ¸1 ´very small: ³@
particles of gold dust. ¸2 ´giving small details; careful and exact: ³a @
description; the @st details. ¸@®ly ³adv ¸@®ness ³n¼
¨mi®nu®tiae© ²/mñIÚnju2Ii ³US: ²mIÚnu2Ii/ ³n pl ´precise or trivial details.¼
¨minx© ²/mIGks/ ³n ´sly, impudent girl.¼
¨mir®acle© ²/ÚmIrEkl/ ³n ¸1 ´act or event (sth good or welcome) which does not
follow the known laws of nature; remarkable and surprising event:
³work/accomplish @s. Her life was saved by a @. The doctors said that her
recovery was a @. ¸Ú@ play, ´dramatic representation (in the Middle Ages) based
on the life of Jesus or the Christian saints. ¸2 ·@ of, ´remarkable example or
specimen: ³It's a @ of ingenuity. ¸mir®acu®lous ²/mIÚrakj8lEs/ ³adj ´like a @;
contrary to the laws of nature; surprising. ¸mir®acu®lous®ly ³adv¼
¨mi®rage© ²/ÚmIrqZ ³US: ²mIÚrqZ/ ³n ¶[C] ¸1 ´effect, produced by hot air
conditions, causing an optical illusion, esp the illusive appearance of a sheet
of water eÔg in the desert. ¸2 ´(fig) any illusion or hope that cannot be
realized.¼
¨mire© ²/ÚmñIE(r)/ ³n ¶[U] ´swampy ground; soft, deep mud. ·be in the @, ´(fig)
be in difficulties. ·drag sb/sb's name through the @, ´bring disgrace on him,
expose him to contempt. ¹ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A] ´cover with mud; cause to be fast
in deep mud. ¸2 ¶[VP2A] ´sink in mud. ¸3 ¶[VP6A] ´(fig) involve (sb) in
difficulties. ¸miry ²/ÚmñIErI/ ³adj ´muddy: ³miry roads.¼
¨mir®ror© ²/ÚmIrE(r)/ ³n ¸1 ´polished surface that reflects images:
³a ·Ú³driving @´, @ in a motor-car to enable the driver to see what is behind
him. ¸*@ Úimage, ´reflection or copy of sth with the right and left sides
reversed. ¸2 ´(fig) sth that reflects or gives a likeness: ³Pepys's "Diary' is
a @ of the times he lived in. ¹ vt ¶[VP6A] ´(lit or fig) reflect as in a @:
³The still water of the lake @ed the hillside.¼
¨mirth© ²/m3T/ ³n ¶[U] ´being merry, happy and bright; laughter. ¸@®ful ²/-fl/
³adj ´full of @; merry. ¸@®fully ²/-fElI/ ³adv ¸@®less ³adj ´without @: ³a
@less laugh.¼
¨mis®ad®ven®ture© ²/*mIsEdÚvent2E(r)/ ³n ¶[C,U] ´(event caused by) bad luck;
misfortune. ·death by @, ´by accident.¼
¨mis®ad®vise© ²/*mIsEdÚvñIz/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´(usu passive) advise wrongly.¼
¨mis®al®liance© ²/*mIsEÚlñIEns/ ³n ´unsuitable alliance, esp marriage;
m_esalliance.¼
¨mis®an®thrope© ²/ÚmIsnTrE8p/ ³n ´person who hates mankind; person who avoids
society. ¸mis®an®thropic ²/*mIsnÚTropIk/ ³adj ´hating or distrusting mankind
or human society. ¸mis®an®thropy ²/mIsÚanTrEpI/ ³n ¶[U] ´hatred of mankind.¼
¨mis®apply© ²/*mIsEÚplñI/ ³vt (pt,pp µ-lied³) ¶[VP6A] ´apply wrongly; use for a
wrong purpose, eÔg public funds. ¸mis®ap®pli®ca®tion ²/*mIs*aplIÚkeI2n/ ³n
´wrong or unjust use ³(of).¼
¨mis®ap®pre®hend© ²/*mIsaprIÚhend/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´misunderstand.
¸mis®ap®pre®hen®sion ²/*mIsaprIÚhen2n/ ³n ·do sth/be under a misapprehension,
´do sth because of/have a failure to understand correctly.¼
¨mis®ap®pro®pri®ate© ²/*mIsEÚprE8prIeIt/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´take and use wrongly;
apply (sb else's money) to a wrong (esp one's own) use: ³The treasurer @d the
society's funds. ¸mis®ap®pro®pri®ation ²/*mIsE*prE8prIÚeI2n/ ³n´:
³misappropriation of public funds.¼
¨mis®be®got®ten© ²/*mIsbIÚgotn/ ³adj ´illegitimate; bastard; (colloq, as a
term of approbrium): ³Who's the author of these @ ´(= ill-advised, worthless)
³plans?¼
¨mis®be®have© ²/*mIsbIÚheIv/ ³vt,vi ¶[VP6B,2A] ´behave (oneself)
improperly. ¸mis®be®hav®iour ´(US = ¸-ior´) ²/*mIsbIÚheIvIE(r)/ ³n¼
¨mis®cal®cu®late© ²/*mIsÚkalkj8leIt/ ³vt,vi ´calculate (amounts, etc) wrongly.
¸mis®cal®cu®la®tion ²/*mIs*kalkj8ÚleI2n/ ³n¼
¨mis®call© ²/*mIsÚkcl/ ³vt ´call by a wrong name: ³King Robert, @ed "the
Just'.¼
¨mis®car®riage© ²/*mIsÚkarIdZ/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ·@ of justice, ´failure of a court
to administer justice properly; mistake in judgement or in punishment; ¶[C]
´instance of this. ¸2 ¶[U] ´failure to deliver to, or arrive at, the
destination: ³@ of goods; ¶[C] ´instance of this. ¸3 ¶[U] ´premature expulsion
of a foetus from the womb; ¶[C] ´instance of this: ³have a @.¼
¨mis®carry© ²/*mIsÚkarI/ ³vt (pt,pp µ-ried³) ¶[VP2A] ¸1 ´(of plans, etc) fail;
have a result different from what was hoped for. ¸2 ´(of letters, etc) fail to
reach the right destination. ¸3 ´(of a woman) have a miscarriageµ(3)´.¼
¨mis®cast© ²/*mIsÚkqst ³US: ²-Úkast/ ³vt (pt,pp µmiscast³) ¶[VP6A] ´(usu
passive) ¸1 ´(of an actor) be cast for a role for which he is unfitted: ³She
was badly @ as Juliet. µ¥ cast±1µ(6). ¸2 ´(of a play) have the parts badly
allocated to the actors and actresses.¼
¨mis®cegen®ation© ²/*mIsIdZIÚneI2n/ ³n ¶[U] ´mixture of races; the production
of offspring by the sexual union of two people of different races.¼
¨mis®cel®lan®eous© ²/*mIsEÚleInIEs/ ³adj ´of mixed sorts; having various
qualities and characteristics: ³a @ collection of goods; Milton's @ prose
works. ¸mis®cel®lany ²/mIÚselEnI ³US: ²ÚmIsEleInI/ ³n (pl µ-nies³) ´collection,
eÔg of writings on various subjects by various authors. ¸mis®cel®lanea
²/*mIsEÚleInIE/ ³n pl ´literary miscellany.¼
¨mis®chance© ²/*mIsÚt2qns ³US: ²-Út2ans/ ³n ¶[C,U] ´(piece of) bad luck: ³by
@; through a @.¼
¨mis®chief© ²/ÚmIst2If/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´injury or damage done by a person or other
agent, esp on purpose: ³a storm that did much @ to shipping. ·do sb a @, ´hurt
him. ¸2 ¶[U] ´moral harm or injury: ³Such wild speeches may work great @´, eÔg
may rouse evil passions. ·make @ (between«), ´cause discord or ill feeling.
Hence, ¸Ú@-maker, Ú@-making. ¸3 ¶[U] ´foolish or thoughtless behaviour likely
to cause trouble; not very serious wrongdoing: ³Boys are fond of @´, of playing
tricks, etc. ³Tell the children to keep out of @. He's up to @ again´, planning
some piece of @. ³She's always getting into @. ¸4 ´light-hearted, innocent
desire to tease: ³Her eyes were full of @. ¸5 ¶[C] ´person who is fond of
@µ(3,4)´: ³Those boys are regular @s. Where have you hidden my book, you little
@?¼
¨mis®chiev®ous© ²/ÚmIst2IvEs/ ³adj ¸1 ´causing mischief µ(2)´; harmful: ³a @
letter/rumour. ¸2 ´filled with, fond of, engaged in, mischiefµ(3,4)´; showing a
spirit of mischief µ(3,4)´: ³@ looks/tricks; as @ as a monkey. ¸@®ly ³adv
¸@®ness ³n¼
¨mis®con®ceive© ²/*mIskEnÚsiv/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A] ´understand wrongly. ¸2
¶[VP3A] ·@ of, ´have a wrong conception of: ³@ of one's duty. ¸mis®con®cep®tion
²/*mIskEnÚsep2n/ ³n ¶[U] ´misconceiving; ¶[C] ´instance of this.¼
¨mis®con®duct© ²/*mIsÚkondAkt/ ³n ¶[U] ¸1 ´improper behaviour. ¸2 ´bad
management. ¹ ³vt ²/*mIskEnÚdAkt/ ¸1 ¶[VP6B,14] ·@ oneself (with sb), ´behave
badly. ¸2 ¶[VP6A] ´manage badly: ³@ one's business affairs.¼
¨mis®con®struc®tion© ²/*mIskEnÚstrAk2n/ ³n ¶[U] ´false or inaccurate
interpretation or understanding; ¶[C] ´instance of this: ³Your words were open
to @.¼
¨mis®con®strue© ²/*mIskEnÚstru/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´get a wrong idea of (sb's words,
acts, etc): ³You have @d my words.¼
¨mis®count© ²/*mIsÚkñ8nt/ ³vt,vi ¶[VP6A,2A] ´count wrongly. ¹ ³n ¶[C] ´wrong
count, esp of votes at an election.¼
¨mis®cre®ant© ²/ÚmIskrIEnt/ ³n ´(dated) scoundrel; villain.¼
¨mis®date© ²/*mIsÚdeIt/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´give a wrong date to an event, etc; put a
wrong date on a letter, cheque, etc.¼
¨mis®deal© ²/*mIsÚdil/ ³vt,vi (pt,pp µ-dealt ²/-Údelt/³) ¶[VP6A,2A] ´deal
(playing-cards) wrongly. ¹ ³n ´error in dealing cards: ³I've got 14 cards;
it's a @.¼
¨mis®deed© ²/*mIsÚdid/ ³n ´wicked act; crime: ³be punished for one's @s.¼
¨mis®de®mean®our© ´(US = ¸-meanor´) ²/*mIsdIÚminE(r)/ ³n ´(legal) offence less
serious than a felony.¼
¨mis®di®rect© ²/*mIsdIÚrekt/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´direct wrongly: ³@ a letter, ´by
failing to put the full or correct address on it; ³@ one's energies or
abilities´, eÔg by using them for a bad purpose; ³@ a jury´, (of a judge in a
law court) give the jury wrong information on a point of law. ¸mis®di®rec®tion
²/*mIsdIÚrek2n/ ³n¼
¨mis®doing© ²/*mIsÚduIG/ ³n ´(usu ³pl) ´misdeed.¼
¨mise en sc`ene© ²/*miz on ÚseIn/ ³n ´scenery and properties of an acted play;
(fig) general surroundings of an event.¼
¨miser© ²/ÚmñIzE(r)/ ³n ´person who loves wealth for its own sake and spends as
little as possible. ¸@®ly ³adj ´like a @; stingy. ¸@®li®ness ³n¼
¨mis®er®able© ²/ÚmIzrEbl/ ³adj ¸1 ´wretched; very unhappy: ³@ from
cold and hunger; the @ lives of the refugees in Europe after the war. He makes
her life @. ¸2 ´causing wretchedness and unhappiness: ³@ weather; @ slums. ¸3
´poor in quality: ³What a @ meal! What a @ pension after fifty years' hard
work! ¸mis®er®ably ²/-EblI/ ³adv´: ³die miserably; be miserably poor;
miserably underpaid.¼
¨mis®ery© ²/ÚmIzErI/ ³n (pl µ-ries³) ¸1 ¶[U] ´state of being miserable; great
suffering (of mind or body): ³be in a @/suffer @ from the toothache; living in
@ and want´, in wretched conditions and poverty. ·put the animal out of its @,
´end its sufferings by killing it. ¸2 ³(pl) ´painful happenings; great
misfortunes: ³the miseries of mankind. ¸3 ´(colloq) person who is always
miserable and complaining: ³I've had enough of your complaints, you little @!¼
¨mis®fire© ²/*mIsÚfñIE(r)/ ³vi ¶[VP2A] ´(of a gun) fail to go off; (of a
motor-engine) fail to ignite in a cylinder; (colloq of a joke, etc) fall flat;
fail to have the intended result. ¹ ³n ´such a failure.¼
¨mis®fit© ²/ÚmIsfIt/ ³n ´article of clothing which does not fit well the
person it is meant for; (fig) person not well suited to his position or his
associates.¼
¨mis®for®tune© ²/*mIsÚfct2un/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´bad luck: ³suffer @; companions in
@. ¸2 ¶[C] ´instance of bad luck; unfortunate accident or happening: ³He bore
his @s bravely.¼
¨mis®give© ²/*mIsÚgIv/ ³vt (pt µmisgave ²/-ÚgeIv/, ³pp µmisgiven ²/-ÚgIvn/³)
´(used impersonally; old use) ³My mind/heart @s me´, I am filled with
suspicion or foreboding, I feel doubtful, troubled. ¸mis®giv®ing ²/*mIsÚgIvIG/
³n ¶[C,U] ´(feeling of) doubt, suspicion, distrust, etc: ³a heart/mind full of
misgiving(s).¼
¨mis®gov®ern© ²/*mIsÚgAvn/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´govern (the State, etc)
badly. ¸@ment ³n ¶[U].¼
¨mis®guide© ²/*mIsÚgñId/ ³vt ¶[VP6A,14] ´give wrong or misleading information
or directions to: ³We had been @d into thinking that«. ¸mis®guided ³adj
´foolish and wrong (because of bad or wrong guidance or influence): ³@d
conduct/zeal; @d boys.¼
¨mis®handle© ²/*mIsÚhandl/ ³vt ´deal with roughly, rudely or inefficiently.¼
¨mis®hap© ²/ÚmIshap/ ³n ¶[C] ´unlucky accident: ³meet with a slight @; arrive
home after many @s; ¶[U] ´bad luck; accident: ³arrive without @.¼
¨mish®mash© ²/ÚmI2ma2/ ³n ¶[U] ´confused mixture; hotchpotch.¼
¨mis®in®form© ²/*mIsInÚfcm/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´give wrong information to; mislead:
³You've been @ed.¼
¨mis®in®ter®pret© ²/*mIsInÚt3prIt/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´give a wrong interpretation to;
make a wrong inference from: ³He @ed her silence as giving consent.¼
¨mis®judge© ²/*mIsÚdZAdZ/ ³vt,vi ¶[VP6A,2A] ´judge or estimate wrongly; form a
wrong opinion of: ³You have @d my motives. He @d the distance and fell into
the stream.¼
¨mis®lay© ²/*mIsÚleI/ ³vt (pt,pp µmislaid ²/-ÚleId/³) ¶[VP6A] ´put (sth) by an
oversight where it cannot easily be found: ³I've mislaid my passport.¼
¨mis®lead© ²/*mIsÚlid/ ³vt (pt,pp µmisled ²/-Úled/³) ¶[VP6A] ´lead wrongly;
cause to be or do wrong; give a wrong idea to: ³be misled by a guide, ´during
a journey; ³misled by bad companions´, led into evil ways. ³You misled me as
to your intentions. This information is rather @ing´, gives a wrong
impression.¼
¨mis®man®age© ²/*mIsÚmanIdZ/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´manage badly or wrongly. ¸@ment ³n¼
¨mis®name© ²/*mIsÚneIm/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´(usu passive) ´call by a wrong or improper
name.¼
¨mis®nomer© ²/*mIsÚnE8mE(r)/ ³n ¶[C] ´wrong use of a name or word:
³It's a @ to call this place a first-class hotel.¼
¨mis®ogyn®ist© ²/mIÚsodZInIst/ ³n ´hater of women.¼
¨mis®place© ²/*mIsÚpleIs/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ¸1 ´put in a wrong place. ¸2 ´(usu
passive) give love, affection wrongly or unwisely: ³@d confidence´, given to
sb who does not deserve it or who misuses it.¼
¨mis®print© ²/*mIsÚprInt/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´(make an) error in printing, eÔg ³errors
and omissions expected ´for ³errors and omissions excepted. ´¹ ³n ²/ÚmIsprInt/
´such an error.¼
¨mis®pro®nounce© ²/*mIsprEÚnñ8ns/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´pronounce wrongly.
¸mis®pro®nun®ci®ation ²/*mIsprE*nAnsIÚeI2n/ ³n¼
¨mis®quote© ²/*mIsÚkwE8t/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´quote wrongly. ¸mis®quo®ta®tion
²/*mIskwE8ÚteI2n/ ³n ¶[C,U].¼
¨mis®read© ²/*mIsÚrid/ ³vt (pt,pp µmisread ²/-Úred/³) ¶[VP6A] ´read or
interpret wrongly: ³@ one's instructions.¼
¨mis®rep®re®sent© ²/*mIs*reprIÚzent/ ³vt ´represent wrongly; give a false
account of: ³be grossly @ed by the press. ¸mis®rep®re®sen®ta®tion
²/*mIs*reprIzenÚteI2n/ ³n ¶[C,U].¼
¨mis®rule© ²/*mIsÚrul/ ³n ¶[U] ´bad government; lawlessness; confusion.¼
¨miss©1 ²/mIs/ ³n ¶[C] ´failure to hit, catch, reach, etc: ³ten hits and one @.
That was a lucky @´, a fortunate escape. ·give sth a @, ´(colloq) omit it,
leave it alone: ³I'll give the fish course a @. ·A @ is as good as a mile,
´(prov) A narrow escape is the same in effect as an escape by a wide margin.¼
¨miss©2 ²/mIs/ ³n ¸1 M@, ´title prefixed to the (first name +) surname of an
unmarried woman: ³M@ (Gloria) Kelly. ¸M@ Jamaica, ´eÔg as the title of a beauty
queen. ¸2 ´(small ³m´, usu playful or perhaps derog) young girl, schoolgirl:
³She's a saucy @. ¸3 ´(as a vocative, eÔg by schoolchildren to a woman teacher,
also to shopkeepers, etc): ³Good morning, @! Two cups of coffee, @. ¸4 ´(trade
use, ³pl´) young girls: ³shoes, coats, etc for Junior M@es, ´(today, often
replaced by ³teenagers).¼
¨miss©3 ²/mIs/ ³vt,vi (pt,pp µmissed³) ¸1 ¶[VP6A,B,C,2A] ´fail to hit, hold,
catch, reach, see, etc what it is desired to hit, hold, etc: ³fire at a tiger
and @ (it); @ one's aim; @ the target. He @ed his footing´, slipped, eÔg while
climbing on rocks. ³He @ed the 9.30 train ´(= was too late for it, did not
catch it), ³and therefore @ed ´(iÔe luckily escaped) ³the accident. The house
is at the next corner; you can't @ it´, you'll certainly see it. ³He @ed ´(=
failed to see) ³the point of my joke. I @ed ´(= did not hear) ³the first part
of the speech. We only just @ed ´(= escaped) ³having a nasty accident. We @ed
seeing ´(= didn't see, failed to see) ³that film when it was at the local
cinema. ¸2 ¶[VP6A] ´realize, learn, feel regret at, the absence of: ³When did
you @ your purse´, realize that you no longer had it? ³He's so rich that he
wouldn't @ $100. She'd @ her husband if he died. Old Smith won't be @ed´,
Nobody will feel regret at his absence, death, retirement, etc. ¸3 ¶[VP2C] ·@
out (on sth)´, (colloq) lose an opportunity to benefit from sth, enjoy oneself:
³If I don't go to the party, I shall feel that I'm @ing out. I @ed out on his
offer of a free holiday in Spain. ¶[VP15B] ·@ sth out, ´omit; fail to put in or
say: ³The printers have @ed out a word/line. I shall @ out the sweet course,
´iÔe at a meal, not take it. ³When we sing this song, @ out the second and
fourth verses´, don't sing them. ¸@®ing ³adj ´not to be found; not in the place
where it ought to be: ³a book with two pages @ing; the dead, wounded and @ing,
´iÔe soldiers in war; ³@ing persons´, persons who cannot be traced. ·the @ing
link. µ¥ link±1µ(1).¼
¨mis®sal© ²/ÚmIsl/ ³n ´book containing the order of service for
Mass in the RÔC Church; book of prayers and devotions.¼
¨mis®shapen© ²/*mIsÚ2eIpEn/ ³adj ´(esp of the body or a limb) deformed; badly
shaped.¼
¨mis®sile© ²/ÚmIsñIl ³US: ²ÚmIsl/ ³n ´object or weapon that is thrown (eÔg a
stone), shot (eÔg an arrow) or projected (eÔg a rocket): (attrib) ³@
sites/bases, ´for ballistic @s, etc. ¸guided @, ´eÔg from ground to air, for
destroying aircraft, guided by electronic devices. ¸inter-continental ballistic
@ ´(abbr ¸IÔCÔBÔM´), ´long-range rocket with a warhead.¼
¨mission© ²/ÚmI2n/ ³n ¸1 ´(the sending out of a) number of persons
entrusted with special work, usu abroad: ³a trade @ to S America; go/come/send
sb on a @ of inquiry; complete one's @ successfully. ¸2 ´(the sending out of)
religious teachers ³(@aries) ´to convert people by preaching, teaching, etc:
³Foreign M@s; Home M@s´, iÔe to preach to people in the home country, esp
those not usu interested in religion. ¸3 ´place where the work of a @µ(2) ´is
carried on; building(s), organization, etc needed for such work; settlement
where charitable or medical work is carried on, esp among poor people. ¸4 ·@
in life, ´that work which a person feels called upon to do: ³She feels her @ in
life is to reform juvenile delinquents. ¸5 ´(esp US) special task, assigned to
an individual or a unit of the armed forces: ³The group has flown twenty @s.¼
¨mission®ary© ²/ÚmI2EnrI ³US: ²-nerI/ ³n (pl µ-ries³) ´person sent to preach
his religion, esp among people who are ignorant of it; (attrib) of
missionsµ(2) ´or missionaries: ³a @ meeting´, at which a @ talks about his
work or one held to raise funds; ³a @ box´, in which money is collected for
charitable missions.¼
¨mis®sis© ²/ÚmIsIz/ ³n µ¥ missus.¼
¨mis®sive© ²/ÚmIsIv/ ³n ´(used hum for) (esp a long, serious-looking) letter.¼
¨mis®spell© ²/*mIsÚspel/ ³vt (pt,pp µmisspelled ´or µmisspelt ²/-Úspelt/³)
¶[VP6A] ´spell wrongly. ¸@®ing ³n¼
¨mis®spend© ²/*mIsÚspend/ ³vt (pt,pp µmisspent ²/-Úspent/³) ¶[VP6A] ´spend or
use wrongly or foolishly (esp ³pp´): ³a misspent youth, ´(used of one who
spends or has spent his early years only in foolish pleasures).¼
¨mis®state© ²/*mIsÚsteIt/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´state wrongly: ³He was
careful not to @ his case. ¸@ment ³n¼
¨mis®sus©, mis®sis ²/ÚmIsIz/ ³n ´(colloq or sl) ´(used with ³the, my, his,
your) ´wife: ³How's the @? My @ won't like that.¼
¨missy© ²/ÚmIsI/ ³n (pl µ-sies³) ´(colloq, familiar) young girl; Miss: ³Well,
@, what do you want?¼
¨mist© ²/mIst/ ³n ¸1 ¶[C,U] ´(occasion when there is, an area with) water
vapour in the air, at or near the earth's surface, less thick than fog and not
so light as haze: ³Hills hidden/shrouded in @; ´(fig) ³lost in the @s of time;
´such vapour condensed on a surface, eÔg glass, clouding its appearance. ¸2
¶[C] ´filmy appearance before the eyes (caused by tears, etc); (fig) sth that
darkens the mind, makes understanding difficult, etc: ³see things through a @.
´¹ ³vi,vt ¶[VP2C,6A] ·@ (over), ´cover, be covered, with @: ³The scene @ed
over. The mirror @ed over. Her eyes (were) @ed with tears. ¸@y ³adj µ(-ier,
iest) ¸1 ´with @: ³a @y evening; @y weather; a @y view. ¸2 ´not clear: ³have
only a @y idea. ¸@®ily ²/-IlI/ ³adv ¸@i®ness ³n¼
¨mis®take©1 ²/mIÚsteIk/ ³n ¶[C] ´wrong opinion, idea or act: ³spelling @s. We
all make @s occasionally. There's some @! There must be some @! ·by @, ´as the
result of carelessness, forgetfulness, etc; in error: ³I took your umbrella by
@. ·and no @, ´(colloq) without any doubt: ³It's hot today and no @!¼
¨mis®take©2 ²/mIÚsteIk/ ³vt,vi (pt µmistook ²/mIÚst8k/, ³pp µmistaken
²/mIÚsteIkn/³) ¸1 ¶[VP6A,10] ´be wrong, have a wrong idea, about: ³@ sb's
meaning. We've @n the house´, come to the wrong house. ·There's no mistaking,
´no possibility of being wrong about: ³There's no mistaking what ought to be
done. ¸2 ¶[VP14] ·@ sb/sth for, ´wrongly suppose that sb or sth is (sb or sth
else): ³Don Quixote mistook the windmills for giants. She is often @n for her
twin sister. ¸3 ´(older uses) ³If I @ not´, unless I am wrong. ³You @, my
dear´, you're wrong. ¸mis®taken ³adj ´(³pp´) ¸1 ´in error; wrong in opinion:
³a case of @n identity; @n ideas. ·be @n (about sth), ´be in error: ³If I'm not
@n, there's the man we met on the train. Your're @n. ¸2 ´ill-judged: ³@n
kindness/zeal. ¸mis®tak®en®ly ³adv¼
¨mis®ter© ²/ÚmIstE(r)/ ³n ¸1 ´(always written ¸Mr´) title prefixed
to a man's (first name +) surname when he has no other title: ³Mr (Henry)
Green´, or to his office: ³Mr Secretary. µ¥ Mrs; Ms. ¸2 ´(used without a
person's name; sl, or used by children): ³Listen to me, @. Please, @, can I
have my ball back?¼
¨mis®time© ²/*mIsÚtñIm/ ³vt ´(used esp in the ³pp´) say or do sth out of
season, at an unsuitable time: ³a @d ´(= inopportune) ³intervention.¼
¨mistle®toe© ²/ÚmIsltE8/ ³n ¶[U] ´parasitic evergreen plant (growing on fruit
and other trees) with small white sticky berries (used in making bird-lime
and as a Christmas decoration).¼
¨mis®took© ²/mIÚst8k/ ³pt ´of µmistake.¼
¨mis®tral© ²/ÚmIstrEl/ ³n ´cold, dry wind blowing from the north through the
Rhone valley in France.¼
¨mis®trans®late© ²/*mIstranzÚleIt/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´translate wrongly.
¸mis®trans®la®tion ²/-ÚleI2n/ ³n ¶[C,U].¼
¨mis®tress© ²/ÚmIstrIs/ ³n ¸1 ´woman at the head of a household or family;
woman in authority who gives orders to servants: ³Servants willingly obey a
kind @. Is your @ at home? ¸2 ´woman school teacher: ³the ·Ú³French mistress´,
teacher of French (but not necessarily a Frenchwoman); ³the ·Ú³games @´, in
charge of games (hockey, etc). ¸3 ´woman with a good knowledge or control of
sth: ³a @ of needlework. She is @ of the situation. Venice used to be called
the @ of the Adriatic. ¸4 ´(in stories, plays, etc dealing with periods before
the 18th c, and still in Scotland by some people) title equivalent to the
modern ³Mrs ´or ³Miss. ¸5 ´(poet) woman loved and courted by a man: ³"O @
mine!' ¸6 ´woman having regular sexual intercourse with one man to whom she is
not married. ´Cf ³paramour ´(liter) and ³concubine ´(dated). µ¥ master.¼
¨mis®trial© ²/*mIsÚtrñIEl/ ³n ´(legal) trial which is made invalid
because of some error in the proceedings.¼
¨mis®trust© ²/*mIsÚtrAst/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´feel no confidence in: ³@ one's own
powers. ´¹ ³n ¶[U] ´(also with ³indef art´) ·(a) @ (of), ´want of confidence or
trust (in): ³She had a strong @ of anything new and strange. ¸@®ful ²/-fl/ ³adj
´suspicious ³(of). ¸@®fully ²/-fElI/ ³adv¼
¨misty© ²/ÚmIstI/ µ¥ mist.¼
¨mis®un®der®stand© ²/*mIs*AndEÚstand/ ³vt (pt,pp µ-stood ²/-Úst8d/³) ¶[VP6A]
´take a wrong meaning from (instructions, messages, etc); form a wrong opinion
of (sb or sth): ³His intentions were misunderstood. She had always felt
misunderstood. ¸@®ing ³n ¶[C,U] ´failure to understand rightly, esp when this
has led or may lead to ill feelings: ³@ings between nations that may lead to
war; clear up a @ing.¼
¨mis®use© ²/*mIsÚjuz/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´use wrongly; use for a wrong purpose; treat
badly. ´¹ ³n ²/*mIsÚjus/ ¶[U] ´using wrongly; ¶[C] ´instance of this: ³the @
of power.¼
¨mite©1 ²/mñIt/ ³n ¸1 ´very small or modest contribution or offering: ³offer a
@ of comfort; give one's @ to a good cause. ¸2 ´tiny object, esp a small child
(usu as an object of sympathy): ³Poor little @! What a @ of a child!¼
¨mite©2 ²/mñIt/ ³n ¶[C] ´small parasitic arachnid that may be found in food,
eÔg ·Ú³cheese @s´, and may carry disease.¼
¨mi®ter© ²/ÚmñItE(r)/ ³n ´(US) = µmitre.¼
¨miti®gate© ²/ÚmItIgeIt/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´make less severe, violent or painful.
·mitigating circumstances, ´those that may make a mistake, crime, etc seem
less serious. ¸miti®ga®tion ²/*mItIÚgeI2n/ ³n ¶[U].¼
¨mitre© ´(US = ¸mi®ter´) ²/mñItE(r)/ ³n ¸1 ´tall head-dress worn by
bishops at some ceremonies. µ¥ ´the illus at µvestment. ¸2 Ú@(-joint), ´joint
whose line of junction bisects the angle between the two bevelled surfaces it
joins.¼
¨mitt© ²/mIt/ ³n ¸1 ´mitten. ¸2 ´baseball glove; (colloq) boxing-glove. ¸3
´(sl) hand; fist.¼
¨mit®ten© ²/ÚmItn/ ³n ¸1 ´kind of glove covering four fingers together and the
thumb separately. ¸2 ´covering for the back and palm of the hand only, leaving
the thumb and fingers bare.¼
¨mix©1 ²/mIks/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A,12B,13B,14,2A,C] ´(of different substances,
people, etc) put, bring or come together so that the substances, etc are no
longer distinct; make or prepare (sth) by doing this: ³mix flour and water.
The doctor mixed me a bottle of medicine/mixed a bottle of medicine for me. We
can sometimes mix business with pleasure. She was mixing ´(= preparing) ³a
salad. Oil and water don't mix. You can't mix oil with water. Many races are
mixed in Hawaii. ¸2 ¶[VP2A,3A] ·mix (with), ´(of persons) come or be together
in society: ³He doesn't mix well´, doesn't get on well with people, esp people
of different social classes or different interests. ¸3 ¶[VP15B] ·mix sth/sb up
(with sth/sb), ´mix thoroughly (with); confuse in the mind (with); be unable
to distinguish (from): ³Mix up the salt with the pepper. Now you've mixed me
up completely! ´completely confused me! ³You're always mixing me up with my
twin brother. ·be/get mixed up in/with sth, ´be involved in/with: ³Don't get
mixed up in politics/mixed up with those politicians´, keep clear of them.
¸Úmixed-up ³adj ´mentally confused; maladjusted: ³I don't want to be mixed up
in the affair, ´I don't want to be connected with it in any way. ¸Úmix-up ³n
´confused state: ³What a mix-up! There's been a bit of a mix-up about who
should be invited to the party´, some confusion and mistakes. ³He feels very
mixed-up ³about life´, cannot see clearly what principles, etc to adopt. ³I'm
sorry for these mixed-up kids´, children who are confused by social problems.¼
¨mix©2 ²/mIks/ ³n ´(chiefly in trade and comm) ingredients, mixed
or to be mixed, for a purpose, eÔg for plaster, mortar, concrete or kinds of
food: ³an ice-·Ú³cream mix; a ·Ú³cake mix, ´of flour, egg-powder, sugar, etc to
be used in making cakes.¼
¨mixed© ²/mIkst/ ³adj ´of different sorts: ³@ biscuits/pickles; a @ school,
´for boys and girls; ³a @ company, ´including people of different classes,
tastes, etc. ·have @ feelings (about sth), ´feel eÔg both sorrow and pleasure
(about it). ¸*@ Úblessing, ´sth that has both advantages and disadvantages. ¸*@
Údoubles, ´(tennis, etc) with two players, one man and one woman, on each side.
¸*@ Úfarming, ´eÔg dairy farming and cereals. ¸*@ Úgrill, ´eÔg liver, kidney
and bacon. ¸*@ Úmarriage, ´one between persons of different races or religions.
¸*@ Úmetaphor, ´two or more metaphors used inconsistently together, producing a
ludicrous effect, eÔg "The scourge of tyranny had burnt his fingers'.¼
¨mixer© ²/ÚmIksE(r)/ ³n ¸1 ´person or thing that mixes: ³a ce·Ú³ment @; an
electric ·Ú³food-@; ´(TÔV, films) person or thing that combines shots on to one
length of film or video-tape. ¸2 ·be a good @, ´(colloq) one who is at ease
with others on social occasions. µ¥ mix±1µ(2).¼
¨mix®ture© ²/ÚmIkst2E(r)/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´mixing or being mixed. ¸2 ¶[C] ´sth made
by mixing: ³a ·Ú³smoking @, ´made by blending different kinds of tobacco; ³a
·Ú³cough @, ´@ of several medicines. ³Air is a @, not a compound, of gases.
·the @ as before, ´(colloq) the same procedure, treatment, etc as in the past.¼
¨miz®zen©, mizen ²/ÚmIzn/ ³n ¸1 Ú@(-mast), ´mast nearest the stern on a ship
with three masts. ¸2 Ú@(-sail), ´lowest square sail set on this mast. µ¥ ´the
illus at µbarque.¼
¨mizzle© ²/ÚmIzl/ ³vi ´(dial or colloq) ¶[VP2A] ´rain in fine drops; drizzle.¼
¨mne®monic© ²/nIÚmonIk/ ³adj ´of, designed to help, the memory: ³@ verses, ´eÔg
for remembering irregular declensions or conjugations. ¸mne®mon®ics ³n pl ´art
of, system for, improving the memory.¼
¨mo© ²/mE8/ ³n ´(sl abbr of) µmoment´: ³half a mo.¼
¨moan© ²/mE8n/ ³n ¶[C] ´low sound of pain or regret, or one suggesting
suffering: ³the @s of the wounded; the @ of the wind on a winter evening. ´¹
³vi,vt ¶[VP2A,C,15B] ´utter @s; say with @s: ³@ (out) a plea for help. ³What's
she @ing ´(= complaining) ³about now?¼
¨moat© ²/mE8t/ ³n ´deep, wide ditch filled with water, round a
castle, etc as a defence. µ¥ ´the illus at µdrawbridge. ¸@ed ³adj ´having a @:
³a @ed manor house.¼
¨mob© ²/mob/ ³n ¶[C] ¸1 ´disorderly crowd, rabble, esp one that has gathered
for mischief or attack: (attrib) ³mob law, mob rule´, imposed or enforced by a
mob. ¸2 the mob, ´the masses: ³mob oratory´, the kind of speech-making that
appeals to the emotions of the masses, not to their intellect. ¸3 ´gang of
criminals. ¹ ³vt µ(-bb-) ¶[VP6A] ´(of people) crowd round in great numbers,
either to attack or to admire: ³The pickpocket was mobbed by angry women. The
pop singer was mobbed by teenagers. ¸mob®ster ²/ÚmobstE(r)/ ³n ´member of a
gang or mob of rowdy persons.¼
¨mob®cap© ²/Úmobkap/ ³n ´(18th c) woman's indoor head-dress covering the whole
of the hair.¼
¨mo®bile© ²/ÚmE8bñIl ³US: ²-bl/ ³adj ¸1 ´moving, able to be moved, easily and
quickly from place to place: ³@ troops/artillery. ¸2 ´easily and often
changing: ³@ features´, quickly showing changes of thought and emotion. ¹ ³n
´ornamental structure with parts that move in currents of air. ¸mo®bil®ity
²/mE8ÚbIlEtI/ ³n ¶[U] ´being @.¼
¨mo®bi®lize© ²/ÚmE8bIlñIz/ ³vt,vi ¶[VP6A,2A] ´collect together for service or
use, esp in war. ¸mo®bi®liz®ation ²/*mE8bIlñIÚzeI2n ³US: ²-lIÚz-/ ³n
´mobilizing or being @d: (attrib) ³mobilization orders.¼
¨mob®ster© ²/ÚmobstE(r)/ ³n µ¥ mob.¼
¨moc®ca®sin© ²/ÚmokEsIn/ ³n ¶[U] ´soft leather made from deerskin; ³(pl)
´shoes made from this, as worn by N American Indians, or in similar style. µ¥
´the illus at µmitten.¼
¨mo®cha© ²/ÚmokE ³US: ²ÚmE8kE/ ³n ¶[U] ´fine quality of coffee, originally
shipped from the Arabian port of M@.¼
¨mock© ²/mok/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A,3A] ·@ sb; @ at sb, ´make fun of; ridicule (esp
by copying in a funny or contemptuous way): ³The naughty boys @ed the blind
man. They @ed at my fears. ¸Ú@®ing bird ³n ´American bird of the thrush family
that mimics the notes of other birds. ¸2 ¶[VP6A] ´defy contemptuously: ³The
heavy steel doors @ed the attempts of the thieves to open the safe. ¸Ú@-up ³n
¸(a) ´full-scale model, eÔg of an aircraft, made of wood, showing the
appearance of a proposed machine (or any part of it). ¸(b) ´lay-out of sth to
be printed. ¹ ³attrib adj ´not real or genuine: ³a @ battle; @-turtle soup´,
made to imitate turtle soup; ·*³@-·Ú³modesty´, pretence of being modest;
·*³@-he·Ú³roic´, making fun of heroic style in literature. ¹ ³n ´(archaic)
derision. ·make a @ of, ´ridicule. ¸@er ³n ´person who @s. ¸@®ing®ly ³adv¼
¨mock®ery© ²/ÚmokErI/ ³n (pl µ-ries³) ¸1 ¶[U] ´mocking; ridicule: ³hold a
person up to @. ¸2 ¶[C] ´sb or sth that is mocked; occasion when sb or sth is
mocked. ¸3 ¶[C] ´bad or contemptible example (of sth): ³His trial was a @ of
justice. He received only the @ of a trial.¼
¨mod© ²/mod/ ³adj ´(sl) up-to-date and smart (esp in dress). ¹ ³n
¸Mod, ´(1960's in GB) young person wearing smart clothes and riding on
motor-scooters: ³Mods and Rockers, µ¥rock±2´.¼
¨mo®dal© ²/ÚmE8dl/ ³adj ´relating to mode or manner (contrasted with
substance); (gram) the mood of a verb: ³@ auxiliaries´, eÔg ³can, may.
¸mo®dal®ity ²/mE8ÚdalItI/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´being @. ¸2 ¶[C] ´way in which sth is
done.¼
¨mode© ²/ÚmE8d/ ³n ¶[C] ¸1 ´way in which sth is done; way of speaking or
behaving: ³a @ of life/dressing the hair; ´fashion or style: ³the latest @s
´(of clothes). ¸2 ´(music) one of the two chief scale systems in modern music:
³the major and the minor @s.¼
¨model©1 ²/Úmodl/ ³n ¶[C] ¸1 ´small-scale reproduction or
representation of sth; design to be copied: ³@ of an ocean liner; a clay or wax
@ for a statue, ´to be copied in stone or metal; (attrib) ³@ aircraft/trains.
¸2 ´person or thing to be copied: ³He's a @ of industry. Make yours on the @ of
your brother's. ¸3 ´(colloq) person or thing exactly like another: ³She's the
@/a perfect @ of her mother. ¸4 ´person who poses for sculptors, painters or
photographers. ¸5 ´person employed to wear clothes, hats, etc so that
prospective buyers may see them; mannequin. ¸6 ´article of clothing, hat, etc
shown publicly by @sµ(5)´: ³the latest Paris @s´, clothes, etc from the Paris
dressmakers. ¸7 ´design or structure of which many copies or reproductions are
(to be) made: ³the latest @s of Ford cars; a ·Ú³sports @´, a car designed for
fast driving. ¸8 ´(attrib) perfect; deserving to be imitated: ³@ behaviour; a @
wife.¼
¨model©2 ²/Úmodl/ ³vt,vi µ(-ll-, ´US µ-l-) ¸1 ¶[VP6A,14,15A] ·@ (in), ´shape
(in some soft substance): ³@ sb's head in clay; ´(fig): ³delicately @led
features. ¸2 ¶[VP2A,6A] ´practise as a modelµ(4,5)´: ³She earns a living by
@ling clothes/hats. ¸3 ¶[VP14] ·@ oneself on/upon sb, ´make from a model; take
as a copy or example: ³@ oneself on one's father. ¸@(l)er ³n ´person who
practises @ling. ¸@(l)ing ³n ¶[U] ´art of making @sµ(1)´; way in which this is
done; working as a @µ(5)´: ³She did some @ling as a student to earn
pocket-money.¼
¨mod®er®ate©1 ²/ÚmodErEt/ ³adj ¸1 ´not extreme; limited; having reasonable
limits: ³He has a @ appetite. Prices in this hotel are strictly @´, not at all
high. ³I'd like a @-price room´, eÔg in a hotel. ³We need a @-sized house´,
eÔg with 3 or 4 bedrooms, not 7 or 8. ¸2 ´keeping or kept within reasonable
limits: ³a man of @ opinions; a @ political party; a @ drinker; be @ in one's
demands. ´¹ ³n ´person who holds @ opinions, eÔg in politics. ¸@®ly ³adv ´to a
@ extent: ³a @ly large audience.¼
¨mod®er®ate©2 ²/ÚmodEreIt/ ³vt,vi ¶[VP6A,2A] ¸1 ´make or become
less violent or extreme: ³@ one's enthusiasm/demands. The wind is moderating.
His wife exercises a moderating influence upon him´, is able to restrain him.
¸2 ´act as moderator.¼
¨mod®er®ation© ²/*modEÚreI2n/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´quality of being moderate; freedom
from excess: ³My doctor has advised @ in eating and drinking. ·in @, ´in a
moderate manner or degree: ³alcoholic drinks are not harmful taken in @. ¸2
³(pl) ´(shortened to ¸Mods´) ´first public examination for a degree in
classical studies at Oxford. µ¥ ³Greats ´at µgreat(12).¼
¨mod®er®ator© ²/ÚmodEreItE(r)/ ³n ¸1 ´Presbyterian minister presiding over a
church court. ¸2 ´presiding examiner at some university examinations. ¸3
´material in which neutrons are slowed down in an atomic pile.¼
¨mod®ern© ²/Úmodn/ ³adj ¸1 ´of the present or recent times: ³@ history´, eÔg
of Europe, from 1475 onwards; ³@ languages, ´those now spoken and written; ³M@
English, ´from the 15th c onwards; ³@ inventions and discoveries. ¸*secondary
Ú@ school, ´(GB; 1950's and 1960's) type of non-academic, semi-technical,
secondary school. µ¥ secondary. ¸2 ´new and up-to-date: ³@ methods and ideas; a
house with all @ conveniences. ´¹ ³n ´person living in @ times.¼
¨mod®ern®ism© ²/ÚmodEnIzEm/ ³n ¶[U] ´modern views or methods; (theology)
subordination of tradition to modern thought. ¸mod®ern®ist ²/-Ist/ ³n ´believer
in, supporter of, @. ¸mod®ern®is®tic ²/*modEÚnIstIk/ ³adj ´of @.¼
¨mo®dern®ity© ²/mEÚd3nEtI/ ³n ¶[U] ´being modern.¼
¨mod®ern®ize© ²/ÚmodEnñIz/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´make suitable for present-day needs;
bring up to date: ³Ought we to @ our spelling? ¸mod®ern®iz®ation
²/*modEnñIÚzeI2n ³US: ²-nIÚz-/ ³n ¶[U].¼
¨mod®est© ²/ÚmodIst/ ³adj ¸1 ´having, showing, a not too high opinion of one's
merits, abilities, etc: ³be @ about one's achievements; a @ hero. ¸2 ´moderate;
not large in size or amount: ³He lives in a @ little house´, not showy or
splendid. ³My demands are quite @. He is @ in his requirements. ¸3 ´taking,
showing, care not to do or say anything impure or improper: ³@ in speech, dress
and behaviour. ¸@®ly ³adv ¸mod®esty ²/ÚmodIstI/ ³n ¶[U] ´state of being @ (all
senses): ³Her @y prevented her from making her feelings known to him. ·in all
@y, ´without the least intention of boasting, etc.¼
¨modi®cum© ²/ÚmodIkEm/ ³n sing ´small or moderate amount: ³achieve
success with a @ of effort; a simple meal with a @ of wine.¼
¨mod®ify© ²/ÚmodIfñI/ ³vt (pt,pp µ-fied³) ¶[VP6A] ¸1 ´make changes in; make
different: ³The industrial revolution modified the whole structure of English
society. ¸2 ´make less severe, violent, etc: ³You'd better @ your tone´, eÔg be
less rude. ³He won't @ his demands´, reduce them. ¸3 ´(gram) qualify the sense
of (a word): ³Adjectives @ nouns. ¸modi®fier ²/-fñIE(r)/ ³n ´(gram) word that
modifies, eÔg an ³adj ´or ³adv. ¸modi®fi®ca®tion ²/*modIfIÚkeI2n/ ³n ¶[U] ´@ing
or being modified; ¶[C] ´instance of this; change or alteration.¼
¨mod®ish© ²/ÚmE8dI2/ ³adj ´fashionable. ¸@®ly ³adv¼
¨mo®diste© ²/mE8Údist/ ³n ´(formal) milliner; dressmaker.¼
¨modu®late© ²/Úmodj8leIt ³US: ²-dZ8-/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A] ´regulate; adjust;
adapt; ´(music) make a change in the key of. ¸2 ¶[VP2C] ·@ from/to, ´change
from one key to another. ¸3 ¶[VP6A] ´(radio) vary the frequency, amplitude or
phase of a wave. µ¥ modulation.¼
¨modu®la®tion© ²/*modj8ÚleI2n ³US: ²-dZ8Úl-/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´process of modulating;
state of being modulated; ¶[C] ´change resulting from this; ¶[U] ´(music)
changing of key; ¶[C] ´particular change of key. ¸2 ´(radio) variation in the
amplitude, frequency or phase of a wave so that it is suitable for radio, eÔg
of the human voice to a wave for radio or the telephone.¼
¨mod®ule© ²/Úmodjul ³US: ²-dZul/ ³n ¶[C] ¸1 ´standard or unit of
measurement as used in building. ¸2 ´standard uniform component used in the
structure of a building or in sectional furniture; unit of electronic
components as used in the assembly of a computer: ³a ·Ú³memory @´, unit of
components in a mechanical system. ¸3 ´independent and self-contained unit of a
spacecraft. ¸comÚmand @, ´for the astronaut in command. ¸Úlunar @, ´to be
separated for a moon landing. ¸modu®lar ²/Úmodj8lE(r) ³US: ²-dZ8-/ ³adj ´based
on a @ or unit: ³modular design/construction´, based on a @ which is repeated
throughout the design.¼
¨modus op®er®andi© ²/*mE8dEs *opEÚrandi/ ³n ´(Lat) method of dealing with a
piece of work; method of being operated.¼
¨modus vi®vendi© ²/*mE8dEs vIÚvendi/ ³n ´(Lat) way of living; (way of getting
a) temporary agreement (while awaiting the final settlement of a dispute,
etc).¼
¨mo®gul© ²/ÚmE8gl/ ³n ´(colloq) very rich or important person: ³Hollywood @s.¼
¨mo®hair© ²/ÚmE8heE(r)/ ³n ¶[U] ´(thread, cloth, made from the) fine, silky
hair of the Angora goat.¼
¨Mo®ham®medan© ²/mEÚhamIdEn/ ³n µ¥ Muhammad.¼
¨moi®ety© ²/ÚmãIEtI/ ³n (pl µ-ties³) ´(esp in legal sense) one of two parts
into which sth is divided.¼
¨moil© ²/mãIl/ ³vi ´(only in) ·toil and @, ´work hard.¼
¨moist© ²/mãIst/ ³adj ´(esp of surfaces) slightly wet: ³eyes @ with tears; a @
wind from the sea. ¸@en ²/ÚmãIsn/ ³vt,vi ¶[VP6A,2A] ´make or become @: ³@en the
lips´, eÔg by licking them; ³@en a sponge. ¸@®ure ²/ÚmãIst2E(r)/ ³n ¶[U]
´condensed vapour on a surface; liquid in the form of vapour.¼
¨moke© ²/mE8k/ ³n ´(GB sl) donkey.¼
¨mo®lar© ²/ÚmE8lE(r)/ ³n, adj ´(one) of the teeth used for grinding food. µ¥
´the illus at µmouth.¼
¨mo®las®ses© ²/mEÚlasIz/ ³n ¶[U] ´thick dark syrup drained from raw sugar
during the refining process.¼
¨mold©, molder, mold®ing, moldy, µ¥ mould´, etc.¼
¨moldy© ²/ÚmE8ldI/ ³adj µ(-ier, -iest) µ¥ mould.¼
¨mole©1 ²/mE8l/ ³n ´permanent, small, dark spot on the human skin.¼
¨mole©2 ²/mE8l/ ³n ´small, dark-grey, fur-covered animal with tiny
eyes, living in tunnels (or burrows) which it makes in the ground. µ¥ ´the
illus at µsmall. ·blind as a @, ´having bad eye-sight. ¸Ú@-skin ³n ´fur of a @,
used for making garments and hats. ¸Ú@-hill ³n ´pile of earth thrown up by a @
while burrowing. ·make a mountain out of a @-hill, ´make a trivial matter seem
important.¼
¨mole©3 ²/mE8l/ ³n ´stone wall built in the sea as a breakwater or causeway.
µ¥ ´the illus at µbreakwater.¼
¨mol®ecule© ²/ÚmolIkjul/ ³n ´smallest unit (one or more atoms) into which a
substance can be divided without a change in its chemical nature. ¸mol®ecu®lar
²/mEÚlekj8lE(r)/ ³adj ´of or related to @s: ³molecular structure.¼
¨mo®lest© ²/mEÚlest/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´trouble or annoy intentionally.
¸mol®es®ta®tion ²/*mE8lEÚsteI2n/ ³n ¶[U].¼
¨moll© ²/mol/ ³n ´(sl) woman companion of a gangster, vagrant, etc;
prostitute.¼
¨mol®lify© ²/ÚmolIfñI/ ³vt (pt,pp µ-fied³) ¶[VP6A] ´make (a person, his
feelings) calmer or quieter: ³@ing remarks; @ sb's anger. ¸mol®li®fi®ca®tion
²/*molIfIÚkeI2n/ ³n ¶[U].¼
¨mol®lusc© ´(US also ¸mol®lusk´) ²/ÚmolEsk/ ³n ´one of a class of animals with
soft bodies (and often hard shells), eÔg oysters, mussels, cuttlefish, snails,
slugs.¼
¨molly®coddle© ²/ÚmolIkodl/ ³n ´person who takes too much care of his health,
who pampers himself and likes others to pamper him. ¹ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´(often
reflex) pamper (sb, oneself).¼
¨Mo®loch© ²/ÚmE8lok/ ³n ´(in the Bible) god to whom children were sacrificed;
(fig) dreadful thing, eÔg war, that requires great sacrifice of human life.¼
¨molt© ²/molt/ µ¥ moult.¼
¨mol®ten© ²/ÚmE8ltEn/ ³pp ´of µmelt. ¸1 ´(of metals) in a melted (and therefore
very hot) state: ³@ steel. ¸2 ´made of metal that has been melted and cast: ³a
@ image´, eÔg of a god.¼
¨molto© ²/ÚmoltE8 ³US: ²ÚmE8ltE8/ ³adv ´(musical direction) very:
³@ espressivo´, with much expression.¼
¨mo®lyb®denum© ²/mEÚlIbdEnEm/ ³n ¶[U] ´silvery-white brittle metallic element
(symbol ¸Mo´) used in alloys for making high-speed tools.¼
¨mo®ment© ²/ÚmE8mEnt/ ³n ¸1 ¶[C] ´point or very brief period of time: ³It was
all over in a few @s. Please wait a @. Just a @, please. He'll be here (at) any
@´, very soon now. ³It was done in a @. He arrived at the last @´, almost too
late. ³Study your notes at odd @s´, whenever you have a few minutes to spare.
³I have just this @/only this @ heard the news´, heard it only a @ ago. ·Not
for a @, ´never: ³"Have you ever thought of making your own dresses?'Å"Not for
a @!' ·man of the @, ´man who is important just now. ¸2 ·the @, ´(used as a
³conj´) as soon as; at the time when: ³I started the @ your letter arrived.
The @ I saw you I knew you were angry with me. ¸3 ¶[U] ·of (great, small,
little, no, etc) @, ´of (great, small, etc) importance: ³an affair of great @;
a matter of @; men of @.¼
¨mo®men®tary© ²/ÚmE8mEntrI ³US: ²-terI/ ³adj ¸1 ´lasting for, done in, a
moment. ¸2 ´at every moment: ³with a learner at the wheel, and in @ expectation
of an accident. ¸mo®men®tar®ily ²/ÚmE8mEntrElI ³US: ²*mE8mEnÚterElI/ ³adv¼
¨mo®men®tous© ²/mEÚmentEs/ ³adj ´important; serious. ¸@®ly ³adv ¸@®ness ³n¼
¨mo®men®tum© ²/mEÚmentEm/ ³n ¶[U] ¸1 ´(science) quantity of motion of a moving
body (the product of its mass and velocity): ³Do falling objects gain @? ¸2
´(fig, of events) impetus gained by movement: ³lose/gain @.¼
¨mon®arch© ²/ÚmonEk/ ³n ´supreme ruler (a king, queen, emperor or empress).
¸mon®ar®chic ²/mEÚnqkIk/ ³adj ´of a @ or a @y. µ¥ absolute(2), limited±2µ.
¸mon®ar®chism ²/-IzEm/ ³n ¶[U] ´system of government by a single ruler or @.
¸mon®ar®chist ²/-Ist/ ³n ´supporter of @ism. ¸mon®archy ²/ÚmonEkI/ ³n ¶[U]
´government by a @; ¶[C] ³(pl µ-chies³) ´state ruled by a @.¼
¨mon®as®tery© ²/ÚmonEstrI ³US: ²-sterI/ ³n (pl µ-ries³) ´place
where monks live as a community under religious vows.¼
¨mon®as®tic© ²/mEÚnastIk/ ³adj ´of monks or monasteries: ³@ vows, ´eÔg of
poverty, chastity, and obedience; ³@ architecture´, of the kind used for
monasteries, abbeys, etc. ¸mon®as®ti®cism ²/mEÚnastIsIzEm/ ³n ¶[U] ´system of
living as practised by monks in monasteries.¼
¨mon®aural© ²/*monÚcrEl/ ³adj ´for one ear; (with trade abbr ³mono´; of
sound-reproducing equipment and recordings) not stereophonic.¼
¨Mon®day© ²/ÚmAndI/ ³n ´second day of the week.¼
¨mon®et®ary© ²/ÚmAnItrI ³US: ²-terI/ ³adj ´of money or a currency: ³The @ unit
in the US is the dollar. M@ reform in GB has given us a decimal coinage.¼
¨mon®et®ize© ²/ÚmAnEtqIz/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ¸1 ´put (coins, notes) into
circulation as money. ¸2 ´give (a currency) a fixed value.¼
¨money© ²/ÚmAnI/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´coins stamped from metal (gold, copper, alloys),
printed notes, given and accepted when buying and selling, etc: ³I keep my @ in
the bank. I could hear @ jingling in his pocket. ·be Úcoining/Úminting @, ´be
getting rich quickly. ·be in the @, ´(sl) be rich. ·get one's Ú@'s worth, ´get
full value for @ spent. ·make @, ´earn it. ·marry @, ´marry a rich person.
·(pay) @ down, ´(pay) in cash (contrasted with ³credit´). ·put @ into sth,
´invest @ in an enterprise, etc. ¸*@ of acÚcount, µ¥ account±1µ(2). ¸ready @,
´cash contrasted with ³credit´, etc). ¸2 ´(compounds) ¸Ú@-box ³n ´closed box
into which coins are dropped through a slit, used for savings or for collecting
contributions (to charities, etc). ¸Ú@-changer ³n ´one whose business is to
exchange @ of one country for that of another country. ¸Ú@-grubber ³n ´person
whose chief or only interest in life is making @. ¸Ú@-lender ³n ´one whose
business is to lend @ at interest. ¸the Ú@-market ³n ´the body of bankers,
financiers, etc whose operations decide the rates of interest on borrowed
capital. ¸Ú@-order ³n ´official order bought from a post office for @ to be
paid by another post office to a named person. ¸Ú@-spinner ³n ´(colloq) book,
play, etc that makes a lot of @. ¸3 ³(pl, µmoneys ´or µmonies ²/ÚmAnIz/³)
´(legal or archaic) sums of @: ³@s paid in/out; sundry @s owing to the estate.
¸@ed ²/ÚmAnId/ ³adj ´having (much) @: ³a @ed man: the @ed classes; the @ed
interest´, the owners of capital. ¸@®less ³adj ´having no @.¼
¨mon®ger© ²/ÚmAGgE(r)/ ³n ´(chiefly in compounds) trader, dealer:
·Ú³iron@; ·Ú³fish@; ·Ú³coster@; ·Ú³scandal-@.¼
¨mon®gol®ism© ²/ÚmoGgElIzEm/ ³n ¶[U] ´congenital condition in which a child is
born with mental deficiency and a flattened broad skull and slanting eyes.
¸mon®gol ²/ÚmoGgl/ ³n, attrib adj ´(person) suffering from @: ³a mongol baby.¼
¨mon®goose© ²/ÚmoGgus/ ³n (pl µ@s ²/-sIz/´) small Indian animal clever at
destroying venomous snakes. µ¥ ´the illus at µsmall.¼
¨mon®grel© ²/ÚmAGgrEl/ ³n ¸1 ´dog of mixed breed. ¸2 ´any plant or animal of
mixed origin. ¹ ³attrib adj ´of mixed breed or origin.¼
¨mon®ies© ²/ÚmAnIz/ ³n pl µ¥ money(3).¼
¨moni®tor© ²/ÚmonItE(r)/ ³n ¸1 ´pupil given authority over his fellows. ¸2
´person employed to listen to and report on foreign broadcasts. ¸3 ´apparatus
for testing transmissions by radio or TÔV, for detecting radio-activity,
for tracing the flight of missiles, etc. ¸Ú@ (screen), ´television screen used
in a studio to check or select transmissions. ¹ ³vt,vi ´act as @µ(3)´.¼
¨monk© ²/mAGk/ ³n ´member of a community of men living together under religious
vows in a monastery. ¸Ú@®ish ²/-I2/ ³adj ´of or like @s.¼
¨mon®key© ²/ÚmAGkI/ ³n (pl µ@s³) ¸1 ´member of the group of animals most
closely resembling man. µ¥ ´the illus at µape. ·be/get up to Ú@
business/tricks, ´to mischief. ·have a Ú@ on one's back, ´(sl) ¸(a) ´be a drug
addict; ¸(b) ´bear a grudge. ·get one's @ up, ´(sl) become angry. ·put sb's @
up, ´(sl) make him angry. ¸Ú@-jacket ³n ´short, close-fitting jacket as worn
by some sailors. ¸Ú@-nut ³n ´groundnut. ¸Ú@-puzzle ³n ´Chilean pine tree.
¸Ú@-wrench ³n ´wrench (spanner) with a jaw that can be adjusted to various
lengths. µ¥ ´the illus at µtool. ¸2 ´(playfully) person, esp a child, who is
fond of mischief: ³You little @! ¸3 ´(sl) $500 or ²:´500. ¹ ³vi ¶[VP2C] ·@
about (with), ´play mischievously: ³Stop @ing about with those tools!¼
¨mono© ²/ÚmonE8/ ³adj ´(abbr) µ¥ monaural ´and µApp 3.¼
¨mono®chrome© ²/ÚmonEkrE8m/ ³n ´painting in (different tints of) one colour. ¹
³adj ´having only one colour.¼
¨mon®ocle© ²/ÚmonEkl/ ³n ´eyeglass for one eye only, kept in position by the
muscles round the eye.¼
¨mon®og®amy© ²/mEÚnogEmI/ ³n ¶[U] ´practice of being married to only one
person at a time. µ¥ polygamy. ¸mon®og®amist ²/-Ist/ ³n ´person who practises
@. ¸mon®og®amous ²/mEÚnogEmEs/ ³adj ´having only one wife or husband at a
time.¼
¨mono®gram© ²/ÚmonEgram/ ³n ´two or more letters (esp a person's initials)
combined in one design (used on handkerchiefs, notepaper, etc).¼
¨mono®graph© ²/ÚmonEgrqf ³US: ²-graf/ ³n ´detailed learned account, esp a
published report on one particular subject.¼
¨mono®lith© ²/ÚmonElIT/ ³n ´single upright block of stone (as a pillar or
monument). ¸@ic ²/*monEÚlITIk/ ³adj ´of or like a @.¼
¨mono®logue© ²/ÚmonElog ³US: ²-lcg/ ³n ´scene in a play, etc in which only one
person speaks; dramatic composition for a single performer; soliloquy.¼
¨mono®mania© ²/*monE8ÚmeInIE/ ³n ¶[U] ´state of mind, sometimes amounting to
madness, caused by the attention being occupied exclusively by one idea or
subject; ¶[C] ´instance of this. µ¥ paranoia. ¸mono®maniac ²/*monE8ÚmeInIak/
³n ´sufferer from @.¼
¨mono®plane© ²/ÚmonEpleIn/ ³n ´aircraft with one wing on each side of the
fuselage. µ¥ biplane.¼
¨mon®op®ol®ize© ²/mEÚnopElñIz/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´get or keep a monopoly
of; control the whole of, so that others cannot share: ³Don't let me @ the
conversation. ¸mon®op®ol®iz®ation ²/mE*nopElñIÚzeI2n ³US: ²-lIÚz-/ ³n¼
¨mon®op®oly© ²/mEÚnopElI/ ³n (pl µ-lies³) ¶[C] ¸1 ´(possession of the) sole
right to supply; the supply or service thus controlled. ¸2 ´complete
possession of trade, talk, etc: ³In many countries tobacco is a government @.
¸3 ´anything over which one person or group has control and which is not or
cannot be shared by others. ¸mon®op®ol®ist ²/-lIst/ ³n ´person who has a @.
¸mon®op®ol®is®tic ²/mE*nopEÚlIstIk/ ³adj¼
¨mono®rail© ²/ÚmonE8reIl/ ³n ´single rail serving as a track for vehicles;
railway system for vehicles using such a rail, or for vehicles suspended from
a single rail.¼
¨mono®syl®lable© ²/ÚmonEsIlEbl/ ³n ´word of one syllable. ¸mono®syl®labic
²/*monEsIÚlabIk/ ³adj ´having only one syllable; made up of words of one
syllable: ³monosyllabic answers´, eÔg "Yes' or "No'.¼
¨mono®theism© ²/ÚmonE8TiIzEm/ ³n ´doctrine that there is only one God
(contrasted with ³polytheism´). ¸mono®theist ²/ÚmonE8TiIst/ ³n ´believer in @.
¸mono®the®istic ²/*monE8TiÚIstik/ ³adj¼
¨mono®tone© ²/ÚmonEtE8n/ ³n ´(keeping a) level tone in talking or singing;
utterance without change of pitch: ³speak in a @.¼
¨mon®ot®onous© ²/mEÚnotEnEs/ ³adj ´(uninteresting because) unchanging, without
variety: ³a @ voice´, one with little change of pitch; ³@ work. ¸@®ly ³adv
¨mon®ot®ony© ²/mEÚnotEnI/ ³n ¶[U] ´the state of being monotonous; wearisome
absence of variety.¼
¨mono®type© ²/ÚmonEtñIp/ ³n ´(P) composing machine that casts, sets and
assembles type letter by letter.¼
¨mon®ox®ide© ²/moÚnoksñId/ ³n ¶[C,U] ´oxide containing one oxygen atom in the
molecule: ³carbon @, ¸(CO).¼
¨Mon®roe© ²/mEnÚrE8/ ³n ¸@ doctrine, ´(based on statements by James Monroe, US
president (1817Å1825) in 1823) US policy of opposing any interference by
European powers in N and S America.¼
¨Mon®sieur© ²/mEÚsj3(r)/ ³n ´(abbr ¸M´) ³(pl µMessieurs
²/meIÚsj3(r)/´) French title before the name of a man; Mr, sir, gentleman: ³M@
Hercule Poirot; yes, @.¼
¨Mon®si®gnor© ²/monÚsinjE(r)/ ³n ´(title of honour given to) certain
priests in the RÔC Church.¼
¨mon®soon© ²/monÚsun/ ³n ´seasonal wind blowing in the Indian Ocean from SÔW
from April to October ³(wet @) ´and from NÔE during the other months ³(dry
@)´; the rainy season that comes with the wet @.¼
¨mon®ster© ²/ÚmonstE(r)/ ³n ¸1 ´abnormally misshapen animal or plant; person or
thing of extraordinary size, shape or qualities; (in stories) imaginary
creature (eÔg half animal, half bird): ³Mermaids, griffins and dragons are @s.
A five-legged dog is a @. ¸2 ´person who is remarkable for some bad or evil
quality: ³a @ of cruelty/ingratitude; the Commissioners of Inland Revenue,
those @s of greed. ¸3 ´(attrib) huge: ³a @ ship.¼
¨mon®strance© ²/ÚmonstrEns/ ³n ´(in RÔC Church) vessel in which the Host is
exposed for veneration.¼
¨mon®strous© ²/ÚmonstrEs/ ³adj ¸1 ´of or like a monster; of great size. ¸2
´atrocious; causing horror and disgust: ³@ crimes. ¸3 ´(colloq) quite absurd;
incredible; scandalous: ³It's perfectly @ that men should be paid more than
women for the same job. ¸@®ly ³adv ¸mon®stros®ity ²/monÚstrosEtI/ ³n (pl
µ-ties³) ¶[U] ´state of being @; ¶[C] ´monster; hideous object, building, etc.¼
¨mon®tage© ²/ÚmontqZ ³US: ²monÚtqZ/ ³n ´(F) ¶[U] ´selection, cutting and
arrangement of photographic film, etc to make a consecutive whole; process of
using many pictures, designs, etc sometimes superimposed, to make a composite
picture.¼
¨month© ²/mAnT/ ³n ¸calendar @, ´any of the twelve parts into which the year
is divided; period of time from a day in one @ to the corresponding day in the
next @ (eÔg 2 Jan to 2 Feb). ¸lunar @, ´period in which the moon makes a
complete revolution round the earth; period of 28 days: ³a baby of three @s: a
three-@ old baby. In which @ were you born? I shall be back this day @´, four
weeks from today. ·a @ of Sundays, ´a very long time: ³Never in a @ of Sundays!
¸@®ly ³adj, adv ´done, happening, published, etc, once a @; valid for one @: ³a
@ly season ticket, ´eÔg for railway travel. µ¹ ³n ¸1 ´periodical issued once a
@. ¸2 ³(pl µ-lies³) ´(colloq, dated use) occurrence of menstruation.¼
¨monu®ment© ²/Úmonj8mEnt/ ³n ¸1 ´building, column, statue, etc serving to keep
alive the memory of a person or event: ³a @ to soldiers killed in the war. ¸the
M@, ´the column in London that commemorates the Great Fire of London in 1666.
¸2 Ancient M@s, ´objects, of special historic interest, such as prehistoric
fortifications and remains, old buildings and bridges (often preserved by
offical bodies). ¸3 ´piece of scholarship or research that deserves to be
remembered; work of literature or science of lasting value: ³a @ of learning.¼
¨monu®men®tal© ²/*monj8Úmentl/ ³adj ¸1 ´of, serving for, a
monument: ³a @ inscription; @ masons, ´eÔg making tombstones. ¸2 ´(of books,
studies, etc) of lasting value: ³a @ production´, eÔg the ³Oxford English
Dictionary. ¸3 ´(of qualities, buildings, tasks) very great: ³@ ignorance.¼
¨moo© ²/mu/ ³n ´sound made by a cow. ¹ ³vi (pt µmooed³) ´make the sound moo.
¸Úmoo-cow ³n ´(child's word for) cow.¼
¨mooch© ²/mut2/ ³vi ¶[VP2C] ·@ about, ´(colloq) loiter about: ³out-of-work men
@ing about (the streets).¼
¨mood©1 ²/mud/ ³n ¶[C] ´state of mind or spirits: ³in a merry @; in the @ for
work´, inclined to work; ³not in the @ for serious music. He's a man of @s´,
his @s change often. ¸@y ³adj µ(-ier, -iest) ¸1 ´having @s that often change.
¸2 ´gloomy; bad-tempered. ¸@®ily ²/-IlI/ ³adv ¸Ú@i®ness ³n¼
¨mood©2 ²/mud/ ³n ´(gram) one of the groups of forms that a verb may take to
show whether things are regarded as certain, possible, doubtful, etc: ³the
indicative/imperative/subjunctive @.¼
¨moon©1 ²/mun/ ³n ¸1 the @, ´the body which moves round the earth
once in a month and shines at night by light reflected from the sun: ³Men
have explored the surface of the @. The @ shone brightly. ·a + ³adj ·@, ´this
body regarded as an object distinct from that visible in other months: ³a
new/half/full @. µ¥ new; ¥ ´the illus at µphase. ·a/no @, ´the @
visible/invisible: ³There was no @´, It was a night with no @ visible in the
sky. ³Is there a @ tonight? ·cry for the @, ´yearn for sth impossible. ·promise
sb the @, ´make extravagant promises. ¸2 ´(compounds) ¸Ú@®beam ³n ´ray of
@light. ¸Ú@ buggy/rover ³n ´vehicle for travelling on the
@. ¸Ú@®flower ³n ´ox-eye daisy. ¸Ú@®light ³n ´light of the @; (often attrib)
³go swimming in the @light/by @light; a @light night. ¸Ú@®lit ³adj ´lit by the
@: ³a @lit scene/landscape. ¸Ú@®shine ³n ¸(a) ´light of the @. ¸(b) ´foolish or
idle talk, ideas, etc. ¸(c) ´(US) whisky or other spirits illicitly distilled
or smuggled. ¸Ú@®stone ³n ´semi-precious felspar. ¸Ú@®struck ³adj ´wild and
wandering in the mind (supposedly as the result of the @'s influence). ¸3 ¶[C]
´satellite of another planet: ³How many @s has the planet Jupiter? ¸4 ¶[C]
´(poet) month. ·once in a blue @, ´(colloq) rarely or never. ¸@®less ³adj
´without a visible @: ³a dark, @less night.¼
¨moon©2 ²/mun/ ³vi,vt ¸1 ¶[VP2C] ·@ about/around, ´move or look listlessly. ¸2
¶[VP15B] ·@ away, ´pass (time) listlessly or aimlessly: ³@ away the summer
holidays. ¸@y ³adj µ(-ier, -iest) ´given to @ing away the time.¼
¨moor©1 ²/m8E(r)/ ³n ¶[C,U] ´(area of) open, uncultivated land, esp if covered
with heather (and often, in GB, used for preserving game, esp grouse).
¸Ú@®fowl, Ú@®game ³nn (pl ´unchanged) red grouse. ¸Ú@®cock ³n ´male of this.
¸Ú@®hen ³n ¸(a) ´female of this. µ¥ ´the illus at µwater. ¸(b) ´water-hen.
¸Ú@®land ²/-lEnd/ ³n ´land consisting of open @ and covered with heather.¼
¨moor©2 ²/m8E(r)/ ³vt ¶[VP6A,15A] ´make (a boat, ship, etc) secure
(to land or buoys) by means of cables, etc. ¸Ú@®ing-mast ³n ´one for @ing
airships. ¸@®ings ²/Úm8ErIGz/ ³n pl ¸1 ´cables, anchors and chains, etc, by
which a ship or boat is @ed. ¸2 ´place where a ship is @ed.¼
¨Moor© ²/m8E(r)/ ³n ´member of the Muslim peoples of mixed Arab and Berber
blood who now live in NÔW Africa; one of the Muslim Arabs who invaded Spain in
the 8th c: ³the conquest of Spain by the @s.¼
¨Moor®ish© ²/Úm8ErI2/ ³adj ´of the Moors and their culture: ³@ palaces in
Granada.¼
¨moose© ²/mus/ ³n (pl µ@ ´or µ@s ²/-sIz/´) large sort of deer with coarse
fleece and thick antlers, found in the forests of N America, and (where it is
called an ³elk´) in northern Europe and Asia.¼
¨moot© ²/mut/ ³adj ´(only in) ¸a @ point/question, ´one about which
there is uncertainty. ¹ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´raise or bring forward for discussion:
³This question has been @ed again.¼
¨mop©1 ²/mop/ ³n ¸1 ´bundle of coarse strings, cloth, etc fastened to a long
handle for cleaning floors, etc; similar material on a short handle for
cleaning dishes, etc. ¸2 ´mass of thick, untidy hair. ¹ ³vt µ(-pp-) ¸1 ¶[VP6A]
´clean with a mop: ³mop the floor. ¸2 ¶[VP6A,15B] ·@ (up), ´wipe (away) with,
or as with, a mop: ³mop one's brow´, wipe away sweat, eÔg with a handkerchief:
³mop up a mess. ·mop up, ´(colloq uses) finish off, make an end of: ³mop up
arrears of work; mopping-up operations ´(in a military campaign, getting rid of
defeated remnants of enemy troops). ·mop the floor with sb, ´defeat him
completely, eÔg in a debate.¼
¨mop©2 ²/mop/ ³vi µ(-pp-) ´(archaic or liter; only in) ·mop and mow, ´make
grimaces.¼
¨mope© ²/mE8p/ ³vi ¶[VP2A,C] ´pity oneself, give oneself up to sadness or low
spirits: ³@ (about) in the house all day. ´¹ ³n ¸the @s, ´low spirits: ³suffer
from the @s; have a fit of the @s.¼
¨mo®ped© ²/ÚmE8ped/ ³n ´(GB) motor-cycle with pedals and a petrol
engine of low power.¼
¨mo®quette© ²/mEÚket ³US: ²mE8-/ ³n ¶[U] ´synthetic fabric used for carpets
and soft furnishings.¼
¨mo®raine© ²/moÚreIn ³US: ²mc-/ ³n ´heap or mass of earth, gravel, rock, etc
carried down and deposited by a glacier. µ¥ ´the illus at µmountain.¼
¨moral©1 ²/ÚmorEl ³US: ²ÚmcrEl/ ³adj ¸1 ´concerning principles of right and
wrong: ³@ standards; a @ question; the @ sense´, the power of distinguishing
right and wrong; ³@ law; @ rights/obligations´, based on @ law; ³@
philosophy´, ethics, the study of right and wrong in human behaviour. ¸2 ´good
and virtuous: ³live a @ life; a @ man. ¸3 ´able to understand the difference
between right and wrong: ³At what age do we become @ beings? ¸4 ´teaching or
illustrating good behaviour: ³a @ book/story/talk. ¸5 ´(contrasted with
³physical ´or ³practical´) connected with the sense of what is right and just:
³a @ victory´, outcome of a struggle in which the weaker side is comforted
because it has established the righteousness of its cause. ·a @ certainty,
´sth so probable that there is little room for doubt. ·@ courage/cowardice,
´strength/lack of strength to face contempt or ridicule rather than do wrong.
·give sb @ support, ´help by saying that he has justice and right on his side.
¸@ly ²/-rElI/ ³adv ´in a @ manner: ³M@ly he is all that she desired.¼
¨moral©2 ²/ÚmorEl ³US: ²ÚmcrEl/ ³n ¸1 ´that which a story, event or experience
teaches: ³And the @ of this story is that a young girl should not speak to
strange men. You may draw your own @ from this. ¸2 ³(pl) ´moral habits;
standards of behaviour; principles of right and wrong: ³a man without @s; a
man of loose @s; improve the @s of a country.¼
¨mo®rale© ²/mEÚrql ³US: ²-Úral/ ³n ¶[U] ´state of discipline and spirit (in a
person, an army, a nation, etc); temper, state of mind, as expressed in action:
³The army recovered its @ and fighting power. The failing @ of the enemy ´(=
Their loss of confidence in themselves) ³helped to shorten the war.¼
¨mor®al®ist© ²/ÚmorErIst ³US: ²Úmcr-/ ³n ´person who points out moralsµ(1)´;
person who practises or teaches morality.¼
¨mor®al®is®tic© ²/*morEÚlIstIk ³US: ²*mcr-/ ³adj ´concerned with
moralsµ(2)´.¼
¨mor®al®ity© ²/mEÚralEtI/ ³n (pl µ-ties³) ¸1 ¶[U] ´(standards, principles, of)
good behaviour: ³Have standards of political @ improved in recent years? Is
commercial @ high in your country? ¸2 ¶[C] ´particular system of morals:
³Muslim @. ¸3 ¶[C] ¸Ú@ (play), ´form of drama, popular in the 16th c, teaching
good behaviour, the chief characters being personifications of virtues and
vices.¼
¨mor®al®ize© ²/ÚmorElñIz ³US: ²Úmcr-/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP2A,3A] ·@ (about/on/upon),
´deal with moral questions; talk or write on questions of duty, right and
wrong, etc: ³@ upon the failings of the young generation. Oh, do stop
moralizing! None of your moralizing! ´Stop preaching at me! ¸2 ¶[VP6A] ´give a
moral interpretation of.¼
¨mo®rass© ²/mEÚras/ ³n ¶[C] ´stretch of low, soft, wet land; marsh; (fig)
entanglement.¼
¨mora®torium© ²/*morEÚtcrIEm ³US: ²*mcr-/ ³n (pl µ@s ´or µ-ria ²/-rIE/³) ¶[C]
´legal authorization to delay payment of debts; agreed deferment or delay.¼
¨mor®bid© ²/ÚmcbId/ ³adj ¸1 ´diseased: ³a @ growth´, eÔg a cancer or tumour;
³@ anatomy´, the study of diseased organs in the body. ¸2 ´(of sb's mind or
ideas) unhealthy: ³a @ imagination´, one that dwells on horrible or nasty
things. ¸@®ly ³adv ¸@®ity ²/mcÚbIdEtI/, ¸@®ness ³nn ´state of being @.¼
¨mor®dant© ²/Úmcdnt/ ³adj ´biting; sarcastic: ³@ criticism; a @ wit.¼
¨more© ²/mc(r)/ ³adj ´(contrasted with ³less ´and ³fewer; µ¥ many,
most±1µ, much±1´) ´(independent comp) greater in number, quantity,
quality, degree, size, etc; additional: ³We need @ men/help, etc. Instead of
fewer helpers, we want @. Have you any @ paper? Would you like some/a little @
soup/a little @ of this soup? ¹ ³n ´a greater amount, number, etc; an
additional amount: ³What @ do you want? There are still a few @. There is
hardly any @. That is @ than enough. May I have one @? I should like as many
@´, the same number again. ³I hope to see @ of you´, to see you @ often. ´¹
³adv ¸1 ´(forming the comparative degree of most ³adjj ´and ³advv ´of more than
two syllables and of some of two syllables, esp if stressed on the first): ³@
beautiful/useful/interesting/serious (than«); @ easily/quietly/foolishly
(than«). ·and what is @, ´@ important, serious, etc (according to context). ¸2
´to a greater extent; in a greater degree: ³You need to sleep @´, iÔe @ than
you sleep now. ³You must attend to your work @. He was @ frightened than hurt.
He likes summer @ than autumn. ¸3 ´again: ³Once @, please. I shall not go there
any @´, ever again. ³We saw him no @´, did not see him again. ¸4 ·@ and @, ´by
@ stages, degrees, etc: ³The story gets @ and @ exciting. Life is becoming @
and @ expensive. ·@ or less, ´about: ³It's an hour's journey, @ or less. ¸5
´(with a ³n´, equivalent to an ³adj)´: ³(The) @ fool you to believe him´, You
are, if you believe him, foolish in a higher degree. ³It had @ the
characteristic ´(= was @ characteristic) ³of a foolish dream than of a
nightmare. ³(The) @'s the pity´, It is, to that extent, a greater pity. µ¥
´also µthe ³(adv). ·no @, ´neither: ³A: "I can't understand this at all.' B:
"No @ can I.' ·no @« than´: ³He's no @ able to read Chinese than I am´, He is
as unable to do so as I am.¼
¨mo®rello© ²/mEÚrelE8/ ³n (pl µ@s ²/-lE8z/³) ¸@ (cherry), ´bitter kind of
cherry (used for jam).¼
¨more®over© ²/mcÚrE8vE(r)/ ³adv ´further; besides; in addition (to
this).¼
¨mo®res© ²/ÚmcreIz/ ³n pl ´(formal) customs, usages, conventions, regarded as
essential to a social group.¼
¨Mo®resque© ²/mcÚresk/ ³adj ´(of style, design, decoration, architecture)
Moorish.¼
¨mor®ga®natic© ²/*mcgEÚnatIk/ ³adj ¸@ marriage, ´one between a man of high rank
(eÔg a prince) and a woman of lower rank, who remains in her lower social
station, the children having no claim to succeed to the property, titles, etc,
of their father.¼
¨morgue© ²/mcg/ ³n ¸1 ´building in which bodies of persons found dead are kept
until they are identified and claimed by members of their families. µ¥
mortuary. ¸2 ´file (in the office of a newspaper or magazine) with obituary
notices of famous people still living (ready for use when they die).¼
¨mori®bund© ²/ÚmorIbAnd ³US: ²Úmcr-/ ³adj ´at the point of death; about to come
to an end: ³@ civilizations.¼
¨Mor®mon© ²/ÚmcmEn/ ³n, adj ´(member) of a religious organization founded in
the US in 1830, officially called "The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day
Saints'. ¸@®ism ²/-IzEm/ ³n¼
¨morn© ²/mcn/ ³n ´(poet) morning.¼
¨morn®ing© ²/ÚmcnIG/ ³n ¸1 ¶[C,U] ´early part of the day between dawn and noon
(or, more generally, before the midday meal): ³in/during the @; this @;
yesterday/tomorrow @; every @; on Sunday/Monday, etc @; the @ of May the 1st;
one @ last week; one summer @; a few @s ago; several @s lately. When he awoke
it was @. ¸2 ´(attrib): ³a @ walk; an early @ swim. ¸Ú@ coat, ´long black coat
with the front cut away. ¸Ú@ dress, ´@ coat with striped trousers. ¸*M@
ÚPrayer, ´service used in the Church of England at @ service. ¸the @ star,
´Venus, or other bright star seen about dawn. ¸the @ watch, ´(at sea) period of
duty, 4aÔm to 8aÔm. ¸*@-Úglory ³n ´climbing plant of the convolvulus family,
with flowers that fade by midday. ¸Ú@-room ³n ´sitting-room for the @. ¸Ú@
sickness ³n ´(feeling of) nausea early in the morning, during the first few
months of pregnancy.¼
¨mo®rocco© ²/mEÚrokE8/ ³n ¶[U] ´soft leather made from goatskins.¼
¨mo®ron© ²/Úmcron/ ³n ´feeble-minded person (with a mental level not so low as
imbeciles or idiots); (colloq) stupid person. ¸@ic ²/mEÚronIk/ ³adj¼
¨mo®rose© ²/mEÚrE8s/ ³adj ´sullen; ill-tempered; unsocial. ¸@®ly ³adv ¸@®ness
³n¼
¨mor®pheme© ²/Úmcfim/ ³n ´(ling) smallest meaningful part into which a word can
be divided: ³"Run-s' contains two @s and "un-like-ly' contains three.¼
¨Mor®pheus© ²/ÚmcfIEs/ ³n ´(Gk myth) god of dreams and sleep.¼
¨mor®phia© ²/ÚmcfIE/, ±mor®phine ²/Úmcfin/ ³nn ¶[U] ´drug, usu in the form of a
white powder, made from opium and used for relieving pain.¼
¨mor®phol®ogy© ²/mcÚfolEdZI/ ³n ¶[U] ¸1 ´(biol) branch of biology dealing with
the form and structure of animals and plants. ¸2 ´(ling) study of the morphemes
of a language and of how they are combined to make words. µ¥ syntax.¼
¨mor®ris dance© ²/ÚmorIs dqns ³US: ²ÚmcrIs dans/ ³n ´old English folk-dance
for men.¼
¨mor®row© ²/ÚmorE8 ³US: ²Úmcr-/ ³n ¸1 ´(liter) the next day after
the present or after any given day: ³What had the @ in store for them? ¸2
´(archaic) morning: ³Good @!¼
¨Morse© ²/mcs/ ³n ¸Ú@ (code), ´system of dots and dashes, or short and long
sounds or flashes of light, representing letters of the alphabet and numbers,
to be signalled by lamp, radio, etc: ³a message in @; the @ alphabet.¼
¨mor®sel© ²/Úmcsl/ ³n ¶[C] ´tiny piece (esp of food); mouthful: ³I haven't had
a @ of food since I left the house. What a dainty/choice @!¼
¨mor®tal© ²/Úmctl/ ³adj ¸1 ´(contrasted with ³immortal´) which must die; which
cannot live for ever: ³Man is @´, All men must die. ³Here lie the @ remains
of«´, (eÔg on a tombstone) Here is buried what now remains of the body of«. ¸2
´causing death: ³a @ wound. His injuries proved @. ¸@ sins, ´causing spiritual
death. ¸3 ´lasting until death: ³@ hatred. ¸@ combat, ´only ended by the death
of one of the fighters. ¸@ enemies, ´whose enmity will not end until death. ¸4
´accompanying death: ³in @ agony. ¸5 ´(colloq) extreme; very great or long:
³in @ fear; in a @ hurry. ¹ ³n ´human being. ¸@ly ²/-tElI/ ³adv ¸1 ´so as to
cause death: ³@ly wounded. ¸2 ´deeply, seriously: ³@ly offended.¼
¨mor®tal®ity© ²/mcÚtalEtI/ ³n ¶[U] ¸1 ´state of being mortal. ¸2 ´number of
deaths caused by sth (eÔg a disaster or disease): ³an epidemic with a heavy @´,
a large number of deaths. ¸3 ´death-rate: ¸Ú@ tables, ´(insurance) tables
showing how long people at various ages may expect to live.¼
¨mor®tar©1 ²/ÚmctE(r)/ ³n ¶[U] ´mixture of lime, sand and water used to hold
bricks, stones, etc together in building. ¸Ú@-board ³n ¸(a) ´small, flat board
with a short handle on the underside, used for holding a supply of @ (while
laying bricks, etc). ¸(b) ´square cap worn as part of their academic costume
by members of a college, etc. ¹ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´join (bricks, etc) with @.¼
¨mor®tar©2 ²/ÚmctE(r)/ ³n ¸1 ´bowl of hard material in which
substances are crushed with a pestle. µ¥ ´the illus at µpestle. ¸2 ´(mil)
cannon for firing shells at high angles.¼
¨mort®gage© ²/ÚmcgIdZ/ ³vt ¶[VP6A,14] ·@ (to) (for), ´give sb a claim on
(property) as a security for payment of a debt or loan: ³@ a house (to sb for
$20Ô000)´; ³land that may be @d. ¹ ³n ´act of mortgaging; agreement about this:
³raise a @ (on one's house) from a bank. I can buy the house only if a @ for
$20Ô000 is obtainable. We must pay off the @ this year. ·be @d up to the hilt,
´have the maximum @ possible (on property). ¸mort®gagee ²/*mcgIÚdZi/ ³n ´person
to whom property is @d. ¸mort®gagor ²/*mcgIÚdZc(r) ³US: ²ÚmcrgIdZEr/ ³n ´person
who gives a @ on his property.¼
¨mor®tice© ²/ÚmctIs/ ³n µ¥ mortise.¼
¨mor®ti®cian© ²/mcÚtI2n/ ³n ´(US) funeral director; undertaker.¼
¨mor®tify© ²/ÚmctIfñI/ ³vt,vi (pt,pp µ-fied³) ¸1 ¶[VP6A] ´cause (sb) to be
ashamed, humiliated, or hurt in his feelings: ³mortified by sb's rudeness; feel
mortified at one's failure to pass an examination; a @ing defeat. ¸2
¶[VP6A] ·@ the flesh, ´discipline bodily passions, overcome bodily desires. ¸3
¶[VP2A] ´(of flesh, eÔg round a wound) decay, be affected with gangrene.
¸mor®ti®fi®ca®tion ²/*mctIfIÚkeI2n/ ³n ¶[U] ´@ing or being mortified (all
senses).¼
¨mor®tise©, mor®tice ²/ÚmctIs/ ³n ´hole (usu rectangular) cut in a piece of
wood, etc to receive the end of another piece (the ³tenon´). ¸Ú@ lock, ´secure
lock which is fitted inside the woodwork (of a door, etc), not screwed on to
the surface. ¹ ³vt ¶[VP15A,B] ´join or fasten in this way: ³@ two beams
together; @ one beam to/into another.¼
¨mor®tu®ary© ²/Úmct2ErI ³US: ²-t28erI/ ³n (pl µ-ries³) ´room or building (eÔg
part of a hospital) to which dead bodies are taken to be kept until burial;
(attrib) of death or burial: ³@ rites.¼
¨mo®saic© ²/mE8ÚzeIIk/ ³n, adj ´(form or work of art) in which
designs, pictures, etc are made by fitting together differently coloured bits
of stone, etc: ³a design in @; a @ pavement/ceiling.¼
¨Mo®saic© ²/mE8ÚzeIIk/ ³adj ´of Moses. ¸(the) @ law, ´the first five books of
the Old Testament.¼
¨mo®selle© ²/mE8Úzel/ ³n ´dry, white wine from the valley of the River M@ (in W
Germany).¼
¨mosey© ²/ÚmE8zI/ ³vi ¶[VP2A,C] ·@ (along), ´(sl) amble aimlessly.¼
¨Mos®lem© ²/ÚmozlEm/ ³n, adj ´= µMuslim.¼
¨mosque© ²/mosk/ ³n ´building in which Muslims worship Allah.¼
¨mos®quito© ²/mEÚskitE8/ ³n (pl µ@es ²/-tE8z/´) small, flying, blood-sucking
insect, esp the sort that spreads malaria. µ¥ ´the illus at µinsect. ¸Ú@-net ³n
´net, hung over a bed, through which @es cannot fly. ¸Ú@-craft ³n ´(collective
³pl) ´small, armed ships with high speed and able to manoeuvre easily.¼
¨moss© ²/mos ³US: ²mcs/ ³n ¶[U] ´sorts of small green or yellow plant growing
in thick masses on wet surfaces: ³@-covered rocks/roofs/tree-trunks. ·A rolling
stone gathers no @, ´(prov) A person who too frequently changes his occupation
or who never settles in one place will not succeed in life. ¸Ú@-grown ³adj
´covered with growing @. ¸@y ³adj µ(-ier, -iest) ´covered with @; like @: ³@y
green.¼
¨most©1 ²/mE8st/ ³adj, n ´(contrasted with ³least ´and ³fewest; µ¥ many, more,
much±1´) ¸1 ´(independent superl) (the) greatest in number, quantity, degree,
etc: ³Which is @, 3, 13 or 30? Which of you has made (the) @ mistakes? Those
who have (the) @ money are not always (the) happiest. Do the @ you can. ·at
(the) @; at the very @, ´not more than: ³I can pay only $10 at the @. There
were only 30 people at the meeting at the very @´, There were 30 or fewer.
·make the @ of, ´use to the best advantage: ³We have only a few hours so we
must make the @ of our time. She's not really beautiful, but she makes the @ of
her looks. ·for the Ú@ part, ´usually; on the whole: ³Japanese TÔV sets are,
for the @ part, of excellent quality. ¸2 ´(not preceded by ³def art ´in this
sense) the majority of; the greater part of: ³M@ people fear pain. He was ill @
of the summer. ¹ ³suff ´(with ³preps ´or ³adjj ´of position): ³top@, ´highest;
³in(ner)@, ´furthest in.¼
¨most©2 ²/mE8st/ ³adv ¸1 ´(forming the superlative degree of nearly
all ³adjj ´and ³advv ´of more than one syllable): ³the @
beautiful/interesting/useful, etc; @ carefully/accurately, etc. ¸2 ´(modifying
³vv, ´but not to be placed between a ³v ´and its object): ³What is troubling
you @? What @ pleased me/What pleased me @ was that«. ¸3 ´(intensive, modifying
an ³adj´; may be preceded by ³indef art´) very; exceedingly: ³This is a @
useful book. He was @ polite to me. Your news is @ interesting. ¸4 ´(modifying
an ³adv´) quite: ³I shall @ certainly go. ¸5 ´(dial and US colloq) almost: ³M@
everybody has gone home. ¸@®ly ³adv ´chiefly; almost all; generally: ³The
medicine was @ly sugar and water. The village is @ly of mud houses. We are @ly
out on Sundays´, are not at home on @ Sundays.¼
¨mote© ²/mE8t/ ³n ´particle (of dust, etc): ³@s dancing in a sunbeam. ·the @
in sb's eye´, the fault that he has committed (trifling if compared to one's
own fault). µ¥ Matt 7: 3.¼
¨mo®tel© ²/mE8Útel/ ³n ´motorists' hotel (with rooms or cabins, a parking
area, service station, etc).¼
¨moth© ²/moT ³US: ²mcT/ ³n ´sorts of winged insect flying chiefly at night,
attracted by lights. µ¥ ´the illus at µinsect. ¸Ú@-ball ³n ´small ball (of
camphor, etc) intended to discourage clothes-@s. µ¥ ³naphthalene ´at
µnaphtha. ·in @-balls´, (fig) in storage: ³After ten years in @-balls the ships
were sent to be broken up. ¸Úclothes-@ ³n ´kind which breeds in cloth, fur,
etc, its grub feeding on the cloth and making holes. ¸Ú@-eaten ³adj ´eaten or
destroyed by clothes-@s; (fig) antiquated; out-of-date. ¸Ú@-proof ³adj ´(of
fabrics) treated chemically against damage by clothes-@s. µ¹ ³vt ´make @-proof:
³@-proof carpets.¼
¨mother© ²/ÚmADE(r)/ ³n ¸1 ´female parent; woman who has adopted a
child; woman (often ·Ú³housemother´) who is in charge of children in a
boarding-school or home±1µ(2)´. ¸2 ´quality or condition that gives rise to
sth: ³Misgovernment is often the @ of revolt. ·Necessity is the @ of invention,
´(prov). ¸3 ´head of a female religious community. ¸M@ Superior, ´head of a
convent. ¸4 ´(various uses) ¸the Ú@ country, ¸(a) ´one's native land. ¸(b) ´a
country in relation to colonies, etc. ¸@-in-law ²/ÚmADEr In lc/ ³n (pl
µ@s-in-law³) ´@ of one's wife or one's husband. ¸*@-of-Úpearl ³n ¶[U] ´hard,
smooth, shiny, rainbow-coloured material that forms the lining of some shells,
esp the pearl-oyster, used for making buttons, ornaments, etc. ¸@ ship ³n ´one
from which other ships (eÔg submarines) get supplies. ¸@ tongue ³n ´one's
native language. ¸@ wit ³n ´common sense; the intelligence with which one is
born. ¸Ú@®hood ²/-h8d/ ³n ¶[U] ´state of being a @. ¸@®less ³adj ´having no @.
¸Ú@®like ³adj ´in the manner of a @. ¸@®ly ³adj ´having, showing, the tender,
kind qualities of a @. ¸@®li®ness ³n ´¹ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´take care of (as a @ does);
protect or adopt (a child) as one's own.¼
¨mo®tif© ²/mE8Útif/ ³n ¶[C] ´theme in music for treatment and development,
often one which recurs; main feature in a work of art.¼
¨mo®tion© ²/ÚmE82n/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´(manner of) moving: ³If a thing is in @, it is
not at rest. ·put/set sth in @, ´cause it to start moving or working. ¸@
picture ³n ´cinema film. Cf (colloq) ³moving pictures; the movies. ·time-and-@,
µ¥ time±1µ(6). ¸2 ¶[C] ´gesture; particular movement; way of moving the hand,
body, etc: ³If you watch my @s carefully you will see how the trick is
performed. All her @s were graceful. ·go through the @s, ´(colloq) do sth (that
one is expected or required to do) in a perfunctory or insincere manner. ¸3
¶[C] ´proposal to be discussed and voted on at a meeting: ³On the @ of Mr X the
committee agreed to« The @ was adopted/carried/rejected, etc by a majority of
six. ¸4 ¶[C] ´= µmovement(6)´. ¹ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP17,15A,B] ´direct (sb) by a
motion or gesture: ³@ sb in/away/to a seat. He @ed me to enter. ¸2 ¶[VP3A] ·@
to sb (to do sth), ´indicate by a gesture: ³He @ed to me to come nearer.
¸@®less ³adj ´not moving; still.¼
¨mo®ti®vate© ²/ÚmE8tIveIt/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´be the motive of; give a
motive or incentive to; act as an incentive. ¸mo®ti®vation ²/*mE8tIÚveI2n/ ³n¼
¨mo®tive© ²/ÚmE8tIv/ ³adj ´(attrib only) causing motion: ³@ power/force, ´eÔg
steam, electricity. ¹ ³n ¶[C] ¸1 ´that which causes sb to act: ³actuated by
low and selfish @s; do sth from @s of kindness. Hatred was his @ for attacking
me. ¸2 ´= µmotif. ¸@®less ³adj ´without a @.¼
¨mot®ley© ²/ÚmotlI/ ³adj ¸1 ´of various colours: ³a @ coat´, eÔg that worn by
a jester or fool in olden times. ¸2 ´of varied character or various sorts: ³a
@ crowd, ´eÔg people of many different occupations, social classes, etc. ¹ ³n
¶[U] ´jester's dress. ·wear the @, ´play the part of a fool or jester.¼
¨mo®tor© ²/ÚmE8tE(r)/ ³n ¸1 ´device which imparts or utilizes power (esp
electric power) to produce motion, but not used of a steam engine: ³fans driven
by electric @s. ¸2 ´(attrib, and in compounds) having, driven by, an internal
combustion engine, a diesel engine, etc which generates mechanical power:
³@-vehicles; ³a ·Ú³@-boat/-coach/-scooter, etc. ¸*@-asÚsisted ³adj ´(eÔg of a
pedal bicycle) having an engine to help propulsion. ¸Ú@®cade ³n ´(US)
procession of @ vehicles. ¸Ú@-car ´(also ¸car´) ³n ´closed road vehicle on four
wheels with a @ engine, with seats usu both front and back, for 2Å6 people.
¸Ú@-cycle ´(colloq ¸Ú@-bike´) ³n ´open road vehicle on two wheels with a @
engine, with one seat for the driver, and usu with space for a passenger
behind the driver. µ¥ pillion. ¸Ú@®man ²/-man/ ³n (pl µ-men³) ´driver of an
electric vehicle. ¸Ú@®way ³n ´road designed and built especially for
continuously moving fast traffic, with dual carriageways and going over or
under other roads. ¸3 ³= @-car (car ´is more usu): ³the ·Ú³@ trade; the ·Ú³M@
Show. ¸4 ´muscle able to produce movement of a part of the body. ¸@ nerve´,
nerve that excites movements of a muscle or muscles. ¹ ³vi ¶[VP2A,C] ´travel by
@-car: ³@ from London to Brighton. ¸@®ist ²/-Ist/ ³n ´person who drives (and
usu owns) a @-car. ¸@®ize ²/-ñIz/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´equip (troops, etc) with @
transport.¼
¨mottle© ²/Úmotl/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´(usu in ³pp) ´mark with spots or
areas of different colours without a regular pattern: ³the @d skin of a snake;
linoleum with a @d finish.¼
¨motto© ²/ÚmotE8/ ³n (pl µ@es ´or µ@s ²/-tE8z/³) ¸1 ´short sentence or phrase
used as a guide or rule of behaviour (eÔg ³"Every man for himself', "Always
merry and bright'´). ¸2 ´short sentence or phrase written or inscribed on an
object (eÔg a coat of arms) expressing a suitable sentiment; quotation prefixed
to a book or chapter.¼
¨mou®jik© ²/ÚmuZIk/ ³n ´(esp before the Revolution of 1917) Russian peasant.¼
¨mould©1 ´(US = ¸mold´) ²/mE8ld/ ³n ¶[C] ´container, hollow form, into which
molten metal or a soft substance is poured to cool into a desired shape; the
shape or form given by this container; jelly, pudding, etc made in such a
container. ·be cast in one/the same/a different, etc @, ´(fig) have the same,
different, etc (eÔg heroic, stubborn, rugged) character. ¹ ³vt ¶[VP6A,14] ·@
sth (in/from/out of sth), ´make sth in, or as in, a @, from some material: ³@ a
head out of/in clay; ´(fig) guide or control the growth of; influence: ³@ a
person's character.¼
¨mould©2 ´(US = ¸mold´) ²/mE8ld/ ³n ´woolly or furry growth of fungi appearing
upon moist surfaces, eÔg leather, cheese or on objects left in a moist, warm
atmosphere. µ¥ ³iron@ ´at µiron±1µ(3). ´¹ ³vi ¶[VP2A] ´(US) become covered with
@: ³Cheese @s in warm, wet weather. ¸@y ³adj µ(-ier, -iest) ¸1 ´coverd with @:
³@y bread. ¸2 ´stale; smelling of @. ¸3 ´(fig) out-of-date; old-fashioned;
(sl, of a person) mean and obstructive; worthless.¼
¨mould©3 ´(US = ¸mold´) ²/mE8ld/ ³n ¶[U] ´soft, fine, loose earth, esp from
decayed vegetable matter, eÔg ·Ú³leaf @´, from decayed leaves fallen from
trees.¼
¨moulder© ´(US = ¸molder´) ²/ÚmE8ldE(r)/ ³vi ¶[VP2A,C] ´crumble to dust by
natural decay: ³the @ing ruins of an old castle.¼
¨mould®ing© ´(US = ¸mold-´) ²/ÚmE8ldIG/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´act of moulding or
shaping; way in which sth is shaped. ¸2 ´line of ornamental plaster, carved
woodwork, etc round a wall or window, or in the cornices of a building, or on
a pillar. µ¥ ´the illus at µcolumn.¼
¨moult© ´(US = ¸molt´) ²/mE8lt/ ³vt,vi ¶[VP6A,2A] ´(of birds) lose (feathers)
before a new growth; (more rarely, of dogs and cats) lose hair. ¹ ³n ´process
or time of @ing.¼
¨mound© ²/mñ8nd/ ³n ¶[C] ´mass of piled up earth; small hill: ³a
·Ú³burial-@, ´of earth over a grave; ³@s built for defensive purposes in olden
times.¼
¨mount©1 ²/mñ8nt/ ³n ´(liter except in proper names) mountain, hill: ³Christ's
sermon on the @´; (shortened to ³Mt ´before proper names): ³Mt Etna.¼
¨mount©2 ²/mñ8nt/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A,2A] ´go up (a hill, a ladder, etc); get on
to (a horse, etc); supply (sb) with a horse; put (sb) on a horse: ³He @ed (his
horse) and rode away. The @ed police were called out to control the crowds. ·@
the throne, ´become king, etc. ¸2 ¶[VP2A,C] ·@ (up), ´become greater in amount:
³Our living expenses are @ing up. Bills soon @ up at hotels. ¸3 ´(of blood)
rise into the cheeks: ³A blush @ed to ´(= spread over) ³the child's face. ¸4
¶[VP6A] ´put and fix in position: ³@ a gun, ´on a gun-carriage; ³@ pictures,
´fix them with backings, margins, etc; ³@ jewels in gold; @ specimens, ´eÔg on
a slide for a microscope; ³@ insects, ´eÔg for display or preservation in a
museum. ¸5 ´(mil uses): ³@ an offensive/attack´, take the offensive, attack. ·@
guard (at/over), ´act as a guard or sentinel: ³The Household Troops @ guard at
Buckingham Palace. ¸6 ¶[VP6A] ´put (a play) on the stage: ³The play was well
@ed´, was provided with good scenery, costumes, etc. ¸7 ´(esp of large animals,
eÔg a stallion) get up on (a female animal) in order to copulate. ¹ ³n ¶[C]
´that on which a person or thing is or may be @ed (eÔg a card for a drawing or
photograph, a glass slide for specimens, a horse for riding on, a gun-carriage,
the ornamental metal part in which a jewel is fixed).¼
¨moun®tain© ²/Úmñ8ntIn ³US: ²-ntn/ ³n ¸1 ´mass of very high land going up to a
peak: ³Everest is the highest @ in the world. ¸@ ash, ´the rowan tree, with
scarlet berries. ¸@ chain, ´series of @s. ¸@ dew, ´(colloq) Scotch whisky. ¸@
range, ´series of @s more or less in a line. ¸Ú@ sickness, ´illness caused by
rarefied air on high @s. ¸2 ´(fig uses) sth immense: ³a @ of
debts/difficulties. The waves were @ high´, very high. ¸@®eer ²/*mñ8ntIÚnIE(r)
³US: ²-ntnÚIEr/ ³n ´person who lives among @s or is skilled at climbing @s;
hence, ¸@®eer®ing ³n ¶[U] ´climbing @s (as a sport). ¸@®ous ²/Úmñ8ntInEs ³US:
²-ntEnEs/ ³adj ´having @s; ³@ous country; ´huge: ³@ous waves.¼
¨moun®te®bank© ²/Úmñ8ntIbaGk/ ³n ´sb who tries to cheat people by
clever talk.¼
¨Mountie© ²/Úmñ8ntI/ ³n ´(colloq) member of the Royal Canadian Mounted Police.¼
¨mourn© ²/mcn/ ³vi,vt ¶[VP3A,6A] ·@ (for/over), ´feel or show sorrow or regret
(for/over); grieve (for/over): ³@ for a dead child; @ over the child's death;
³@ the loss of one's mother. ¸@er ³n ´person who @s, esp one who attends a
funeral as a relative or friend of the dead person. ¸@®ful ²/-fl/ ³adj ´sad;
sorrowful. ¸@®fully ²/-fElI/ ³adv¼
¨mourn®ing© ²/ÚmcnIG/ ³n ¶[U] ¸1 ´grief. ¸2 ·go into/be in @,
´(start to) wear black clothes as a sign of grief. ¸Ú@-band ³n ´band of black
crepe worn round the sleeve. ¸Ú@-ring ³n ´(formerly) worn as a memorial of a
dead person.¼
¨mouse© ²/mñ8s/ ³n (pl µmice ²/mñIs/´) ´sorts of small rodent ³(·Ú³house @,
·Ú³field-@, ·Ú³harvest-@)´; (fig) shy, timid person. ¸Ú@-trap ³n ´trap for
catching mice: ³@-trap cheese´, (hum) unpalatable kind of cheese. ¹ ³vi ¶[VP2A]
´(of cats) hunt for, catch, mice: ³Our cat @s well. ¸mouser ²/Úmñ8zE(r)/ ´cat
who does this. ¸mousy ²/Úmñ8sI/ ³adj µ(-ier, -iest) ´(esp of hair) dull brown;
(of a person) timid, shy.¼
¨mousse© ²/mus/ ³n ¶[C,U] ´(dish of) meat, fish, flavoured cream, etc beaten
and served cold: ³chocolate @.¼
¨mous®tache© ´(US = ¸mus®tache´) ²/mEÚstq2 ³US: ²ÚmAsta2/ ³n ¶[C] ´hair allowed
to grow on the upper lip.¼
¨mouth©1 ²/mñ8T/ ³n (pl µ@s ²/mñ8Dz/³) ¸1 ´opening through which animals take
in food; space behind this containing the teeth, tongue, etc. µ¥ ´the illus
here. ·by word of @, ´(of news, etc) orally (not in writing, etc). ·down in the
@, ´sad, dejected. ·out of the @s of babes and sucklings, ´(prov) innocent
young people may speak wisely. ·laugh on the wrong side of one's @,
´lament, be disappointed, ·look a gift-horse in the @, ´accept sth
ungratefully esp by examining it critically for faults. ·put words into sb's @,
¸(a) ´tell him what to say. ¸(b) ´suggest or claim that he has said something.
·take the words out of sb's @, ´say what he was about to say; anticipate his
words. ¸@®ful ²/-f8l/ ³n ´as much as can be put into the @ comfortably at one
time: ³swallow sth at a @ful; have only a @ful of food. ¸Ú@-organ ³n ´small
musical wind-instrument with metal reeds, played by passing it along the lips
and blowing; harmonica. ¸Ú@®piece ³n ¸(a) ´that part of a tobacco pipe, a
musical instrument, etc placed at or between the lips. ¸(b) ´person, newspaper,
etc, that expresses the opinions of others: ³Which newspaper is the @piece of
the Socialists? ¸Ú@-watering ³adj µ¥ µwater±2µ(3). ¸2 ´opening or outlet (of a
bag, bottle, tunnel, cave, river, etc).¼
¨mouth©2 ²/mñ8D/ ³vt,vi ¶[VP6A,2A] ¸1 ´speak with movement of the
jaw but no sound. ¸2 ´utter pompously: ³An actor who @s his words is a poor
actor. ¸3 ´take (food) into the @; touch with the @.¼
¨mov®able© ²/ÚmuvEbl/ ³adj ¸1 ´that can be moved; (of property) that can be
taken from place to place (eÔg furniture, contrasted with land and buildings,
called ³real ´property or estate). µ¥ portable. ¸2 ´varying in date: ³Christmas
is fixed but Easter is a @ feast. ¹ ³n pl ´personal property; articles that can
be removed from the house (contrasted with ³fixtures).¼
¨move©1 ²/muv/ ³n ¶[C] ¸1 ´change of place or position, esp of a piece in chess
or other games played on boards; player's turn to do this: ³Do you know all the
@s in chess? Whose @ is it? ¸2 ´sth (to be) done to achieve a purpose: ³a @
towards settling the strike. What's our next @? ¸3 ·on the @, ´moving about:
³Our planes reported that large enemy forces were on the @. ·make a @, ¸(a) ´@
to a different place: ³Shall we make a @ now? ¸(b) ´begin to act: ³Unless we
make a @ soon, we shall be in a hopelessly weak position. ·get a @ on, ´(sl)
hurry up.¼
¨move©2 ²/muv/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A,15A,B,2A,C] ´(cause to) change position; put,
cause to be, in a different place or attitude; (cause to) be in motion: ³M@
your chair nearer to the fire. It was calm and not a leaf @d. It's your turn to
@´, (in chess, etc) to @ a piece from one square to another. ·@ heaven and
earth, ´do one's utmost, use every possible means ³(to do ´sth). ¸2 ¶[VP6A,2C]
·@ (house), ´take one's furniture, etc to another house, flat, etc: ³We're
moving (house) next week. ·@ in, ´take possession of a new dwelling-place. ·@
out, ´give up a dwelling-place: ³We @d out on Monday and the new tenants @d in
on Tuesday. ¸3 ¶[VP2C,15B] ·@ on, ´@ to another place or position (eÔg when
ordered to do so by a policeman). ·@ sb on, ´cause him to @ by giving him the
order "M@ on, please'. ·@ along/down/up, ´@ farther in the direction indicated
so as to make space for others. ³"M@ along, please', said the bus conductor. ¸4
¶[VP6A,15A] ´arouse, work on, the feelings of; affect with pity, etc: ³be @d
with pity/compassion; be @d to tears. We were all @d by her entreaties. The
story of their sufferings @d us deeply. It was a moving sight. ¸5 ¶[VP17]
´cause (to do sth): ³Nothing I said @d him to offer his help. The spirit @d him
to get up and address the meeting, ´He felt a desire to do this. ³Who was the
moving spirit in the enterprise´, Who started it and was most active? ¸6
¶[VP6A,9] ´put forward for discussion and decision (at a meeting): ³Mr
Chairman, I @ that the money be used for library books. µ¥ motion(3). ¸7
¶[VP3A] ·@ for, ´make formal application ³(for)´: ³The noble Lord @d for
papers´, iÔe in a debate in the House of Lords. ¸8 ¶[VP2A,C] ´make progress; go
forward: ³Time @s on. The work @s slowly. Things are not moving as rapidly as
we had hoped. ¸9 ¶[VP2A,C] ´take action: ³Nobody seems willing to @ in the
matter. ¸10 ¶[VP2C] ´live one's life; pass one's time: ³They @ in the
highest society. ¸11 ¶[VP6A,2A] ´cause (the bowels) to act, to empty; (of the
bowels) be emptied.¼
¨move®ment© ²/ÚmuvmEnt/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´moving or being moved; activity
(contrasted with quiet and rest): ³He lay there without @. The novel/play lacks
@, ´iÔe there is not enough action in it. ¸2 ¶[C] ´act of changing position,
esp a military evolution: ³By a series of rapid @s the general placed his
forces in an advantageous position. ¸3 ¶[C] ´moving part of a machine or
mechanism or a particular group of such parts: ³the @ of a clock or a watch. ¸4
¶[C] ´united actions and efforts of a group of people for a special purpose:
³the @ to abolish slavery. ¸the ÚLabour M@, ´organized(µ2´) (manual) workers.
¸5 ¶[C] ´(music) principal division of a musical work with a distinctive
structure of its own: ³the final @ of the Ninth Symphony. ¸6 ¶[C] ´emptying of
the bowels. ¸7 ¶[U] ´activity (in a stock market, etc) for some commodity: ³not
much @ in oil shares.¼
¨mov®er© ²/ÚmuvE(r)/ ³n ´(esp) person who movesµ(6) ´a proposal. ·the prime @,
´the person chiefly responsible for starting sth.¼
¨movie© ²/ÚmuvI/ ³n ´(colloq) ¸1 ´(motion picture. ¸2 the @s, ´the
cinema; the cinema industry: ³How often do you go to the @s?¼
¨mow©1 ²/mE8/ ³vt (pt µmowed³, pp µmown ²/mE8n/ ´or µmowed³) ¸1 ¶[VP6A,2A] ´cut
(grass, etc) with a scythe or a machine: ³mow the lawn; new-mown hay; mow a
field. ¸2 ¶[VP15B] ·mow down, ´cut down like grass; destroy as if by sweeping
movements: ³Our men were mown down by the enemy's machine-gun fire. ¸mower
²/ÚmE8E(r)/ ³n ´person or machine that mows: ³a ·Ú³lawn-mower.¼
¨mow©2 ²/mE8/ ³n ¶[C] ´heap of hay, straw, etc; place in a barn where hay, etc
is stored.¼
¨mow©3 ²/mñ8/ ³vi ·mop and mow, µ¥ mop±2µ.¼
¨Mr© ²/ÚmIstE(r)/ ³n ´title prefixed to the (first name and the) surname of
a man: ³Mr (John) Brown.¼
¨Mrs© ²/ÚmIsIz/ ³n ´title prefixed to the (first name and the) surname of a
married woman: ³Mrs (Jane) Brown; ´(formal): ³Mrs John Brown.¼
¨Ms© ²/mIz/ ³n ´title prefixed to the (first name and the) surname of a woman,
whether married or unmarried: ³Ms (Mary) Green.¼
¨much©1 ²/mAt2/ ³adj, n µ(more, most) µ¥ little ´(@ is ´used with ³sing nn´,
uncountable. Cf ³many´, used with ³pl nn. ´In purely affirm sentences it is
often preferable to use ³plenty (of), a lot (of), a large quantity (of), a
good/great deal (of). M@ ´is often used in affirm sentences when it is (a part
of) the subject, and when used with ³how, too, so´, or ³as´): ³There isn't @
food in the house. He never eats @ breakfast. Did you have @ difficulty in
finding the house? M@ of what you say is true. We have @ to be thankful for.
You have given me too @. ·come to @, µ¥ come(3).·how @, ¸(a) ´what quantity:
³How @ flour ´(= What weight) ³do you want? ¸(b) ´what price: ³How @ a kilo is
that beef? ·be up to @, ´be worth @: ³I don't think his work is up to @´, iÔe
it is not good. ·not @ of a, ´not a good: ³He's not @ of a linguist/scholar,
etc. It wasn't @ of a dinner. I'm not @ of a cinema-goer´, I seldom go to the
cinema. ·this/that @, ´the quantity, extent, etc indicated: ³Can you let me
have this @? I will say this @ in his favour«´, I will admit in his favour
that«. ³This @ is certain, that he will never try to play that trick on us
again. ·be too @ for, ´be more than a match for, too difficult for; be superior
in skill, etc, to: ³The school tennis champion was too @ for me. I couldn't
finish that philosophy book, it was too @ for me. ·make @ of, ¸(a) ´understand:
³I didn't make @ of that lecture. ¸(b) ´attach importance to; exaggerate: ³We
mustn't make too @ of this incident. ³He makes (too) @ of his connections with
rich people. ·think @ of, ´have a good opinion of: ³I don't think @ of my
English teacher. ·as @ (as), ´the same (as): ³Give me as @ again´, the same
quantity again. ³I thought as @´, That is what I thought. ³You have always
helped me and I will always do as @ for you´, will always help you. ³It is as @
your responsibility as mine´, You and I are equally responsible. ³It was as @
as he could do to ´(= He could do no more than) ³pay his way. That is as @ as
to say ´(= is the same thing as saying) ³that I am a liar. ·(with) not/without
so @ as, ´not even: ³He left without so @ as saying "Thank you'. He rushed past
me with not so @ as a "By your leave'´, without any apology. ³He hadn't so @ as
his fare home. µ¥ ´also ³so @ (many), not so @ as, so @ so that, so @ for´,
under µso±1µ(6).¼
¨much©2 ²/mAt2/ ³adv ¸1 ´(modifying comparatives and superlatives,
preceding the ³def art)´: ³He is @ better today. You must work @ harder. This
is @ ´(= by far) ³the best. He's not @ the worse for his fall into the canal.
·@ more/less, ´(used to indicate that what has been stated about sth applies
with greater force to the following statement): ³It is difficult to understand
his books, @ more his lectures. I didn't even speak to him, @ less discuss your
problems with him. ¸2 ´(modifying passive ³participles ´and ³pred adjj ´such
as ³afraid. ´Cf ³very´, used to modify passive and ³present participles ´which
are true ³adjj ´as ³very frightened´): ³I am very @ afraid that«; I shall be @
surprised if he succeeds. I hope you will not be @ inconvenienced. ¸3 ´(When
³much ´modifies a ³v ´phrase, it may occur within the ³v ´phrase or in end
position, but may not occur between this ³v ´phrase and its object): ³It
doesn't @ matter. It doesn't matter very @. I very @ enjoyed the concert. I
enjoyed it very @. He doesn't like beef @. ¸4 ´(in phrases) ·@ as´: ³M@ as I
should ´(= Although I should @) ³like to go,«; M@ as she disliked the idea ´(=
Although she @ disliked the idea),«. ·@ the same, ´about the same: ³The
patient's condition is @ the same. ·@ to, ´greatly to; to one's great«: ³M@ to
her surprise/regret, etc. ·how @, ´to what extent: ³How @ do you really want to
marry the man? µ¥ much±1µ. ·too @, ´too highly: ³He thinks too @ of himself.
·not so much X as Y, ´Y rather than X: ³Oceans don't so @ divide the world as
unite it, ´They serve to unite countries rather than to divide them. ¸@®ness ³n
´(only in the colloq phrase) ·@ of a @ness, ´@ the same; almost alike.¼
¨mu®ci®lage© ²/ÚmjusIlIdZ/ ³n ¶[U] ´kinds of vegetable glue (obtained from
plants, seaweed, etc), used as an adhesive.¼
¨muck© ²/mAk/ ³n ¶[U] ¸1 ´dung; farmyard manure (the droppings of
animals). ¸Ú@-heap ³n ´heap of farmyard @. ¸Ú@-raker ³n ´(usu fig) person who
is always looking for scandal, corruption, etc. Hence, ¸Ú@-raking ³n ¸2 ´dirt;
filth; (colloq) anything disgusting or dirty. ·make a @ of sth, ´(colloq) make
a mess of it; make it dirty; spoil it. ¹ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A,15B] ·@ sth (up),
´(colloq) make a mess of it; spoil it. ¸2 ¶[VP2C] ·@ about, ´(GB sl) do useless
or unnecessary things; go about, spend time, aimlessly: ³"What's he up
to?'Å"Oh, just @ing about.' ¸3 ¶[VP2C,15B] ·@ out, ´clean out (stables, etc) by
removing dung: ³She @s out (the stables) every morning. ¸@y ³adj µ(-ier, -iest)
´dirty.¼
¨muckle© ²/ÚmAkl/ ³n µ¥ mickle.¼
¨mu®cous© ²/ÚmjukEs/ ³adj ´of, like, covered with, mucus. ¸the @ membrane, ´the
moist skin that lines the nose, mouth and food canal.¼
¨mu®cus© ²/ÚmjukEs/ ³n ¶[U] ´sticky, slimy substance produced by the mucous
membrane; similar slimy substance: ³Snails and slugs leave a trail of mucus.¼
¨mud© ²/mAd/ ³n ¶[U] ´soft, wet earth: ³Rain turns dust into mud.
·throw/fling/sling mud at sb, ´speak evil of him, try to damage his reputation.
Hence, ¸Úmud-slinger ³n´. ·sb's name is mud, ´he is in disgrace. ¸Úmud-bath ³n
´bath in mud of mineral springs (eÔg for treating rheumatism). ¸Úmud flat ³n
´muddy land covered by the sea at high tide and not covered at low tide.
¸Úmud®guard ³n ´curved cover over a wheel (of a bicycle, etc). µ¥ ´the illus at
µbicycle. ´¹ ³vt µ(-dd-) ¶[VP6A] ´cover with mud: ³You've mudded the carpet.
¸muddy ³adj µ(-ier, -iest) ¸1 ´full of, covered with, mud: ³muddy roads/shoes.
¸2 ´mud-coloured; like mud because thick: ³a muddy stream; a muddy skin; muddy
coffee; muddy ´(fig, = confused) ³ideas. µ¹ ³vt (pt,pp µ-died³) ¶[VP6A] ´make
muddy.¼
¨muddle© ²/ÚmAdl/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A,15B] ·@ (up), ´bring into a
state of confusion and disorder; make a mess of: ³You've @d the scheme
completely. A glass of whisky soon @s him. Don't @ ´(= mix) ³things up
(together). ·@ sth/sb up with sth/sb, ´(colloq) be unable to distinguish sth/sb
from sth/sb else. ¸2 ¶[VP2C] ·@ along/on, ´get on in a foolish or helpless way,
with no clear purpose or plan: ³He's still muddling on/along. ·@ through,
´reach the end of an undertaking in spite of inefficiency, obstacles of one's
own making, etc. ¹ ³n ´(usu ¸a @´) @d state; confusion of ideas: ³Everything
was in a @ and I couldn't find what I wanted. You have made a @ of it´,
mismanaged it, bungled it. ¸Ú@-headed ³adj ´confused in mind; stupid.¼
¨muesli© ²/ÚmjuzlI/ ³n ¶[U] ´breakfast food of a mixture of uncooked cereal,
nuts, dried fruit, etc.¼
¨mu®ez®zin© ²/muÚezIn ³US: ²mju-/ ³n ´man who proclaims the hours of prayers
from the minaret of a mosque.¼
¨muff©1 ²/mAf/ ³n ´covering, usu a cylindrical padded bag of fur, open at both
ends, used to keep the hands warm; similar covering for the foot.¼
¨muff©2 ²/mAf/ ³n ´person who is awkward or clumsy, esp in games (eÔg by
failing to catch the ball at cricket). ¹ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´bungle; fail to catch;
miss: ³@ a ball; @ an easy catch.¼
¨muf®fin© ²/ÚmAfIn/ ³n ´small, light, flat, round cake, usu eaten hot with
butter. ¸Ú@-man ²/-man/ ³n (pl µ-men³) ´street vendor of @s.¼
¨muffle© ²/ÚmAfl/ ³vt ¸1 ¶[VP6A,15B] ·@ (up), ´wrap or cover for warmth or
protection: ³@ oneself up well; @ one's throat, ´eÔg by putting a scarf round
it; ³@d up in a heavy overcoat. ¸2 ¶[VP6A] ´make the sound of sth (eÔg a bell
or a drum) dull by wrapping it up in cloth, etc: ³@ the oars of a boat, ´to
deaden the sound of their touching the water; ³@d voices, ´eÔg from persons
whose mouths are covered.¼
¨muf®fler© ²/ÚmAflE(r)/ ³n ¸1 ´cloth, scarf, worn round the neck for warmth.
¸2 ´(US) µsilencer.¼
¨mufti© ²/ÚmAftI/ ³n ´(usu ·in @´) plain, ordinary clothes worn by
someone (eÔg an offical, an army officer) who has the right to wear uniform.¼
¨mug©1 ²/mAg/ ³n ¸1 ´(usu straight-sided) drinking vessel of china or metal
with a handle, for use without a saucer; its contents: ³a ·Ú³beer-mug; a mug
of milk. ¸2 ´(sl) ´face; mouth.¼
¨mug©2 ²/mAg/ ³n ´(sl) simpleton; easily deceived person. ·a Úmug's game, ´sth
unlikely to bring profit or reward.¼
¨mug©3 ²/mAg/ ³vt µ(-gg-) ¶[VP15B] ·mug sth up, ´(colloq) (try to) become quite
familiar with sth on which one is to be tested.¼
¨mug©4 ²/mAg/ ³vt µ(-gg-) ¶[VP6A] ´(colloq) attack (sb) violently and rob (eÔg
in a dark street, a lift, an empty corridor, etc). ¸mug®ger ³n ¸mug®ging ³n
¶[U,C].¼
¨mug®gins© ²/ÚmAgInz/ ³n ´(colloq) fool.¼
¨muggy© ²/ÚmAgI/ ³adj µ(-ier, -iest) ´(of the weather, a day, etc) damp and
warm; close and sticky: ³@ days during the rainy season. ¸muggi®ness ³n¼
¨mug®wump© ²/ÚmAgwAmp/ ³n ´(US) conceited person; person who has a high
opinion of his own importance.¼
¨Mu®ham®mad© ²/mEÚhamId/ ³n ´Prophet and Founder of Islam. ¸@an ²/-En/ ³n, adj
´Muslim. ¸Mu®ham®ma®dan®ism ²/mEÚhamIdEnIzEm/ ³n ´Islam (the preferred name).¼
¨mu®latto© ²/mjuÚlatE8 ³US: ²mEÚl-/ ³n (pl µ@s, @es ²/-tE8z/³) ´person who has
one parent of black race and one of white race.¼
¨mul®berry© ²/ÚmAlbrI ³US: ²-berI/ ³n (pl µ-ries³) ¶[C] ´tree with broad,
dark-green leaves on which silkworms feed; its fruit (dark purple or white).¼
¨mulch© ²/mAlt2/ ³n ¶[C] ´protective covering of peat, spread over the roots
of trees and bushes, to retain moisture, smother weeds, etc. ¹ ³vt ´cover
(ground) with a @.¼
¨mulct© ²/mAlkt/ ³vt ¶[VP12C,14] ·@ (in/of) ´(rare) punish by means of a fine;
take (sth) away from: ³@ a man $5; @ a man in $5; be @ed of one's money.¼
¨mule©1 ²/mjul/ ³n ¸1 ´animal that is the offspring of an ass and a
mare. ·as obstinate/stubborn as a @, ´very obstinate/stubborn. ¸2 ´(colloq)
stubborn person. ¸3 ´kind of spinning-machine. ¸mu®le®teer ²/*mjulEÚtIE(r)/ ³n
´@-driver. ¸mul®ish ²/-I2/ ³adj ´stubborn; obstinate. ¸mu®lish®ly ³adv
¸mu®lish®ness ³n¼
¨mule©2 ²/mjul/ ³n ´heelless slipper.¼
¨mull©1 ²/mAl/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´make (wine, beer) into a hot drink with sugar,
spices, etc: ³@ed claret.¼
¨mull©2 ²/mAl/ ³n ´(Scot) (in place-names) promontory: ³the M@ of Kintyre.¼
¨mull©3 ²/mAl/ ³vt ¶[VP15A] ·@ sth over; @ over sth, ´ponder over it.¼
¨mul®lah© ²/ÚmAlE/ ³n ´Muslim learned in theology and sacred law.¼
¨mul®lein© ²/ÚmAlIn/ ³n ´kinds of plant with leaves covered with grey hairs,
and small yellow flowers.¼
¨mul®let© ²/ÚmAlIt/ ³n ´kinds of seafish used as food, esp ³red @ ´and ³grey
@.¼
¨mul®li®ga®tawny© ²/*mAlIgEÚtcnI/ ³n ¸@ (soup), ´thick, highly seasoned soup
with curry powder in it, often with boiled rice added.¼
¨mul®lion© ²/ÚmAlIEn/ ³n ´vertical stone division between parts of a window.
µ¥ ´the illus at µwindow. ¸@ed ²/ÚmAlIEnd/ ³adj ´having @s.¼
¨multi-© ²/ÚmAltI/ ³pref ´having many of (eÔg @-³coloured´, of many colours; ³a
·*³@-·*³millio·Ú³naire´, person having 2 or more millions of money); ³a
·*³@-·*³stage ·Ú³rocket´, with parts that ignite (and then fall away) in
stages; a ·*³@-·*³racial ·Ú³country´, with many races of people.¼
¨multi®far®ious© ²/*mAltIÚfeErIEs/ ³adj ´many and various: ³his @ duties;
´having great variety. ¸@®ly ³adv¼
¨multi®form© ²/ÚmAltIfcm/ ³adj ´having many forms or shapes.¼
¨multi®lat®eral© ²/*mAltIÚlatErEl/ ³adj ´involving two or more participants: ³@
disarmament´, after agreement between two or more countries; ³@ trade´, carried
on between many or all countries without the need for pairs of countries to
balance payment between themselves.¼
¨multiple© ²/ÚmAltIpl/ ³adj ´having many parts or elements: ³a man
of @ interests; a @ shop/store´, one with many branches. Cf ³chain store´, the
more usu term; ³a @-unit train´, made up of several coaches (eÔg Diesel
coaches) each of which can run independently. ¹ ³n ´quantity which contains
another quantity a number of times without remainder: ³28 is a @ of 7. 30 is a
common @ of 2, 3, 5, 6, 10 and 15. ¸least/lowest common @, ´(abbr ¸LÔCÔM´)
least quantity that contains two or more given quantities exactly: ³12 is the
LÔCÔM of 3 and 4. µ¥ factor(1).¼
¨multi®plex© ²/ÚmAltIpleks/ ³adj ´having many parts or forms; of many
elements.¼
¨multi®pli®ca®tion© ²/*mAltIplIÚkeI2n/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´multiplying or being
multiplied: ³The symbol Ø stands for @. ¸Ú@ table, ´list of numbers, usu 1 to
12, showing the results of multiplying by the same number successively. ¸2
¶[C] ´instance of this: ³3 Ø 11 is an easy @.¼
¨multi®plic®ity© ²/*mAltIÚplIsEtI/ ³n ¶[U] ´being great in number: ³the @ of
small city states into which ancient Greece was divided; a @ of duties.¼
¨multi®ply© ²/ÚmAltIplñI/ ³vt,vi (pt,pp µ-lied³) ¸1 ¶[VP14] ·@ sth by sth, ´add
(a given quantity or number) a given number of times: ³@ 3 by 5, ´to make 15.
³6 multiplied by 5 is 30, ´6 Ø 5 = 30. ¸2 ¶[VP6A] ´produce a large number of;
make greater in number: ³@ instances´, produce a larger number of examples. ¸3
¶[VP2A] ´increase in number by procreation: ³Rabbits @ rapidly.¼
¨multi®tude© ²/ÚmAltItjud ³US: ²-tud/ ³n ¸1 ¶[C] ´great number (esp
of people gathered together). ¸2 the @, ´the common people; the masses:
³demagogues who appeal to the @. ¸3 ¶[U] ´greatness of number: ³like the stars
in @. ¸multi®tud®in®ous ²/*multIÚtjudInEs ³US: ²-ÚtudEnEs/ ³adj ´very numerous;
great in number.¼
¨mul®tum in parvo© ²/*m8ltEm In ÚpqvE8/ ³n ´(Lat) much in a small space.¼
¨mum©1 ²/mAm/ ³int, n ´Silence! ·Mum's the word! ´Say nothing about this. ¹
³adj ·keep mum, ´silent.¼
¨mum©2 ²/mAm/ ³n ´(colloq) mother.¼
¨mumble© ²/ÚmAmbl/ ³vt,vi ¶[VP6A,2A,C] ¸1 ´say sth, speak one's words,
indistinctly: ³The old man was mumbling away to himself. Don't @ your words. ¸2
´bite or chew as with toothless gums.¼
¨mumbo-jumbo© ²/*mAmbE8 ÚdZAmbE8/ ³n ´meaningless or obscure ritual;
gibberish.¼
¨mum®mer© ²/ÚmAmE(r)/ ³n ´actor in an old form of drama without words. ¸@y ³n
(pl µ-ries³) ¸1 ¶[C] ´performance by @s; dumb show. ¸2 ¶[U] ´foolish or
unnecessary ceremonial (esp religious); ¶[C] ´instance of this.¼
¨mum®mify© ²/ÚmAmIfñI/ ³vt (pt,pp µ-fied³) ¶[VP6A] ´preserve (a corpse) by
embalming; shrivel. ¸mum®mi®fi®ca®tion ²/*mAmIfIÚkeI2n/ ³n¼
¨mummy©1 ²/ÚmAmI/ ³n (pl µ-mies³) ´body of a human being or animal embalmed
for burial; dried-up body preserved from decay (as in early Egypt).¼
¨mummy©2 ²/ÚmAmI/ ³n (pl µ-mies³) ´(chiefly child's word for) mother.¼
¨mumps© ²/mAmps/ ³n pl sing-v ´contagious disease with painful swellings
in the neck.¼
¨munch© ²/mAnt2/ ³vt,vi ¶[VP6A,2A,C] ´chew with much movement of the jaw:
³@ing away at a hard apple; cattle @ing their fodder.¼
¨mun®dane© ²/mAnÚdeIn/ ³adj ¸1 ´worldly (contrasted with ³spiritual ´or
³heavenly´): ³When a man is near death he loses interest in @ affairs. ¸2
´dull, ordinary: ³@ occupations/speeches. ¸@®ly ³adv¼
¨mu®nici®pal© ²/mjuÚnIsIpl/ ³adj ´of a town or city having
self-government: ³@ buildings, ´eÔg the town hall, public library; ³@
undertakings, ´eÔg the supply of water, tram and bus services; ³the @ debt.
¸@ly ²/-pElI/ ³adv ¸@®ity ²/mju*nIsIÚpalEtI/ ³n (pl µ-ties³) ´town, city,
district, with local self-government; governing body of such a town, etc.¼
¨mu®nifi®cent© ²/mjuÚnIfIsnt/ ³adj ´(formal) extremely generous; (of sth
given) large in amount or splendid in quality. ¸@®ly ³adv ¸mu®nifi®cence
²/-sns/ ³n ¶[U] ´great generosity.¼
¨mu®ni®ments© ²/ÚmjunImEnts/ ³n ´(legal) documents kept as evidence of rights
or privileges.¼
¨mu®ni®tion© ²/mjuÚnI2n/ ³n ´(³pl ´except when attrib) military supplies, esp
guns, shells, bombs, etc: ³The war was lost because of a shortage of @s/a @
shortage. ´¹ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´provide with @s: ³@ a fort.¼
¨mural© ²/Úmj8ErEl/ ³adj ´of, like, on, a wall: ³a @ painting. ´¹ ³n ¶[C]
´wall-painting; fresco.¼
¨mur®der© ²/Úm3dE(r)/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´unlawful killing of a human being on purpose;
¶[C] ´instance of this: ³commit @; be declared guilty of @; six @s in one week.
·cry blue @, ´(colloq) shout loudly and in alarm. ·*M@ will Úout, ´(prov)
cannot be hidden. µ¥ homicide, manslaughter, regicide, ´etc. ¸2 ¶[U]
´unjustifiable sacrifice of life (eÔg in war): ³Nothing could justify the
bombing of the town; it was sheer @. ¹ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ¸1 ´kill (a human being)
unlawfully and on purpose. ¸2 ´spoil by lack of skill or knowledge: ³@ a piece
of music´, play it very badly. ³Do you ever @ the English language? ¸@er ³n
´person guilty of @. ¸@®ess ²/-Is/ ³n ´woman @er. ¸@®ous ²/Úm3dErEs/ ³adj
´planning, suggesting, designed for, @: ³a @ous-looking villain; a @ous burst
of fire from the enemy's guns. ¸@®ous®ly ³adv¼
¨murk© ²/m3k/ ³n ¶[U] ´darkness; gloom. ¸@y ³adj µ(-ier, -iest)
´dark; gloomy: ³a @y night; ´(of darkness) thick. ¸@®ily ²/-IlI/ ³adv¼
¨mur®mur© ²/Úm3mE(r)/ ³n ¸1 ´low, continuous, indistinct sound, rising and
falling very little in pitch: ³the @ of bees in the garden; the @ of a distant
brook/of distant traffic. ¸2 ´softly spoken word(s): ³a @ of conversation from
the next room. ¸3 ´subdued expression of feeling: ³a @ of delight. They paid
the higher taxes without a @´, iÔe without complaining. ¹ ³vi,vt ¸1 ¶[VP2A,C]
´make a @µ(1)´: ³a @ing brook. ¸2 ¶[VP2A,C,3A] ·@ (at/against), ´complain in a
@µ(3)´: ³@ at injustice; @ against new taxes. ¸3 ¶[VP6A] ´utter in a low
voice: ³@ a prayer.¼
¨murphy© ²/Úm3fI/ ³n (pl µ-phies³) ´(sl) potato.¼
¨mur®rain© ²/ÚmArIn/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´infectious disease of cattle. ¸2 ´(old use):
³A @ on you! ´A plague on you! Curse you!¼
¨mus®ca®tel© ²/*mAskEÚtel/ ³n ¶[U] ´rich, sweet wine made from musk-flavoured
kinds of grape.¼
¨muscle© ²/ÚmAsl/ ³n ¶[C,U] ´(band or bundle of) elastic substance in an animal
body that can be tightened or loosened to produce movement: ³When you walk you
exercise your leg @s. Physical exercises develop @. Don't move a @´, stay
perfectly still. ¸Ú@-man ²/-man/ ³n (pl µ-men³) ´man of great muscular
development. ¸Ú@-bound ³adj ´having stiff @s as the result of over-training or
excessive exercise. ¹ ³vi ¶[VP2C] ·@ Úin (on sth), ´(colloq) use force to get a
share (of sth considered advantageous).¼
¨Mus®covy© ²/ÚmAskEvI/ ³n ´(old name for) Russia. ¸Mus®co®vite ²/ÚmAskEvñIt/
³n, adj ´(citizen) of Moscow.¼
¨mus®cu®lar© ²/ÚmAskj8lE(r)/ ³adj ¸1 ´of the muscles: ³@ tissue/rheumatism. ¸2
´having strong muscles.¼
¨muse©1 ²/mjuz/ ³n ¸1 the M@s, ´(Gk myth) the nine goddesses, daughters of
Zeus, who protected and encouraged poetry, music, dancing, history and other
branches of art and learning. ¸2 (the) M@, ´poet's genius; spirit that inspires
a poet.¼
¨muse©2 ²/mjuz/ ³vi ¶[VP2A,3A] ·@ (over/on/upon), ´think deeply or
dreamily, ignoring what is happening around one: ³musing over memories of the
past. ¸mus®ing®ly ³adv¼
¨mu®seum© ²/mjuÚzIEm/ ³n ´building in which objects illustrating art, history,
science, etc are displayed. ·a Ú@ piece, ´fine specimen suitable for a @; (fig)
sth or sb antiquated.¼
¨mush© ²/mA2/ ³n ¶[U] ´soft, thick mixture or mass; (US) boiled corn meal. ¸@y
³adj ´like @; (colloq) weakly sentimental.¼
¨mush®room© ²/ÚmA2r8m ³US: ²-rum/ ³n ¶[C] ´fast-growing fungus of which some
kinds can be eaten: (attrib) ³the @ ´(= rapid) ³growth of London suburbs. The @
cloud ´(because of its @ shape) ³of a nuclear explosion. µ¥ ´the illus at
µfungus. ´¹ ³vi ¸1 ·go @ing´, go out into the fields to gather @s. ¸2 ¶[VP2C]
´spread or grow rapidly: ³English language schools are @ing in Bournemouth.¼
¨mu®sic© ²/ÚmjuzIk/ ³n ¶[U] ´art of making pleasing combinations of sounds in
rhythm, harmony and counterpoint; the sounds and composition so made; written
or printed signs representing these sounds: (attrib) ³a @ lesson/teacher. ·face
the @, ´face one's critics; face difficulties boldly. ·set/put sth to @,
´provide words, eÔg of a poem, with @. ¸Ú@-box ³n ´(US) musical-box, µ¥
musical. ¸Ú@-hall ³n ´(GB) hall or theatre used for variety entertainment (eÔg
songs, acrobatic performances, juggling). µ¥ ³concert-hall ´at µconcert±1µ(1).
¸Ú@-stand ³n ´light (usu folding) framework for holding sheets of printed
music. ¸Ú@-stool ³n ´seat without a back (usu adjustable in height) used when
playing a piano. µ¥ ´the illus at µbrass, keyboard, notation, percussion,
string.¼
¨mu®si®cal© ²/ÚmjuzIkl/ ³adj ´of, fond of, skilled in, music: ³@ instruments,
´eÔg the violin, piano, harp; ³She's not at all @´, does not enjoy or
understand music. ¸Ú@-box ³n ´box with a mechanical device that produces a
tune when the box is opened. ¸*@ Úchairs, ´game in which players go round a
row of chairs one fewer than the number of players. Each time the music stops,
the players sit down and the one left without a chair is eliminated. ¸*@
Úcomedy, ´a light, amusing play with songs and dancing. ¹ ³n ¶[C] ¸1 ´musical
comedy. ¸2 ´cinema film in which songs have an essential part. ¸@ly ²/-klI/
³adv¼
¨mu®si®cian© ²/mjuÚzI2n/ ³n ´person skilled in music; composer of
music. ¸@®ship ³n ¶[U] ´art and skill in (performing) music.¼
¨musk© ²/mAsk/ ³n ¶[U] ¸1 ´strong-smelling substance produced in glands by male
deer, used in the manufacture of perfumes. ¸Ú@-deer ³n ´small hornless deer of
central Asia. ¸Ú@-rat ´(or ³musquash´) ³n ´large rat-like water animal of N
America, valuable for its fur. ¸2 ´kinds of plant with musky smell. ¸Ú@ melon
³n ´sweet juicy kind of melon. ¸Ú@-rose ³n ´rambling rose with large,
sweet-smelling flowers. ¸@y ³adj µ(-ier, -iest) ´having the smell of @.¼
¨mus®ket© ²/ÚmAskIt/ ³n ´firearm used by foot-soldiers (16th to 19th cc) now
replaced by the rifle. ¸@®eer ²/*mAskIÚtIE(r)/ ³n ´foot-soldier armed with a
@. ¸@ry ²/ÚmAskItrI/ ³n ¶[U] ¸1 ´(science of, instruction in) shooting with
rifles. ¸2 ´(old use) troops armed with @s.¼
¨Mus®lim© ²/Úm8zlIm ³US: ²ÚmAzlEm/ ³n ´one who professes Islam; follower of
Muhammad: (attrib) of @s and Islam: ³@ historians/holidays.¼
¨mus®lin© ²/ÚmAzlIn/ ³n ¶[U] ´thin, fine, cotton cloth, used for dresses,
curtains, etc.¼
¨mus®quash© ²/ÚmAskwo2/ ³n ´(fur of the) musk-rat. µ¥ musk(1).¼
¨muss© ²/mAs/ ³n ´(US) ¶[U] ´disorder; ¶[C] ´muddle. ¹ ³vt ¶[VP6A,15B] ·@
(up), ´put into disorder: ³Don't @ up my hair!¼
¨mus®sel© ²/ÚmAsl/ ³n ´(sorts of) mollusc with a black shell in two parts. µ¥
´the illus at µbivalve.¼
¨must©1 ²/mAst/ ³n ¶[U] ´grape-juice before fermentation has changed it into
wine.¼
¨must©2 ²/mEst ³strong form: ²mAst/ ³aux v, anom fin
´(No infinitive, no participles, no inflected forms; ³@ not ´may be contracted
to µ@n't ²/ÚmAsnt/´.) ¶[VP5] ¸1 ´(expressing an immediate or future obligation
or necessity; ³@ not ´expresses a prohibition. Cf the use of ³may ´to express
permission and of ³need not ´to express non-obligation. Cf the use of ³had to
´for a past obligation and ³shall/will have to ´for a future obligation): ³You
@ do as you're told. Soldiers @ obey orders. Cars @ not be parked in front of
the entrance. You @n't do that. We @n't be late, @ we? A: "M@ you go so soon?'
B: "Yes, I @' ´(or) ³"No, I needn't.' ¸2 ´(= ³had to ´, used to indicate what
was necessary or obligatory at a time in the past): ³She said she @ have a new
hat for Easter. As he had broken it, he agreed that he @ buy a new one. On the
other side of the wood was a field that he @ ³cross. ¸3 ´(with less emphasis on
necessity; stressing what is desirable or advisable): ³We @ see what can be
done. I @ ask you not to do that again. ¸4 ´(expressing certainty): ³Don't bet
on horse-races, you @ lose ´(= will certainly lose) ³in the long run. ¸5
´(expressing strong probability): ³You @ be hungry after your long walk. This @
be ´(= very probably is) ³the book you want. You @ have known ´(= Surely you
knew) ³what she wanted. You @ be joking! ´You can't be serious! ¸6 ´(indicating
the occurrence of sth unwelcome, sth contrary to what was wanted): ³He @ come
and worry her with questions, just when she was busy cooking the dinner! ´¹ ³n
´(colloq) sth that @ be done, seen, heard, etc: ³Green's new novel is a @ for
all lovers of crime fiction.¼
¨mus®tache© ²/ÚmAsta2/ ³n ´(US) = µmoustache.¼
¨mus®tachio© ²/mEÚstq2IE8 ³US: ²-Ústa2-/ ³n (pl µ@s ²/-IE8z/³) ´a large (usu
long-haired) moustache.¼
¨mus®tang© ²/ÚmAstaG/ ³n ´small wild or half-wild horse of the
American plains.¼
¨mus®tard© ²/ÚmAstEd/ ³n ¶[U] ¸1 ´plant with yellow flowers and seeds (black or
white) in long, slender pods. ¸2 ´fine, yellow powder made from the seeds of
this plant; this powder made into hot-tasting sauce. ¸Ú@ gas ³n ´kind of liquid
poison with vapour that burns the skin (used in World War ²¥´). ¸Ú@ plaster ³n
´poultice made with @. ·as keen as @, ´very keen. ·grain of Ú@ seed, ´sth very
small capable of developing into sth very large. µ¥ Matt 13: 31.¼
¨mus®ter© ²/ÚmAstE(r)/ ³n ´assembly or gathering of persons, esp for review or
inspection. ·pass @, ´be considered satisfactory; be good enough for the
purpose or occasion. ¹ ³vt,vi ¶[VP6A,15B,2A] ·@ (up), ´call, collect or gather
together: ³Go and @ all the men you can find. They @ed (up) all their courage.¼
¨musty© ²/ÚmAstI/ ³adj µ(-ier, -iest) ¸1 ´stale; smelling or tasting mouldy:
³@ books; a @ room. ¸2 ´(fig) stale; out-of-date: ³a professor with @ ideas.
¸musti®ness ²/ÚmAstInIs/ ³n¼
¨mu®table© ²/ÚmjutEbl/ ³adj ´liable to change; likely to change. ¸mu®ta®bil®ity
²/*mjutEÚbIlEtI/ ³n ¶[U].¼
¨mu®ta®tion© ²/mjuÚteI2n/ ³n ¶[U] ´change; alteration; ¶[C] ´instance of this:
³Are @s in plants caused by cosmic rays?¼
¨mu®ta®tis mu®tan®dis© ²/mu*tqtIs muÚtandIs/ ³adv ´(Lat) with necessary
alterations or changes (when comparing cases).¼
¨mute© ²/mjut/ ³adj ¸1 ´silent; making no sound: ³staring at me in @ amazement.
¸2 ´(of a person) dumb; unable to speak. ¸3 ´(of a letter in a word) not
sounded: ³The "b' in "dumb' is @. ´¹ ³n ¸1 ´dumb person. ¸2 ´piece of bone or
metal used to soften the sounds produced from a stringed instrument; pad placed
in the mouth of a wind instrument for the same purpose. ¹ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´deaden
or muffle the sound of (esp a musical instrument). ¸@®ly ³adv¼
¨mu®ti®late© ²/ÚmjutIleIt/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´damage by breaking, tearing
or cutting off a necessary part; destroy the use of (a limb, etc).
¸mu®ti®la®tion ²/*mjutIÚleI2n/ ³n ¶[U] ´mutilating or being @d; ¶[C] ´injury or
loss caused by this.¼
¨mu®ti®nous© ²/ÚmjutInEs/ ³adj ´guilty of mutiny; rebellious: ³@ sailors; @
behaviour.¼
¨mu®tiny© ²/ÚmjutInI/ ³n (pl µ-nies³) ¶[U] ´(esp of soldiers and sailors) open
rebellion against lawful authority; ¶[C] ´instance of this. ¹ ³vi ¶[VP2A,3A] ·@
(against), ´be guilty of @; revolt. ¸mu®tin®eer ²/*mjutIÚnIE(r)/ ³n ´person
guilty of @.¼
¨mutt© ²/mAt/ ³n ´(sl) ¸1 ´ignorant blunderer: ³You silly big @! ¸2 ´mongrel
dog.¼
¨mut®ter© ²/ÚmAtE(r)/ ³vt,vi ¶[VP6A,14,2A,C] ´speak, say (sth), in a low voice
not meant to be heard; grumble in an indistinct voice: ³He was @ing away to
himself. Are you @ing threats at me? We heard thunder @ing in the distance. ´¹
³n ´@ed utterance or sound. ¸@er ³n ´person who @s.¼
¨mut®ton© ²/ÚmAtn/ ³n ¶[U] ´flesh of fully grown sheep: ³a leg/shoulder of @;
roast @; a @ chop´, piece of @ rib. ·as dead as @, ´quite dead. ·@ dressed as
lamb, ´used of an elderly person dressed in a style suitable for a young
person. ¸Ú@-head ³n ´(colloq) dull, stupid person.¼
¨mu®tual© ²/Úmjut28El/ ³adj ¸1 ´(of love, friendship, respect, etc) shared;
exchanged equally; (of feelings, opinions, etc) held in common with others: ³@
suspicion/affection. ¸2 ´each to the other(s): ³@ enemies/well-wishers; @ aid.
¸@ funds, ´(US) = unit trusts. ¸a *@ inÚsurance company, ´one in which some or
all of the profits are divided among the policy-holders. ¸3 ´common to two or
more persons: ³our @ friend Smith, ´iÔe Smith, a friend of both of us. ¸@ly
²/-8ElI/ ³adv¼
¨muzzle© ²/ÚmAzl/ ³n ¸1 ´nose and mouth of an animal (eÔg dog or fox); guard of
straps or wires placed over this part of an animal's head to prevent it biting,
etc. µ¥ ´the illus at µdog. ¸2 µ¥ ´the illus at µcannon. ´open end or mouth of
a fire-arm: ³a @-loading gun. ¸Ú@-velocity, ´speed of a projectile as it leaves
the @. µ¥ breech. ´¹ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´put a @ on (a dog, etc); (fig) prevent (a
person, society, newspaper, etc) from expressing opinions freely.¼
¨muzzy© ²/ÚmAzI/ ³adj µ(-ier, -iest) ¸1 ´confused in mind;
spiritless; stupid from drinking. ¸2 ´blurred.¼
¨my© ²/mñI/ ³poss adj ¸1 ´belonging to me: ³Where's my hat? This car is my own.
¸2 ´as a part of a form of address: ³Yes, my dear. My dear fellow! ¸3 ´in
exclamations: ³My goodness! Oh, my!¼
¨my®col®ogy© ²/mñIÚkolEdZI/ ³n ¶[U] ´science or study of fungi.¼
¨my®el®itis© ²/mñIEÚlñItIs/ ³n ´(path) inflammation of the spinal cord.¼
¨my®na(h)© ²/ÚmñInE/ ³n ¸Ú@ (bird), ´(kinds of) starling of SÔE Asia, known for
their ability to mimic human speech. µ¥ ´the illus at µrare.¼
¨my®opia© ²/mñIÚE8pIE/ ³n ¶[U] ´short-sightedness. ¸my®opic ²/mñIÚopIk/ ³adj
´short-sighted.¼
¨myr®iad© ²/ÚmIrIEd/ ³n ¶[C] ·@ (of), ´very great number.¼
¨myr®mi®don© ²/Úm3mIdEn ³US: ²-don/ ³n ´(contemptuous or humorous term for a)
person who carries out any kind of order without questions: ³@s of the law,
´eÔg bailiffs.¼
¨myrrh© ²/m3(r)/ ³n ¶[U] ´sweet-smelling, bitter-tasting kind of gum or resin
obtained from shrubs, used for making incense and perfumes.¼
¨myrtle© ²/Úm3tl/ ³n ´(kinds of) evergreen shrub with shiny leaves and
sweet-smelling white flowers.¼
¨my®self© ²/mñIÚself/ ³pron ´(reflex and emphat): ³I hurt @. I can do it (all)
by @, ´iÔe without help. ³I tired @ out. I @ said so. I said so @. I'm not @
today´, am not feeling so well as I usually do.¼
¨mys®teri®ous© ²/mIÚstIErIEs/ ³adj ´full of, suggesting, covered in, mystery:
³a @ crime; a @-looking parcel. ¸@®ly ³adv¼
¨mys®tery© ²/ÚmIstErI/ ³n (pl µ-ries³) ¸1 ¶[C] ´sth of which the
cause or origin is hidden or impossible to understand: ³The murder remained an
unsolved @. ¸2 ¶[U] ´condition of being secret or obscure: ³The origin of this
tribe is lost in @´, It has been impossible to learn anything about it. ¸3
³(pl) ´secret religious rites and ceremonies (of ancient Greeks, Romans, etc).
¸4 ¶[C] ¸Ú@ (play), ´medieval drama based on episodes in the life of Jesus.¼
¨mys®tic© ²/ÚmIstIk/ ³adj ´of hidden meaning or spiritual power; causing
feelings of awe and wonder: ³@ rites and ceremonies; @ teachings. ´¹ ³n
´person who seeks union with God and, through that, realization of truth
beyond men's understanding. ¸mys®ti®cal ²/ÚmIstIkl/ ³adj ´= mystic.¼
¨mys®ti®cism© ²/ÚmIstIsIzEm/ ³n ¶[U] ´beliefs, experiences, of a mystic;
teaching and belief that knowledge of God and of real truth may be obtained
through meditation or spiritual insight, independently of the mind and the
senses.¼
¨mys®tify© ²/ÚmIstIfñI/ ³vt (pt,pp µ-fied³) ¶[VP6A] ´puzzle; bewilder.
¸mys®ti®fi®ca®tion ²/*mIstIfIÚkeI2n/ ³n ¶[U] ´@ing or being mystified; ¶[C]
´sth that mystifies.¼
¨mys®tique© ²/mIÚstik/ ³n ¸1 ´esoteric character of a person, institution, etc
caused by mystical devotion and veneration: ³the @ of the monarchy in Great
Britain. ¸2 ´incommunicable quality; skill known only to a few practitioners.¼
¨myth© ²/mIT/ ³n ¸1 ¶[C] ´story, handed down from olden times, esp concepts or
beliefs about the early history of a race, explanations of natural events, such
as the seasons: ³ancient Greek @s. ¸2 ¶[U] ´such stories collectively: ³famous
in @ and legend. ¸3 ¶[C] ´person, thing, etc, that is imaginary, fictitious, or
invented: ³That rich uncle of whom he boasts is only a @. ¸@i®cal ²/ÚmITIkl/
³adj ¸1 ´of @; existing only in @: ³@ical heroes; @ical literature. ¸2
´imaginary; fictitious: ³@ical wealth.¼
¨myth®ol®ogy© ²/mIÚTolEdZI/ ³n (pl µ-gies³) ¸1 ¶[U] ´study or
science of myths. ¸2 ¶[U] ´myths collectively: ³Greek @´; ¶[C] ´body or
collection of myths: ³the mythologies of primitive races. ¸myth®ol®ogist
²/mIÚTolEdZIst/ ³n ´student of @. ¸mytho®logi®cal ²/*mITEÚlodZIkl/ ³adj ´of @
or myths; unreal.¼
¨myxo®ma®to®sis© ²/*mIksEmEÚtE8sIs/ ³n ¶[U] ´infectious fatal disease of
rabbits.¼
¨N©, n ²/en/ ³n (pl µN's, n's ²/enz/³) ´the 14th letter of the
English alphabet.¼
¨nab© ²/nab/ ³vt µ(-bb-) ´(colloq) catch in wrongdoing; seize: ³The thief was
nabbed by the police.¼
¨na®bob© ²/ÚneIbob/ ³n ´(18th c use) wealthy, luxury-loving person.¼
¨na®celle© ²/naÚsel/ ³n ´outer casing for an engine of an aircraft or airship.
µ¥ ´the illus at µair.¼
¨nacre© ²/ÚneIkE(r)/ ³n ¶[U] ´mother-of-pearl. µ¥ mother(4).¼
¨na®dir© ²/ÚneIdIE(r)/ ³n ´point of the heavens directly beneath an observer.
(fig) lowest, weakest, point: ³at the @ of one's hopes. µ¥ zenith.¼
¨nag©1 ²/nag/ ³n ´(colloq) (usu old) horse.¼
¨nag©2 ²/nag/ ³vt,vi µ(-gg-) ¶[VP6A,2A,C,3A] ·nag (at) (sb), ´find fault with
continuously; worry or annoy by scolding: ³She nagged (at) him all day long.
¸nag®ger ³n¼
¨naiad© ²/ÚnñIad/ ³n (pl µ@s, @es ²/-diz/³) ´(Gk myth)
water-nymph.¼
¨nail© ²/neIl/ ³n ¸1 ´layer of hard substance over the outer tip of a finger
(¸Úfinger-@´) or toe (¸Útoe-@´). µ¥ ´the illus at µarm, leg. ·fight tooth and
@, ´with all one's strength, making every possible effort to win. ¸Ú@®brush ³n
´for cleaning the @s. µ¥ ´the illus at µbrush. ¸Ú@-file, ´small, flat file for
shaping the @s. ¸Ú@-scissors ³n ´for trimming the @s. ¸Ú@-varnish/-polish ³n
´for giving a shiny tint to the @s. ¸2 ´piece of metal, pointed at one end and
with a head at the other, (to be) hammered into articles to hold them together,
or into a wall, etc to hang sth on. ·drive a @ into sb's coffin, µ¥ coffin. ·as
hard as @s, ´(of a person) ¸(a) ´in first rate physical condition. ¸(b)
´pitiless; unsympathetic. ·hit the @ on the head, ´pick out the real point at
issue; give the true explanation. ·right as @s, ´quite right. ·(right) on the
@, ´at once. ¹ ³vt ¶[VP15A,B] ¸1 ´make fast with a @ or @s: ³@ a lid on a box.
·@ sb down (to sth), ´make him say clearly what he intends to do (about sth).
·@ sth down, ´make (eÔg a carpet, a cover) secure by using nails. ·@ sth up,
´make (a door, window, etc) secure with @s. ·@ one's colours to the mast, µ¥
colour±1µ(8). ·@ a lie (to the counter), ´prove that a statement is false. ¸2
´hold fast, keep fixed (a person, sb's attention, etc): ³He @ed me in the
corridor.¼
¨nain®sook© ²/ÚneIns8k/ ³n ¶[U] ´fine cotton cloth.¼
¨naira© ²/ÚnñIrE/ ³n ¶[C] ´unit of Nigerian currency, = 100 kobos.¼
¨na¢Éve©, naive ²/nñIÚiv/ ³adj ´natural and innocent in speech and behaviour
(eÔg because young or inexperienced); amusingly simple: ³@ remarks/tourists.
¸@®ly ³adv ¸@t_e ²/-teI/, ¸@ty ²/-tI/ ³n ¶[U] ´artlessness; being @; ¶[C] ´@
remark, etc.¼
¨naked© ²/ÚneIkId/ ³adj ¸1 ´without clothes on: ³as @ as the day he was born.
¸2 ´without the usual covering: ³a @ sword, ´without its sheath; ³fight with @
fists´, without boxing-gloves; ³@ trees´, without leaves; ³a @ light´, not
protected from the wind by glass, without a lampshade. ·see sth with the @ eye,
´without using a microscope, telescope or other aid to seeing. ·the @ truth,
´not disguised, softened, ornamented. ¸@®ly ³adv ¸@®ness ³n¼
¨namby-pamby© ²/*nambI ÚpambI/ ³adj ´(of persons, talk) foolishly sentimental.
¹ ³n ´person of this sort.¼
¨name©1 ²/neIm/ ³n ¸1 ´word(s) by which a person, animal, place, thing, etc is
known and spoken to or of: ³A person of the @ of Smith ´(= Someone who is
called Smith) ³wants to see you. He writes under the @ of Nimrod´, uses Nimrod
instead of his real name. ³I know the man by @´, only by hearsay, not by
personal acquaintance. ³The teacher knows all the pupils in his class by @´,
knows them individually. ·in the @ of, ¸(a) ´with the authority of: ³Stop! in
the Queen's @. In the @ of the law«. ¸(b) ´in the cause of (used when making an
appeal): ³In the @ of common sense, what are you doing? ·call sb @s, ´call him
insulting @s (eÔg liar, coward). ·enter/put down one's @ for, ´(a school,
college, etc), apply for entry (at a future date). ·not have a penny to one's
@, ´be without money. ·lend one's @ to, ´(an enterprise, etc), allow it to be
quoted in support or in favour of (the enterprise, etc). ·take sb's @ in vain,
´use a @ (esp God's) disrespectfully. ¸Ú@-day ³n ´feast day of the Saint whose
@ one was given at christening. ¸Ú@-dropping ³n ´the practice of casually
mentioning the @s of important people to impress. Hence, ¸Ú@-drop ³vi
¶[VP2A] ´talk in this way. ¸Ú@-part ³n ´title-role of a play: ³Who will play
the @-part in "Hamlet'? ¸Ú@®plate ³n ´plaque (on the door of a building, room,
etc) with the @ of the occupant. ¸Ú@®sake ³n ´person or thing with the same @
as another. ¸2 ³(sing ´only) reputation; fame. ·make/win a @ for oneself,
´become well-known. ³The firm has a @ for good workmanship. ¸3 ´famous person:
³the great @s of history.¼
¨name©2 ²/neIm/ ³vt ¸1 ¶[VP6A,14,23] ·@ (after/´(US)·for), ´give a @ to: ³They
@d the child John. The child was @d after its father´, given its father's first
@. ³Tasmania was @d after its discoverer, A J Tasman. ¸2 ¶[VP6A] ´say the @(s)
of: ³Can you @ all the plants and trees in this garden? ¸3 ´make an offer of
(price, etc): ³N@ your price´, Say what price you want. ¸4 ´state (what is
desired, etc): ³Please @ the day´, say on what date you will be willing to
(eÔg marry). ¸5 ¶[VP6A,14] ·@ (for), ´nominate for, appoint to, a position: ³Mr
X has been @d for the directorship.¼
¨name®less© ²/ÚneImlIs/ ³adj ¸1 ´not having a name; having an unknown name: ³a
@ grave; a well-known person who shall be @´, whose name I shall not mention.
¸2 ´too bad to be named: ³@ vices. ¸3 ´difficult or impossible to name or
describe: ³a @ longing/horror.¼
¨name®ly© ²/ÚneImlI/ ³adv ´that is to say: ³Only one boy was absent, @ Harry.¼
¨nan®keen© ²/nanÚkin/ ³n ¶[U] ´kind of cotton cloth, originally
made of naturally yellow cotton.¼
¨nanny© ²/ÚnanI/ ³n (pl µ-nies³) = µnurse±1µ(1).¼
¨nanny-goat© ²/ÚnanI gE8t/ ³n ´female goat. µ¥ billy-goat.¼
¨nap©1 ²/nap/ ³n ¶[C] ´short sleep (esp during the day, not necessarily in
bed): ³have/take a nap after lunch on a hot day. ´¹ ³vi µ(-pp-) ´(rare, except
in) ·catch sb napping, ´find him asleep; catch him unawares (in error, etc).¼
¨nap©2 ²/nap/ ³n ¶[U] ´surface of cloth, felt, etc, made of soft, short hairs
or fibres, smoothed and brushed up.¼
¨nap©3 ²/nap/ ³n ´(GB) name of a card-game.¼
¨na®palm© ²/ÚneIpqm/ ³n ¶[U] ´jellied petroleum used in making fire-bombs.¼
¨nape© ²/neIp/ ³n ´back (of the neck). µ¥ ´the illus at µhead.¼
¨na®pery© ²/ÚneIpErI/ ³n ¶[U] ´(old use) household linen, esp table linen
(tablecloths and napkins).¼
¨naph®tha© ²/ÚnafTE/ ³n ¶[U] ´kinds of inflammable oil obtained from coaltar
and petroleum. ¸@®lene ²/-lin/ ³n ¶[U] ´strong-smelling substance made from
coaltar and petroleum, used in the manufacture of dyes and (in the form of
white "moth balls') to put among clothes.¼
¨nap®kin© ²/ÚnapkIn/ ³n ¶[C] ¸1 (Útable) @, ´piece of cloth used at meals for
protecting clothing, for wiping the lips, etc. ¸Ú@-ring ³n ´ring to hold and
distinguish a person's @. µ¥ serviette. ¸2 ´(US = ³diaper´) (³nappy ´is more
usu) towel folded round a baby's bottom and between its legs, to absorb
excreta.¼
¨Na®po®leonic© ²/nE*pE8lIÚonIk/ ³adj ´of or like Napoleon
Bonaparte ²/nE*pE8lIEn ÚbE8nEpqt/ ´(1769Å1821), ruler of France.¼
¨nappy© ²/ÚnapI/ ³n (pl µ-pies³) ´(GB colloq) = µnapkin(2).¼
¨nar®ciss®ism© ²/ÚnqsIsIzEm/ ³n ¶[U] ´(psych) obsessive and exclusive interest
in one's own self.¼
¨nar®cissus© ²/nqÚsIsEs/ ³n (pl µ@es ²/-sEsIz/ ´or µ-cissi
²/-sIsñI/³) ´sorts of bulb plant (daffodil, jonquil, etc), esp the kind having
heavily scented white or yellow flowers in the spring.¼
¨nar®cotic© ²/nqÚkotIk/ ³n, adj ´(kinds of drug) producing sleep, often
blunting the senses and, in large doses, producing complete insensibility:
³Opium is a @ drug. The use of @s by teenagers is a problem in many countries;
(person) addicted to @s.¼
¨nark©1 ²/nqk/ ³n ´(GB sl) police decoy or spy.¼
¨nark©2 ²/nqk/ ³vt ´(GB sl) annoy: ³feel @ed at unjust criticism.¼
¨nar®rate© ²/nEÚreIt/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´tell (a story); give an account of: ³@ one's
adventures. ¸nar®rator ²/-tE(r)/ ³n ´person who @s. ¸nar®ra®tion ²/nEÚreI2n/ ³n
¶[U] ´telling of a story, etc; ¶[C] ´story; account of events.¼
¨nar®ra®tive© ²/ÚnarEtIv/ ³n ¸1 ¶[C] ´story or tale; orderly account of events;
¶[U] ´(composition that consists of) story-telling. ¸2 ´(attrib) in the form
of, concerned with, story-telling: ³@ literature´, stories and novels; ³@
poems; a writer of great @ power´, able to describe events well.¼
¨nar®row© ²/ÚnarE8/ ³adj µ(-er, -est) ´(opposite of ³wide´) ¸1 ´measuring
little across in comparison with length: ³a @ bridge. The road was too @ for
cars to pass. A @-gauge railway is one with rails less than 4 ft 8 in apart.
¸2 ´small, limited: ³a @ circle of friends; living in @ circumstances´, in
poverty. ¸3 ´with a small margin: ³a @ escape from death. ·a @ squeak,
´(colloq) sth barely avoided or escaped from; ³elected by a @ majority, ´eÔg
when voting is 67 to 64. ¸4 ´strict; exact: ³a @ search. What does the word
mean in the @est sense? ¸5 ´limited in outlook; having little sympathy for the
ideas, etc, of others. ¸*@-Úminded ²/ÚmñIndId/ ³adj ´not easily seeing or
sympathizing with the ideas of others. ¸*@-Úminded®ly ³adv ¸*@-Úmindedness ³n
´¹ ³vt,vi ¶[VP6A,2A] ´(cause to) become @. ¹ ³n ´(usu ³pl´) @ strait or channel
between two larger bodies of water; @ place in a river or pass. ¸@®ly
³adv ¸1 ´only just; with little to spare: ³He @ly escaped drowning. ¸2
´closely; carefully: ³Watch that fellow @ly. ¸@®ness ³n¼
¨nar®whal© ²/ÚnqwEl/ ³n ´Arctic whale with (in the male) a long
spiral tusk.¼
¨na®sal© ²/ÚneIzl/ ³adj ´of, for, in, the nose: ³@ sounds, ´eÔg ²/m, n, G/´; ³@
catarrh; a @ douche. ´¹ ³n ¶[C] ´nasal sound. ¸@®ize ²/ÚneIzElñIz/ ³vt ¶[VP6A]
´make (a sound) with the air stream, or part of it, passing through the nose.¼
¨nascent© ²/Únasnt/ ³adj ´(formal) coming into existence; beginning to exist.¼
¨nas®tur®tium© ²/nEÚst32Em ³US: ²na-/ ³n ¶[C] ´garden plant with red, orange or
yellow flowers, round-shaped leaves, and seeds that may be pickled and eaten.¼
¨nasty© ²/ÚnqstI ³US: ²Úna-/ ³adj µ(-ier, -iest) ¸1 ´dirty; disgusting;
unpleasant: ³medicine with a @ smell and a nastier taste. ¸2 ´morally dirty and
unpleasant: ³a man with a @ mind; @ stories. ¸3 ´showing ill will and spite:
³a @ temper. ¸4 ´dangerous; threatening: ³There was a @ sea when we got out of
the harbour. There was a @ look in his eye. ¸5 ´causing difficulty or danger;
awkward: ³That's a @ corner for a car that's travelling fast. ¸nas®tily
²/-IlI/ ³adv ¸nas®ti®ness ³n¼
¨na®tal© ²/ÚneItl/ ³adj ´of, from, one's birth.¼
¨na®tion© ²/ÚneI2n/ ³n ¶[C] ´large community of people associated with a
particular territory usu speaking a single language and usu having a political
character or political aspirations: ³the @s of Western Europe; the United N@s
Organization, ´UÔNÔO. µ¥ state±1µ(2). ¸*@®Úwide ³adj, adv ´throughout a @;
concerning, expressed by, all citizens.¼
¨na®tion®al© ²/Úna2nEl/ ³adj ´of a/the nation; common to a/the
whole nation; characteristic of a/the nation: ³a @ theatre³, one supported by
the State; ³@ opposition to a government policy´, expressed by all citizens.
¸*@ Úanthem, ´song or hymn of a nation (eÔg "God Save the Queen' in GB). ¸the
*N@ ÚDebt, ´total money owed by the State to those who have lent it money. ¸*@
Úmonument, ´structure, landmark, site of historic interest (often one
maintained by the government). ¸*@ Úpark, ´area of land declared to be public
property, for the use and enjoyment of the people. ¸*@ Úservice, ´period of
compulsory service in the armed forces. ¸*N@ ÚTrust, ´(in GB) society founded
in 1895 to preserve places of natural beauty or historic interest for the
nation. ¸the *Grand ÚN@, ´the chief steeplechase in GB, run in March. ¹ ³n
´citizen of a particular nation: ³One of a consul's duties is to help his own
@s´, his fellow countrymen. ¸@ly ²/Úna2nElI/ ³adv¼
¨na®tion®al®ism© ²/Úna2nElIzEm/ ³n ¶[U] ¸1 ´strong devotion to one's own
nation; patriotic feelings, efforts, principles. ¸2 ´movement for
political/economic, etc independence (in a country controlled by another).¼
¨na®tion®al®ist© ²/Úna2nElIst/ ³n ´supporter of nationalismµ(2)´: ³Scottish
@s´, those who want Scotland to have more self-government. ¹ ³adj ´(also ¸@ic
²/*na2nEÚlIstIk/´) favouring, supporting, nationalism: ³@ movements in
Zimbabwe.¼
¨na®tion®al®ity© ²/*na2EÚnalEtI/ ³n (pl µ-ties³) ¶[C,U] ´being a member of a
nation: ³What is your @? There were men of all nationalities in Geneva.¼
¨na®tion®al®ize© ²/Úna2nElñIz/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ¸1 ´transfer from private to State
ownership: ³@ the railways/the coal-mines/the steel industry. ¸2 ´make (a
person) a national: ³@d Poles and Greeks in the US. ¸3 ´make into a nation:
³The Poles were @d after the war of 1914Å18´, They became an independent
nation. ¸na®tion®ali®zation ²/*na2nElñIÚzeI2n ³US: ²-lIÚz/ ³n ´nationalizing or
being @d: ³the nationalization of the railways.¼
¨na®tive© ²/ÚneItIv/ ³n ¸1 ´person born in a place, country, etc and associated
with it by birth: ³a @ of London/Wales/India/Kenya. ¸2 ´such a person as
distinguished from immigrants, residents, visitors, tourists, etc from other
countries, usu when the race to which he belongs is different in culture: ³the
first meetings between Captain Cook and the @s ´(= the aboriginal inhabitants)
³of Australia. ¸3 ´animal or plant natural to and having its origin in a
certain area: ³The kangaroo is a @ of Australia. ¸4 ´(GB) oyster reared wholly
or partly in British waters, esp in artificial beds: ³Whitstable @s. ´¹ ³adj ¸1
´associated with the place and circumstances of one's birth: ³your @
land/place. ¸2 ´of @sµ(2 ´aboveµ)´: ³@ customs. ¸3 ´(of qualities) belonging to
a person by nature, not acquired through training, by education, etc: ³@
ability/charm. ¸4 ·@ to, ´(of plants, animals, etc) having their origin in:
³plants @ to America´, eÔg tobacco, potatoes. ³One of the animals @ to India is
the tiger. ¸5 ´(of metals) found in a pure state, uncombined with other
substances: ³@ gold.¼
¨na®tiv®ity© ²/nEÚtIvEtI/ ³n (pl µ-ties³) ´birth, esp (¸the N@´) of
Jesus Christ; picture of the N@ of Christ. ¸a ÚN@ Play, ´one about the N@.¼
¨nat®ter© ²/ÚnatE(r)/ ³vi ¶[VP2A,C] ´(GB colloq) chatter, grumble (esp to
oneself): ³What's she @ing (on) about now?¼
¨natty© ²/ÚnatI/ ³adj µ(-ier, -iest) ´(colloq) ¸1 ´neat; smart and tidy: ³new
and @ uniforms for bus conductresses. ¸2 ´quick and skilful. ¸nat®tily ²/-IlI/
³adv¼
¨natu®ral© ²/Únat2rEl/ ³adj ¸1 ´of, concerned with, produced, by nature:
³animals living in their @ state´, wild, not domesticated; ³a country's @
resources´, its minerals, forests, etc; ³land in its @ state´, not used for
industry, farming, etc. ¸*@ Úforces/pheÚnomena, ´the forces of nature, such as
storms, thunder and lightning. ¸*@ Úgas, ´gas occurring with petroleum
deposits, eÔg North Sea gas. ¸*@ Úhistory, ´botany and zoology; (formerly)
scientific study of all nature. ¸*@ Úlaw, ´rules for behaviour considered as
innate and universal. ¸*@ phiÚlosophy, ´(name formerly used for) the science
of physics, or physics and dynamics. ¸*@ reÚligion, ´religion and ethics based
on reason (contrasted with religion from divine revelation). ¸*@ seÚlection,
´evolutionary theory that animals and plants survive or become extinct in
accordance with their ability to adapt themselves to their environment. ¸2
´of, in agreement with, the natureµ(4) ´of a living thing: ³@ gifts/abilities.
¸3 ´(of persons) possessing qualities by natureµ(4)´; born with qualities or
powers: ³He's a @ orator´, makes speeches easily. ³She's a @ linguist´, learns
languages easily. ³It comes @ to her. µ¥ come(9). ¸4 ´ordinary; normal; to be
expected: ³die a @ death´, not as the result of an accident, violence, etc. ³It
is @ for a bird to fly. He was sentenced to prison for the term of his @ life,
´iÔe until he died. ¸5 ´simple; not cultivated or self-conscious: ³@ behaviour;
speak in a @ voice, ´not affected. ³It was a @ piece of acting, ´with no
exaggeration. ¸6 ´(music) neither sharp nor flat: ³B @ (´cf ³B sharp, B flat).
µ¥ ´the illus a µnotation. ¸7 ´(of a son or daughter) illegitimate. ´¹ ³n ¸1
´(music) @ note; musical note that is not a sharp or a flat; the sign
(²V´) placed before a note (in printed music) to make it a @. ¸2 ´person born
without ordinary intelligence; person feeble-minded from birth. ¸3 ´(colloq) ·a
@ for sth, ´person naturally fitted or qualified: ³He's a @ for the job/the
part.¼
¨natu®ral®ism© ²/Únat2rElIzEm/ ³n ¶[U] ¸1 ´adherence to nature in
literature and art; drawing and painting things in a way true to nature. ¸2
´(phil) system of thought which rejects the supernatural and divine revelation
and holds that natural causes and laws explain all phenomena.¼
¨natu®ral®ist© ²/Únat2rElIst/ ³n ´person who makes a special study of animals
or plants.¼
¨natu®ral®is®tic© ²/*nat2rEÚlIstIk/ ³adj ´of naturalism: ³a @ painter. µ¥
abstract±1µ(1), cubism, surrealism.¼
¨natu®ral®ize© ²/Únat2rElñIz/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A] ´give (sb from another country)
rights of citizenship: ³She was @d in Japan´, was made a Japanese subject. ¸2
¶[VP6A] ´take (a word) from one language into another: ³English sporting terms
have been @d in many languages. ¸3 ¶[VP6A] ´introduce and acclimatize (an
animal or plant) into another country. ¸4 ¶[VP6A] ´plant (bulbs, etc) in
woodland areas so that the flowers appear to be growing wild or naturally. ¸5
¶[VP2A] ´become @d. ¸natu®rali®zation ²/*nat2rElñIÚzeI2n ³US: ²-lIÚz-/ ³n ¶[U]
´naturalizing or being @d: ³Naturalization papers, ´the documents that prove
that a person has been admitted to citizenship of another country.¼
¨nat®urally© ²/Únat2rElI/ ³adv ¸1 ´by natureµ(4)´: ³She's @ musical. ¸2 ´of
course; as might be expected: ³"Did you answer her letter?'Å"N@!' ¸3 ´without
artificial help, special cultivation, etc: ³Her hair curls @. Plants grow @ in
such a good climate. ¸4 ´without artifice: ³She speaks and behaves @.¼
¨na®ture© ²/ÚneIt2E(r)/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´the whole universe and every
created thing. ³Is @ at its best in spring? ¸Ú@ study, ´the study of animals,
plants, insects, etc. ¸Ú@ worship, ´the worship of trees, oceans, the winds,
etc. ¸2 ¶[U] ´force(s) controlling the phenomena of the physical world: ³Man is
engaged in a constant struggle with @. Miracles are contrary to @. ¸Ú@ cure,
´form of therapy relying upon natural remedies (eÔg sunlight, diet, exercise).
·pay the debt of @; pay one's debt to @, ´die. ·in the course of @, ´according
to the ordinary course of things. ¸3 ¶[U] ´simple life without civilization;
outdoor, animal-like existence: ³Some 18th-century writers were in favour of a
return to @´, to the simple and primitive life that people were thought to have
led before mankind became civilized. ·be in a state of @, ´be completely naked
(as in a nudist camp). ¸4 ¶[C,U] ´qualities and characteristics, physical,
mental and spiritual, which belong to a person or thing: ³It is the @ of a dog
to bark. Cats and dogs have quite different @s. That man is proud by @.
³Chemists study the @ of gases. ¸*human Ú@, ´the qualities possessed by man (in
contrast with animals). ¸good @, ´unselfishness; willingness and readiness to
help; kind-heartedness. Hence, ¸*good-/*ill-Ú@ed, ´having a good/ill @. ¸5
´qualities of non-material things (eÔg art, knowledge, language). ¸6 ´sort;
kind: ³Things of this @ do not interest me. His request was in the @ of a
command´, could not be ignored.¼
¨na®tur®ism© ²/ÚneIt2ErIzEm/ ³n ´nudism. ¸na®tur®ist ²/-Ist/ ³n ´nudist.¼
¨naught© ²/nct/ ³n ´= µnought(1).¼
¨naughty© ²/ÚnctI/ ³adj µ(-ier, -iest) ¸1 ´(of children, their behaviour, etc)
bad; wrong; disobedient; causing trouble: ³a @ child. It was @ of you to pull
the cat's tail. ¸2 ´taking pleasure in shocking, intended to shock, people: ³a
@ novel(ist); @ stories. ¸naught®ily ²/-IlI/ ³adv ¸naughti®ness ³n¼
¨nausea© ²/ÚncsIE ³US: ²Úncz-/ ³n ¶[U] ´feeling of sickness (eÔg as caused by
bad food) or disgust; sea-sickness: ³overcome by @ after eating octopus; filled
with @ at the sight of cruelty to animals. ¸naus®eate ²/ÚncsIeIt ³US: ²Úncz-/
³vt ¶[VP6A] ´cause @: ³nauseating food; a nauseating sight. ¸naus®eous
²/ÚncsIEs ³US: ²Únc2Es/ ³adj ´disgusting; causing @.¼
¨nautch© ²/nct2/ ³n ´performance by professional dancing-girls in India, etc.
¸Ú@-girl ³n ´one of these girls.¼
¨nauti®cal© ²/ÚnctIkl/ ³adj ´of ships, sailors or navigation: ³@ terms´, used
by sailors: ³a @ almanac´, with information about the sun, moon, tides, etc:
³a @ mile´, 1/60 of a degree, 6Ô080 ft (= 1Ô852 metres).¼
¨nauti®lus© ²/ÚnctIlEs ³US: ²ÚnctElEs/ ³n (pl µ@es ²/-lEsIz/³) ´small sea
animal of which the female has a very thin shell.¼
¨na®val© ²/ÚneIvl/ ³adj ´of a navy; of warships: ³@ officers/battles.¼
¨nave© ²/neIv/ ³n ´central part of a church where the people sit. µ¥ ´the
illus at µchurch.¼
¨na®vel© ²/ÚneIvl/ ³n ´small depression in the middle of the surface of the
belly (left by the severance of the umbilical cord). µ¥ ´the illus at µtrunk.
¸@ orange, ´large orange with a @-like formation in the top.¼
¨navi®gable© ²/ÚnavIgEbl/ ³adj ¸1 ´(of rivers, seas, etc) that can
be navigated; suitable for ships: ³The Rhine is @ from Strasbourg to the sea.
¸2 ´(of ships, etc) that can be steered and sailed: ³not in a @ condition.
¸navi®ga®bil®ity ²/*navIgEÚbIlEtI/ ³n¼
¨navi®gate© ²/ÚnavIgeIt/ ³vt,vi ¶[VP6A,2A] ¸1 ´plot the course, find the
position, etc of a ship, aircraft, etc, charts, maps and instruments. ¸2 ´steer
(a ship); pilot (an aircraft); (fig) direct: ³@ a Bill through the House of
Commons. ¸3 ´sail over (a sea); sail up or down (a river). ¸navi®gator
²/-tE(r)/ ³n ¸1 ´person who @sµ(1)´. ¸2 ´sailor with skill and experience who
has taken part in many voyages; (esp) early explorer: ³the Spanish and
Portuguese navigators of the 16th c.¼
¨navi®ga®tion© ²/*navIÚgeI2n/ ³n ¶[U] ¸1 ´the act of navigating. ¸2 ´the art
or science of navigating. ¸3 ´the making of voyages on water or of journeys
through the air: ³inland @´, by river and canal. ³There has been an increase
in @ through the Panama Canal´, more ships use it.¼
¨navvy© ²/ÚnavI/ ³n (pl µ-vies³) ´(GB) unskilled workman.¼
¨navy© ²/ÚneIvI/ ³n (pl µ-vies³) ¶[C] ¸1 ´a country's warships. ¸*@ Úblue,
´dark blue as used for naval uniforms. ¸2 ´the officers and men of a country's
warships: ³join the @.¼
¨nay© ²/neI/ ³adv ´(old use) no; (rhet) not only that, but also: ³I suspect,
nay, I am certain, that he is wrong.¼
¨Nazi© ²/ÚnqtsI/ ³n, adj ´(member) of the German National Socialist Party
founded by Hitler. ¸Nazism ²/ÚnqtsIzEm/ ³n ´the ideology of the @s.¼
¨Ne®an®der®thal© ²/niÚandEtql/ ³adj ¸@ man, ´extinct type of man of the stone
age.¼
¨neap© ²/nip/ ³n ¸Ú@(-tide), ´tide when high water is at its lowest
level of the year. µ¥ ³spring tide ´at µspring±1µ(3).¼
¨Nea®poli®tan© ²/nIEÚpolItEn/ ³n, adj ¸1 ´(inhabitant) of Naples ²/ÚneIplz/´.
¸2 ´(small ³n´) with many flavours and colours: ³@ ice-cream.¼
¨near©1 ²/nIE(r)/ ³adj µ(-er, -est) ¸1 ´not far from; close in space or time:
³The post office is quite @. Christmas is @. Come @er. Can you tell me the @est
´(= shortest) ³way to the station? She was @ to tears´, was almost crying. ·the
@ distance, ´that part of a scene between the foreground and the background. ·a
@ miss, ´eÔg of a bomb or shell, not a direct hit, but close enough to the
target to cause damage. ·a @ thing, ´a narrow escape. ¸*@-Úsighted ³adj
´short-sighted; seeing well only when sth, eÔg a book, is held close to the
eyes. ¸2 ´close in relation or affection: ³a @ relation´, eÔg a mother, a son
or daughter; ³friends who are @ and dear to us. ¸3 ´(contrasted with ³off´) (of
parts of animals and vehicles, or of horses in a team, when on a road, etc) the
left side: ³the @ foreleg; the @ front wheel of a car. ¸Ú@®side ³n ´side @est
the kerb: ³the @side lane of traffic. ¸4 ´niggardly (contrasted with
³generous´): ³He's very @ with his money. ´¹ ³vt,vi ¶[VP6A,2A] ´come or draw @
(to); approach: ³The ship was @ing land. He's @ing his end´, is dying. ³The
road is @ing completion. ¸@®ness ³n¼
¨near©2 ²/nIE(r)/ ³adv ´not far; to or at a short distance in space or time:
³We searched far and @ ´(= everywhere) ³for the missing child. ·as @ as,
´nearly: ³As @ as I can guess ´(= My @est or best guess is that) ³there were
forty people present. He was as @ as could be to ´(= only just escaped,
narrowly escaped) ³being knocked down by the bus. ·as @ ´(= nearly) ·as makes
no difference, ´with no difference worth considering: ³They're the same
height, or as @ as makes no difference. ·@ at hand, ¸(a) ´within easy reach:
³Always have your reference books @ at hand. ¸(b) ´not far distant in the
future: ³The examinations are @ at hand. ·@ on/upon, ´not far in time from;
almost: ³It was near upon midnight. ·nowhere/´(colloq)·not @, ´far from: ³The
concert hall was nowhere @ full. She's nowhere @ as old as her husband. ·@ by,
´not far off. Hence, ¸Ú@®by ³adj¼
¨near©3 ²/nIE(r)/ ³prep ´(equivalent to ³near±1 ´with ³to´) close to (in space,
time, relationship, etc): ³Come and sit @ me. It's convenient living so @ the
station.¼
¨near®ly© ²/ÚnIElI/ ³adv ¸1 ´almost: ³It's @ one o'clock/@ time to start. I'm
@ ready. µ¥ hardly, scarcely. ¸2 ´closely: ³We're @ related´, are near
relations. ¸3 ·not @, ´far from: ³I have $20, but that isn't @ enough for my
journey, I shall need much more.¼
¨neat© ²/nit/ ³adj µ(-er, -est) ´(except µ5 ´below) ¸1 ´(liking to
have everything) tidy; in good order with nothing out of place; done carefully:
³@ work; a @ worker; a @ desk; @ writing. ¸2 ´simple and pleasant; in good
taste: ³a @ dress. ¸3 ´pleasing in shape and appearance: ³a @ figure. ¸4
´cleverly said or done: ³a @ answer/conjuring trick. ¸5 ´(of wines and spirits)
unmixed with water; undiluted: ³drink one's whisky @. ¸@®ly ³adv ¸@®ness ³n¼
¨'neath© ²/niT/ ³prep ´(poet) beneath.¼
¨neb®ula© ²/Únebj8lE/ ³n (pl µ@e ²/-li/ ´or µ@s³) ¶[C] ´cluster of very distant
stars, diffuse mass of gas, seen in the night sky as an indistinct patch of
light. ¸nebu®lar ²/-lE(r)/ ³adj ´of @s.¼
¨nebu®lous© ²/Únebj8lEs/ ³adj ´cloud-like; hazy; indistinct; vague.¼
¨necess®ar®ily© ²/*nesEÚserElI/ ³adv ´as a necessary result; inevitably: ³Big
men are not @ strong men.¼
¨necess®ary© ²/ÚnesEsErI ³US: ²-serI/ ³adj ´which has to be done; which must
be; which cannot be done without or escaped from: ³Sleep is @ to health. Is
war a @ evil in this world? Is it @ for you to be/Is it @ that you should be
so economical? ´¹ ³n ¶[C] ´(usu ³pl´) things @ (for living).¼
¨necessi®tate© ²/nIÚsesIteIt/ ³vt ¶[VP6A,C] ´make necessary: ³Your proposal @s
borrowing money. The increase in population @s a greater food supply.¼
¨necessi®tous© ²/nIÚsesItEs/ ³adj ´(formal) poor; needy: ³in @ circumstances´,
in poverty.¼
¨necess®ity© ²/nIÚsesEtI/ ³n (pl µ-ties³) ¸1 ¶[U] ´urgent need; circumstances
that compel sb to do sth; natural laws that direct human life and action: ³He
was driven by @ to steal food for his starving children. The doctor asked us
not to call him during the night except in case of @´, eÔg unless the patient's
condition changed very much for the worse. ·be under the @ of«, ´be compelled
by«. ·bow to @, ´do what one is compelled to do. ·make a virtue of @, ´accept
credit without protest; claim credit for doing sth that one cannot help doing.
·of @, ´as a matter of @. ¸2 ¶[C] ´sth that is necessary: ³The necessities of
life, ´food, clothing and shelter. ¸3 ¶[C] ´sth of which the absence or
non-occurrence cannot be imagined: ³Is it a logical @ that the cost of living
will go up if wages go up? ´Can the one be considered possible without the
other?¼
¨neck© ²/nek/ ³n ¸1 ´part of the body that connects the head and
the shoulders: ³wrap a scarf round one's @. µ¥ ´the illus at µhead. ·break
one's @, ´work extremely hard to achieve sth. µ¥ breakneck. ·breathe down sb's
@, ´(colloq) be close behind, almost touching, eÔg in a race; be watching
closely. ·get it in the @, ´(sl) suffer a severe or a fatal blow; have a
painful experience. ·have the @ ´(more usu ³nerve´) ·to do sth, ´(sl) be
impudent, cheeky enough to do it. ·save one's @, ´escape hanging; (fig) escape
the results of being foolish, etc. ·stick one's Ú@ out, ´(sl) do or say sth
that may bring severe criticism, or result in a painful experience. ·win/lose
by a @, ´(horse-racing) by the length of a horse's @; (fig) by a narrow margin.
·@ and crop, ´headlong; altogether; bag and baggage: ³throw him out @ and crop.
·@ and @, ´(of horse-racing, and fig) side by side, with no advantage over the
other in a race or struggle. ·@ or nothing, ´taking desperate risks; venturing
everything. ¸2 ´flesh of an animal's @ as used for food, esp ³@ of mutton. ¸3
´sth like a @ in shape or position: ³the @ of a bottle; a narrow @ of land,
´eÔg an isthmus. ¸4 ´(compounds) ¸Ú@®band ³n ´part of a shirt, etc that goes
round the @. ¸Ú@®cloth ³n ´cravat. ¸@®er®chief ²/ÚnekEt2If/ ³n ´(old use) cloth
or scarf worn round the @. ¸Ú@®lace ²/-lIs/ ³n ´string of beads, pearls, etc
worn round the @ as an ornament. ¸Ú@®let ²/-lIt/ ³n ´ornament (eÔg of beads)
for the @. ¸Ú@®line ³n ´(of fashions for women's clothes) line of a garment at
or near the @: ³This year the @line is up and the hemline is down. ¸Ú@®tie ³n
´(now usu ³tie´) band of material worn round the @ and knotted in front.
¸Ú@®wear ²/-weE(r)/ ³n ¶[U] ´(term used by shopkeepers for) collars and ties. ¹
³vi ´(sl) (of couples) exchange kisses, caresses and hugs: ³sitting on park
benches petting and @ing in the dark.¼
¨nec®ro®mancy© ²/ÚnekrEmansI/ ³n ¶[U] ´art or practice of
communicating by magic with the dead in order to learn about the future.
¸nec®ro®man®cer ²/-sE(r)/ ³n ´person who practises @.¼
¨ne®crop®olis© ²/nIÚkropElIs/ ³n (pl µ@es ²/-lIsIz/³) ´cemetery, esp a large
one in an ancient town.¼
¨nec®tar© ²/ÚnektE(r)/ ³n ¶[U] ¸1 ´(in old Gk stories) the drink of the gods.
µ¥ ambrosia. ¸2 ´sweet liquid in flowers, collected by bees; any delicious
drink.¼
¨nec®tar®ine© ²/ÚnektErIn/ ³n ´kind of peach with thin, smooth skin and firm
flesh.¼
¨n_ee© ²/neI/ ³adj ´(F) born (put after the name of a married woman and before
her father's family name): ³Mrs J Smith, n_ee Brown.¼
¨need©1 ²/nid/ ³anom fin ´(no ³inf´, no participles, ³3rd p sing ´present tense
is ³need´, not ³needs; int ´and ³interr ´followed by ³inf ´without ³to; µneed
not ´contracted to µneedn't ²/Únidnt/³) ¶[VP5] ¸1 ´be obliged; be necessary:
³N@ you go yet? No, I @n't. Yes, I must. You @n't go yet, @ you? I @ hardly
tell you ´(= You must already know or guess) ³that«. ¸2 ´(followed by a
³perfect infinitive´, @ indicates that although sth may have occurred or been
done in the past, it was or may have been unnecessary): ³N@ it have happened?
We @n't have hurried´, We hurried but now we see that this was unnecessary. Cf
³We didn't @ to hurry, ´We didn't hurry because it was unnecessary. µ¥
need±3µ(2). ¸@®ful ²/-fl/ ³adj ´@ed; necessary: ³do what is @ful. ·do the @ful,
´(colloq) provide the money, perform the action, that is required. ¸@®fully
²/-fElI/ ³adv ¸@®less ³adj ´not @ed; unnecessary: ³@less work/trouble. N@less
to say, he kept his promise. ¸@®less®ly ³adv¼
¨need©2 ²/nid/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ·@ (for), ´circumstances in which sth is
lacking, or necessary, or requiring some course of action: ³There's no @ (for
you) to start yet. There's no/not much @ for anxiety. There's a great @ for a
book on this subject. ·if @ be, ´if necessary. ¸2 ´(used in ³pl´) requirement;
sth felt to be necessary: ³He earns enough to satisfy his @s, ´iÔe to buy
food, clothing, etc. ³My @s are few. $10 will meet my immediate @s. ¸3 ¶[U]
´poverty; misfortune; adversity: ³He helped me in my hour of @. ·A friend in @
is a friend indeed, ´(prov) A friend who helps when one is in trouble is a real
friend. ¸@y ³adj µ(-ier, -iest) ´very poor; lacking the necessities of life: ³a
@y family; help the poor and @y.¼
¨need©3 ²/nid/ ³vt ¸1 ¶[VP6A,E] ´want; require: ³The garden @s rain. Does he @
any help? It only @s good will from both sides. This chapter @s rewriting/@s
to be rewritten. ¸2 ¶[VP7A] ´be under a necessity or obligation: ³He didn't @
to be reminded about it. Does he @ to know? It @s to be done carefully. He @s
to be kept informed about developments. ¸3 ¶[VP6A] ´deserve; ought to have:
³What he @s is a good whipping!¼
¨needle© ²/Únidl/ ³n ¸1 ´small, thin piece of polished steel, pointed at one
end and with a small hole at the other end for thread, used in sewing and
darning: ·look for a @ in a haystack, ´(prov) engage in a hopeless search. ·as
sharp as a @, ´quick-witted; observant. ¸Ú@-woman ³n (pl µ-women³) ´woman who
sews. ¸Ú@®craft, Ú@®work ³nn ¶[U] ´sewing; embroidery. ¸*pins and Ú@s, µ¥
pin±1µ(1). ¸2 ´long, thin piece of polished wood, bone or metal (without an
eye), with a pointed end (for knitting) or a hook (for crocheting). ¸3 ´thin
steel pointer in a compass, showing the magnetic north; similar pointer in a
telegraphic instrument. ¸4 ´sth like a @µ(1) ´in shape, appearance or use (eÔg
the thin, pointed leaves of pine-trees; a sharp, pointed peak or rocky summit;
the sharp, hollow end of a syringe used for giving injections). µ¥ ´the illus
at µtree; syringe. ¸5 ´stylus used in recording and playing gramophone records.
Cf ³sapphire ´and ³diamond styluses. ¸6 the @, ´(sl) nervous excitement: ³give
sb the @´, provoke or excite him; ³get the @´, be provoked. ¸7 ´obelisk:
³Cleopatra's @´, in London. ¹ ³vt ¸1 ¶[VP6A,15A] ´sew, pierce, operate on, with
a @; thread (one's way) between or through things. ¸2 ´(colloq) goad, provoke
(sb, esp by making cruel comments, etc).¼
¨needs© ²/nidz/ ³adv ´(now used only with ³must´) of necessity. ·N@
must when the devil drives, ´(prov) Circumstances may compel us to act in a
certain way. (When the ³adv ´follows ³must´, as in "He must @', the sense is
usu sarcastic, as here): ³He must @ go away just when I want his help, ´He
foolishly or stupidly insisted on going away«.¼
¨ne'er© ²/neE(r)/ ³adv ´(poet) never. ¸@-do-well ²/ÚneE du wel/ ³n ´useless or
good-for-nothing person.¼
¨nef®arious© ²/nIÚfeErIEs/ ³adj ´(formal) wicked; unlawful. ¸@®ly ³adv ¸@®ness
³n¼
¨ne®gate© ²/nIÚgeIt/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´(formal) deny; nullify.¼
¨ne®ga®tion© ²/nIÚgeI2n/ ³n ¶[U] ¸1 ´(opp of ³affirmation´) act of denying:
³Shaking the head is a sign of @. ¸2 ´absence of any positive or real quality
or meaning: ³The life of an evil man is a moral @.¼
¨nega®tive© ²/ÚnegEtIv/ ³adj ¸1 ´(opp of ³affirmative´) (of words and answers)
indicating ³no ´or ³not: ³give sb a @ answer. ¸2 ´(opp of ³positive´)
expressing the absence of any positive character; that stops, hinders or makes
powerless: ³@ criticism´, that does not help by building up, making
suggestions; ³@ praise´, not finding fault; ³@ virtue´, doing nothing wrong,
but doing nothing good or right, either. ¸3 ´(maths) of a number or quantity
that has to be subtracted (eÔg ­ ³x±2³y´). ¸4 ´of that kind of electricity
produced by rubbing wax, vulcanite, etc; of or from the cathode: ³the @ plate
in a battery, ´from which electrons will flow to the positive plate. ¸the @
pole, ´(made of zinc) in a cell. ¸5 ´(photo) having lights and shades reversed.
¹ ³n ¶[C] ¸1 ´word or statement that denies: ³"No', "not' and "neither' are @s.
The answer is in the @´, is "No'. ¸2 ´(maths) a minus quantity (eÔg ­ ³5x³). ¸3
´(photo) developed plate or film on which lights and shades are reversed. ¹ ³vt
¶[VP6A] ¸1 ´prove (a theory, etc) to be untrue: ³Experiments @d his theory. ¸2
´reject; refuse to accept; neutralize (an effect). ¸@®ly ³adv¼
¨ne®glect© ²/nIÚglekt/ ³vt ¸1 ¶[VP6A] ´pay no attention to; give no
or not enough care to: ³@ one's studies/children/health. ¸2 ¶[VP7A,6C] ´omit or
fail ³(to do ´sth); leave undone (what one ought to do): ³He @ed to write and
say "Thank you'. Don't @ writing to your mother. ´¹ ³n ¶[U] ´@ing or being @ed:
³He lost his job because of @ of duty. The garden was in a state of @. ¸@®ful
²/-fl/ ³adj ´in the habit of @ing things: ³boys who are @ful of their
appearance. ¸@®fully ²/-fElI/ ³adv ¸@®ful®ness ³n´: ³He has a tendency to
@fulness.¼
¨n_eg®lig_e©, neg®li®gee ²/ÚneglIZeI ³US: ²*neglIÚZeI/ ³n ¶[C,U] ´(condition
of being in a) loose, free style of informal dress.¼
¨neg®li®gence© ²/ÚneglIdZEns/ ³n ¶[U] ¸1 ´carelessness; failure to take proper
care or precautions: ³The accident was due to @. ¸2 ´neglected condition or
appearance: ³@ of dress.¼
¨neg®li®gent© ²/ÚneglIdZEnt/ ³adj ´taking too little care, guilty of neglect:
³He was @ in ´(= in respect of) ³his work. He was @ of his duties. ¸@®ly ³adv¼
¨neg®li®gible© ²/ÚneglIdZEbl/ ³adj ´that need not be considered; of little or
no importance or size: ³a @ quantity.¼
¨ne®go®ti®able© ²/nIÚgE82IEbl/ ³adj ¸1 ´that can be
negotiatedµ(2)´: ³Is the dispute @? ¸2 ´that can be changed into cash, or
passed from person to person instead of cash: ³@ securities/instruments´, eÔg
cheques, promissory notes. ¸3 ´(of roads, rivers, etc) that can be passed over
or along.¼
¨ne®go®ti®ate© ²/nIÚgE82IeIt/ ³vi,vt ¸1 ¶[VP2A,3A] ·@ (with sb), ´discuss,
confer, in order to come to an agreement: ³We've decided to @ with the
employers about our wage claims. ¸2 ¶[VP6A,14] ·@ sth (with sb), ´arrange by
discussion: ³@ a sale/a loan/a treaty/peace. ¸3 ¶[VP6A] ´get or give money for
(cheques, bonds, etc). ¸4 ¶[VP6A] ´get past or over: ³This is a difficult
corner for a large car to @. My horse @d ´(iÔe jumped over) ³the fence very
well. ¸ne®go®ti®ator ²/-tE(r)/ ³n ´one who @s.¼
¨ne®go®ti®ation© ²/nI*gE82IÚeI2n/ ³n ¶[C,U] ´negotiating: ³enter
into/open/start/carry on/resume @s with sb; be in @ with sb. The price is a
matter of @.¼
¨Ne®gress© ²/Únigres/ ³n ´Negro woman or girl.¼
¨Ne®gro© ²/ÚnigrE8/ ³n (pl µ@es ²/-rE8z/³) ´member (or, outside Africa,
descendant) of one of the black-skinned African peoples south of the Sahara.¼
¨Ne®groid© ²/ÚnigrãId/ ³adj ´of or akin to Negroes or the Negro race. ¹ ³n
´person of the @ race.¼
¨ne®gus© ²/ÚnigEs/ ³n ´hot, sweetened wine, lemon juice, nutmeg and water.¼
¨Ne®gus© ²/ÚnigEs/ ³n ´(title of the) ruler of Ethiopia.¼
¨neigh© ²/neI/ ³vi, n ´(make the) cry of a horse.¼
¨neigh®bour© ´(US = ¸-bor´) ²/ÚneIbE(r)/ ³n ´person living in a house, street,
etc near another; person, thing or country that is near(est) another: ³We're
nextdoor @s´, Our houses are side by side. ³We were @s at dinner´, We sat
together at table. ³When the big tree fell, it brought down two of its smaller
@s´, two smaller trees near it. ³Britain's nearest @ is France. ´¹ ³vt,vi
¶[VP6A,3A] ·@ (on/upon), ´(chiefly in the form ³@ing´) be near to: ³@ing
countries; in the @ing village. ¸Ú@®hood ²/-h8d/ ³n ¸1 ´(people living in a)
district; area near the place, etc referred to: ³There's some beautiful
scenery in our @hood. He was liked by the whole @hood. He wants to live in the
@hood of London. ¸2 ´condition of being near: ³The @hood of this noisy airport
is a serious disadvantage. He lost a sum in the @hood of $500. ¸@®ly ³adj
´kind; friendly. ¸@®li®ness ³n ¶[U] ´friendly feeling, help, that is expected
from @s.¼
¨nei®ther© ²/ÚnñIDE(r) ³US: ²ÚniD-/ ³adj, pron ´(used with a ³sing n ´or
³pron´; cf ³either´) not one nor the other (of two): ³N@ statement is true. N@
(one) is satisfactory. I like @ of them. I can agree in @ case. In @ case can
I agree. ´¹ ³adv, conj ¸1 ·@« nor«, ´not« and not«: ³He @ knows nor cares what
happened. It's @ pleasant to eat nor good for you. N@ you nor I could do it.
The cat has not been fed: @ has the dog ´(or) ³N@ the cat nor the dog has been
fed. ¸2 ´(after a negative ³if-´clause, etc) and not: ³If you don't go, @ shall
I. As he won't help you, @ will I. I haven't been to the Exhibition; @ do I ´(=
and I do not) ³intend to go. A: "I don't like it'ÅB: "N@ do I' ´Cf ³Nor do I.
No more do I.¼
¨Nelly© ²/ÚnelI/ ³n ´(only in) ·not on your @, ´(GB sl) certainly not!¼
¨nem con© ²/*nem Úkon/ ³adv ´(abbr Lat) unanimously; without any objection
being raised: ³The resolution was carried @.¼
¨nem®esis© ²/ÚnemsIs/ ³n (pl µ-eses ²/-Esiz/³) ´(formal) ¸1 ´deserved fate;
just punishment for wrong-doing. ¸2 ¸N@, ´goddess of vengeance.¼
¨neo-© ²/ÚniE8/ ³pref ´new; modern. µ¥ App 3.¼
¨neo-col®onial®ism© ²/*niE8 kEÚlE8nIElIzEm/ ³n ´control by powerful countries
of former colonies, or less developed countries by economic pressure.¼
¨neo®lithic© ²/*niEÚlITIk/ ³adj ´of the new or later stone age: ³@ man.¼
¨neol®ogism© ²/niÚolEdZIzEm/ ³n ¶[U] ´coining or using of new words; ¶[C]
´newly coined word.¼
¨neon© ²/Únion/ ³n ¶[U] ´colourless gas forming a very small proportion of the
earth's atmosphere. ¸@ light ³n ´coloured light produced when an electric
current passes through this gas in a low-pressure bulb or tube. ¸@ sign ³n
´advertisement, etc in which @ light is used.¼
¨neo®phyte© ²/ÚniEfñIt/ ³n ´person who has newly been converted to
some belief or religion.¼
¨neo®plasm© ²/ÚniE8plazEm/ ³n ´(path) tumor.¼
¨nephew© ²/Únevju ³US: ²Únefju/ ³n ´son of one's brother or sister.¼
¨neph®ri®tis© ²/nIÚfrñItIs/ ³n ¶[U] ´inflammation of the kidneys.¼
¨ne plus ultra© ²/*ni *plAs ÚAltrE/ ³n ´(Lat) farthest point attained or
attainable; highest point, culmination ³(of).¼
¨nep®ot®ism© ²/ÚnepEtIzEm/ ³n ¶[U] ´the giving of special favour (esp
employment) by a person in high position to his relatives.¼
¨Nep®tune© ²/Úneptjun ³US: ²-tun/ ³n ¸1 ´(Roman god of) the sea. ¸2 ´one of the
farthest planets of the solar system. µ¥ ´the illus at µplanet.¼
¨ne®reid© ²/ÚnIErIId/ ³n ´(Gk myth) sea-nymph.¼
¨nerve© ²/n3v/ ³n ¸1 ¶[C] ´fibre or bundle of fibres carrying feelings and
impulses between the brain and all parts of the body. ¸Ú@-cell ³n ´cell that
conducts impulses. ¸Ú@-centre ³n ´group of closely connected @-cells; (fig)
centre of control. ¸2 ³(pl) ´condition of being easily excited, worried,
irritated: ³He is suffering from @s´, quickly and easily becomes excited,
frightened, etc. ³That man doesn't know what @s are´, is never worried, upset,
etc by events. ³He has @s of iron´, is never upset, etc. ·get on one's @s,
´worry or annoy: ³That noise gets on my @s. ·war of @s, ´campaign in which an
attempt is made to weaken an opponent by destroying his morale. ¸Ú@-racking
³adj ´inflicting strain on the @s. ¸3 ¶[U] ´quality of being bold,
self-reliant, etc: ³A test pilot needs plenty of @. What a @! ´What cheek!
·have the @ to do sth, ¸(a) ´have the necessary courage, self-reliance: ³have
the @ to drive a racing car. ¸(b) ´(colloq) be impudent enough: ³He had the @
to suggest that I was cheating. ·have a @, ´(colloq) be self-assured or
audacious: ³He's got a @, going to work dressed like that! ·lose/regain one's
@, ´lose/recover one's courage and self-assurance. ¸4 ¶[C] ´(old use) sinew,
tendon. ·strain every @ to do sth, ´make great efforts. ¸5 ´(bot) rib, esp
mid-rib, of a leaf. ¹ ³vt ¶[VP6A,14,16A] ·@ oneself for sth/to do sth, ´summon
up one's strength (physical or moral): ³@ oneself for a task; @ oneself ready
to face troubles.
¸@®less ³adj ´from @µ(4) ´lacking in vigour or spirit; without energy: ³The
knife fell from his @less hand. ¸@®less®ly ³adv¼
¨nerv®ous© ²/Ún3vEs/ ³adj ¸1 ´of the nervesµ(1)´: ³the @ system of
the human body. ¸a *@ Úbreakdown, ´neurasthenia. ¸2 ´having or showing
nervesµ(2)´: ³Are you @ in the dark? What's she so @ about? ¸3 ´tense;
excited: ³full of @ energy; a @ style of writing. ¸@®ly ³adv ¸@®ness ³n¼
¨nervy© ²/Ún3vI/ ³adj ¸1 ´(GB colloq) suffering from nervous strain. ¸2 ´(sl)
impudent.¼
¨nes®cience© ²/ÚnesIEns/ ³n ¶[U] ´(formal) absence of knowledge. ¸nes®cient
²/-Ent/ ³adj ´without knowledge.¼
¨ness© ²/nes/ ³n ´(usu in place names) promontory; headland.¼
¨nest© ²/nest/ ³n ¸1 ´place made or chosen by a bird for its eggs. µ¥ ´the
illus at µprey. ·feather one's @, µ¥ feather±2µ(1). ·foul one's own @,
´abuseµ(2) ´one's own family, home, etc. ¸Ú@-egg ³n ´(fig) sum of money saved
for future use. ¸2 ´place in which certain living things have and keep their
young: ³a ·Ú³wasps' @; a ·Ú³turtle's @. ¸3 ´comfortable place: ³make oneself a
@ of cushions. ¸4 ´number of like things (esp boxes, tables) fitting one inside
another. ¸5 ´(fig) shelter; hiding-place; secluded retreat: ³a @ of
crime/vice/pirates; machine-gun @s, ´where they are hidden from direct view. ¹
³vi ¶[VP2A,C] ¸1 ´make and use a @: ³The swallows are @ing in the woodshed. ¸2
·go @ing, ´search for the @s of wild birds and take the eggs.¼
¨nestle© ²/Únesl/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP2C] ·@ (down), ´settle comfortably and warmly:
³@ down among the cushions; @ down in bed. ¸2 ¶[VP2C] ·@ up (against/to),
´press oneself lovingly (to): ³The child was nestling closely up to her mother.
¸3 ¶[VP15A] ´cradle: ³She @d the baby in her arms.¼
¨nest®ling© ²/ÚnestlIG/ ³n ¶[C] ´bird too young to leave the nest.¼
¨Nes®tor© ²/ÚnestE(r)/ ³n ´wise, old counsellor (the name of one of the Greeks
in Homer's ³Iliad´).¼
¨net©1 ²/net/ ³n ¶[U] ¸1 ´open-work material of knotted string, hair, wire,
etc; ¶[C] ´such material made up for a special purpose: ³a mos·Ú³quito-net,
´for use over a bed; ·Ú³fishing-nets; ·Ú³tennis nets; ·Ú³hair-nets ´(used by
women to keep the hair in place). µ¥ ´the illus at µtennis. ¸2 ´(fig) moral or
mental snare. ¸3 ¸Únet®ball ³n ´girls' game in which a ball has to be thrown so
that it falls through a net fastened to a ring on the top of a post. ¸the nets,
´(cricket) wickets set up inside a net for practice: ³have an hour at the nets.
¸Únet®work ³n ¸(a) ´complex system of lines that cross: ³a network of
railways/canals. ¸(b) ´connected system: ³An intelligence/spy network. A world
communications network´, eÔg for radio and TÔV, using satellites. ¹ ³vt µ(-tt-)
¶[VP6A] ¸1 ´catch (fish, animals, etc) with or in a net. ¸2 ´cover (eÔg fruit
trees) with a net or nets: ³net strawberries/currant bushes, ´against birds. ¸3
´put nets in place in: ³net a river.¼
¨net©2, nett ²/net/ ³adj ´remaining when nothing more is to be
taken away: ³net price, ´off which discount is not to be allowed; ³net profit,
´when working expenses have been deducted; ³net weight, ´of the contents only,
excluding the weight of packing, the container, etc. ¹ ³vt µ(-tt-) ¶[VP6A]
´gain as a net profit: ³He netted $5 from the deal.¼
¨nether© ²/ÚneDE(r)/ ³adj ¸1 ´(archaic) lower: ³the @ regions/world´, the
world of the dead; hell. ¸2 ´(joking style) ³@ garments´, trousers. ¸@®most
²/-mE8st/ ³adj¼
¨Neth®er®lander© ²/ÚneDElandE(r)/ ³n ´native of the Netherlands (Holland). µ¥
App 6.¼
¨nett© µ¥ net±2µ.¼
¨net®ting© ²/ÚnetIG/ ³n ¶[U] ¸1 ´making or using nets. ¸2 ´netted string,
thread or wire: ³five yards of wire @; windows screened with @.¼
¨nettle© ²/Únetl/ ³n ¶[C] ´common wild plant which has on its leaves hairs that
sting and redden the skin when touched. ¸Ú@®rash ³n ´eruption on the skin with
red patches like those caused by @s. ¹ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´sting (oneself) with @s;
(fig) make rather angry; annoy: ³She looked @d by my remarks.¼
¨net®work© µ¥ net±1µ.¼
¨neu®ral© ²/Únj8ErEl ³US: ²Ún8ErEl/ ³adj ´of the nerves.¼
¨neu®ral®gia© ²/nj8EÚraldZE ³US: ²n8-/ ³n ¶[U] ´sharp, jumping pain in the
nerves, esp of the face and head. ¸neu®ral®gic ²/njuÚraldZIk/ ³adj ´of @.¼
¨neur®as®thenia© ²/*nj8ErEsÚTinIE ³US: ²*n8r-/ ³n ¶[U] ´exhausted condition of
the nervous system; low state of health, general weakness, accompanying this
condition. ¸neur®as®thenic ²/-ÚTenIk/ ³adj ´suffering from, related to, @. ¹ ³n
´person suffering from @.¼
¨neur®itis© ²/nj8EÚrñItIs ³US: ²n8-/ ³n ¶[U] ´inflammation of a nerve or
nerves.¼
¨neur®ol®ogy© ²/nj8EÚrolEdZI ³US: ²n8-/ ³n ¶[U] ´branch of medical science that
is concerned with nerves. ¸neur®ol®ogist ²/nj8EÚrolEdZIst ³US: ²n8-/ ³n ´expert
in @.¼
¨neur®osis© ²/nj8EÚrE8sIs ³US: ²n8-/ ³n (pl µ-oses ²/-E8siz/³) ´functional
derangement caused by disorder of the nervous system or by something in the
subconscious mind. ¸neur®otic ²/nj8EÚrotIk ³US: ²n8-/ ³adj ´(of a person)
suffering from a @; of abnormal sensitivity; obsessed. ¹ ³n ´neurotic person.¼
¨neu®ter© ²/ÚnjutE(r) ³US: ²Únu-/ ³adj ¸1 ´(gram; of gender)
neither feminine nor masculine. ¸2 ´(of plants) without male or female parts.
¸3 ´(of insects, eÔg worker ants) sexually undeveloped; sterile. ¹ ³n ¸1 ´@
noun or gender. ¸2 ´sexually undeveloped insect; castrated animal: ³My cat is
an enormous ginger @. ¹ ³vt ´castrate: ³a @ed tomcat.¼
¨neu®tral© ²/ÚnjutrEl ³US: ²Únu-/ ³adj ¸1 ´helping neither side in a war or
quarrel: ³@ nations; be/remain @. ¸2 ´of a country that remains @ in war: ³@
territory/ships. ¸3 ´having no definite characteristics; not clearly one
(colour, etc) or another: ³@ tints. ¸4 ´(chem) neither acid nor alkaline. ¸5
´(of gear mechanism) of the position in which no power is transmitted: ³leave
a car in @ gear. ´¹ ³n ´@ person, country, etc; @ position of gears: ³slip the
gears into @. ¸@®ity ²/njuÚtralEtI ³US: ²nu-/ ³n ¶[U] ´state of being @, esp in
war: ³armed @ity´, readiness to fight if attacked, but remaining @ unless or
until this happens. ¸@®ize ²/-ñIz/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ¸1 ´make @; declare by agreement
that (a place) shall be treated as @ in war; exempt or exclude from
hostilities. ¸2 ´take away the effect or special quality of, by means of sth
with an opposite effect or quality: ³@ize a poison. ¸@®iz®ation
²/*njutrElñIÚzeI2n ³US: ²-lIÚz-/ ³n¼
¨neu®tron© ²/Únjutron ³US: ²Únu-/ ³n ´particle carrying no electric charge, of
about the same mass as a proton, and forming part of the nucleus of an atom.¼
¨never© ²/ÚnevE(r)/ ³adv ¸1 ´at no time; on no occasion: ³She @ goes to the
cinema. He has @ been abroad. They say that he @ told a lie. I'm tired of
listening to your @-ending complaints. ´(Front position for emphasis): ³N@ in
all my life have I heard such nonsense! ´(modifying ³again ´and ³before´): ³I
shall @ again stay at that hotel. Such a display has @ before been seen/has @
been seen before. ¸2 ´(used as an emphatic substitute for ³not´): ³That will @
do´, won't do at all. ³I @ slept a wink all night. He @ so much as smiled´,
didn't smile even once. ¸3 ´(phrases) ·Well, I Ú@ (did)! ´expressing surprise.
·N@ mind! ´Don't worry! Don't trouble about it. ·the *N@ ÚN@ Land, ´imaginary
land. ·on the *@-Ú@, ´(sl) on the hire-purchase system: ³buy sth on the @@.
¸@®more ²/*nevEÚmc(r)/ ³adv ´@ again.¼
¨never®the®less© ²/*nevEDEÚles/ ³adv, conj ´however; in spite of
that; still: ³There was no news; @, she went on hoping.¼
¨new© ²/nju ³US: ²nu/ ³adj µ(-er, -est) ¸1 ´not existing before; seen, heard
of, introduced, for the first time; of recent origin, growth, manufacture, etc:
³a new school/idea/film/novel/invention; new potatoes, ´lifted from the soil
early in the season; ³new clothes/furniture; new ´(= freshly baked) ³bread; the
newest ´(= latest) ³fashions; new members of Parliament, ´elected to Parliament
for the first time. ¸new look, µ¥ look±2µ(2). ¸the New Testament, ´(abbr NÔT)
the second part of the Bible. ¸2 ´already in existence, but only now seen,
discovered, etc: ³learn new words in a foreign language; discover a new star.
¸the New World, ´N and S America. ¸3 ·new to, ´unfamiliar with; not yet
accustomed to: ³I am new to this town. They are still new to the work/trade.
·new from, ´freshly or recently arrived from: ³an office boy new from school; a
person new from the provinces. ¸4 ´(with ³def art´) later, modern, having a
different character. ·the new poor/rich, ´those people recently made poor/rich
by social changes, etc. ·the new woman, ´(as used in the first half of the 20th
c) woman having or claiming independence, social freedom, etc. ·a new deal, µ¥
deal±4µ(1). ¸5 ´beginning again. ·lead a new life, ´give up old habits, etc.
·a/the new moon, ´seen as a thin crescent. ·wish sb a Happy New Year, ´iÔe on
¸New Year's Day, ´1 Jan, or on ¸New Year's Eve, ´31 Dec. ¹ ³adv ´(preceding,
joined or hyphened to, the word it qualifies) recently: ³a newborn baby;
new-laid eggs; new-fallen snow; new-made graves. ¸Únew-comer ³n ´person who has
recently arrived in a place. ¸*new-Úfangled ²/-ÚfaGgld/ ³adj ´newly come into
use or fashion (and, for this reason, disliked by some): ³new-fangled ideas
about education. ¸new®ly ³adv ¸1 ´recently: ³a newly married couple; her newly
awakened curiosity. ¸Únewly-wed ³n ´newly married person. ¸2 ´in a new,
different way: ³newly arranged furniture. ¸new®ness ³n¼
¨newel© ²/ÚnjuEl ³US: ²ÚnuEl/ ³n ´centre pillar of a winding stair;
post supporting a hand-rail at the top, bottom or turn of a staircase.¼
¨new-fangled© ²/*nju ÚfaGgld ³US: ²*nu/ ³adj µ¥ new.¼
¨New®found®land© ²/ÚnjufEndlEnd ³US: ²Únu-/ ³n ´large breed of spaniel,
originally from @, a large island in Canada, noted for its intelligence and
swimming powers.¼
¨New®mar®ket© ²/ÚnjumqkIt ³US: ²Únu-/ ³n ´English town noted for horse-races;
kind of card-game.¼
¨news© ²/njuz ³US: ²nuz/ ³n sing ¶[U] ´new or fresh information; report(s) of
what has most recently happened: ³What's the latest @? ´(TÔV and radio): ³Here
is the @. Here are the @ headlines. Here is a @ summary/a summary of the @.
Here are some interesting items/pieces/bits of @. That's no @ to me´, I already
know that. ³Sandra is in the @´, is being written about in the papers. ³The @
that the enemy were near alarmed the citizens. Have you any @ of ´(=
concerning) ³where your brother is staying? ·No @ is good @, ´(prov) If there
were bad @ we should hear it. ¸Ú@®agent ³n ´shopkeeper who sells @papers,
periodicals, etc. ¸Ú@ agency ³n ´agency that collects @ and sells it to the
press. ¸Ú@®boy ³n ´boy who sells @papers in the streets. ¸Ú@®cast ³n ´broadcast
of @. ¸Ú@®caster ³n ´person who does this. ¸Ú@ cinema/theatre, ´cinema showing
@reels, cartoons, and other short films. ¸Ú@®dealer, ´(US) = @agent. ¸Ú@®letter
³n ´letter or circular sent out to members of a society, etc. ¸Ú@®monger ³n
´person who gossips. ¸Ú@®paper ²/ÚnjuspeIpE(r) ³US: ²Únuz-/ ³n ´printed
publication, usu issued every day, with @, advertisements, etc. ¸Ú@®paper-man
²/-man/ ³n (pl µ-men³) ´journalist. ¸Ú@®print ³n ¶[U] ´paper for printing
@papers on. ¸Ú@®reel ³n ´cinema film of recent events. ¸Ú@®room ³n ´room (in a
library, etc) where @papers and other periodicals may be read. ¸Ú@®sheet ³n
´simple form of @paper. ¸Ú@®stand ³n ´stall for the sale of @papers, etc.
¸Ú@®vendor ³n ´seller of @papers. ¸Ú@®worthy ³adj ´sufficiently interesting for
reporting, eÔg in a newspaper. ¸@®less ³adj ´without @. ¸@y ³adj ´(colloq) full
of @ or gossip: ³a @y letter.¼
¨newt© ²/njut ³US: ²nut/ ³n ´(kinds of) small lizard-like animal
which spends most of its time in the water. µ¥ ´the illus at µamphibian.¼
¨New®to®nian© ²/njuÚtE8nIEn ³US: ²nu-/ ³adj ´related to Sir Isaac Newton
²/Únjutn ³US: ²Únu-/, ´1642Å1727, English scientist and philosopher, and his
theories, esp his law of gravity. ¹ ³n ´follower of Newton and his system.¼
¨next© ²/nekst/ ³adj, n ¸1 ·@ (to sth/sb), ´coming immediately after, in order
or space: ³What's the @ thing to do? Take the @ turning to the right. Miss
Green was the @ (person) to arrive. Come and sit down @ to me. Which is the
town @ to London in size? ·the @ best (thing), ´that which is chosen or
accepted if the first choice fails: ³There are no tickets left for the Circus:
the @ best thing is the Zoo. ·@ to nothing, ´scarcely anything; almost nothing:
³No wonder she's ill! She eats @ to nothing. ·@ door, ´in the @ house: ³He
lives @ door (to me). The people @ door are very noisy. We are @-door
neighbours. ·@ door to, ´(fig) almost; not far from: ³Such ideas are @ door to
madness. ·next of kin, µ¥ kin. ¸2 ´(of time; ³def art ´needed if the reference
is to a time that is future in relation to a time already mentioned): ³I shall
go there @ Friday/week/year. We shall be in France by this time @ week. He will
spend the first week of his holiday in France and the @ (week) in Italy. We
arrived in Turin on a Monday; the @ day we left for Rome. That summer was very
wet; the @ summer was even wetter. Is he coming this weekend ´(iÔe the coming
weekend) ³or @ weekend ´(iÔe the following weekend)? ¹ ³adv ¸1 ´after
this/that; then: ³What are you going to do @? When I @ saw her she was dressed
in green. ·come @, ´follow: ³What comes @´, what's the @ thing (to do, etc). ¸2
´used to express surprise or wonder: ³What will he be saying @? A new
motor-car! What @? ´¹ ³prep ´(archaic) = next to.¼
¨nexus© ²/ÚneksEs/ ³n (pl µ@es ²/-sEsIz/³) ´connection; bond;
connected series.¼
¨nib© ²/nIb/ ³n ´split pen-point (to be) inserted in a pen-holder.¼
¨nibble© ²/ÚnIbl/ ³vt,vi ¶[VP6A,2A,3A] ·@ (at), ¸1 ´take tiny bites: ³fish
nibbling (at) the bait. ¸2 ´(fig) show some inclination to accept (an offer),
agree to (a suggestion, etc), but without being definite. ¹ ³n ¶[C] ´act of
nibbling: ³I felt a @ at the bait.¼
¨nice© ²/nñIs/ ³adj µ(-r, -st) ¸1 ´(contrary to ³nasty´) pleasant; agreeable;
kind; friendly; fine: ³a @ day; @ weather; a @ little girl; @ to the taste/the
feel, etc; medicine that is not @ to take. ·@ and ³+ adj, ´@ because«: ³@ and
warm by the fire; @ and cool in the woods. ¸2 ´needing care and exactness;
sensitive; subtle: ³a @ point of law, ´one that may be
difficult to decide; ³@ ´(= delicate) ³shades of meaning. ¸3 ´(ironic)
difficult; bad: ³You've got us into a @ mess. ¸4 ´hard to please; having or
showing delicate tastes: ³too @ in one's dress. ¸5 ´punctilious; scrupulous:
³He's not too @ in his business methods. ¸@®ly ³adv ¸1 ´in a @ manner. ¸2
´(colloq) very well; all right: ³That will suit me @ly. The patient is doing
@ly´, is making good progress. ¸@®ness ³n¼
¨nicety© ²/ÚnñIsEtI/ ³n (pl µ-ties³) ¸1 ¶[U] ´accuracy; exactness: ³@ of
judgement; a point of great @, ´one needing most careful and exact
consideration. ¸2 ¶[C] ´delicate distinction: ³the niceties of criticism. ·to a
@, ´exactly right: ³He judged the distance to a @.¼
¨niche© ²/nIt2/ ³n ¶[C] ¸1 ´(usu shallow) recess (often with a shelf) in a
wall, eÔg for a statue or ornament. ·have a @ in the temple of fame, ´have
achievements that will not be forgotten. ¸2 ´(fig) suitable or fitting
position: ³He found the right @ for himself´, a place where he could do what he
wanted to do, comfortably and happily.¼
¨nick©1 ²/nIk/ ³n ¸1 ´small µV´-shaped cut (made in sth), eÔg as a record. ¸2
·in the @ of time, ´only just in time; at the critical or opportune time. ¸3
·in the @, ´(sl) in prison. ¹ ³vt ´make a @ in: ³@ one's chin, ´while shaving;
cut a notch in.¼
¨nick©2 ²/nIk/ ³n ´(sl) (only in) ·in good/poor @, ´in good health
or condition: ³feeling in very good @. The house is in pretty poor @.¼
¨Nick© ²/nIk/ ³n ´short for ³Nicholas. ¸Old N@, ´the devil.¼
¨nickel© ²/ÚnIkl/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´hard, silver-white metal (symbol ¸Ni´) used in
the form of @-plating and in alloys ³(·*³@-·Ú³steel, ·*³@-·Ú³silver). ¸2 ´US
coin, value 5 cents. ¹ ³vt µ(-ll-, ´US µ-l-) ´coat with @.¼
¨nick®nack© ²/ÚnIknak/ ³n ´= µknick-knack.¼
¨nick®name© ²/ÚnIkneIm/ ³n ´name given in addition to or altered from or used
instead of the real name (eÔg ³Fatty ´for a fat person; ³Shorty ´humorously for
a very tall person). ¹ ³vt ¶[VP6A,23] ´give a @ to: ³They @d him Hurry.¼
¨nic®otine© ²/ÚnIkEtin/ ³n ¶[U] ´poisonous, oily substance in tobacco-leaves:
³@-stained fingers; cigarettes with a low @ content.¼
¨niece© ²/nis/ ³n ´daughter of one's brother(-in-law) or sister(-in-law).¼
¨niff© ²/nIf/ ³n ´(GB sl, dial) (unpleasant) smell. ¸@y ³adj ´(sl) having a
bad smell.¼
¨nifty© ²/ÚnIftI/ ³adj ´(sl) ¸1 ´smart; stylish. ¸2 ´having an unpleasant
smell. ¸3 ´quick, efficient: ³Look @! ´(more usu ³Look nippy!)¼
¨nig®gard© ²/ÚnIgEd/ ³n ´mean, stingy person. ¸@®ly ³adj ´giving, given,
unwillingly, in small amounts; miserly: ³@ly contributions. ¸@®li®ness ³n¼
¨nig®ger© ²/ÚnIgE(r)/ ³n ´Ï (impolite and offensive word for) Negro.¼
¨niggle© ²/ÚnIgl/ ³vi ´give too much time or attention to unimportant details;
complain about trivial matters. ¸nig®gling ³adj ´trifling; lacking in boldness
of effect.¼
¨nigh© ²/nñI/ ³adv, prep µ(-er, -est) ´(archaic and poet) near (to).¼
¨night© ²/nñIt/ ³n ¶[C,U] ¸1 ´dark hours between sunset and sunrise or twilight
and dawn: ³in/during the @; on Sunday @; on the @ of Friday, the 13th of June;
a late-@ show at the cinema´, one given much later than the usual shows. ³He
stayed three @s with us´, slept at our house three @s. ³Can you stay over @´,
spend the @ with us? ³What a dirty @ it has been´, how stormy, rainy, etc the
@ has been! ·@ after @, ´for many @s in succession. ·all @ (long), ´throughout
the whole @. ·@ and day, ´continuously: ³travel @ and day for a week. ·at @,
´when @ comes; during the @: ³6 o'clock at @´, 6pÔm. ·by @, ´during the @:
³travel by @. ·get/have/take a @ off, ´a @ free from work usually done at @.
·have a good/bad @, ´sleep well/badly. ·have a @ out, ´spend an evening and @
in pleasure, eÔg by having dinner out, followed by a visit to the cinema. ·make
a @ of it, ´spend all @ in pleasure-making, esp at a party. ·turn @ into day,
´do at @ what is usu done during the day. ·work @s, ´work on @ shift: ³My
husband's working @s this week. µ¥ shift±1µ(2). ¸2 ´(compounds) ¸Ú@-bell ³n
´bell (eÔg on the street door, at a doctor's house) to be used at @. ¸Ú@-bird
³n ¸(a) ´bird (eÔg an owl) which is active at @. ¸(b) ´person (usu
disreputable) who goes about at @. ¸Ú@®cap ³n ¸(a) ´cap (formerly) worn in bed.
¸(b) ´(usu alcoholic) drink taken before going to bed. ¸Ú@®club ³n ´club open
until the early hours of the morning to members for dancing, supper,
entertainment, etc. ¸Ú@®dress ³n ´long, loose garment worn by a woman or child
in bed. ¸Ú@®fall ³n ¶[U] ´the coming of @; evening. ¸Ú@®gown ³n ´= @dress.
¸@ie, @y ³n ´(colloq) = @dress. ¸Ú@®jar ³n ´@-flying bird that resembles a
swift. ¸Ú@ life ³n ¶[U] ´entertainment, eÔg cabaret, @clubs, available in a
town late at @. ¸Ú@-light ³n ´light (eÔg a short, thick candle, or a small
electric bulb) kept burning in a bedroom at @ (esp for a small child or an
invalid). ¸Ú@-line ³n ´line left in a river, lake, etc with baited hooks, to
catch fish by @. ¸Ú@-long ³adj ´lasting the whole @. ¸Ú@®mare ²/-meE(r)/ ³n
¶[C] ¸(a) ´terrible, frightening dream. ¸(b) ´haunting fear; sth dreaded;
(memory of a) horrible experience: ³Travelling on those bad mountain roads was
a @mare. ¸Ú@-porter ³n ´hotel porter on duty during the @. ¸Ú@ safe ³n
´facility or opening like a letter-box in a wall of a bank, so that valuables,
money, etc may be deposited after banking hours. ¸Ú@ school ³n ´one that gives
lessons to persons who are unable to attend classes during the day. ¸Ú@®shade
³n ¶[U] ´name of various wild plants with poisonous berries. ¸Ú@ shift ³n µ¥
shift±1µ(2). ¸Ú@®shirt ³n ´boy's or man's long shirt for sleeping in. ¸Ú@-soil
³n ´contents of earth-closets and cess-pools, removed during the @. ¸Ú@ stop
³n, ¸Ú@-stop ³n ´break in a journey for a night. ¸Ú@-time ³n ´time of darkness:
³in the @-time, ´by @. ¸*@-Úwatch ³n ´(person or group of persons keeping)
watch by @. ·in the @-watches, ´during the wakeful, restless, or anxious
periods of @. ¸*@-Úwatchman ²/-mEn/ ³n (pl µ-men³) ´man employed to keep watch
(eÔg in a factory) at @. ¸Ú@®work ³n ´work that is done, or must be done, by @.
¸@®ly ³adj, adv ´(taking place, happening, existing) in the @ or every @: ³@ly
performances; a film show twice @ly; do something @ly.¼
¨night®in®gale© ²/ÚnñItIGgeIl ³US: ²-tng-/ ³n ´small, reddish-brown
migratory bird that sings sweetly by night as well as by day. µ¥ ´the illus at
µbird.¼
¨ni®hil®ism© ²/ÚnñIIlIzEm/ ³n ¶[U] ´total rejection of current political
institutions and religious and moral beliefs. ¸ni®hil®ist ²/-Ist/ ³n ´believer
in @. ¸ni®hil®is®tic ²/*nñIIÚlIstIk/ ³adj ´relating to @.¼
¨nil© ²/nIl/ ³n ´nothing: ³The result of the game was three nil/three goals to
nil, ´iÔe 3Å0.¼
¨Ni®lotic© ²/nñIÚlotIk/ ³adj ´of the Nile, the Nile region, or its
inhabitants.¼
¨nimble© ²/ÚnImbl/ ³adj ¸1 ´quick-moving: ³as @ as a goat. ¸2 ´(of the mind)
sharp; quick to understand. ¸nim®bly ²/ÚnImblI/ ³adv ¸@®ness ³n¼
¨nim®bus© ²/ÚnImbEs/ ³n (pl µ@es ²/-bEsIz/, µ-bi ²/-bñI/³) ¸1
´bright disc round or over the head of a saint (in a painting, etc). µ¥ halo.
¸2 ´rain-cloud.¼
¨nim®iny-pim®iny© ²/*nImInI ÚpImInI/ ³adj ´affected; mincing; prim.¼
¨Nim®rod© ²/ÚnImrod/ ³n ´great hunter. µ¥ Gen 10: 8,9.¼
¨nin®com®poop© ²/ÚnIGkEmpup/ ³n ´foolish, weak-minded person.¼
¨nine© ²/nñIn/ ³n, adj ´the number 9, µ¥ App 4. ·a @-days' wonder, ´sth that
attracts attention for a few days and is then forgotten. ·dressed up to the @s,
´(colloq) dressed very elaborately or extravagantly. ·@ times out of ten, ´very
often. ¸nine®pence ²/ÚnñInpEns ³US: ²-npens/ ³n ¸nine®penny ²/ÚnñInpEnI ³US:
²-npenI/ ³adj ¸@®teen ²/*nñInÚtin/ ³n, adj ´the number 19. ·(talk) @teen to the
dozen, ´(talk) continually. ¸@®teenth ²/*nñInÚtinT/ ³n, adj ´the next after the
18th; one of 19 equal parts. ¸@®ti®eth ²/ÚnñIntIET/ ³n, adj ´the next after the
89th; one of 90 equal parts. ¸@ty ²/ÚnñIntI/ ³n, adj ´the number 90. ·@ty-@
times out of a hundred, ´almost always. ¸the @ties, ´90-99. ¸Ú@®fold ²/-fE8ld/
³adj, adv ´@ times as many or much. ¸ninth ²/nñInT/ ³n, adj ´the next after the
8th; one of 9 equal parts.¼
¨nine®pins© ²/ÚnñInpInz/ ³n pl sing-v ¸1 ´game in which a
ball is rolled along the floor at nine bottle-shaped pieces of wood. µ¥
tenpins. ¸2 ³(sing) ´one of these pieces. ·go down like a ninepin, ´fall
heavily.¼
¨ninny© ²/ÚnInI/ ³n (pl µ-nies³) ´fool; simpleton.¼
¨Niobe© ²/ÚnñIEbI/ ³n ´(Gk myth) woman who was changed into a stone fountain
while weeping for her children who had been killed; woman who weeps and cannot
be comforted.¼
¨nip© ²/nIp/ ³vt,vi µ(-pp-) ¸1 ¶[VP6A,15A,B] ´pinch; press hard (eÔg between
finger and thumb, or with the claws, as a crab does, or with the teeth, as a
dog or horse might do): ³A crab nipped my toe while I was swimming. He nipped
his finger in the door´, iÔe between the door and the door-post. ³The gardener
was nipping off ´(= pinching out) ³the side shoots from his chrysanthemums;
´(sewing) alter the size slightly: ³The dress fits me now that I've nipped in
the sides a little´, reduced the width by altering the seams. ¸2 ¶[VP6A,15A]
´(of frost, wind, etc) stop the growth of; damage. ·nip sth in the bud, ´stop
its development. ¸3 ¶[VP2A] ´perform the action of biting or pinching. ¸4
´(colloq) ¶[VP2C] ´hurry: ³nip along. He nipped in ´(= got in quickly) ³just
in front of me. I'll nip on ahead and open the door. ´¹ ³n ¶[C] ¸1 ´sharp
pinch or bite: ³a cold nip in the air´, a feeling of frost. ¸2 ´small drink
(esp of) spirits): ³a nip of brandy. ¸Únip®ping ³adj ´(of the air or wind)
sharp; biting cold. µ¥ nippy(1).¼
¨nip®per© ²/ÚnIpE(r)/ ³n ¸1 ³(pl; ´colloq) pincers, forceps or other tool for
gripping. ¸2 ´crustacean's claw. ¸3 ´(GB colloq) small child.¼
¨nipple© ²/ÚnIpl/ ³n ¸1 ´part of the breast through which a baby gets its
mother's milk; similar small projection on the breast of a human male. Cf
³teat ´for other mammals. ¸2 ´(more usu ³teat´) rubber mouth-piece of a baby's
feeding bottle. ¸3 ´sth shaped like a @: ³Úgreasing @s´, through which grease
is injected.¼
¨Nip®pon®ese© ²/*nIpEÚniz/ ³adj ´of Nippon ²/ÚnIpon/ ´(= Japan).¼
¨nippy© ²/ÚnIpI/ ³adj µ(-ier, -iest) ´(colloq) ¸1 ´(GB) biting cold. ¸2
´nimble. ·look @, ´be quick.¼
¨nir®vana© ²/nIEÚvqnE/ ³n ´(in Buddhism) state in which individuality becomes
extinct by being absorbed into the supreme spirit.¼
¨nisi© ²/ÚnñIsñI/ ³conj ´(Lat, legal) unless: ¸decree @, ´decree (of divorce,
etc) valid unless cause is shown for rescinding it before the time when it is
made absolute.¼
¨Nis®sen hut© ²/ÚnIsn hAt/ ³n ´prefabricated semicircular hut of sheets of
corrugated iron, erected over a concrete floor.¼
¨nit©1 ²/nIt/ ³n ´egg of a louse or other parasitic insect.¼
¨nit©2 ²/nIt/ ³n ´= nitwit.¼
¨ni®ter© ²/ÚnñItE(r)/ µ¥ nitre.¼
¨ni®trate© ²/ÚnñItreIt/ ³n ´salt formed by the chemical reaction of nitric acid
with an alkali, esp ³potassium @ ´and ³sodium @´, used as fertilizers.
(Used in ³pl ´for "kinds of @').¼
¨nitre© ´(US = ¸niter´) ²/ÚnñItE(r)/ ³n ¶[U] ´potassium or sodium nitrate (also
called ³saltpetre).¼
¨ni®tric© ²/ÚnñItrIk/ ³adj ´of, containing, nitrogen. ¸*@ Úacid, ¸(HNO¶d¸),
´clear, colourless, powerful acid that eats into and destroys most substances.¼
¨ni®tro®chalk© ²/*nñItrE8Út2ck/ ³n ¶[U] ´fertilizer used in spring to encourage
growth of grass.¼
¨ni®tro®gen© ²/ÚnñItrEdZEn/ ³n ¶[U] ´gas (symbol ¸N´) without colour, taste or
smell, forming about four-fifths of the atmosphere.¼
¨ni®tro®glycer®ine©, -glycerin ²/*nñItrE8ÚglIsErin ³US: ²-rIn/ ³n ¶[U]
´powerful explosive made by adding glycerine to a mixture of nitric and
sulphuric acids.¼
¨ni®trous© ²/ÚnñItrEs/ ³adj ´of, like, nitre. ¸@ oxide, ´gas ¸(N¶c¸O) ´(also
called ³laughing-gas´) sometimes used by dental surgeons to make a person
unconscious while having a tooth or teeth pulled out.¼
¨nitty-gritty© ²/*nItI ÚgrItI/ ³n ¶[U] ¸the @, ´(colloq) the basic fact(s) of a
matter.¼
¨nit®wit© ²/ÚnItwIt/ ³n ´(colloq) person with very little
intelligence. Hence, ¸@®ted ²/*nItÚwItId/ ³adj ´unintelligent.¼
¨nix© ²/nIks/ ³n ´(sl) nothing.¼
¨no© ²/nE8/ ³adj ¸1 ´not one; not any: ³She had no friends. The poor boy had no
money. No words can describe the scene. There was no end to our troubles´, They
were endless. ·no end of, ´(colloq) a large number or quantity of; very great:
³He spends no end of money on clothes. We had no end of a good time´, a very
enjoyable time. (Note that ³no ´precedes numerals and ³other´): ³No one man
could have done it´, No man could have done it by himself. ³No two men think
alike. No other man could do the work. ¸2 ´(implying the opposite of the
following word): ³He's no friend of mine. The task is no easy one. This
nightclub is no place for a young and innocent girl. Matilda is no beauty´, is
not at all beautiful. ¸3 ´(in the pattern: ³there + be + no + gerund´):
³There's no saying ´(= It is impossible to say) ³what he'll be doing next.
There's no denying ´(= We cannot deny) ³that«. ¸4 ´(in elliptical
constructions): ³No smoking ´(= Smoking is not allowed). ³No surrender! It's
raining hard and no mistake, ´and there can be no doubt about it. ¸5 ´(phrases)
·It's no go, ´(colloq) can't be done, won't succeed. ·be no good/use, ´useless:
³It's no good crying over spilt milk. µ¥ milk±1µ(1). ·be no wonder (that), ´not
surprising (that). ·by Úno means, µ¥ means±1µ. ·in Úno time, ´very soon, very
quickly. ¸*no-Úball, ´unlawfully delivered ball in cricket. ¸*no-Úgo area,
´(colloq) (usu urban) area barricaded to prevent the police or security force
from entering. ¸Úno-man's-land, ´(in war) ground between the fronts of two
opposing armies. ¸Úno one, Úno-one, ³pron ´= nobody. ¹ ³adv ¸1 ´(used with
comparatives): ³We went no farther than ´(= only as far as) ³the bridge. I hope
you're feeling no worse this morning. I have no more money. ¸2 ´(phrases) ·no
more« than, µ¥ more(5). ·no such, µ¥ such. ¸3 ·whether or no, ´= whether or
not: ³Whether or no you like it, you've got to do it. ¹ ³particle ¸1 ´(opposite
of "Yes'): ³Is it Monday today?ÅNo, it isn't. Isn't it Monday today?ÅNo, it
isn't. Aren't you busy?ÅNo, I'm not. ¸2 ´(used with ³not ´or ³nor ´to emphasize
a negative): ³One man couldn't lift it; no, nor half a dozen. ¹ ³n ¶[C]
´refusal; denial: ³The noes ²/nE8z/ ³have it´, Those voting "no' are in the
majority.¼
¨Noah's ark© ²/*nE8Ez Úqk/ ³n ´model of the ark in which Noah and
his family were saved from the Flood, with small animal and human figures. µ¥
Gen, chap 5-9.¼
¨nob©1 ²/nob/ ³n ´(sl) head.¼
¨nob©2 ²/nob/ ³n ´(sl) member of the upper classes; person of high rank.¼
¨nobble© ²/Únobl/ ³vt ´(GB sl) ¶[VP6A] ¸1 ´tamper with (a race-horse) to
lessen its chance of winning. ¸2 ´(colloq) get the attention of (in order to
gain an advantage, etc); get sth dishonestly or by devious means.¼
¨Nobel Prize© ²/nE8*bel ÚprñIz/ ³n ´any of the prizes awarded each year by the
Nobel Foundation for outstanding achievements in literature, science and the
promotion of world peace (after A B Nobel ²/nE8Úbel/, ´1833Å1896, Swedish
inventor of dynamite who established the awards).¼
¨no®bil®ity© ²/nE8ÚbIlEtI/ ³n ¶[U] ¸1 ´quality of being noble; noble
character, mind, birth, rank. ¸2 ´(usu with ³def art´) the nobles as a class:
³a member of the @; marry into the @.¼
¨noble© ²/ÚnE8bl/ ³adj ¸1 ´having, showing, high character and qualities: ³a @
leader; @ sentiments; a @ mind. ´Hence, ¸*@ Úminded ²/ÚmñIndId/ ³adj
¸*@-Úminded®ness ³n ¸2 ´of high rank, title or birth: ³a man of @ rank/birth.
¸3 ´splendid; that excites admiration: ³a building planned on a @ scale; a @
horse; @ metals, ´eÔg gold, silver, platinum, that do not easily tarnish in
air or water. ¹ ³n ´person of @ birth. ¸Ú@®man ²/-mEn/ ³n (pl µ-men³) ´(GB)
peer; person of parallel rank in other countries. ¸nobly ²/ÚnE8blI/ ³adv ´in a
@ manner; splendidly.¼
¨no®blesse© ²/nE8Úbles/ ³n ´(F) class of nobles. ¸*@ oÚblige
²/EÚbliZ/ ´(prov) privilege entails responsibility.¼
¨no®body© ²/ÚnE8bEdI/ ³pron (pl µ-dies³) ¸1 ´not anybody; no person: ³We saw @
we knew. He said he would marry me or @. N@ could find their luggage ´(colloq
for ³his or her luggage). N@ else ´(= No other person) ³offered to help. ¸2
´(used in the ³sing ´with the ³indef art´, and in the ³pl´) unimportant or
unimpressive person: ³Don't marry a @ like James.¼
¨noc®tam®bu®list© ²/nokÚtambj8lIst/ ³n ´sleepwalker.¼
¨noc®tur®nal© ²/nokÚt3nl/ ³adj ´of or in the night; done, active, or happening
in, the night: ³a man of @ habits; @ birds, ´eÔg owls.¼
¨noc®turne© ²/Únokt3n/ ³n ¶[C] ¸1 ´painting of a scene at night. ¸2 ´soft,
dreamy piece of music.¼
¨nod© ²/nod/ ³vi,vt µ(-dd-) ¸1 ¶[VP2A,3A,4A] ·nod (to/at), ´bow the head
slightly and quickly as a sign of agreement or as a familiar greeting: ³He
nodded to me as he passed. He nodded to show that he understood. ·have a
nodding acquaintance with, µ¥ acquaintance. ¸2 ¶[VP2A,2C] ·nod (off), ´let the
head fall forward when sleepy or falling asleep; make a mistake as if asleep or
half asleep: ³She sat nodding by the fire. She often nods off ´(= falls asleep)
³during the afternoon. The teacher caught one of her pupils nodding´, falling
asleep, or so sleepy as to make mistakes. ·Homer sometimes nods´, (prov) Even
the greatest may make a small mistake. ¸3 ¶[VP2C,6A,12A,13A] ´indicate by
nodding: ³He nodded approval/in approval/approvingly. He nodded me a
welcome/nodded a welcome to Mary. ´¹ ³n ¸1 ´nodding of the head: ³He gave me a
nod as he passed. ¸2 ·the Land of Nod, ´sleep. ¸3 ·on the @, ´(US sl) on
credit.¼
¨noddle© ²/Únodl/ ³n ´(colloq) head.¼
¨node© ²/nE8d/ ³n ¶[C] ¸1 ´(bot) point on the stem of a plant where a leaf or
bud grows out. ¸2 ´(phys) point or line of rest in a vibrating body. ¸3 ´(fig)
point at which the parts of sth begin or meet.¼
¨nod®ule© ²/Únodjul ³US: ²ÚnodZul/ ³n ´small rounded lump; small
knob or swelling. ¸nod®u®lar ²/-lE(r)/, ¸nod®u®lat®ed ²/-leItId/ ³adjj ´having
@s.¼
¨Noel© ²/nE8Úel/ ³n ´Christmas.¼
¨nog®gin© ²/ÚnogIn/ ³n ´small measure, usu Ú pint, of liquor; (sl) head.¼
¨no®how© ²/ÚnE8hñ8/ ³adv ´(colloq) ´in no way; not at all.¼
¨noise© ²/nãIz/ ³n ¶[C,U] ´loud and unpleasant sound, esp when confused and
undesired: ³the @ of jet aircraft. Don't make so much @/such a loud @! What's
that @? What are those strange @s? ·make a @ (about sth), ´talk or complain in
order to get attention. ·make a Ú@ in the world, ´become famous, be much talked
about. ¸a Úbig @, ´(sl) important person. ¹ ³vt ·@ sth abroad, ´make public:
³It was @d abroad that he had been arrested. ¸@®less ³adj ´making little or no
@: ³with @less footsteps. ¸@®less®ly ³adv ¸@®less®ness ³n¼
¨noi®some© ²/ÚnãIsEm/ ³adj ´offensive; (esp, of smell) disgusting.¼
¨noisy© ²/ÚnãIzI/ ³adj µ(-ier, -iest) ¸1 ´making, accompanied by, much noise:
³@ children; @ games. ¸2 ´full of noise: ³a @ classroom. ¸nois®ily ²/-IlI/ ³adv
¸noisi®ness ³n¼
¨no®mad© ²/ÚnE8mad/ ³n ´member of a tribe that wanders from place to place,
with no fixed home. ¸@ic ²/nE8ÚmadIk/ ³adj ´of @s: ³a @ic society.¼
¨nom de plume© ²/*nom dE Úplum/ ³n (pl µnoms ²/nom/ µde plume³) ´(F) pen-name.¼
¨no®men®cla®ture© ²/nEÚmenklEt2E(r) ³US: ²ÚnE8mEnkleIt2Er/ ³n ¶[C] ´(formal)
system of naming: ³botanical @; the @ of chemistry.¼
¨nom®inal© ²/ÚnomInl/ ³adj ¸1 ´existing, etc, in name or word only, not in
fact: ³the @ ruler of the country; the @ value of the shares. ¸2 ´of little
importance or value: ³a @ sum; a @ rent´, one very much below the actual value
of the property. ¸3 ´(gram) of a noun or nouns. ¸4 ´of, bearing, a name: ³a @
roll. ¸@®ly ²/-nElI/ ³adv¼
¨nomi®nate© ²/ÚnomIneIt/ ³vt ¶[VP6A,14,23] ¸1 ·@ sb (for), ´put
forward for election to a position: ³@ a man for the Presidency; @ Mr X for
Mayor. ¸2 ·@ sb (to), ´appoint to office: ³a committee of five @d members and
eight elected members. ¸nomi®nee ²/*nomIÚni/ ³n ´person who is @d for an
office or appointment.¼
¨nomi®na®tion© ²/*nomIÚneI2n/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´nominating; ¶[C] ´instance of this:
³How many @s have there been ´(= How many persons have been nominated) ³so
far? ¸2 ¶[U] ´right of nominating sb for an office or position.¼
¨nomi®na®tive© ²/ÚnomInEtIv/ ³adj, n ´(of the) form of a word (eÔg the
pronoun ³we´) when it is the grammatical subject: ³the @ case´. µ¥ case±1µ(3).¼
¨nomi®nee© ²/*nomIÚni/ ³n µ¥ nominate.¼
¨non-© ²/*non/ ³pref ´who or which is not, does not, etc:¼
¸*non-aÚlignment ³n ´principle or practice of not joining either of the
great power blocs.¼
¸*non-agÚgression ³n ´not attacking; not starting hostilities: ³a
·*³non-ag·Ú³gression pact.¼
¸*non-Úcombatant ³n ´person (esp in the armed forces, eÔg a surgeon or
chaplain) who does not take part in the fighting.¼
¸*non-comÚmissioned ³adj ´(esp of army officers such as sergeants and
corporals) not holding commissionsµ(4).¼
¸*non-comÚmittal ³adj ´not committing oneself to a definite course or to either
side (in a dispute, etc): ³give a non-committal answer.¼
¸*non-comÚpliance ³n ´refusal to comply (with an order, etc).¼
¸*non-conÚductor ³n ´substance that does not conduct heat or electric current.¼
¸*nonconÚformist ³n ¸1 ´person who does not conform to society's standards. ¸2
´(in England) member of a sect that has separated from the Church of England.¼
¸*nonconÚformity ³n ¸1 ´failure to conform. ¸2 ´(beliefs and practices of)
nonconformists as a body.¼
¸*non-conÚtentious ³adj ´not likely to cause contention.¼
¸*non-eÚvent ³n ´(colloq) planned event which turns out to be unworthy of what
it was expected or hoped to be.¼
¸*non-Úfiction ³n ¶[U] ´prose books other than writings (eÔg novels, stories,
plays) which deal with fictitious events and persons.¼
¸*non-Úflammable ³adj ´(in official use, contrary to ³inflammable´) having no
tendency to burst into flames.¼
¸*non-*interÚference, *non-*interÚvention ³nn ´principle or practice, esp in
international affairs, of keeping out of other people's disputes.¼
¸*non-Úmoral ³adj ´that cannot be considered or judged as either moral or
immoral.¼
¸*non-obÚservance ³n ´failure to observe (a rule, etc).¼
¸*non-Úpayment ³n ´failure or neglect to pay (a debt, etc).¼
¸*non-Úresident ³adj ´who does not reside in: ³a non-resident priest, ´not
living where he performs his duties. ¹ ³n ´person not staying at a hotel, etc:
³Meals served to non-residents.¼
¸*non-Úskid ³adj ´(of tyres) designed to prevent or reduce the risk of
skidding.¼
¸*non-Úsmoker ³n ´person who does not smoke tobacco; place, eÔg a train
compartment, where smoking is forbidden.¼
¸*non-Ústarter ³n ´horse which, although entered for a race, does not run;
(fig) person who has no chance of success in sth he undertakes to do.¼
¸*non-Ústick ³adj ´(eÔg of a pan) made so that food, etc will not stick to its
surface.¼
¸*non-Ústop ³adj, adv ´without a stop: ³a non-stop train from London to
Brighton; fly non-stop from New York to Paris.¼
¸*non-ÚU ³adj µ¥ App 2.¼
¸*non-Úunion ³adj ´not belonging to a trade union; not observing trade union
rules: ³non-union labour.¼
¸*non-Úviolence ³n ´policy of rejecting violent means (but using peaceful
protest, etc) to gain a political or social objective.¼
¨non®age© ²/ÚnE8nIdZ/ ³n ¶[U] ´= µminority(1)´; immaturity.¼
¨nona®gen®ar®ian© ²/*nonEdZIÚneErIEn/ ³n, adj ´(person who is) between 89 and
100 years old.¼
¨nonce© ²/nons/ ³n ´(old use, or liter; only in) ·for the @, ´for the present
time only. ¸Ú@-word ³n ´word coined for one occasion.¼
¨non®cha®lant© ²/Únon2ElEnt/ ³adj ´not having, not showing, interest or
enthusiasm; deliberately casual. ¸@®ly ³adv ¸non®cha®lance ²/-lEns/ ³n ¶[U]¼
¨non com®pos men®tis© ²/*non *kompEs ÚmentIs/ ³adj ´(Lat) (legal) not legally
responsible because not of sound mind; (colloq) confused in one's mind.¼
¨non®de®script© ²/ÚnondIskrIpt/ ³n, adj ´(person or thing) not
easily classed; not having a definite character; uninteresting.¼
¨none© ²/nAn/ ³pron ¸1 ´not any, not one: ³I wanted some string but there was
@ in the house. N@ of this money is mine. "Is there any coal left?' "No, @ at
all.' There are faults from which @ of us ´(= not one of us, or not any of us)
³is/are free. N@ of them has/have come back yet. He is aware, @ better than he
´(iÔe no one is better aware than he), ³that«. ·@ the less, ´nevertheless. ·@
but, ´only: ³They chose none but the best. ·@ other than´: ³The new arrival
was @ other than the President ´(emph for ³the President himself). ¸2 ´(in
constructions equal to an imperative): ³N@ of that! ´Stop that! ³N@ of your
impudence! ´Don't be impudent! ¸3 ´(separated from its ³n´, in liter or rhet
style): ³They looked down on the plain, but village there was @. Sounds there
were @ ´(= There were no sounds) ³except the murmur of the bees. ´¹ ³adv ´by
no means; in no degree; not at all: ³I hope you're @ the worse for that fall
from your horse. I'm afraid I'm @ the wiser for your explanation. The salary
they pay me is @ too high. ·There are *@ so *deaf as those who will not Úhear,
´(prov) who refuse to hear.¼
¨non®en®tity© ²/noÚnentEtI/ ³n (pl µ-ties³) ¶[C] ¸1 ´unimportant person. ¸2
´thing that does not really exist or that exists only in the imagination.¼
¨none®such©, non®such, non-such ²/ÚnAnsAt2/ ³n ´person or thing without
equal; paragon.¼
¨non-pareil© ²/*non pEÚreIl ³US: ²-Úrel/ ³adj, n ´(formal) unique or unrivalled
(person or thing).¼
¨non®plus© ²/nonÚplAs/ ³vt µ(-ss-, ´US µ-s-) ¶[VP6A] ´(usu passive) surprise or
puzzle (sb) so much that he does not know what to do or say: ³I was completely
@sed when she said "No' to my proposal of marriage.¼
¨non®sense© ²/Únonsns ³US: ²-sens/ ³n ´(usu ¶[U]´) meaningless
words; foolish talk, ideas, behaviour: ³You're talking @! I want no more of
your @. What (a) @! ¸non®sen®si®cal ²/nonÚsensIkl/ ³adj ´not making sense:
³nonsensical remarks.¼
¨non se®qui®tur© ²/*non ÚsekwItE(r)/ ³n ´(Lat) (logic) conclusion which does
not follow from the premises; illogical step.¼
¨non-such© µ¥ nonesuch.¼
¨noodle©1 ²/Únudl/ ³n ´fool.¼
¨noodle©2 ²/Únudl/ ³n ´(usu ³pl´) type of paste of flour and water or flour
and eggs prepared in long, narrow strips and used in soups, with a sauce, etc.¼
¨nook© ²/n8k/ ³n ´out-of-the-way place; inside corner: ³search every @ and
cranny, ´everywhere.¼
¨noon© ²/nun/ ³n ´midday; 12 o'clock in the middle of the day; ³at @; the @
gun. ¸Ú@®day ²/-deI/, ¸Ú@®tide ²/-tñId/ ³nn ´= @.¼
¨no-one©, no one ²/ÚnE8 wAn/ ³pron ´= µnobody(1).¼
¨noose© ²/nus/ ³n µ¥ ´the illus at µknot. ´loop of rope (with a running knot)
that becomes tighter when the rope is pulled: ³the hangman's @. ·put one's
head in the @, ´(fig) allow oneself to be caught. ¹ ³vt ´catch with a @; make
a @ on a cord, rope, etc.¼
¨nope© ²/nE8p/ ³int ´(sl) No!¼
¨nor© ²/nc(r)/ ³conj ¸1 ´(after ³neither ´or ³not´) and not: ³I have neither
time nor money for skiing. Not a flower nor even a blade of grass will grow in
this desert. ¸2 ´and« not: ³He can't do it; nor can I, nor can you, nor can
anybody. Nor was this all´, And this was not all. ³Nor will I ´(= And I will
not) ³deny that«.¼
¨nor'-© ²/*nc(r)/ ³pref µ¥ north.¼
¨Nor®dic© ²/ÚncdIk/ ³n, adj ´(member) of the European type marked by tall
stature, blond hair, and blue eyes, esp in Scandinavia.¼
¨Nor®folk© ²/ÚncfEk/ ³n ´English county. ¸@ jacket, ´man's
loose-fitting jacket with a waistband.¼
¨norm© ²/ncm/ ³n ¸1 ´standard; pattern; type (as representative of a group
when judging other examples). ¸2 ´(in some industries, etc) amount of work
required or expected in a working day: ³set the workers a @; fulfil one's @.¼
¨nor®mal© ²/Úncml/ ³adj ´in agreement with what is representative, usual, or
regular: ³the @ temperature of the human body. ¸Ú@ school, ´(in some
countries, not in GB) one for the training of teachers (usu in elementary
grades). ¹ ³n ¶[U] ´usual state, level, standard, etc: ³above/below @. ¸@ly
²/ÚncmElI/ ³adv ¸@®ity ²/ncÚmalEtI/, ¸@cy ²/ÚncmlsI/ ³nn ¶[U] ´the state of
being @. ¸@®ize ²/ÚncmElñIz/ ³vt ´make @. ¸@®iz®ation ²/*ncmElñIÚzeI2n ³US:
²-lIÚz-/ ³n¼
¨Nor®man© ²/ÚncmEn/ ³n ´inhabitant or native of Normandy ²/ÚncmEndI/´;
descendant of the mixed Scandinavian and Frankish race established there in the
9th c. ¹ ³adj ´of the @s, esp those who conquered England in the 11th c: ³the @
Conquest; @ architecture.¼
¨nor®ma®tive© ²/ÚncmEtIv/ ³adj ´setting a standard: ³a @, prescriptive grammar
of the English language.¼
¨Norse© ²/ncs/ ³n ´the Norwegian language. ¹ ³adj ´of Norway.¼
¨north© ²/ncT/ ³n ¸1 ´one of the four cardinal points of the compass, lying to
the left of a person facing the sunrise; part of any country lying farther in
this direction than other parts: ³the @ of England; cold winds from the @. µ¥
´the illus at µcompass. ¸2 ´(attrib) situated in, living in, pertaining to,
coming from, the @: ³the N@ Star´, the pole-star; ³the @ pole; a @ wind; a @
light´, from the @, as usu desired by artists in studios; ³the ·Ú³N@ Country´,
@ part of England. ³a ·*³N@ ·Ú³countryman ²/-mEn/ ´a native of the @ of
England. ¹ ³adv ´to or towards the @: ³sailing @. ¸*@®Úeast, *@®Úwest ´(abbr
NÔE, NÔW) ³nn, advv ´(sometimes, esp naut, ¸nor'-east ²/*ncr Úist/, ¸nor'-west
²/*nc Úwest/´) (regions) midway between @ and east, @ and west. ¸the *N@-west
ÚPassage, ´the sea route from the Atlantic to the Pacific along the @ coast of
Canada and Alaska. ¸*@-@®Úeast, *@-@®Úwest ´(abbr NÔNÔE, NÔNÔW) ³nn, adjj, advv
´(sometimes, esp naut, ¸nor'-nor'-east ²/*nc ncr Úist/, ¸nor'-nor'-west ²/*nc
nc Úwest/´) (regions) midway between @ and @east, @west. ¸*@®Úeaster ³n ´strong
wind, storm, or gale, from the @east. ¸*@®Úeaster®ly ³adj ´(of wind) blowing
from the @east; (of direction) towards the @east. ¸*@®Úwester ³n ´strong wind
from the @west. ¸*@®Úwester®ly ³adj ´(of wind) from the @west; (of direction)
towards the @west. ¸*@®Úeastern ²/-ÚistEn/ ³adj ´of, from, situated in, the
@east. ¸*@®Úwestern ²/-ÚwestEn/ ³adj ´of, from, situated in the @west. ¸ÚN@®man
²/-mEn/ ³n (pl µ-men³) ´(hist) Viking; native of Scandinavia. ¸@®wards
²/ÚncTwEdz/ ³adv ´towards the @.¼
¨north®er®ly© ²/ÚncDElI/ ³adj, adv ´(of winds) from the north;
towards the north; in or to the north.¼
¨north®ern© ²/ÚncDEn/ ³adj ´in or of the north: ³the @ hemisphere. ¸the @
lights, ´streamers and bands of light appearing in the @ sky; the aurora
borealis. ¸@er ²/ÚncDEnE(r)/ ³n ´person born in or living in the @ regions of
a country. ¸Ú@®most ²/-mE8st/ ³adj ´lying farthest north.¼
¨Nor®we®gian© ²/ncÚwidZEn/ ³n, adj ´(native, language) of Norway.¼
¨nose©1 ²/nE8z/ ³n ¸1 ´part of the face above the mouth, through which breath
passes, and serving as the organ of smell: ³hit a man on the @ ´(note ³def
art´). µ¥ ´the illus at µhead. ·bite/snap sb's @ ³(head ´is more usu³) ·off,
´answer him sharply and angrily. ·count/tell @s, ´(³heads ´is more usu) count
the number of persons (esp supporters, when voting to decide sth). ·cut off
one's @ to spite one's face, ´damage one's own interests in an attempt at
revenge on sb. ·follow one's @, ´go straight forward; be guided by instinct.
·keep a person's @ to the grindstone, ´make him work hard without rest. ·lead
sb by the @, µ¥ lead±3µ(2). ·look down one's @ at sb, ´treat haughtily. ·pay
through the @, ´pay an excessive price. ·poke/stick one's @ into, ´(sb else's
business), intrude; ask questions without being asked to do so. ·put sb's Ú@
out of joint, µ¥ joint±2µ(2). ·turn one's Ú@ up at, ´show disdain for. ·as
plain as the @ on one's face, ´obvious; easily seen. ·(right) under one's very
@, ¸(a) ´directly in front of one. ¸(b) ´in one's presence, and regardless of
one's disapproval. ¸2 ´sense of smell: ³a dog with a good @´; (fig) ³a reporter
with a @ for news/scandal/a story. ¸3 ´sth like a @ in shape or position, eÔg
the open end of a pipe, bellows or retort; the most forward part of the
fuselage of an aircraft. ¸4 ´(compounds) ¸Ú@®bag ³n ´bag for food (oats, etc)
fastened on a horse's head. ¸Ú@®bleed ³n ´bleeding from the @. ¸Ú@®cone ³n
´most forward section of a rocket or guided missile, usu separable. µ¥ ´the
illus at µcapsule. ¸Ú@®dive ³n ´sharp vertical descent made by an aircraft. µ¹
³vi ´(of an aircraft) come down steeply with the @ pointing to earth. ¸Ú@-flute
³n ´musical instrument blown with the @, as used in some Asian countries.
¸Ú@®gay ³n ´bunch of cut (esp sweet-scented) flowers. ¸Ú@®ring ³n ´ring fixed
in the @ of a bull, etc, for leading it. ¸Ú@-wheel ³n ´the front landing-wheel
under the fuselage of an aircraft. ¸-nosed ³suff ´(in compounds) having the
kind of @ indicated: ³red-@d; long-@d.¼
¨nose©2 ²/nE8z/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP15A] ´go forward carefully, push
(one's way): ³The ship @d its way slowly through the ice. ¸2 ¶[VP15B] ·@ sth
out, ´discover by smelling: ³The dog @d out a rat. That man will @ out a
scandal anywhere. ¸3 ¶[VP2C,3A] ·@ about (for sth), ´smell for; (fig) pry or
search for. ·@ into sth, ´pry into: ³a man who is always nosing into other
people's affairs.¼
¨nosey©, nosy ²/ÚnE8zI/ ³adj µ(-ier, -iest)³, n ´(sl) inquisitive (person). ¸*@
Úparker ³n ´(colloq) inquisitive person.¼
¨nosh© ²/no2/ ³n ¶[U] ´(GB sl) food. ¸Ú@-up ³n ´a good meal. ¹ ³vi
´(colloq) eat.¼
¨nos®tal®gia© ²/noÚstaldZE/ ³n ¶[U] ´home-sickness; wistful longing for sth
one has known in the past. ¸nos®tal®gic ²/noÚstaldZIk/ ³adj ´of, feeling or
causing, @. ¸nos®tal®gi®cally ²/-klI/ ³adv¼
¨nos®tril© ²/ÚnostrEl/ ³n ´either of the two external openings into the nose.
µ¥ ´the illus at µhead.¼
¨nos®trum© ²/ÚnostrEm/ ³n ¶[C] ´(usu contemptuous) medicine, etc, prepared by
the person who recommends it; quack remedy; scheme for political or social
reform (called a @ by its opponents).¼
¨not© ²/not/ ³adv ¸1 ´(used to make negative one of the 24 ³anom fin vv ´listed
in the Introduction under "Anomalous Verbs'): ³is not; must not; could not;
´(often contracted to µ-n't ²/-nt/´: ³hasn't ²/Úhaznt/, ³needn't ²/Únidnt/´.) ¸2
´(used with non-finite ³vv´): ³He warned me not to be late. You were wrong in
not making a protest. ¸3 ´(used after certain ³vv, ´esp ³think, suppose,
believe, expect, fear, fancy, trust, hope, seem, appear, be afraid, ´as
equivalent to a ³that´-clause): ³"Can you come next week?'Å"I'm afraid not.'
´I'm afraid that I cannot come. ³"Will it rain this afternoon?'Å"I hope not'.
¸4 ´(used elliptically, in phrases.) ·as likely as not, ´probably: ³He'll be at
home now, as likely as not. ·as soon as not, µ¥ soon(5). ·not at all, ²/*not
EÚtcl/ ´used as a polite response to thanks, enquiries after sb's health, etc:
³"Thank you very much.'Å"Not at all', ´No need to mention it. ³"Are you
tired?'Å"Not at all', ´Not in the least. ·Únot that, ´it is not suggested that:
³If he ever said soÅnot that I ever heard him say soÅhe told a lie. ·Únot but
what, ´nevertheless; although: ³I can't do it; not but what a younger man
might be able to do it. ¸5 ´(in understatements): ³not a few, ´= many; ³not
seldom, ´= often; ³not without reason, ´= with good reason; ³not half´, (sl)
exceedingly; ³in the not-so-distant ´(= recent) ³past. ¸6 ´(used to indicate
the absence, opposite, or negative of sth): ³not here; not anything; not
clean/hot/good; not he/John/my son.¼
¨nota bene© ²/*nE8tE ÚbeneI/ ³v imper ´(Lat) (abbr ¸NÔB, nÔb ²/*en
Úbi/´) observe carefully.¼
¨no®table© ²/ÚnE8tEbl/ ³adj ´deserving to be noticed; remarkable: ³@
events/speakers/artists. ´¹ ³n ´eminent person. ¸no®tably ²/ÚnE8tEblI/ ³adv
¸nota®bil®ity ²/*nE8tEÚbIlEtI/ ³n (pl µ-ties³) ¸1 ¶[U] ´the condition of being
@. ¸2 ¶[C] ´@ person.¼
¨no®tary© ²/ÚnE8tErI/ ³n (pl µ-ries³) ´(often ¸*@ Úpublic´) official with
authority to perform certain kinds of legal transactions, esp to record that
he has witnessed the signing of legal documents.¼
¨no®ta®tion© ²/nE8ÚteI2n/ ³n ¸1 ¶[C] ´system of signs or symbols representing
numbers, amounts, musical notes, etc. ¸2 ¶[U] ´representing of numbers, etc by
such signs or symbols.¼
¨notch© ²/not2/ ³n ´V-shaped cut (³in ´or ³on ´sth); (US) narrow pass through
mountains; defile±2´. ¹ ³vt ¸1 ¶[VP6A] ´make or cut a @ or @es in or on, eÔg a
stick, as a way of keeping count. ¸2 ¶[VP15B] ·@ up, ´(colloq) achieve;
score: ³@ up a new record.¼
¨note©1 ²/nE8t/ ³n ¸1 ´short record (of facts, etc) made to help the memory:
³He spoke for an hour without a @/without @s. ¸Ú@®book ³n ´book in which to
write @s. ¸2 ´short letter: ³a @ of thanks; an exchange of @s between two
governments. ¸Ú@®paper ³n ¶[U] ´paper for (esp private) correspondence. ¸3
´short comment on or explanation of a word or passage in a book, etc: ³a new
edition of "Hamlet', with copious @s. µ¥ ³footnote ´at µfoot±1µ(8). ¸4
´observation (not necessarily written): ³He was comparing @s with a friend´,
exchanging views, comparing experiences, etc. ¸5 ´(US = ³bill´) piece of paper
money; bank@: ³a $5 @. ¸Ú@®case ³n ´walletµ(1)´. ¸6 ´single sound of a certain
pitch and duration: ³the blackbird's merry @´; sign used to represent such a
sound in manuscript or printed music µ¥ ´the illus at µnotation´; any one of
the keys of a piano, organ, etc. ·sound a @ of warning (against sth), ´warn
against sth. ·strike the right @, ´(fig) speak in such a way that one wins the
approval or sympathy of one's listeners. ·strike/sound a false @,
´(fig) do or say sth that causes one to lose sympathy or approval. ¸7 ´quality
(esp of voice) indicating the nature of sth (usu ³sing ´with the ³indef art´):
³There was a @ of self-satisfaction in his speech. ¸8 ¶[U] ´distinction;
importance: ³a singer of @. ¸9 ¶[U] ´notice; attention: ³worthy of @. Take @ of
what he says´, pay attention to it.¼
¨note©2 ²/nE8t/ ³vt ¸1 ¶[VP6A,8,9,10] ´notice; pay attention to:
³Please @ my words. N@ how to do it/how I did it. She @d that his hands were
dirty. ¸2 ¶[VP6A,15B] ·@ sth (down), ´make a @ of; write down in order to
remember: ³The policeman @d down every word I said. ¸noted ³adj ´celebrated
³(for, as)´: ³a town @d for its pottery/@d as a health resort. ¸Ú@®worthy ³adj
´deserving to be @d; remarkable.¼
¨no®thing© ²/ÚnATIG/ ³n ¸1 ´(with ³adj, inf´, etc, following) not anything:
³There's @ interesting in the newspaper. He's had @ to eat yet. N@ (that) I
could say had any influence on her. N@ ever pleases her. ³He's five foot @´,
exactly five foot tall. ³There's little or @ wrong with him´, very little
wrong. ³There's @ like leather ´(= @ is so good as leather) ³for shoes. ¸2
´(phrases) ·be @ to, ¸(a) ´be a matter of indifference to: ³She's @ to him´, He
is indifferent to, uninterested in, her. ¸(b) ´be as @ if compared: ³My losses
are @ to yours. ·come to @, ´fail; be without result. ·go for @, ´be without
reward, result, value: ³Six months' hard work all gone for @. ·have @ to do
with, ¸(a) ´avoid; have no dealings with: ³I advise you to have @ to do with
that man. ¸(b) ´not to be the business or concern of: ³This has @ to do with
you. ·make @ of, ´be unable to understand. ·mean @ to, ¸(a) ´have no meaning
for: ³These technical words mean @ to me. ¸(b) ´be sth or sb that sb has no
concern or interest in: ³He used to like Jane but she means @ to him now. ·to
say @ of, ´not to mention: ³He had his wife and seven children with him in the
car, to say @ of ´(= as well as) ³two dogs, a cat and a parrot. ·think @ of,
´consider as ordinary, usual or unremarkable: ³He thinks @ of a twenty-mile
walk/of asking me to lend him $20. ·think @ Úof it, ´friendly reply to sb who
offers thanks, an apology, etc: ³"You didn't mind my using your
typewriter?'Å"Of course not! Think @ of it!' ·for @, ¸(a) ´free; without
payment. ¸(b) ´without a reward or result; to no purpose: ³It was not for @
that he spent three years studying the subject. ·next to @, µ¥ next. ·@ but,
´merely: ³N@ but doubts can prevent you from succeeding; ´only: ³N@ but a
miracle can save him. ·There's @ Úfor it but to«, ´The only thing we can do is
to«. ·N@ doing! ´(colloq) expression used to indicate refusal of a request,
etc. ¹ ³adv ´not at all; in no way: ³The house is @ near as large as I
expected. His new book is @ like as good as his earlier books. ¸@®ness ³n ¶[U]
´being @; the state of non-existence: ³pass into @ness.¼
¨no®tice© ²/ÚnE8tIs/ ³n ¸1 ¶[C] ´(written or printed) news of sth
about to happen or sth that has happened: ³put up a @; @s of births, deaths
and marriages in the newspapers. ¸Ú@-board ³n ´one provided for @s to be
affixed to. ¸2 ¶[U] ´warning (of what will happen): ³give a member of staff a
month's @´, tell him that he must leave one's employment at the end of one
month; (of a tenant) ³receive two months' @ to quit´, to vacate a house, etc;
´(of an employee) ³give one's employer @ that one intends to leave; leave
without @´, without giving any warning. ·(do sth) at short @, ´with little
warning, little time for preparation, etc. ¸3 ¶[U] ´attention. ·be beneath
one's @, ´be sth one should ignore: ³Their insults should be beneath your @.
·bring sth to sb's @, ´call sb's attention to sth. ·come to sb's @, ´have one's
attention called to sth: ³It has come to my @ that«´, I have learnt that«. ·sit
up and take @, ´(of sb who is ill, etc) show signs of recovery from illness.
·make sb sit up and take @, ´make sb keenly aware of events: ³This new process
should make our competitors sit up and take @. ·take no @ (of sth), ´pay no
attention to sth: ³Take no @ of what they're saying about you. ¸4 ¶[C] ´short
review of a new book, play, etc in a periodical. ¹ ³vt,vi ¸1
¶[VP6A,8,9,10,18A,19A,2A] ´take @ (of); observe: ³I didn't @ you. I @d that he
left early. I wasn't noticing. Did you @ him pause? Did you @ his hand shaking?
He was too proud to @ me. ¸2 ¶[VP6A] ´say or write sth about (a book, play,
etc). ¸@®able ²/-Ebl/ ³adj ´easily seen or @d. ¸@®ably ²/-EblI/ ³adv¼
¨no®ti®fi®able© ²/ÚnE8tIfñIEbl/ ³adj ´that must be notified (esp of
certain diseases that must be notified to public health authorities).¼
¨no®tify© ²/ÚnE8tIfñI/ ³vt (pt,pp µ-fied³) ¶[VP6A,14,11] ·@ sb of sth; @ sth to
sb, ´give notice of; report: ³@ the police of a loss; @ a loss to the police; @
a birth; @ the authorities that«. ¸no®ti®fi®ca®tion ²/*nE8tIfIÚkeI2n/ ³n ¶[U]
´@ing; ¶[C] ´instance of this (eÔg to the authorities, of births, deaths, cases
of infectious disease).¼
¨no®tion© ²/ÚnE82n/ ³n ¶[C] ¸1 ´idea; opinion: ³I have no @ of what he means.
Your head is full of silly @s. He has a @ that I'm cheating him. ¸2 ³(pl)
´(US) small miscellaneous goods. µ¥ novelty(3). ¸@al ²/-2Enl/ ³adj ¸1 ´(of
knowledge, etc) speculative; not based on experiment or demonstration. ¸2
´nominal; token.¼
¨no®tori®ous© ²/nE8ÚtcrIEs/ ³adj ´widely known (esp for sth bad): ³a @
criminal; @ for his goings-on; @ as a rake. ¸@®ly ³adv ¸no®tor®iety
²/*nE8tEÚrñIEtI/ ³n ¶[U] ´state of being @.¼
¨not®with®stand®ing© ²/*notwITÚstandIG/ ³prep ´in spite of. ¹ ³adv
´nevertheless; all the same. ¹ ³conj ´although.¼
¨nou®gat© ²/Únugq ³US: ²ÚnugEt/ ³n ´sort of hard sweet made of sugar, nuts,
etc.¼
¨nought© ²/nct/ ³n ¸1 ´nothing. ·bring sb/sth to @, ´ruin; baffle. ·come to @,
´be ruined; fail. ·set sb/sth at @, ´disregard; defy; despise. ¸2 ´the figure
0; zero: ³point @ one´, iÔe ²Ø´01. ¸@s and crosses, ´game played by writing @s
(zero signs) and crosses on lines of vertical and horizontal squares.¼
¨noun© ²/nñ8n/ ³n ´(gram) word (not a ³pron´) which can function as the subject
or object of a ³v´, or the object of a ³prep; ´word which is marked ³n
´in this dictionary.¼
¨nour®ish© ²/ÚnArI2/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ¸1 ´keep (sb) alive and well with food; make
well and strong; improve (land) with manure, etc: ³@ing food; @ the
soil. ¸2 ´have or encourage (feelings): ³@ feelings of hatred; @ hope in one's
heart. ¸@®ment ³n ¶[U] ´food.¼
¨nous© ²/nñ8s/ ³n ¶[U] ´(Gk) ¸1 ´(phil) intellect; (divine) reason.
¸2 ´(GB colloq) common sense; gumption.¼
¨nou®veau riche© ²/*nuvE8 Úri2/ ³n ´(usu in ³pl µnouveaux riches´,
pronunciation unchanged) (F) person who has recently become rich, esp one who
is ostentatious.¼
¨nova© ²/ÚnE8vE/ ³n (pl µ@s, -vae ²/-vi/³) ´(astron) star that suddenly
increases its brilliance for a period.¼
¨novel©1 ²/Únovl/ ³adj ´strange; of a kind not previously known: ³@ ideas.¼
¨novel©2 ²/novl/ ³n ´story in prose, long enough to fill one or more volumes,
about either imaginary or historical people: ³the @s of Dickens. ¸*@®Úette
²/-Úet/ ³n ´short @. ¸Ú@®ist ²/-Ist/ ³n ´writer of @s.¼
¨nov®elty© ²/ÚnovltI/ ³n (pl µ-ties´) ¸1 ¶[U] ´newness; strangeness; quality
of being novel: ³The @ of his surroundings soon wore off´, ´He became
accustomed to them. ¸2 ¶[C] ´previously unknown thing, idea, etc; sth strange
or unfamiliar. ¸3 ³(pl) ´miscellaneous manufactured goods of low cost, eÔg
toys, small ornaments.¼
¨No®vem®ber© ²/nE8ÚvembE(r)/ ³n ´the eleventh month of the year, with thirty
days.¼
¨nov®ice© ²/ÚnovIs/ ³n ´person who is still learning and who is without
experience, esp a person who is to become a monk or a nun. ¸no®vi®ci®ate,
no®vi®ti®ate ²/nEÚvI2IEt/ ³nn ´period or state of being a @.¼
¨now© ²/nñ8/ ³adv ¸1 ´at the present time; in the present circumstances: ³Where
are you now living/living now? Now is the best time to visit Devon. I cannot
now ´(iÔe in the circumstances, after what has happened, etc) ³ever believe you
again. ¸2 ´(used after a ³prep)´: ³He will be in London by now. Up
to/till/until now we have been lucky. From now onwards I shall be stricter. ¸3
´(phrases) ·(every) now and then/again, ´occasionally; from time to time: ³We
go to the opera now and then. ·now« now/then«, ´at one time«, at another time«:
³What mixed weather, now fine, now/then showery! ¸4 ´at once; immediately: ³Do
it now. Now or never! ·just now, µ¥ just±2µ(6). ¸5 ´(used without reference to
time, to indicate the mood of the speaker, to explain, warn, comfort, etc):
³Now what happened was this ´(explanatory). ³Now stop quarrelling and listen to
me ´(entreaty or reproof). ³No Únonsense, now ´(warning). ·now, now; now then,
´(used at the beginning of a sentence, often as a protest or warning, or simply
to call attention): ³Now then, what's troubling you? ´¹ ³conj ´as a consequence
of the fact (that): ³Now (that) you mention it, I do remember. Now (that)
you're grown up, you must stop this childish behaviour.¼
¨now®adays© ²/Únñ8EdeIz/ ³adv ´at the present time (and often used
in contrasts between present day manners, customs, etc, and those of past
times): ³N@ children prefer TÔV to reading.¼
¨no®where© ²/ÚnE8weE(r) ³US: ²-hweEr/ ³adv ´not anywhere: ³The boy was @ to be
found. Such methods will get you @´, will not produce results. ³$50 is @ near
enough´, not nearly enough. ·come (in)/be @, ´fail to win or get a place (in a
competition).¼
¨no®wise© ²/ÚnE8wñIz/ ³adv ´(old use) not at all; in no way.¼
¨noxious© ²/Únok2Es/ ³adj ´harmful: ³@ gases. ¸@®ly ³adv ¸@®ness ³n¼
¨nozzle© ²/Únozl/ ³n ´metal end of a hose or bellows, through which a stream
of liquid or air is directed. µ¥ ´the illus at µhose-pipe.¼
¨nuance© ²/Únjuqns ³US: ²Únu-/ ³n ¶[C] ´delicate difference in, or shade of,
meaning, opinion, colour, etc.¼
¨nub© ²/nAb/ ³n ¸1 ´small lump or knob (eÔg of coal). ¸2 ´(colloq, fig) gist or
point (of a story, affair).¼
¨nu®bile© ²/ÚnjubñIl ³US: ²Únubl/ ³adj ´(of girls) marriageable;
old enough to marry.¼
¨nu®clear© ²/ÚnjuklIE(r) ³US: ²Únu-/ ³adj ´of a nucleus, esp of a heavy atom,
with release of energy: ³@ energy´, obtained by @ fission; ³a @ power station;
@-powered submarines; @ bombs/missiles; @ disarmament´, the renunciation of @
weapons.¼
¨nu®cleic© ²/njuÚkleIIk ³US: ²nu-/ ³adj ¸@ acid, ´one of two complex compounds
occurring in all living cells.¼
¨nu®cleus© ²/ÚnjuklIEs ³US: ²Únu-/ ³n (pl µnuclei ²/-klIñI/³) ´central part,
round which other parts are grouped or round which other things collect; (esp)
central part of an atom, consisting of protons and neutrons. µ¥ ´the illus at
µcell.¼
¨nude© ²/njud ³US: ²nud/ ³adj ´naked. ¹ ³n ¶[C] ´@ human figure (esp in art).
·in the @, ´unclothed: ³pose in the @ for an artist. ¸nu®dist ²/-Ist/ ³n
´person who believes that exposure of the naked body to sun and air is good
for the health. ¸Únudist camp/colony, ´place where nudists practise their
beliefs. ¸nu®dism ²/-IzEm/ ³n ´the practice of going @. ¸nu®dity ²/ÚnjudEtI
³US: ²Únu-/ ³n ´nakedness.¼
¨nudge© ²/nAdZ/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´touch or push slightly with the elbow in order to
draw sb's attention privately. ¹ ³n ´push given in this way.¼
¨nu®ga®tory© ²/ÚnjugEtErI ³US: ²ÚnugEtcrI/ ³adj ´(formal) trifling; worthless;
not valid.¼
¨nug®get© ²/ÚnAgIt/ ³n ´lump of metal, esp gold, as found in the earth.¼
¨nui®sance© ²/Únjusns ³US: ²Únu-/ ³n ¶[C] ´thing, person, act, etc that causes
trouble or offence: ³The mosquitoes are a @. What a @ that child is!¼
¨null© ²/nAl/ ³adj ´of no effect or force. ·@ and void, ´(legal) without legal
effect; invalid. ¸nul®lify ²/ÚnAlIfñI/ ³vt (pt,pp µ-fied³) ¶[VP6A] ´make @ and
void. ¸nul®li®fi®ca®tion ²/*nAlIfIÚkeI2n/ ³n ¶[U] ´making @. ¸nul®lity
²/ÚnAlEtI/ ³n ¶[U] ´being @; invalidity: ³nullity of marriage; a ·Ú³nullity
suit´, one that asks for @ity of marriage.¼
¨numb© ²/nAm/ ³adj ´without ability to feel or move: ³fingers @ with cold. ´¹
³vt ¶[VP6A] ´make @; deaden: ³@ed with grief. ¸@®ly ³adv ¸@®ness ³n¼
¨num®ber© ²/ÚnAmbE(r)/ ³n ¸1 ³3, 13, 33 and 103 are @s. µ¥ App 4. ¸2 ´quantity
or amount: ³a large @ of people. N@s of people ´(= Very many people) ³came
from all parts of the country to see the exhibition. The @ of books missing
from the library is large. A @ of books ´(= Some books) ³are missing from the
library. ·any @, µ¥ any±1µ(6). ·His/Your, etc @ is up, ´(colloq) He is/You are,
etc ruined, going to die, to pay a penalty, etc. ·in @´: ³They were fifteen in
@´, There were fifteen of them. ·to the @ of, ´mounting to. ·without @, ´too
many to be counted. ·times without @, ´very often; so often that counting is
impossible. ¸Ú@-plate ³n ´plate showing the licence number of a motor vehicle,
the @ of a house, etc. µ¥ ´the illus at µmotor. ¸3 ´(attrib use before a
definite @(µ1´), usu shortened to ¸No´, ³pl ¸Nos´): ³Room No 145´, eÔg in a
hotel; ³living at No 4, ´house number four. ¸No 10 (Downing Street), ´official
residence of the British Prime Minister. ·look after/take care of @ one,
´(colloq) look after oneself and one's own interests. ¸4 ´one issue of a
periodical, esp for one day, week, etc: ³the current @ of "Punch'; back @s ´(=
earlier issues) ³of "Nature'. ·a back @, ´(fig) out of date or old-fashioned.
¸5 ´part of an opera indicated by a @; dance, song, etc for the stage. ¸6
´(gram) variations in the forms of ³nn, vv´, etc according to whether only one
or more than one is to be indicated: ³Man/men, does/do and I/we illustrate
grammatical @ in English. ¸7 ³(pl) ´numerical superiority: ³The enemy won by
@s/by force of @s. ¸8 ³(pl) ´arithmetic: ³He's not good at @s. ´¹ ³vt
¶[VP6A,14] ¸1 ´give a @ to: ³Let's @ them from 1 to 10. ¸2 ´amount to; add up
to: ³We @ed 20 in all. ¸3 ¶[VP14] ·@ sb/sth among, ´include; place: ³@ sb among
one's friends. ¸4 ´(passive) be restricted in @: ³His days are @ed´, He has not
long to live. ¸5 ¶[VP2C] ·@ off, ´(mil) call out one's @ in a rank of soldiers:
³The company @ed off from the right.¼
¨nu®mer®able© ²/ÚnjumErEbl ³US: ²Únu-/ ³adj ´that can be numbered
or counted.¼
¨nu®meral© ²/ÚnjumErEl ³US: ²Únu-/ ³n, adj ´(word, figure or sign) standing for
a number; of number. ¸Arabic @s, ´1, 2, 3, etc. ¸roman @s, ²¥´, ²¢´, ²_´, etc.
µ¥ App 4.¼
¨nu®mer®ate© ²/ÚnjumErEt ³US: ²Únu-/ ³adj ´(of a person) having a good basic
competence in mathematics and science. µ¥ literate. ¸nu®mer®acy ²/ÚnjumErEsI
³US: ²Únu-/ ³n¼
¨nu®mer®ation© ²/*njumEÚreI2n ³US: ²*nu-/ ³n ´method or process of numbering
or calculating; expression in words of numbers written in figures.¼
¨nu®mer®ator© ²/ÚnjumEreItE(r) ³US: ²Únu-/ ³n ´number above the line in a
vulgar fraction, eÔg 3 in Ö. µ¥ denominator.¼
¨nu®meri®cal© ²/njuÚmerIkl ³US: ²nu-/ ³adj ´of, in, denoting, numbers: ³@
symbols. ¸@ly ²/-klI/ ³adv´: ³The enemy were @ly superior.¼
¨nu®mer®ous© ²/ÚnjumErEs ³US: ²Únu-/ ³adj ´great in number; very many: ³her @
friends.¼
¨nu®min®ous© ²/ÚnjumInEs ³US: ²Únu-/ ³adj ´awe-inspiring; divine.¼
¨nu®mis®mat®ics© ²/*njumIzÚmatIks ³US: ²*nu-/ ³n pl sing-v ´the study of
coins, coinage and medals. ¸nu®mis®ma®tist ²/njuÚmIzmEtIst ³US: ²nu-/ ³n
´expert in @; collector of coins and medals.¼
¨num®skull© ²/ÚnAmskAl/ ³n ´stupid person.¼
¨nun© ²/nAn/ ³n ´woman who, after taking religious vows, lives, with other
women, in a convent, a life in the service of God. ¸nun®nery ²/ÚnAnErI/ ³n (pl
µ-ries³) ´house of nuns; convent. µ¥ monk, monastery.¼
¨nun®cio© ²/ÚnAnsIE8/ ³n (pl µ@s³) ´ambassador or representative of the Pope in
a foreign country.¼
¨nup®tial© ²/ÚnAp2l/ ³adj ´of marriage or weddings: ³@ happiness; the @ day.
¸nup®tials ³n pl ´wedding.¼
¨nurse©1 ²/n3s/ ³n ¸1 (Ú@®)maid, ´woman or girl employed to look after babies
and small children. µ¥ nanny. ¸2 (Úwet-)@, ´woman employed to suckle the
infant of another. ¸3 ¶[U] ´nursing or being nursed: ³put a child to @. ¸4
´person, usu trained, who cares for people who are ill or injured: ³hospital
@s; Red Cross @s; male @s´, eÔg in a mental home for men. ¸5 ´country,
college, institution, etc which protects or encourages a certain quality:
³Iceland, the @ of liberty.¼
¨nurse©2 ²/n3s/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ¸1 ´take charge of and look after
(persons who are ill, injured, etc) (but not used as in the sense of
µnurse±1µ(1)´): (gerund) ³the nursing profession; take up nursing as a career.
Careful nursing will be needed. ¸Únursing-home ³n ´building, usu
privately owned and smaller than a hospital, where persons who are ill may be
cared for, operated on, etc. ¸2 ´feed (a baby) at the breast; suckle. ¸3 ´hold
(a baby, a child, a pet dog) on the knees; clasp caressingly. ¸4 ´give special
care to: ³@ young plants. µ¥ nursery(2)´; ³@ a constituency´, keep in touch
with the voters (to obtain or retain their support). ·@ a cold, ´stay at home,
keep warm, in order to cure it. ¸5 ´have in the mind, think about a great
deal: ³@ feelings of revenge.¼
¨nurse®ling©, nurs®ling ²/Ún3slIG/ ³n ´infant, esp in relation to its nurse.¼
¨nurs®ery© ²/Ún3sErI/ ³n (pl µ-ries³) ¸1 ´room for the special use of small
children. ¸Úday @, ´building where mothers who go out to work may leave babies
and young children. ¸Ú@ rhymes, ´poems or songs (usu traditional) for young
children. ¸Ú@ school, ´for children of 2 to 5; pre-primary school. ¸@ slopes,
´(skiing) slopes suitable for learners. ¸2 ´place where young plants and trees
are raised (for transplanting later, and usu for sale). ¸Ú@®man ²/-mEn/ ³n (pl
µ-men³) ´man who works in a @(2)´.¼
¨nur®ture© ²/Ún3t2E(r)/ ³n ¶[U] ´(formal) care, training; education (of
children). ¹ ³vt ´bring up; give @ to: ³a delicately @d girl.¼
¨nut© ²/nAt/ ³n ¸1 ´fruit consisting of a hard shell enclosing a
kernel that can be eaten. ·a hard nut to crack, ´a problem difficult to solve.
¸Únut-brown ³adj ´(eÔg of ale) coloured like ripe hazel-nuts. ¸*nut-Úbutter ³n
´butter substitute made from nuts (eÔg ³peanut butter´). ¸Únut-crackers ³n pl
´device for cracking nuts open. ¸Únut®shell ³n ´hard outside covering of a nut.
·(put sth) in a nutshell, ´(fig) in the fewest possible words. ¸2 ´small piece
of metal with a threaded hole for screwing on to a bolt. µ¥ ´the illus at
µbolt. ¸3 ´(sl) head (of a human being). ·off one's nut, ´(sl) insane.
¸Únut-house ³n ´(sl) mental hospital. ¸4 ³(pl) ´small lumps of coal. ¹ ³vi ·go
nutting, ´look for, gather nuts (eÔg hazel-nuts in the woods and hedges).¼
¨nut®meg© ²/ÚnAtmeg/ ³n ¸1 ¶[C] ´hard, small, round, sweet-smelling seed of an
E Indian evergreen. ¸2 ¶[U] ´this seed grated to powder, used as a flavouring.¼
¨nu®tria© ²/ÚnjutrIE ³US: ²Únu-/ ³n ´skin or fur of the small S American
rodent called coypu.¼
¨nu®tri®ent© ²/ÚnjutrIEnt ³US: ²Únu-/ ³adj ´(formal) serving as or providing
nourishment.¼
¨nu®tri®ment© ²/ÚnjutrImEnt ³US: ²Únu-/ ³n ´(formal) nourishing food.¼
¨nu®tri®tion© ²/njuÚtrI2n ³US: ²nu-/ ³n ´(formal) ¶[U] ´the process of
supplying and receiving nourishment; the science of food values: ³the care and
@ of children.¼
¨nu®tri®tious© ²/njuÚtrI2Es ³US: ²nu-/ ³adj ´(formal) nourishing; having high
value as food.¼
¨nu®tri®tive© ²/ÚnjutrItIv ³US: ²Únu-/ ³adj ´(formal) serving as food; of
nutrition.¼
¨nuts© ²/nAts/ ³adj ´(sl) crazy; insane. ·be @ about/over sb/sth, ´be in love
with, infatuated with.¼
¨nutty© ²/ÚnAtI/ ³adj µ(-ier, -iest) ¸1 ´tasting like nuts. ¸2 ´(sl) mad;
crazy. ¸3 ´containing, made up of, nutsµ(4)´: ³@ slack coal.¼
¨nuzzle© ²/ÚnAzl/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A] ´press the nose against: ³The horse @d my
shoulder. ¸2 ¶[VP2C] ·@ up (against/to), ´rub or push with the nose: ³The
horse @d up against my shoulder.¼
¨ny®lon© ²/ÚnñIlon/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´synthetic fibre used for hosiery, rope,
brushes, etc: ³@ stockings/blouses, etc. ¸2 ³(pl) ´@ stockings.¼
¨nymph© ²/nImf/ ³n ¸1 ´(in old Gk and Roman stories) one of the
lesser goddesses, living in rivers, trees, hills, etc; (liter) beautiful young
woman. ¸2 ´pupa; chrysalis.¼
¨nym®phet© ²/nImÚfet/ ³n ´(colloq) young girl looked upon as sexually
desirable.¼
¨nym®pho© ²/ÚnImfE8/ ³n (pl µ@s ²/-fE8z/³) ´(colloq abbr of) nymphomaniac.¼
¨nym®pho®mania© ²/*nImfEÚmeInIE/ ³n ¶[U] ´abnormal sexual desire in women.
¸nym®pho®maniac ²/-ÚmeInIak/ ³n, adj ´(woman) suffering from @.¼
¨O©, o ²/E8/ ³n (pl µO's, o's ²/E8z/³) ´the 15th letter of the English alphabet;
O-shaped sign or mark; (in quoting telephone numbers) 6033, "six O double
three'. µ¥ App 4.¼
¨O©, oh ²/E8/ ³int ´cry of surprise, fear, pain, sudden pleasure, etc.¼
¨o'© ²/E/ ´(abbr of) ³of´, as in ³o'clock, man-o'-war.¼
¨oaf© ²/E8f/ ³n (pl µ@s ´or, rarely µoaves ²/E8vz/³) ´awkward lout. ¸Úoaf®ish
²/-I2/ ³adj ´roughly behaved; loutish.¼
¨oak© ²/E8k/ ³n ¶[C] ´sorts of large tree with tough, hard wood, common in
many parts of the world. µ¥ ´the illus at µtree´; ¶[U] ´the wood of this tree:
³a forest of oak(s)/oak-trees; an oak door; oak panels. ¸Úoak-apple ³n ´growth
on an oak leaf or stem caused by an insect. ¸the Oaks, ´name of a classic
horse-race, run at Epsom, near London. ¸oaken ²/ÚE8kEn/ ³adj ´made of oak.¼
¨oa®kum© ²/ÚE8kEm/ ³n ¶[U] ´loose fibre or threads obtained by picking old
ropes, used for filling up spaces between the boards of a ship.¼
¨oar© ²/c(r)/ ³n ´pole with a flat blade, pulled by hand against a pin,
rowlock or other support on the side of a boat, in order to propel the boat
through the water. µ¥ ´the illus at µeight, row. ·pull a good oar, ´be a good
oarsman. ·put/shove one's oar in, ´(colloq) interfere. ·rest on one's oars,
´stop working for a time. ¸oars®man ²/ÚczmEn/ ³n (pl µ-men³), ¸Úoars®woman ³n
(pl µ-women³) ´rower. Hence, ¸Úoars®man®ship ³n¼
¨oasis© ²/E8ÚeIsIs/ ³n (pl µoases ²/-siz/´) fertile place, with water and trees,
in a desert; (fig) experience, place, etc which is pleasant in the midst of
what is dull, unpleasant, etc.¼
¨oast© ²/E8st/ ³n ´kiln for drying hops. ¸Ú@®house ³n ´building
containing an @.¼
¨oat© ²/E8t/ ³n ´(usu ³pl) ¸1 ´(grain from a) hardy cereal plant grown in cool
climates as food ³(oats ´for horses, ³oatmeal ´for human beings). µ¥ ´the
illus at µcereal. ·feel one's oats, ´(colloq) feel gay, lively, ready for
activity, active. ·sow one's wild oats, ´lead a life of pleasure and gaiety
while young before settling down seriously. ¸Úoat®cake ³n ´(esp in Scot and N
England) thin, unleavened cake made of oatmeal. ¸Úoat®meal ³n ´meal made from
oats, used in porridge and oatcakes. ¸2 ³(pl ´with ³sing v) ´oatmeal porridge:
³Is Scotch @s on the breakfast menu?¼
¨oath© ²/E8T/ ³n (pl µ@s ²/E8Dz/³) ¸1 ´solemn undertaking with God's help to
do sth; solemn declaration that sth is true. ·be on @, ´(legal) having sworn
to tell the truth: ³The judge reminded the witness that he was still under @.
·put sb under @, ´(legal) require sb to swear an @. ·swear/take an @, ´promise
solemnly to give (one's loyalty, allegiance, etc). ·on one's @, ´(non-legal)
used to emphasize that one is telling the truth: ³I didn't say anything to him
about you, on my @. ¸2 ´wrongful use of God's name or of sacred words to
express strong feeling; swear-word; piece of profanity.¼
¨ob®bli®gato© ²/*oblIÚgqtE8/ ³n (pl µ@s ²/-tE8z/³), adj ´(music) ¸1 ´(to be)
performed without any omissions (opp to ³ad libitum´). ¸2 ´(accompanying part)
forming an integral part of a composition.¼
¨ob®du®rate© ²/Úobdj8ErEt ³US: ²-dEr-/ ³adj ´(formal) stubborn; impenitent.
¸@®ly ³adv ¸ob®du®racy ²/Úobdj8ErEsI ³US: ²-dEr-/ ³n ¶[U].¼
¨obedi®ent© ²/EÚbidIEnt/ ³adj ´doing, willing to do, what one is told to do:
³@ children. ·your @ servant, ´formula used at the end of letters of an
official or public nature. ¸@®ly ³adv ¸obedi®ence ²/-Ens/ ³n ¶[U] ´being @:
³Soldiers act in obedience to the orders of their superior officers.¼
¨obeis®ance© ²/E8ÚbeIsns/ ³n ¶[C] ´(formal) deep bow (of respect or homage):
³do/pay @ to a ruler´, show respectful homage or submission.¼
¨ob®elisk© ²/ÚobElIsk/ ³n ´tall, pointed, tapering, four-sided stone pillar,
set up as a monument or landmark.¼
¨obese© ²/E8Úbis/ ³adj ´(of persons) very fat. ¸obes®ity
²/E8ÚbisEtI/ ³n ¶[U] ´being @.¼
¨obey© ²/EÚbeI/ ³vt,vi ¶[VP6A,2A] ´do what one is told to do; carry out (a
command): ³@ an officer; @ orders.¼
¨ob®fus®cate© ²/ÚobfEskeIt/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´(formal) darken or obscure (the
mind); bewilder.¼
¨obi© ²/ÚE8bI/ ³n (pl µobis³) ´(Japanese) broad sash (often ornamental)
fastened round the waist so that there is a large bow.¼
¨obiter dic®tum© ²/*obItE ÚdIktEm/ ³n (pl µdicta ²/ÚdIktE/´) (Lat) incidental
remark or statement.¼
¨obitu®ary© ²/EÚbIt28ErI ³US: ²-t28erI/ ³n (pl µ-ries´) printed notice of sb's
death, often with a short account of his life; (attrib) ³@ notices´, eÔg in a
newspaper.¼
¨ob®ject©1 ²/ÚobdZIkt/ ³n ¸1 ´sth that can be seen or touched; material thing:
³Tell me the names of the @s in this room. ¸Ú@ lesson, ¸(a) ´one (to be)
taught or learnt from an example, or from specimens, etc placed before or
shown to the learner. ¸(b) ´practical illustration of some principle, often
given or used as a warning. ¸Ú@ glass/lens ³n ´= µobjective ³nµ(2). ¸2 ´person
or thing to which action or feeling or thought is directed; thing aimed at;
end; purpose: ³an @ of pity/admiration´, sb or sth pitied/admired; ³with no @
in life; work with the @ of earning fame; fail/succeed in one's @. ·no @, ´no
hindrance; not important: ³money/time/distance, etc no @´, (in advertisements,
eÔg for jobs) the person answering may make his own terms about money, time,
etc. ¸3 ´person or thing of strange appearance, esp if ridiculous, pitiful or
contemptible: ³What an @ you look in that old hat! ¸4 ´(gram) ³n ´or ³n
´equivalent (eÔg a clause) towards which the action of the ³v ´is directed, or
to which a preposition indicates some relation, as in (direct object) "He took
³the money' ´or "He took ³what he wanted' ´or (indirect @) "I gave ³him ´the
money' or (prepositional @) "I gave the money to ³the treasurer'.¼
¨ob®ject©2 ²/EbÚdZekt/ ³vi,vt ¸1 ¶[VP2A,3A] ·@ (to), ´say that one
is not in favour of sth; be opposed (to); make a protest against: ³I @ to all
this noise/to being treated like a child. He stood up and @ed in strong
language. ¸2 ¶[VP9] ·@ (against sb) that, ´give as a reason against: ³I @
(against him) that he is too young for the position. ¸ob®jec®tor ²/-tE(r)/ ³n
´person who @s. ¸conscientious @or, µ¥ concientious.¼
¨ob®jec®tion© ²/EbÚdZek2n/ ³n ¸1 ¶[C,U] ´statement or feeling of dislike,
disapproval or opposition: ³He has a strong @ to getting up early. O@s to the
plan will be listened to sympathetically. ·take @ to, ´object to. ¸2 ¶[C] ´that
which is objected to; drawback; defect. ¸@®able ²/-Ebl/ ³adj ´likely to be
objected to; unpleasant: ³an @able smell; @able remarks. ¸@®ably ²/-EblI/
³adv¼
¨ob®jec®tive© ²/EbÚdZektIv/ ³adj ¸1 ´(in philosophy) having existence outside
the mind; real. µ¥ subjective. ¸2 ´(of persons, writings, pictures)
uninfluenced by thought or feeling; dealing with outward things, actual facts,
etc uninfluenced by personal feelings or opinions. ¸3 ´(gram) of the
objectµ(4)´: ³the @ case, ´in Latin and other inflected languages. ¹ ³n ¸1
´object aimed at; purpose; (esp mil) point to which armed forces are moving to
capture it: ³All our @s were won. ¸2 ´lens of a microscope or telescope
closest to the object being looked at. ¸@®ly ³adv ´in an @µ(2) ´manner.
¸ob®jec®tiv®ity ²/*obdZekÚtIvEtI/ ³n ´state of being @; impartial judgement;
ability to free oneself from personal prejudice.¼
¨ob®jur®gate© ²/ÚobdZEgeIt/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´(liter) scold; rebuke. ¸ob®jur®ga®tion
²/*obdZEÚgeI2n/ ³n ¶[C,U] ´scolding; rebuke.¼
¨ob®late© ²/ÚobleIt/ ³adj ´(geom) flattened at the poles: ³The earth is an @
sphere.¼
¨ob®la®tion© ²/EÚbleI2n/ ³n ¶[C] ´offering made to God or a god.¼
¨ob®li®gate© ²/ÚoblIgeIt/ ³vt ¶[VP17] ·@ sb to do sth, ´(formal)
bind (a person, esp legally) (usu passive): ³He felt @d to help.¼
¨ob®li®ga®tion© ²/*oblIÚgeI2n/ ³n ¶[C] ´promise, duty or condition that
indicates what action ought to be taken (eÔg the power of the law, duty, a
sense of what is right): ³the @s of good citizenship/of conscience;
fulfil/repay an @, ´eÔg by returning hospitality that one has received.
·be/place sb under an @, ´be/make sb indebted to another.¼
¨ob®li®ga®tory© ²/EÚblIgEtrI ³US: ²-tcrI/ ³adj ´that is required by
law, rule or custom: ³Is attendance at school @ or optional in that country? It
is @ on caf_e owners to take precautions against fire.¼
¨ob®lige© ²/EÚblñIdZ/ ³vt ¸1 ¶[VP17] ·@ sb to do sth, ´require, bind (sb) by a
promise, oath, etc: ³The law @s parents to send their children to school. ¸2
¶[VP17] ´(esp in passive) ·be @d to do sth, ´compel: ³They were @d to sell
their house in order to pay their debts. µ¥ have±3µ(1). ¸3 ¶[VP6A,14] ´do sth
for sb as a favour or in answer to a request: ³Please @ me by closing the
door. Can you @ me with«´, lend or give me«? ³I'm much @d to you´, I'm
grateful for what you've done. ¸oblig®ing ³adj ´willing to help: ³obliging
neighbours. ¸oblig®ing®ly ³adv¼
¨ob®lique© ²/EÚblik/ ³adj ¸1 ´sloping; slanting: ³an @ angle´, any angle that
is not a right angle (iÔe not 90Ä). ¸2 ´indirect: ³an @ reference to sth. ¸@®ly
³adv ¸ob®li®quity ²/EÚblIkwEtI/ ³n (pl µ-ties³) ¸1 ¶[U] ´state of being @. ¸2
¶[C,U] ´(instance of) moral perversity.¼
¨ob®lit®er®ate© ²/EÚblItEreIt/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´rub or blot out; remove all signs
of; destroy. ¸ob®lit®er®ation ²/E*blItEÚreI2n/ ³n ¶[U].¼
¨ob®liv®ion© ²/EÚblIvIEn/ ³n ¶[U] ´state of forgetting or being quite
forgotten: ³sink/fall into @; ´(colloq) unconsciousness.¼
¨ob®livi®ous© ²/EÚblIvIEs/ ³adj ·@ of, ´unaware, having no memory: ³@ of one's
surroundings/of what was taking place.¼
¨ob®long© ²/ÚobloG ³US: ²-lcG/ ³n, adj ´(figure) having four straight sides and
angles at 90Ä, longer than it is wide.¼
¨ob®loquy© ²/ÚoblEkwI/ ³n ¶[U] ´public shame or reproach; abuse; discredit.¼
¨ob®nox®ious© ²/EbÚnok2Es/ ³adj ´nasty; very disagreeable ³(to). ¸@®ly ³adv
¸@®ness ³n¼
¨oboe© ²/ÚE8bE8/ ³n ´woodwind instrument of treble pitch with a double-reed
mouthpiece. µ¥ ´the illus at µbrass. ¸Úobo®ist ²/-Ist/ ³n ´player of the @.¼
¨ob®scene© ²/EbÚsin/ ³adj ´(of words, thoughts, books, pictures, etc) morally
disgusting; offensive; likely to corrupt and deprave (esp by regarding or
describing sex indecently). ¸@®ly ³adv ¸ob®scen®ity ²/EbÚsenEtI/ ³n (pl
µ-ties³) ¶[U] ´being @; @ language, etc; ¶[C] ´instance of this.¼
¨ob®scure© ²/EbÚskj8E(r)/ ³adj ¸1 ´dark; hidden; not clearly seen
or understood: ³an @ view/corner. Is the meaning still @ to you? ¸2 ´not well
known: ³an @ village/poet. ´¹ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´make @: ³The moon was @d by clouds.
Mist @d the view. ¸@®ly ³adv ¸ob®scur®ity ²/EbÚskj8ErEtI/ ³n (pl µ-ties³) ¸1
¶[U] ´state of being @: ³content to live in obscurity. ¸2 ¶[C] ´sth that is @
or indistinct: ³a philosophical essay full of obscurities. ¸ob®scur®ant®ism
²/*obskj8ÚrantIzEm/ ³n ¶[U] ¸1 ´opposition to enlightenment. ¸2 ´deliberate
vagueness. ¸ob®scur®ant®ist ²/-Ist/ ³n ´person who practises obscurantism.¼
¨ob®sequies© ²/ÚobsIkwIz/ ³n pl ´funeral ceremonies.¼
¨ob®sequi®ous© ²/EbÚsikwIEs/ ³adj ·@ (to/towards), ´too eager to obey or
serve; showing excessive respect (esp from hope of reward or advantage): ³@ to
the Manager. ¸@®ly ³adv ¸@®ness ³n¼
¨ob®serv®able© ²/EbÚz3vEbl/ ³adj ´that can be seen or noticed; deserving to be
observed. ¸ob®serv®ably ²/-EblI/ ³adv¼
¨ob®serv®ance© ²/EbÚz3vEns/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´the keeping or observingµ(2) ´of a
law, custom, festival, etc: ³the ·*³Lord's ·*³Day Ob·Ú³servance Society´, iÔe
for seeing that proper respect is paid to Sunday; ³the @ of the Queen's
birthday. ¸2 ¶[C] ´act performed as part of a ceremony, or as a sign of
respect or worship.¼
¨ob®serv®ant© ²/EbÚz3vEnt/ ³adj ¸1 ´quick at noticing things: ³an @ boy. ¸2
´careful to observeµ(2) ´laws, customs, etc: ³@ of the rules. ¸@®ly ³adv¼
¨ob®ser®va®tion© ²/*obzEÚveI2n/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´observing or being observed: ³@ of
natural phenomena; escape @. ·be/come under @, ´be observed. ·keep sb under @,
´watch him carefully (eÔg a suspected criminal by the police; a hospital
patient by the medical staff). ¸Ú@ car, ´(in a railway train) one with wide
windows through which to watch the scenery, etc. ¸Ú@ post, ´(mil) post as near
to the enemy's lines as possible, from which reports of the enemy's movements
may be obtained. ¸2 ¶[U] ´power of taking notice: ³a man of little @. ¸3 ¶[U]
´(usu ³pl´) collected and recorded information: ³Has he published his @s on
bird life in the Antarctic yet? ¸4 ·take an @, ´take the altitude of the sun or
other heavenly body in order to find the latitude and longitude of one's
position.¼
¨ob®serv®atory© ²/EbÚz3vEtrI ³US: ²-tcrI/ ³n (pl µ-ries³) ´building
from which natural phenomena (eÔg the sun and the stars, volcanic activity,
marine life) may be observed.¼
¨ob®serve© ²/EbÚz3v/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A,8,9,10,25,2A, ´and ¶18A,19A, ´in
passive¶] ´see and notice; watch carefully: ³@ the behaviour of birds. The
accused man was @d to enter the bank/trying to force the lock of the door. I
have never @d him do otherwise. He @d that it had turned cloudy. He @s keenly
but says little. ¸2 ¶[VP6A] ´pay attention to (rules, etc); celebrate
(festivals, birthdays, anniversaries, etc): ³Do they @ Christmas Day in that
country? ¸3 ¶[VP6A,9] ´say by way of comment: ³He @d that we should probably
have rain. ¸@r ³n ¸1 ´one who @sµ(1)´: ³an @r of nature. ¸2 ´one who
observesµ(2)´: ³an @r of the Sabbath. ¸3 ´person who attends a conference, etc
to listen but who does not otherwise take part. ¸ob®serv®ing ³adj ´quick to
notice. ¸ob®serv®ing®ly ³adv¼
¨ob®sess© ²/EbÚses/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´(usu passive, ·@ed by/with´) (of a fear, a
fixed or false idea) occupy the mind of; continually distress: ³@ed by/with
fear of unemployment. ¸@®ion ²/EbÚse2n/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´state of being @ed. ¸2 ¶[C]
·@ion (about/with sth/sb), ´sth that @es; fixed idea that occupies one's
mind. ¸@®ive ²/EbÚsesIv/ ³adj ´of or like an obsession.¼
¨ob®sid®ian© ²/EbÚsIdIEn/ ³n ´dark volcanic rock like the glass of which some
bottles are made.¼
¨ob®sol®escent© ²/*obsEÚlesnt/ ³adj ´becoming out of date; passing out of use.
¸ob®sol®escence ²/-Úlesns/ ³n ¶[U] ´being @.¼
¨ob®sol®ete© ²/ÚobsElit/ ³adj ´no longer used; out of date.¼
¨ob®stacle© ²/ÚobstEkl/ ³n ´sth in the way that stops progress or makes it
difficult: ³@s to world peace. ¸Ú@ race, ´one in which @s, natural or
artificial, eÔg ditches, hedges, have to be crossed.¼
¨ob®stet®ric© ²/EbÚstetrIk/, ±ob®stet®ri®cal ²/EbÚstetrIkl/ ³adj
´of obstetrics: ³the @ ward ´(in a hospital). ¸ob®stet®rics ³n pl sing-v
´branch of medicine and surgery connected with childbirth, its antecedents
and sequels. ¸ob®ste®tri®cian ²/*obstIÚtrI2n/ ³n ´expert in obstetrics.¼
¨ob®sti®nate© ²/ÚobstInEt/ ³adj ¸1 ´not easily giving way to argument or
persuasion: ³an @ character/streak. ¸2 ´not easily overcome: ³@ resistance; an
@ disease. ¸@®ly ³adv ¸ob®sti®nacy ²/-nEsI/ ³n ¶[U] ´being @; stubbornness.¼
¨ob®strep®er®ous© ²/EbÚstrepErEs/ ³adj ´unruly; noisily resisting control: ³@
behaviour/children. ¸@®ly ³adv ¸@®ness ³n¼
¨ob®struct© ²/EbÚstrAkt/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ¸1 ´be, get, put, sth in the way of;
block up (a road, passage, etc): ³The mountain roads were @ed by falls of
rock. Trees @ed the view. ¸2 ´make (the development, etc of sth) difficult: ³@
the progress of a Bill through the House of Commons.¼
¨ob®struc®tion© ²/EbÚstrAk2n/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´obstructing or being obstructed:
³The Opposition adopted a policy of @. ¸2 ´sth that obstructs: ³@s on the
road´, eÔg trees blown down in a gale. ¸@®ism ²/-IzEm/ ³n ´systematic @ of
plans, legislation, etc. ¸@®ist ²/-Ist/ ³n¼
¨ob®struc®tive© ²/EbÚstrAktIv/ ³adj ´causing, likely or intended to cause,
obstruction: ³a policy @ to our plans. ¸@®ly ³adv¼
¨ob®tain© ²/EbÚteIn/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A] ´get; secure for oneself; buy; have lent
or granted to oneself: ³@ what one wants. Where can I @ the book? ¸2 ¶[VP2A]
´(of rules, customs) be established or in use: ³The custom still @s in
districts. ¸@®able ²/-Ebl/ ³adj ´that can be @ed.¼
¨ob®trude© ²/EbÚtrud/ ³vt,vi ¶[VP14,2A] ·@ (upon), ´push (oneself, one's
opinions, etc) forward, esp when unwanted. ¸ob®trus®ive ²/EbÚtrusIv/ ³adj
´inclined to @. ¸ob®trus®ive®ly ³adv¼
¨ob®tuse© ²/EbÚtjus ³US: ²-Útus/ ³adj ¸1 ´blunt. ¸2 ´(of an angle) between 90Ä
and 180Ä. µ¥ ´the illus at µangle. ¸3 ´slow in understanding; stupid. ¸@®ly
³adv ¸@®ness ³n¼
¨ob®verse© ²/Úobv3s/ ³n ´side of a coin or medal having on it the
head or principal design. µ¥ reverse´; face of anything intended to be
presented; counterpart; (attrib) ³the @ side.¼
¨ob®vi®ate© ²/ÚobvIeIt/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´get rid of; clear away; anticipate: ³@
dangers/difficulties.¼
¨ob®vi®ous© ²/ÚobvIEs/ ³adj ´easily seen or understood; clear; plain. ¸@®ly
³adv ¸@®ness ³n¼
¨oca®rina© ²/*okEÚrinE/ ³n ´small, egg-shaped musical wind-instrument (with
holes for the finger-tips) made of porcelain, plastic or metal.¼
¨oc®ca®sion© ²/EÚkeIZn/ ³n ¸1 ¶[C] ´time at which a particular event takes
place; right time ³(for ´sth): ³on this/that @«; on the present/last @«; on
one @´, once; ³on rare @s. I have met Mr White on several @s. This is not an @
´(= a suitable time) ³for laughter. He has had few @s to speak French. ·on @,
´now and then; whenever the need arises. ·rise to the @, ´show that one is
equal to what needs to be done. ·take this/that @ to say sth, ´avail oneself
of the opportunity. ¸2 ¶[U] ´reason; cause; need: ³I've had no @ to visit him
recently. You have no @ to be angry. ¸3 ¶[C] ´immediate, subsidiary or
incidental cause of sth: ³The real causes of the strike are not clear, but the
@ was the dismissal of two workmen. ¹ vt ¶[VP6A,12A,13A] ´be the cause of: ³The
boy's behaviour @ed his parents much anxiety.¼
¨oc®ca®sional© ²/EÚkeIZEnl/ ³adj ¸1 ´happening, coming, seen, etc from time to
time, but not regularly: ³He pays me @ visits. There will be @ showers during
the day. ·the @ ³+ n, ´= an @ + ³n: ³He pays me the @ visit, ´an @ visit. ¸2
´used or meant for a special event, time, purpose, etc: ³@ verses, ´eÔg written
to celebrate an anniversary. ¸@ly ²/-nElI/ ³adv ´now and then; at times: ³He
visits me @ly.¼
¨Oc®ci®dent© ²/ÚoksIdEnt/ ³n ¸the @, ´(liter) the countries of the West, iÔe
Europe and America, contrasted with ³the Orient. ¸Oc®ci®den®tal ²/*oksIÚdentl/
³n, adj ´(native) of the @ or a country in the @.¼
¨oc®cult© ²/oÚkAlt ³US: ²EÚkAlt/ ³adj ¸1 ´hidden; secret; only for
those with special knowledge. ¸2 ´supernatural, magical: ³@ sciences´, eÔg
astrology. ¸the @, ´that which is @.¼
¨oc®cu®pant© ²/Úokj8pEnt/ ³n ´person who occupies a house, room or position;
person in actual possession of land, etc. ¸oc®cu®pancy ²/-pEnsI/ ³n ´act, fact,
period of occupying a house, land, etc by being in possession.¼
¨oc®cu®pa®tion© ²/*okj8ÚpeI2n/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´act of occupyingµ(1)´; taking and
holding possession of: ³the @ of a house by a family; an army of @´, one that
occupies conquered territory until peace is made. ¸2 ¶[U] ´period during which
land, a building, etc is occupied. ¸3 ¶[C] ´business, trade, etc; that which
occupies one's time, either permanently or as a hobby, etc: ³useful @s for
long winter evenings. ¸@al ²/-2Enl/ ³adj ´arising from, connected with, a
person's @. ¸*@al Úhazards, ´risks that arise from a person's @ (eÔg
explosions in coalmines). ¸*@al Útherapy, ´treatment of illness, etc by
activity in creative or productive employment.¼
¨oc®cu®pier© ²/Úokj8pñIE(r)/ ³n ´occupant; person in (esp temporary or
subordinate) possession of land or a building (contrasted with the owner or
tenant).¼
¨oc®cupy© ²/Úokj8pñI/ ³vt (pt,pp µ-pied³) ¶[VP6A] ¸1 ´live in, be in possession
of (a house, farm, etc). ¸2 ´take and keep possession of (towns, countries,
etc, in war): ³@ the enemy's capital. ¸3 ´take up, fill (space,
time, attention, the mind): ³The dinner and speeches occupied three hours.
Many anxieties @ my mind. He is occupied in translating/occupied with a
translation of a French novel. ¸4 ´hold, fill: ³My sister occupies an important
position in the Department of the Environment.¼
¨oc®cur© ²/EÚk3(r)/ ³vi µ(-rr-) ¸1 ¶[VP2A] ´take place; happen:
³Don't let this @ again. When did the accident @? ¸2 ¶[VP3A] ·@ to, ´come into
(sb's mind): ³An idea has @red to me. Did it ever @ to you that«´, Did you
ever have the idea that«? ¸3 ¶[VP2C] ´exist; be found: ³Misprints @ on every
page.¼
¨oc®cur®rence© ²/EÚkArEns/ ³n ¸1 ¶[C] ´happening; event: ³an everyday @; an
unfortunate @. ¸2 ¶[U] ´fact or process of occurring: ³of frequent/rare @´,
happening frequently/rarely.¼
¨ocean© ²/ÚE82n/ ³n ¸1 ´the great body of water that surrounds the land masses
of the earth: ³an @ voyage. @-going ships, ´(contrasted with ³coastal ´ships).
¸2 ´one of the main divisions of this: ³the Atlantic/Pacific/Indian O@. ¸the @
lanes, ´the routes regularly used by ships. ¸3 ´(colloq) great number or
quantity: ³@s of time/money. ¸@ic ²/*E82IÚanIk/ ³adj ´of, like, living in, the
@.¼
¨ochre© ´(US also ¸ocher´) ²/ÚE8kE(r)/ ³n ¶[U] ´sorts of earth used for making
pigments varying from light yellow to brown; pale yellowish-brown colour.¼
¨o'clock© ²/EÚklok/ ³particle ´(= of the clock) used in asking and telling the
time (to specify an hour): ³He left at five @/between five and six @. µ¥ App
4.¼
¨oc®ta®gon© ²/ÚoktEgEn ³US: ²-gon/ ³n ´plane figure with eight sides and
angles. ¸oc®tag®onal ²/okÚtagEnl/ ³adj ´eight-sided.¼
¨oc®tane© ²/ÚokteIn/ ³n ´paraffin hydro-carbon: ³high @´, (of fuels used in
internal-combustion engines) having good anti-knock properties; ·Ú³@ rating´,
measure of these properties, esp of petrol. µ¥ knock±2µ(3).¼
¨oc®tave© ²/ÚoktIv/ ³n ¸1 ´(music) the note that is six whole tones above or
below a given note; the interval of five whole tones and two semi-tones (³do,
re, mi, fa, so, la, ti, do´); note and its @ sounded together. µ¥ scale±2µ(7).
¸2 ´(poetry) first eight lines of a sonnet; stanza of eight lines.¼
¨oc®tavo© ²/okÚteIvE8/ ³n ´(abbr ¸8vo, ´or ¸oct; ³pl µ@s ²/-vE8z/´) (size of a)
book or page produced by folding sheets of paper three times or into eight
leaves.¼
¨oc®tet©, oc®tette ²/okÚtet/ ³n ¸1 ´(piece of music for) eight singers or
players. ¸2 ´= octaveµ(2)´.¼
¨Oc®to®ber© ²/okÚtE8bE(r)/ ³n ´the tenth month of the year, with 31 days.¼
¨oc®to®gen®arian© ²/*oktEdZIÚneErIEn/ ³n, adj ´(person) of an age from 80 to
89.¼
¨oc®to®pus© ²/ÚoktEpEs/ ³n (pl µ@es ²/-pEsIz/³) ´sea animal with a
soft body and eight arms ³(tentacles) ´provided with suckers. µ¥ ´the illus at
µmollusc.¼
¨oc®troi© ²/Úoktrwq ³US: ²okÚtrwq/ ³n ¶[C] ´duty levied (in some European
countries) on goods brought into a town; place where, officials by whom, the
levy is collected.¼
¨ocu®lar© ²/Úokj8lE(r)/ ³adj ´of, for, by, the eyes; of seeing: ³@
proof/demonstration.¼
¨ocu®list© ²/Úokj8lIst/ ³n ´specialist in diseases of the eye.¼
¨oda®lisque© ²/ÚE8dElIsk/ ³n ´Eastern female slave or concubine, eÔg in a
seraglio in olden times.¼
¨odd© ²/od/ ³adj ¸1 ´(of numbers) not even; not exactly divisible by two: ³1,
3, 5 and 7 are odd numbers. ¸2 ´of one of a pair when the other is missing:
³an odd shoe/boot/glove. ¸3 ´of one or more of a set or series when not with
the rest: ³two odd volumes of an encyclopaedia; an odd player´, (in a game) an
extra player above the number actually needed. ·odd man out, ¸(a) ´person or
thing left when the others have been arranged in pairs. ¸(b) ´(colloq) person
who stands aloof from, or cannot fit himself into, the society, community,
etc, of which he is a member. ¸4 ´with a little extra: ³five ·Ú³hundred odd´,
a number greater than 500; ·Ú³thirty-odd years´, between 30 and 40; ³twelve
·Ú³pounds odd´, $12 and some pence extra. ¸5 ´not regular, habitual, or fixed;
occasional: ³make a living by doing odd jobs; weed the garden at odd
times/moments´, at various and irregular times. ·the odd ³+ n, ´= an odd + ³n:
The landscape was bare except for the odd cactus. ¸6 µ(-er, -est) ´strange;
peculiar: ³He's an odd/odd-looking old man. How odd! ¸odd®ly ³adv ´in an odd
manner: ³oddly enough´, strange to say.¼
¨odd®ity© ²/ÚodItI/ ³n (pl µ-ties³) ¸1 ¶[U] ´quality of being
oddµ(6)´; strangeness: ³@ of behaviour/dress. ¸2 ¶[C] ´queer act, thing or
person: ³He's something of an @´, is unusual in some ways.¼
¨odd®ment© ²/ÚodmEnt/ ³n ¶[C] ¸1 ´remnant; sth left over; old piece: ³The
chair was sold as an @ at the end of the auction. ¸2 ³(pl) ´odd pieces. µ¥
³odds and ends ´at odds(5).¼
¨odds© ²/odz/ ³n pl ¸1 ´the chances in favour of or against sth happening: ³The
@ are against us´, We are unlikely to succeed. ³The @ are in your favour´, You
are likely to succeed. ³The @ are that«´, It is probable that«;
³They were fighting against heavy @. ·It makes no @, ´makes no difference,
will not influence the outcome. ·What's the @? ´(colloq) What does it matter?
·give/receive @, ´give/receive an equalizing allowance (eÔg a number of strokes
in golf, when a player is known to be stronger or weaker than another). ¸2
´things that are not even; inequalities: ³make @ even. ¸3 ´(betting) difference
in amount between the money staked on a chance and the money that will be paid
if the chance is successful: ³@ of ten to one. ¸fixed @, ´(eÔg football pools)
with a promise to pay agreed odds, eÔg 100Å1, regardless of the number of
punters, gamblers. ¸lay @ of, ´offer @ of: ³I'll lay @ of three to one that«.
¸long @, ´eÔg 20 to 1. ¸short @, ´eÔg 3 to 1. ¸*@-Úon, ´better than even
(chance). ¸4 ·be at @ (with sb) (over/on sth), ´be quarrelling or disagreeing.
¸5 @ and ends, ´small articles, bits and pieces, of various sorts and usu of
small value.¼
¨ode© ²/E8d/ ³n ´poem, usu in irregular metre and expressing noble feelings,
often in celebration of some special event.¼
¨odi®ous© ²/ÚE8dIEs/ ³adj ´hateful; repulsive. ¸@®ly ³adv¼
¨odium© ²/ÚE8dIEm/ ³n ¶[U] ´general or widespread hatred; strong feeling
against sth: ³behaviour that exposed him to @.¼
¨odor®ifer®ous© ²/*E8dEÚrIfErEs/ ³adj ´(formal) ´fragrant.¼
¨odor®ous© ²/ÚE8dErEs/ ³adj ´(chiefly poet) fragrant.¼
¨odour© ´(US = ¸odor´) ²/ÚE8dE(r)/ ³n ¸1 ¶[C] ´smell (pleasant or unpleasant).
¸2 ¶[U] ´reputation; approval; favour. ·be in good/bad @ (with sb), ´enjoy/not
enjoy his favour or approval. ¸@®less ³adj¼
¨od®ys®sey© ²/ÚodIsI/ ³n ´long, adventurous journey or series of adventures
(from the voyage of Odysseus ²/EÚdIsIEs/ ´after the siege of Troy, in Homer's
epic).¼
¨oecu®meni®cal© ²/*ikjuÚmenIkl/ ³adj ´= µecumenical.¼
¨Oedi®pus com®plex© ²/ÚidIpEs kompleks ³US: ²Úed-/ ³n ´(psych) sexual love of
an infant for the parent of the opposite sex, with jealousy of the other
parent.¼
¨o'er© ²/c(r)/ ³adv, prep ´(poet) over.¼
¨oesoph®agus© ²/iÚsofEgEs/ ³n ´= µesophagus.¼
¨of© ²/Ev ³strong form: ²ov/ ³prep ¸1 ´(indicating
separation in space or time): ³five miles south of Leeds; within a hundred
yards of the station; within a year of his death; ´(US) ³five minutes/a quarter
of ´(= before) ³two´, (GB = "five minutes/a quarter ³to ´two'). ¸2 ´(indicating
origin, authorship): ³a man of humble origin; of royal descent; the works of
Shakespeare; the Iliad of Homer. ¸3 ´(indicating cause): ³die of grief/hunger,
etc; do sth of necessity/of one's own choice/of one's own accord;
sick/proud/ashamed/afraid/glad/tired, etc of sth or sb; taste/smell, etc of
sth; because of; for fear of. The explosion couldn't have happened of itself´,
iÔe without an external cause. ¸4 ´(indicating relief, deprivation, riddance):
³cure sb of a disease/a bad habit, etc; rid a warehouse of rats; be/get rid of
sth or sb; rob sb of his money; relieve sb of anxiety; clear oneself of an
accusation; destitute of sense; trees bare of leaves; free of customs duty;
independent of help; short of money. ¸5 ´(indicating material or substance): ³a
table of wood; a house of stone; a dress of silk; made of steel and concrete;
built of brick. ¸6 ´(forming ³adj ´phrases; descriptive genitive): ³goods of
our own manufacture; tomatoes of my own growing´, that I have grown myself; ³a
girl of ten years, ´a girl ten years old, a ten-year-old girl; ³a man of
foreign appearance; a man of genius; a man of ability´, an able man; ³a woman
of no importance´, an unimportant woman; ³the vice of drunkenness´, the vice
that is drunkenness; ³a coat of many colours´, a many-coloured coat; ³the city
of Dublin; the Isle of Wight. ¸7 ´(in the pattern "noun±1 ³of ´noun±2´' =
noun±2 ´that is noun±1´): ³They live in a palace of a house´, a house that is a
palace, a palatial house. ³He has the devil of a temper´, a devilish temper.
³Where's that fool of an assistant´, that foolish assistant? ³What a mountain
of a wave´, a mountainous wave! ³She's a fine figure of a woman´, a woman with
a fine figure. ³Where's your rascal of a husband´, your rascally husband? ¸8
´(objective genitive): ³a maker of pots´, a man who makes pots; ³the love of
study; the writing of a letter; loss of power/appetite; great eaters of fish´,
people who eat much fish; ³the fear of God´, iÔe felt by men towards God. ¸9
´(subjective genitive): ³the love of God´, God's love for mankind. ³(µ¥ 8
´above, ³the fear of God); the love of a mother´, a mother's love, the love
that a mother has for her children. Cf ³his love of ´(iÔe for) ³his mother.
¸10 ´(indicating connection, reference or relation): ³the cause of the
accident; the result of the debate; a topic of conversation; the first day of
June; the manners of the present day; those of the middle classes; the master
of the house; the wall of the garden´, the garden wall; ³the leg of the
table´, the table leg; ³the opposite of what I intended; Doctor of Medicine;
Master of Arts; think well of sb; admitting/allowing of no doubt;
accused/suspected/convicted of a crime; speaking/talking/dreaming of sth;
sure/certain/confident/fond/guilty/innocent, etc of sth; hard of hearing´,
deaf; ³blind of ´(= in respect of) ³one eye; at thirty years of age. What of
´(= about) ³the risk? Well, what of it? ¸11 ´(indicating partition, inclusion,
measure): ¸(a) ³a sheet of paper; a roll of cloth; a pint of milk; a ton of
coal; 3 acres of land; 2 yards of cloth; some of that cake; one/a few/all of
us; a lot/a great deal/not much of this stuff; no more of that. The car won't
hold the six of us. ¸(b) ´(after superlatives): ³He is the most dangerous of
enemies. You have had the best of teachers´, the best of those teachers who
were available. ¸(c) ´(= out of): ³It surprises me that you, of all men,
should be so foolish. On this day of all days. ¸(d) ´(intensive): ³the song of
songs; the Holy of Holies´, best deserving the name. ¸12 ´(in the pattern ³n +
of + possessive) ¸(a) ´from among the number of: ³a friend of mine; no business
of yours; reading a volume of Ruskin's´, a book, one of a number of which
Ruskin was the author; ³a painting of the king's´, one of a number belonging
to, or painted by, the king. Cf ³a portrait of the king´, a painting to show
the king's appearance. ¸(b) ´(used when the ³n ´is modified by a demonstrative
or other word that cannot be combined with a possessive): ³that long nose of
his; this essay of Green's; that foolish young wife of yours; that
queer-looking hat of hers. ¸13 ´(in the pattern ³adj + of + n/pron´): ³How kind
of you to help! It was good of your brother to come. ¸14 ´(indicating time):
³What do you do of a Sunday´, on Sundays? ³He sometimes comes in of an
evening´, in the evenings. ³In days of old/of yore´, in the past; ³of late´,
recently; ³of late years´, during recent years. ¸15 ´by: ³beloved of all.¼
¨off©1 ²/of ³US: ²cf/ ³adj ¸1 ´(contrasted with ³near´) (of horses,
vehicles) on the right-hand side: ³the off front wheel; the off hind leg of a
horse; the off horse ´(of a pair). ¸2 ´(remotely) possible or likely. ·on the
off chance, µ¥ chance±1µ(2). ¸3 ´inactive; dull: ³the ·Ú³off season, µ¥
season.¼
¨off©2 ²/of ³US: ²cf/ ³adverbial particle ´(For special uses with ³off ´as an
³adverbial particle ´such as ³go off´: ³turn sth off µ¥ ´the ³v ´entries.) ¸1
´indicating distance in space or time, departure, removal, separation at or to
a distance; away: ³The town is five miles off. We're still some way off´,
from our destination. ³The holidays are not far off. Why don't you have that
long beard off´, cut off, shaved off? ³He's off to London. It's time I was
off/I must be off now´, I must leave now. ³We're off/Off we go! ´We've
started/We're starting! ³They're off! ´(in racing) The race has started! ³Off
with him! ´Take him away! ³Off with his head! ´Cut his head off! ¸2
´(contrasted with ³on´) indicating the ending of sth arranged, planned, etc:
³Their engagement ´(iÔe to marry) ³is off/broken off´, ended. ³The miners'
strike is off´, will not now take place. ¸3 ´(contrasted with ³on´)
disconnected; no longer available: ³The water/gas/electricity is off. Are the
brakes off? The central heating is off. That dish is off´, (in a restaurant)
no more of that dish is available (even though it is on the menu). ¸4
´indicating absence or freedom from work or duty: ³I think I'll take the
afternoon off´, not do my usual work, etc. ³The manager gave the staff a day
off´, a day's holiday. ³You mustn't take time off ´(= stay away from work)
³just because you want to see a football match. ¸5 ´(of food) no longer fresh:
³This fish has gone slightly off´, is beginning to smell or taste rather bad.
¸6 ´(in a theatre) behind or at the side(s) of the stage: ³Noises off´, eÔg as
a stage direction in a printed play. ¸7 ´(phrases) ·off of, ´(US) = off
(³prep´). ·on and off; off and on, ´from time to time; now and again;
irregularly: ³It rained on and off all day. ·badly/comfortably/well off, µ¥
´these adverbs. ·better/worse off, µ¥ better±2µ(1), worse ³advµ(1).
·right/straight off, ´at once; immediately.¼
¨off©3 ²/of ³US: ²cf/ ³prep ¸1 ´not on; down from; away from: ³fall off a
ladder/a tree/a horse. The rain ran off the roof. The ball rolled off the
table. Keep off the grass. Cut another slice off the loaf. Can you take
something off ´(iÔe reduce) ³the price? ¸2 ´(of a road or street) extending or
branching from: ³a narrow lane off the main road; a street off the Strand´,
branching from the street called the Strand. ¸3 ´at some distance from: ³a
house off the main road; ´a short distance seaward of: ³an island off the
Cornish coast; a ship anchored off the harbour entrance. The battle was fought
off Cape Trafalgar. ¸4 ´(colloq) feeling averse to; not taking or indulging
in: ³I'm off my food´, have little or no appetite, don't enjoy it. ³She's off
smoking/drugs´, does not smoke/take drugs any more.¼
¨off©4 ²/of ³US: ²cf/ ³pref ´(used in numerous compounds) µ¥ ´the
entries below.¼
¨of®fal© ²/Úofl ³US: ²Úcfl/ ³n ¶[U] ´those parts, eÔg heart, head, kidneys,
which are considered less valuable than the flesh when an animal is cut up for
food.¼
¨off-beat© ²/*of Úbit ³US: ²*cf/ ³adj ´(colloq) unusual; unconventional: ³an @
TÔV comedy.¼
¨off-day© ²/Úof deI ³US: ²Úcf/ ³n ´(colloq) day when one is
unlucky, when one does things badly, clumsily, etc: ³I'm afraid this is one of
my @s.¼
¨of®fence© ´(US = ¸of®fense´) ²/EÚfens/ ³n ¸1 ¶[C] ·an @ against, ´crime, sin,
breaking of a rule: ³an @ against the law/against good manners; be charged with
a serious @. ¸2 ¶[U] ´the hurting of sb's feelings; condition of being hurt in
one's feelings. ·give/cause @ (to sb); take @ (at sth)´: ³He is quick to take
@´, is easily offended. ·No @! ´(phrase used to say) I did not intend to hurt
your feelings. ¸3 ¶[U] ´attack: ³weapons of @. They say that the most effective
defence is @. ¸4 ¶[C] ´that which annoys the senses or makes sb angry: ³That
cess-pool is an @ to the neighbourhood. ¸@®less ³adj ´without @; not giving @.¼
¨of®fend© ²/EÚfend/ ³vi,vt ¸1 ¶[VP3A] ·@ against, ´do wrong; commit an
offence: ³@ against good manners/the law/traditions, etc. ¸2 ¶[VP6A] ´hurt the
feelings of; give offence to: ³I'm sorry if I've @ed you. He was @ed at/by my
remarks. She was @ed by/with her husband. ¸3 ¶[VP6A] ´displease; annoy:
³sounds that @ the ear; ugly buildings that @ the eye. ¸@er ³n ´person who @s,
esp by breaking a law; ³first @ers´, found guilty for the first time and not
usu treated severely; ³an old @er´, one who has often been found guilty.¼
¨of®fense© ²/EÚfens/ µ¥ offence.¼
¨of®fen®sive© ²/EÚfensIv/ ³adj ¸1 ´causing offence to the mind or senses;
disagreeable: ³fish with an @ smell; @ language. ¸2 ´used for, connected with,
attack: ³@ weapons/wars. µ¥ defensive. ´¹ ³n ´attack; an attitude of attack.
·go into/take the @, ´go into attack. ¸a peace @, ´(modern jargon) sustained
effort the declared aim of which is to lessen the risk of war. ¸@®ly ³adv
¸@®ness ³n¼
¨of®fer© ²/ÚofE(r) ³US: ²Úcf-/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A,7A,12A,13A,14] ·@
sth to sb; @ sb sth; @ sth for sth, ´hold out, put forward, to be accepted or
refused; say what one is willing to pay, give or exchange: ³They @ed a reward
for the return of the jewels that had been lost. I have been @ed a job in
Japan. He @ed to help me. He @ed me his help. We @ed him the house for
$20Ô000/@ed him $20Ô000 for the house. ·@ battle, ´give the enemy an
opportunity of fighting. ·@ one's hand, ´hold it out (to shake hands). ·@ one's
hand (in marriage), ´make a proposal of marriage to a woman. ¸2
¶[VP6A,12A,13A,15B] ·@ sth (up) (to God), ´present (to God): ³@ prayers to God;
@ up a sacrifice. ¸3 ¶[VP6A,7A,14] ·@ (to), ´attempt; give signs of: ³@ no
resistance to the enemy. ¸4 ¶[VP2A] ´occur; arise: ³Take the first opportunity
that @s´, that there is. ·as occasion @s, ´when there is an opportunity. ¹ ³n
¶[C] ´statement @ing to do sth or give sth; that which is @ed: ³an @ of help;
your kind @ to help; an @ of marriage´, a proposal. ³I've had an @ of $20Ô000
for the house. Make me an @. ·be open to an @, ´be willing to consider a price
to be named by a buyer. ·(goods) on @, ´for sale at a certain price. ¸@®ing
²/ÚofErIG ³US: ²Úcf-/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´act of @ing: ³the @ing of bribes. ¸2 ¶[C]
´sth @ed or presented: ³a ·Ú³peace @ing´, sth @ed in the hope of restoring
friendship after a quarrel, etc.¼
¨of®fer®tory© ²/ÚofEtrI ³US: ²-tcrI/ ³n (pl µ-ries³) ¶[C] ´gifts collected in
church during, or at the end of, a service.¼
¨off-hand© ²/*of Úhand ³US: ²*cf/ ³adj ¸1 ´without previous thought or
preparation; extempore: ³@ remarks. ¸2 ´(of behaviour, etc) casual; curt: ³in
an @ way. ´¹ ³adv ´without previous thought: ³I can't say @. ¸*off-Úhanded(ly)
³adj, adv ´= @.¼
¨of®fice© ²/ÚofIs ³US: ²Úcf-/ ³n ¶[C] ¸1 ´(often ³pl´) room(s) used
as a place of business: ³a lawyer's @; working in an @´, in business, eÔg as a
clerk or typist; ³our London @´, our branch in London; (US) surgery. ¸Úbooking
@, µ¥ book±2µ(2). ¸Úbox-@, µ¥ box±1µ(2). ¸Ú@-block, ´(usu large) building
containing @s (often of more than one company or firm). ¸Ú@-boy ³n ´boy
employed to do less important duties in an @. ¸2 ´(buildings of a) government
department, including the staff, their work and duties: ³the ·Ú³Foreign O@. ¸3
´the work which it is sb's duty to do, esp in a public position of trust and
authority: ³enter upon/leave/accept/resign @, ´esp of positions in the
government service. ³Which party will be in @ after the next general election?
The Liberals have been out of @ for a long time now. ¸Ú@-bearer ³n ´person who
holds an @. ¸4 ´duty: ³the @ of host/chairman. ¸5 ³(pl) ´attentions, services,
help: ³through the good @s ´(= kind help) ³of a friend; perform the last @s
for«´, conduct the burial service of«. ¸Divine O@, ´certain forms of worship in
the Roman Catholic and Episcopal Churches.¼
¨of®fi®cer© ²/ÚofIsE(r) ³US: ²Úcf-/ ³n ¸1 ´person appointed to command others
in the armed forces, in merchant ships, aircraft, the police force, etc usu
wearing special uniform with indications of rank: ³commissioned and
non-commissioned @s; @s and crew. ¸2 ´person with a position of authority or
trust, engaged in active duties, eÔg in the government: ³executive/clerical @s,
´in the civil service; ³a customs @; @s of state´, ministers in the government;
³the @s of the Debating Society´, iÔe the President, Secretary, Treasurer; ³the
Medical O@ of Health; ·Ú³Welfare O@s. ¸3 ´form of address to a policeman.¼
¨of®fi®cial© ²/EÚfI2l/ ³adj ¸1 ´of a position of trust or
authority; said, done, etc with authority: ³@ responsibilities/records; in his
@ uniform; @ statements. The news is not @. ¸2 ´characteristic of, suitable
for, persons holding office: ³written in @ style. ´¹ ³n ´person holding public
office (eÔg in national or local government): ³government @s. ¸@ly ²/-2ElI/
³adv ´in an @ manner; with @ authority. ¸@®dom ²/-dEm/ ³n ´@s collectively; the
ways of doing the business of (government) @s. ¸@ese ²/E*fI2EÚliz/ ³n ¶[U]
´language characteristic of the writing of some government @s (considered to
be too formal or obscure). µ¥ ³journalese ´at µjournal.¼
¨of®fici®ate© ²/EÚfI2IeIt/ ³vi ¶[VP2A,C,3A] ·@ (as) (at), ´perform the duties
of an office or position: ³@ as chairman; @ as host at a dinner party; @ at a
marriage ceremony´, (of a priest) perform the ceremony.¼
¨of®fi®cious© ²/EÚfI2Es/ ³adj ´too eager or ready to help, offer advice, use
authority. ¸@®ly ³adv ¸@®ness ³n¼
¨off®ing© ²/ÚofIG ³US: ²Úcf-/ ³n ´part of the sea distant from the point of
observation but visible: ³a ship in the @´; (fig) ³a quarrel in the @´, one
that appears likely to break out.¼
¨off®ish© ²/ÚofI2 ³US: ²Úcf-/ ³adj ´(colloq) inclined to aloofness; distant in
manner. µ¥ ³stand-offish ´at µstand±2µ(11).¼
¨off-licence© ²/Úof lñIsns ³US: ²Úcf/ ³n ´licence to sell beer and other
alcoholic drinks for consumption off the premises; shop, part of a public
house, where such drinks may be bought and taken away.¼
¨off-peak© ²/Úof pik ³US: ²Úcf/ ³attrib adj µ¥ peak±1µ(4).¼
¨off-print© ²/Úof prInt ³US: ²Úcf/ ³n ¶[C] ´separate printed copy of an
article in part of a larger publication.¼
¨off-putting© ²/*of Úp8tIG ³US: ²*cf/ ³adj ´(colloq) disconcerting. µ¥ ³put
off ´at µput±1µ(11).¼
¨off-scour®ings© ²/Úof skñ8ErIGz ³US: ²Úcf/ ³n pl ´(usu fig) refuse; dregs.¼
¨off®set© ²/Úofset ³US: ²Úcf-/ ³vt µ(-tt-) ¶[VP6A,14] ´balance,
compensate for: ³He has to @ his small salary by living economically. ¹ ³n ¸1
@ (process), ´method of printing in which the ink is transferred from a plate
to a rubber surface and then on to paper. ¸2 ´= offshoot.¼
¨off®shoot© ²/Úof2ut ³US: ²Úcf-/ ³n ¶[C] ´stem or branch growing from a main
stem (liter or fig): ³an @ of a plant/a mountain range/a family.¼
¨off-shore© ²/*of Ú2c(r) ³US: ²*cf/ ³adj ¸1 ´in a direction away from the
shore or land: ³@ breezes. ¸2 ´at a short way out to sea: ³@
islands/fisheries. ¸3 @ purchases, ´(US) goods purchased by the US for
countries in receipt of economic or military aid, but which do not come from
the US directly, eÔg aluminium shipped from Canada to Europe.¼
¨off®side© ²/of ÚsñId ³US: ²cf/ ³attrib adj, adv ´(football, hockey) (of a
player) in a position on the field in relation to the ball which is debarred by
the rules: ³@ play; the @ rule.¼
¨off®spring© ²/ÚofsprIG ³US: ²Úcf-/ ³n (pl ´unchanged) child; children; young
of animals: ³He is the @ of a scientific genius and a ballet dancer. Their @
are all slightly mad.¼
¨off-street© ²/Úof strit ³US: ²Úcf/ ³attrib adj ´not on the main streets: ³@
parking, ´of motor vehicles; ³@ (un)loading´, eÔg of lorries at the rear
entrances of buildings.¼
¨off-white© ²/*of ÚwñIt ³US: ²*cf ÚhwñIt/ ³adj ´not pure white, but with a pale
greyish or yellowish tinge.¼
¨oft© ²/oft ³US: ²cft/ ³adv ´(in poetry) often: ³an oft-told tale; many a time
and oft´, very often. ¸Úoft-times ³adv ´(archaic) often.¼
¨of®ten© ²/Úofn ³US: ²Úcfn/ ³adv of frequency ´(usu occupying mid-position (iÔe
with the ³v´); may occupy front-position or end-position for emphasis (esp when
modified by ³very ´or ³quite´), or for contrast; comp and sup either ³@er,
@est´, or ³more @, most @.) ¸1 ´many times; in a large proportion of the
instances: ³We @ go there. We have @ been there. We've been there quite @. It
very @ rains here in April. ¸2 ´(in phrases) ·how @´: ³How @ do the buses run?
·as @ as, ´each time that: ³As @ as I tried to ring him the line was engaged.
·as @ as not; more @ than not, ´very frequently: ³During foggy weather the
trains are late more @ than not. ·every so @, ´from time to time. ·once too @,
´once more than is wise, safe, etc: ³He exceeded the speed limit once too @ and
was fined $50.¼
¨ogle© ²/ÚE8gl/ ³vi,vt ¶[VP3A,6A] ·@ (at), ´look at (suggesting
lust or longing): ³ogling all the pretty girls.¼
¨ogre© ²/ÚE8gE(r)/ ³n ¶[C] ´(in fables) cruel man-eating giant. ¸ogress
²/ÚE8gres/ ³n ´female @. ¸Ú@®ish ²/-I2/ ³adj ´like an @.¼
¨oh© ²/E8/ ³int ´exclamation of surprise, fear, etc.¼
¨ohm© ²/E8m/ ³n ¶[C] ´unit of electrical resistance (symbol ²S´).¼
¨oho© ²/E8ÚhE8/ ³int ´exclamation of surprise or triumph.¼
¨oil© ²/ãIl/ ³n ¶[C,U] ¸1 ´(sorts of) (usu easily burning) liquid
which does not mix with water, obtained from animals (eÔg ³whale-oil´), plants
³(coconut oil, ·*³olive-·Ú³oil, oil of peppermint, essential oils´), or found
in rock underground ³(mineral oil, petroleum)´: ³cod-liver oil; salad oil;
hair oil. ¸2 ´(phrases) ·burn the midnight oil, ´sit up late at night to
study, etc. ·paint in oils, ´paint with oil-colours (µ¥ ´below). ·pour oil on
the flame(s), ´make anger more intense, make a quarrel more bitter, etc. ·pour
oil on troubled waters, ´act or speak in such a way as to end quarrelling,
bitterness, etc. ·smell of the midnight oil, ´bear marks of study (as if done
late at night by the light of an oil-lamp). ·strike oil, ´find petroleum in
the ground by sinking a shaft, etc; (fig) become very prosperous or
successful. ¸3 ´(compounds) ¸Úoil-bearing ³adj ´(eÔg rock strata) containing
mineral oil. ¸Úoil-burner ³n ´engine, ship, heater, etc that uses oil as fuel.
¸Úoil-cake ³n ¶[U] ´cattle food made from seeds after the oil has been pressed
out. ¸Úoil-can ³n ´can with a long nozzle, used for oiling machinery.
¸Úoil®cloth ³n ¶[U] ´cotton material waterproofed and used as a covering for
shelves, etc. ¸Úoil-colours, oils ³n pl ´paints made by mixing colouring matter
in oil. ¸Úoil-field ³n ´area where petroleum is found. ¸Úoil-fired ³adj ´(eÔg
of a furnace) burning oil as fuel: ³oil-fired central heating. ¸Úoil-painting
³n ¶[U] ´art of painting in oil-colours; ¶[C] ´picture painted in oil-colours.
¸Úoil-palm ³n ´tropical palm tree yielding oil. ¸Úoil-paper ³n ´paper made
transparent and waterproof by being treated with oil. ¸Úoil-rig ³n ´structure
and machinery for drilling (eÔg in the sea-bed) for oil. µ¥ derrick(2).
¸Úoil-silk ³n ´silk cloth treated with oil to make it air-tight and
water-tight, used for making raincoats, etc. ¸Úoil®skin ³n ¶[C,U] ´(coat etc,
made of) cloth treated with oil to make it waterproof; ³(pl) ´suit of clothes
made of this material, as worn by sailors, etc. ¸Úoil-slick, µ¥ slick.
¸Úoil-tanker ³n ´ship, large vehicle, for carrying oil (esp petroleum).
¸Úoil-well ³n ´well from which petroleum is obtained. ¹ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´put oil
on or into (eÔg to make a machine run smoothly): ³oil a lock/bicycle; oil the
wheels/works´, (fig) make things go smoothly by being tactful; ³oil ´(more usu
³grease´) ³sb's palm´, give him a bribe. ¸oiled ³adj ´(usu ³well-oiled´) (sl)
rather drunk.¼
¨oiler© ²/ÚãIlE(r)/ ³n ¸1 ´ship built for carrying oil; oil-tanker.
¸2 ´oil-can for oiling machinery. ¸3 ´person who oils machinery, eÔg in the
engine-room of a ship.¼
¨oily© ²/ÚãIlI/ ³adj µ(-ier, -iest) ¸1 ´of or like oil: ³an @ liquid. ¸2
´covered or soaked with oil: ³@ fingers. ¸3 ´(of speech or manner) too smooth;
fawning; trying by fawning to win favour. ¸oili®ness ³n´. ´also µ¥ oleaginous.¼
¨oint®ment© ²/ÚãIntmEnt/ ³n ¶[C,U] ´(sorts of) medicinal paste made from oil or
fat and used on the skin (to heal injuries or roughness, or as a cosmetic).¼
¨okapi© ²/E8ÚkqpI/ ³n ´rare forest ruminant animal of Central Africa.¼
¨okay© ²/*E8ÚkeI/ ³adj, adv ´(abbr ¸OÔK´) ´(colloq) all right; correct;
approved. ¹ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´agree to; approve of. ¹ ³n ´agreement; sanction:
³Have they given you their OÔK?¼
¨okra© ²/ÚE8krE/ ³n ´(tropical and semi-tropical plant with) edible green seed
pods used as a vegetable.¼
¨old© ²/E8ld/ ³adj µ(-er, -est) µ¥ ´also µelder±1µ, eldest. ¸1 ´(with a period
of time, and with ³how´) of age: ³He's forty years old. At fifteen years old he
left home to become a sailor. How old are you? He is old enough to know better.
Ought a seven-year-old child to be able to read? ¸2 ´(contrasted with ³young´)
having lived a long time; no longer young or middle-aged: ³Old people cannot be
so active as young people. He's far too old for a young girl like you to marry.
What will he do when he grows/is/gets old? ¸the old, ´old people. ¸young and
old, ´everyone. ¸old age, ´the latter part of life. ¸old age pension ´(abbr
¸OÔAÔP´), ´(or ³retirement pension´) pension paid by the State to old persons.
Hence, ¸old age pensioner ³n ´(or ³senior citizen´). ¸the old man, ´(colloq)
¸(a) ´one's husband or father. ¸(b) ´(among sailors) the captain of a ship.
¸the old woman, ´(colloq) one's wife. ¸*old-Úwomanish ³adj ´fussy and timid.
¸an old maid, µ¥ maid. ¸*old-Úmaidish ³adj ´precise, tidy, fidgety. ¸3
´(contrasted with ³new, modern, up-to-date´)
belonging to past times; having been in existence or use for a long time: ³old
customs/families/civilizations; old houses/clothes. ·one of the Úold school,
´conservative; old-fashioned. ¸the Old World, ´Europe, Asia and Africa.
¸*old-Úfashioned ³adj ¸(a) ´out of date: ³old-fashioned styles/clothes. ¸(b)
´keeping to old ways, ideas, customs, etc: ³an old-fashioned aunt; an
old-fashioned child´, one who behaves like a much older person. ¸(c) ´(of
glances) reproving: ³She gave him an old-fashioned look. µ¹ ³n ´(US) kind of
cocktail made with whiskey. ¸old fogey ³n µ¥ fogey. ¸old hat, ´(colloq) out of
date. ¸Úold-time ³adj ´belonging to, typical of, past times: ³old-time dances.
¸Úold-world ³adj ´belonging to, typical of, past times; not modern: ³an
old-world cottage/garden. ¸4 ´long known or familiar: ³an old friend of mine´,
one who has been a friend for a long time (but not necessarily old in years).
¸Old Glory, ´used by Americans of the flag of the US. ¸5 ´former; previous (but
not necessarily old in years). ¸Úold boy/girl, ´former member of the school in
question. ¸the Úold country, ´one's mother country (used esp when one has left
it to settle elsewhere). ¸the/one's old school, ´the school one attended as a
boy/girl. ¸the/one's old school tie, (a) ´tie worn by former pupils. ¸(b)
´feeling of solidarity, wish to give mutual help, among former pupils of the
same school or similar types of school. ¸6 ´having much experience or practice:
³a man who is old in diplomacy. ¸the old guard, ´long-standing, faithful
supporters. ¸old offender, ´person who has often been convicted of crime. ¸an
old hand (at sth), ´person with long experience. ¸old-Útimer ³n ´person who has
for many years lived in a place, been associated with (a club, occupation,
etc). ·come the old soldier (over sb), ´(colloq) claim, because of long
experience, to have superior knowledge or ability. ¸7 ´(colloq) used in
addressing persons, and with names (and nicknames) giving intimacy, or in
joking style: ³"Good old John!' "Listen, old man.' "Hullo, old thing!' ·the
Úold one; the old gentleman; old Harry/Nick/Scratch, ´the devil. ¸8 ´(sl) used
as an intensive: ³We're having a high old time´, a very good time. ³Any old
thing ´(= Anything whatever) ³will do. ´¹ ³n ´the past: ³in days of old; the
men of old. ¸old®ish ²/-I2/ ³adj ´rather old.¼
¨olden© ²/ÚE8ldEn/ ³adj ´(archaic, liter) of a former age: ³in @
times/days.¼
¨old®ster© ²/ÚE8ldstE(r)/ ³n ´(colloq) (opposite to ³youngster´) old person:
³Some of us @s have more energy than the youngsters.¼
¨ole®agi®nous© ²/*E8lIÚadZInEs/ ³adj ´having properties of oil; producing oil;
fatty; greasy.¼
¨ole®an®der© ²/*E8lIÚandE(r)/ ³n ¶[C] ´evergreen shrub with tough leaves and
red, pink or white flowers growing in clusters.¼
¨ol®fac®tory© ²/olÚfaktErI/ ³adj ´concerned with smelling: ³the @
nerves.¼
¨oli®garchy© ²/ÚolIgqkI/ ³n (pl µ-chies³) ¶[C,U] ´(country with) government by
a small group of all-powerful persons; such a group. ¸oli®garch ²/ÚolIgqk/ ³n
´member of an @.¼
¨ol®ive© ²/ÚolIv/ ³n ¸1 µ¥ ´the illus at µtree. ¸Ú@(-tree), ´(evergreen tree
common in S Europe bearing a) small oval fruit with a hard stone-like seed and
a bitter taste, yellowish-green when unripe and bluish-black when ripe; used
for pickling, to be eaten as a relish, and for oil, ¸(*@-Úoil), ´which is used
for cooking, dressing salads, etc. ¸2 ´leaf, branch or wreath of @ as an emblem
of peace. ·*hold out the Ú@-branch, ´show that one is ready to discuss
peace-making. ¹ ³adj ´the colour of the unripe fruit, yellowish-green or
yellowish-brown.¼
¨Olym®piad© ²/EÚlImpIad/ ³n ´period of four years between celebrations of the
Olympic Games.¼
¨Olym®pian© ²/EÚlImpIEn/ ³adj ´(of manners, etc) magnificent; god-like: ³@
calm. ´¹ ³n ´one of the greater gods of ancient Greece; person with god-like
qualities.¼
¨Olym®pic© ²/EÚlImpIk/ ³adj ¸the @ Games, (a) ´the contests held at Olympia in
Greece in ancient times. ¸(b) ´the international athletic competitions held in
modern times every four years in a different country.¼
¨om®buds®man© ²/Úomb8dzman/ ³n ¸the O@, ´(in GB officially called
³Parliamentary Commissioner´) experienced person having authority to inquire
into and pronounce upon grievances of citizens against public authorities.¼
¨omega© ²/ÚE8mIgE ³US: ²E8ÚmegE/ ³n ´the last letter (²S´) of the
Greek alphabet, µ¥ App 4´; final development. ·Alpha and O@, ´the beginning and
the end.¼
¨om®elette©, om®elet ²/ÚomlIt/ ³n ¶[C] ´eggs beaten together and fried, often
flavoured with cheese or containing herbs, etc or ³(sweet @) ´jam, sugar.¼
¨omen© ²/ÚE8men/ ³n ¶[C,U] ´(thing, happening, regarded as a) sign of sth good
or warning of evil fortune: ³an @ of success; an event of good/bad @. ´¹ ³vt
¶[VP6A] ´be an @ of.¼
¨om®in®ous© ²/ÚomInEs/ ³adj ´of bad omen; threatening: ³an @ silence; @ of
disaster. ¸@®ly ³adv¼
¨omission© ²/EÚmI2n/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´act of omitting, leaving out or undone: ³sins
of @´, leaving undone those things that ought to be done. ¸2 ¶[C] ´sth that is
omitted.¼
¨omit© ²/EÚmIt/ ³vt µ(-tt-) ¸1 ¶[VP7A,6C] ·@ to do/doing sth, ´fail: ³@ to do/@
doing a piece of work. ¸2 ¶[VP6A] ´fail to include; leave out: ³This chapter
may be @ted.¼
¨om®ni®bus© ²/ÚomnIbEs/ ³n (pl µ@es ²/-bEsIz/³) ¸1 ´(former name for a) bus;
(in names): ³The ·*³Midland ·Ú³O@ Co. ¸2 ´(attrib) for, including, many
purposes: ³an @ volume´, a large book in which a number of books, eÔg by the
same author, are reprinted.¼
¨om®nip®otence© ²/omÚnIpEtEns/ ³n ¶[U] ´infinite power: ³the @ of God.
¸om®nip®otent ²/-Ent/ ³adj ´having infinite power: ³the O@´, God.¼
¨om®nis®cience© ²/omÚnIsIEns/ ³n ¶[U] ´(formal) infinite knowledge.
¸om®nis®cient ²/-sIEnt/ ³adj ´having infinite knowledge.¼
¨om®niv®or®ous© ²/omÚnIvErEs/ ³adj ´(formal) eating all kinds of food; (fig)
reading all kinds of books, etc: ³an @ reader.¼
¨on©1 ²/on/ ³adverbial particle ´(For special uses with ³on ´as an
³adverbial particle ´such as ³go on´, ³go on sth, µ¥ ´the ³v ´entries.) ¸1
´(expressing the idea of progress, advance, continued activity; µ¥ ³v ´entries
for special uses): ³Come on! They hurried on. I will follow on´, come after
you. ³He's getting on in years´, growing old. ³The war still went on´, did not
end. ³How can you work on ´(= continue working) ³so long without a rest? On
with the show! ´Let the show begin! Let the show continue! ·and Úso on, ´and
other things of the same kind; et cetera. ·later on, ´at, during, a later time.
·on and on, ´without stopping: ³We walked on and on. ¸2 ´(corresponding in
meaning to µon±2µ(1)´): ³On with your coat´, Put it on. ³Your hat is not on
straight. He had nothing on´, was naked. ³Has he got his spectacles on? ´Is he
wearing them? ¸on to, onto ³prep ´to a position on: ³She fainted and fell on to
the floor. The actor stepped onto the stage. We ran out of the sea and on to
the beach. ¸3 ´(contrasted with µoff±2µ(3)´) ¸(a) ´in action; in use;
functioning; flowing, running, etc: ³The lights were all full on´, giving their
maximum light. ³Someone has left the bathroom tap on´, running. ³I can smell
gasÅis one of the taps on´, is gas escaping from one of them? ³Be sure the
handbrake is on before you leave the car. The performance is on´, has begun.
¸(b) ´available or procurable when or if needed: ³Is the water on yet? ´Is a
supply available from the mains? ³The strike of postal workers is still on´,
has not ended yet. ¸4 ´(combined with ³be ´and ³have ´in various meanings):
³What's on? ´What's the programme? What's happening? ³What's on ´(= What films
are being shown) ³at the local cinema this week? There's nothing on tomorrow,
is there´, eÔg no meeting I ought to attend, no engagement I ought to carry
out? ³Have you anything on this evening´, any engagements, plans, etc? ·be Úon
about sth, ´(colloq) talk or grumble about it: ³what's he on about now? ·be Úon
at sb, ´(colloq) nag or pester him (³about ´or ³to do ´sth). ·be Úon to sb/sth,
¸(a) ´be in contact with: ³I've been on to the President, and he told me that«
¸(b) ´be aware of the plans, actions, importance etc of; be in pursuit of: ³be
on to a conspiracy/scandal/murderer. ·be *on to a good Úthing, ´be lucky or
successful. ¸5 ´towards: ³a ship broadside on to the dock gates´, with its side
facing towards the gates; ³end on´, iÔe with the end forward.¼
¨on©2 ²/on/ ³prep ¸1 ´supported by; fastened or attached to;
covering or forming part of (a surface); lying against; in contact with: ³a
carpet on the floor; the jug on the table; pictures on the wall; the words
(written) on the blackboard; flies on the ceiling; a blister on the sole of my
foot; put a roof on the shed; sit on the grass; floating on the water; write on
paper; hang sth on a peg/a nail; stick a stamp on the envelope; live on the
Continent. ´Cf live ³in ´Europe; ³have a hat on one's head/a ring on one's
finger; carry a coat on/over one's arm; be/go on board a ship; have lunch on
the train; continued on page five. ´Cf ³in ´a book, magazine, etc. ³Have you a
match/any money on you´, iÔe in your pockets, etc? ¸2 ´(indicating time) ¸(a)
³on Sunday(s); on the 1st of May; on the evening of May the first. ´Cf ³in ´the
evening; ³on New Year's Day/Eve; on a sunny day in July. µ¥ one ±1µ(4); ³on
that day; on this occasion. ¸(b) ´at the time of: ³on the death of his
parents´, when they died; ³on my arrival home; payable on demand; on (my)
asking for information. ¸(c) ³on time, on the minute´, iÔe punctually. ¸3
´about; concerning: ³speak/lecture/write on international affairs; a lecture on
Shakespeare; be keen/bent/determined/set on sth/on doing sth. ¸4 ´(indicating
membership): ³He is on the committee/the jury/the staff. He's on "The Daily
Telegraph'´, is a member of the staff of this newspaper. ¸5 ´(indicating
direction) towards: ³marching on the enemy's capital; turn one's back on sb;
smile/frown on sb; draw a knife on sb´, iÔe to attack him; ³a ship drifting on
(to) the rocks; hit sb on the head, ´(note: not ³his ´head); ³give sb a
box/blow on the ear. ¸6 ´(expressing the basis, ground or reason for sth): ³on
this/that/no account; a story based on fact; have sth on good authority; act on
your lawyer's advice; arrested on a charge of theft; retire on a pension; on
penalty of death; on an average; swear sth on the Bible; be on one's oath/one's
honour. ¸7 ´(indicating a charge or imposition): ³put a tax on tobacco; charge
interest on money; place a strain on the economy. ¸8 ´(indicating proximity)
close to; against: ³Henley-on-Thames; a town on the coast; a house on the main
road; a village on the frontier; on both sides of the river; on my right/left;
just on ´(= almost) ³2 o'clock; just on a year ago; just on $10. ¸9 ´(followed
by a ³n´, or ³adj´) (indicating ´an activity, action, manner, state): ³on
business´, engaged in business; ³on holiday; on tour´, touring; ³go on an
errand; on the way; on the sly´, in a sly manner; ³buy sth on the cheap,
´(colloq) at a low price; ³on his best behaviour´, behaving very well; ³be on
the look-out for sb´, watching for him; ³on fire´, burning; ³on sale; on loan.
¸10 ´added to: ³suffer disaster on disaster/insult on insult.¼
¨once© ²/wAns/ ³adv ¸1 ´(usu end position) for one time, on one
occasion, only: ³I have been there @. This clock needs winding @ a week. He
goes to see his parents in Wales @ (in) every six months. We go to the cinema @
a week/a fortnight´, every week/every two weeks. ·@ more, ´again; another time.
·@ or twice; @ and again; @ in a while, ´now and again; occasionally; a few
times. ·(for) this @; (just) for @, ´on this one occasion only, as an
exception. ·@ (and) for all, µ¥ all±5µ(5). ·@ in a blue moon, µ¥ blue±1µ. ¸2
´(often mid position) at some indefinite time in the past; formerly: ³He @
lived in Persia. This novel was @ very popular but nobody reads it today. ·*@
upon a Útime, ´(in story-telling style): ³O@ upon a time there was a giant with
two heads. ¸3 ´(in negative, conditional or indefinite clauses) ever; at all;
even for one time: ³He didn't @/He never @ offered to help. O@ ´(= If you @, As
soon as) ³you understand this rule, you will have no further difficulty. ¸4 ·at
@, ¸(a) ´without delay; immediately: ³I'm leaving for Rome at @. Come here at
@! ¸(b) ´at the same time: ³Don't all speak at @! I can't do two things at @.
The book is at @ interesting and instructive. ·all at @, ´suddenly: ³All at @ I
saw a rabbit dart across the road. ·get/give sb/sth the @-over, ´(colloq)
get/give sb/sth a rapid inspection or examination.¼
¨on®com®ing© ²/ÚonkAmIG/ ³adj ´advancing; approaching: ³the @
shift´, the shift (of workers) coming on duty (in a factory); ³@ traffic. ´¹ ³n
´approach: ³the @ of winter.¼
¨one©1 ²/wAn/ ³n, adj, pron ¸1 ´the number 1, µ¥ App 4. ¸(a)
´as in the series: ³one pen, two pencils and three books; ´as in: ³one from
twenty leaves nineteen; one is enough; one o'clock; ´as in: ·*³twenty-·Ú³one,
·*³thirty-·Ú³one´, etc. ¸(b) ´as in: ³one hundred, one thousand, one million;
one half, one third´, etc. (Except in formal, precise or legal style, ³a year
and a half ´or ³eighteen months ´is preferred to ³one and a half years; a
million and a half ´to ³one and a half millions; a pound of tea ´to ³one pound
of tea.´) ¸(c) ´as in: ³one pound ten´, one pound and ten pence. ¸2 ´(as a ³n´,
with ³pl µones´) ´the symbol or figure 1: ³a row of ones, ´iÔe 1 1 1 1. ¸3 ´as
in: ³Book One, Chapter One´, the first book, the first chapter. ¸4 ´as in: ³one
day/morning/afternoon/evening/night´, (similar in function to the ³indef art´,
but with the difference that the ³prep "on' ´is used before the ³indef art. µ¥
on±2µ(2a). ´Cf ³one summer evening ´and ³on a summer evening; one morning in
June ´and ³on a June morning). ¸5 ´(³One ´is used to indicate a contrast
(expressed or implied) with ³the other´, or ³another´, or ³other(s)´): ³The two
girls are so much alike that it is difficult for strangers to tell (the) one
from the other. He did not know which to admire more, the one's courage or the
other's determination. Well, that's one way of doing it, but there are other
and better ways. I, for one, don't like the idea, ´suggesting "and there may
also be others who do not like it'. ·for Úone thing, ´for one reason (out of
several or many): ³I can't help you. For one thing, I've no money. ¸6 ´(always
stressed; used for emphasis): ³There's only ·Ú³one way to do it. That's the
·Ú³one thing needed. No ·Ú³one of you could lift it´, iÔe two or more of you
would be needed. ³They went forward as one man´, iÔe all together, in a body.
¸7 ´(before a family name, with or without a title; µ¥ a±2µ(9)´; a certain: ³I
heard the news from one (Mr) Smith´, (dated formal) from a certain person named
Smith. (Note that if ³one ´is replaced by the ³indef art ´a title must be used:
³A Mr Smith has called to see you). ¸8 ´(as ³adj) ´the same: ³They all went off
in one direction. ·be at Úone (with sb), ´be in agreement. ³I'm at one with you
on this subject/We are at one on this subject´, Our opinions are the same.
·It's all one (to sb), ´It's all the same, it makes no
difference: ³It's all one to me whether you go or don't go. ·one and the same,
´(emph for) the same: ³One and the same idea occurred to each of them. ·become
one; be made one, ´be united; be married. ¸9 ´(phrases) ·one and all,
´everyone. ·(all) in one, ´combined: ³He is President, Chairman and Secretary
in one. ·one or two, ´a few: ³I shall be away only one or two days. ·by ones
and twos, ´one or two at a time: ³People began to leave the meeting by ones and
twos. ·be one Úup (on sb), ´have an advantage over him, be one step ahead of
him. Hence, ¸*one-Úup®man®ship ²/-mEn2Ip/ ³n ´technique of being one up.
¸*number Úone, ´(colloq) oneself; one's own interests: ³He's always thinking of
"number one'´, of himself, his own welfare. ¸10 ´(with an ³of ´-adjunct) a
single person or thing of the sort indicated or supplied (with ³some, any,
several´, etc for the ³pl; µ¥ a±2µ(3) ´and µone±2µ(1)´): ³One of my friends (pl
some ´of my friends) ³arrived late. If one of them (pl any ´of them) ³should
need help«; I borrowed one of your books ´(= a book of yours; ³pl some ´of your
books) ³last week. ´(Note the use of ³his, her, herself ´and ³himself ´in these
examples): ³One of the boys/girls lost his/her shoe. One of the girls/boys has
hurt herself/himself. ¸11 ´(compounds) ¸*one-Úarmed ³adj ´having only one arm.
¸*one-armed Úbandit ³n ´(colloq) coin-operated gambling machine (also called a
³fruit-machine´). ¸*one-Úeyed ³adj ´having only one eye. ¸*one-Úhorse ³adj ¸(a)
´drawn or worked by a single horse. ¸(b) ´(fig, sl) poorly equipped: ³a
one-horse town´, a small provincial town with few attractions, etc.
¸*one-iÚdea'd ³adj ´possessed by a single idea. ¸*one-Úsided ³adj ´having one
side only; occurring on one side only; partial; unfair; prejudiced: ³a
one-sided argument; a one-sided account of a quarrel. ¸Úone-time ³adj ´former:
³a one-time politician. ¸*one-track Úmind ³n ´one dominated by one interest,
subject, etc. ¸*one-way Ústreet ³n ´street in which traffic may proceed in one
direction only.¼
¨one©2 ²/wAn/ ³indef pron ´(used in place of a preceding or
following ³n ´standing for a member of a class) ¸1 ´(with an ³of-´adjunct,
indicating inclusion; equivalent to ³among; µ¥ a±2µ(3)´; no corresponding ³pl
´word): ³Mr Smith is not one of ´(= not numbered or included among) ³my
customers. ´Cf for ³pl´: ³Mr Green and Mr Smith are not customers of mine. This
problem is one of great difficulty (pl´: ³These problems are of great
difficulty). We have always treated her as one ´(= as a member) ³of the family
(pl´: ³We have always treated them as members of the family). ³One of my
friends was ill (pl´: ³Some of my friends were ill). µ¥ one±1µ(10). ¸2 ´(Cf
³one ´and ³it. One ´replaces a ³n ´modified by the ³indef art ´or a ³pl n
´modified by ³some ´or ³any. It ´replaces a ³n ´made definite in some way, eÔg
a ³n ´modified by ³the, this, that´): ³I haven't a pen. Can you lend me one? I
haven't any stamps. Will you please give me one? ´Cf ³I'd like to look at that
atlas. May I borrow it? Where's the railway timetable? Have you seen it? ¸3
´(the ³pron "one', pl "ones'´, is used, in colloq style, equivalent to ³that,
those)´: ³I drew my chair nearer to the one ´(= to that) ³on which Mary was
sitting. It's in that drawerÅthe one ´(= that) ³with the key in the lock. The
students who do best in examinations are not always the ones ´(= those) ³with
the best brains. ¸4 ´(when the ³pron "one' ´is used after the ³def art´, or
after an ³adj ´(or a ³n ´used as an ³adj)´, it may be called a "prop-word'. As
an ³adj ´cannot stand alone for one or more members of a class, ³one ´is used
to support or "prop up' the ³adj´, as in): ³a better one; that one; my old
ones. Your plan is a good one on paper. There's a right answer and a wrong one.
Yours may be the right answer and mine the wrong one. The chance was too good a
one to let pass. He keeps his postage-stampsÅhe has some very rare onesÅin a
fire-proof safe. ¸5 ´(The "prop-word' ³one ´is not used, except in colloquial
style, after a possessive (eÔg ³your, Mary's´) unless there is also an ³adj.
´It is not used after ³own´): ³This is my hat and that is my brother's. ´Not:
³my brother's one. Tom's exercise book is neater than John's. ´Not: ³John's
one. Do you rent the house or is it your own? ´Not: ³your own one. ´(With an
³adj´): ³My cheap camera seems to be just as good as John's expensive one. Your
old suit looks as smart as your brother's new one. ¸6 ´(In formal or written
style it is preferable to avoid the use of the "prop-word' ³one´, esp when
there are two ³adjj ´indicating a contrast. The ³n ´is placed after only one of
the ³adjj´): ³If we compare British with American universities ´(better than:
³If we compare British universities with American ones)«. ´Cf ³Don't praise the
younger child in the presence of the elder. I put my right arm through Mary's
left. At home Hanako prefers Japanese to European-style clothes. What the
teacher said seemed to go in at one ear and out at the other. ¸7 ³(One ´is used
after ³this ´and ³that´, but is better avoided, in formal or written style,
after ³these ´and ³those´): ³Will you have this (one) or that (one)? Will you
have these or those? ´(With an ³adj, "one' ´is necessary): ³Will you have this
green one/these green ones or that blue one/those blue ones? ¸8 ´(The
"prop-word' ³one ´is used with ³which´, esp to distinguish ³sing ´from ³pl´):
³Here are some books on European history. Which one(s) do you want?¼
¨one©3 ²/wAn/ ³pers pron ¸1 ´(used, always with a qualifying word
or phrase, for a particular person or creature): ³the ·Ú³Holy One´, God; ³the
·Ú³Evil One´, Satan, the Devil; ³the absent one´, eÔg the absent member of the
family; ³the little ones´, the children; ³a nest with five young ones´, young
birds; ³my sweet one, ´as a term of endearment. ¸2 ´(used, in liter style, with
a following ³adj´, phrase or clause): ³He lay there like one dead´, as if he
were dead. ³He worked like one possessed´, like a man possessed by a spirit.
³He was one ´(= the sort of person) ³who never troubled about his personal
comfort. He's not one to be ´(= not a man who is) ³easily frightened. ¸3 ·one
another, ´(used like ³each other´, to indicate mutual action or relation; may
be the object of a ³v ´or a ³prep; ´possessive form is ³one another's; ´both
words usu unstressed): ³They don't like one another. They have quarrelled and
no longer speak to one another. They were fighting with cudgels, trying to
break one another's heads.¼
¨one©4 ²/wAn/ ³impers pron ´(standing for any person, including the speaker or
writer. Cf French ³on´, German ³man. ´Possessive: ³one's´; reflexive: ³oneself.
µ¥ one±1µ(10)´): ³One cannot always find time for reading. If one wants a thing
done well, one had best do it oneself. One doesn't like to have one's word
doubted. ´(In colloq style it is more usual to employ ³you, we, people) ´Cf ³We
live and learn. You never can tell. What's a chap/a fellow to do in such a
situation? ´(In American usage, ³one ´may be followed by ³he, him, his, himself
´instead of by ³one, one's, oneself´): ³One does not like to have his word
doubted.¼
¨on®er®ous© ²/ÚonErEs/ ³adj ´needing effort; burdensome ³(to)´: ³@
duties. ¸@®ly ³adv¼
¨one®self© ²/wAnÚself/ ³reflex, emphat pron ´one's own self: ³wash/dress
oneself. One should not live for oneself alone.¼
¨on-going© ²/Úon gE8IG/ ³adj µ¥ ³go on ´at µgo±1µ(28).¼
¨onion© ²/ÚAnIEn/ ³n ¶[C] ¸1 ´vegetable plant with a round bulb of many
concentric coats, a strong smell and flavour, used in cooking and pickled:
³spring-@s; Spanish @s; ¶[U] ´this plant as food: ³too much @ in the salad; the
@-domed churches of Austria´, having @-shaped domes. µ¥ ´the illus at
µvegetable. ·know one's @s, ´(sl) be clever (because experienced). ¸2 ´(sl)
head. ·off his @, ´(sl) mentally unbalanced.¼
¨on®looker© ²/Úonl8kE(r)/ ³n ´person who looks on at sth happening. ·The @
sees most of the game, ´(prov) The spectator is in a better position to judge
than those who are taking part.¼
¨only©1 ²/ÚE8nlI/ ³adj ¸1 ´(with a ³sing n´) that is the one specimen of its
class; single: ³Smith was the @ person able to do it. Harry is an @ child´, has
no brothers or sisters. ³Her @ answer was a shrug. ¸2 ´(with a ³pl n´) that are
all the specimens or examples: ³We were the @ people there. ¸3 ´best; most or
best worth consideration: ³He's the @ man for the position. She says holidays
in Ireland are the @ thing these days.¼
¨only©2 ²/ÚE8nlI/ ³adv ´solely; and no one, nothing, more. ¸1 ´(modifying a
single word, and placed, in written or formal style, close to the word it
modifies; in speech the stress-pattern may indicate this, so that ³only ´may
have various positions): ³I ·*³@ saw ·Ú³Mary´, I saw Mary and no one else (=
written style, ³I saw @ Mary´). Cf ³I ·*³@ ·Ú³saw Mary´, I saw her but didn't
speak to her. ³O@ the teachers are allowed to use this room. O@ five men were
seriously hurt in the accident. We've @ half an hour to wait now. Ladies @´,
eÔg on a compartment in a railway carriage. ³We can @ guess ´(= We cannot be
certain about) ³what happened. ¸2 ·@ too, ´(with an ³adj ´or ³pp´) very: ³I
shall be @ too pleased to get home. The news was @ too true´, was really true,
and not, as might be hoped or expected, untrue. ·if @, ´expressing a wish or
assumption. µ¥ if(8).¼
¨only©3 ²/ÚE8nlI/ ³conj ´but then; it must, however, be added that: ³The book
is likely to be useful, @ it's rather expensive. He's always ready to promise
help, @ he never keeps his promises. ·@ that, ´with the exception that; were it
not that: ³He would probably do well in the examination, @ that he gets rather
nervous.¼
¨ono®mato®poeia© ²/*onE*matEÚpIE/ ³n ¶[U] ´formation of words in
imitation of the sounds associated with the thing concerned (as ³cuckoo ´for
the bird that utters this cry).¼
¨on®rush© ²/ÚonrA2/ ³n ´strong, onward rush or flow.¼
¨on®set© ²/Úonset/ ³n ´attack; vigorous start: ³at the first @; the @ of a
disease.¼
¨on®shore© ²/Úon2c(r)/ ³adj, adv ´toward the shore.¼
¨on®slaught© ²/Úonslct/ ³n ¶[C] ´furious attack ³(on).¼
¨onto© ²/³before consonants: ²ÚontE´; ³before vowels or finally: ²Úontu/ ³prep
µ¥ on±1µ(2).¼
¨on®tol®ogy© ²/onÚtolEdZI/ ³n ¶[U] ´department of metaphysics concerned with
the nature of existence; ¶[C] ´specific theory of this.¼
¨onus© ²/ÚE8nEs/ ³n ¸the @, ´responsibility for, burden of, doing sth: ³The @
of proof rests with you´, It is for you to supply proof.¼
¨on®ward© ²/ÚonwEd/ ³adj, adv ´forward: ³an @ march/movement. ¹ adv ´(also
¸@s´) towards the front; forward: ³move @(s).¼
¨onyx© ²/ÚonIks/ ³n ¶[U] ´(sorts of) quartz in layers of different
colours, used for ornaments, etc.¼
¨oodles© ²/Úudlz/ ³n pl ´(sl) ·@ of, ´great amounts or sums: ³@ of money.¼
¨oomph© ²/8mf/ ³n ´(sl) energy; sex-appeal.¼
¨ooze© ²/uz/ ³n ¶[U] ´soft liquid mud, esp on a river-bed, the bottom of a
pond, lake, etc. ´¹ ³vi,vt ¸1 ¶[VP2C] ´(of moisture, thick liquids) pass
slowly through small openings: ³Blood was still oozing from the wound. ´(fig)
³Their courage was oozing away. ¸2 ¶[VP6A] ´pass out; emit: ³He was oozing
sweat. ¸oozy ³adj ´of or like @; slimy.¼
¨opac®ity© ²/E8ÚpasEtI/ ³n ¶[U] ´(quality of) being opaque.¼
¨opal© ²/ÚE8pl/ ³n ´semi-precious stone in which changes of colour are seen,
often used as a gem. ¸opal®escent ²/*E8pEÚlesnt/ ³adj ´like an @.¼
¨opaque© ²/E8ÚpeIk/ ³adj ´not allowing light to pass through; that cannot be
seen through; dull. ¸@®ly ³adv ¸@®ness ³n¼
¨op art© ²/Úop qt/ ³n ´form of modern abstract art using geometrical patterns
which produce optical illusions.¼
¨open©1 ²/ÚE8pEn/ ³adj ¸1 ´not closed; allowing (things, persons) to go in,
out, through: ³sleep with @ windows; leave the door @. ¸*@-Úeyed ³adj ´with @
eyes; watchful; surprised. ¸*@-Úmouthed ²/-Úmñ8Dd/ ³adj ¸(a) ´showing greed
(for food, etc). ¸(b) ´showing great surprise or stupidity. ¸@ vowel, ´one made
with the roof of the mouth and the tongue fairly wide apart, eÔg ²/q, o/´.
¸Ú@-work ³n ¶[U] ´pattern (in metal, lace, etc) with spaces: ³@-work lace;
@-work stockings. ¸2 ´not enclosed, fenced in, barred or blocked: ³the @
country´, land affording wide views, without forests, etc. ¸the @ sea, ´not a
bay or harbour, not closed in by land. ¸an @ river, ´not barred by ice,
mudbanks, etc. ¸@ water, ´navigable, free from ice. ¸an @ prison, ´one with
fewer restrictions than usual, esp one where prisoners with good records come
and go freely to work outside. ¸3 ´not covered in or over: ³an @ boat´, one
without a deck; ³an @ car´, with no roof, or a roof that is folded back; ³an @
drain/sewer´, in the form of a ditch, not in pipes under the ground: ³an @
sandwich´, single slice of bread with meat, etc on top; ³in the ·*³@ ·Ú³air´,
out of doors. ¸Ú@-air ³attrib adj ´taking place out of doors; fond of life in
the @ air: ³an ·*³@-air ·Ú³theatre. ¸4 ´spread out; unfolded: ³The flowers were
all @. The book lay @ on the table. His mind was/His thoughts were an @ book´,
It was easy to read his thoughts. ·with @ hands, ´generously. Hence,
¸*@-Úhanded ³adj ´generous; giving freely. ¸*@-Úhearted ³adj ´sincere; frank.
·with @ arms, ´with affection or enthusiasm. ¸@ order, ´(of troops), with wider
space than usual between ranks. ¸5 ´public; free to all; not limited to any
special persons, but for anyone to enter: ³an @
competition/championship/scholarship; tried in @ court, ´of a law case, the
public being freely admitted to hear the trial. ³The position is still @´, No
one has yet been chosen to fill it. ¸the @ door, ´policy of free trade or
freedom from tariffs; admission of foreign traders. ¸@ shop, ´workshop,
factory, etc where members and non-members of trade unions work on equal terms.
µ¥ ³closed shop ´at µclose±3µ(2). ·keep @ house, ´offer hospitality to all
comers. ¸6 ´not settled or decided: ³leave a matter @. ¸*@-Úended ³adj ´(of a
discussion, a subject for debate, etc) having a variety of possible solutions;
on which no decision or agreement is reached, expected or required. ¸an @
question, ´with no decision, answer. ¸an @ verdict, ´jury's verdict of the fact
and cause of a death, but not saying whether it is natural, accidental, suicide
or murder. ·have/keep an @ mind (on sth), ´be ready to consider sth further, to
listen to new evidence, agreements, etc. Hence, ¸*@-Úminded ³adj ´unprejudiced.
¸7 ´ready for business or for the admission of the public: ³Are the shops @
yet? Doors @ at 7.00pÔm´, eÔg of a theatre. ¸8 ´known to all; not secret or
disguised; frank: ³an @ quarrel/scandal; an @ character/countenance. Let me be
quite @ ´(= frank) ³with you. ¸an @ letter, ´one that is addressed to an
individual or group but sent to and published in a periodical, usu in protest
against sth. ¸9 ´unprotected; unguarded; vulnerable. ·be/lay oneself @ to sth,
´behave so that one is vulnerable to sth: ³Don't lay yourself @ to
ridicule/attack. ¸10 ´not settled, finished or closed: ³keep one's account @ at
a bank; be @ to an offer´, willing to consider one. ¸11 ´(phrases) ¸Ú@-cast
³adj ´surface: ³@-cast coal; @-cast mining´, from strata near the earth's
surface (contrasted with production from deep mines). ¸an @ cheque, ´one that
is not crossed and which may be cashed at the bank on which it is drawn. ¸the
Ú@ season, ´(fishing and shooting) when there are no restrictions. µ¥
close±1µ(12). ¸an @ secret, ´sth supposed to be a secret but in fact known to
all people. ¸the O@ University, ´(GB) university (founded in 1971) whose
students live at home and get tuition by correspondence, textbooks and special
radio and TÔV programmes. ¸@ weather, an @ winter, ´free from severe frost and
snow, so that it is possible to get about. ¹ ³n ¸the @, ´the @ air. µ¥ 3
´above. ·come (out) into the @, ´(fig) come into public view; make one's ideas,
plans, etc, known. ¸@®ly ³adv ´without secrecy; frankly; publicly: ³speak @ly;
go @ly into a place, ´eÔg where one might be expected to go secretly. ¸@®ness
³n ¶[U].¼
¨open©2 ²/ÚE8pEn/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A,14,16A,12C] ´make @ or cause to
be open; unfasten: ³@ a box. He @ed the door for me to come in/to let me in. O@
the window a fraction/crack/bit, please. ·@ one's eyes, ´express surprise. ·@
(sb's) eyes to sth, ´cause him to realize sth, eÔg how he has been deceived. ¸2
¶[VP6A,15A,B] ´cut or make an opening in or a passage through: ³@ a mine/a
well; @ a new road through a forest; O@ up! ´command to @ a door, etc. ·@ sth
up, ´make @; make accessible; make possible the development of: ³@ up a wound/a
mine/undeveloped land/a new territory to trade. ¸3 ¶[VP6A,15A,B] ´spread out;
unfold: ³@ one's hand/a book/a newspaper/a parcel; @ out a folding map. ·@
one's mind/heart to sb, ´make known one's ideas/feelings. ¸4 ¶[VP6A] ´start: ³@
an account´, eÔg at a bank, shop; ³@ a debate/a public meeting. ·@ the bidding,
´make the first bid (at an auction, at bridge). ·@ fire (at/on), ´start
shooting. ¸5 ¶[VP6A] ´declare, indicate, that business, etc may now start: ³@ a
shop; @ Parliament. ¸6 ¶[VP2A,C] ´become open; be @ed; allow of being @ed: ³The
flowers are @ing. This shop does not @ on Sundays. The door @ed and a man came
in. Does this door @ inwards or outwards? The two rooms @ into one another´,
have a door between them. ³This door @s on to the garden. ¸7 ¶[VP3A] ·@ with,
´start: ³The story @s with a murder. ¸8 ¶[VP2A,C] ·@ (out), ´become visible:
³The view @ed (out) before our eyes. ¸@er ³n ´person or thing that @s: (chiefly
in compounds) ·Ú³pew-@er; ·Ú³tin-@er; ·Ú³bottle-@er. ¸Úeye-opener, µ¥
eye±1µ(3).¼
¨open®ing© ²/ÚE8pEnIG/ ³n ¸1 ´open space; way in or out: ³an @ in a
hedge. ¸2 ´beginning: ³the @ of a book/speech. ¸the @ night, ´eÔg on which a
new play/film is performed/shown for the first time, and to which dramatic
critics are invited. ¸@ time, ´eÔg at which public houses open and begin to
serve drinks. ¸3 ´process of becoming open: ³watch the @ of a flower. ¸4
´position (in a business firm) which is open or vacant; opportunity: ³an @ in
an advertising agency. ´¹ ³adj ´first: ³his @ remarks.¼
¨op®era© ²/ÚoprE/ ³n ¸1 ¶[C] ´dramatic composition with music, in which the
words are sung. ¸comic @, ´humorous, with spoken dialogue and a happy ending.
¸grand @, ´serious, with no spoken dialogue. ¸light @, ´not serious. µ¥
cantata, oratorio. ¸2 ¶[U] ´dramatic works of this kind as entertainment: ³fond
of @; the @ season. ¸Ú@-cloak ³n ´lady's cloak for wearing with evening dress.
¸Ú@-glasses ³n pl ´small binoculars for use in a theatre. ¸Ú@-hat ³n ´man's
tall, black silk hat, made so that it folds flat. ¸Ú@-house ³n ´theatre for
performances of @s. ¸op®er®atic ²/*opEÚratIk/ ³adj ´of or for an @: ³@tic
music/singers.¼
¨op®er®ate© ²/ÚopEreIt/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A,2A,C,4A] ´(cause to) work, be in
action, have an effect; manage: ³@ a machine; machinery that @s night and day.
The company @s three factories and a coal-mine. The lift was not operating
properly. The lift is @d by electricity. This new law @s ´(= produces an
effect) ³to our advantage. Several causes @d to bring about the war. ¸2
¶[VP2A,3A] ·@ (on sb) (for sth), ´perform a surgical operation: ³The doctors
decided to @ at once. ¸Úoperating-table/-theatre ³n ´for use in surgical
operations. ¸3 ¶[VP2A,C] ´(of an army) carry out various movements: ³operating
on a large scale. ¸4 ¶[VP2A,C] ´(of a stockbroker) buy and sell, esp in order
to influence prices. ¸op®er®able ²/ÚopErEbl/ ³adj ´that can be treated by
means of a surgical operation.¼
¨op®er®ation© ²/*opEÚreI2n/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´working; way in which sth
works. ·be in/bring sth into/come into @, ´be/cause to be/become effective:
³When does the plan come into @? Is this rule in @ yet? ¸2 ¶[C] ´piece of work;
sth (to be) done: ³begin @s; the @s of nature´, changes brought about by
natural forces. ¸3 ´(usu ³pl; ´colloq abbr ¸ops´) movements of troops, ships,
aircraft, etc in warfare or during manoeuvres. ¸Ú@s room, ´from which @s are
controlled; ³(sing) ´in code names for military campaigns ³(O@ Overlord) ´and,
by extension, for planned campaigns in industry, commerce, etc:
³building/banking @s; @s research, ´to promote greater efficiency in industry.
¸4 ¶[C] ·an @ (on sb) (for sth), ´act performed by a surgeon on any part of the
body, esp by cutting to take away or deal with a diseased part: ³an @ for
appendicitis. ¸5 ´(maths) addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, etc.
¸@al ²/-2Enl/ ³adj ¸1 ´of, for, used in, @s. ¸@al costs/expenditure, ´needed
for operating (machines, aircraft, etc). ¸@al research, ´into the best ways of
using, improving, etc new weapons, machinery, etc. ¸2 ´ready for use: ³When
will the newly designed airliner be @al?¼
¨op®er®at®ive© ²/ÚopErEtIv ³US: ²-reIt-/ ³adj ¸1 ´operating; having
an effect: ³This law became @ on 1 May. ¸2 @ words, ´those having legal effect
in a deed, etc; (loosely) most significant words. ¸3 ´of surgical operations:
³@ treatment. ´¹ ³n ´worker; mechanic: ³cotton @s.¼
¨op®er®ator© ²/ÚopEreItE(r)/ ³n ¸1 ´person who operates or works sth:
³telephone/telegraph @s; private @s in civil aviation´, privately owned
companies (contrasted with state-owned corporations). ¸2 ´(sl) confident,
efficient man (in business, love affairs, etc): ³He's a smooth/slick @.¼
¨op®er®etta© ²/*opEÚretE/ ³n ´one-act, or short, light musical comedy.¼
¨oph®thal®mia© ²/ofÚTalmIE/ ³n ¶[U] ´inflammation of the eye. ¸oph®thal®mic
²/-mIk/ ³adj ´of the eyes; afflicted with @. ¸oph®thal®mo®scope
²/ofÚTalmEskE8p/ ³n ´instrument with a mirror (having a hole in the centre)
through which the eye may be examined.¼
¨opi®ate© ²/ÚE8pIEt/ ³n ¶[C] ´drug containing opium, used to relieve pain or
to help sb to sleep.¼
¨opine© ²/EÚpñIn/ ³vt ¶[VP9] ·@ that, ´(formal) have or express the
opinion.¼
¨opin®ion© ²/EÚpInIEn/ ³n ¸1 ¶[C] ´belief or judgement not founded on complete
knowledge: ³political @s. What's your @ ´(= view) ³of the new President? Those
are my @s about the affair. ·in my, your, etc @; in the @ of sb, ´it is my,
your, etc view that«: ³In my @/In the @ of most people, the scheme is unsound.
·act up to one's @s, ´act according to them. ·be of the @ that«, ´feel,
believe, that«. ·have a good/bad/high/low @ of sb/sth, ´think well/badly, etc
of. ¸2 ¶[U] ´views, beliefs, of a group: ³O@ is shifting in favour of stiffer
penalties for armed robbery. ¸public @, ´what the majority of people think:
³Public @ is against the proposed change. ¸Ú@ poll, µ¥ poll±1µ(2). ¸3 ¶[C]
´professional estimate or advice: ³get a lawyer's @ on the question. You had
better have another @ before you let that man take out all your teeth. ¸@®ated
²/-eItId/, ¸@®at®ive ²/-EtIv ³US: ²-eItIv/ ³adjj ´obstinate in one's @s;
dogmatic.¼
¨opium© ²/ÚE8pIEm/ ³n ¶[U] ´substance prepared from poppy seeds, used to
relieve pain, cause sleep, and as a narcotic drug. ¸Ú@-den ³n ´place where @
smokers can obtain and use this drug.¼
¨opos®sum© ²/EÚposEm/, ±possum ²/ÚposEm/ ³n ´kinds of small American
animal that lives in trees.¼
¨op®po®nent© ²/EÚpE8nEnt/ ³n ´person against whom one fights, struggles, plays
games, or argues.¼
¨op®por®tune© ²/ÚopEtjun ³US: ²-tun/ ³adj ¸1 ´(of time) suitable, favourable;
good for a purpose: ³arrive at a most @ moment. ¸2 ´(of an action or event)
done, coming, at a favourable time: ³an @ remark/speech. ¸@®ly ³adv¼
¨op®por®tun®ism© ²/*opEÚtjunIzEm ³US: ²-Útun-/ ³n ¶[U] ´being
guided by what seems possible, or by circumstances, in determining policy;
preferring what can be done to what should be done. ¸op®por®tun®ist ²/-Ist/ ³n
´person who acts on this principle; person who is more anxious to gain an
advantage for himself than to consider whether he is trying to get it fairly.¼
¨op®por®tun®ity© ²/*opEÚtjunEtI ³US: ²-Útun-/ ³n (pl µ-ties³) ¶[C,U] ·@ (for
sth/of doing sth/to do sth), ´favourable time or chance: ³to make/find/get an
@; have few opportunities of meeting interesting people; have no/little/not
much @ for hearing good music. I had no @ to discuss the matter with her. The @
came early one morning.¼
¨op®pose© ²/EÚpE8z/ ³vt ¸1 ¶[VP6A] ´set oneself, fight, against (sb or sth):
³@ the Government; @ a scheme. I am very much @d to your going abroad´, I am
against the plan. ¸2 ¶[VP14] ·@ (against/to), ´put forward as a contrast or
opposite; set up against: ³@ your will against mine/your views to mine; @ a
vigorous resistance to the enemy. ·as @d to, ´in contrast with.¼
¨op®po®site© ²/ÚopEzIt/ ³adj ¸1 ·@ (to), ´facing; front to front or back to
back (with): ³the house @ (to) mine; on the @ side of the road. ¸2 ´entirely
different; contrary: ³in the @ direction. ¸3 ´similarly placed elsewhere.
¸one's @ number, ´person occupying the same or a similar position in another
group, etc: ³The British Foreign Minister is in Washington discussing problems
with his @ number. ´¹ ³n ´word or thing that is @: ³Black and white are @s. I
thought quite the @.¼
¨op®po®si®tion© ²/*opEÚzI2n/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´the state of being opposite or
opposed: ³The Socialist Party was in @´, formed the O@. µ¥ 2 ´below. ·be in @
to, ´opposing: ³We found ourselves in @ to our friends on this question. ¸2
³(sing) ´MÔP's of the political party or parties opposing the Government: ³Her
Majesty's O@; the leader of the O@; the O@ benches. We need a stronger O@. ¸3
¶[U] ´resistance: ³Our forces met with strong @ all along the front.¼
¨op®press© ²/EÚpres/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ¸1 ´rule unjustly or cruelly; keep
down by unjust or cruel government. ¸2 ´(fig) weigh heavily on; cause to feel
troubled, uncomfortable: ³@ed with anxiety/with a foreboding of misfortune;
feel @ed with the heat. ¸@or ²/-sE(r)/ ³n ´person who @es; cruel or unjust
ruler. ¸op®pression ²/EÚpre2n/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´the condition of being @ed: ³a
feeling of @ion. ¸2 ¶[U] ´@ing or being @ed: ³victims of @ion; ¶[C] ´instance
of this; cruel or unjust act. ¸op®press®ive ²/EÚpresIv/ ³adj ¸1 ´unjust: ³@ive
laws/rules. ¸2 ´hard to endure; over-powering: ³@ive weather/heat/taxes.
¸op®press®ive®ly ³adv¼
¨op®pro®bri®ous© ²/EÚprE8brIEs/ ³adj ´(formal) (of words, etc) showing scorn
or reproach; abusive. ¸@®ly ³adv ¸op®pro®brium ²/-brIEm/ ³n ´(formal) ¶[U]
´scorn; disgrace; public shame.¼
¨op®pugn© ²/EÚpjun/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´(formal) call in question; be contrary to.¼
¨opt© ²/opt/ ³vi ¸1 ¶[VP3A] ·opt for sth, ´choose; decide on: ³Fewer students
are opting for science courses nowadays. ¸2 ·opt out of, ´choose to take no
part in: ³young people who have opted out of society´, chosen not to be
conventional members of society.¼
¨op®tat®ive© ²/ÚoptEtIv/ ³adj, n ´(of) verbal form expressing desire: ³@ mood´,
eÔg in Greek, but not in English.¼
¨op®tic© ²/ÚoptIk/ ³adj ´of the eye or the sense of sight: ³the @ nerve, ´from
the eye to the brain. µ¥ ´the illus at µeye. ¸@s ³n sing-v ´science of
light and the laws of light.¼
¨op®tical© ²/ÚoptIkl/ ³adj ¸1 ´of the sense of sight. ¸an @ illusion, ´sth by
which the eye is deceived: ³A mirage is an @ illusion. ¸2 ´for looking through;
to help eyesight: ³@ instruments´, eÔg microscopes, telescopes; ³@ glass, ´the
kind used for @ instruments. ¸@®ly ²/-klI/ ³adv¼
¨op®ti®cian© ²/opÚtI2n/ ³n ´person who makes or supplies optical instruments,
esp lenses and spectacles.¼
¨op®ti®mism© ²/ÚoptImIzEm/ ³n ¶[U] ´(opp of ³pessimism´) belief
that in the end good will triumph over evil; tendency to look upon the bright
side of things; confidence in success. ¸op®ti®mist ²/-mIst/ ³n ´person who is
always hopeful and looks upon the bright side of things, who believes that all
things happen for the best. ¸op®ti®mis®tic ²/*optIÚmIstIk/ ³adj ´expecting the
best; confident: ³an optimistic view of events. ¸op®ti®mis®ti®cally ²/-klI/
³adv¼
¨op®ti®mum© ²/ÚoptImEm/ ³n ´(attrib) best or most favourable: ³the @
temperature for the growth of plants.¼
¨op®tion© ²/Úop2n/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´right or power of choosing. ·have no/little, etc
@, ´have no/little, etc choice: ³I haven't much @ in the matter´, cannot
choose. ³I had no @´, was forced to act as I did. ³He was given six months'
imprisonment without the @ of a fine. ¸local @, ´right of people (in some
towns, districts) to decide, by voting, whether or not to have or allow sth,
eÔg the sale of alcoholic liquor. ¸2 ¶[C] ´thing that is or may be chosen:
³None of the @s is satisfactory. ·leave one's @s open, ´not commit oneself. ¸3
¶[C] ´(comm) right to buy or sell sth at a certain price within a certain
period of time: ³have an @ on a piece of land. ¸Ú@al ²/-2Enl/ ³adj ´which may
be chosen or not as one wishes; not compulsory: ³@al subjects at school.
¸@®ally ²/Úop2nElI/ ³adv¼
¨opu®lence© ²/Úopj8lEns/ ³n ¶[U] ´(formal) wealth; abundance. ¸opu®lent ²/-Ent/
³adj ´rich; wealthy; luxuriant: ³@ vegetation. ¸op®u®lent®ly ³adv¼
¨opus© ²/ÚE8pEs/ ³n (pl µopera ²/ÚopErE/³) (pl ´rarely used) separate musical
composition (abbr ¸op, ´used in citing a composition by number, as ³Beethoven,
Op 112). ¸*magnum Ú@, ´great artistic undertaking, completed or in course of
being completed.¼
¨or© ²/c(r)/ ³conj ¸1 ´(introducing an alternative): ³Is it green
or blue? Are you coming or not? ·either« or, µ¥ either. ·whether« or: ³I don't
care whether he stays or goes. ·or else, ´otherwise: ³Hurry up or else you'll
be late. Pay up, or else! ´(as a threat). ¸2 ´(introducing all but the first of
a series of alternatives): ³I'd like it to be black, (or) white or grey. ¸3
´(introducing a word that explains, or means the same as, another): ³an English
pound, or one hundred pence; a dugout, or a canoe made by hollowing out a tree
trunk; geology, or the science of the earth's crust. ¸4 ·or so, ´(often
equivalent to ³about´) suggesting vagueness or uncertainty about quantity:
³There were twenty or so. ·or somebody/something/somewhere;
·somebody/something/somewhere or other, ´(colloq) (expressing uncertainty about
who/what/where): ³I put it in the cupboard or somewhere´, iÔe somewhere,
perhaps in the cupboard. ³"Who told you?'Å"Oh, somebody or other, I've
forgotten who.'¼
¨or®acle© ²/ÚorEkl ³US: ²Úcr-/ ³n ¸1 ´(in ancient Greece) (answer
given at) place where questions about the future were asked of the gods;
priest(ess) giving the answers: ³consult the @. ¸2 ´person considered able to
give reliable guidance. ¸oracu®lar ²/EÚrakj8lE(r)/ ³adj ´of or like an @; with
a hidden meaning: ³oracular utterances.¼
¨oral© ²/ÚcrEl/ ³adj ¸1 ´using the spoken, not the written, word: ³an @
examination. ¸2 ´(anat) of, by, for, the mouth: ³@ contraceptives, µ¥ pill(2).
´¹ ³n ´(colloq) @ examination. ¸@ly ²/ÚcrElI/ ³adv ´by spoken words; by the
mouth: ³not to be taken @ly, ´(eÔg of medical preparations) not to be
swallowed; for external use only.¼
¨or®ange© ²/ÚorIndZ ³US: ²Úcr-/ ³n, adj ¶[C] µ¥ ´the illus at µfruit.
´(evergreen tree with a) round, thick-skinned juicy fruit, green and usu
changing to a colour between yellow and red; ¶[U] ´usual colour of this
fully-ripened fruit. ¸@®ade ²/*orIndZÚeId ³US: ²*cr-/ ³n ¶[U] ´drink made of @
juice.¼
¨Or®ange®man© ²/ÚorIndZman ³US: ²Úcr-/ ³n (pl µ-men³) ´member of a Protestant
political society in Ulster, Northern Ireland.¼
¨orang-outang© ²/c*raG uÚtaG ³US: ²E*raG EÚtaG/ ´(also ¸-utan, -outan
²/-Útan/´) ³n ´large, long-armed ape of Borneo and Sumatra. µ¥ ´the illus at
µape.¼
¨orate© ²/cÚreIt/ ³vi ¶[VP2A] ´speak publicly.¼
¨ora®tion© ²/cÚreI2n/ ³n ¶[C] ´formal speech made on a public
occasion: ³a funeral @.¼
¨ora®tor© ²/ÚorEtE(r) ³US: ²Úcr-/ ³n ´person who makes speeches (esp a good
speaker). ¸@i®cal ²/*orEÚtorIkl ³US: ²*crEÚtcr-/ ³adj ´of speech-making and
@s: ³@ical phrases/gestures; an @ical contest.¼
¨ora®torio© ²/*orEÚtcrIE8 ³US: ²*cr-/ ³n (pl µ@s³) ¶[C] ´musical composition
for solo voices, chorus and orchestra, usu with a religious subject: ³the @s of
Handel; ¶[U] ´musical compositions of this kind collectively: ³Do you like @?
µ¥ cantata, opera.¼
¨ora®tory©1 ²/ÚorEtrI ³US: ²ÚcrEtcrI/ ³n (pl µ-ries³) ¶[C] ´small chapel for
private worship or prayer.¼
¨ora®tory©2 ²/ÚorEtrI ³US: ²ÚcrEtcrI/ ³n ¶[U] ´(art of) making speeches;
rhetoric.¼
¨orb© ²/cb/ ³n ´globe, esp the sun, moon or one of the planets; jewelled globe
with a cross on top, part of a sovereign's regalia. µ¥ ´the illus at µregalia.¼
¨or®bit© ²/ÚcbIt/ ³n ´path followed by a heavenly body, eÔg a planet, the moon,
or a man-made object, eÔg a spacecraft, round another body: ³the earth's @
round the sun. How many satellites have been put in @ round the earth? ´¹
³vt,vi ¶[VP6A,2A,C] ´put into, (cause to) move, in @: ³When was the first
man-made satellite @ed? How many spacecraft have orbited the moon? ¸@al
²/ÚcbItl/ ³adj ´of an @: ³a spacecraft's @al distance from the earth. ¸@
velocity´, minimal velocity needed to place sth in @.¼
¨or®chard© ²/Úct2Ed/ ³n ¶[C] ´piece of ground (usu enclosed) with fruit-trees:
³apple-@s.¼
¨or®ches®tra© ²/ÚckIstrE/ ³n ¸1 ´group of persons playing musical instruments
together: ³a dance/string/symphony @. µ¥ ³brass band ´at µbrass(3). ¸2 @ (pit),
´place in a theatre for an @. ¸@ stalls, ´front seats on the floor of a
theatre. ¸3 ´semicircular space in front of the stage of a theatre in ancient
Greece, where the chorus sang and danced. ¸or®ches®tral ²/cÚkestrEl/ ³adj ´of,
for, by, an @: ³orchestral instruments/performances.¼
¨or®ches®trate© ²/ÚckIstreIt/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´compose, arrange, score, for
orchestral performances. ¸or®ches®tra®tion ²/*ckIÚstreI2n/ ³n¼
¨or®chid© ²/ÚckId/, ±or®chis ²/ÚckIs/ ³n ¶[C] ´sorts of plant of which
the English wild kinds (usu ³orchis´) have tuberous roots, and the tropical
kinds (usu ³orchid´) have flowers of brilliant colours and fantastic shapes.
µ¥ ´the illus at µflower.¼
¨or®dain© ²/cÚdeIn/ ³vt ¸1 ¶[VP6A,23] ´make (sb) a priest or
minister: ³He was @ed priest. ¸2 ¶[VP9] ·@ that, ´(of God, law, authority)
decide; give orders (that); destine: ³God has @ed that all men shall die.¼
¨or®deal© ²/cÚdil/ ³n ´severe test of character or endurance: ³pass through
terrible @s.¼
¨or®der©1 ²/ÚcdE(r)/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´way in which things are placed in relation to
one another: ³names in alphabetical @; in chronological @´, iÔe according to
dates. ·in @ of, ´arranged according to: ³in @ of size/merit/importance, etc.
¸2 ¶[U] ´condition in which everything is carefully arranged; working
condition. ·(not) in @, ´(not) as it should be: ³Is your passport in @´, Has
it all the necessary entries to satisfy the authorities? ³He put/left his
affairs/accounts/papers in @ before he left the country. Get your ideas into
some kind of @ before beginning to write. ·in good @, ´without any confusion:
³The troops retired in good @´, Their retreat was orderly, disciplined. ·in
good/bad/running/working @, ´(esp of machines) working well/badly/smoothly,
etc: ³The engine has been tuned and is now in perfect running @. ·out of @,
´(of a machine, a bodily organ) not functioning properly: ³The lift/phone is
out of @. My stomach is out of @. ¸3 ¶[U] ´(condition brought about by) good
and firm government, obedience to law, rules, authority: ³The army restored law
and @. It is the business of the police to keep @. Some teachers find it
difficult to keep @ in their classes/to keep their classes in @. µ¥ disorder.
¸4 ¶[U] ´rules usual at a public meeting; rules accepted, eÔg in Parliament,
committee meetings, by members and enforced by a president, chairman, or other
officer. ·call (sb) to @, ´(of the Speaker in the House of Commons, the
chairman of a meeting, etc) request (a member, etc) to obey the rules, the
usual procedures. ·be in @ to do sth, ´be according to the rules, etc: ³Is it
in @ to interrupt? ·on a point of @, ´on a point (= question) of procedure.
·O@! O@! ´(used to call attention to a departure from the usual rules of
debates or procedures). ·@ of the day, ´programme of business to be discussed.
¸Ú@-paper ³n ´written or printed @ of the day. ¸standing @s, µ¥ standing
³adjµ(1). ¸5 ¶[C] ´command given with authority: ³Soldiers must obey @s. He
gave @s for the work to be started/that the work should be started at once. ·be
under @s (to do sth), ´have received @s: ³He is under @s to leave for Finland
next week. ·by @ of, ´according to directions given by proper authority of: ³by
@ of the Governor. ·under the @s of, ´commanded by. ·under starters' @s, µ¥
start±2µ(10). ¸6 ¶[C] ´request to supply goods; the goods (to be) supplied: ³an
@ for two tons of coal; give a tradesman an @ for goods; fill an @´, supply the
goods asked for. ³The butcher has called for @s´, to ask what is wanted. ·on @,
´requested but not yet supplied. ·made to @, ´made according to the customer's
special requirements or instructions. µ¥ ³ready-made ´at µready. ¸a large/tall
@, ´(colloq) sth difficult to do or supply. ¸Ú@-book ³n ´one in which a
tradesman, commercial traveller, manufacturer, etc writes down @s for goods:
³The company has full @-books´, orders for large quantities of goods. ¸Ú@-form
³n ´printed form with blank spaces to be filled in by the customer. ¸7 ¶[C]
´written direction (esp to a bank or post office) to pay money, or giving
authority to do sth: ³an @ on the Midland Bank; a postal @ for thirty pounds;
an @ to view´, eÔg from an estate-agent to inspect a house that is for sale. ¸8
¶[U] ´purpose, intention. ·in @ to do sth, ´with the purpose of doing sth, with
a view to doing sth: ³in @ (for you) to see clearly. ·in @ that, ´with the
intention that; so that: ³in @ that he may/might/shall/should arrive in time.
¸9 ¶[C] ´group of people belonging to or appointed to a special class (as an
honour or reward): ³the O@ of Merit/of Knights/of the Bath/of the Golden Kite,
etc; ´badge, sign, etc worn by members of such an @: ³wearing all his @s and
decorations. ¸10 ³(pl) ´authority given by a bishop to perform church duties.
·be in/take (holy) @s, ´be/become a priest. ¸11 ¶[C] ´class of persons on whom
holy @s have been conferred: ³the O@ of Deacons/Priests/Bishops. ¸12 ¶[C]
´group of persons living under religious rules: ³the monastic @s; the @ of
Dominicans. ¸13 ¶[C] ´method of treating architectural forms, esp of columns
(pillars) and capitals, esp the classical @s ³(Doric, Ionic, Corinthian). µ¥
´the illus at µcolumn. ¸14 ´(biol) ¶[C] ´highest division under ³class ´in the
grouping of animals, plants, etc: ³The rose and the bean families belong to the
same @. ¸15 ¶[C] ´kind; sort: ³intellectual ability of a high @. ¸16 ¶[U]
´arrangement of military forces: ³advance in review @, ´on parade; ³advance in
extended @, ´in battle. ·advance in open/close @, ´with wide/with only slight
spaces between the men, etc.¼
¨or®der©2 ²/ÚcdE(r)/ ³vt ¸1 ¶[VP6A,9,12B,13B,15A,B,17] ´give an
orderµ(5,6,7) ³to ´(sb) or ³for ´sth: ³The doctor @ed me to (stay in) bed. The
disobedient boy was @ed out of the room. The chairman @ed silence. The regiment
was @ed to the front. The judge @ed that the prisoner should be remanded. The
doctor has @ed me absolute quiet. She @ed herself two dozen oysters and a pint
of stout. I've @ed lunch for 1.30. The regiment was @ed up (to the front). ·@
sb about, ´keep on giving orders to him. ¸2 ¶[VP6A,15A] ´arrange; direct: ³@
one's life according to strict rules. ¸@®ing ³n ´(from µ2 ´above) arrangement.¼
¨or®der®ly© ²/ÚcdElI/ ³adj ¸1 ´well arranged; in good order; tidy: ³an @
room/desk; ´methodically inclined: ³a man with an @ mind. ¸2 ´well behaved;
obedient to discipline: ³an @ crowd. ¸3 ´(army use, attrib only) concerned with
carrying out orders: ³the @ officer´, the officer on duty for the day; ³the
·Ú³@ room´, room in barracks where the clerical work is done. ¹ ³n (pl µ-lies³)
´(army) officer's messenger. ¸medical @, ´attendant in a military hospital.
¸or®der®li®ness ³n¼
¨or®di®nal© ²/ÚcdInl ³US: ²-dnl/ ³n, adj ¶[C] ´(number) showing order or
position in a series. ¸@ numbers, ´eÔg ³first, second, third. µ¥ cardinal; App
4.¼
¨or®di®nance© ²/ÚcdInEns/ ³n ¶[C] ´order, rule, statute, made by authority or
decree: ³the @s of the City Council.¼
¨or®di®nand© ²/*cdIÚnand ³US: ²ÚcrdEnand/ ³n ´candidate for ordination.¼
¨or®di®nary© ²/ÚcdInrI ³US: ²ÚcrdEnerI/ ³adj ´normal; usual; average: ³an @
day's work; in @ dress. ·in an @ way, ´if the circumstances were @ or usual.
·in the @ way, ´in the usual or customary way. ·in @, ´by permanent
appointment, not temporary or extraordinary: ³physician in @ to Her Majesty.
·out of the @, ´unusual. ¸@ seaman, ´(abbr ¸OÔS´) one who has not yet received
the rank of ³able seaman ´(abbr ³AÔB´). ¸or®di®nar®ily ²/ÚcdInErElI ³US:
²*cdnÚerElI/ ³adv ´in an @ way: ³behave quite ordinarily.¼
¨or®di®na®tion© ²/*cdIÚneI2n ³US: ²-dnÚeI2n/ ³n ¶[U] ´ceremony of
ordaining (a priest or minister); ¶[C] ´instance of this.¼
¨ord®nance© ²/ÚcdnEns/ ³n ¶[U] ´artillery; munitions. ¸Royal Army ÚO@ Corps,
´(US = ¸O@ Corps´) that which is responsible for military supplies. ¸the O@
Survey, ´(the preparation of) accurate and detailed maps of GB.¼
¨or®dure© ²/Úcdj8E(r) ³US: ²-dZEr/ ³n ¶[U] ´excrement; dung; filth.¼
¨ore© ²/c(r)/ ³n ¶[C,U] ´(kinds of) rock, earth, mineral, etc from which metal
can be mined or extracted: ³iron ore; a district rich in ores.¼
¨or®gan© ²/ÚcgEn/ ³n ¸1 ´any part of an animal body or plant serving an
essential purpose: ³the @s of speech, ´the tongue, teeth, lips, etc; ³the
·Ú³nasal @, ´the nose; ³the reproductive @s. µ¥ ´the illus at µalimentary, ear,
eye, respire, reproduce. ¸2 ´means of getting work done; organization:
³Parliament is the chief @ of government. ¸3 ´means for making known what
people think: ³@s of public opinion, ´newspapers, radios, TÔV, etc. ¸4 ´musical
instrument from which sounds are produced by air forced through pipes, played
by keys pressed with the fingers and pedals pressed with the feet (in US also
called a ¸Úpipe-@´). µ¥ ´the illus at µchurch. ¸Úreed/AÚmerican @, ´harmonium
(with reeds instead of pipes). ¸Ú@-blower ³n ´person who works the bellows of
an @. ¸Ú@-grinder ³n ´person who plays a barrel-@. µ¥ barrel. ¸Ú@-loft ³n
´gallery (in some churches, etc) where the @ is placed. ¸Ú@®ist ²/-Ist/ ³n
´person who plays an @µ(4)´.¼
¨or®gan®die© ´(US also ¸-dy´) ²/cÚgandI/ ³n ¶[U] ´kind of fine translucent
muslin.¼
¨or®ganic© ²/cÚganIk/ ³adj ¸1 ´of an organ or organs of the body: ³@ diseases´,
affecting the structure of these organs, not only their functions. ¸2 ´(opp
³inorganic´) having bodily organs: ³@ life. ¸@ chemistry, ´dealing with carbon
compounds. ¸3 ´made of related parts; arranged as a system: ³an @ ´(iÔe
organized) ³whole; an @ ´(iÔe structural) ³part. ¸or®gani®cally ²/-klI/ ³adv¼
¨or®gan®ism© ²/ÚcgEnIzEm/ ³n ¶[C] ´living being with parts which work together;
individual animal or plant; any system with parts dependent upon each other:
³the social @.¼
¨or®gan®iz®ation© ²/*cgEnñIÚzeI2n ³US: ²-nIÚz-/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´act of
organizing; condition of being organized: ³He is engaged in the @ of a new
club. An army without @ would be useless. ¸2 ¶[C] ´organized body of persons;
organized system: ³The human body has a very complex @.¼
¨or®gan®ize© ²/ÚcgEnñIz/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ¸1 ´put into working order; arrange in a
system; make preparations for: ³@ an army/a government/a political party/an
expedition to the South Pole/one's work/oneself. ¸2 ´(of workers) form into,
join, a trade union. ¸or®gan®ized ³adj ¸1 ´ordered; orderly. ¸2 ´furnished with
organs; made into a living organism: ³highly @d forms of life. ¸3 ´(of workers)
in a trade union. ¸or®gan®izer ³n ´person who @s things.¼
¨or®gasm© ²/ÚcgazEm/ ³n ¶[C] ´violent (esp erotic) excitement; the climax of
sexual excitement.¼
¨or®gi®as®tic© ²/*cdZIÚastIk/ ³adj ´of the nature of an orgy; frenzied.¼
¨orgy© ²/ÚcdZI/ ³n ¶[C] ³(pl µorgies³) ¸1 ´occasion of wild merry-making; ³(pl)
´drunken or licentious revels. ¸2 ´(colloq) excessive amount of: ³an @ of
parties/concerts/spending.¼
¨oriel© ²/ÚcrIEl/ ³n ¸1 ´part of a room projecting from an upper storey and
supported from the ground or on corbels and having a window in it. ¸2 @
(window), ´window of an @. µ¥ ´the illus at µwindow.¼
¨orient©1 ²/ÚcrIEnt/ ³n ¸the O@, ´(liter) the countries of the East, iÔe Asia,
contrasted with ³the Occident. ´¹ ³adj ´(poet) Eastern; (of the sun) rising:
³the @ sun.¼
¨orient©2 ²/ÚcrIEnt/ ³vt ´= µorientate.¼
¨orien®tal© ²/*crIÚentl/ ³adj ´of the Orient: ³@ civilization/art/rugs. ´¹ ³n
¸O@, ´inhabitant of the Orient, esp China and Japan. ¸@®ist ²/-Ist/ ³n ´person
who studies the languages, arts, etc of @ countries.¼
¨orien®tate© ²/ÚcrIEnteIt/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ¸1 ´place (a building, etc)
so as to face east; build (a church) with the chancel end due east. ¸2 ´place
or exactly determine the position of (sth) with regard to the points of the
compass; (fig) bring into clearly understood relations: ³@ oneself´, make
oneself familiar with a situation, determine how one stands in relation to
one's surroundings, etc. ¸orien®ta®tion ²/*crIenÚteI2n/ ³n ¶[U] ´orientating or
being @d.¼
¨ori®fice© ²/ÚorIfIs ³US: ²Úcr-/ ³n ´outer opening; mouth (of a cave, etc).¼
¨ori®gin© ²/ÚorIdZIn ³US: ²ÚcrEdZIn/ ³n ¶[C,U] ´starting-point: ³the @ of a
quarrel; the @(s) of civilization; a man of humble @, ´parentage; ³words of
Latin @.¼
¨orig®inal© ²/EÚrIdZEnl/ ³adj ¸1 ´first or earliest: ³the @ inhabitants of the
country: ³The @ plan was better than the plan we followed. ¸@ sin, µ¥ sin. ¸2
´newly formed or created; not copied or imitated: ³@ ideas; an @ design. ¸3
´able to produce new ideas, etc; inventive: ³an @ thinker/writer; an @ mind. ´¹
³n ¸1 ¶[C] ´that from which sth is copied: ³This is a copy; the @ is in the
Prado in Madrid. ¸2 the @, ´language in which sth was first composed: ³read
Homer in the @´, in ancient Greek; ³study Don Quixote in the @´, in Spanish. ¸3
¶[C] ´person with an originalµ(3) ´mind. ¸@ly ²/-nElI/ ³adv ¸1 ´in an @ manner:
³speak/think/write @ly. ¸2 ´from or in the beginning: ³The school was @ly quite
small. ¸@®ity ²/E*rIdZEÚnalEtI/ ³n ¶[U] ´state or quality of being @µ(2)´:
³work that lacks @ity´, is copied or imitated.¼
¨orig®inate© ²/EÚrIdZIneIt/ ³vi,vt ¸1 ¶[VP2C,3A] ·@ from/in sth; @ from/with
sb, ´have as a cause or beginning: ³The quarrel @d in rivalry between two
tribes. With whom did the scheme @? ¸2 ¶[VP6A] ´be the author or creator of:
³@ a new style of dancing. ¸orig®in®ator ²/-tE(r)/ ³n¼
¨ori®ole© ²/ÚcrIE8l/ ³n ¸(golden) @, ´kinds of bird with black and yellow
feathers.¼
¨ori®son© ²/ÚorIzn ³US: ²Úcr-/ ³n ¶[C] ´(archaic) prayer.¼
¨or®lop© ²/Úclop/ ³n ¸Ú@ (deck), ´lowest deck of a ship with three or more
decks.¼
¨or®molu© ²/ÚcmElu/ ³n ¶[U,C] ´(article made of, or decorated with) gilded
bronze or a gold-coloured alloy of copper, zinc and tin: ³an @ clock.¼
¨or®na®ment© ²/ÚcnEmEnt/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´adorning or being adorned; that which is
added for decoration: ³add sth by way of @; an altar rich in @. ¸2 ¶[C] ´sth
designed or used to add beauty to sth else: ³a shelf crowded with @s´, eÔg
small vases, statuettes, pieces of china. ¸3 ¶[C] ´person, act, quality, etc
that adds beauty, charm, etc: ³He is an @ to his profession. ´¹ ³vt ²/ÚcnEment/
¶[VP6A,14] ´be an @ to; make beautiful: ³@ a dress with lace. ¸or®na®men®tal
²/*cnEÚmentl/ ³adj ´of or for @. ¸or®na®men®ta®tion ²/*cnEmenÚteI2n/ ³n ¶[U]
´@ing or being @ed; that which @s: ³a church with no @ation.¼
¨or®nate© ²/cÚneIt/ ³adj ´richly ornamented; (of liter style) full of flowery
language; not simple in style or vocabulary. ¸@®ly ³adv ¸@®ness ³n¼
¨or®nery© ²/ÚcnErI/ ³adj ´(US colloq) ill-tempered; perverse and stubborn.¼
¨or®ni®thol®ogy© ²/*cnIÚTolEdZI/ ³n ¶[U] ´scientific study of birds.
¸or®ni®thol®ogist ²/-dZIst/ ³n ´expert in @. ¸or®ni®tho®logi®cal
²/*cnITEÚlodZIkl/ ³adj¼
¨oro®tund© ²/ÚcrE8tAnd/ ³adj ´(formal) ¸1 ´imposing; dignified. ¸2 ´pompous;
pretentious.¼
¨or®phan© ²/Úcfn/ ³n ´person (esp a child) who has lost one or both of his
parents by death: (attrib) ³an @ child. ´¹ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´cause to be an @: ³@ed
by war. ¸@®age ²/-IdZ/ ³n ´home for @s.¼
¨or®ris®root© ²/ÚorIsrut ³US: ²Úcr-/ ³n ´fragrant root of some kinds of iris,
used in perfumes and cosmetics.¼
¨or®tho®dox© ²/ÚcTEdoks/ ³adj ´(having opinions, beliefs, etc which are)
generally accepted or approved: ³an @ member of the Church; @ beliefs; @
behaviour. µ¥ heterodox. ¸the O@ Church, ´the Eastern or Greek Church,
recognizing the Patriarch of Istanbul (Constantinople) as its head;
the communion of the autonomous churches of the Soviet Union, Romania,
Greece, etc. ¸@y ²/ÚcTEdoksI/ ³n (pl µ@ies³) ¶[U] ´being @; ¶[C] ´@ belief,
character, practice.¼
¨or®tho®gra®phy© ²/cÚTogrEfI/ ³n ¶[U] ´(system of) spelling;
correct or conventional spelling. ¸or®tho®graphic ²/*cTEÚgrafIk/ ³adj¼
¨or®tho®paedic© ´(also ¸-pedic´) ²/*cTEÚpidIk/ ³adj ´of the curing of
deformities and diseases of bones: ³@ surgery. ¸or®tho®paed®ics ´(also
¸-ped®ics´) ³n (´with ³sing v) ´branch of surgery dealing with bone deformities
and diseases.¼
¨or®to®lan© ²/ÚctElEn/ ³n ´small wild bird valued as a table delicacy.¼
¨oryx© ²/ÚorIks ³US: ²Úcr-/ ³n ´African antelope with long, straight or arching
horns.¼
¨Os®car© ²/ÚoskE(r)/ ³n ´the annual US award for what is judged to be a great
achievement in cinema: ³be nominated for/win an @.¼
¨os®cil®late© ²/ÚosIleIt/ ³vi,vt ¸1 ¶[VP2A] ´swing backwards and forwards as
the pendulum of a clock does; (fig) waver or change between extremes of
opinion, etc. ¸2 ¶[VP6A] ´cause to swing to and fro. ¸3 ´(electr, of current)
undergo high frequency alternations; (of radio receivers) radiate
electro-magnetic waves; experience interference (in reception) from this.
¸oscillating current, ´current whose direction is periodically reversed.
¸os®cil®la®tion ²/*osIÚleI2n/ ³n ¶[U] ´oscillating or being @d; ¶[C] ´one swing
of a pendulum or other object or of an electric charge. ¸os®cil®lator ²/-tE(r)/
³n ´(esp) device for producing electric oscillations (eÔg for wireless
telegraphy).¼
¨os®cillo®graph© ²/EÚsIlEgrqf ³US: ²-graf/ ³n ´(electr) instrument for
recording oscillations.¼
¨os®cillo®scope© ²/EÚsIlEskE8p/ ³n ´(electr) instrument which shows on the
screen of a cathode ray tube (like a TÔV screen) variations of current as a
wavy line.¼
¨osier© ²/ÚE8zIE(r) ³US: ²ÚE8ZEr/ ³n ¶[C] ´kind of willow-tree, the twigs of
which are used in basket-work.¼
¨os®prey© ²/ÚosprI/ ³n (pl µ@s³) ´large kind of hawk that preys on fish. µ¥ ´the
illus at µwater.¼
¨oss®eous© ²/ÚosIEs/ ³adj ´consisting of bone; having a bony skeleton.¼
¨oss®ify© ²/ÚosIfñI/ ³vt,vi (pt,pp µ-fied´) ¶[VP6A,2A] ´(formal)
make or become hard like bone; change into bone; (fig) make or become rigid,
unprogressive, unable to change. ¸ossi®fi®ca®tion ²/*osIfIÚkeI2n/ ³n ¶[U] ´@ing
or being ossified; that part of a structure that is ossified.¼
¨os®ten®sible© ²/oÚstensEbl/ ³adj ´(of reasons, etc) put forward in an attempt
to hide the real reason; apparent. ¸os®ten®sibly ²/-EblI/ ³adv¼
¨os®ten®ta®tion© ²/*ostenÚteI2n/ ³n ¶[U] ´display (of wealth, learning, skill,
etc) to obtain admiration or envy: ³the @ of the newly rich.¼
¨os®ten®ta®tious© ²/*ostenÚteI2Es/ ³adj ´fond of, showing, ostentation: ³@
jewellery; in an @ manner. ¸@®ly ³adv¼
¨os®te®opathy© ²/*ostIÚopETI/ ³n ¶[U] ´treatment of certain diseases by
manipulation of the bones and muscles. ¸os®teo®path ²/ÚostIEpaT/ ³n ´person
who practises @.¼
¨os®tler© ²/ÚoslE(r)/ ³n ´(old use) stableman (man who looks after horses) at
an inn.¼
¨os®tra®cize© ²/ÚostrEsñIz/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ¸1 ´shut out from society; refuse to
meet, talk to, etc: ³People who hold very unorthodox opinions are sometimes @d.
¸2 ´(in ancient Greece) banish by popular vote for ten or five years.
¸os®tra®cism ²/-sIzEm/ ³n ¶[U] ´ostracizing or being @d.¼
¨os®trich© ²/ÚostrIt2/ ³n ´fast-running bird, the largest in existence, unable
to fly, bred for its valuable tail feathers: ³have the
digestion of an @´, be able to digest almost anything. µ¥ ´the illus at µrare.¼
¨other© ²/ÚADE(r)/ ³adj, pron ´(person or thing) not already named
or implied. ¸1 ·the @, ³(sing) ´the second of two: ³The twins are so much alike
that people find it difficult to tell (the) one from the @. One of them is
mine; the @ is my sister's. The post office is on the @ side of the street.
Where are the @ boys? ·on the Ú@ hand, ´used (sometimes, but not always, after
³on the one hand´) to introduce sth in contrast to an earlier statement, etc:
³It's cheap, but on the @ hand the quality is poor. ¸2 ·the @s, ³(pl) ´when the
reference is to two or more: ³Six of them are mine; the @s are John's. Where
are the @s? ¸3 ´(with the ³indef art´, written and printed as one word, ¸an@
²/EÚnADE(r)/´) an additional (one); a different one. µ¥ another. ³Will you have
an@ cup of tea? I won't say an@ word about it. I don't like this one; can you
show me an@? ´(The ³pl ´of ³an@ ´is ³some/any @s ´or ³some/any more´): ³I don't
like these. Have you any @s/any more? Please let me see some @s/some more. ¸4
´(when one member of a group is compared with any @ member of the group, ³other
´is usu used): ³Green is far better as a bowler than any @ member of the team.
¸5 ´(phrases) ·each @, µ¥ each(4). ·every @, ¸(a) ´all the @s: ³John is stupid;
every @ boy in the class knows the answer. ¸(b) ´alternate: ³Write only on
every @ line. ·one an@, µ¥ one±3µ(3). ·one after the @; one after an@, ´in
succession, not together. ·«or @, ´used to suggest absence of certainty or
precision: ³I shall be coming again some day or @´, one of these days. ³I'll
get there somehow or @´, by one means if not by an@. ³Someone or @ ´(= Some
unknown person) ³has left the gate open. ·@ things being equal, ´if conditions
are/were the same or alike except for the point in question: ³O@ things being
equal, Alice would marry Jim, not Tom, but Jim is poor and Tom is rich. ·the @
day, ´a few days ago. ¸6 ´different: ³I do not wish her @ than she is. The
question must be decided by quite @ considerations. ¸@®worldly ²/*ADEÚw3ldlI/
³adj ´concerned with, thinking of, another world, of sth mystic rather than
this world. ¹ ³adv ´(= ³otherwise´) in a different way: ³I could not do it @
than hurriedly.¼
¨other®wise© ²/ÚADEwñIz/ ³adv ¸1 ´in another or different way: ³You
evidently think @. He should have been working but he was @ engaged´, but he
was doing sth different. ¸2 ´in other or different respects; in different
conditions: ³The rent is high, but @ the house is satisfactory. ´¹ ³conj ´if
not; or else: ³Do what you've been told; @ you will be punished.¼
¨oti®ose© ²/ÚE82IE8s/ ³adj ´(formal) serving no practical purpose;
not required; functionless.¼
¨ot®ter© ²/ÚotE(r)/ ³n ¶[C] ´fur-covered, fish-eating aquatic animal with four
webbed feet and a flat tail; ¶[U] ´its fur. µ¥ ´the illus at µsmall.¼
¨ot®to®man© ²/ÚotEmEn/ ³n ´long cushioned seat without back or arms, often used
as a box, eÔg for storing bedding.¼
¨ou®bli®ette© ²/*ublIÚet/ ³n ´secret dungeon (underground prison) with an
entrance only by a trapdoor in the roof.¼
¨ouch© ²/ñ8t2/ ³int ´used to express sudden pain.¼
¨ought© ²/ct/ ³anom fin ¶[VP7B] ·@ to, ´(defective; no infinitive, no
particles, no inflected forms; ³ought not ´is contracted to µoughtn't
²/Úctnt/´; for past time, ³ought ´is used with a perfect infinitive; in
reported speech, the perfect infinitive is not always necessary; ³ought to ´=
³should ´as found at µshall(3,8,9)´). ¸1 ´(indicating duty or obligation): ³You
@ to start at once. Such things @ not to be allowed, @ they? "O@ I to go'Å"Yes,
I think you @ (to)'. You @ to have done that earlier. I told him (that) he @ to
do it´, iÔe now, or in future. ³I told him (that) he @ to have done it´, iÔe in
the past. ¸2 ´(indicating what is advisable, desirable or right): ³There @ to
be more buses during the rush hours. You @ ´(iÔe I advise you) ³to see that new
film at the Odeon. Coffee @ to be drunk while it is hot. Your brother @ to have
been a doctor´, He would probably have been a good doctor. ¸3 ´(indicating
probability): ³If he started at nine, he @ to be here now. That @ to be enough
fish for three people, I think. Harry @ to win the race.¼
¨ouija© ²/ÚwidZE/ ³n ¸Ú@(-board), ´board lettered with the alphabet and with
other signs, used in seances to obtain messages said to come from the spirits
of the dead.¼
¨ounce© ²/ñ8ns/ ³n ´(abbr ¸oz´) unit of weight, one sixteenth of a
pound avoirdupois or one twelfth of a pound troy. µ¥ App 5.¼
¨our© ²/q(r), ñ8E(r)/ ³adj ´of or belonging to us, that we are concerned with,
etc: ³We have done our share. ¸Our Father, ´God. ¸Our Lady, ´the Virgin Mary.
¸Our Lord, ´Jesus Christ.¼
¨ours© ²/qz, ñ8Ez/ ³pron, pred adj ´(the one or ones) belonging to us: ³This
house is @. Don't stay at their house; stay at @. O@ is larger than theirs. Let
me show you some of @. This dog of @ never wins any prizes. The land became @
by purchase.¼
¨our®selves© ²/qÚselvz, ñ8EÚ-/ ³pron ¸1 ´(reflex): ³It's no use worrying @
about that. We shall give @ the pleasure of visiting you soon. ¸2 ´(emphat):
³We @ have often made that mistake/We've often made that mistake @. We'd better
go and see the house (for) @´, not be content to rely upon what others say.
·(all) by @, ¸(a) ´without help. ¸(b) ´alone, without company: ³Come in; we're
all by @´, there are no visitors, etc.¼
¨oust© ²/ñ8st/ ³vt ¶[VP6A,14] ·@ sb (from), ´drive or push (sb) out (from his
employment, position, etc): ³@ a rival from office.¼
¨out© ²/ñ8t/ ³adv part ´(For special uses in combination with ³vv,
µ¥ ´the ³v ´entries. Specimens only are given here.) ¸1 ´away from, not in or
at, a place, the usual or normal conditions, etc: ³go out; run out; walk
out; take sb out; find one's way out; lock sb out; throw sth out. Out
you go! ´Go out! ³Out with it! ´Bring it out! Say it! ¸2 ´(with ³be´,
various meanings): ³Mrs White is out´, not at home. ³The manager is
out´, not in the office. ³The dockers are out again´, on strike. ³The book I
wanted was out´, iÔe had been borrowed; was not in the library. ³The tide is
out´, low. ³The ship was four days out from Lisbon´, had sailed from Lisbon
four days earlier. ³The Socialist party was out´, out of office; not in power.
³Short skirts are out´, not fashionable. ·be out and about, ´(of a person who
has been in bed through illness or injury) able to get up, go outdoors, etc. ¸3
´(in various phrases to indicate absence from home): ³We don't go out much.
Let's have an evening out´, eÔg at a cinema or discotheque, or having dinner at
a restaurant, etc. ¸4 ´(with ³advv ´and ³adv ´phrases, to emphasize the idea of
distance): ³He lives out in the country. My brother is out in Australia. He
lived out East for many years. The fishing boats are all out at sea. What are
you doing out there? ¸5 ´(indicating liberation from confinement or restraint;
into the open; exposed; discovered): ³The secret is out´, discovered, known.
³The apple blossom is out´, open. ³The sun is out´, not hidden by cloud. ³His
new book is out´, published. ³There's a warrant out ´(iÔe issued) ³against him.
Out with it! ´Tell the news! Explain it! etc, according to context. ³It's the
best game out´, the best ever invented. ¸6 ´(indicating exhaustion,
extinction): ³The fire/gas/candle, etc is out´, not burning. ³The fire has
burnt out. The lease/copyright is out´, has reached the end of its term. ³The
warships steamed towards the enemy with all lights out. Put that cigarette out!
The wind blew the candles out. The candle blew out. ¸7 ´(to or at an end;
completely) (used with many ³vv´, as): ³hear sb out; work out a problem;
supplies running out; fight it out´, settle the dispute by fighting. ³I'm tired
out. He'll be here before the week is out. ³Let her have her sleep out´, have
all the sleep she needs. ·cry one's Úeyes out, ´continue crying until this
brings relief. ·have it out with sb, µ¥ have±4µ(9). ·out and out,
´thorough(ly); surpassing(ly): ³He's a crook out and out/an out-and-out crook.
·out and away, ´by far: ³I was out and away the handsomest man in the room. ¸8
´(indicating error): ³I'm out in my calculations/reckoning. We're ten pounds
out in our accounts. You're not far out´, not much in error; almost right.
³Your guess was a long way out´, badly in error. ³You've put me out´,
distracted me, upset the thread of my ideas, etc. ³My watch is five minutes out
(´more usu five minutes ³slow ´or ³fast´). ¸9 ´(indicating clearness or
loudness): ³call/cry/shout out; say sth out loud´, in a loud voice; ³speak
out´, clearly, or without hesitation; ³bring out ´(= make clearer) ³the meaning
of a paragraph by paraphrasing it; tell sb sth straight out/right out´, without
keeping anything back, without ambiguity. ¸10 ´(in phrases) ·be out for, ´be
engaged in seeking, interested in obtaining: ³I'm not out for compliments. He's
out for your blood´, anxious to attack you. ·out to ³+ inf, ´trying or hoping
to: ³I'm not out ´(= It is not my aim) ³to reform the world. The firm is out to
capture the Canadian market. ·all out, ´exerting the maximum power or effort:
³His new car does 80 miles an hour when it's going all out. What is needed is
an all-out effort. ¸11 ´(cricket) (of a batsman) no longer batting; having been
bowled, caught, etc: ³The captain was out for three. Kent all out, 137´,
innings ended for 137 runs. ¸12 ·out of, ³prep ´(contrasted with ³in ´and
³into´. µ¥ ´the ³n ´and ³v ´entries for special uses, eÔg ³out of date ´at
µdate±1µ(3), ³out of the way ´at µway(2).´) ¸(a) ´(of place): ³Fish cannot live
out of water. Mr Green is out of town this week. This plant is not found out of
´(= is found only in) ³a small area in Central Asia. ¸(b) ´(of movement): ³He
walked out of the shop. He jumped out of bed. We pulled the cart out of the
ditch. ¸(c) ´(indicating motive or cause): ³It was done out of mischief/spite.
They helped us out of pity/kindness. She asked only out of curiosity. ¸(d)
´from among: ³Choose one out of these ten. It happens in nine cases out of ten.
This is only one instance out of several. ¸(e) ´by the use of; from: ³The hut
was made out of old planks. She made a hat out of bits of old material. Can
good ever come out of evil? ¸(f) ´without: ³out of breath´, breathless; ³out of
work´, unemployed; ³out of patience; (born) out of wedlock´, of unmarried
parents. ³We're out of tea/petrol´, We have no tea/petrol left. ³This book is
out of stock´, There are no copies left in the shop. ¸(g) ´(indicating
condition): ³out of fashion; out of control; out of order; out of danger. µ¥
´the ³n ´entries. ¸(h) ´(indicating origin or source): ³a scene out of a play;
drink out of a cup/a bottle; copy sth out of a book; steps cut out of the solid
rock; paid for out of the housekeeping money; a dog and a cat eating out of the
same dish. ¸(i) ´(indicating result): ³talk sb out of doing sth´, talk to him
with the result that he does not do it; ³reason sb out of his fears; cheat sb
out of his money; ´(colloq) ³be done ´(= cheated) ³out of sth; frighten sb out
of his wits. ¸(j) ´(at a certain distance from): ³The ship sank ten miles out
of Singapore. ·out of it, ¸(a) ´not invited to be a member of a party, etc; sad
for this reason: ³She felt out of it as she watched the others set off on the
picnic. ¸(b) ´not concerned with, not
involved in, sth: ³It's a dishonest scheme and I'm glad to be out of it. ¸13
´(used as ³n) ·the ins and (the) outs, ¸(a) ´those in office and those out of
office; the Government and the Opposition. ¸(b) ´the details (of procedure,
etc). ¹ ³vt ´(sl or colloq) eject by force.¼
¨out®back© ²/Úñ8tbak/ ³adj, n ´(eÔg in Australia) (of) the more
remote and sparsely populated areas.¼
¨out®bal®ance© ²/ñ8tÚbalEns/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´weigh down; outweigh.¼
¨out®bid© ²/ñ8tÚbId/ ³vt µ(-dd-) ³(pt,pp µ-bid³) ¶[VP6A] ´go beyond in bidding;
bid higher than (another person) at an auction, etc.¼
¨out®board© ²/Úñ8tbcd/ ³attrib adj ´placed on or near the outside of a ship or
boat. ¸@ motor ³n ´detachable engine that is mounted at the stern, outside the
boat.¼
¨out®bound© ²/Úñ8tbñ8nd/ ³adj ´(of a ship) outward bound; going away from a
home port.¼
¨out®brave© ²/ñ8tÚbreIv/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´defy: ³@ the storm.¼
¨out®break© ²/Úñ8tbreIk/ ³n ¶[C] ´breaking out: ³an @ of
anger/fever/hostilities.¼
¨out®build®ing© ²/Úñ8tbIldIG/ ³n ´building, eÔg a shed or stable, separate from
the main building: ³a ten-roomed farmhouse, with useful @s.¼
¨out®burst© ²/Úñ8tb3st/ ³n ¶[C] ´bursting out (of steam, energy, laughter,
anger, etc).¼
¨out®cast© ²/Úñ8tkqst ³US: ²-kast/ ³n, adj ´(person or animal) driven out from
home or society; homeless and friendless.¼
¨out®caste© ²/Úñ8tkqst ³US: ²-kast/ ³n, adj ´(eÔg in India) (person) having
lost, or been expelled from, or not belonging to, a caste.¼
¨out®class© ²/ñ8tÚklqs ³US: ²-Úklas/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´be much better than; surpass:
³He was @ed from the start of the race´, His competitors were much better.¼
¨out®come© ²/Úñ8tkAm/ ³n ¶[C] ´effect or result of an event, or of
circumstances.¼
¨out®crop© ²/Úñ8tkrop/ ³n ¶[C] ´that part of a layer or vein (of rock, etc)
which can be seen above the surface of the ground.¼
¨out®cry© ²/Úñ8tkrñI/ ³n (pl µ-cries³) ¸1 ¶[C] ´loud shout or scream (of fear,
alarm, etc). ¸2 ¶[C,U] ´public protest (³against ´sth).¼
¨out®dated© ²/ñ8tÚdeItId/ ³adj ´made out of date (by the passing of time).¼
¨out®dis®tance© ²/ñ8tÚdIstEns/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´travel faster than, and leave
behind: ³Tom @d all his competitors in the mile race.¼
¨out®do© ²/ñ8tÚdu/ ³vt (3rd person sing pres t µ-does ²/-ÚdAz/, ³pt µ-did
²/-ÚdId/, ³pp µ-done ²/-ÚdAn/³) ¶[VP6A] ´do more or better than: ³Not to be
outdone ´(iÔe not wanting to let someone do better than he himself had done),
³he tried again.¼
¨out®door© ²/Úñ8tdc(r)/ ³attrib adj ´done, existing, used, outside a house or
building: ³leading an @ life´, eÔg of a person fond of open-air activities and
sport; ³@ dress/clothes, ´worn outside the house; ³@ sports ´(cf ³indoor
games).¼
¨out®doors© ²/*ñ8tÚdcz/ ³adv ´in the open air; outside: ³It's cold
@. In hot countries it's possible to sleep @. Farm workers spend most of their
time @.¼
¨outer© ²/Úñ8tE(r)/ ³adj ´of or for the outside, µ¥ inner´; farther from the
middle or inside: ³@ garments. µ¥ underwear´; ³the @ suburbs; journeys to @
space´, eÔg to the planet Mars; ³the @ man´, his personal appearance, dress,
etc. ¸Ú@®most ²/-mE8st/ ³adj ´farthest from the inside or centre.¼
¨out®face© ²/*ñ8tÚfeIs/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´face boldly; stare at (sb) until he turns
his eyes away; cause (sb) to be embarrassed.¼
¨out®fall© ²/Úñ8tfcl/ ³n ´place where water falls or flows out (of a lake,
river, etc); outlet; river mouth.¼
¨out®field© ²/Úñ8tfild/ ³n ´(usu ¸the @´) (cricket and baseball) part of the
field farthest from the batsmen; the fielders there.
¸@er ³n¼
¨out®fight© ²/*ñ8tÚfñIt/ ³vt (pt,pp µ-fought ²/-Úfct/³) ¶[VP6A] ´fight better
than: ³The champion outfought his opponent.¼
¨out®fit© ²/Úñ8tfIt/ ³n ¶[C] ´all the clothing or articles needed for a
purpose: ³a camping @´, tent, etc; ³a boy's @ for school; a carpenter's @´, his
tools, etc. ¹ ³vt µ(-tt-) ´fit out (chiefly in the ³pp µ@ted´). ¸@ter ³n
´shopkeeper selling clothes.¼
¨out®flank© ²/*ñ8tÚflaGk/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´go or pass round the flank of (the
enemy): ³an @ing movement.¼
¨out®flow© ²/Úñ8tflE8/ ³n ¶[C] ´flowing out: ³an @ of water/bad language; the @
of gold bullion.¼
¨out®fox© ²/*ñ8tÚfoks/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´get the better of by being cunning.¼
¨out®go© ²/Úñ8tgE8/ ³n (pl µ@es ²/-gE8z/³) ´(opp of ³income´) that
which goes out or is paid out; expenditure.¼
¨out®go®ing© ²/Úñ8tgE8IG/ ³adj ´(attrib only) going out; leaving: ³the @
tenant´, the one who is giving up the house, etc; ³an @ ship/tide. ¸out®go®ings
³n pl ´expenditure; outlay.¼
¨out®grow© ²/*ñ8tÚgrE8/ ³vt (pt µ-grew ²/-Úgru/, ³pp µ-grown ²/-ÚgrE8n/³)
¶[VP6A] ´grow too large or too tall for, eÔg one's clothes; grow faster or
taller than, eÔg one's brother; leave behind, as one grows older (bad habits,
childish interests, opinions, etc): ³@ one's strength´, grow too quickly
(during childhood), so that the health suffers.¼
¨out®growth© ²/Úñ8tgrE8T/ ³n ¶[C] ¸1 ´natural development or product. ¸2 ´that
which grows out of sth; offshoot: ³an @ on a tree.¼
¨out-herod© ²/*ñ8tÚherEd/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ·@ Herod, ´be more cruel, violent, etc
than King Herod (ruler of Palestine when Jesus was born).¼
¨out®house© ²/Úñ8thñ8s/ ³n (pl µ-houses ²/-hñ8zIz/³) ´small building adjoining
the main building (eÔg a shed, barn, or stable); ´(US) outdoor lavatory.¼
¨out®ing© ²/Úñ8tIG/ ³n ¶[C] ´holiday away from home; pleasure trip: ³go for an
@; an @ to the seaside.¼
¨out®land®ish© ²/ñ8tÚlandI2/ ³adj ´looking or sounding odd, strange or foreign:
³@ dress/behaviour/ideas. ¸@®ly ³adv ¸@®ness ³n¼
¨out®last© ²/*ñ8tÚlqst ³US: ²-Úlast/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´last or live longer than.¼
¨out®law© ²/Úñ8tlc/ ³n ´(hist) ´person punished by being placed outside the
protection of the law; criminal. ¹ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´make (sb) an @; drive out from
society. ¸@ry ²/Úñ8tlcrI/ ³n ¶[U] ´being an @; being @ed.¼
¨out®lay© ²/Úñ8tleI/ ³n ¶[U] ·@ (on), ´spending; laying out money;
¶[C] ´sum of money that is spent: ³a large @ on/for scientific research.¼
¨out®let© ²/Úñ8tlet/ ³n ·@ (for), ¸1 ´way out for water, steam, etc: ³an @ for
water; the @ of a lake. ¸2 ´(fig) means of or occasion for releasing (one's
feelings, energies, etc): ³Children need an @ for their energies.¼
¨out®line© ²/Úñ8tlñIn/ ³n ¶[C] ¸1 ´line(s) showing shape or boundary: ³an @ map
of Great Britain; draw sth in @. ¸2 ´statement of the chief facts, points, etc:
³an @ for an essay/a lecture; An O@ of European History´, title of a book with
a summary of the chief events, etc. ¹ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´draw in @; give an @
of: ³@ Napoleon's Russian campaign.¼
¨out®live© ²/*ñ8tÚlIv/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ¸1 ´live longer than: ³@ one's wife. ¸2
´live until sth is forgotten: ³@ a disgrace.¼
¨out®look© ²/Úñ8tl8k/ ³n ¸1 ´view on which one looks out: ³a pleasant @ over
the valley; an @ on to roofs and chimneys. ¸2 ´what seems likely to happen: ³a
bright @ for trade; ´(weather forecast): ³further @, dry and sunny. ¸3
´person's way of looking at sth: ³a man with a narrow @ on life.¼
¨out®lying© ²/Úñ8tlñIIG/ ³adj ´far from the centre: ³@ villages, with poor
communications.¼
¨out®man®oeuvre© ´(US = ¸-ma®neu®ver´) ²/*ñ8tmEÚnuvE(r)/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´overcome,
get the better of, by being superior in manoeuvring.¼
¨out®march© ²/*ñ8tÚmqt2/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´surpass by marching faster or longer.¼
¨out®match© ²/*ñ8tÚmat2/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´be more than a match for; excel: ³be @ed
in skill and endurance.¼
¨out®moded© ²/*ñ8tÚmE8dId/ ³adj ´out of fashion.¼
¨out®most© ²/Úñ8tmE8st/ ³adj ´= µoutermost.¼
¨out®num®ber© ²/*ñ8tÚnAmbE(r)/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´be greater in number than.¼
¨out-of-date© ²/*ñ8t Ev ÚdeIt/ ³adj ´(hyphens when ³attrib´) = ³out of date. µ¥
date±1µ(3).¼
¨out-of-door© ²/*ñ8t Ev Údc(r)/ ³attrib adj ´= µoutdoor.¼
¨out-of-doors© ²/*ñ8t Ev Údcz/ ³adv ´= µoutdoors.¼
¨out-of-the-way© ²/*ñ8t Ev DE ÚweI/ ³adj ¸1 ´remote; secluded: ³an @ cottage.
¸2 ´not commonly known: ³@ items of knowledge.¼
¨out®patient© ²/Úñ8tpeI2nt/ ³n ´person visiting a hospital for treatment but
not staying there.¼
¨out®play© ²/*ñ8tÚpleI/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´play better than: ³The English team was
@ed by the Brazilians.¼
¨out®point© ²/*ñ8tÚpãInt/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´(in boxing, etc) score more points than;
defeat on points: ³The British champion was @ed by the Mexican.¼
¨out®port© ²/Úñ8tpct/ ³n ´port or harbour away from a central custom-house or
centre of trade.¼
¨out®post© ²/Úñ8tpE8st/ ³n ¸1 ´(soldiers in an) observation post at a distance
from the main body of troops. ¸2 ´any distant settlement: ³an @ of the Roman
Empire.¼
¨out®pour®ing© ²/Úñ8tpcrIG/ ³n ¶[C] ´pouring out; (usu ³pl´) expression of
feeling: ³@s of the heart.¼
¨out®put© ²/Úñ8tp8t/ ³n sing ¸1 ´quantity of goods, etc, produced:
³the @ of a gold mine/a factory; the literary @ of the year´, the books, etc
published. ¸2 ´power, energy, etc produced; information produced from a
computer. µ¥ input.¼
¨out®rage© ²/Úñ8treIdZ/ ³n ¶[U,C] ¸1 ´(act of) extreme violence or cruelty:
³never safe from @; @s committed by a drunken mob. Would the use of H-bombs be
an @ against humanity? ¸2 ´act that shocks public opinion. ¹ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´treat
violently; be guilty of an @ upon; violate: ³@ public opinion; @ one's sense of
justice.¼
¨out®rage®ous© ²/ñ8tÚreIdZEs/ ³adj ´shocking; very cruel,
shameless, immoral: ³@ behaviour; an @ price/remark. ¸@®ly ³adv¼
¨out®range© ²/*ñ8tÚreIndZ/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´have a greater range than: ³Our guns
were @d by those of the enemy's cruisers.¼
¨out®rank© ²/*ñ8tÚraGk/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´rank higher than.¼
¨outr_e© ²/ÚutreI ³US: ²uÚtreI/ ³adj ´outside the bounds of what is
conventionally correct; contrary to what is decorous: ³@ behaviour.¼
¨out®ride© ²/*ñ8tÚrñId/ ³vt (pt µ-rode ²/-ÚrE8d/, ³pp µ-ridden ²/-ÚrIdn/³)
¶[VP6A] ´ride better or faster than: ³@ one's pursuers.¼
¨out®rider© ²/Úñ8trñIdE(r)/ ³n ´person on horseback, a motor-cycle, etc,
accompanying a vehicle, as an attendant or guard.¼
¨out®rig®ger© ²/Úñ8trIgE(r)/ ³n ´(boating) beam, spar or structure
projecting from or over the side of a boat for various purposes (eÔg for the
rowlock in a racing shell, or to give stability to a canoe or yacht).
¸out®rigged ²/Úñ8trIgd/ ³adj ´(of a boat) having an @ or @s.¼
¨out®right© ²/Úñ8trñIt/ ³adj ¸1 ´thorough; positive: ³an @ denial; @
wickedness; an @ manner, ´iÔe thoroughly frank. ¸2 ´clear; unmistakable: ³On
the voting for secretary, Smith was the @ winner. ¹ ³adv ¸1 ´openly, with
nothing held back: ³tell a man @ what one thinks of his behaviour. ¸2
´completely; at one time; ³buy a house @´, iÔe not by instalments; ³be killed
@ by a blow.¼
¨out®rival© ²/*ñ8tÚrñIvl/ ³vt µ(-ll-, ´US also µ-l-) ¶[VP6A] ´be or do better
than (sb) as a rival.¼
¨out®run© ²/*ñ8tÚrAn/ ³vt µ(-nn- ³pt µ-ran ²/-Úran/, ³pp µ-runµ) ¶[VP6A] ´run
faster or better than; go beyond: ³His ambition outran his ability´, He was
ambitious to do more than he was able to do.¼
¨out®sail© ²/ñ8tÚseIl/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´sail faster than.¼
¨out®set© ²/Úñ8tset/ ³n ´start. ·at/from the @, ´at/from the beginning: ³at the
@ of his career.¼
¨out®shine© ²/*ñ8tÚ2qIn/ ³vt (pt,pp µ-shone ²/-Ú2on/³) ¶[VP6A] ´shine more
brightly than.¼
¨out®side© ²/*ñ8tÚsñId/ ³n ´(contrasted with ³inside´) ¸1 ´the other side or
surface; the outer part(s): ³The @ of the house needs painting. Don't judge a
thing from the @´, from the external appearance. ¸2 ·at the (very) @, ´at the
most; at the highest reckoning: ³There were only fifty people there at the @´,
certainly not more than fifty. ³He earns $10Ô000 a year at the @. ¹ ³adj
²/Úñ8tsñId/ ´(or attrib use of ³n´) ¸1 ´of or on, nearer, the @: ³@
repairs´, iÔe to the @ of a building; ³@ measurements´, eÔg of a box; ³an @
broadcast´, from a place @ the studios. ¸2 ´greatest possible or probable: ³an
@ estimate/price. ¸3 ´not connected with or included in a group, organization,
etc: ³We shall need @ help ´(= extra workers) ³for this job. She doesn't like
meeting the @ world´, people not belonging to the close circle of her family
and friends. ¹ ³adv ´on or to the @: ³The house is painted green @. The car is
waiting @. ¹ prep ¸1 ´at or on the outer side of: ³@ the house; a ship moored @
the harbour. ¸2 ´beyond the limits of: ³We cannot go @ the evidence. He has no
occupation @ his office work.¼
¨out®sider© ²/*ñ8tÚsñIdE(r)/ ³n ¸1 ´person who is not, or who is
not considered to be, a member of a group, society, etc; (colloq) ill-mannered
person not socially acceptable. ¸2 ´(racing) horse that is thought to have
little chance of winning a race.¼
¨out®size© ²/Úñ8tsñIz/ ³adj ´(esp of articles of clothing, etc) larger than the
usual size.¼
¨out®skirts© ²/Úñ8tsk3ts/ ³n pl ´borders or outlying parts (esp of a town): ³on
the @ of Lille.¼
¨out®smart© ²/*ñ8tÚsmqt/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´(colloq) be smarter (= cleverer, more
cunning) than.¼
¨out®span© ²/*ñ8tÚspan/ ³vi,vt µ(-nn-) ¶[VP6A,2A] ´(S Africa) unyoke;
unharness.¼
¨out®spoken© ²/*ñ8tÚspE8kEn/ ³adj ´saying freely what one thinks; frank: ³@
comments; be @ in one's remarks. ¸@®ly ³adv ¸@®ness ³n¼
¨out®spread© ²/*ñ8tÚspred/ ³adj ´spread or stretched out: ³with ·*³@ ·Ú³arms;
with arms @.¼
¨out®stand®ing© ²/*ñ8tÚstandIG/ ³adj ¸1 ´in a position to be easily noticed;
attracting notice: ³the @ features of the landscape; an @ landmark. The girl
who won the scholarship was quite @. ¸2 ´(of problems, work, payments, etc)
still to be attended to: ³@ debts/liabilities; a good deal of work still @. ¸3
²/Úñ8tstandIG/ ´sticking out: ³a boy with big, @ ears. ¸@®ly ³adv ´to a high
degree: ³@ly intelligent.¼
¨out®station© ²/Úñ8tsteI2n/ ³n ´remote stationµ(2).¼
¨out®stay© ²/*ñ8tÚsteI/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´stay longer than: ³@ the other guests. ·@
one's welcome, ´stay too long, until one is no longer a welcome guest.¼
¨out®stretched© ²/*ñ8tÚstret2t/ ³adj ´stretched or spread out: ³with @ arms;
lie @ on the grass.¼
¨out®strip© ²/*ñq8tÚstrIp/ ³vt µ(-pp-) ¶[VP6A] ´do better than; pass (sb) in a
race, etc: ³The hare was @ped by the tortoise.¼
¨out®vie© ²/*ñ8tÚvñI/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´do better than in competition.¼
¨out®vote© ²/*ñ8tÚvE8t/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´win, obtain, more votes than.¼
¨out®ward© ²/Ú*ñq8twEd/ ³adj ¸1 ´of or on the outside: ³the @ appearance of
things; the @ man ´(contrasted with the spiritual nature, the soul). ¸2 ´going
out: ³during the @ voyage. ¹ adv ´(also ¸out®wards ²/-wEdz/´) towards the
outside; away from home or the centre: ³The two ends must be bent @s. The ship
is @ bound´, sailing away from its home port. ¸@®ly ³adv ´on the surface;
apparently: ³Though badly frightened she appeared @ly calm.¼
¨out®wear© ²/*ñ8tÚweE(r)/ ³vt (pt µ-wore ²/-Úwc(r)/³, pp µ-worn ²/-Úwcn/³)
¶[VP6A] ¸1 ´last longer than: ³Well-made leather shoes will @ two pairs of
these cheap rubber shoes. ¸2 ´wear out; use up; exhaust (esp in the ³pp ´when
attrib): ³outworn quotations´, used so often that they no longer strike the
listener or reader; ³outworn ´(= out-of-date) ³practices in industry.¼
¨out®weigh© ²/*ñ8tÚweI/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´be greater in weight, value or importance
than: ³Do the disadvantages @ the advantages?¼
¨out®wit© ²/*ñ8tÚwIt/ ³vt µ(-tt-) ¶[VP6A] ´get the better of by being cleverer
or more cunning than: ³The thief @ted the police and got away with his loot.¼
¨out®wore© ²/*ñ8tÚwc(r)/, ±out®worn ²/ñ8tÚwcn/ µ¥ outwear.¼
¨out®work© ²/Úñ8tw3k/ ³n ´part of a military defence system away
from the centre: ³the @s of a castle.¼
¨ouzel© ²/Úuzl/ ³n ´kinds of small bird of the thrush family.¼
¨ouzo© ²/ÚuzE8/ ³n ¶[U] ´aniseed-flavoured Greek liqueur, drunk with water.¼
¨ova© ²/ÚE8vE/ ³n pl ´of µovum.¼
¨oval© ²/ÚE8vl/ ³n, adj ´(plane figure or outline that is) egg-shaped; shaped
like an ellipse.¼
¨ovary© ²/ÚE8vErI/ ³n (pl µ-ries³) ´either of the two reproductive organs in
which ova are produced in female animals; seed-vessel in a plant. µ¥ ovum. µ¥
´the illus at µflower; reproduce.¼
¨ova®tion© ²/E8ÚveI2n/ ³n ¶[C] ´enthusiastic expression of welcome or approval:
³The leader was given a standing @, ´The audience stood to clap, etc.¼
¨oven© ²/ÚAvn/ ³n ¸1 ´enclosed box-like space which is heated for cooking food:
³Bread is baked in an @. ¸2 ´small furnace or kiln used in chemistry, etc.
¸Ú@®ware ²/-weE(r)/ ³n ¶[U] ´heat-proof dishes for use in an @: ³@ware
pottery.¼
¨over©1 ²/ÚE8vE(r)/ ³adv ´(µ¥ ´the ³v ´entries for special
combinations, eÔg ³give over. ´Specimens only are given here.) ¸1 ´(indicating
movement from an upright position, from one side to the other side, or so that
a different side is seen, etc): ³He fell @ on the ice. Don't knock that vase @.
A slight push would send it @. He gave me a push and @ I went´, I fell. ³Turn
the patient @ on his face and rub his back. Turn @ the page. It rolled @ and
@´, made a series of revolutions. ³He turned @ in bed. ¸2 ´(indicating motion
upwards and outwards): ³The milk boiled @. He was boiling @ with rage. ¸3 ´from
beginning to end; through: ³I'll look the papers @´, look or read through them.
³You should think it @´, consider the matter carefully. ¸4 ´(indicating
repetition) again: ³Count them @, ´a second time. ·(all) @ again, ´a second
time (from the beginning): ³He did the work so badly that I had to do it all @
again myself. ·@ and @ again, ´repeatedly; many times: ³I've
warned you @ and @ again not to do that. ¸5 ´across (a street, an open space, a
distance, etc): ³Take these letters @ to the post office. Let me row you @ to
the other side of the lake. Ask him @ ´Ask him to come here/to pay a visit,
³He's @ in/has gone @ to France. Come @ and see me some time, ´Come to visit me
some time. ³Some wild geese have just flown @. ·@ against, ´(lit or fig) ¸(a)
´opposite to. ¸(b) ´in contrast with. ¸6 ´remaining; not used after part has
been taken or used: ³Seven into thirty goes four times and two @. If there's
any meat (left) @, give it to the dog. I've paid all my debts and have $15 @.
¸7 ´in addition; in excess; more: ³children of fourteen and @; 10 metres and a
bit @. ¸8 ´ended; finished; done with: ³The meeting will be @ before we arrive
if we don't hurry. The storm is @. His sufferings will soon be @. It's all @
with him´, He's ruined, sure to die soon, etc, according to context. ¸9 ´more
than is right, usual, wise, etc: ³@ anxious; @ polite. If she grieves @ much,
she may fall ill. He's not @ strong´, not so strong as is desirable. ³He hasn't
done it @ well´, He has done it rather badly. µ¥ over- ´below. ¸10 ´(indicating
transference or change from one person, party, etc to another): ³He has gone @
to the enemy´, joined them. ³He made his business @ to his son´, made his son
the owner. ³Hand that weapon @ to me. Over (to you)! ´(in radio telegraphy,
etc) It is now your turn to speak. ¸11 ´on the whole surface; in all parts: ³He
was aching all @. This pianist is famous all the world @. Your clothes are all
@ dust/are dusty all @. Paint the old name @´, cover it with paint. ³That's
Smith all @´, It's characteristic of him, what he might be
expected to do.¼
¨over©2 ²/ÚE8vE(r)/ ³prep ¸1 ´resting on the surface of and
covering, partly or completely (not, in this sense, replaceable by ³above´):
³He spread his handkerchief @ his face to keep the flies off. Spread a cloth @
the table. Tie a piece of paper firmly @ the top of the jar. I knocked the
man's hat @ his eyes´, so that he couldn't see. ¸2 ´at or to a level higher
than, but not touching (in this sense often replaceable by ³above´):
³Attendants held a large umbrella @/above the chief's head. The sky is @/above
our heads. These telegraph wires @ the streets are ugly. The balcony juts out @
the street. There was a lamp @ the table. ¸3 ´(indicating superiority in rank,
authority, etc): ³He reigns @ a great empire. He has jurisdiction @ three
provinces. These people need a firm ruler @ them. He has no command @ himself/@
his passions. Mr White is @ me in the office. ¸4 ´in or across every part of:
³Snow is falling @ the north of England. He is famous all @ the world. µ¥
over±1µ(11). ³He has travelled all @ Europe. ¸5 ´from one side to the other of;
to or at the other side of: ³He escaped @ the frontier. She spoke to me @ her
shoulder. Look @ the hedge. We heard voices from @ the fence. Who lives in that
house @ the way´, on the opposite side of the road or street? ¸6 ´(of time):
³Can you stay @ Sunday´, until Monday? ¸7 ´so as to be @ and on the other side
of: ³climb @ a wall; jump @ a brook. ¸8 ´(opp of ³under´) more than: ³He spoke
for @ an hour. He stayed in London (for) @ a month. She is @ 40 inches round
the waist. The river is @ fifty miles long. He's @ fifty. ·@ and above,
´besides; in addition to: ³The waiters get good tips @ and above their wages.
¸9 ´in connection with; while engaged in; concerning: ³He went to sleep @ his
work, ´while doing it. ³How long will he be @ it? ´How long will it take him to
do it, get there, etc? ³We had a pleasant chat @ a cup of tea´, while drinking
tea. ³We all laughed @ the affair.¼
¨over©3 ²/ÚE8vE(r)/ ³n ´(cricket) number of balls bowled in
succession by each bowler in turn.¼
¨over-© ²/*E8vE(r)/ ³pref ´too (much): ·*³@-po·Ú³lite; ·*³@-·Ú³tired;
·*³@-·Ú³heated. ´(Note: compounds not entered below have the same stress
pattern as the examples below.) The meanings of the ³adjj ´below may be
obtained by putting ³too ´in place of ³over.¼
¸*@-aÚbundant¡Ô*@-exÚcited»
*@-Úactive¡Ô*@-faÚmiliar»
*@-amÚbitious¡Ô*@-Úfond»
*@-Úanxious¡Ô*@-Úfull»
*@-Úbold¡Ô*@-Úgenerous»
*@-Úbusy¡Ô*@-Úgreedy»
*@-Úcareful¡Ô*@-Úhasty»
*@-Úcautious¡Ô*@-Újealous»
*@-Úconfident¡Ô*@-Úmodest»
*@-Úcredulous¡Ô*@-Únervous»
*@-Úcritical¡Ô*@-Úproud»
*@-Úcurious¡Ô*@-Úripe»
*@-Údelicate¡Ô*@-Úsensitive»
*@-Úeager¡Ô*@-Úserious»
*@-eÚmotional¡Ô*@-susÚpicious»
*@-en*thusiÚastic¡Ô*@-Úzealous»
´The meanings of the ³nn ´below may be obtained by putting ³too much ´in place
of ³over.¼
¸*@-aÚbundance¡Ô*@-inÚdulgence»
*@-anÚxiety¡Ô*@-Úpayment»
*@-Úconfidence¡Ô*@-*popuÚlation»
*@-creÚdulity¡Ô*@-proÚduction»
*@-exÚertion¡Ô*@-Ústrain»
*@-exÚposure¡Ô*@-Útolerance»
´The meaning of the ³vv ´below may be obtained by putting ³too much ´after the
³v ´in place of ³over.¼
¸*@-Úburden¡Ô*@-Úheat»
*@-Úcook¡Ô*@-inÚdulge»
*@-Úeat¡Ô*@-Úpraise»
*@-Úemphasize¡Ô*@-proÚduce»
*@-Úestimate¡Ô*@-Úsimplify»
*@-exÚert¡Ô*@-Ústrain»
*@-exÚpose¡Ô*@-Úvalue»
¨over®act© ²/*E8vErÚakt/ ³vi,vt ¶[VP2A,6A] ´act±2µ(4) ´in an
exaggerated way: ³@ing (in) his part.¼
¨over®all©1 ²/*E8vErÚcl/ ³adj ´including everything; containing all: ³the @
measurements of a room; coal burnt at an @ efficiency of only 18 per cent.¼
¨over®all©2 ²/ÚE8vErcl/ ³n ¸1 ´(GB) loose-fitting garment that covers other
garments (eÔg as worn by small children during play). ¸2 ³(pl) ´loose-fitting
trousers, with the front extended above the waist, with shoulder straps, and
made of heavy, strong material, worn over other clothes to protect them from
dirt, etc.¼
¨over®arch© ²/*E8vErÚqt2/ ³vt,vi ¶[VP6A,2A] ´form an arch (over): ³Trees @ed
the road.¼
¨over®arm© ²/ÚE8vErqm/ ³adj, adv ´(sport, eÔg cricket) with the arm swung over
the shoulder: ³bowling @; an @ bowler.¼
¨over®awe© ²/*E8vErÚc/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´awe completely; awe through great respect,
etc: ³@ sb into submission.¼
¨over®bal®ance© ²/*E8vEÚbalEns/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A,2A] ´(cause to) lose balance;
fall over: ³He @d and fell into the water. Don't @ the canoe. ¸2 ¶[VP6A]
´outweigh: ³The gains @ the losses.¼
¨over®bear© ²/*E8vEÚbeE(r)/ ³vt (pt µ-bore ²/-Úbc(r)/, ³pp µ-borne ²/-Úbcn/³)
¶[VP6A] ´overcome (by forcible arguments, strong force, or authority): ³My
objections were overborne in the argument. ¸@®ing ³adj ´masterful; forcing
others to one's will: ³an @ing manner. ¸@®ing®ly ³adv¼
¨over®bid© ²/*E8vEÚbId/ ³vt,vi µ(-dd-, ³pt,pp µ-bidµ) ¸1 ¶[VP6A] ´(at an
auction) bid higher than (another person). ¸2 ¶[VP6A,2A] ´bid more than the
value of (sth offered for sale). ¸3 ¶[VP6A,2A] ´(bridge) make a higher bid than
(one's partner) or than one's hand is worth. ¹ ³n ²/ÚE8vEbId/ ´act of @ding.¼
¨over®blown© ²/*E8vEÚblE8n/ ³adj ´(of flowers) too fully open; past
their best.¼
¨over®board© ²/ÚE8vEbcd/ ³adv ´over the side of a ship or boat into the water:
³fall/jump @; throw sb @´, (fig) get rid of him, stop supporting him, etc.¼
¨over®bore© ²/*E8vEÚbc(r)/, ±over®borne ²/*E8vEÚbcn/ µ¥ overbear.¼
¨over®bur®den© ²/*E8vEÚb3dn/ ³n ¶[U] ´surface soil, etc which must be moved
away to get at coal, etc underneath. ¹ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´burden too heavily: ³@ed
with grief.¼
¨over®call© ²/*E8vEÚkcl/ ³vt,vi ´= µoverbid(3).¼
¨over®capi®tal®ize© ²/*E8vEÚkapItElñIz/ ³vt ´fix or estimate the capital of (a
company) too high. ¸over®capi®tal®iz®ation ²/*E8vE*kapItElñIÚzeI2n ³US:
²-lIÚz-/ ³n¼
¨over®cast© ²/*E8vEÚkqst ³US: ²-Úkast/ ³adj ´(of the sky) darkened (as) by
clouds; (fig) gloomy; sad. ¹ ³n sing ´cloud-covered sky: ³Breaks in the
@ will give sunny periods.¼
¨over®charge© ²/*E8vEÚt2qdZ/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A,2A] ´charge (sb) too high a
price: ³We were @d for the eggs. That grocer never @s. ¸2 ¶[VP6A] ´fill or load
too heavily: ³@ a gun; @ an electric circuit. ¹ n ²/ÚE8vEt2qdZ/ ¶[C] ´charge
that is too high or great, eÔg of electric current, explosive or for a
purchase.¼
¨over®cloud© ²/*E8vEÚklñ8d/ ³vt,vi ¶[VP6A,2A] ´cover, become covered, with
clouds or shadows; (fig) make or become gloomy.¼
¨over®coat© ²/ÚE8vEkE8t/ ³n ´long coat worn out of doors over ordinary clothes
in cold weather.¼
¨over®come© ²/*E8vEÚkAm/ ³vt (pt µ-came ²/-ÚkeIm/, ³pp µ-come³) ¶[VP6A] ¸1 ´get
the better of; be too strong for: ³@ the enemy; @ a bad habit; @ temptation. ¸2
´make weak: ³be @ by fatigue/emotion/liquor/fumes.¼
¨over®crop© ²/*E8vEÚkrop/ ³vt µ(-pp-) ¶[VP6A] ´take too many crops from (land)
(so that it loses fertility).¼
¨over®crowd© ²/*E8vEÚkrñ8d/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´crowd too much: ³@ed buses
and trains; the @ing of large cities.¼
¨over®do© ²/*E8vEÚdu/ ³vt (pt µ-did ²/-ÚdId/, ³pp µ-done ²/-ÚdAn/´) ¶[VP6A] ¸1
´do too much; exaggerate; overact: ³The comic scenes in the play were overdone.
He overdid his part in the play. ·@ it, ¸(a) ´work, etc too hard: ³You should
work hard, but don't @ it and make yourself ill. ¸(b) ´exaggerate; go too far
in order to achieve one's object: ³He showed sympathy for us, but didn't he
rather @ it? ¸2 ´cook too much: ³overdone beef.¼
¨over®draft© ²/ÚE8vEdrñft ³US: ²-draft/ ³n ´amount of money by which a bank
account is overdrawn.¼
¨over®draw© ²/*E8vEÚdrc/ ³vt,vi (pt µ-drew ²/-Údru/, ³pp µ-drawn ²/-Údrcn/´)
¶[VP6A,2A] ¸1 ´draw a cheque for a sum in excess of (one's credit balance in a
bank): ³an @n account. ¸2 ´exaggerate: ³The characters in this novel are
rather @n´, are not true to life.¼
¨over®dress© ²/*E8vEÚdres/ ³vt,vi ¶[VP6A,2A] ´dress (oneself, etc) too richly
or more showily than is suitable for the occasion.¼
¨over®drive© ²/ÚE8vEdrqIv/ ³n ´mechanism fitted into the normal gear-box of a
motor vehicle to reduce the power output while maintaining the driving speed.¼
¨over®due© ²/*E8vEÚdju ³US: ²-Údu/ ³adj ´beyond the time fixed (for arrival,
payment, etc): ³The train is @´, is late. ³These bills are all @´, ought to
have been paid before now. ³The baby is two weeks @´, still not born two weeks
after the expected date of birth.¼
¨over®flow© ²/*E8vEÚflE8/ ³vt,vi (pt,pp µ@ed³) ¸1 ¶[VP6A,2A] ´flow over; flow
over the edges or limits; flood; spread beyond the ordinary or usual area: ³The
river @ed its banks. The lake is @ing. The crowds were so big that they @ed the
barriers. ¸2 ¶[VP3A] ·@ with, ´be more than filled: ³a heart @ing with
gratitude; a friend @ing with kindness. ¹ n ²/ÚE8vEflE8/ ¶[C] ´flowing over of
liquid; flood; that which flows over or is too much for the space, area, etc
available: ³new suburbs for the @ of population; an @ meeting´, one held for
those unable to find room in the hall, etc where the principal meeting is
held.¼
¨over®grown© ²/*E8vEÚgrE8n/ ³adj ¸1 ´having grown too fast: ³an @
boy. ¸2 ´covered with sth that has grown over: ³a garden @ with weeds; walls @
with ivy.¼
¨over®growth© ²/ÚE8vEgrE8T/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U,C] ´that which has grown over: ³an @ of
weeds. ¸2 ¶[U] ´growth that is too fast or excessive: ³weakness due to @.¼
¨over®hand© ²/ÚE8vEhand/ ³adj ´(cricket, etc) overarm; (in swimming) with the
hand and arm raised out of the water: ³the @ stroke.¼
¨over®hang© ²/*E8vEÚhaG/ ³vt,vi (pt,pp µ-hung ²/-ÚhAG/³) ¶[VP6A,2A] ¸1 ´hang
over; be over, project over, like a shelf: ³The cliffs @ the stream. The ledge
@s several feet. ¸2 ´threaten; be likely to come: ³@ing dangers. ¹ n
²/ÚE8vEhaG/ ´part that @s: ³the @ of a roof/cliff.¼
¨over®haul© ²/*E8vEÚhcl/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ¸1 ´examine thoroughly in order to learn
about the condition of: ³have the engine of a car @ed; ´(colloq) ³go to one's
doctor to be @ed´, physically examined. ¸2 ´overtake; catch up with: ³The fast
cruiser soon @ed the old cargo boat. ¹ n ²/ÚE8vEhcl/ ¶[C] ´examination for the
purpose of repairing, cleaning, etc.¼
¨over®head© ²/*E8vEÚhed/ ³adv ´above one's head; in the sky: ³the people in the
room @; the stars @. ¹ ³adj ²/ÚE8vEhed/ ¸1 ´raised above the ground: ³@
wires/cables; an @ railway´, built at a level higher than that of the streets.
¸2 ´(business): ³@ expenses/charges ´(or, ³n pl, ¸@s´), those expenses, etc
needed for carrying on a business, eÔg rent, advertising, salaries, light,
heating, not manufacturing costs.¼
¨over®hear© ²/*E8vEÚhIE(r)/ ³vt (pt,pp µ-heard ²/-Úh3d/³) ¶[VP6A,18A,19A] ´hear
without the knowledge of the speaker(s); hear what one is not intended to hear;
hear by chance.¼
¨over®joyed© ²/*E8vEÚdZãId/ ³adj ´greatly delighted ³(at ´one's success, etc).¼
¨over®kill© ²/ÚE8vEkIl/ ³n ´capacity exceeding what is needed to destroy.¼
¨over®land© ²/ÚE8vEland/ ³adj, ²/*E8vEÚland/ ³adv ´across the land (contrasted
with the sea): ³the @ route used by Marco Polo; travel @.¼
¨over®lap© ²/*E8vEÚlap/ ³vt,vi µ(-pp-) ¶[VP6A,2A] ¸1 ´partly cover
by extending beyond one edge: ³tiles that @ one another; @ping shingles; @ping
boards. ¸2 ´(fig) partly coincide; involve duplication: ³His duties/authority
and mine @. His visit and mine @ped. ¹ ³n ²/ÚE8vElap/ ¶[C] ´@ping part; ¶[U]
´fact or process of @ping.¼
¨over®lay© ²/*E8vEÚleI/ ³vt (pt,pp µ-laid ²/-ÚleId/³) ´put a coating over the
surface of: ³wood overlaid with gold. ¹ n ²/ÚE8vEleI/ ´thing laid over sth.¼
¨over®leaf© ²/*E8vEÚlif/ ³adv ´on the other side of the leaf (of a book, etc).¼
¨over®leap© ²/*E8vEÚlip/ ³vt (pt,pp µ@ed ´or µ-leapt ²/-Úlept/³) ¶[VP6A] ´leap
over; (fig) go too far, attempt too much: ³Ambition often @s itself.¼
¨over®load© ²/*E8vEÚlE8d/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´put too great a load on; (electr) put
too great a charge into.¼
¨over®look© ²/*E8vEÚl8k/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ¸1 ´have a view of from above: ³From my
study window I @ the bay and the headlands. Our garden is @ed from the
neighbours' windows´, They can look down on to our garden from their windows.
¸2 ´fail to see or notice; pay no attention to: ³@ a printer's error. His
services have been @ed by his employers´, They have not properly rewarded him.
¸3 ´pass over without punishing: ³@ a fault. ¸4 ´superintend; supervise.¼
¨over®lord© ²/ÚE8vElcd/ ³n ´(in feudal times) nobleman in relation to his
vassals; superior from whom men held land and to whom they owed service.¼
¨over®ly© ²/ÚE8vElI/ ³adv ´to an excessive degree: ³@ cautious. ´Cf
³overcautious.¼
¨over®man®tel© ²/ÚE8vEmantl/ ³n ´structure (wood or stone, carved
or decorated) over a mantlepiece.¼
¨over®mas®ter© ²/*E8vEÚmqstE(r) ³US: ²-mas-/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´overcome, overpower:
³an @ing passion´, a passion so strong that it is difficult to subdue it.¼
¨over®much© ²/*E8vEÚmAt2/ ³adj, adv ´too great(ly): ³give students @ homework;
an author who has been praised @.¼
¨over®night© ²/*E8vEÚnñIt/ ³adv ¸1 ´on the night before: ³get everything ready
for the journey @; make preparations @. ¸2 ´for, during, the night: ³stay @ at
a friend's house´, sleep there for the night. ³The situation changed @. ³¹ adj
²/ÚE8vEnñIt/ ´during or for the night: ³an @ journey; an @ stop at Rome.¼
¨over®pass© ²/ÚE8vEpqs ³US: ²-pas/ ³n ´bridge or road that carries a road over
a highway or motorway. µ¥ flyover, underpass.¼
¨over®pay© ²/*E8vEÚpeI/ ³vt (pt,pp µ-paid ²/-ÚpeId/³) ¶[VP6A,14] ´pay too much
or too highly: ³Has Jack been overpaid for his work?¼
¨over®play© ²/*E8vEÚpleI/ ³vt ·@ one's hand, ´(gambling, cards) take risks that
are not justified (by overestimating one's own strength).¼
¨over®plus© ²/ÚE8vEplAs/ ³n ¶[C] ´amount which is surplus or in excess.¼
¨over®power© ²/*E8vEÚpñ8E(r)/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´overcome; be too strong for; defeat
by greater strength or numbers: ³The criminals were easily @ed by the police.
He was @ed by the heat. ¸@®ing ³adj ´too strong; very powerful: ³an @ing stink;
@ing grief.¼
¨over®print© ²/*E8vEÚprInt/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´print additional matter on (an already
printed surface, eÔg of postage stamps). ¹ ³n ²/ÚE8vEprInt/ ´thing @ed.¼
¨over®rate© ²/*E8vEÚreIt/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´put too high a value on: ³@ sb's
abilities; an @d book.¼
¨over®reach© ²/*E8vEÚrit2/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ¸1 ´get the better of (by
trickery). ¸2 ·@ oneself, ´fail in one's object, damage one's own interests,
by being too ambitious.¼
¨over®ride© ²/*E8vEÚrñId/ ³vt (pt µ-rode ²/-ÚrE8d/, ³pp µ-ridden ²/-ÚrIdn/³)
¶[VP6A] ´prevail over (sb's opinions, decisions, wishes, claims, etc): ³They
overrode my wishes´, set them aside without consideration.¼
¨over®rule© ²/*E8vEÚrul/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´decide against (esp by using one's higher
authority): ³@ a claim or objection. The judge @d the previous decision. We
were @d by the majority.¼
¨over®run© ²/*E8vEÚrAn/ ³vt (pt µ-ran ²/-Úran/, ³pp µ-run³) ¶[VP6A] ¸1 ´spread
over and occupy or injure: ³a country @ by enemy troops; warehouses @ with
rats; a garden @ with weeds. ¸2 ´go beyond (a limit): ³speakers who @ the time
allowed them. The broadcast overran the allotted time.¼
¨over®sea(s)© ²/*E8vEÚsi(z)/ ³adj ´(at, to, from, for, places) across the sea:
³@(s) trade; an @(s) broadcast programme. ¹ ³adv´: ³go/live @(s)´, across the
sea; abroad.¼
¨over®see© ²/*E8vEÚsi/ ³vt (pt µ-saw ²/-Úsc/, ³pp µ-seen ²/-Úsin/³) ¶[VP6A]
´look after, control (work, workmen). ¸over®seer ²/ÚE8vEsIE(r)/ ³n ´foreman;
person whose duty it is to take charge of work and see that it is properly
done.¼
¨over®sexed© ²/*E8vEÚsekst/ ³adj ´having sexual desire in excess of what is
normal; obsessed by sex.¼
¨over®shadow© ²/*E8vEÚ2adE8/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´throw a shade over; (fig) render less
conspicuous; cause to seem less important.¼
¨over®shoe© ²/ÚE8vE2u/ ³n ¶[C] ´rubber shoe worn over an ordinary one for
protection against wet and mud. µ¥ galoshes.¼
¨over®shoot© ²/*E8vEÚ2ut/ ³vt (pt,pp µ-shot ²/-Ú2ot/³) ¶[VP6A] ´shoot over or
beyond (a mark); (lit, fig) go too far: ³The aircraft overshot the runway.¼
¨over®shot© ²/*E8vEÚ2ot/ ³adj ¸@ wheel, ´water wheel driven by the pressure of
water falling on to it from above.¼
¨over®side© ²/ÚE8vEsñId/ ³adv ´over the side (of a ship, etc): ³discharge
cargo @´, eÔg into lighters, not on to the quay.¼
¨over®sight© ²/ÚE8vEsñIt/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´failure to notice sth; ¶[C]
´instance of this: ³Through an unfortunate @ your letter was left unanswered.
¸2 ¶[U] ´watchful care: ³under the @ of a nurse.¼
¨over®skirt© ²/ÚE8vEsk3t/ ³n ´one worn over a skirt.¼
¨over®sleep© ²/*E8vEÚslip/ ³vi (pt,pp µ-slept ²/-Úslept/³) ¶[VP2A] ´sleep too
long; continue sleeping after the proper time for waking: ³He overslept and
was late for work.¼
¨over®spill© ²/ÚE8vEspIl/ ³n ´sth that spreads into surrounding areas; (esp)
excess population: ³build new towns for London's @.¼
¨over®state© ²/*E8vEÚsteIt/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´express or state too strongly; state
more than is true about: ³Don't @ your case. ¸@®ment ²/ÚE8vEsteItmEnt/ ³n ¶[U]
´exaggeration; ¶[C] ´exaggerated statement.¼
¨over®stay© ²/*E8vEÚsteI/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´stay too long. ·@ one's welcome, ´stay
until one is no longer a welcome guest.¼
¨over®step© ²/*E8vEÚstep/ ³vt µ(-pp-) ¶[VP6A] ´go beyond: ³@ one's authority.¼
¨over®stock© ²/*E8vEÚstok/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´supply with too large a stock: ³@ a
farm with cattle´, with more cattle than there is food or space for.¼
¨over®strung© ²/*E8vEÚstrAG/ ³adj ¸1 ´(of a person, his nerves) intensely
strained; easily excited; too sensitive. ¸2 ´(of a piano) with strings crossing
obliquely to save space.¼
¨over®stuffed© ²/*E8vEÚstAft/ ³adj ´(of seats, etc) made soft and comfortable
by very thick padding.¼
¨over®sub®scribed© ²/*E8vEsEbÚskrñIbd/ ³adj ´(fin) (of an issue of shares, etc)
with applications in excess of what is offered.¼
¨overt© ²/ÚE8v3t ³US: ²E8Úv3rt/ ³adj ´done or shown openly, publicly: ³@
hostility. ¸@®ly ³adv µ¥ covert.¼
¨over®take© ²/*E8vEÚteIk/ ³vt (pt µ-took ²/-Út8k/, ³pp µ-taken ²/-teIkEn/³)
¶[VP6A] ¸1 ´come or catch up with; outstrip: ³@ other cars on the road; @
arrears of work. ¸2 ´(of storms, troubles, etc) come upon (sb) suddenly, by
surprise: ³be @n by/with fear/surprise/events; be @n by a storm.¼
¨over®tax© ²/*E8vEÚtaks/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´tax too heavily; put too
heavy a burden or strain on: ³@ one's strength/sb's patience.¼
¨over®throw© ²/*E8vEÚTrE8/ ³vt (pt µ-threw ²/-ÚTru/, ³pp µ-thrown ²/-ÚTrE8n/³)
¶[VP6A] ´defeat; put an end to; cause to fall or fail: ³@ the government. ³¹ n
²/ÚE8vETrE8/ ´ruin; defeat; fall.¼
¨over®time© ²/ÚE8vEtñIm/ ³n ¶[U]³, adv ´(time spent at work) after the usual
hours: ³working @; be paid extra for @; be on @´, iÔe working @; ³Ú@ pay.¼
¨over®tone© ²/ÚE8vEtE8n/ ³n ´(music) higher note more faintly heard than the
main note produced from a string, pipe, etc; (often ³pl) ´(fig) implication.¼
¨over®top© ²/*E8vEÚtop/ ³vt µ(-pp-) ¶[VP6A] ´be higher than; rise above: ³@ped
by the new skyscraper.¼
¨over®trump© ²/*E8vEÚtrAmp/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´(whist, bridge) play a higher trump
than.¼
¨over®ture© ²/ÚE8vEtj8E(r)/ ³n ¸1 ´(often ³pl´) approach made (³to ´sb) with
the aim of starting discussions: ³peace @s; make @s to sb. ¸2 ´musical
composition played as an introduction to an opera, or as a separate item at a
concert.¼
¨over®turn© ²/*E8vEÚt3n/ ³vt,vi ¶[VP6A,2A] ´(cause to) turn over; upset: ³He
@ed the boat. The boat @ed.¼
¨over®ween®ing© ²/*E8vEÚwinIG/ ³adj ´having, marked by, excessive
self-confidence or conceit: ³@ ambition/vanity.¼
¨over®weight© ²/ÚE8vEweIt/ ³n ¶[U] ´excess of weight above what is usual or
legal: ³Shopkeepers rarely give @. ³¹ adj ²/*E8vEÚweIt/ ´exceeding the weight
allowed or normal: ³an @ bag. If your luggage is @ you'll have to pay extra.
She's as @ as the women in the paintings of Rubens. ¸@ed ²/*E8vEÚweItId/ ³part
adj ´carrying too much weight: ³@ed with packages.¼
¨over®whelm© ²/*E8vEÚwelm ³US: ²-Úhwelm/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´weigh down;
submerge, cover completely by flowing over or pouring down on; crush; destroy;
cause to feel confused or embarrassed: ³be @ed by the enemy/by superior forces;
an @ing victory; @ing sorrow; be @ed by a flood; be @ed with grief/gratitude.¼
¨over®work© ²/*E8vEÚw3k/ ³vt,vi ¶[VP6A,2A] ´(cause to) work too hard or too
long: ³@ oneself; @ a horse. It's foolish to @. ³¹ n ²/ÚE8vEw3k/ ¶[U] ´working
too much or too long: ³ill through @.¼
¨over®wrought© ²/*E8vEÚrct/ ³adj ´tired out by too much excitement; in a state
of nervous excitement.¼
¨ovi®duct© ²/ÚE8vIdAkt/ ´(also called ¸Fallopian tube´) ³n ´either of two tubes
through which ova pass from the ovary to the uterus. µ¥ ´the illus at
µreproduce.¼
¨ovip®ar®ous© ²/E8ÚvIpErEs/ ³adj ´producing young from eggs which hatch outside
the body.¼
¨ovoid© ²/ÚE8vãId/ ³adj, n ´egg-shaped (object).¼
¨ovum© ²/ÚE8vEm/ ³n (pl µova ²/ÚE8vE/³) ´female germ or sex cell in animals,
capable of developing into a new individual when fertilized by male sperm.¼
¨owe© ²/E8/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A,12A,13A,2A,3A] ·owe sb sth; owe sth to sb; owe for
sth, ´be in debt to (sb) (for sth): ³He owes his father $50. He owes $50 to his
father. I have paid all that was owing. He still owes for the goods he had last
month. ¸2 ¶[VP12A,13A] ´be under an obligation to, feel the necessity of
gratitude to: ³I owe a great deal to my parents and teachers. I owe it to you
that I am still alive. ¸3 ¶[VP12A,13A] ´be bound to give as a duty: ³owe
reverence and obedience to the Pope. ¸4 ¶[VP14] ·owe sth to sth, ´be indebted
to as the source of: ³He owes his success to good luck more than to ability. To
whom do we owe the discovery of penicillin?¼
¨ow®ing© ²/ÚE8IG/ ³adj ´still to be paid: ³large sums still @. ·@
to ³prep ´because of; on account of: ³O@ to the rain the match was cancelled.¼
¨owl© ²/ñ8l/ ³n ´night-flying bird that lives on small birds and animals, eÔg
mice. µ¥ ´the illus at µprey. ¸ow®let ²/Úñ8lIt/ ³n ´young owl. ¸owl®ish
²/Úñ8lI2/ ³adj ´of or like an owl; looking, or trying to look, solemn and wise.
¸owl®ish®ly ³adv¼
¨own©1 ²/E8n/ ³adj, pron ¸1 ´(used with possessives, either attributively or
predicatively, to give emphasis to the idea of personal possession, to the
peculiar or individual character of sth): ³I saw it with my own eyes. It was
her own idea. This is my own house/This house is my own´, belongs to me, is not
rented. ³This fruit has a flavour all its own´, is not to be compared to the
flavour of any other fruit. ³May I have it for my very own´, Are you willing to
let me be the sole owner, so that I need not share it? ³My time is my own´, I
can spend it as I wish. ³For reasons of his own ´(= For particular reasons,
reasons perhaps only known to him), ³he refused to join the club. ·(be) (all)
on one's own, ¸(a) ´alone: ³I'm all on my own today. She lives on her own´,
alone, not with family or friends. ¸(b) ´independently of an employer; without
supervision: ³He's (working) on his own. He can be left to work on his own.
¸(c) ´outstanding; excellent: ³For craftsmanship, Smith is on his own´, has no
equal. ·own brother/sister, ´with both parents the same, not a
half-brother/sister. ·be one's own man/master, ´be independent; be
self-employed. ·come into one's own, ´receive what rightly belongs to one, the
credit, fame, etc that one deserves: ³Along unpaved and rutted tracks, this
sturdy car really comes into its own, ´shows what it is capable of. ·*get one's
Úown back, ´have one's revenge. ·*hold one's Úown (against sb/sth), ¸(a)
´maintain one's position against attack; not be defeated. ¸(b) ´not lose
strength: ³The patient is holding her own. ¸2 ´(used to indicate the idea of
personal activity; done or produced by and for oneself): ³She makes all her own
clothes. I can cook my own meals. It's unwise to try to be your own lawyer.¼
¨own©2 ²/E8n/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A] ´possess; have as property: ³This house is
mine; I own it. Who owns this land´, To whom does it belong? ¸2 ¶[VP6A,9,2C,3B]
·@ (to) ´agree; confess; recognize: ³own that a claim is justified; own to
having told a lie; own one's faults; own oneself (to be) defeated; own the
force of an argument. The man refused to own the child´, would not admit that
he was its father. ³I must own myself no ´(= confess that I am not a)
³supporter of reform. ·own up (to sth), ´confess fully and frankly.¼
¨owner© ²/ÚE8nE(r)/ ³n ´person who owns sth: ³Who's the @ of this
house? ¸*@-Úoccupied ³adj ´(of a house, etc) lived in by the @ (not rented to
sb else). ¸*@-Úoccupier ³n ´one who owns the house he lives in. ¸*@-Údriven
³adj ´(of a vehicle) driven regularly by the @. ¸*@-Údriver ³n ´motorist who
drives a car which he owns. ¸@®less ³adj ´without an @; not known to belong to
anyone: ³@less dogs. ¸Ú@®ship ²/-2Ip/ ³n ¶[U] ´state of being an @; right of
possessing: ³land of uncertain @ship.¼
¨ox© ²/oks/ ³n (pl µoxen ²/Úoksn/³) ¸1 ´general name for domestic cattle. µ¥
bull±1µ(1), bullock, cow±1µ(1). µ¥ ´the illus at µdomestic. ¸2 ´(esp) fully
grown castrated bullock, used as a draught animal. ¸Úox-eye ³n ´name (often
used ³attrib´) of several kinds of plants (daisies, wild chrysanthemums, etc).
¸*ox-Úeyed ³adj ´with large, round eyes like those of an ox. ¸Úox-tail ³n ´tail
of ox, much used for soup, etc.¼
¨Ox®bridge© ²/ÚoksbrIdZ/ ³n ´(invented name for) Oxford and/or Cambridge
(contrasted with ³Redbrick´, µ¥ red(3)´).¼
¨Ox®ford© ²/ÚoksfEd/ ³n ´university city in England. ¸@ bags,
´trousers with very wide legs. ¸@ blue, ´dark, purplish blue. ¸the @ Movement,
´religious movement (19th c) advocating the revival of Catholicism within the
Anglican church. ¸@ shoes, ´low shoes lacing over the instep.¼
¨ox®ide© ²/ÚoksñId/ ³n ¶[C,U] ´compound of oxygen: ³iron @; @ of tin. ¸oxi®dize
²/ÚoksIdñIz/ ³vt,vi ¶[VP6A,2A] ´(cause to) combine with oxygen; make or become
rusty. ¸oxi®diz®ation ²/*oksIdñIÚzeI2n ³US: ²-dIÚz-/ ³n¼
¨Ox®on®ian© ²/okÚsE8nIEn/ ³n, adj ´(member) of the University of Oxford.¼
¨oxy®acety®lene© ²/*oksIEÚsetElin/ ³adj, n ´(of a) mixture of oxygen and
acetylene: ³@ torch/blowpipe´, tool burning @; ³@ welding´, by means of a hot
flame of @.¼
¨oxy®gen© ²/ÚoksIdZEn/ ³n ¶[U] ´chemical element (symbol ¸O´), gas without
colour, taste, or smell, present in the air and necessary to the existence of
all forms of life. ¸Ú@ mask, ´mask placed over the nose and mouth to supply @,
eÔg in an aircraft at a great altitude. ¸Ú@ tent, ´small tent or canopy placed
over the head and shoulders of a patient who needs an extra supply of @.
¸Ú@®ate ²/-eIt/, ¸Ú@®ize ²/-ñIz/ ³vt ´supply, treat, or mix, with @.¼
¨oyez© ²/E8Újez/, ±oyes ²/E8Újes/ ³int ´cry meaning
"Listen', repeated three times by (hist) a town-crier, or (in a law court) by
an usher to demand silence and attention.¼
¨oy®ster© ²/ÚãIstE(r)/ ³n ´kinds of shellfish much used as food, usu eaten
uncooked. µ¥ ´the illus at µbivalve. ¸Ú@-bar ³n ´counter (in a restaurant,
etc) where @s are served. ¸Ú@-bed, Ú@-bank ³nn ´part of the sea-bottom where
@s breed or are bred. ¸Ú@-catcher ³n ´wading seabird.¼
¨ozone© ²/ÚE8zE8n/ ³n ¶[U] ´form of oxygen with a sharp and refreshing smell;
(fig) exhilarating influence; (colloq) pure refreshing air as at the seaside.¼
¨P©, p ²/pi/ ³n (pl µP's, p's ²/piz/³) ´the 16th letter of the English alphabet.
·mind one's p's and q's, ´be careful not to offend against propriety.¼
¨pa© ²/pq/ ³n ´(colloq) short for µpapa.¼
¨pabu®lum© ²/Úpabj8lEm/ ³n ¶[U] ´food (usu fig): ³mental @´, food for thought.¼
¨pace© ²/peIs/ ³n ¶[C] ¸1 ´(distance covered by the foot in a) single step in
walking or running. ¸2 ´rate of walking or running, or (fig) progress. ·go at a
good @, ´go fast. ·go the @, ¸(a) ´go at great speed. ¸(b) ´(fig) spend money
freely (esp on pleasure or in dissipated ways). ·keep @ (with sb/sth), ´(lit or
fig) go forward at the same rate: ³He finds it hard to keep @ with all the
developments in nuclear physics. ·set the @ (for sb), ´set a speed for sb.
¸Ú@-maker ³n ¸(a) ´(also ¸Ú@-setter´) rider, runner, etc who sets the @ for
another in a race. ¸(b) ´electronic device (with radioactive core) to correct
weak or irregular heart beats. ¸3 ´(esp of horses) way of walking, running,
etc. ·put a person through his @s, ´test his abilities, etc. ¹ ³vi,vt ¸1
¶[VP2A,C] ´walk with slow or regular steps: ³@ up and down; ´(of a horse)
amble; go at an easy, unhurried @. ¸2 ¶[VP6A] ´move across in this way: ³@ a
room; pacing the station platform. ¸3 ¶[VP15B] ·@ sth off/out, ´measure it by
taking @s: ³@ off a distance of 30 metres; @ out a room. ¸4 ¶[VP6A] ´set the @
for (a rider or runner in a race).¼
¨pachy®derm© ²/ÚpakId3m/ ³n ´(kinds of) thick-skinned, four-footed
animal, eÔg an elephant.¼
¨pa®ci®fic© ²/pEÚsIfIk/ ³adj ´peaceful; making or loving peace. ¸pa®ci®fi®cally
²/-klI/ ³adv¼
¨paci®fi®ca®tion© ²/*pasIfIÚkeI2n/ ³n ¶[U] ´making or becoming peaceful;
bringing about a state of peace.¼
¨paci®fism© ²/ÚpasIfIzEm/ ³n ¶[U] ´principle that war should and could be
abolished. ¸paci®fist ²/-Ist/ ³n ´believer in @.¼
¨pac®ify© ²/ÚpasIfñI/ ³vt (pt,pp µ-fied³) ¶[VP6A] ´calm and quieten; end
violence in.¼
¨pack©1 ²/pak/ ³n ¸1 ´bundle of things tied or wrapped up together for
carrying; (US) packet: ³a @ of cigarettes. ¸Ú@®horse, Ú@-animal ³nn ´one used
for carrying @s. ¸Ú@-saddle ³n ´one with straps for supporting @s. ¸Ú@-thread
³n ¶[U] ´strong thread for sewing or tying up @s or canvas bags. ¸2 ´number of
dogs kept for hunting ³(a @ of hounds) ´or of wild animals that go about
together: ³Wolves hunt in @s. ¸3 ´(usu contemptuous) number of things or
persons: ³a @ of thieves/liars/lies. ¸4 ´complete set (usu 52) of
playing-cards. ¸5 ´(Rugby football) a side's forwards. ¸6 Ú@-ice ³n ¶[U] ´mass
of large pieces of floating ice in the sea. ¸7 ´quantity of fish, meat, fruit,
etc packed in a season: ³this year's @ of salmon. µ¥ pack±2µ(5).¼
¨pack©2 ²/pak/ ³vt,vi ¶[VP6A,14,15A,B,2A,C] ·@ (up) (in/into), ´put (things)
into a box, bundle, bag, etc; fill (a bag, box, etc) with things; get ready for
a journey by doing this: ³@ clothes into a trunk; ³@ a trunk with clothes. Have
you @ed (up) your things? You must begin @ing at once. These books @ easily´,
It is easy to @ them. ³Her husband takes a @ed lunch ´(eÔg sandwiches, etc @ed
into a box or other container) ³to work every day. ·@ one's bags, ´(lit or fig)
prepare to leave. ·@ it in, ´(sl) give up doing sth; end it. ·@ up, ´(colloq)
put one's tools, etc away; stop working: ³It's time to @ up. One of the
aircraft's engines @ed up´, (sl) failed. ¸2 ¶[VP14,3D] ·@ into, ´crush or crowd
together (into a place or period of time): ³@ing people into an already
overcrowded bus; crowds @ing into the cinemas on a wet day. She managed to @ a
lot of sightseeing into the short time she had in London. ¸3 ¶[VP6A,15A] ´put
soft material into or round (sth) to keep it safe, or to prevent loss or
leakage: ³glass @ed in straw; @ a leaking joint. ¸4 ·@ sb off; send sb @ing,
´send him away quickly and unceremoniously (because he is troublesome, etc): ³I
wish you'd @ yourself off´, go away. ¸5 ¶[VP6A] ´prepare and put (meat, fruit,
etc) in tins for preservation. µ¥ pack±1µ(7). ¸6 ¶[VP6A] ´choose (the members
of a committee, etc) so that their decisions are likely to be in one's favour.
¸@er ³n ´person or machine that @s; (esp, usu ³pl´) person who @s meat, fruit,
etc for market.¼
¨pack®age© ²/ÚpakIdZ/ ³n ¶[C] ´parcel, bale, bundle of things,
packed together. ¸@ deal/offer, ´(colloq) number of proposals put forward for
discussion or acceptance. ¸Ú@ tour, ´(colloq) holiday tour with many details
arranged in advance by travel agents and sold at a fixed price. ¹ ³vt ´place in
a @; make a @ of.¼
¨packet© ²/ÚpakIt/ ³n ¸1 ´small parcel or bundle: ³a @ of letters; a postal @;
a @ of 20 cigarettes. ¸2 Ú@(-boat), ´mailboat. ¸3 ´(sl) considerable sum of
money: ³make/cost a @. ¸4 ´(army sl) trouble of some sort: ³catch/stop/get a
@´, (esp) be severely wounded.¼
¨pack®ing© ²/ÚpakIG/ ³n ¶[U] ´process of packing (goods); materials used in
packingµ(3)´, eÔg for closing a leaking joint. ¸Ú@-case ³n ´one of rough boards
in which goods are packed for shipment. ¸Ú@-needle ³n ´large needle used for
sewing up canvas packages, etc.¼
¨pact© ²/pakt/ ³n ´compact; agreement: ³the P@ of Locarno; a new
Peace P@.¼
¨pad©1 ²/pad/ ³n ¸1 ´mass of, container filled with, soft material, used to
prevent damage, give comfort or improve the shape of sth. ¸2 ´guard for the leg
or other parts of the body (in cricket and other games). µ¥ ´the illus at
µcricket. ¸3 ´number of sheets of writing-paper fastened together along one
edge. ¸4 ´(also ¸Úink-pad´) absorbent material (usu in an oblong box) used for
inking rubber stamps. ¸5 ´soft, fleshy underpart of the foot (of a dog, fox,
etc). ¸6 ´(usu ¸Úlaunching pad´) platform from which missiles are launched into
outer space. µ¥ ´the illus at µrocket. ¸7 ´(sl) bed; room to sleep in;
apartment. ¹ ³vt µ(-dd-) ¸1 ¶[VP6A] ´put padsµ(1) ´in or on (to prevent injury,
to give comfort, or to fill out hollow spaces, etc): ³a jacket with padded
shoulders; ³a padded cell´, one with padded walls (in a mental hospital). ¸2
¶[VP6A,15B] ·pad sth out, ´make (a sentence, essay, book, etc) longer by using
unnecessary material: ³an essay padded out with numerous quotations. ¸pad®ding
²/ÚpadIG/ ³n ¶[U] ´material used for making padsµ(1) ´or for paddingµ(³v,
µ2)´.¼
¨pad©2 ²/pad/ ³vi,vt µ(-dd-) ¶[VP2A,C] ´travel on foot: ³padding along; ¶[VP6A]
´tramp (the roads) on foot: ³He lost all his money and had to pad it home.¼
¨paddle©1 ²/Úpadl/ ³n ¸1 ´short oar with a broad blade at one or ³(double @)
´at both ends, used (without a rowlock) to propel a canoe through the water. µ¥
´the illus at µcanoe. ¸2 ´(in rowing) act or period of propelling a boat with
light, easy strokes. ¸3 Ú@-box ³n ´wooden covering for the upper part of a
@-wheel. ¸Ú@-steamer ³n ´steam vessel propelled by @-wheels. ¸Ú@-wheel ³n ´one
of a pair of wheels, each with boards round the circumference which press
backwards against the water and propel a @-steamer. ¸4 ´@-shaped instrument
(eÔg one used for beating, stirring or mixing things). ¹ ³vt,vi ¶[VP6A,2A]
´send (a canoe) through the water by using a @ or @s; row with light, easy
strokes. ·@ one's own canoe, ´(colloq) depend on oneself alone.¼
¨paddle©2 ²/Úpadl/ ³vi ¶[VP2A] ´walk with bare feet in shallow
water (as children do at the seaside): ³a paddling pool´, shallow pool (eÔg in
a public park) where children @. ¹ ³n ´act or period of paddling.¼
¨pad®dock© ²/ÚpadEk/ ³n ¸1 ´small grass field, esp one used for exercising
horses. ¸2 ´(at a race-course) enclosed area of grassland where horses are
assembled and paraded before a race.¼
¨paddy©1 ²/ÚpadI/ ³n ¶[U] ´rice that is still growing; rice in the husk.
¸Ú@-field ³n ´rice-field.¼
¨paddy©2 ²/ÚpadI/ ³n (pl µ-dies³) ´(colloq) rage; fit of bad temper: ³She's in
one of her paddies´, one of the fits of bad temper to which she is subject.¼
¨Paddy© ²/ÚpadI/ ³n ´(nickname for an) Irishman. ¸Ú@-wagon, ´(US sl) police
van for taking persons suspected of crime into custody.¼
¨pad®lock© ²/Úpadlok/ ³n ´lock of the kind shown here. ¹ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´fasten
with a @: ³The gate was @ed.¼
¨padre© ²/ÚpqdreI/ ³n ´(army and navy colloq) chaplain; (GB colloq) priest;
parson.¼
¨paean©, ´(US ¸pean´) ²/ÚpiEn/ ³n ´song of thanksgiving, praise or triumph.¼
¨paed®er®asty© ²/ÚpedErastI/ ³n ´= µpederasty.¼
¨paedi®at®rics© ²/*pidIÚatrIks/ ³n pl sing-v ´= µpediatrics.¼
¨pae®ony© ²/ÚpiEnI/ ³n ´= µpeony.¼
¨pa®gan© ²/ÚpeIgEn/ ³n, adj ´(person who is) not a believer in any of the chief
religions of the world. ¸@®ism ²/-IzEm/ ³n ¶[U] ´beliefs, practices, of @s.¼
¨page©1 ²/peIdZ/ ³n ´one side of a leaf of paper in a book,
periodical, etc; entire leaf of a book, etc: ³Several @s have been torn out. ¹
vt ´number the @s of.¼
¨page©2 ²/peIdZ/ ³n ¸1 ´(also ¸Ú@ boy´) boy servant, usu in uniform, in a
hotel, club, etc. ¸2 ´(in the Middle Ages) boy in training for knighthood and
living in a knight's household. ¹ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´call by name, by means of, or as
if by means of (eÔg over a loud-speaker), a pageµ(1).¼
¨pag®eant© ²/ÚpadZEnt/ ³n ¸1 ´public entertainment, usu outdoors, in which
historical events are acted in the costume of the period. ¸2 ´public
celebration, esp one in which there is a procession of persons in fine costumes
(eÔg a coronation). ¸@ry ²/ÚpadZEntrI/ ³n ¶[U] ´rich and splendid display.¼
¨pagi®na®tion© ²/*padZIÚneI2n/ ³n ¶[U] ´(figures used for the)
numbering of the pages of a book.¼
¨pa®goda© ²/pEÚgE8dE/ ³n ´(in India, Nepal, Ceylon, Burma, China, Japan, etc)
religious building, typically a sacred tower of pyramidal form (Hindu temple),
or of several storeys (Buddhist tower).¼
¨pah© ²/pq/ ³int ´expressing disgust.¼
¨paid© ²/peId/ µ¥ pay±2µ.¼
¨pail© ²/peIl/ ³n ´vessel, usu round and open, of metal or wood, for carrying
liquid: ³a @ of milk. ¸Ú@®ful ²/-f8l/ ³n ´as much as a @ holds.¼
¨pail®lasse©, pail®liasse ²/ÚpalIas ³US: ²*palIÚas/ ³nn ´mattress filled with
straw.¼
¨pain© ²/peIn/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´suffering of mind or body: ³be in (great) @; cry
with @; feel some/no/not much/a great deal of @. ¸Ú@-killer ³n ´medicine for
lessening @. ¸2 ¶[C] ´particular or localized kind of bodily suffering: ³a @ in
the knee; @s in the back; stomach @s. ·a @ in the neck, ´(sl) irritating
person. ¸3 ¶[U,C] ´(old use) punishment; penalty: (legal phrase) ³@s and
penalties. ·on/under @ of death, ´at the risk of being sentenced to death. ³¹
vt ¶[VP6A] ´cause @ to: ³Doesn't your laziness @ your parents? My foot is still
@ing me. ¸@ed ³adj ´distressed: ³She looked @ed when I refused to help. She had
a @ed look. ¸Ú@®ful ²/-fl/ ³adj ´causing @: ³This duty is @ful to me. ¸Ú@®fully
²/-fElI/ ³adv ¸@®less ³adj ´without @; causing no @: ³@less extractions, ´(of
teeth). ¸@®less®ly ³adv¼
¨pains© ²/peInz/ ³n pl ´trouble; effort: ³work hard and get very little for all
one's @. ·be at @ to do sth, ´make a great effort, work hard, to do it. ·spare
no @, ´do everything possible. ·take (great) @ (over sth/to do sth), ´take
great trouble: ³take great @ to please one's lover. ¸Ú@®taking ³adj ´careful;
industrious.¼
¨paint© ²/peInt/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´solid colouring matter (to be) mixed with oil or
other liquid and used to give colour to a surface: ³give the doors two coats of
@. ¸2 ¶[U] ´material used to colour the face. ¸3 ³(pl) ´collection of tubes or
cakes of colouring materials. ¸Ú@®box ³n ´box with such a collection. ¸Ú@-brush
³n ´brush for applying @. µ¥ ´the illus at µpalette. ³¹ vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A,22]
´coat with paint: ³@ a door; @ the gate green. ·@ the town red, ´(colloq) go
out and have a lively, exciting time esp when celebrating sth. ¸2
¶[VP6A,15A,B,2A,C] ´make a picture (of) with paint: ³@ flowers/a landscape; @
in oils/in water-colours. ·@ sth in, ´add to a picture: ³@ in the foreground.
·@ sth out, ´cover up or hide by using paint. ¸3 ¶[VP6A,22] ´(fig) describe
vividly in words. ·not so black as one is @ed, ´not so bad as one is
represented to be.¼
¨painter©1 ²/ÚpeIntE(r)/ ³n ¸1 ´person who paints pictures;
artist. ¸2 ´workman who paints woodwork, walls, buildings, ships, etc.¼
¨painter©2 ²/ÚpeIntE(r)/ ³n ´rope fastened to the bow of a boat by which it may
be tied to a ship, pier, etc. µ¥ ´the illus at µsail. ·cut the @, ¸(a) ´set (a
boat, etc) adrift. ¸(b) ´(fig), effect a separation; become independent.¼
¨paint®ing© ²/ÚpeIntIG/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´using paint; occupation of a painter. ¸2
¶[C] ´painted picture.¼
¨pair© ²/peE(r)/ ³n ¸1 ´two things of the same kind (to be) used together: ³a @
of shoes/gloves; two @s of socks. ¸2 ´single article with two parts always
joined: ³a @ of trousers/tights/scissors/tongs. ¸3 ´two persons closely
associated, eÔg an engaged or married couple: ³the happy @´, eÔg two newly
married persons. ·in @s, ´in twos. ¸4 ´two animals of opposite sex; two horses
harnessed together. ¸5 ´(in Parliament) two persons of opposite political
parties who absent themselves from a division(µ6´) by mutual agreement; one
member willing to do this: ³The member for Lewisham couldn't find a @. ³¹ vt,vi
¶[VP6A,15B,2A,C] ´form a @ or @s; join in @s; (of animals) mate. ·@ off, ´put
in @s; go off in @s; (in Parliament) make a @µ(5)´.¼
¨pais®ley© ²/ÚpeIzlI/ ³n ¶[U] ´(soft wool fabric with) curved
patterns in bright colours: ³a @ shawl.¼
¨pa®ja®mas© ²/pEÚdZqmEz/ ³n pl µ¥ pyjamas.¼
¨pal© ²/pal/ ³n ´(colloq) comrade; friend. ¹ ³vi µ(-ll-) ·pal up (with sb),
´become friendly. ¸pally ²/ÚpalI/ ³adj ´(colloq) friendly.¼
¨pal®ace© ²/ÚpalIs/ ³n ¸1 ´official residence of a sovereign, archbishop or
bishop; any large and splendid house; large, splendid building for
entertainment. ¸2 the @, ´influential persons at the @ of a sovereign ruler.
¸@ revolution, ´overthrow of sb in a position of great power, eÔg a President,
by high-ranking colleagues or close subordinates.¼
¨pala®din© ²/ÚpalEdIn/ ³n ´any of the twelve Peers of the court of Emperor
Charlemagne ²/Ú2qlEmeIn/, ¶AÔD ´742Å814; knight errant; notable champion.¼
¨palaeo-© ²/*palIE8- ³US: ²*peIlIE8-/ ³pref ´(in compounds, etc) ´= µpaleo-.¼
¨palan®quin©, palan®keen ²/*palEnÚkin/ ³nn ´covered litter for one person,
carried on poles by two or more men, as formerly used in India and other
Eastern countries.¼
¨pal®at®able© ²/ÚpalEtEbl/ ³adj ´agreeable to the taste or (fig) to the mind.¼
¨pala®tal© ²/ÚpalEtl/ ³n, adj ´(sound) made by placing the tongue against or
near (usu the hard) palate (eÔg ²/j, Z, 2, dZ/´); of the palate.¼
¨pal®ate© ²/ÚpalEt/ ³n ¸1 ´roof of the mouth: ³the hard/soft @´, its front/back
part. ¸*cleft Ú@, µ¥ cleave±1µ(3). µ¥ ´the illus at µmouth. ¸2 ´sense of taste:
³have a good @ for fine wines.¼
¨pa®la®tial© ²/pEÚleI2l/ ³adj ´of or like a palace; magnificent: ³a @
residence.¼
¨pa®lat®in®ate© ²/pEÚlatInEt ³US: ²-tEnEt/ ³n ´territory ruled over by an earl
or count having some royal privileges.¼
¨pal®aver© ²/pEÚlqvE(r) ³US: ²-Úlav-/ ³n ¶[C] ´(hist) talk or conference, esp
one between traders or explorers and the people of the country; ¶[U] ´idle
talk; ¶[U,C] ´(colloq) bother. ³¹ vi ¶[VP2A] ´talk idly for a long time.¼
¨pale©1 ²/peIl/ ³adj µ(-r, -st) ¸1 ´(of a person's face) having
little colour; bloodless: ³He turned @ at the news. You're looking @ today.
¸Ú@-face ³n ´name said to have been used by N American Indians for a European
white person. ¸2 ´(of colours) not bright; faintly coloured: ³@ blue. ³¹ vi
¶[VP2A,C] ´grow @; lose colour. ·@ before/by the side of, ´(fig) be far outdone
by; appear weak when seen with. ¸@®ly ²/ÚpeIllI/ ³adv ¸@®ness ³n¼
¨pale©2 ²/peIl/ ³n ´pointed piece of wood used for fences; stake. µ¥ paling.¼
¨pale©3 ²/peIl/ ³n ´(hist) area around Dublin (in Ireland) controlled by the
English. Now, only in: ·beyond/outside the @, ´socially unacceptable or
unreasonable: ³His remarks put him quite outside the @.¼
¨paleo®lithic© ´(also ¸palaeo-´) ²/*palIE8ÚlITIk ³US: ²*peIl-/ ³adj ´of the
period marked by the use of primitive stone implements.¼
¨pale®on®tol®ogy© ´(also ¸palae-´) ²/*palIonÚtolEdZI ³US: ²*peIl-/ ³n ¶[U]
´study of fossils as a guide to the history of life on earth.
¸pale®on®tol®ogist ´(also ¸palae-´) ²/-EdZIst/ ³n¼
¨pal®ette© ²/ÚpalIt/ ³n ´board (with a hole for the thumb) on which an artist
mixes his colours. ¸Ú@-knife ³n ´thin steel blade with a handle, used (by
artists) for mixing (and sometimes spreading) oil colours, (by potters) for
moulding clay, and in cookery.¼
¨pal®frey© ²/ÚpclfrI/ ³n (pl µ-freys³) ´(old use, and in poetry) saddle-horse
for riding, esp one for a woman.¼
¨pal®imp®sest© ²/ÚpalImpsest/ ³n ¶[C] ´piece of parchment or other writing
material from which the original writing has been erased to make room for new
writing, esp as a source for lost works of the remote past.¼
¨pal®in®drome© ²/ÚpalIndrE8m/ ³n ´word, verse, etc that reads the same
backwards as forwards, eÔg ³madam.¼
¨pal®ing© ²/ÚpeIlIG/ ³n ´fence made of pales±2´.¼
¨pali®sade© ²/*palIÚseId/ ³n ¸1 ´fence of strong, pointed wooden stakes (eÔg as
used to defend a building in former times). ¸2 ³(pl) ´(US) line of high, steep
cliffs (esp along a river). ³¹ vt ¶[VP6A] ´enclose or fortify with a @µ(1)´.¼
¨pal®ish© ²/ÚpeIlI2/ ³adj ´somewhat pale.¼
¨pall©1 ²/pcl/ ³n ¸1 ´heavy cloth spread over a coffin. ¸Ú@-bearer ³n ´person
who helps to carry, or who walks alongside, a coffin at a funeral. ¸2 ´(fig)
any dark, heavy covering: ³a @ of smoke.¼
¨pall©2 ²/pcl/ ³vi ¶[VP2A,3A] ·@ (on/upon), ´become distasteful or boring
because done, used, etc for too long a time: ³pleasures that @ after a time; a
long lecture that @ed upon most of the listeners.¼
¨pal®let© ²/ÚpalIt/ ³n ¸1 ´straw-filled mattress for sleeping on. ¸2 ´large
tray or platform for moving loads (by means of slings, etc), eÔg from a lorry
into a train or on to a ship, and so save handling of separate items.¼
¨pal®li®asse© ²/ÚpalIas ³US: ²*palIÚas/ ³n ´= µpaillasse.¼
¨pal®li®ate© ²/ÚpalIeIt/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´(formal) lessen the severity of (pain,
disease); excuse the seriousness of (a crime, etc). ¸pal®li®ation
²/*palIÚeI2n/ ³n ¶[U] ´the act of palliating; the state of being @d; ¶[C] ´that
which @s; excuse. ¸pal®li®ative ²/ÚpalIEtIv/ ³n, adj ´(sth) serving to @.¼
¨pal®lid© ²/ÚpalId/ ³adj ´pale; ill-looking. ¸@®ly ³adv ¸@®ness ³n¼
¨pal®lor© ²/ÚpalE(r)/ ³n ¶[U] ´paleness, esp of the face.¼
¨pally© µ¥ pal.¼
¨palm©1 ²/pqm/ ³n ´inner surface of the hand between the wrist and the fingers.
µ¥ ´the illus at µarm. ·grease/oil sb's @, ´give him a bribe. ·have an itching
@, ´be always ready to receive a bribe. ³¹ vt ¶[VP6A,15B] ´hide (a coin, card,
etc) in the hand when performing a trick. ·@ sth off (on/upon sb), ´get him to
accept it by fraud, misrepresentation, etc.¼
¨palm©2 ²/pqm/ ³n ¸1 ´sorts of tree growing in warm climates, with no branches
and a mass of large wide leaves at the top: ³the ·Ú³date-@; the ·Ú³coconut @.
¸Ú@-oil ³n ¶[U] ´oil obtained from the nuts of a W African @. ¸Ú@ wine ³n
¶[U] ´W African alcoholic drink, the sap of @ trees. ¸*P@ ÚSunday, ´the Sunday
before Easter. ¸2 ´leaf of a @ as a symbol of victory. ·bear/carry off the @,
´be victorious. ·yield the @ (to sb), ´admit defeat (by sb). ¸@y ³adj µ(-ier,
-iest) ´flourishing; prosperous: ³in my @y days. ¸@er ³n ´(formerly) pilgrim
returning from the Holy Land with a @-leaf.¼
¨pal®metto© ²/palÚmetE8/ ³n (pl µ@s ´or µ@es ²/-tE8z/´) kinds of small palm
with fan-shaped leaves, common in the West Indies and the SÔE coast of the US.¼
¨palm®ist© ²/ÚpqmIst/ ³n ´person who claims to tell a person's
future by examining the lines on his palm. ¸palm®is®try ²/ÚpqmIstrI/ ³n ´art of
doing this.¼
¨pal®pable© ²/ÚpalpEbl/ ³adj ´that can be felt or touched; clear to the mind:
³a @ error. ¸pal®pably ²/-EblI/ ³adv¼
¨pal®pi®tate© ²/ÚpalpIteIt/ ³vi ¶[VP2A,C] ´(of the heart) beat rapidly and
irregularly; (of a person, his body) tremble (with terror, etc).
¸pal®pi®ta®tion ²/*palpIÚteI2n/ ³n ´palpitating of the heart (from disease,
great efforts, etc).¼
¨palsy© ²/ÚpclzI/ ³n ¶[U] ´paralysis: ³suffering from cerebral @. µ¥ spastic.
³¹ vt ´paralyse.¼
¨pal®ter© ²/ÚpcltE(r)/ ³vi ¶[VP3A] ·@ with, ´be insincere when dealing with;
trifle with: ³Don't @ with the question, ´Do treat it seriously.¼
¨pal®try© ²/ÚpcltrI/ ³adj µ(-ier, -iest) ´worthless; of no importance;
contemptible.¼
¨pam®pas© ²/ÚpampEs ³US: ²-Ez/ ³n pl ´extensive, flat, grassy, treeless plains
of S America. µ¥ prairie, savanna, steppe, veld. ¸Ú@-grass ³n ¶[U] ´tall grass
with sharp-edged blades and a silvery plume-like flower.¼
¨pam®per© ²/ÚpampE(r)/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´indulge too much; be unduly kind to: ³a
@ed poodle. She sometimes @s herself and has a day in bed.¼
¨pamph®let© ²/ÚpamflIt/ ³n ¶[C] ´small paper-covered book, esp on a question of
current interest. ¸@®eer ²/*pamflEÚtIE(r)/ ³n ´writer of @s.¼
¨pan©1 ²/pan/ ³n ¸1 ´flat dish, usu shallow and without a cover, used for
cooking and other domestic purposes. ¸Úpan®cake ³n ¸(a) ´batter cooked on both
sides until brown and (usu) eaten hot. ¸ÚPancake Day, ´Shrove Tuesday. ¸(b)
pancake landing, ´emergency landing in which the aircraft drops flat to the
ground. ¸(c) ´cosmetic face-powder pressed into a flat cake, used without a
foundation cream. ¸2 ´receptacle with various uses: ³the pan ´(= bowl) ³of a
lavatory; a ·Ú³bedpan, µ¥ bed±1µ(6). ¸3 ´(natural or artificial) depression in
the ground: ³a ·Ú³salt-pan, ´where salt water is evaporated. ¸4 Úbrain-pan,
´upper part of the skull, enclosing the brain. ¸5 ´either of the dishes on a
pair of scales. µ¥ ´the illus at µbalance. ¸6 ´open dish for washing gravel,
etc to separate gold ore or other metals. ¸7 ´(in flintlock guns) cavity in
the lock that holds the gunpowder. ·a flash in the pan, µ¥ flash±1µ(1). ¸8
¶[U] ¸(Úhard-)pan, ´hard subsoil. ¸9 ´(sl) face. ³¹ vt,vi µ(-nn-) ¸1
¶[VP15B,3A,2C] ·pan sth off/out, ´wash (gold-bearing gravel, etc) in a pan.
·pan for, ´wash gravel, etc for eÔg gold. ·@ out, ¸(a) ´yield gold. ¸(b) ´(fig)
succeed; turn out: ³How did things pan out? The scheme panned out well. ¸2
¶[VP6A] ´(colloq) ´criticize harshly.¼
¨pan©2 ²/pan/ ³vi,vt ´(cinema and TÔV) turn a camera right or left
to follow a moving object or get a panoramic effect. µ¥ zoom(2).¼
¨pan-© ²/pan/ ³pref µ¥ App 3.¼
¨pana®cea© ²/*panEÚsIE/ ³n ´remedy for all troubles, diseases, etc.¼
¨pa®nache© ²/paÚna2 ³US: ²pE-/ ³n ¶[U] ´confident and flamboyant manner: ³There
was an air of @ about everything he did.¼
¨pa®nama© ²/ÚpanEmq/ ³n ¸@ (hat), ´hat made from fine pliant straw-like
material from the leaves of a plant of S and Central America.¼
¨pana®tella© ²/*panEÚtelE/ ³n ¶[C] ´long slender cigar.¼
¨pan®chro®matic© ²/*pankrEÚmatIk/ ³adj ´(photo) equally sensitive to all
colours: ³@ film.¼
¨pan®creas© ²/ÚpaGkrIEs/ ³n ¶[C] ´gland near the stomach, discharging a juice
which helps digestion. µ¥ ´the illus at µalimentary. ¸pan®cre®atic
²/*paGkrIÚatIk/ ³adj ´of the @.¼
¨panda© ²/ÚpandE/ ³n ´bear-like mammal of Tibet, with black legs and a black
and white body. ¸ÚP@ car ³n ´(GB) police patrol car. ¸ÚP@ crossing ³n ´(GB)
road crossing controlled by flashing lights, operated by pedestrians who press
a button on a post.¼
¨pan®demic© ²/panÚdemIk/ ³n, adj ´(disease) prevalent over the whole of a
country or continent.¼
¨pan®de®mo®nium© ²/*pandIÚmE8nIEm/ ³n ¶[C,U] ´(scene of) wild and noisy
disorder.¼
¨pan®der© ²/ÚpandE(r)/ ³vi ¶[VP3A] ·@ to, ¸1 ´give help or encouragement (to
sb, to his passions and desires): ³newspapers that @ to the public interest in
crime; @ to low tastes. ¸2 ´act as a go-between (eÔg to ´sb's sexual desires).
µ¥ procure(3)´, the more usu word now. ³¹ n ´person who @sµ(2)´.¼
¨pane© ²/peIn/ ³n ´single sheet of glass in (a division of) a
window. µ¥ ´the illus at µwindow.¼
¨pan®egyric© ²/*panIÚdZIrIk/ ³n ¶[C] ´speech, piece of writing, praising a
person or event.¼
¨panel© ²/Úpanl/ ³n ¸1 ´separate part of the surface of a door, wall, ceiling,
etc usu raised above or sunk below the surrounding area. ¸2 ´piece of material
of a different kind or colour inserted in a dress. ¸3 ´board or other surface
for controls and instruments: ·Ú³instrument @´, of an aircraft or
motor-vehicle; ³con·Ú³trol @´, on a radio or TÔV set. ¸4 ´list of names, eÔg of
men who may be summoned to serve on a jury. ¸5 ´group of speakers, esp one
chosen to speak, answer questions, take part in a game, before an audience, eÔg
of listeners to a broadcast: (attrib) ³a ·Ú³@ discussion/game. ³¹ vt µ(-ll-,
´US µ-l-) ´furnish or decorate with @sµ(1,2)´: ³a @led room/wall/wainscot.
¸@®ling ³n ¶[U] ´series of @s on a wall, etc.¼
¨pang© ²/paG/ ³n ´sharp, sudden feeling of pain, remorse, etc.¼
¨panga© ²/ÚpaGgE/ ³n ´large chopping knife used by African workers.¼
¨pan®handle© ²/Úpanhandl/ ³n ´(US) narrow strip of land projecting from a
larger area. ³¹ vi ´(US colloq) beg, esp on the streets.¼
¨panic© ²/ÚpanIk/ ³n ¶[C,U] ¸1 ´unreasoning, uncontrolled, quickly spreading
fear: ³There is always danger of (a) @ when a cinema catches fire. ¸Ú@-stricken
³adj ´terrified; overcome by @: ³The crowd was @-stricken´, filled with @. ¸2
´(attrib) unreasoning: ³@ fear. ¹ vi µ(-ck-) ´be affected with @: ³Don't @!
There's no danger! ¸pan®icky ²/ÚpanIkI/ ³adj ´(colloq) easily affected by @; in
a state of @.¼
¨pan®jan®drum© ²/panÚdZandrEm/ ³n ´name applied jokingly to an
exalted personage or to a pompous official.¼
¨pan®nier© ²/ÚpanIE(r)/ ³n ´one of a pair of baskets placed across the back of
a horse or donkey; one of a pair of bags on either side of the back of a
(motor-)cycle.¼
¨pan®ni®kin© ²/ÚpanIkIn/ ³n ´(GB) small metal cup; its contents.¼
¨pan®oply© ²/ÚpanEplI/ ³n (pl µ-plies³) ´complete suit of armour; (fig)
splendid array. Hence, ¸pan®oplied ²/ÚpanEplId/ ³adj ´provided with a @.¼
¨pan®op®tic© ²/panÚoptIk/ ³adj ´giving a complete view, eÔg by diagram,
illustration, of sth.¼
¨pan®or®ama© ²/*panEÚrqmE ³US: ²-ÚramE/ ³n ´wide, uninterrupted view;
constantly changing scene: ³the @ of London life. ¸pan®or®amic ²/*panEÚramIk/
³adj¼
¨pan-pipes© ²/Úpan pñIps/ ³n pl ´musical instrument made of a
series of reeds or pipes, played by blowing across the open ends.¼
¨pansy© ²/ÚpanzI/ ³n (pl µ-sies³) ¸1 ´flowering herbaceous plant. ¸2 ´Ï
(derog, offensive term for) effeminate man; homosexual.¼
¨pant© ²/pant/ ³vi,vt ¸1 ¶[VP2A,C] ´take short, quick breaths; gasp: ³The dog
@ed along behind its master's horse. ¸2 ¶[VP6A,15B] ´say while @ing: ³He @ed
out his message. ¸3 ¶[VP3A] ·@ for, ´(old use) have a strong wish for. ¹ ³n
´short, quick breath; gasp. ¸@®ing®ly ³adv¼
¨pan®ta®loon© ²/*pantEÚlun/ ³n ¸1 ´(in pantomime) foolish character upon whom
the clown plays tricks. ¸2 ³(pl) ´(now hum, or US) = pants.¼
¨pan®tech®ni®con© ²/panÚteknIkEn/ ³n ´(GB) large van for removing furniture.¼
¨pan®the®ism© ²/ÚpanTIIzEm/ ³n ¶[U] ´belief that God is in everything and that
everything is God; belief in and worship of all gods. ¸pan®the®ist ²/-Ist/ ³n
´believer in @. ¸pan®the®is®tic ²/*panTIÚIstIk/ ³adj ´of @.¼
¨pan®theon© ²/ÚpanTIEn ³US: ²-TIon/ ³n ´temple dedicated to all the gods: ³the
P@ in Rome; ´all the gods of a nation collectively: ³the (ancient) Egyptian
@´; building in which the illustrious dead are buried or have memorials.¼
¨pan®ther© ²/ÚpanTE(r)/ ³n ´black leopard; (US) puma. µ¥ ´the illus at µcat.¼
¨pan®ties© ²/ÚpantIz/ ³n pl ¸1 ´short trousers worn by children. ¸2 ´(woman's
or girl's) close-fitting short drawers.¼
¨pan®tile© ²/ÚpantñIl/ ³n ´curved roof tile: (attrib) ³a @ roof.¼
¨panto© ²/ÚpantE8/ ³n ´(colloq abbr of) µpantomime.¼
¨pan®to®graph© ²/ÚpantEgrqf ³US: ²-graf/ ³n ¸1 ´device for copying a plan, etc
on a different scale. ¸2 ´device for carrying electric current to a vehicle
from overhead wires.¼
¨pan®to®mime© ²/ÚpantEmñIm/ ³n ¸1 ¶[C,U] ´(example of a) kind of English drama
based on a fairy tale or traditional story, with music, dancing and clowning.
¸2 ¶[U] ´acting without words.¼
¨pan®try© ²/ÚpantrI/ ³n (pl µ-tries³) ¸1 ´room (in a large house,
hotel, ship, etc) in which silver, glass, table-linen, etc are kept. ¸Ú@®man
²/-mEn/ ³n (pl µ-men³) ´butler or his assistant. ¸2 ´larder; room (in a house)
in which food is kept.¼
¨pants© ²/pants/ ³n pl ¸1 ´(GB) underpants; (US) trousers. ·bore/scare/talk,
etc the Ú@ off one, ´bore, etc one extremely. ·catch sb with his Ú@ down, ´find
him in an unprepared state.¼
¨panty-hose© ²/ÚpantI hE8z/ ³n ´= µtights.¼
¨pan®zer© ²/ÚpantsE(r)/ ³attrib adj ´(G) armoured: ³@ divisions/troops.¼
¨pap© ²/pap/ ³n ¶[U] ´soft or semi-liquid food for very young children or
invalids; (fig) easy, trivial reading matter.¼
¨papa© ²/pEÚpq ³US: ²ÚpqpE/ ³n ´(child's word for) father.¼
¨pa®pacy© ²/ÚpeIpEsI/ ³n (pl µ-cies³) ´position of, authority of, the Pope;
system of government by Popes. ¸pa®pal ²/ÚpeIpl/ ³adj ´of the Pope or the @.¼
¨pa®paw©, paw®paw ²/pEÚpc ³US: ²Úpcpc/ ³n ¸1 ´tropical tree with a straight
trunk like that of a palm; its large edible fruit with yellow pulp inside.
µ¥ ´the illus at µfruit. ¸2 ´small N American evergreen tree with small fleshy
edible fruit (also called ³custard apple´).¼
¨pa®paya© ²/pEÚpqIE/ ³n ´= µpapaw.¼
¨pa®per© ²/ÚpeIpE(r)/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´substance manufactured from wood fibre, rags,
etc in the form of sheets, used for writing, printing, drawing, wrapping,
packing, etc: ³a sheet of @; a @ bag. ·(be/look) good on @, ´(be/look) good
when judged from written or printed evidence, eÔg plans, proposals, diplomas,
testimonials: ³a good scheme on @ ´(but not yet tested). ³This applicant looks
good on @, ´has good @ qualifications. ·put pen to @, ´(dated for) begin to
write, eÔg a letter. ¸Ú@®backed ³adj ´(of books) bound in paper covers. Hence,
¸Ú@®back ³n ´such a book and such a form: ³Has the book appeared in @back?
¸Ú@-chase ³n µ¥ ³hare and hounds, ´at µhare. ¸Ú@-clip ³n ´= µclip±1µ(1).
¸Ú@-hanger ³n ´man whose trade is to paste @ on the walls of rooms. ¸Ú@-knife
³n ´one for cutting open the leaves of books, opening envelopes, etc. ¸Ú@-mill
³n ´one where @ is made. ¸*@ Útiger ³n ´person, group of persons, etc which
seems to be, but is not, powerful. ¸Ú@-weight ³n ´weight placed on loose @s to
prevent them from being blown away. ¸Ú@-work ³n ¶[U] ´written work (in an
office, etc, eÔg filling in forms, correspondence, contrasted with practical
affairs, dealing with people): ³He's good at @-work. ¸2 ¶[C] ´newspaper:
³today's @s; the evening @. ¸3 ¶[U] ¸@ money, ´banknotes, etc used as currency.
¸4 ³(pl) ´documents showing who sb is, what authority he has, etc: ³send in
one's @s´, (mil) resign. ¸5 ¶[C] ´set of printed examination questions on a
given subject: ³The biology @ was difficult. ¸6 ¶[C] ´essay, esp one to be read
to a learned society: ³a @ on currency reform. ¹ vt ¶[VP6A,15B] ´paste @ on
(walls, etc): ³@ the dining-room; ´cover with @. ·@ over the cracks, ´(fig)
cover up, conceal, faults, etc. ·@ the house, ´(fig) issue free tickets for a
theatre, etc (to give the impression of success).¼
¨pa®pier-m^ach_e© ²/*papIeI Úma2eI ³US: ²*peIpEr mEÚ2eI/ ³n ¶[U] ´paper pulped
and used as a plastic material for making trays, boxes, etc.¼
¨pa®pist© ²/ÚpeIpIst/ ³n, adj ´(unfriendly word, as used by some Protestants)
(member) of the Roman Catholic Church.¼
¨pa®poose© ²/pEÚpus ³US: ²paÚpus/ ³n ´(word used by Indians of N
America for a) baby; framed bag (like a rucksack) for carrying a young baby on
sb's back.¼
¨pap®rika© ²/ÚpaprIkE ³US: ²pEÚprikE/ ³n ¶[U] ´sweet red pepper used in
cooking. µ¥ ´the illus at µvegetable.¼
¨pa®py®rus© ²/pEÚpñIErEs/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´(kind of paper made in ancient Egypt
from) tall water plant or reed. ¸2 ¶[C] ³(pl µpapyri ²/pEÚpñIErñI/³)
´manuscript written on this paper.¼
¨par©1 ²/pq(r)/ ³n ¶[U] ´average or normal amount, degree, value, etc.
·above/below/at par, ´(of shares, bonds, etc), above/below/at the original
price or face value. ·on a par (with), ´equal (to). ·up to par, ´(colloq) as
good/well as usual. ¸par of exchange, ´normal rate of exchange between two
currencies, eÔg the $ and the US ²:´. ¸par value, ´nominal or face value of a
share. ¸2 ´(golf) number of strokes considered necessary for a good player to
complete a hole or course.¼
¨par©2 ²/pq(r)/ µ¥ parr.¼
¨par®able© ²/ÚparEbl/ ³n ´simple story designed to teach a moral lesson: ³speak
in @s. Jesus taught in @s. ¸para®boli®cal ²/*parEÚbolIkl/ ³adj ´of, expressed
in, @s.¼
¨par®ab®ola© ²/pEÚrabElE/ ³n ´plane curve formed by cutting a cone
on a plane parallel to its side, so that the two arms get farther away from
one another. ¸para®bolic ²/*parEÚbolIk/ ³adj ´of, like, a @.¼
¨para®chute© ²/ÚparE2ut/ ³n ´apparatus used for a jump from an aircraft or for
dropping supplies, etc: (attrib) ·Ú³@ troops/flares/mines. ¹ vt,vi
¶[VP2A,C,6A,15A,B] ´drop, descend, from an aircraft by means of a @: ³men @d
behind the enemy lines. ¸para®chut®ist ²/-Ist/ ³n ´person who jumps with a @.¼
¨par®ade© ²/pEÚreId/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A,2A] ´(of troops) (cause to) gather
together for drilling, inspection, etc; march in procession. ¸2 ¶[VP6A] ´make a
display of; try to attract attention to: ³@ one's abilities. ´¹ ³n ¸1 ¶[U]
´parading of troops: ³be on @´; ¶[C] ´instance of this. ¸2 ¶[C] ¸Ú@-ground,
´area of ground on which @s are held. ¸3 ¶[C] ´display or exhibition. ·make a @
of one's virtues, ´try to impress people by showing them. ¸4 ¶[C] ´public
promenade; wide, often ornamented pathway, esp on a seafront.¼
¨para®digm© ²/ÚparEdñIm/ ³n ´example or pattern, esp of the declension of a
noun, the conjugation of a verb, etc.¼
¨para®dise© ²/ÚparEdñIs/ ³n ¸1 ´the Garden of Eden, home of Adam and Eve.
¸*bird of Ú@, ´bird (of New Guinea) with beautiful feathers. ¸2 ´Heaven. ¸3
¶[C] ´any place of perfect happiness; ¶[U] ´condition of perfect happiness. ¸a
fool's @, µ¥ fool±1µ(1). ¸para®dis®iac ²/*parEÚdIzIak/, ¸para®disia®cal
²/*parEdIÚzñIEkl/ ³adjj ´of or like @: ³Adam and Eve in their paradisiac
state´, in their pristine innocence.¼
¨para®dox© ²/ÚparEdoks/ ³n ¶[C] ´statement that seems to say sth opposite to
common sense or the truth, but which may contain a truth (eÔg "More haste,
less speed'). ¸@i®cal ²/*parEÚdoksIkl/ ³adj ¸@i®cally ²/-klI/ ³adv¼
¨par®af®fin© ²/ÚparEfIn/ ³n ¶[U] ¸1 Ú@ (oil), ´(GB) oil obtained
from petroleum, coal, etc used as a fuel (in lamps, heating and
cooking-stoves). (US = ³kerosene). ¸2 @ (wax), ´wax-like substance used for
making candles. ¸3 (*liquid) Ú@, ´odourless, tasteless form of @ used as a
laxative.¼
¨para®gon© ²/ÚparEgEn ³US: ²-gon/ ³n ´model of excellence; apparently perfect
person or thing: ³I make no claim to be a @ of virtue.¼
¨para®graph© ²/ÚparEgrqf ³US: ²-graf/ ³n ¶[C] ¸1 ´division (usu a group of
several sentences dealing with one main idea) of a piece of writing, started
on a new line (and usu inset); the mark (²Ö´) used to show where a new @ is to
begin, and as a mark of reference. ¸2 ´small item of news in a newspaper. ¹
³vt ´divide into @s.¼
¨para®keet© ²/ÚparEkit/ ³n ´small, long-tailed parrot of various kinds. µ¥
´the illus at µrare.¼
¨par®al®lel© ²/ÚparElel/ ³adj ´(of lines) continuing at the same distance from
one another; (of one line) having this relation ³(to ´or ³with ´another): ³a
road running @ to/with the railway; in a @ direction (with«). ¸*@ Úbars, ´pair
of @ bars on posts for gymnastic exercises. ¹ ³n ¸1 @ of latitude, ´line on a
map @ to, and passing through all places the same distance north or south of,
the equator. µ¥ ´the illus at µprojection. ·in @, ´(of the components of an
electrical circuit) with the supply of current taken to each component
independently, not in series). µ¥ series. ¸2 ¶[U,C] ´person, event, etc
precisely similar: ³a brilliant career without (a) @ in modern times. ¸3
´comparison: ³draw a @ between«. ¹ vt µ(-l- ´or (GB) µ-ll-) ¶[VP6A] ¸1 ´quote,
produce or mention sth @ or comparable. ¸2 ´be @ to: ³His experiences @ mine in
many instances. The street @s the railway. ¸@®ism ²/-IzEm/ ³n ´(lit or fig)
being @. ¸@o®gram ²/*parEÚlelEgram/ ³n ´four-sided plane figure whose opposite
sides are @. µ¥ ´the illus at µquadrilateral.¼
¨par®al®ysis© ²/pEÚralEsIs/ ³n ¶[U] ´loss of feeling or power to
move in any or every part of the body; (fig) state of utter powerlessness.
¸para®lyt®ic ²/*parEÚlItIk/ ³n, adj ¸1 ´(person) suffering from @: ³a
paralytic stroke; ´(fig) helpless: ³paralytic laughter. ¸2 ´(person who is)
very drunk. ¸para®lyse, ´(US = ¸-lyze´) ²/ÚparElñIz/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ¸1 ´affect
with @. ¸2 ´make helpless: ³paralysed with fear.¼
¨par®ameter© ²/pEÚramItE(r)/ ³n ´characteristic or determining feature.¼
¨para®mili®tary© ²/*parEÚmIlItrI ³US: ²-terI/ ³adj ´having a status or function
ancillary or similar to that of regular military forces: ³@ organizations.¼
¨para®mount© ²/ÚparEmñ8nt/ ³adj ´(formal) supreme, superior in power: ³@
chiefs; ´pre-eminent: ³of @ importance; ´superior. ¸@cy ²/-tsI/ ³n¼
¨para®mour© ²/ÚparEm8E(r)/ ³n ´(archaic) illicit partner of a married man or
woman.¼
¨para®noia© ²/*parEÚnãIE/ ³n ¶[U] ´mental disorder (usu incurable), marked by
fixed delusions, eÔg of persecution or grandeur. ¸para®noiac ²/*parEÚnãIak/,
¸para®noid ²/ÚparEnãId/ ³nn, adjj ´(person) suffering from @.¼
¨para®pet© ²/ÚparEpIt/ ³n ¸1 ´(usu low) protective wall at the edge of a flat
roof, side of a bridge, etc. ¸2 ´defensive bank of earth, stone, etc along the
front edge of a trench (in war).¼
¨para®pher®nalia© ²/*parEfEÚneIlIE/ ³n ¶[U] ´numerous small possessions, tools,
instruments, etc esp concerning sb's hobby or technical work.¼
¨para®phrase© ²/ÚparEfreIz/ ³vt ¶[VP6A]³, n ´(give a) restatement of the
meaning of (a piece of writing) in other words.¼
¨para®ple®gia© ²/*parEÚplidZE/ ³n ¶[U] ´(path) paralysis of the lower part of
the body, including both legs, caused by injury to the spinal cord.
¸para®plegic ²/*parEÚplidZIk/ ³n, adj ´(person) suffering from @.¼
¨para®site© ²/ÚparEsñIt/ ³n ¸1 ´animal (eÔg ³louse, hookworm´) or plant (eÔg
³mistletoe´) living on or in another and getting its food from it. ¸2 ´person
supported by another and giving him nothing in return. ¸para®sitic
²/*parEÚsItIk/, ¸para®siti®cal ²/*parEÚsItIkl/ ³adjj ´caused by, living as, a
@.¼
¨para®sol© ²/ÚparEsol ³US: ²-scl/ ³n ´umbrella used to give shade
from the sun.¼
¨para®troops© ²/ÚparEtrups/ ³n pl ´troops trained for being dropped by
parachute. ¸para®trooper ²/ÚparEtrupE(r)/ ³n ´one of these.¼
¨para®typhoid© ²/*parEÚtñIfãId/ ³n ¶[U] ´kind of fever in some ways like
typhoid but milder and caused by a different bacterium.¼
¨par®boil© ²/ÚpqbãIl/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´boil (food) until partially cooked; (fig)
make uncomfortably hot.¼
¨par®cel© ²/Úpqsl/ ³n ¶[C] ¸1 ´thing or things wrapped and tied up for
carrying, sending by post, etc: ³She left the shop with an armful of @s. ¸Ú@
post ³n ¶[U] ´system, method, etc of carrying @s by post. ¸2 ·part and @ of,
´an essential part of. ·a @ of land, ´an area of land (esp part of an estate).
¹ ³vt µ(-ll-, ´US also µ-l-) ¶[VP6A,15B] ·@ out, ´divide into portions. ·@ up,
´make (books, etc) into a @.¼
¨parch© ²/pqt2/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ¸1 ´(of heat, the sun, etc) make hot and dry: ³the
@ed deserts of N Africa. ¸2 ´dry or roast by heating: ³@ed peas.¼
¨parch®ment© ²/Úpqt2mEnt/ ³n ¸1 ¶[C,U] ´(manuscript on) writing surface
prepared from the skin of a sheep or goat. ¸2 ¶[U] ´kind of paper resembling
@.¼
¨par®don© ²/Úpqdn/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´forgiveness: ³ask for @´; ¶[C] ´instance of
this. ¸2 ¶[U] ´indulgence; forbearance. ·beg sb's @, ´excuse oneself, eÔg for
disagreeing with what sb says, or apologize, eÔg for not hearing or
understanding what sb says: ³I beg your @! µ¥ excuse±1µ(3); sorry(2). ¸3
´(archaic) indulgenceµ(3)´. ³¹ vt ¶[VP6A,12B,13B] ·@ sb for sth; @ sb sth,
´forgive; excuse; overlook: ³@ sb for doing wrong; @ sb an offence. P@ me
for/P@ my contradicting you. ¸@®able ²/ÚpqdnEbl/ ³adj ´that can be @ed. ¸@®ably
²/-EblI/ ³adv ´(formal) in a way that can be @ed: ³She was @ably proud of her
wonderful cooking. ¸@er ³n ´(in the Middle Ages) person who had been licensed
to sell papal indulgencesµ(3)´.¼
¨pare© ²/peE(r)/ ³vt ¶[VP6A,15B] ´cut away the outer part, edge or skin of: ³@
one's (finger-)nails; @ the claws of an animal; @ ´(= peel) ³an apple; ´(fig)
³@ down ´(= reduce) ³one's expenses. ¸par®ings ²/ÚpeErIGz/ ³n pl ´that which
is @d off: ·Ú³nail-parings.¼
¨par®egoric© ²/*parEÚgorIk ³US: ²-Úgcr-/ ³n ¶[U] ´soothing medicine
containing opium and flavoured with aniseed.¼
¨par®ent© ²/ÚpeErEnt/ ³n ´father or mother; ancestor: ³the @ birds; the @
plant. May I introduce you to my @s? ´iÔe to my father and mother. ¸@ company,
´(comm) one that controls another, eÔg by owning more than half its shares or
because of the composition of its Board of Directors. ¸Ú@®age ²/-IdZ/ ³n ¶[U]
´fatherhood or motherhood; origin; birth: ³of unknown @age´, having unknown @s.
¸@al ²/pEÚrentl/ ³adj ´of @(s): ³@al anxieties; children who lack @al care.
¸@®ally ²/-tElI/ ³adv¼
¨par®enth®esis© ²/pEÚrenTEsIs/ ³n (pl µ-eses ²/-Esiz/³) ´sentence within
another sentence, marked off by commas, dashes or brackets; ³(sing ´or ³pl)
´round brackets (Ô) for this. µ¥ bracket±2µ. ¥ App 9. ·in @, ´between
parentheses; (fig) taking (sth) separately. ¸par®en®thetic ²/*parEnÚTetIk/,
¸par®en®theti®cal ²/-Ikl/ ³adjj ´of, relating to, used as, a @.
¸par®en®theti®cally ²/-klI/ ³adv¼
¨par ex®cel®lence© ²/*pqr ÚeksElqns ³US: ²*eksEÚlqns/ ³adv ´(F) by virtue of
special excellence; in the highest degree.¼
¨pa®riah© ²/pEÚrñIE/ ³n ´(India) person of low caste or of no caste; (fig)
social outcast. ¸Ú@-dog ³n ´(India) ownerless dog of mixed breed.¼
¨pari-mu®tuel© ²/*parI Úmjutj8el ³US: ²Úmjut28El/ ³n ´(F) form of betting (on
races) in which the winners divide the stakes of the losers, less a percentage
for management expenses.¼
¨pari passu© ²/*parI Úpasu/ ³adv ´(Lat) simultaneously and equally; at an equal
rate of progress.¼
¨par®ish© ²/ÚparI2/ ³n ´(GB) division of a county with its own church and
priest: ³the @ church; the @ council. ¸@ clerk, ´official with various duties
connected with the @ church. ¸*@ Úpump, ´(usu attrib) of local interest only:
³@-pump affairs/politics. ¸@ register´, book with records of christenings,
marriages and burials. ¸civil @, ´division of a county for local government.
¸@ioner ²/pEÚrI2EnE(r)/ ³n ´inhabitant of a @.¼
¨Pa®ris®ian© ²/pEÚrIzIEn ³US: ²-IZn/ ³n, adj ´(native, inhabitant)
of Paris.¼
¨par®ity© ²/ÚparEtI/ ³n ¶[U] ´equality; being equal; being at par: ³Should
teachers in secondary schools and teachers in primary schools receive @ of
pay? The two currencies have now reached @´, are at par. ¸*@ of exÚchange,
´rates of currency exchange officially determined by Governments.¼
¨park©1 ²/pqk/ ³n ¸1 ´public garden or public recreation ground in a town.
¸Úball @, ´(US) playing-field. ¸2 ´area of grassland (usu with trees) round a
large country house or mansion. ¸3 Úcar-@, ´place where motor-vehicles may be
left for a time. ¸4 *national Ú@, ´area of natural beauty, eÔg mountains,
forests, lakes, set apart by the State for public enjoyment, and where
industrial and urban development is forbidden or limited. ¸5 ´place used by
the military for artillery, stores, etc.¼
¨park©2 ²/pqk/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A,2A] ´put (a motor-vehicle) for a time,
unattended: ³Where can we @ (the car)? ¸2 ¶[VP6A,15A] ´(colloq) ´put (sth or
sb) somewhere: ³Where can I @ my luggage? P@ yourself in that chair while I
make you a cup of tea.¼
¨parka© ²/ÚpqkE/ ³n ´(US) waterproof jacket with a hood attached (as worn for
skiing, mountain-climbing, etc). (GB = ³anorak).¼
¨parking© ²/ÚpqkIG/ ³n ¶[U] ´(area for the) @ of motor-vehicles: ³No @ between
9aÔm and 6pÔm. ¸Ú@ lot, ´(US) area for the @ of motor-vehicles. ¸Ú@ meter,
´coin-operated meter beside which a car may be parked in a public place, eÔg a
street. ¸Ú@ orbit, ´temporary orbit for a spacecraft.¼
¨Parkinson's© ²/ÚpqkInsnz/ ³adj ¸Ú@ disease, ´(path) chronic progressive
disease of old people, with muscular tremors, muscular rigidity and general
weakness. ¸Ú@ law, ´(hum) suggestion that work will always last as long as the
time available for it.¼
¨parky© ²/ÚpqkI/ ³adj ´(sl) (of the air, weather) chilly.¼
¨par®lance© ²/ÚpqlEns/ ³n ´use or choice of words; way of speaking: ³common/
legal @.¼
¨par®ley© ²/ÚpqlI/ ³n (pl µ@s´) ¶[C] ´conference, esp between leaders of two
opposed forces. ¹ ³vi ¶[VP2A,3A] ·@ (with sb), ´discuss terms, hold a
conference.¼
¨par®lia®ment© ²/ÚpqlEmEnt/ ³n ´(in countries with representative
government) supreme law-making council or assembly, esp of GB, formed of the
House of Commons and the House of Lords: ³enter P@; ·*³Members of ·Ú³P@;
summon/adjourn P@; P@ sits/rises; open P@´, (of the Sovereign) declare it open
with traditional ceremonial. ¸par®lia®men®tarian ²/*pqlEmEnÚteErIEn/ ³n ´person
skilled in the rules and procedures of @, who is a good debater, etc.
¸par®lia®men®tary ²/*pqlEÚmentrI/ ³adj ´of @: ³@ary debates; @ary language´,
polite, civil language, as required in @ary debates.¼
¨par®lour© ´(US = ¸-lor´) ²/ÚpqlE(r)/ ³n ¸1 ´ordinary sitting-room for the
family in a private house (now more usu called sitting-room or living-room).
¸Ú@ games, ´games played in the home (competitions, guessing, etc). ¸2
´official room for the reception of visitors: ³the Mayor's @, ´in a town hall,
etc. ¸3 ´(esp US) room for customers and clients: ³a ·Ú³beauty @; a
·Ú³hairdresser's @. ¸Ú@-car ³n ´(US) luxurious railway coach with individual
reserved seats.¼
¨par®lous© ²/ÚpqlEs/ ³adj ´(formal) perilous.¼
¨Par®me®san© ²/ÚpqmIzan/ ³n ´kind of cheese made at Parma and elsewhere in N
Italy.¼
¨par®ochial© ²/pEÚrE8kIEl/ ³adj ´of a parish; (fig) limited,
narrow: ³a @ outlook/mind/point of view. ¸@ly ²/-kIElI/ ³adv ¸@®ism ²/-IzEm/
³n¼
¨par®ody© ²/ÚparEdI/ ³n (pl µ-dies³) ¸1 ¶[C,U] ´(piece of) writing intended to
amuse by imitating the style of writing used by sb else. ¸2 ¶[C] ´weak
imitation. ¹ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´make a @ of: ³@ an author/a poem. ¸par®odist ²/-Ist/
³n ´person who writes parodies.¼
¨pa®role© ²/pEÚrE8l/ ³n ¶[U] ´prisoner's solemn promise, on being given
certain privileges, that he will not try to escape. ·on @, ´liberated after
making such a promise. ·break one's @, ´(try to) escape while on @. ¹ ³vt
¶[VP6A] ´set (a prisoner) free on @.¼
¨paro®quet© ²/ÚparEkit/ ³n ´= µparakeet.¼
¨par®ox®ysm© ²/ÚparEksIzEm/ ³n ¶[C] ´sudden attack or outburst (of pain, anger,
laughter, etc).¼
¨par®quet© ²/ÚpqkeI ³US: ²pqrÚkeI/ ³n ´flooring of wooden blocks fitted
together to make a pattern.¼
¨parr©, par ²/pq(r)/ ³n ´young salmon.¼
¨par®ri®cide© ²/ÚparIsñId/ ³n ¶[C,U] ´(person guilty of the) murder of one's
father or near relation.¼
¨par®rot© ²/ÚparEt/ ³n ¸1 ´sorts of bird with a hooked bill and (usu) brightly
coloured feathers, some kinds of which can be trained to imitate human speech.
µ¥ ´the illus at µrare. ¸Ú@ fever, ´= µpsittacosis. ¸2 ´person who repeats,
often without understanding, what others say.¼
¨parry© ²/ÚparI/ ³vt (pt,pp µ-ried³) ¶[VP6A] ´turn aside (a blow);
(fig) evade (a question). ¹ ³n ¶[C] ´act of @ing, esp in fencing and boxing.¼
¨parse© ²/pqz ³US: ²pqrs/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´describe (a word) grammatically; point
out how the words of a sentence are related.¼
¨Par®see© ²/pqÚsi/ ³n ´member of a religious group in India, the members being
descended from Persians who settled in India in the 8th c.¼
¨par®si®mony© ²/ÚpqsImEnI ³US: ²-mE8nI/ ³n ¶[U] ´(formal) (usu as a bad
quality) excessive carefulness in using money or (fig) immaterial things.
¸par®si®moni®ous ²/*pqsIÚmE8nIEs/ ³adj ´too economical; miserly.¼
¨pars®ley© ²/ÚpqslI/ ³n ¶[U] ´garden plant with crinkled green
leaves, used in seasoning and sauces and for garnishing food.¼
¨pars®nip© ²/ÚpqsnIp/ ³n ¶[C] ´long, white or pale-yellow root, cooked as a
vegetable.¼
¨par®son© ²/Úpqsn/ ³n ´parish priest; (colloq) any clergyman. ¸@'s nose,
´(colloq) rump of a cooked fowl. ¸Ú@®age ²/-IdZ/ ³n ´@'s house.¼
¨part©1 ²/pqt/ ³n ¶[C] ¸1 ´(often ³sing ´without ³indef art´) some but not all
of a thing or a number of things; something less than the whole: ³We spent (a)
@ of our holiday in France/in a @ of the country we had never visited before.
P@s of the book are interesting. The greater @ of what you heard is only
rumour. ·for the Úmost @, ´in most cases; mostly. ·in @, ´in some degree.
¸*@-Úowner ³n ´person who owns sth in common with others. ¸*@-Útime ³adj, adv
´for only a @ of the working day or week: ³be employed @-time; @-time
teaching´, eÔg two days a week. Hence, ¸*part-Útimer ³n´. ¸2 ³(pl) ´region;
district: ³in these/those @s. ¸3 ´any one of a number of equal divisions: ³A
minute is the sixtieth @ of an hour. ¸4 ´person's share in some activity; his
duty or responsibility; what an actor in a play, film, etc says and does: ³a
man with a @ in a play/in a conference. He spoke/acted his @ very well. Do the
actors all know their @s? I had only a small @ in these events. ·play a (big,
small, etc) @ (in sth), ´be concerned in sth, make a contribution: ³He had an
important @ to play in ensuring the success of the scheme. ·take @ (in), ´have
a share (in); help: ³Are you going to take @ in the discussion´, Do you intend
to speak? ¸5 ´side in a dispute, transaction, agreement, mutual arrangement,
etc. ·take sb's @; take the @ of sb, ´support sb: ³He always takes his
brother's @. ·for Úmy @, ´as far as I am concerned: ³For my @ I am quite happy
about the division of the money. ·on Úmy/Úhis/Úyour, etc @; on the @ of (Mr A,
etc), ´proceeding from, done by, me/him/you/Mr A, etc: ³There was no objection
on his @/on the @ of the owner of the land´, He did not object. ³The agreement
has been kept on my @ but not on his. ¸6 ·take sth in good @, ´not be offended
at it. ¸7 ´division of a book; each issue of a work published in instalments:
³a new encyclopaedia to be issued in monthly @s. ¸8 ´essential piece or section
of sth. ¸(spare) @, ´extra piece, etc to be used when needed, when sth breaks
or wears: ³When can I get a @ for my pump? ¸9 ´(music) each of the melodies
that make up a harmony; the melody for a particular voice or instrument:
³orchestral @s; sing in three @s. ¸Ú@-singing, Ú@-song ³n ´singing, song, with
three or more voice @s. ¸10 ´(gram) ¸*@ of Úspeech, ´one of the classes of
words, eÔg ´noun, verb, adjective. ¸11 ·a man/woman of (many) @s, ´of (many)
abilities; talented. ¹ ³adv ´(usu ·@« @«´) in some degree: ³made @ of iron and
@ of wood. ¸@®ly ³adv ´in some degree.¼
¨part©2 ²/pqt/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A,2A,D] ´(cause to) separate or
divide: ³The policemen @ed the crowd. We tried to @ the two fighters. Let us @
friends´, leave each other with no feeling of enmity. ³The crowd @ed and let us
through. ·@ company (with sb), ¸(a) ´end a relationship. ¸(b) ´leave; separate
from. ¸(c) ´disagree: ³On that question I am afraid I must @ company with you.
¸2 ¶[VP3A] ·@ with, ´give up, give away: ³He hates to @ with his money´,
doesn't like to spend it or give it away. ¸3 ¶[VP6A] ·@ one's hair, ´make a
dividing line by combing the hair in opposite ways. ¸@®ing ³n ¸1 ¶[C] ´line
where the hair is combed in opposite ways. ¸2 ¶[C,U] ´departure; leave-taking:
(attrib) ³his @ing injunctions´, those given on taking leave. ·at the @ing of
the ways, ´at the point where the road divides or forks; (fig) when one has to
choose between courses of action. ¸@®ing shot ´= ³Parthian shot, µ¥ Parthian.¼
¨par®take© ²/pqÚteIk/ ³vi,vt (pt µ-took ²/-Út8k/, ³pp µ-taken ²/-ÚteIkEn/³)
¶[VP3A] ·@ of sth, ´(dated formal) ¸1 ´take a share in: ³They partook of our
triumph. They were partaking of our simple meal. ¸2 ´have some of (the nature
or characteristics of): ³His manner @s of insolence.¼
¨par®terre© ²/pqÚteE(r)/ ³n ¸1 ´(in a garden) level space with lawns and
flower-beds. ¸2 ´(in a theatre) part of the auditorium behind the orchestra.¼
¨par®theno®gen®esis© ²/*pqTInE8ÚdZenEsIs/ ³n ¶[U] ´reproduction of offspring
without fertilization by sexual union.¼
¨Par®thian© ²/ÚpqTIEn/ ³adj ´of Parthia ²/ÚpqTIE/, ´ancient country of NÔE
Iran conquered by the Persians in ¶AÔD ´226. ¸@ shot/shaft, ´(fig) sth said or
done as a final reply, argument, etc at the moment of parting.¼
¨par®tial© ²/Úpq2l/ ³adj ¸1 ´forming only a part; not complete: ³a
@ success; a @ eclipse of the sun. ¸2 ·@ (towards), ´showing too much favour to
one person or side: ³examiners who are @ towards pretty women students. ¸3 ·@
to, ´having a liking for: ³@ to French cuisine. ¸@ly ²/Úpq2ElI/ ³adv ¸1
´partly; not completely. ¸2 ´in a @µ(2) ´manner. ¸@®ity ²/*pq2IÚalEtI/ ³n ¸1
¶[U] ´being @µ(2) ´in treatment of people, etc; bias; favouritism. ¸2 ·@ity
for, ¶[C] ´fondness: ³a @ity for moonlight walks.¼
¨par®tici®pate© ²/pqÚtIsIpeIt/ ³vi ¶[VP2A,3A] ·@ (in), ¸1 ´have a share, take
part (in): ³@ in sb's suffering/in a plot. ¸par®tici®pant ²/pqÚtIsIpEnt/ ³n
´person who @s ³(in ´sth). ¸par®tici®pa®tion ²/pq*tIsIÚpeI2n/ ³n ¶[U] ´act of
participating.¼
¨par®ti®ciple© ²/ÚpqtIsIpl/ ³n ´(gram) verbal ³adj ´qualifying ³nn
´but retaining some properties of a ³v´: ³"Hurrying' and "hurried' are the
present and past @s of "hurry'. ¸par®ti®cip®ial ²/*pqtIÚsIpIEl/ ³adj ´of a
@: ³a participial adjective´, eÔg "loving' in "a loving mother'.¼
¨par®ticle© ²/ÚpqtIkl/ ³n ¸1 ´very small bit: ³@s of dust; ´smallest possible
quantity: ³She hasn't a @ of sense. ¸elementary @, ´(phys) one of the
constituents of an atom, not yet known to be composed of simpler @s, eÔg an
electron. ¸2 ´(gram) minor part of speech, eÔg an article ³(a, an, the)´, a
preposition or adverb ³(up, in, out)´, a conjunction ³(or)´, an affix ³(un-,
in-, -ness, -ly).¼
¨parti-col®oured©, ´(US = ¸-col®ored´) ²/ÚpqtI kAlEd/ ³adj ´differently
coloured in different parts.¼
¨par®ticu®lar© ²/pEÚtIkj8lE(r)/ ³adj ¸1 ´relating to one as distinct from
others: ³in this @ case. ¸2 ´special; worth notice; outstanding: ³for no @
reason. He took @ trouble to get it right. ·in @, ´especially: ³I remember one
of them in @. ¸3 ´very exact; scrupulous: ³a full and @ account of what we saw.
¸4 ·@ (about/over), ´hard to satisfy; fastidious: ³She's @ about what she
wears. He's too @ over what he will eat and drink. ¹ n ´detail. ·go into @s,
´give details. ¸@®ly ³adv ´in a @ manner: ³His good humour was @ly noticeable.
I @ly mentioned that point. ¸@®ity ²/pE*tIkj8ÚlarEtI/ ³n ¶[U] ´exactness;
attention to detail. ¸@®ize ²/-ñIz/ ³vt,vi ¶[VP6A,2A] ´name specially or one by
one.¼
¨part®ing© ²/ÚpqtIG/ µ¥ part±2µ.¼
¨par®ti®san© ²/*pqtIÚzan ³US: ²ÚpqrtIzn/ ³n ¸1 ´person devoted to a party,
group or cause. ¸2 ´(esp) member of an armed resistance movement in a country
occupied by enemy forces: ³@ troops. ¹ adj ´uncritically devoted to a cause:
³His loyalties are too @. ¸Ú@®ship ²/-2Ip/ ³n¼
¨par®ti®tion© ²/pqÚtI2n/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´division into parts: ³the @ of India in
1947. ¸2 ¶[C] ´that which divides, esp a thin wall between rooms, etc. ¸3 ¶[C]
´part formed by dividing; section. ¹ ³vt ¶[VP6A,15B] ·@ (sth off), ´divide
into sections, etc; separate by means of a @µ(2)´.¼
¨par®ti®tive© ²/ÚpqtItIv/ ³n, adj ´(word) denoting part of a collective whole:
³"Some' and "any' are @s.¼
¨part®ner© ²/ÚpqtnE(r)/ ³n ¸1 ´person who takes part with another
or others in some activity, esp one of the owners of a business: ³@s in crime;
profits shared equally among all the @s; active @´, one taking part in the
affairs of the business. ¸sleeping @, µ¥ sleep±2µ(1). ¸2 ´one of two persons
dancing together, playing tennis, cards, etc together; husband or wife. ¹ ³vt
¶[VP6A,15A] ´be a @ to; bring (people) together as @s. ¸Ú@®ship ²/-2Ip/ ³n ¶[U]
´state of being a @; ¶[C] ´joint business: ³enter into @ship (with ´sb³); ³be in
@ship.¼
¨par®took© ²/pqÚt8k/ µ¥ partake.¼
¨par®tridge© ²/ÚpqtrIdZ/ ³n ¶[C] ´sorts of bird of the same family as the
pheasant; ¶[U] ´its flesh as food. µ¥ ´the illus at µfowl.¼
¨par®tur®ition© ²/*pqtj8ÚrI2n ³US: ²-t28-/ ³n ¶[U] ´childbirth.¼
¨party© ²/ÚpqtI/ ³n (pl µ-ties³) ¸1 ¶[C] ´group of persons united in policy and
opinion, in support of a cause, esp in politics: ³the Conservative, Liberal and
Socialist parties. ¸2 ¶[U] ´(esp attrib use) government based on political
parties: ³the ·Ú³@ system; @ politics´, politics of and within a @, eÔg
manoeuvres designed to win influence or power; ³Should a politician put public
interest before @ interest? ·follow the @ line; ¸@ line, µ¥ line±1µ(11). ¸@
machine, µ¥ machine(2). ¸*@-Úspirit, ´enthusiasm for, devotion to, a
(political) @. Hence, ¸*@-Úspirited ³adj ¸3 ´one of the persons or sides in a
legal agreement or dispute. ¸*@-Úwall, ´one that divides two properties and is
the joint responsibility of the owners of these properties. ¸4 ´group of
persons travelling or working together, or on duty together: ³a ·Ú³firing-@´,
of soldiers, at a military funeral or execution. ¸5 ´gathering of persons, by
invitation, for pleasure: ³a ·Ú³dinner/·Ú³birthday @; give a @´, arrange one
and be the host(ess); (attrib) ³a @ dress. ·lack the @ spirit, ´be without
enthusiasm for a @. ·make up a @, ´join together to form a @. ¸6 ´person taking
part in and approving of or being aware of what is going on: ³a @ to a
conspiracy; an innocent @. ¸7 ´(hum) person: ³Who's the old @ in blue´, the old
person dressed in blue? ¸8 Ú@-coloured, ´= µparti-coloured.¼
¨par®venu© ²/ÚpqvEnju ³US: ²-nu/ ³n ´person who has suddenly reached higher
economic or social status from a low status.¼
¨pas®chal© ²/Úpaskl/ ³adj ¸1 ´of the Jewish Passover. ¸2 ´of Easter.¼
¨pasha© ²/Úpq2E ³US: ²Úpa2E/ ³n ´(hist) title of honour placed after the name
of a Turkish officer of high rank or the governor of a province.¼
¨pass©1 ²/pqs ³US: ²pas/ ³n ¸1 ´success in an examination, esp (in
university degree examinations) success in satisfying the examiners but without
distinction or honours±1µ(7)´: ³get a @; a ·Ú³@ degree. ¸2 ·come to/reach a
pretty/sad/strange, etc @, ´reach such a state or condition. ¸3 ·bring to @,
´accomplish, carry out. ·come to @, ´happen: ³How exactly did that come to @?
¸4 ´(paper, ticket, etc giving) permission or authority to travel, enter a
building, occupy a seat in a cinema, etc: ³a free @´, ticket giving free travel
on the railways, etc. ³All @es to be shown at the barrier´, eÔg in a station.
³No admittance without a @. µ¥ @-book ´below. ¸5 ´act of kicking, throwing, or
hitting the ball from one player to another player (of the same team): ³a
clever @ to the forward. ¸6 ´movement of the hand over or in front of sth (as
in conjuring or juggling, or in mesmerism). ¸7 ´forward movement, blow (in
fencing, etc). ·make a @ at sb, ´(sl) make (possibly unwelcome) amorous
advances. ¸8 ´narrow way over or through mountains; such a way viewed as the
entrance to a country. µ¥ ´the illus at µmountain. ·hold the @, ´(fig) defend a
cause. ·sell the @, ´(fig) betray a cause; yield up a position. ¸9 ´(card
games) act of passing. µ¥ pass±2µ(15). ¸10 ´(compounds) ¸Ú@®book ³n ¸(a) ´book
supplied by a bank to a customer with records of his account. ¸(b) ´(S Africa)
booklet, document, allowing a black African person to be in a certain area.
¸Ú@®key ³n ´private key to a gate, etc; key which opens a number of locks;
master key. ¸Ú@®word ³n ´secret word or phrase which enables a person to be
recognized as a friend by sentries: ³give/demand the @word.¼
¨pass©2 ²/pqs ³US: ²pas/ ³vi,vt (pp µ@ed ²/pqst ³US: ²past/³)
´(as ³adj µpast´) (For special uses with ³advv ´and ³preps, µ¥ 19 ´below.)
¸1 ¶[VP2A,C] ´move towards and beyond, proceed (³along, through, down, etc´):
³@ through a village. Please let me @. The road was too narrow for cars to @.
The two ships
@ed each other during the night. I glanced at her and @ed on. He @ed
in front of/behind me. They @ed by´, went past. Hence, ¸*@er-Úby ³n (pl
µpassers-by³) ´person who @es sb or sth: ³The purse was picked up by a @er-by.
¸2 ¶[VP6A] ´leave (a person, place, object, etc) on one side or behind as one
goes forward: ³Turn right after @ing the Post Office. I @ed Miss Green in the
street. ¸3 ¶[VP6A] ´go through, across, over or between: ³The ship @ed the
channel. No complaints @ed her lips. ¸4 ¶[VP2A] ´(of time) go by; be spent:
³Six months @ed and still we had no news of them. The time @ed pleasantly. ¸5
¶[VP6A] ´spend (time): ³How shall we @ the evening? What can we do to @ the
time? ¸6 ¶[VP3A] ·@ (from«) (to/into«), ´change from one state of things to
another; change into another state of things: ³Water @es from a liquid to a
solid state when it freezes. When water boils it @es into steam. ¸7
¶[VP6A,15B,12A,13A] ´give by handing: ³Please @ (me) the butter. The letter was
@ed on/round to all the members of the family. The note was @ed round the
table. ¸8 ¶[VP6A] ´utter: ³@ a remark´, say sth. ·@ the time of day with sb,
´engage them in light conversation. ¸9 ¶[VP6A,2A,C] ´(cause to) circulate: ³He
was imprisoned for @ing forged banknotes. He @es under the name of Mr Green´,
is known and accepted as Mr Green. ¸10 ¶[VP6A,2A] ´examine and accept; be
examined and accepted: ³Parliament @ed the Bill. The Bill @ed and became law.
The examiners @ed most of the candidates. The candidates @ed (the examination).
Will the play @ the censor? We have to @ the Customs before we leave. ¸11
¶[VP2A,C] ´take place; be said or done (between persons): ³Did you see/hear
what was @ing? Tell me everything that @ed between you. ¸12 ¶[VP6A] ´be beyond
the range of: ³a story that @es belief. It @es my comprehension. ¸13 ¶[VP14] ·@
sth on sth/sb, ´give (an opinion, judgement, sentence on sth or sb): ³@
sentence on an accused man. I can't @ an opinion on your work without seeing
it. ¸14 ¶[VP2A] ´be accepted without rebuke or blame; go unnoticed or
unreproved: ³His rude remarks @ed without comment. I don't like it, but I'll
let it @´, will not make objections, etc. ³Such conduct may @ in certain
circles but cannot be tolerated here. ¸@ muster, µ¥ muster. ¸15 ¶[VP2A] ´(card
games) let one's turn go by without playing a card or making a bid. ¸16
¶[VP15A] ´move; cause to go: ³He @ed his hand across his forehead/his fingers
through his hair. I @ed a rope round the barrel. Will you please @ your eye ´(=
glance) ³over this note. ·@ water, ´(euphem) urinate. ¸17 ´(in football,
hockey, etc) kick, hand or hit (the ball) to a player of one's own side. ¸18
¶[VP6A,15A] ´cause (troops) to go by: ³@ troops in review. ¸19 ¶[VP2C,15B]
´(special uses with ³adverbial particles ´and ³preps):¼
·pass away, ´(euphem) die: ³He @ed away peacefully.¼
·pass sb/sth by, ´pay no attention to; disregard: ³I can't @ the matter by
without a protest.¼
·pass for sb/sth, ´be accepted as: ³In this small village, he @ed for a
learned man. Do I speak French well enough to @ for a Frenchman?¼
·pass in; pass into sth, ´gain admission (to): ³He @ed into the Military
College with no difficulty.¼
·pass off, ¸(a) ´(of events) take place, be carried through: ³The meeting of
the strikers @ed off quietly. ¸(b) ´(of pain, a crisis) end: ³Has your
toothache @ed off yet? ·@ sth off, ´turn attention from: ³@ off an awkward
situation. ·@ sth/sb off as sth/sb, ´represent falsely to be: ³He tried to @
himself off as a qualified doctor.¼
·pass on, ´(euphem) die: ³I'm grieved to learn that your dear mother has @ed
on. ·@ sth on, ´hand or give it (to sb else, to others).¼
·pass out, ´(colloq) faint; lose consciousness. ·@ out (of sth), ´leave
college, etc having @ed one's examinations. Hence, ¸*@ing-Úout
(ceremony/parade), ´esp for cadets who have completed their training.¼
·pass sb over, ´overlook; fail to notice: ³They @ed me over ´(eÔg failed to
promote me) ³in favour of young Hill.¼
·pass through sth, ´experience it.¼
·pass sth up, ´(colloq) neglect it; not take advantage of it: ³@ up an
opportunity.¼
¨pass®able© ²/ÚpqsEbl ³US: ²Úpas-/ ³adj ¸1 ´(of roads, etc) that
can be passed over or crossed: ³Are the Alpine roads @ yet? ¸2 ´that can be
accepted as fairly good but not excellent: ³a @ knowledge of German. ¸pass®ably
²/-EblI/ ³adv¼
¨pas®sage© ²/ÚpasIdZ/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´passing; act of going past, through or
across; right to go through: ³the @ of time. ¸bird of @, ¸(a) ´migratory bird.
¸(b) ´person who passes through a place without staying there long. ¸2 ¶[C]
´voyage; journey from point to point by sea or air: ³book one's @ to New
York. ·work one's @, µ¥ work±2µ(4). ¸3 ¶[C] ´way through: ³force a @ through a
crowd. ¸4 ¶[C] ¸Ú@®(way), ´corridor in a house. ¸5 ¶[C] ´short extract from a
speech or piece of writing, quoted or considered separately. ¸6 ´passing of a
Bill so that it becomes law. ¸7 ³(pl) ´what passes between two persons in
conversation: ³have angry @s with an opponent during a debate. ¸8 *@ of Úarms,
´(lit, fig) combat; dispute.¼
¨pass®book© ³n µ¥ pass±1µ(10).¼
¨pass_e© ²/ÚpaseI ³US: ²paÚseI/ ³adj ´(fem ¸pass_ee´) (F) past his/her/its
best; no longer current; out of date.¼
¨pas®sen®ger© ²/ÚpasIndZE(r)/ ³n ¸1 ´person being conveyed by bus, taxi, tram,
train, ship, aircraft, etc. ¸2 ´(colloq) member of a team, crew, etc who does
no effective work.¼
¨passe®par®tout© ²/*paspqÚtu/ ³n ¸1 ´master-key. ¸2 ´kind of adhesive tape used
eÔg as a mounting for a picture, etc (to form a frame).¼
¨passer-by© ²/*pqsE ÚbñI ³US: ²ÚpasEr/ ³n (pl µpassers-by³) µ¥ pass±2µ(1).¼
¨pas®sim© ²/ÚpasIm/ ³adv ´(Lat) (of allusions, phrases, etc to be found in a
book or author) frequently; in every part: ³This occurs in Milton @.¼
¨pas®sing© ²/ÚpqsIG ³US: ²Úpas-/ ³adj ´going by; not lasting: ³the @ years. ¹
adv ´(old use) very: ³@ rich. ¹ n ¶[U] ´the act of going by: ³the @ of the old
year´, iÔe on New Year's Eve.¼
¨passion© ²/Úpa2n/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U,C] ´strong feeling or enthusiasm, esp
of love, hate or anger: ³be filled with @ ´(iÔe love) ³for sb; choking with @´,
iÔe anger or hate; ³@s were running high, ´people were filled with strong
feeling. ¸2 a @, ´outburst of strong feeling: ³fly into a @´, become very
angry; ³be in a @; ¸3 the P@, ´the suffering and death of Jesus. ¸*P@
ÚSunday, ´the fifth Sunday in Lent. ¸ÚP@ Week, ´the week between P@ Sunday and
Palm Sunday. ¸ÚP@ play, ´drama dealing with the P@. ¸Ú@-flower ³n ´kinds of
(usu climbing) plants with flowers that are thought to resemble the crown of
thorns placed on the head of Jesus. ¸Ú@ fruit, ´edible fruit of the @-flower.
¸@®less ³adj¼
¨passion®ate© ²/Úpa2EnEt/ ³adj ´easily moved by passion; filled with, showing,
passion; ³a @ nature; @ language. ¸@®ly ³adv ´in a @ manner: ³She is @ly fond
of tennis.¼
¨pass®ive© ²/ÚpasIv/ ³adj ¸1 ´acted upon but not acting; not offering active
resistance: ³@ obedience. In spite of my efforts the boy remained @´, showed no
signs of interest, activity, etc. ¸*@ reÚsistance, ´resistance that takes the
form of not obeying orders, the law, etc but without active measures of
opposition. ¸*@ reÚsister´, person who practises this. ¸2 the @ (voice),
´(gram) the form in italic type in the sentence "The letter ³was written
´yesterday,' iÔe the verb phrase containing ³be + pp. µ¥ active. ³¹ n ´@ voice.
¸@®ly ³adv´. ¸@®ness, ¸pass®iv®ity ²/paÚsIvEtI/ ³nn ¶[U] ´the state or quality
of being @.¼
¨pass®key© ³n µ¥ pass±1µ(10).¼
¨Pass®over© ²/ÚpqsE8vE(r) ³US: ²Úpas-/ ³n ´Jewish religious
festival commemorating the liberation of the Jews from slavery in Egypt. µ¥
Exod 12.¼
¨pass®port© ²/Úpqspct ³US: ²Úpas-/ ³n ´government document to be carried by a
traveller abroad, giving personal particulars; (fig) sth that enables one to
win or obtain sth: ³Is flattery a @ to success?¼
¨pass®word© ³n µ¥ pass±1µ(10).¼
¨past©1 ²/pqst ³US: ²past/ ³adj ´(Cf ³passed´, ³pp ´of µpass±2´) of the time
before the present; gone by in time: ³for the @ few days/weeks, etc; during the
@ week; in times @; for a long time @; @ generations; the @ tense; a @
participle, ´eÔg passed, taken, gone. ¸@ master, ´one who has a thorough
mastery (³of ´or ³in ´a subject, ³at ´doing sth). ³¹ n ¸1 the @, ´@ time: ³We
cannot change the @. Memories of the @ filled her mind. ¸2 ´person's @ life or
experiences, esp when these are not reputable: ³We know nothing of his @.
She's a woman with a @.¼
¨past©2 ²/pqst ³US: ²past/ ³prep ¸1 ´beyond in time; after: ³half @ two; ten
(minutes) @ six; buses every twenty minutes @ the hour´, iÔe at 1.20, 2.20,
3.20, etc; ³stay out until @ 11 o'clock; an old man @ seventy; a woman @
middle age. ¸2 ´beyond in space; up to and farther than: ³He walked @ the
house. He hurried @ me without stopping to speak. The driver took the bus @
the traffic signal. ¸3 ´beyond the limits, power or range of: ³The old man is
@ work´, too old, weak, etc to work. ³She's @ child-bearing´, too old to bear
a child. ³The pain was almost @ bearing´, too severe to be endured. ³He's @
praying for´, There's no hope of cure, improvement, etc. ³She's @ caring what
happens´, has reached the stage of complete indifference, is quite resigned to
ill fortune, etc. ·be/get @ it, ´(colloq) be no longer able to do the things
one could formerly do: ³My gardener is over seventy-five and I'm afraid he's
getting past it. ·wouldn't put sth Ú@ sb, ´consider him capable of doing sth
disreputable, unusual, etc: ³You may say that he is honest but I wouldn't put
it @ him to run off with the money. ³¹ adv ´(in the sense of µ2
´above): ³walk/march/go/run/hurry @.¼
¨pasta© ²/ÚpastE ³US: ²ÚpqstE/ ³n ¶[U] ´(I) (dish of food prepared from a dough
of) flour, eggs and water mixed and dried, eÔg macaroni, spaghetti, ravioli.¼
¨paste© ²/peIst/ ³n ¶[U] ¸1 ´soft mixture of flour, fat, etc for making pastry.
¸2 ´preparation of foodstuffs, cut up and pounded to a soft, moist mass:
·Ú³anchovy @; ·Ú³fish-@. ¸3 ´mixture of flour and water used for sticking
things together, esp paper on walls and boards: ³a bottle of @. ¸Ú@®board ³n
¶[U] ´stiff board-like material made by pasting sheets of paper together;
cardboard. ¸4 ´substance (a glass-like material) used in making artificial
diamonds, etc ³¹ vt ¸1 ¶[VP6A,15A,B] ´stick with @µ(3)´. ·@ sth down, ´fasten
down with @. ·@ sth up, ¸(a) ´fasten with @ to a surface: ³@ up a notice. ¸(b)
´seal or cover using @: ³@ up cracks with paper. ¸(c) ´fasten sheets or strips
of paper on larger sheets, eÔg to design pages for a magazine, book, etc.
Hence, ¸Ú@-up ³n´. ¸2 ¶[VP6A] ´(colloq) thrash; beat. Hence, ¸past®ing ³n
´(colloq) severe beating: ³Get/Give sb a pasting.¼
¨pas®tel© ²/Úpastl ³US: ²paÚstel/ ³n ¸1 ´(picture drawn with)
coloured chalk made into crayons. ¸2 ´(attrib) ³@ shades, ´soft, light,
delicate shades of colour.¼
¨pas®tern© ²/ÚpastEn/ ³n ´part of a horse's foot between the fetlock and the
hoof. µ¥ ´the illus at µdomestic.¼
¨pas®teur®ize© ²/Úpqst2ErñIz/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´rid (milk, etc) of disease-producing
bacteria by using the heating method of Louis Pasteur ²/paÚst3(r)/, ´1822Å1895,
French chemist. ¸pas®teur®iz®ation ²/*pqst2ErñIÚzeI2n ³US: ²-rIÚz-/ ³n¼
¨pas®tiche© ²/paÚsti2/ ³n ¶[C] ´literary or other work of art composed in the
style of another author, etc; musical composition made up from various
sources.¼
¨pas®tille© ²/ÚpastIl ³US: ²paÚstil/ ³n ¶[C] ´small flavoured tablet to be
sucked, eÔg one containing medicine for the throat.¼
¨pas®time© ²/ÚpqstñIm ³US: ²Úpas-/ ³n ¶[C] ´anything done to pass time
pleasantly; game: ³Photography is her favourite @.¼
¨pas®tor© ²/ÚpqstE(r) ³US: ²Úpas-/ ³n ´ministerµ(3)´, esp of a nonconformist
church.¼
¨pas®toral© ²/ÚpqstErEl ³US: ²Úpas-/ ³adj ¸1 ´of shepherds and
country life: ³@ poetry. ¸2 ´of a pastor; (esp) of a bishop: ³a @ letter´, one
to the members of a bishop's diocese; ³@ staff´, bishop's emblem, like a
shepherd's crook, carried by or before bishops ceremonially. ¸3 ´of (duties
towards) a priest's or a minister's flock: ³@ care/responsibilities. ³¹ n ´@
poem, play, letter, etc.¼
¨pas®tor®ate© ²/ÚpqstErEt ³US: ²Úpas-/ ³n ¸1 ´office of a pastor; time during
which he holds it. ¸2 ´body of pastors.¼
¨pas®try© ²/ÚpeIstrI/ ³n (pl µ-tries³) ¸1 ¶[U] ´paste of flour, fat, etc baked
in an oven; pie-crust. ¸2 ¶[C] ´article of food made wholly or partly of this,
eÔg a pie or tart; ¶[U] ´such articles collectively: ³eat less @. ¸Ú@-cook ³n
´person who makes @, esp for public sale.¼
¨pas®ture© ²/Úpqst2E(r) ³US: ²Úpas-/ ³n ¶[U] ´grassland for cattle; grass on
such land, µ¥ meadow´; ¶[C] ´piece of land of this kind. ³¹ vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A]
´(of persons) put (cattle, sheep, etc) to graze: ³@ one's sheep on the village
common; ´(of cattle, etc) eat down grassland. ¸2 ¶[VP2A] ´graze. ¸pas®tur®age
²/-IdZ/ ³n ¶[U] ´(right to graze cattle on) @ land.¼
¨pasty©1 ²/ÚpeIstI/ ³adj µ(-ier, -iest) ´like pasteµ(1)´: ³a @ complexion´,
white and unhealthy.¼
¨pasty©2 ²/ÚpastI/ ³n (pl µ-ties³) ´pie of meat, jam, etc enclosed in paste
and baked without a dish: ³a Cornish @.¼
¨pat©1 ²/pat/ ³adv ´at the right moment; at once and without hesitation: ³The
answer came pat. He had his excuse pat. ·stand pat, ´stick to one's decision;
refuse to change.¼
¨pat©2 ²/pat/ ³vt,vi µ(-tt-) ¸1 ¶[VP6A,15A] ´tap gently with the open hand or
with sth flat: ³pat a dog; pat a ball, ´so that it bounces up and down. ·pat
sb/oneself on the back, ´(fig) express approval, congratulate, etc. ¸2 ¶[VP2A]
´carry out the action of patting. ³¹ n ¶[C] ¸1 ´tap with the open hand, eÔg as
a caress or to show sympathy. ¸2 ´small mass of sth, esp butter, formed by
patting. ¸3 ´light sound made by striking sth with a flat object.¼
¨patch©1 ²/pat2/ ³n ¸1 ´small piece of material put on over a hole
or a damaged or worn place: ³a coat with @es on the elbows; a @ on the inner
tube of a tyre. ¸*@-Úpocket ³n ´one made by sewing a piece of cloth on to the
outside of a garment. ¸2 ´piece of plaster put over a cut or wound. ¸3 ´pad
worn to protect an injured eye. ¸4 ´small, irregular, differently coloured part
of a surface: ³a dog with a white @ on its neck. ¸5 ´small area (of ground, esp
for garden vegetables): ³the Úcabbage @´; small area of anything: ³@es of fog;
small @es of blue in a cloudy sky. ¸6 ·not a @ on, ´not nearly so good as. ¸7
·go through/hit/strike a bad @, ´be in/reach a period of bad luck, difficulty,
unhappiness. ¸Ú@®work ³n ¶[U] ¸1 ´piece of material made up of bits of cloth of
various sizes, shapes and colours: (attrib) ³a @work quilt. ¸2 ´(fig) piece of
work made up of odds and ends.¼
¨patch©2 ²/pat2/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ¸1 ´put a patch on; (of material) serve as a patch
for. ¸2 ¶[VP15B] ·@ up, ´repair; make roughly ready for use: ³an old, @ed-up
motor-cycle; ´(fig) ³@ up a quarrel´, settle it for a time. ¸@y ³adj µ(-ier,
-iest) ´made up of @es; not regular or uniform; of uneven quality: ³@y
work/knowledge. The fog was @y. ¸@®ily ²/-IlI/ ³adv ¸@i®ness ³n¼
¨patch®ouli© ²/Úpat28lI/ ³n ¶[U] ´(perfume derived from an) Asiatic plant.¼
¨pate© ²/ÚpeIt/ ³n ´(colloq) head: ³a bald @.¼
¨p^at_e© ²/ÚpateI ³US: ²pqÚteI/ ³n ¸1 ´pie; patty. ¸2 ´paste. ¸@ de foie gras
²/*- dE fwq Úgrq/, ´(F) (patty of) goose-liver paste.¼
¨pa®tel®la© ²/pEÚtelE/ ³n ´(anat) kneecap.¼
¨pat®ent©1 ²/ÚpeItnt ³US: ²Úpatnt/ ³adj ¸1 ´evident, easily seen: ³It was @ to
everyone that he disliked the idea. ¸2 *letters Ú@ ²/Úpatnt/, ´government
authority to manufacture sth invented and protect it from imitation. ¸3
´protected by letters @: ³@ medicines, ´made by one firm or person only. ¸4 @
leather, ´leather with a hard, smooth, shiny surface. ¸@®ly ³adv ´clearly;
obviously.¼
¨pat®ent©2 ²/ÚpeItnt ³US: ²Úpatnt/ ³n ¶[C] ¸1 ´(privilege granted by) letters
patent: ³take out a @ to protect a new invention. ¸P@ ´(usu ²/Úpatnt/´)
¸Office, ´government department which issues @s. ¸2 ´that which is protected by
letters @; invention or process. ³¹ vt ¶[VP6A] ´obtain a @ for (an invention or
process). ¸@ee ²/*peItnÚti ³US: ²*patn-/ ³n ´person to whom a @ is issued.¼
¨pater®fa®mil®ias© ²/*peItEfEÚmIlIas ³US: ²*pat-/ ³n ´(hum) father or head of a
family.¼
¨pa®ter®nal© ²/pEÚt3nl/ ³adj ¸1 ´of or like a father: ³@ care. ¸2
´related through the father: ³my @ grandfather. ¸@ly ²/-nElI/ ³adv ¸@®ism
²/-IzEm/ ³n ¶[U] ´(practice of) governing or controlling people in a @ way
(providing for their needs but giving them no responsibility).¼
¨pa®ter®nity© ²/pEÚt3nEtI/ ³n ¶[U] ´fatherhood; being a father; origin on the
father's side: ³of unknown @.¼
¨pater®nos®ter© ²/*patEÚnostE(r)/ ³n ´(Lat for "Our Father') ¸1 ´(recital of)
the Lord's Prayer. ¸2 ´bend in a rosary at which the Lord's Prayer is repeated.
¸3 ´liftµ(2) ´with a series of doorless carsµ(3) ´moving on a continuous belt
so that passengers can step on or off at each floor.¼
¨path© ²/pqT ³US: ²paT/ ³n (pl µ@s ²/pqDz ³US: ²paDz/³) ¸1 Ú@®(way), (Úfoot)®@,
´way, track made (across fields, through woods, etc) by or for people walking:
³Keep to the @ or you may lose your way. ¸Ú@-finder ³n ´explorer; sb sent on
ahead to find a route, etc; pioneer. ¸2 ´track specially made for foot or cycle
racing (usu ³cinder track´). ¸3 ´line along which sth or sb moves: ³the moon's
@ round the earth; the ·Ú³flight @ of a spacecraft; the @ of a tornado. ¸@®less
³adj ´having no @s: ³@less jungles.¼
¨pa®thetic© ²/pEÚTetIk/ ³adj ¸1 ´able to be considered sad,
pitiful, or (colloq) contemptible: ³a @ sight; @ ignorance. ¸2 ¸the @ fallacy,
´the error of imaginatively endowing inanimate objects with life, human
feelings, etc. ¸pa®theti®cally ²/-klI/ ³adv¼
¨pa®thol®ogy© ²/pEÚTolEdZI/ ³n ¶[U] ´science of diseases. ¸path®ol®ogist
²/pEÚTolEdZIst/ ³n ´student of, expert in, @. ¸path®o®logi®cal
²/*paTEÚlodZIkl/ ³adj ´of @; of the nature of disease. ¸path®o®logi®cally
²/-klI/ ³adv¼
¨pa®thos© ²/ÚpeITos/ ³n ¶[U] ´quality in speech, writing, etc which arouses a
feeling of pity, sympathy or tenderness.¼
¨pa®tience© ²/ÚpeI2ns/ ³n ¶[U] ¸1 ´(power of) enduring trouble, suffering,
inconvenience, without complaining; ability to wait for results, to deal with
problems calmly and without haste: ³I haven't the @ to hear your complaints
again. She has no @ with people who are always grumbling´, cannot endure them.
·be out of @ (with), ´be unable to endure further. ·the @ of Job, ´very great
@: ³His behaviour would try ´(= test) ³the @ of Job. ¸2 ´(GB) kind of card
game, usu for one player (US = ³solitaire´).¼
¨pa®tient©1 ²/ÚpeI2nt/ ³adj ´having, showing, patience: ³be @ with a child; be
@ of insults´, endure them with patience.¼
¨pa®tient©2 ²/ÚpeI2nt/ ³n ¶[C] ´person who has received, is receiving, or is on
a doctor's list for, medical treatment: ³The Smiths are @s of Dr Quack. ¸@®ly
³adv¼
¨pat®ina© ²/ÚpatInE/ ³n ´(usu) green, glossy surface formed on old
bronze or copper; glossiness of old woodwork, etc.¼
¨patio© ²/ÚpatIE8/ ³n ³(pl µ@s ²/-E8z/³) ¸1 ´courtyard, open to the sky, within
the walls of a Spanish or Spanish American house. ¸2 ´(modern use) paved area
near a house, used for recreation.¼
¨pa®tis®serie© ²/pEÚtisErI/ ³n ´(F) shop, bakery, specializing in (French)
pastry and cakes.¼
¨pat®ois© ²/Úpatwq/ ³n ´dialect of the common people of a district, differing
from the standard language of the country.¼
¨pa®trial© ²/ÚpeItrIEl/ ³n ´person who has qualifications which
give him the right to be considered legally a British citizen.¼
¨patri®arch© ²/ÚpeItrIqk ³US: ²Úpat-/ ³n ¸1 ´venerable old man. ¸2 ´male head
of a family or tribe. ¸3 ´bishop among the early Christians; (in the RÔC
Church) high-ranking bishop; (in Eastern Churches) bishop of highest honour:
³the P@ of Antioch/Jerusalem. ¸@al ²/*peItrIÚqkl ³US: ²*pat-/ ³adj ´of or like
a @. ¸Ú@®ate ²/-eIt/ ³n ´position, see±2´, residence, of a Church @.¼
¨pa®tri®cian© ²/pEÚtrI2n/ ³n, adj ´(person) of noble birth (esp in ancient
Rome); aristocrat(ic).¼
¨pat®ri®cide© ²/ÚpatrIsñId/ ³n ¶[U] ´killing of one's own father; ¶[C]
´instance of this; ¶[C] ´person guilty of this.¼
¨pat®ri®mony© ²/ÚpatrImEnI ³US: ²-mE8nI/ ³n (pl µ-nies³) ¶[C] ´property
inherited from one's father or ancestors; endowment. ¸pat®ri®mo®nial
²/*patrIÚmE8nIEl/ ³adj ´of a @.¼
¨pa®triot© ²/ÚpatrIEt ³US: ²ÚpeIt-/ ³n ´person who strongly supports his
country. ¸Ú@®ism ²/-IzEm/ ³n ¶[U] ´the feelings and qualities of a @. ¸@ic
²/*patrIÚotIk ³US: ²ÚpeIt-/ ³adj ´having, showing, the qualities of a @.
¸@i®cally ²/-klI/ ³adv¼
¨pa®trol© ²/pEÚtrE8l/ ³vt,vi µ(-ll-) ¶[VP6A,2A] ´go round (a camp, town, the
streets, roads, etc) to see that all is well, to look out (for wrongdoers,
persons in need of help, the enemy, etc). ¹ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´the act of @ling:
³soldiers on @; maintain a constant sea and air @´, eÔg looking for submarines
during a war; (attrib) ³a police ·Ú³@ car´, eÔg on a motorway. ¸2 ¶[C]
´person(s), ship(s) or aircraft on @ duties: ³We were helped by an AÔA ´(=
Automobile Association) ³@(man), ´scout. ¸3 ´(US) ¸Ú@ wagon ³n ´one used by the
police for conveying prisoners or persons who have been arrested. ¸@®man
²/-mEn/ ³n (pl µ-men³) ´(esp) policeman who @s an area.¼
¨pa®tron© ²/ÚpeItrEn/ ³n ¸1 ´person who gives encouragement, moral or financial
support, to a person, cause, the arts, etc: ³Modern artists have difficulty in
finding wealthy @s. ¸*@ Úsaint, ´saint regarded as the special protector ³(of
´a church, town, travellers, etc). ¸2 ´regular customer at a shop. ¸Ú@®ess
²/-Is/ ³n ´woman @.¼
¨pa®tron®age© ²/ÚpatrEnIdZ ³US: ²ÚpeIt-/ ³n ¶[U] ¸1 ´support, encouragement,
given by a patron: ³with/under the @ of the Duke of X. ¸2 ´right of appointing
sb to a benefice or office, to grant privileges, etc: ³He's an influential man,
with a great deal of @ in his hands. ¸3 ´customer's support (to a shopkeeper,
etc): ³take away one's @ because of poor service. ¸4 ´patronizing manner. µ¥
patronize(2).¼
¨pa®tron®ize© ²/ÚpatrEnñIz ³US: ²ÚpeIt-/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ¸1 ´act as patron towards:
³@ a young musician/a dressmaker. ¸2 ´treat (sb whom one is helping, talking
to, etc) as if he were an inferior person; be condescending towards.
¸pat®ron®iz®ing ³adj ¸pat®ron®iz®ing®ly ³adv¼
¨pat®ro®nymic© ²/*patrEÚnImIk/ ³n, adj ´(name) derived from that of a father
or ancestor, eÔg ³Robertson; MacNeil; O'Neil.¼
¨pat®ten© ²/Úpatn/ ³n ´clog, wooden shoe, mounted on a metal
framework to keep the wearer's foot above the mud.¼
¨pat®ter©1 ²/ÚpatE(r)/ ³n ¶[U] ¸1 ´kind of talk used by a particular class of
people: ³thieves' @; the @ of an auctioneer. ¸2 ´rapid talk of a conjuror or
comedian; rapid speech introduced into a song ³(a ·Ú³@ song). ¹ vt,vi ¶[VP6A]
´recite, say, repeat (prayers, etc) very quickly or in a mechanical way;
¶[VP2A] ´talk fast or glibly.¼
¨pat®ter©2 ²/ÚpatE(r)/ ³n ¶[U] ´sound of quick, light taps or footsteps: ³the
@ of rain on a roof; the @ of footsteps. ¹ vi ¶[VP2A,C] ´make this sound:
³rain @ing on the window-panes.¼
¨pat®tern© ²/Úpatn/ ³n ¶[C] ¸1 ´excellent example; sb or sth serving as a
model: ³She's a @ of all the virtues. ´(attrib) ³He has a @ ´(³model ´is the usu
word) ³wife. ¸2 ´sth serving as a model, esp shape of a garment, cut out in
paper, used as a guide in dressmaking, etc; model from which sth is to be cast
and from which a mould is made (in a foundry, etc): ·Ú³@-maker; ·Ú³@-shop, ´in
a foundry. ¸3 ´sample, esp a small piece of cloth: ³a bunch of @s from the
tailor. ¸4 ´ornamental design, eÔg on a carpet, on wallpaper, curtain material:
³a @ of roses; geometrical @s. ¸5 ´way in which sth happens, develops, is
arranged, etc: ³new @s of family life´, eÔg when married women, instead of
keeping house, go out to work and add to the family income. ¹ ³vt ¸1 ¶[VP14] ·@
sth/oneself upon/after sth/sb, ´model: ³a dress @ed upon a Paris model. He @s
himself upon his father. ¸2 ´decorate with a @.¼
¨patty© ²/ÚpatI/ ³n (pl µ-ties³) ´little pie or pasty: ³oyster
patties. ¸Ú@-pan ³n ´pan for baking a @ in.¼
¨pau®city© ²/ÚpcsEtI/ ³n ¶[U] ´(formal) smallness of number or quantity.¼
¨Paul© ²/pcl/ ³n ·rob Peter to pay @, µ¥ Peter. ¸@ Pry, ´an inquisitive
person.¼
¨paunch© ²/pcnt2/ ³n ´belly, esp if fat: ³a @ like that of Falstaff. He was
getting quite a @´, getting wide round the waist. ¸@y ³adj ´having a large @.
¸@i®ness ³n¼
¨pau®per© ²/ÚpcpE(r)/ ³n ´person with no means of livelihood, esp one who is
supported by charity. ¸Ú@®ism ²/-IzEm/ ³n ¶[U] ´state of being a @; existence
of @s: ³abolish @ism. ¸Ú@®ize ²/-ñIz/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´bring to the state of being
a @. ¸@®iz®ation ²/*pcpErñIÚzeI2n ³US: ²-rIÚz-/ ³n¼
¨pause© ²/pcz/ ³n ¸1 ´short interval or stop (while doing or saying sth):
³during a @ in the conversation; a @ to take breath. ·give @ to, ´cause (a
person) to hesitate, to stop and think. ¸2 ´(music) sign (²Q ´or ²O´) over or
under a note or rest to show that it is to be prolonged. ¹ ³vi ¶[VP2A,4A] ´make
a @: ³@ to look round.¼
¨pave© ²/peIv/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´put flat stones, bricks, etc on (a path, etc): ³a
path @d with brick; ´(fig) ³a career @d with ´(= full of) ³good intentions. ·@
the way for, ´make conditions easy or ready for.¸crazy pavement ³n ¶[U]
µ¥crazy(4). ¸Úpaving-stone ³n ´slab of stone for paving.¼
¨pave®ment© ²/ÚpeIvmEnt/ ³n ¸1 ´(GB) paved way at the side of a
street for people on foot (US = ³sidewalk´). ¸Ú@ artist, ´one who draws
pictures on a @ with coloured chalks (to get money from passers-by). ¸2 ´(US)
hard surface for streets, roads, etc.¼
¨pa®vil®ion© ²/pEÚvIlIEn/ ³n ¸1 ´building on a sports ground for the use of
players, spectators, etc. ¸2 ´ornamental building for concerts, dancing, etc.
¸3 ´large tent, eÔg as used for a flower exhibition.¼
¨paw© ²/pc/ ³n ´animal's foot that has claws or nails (contrasted with ³hoof´):
³a dog's paw; ´(colloq, hum) hand. µ¥ ´the illus at µdog. ¹ ³vt ¶[VP6A,15B] ¸1
´(of animals) feel or scratch with the paw(s); (of a horse) strike (the ground)
with a hoof. ¸2 ´(of persons) touch with the hands, awkwardly, rudely or with
improper familiarity.¼
¨pawky© ²/ÚpckI/ ³adj ´(Scot) sly; arch: ³@ humour. ¸pawk®ily ²/ÚpckIlI/ ³adv¼
¨pawl© ²/pcl/ ³n ¸1 ´lever with a catch for the teeth of a ratchet wheel or
rod, to prevent slipping or movement in the opposite direction. ¸2 ´short bar
used to prevent a capstan or windlass from recoiling.¼
¨pawn©1 ²/pcn/ ³n ´least valuable piece in the game of chess; person made use
of by others for their own advantage. µ¥ ´the illus at µchess.¼
¨pawn©2 ²/pcn/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ¸1 ´deposit (clothing, jewellery, etc) as a pledge
for money borrowed: ³The medical student @ed his microscope to pay his rent. ¸2
´(fig) pledge: ³@ one's life/honour. ¹ ³n ¶[U] ·in @, ´in a ´state of being
@ed: ³My watch is in @. ¸Ú@®broker ³n ´person licensed to lend money at
interest on the security of goods left with him. ¸Ú@®shop ³n ´@broker's place
of business. ¸Ú@-ticket ³n ´@broker's receipt for goods pledged with him.¼
¨paw®paw© ²/pEÚpc ³US: ²Úpcpc/ ³n ´= µpapaw.¼
¨pax© ²/paks/ ³n ´(in church) kiss or sign of peace. ¸Pax Romana
²/*paks rE8ÚmqnE/, ´peace enforced on states in the ancient Roman Empire.¼
¨pay©1 ²/peI/ ³n ¶[U] ´money paid for regular work or services, esp
in the armed forces (³Pay ´is used instead of ³wages ´and ³salary ´in the Navy,
Army and Air Force): ³draw one's pay; get an increase in pay. ·in the pay of,
´employed by (often with a suggestion of dishonour), eÔg ³in the pay of the
enemy. ¸Úpay-claim ³n ´= wage-claim, µ¥ wage. ¸Úpay-day ³n ¸(a) ´day on which
wages, salaries, etc are (to be) paid. ¸(b) ´day (on the Stock Exchange) on
which transfer of stock has to be paid for. ¸Úpay-dirt ³n ¶[U] ´(US) earth in
which there is ore of a grade high enough to make mining profitable. ¸Úpay®load
³n ¸(a) ´that part of the load (of a ship, aircraft, etc) for which payment is
received, eÔg passengers and cargo, but not fuel. ¸(b) ´bomb in a missile. ¸(c)
´crew and instruments of a spacecraft. ¸Úpay®master ³n ´official responsible
for paying troops, workers, etc. ¸*pay®master Úgeneral, ´officer at the head of
a department of the Treasury. ¸Úpay-off ³n ´(colloq) (time of) full and final
settlement of accounts or of final retribution or revenge. ¸Úpay-packet ³n
´envelope or packet containing pay. ¸Úpay-phone/-station ³nn ´(US)
coin-operated telephone call-box. ¸Úpay-roll/-sheet ³nn ¸(a) ´list of persons
to be paid and the amounts due to each. ¸(b) ´total amount of wages, salaries,
etc to be paid to them. ¸Úpay-slip ³n ´slip of paper included in a pay-packet,
showing how pay has been calculated, deductions for tax, etc.¼
¨pay©2 ²/peI/ ³vt,vi (pt,pp µpaid ²/peId/³) ´(For special uses with
³adverbial particles ´and ³preps, µ¥ 6 ´below.) ¸1 ¶[VP6A,12B,13B,14,3A] ·pay
sb; pay for sth; pay sb for sth; pay sb sth; pay sth (to sb) (for sth), ´give
(sb) money for goods, services, etc: ³You must pay me what you owe. You must
pay for what you eat and drink. Have you paid the milkman this month? I paid
you the money last week. He paid $600 to a dealer for that car. I pay $5 a week
for guitar lessons. ¸2 ¶[VP2A,14,12B,13B] ´give (sb) reward or recompense: ³He
says that sheep farming doesn't pay´, that it isn't profitable. ³He has been
amply paid for his trouble. They say it pays to advertise. ¸3 ¶[VP6A] ´settle
(debts, etc): ³Have you paid all your debts yet? He has paid his
bills/dues/subscriptions/taxes. ·put Úpaid to sth, ´(colloq) settle it; end it
so that it gives no more trouble. ¸4 ¶[VP6A,12A,13A] ·@ (to), ´give, eÔg
attention, respect, etc to sb: ³Please pay more attention to your work. He has
called to pay ´(= offer) ³his respects. He seldom pays his wife any
compliments´, seldom compliments her. ³I look forward to paying you a visit ´(=
visiting you) ³next week. ¸5 ´(phrases) ·pay one's way, ´not get into debt.
·pay through the nose, µ¥ nose±1µ(1). ¸*pay-as-you-Úearn, ´(abbr ¸PÔAÔYÔE´),
method of collecting income tax (in GB) by requiring employers to deduct it
from earnings. ¸pay®able ²/ÚpeIEbl/ ³adj ´which must or may be paid. ¸payee
²/peIÚi/ ³n ´person to whom sth is (to be) paid. ¸payer ³n ´person who pays or
who is to pay. ¸6 ¶[VP15B,3A] ´(special uses with ³adverbial particles ´and
³preps´):¼
·pay sth back, ´return (money, etc) that has been borrowed. ·pay sb back/out
(for sth), ´punish him; have one's revenge: ³I've paid him out for the trick
he played on me.¼
·pay for, ¸(a) µ¥ 1 ´above. ¸(b) ´suffer pain or punishment for: ³He'll have
to pay for this foolish behaviour.¼
·pay sth in; pay sth into sth, ´deposit (money) with a bank, to one's own or
another's account: ³Please pay this sum into my/my wife's account.¼
·pay sb off, ¸(a) ´pay sb his wages and discharge him. ¸(b) ´pay in full and be
free from obligation: ³pay off one's creditors; pay off the crew of a ship.
µ¥ ³pay-off ´at µpay±1µ.¼
·pay sth out, ¸(a) ´give money, eÔg in settlement of expenses: ³When you move
into a new house you really have to start paying out (money). ¸(b) ´(naut)
allow (rope) to run out freely through the hands; slacken (rope) so that it
runs freely.¼
·pay up, ´pay in full what is owing: ³If you don't pay up, I'll take you to
court´, take legal action against you.¼
¨pay®ment© ²/ÚpeImEnt/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´paying or being paid: ³demand prompt @; a
cheque in @ for services rendered. ¸2 ¶[C] ´sum of money (to be) paid: ³$50
cash down and ten monthly @s of $5. ¸3 ¶[C,U] ´(fig) reward; punishment.¼
¨pay®nim© ²/ÚpeInIm/ ³n ´(archaic) pagan; heathen; (esp during the Crusades to
the Holy Land) Saracen.¼
¨pea© ²/pi/ ³n ¶[C] ´plant with seeds in pods, used for food. µ¥
´the illus at µvegetable. ·as like as two peas (in a pod), ´exactly alike.
¸Úpea-chick, Úpea-fowl, Úpea-hen ³nn µ¥ peacock. ¸Úpea-flour ³n ¶[U] ´meal made
from dried peas. ¸Úpea-green ³adj, n ´bright light-green colour of young peas.
¸Úpea-shooter ³n ´(toy) tube from which dried peas are shot by blowing through
the tube. ¸*pea-Úsoup ³n ´thick soup made from dried peas. ¸*pea-Úsouper ³n
´(colloq) thick yellow fog.¼
¨peace© ²/pis/ ³n ¶[U] ´(not used in ³pl´, but see examples for use of ³indef
art´) ¸1 ´state of freedom from war: ³be at @ with neighbouring countries.
After a brief @ ´(= a brief period of @) ³war broke out again. ·make @ (with),
´bring about @ (with). ¸2 ´(often ¸P@´) treaty of @: ³P@/A P@ was signed
between the two countries. ¸3 ´freedom from civil disorder. ·break the @,
´cause civil disorder, rioting, etc. ·keep the @, ´obey the laws and refrain
from disorder and strife. ¸breach of the @, ´a disturbance or riot. ¸the
King's/Queen's @, ´the general @ of the country, as secured by law. ¸Justice of
the P@, ´(abbr ¸JÔP´) magistrate. ¸4 ´rest; quiet; calm: ³the @ of the
countryside; @ of mind. ·at @ (with), ´in a state of friendship or harmony:
³He's never at @ with himself´, is always restless. ·in @, ´peacefully: ³live
in @ with one's neighbours. ·hold one's @, ´keep silence; stop talking or
arguing. ·make one's @ (with sb), ´settle a quarrel. ¸Ú@®maker ³n ´person who
restores friendly relations. ¸Ú@-offering ³n ´sth offered to show that one is
willing to make @.¼
¨peace®able© ²/ÚpisEbl/ ³adj ´not quarrelsome; free from fighting
or uproar. ¸peace®ably ²/-EblI/ ³adv¼
¨peace®ful© ²/Úpisfl/ ³adj ¸1 ´loving peace: ³@ nations. ¸2 ´calm; quiet: ³a @
evening; a @ death. ¸@ly ²/-fElI/ ³adv ¸@®ness ³n¼
¨peach©1 ²/pit2/ ³n ¸1 ´(tree with) juicy, round fruit with delicate
yellowish-red skin and a rough stone-like seed; yellowish-red. µ¥ ´the illus at
µfruit. ¸2 ´(sl) person or thing greatly admired.¼
¨peach©2 ²/pit2/ ³vi,vt ¶[VP2A,3A,6A] ·@ (against/on/upon) (sb), ´(sl) inform
(against); betray.¼
¨pea®cock© ²/Úpikok/ ³n ´large male bird noted for its fine tail feathers. µ¥
´the illus at µrare. ¸*@-Úblue ³adj, n ´bright blue (colour). ¸Úpea-chick ³n
´young pea-fowl. ¸Úpea-fowl ³n ´@ or pea-hen. ¸Úpea-hen ³n ´female of the @.¼
¨pea-jacket© ²/Úpi dZakIt/ ³n ´short double-breasted overcoat of
thick woollen cloth, as worn by sailors.¼
¨peak©1 ²/pik/ ³n ¸1 ´pointed top, esp of a mountain; point, eÔg of a beard. µ¥
´the illus at µmountain. ¸ÚP@ District, ´area in Derbyshire, England, having
many @s. ¸2 ´pointed front part of a cap; projecting brim (to shade the eyes).
¸3 ´narrow part of a ship's hold at the bow (·Ú³fore@) ´or stern (·Ú³after@).
¸4 ´highest point in a record of figures that fluctuate: ³@ hours of traffic´,
times when the traffic is heaviest; ³industry's @ hours´, when consumption of
electric current, etc is highest; ³off-@ periods´, when traffic, consumption of
current, etc is light; ³off-@ flights to Rome´, during the less busy times, eÔg
during hours of darkness. ¸peaked ³adj ´having a @: ³@ed cap/roof.¼
¨peak©2 ²/pik/ ³vi ¶[VP2A] ¸1 ´reach the highest point, value, etc: ³property
prices have @ed. ¸2 ·@ and pine, ´waste away. ¸peaked ³adj ´(³pp´)
´sharp-featured; thin, pale and weak-looking. ¸peaky ³adj ´= ´peaked.¼
¨peal© ²/pil/ ³n ¶[C] ¸1 ´loud ringing of a bell or of a set of bells with
different notes; changes rung upon a set of bells; set of bells tuned to each
other. ¸2 ´loud echoing noise: ³a @ of thunder; @s of laughter. ¹ vi,vt ¸1
¶[VP2A,C] ´sound forth in a @; ring out loudly. ¸2 ¶[VP6A] ´cause to ring or
sound loudly.¼
¨pean© ²/ÚpiEn/ ´(US) = µpaean.¼
¨pea®nut© ²/ÚpinAt/ ³n ´groundnut. ¸*@ Úbutter, ´paste of roasted ground @s.
¸*@ Úoil, ´oil pressed from @s, used in cooking, etc.¼
¨pear© ²/peE(r)/ ³n ¶[C] ´(tree with) sweet, juicy fruit, usu tapering towards
the stalk. µ¥ ´the illus at µfruit.¼
¨pearl© ²/p3l/ ³n ¸1 ´silvery-white or bluish-white spherical formation found
inside the shells of some oysters, valued as a gem: ³a necklace of @s; a @
necklace. ¸Ú@-diver ³n ´one who dives for @-oysters. ¸Ú@-fishery ³n ´place
where @-oysters are fished up. ¸Ú@-oyster ³n ´kind in which @s are found. ¸2 ´=
mother-of-@: ³@ buttons. µ¥ mother. ¸3 ´small round fragment of various
substances. ¸*@-Úbarley/-Úsago ³nn ´barley/sago rubbed into small @-like
grains. ¸4 ´sth that looks like a @, eÔg a dew-drop; sb or sth very precious:
³She's a @ among women. ·cast @s before swine, ´(prov) offer sth valuable or
beautiful to those who cannot appreciate it. ¹ ³vi ´fish for @s: ³go @ing. ¸@y
³adj ´of, like, ornamented with, @s. ¸P@y King/Queen, ´costermonger wearing
pearlies. ¸@®ies ³n pl ´(the now festive) dress of some London costermongers,
ornamented with many mother-of-@ buttons.¼
¨pear®main© ²/ÚpeEmeIn/ ³n ´variety of apple.¼
¨peas®ant© ²/Úpesnt/ ³n ´(not GB or US) countryman working on the land, either
for wages or on a very small farm which he either rents or owns:
(attrib) ³@ labour, µ¥ ´for GB, ³smallholder´, at µsmall ´and, for US,
³sharecropper ´at µshare±1µ(1). ¸@ry ²/ÚpezntrI/ ³n ´the @s of a country; @s as
a class.¼
¨pease© ²/piz/ ³n ¸@-pudding ³n ´pudding of boiled peas.¼
¨peat© ²/pit/ ³n ¶[U] ´plant material partly decomposed by the action of water,
found in bogs, used in horticulture, and as a fuel: ³a bag/bale of @; a
·Ú³@-bog´, a marshy place where @ is found; ³a @ fire´, one on which cut pieces
of @ are burnt as fuel. ¸@y ³adj ´of, like, smelling of, @.¼
¨pebble© ²/Úpebl/ ³n ´small stone made smooth and round by the
action of water, eÔg in a stream or on the seashore. ¸peb®bly ²/ÚpeblI/ ³adj
´covered with @s: ³a pebbly beach.¼
¨pe®can© ²/pIÚkan ³US: ²pIÚkqn/ ³n ¶[C] ´(nut of a) kind of hickory tree
growing in the Mississippi region of the UÔSÔA.¼
¨pec®cable© ²/ÚpekEbl/ ³adj ´(formal) liable to sin.¼
¨pec®ca®dillo© ²/*pekEÚdIlE8/ ³n (pl µ@es ´or µ@s ²/-lE8z/³) ´small weakness in
a person's character; small sin or fault.¼
¨pec®cary© ²/ÚpekErI/ ³n (pl µ-ries³) ´kind of wild pig found in America.¼
¨peck©1 ²/pek/ ³n ´measure of capacity for dry goods (= 2 gallons or approx 9
litres): ³a @ of beans; ´(fig) a lot: ³a @ of troubles. µ¥ App 5.¼
¨peck©2 ²/pek/ ³vi,vt ¸1 ¶[VP2A,C,3A,6A] ·@ (at), ´(try to) strike with the
beak: ³hens @ing at the corn; cocks @ing (at) the hens; ´(colloq) ³@ at one's
food´, (of a person) eat only small bits of food; eat without appetite. ¸Ú@®ing
order, ´order (within a flock of poultry) in which each bird submits to @ing
and domination by stronger birds and itself @s and dominates weaker birds; any
similar arrangement in a group of human beings: ³Poor Tom! He's at the bottom
of the @ing order´, is dominated by all the members of his group. ¸2 ¶[VP6A]
´get or make by striking with the beak; ³@ corn. The hens @ed a hole in the
sack. ¸3 ´(colloq) kiss hurriedly from habit or a sense of duty rather than
from affection. ³¹ n ¸1 ´stroke with the beak; mark made by this. ¸2 ´(colloq)
hurried, unemotional kiss. ¸@er ³n ´(GB sl) human nose; (fig) courage; spirits.
·*keep your Ú@er up, ´stay cheerful; don't let your spirits droop. ¸Ú@®ish
²/-I2/ ³adj ´(colloq) ´hungry.¼
¨pec®tin© ²/ÚpektIn/ ³n ¶[U] ´(chem) compound similar to sugar,
formed in fruits by ripening process and by heating, eÔg when fruit is made
into jam. ¸pec®tic ²/ÚpektIk/ ³adj ´of @; producing @: ³pectic acid.¼
¨pec®toral© ²/ÚpektErEl/ ³adj ¸1 ´of, for, the chest or breast: ³a @
muscle/fin. ¸2 ´worn on the chest or breast: ³a @ cross, ´as worn by a bishop.¼
¨pecu®late© ²/Úpekj8leIt/ ³vi,vt ´embezzle. ¸pecu®la®tion ²/*pekj8ÚleI2n/ ³n
¶[U] ´peculating; ¶[C] ´instance of this.¼
¨pe®cu®liar© ²/pIÚkjulIE(r)/ ³adj ¸1 ·@ (to), ´belonging exclusively; used,
adopted, practised, only by: ³customs @ to these tribes; a style @ to the 18th
century. ¸2 ´strange; unusual; odd. ¸3 ´particular; special: ³a matter of @
interest. ¸@®ly ³adv ´in a @ manner: ³@ly annoying´, more than usually
annoying. ¸@®ity ²/pI*kjulIÚarEtI/ ³n (pl µ-ties³) ¸1 ¶[U] ´the quality of
being @. ¸2 ¶[C] ´sth distinctive or characteristic. ¸3 ¶[C] ´sth odd or
strange: ³@ities of speech/dress/behaviour.¼
¨pe®cuni®ary© ²/pIÚkjunIErI ³US: ²-IerI/ ³adj ´(formal) of money: ³@ aid; work
without @ reward.¼
¨peda®gogue© ´(US also ¸-gog´) ²/ÚpedEgog/ ³n ´(formal) schoolmaster; (colloq)
pedantic teacher. ¸peda®gogy ²/ÚpedEgodZI/ ³n ¶[U] ´science of teaching.
¸peda®gog®ic ²/*pedEÚgodZIk/, ¸peda®gogi®cal ²/-Ikl/ ³adjj ´of pedagogy.¼
¨pedal©1 ²/Úpedl/ ³n ´lever (eÔg on a bicycle, sewing-machine, organ or piano)
worked by the foot or feet: (attrib) ³@ cyclists; @ boats´, propelled by the
use of @s. µ¥ ´the illus at µbicycle, keyboard. ³¹ vi,vt µ(-ll-, ´US also µ-l-)
¶[VP2A,C,6A] ´use a @ or @s (for playing an organ, riding a bicycle, etc); move
or work by the use of a @ or @s: ³The boy @led away on his tricycle.¼
¨pedal©2 ²/Úpedl/ ³adj ´(zool) of the foot or feet.¼
¨ped®ant© ²/Úpednt/ ³n ´person who lays too much stress on book-learning,
technical knowledge, rules and adherence to rules. ¸@ry ²/ÚpedntrI/ ³n ¶[U]
´tiresome and unnecessary display of learning; too much insistence upon formal
rules; ¶[C] ´instance of this. ¸pe®dan®tic ²/pIÚdantIk/ ³adj ´of or like a @.
¸pe®danti®cally ²/-klI/ ³adv¼
¨peddle© ²/Úpedl/ ³vi,vt ¸1 ¶[VP2A] ´be a pedlar; go from house to
house trying to sell small articles. ¸2 ¶[VP6A] ´deal out in small quantities:
³She loves to @ gossip round the village. ¸ped®dler ³n ´= µpedlar. ¸ped®dling
³adj ´petty; trivial: ³peddling details.¼
¨ped®er®asty© ²/ÚpedErastI/ ³n ¶[U] ´amorous or sexual relations between a man
and a boy. ¸ped®er®ast ³n ´man who practices @.¼
¨ped®estal© ²/ÚpedIstl/ ³n ´base of a column; base for a statue or other work
of art; each of the two supports of a knee-hole writing-desk. Hence, ·Ú³@
desk. ·knock sb off his @, ´show that he is no longer highly regarded. ·set sb
on a @, ´make him an object of high regard.¼
¨pe®des®trian© ²/pIÚdestrIEn/ ³n ´person walking in a street, etc: ³@s killed
in traffic accidents. ¸@ crossing, ´street crossing specially marked, where @s
have priority over traffic. ¸@ precinct, µ¥ precinct. ³¹ adj ¸1 ´connected with
walking. ¸2 ´(of writing, a person's way of making speeches, etc) prosaic;
dull; uninspired.¼
¨pedi®at®rics© ²/*pidIÚatrIks/ ³n pl sing-v ´branch of medicine
concerned with children and their illnesses. ¸pedia®tric®ian ²/*pidIEÚtrI2n/ ³n
´physician who specializes in @.¼
¨pedi®cab© ²/ÚpedIkab/ ³n ´(in some Asian countries) tricycle with one seat for
the man in charge and a seat behind for two passengers, used as a form of
public transport.¼
¨pedi®cure© ²/ÚpedIkj8E(r)/ ³n ´treatment of the feet, esp toe-nails, corns,
bunions, etc.¼
¨pedi®gree© ²/ÚpedIgri/ ³n ¸1 ¶[C] ´line of ancestors: ³proud of their long @s;
¶[U] ´ancestry, esp ancient descent. ¸2 ´(attrib) having a line of descent that
has been recorded: ³@ cattle; a @ poodle.¼
¨pedi®ment© ²/ÚpedImEnt/ ³n ´(in Gk architecture) triangular part over the
front of a building; similar part over the portico of a building in other
styles of architecture. µ¥ ´the illus at µcolumn.¼
¨ped®lar©, ped®dler ²/ÚpedlE(r)/ ³n ´person who travels about selling small
articles.¼
¨ped®ometer© ²/pIÚdomItE(r)/ ³n ´device which measures the number of steps
taken by a walker, and the approximate distance he walks.¼
¨pee© ²/pi/ ³vi ¶[VP2A] ´(colloq) urinate: ³Do you want to pee? ¹ ³n ¶[U]
´urine: ³a puddle of pee; ¶[C] ´act of urinating: ³I must go for/must have a
pee.¼
¨peek© ²/pik/ ³vi ·@ at, ´peep at. ³¹ n ´quick look: ³have a quick
@ over the fence.¼
¨peek-a-boo© ²/*pik E Úbu/ ³n ´game for amusing a small child, in which one
covers and then uncovers the face, repeatedly, saying "@!' as one does this.¼
¨peel© ²/pil/ ³vt,vi ·@ (off), ¸1 ¶[VP6A,15B] ´take the skin off (fruit, etc):
³@ a banana; @ potatoes. ¸2 ¶[VP2A,C] ´come off in strips or flakes: ³These
potatoes @ easily´, the skin comes off them easily. ³The wallpaper is @ing off.
After a day in the hot sun my skin began to @/my face @ed. The bark of
plane-trees @s off regularly. It was so hot that we all @ed off ´(= undressed)
³and jumped into the lake. ¹ n ¶[U] ´skin of fruit, some vegetables, young
shoots, etc. µ¥ ´the illus at µfruit. ¸candied @, µ¥ candy. ¸@er ³n ´(in
compounds) device used for @ing, eÔg potatoes. ¸@®ings ³n pl ´parts @ed off
(esp of potatoes).¼
¨peep©1 ²/pip/ ³n ¸1 ´short, quick look, often one taken secretly or
inquisitively; incomplete view: ³have a @ at sb through the window. ¸Ú@-hole ³n
´small opening in a wall, partition, etc through which one can have a @.
¸Ú@-show ³n ´exhibition of small pictures to be seen through a magnifying lens
in a small opening. ¸2 ´the first light (of day): ³@ of day´, dawn. ³¹ vi
¶[VP2A,C] ¸1 ·@ (at), ´take a @ (at); look slyly or cautiously: ³@ through a
keyhole at sth; neighbours @ing at us from behind curtains. ¸*@ing ÚTom, ´name
used of a prurient person who spies on people who think they are alone; voyeur.
¸2 ´come slowly or partly into view: ³The moon @ed out from behind the clouds.
¸@er ³n ¸1 ´person who @s. ¸2 ´(sl) eye.¼
¨peep©2 ²/pip/ ³n ¶[C] ´weak, shrill sound made by mice, young birds, etc ³¹
vi ´make this sound.¼
¨pee®pul©, pi®pal ²/ÚpipEl/ ³n ´large Indian fig-tree.¼
¨peer©1 ²/pIE(r)/ ³n ¸1 ´equal in rank, merit or quality: ³It will not be very
easy to find his @. ¸2 ´(in GB) member of one of the degrees of nobility, eÔg
duke, marquis, earl, viscount, baron. ¸@ of the realm, ´person with the right
to sit in the House of Lords. ¸Úlife @, ´one elected to the House of Lords for
life only (contrasted with a ¸heÚreditary @´). ¸@®ess ²/ÚpIEres/ ³n ´woman @;
wife of a @µ(2)´. ¸@®less ³adj ´without a @µ(1)´; without equal.¼
¨peer©2 ²/pIE(r)/ ³vi ¶[VP2A,3A] ·@ (at/into), ´look closely, as if unable to
see well: ³@ into dark corners; @ing at her over his spectacles.¼
¨peer®age© ²/ÚpIErIdZ/ ³n ¸1 ´the whole body of peers; rank of peerµ(2)´.
·raise sb to the @, ´elect sb to the @. ¸2 ´book containing a list of
peers(µ2´) with their ancestry.¼
¨peeve© ²/piv/ ³vt ´(colloq) vex; annoy. ¸@d ³adj ´(colloq) annoyed.¼
¨pee®vish© ²/ÚpivI2/ ³adj ´irritable. ¸@®ly ³adv ¸@®ness ³n¼
¨pee®wit© ²/ÚpiwIt/ ´= µpewit.¼
¨peg©1 ²/peg/ ³n ¸1 ´wooden or metal pin or bolt, usu pointed at one end, used
to fasten parts of woodwork together. ·a square peg in a round hole, ´a person
unsuited to the position he fills. ¸2 ´pin driven into the ground to hold a
rope ³(a ·Ú³tent-peg)´, or fastened to a wall or door ³(·Ú³hat and ·Ú³coat
pegs), ´or to mark a position or boundary. ·(buy sth) off the peg, ´(colloq)
(buy clothes) ready-made (as if off a peg in a shop). ¸3 Úclothes-peg, ´device
for holding laundered clothes in place on a line. ¸4 ´(fig) theme, pretext or
excuse: ³a peg on which to hang a speech. ¸5 ´wooden screw for tightening or
loosening the string of a violin, etc. µ¥ ´the illus at µstring. ·*take sb
Údown a peg (or two), ´humble him. ¸6 ´piece of wood for stopping the vent of a
cask, etc. ¸7 ´(colloq) wooden leg.¼
¨peg©2 ²/peg/ ³vt,vi µ(-gg-) ¸1 ¶[VP6A,15B] ·peg sth (down),
´fasten with pegs: ³peg a tent down. ·peg sb down, ´(fig) make him keep to a
certain line of action, restrict him to the rules, etc. ¸2 ¶[VP15B] ·peg sth
out, ´mark by means of pegs fixed in the ground; show (a score, esp at
cribbage) by means of pegs. ·level pegging, ´(often fig) making progress at the
same rate. ¸3 ¶[VP6A,15B] ´(comm) keep (prices, etc) steady by buying and
selling (stocks) freely at fixed prices; keep (wages) steady: ³wage-pegging
efforts that failed. ¸4 ¶[VP2C] ·peg away at, ´keep on working at. ·peg out,
´(colloq) die.¼
¨pei®gnoir© ²/ÚpeInwq(r)/ ³n ´woman's loose dressing gown.¼
¨pe®jor®at®ive© ²/pIÚdZorEtIv ³US: ²-ÚdZcr-/ ³adj ´depreciatory; disparaging;
deteriorating in use or meaning. ¸@®ly ³adv¼
¨peke© ²/pik/ ³n ´short for ³pekinese (dog).¼
¨pe®kin®ese© ²/*pikIÚniz/ ³n ´small Chinese dog with long, silky hair. µ¥ ´the
illus at µdog.¼
¨pe®koe© ²/ÚpikE8/ ³n ¶[U] ´high grade of black tea.¼
¨pelf© ²/pelf/ ³n ¶[U] ´(usu contemptuous use) money.¼
¨peli®can© ²/ÚpelIkEn/ ³n ´large water-bird with a large bill under which
hangs a pouch for storing food. µ¥ ´the illus at µwater.¼
¨pe®lisse© ²/peÚlis/ ³n ´mantle.¼
¨pel®let© ²/ÚpelIt/ ³n ¸1 ´small ball of sth soft, eÔg wet paper, bread, made,
for example, by rolling between the fingers. ¸2 ´slug of small shot, eÔg as
used from an air-gun. ¸3 ´pill.¼
¨pell-mell© ²/*pel Úmel/ ³adv ´in a hurrying, disorderly manner.¼
¨pel®lu®cid© ²/peÚlusId/ ³adj ´(lit, fig) very clear. ¸@®ly ³adv¼
¨pel®met© ²/ÚpelmIt/ ³n ´strip (of wood, cloth, etc) above a window or door to
conceal a curtain rod.¼
¨pe®lota© ²/pEÚlE8tE/ ³n ¶[U] ´ball game popular in Spain, Latin America and
the Philippines, the players using a long basket strapped to the wrist to hit
the ball against a wall.¼
¨pelt©1 ²/pelt/ ³n ´animal's skin with the fur or hair on it.¼
¨pelt©2 ²/pelt/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A,14] ·@ sth (at sb); @ sb (with sth), ´attack
by throwing things at: ³@ sb with stones/snowballs/mud. ¸2 ¶[VP2C] ´(of rain,
etc) beat down; fall heavily: ³It was @ing with rain. The rain was @ing down.
The hail was @ing against the roof. ³¹ n ´@ing. ·at full @, ´(running) as fast
as possible.¼
¨pel®vis© ²/ÚpelvIs/ ³n (pl µ@es ´or µpelves ²/Úpelviz/³) ´(anat) bony frame
within the hip-bones and the lower part of the backbone, holding the kidneys,
rectum, bladder, etc. µ¥ ´the illus at µskeleton. ¸pel®vic ²/ÚpelvIk/ ³adj ´of
the @.¼
¨pem®mi®can© ²/ÚpemIkEn/ ³n ¶[U] ´dried lean meat beaten and mixed into cakes
(as by N American Indians).¼
¨pen©1 ²/pen/ ³n ¸1 ´(formerly) quill-feather, pointed and split at the end,
for writing with ink; (mod use) instrument with a pointed piece of split metal
(·Ú³pen-nib´) fixed into a holder (·Ú³pen-holder´) of wood or other material;
ballpoint-pen; fountain-pen, µ¥ ³ball(point)-pen ´at µball±1µ(1) ´and
³fountain-pen ´at µfountain. ¸2 ´(style of) writing: ³make a living with one's
pen. ¸3 *pen-and-Úink, ´(attrib) drawn with these: ³a pen-and-ink sketch.
¸Úpen-friend ³n ´person (eÔg in another country) with whom one has a friendship
through exchanges of letters. ¸Úpen®knife ³n ´small folding knife, usu carried
in the pocket. ¸pen®man®ship ²/ÚpenmEn2Ip/ ³n ¶[U] ´art or style of
handwriting. ¸Úpen-name ³n ´name used by a writer instead of his real name.
¸Úpen-pusher ³n ´(derog) clerk. ³¹ vt µ(-nn-) ´write (a letter, etc).¼
¨pen©2 ²/pen/ ³n ¸1 ´small enclosure for cattle, sheep, poultry, etc or other
purposes. ¸2 (Úplay)-pen, ´portable enclosure for a very small child to play in
safety. ¸3 ´bomb-proof shelter for submarines. ³¹ vt µ(-nn-) ¶[VP15A,B] ·pen
up/in, ´shut up in, or as in, a pen.¼
¨penal© ²/Úpinl/ ³adj ´connected with punishment: ³@ laws; a @
offence´, one for which there is legal punishment. ¸*@ Úservitude,
´imprisonment with hard labour. ¸Ú@ settlement/colony, ´one used as a place of
punishment. ¸@ly ²/ÚpinElI/ ³adv¼
¨pe®nal®ize© ²/ÚpinElñIz/ ³vt ¸1 ¶[VP6A] ´make (sth) penal; declare to be
punishable by law. ¸2 ¶[VP6A,14] ·@ sb (for sth), ´place at a disadvantage;
give a penaltyµ(2) ´to (a player, competitor, etc). ¸pe®nal®iz®ation
²/*pinElñIÚzeI2n ³US: ²-lIÚz-/ ³n¼
¨pen®alty© ²/ÚpenltI/ ³n (pl µ-ties³) ¸1 ¶[U] ´punishment for wrongdoing, for
failure to obey rules or keep an agreement; ¶[C] ´what is imposed
(imprisonment, payment of a fine, etc) as punishment; (fig) suffering which a
wrongdoer brings upon himself or others: ³Spitting forbidden: @ $5. The @ ´(eÔg
in a business agreement) ³for non-performance of contract is heavy. ¸Ú@ clause,
´(comm) clause in a contract requiring payment for breaking it. ·on/under @ of
(death, etc), ´with (death, etc) as the @: ³forbidden under @ of death. ¸2 ´(in
sport, competitions, etc) disadvantage to which a player or team must submit
for breaking a rule: ³The referee awarded a @. ¸Ú@ area, ´(football) part of
the ground in front of the goal where a breach of the rules by defenders gives
the opposing team the right to a free kick ³(a ·Ú³@ kick) ´at the goal. ¸3
´handicap imposed upon a player or team for winning a previous contest.¼
¨pen®ance© ²/ÚpenEns/ ³n ¶[U] ¸1 ´punishment which one imposes upon
oneself to show repentance, eÔg upon the advice of a priest. ·do @ (for sth),
´perform an act of @ (for sth). ¸2 ´(RÔC Church) name for the sacrament that
includes contrition, confession and penance.¼
¨pence© ²/pens/ ³n µ¥ penny.¼
¨pen®chant© ²/Úpqn2qn ³US: ²Úpent2Ent/ ³n ´(F) ·a @ (for), ´taste, liking,
inclination: ³have a @ for marshmallows.¼
¨pen®cil© ²/Úpensl/ ³n ´instrument for drawing or writing with, esp of graphite
or coloured chalk enclosed in wood or fixed in a metal holder; stick of
cosmetic material: ³an ·Ú³eyebrow @. ¹ vt µ(-ll-, ´US also µ-l-) ¶[VP6A]
´write, draw, mark, with a @: ³@led eyebrows.¼
¨pen®dant© ²/ÚpendEnt/ ³n ¸1 ´ornament which hangs down, esp one attached to a
necklet, bracelet, etc; lustre attached to a chandelier, etc. ¸2 ´(naut) =
µpennant.¼
¨pen®dent© ²/ÚpendEnt/ ³adj ´(formal) ¸1 ´hanging; overhanging: ³@ rocks. ¸2 ´=
µpending.¼
¨pend®ing© ²/ÚpendIG/ ³adj ´waiting to be decided or settled: ³The lawsuit was
then @. ³¹ prep ¸1 ´during: ³@ these discussions. ¸2 ´until: ³@ his decision.¼
¨pen®du®lous© ²/Úpendj8lEs ³US: ²-dZ8lEs/ ³adj ´(formal) hanging down loosely
so as to swing freely: ³the @ nests of the weaver-birds.¼
¨pen®du®lum© ²/Úpendj8lEm ³US: ²-dZ8lEm/ ³n ´weighted rod hung from a fixed
point so that it swings freely, esp one to regulate the movement of a clock.
·the swing of the @, ´(fig) the movement of public opinion from one extreme to
the other.¼
¨pen®etrable© ²/ÚpenItrEbl/ ³adj ´(formal) that can be penetrated.
¸pen®etra®bil®ity ²/*penItrEÚbIlEtI/ ³n¼
¨pen®etrate© ²/ÚpenItreIt/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A,3A] ·@
(into/to/through), ´make a way into, etc; ´(fig) see into, etc: ³The cat's
sharp claws @d my skin. The mist @d (into) the room. He @d their
thoughts. Our eyes could not @ the darkness. We soon @d his disguise´, saw
through it, knew who he really was. ¸2 ·be @d with, ´be filled with: ³be @d
with a desire for mystical experiences. ¸pen®etrat®ing ³adj ¸1 ´(of a person,
his mind) able to see and understand quickly and deeply. ¸2 ´(voices, cries,
etc) piercing; loud and clear. ¸pen®etrat®ing®ly ³adv¼
¨pen®etra®tion© ²/*penIÚtreI2n/ ³n ¶[U] ¸1 ´penetrating: ³peaceful
@´, acquiring influence, control, etc without the use of force, eÔg by trade,
supplying a country with capital. ¸2 ´mental quickness; ability to grasp
ideas.¼
¨pen®etra®tive© ²/ÚpenItrEtIv ³US: ²-treItIv/ ³adj ´able to penetrate;
intelligent.¼
¨pen-friend© ²/Úpen frend/ ³n µ¥ pen±1µ(3).¼
¨pen®guin© ²/ÚpeGgwIn/ ³n ´seabird of the Antarctic with wings used for
swimming. µ¥ ´the illus at µwater.¼
¨peni®cil®lin© ²/*penIÚsIlIn/ ³n ¶[U] ´antibiotic drug that, by changing the
chemical environment of germs, prevents them from surviving or multiplying.¼
¨pen®in®sula© ²/pEÚnInsj8lE ³US: ²-nsElE/ ³n ´area of land, eÔg Italy, almost
surrounded by sea and projecting far into the sea. ¸pen®in®su®lar ²/-lE(r)/
³adj ´of or like a @.¼
¨pe®nis© ²/ÚpinIs/ ³n ´organ of urination and copulation of a male animal.¼
¨peni®tence© ²/ÚpenItEns/ ³n ¶[U] ·@ (for), ´sorrow and regret (for
wrongdoing, sin).¼
¨peni®tent© ²/ÚpenItEnt/ ³adj ´feeling regret; showing regret or remorse.
¸@®ly ³adv¼
¨peni®ten®tial© ²/*penIÚten2l/ ³adj ´of penitence or penance. ¸@®ly ²/-2ElI/
³adv¼
¨peni®ten®tiary© ²/*penIÚten2ErI/ ³n (pl µ-ries³) ´(US) prison for persons
guilty of serious crimes, esp one in which reform of the prisoners is the main
aim. ¹ ³adj ´of reformatory treatment.¼
¨pen-name© ²/Úpen neIm/ ³n µ¥ pen±1µ(3).¼
¨pen®nant© ²/ÚpenEnt/ ³n ´flag (usu long and narrow) used on a ship for
signalling, identification, etc. µ¥ ´the illus at µbarque.¼
¨pen®ni®less© ²/ÚpenIlIs/ ³adj ´without any money: ³I'm @ until pay-day.¼
¨pen®non© ²/ÚpenEn/ ³n ¸1 ´long, narrow (usu triangular) flag, as used by a
knight on his lance, by soldiers in lancer regiments, and on ships, eÔg in
signalling. ¸2 ´(US) flag of this shape as a school banner, with the school's
name or initials on it.¼
¨penn'orth© ²/ÚpenET/ ³n ´= ³pennyworth; µ¥ penny(5).¼
¨penny© ²/ÚpenI/ ³n (pl µpence ²/pens/ ´or µpennies ²/ÚpenIz/³)
´(µpence ´when combined with numbers, as in
·Ú³sixpence, ·Ú³tenpence, ·*³eighteen ·Ú³pence; µpennies ´when
used of individual coins: ³Please give me ten pennies for this tenpence piece.)
µ¥ App 5. ¸1 ´(until 1971) British bronze coin (abbr ¸d´) worth one twelfth of
a shilling. ¸2 ´(since decimal coinage was introduced, 1971) British bronze
coin (abbr ¸p´) worth one hundredth of a pound: ³These cigarettes are 70 pence
a packet. ¸3 ´(US colloq) cent. ¸4 ´(phrases, all pre-1971 in origin) ·(cost) a
pretty @, ´a large sum of money. ·in for a @, in for a pound, ´sth that one has
begun must be finished, whatever the cost may be. ·@-wise and pound foolish,
´careful in small matters and wasteful in large matters. ·turn an honest @,
´earn a little money honestly. ¸5 ´(compounds) ¸*@ Údreadful, ´(colloq) cheap,
sensational, popular novel, etc. ¸Ú@ pincher, ´(colloq) miser. ¸Ú@ pinching
³adj ´mean; miserly. ¸Ú@®weight ³n ´24 grains, one-twentieth of an ounce Troy.
µ¥ App 5. ¸*@ Úwhistle, ´simple, cheap musical pipe. ¸Ú@®worth ´(also
¸penn'orth ²/ÚpenET/´) ³n ´as much as can be bought for a @. ·a good/bad
@worth´, a good/bad bargain. ¸6 ´(from the use of pennies in coin-operated
machines, locks on doors, etc). ·spend a @, ´(colloq) urinate. ·The @ dropped,
´The desired result was achieved, the meaning of a remark, etc was understood.¼
¨pe®nol®ogy© ²/piÚnolEdZI/ ³n ¶[U] ´study of the problems of legal
punishment and prison management.¼
¨pen®sion©1 ²/Úpen2n/ ³n ¶[C] ´regular payment made by the State to sb old
(³Re·Ú³tirement P@´, or ³old-·Ú³age @), ´disabled (eÔg ·Ú³war @´) or widowed,
or by a former employer to an employee after long service. ·draw a/one's @,
´receive it on one occasion or regularly. ·on (a) @, ´receiving a @:
³be/go/retire on (a) @. ¹ vt ¶[VP15B] ·@ sb off, ´grant or pay a @ to; dismiss
or allow to retire with a @. ¸@®able ²/-Ebl/ ³adj ´(of services, posts, age,
work, etc) entitling one to a @. ¸@er ³n ´person who is receiving a @.¼
¨pen®sion©2 ²/ÚponsIon/ ³n ´(in Europe, but not GB) boarding-house at which
fixed rates are charged (by the week or month). ·en @ ²/on ÚponsIon/, ´as a
boarder.¼
¨pen®sive© ²/ÚpensIv/ ³adj ´deep in thought; seriously thoughtful: ³@ looks;
looking @. ¸@®ly ³adv ¸@®ness ³n¼
¨pen®stock© ²/Úpenstok/ ³n ´flood-gate; sluice.¼
¨pen®ta®gon© ²/ÚpentEgEn ³US: ²-gon/ ³n ´plane figure with five sides and five
angles. ¸the P@, ´building in Arlington, Virginia, headquarters of the US
Armed Forces. ¸pen®tag®onal ²/penÚtagEnl/ ³adj¼
¨pen®tam®eter© ²/penÚtamItE(r)/ ³n ´(in English verse) line of five
iambic feet.¼
¨Pen®ta®teuch© ²/ÚpentEtjuk/ ³n ¸the @, ´the first five books of the Bible.¼
¨pen®tath®lon© ²/penÚtaTlEn/ ³n ´(modern Olympic Games) contest in which each
competitor takes part in five events (running, horseback riding, swimming,
fencing and shooting with a pistol).¼
¨Pente®cost© ²/ÚpentIkost ³US: ²-kcst/ ³n ¶[U] ¸1 ´Jewish harvest festival,
fifty days after the Passover. ¸2 ´(esp US) Whit Sunday, the seventh Sunday
after Easter. ¸@al ²/*pentIÚkostl ³US: ²-Úkcstl/ ³adj¼
¨pent®house© ²/Úpenthñ8s/ ³n ¸1 ´sloping roof supported against a wall, esp one
for a shelter or shed. ¸2 ´apartment built on the roof of a tall building.¼
¨pent-up© ²/*pent ÚAp/ ³adj ´repressed: ³@ feelings/fury.¼
¨pen®ul®ti®mate© ²/penÚAltImEt/ ³n, adj ´(word, syllable, event, etc which is)
the one before the last one.¼
¨pen®um®bra© ²/pIÚnAmbrE/ ³n ´partly shaded region around the shadow of an
opaque body (esp round the total shadow of the moon or earth in eclipse).¼
¨pen®uri®ous© ²/pIÚnj8ErIEs ³US: ²-Ún8r-/ ³adj ´(formal) poor; grudging;
stingy: ³a man who is @ in his habits. ¸@®ly ³adv ¸@®ness ³n´. ¸pen®ury
²/Úpenj8ErI/ ³n ´(formal)
¶[U] ´poverty: ³living in penury; reduced to penury.¼
¨peon© ²/ÚpiEn/ ³n ¸1 ´(in Latin America) unskilled farm worker, esp one who
is not wholly free. ¸2 ´(in India and Pakistan) office messenger; orderly.
¸Ú@®age ²/-IdZ/ ³n ¶[U] ´system of employing @sµ(1)´; (legal) use of
indebtedness to compel sb to work.¼
¨peony© ²/ÚpiEnI/ ³n (pl µ-nies³) ¶[C] ´garden plant with large round pink,
red or white flowers.¼
¨people© ²/Úpipl/ ³n ¶[U] ´(collective, with ³pl v. ´Note that for one human
being, it is preferable to use ³man, woman, boy, girl ´and not ³person´, which,
although useful in definitions, may be derogatory or formal). ¸1 ´persons in
general: ³streets crowded with @. Some @ are very inquisitive. ¸2 ´those
persons belonging to a place, or forming a social class: ³The @ in the village
like the new doctor. Some @ spend a lot of money on clothes. ¸3 ´all the
persons forming a State: ³government of the @, by the @, for the @; the P@'s
Republic of China´, (official name). ¸4 ´those persons who are not nobles, not
high in rank, position, etc. ¸5 ´(colloq) one's near relations: ³You must come
home with me and meet my @, darling. ¸6 ¶[C] ´(not collective) race, tribe,
nation: ³the @s of Asia; a brave and intelligent @. ¹ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´fill with @;
put @ in: ³a thickly @d district.¼
¨pep© ²/pep/ ³n ¶[U] ´(sl) vigour; spirit. ¸Úpep pill, ´one that stimulates the
nervous system (usu one containing amphetamine). ¸Úpep talk, ´one intended to
fill the listener(s) with spirit and energy. ¹ ³vt µ(-pp-) ¶[VP15B] ·pep up,
´give energy to; liven up.¼
¨pep®per© ²/ÚpepE(r)/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´hot-tasting powder made from the dried
berries of certain plants, used to season food. ¸*@-and-Úsalt ³n ´(colour of)
cloth of dark and light wools woven together, with small dark and light dots.
¸Ú@®corn ³n ´the dried, black berry of the plant; (fig) this as a nominal rent.
¸Ú@-mill ³n ´container in which @corns are ground to powder and sprinkled on
food. ¸Ú@®mint ³n ¸(a) ¶[U] ´kind of mint grown for its essential oil, used in
medicine and confectionery. ¸(b) ¶[C] ´sweet of boiled sugar flavoured with
@mint. ¸Ú@-pot ³n ´small container with a perforated top from which @ is
sprinkled on food. ¸2 ´(garden plant with a) red or green seed pod (eÔg
capsicum) which is used as a vegetable: ³stuffed @s. ¹ vt ¶[VP6A] ¸1 ´put @ on
(food). ¸2 ´pelt (sb) (with stones, shot, questions, etc). ¸@y ³adj ´tasting of
@; (fig) hot-tempered: ³a @y old colonel.¼
¨pep®sin© ²/ÚpepsIn/ ³n ¶[U] ´liquid (an enzyme) produced in the stomach for
helping to digest food. ¸pep®tic ²/ÚpeptIk/ ³adj ´digestive; of digestion or
the digestive system: ³a peptic ulcer.¼
¨per© ²/pE(r) ³strong form: ²p3(r)/ ³prep ¸1 ´(when comparing two amounts;
when quoting a ³rate±1µ(1)´) for each: ³per annum ²/ÚanEm/, ´for each year;
³per diem ²/Údiem/, ´for each day; ³per pound; 15 rounds of ammunition per man;
interest at 6 per cent, ´(6%); ³30 miles per gallon, ´(abbr ¸mÔpÔg´). µ¥ to
±1µ(12). ¸2 ´by means of: ³per post.¼
¨per®ad®ven®ture© ²/*p3rEdÚvent2E(r)/ ³adv ´(archaic) ¸1 ´perhaps.
¸2 ´(after ³if ´and ³lest´) by chance: ³If @ you fail.¼
¨per®am®bu®late© ²/pEÚrambj8leIt/ ³vi,vt ¶[VP6A,2A] ´(liter) walk through or
over; walk up and down. ¸per®am®bu®la®tion ²/pE*rambj8ÚleI2n/ ³n¼
¨per®am®bu®lator© ²/pEÚrambj8leItE(r)/ ³n ´(common colloq abbr ¸pram ²/pram/´)
´four-wheeled carriage, pushed by hand, for a baby; baby-carriage (the usu
word in US).¼
¨per®ceive© ²/pEÚsiv/ ³vt ¶[VP6A,8,9,10,18A,19A,25] ´(formal) become aware of,
esp through the eyes or the mind: ³On entering his house, we at once @d him to
be/@d that he was a man of taste. ¸per®ceiv®able ²/-Ebl/ ³adj¼
¨per®cen®tage© ²/pEÚsentIdZ/ ³n ¸1 ´rate or number per cent (= for each
hundred). ¸2 ´proportion: ³What @ of his income is paid in income tax?¼
¨per®cep®tible© ²/pEÚseptEbl/ ³adj ´(formal) that can be perceived.
¸per®cep®tibly ²/-EblI/ ³adv ¸per®cep®ti®bil®ity ²/pE*septEÚbIlEtI/ ³n¼
¨per®cep®tion© ²/pEÚsep2n/ ³n ¶[U] ´(formal) process by which we become aware
of changes (through the senses of sight, hearing, etc); act or power of
perceiving.¼
¨per®cep®tive© ²/pEÚseptIv/ ³adj ´(formal) having, connected with, perception;
able to perceive; discerning. ¸@®ly ³adv¼
¨perch©1 ²/p3t2/ ³n (pl ´unchanged) kinds of freshwater fish with spiny fins,
used as food.¼
¨perch©2 ²/p3t2/ ³n ¸1 ´bird's resting-place, eÔg a branch; bar or rod
provided, eÔg in a bird-cage, a hen-roost, for this purpose. ¸2 ´(colloq) high
position occupied by a person; elevated and secure position: ³come off your @´,
(colloq) stop being so superior (in manner, etc); ³knock sb off his @´, stop sb
being too confident and superior. ¸3 ´(also ³pole, rod´) measure of length, esp
for land, 5§ yds; ³square @´, 30Ú sq yds. µ¥ App 5. ³¹ vi,vt ¸1 ¶[VP2C]
´alight: ³The birds @ed upon the television aerial. ¸2 ¶[VP2C] ´(of a person)
take up a position (usu on sth high): ³@ed on stools at the bar. ¸3 ´(chiefly
in ³pp´) (of buildings) be situated (on sth high): ³a castle @ed on a rock.¼
¨per®chance© ²/pEÚt2qns ³US: ²-Út2ans/ ³adv ´(archaic) by chance; possibly.¼
¨per®cipi®ent© ²/pEÚsIpIEnt/ ³adj ´(formal) perceiving (quickly and keenly).¼
¨per®co®late© ²/Úp3kEleIt/ ³vi,vt ¶[VP6A,2A,3A] ·@ (through), ´(of liquid)
(cause to) pass slowly; filter: ³Water @s through sand. I make coffee by
percolating boiling water through ground coffee. I'll @ some coffee.
¸per®co®lator ²/-tE(r)/ ³n ´(esp) kind of coffee pot in which boiling water @s
through coffee (in a container near the top).¼
¨per®cussion© ²/pEÚkA2n/ ³n ´the striking together of two (usu
hard) objects; sound or shock produced by this. ¸the Ú@ (section), ´musical
instruments played by @, eÔg drums, cymbals. ¸Ú@ cap, µ¥ cap ³nµ(4). ¸@®ist
²/-Ist/ ³n ´player of @ instruments.¼
¨per®di®tion© ²/pEÚdI2n/ ³n ¶[U] ´(formal) complete ruin; everlasting
damnation.¼
¨per®egri®na®tion© ²/*perIgrIÚneI2n/ ³n ¶[U] ´(formal) travelling; ¶[C]
´journey.¼
¨per®emp®tory© ²/pEÚremptErI ³US: ²ÚperEmptcrI/ ³adj ´(formal) (of commands)
not to be disobeyed or questioned; (of a person, his manner) (too) commanding;
insisting upon obedience. ¸@ writ, ´(legal) one that compels a defendant to
appear in court. ¸per®emp®torily ²/-trElI ³US: ²-tcrElI/ ³adv¼
¨per®en®nial© ²/pEÚrenIEl/ ³adj ¸1 ´continuing throughout the whole year. ¸2
´lasting for a very long time. ¸3 ´(of plants) living for more than two years.
¹ ³n ´@ plant: ³hardyµ(1) ³@s. ¸@ly ²/-nIElI/ ³adv¼
¨per®fect©1 ²/Úp3fIkt/ ³adj ¸1 ´complete with everything needed. ¸2
´without fault; excellent: ³a @ performance of a play. ¸3 ´exact; accurate: ³a
@ circle. ¸4 ´having reached the highest point in training, skill, etc: ³@ in
the performance of one's duties. ¸5 ¸@ tense, ´those composed of ³have + pp´,
eÔg "He ³has/had/will have written ´the letter' (present, past, future @). ¸6
´(attrib only) complete; utter unqualified: ³a @ stranger/fool; @ nonsense.
¸@®ly ³adv ¸(a) ´quite; quite well; completely: ³@ly happy/satisfied. ¸(b) ´in
a @ way: ³Your trousers fit @ly.¼
¨per®fect©2 ²/pEÚfekt/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´make @: ³She's @ing her Arabic
before taking up her job in Cairo. ¸@®ible ²/-Ebl/ ³adj ´that can be @ed.
¸@i®bil®ity ²/pE*fektEÚbIlEtI/ ³n¼
¨per®fec®tion© ²/pEÚfek2n/ ³n ¶[U] ¸1 ´perfecting or being perfected: ³busy
with the @ of detail. ¸2 ´perfect quality or example: ³It was the very @ of
beauty. ¸3 ´best possible state; highest point attainable: ³bring something to
@. ¸4 ´(with ³pl´) accomplishmentµ(3)´. ¸@®ist ²/-Ist/ ³n ¸1 ´person who
believes that moral @ may be attained, that it is possible to live without
sinning. ¸2 ´(colloq) person who is satisfied with nothing less than what he
thinks to be perfect.¼
¨per®fer®vid© ²/p3Úf3vId/ ³adj ´(formal) extremely zealous or eager.¼
¨per®fidi®ous© ²/pEÚfIdIEs/ ³adj ´(formal) treacherous; faithless ³(to). ¸@®ly
³adv ¸@®ness ³n¼
¨per®fidy© ²/Úp3fIdI/ ³n ¶[U] ³(pl µ-dies´) (formal) treachery; breaking of
faith; ¶[C] ´instance of this.¼
¨per®for®ate© ²/Úp3fEreIt/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´make a hole or holes in; make rows of
tiny holes (in paper) so that part may be torn off easily: ³a @d sheet of
postage stamps; a @ed ulcer. ¸per®for®ation ²/*p3fEÚreI2n/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U]
´perforating or being @d. ¸2 ¶[C] ´series of small holes made in paper, etc eÔg
as between postage stamps.¼
¨per®force© ²/pEÚfcs/ ³adv ´of necessity.¼
¨per®form© ²/pEÚfcm/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A] ´do (a piece of work, sth one is ordered
to do, sth one has promised to do): ³@ a task. ¸2 ¶[VP6A,2A] ´act (a play);
play (music); sing, do tricks, etc before an audience: ³@ "Hamlet'; @ skilfully
on the flute. The seals @ed well at the circus. Do you enjoy seeing @ing
animals? ¸@er ³n ´one who @s, esp at a concert or other entertainment.¼
¨per®form®ance© ²/pEÚfcmEns/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´performing: ³faithful in the @ of his
duties. ¸2 ¶[C] ´notable action; achievement: ³His innings of 150 was a fine
@. Are you satisfied with the @ of your new car? ¸3 ¶[C] ´performing of a play
at the theatre; public exhibition; concert: ³two @s a day; tickets for the
afternoon @. What a @! ´(derog) What shocking behaviour!¼
¨per®fume© ²/Úp3fjum/ ³n ¶[C,U] ´(kinds of prepared liquid with)
sweet smell, esp from an essence of flowers. ¹ ³vt ²/pEÚfjum/ ¶[VP6A] ´give a
@ to; put @ on. ¸@r ³n ´person who makes and sells @s.¼
¨per®func®tory© ²/pEÚfAGktErI/ ³adj ¸1 ´done as a duty or routine but without
care or interest: ³a @ inspection. ¸2 ´(of persons) doing things in this way.
¸per®func®torily ²/-trElI ³US: ²-tcrElI/ ³adv¼
¨per®gola© ²/Úp3gElE/ ³n ´structure of posts (forming an arbour, or over a
garden path) for climbing plants.¼
¨per®haps© ²/pEÚhaps/ ³adv ´possibly; maybe.¼
¨peri© ²/ÚpIErI/ ³n ´(in Persian myth) beautiful girl or woman; fairy; elf.¼
¨peri®gee© ²/ÚperIdZi/ ³n ´point in an orbit of a planet or spacecraft at which
it is closest to the earth.¼
¨peri®helion© ²/*perIÚhilIEn/ ³n ´point in a planet's orbit at which it is
nearest to the sun.¼
¨peril© ²/ÚperEl/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´serious danger: ³in @ of one's life; do sth at
one's @´, at one's own risk. ¸2 ¶[C] ´sth that causes danger: ³the @s of the
ocean´, storm, shipwreck, etc. ¹ ³vt µ(-ll-, ´US also µ-l-) ´(liter, poet) (=
³imperil´, which is more usu) put or bring into danger. ¸@®ous ²/ÚperElEs/ ³adj
´dangerous; full of risk. ¸@®ous®ly ³adv¼
¨per®imeter© ²/pEÚrImItE(r)/ ³n ¶[C] ´(length of the) outer boundary of a
closed figure, a military position, an airfield, etc.¼
¨per®iod© ²/ÚpIErIEd/ ³n ¶[C] ¸1 ´length or portion of time marked off by
events that recur, eÔg hours, days, months and years, fixed by events in
nature: ³20 teaching @s a week; a lesson @ of 45 minutes. ¸2 ´portion of time
in the life of a person, a nation, a stage of civilization, etc; division of
geological time: ³the @ of the French Revolution. The actors will wear costumes
of the @/@ costumes´, iÔe of the time when the events of the play took place.
³The house is 18th century and has @ furniture´, iÔe of the same century. ¸3
´full pause at the end of a sentence; full stop (.) marking this in writing and
print: ³put a @ to sth´, bring it to an end. µ¥ App 9. ¸4 ´(gram) complete
sentence or statement, usu complex; ³(pl) ´rhetorical or flowery language. ¸5
´time during which a disease runs its course; stage in the course of a disease:
³the @ of incubation´, the time during which it is latent. ¸6 ´(astron) time
taken to complete one revolution. ¸7 ´occurrence of menstruation.¼
¨peri®odic© ²/*pIErIÚodIk/ ³adj ´occurring or appearing at regular
intervals: ³@ attacks of malaria; the @ revolution of a heavenly body. ¸*@
Útable, ´(chem) tabular arrangement of the elements according to their atomic
weights and common properties. ¸peri®od®ical ²/-kl/ ³adj ´= @. µ¹ ³n ´magazine
or other publication which appears at regular intervals, eÔg monthly,
quarterly. ¸peri®od®ically ²/-klI/ ³adv¼
¨peri®pa®tetic© ²/*perIpEÚtetIk/ ³adj ´going about from place to place;
wandering: ³the @ religious teachers of India.¼
¨pe®riph®ery© ²/pEÚrIfErI/ ³n (pl µ-ries´) external boundary or surface.
¸pe®riph®eral ²/-ErEl/ ³adj ´of, on, forming, a @.¼
¨pe®riph®ra®sis© ²/pEÚrIfrEsIs/ ³n (pl µ-ases ²/-Esiz/³) ´roundabout way of
speaking; circumlocation; (gram) using an auxiliary word in place of an
inflected form, eÔg ³"It does work' ´for ³"It works', "the word of God' ´for
³"God's word'. ¸peri®phras®tic ²/*perIÚfrastIk/ ³adj ´of @.¼
¨peri®scope© ²/ÚperIskE8p/ ³n ´instrument with mirrors and lenses arranged to
reflect a view down a tube, etc so that the viewer may get a view as from a
level above that of his eyes; used in submarines, trenches, etc.¼
¨per®ish© ²/ÚperI2/ ³vi,vt ¸1 ¶[VP2A,C] ´(liter or journalism)
´be destroyed, come to an end, die: ³Hundreds of people @ed in the earthquake.
I shall do it or @ in the attempt. ·P@ the thought! ´May even the thought die!
¸2 ¶[VP6A] ´(of cold or exposure; usu passive) reduce to distress or
inefficiency: ³We were @ed with cold/hunger. ¸3 ¶[VP6A,2A] ´(cause to) lose
natural qualities; decay: ³The rubber belt on this machine has @ed´, has lost
its elasticity. ³Oil on your car tyres will @ them. ¸@®able ²/-Ebl/ ³adj ´(esp
of food) quickly or easily going bad. ¸@®ables ³n pl ´(esp) goods that go bad
if delayed in transit, eÔg fish, fresh fruit. ¸@er ³n ´(sl) person who is
unpleasant and disliked; naughty child.¼
¨peri®style© ²/ÚperIstñIl/ ³n ´(archit) row of columns surrounding a temple,
court, etc; space so surrounded.¼
¨per®ito®ni®tis© ²/*perItEÚnñItIs/ ³n ¶[U] ´inflammation of the membrane lining
the walls of the abdomen.¼
¨peri®wig© ²/ÚperIwIg/ ³n ´= µwig.¼
¨peri®winkle©1 ²/ÚperIwIGkl/ ³n ´creeping, evergreen plant with light-blue
flowers.¼
¨peri®winkle©2 ²/ÚperIwIGkl/ ³n ¶[C] ´edible sea snail with a spiral shell. µ¥
´the illus at µmollusc.¼
¨per®jure© ²/Úp3dZE(r)/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´(reflex) ·@ oneself,
´knowingly make a false statement after taking an oath to tell the truth.
¸@r ²/Úp3dZErE(r)/ ³n ´person who has @d himself. ¸per®jury ²/Úp3dZErI/ ³n ¶[U]
´act of perjuring oneself; ¶[C] ³(pl µ-ries³) ´wilful false statement.¼
¨perk©1 ²/p3k/ ³vi,vt ¸1 ¶[VP2C] ·@ up, ´(of a person) become lively and active
(after depression, illness, etc). ¸2 ¶[VP15B] ·@ sb/sth up, ´smarten; raise
(head); make (sb) lively: ³@ oneself up. The horse @ed up its head´, lifted its
head as a sign of interest. ¸@y ³adj µ(-ier, -iest) ¸1 ´lively; showing
interest or confidence. ¸2 ´self-assertive; impudent. ¸@®ily ²/-IlI/ ³adv
¸@i®ness ³n¼
¨perk©2 ²/p3k/ ³vi,vt ´(colloq) percolate (coffee): ³Is the
coffee @ing yet? We @ed some coffee.¼
¨perk©3 ²/p3k/ ³n ´(colloq; usu ³pl´) perquisite: ³an executive's salary with
the usual @s.¼
¨perm© ²/p3m/ ³n ´(colloq abbr for) ¸1 ´permanent wave: ³go to the
hairdresser's for a @. ¸2 ´permutation (in football pools) ³¹ vt ´give a @ to.¼
¨per®ma®frost© ²/Úp3mEfrost ³US: ²-frcst/ ³n ´permanently frozen subsoil (in
the polar regions).¼
¨per®ma®nence© ²/Úp3mEnEns/ ³n ¶[U] ´state of being permanent. ¸per®ma®nency
²/-nEnsI/ ³n (pl µ-cies³) ¸1 ¶[U] ´= permanence. ¸2 ¶[C] ´permanent thing,
person or position: ³Is your new job a permanency or merely temporary?¼
¨per®ma®nent© ²/Úp3mEnEnt/ ³adj ´not expected to change; going on for a long
time; intended to last: ³my @ address; a @ position in the Civil Service. µ¥
temporary. ¸a @ wave, ´style of hairdressing in which artificial waves or curls
are put in the hair so that they last several months. ¸@®ly ³adv¼
¨per®manga®nate© ²/pEÚmaGgEneIt/ ³n ¸*@ of Úpotash, *potassium Ú@, ´(¸KMnO¶e´)
dark-purple crystalline salt which is used, dissolved in water, as an
antiseptic and disinfectant.¼
¨per®meate© ²/Úp3mIeIt/ ³vt,vi ¶[VP6A,3A] ·@ (through/among), ´pass, flow or
spread into every part of: ³water permeating (through) the soil; new ideas
that have @d (through/among) the people. The smell of cooking @d (through) the
flat. ¸per®meation ²/*p3mIÚeI2n/ ³n ¶[U] ´permeating or being @d. ¸per®meable
²/Úp3mIEbl/ ³adj ´that can be @d by fluids; porous. ¸per®mea®bil®ity
²/*p3mIEÚbIlEtI/ ³n¼
¨per®mis®sible© ²/pEÚmIsEbl/ ³adj ´that may be permitted. ¸per®mis®sibly
²/-EblI/ ³adv¼
¨per®mission© ²/pEÚmI2n/ ³n ¶[U] ´act of allowing or permitting;
consent: ³with your @´, if you will allow me; ³give sb @ to do sth. You have
my @ to leave. By whose @ did you enter this building?¼
¨per®miss®ive© ²/pEÚmIsIv/ ³adj ´giving permission: ³@ legislation´, that gives
powers to do sth but does not order that it shall be done. ¸the *@ soÚciety,
´(in GB, 1967 onwards) term used for social changes, including greater sexual
freedom, homosexual law reform, abolition of censorship in the theatre, frank
discussion of hitherto taboo subjects, etc. ¸@®ness ³n¼
¨per®mit© ²/pEÚmIt/ ³vt,vi µ(-tt-) ¸1 ¶[VP6A,C,17,19C] ´allow: ³weather @ting.
Smoking not @ted in this cinema. Circumstances do not @ me to help you/do not @
my helping you. ¸2 ¶[VP3A] ·@ of, ´(formal) admit of: ³The situation does not @
of any delay´, There must be no delay. ³¹ n ²/Úp3mIt/ ¶[C] ´written authority
to go somewhere, do sth, etc: ³You won't get into the atomic research station
without a @.¼
¨per®mu®ta®tion© ²/*p3mjuÚteI2n/ ³n ´(maths) ¶[U] ´change in the order of a set
of things arranged in a group; ¶[C] ´any one such arrangement: ³The @s of x, y
and z are ³xyz, xzy, yxz, yzx, zxy, zyx.¼
¨per®mute© ²/pEÚmjut/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´change the order of.¼
¨per®ni®cious© ²/pEÚnI2Es/ ³adj ·@ (to), ´harmful, injurious: ³@ habits; @ to
the welfare of society; @ anaemia´, a severe kind, often fatal. ¸@®ly ³adv
¸@®ness ³n¼
¨per®nick®ety© ²/pEÚnIkEtI/ ³adj ´(colloq) fussy; worrying about trifles.¼
¨per®or®ation© ²/*perEÚreI2n/ ³n ´(formal) last part of a speech; summing up.¼
¨per®ox®ide© ²/pEÚroksñId/ ³n ´hydrogen @; @ of hydrogen (¸H¶c¸O¶c´),
colourless liquid used as an antiseptic and to bleach hair. ¸@ blonde, ´person
with hair bleached with @.¼
¨per®pen®dicu®lar© ²/*p3pEnÚdIkj8lE(r)/ ³adj ¸1 ·@ (to), ´at an angle of 90Ä
(to another line or surface). ¸2 ´upright; crossing the horizontal at an angle
of 90Ä; (archit; ¸P@´) of the style of English Gothic architecture of the 14th
and 15th cc, marked by vertical lines in the tracery of its windows. ³¹ n ¶[C]
´@ line; ¶[U] ´@ position: ³The wall is a little out of the @. ¸@®ly ³adv¼
¨per®pe®trate© ²/Úp3pItreIt/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´commit (a crime, an
error); be guilty of (sth wrong or sth considered outrageous): ³@ a crime/a
blunder/a frightful pun. ¸per®pe®tra®tor ²/-tE(r)/ ³n ¸per®pe®tra®tion
²/*p3pIÚtreI2n/ ³n¼
¨per®pet®ual© ²/pEÚpet28El/ ³adj ¸1 ´never-ending; going on for a long time or
without stopping. ¸*@ Úmotion, ´the motion of a machine, if such could be
invented, which would go on for ever without an external source of energy. ¸2
´continual; often repeated: ³She's tired of their @ chatter. ¸@ly ²/-28ElI/
³adv¼
¨per®petu®ate© ²/pEÚpet28eIt/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´preserve from being forgotten or
from going out of use: ³@ the memory of a great statesman by erecting a statue
of him. ¸per®petu®ation ²/pE*pet28ÚeI2n/ ³n¼
¨per®petu®ity© ²/*p3pIÚtjuEtI ³US: ²-Útu-/ ³n ³(pl µ-ties³) ¸1 ¶[U] ´state of
being perpetual. ·in @, ´for ever. ¸2 ¶[C] ´(legal) perpetual annuity or
possession.¼
¨per®plex© ²/pEÚpleks/ ³vt ¶[VP6A,14] ·@ (with), ¸1 ´puzzle; bewilder: ³@ sb
with questions. ¸2 ´make more complex or intricate. ³Don't @ the issue.
¸@ed ³adj ´puzzled; complicated. ¸@®ed®ly ²/-IdlI/ ³adv ¸@®ity ²/-EtI/ ³n (pl
µ-ties³) ¸1 ¶[U] ´@ed condition; mental difficulty caused by doubt: ³He
looked at us in @ity. ¸2 ¶[C] ´perplexing thing; cause of bewilderment.¼
¨per®qui®site© ²/Úp3kwIzIt/ ³n ¶[C] ´profit, allowance, etc given or looked
upon as one's right, in addition to regular wages or salary: ³The salesman's
@s include the use of his firm's car out of business hours. Politics in
Britain used to be the @ of the great landowners. µ¥ perk±3µ.¼
¨perry© ²/ÚperI/ ³n ¶[U] ´drink made from the fermented juice of
pears. µ¥ cider.¼
¨per®se®cute© ²/Úp3sIkjut/ ³vt ¸1 ¶[VP6A] ´punish, treat cruelly, esp because
of religious beliefs. ¸2 ´allow no peace to; worry: ³@ a man with questions.
¸per®se®cu®tor ²/-tE(r)/ ³n ¸per®se®cu®tion ²/*p3sIÚkju2n/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U]
´persecuting or being @d: ³suffer persecution for one's religious beliefs. ¸2
¶[C] ´instance of this (in history, etc): ³the numerous persecutions of the
Jews.¼
¨per®se®vere© ²/*p3sIÚvIE(r)/ ³vi ¶[VP2A,3A] ·@ (at/in/with), ´keep on
steadily, continue (esp sth difficult or tiring): ³@ in one's studies.
¸per®se®ver®ing ³adj ¸per®se®ver®ing®ly ³adv ¸per®se®ver®ance ²/-rEns/ ³n ¶[U]
´constant effort to achieve something; steadfastness.¼
¨Per®sian© ²/Úp32n ³US: ²Úp3Zn/ ³n, adj ´(inhabitant) of Persia (now Iran);
language of the people of Persia (now Iran): ³@ carpets; @ cats, ´with long,
silky hair.¼
¨per®si®flage© ²/Úp3sIflqZ/ ³n ¶[U] ´banter; light, good-humoured teasing.¼
¨per®sim®mon© ²/pEÚsImEn/ ³n ´(tree bearing) soft yellow fruit which becomes
sweet when completely ripe, esp when softened by frost.¼
¨per®sist© ²/pEÚsIst/ ³vi ¸1 ¶[VP3A] ·@ in sth/in doing sth, ´refuse, in spite
of argument, opposition, failure, etc to make any change in (what one is doing,
one's beliefs, etc): ³She @s in wearing that old-fashioned hat. ·@ with,
´continue to work hard at. ¸2 ¶[VP2A] ´continue to exist: ³The fog is likely to
@ in most areas. ¸@®ence ²/-Ens/ ³n ¶[U] ´@ing or being @ent: ³The @ence of a
high temperature in the patient puzzled the doctor. ¸@®ent ²/-Ent/ ³adj ´@ing;
continuing; occurring again and again: ³@ent attacks of malaria. ¸@®ent®ly
³adv¼
¨per®son© ²/Úp3sn/ ³n ¸1 ´man, woman (which are the preferred words; ³people
´is preferred to @s for the ³plÔ´; @ is often derog except when official or
impersonal): ³Who is this @? There's a young @ ³to see you. Any @ ´(= Anyone)
³leaving litter in the park will be prosecuted. ·in the @ of, ´in the man/woman
who is: ³She found a good friend in the @ of her landlady, ´Her landlady became
her good friend. ¸*@-to-Ú@ call, ´(of a telephone call) made (via the operator)
to a particular @ and charged for only from the time that @ answers
the phone. ¸2 ´living body of a human being: ³Offences against the @ ´(eÔg
assaults, bodily attacks) ³are punished severely. ·in @, ´physically present:
³I shall be present at the meeting in @´, I shall be there myself (instead of
sending sb to represent me). ³Will you apply for the position by letter or in
@? ¸3 ´(gram) each of three classes of personal pronouns: ³the first @ ´(I,
we), ³the second @ ´(you) ³and the third @ ´(he, she, it, they).¼
¨per®sona© ²/p3ÚsE8nE/ ³n ´(psych) role that a person assumes to
show his conscious intentions to himself and others. ¸*@ Úgrata ²/ÚgrqtE/,
´(Lat) person who is acceptable, esp a diplomat who is acceptable to a foreign
government. ¸*@ *non Úgrata ²/*non ÚgrqtE/, ´one who is not acceptable in this
way.¼
¨per®son®able© ²/Úp3sEnEbl/ ³adj ´handsome; pleasing in manner.¼
¨per®son®age© ²/Úp3sEnIdZ/ ³n ´(important) person; person of distinction.¼
¨per®sonal© ²/Úp3sEnl/ ³adj ¸1 ´private; individual; of a particular person:
³my @ affairs/needs/opinions; your @ rights. I have something @ to discuss with
you´, either my own or your intimate affairs. ¸Ú@ column, ´(in a newspaper,
etc) column in which private messages or advertisements appear. ¸2 ´done or
made by a person himself: ³a @ interview. The Prime Minister made a @
appearance at the meeting´, appeared in @ instead of sending one of his
colleagues. ¸3 ´done or made for a particular person: ³provide a @ service for
sb; give sb one's @ attention. He did me a @ favour´, one directed to me and by
him. ¸*@ asÚsistant ´(abbr ¸PÔA´), ´one who helps an official, etc in an
office, government department, etc usu doing more than a secretary, eÔg by
making travel arrangements, interviewing people. ¸4 ´of the body: ³P@
cleanliness is important to health as well as to appearance. ¸5 ´of the nature
of a human being: ³Do you believe in a @ God? ¸6 ´of or about a person in a
critical or hostile way: ³I object to such highly @ remarks. Let's not be too
@. ¸7 *@ Úproperty/eÚstate, ´(legal) temporal or movable property, not land. µ¥
³real estate ´at µreal±1µ(2). ¸8 *@ Úpronoun, ´pronoun for the three
personsµ(3)´: ³I, we; you; he, she, it; they. ³¹ n ¶[C] ´short newspaper item
about a particular person. ¸@ly ²/-EnElI/ ³adv ¸1 ´in one's own person, not
through an agent: ³He conducted me @ly through the mansion. She likes @ly
conducted tours´, holiday tours with a courier or guide who accompanies those
making the tour. ¸2 ´speaking for oneself; for one's own part: ³P@ly I see no
objection to your joining us.¼
¨per®son®al®ity© ²/*p3sEÚnalEtI/ ³n (pl µ-ties³) ¸1 ¶[U] ´state of being a
person; existence as an individual: ³respect the @ of a child. ¸2 ¶[C,U]
´qualities that make up a person's character: ³a man with little @; a woman
with a strong @. They both have striking personalties. ¸3 ¶[C] ´(mod use)
person, esp one who is well known in certain circles (though perhaps quite
unknown in other circles): ³personalities of the stage and screen; a TÔV @´, sb
known to television viewers. ¸Ú@ cult, ´practice of giving fervent admiration,
devotion, etc to a @, esp a political leader. ¸4 ³(pl) ´impolite remarks about
sb's looks, habits, etc: ³indulge in personalities´, utter such remarks.¼
¨per®son®al®ize© ²/Úp3sEnElñIz/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ¸1 ´personify. ¸2 ´have
(sth) printed with one's address ³(@ed stationery) ´or monogrammed with one's
initials ³(@d shirts, handkerchiefs).¼
¨per®son®alty© ²/Úp3sEnltI/ ³n ¶[U] ´(legal) personal estate.¼
¨per®son®ate© ²/Úp3sEneIt/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ¸1 ´play the part of (a character in a
drama). ¸2 ´= impersonate (the more usu word). ¸per®son®ation ²/*p3sEÚneI2n/
³n¼
¨per®son®ify© ²/pEÚsonIfñI/ ³vt (pt,pp µ-fied³) ¶[VP6A] ¸1 ´regard or represent
(sth) as a person: ³@ the sun and moon, ´by using "he' and "she'. ¸2 ´be an
example of (a quality): ³That man personifies avarice/is avarice personified.
¸per®soni®fi®ca®tion ²/pE*sonIfIÚkeI2n/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´@ing or being personified;
¶[C] ´instance of this. ¸2 ·the @ of, ´a striking example of the quality of:
³He's the personification of selfishness.¼
¨per®son®nel© ²/*p3sEÚnel/ ³n pl ´(³sing ´or ³pl v´) ´staff; persons employed
in any work, esp public undertakings and the armed forces: ³There were five
airline @ on the plane that crashed. ¸Ú@ officer/manager´, one employed to deal
with relationships between individual employees, their problems, grievances,
etc.¼
¨per®spec®tive© ²/pEÚspektIv/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´the art of drawing solid
objects on a flat surface so as to give the right impression of their relative
height, width, depth, distance, etc; ¶[C] ´drawing so made. ·in/out of @,
´drawn/not drawn according to the rules of @. ¸2 ¶[U] ´apparent relation
between different aspects of a problem. ·in the/its right/wrong @, ´in the
right/wrong relationship; with/without exaggeration or neglect of any aspects:
³You must get the story in (its right) @. He sees things in their right @. ¸3
¶[C] ´(lit, fig) ´view; prospect: ³a distorted @ of the nation's history.¼
¨per®spex© ²/Úp3speks/ ³n ¶[U] ´(P) tough plastic material that will not
splinter, used as a substitute for glass (eÔg in the windscreens of cars).¼
¨per®spi®ca®cious© ²/*p3spIÚkeI2Es/ ³adj ´(formal) quick to judge and
understand. ¸per®spi®cac®ity ²/*p3spIÚkasEtI/ ³n ¶[U].¼
¨per®spicu®ous© ²/pEÚspIkj8Es/ ³adj ´(formal) expressed clearly; expressing
things clearly. ¸@®ly ³adv ¸@®ness ³n ¸per®spi®cu®ity ²/*p3spIÚkjuEtI/ ³n¼
¨per®spire© ²/pEÚspñIE(r)/ ³vi ¶[VP2A] ´sweat. ¸per®spir®ation ²/*p3spEÚreI2n/
³n ¶[U] ´sweat; sweating.¼
¨per®suade© ²/pEÚsweId/ ³vt ¸1 ¶[VP11,14] ·@ sb that«; @ sb of sth, ´convince
(sb): ³How can I @ you of my sincerity/that I am sincere? ¸2 ¶[VP17] ´cause
(sb) by reasoning (to do sth): ³We @d him/He was @d to try again. ¸3 ¶[VP14] ·@
sb into/out of (doing) sth, ´cause sb to do/stop doing sth: ³Can you @ her out
of her foolish plans? Who @d you into writing that letter? ¸per®suad®able
²/-Ebl/ ³adj¼
¨per®sua®sion© ²/pEÚsweIZn/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´persuading or being persuaded; power of
persuading. ¸2 ¶[U] ´conviction; belief (the usu word): ³It is my @ that«. ¸3
¶[C] ´group or set holding a particular belief: ³men of various (religious)
@s.¼
¨per®sua®sive© ²/pEÚsweIsIv/ ³adj ´able to persuade; convincing: ³She has a @
manner. ¸@®ly ³adv ¸@®ness ³n¼
¨pert© ²/p3t/ ³adj ¸1 ´saucy; not showing proper respect: ³a @
child/answer. ¸2 ´(US) lively; sprightly. ¸@®ly ³adv ¸@®ness ³n¼
¨per®tain© ²/pEÚteIn/ ³vi ¶[VP3A] ·@ to, ´(formal) belong as a part or
accessory; have reference; be appropriate: ³the enthusiasm @ing to youth; the
mansion and the lands @ing to it.¼
¨per®ti®na®cious© ²/*p3tIÚneI2Es ³US: ²-tnÚeI2Es/ ³adj ´(formal) not easily
giving up (what has been started); determined. ¸@®ly ³adv ¸per®ti®nac®ity
²/*p3tIÚnasEtI ³US: ²-tnÚa-/ ³n ¶[U].¼
¨per®ti®nent© ²/Úp3tInEnt ³US: ²-tEnEnt/ ³adj ·@ (to), ´(formal) referring
directly; relevant: ³remarks not @ to the subject under discussion; a @ reply.
¸@®ly ³adv ¸per®ti®nence ²/-Ens/ ³n ¶[U].¼
¨per®turb© ²/pEÚt3b/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´(formal) trouble; make anxious: ³@ing
rumours; a man who is never @ed. ¸per®tur®ba®tion ²/*p3tEÚbeI2n/ ³n ¶[U] ´@ing
or being @ed.¼
¨pe®ruke© ²/pEÚruk/ ³n ´long wig.¼
¨pe®ruse© ²/pEÚruz/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´(formal) read carefully. ¸pe®rusal ²/pEÚruzl/
³n ¶[C,U] ´act of reading carefully.¼
¨Peru®vian© ²/pEÚruvIEn/ ³adj ´of Peru: ³@ bark´, of the cinchona tree, the
source of quinine. ¹ ³n ´native of Peru.¼
¨per®vade© ²/pEÚveId/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´spread through every part of: ³The
subversive ideas that @ all these periodicals may do great harm. ¸per®va®sion
²/pEÚveIZn/ ³n ¶[U] ´pervading or being @d.¼
¨per®va®sive© ²/pEÚveIsIv/ ³adj ´tending to pervade: ³@ influences. ¸@®ly ³adv
¸@®ness ³n¼
¨per®verse© ²/pEÚv3s/ ³adj ¸1 ´(of persons) wilfully continuing in wrongdoing;
wilfully choosing a wrong course. ¸2 ´(of circumstances) contrary (to one's
wishes). ¸3 ´(of behaviour) contrary to reason. ¸@®ly ³adv ¸@®ness ³n¼
¨per®ver®sion© ²/pEÚv32n ³US: ²-Zn/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´perverting or being perverted.
¸2 ¶[C] ´turning from right to wrong; change to sth abnormal, unnatural, etc:
³a @ of justice; a @ of the appetite´, eÔg a desire to eat
grass, as Nebuchadnezzar had; ³sexual @s.¼
¨per®ver®sity© ²/pEÚv3sEtI/ ³n (pl µ-ties³) ¶[U] ´being perverse; ¶[C]
´perverse act.¼
¨per®vert© ²/pEÚv3t/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ¸1 ´turn (sth) to a wrong use. ¸2 ´cause (a
person, his mind) to turn away from right behaviour, beliefs, etc: ³@ (the
mind of) a child. Did Socrates really @ the youth of Athens? Do pornographic
books @ those who read them? ¹ n ²/Úp3v3t/ ´@ed person; person whose behaviour
deviates from what is normal, eÔg in sexual practices.¼
¨pe®seta© ²/pEÚseItE/ ³n (pl µ@s³) ´unit of currency in Spain.¼
¨pesky© ²/ÚpeskI/ ³adj ´(colloq) troublesome; annoying.¼
¨peso© ²/ÚpeIsE8/ ³n (pl µ@s³) ´unit of currency in many Latin American
countries and the Philippines.¼
¨pes®sary© ²/ÚpesErI/ ³n (pl µ-ries³) ´(med) any of various devices placed and
left to dissolve in the vagina.¼
¨pessi®mism© ²/ÚpesImIzEm/ ³n ¶[U] ´(opp of ³optimism´) tendency to believe
that the worst thing is most likely to happen, that everything is essentially
evil. ¸pes®si®mist ²/-Ist/ ³n ´person subject to @. ¸pessi®mis®tic
²/*pesIÚmIstIk/ ³adj ¸pessi®mis®ti®cally ²/-klI/ ³adv´.¼
¨pest© ²/pest/ ³n ´troublesome or destructive thing, animal, etc; (colloq)
person who is a nuisance: ³garden @s´, eÔg insects, mice, snails; ·Ú³@
control´, the use of various methods to get rid of @s. ¸pes®ti®cide
²/ÚpestIsñId/ ³n ´substance used to destroy @s.¼
¨pes®ter© ²/ÚpestE(r)/ ³vt ¶[VP6A,17,14] ·@ sb (with sth/for sth/to
do sth), ´annoy; trouble: ³be @ed with flies/with requests for help; @ sb for
money; @ sb to help.¼
¨pes®tif®er®ous© ²/peÚstIfErEs/ ³adj ´causing disease; morally dangerous.¼
¨pes®ti®lence© ²/ÚpestIlEns/ ³n ¶[C,U] ´(any kind of) fatal epidemic disease,
esp bubonic plague. ¸pes®ti®lent ²/-Ent/, ¸pes®ti®len®tial ²/*pestIÚlen2l/
³adjj ¸1 ´like a @; carrying infection. ¸2 ´(colloq) extremely annoying or
objectionable: ³These pestilential flies/children give me no peace.¼
¨pestle© ²/Úpesl/ ³n ´stick with a thick end used in a mortar for pounding or
crushing things. ¹ ³vt ´crush in (or as in) a mortar.¼
¨pet©1 ²/pet/ ³n ¸1 ´(often attrib) animal, etc kept as a companion, treated
with care and affection, eÔg a cat or a dog: ³a ·Ú³pet shop´, one where pets,
eÔg dogs, canaries, tortoises are sold. ¸2 ´person treated as a favourite:
³Mary is the teacher's pet. ¸3 ´sb specially loved or lovable: ³make a pet of a
child. She's a perfect pet´, (colloq) has very winning ways, is very lovable.
¸pet aversion, ´sth or sb most disliked: ³Cowboy films are her pet aversion.
¸Úpet name, ´name other than the real name, used affectionately. ³¹ vt µ(-tt-)
´fondle; treat with affection; kiss and caress: ³silly women petting their
poodles.¼
¨pet©2 ²/pet/ ³n ´fit of ill temper, esp about sth trifling: ³in one of her
pets.¼
¨petal© ²/Úpetl/ ³n ´one of the leaf-like divisions of a flower: ·Ú³rose @s. µ¥
´the illus at µflower. ¸pet®al®led ´(US ¸pet®aled´) ²/Úpetld/ ³adj ´having @s.¼
¨pe®tard© ²/peÚtqd/ ³n ´kind of bomb used in former times to break down doors,
gates, walls, etc. ·hoist with one's own @, ´(prov) caught or injured by what
one intended as a snare for others.¼
¨peter© ²/ÚpitE(r)/ ³vi ¶[VP2C] ·@ out, ´(of supplies, etc) come gradually to
an end.¼
¨Peter© ²/ÚpitE(r)/ ³n ·rob *@ to pay ÚPaul, ´take from one to give to another.
¸*blue Úpeter, ´blue flag with a white square, flown by a ship before leaving
port.¼
¨pe®tit bour®geois© ²/*petI Úb8EZwq/ ³n ´(F) member of the lower middle class:
(attrib) ³@ habits/opinions. µ¥ ³middle class ´at µmiddle(3); ¥ bourgeois.¼
¨pe®tite© ²/pEÚtit/ ³adj ´(of a person) small, slender, neat and dainty.¼
¨pe®ti®tion© ²/pIÚtI2n/ ³n ¶[C] ¸1 ´prayer; earnest request; appeal (esp a
written document signed by a large number of people). ¸2 ´formal application
made to a court of law. ¹ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A,17,11,14] ·@ sb (for sth/to do
sth/that«), ´make a @ to, eÔg the authorities: ³@ Parliament to redress
grievances. ¸2 ¶[VP3A] ·@ for, ´ask earnestly or humbly: ³@ for a retrial.
¸@er ³n ´one who @s, esp the plaintiff in a divorce suit.¼
¨pet®rel© ²/ÚpetrEl/ ³n ´long-winged black and white seabird. µ¥
´the illus at µwater. ¸stormy @, ´(fig) person whose coming causes (eÔg social
or industrial) unrest.¼
¨pet®rify© ²/ÚpetrIfñI/ ³vt,vi (pt,pp µ-fied³) ¶[VP6A,2A] ´(cause to) change
into stone; (fig) take away power to think, feel, act, etc (through terror,
surprise, etc): ³petrified with terror. ¸pet®ri®fac®tion ²/*petrIÚfak2n/ ³n
´@ing or being petrified; petrified substance.¼
¨petro-© ²/*petrE8-/ ³pref ´of rocks or of petroleum. ¸@-chemical ³n ´chemical
substance derived from petroleum or natural gas.¼
¨pet®rol© ²/ÚpetrEl/ ³n ¶[U] ´refined petroleum used as a fuel in internal
combustion engines (US = ³gasoline´): ³fill up with @; stop at the next ·Ú³@
station; the ·Ú³@ tank.¼
¨pe®tro®leum© ²/pIÚtrE8lIEm/ ³n ¶[U] ´mineral oil (vegetable in origin, from
forests in prehistoric times) found underground and obtained from wells; used
in various forms (petrol, paraffin, etc) for lighting, heating and driving
machines. ¸*@ Újelly ³n ¶[U] ´semi-solid substance obtained from @, used as a
lubricant and in ointments.¼
¨pe®trol®ogy© ²/pIÚtrolEdZI/ ³n ¶[U] ´the study of rocks.¼
¨pet®ti®coat© ²/ÚpetIkE8t/ ³n ´woman's under-skirt.¼
¨pet®ti®fog®ging© ²/ÚpetIfogIG/ ³adj ´(of a person) worrying about small and
unimportant details; (of a method) unnecessarily concerned with small matters.¼
¨pet®tish© ²/ÚpetI2/ ³adj ¸1 ´(of a person) having short and often repeated
fits of ill temper, like a spoiled child. ¸2 ´(of a remark, act) said or done
in a fit of ill temper. ¸@®ly ³adv ¸@®ness ³n¼
¨petty© ²/ÚpetI/ ³adj µ(-ier, -iest) ¸1 ´small; unimportant: ³@
troubles/details; @ regulations enforced by @ officials. ¸2 ´on a small scale:
³@ farmers/shopkeepers. ¸3 ´having or showing a narrow mind; mean: ³@ spite.
¸4 @ cash, ´(business) money for or from small payments. ¸@ larceny, ´theft of
articles of little value. ¸@ officer, ´highest rank of non-commissioned officer
in the navy. ¸pet®tily ²/ÚpetIlI/ ³adv ¸pet®ti®ness ³n¼
¨petu®lant© ²/Úpetj8lEnt ³US: ²-t28-/ ³adj ´unreasonably impatient or
irritable. ¸@®ly ³adv ¸petu®lance ²/-Ens/ ³n ¶[U].¼
¨pe®tu®nia© ²/pIÚtjunIE ³US: ²-Útu-/ ³n ¶[C] ´garden plant with funnel-shaped
flowers of various colours.¼
¨pew© ²/pju/ ³n ´bench with a back, usu fixed to the floor, in a church: ³empty
pews at morning service; ´(colloq) seat: ³Take a pew! µ¥ ´the illus at µchurch.
¸Úpew-opener ³n ´person who conducted persons to their seats when, in former
times, family pews were enclosed and had doors.¼
¨pe®wit©, pee®wit ²/ÚpiwIt/ ³n ´lapwing; kind of mountain plover, named after
its cry.¼
¨pew®ter© ²/ÚpjutE(r)/ ³n ¶[U] ´grey alloy of lead and tin; kitchen
vessels made of this: ³a good collection of @´; (attrib) ³@ mugs/dishes.¼
¨pe®yote© ²/peIÚE8tI/ ³n ´Mexican cactus from which is derived a drug
(³mescaline´) which causes hallucinations.¼
¨pfen®nig© ²/ÚfenIg/ ³n ´German copper coin, one hundredth of a mark.¼
¨phae®ton© ²/ÚfeItn ³US: ²ÚfeIEtEn/ ³n ´(hist) light, four-wheeled open
carriage, usu drawn by a pair of horses.¼
¨phago®cyte© ²/ÚfagEsñIt/ ³n ´sort of leucocyte (blood cell) capable of
guarding the system against infection by absorbing microbes.¼
¨phal®anx© ²/ÚfalaGks/ ³n (pl µ@es ´or µphalanges ²/fEÚlandZiz/³) ¸1 ´(in
ancient Greece) body of soldiers in close formation for fighting. ¸2 ´number of
persons banded together for a common purpose. ¸3 ´(anat) bone in a finger
or toe. µ¥ ´the illus at µskeleton.¼
¨phal®lus© ²/ÚfalEs/ ³n ´image of the erect penis, as a symbol of generative
power. ¸phal®lic ²/ÚfalIk/ ³adj ´of a @: ³phallic symbols/emblems.¼
¨phan®tasm© ²/ÚfantazEm/ ³n ´phantom. ¸phan®tas®mal ²/fanÚtazmEl/ ³adj ´of or
like a @. ¸phan®tas®ma®goria ²/*fantazmEÚgorIE ³US: ²-ÚgcrIE/ ³n ´changing
group of images, real or imagined figures, etc eÔg as seen in a dream.¼
¨phan®tasy© ²/ÚfantEsI/ ³n ´= µfantasy.¼
¨phan®tom© ²/ÚfantEm/ ³n ¶[C] ´ghost; sth without reality, as seen in a dream
or vision: (attrib) ³@ ships.¼
¨Phar®aoh© ²/ÚfeErE8/ ³n ´title of the kings of ancient Egypt.¼
¨Phari®see© ²/ÚfarIsi/ ³n ´member of an ancient Jewish sect known for strict
obedience to written laws and for pretensions to sanctity; (small ¸p´)
hypocritical and self-righteous person. ¸phari®saic ²/*farIÚseIIk/,
¸phari®sai®cal ²/-kl/ ³adjj ´of or like a @ or the @s.¼
¨phar®ma®ceuti®cal© ²/*fqmEÚsjutIkl ³US: ²-Úsu-/ ³adj ´of, engaged in,
pharmacy; of medicinal drugs: ³the @ industry.¼
¨phar®ma®cist© ²/ÚfqmEsIst/ ³n ´person professionally qualified to prepare
medicines. µ¥ chemist, druggist.¼
¨phar®ma®col®ogy© ²/*fqmEÚkolEdZI/ ³n ¶[U] ´science of pharmacy.
¸phar®ma®col®ogist ²/-EdZIst/ ³n ´expert in, student of, @.¼
¨phar®ma®co®poeia© ²/*fqmEkEÚpiE/ ³n ´(officially published) book with list of
medicinal preparations and directions for their use.¼
¨phar®macy© ²/ÚfqmEsI/ ³n (pl µ-cies³) ¸1 ¶[U] ´preparation and dispensing of
medicines and drugs. ¸2 ¶[C] ´dispensary; (part of a) shop where medical goods
are sold (US = ³drug-store´).¼
¨pharos© ²/ÚfeEros/ ³n ´lighthouse; beacon for sailors.¼
¨phar®ynx© ²/ÚfarIGks/ ³n ´cavity (with the muscles, etc that enclose it) at
the back of the mouth, where the passages to the nose, mouth and larynx begin.
µ¥ ´the illus at µhead. ¸phar®yn®gi®tis ²/*farInÚdZñItIs/ ³n ¶[U] ´inflammation
of the mucous membrane of the @.¼
¨phase© ²/feIz/ ³n ¶[C] ¸1 ´stage of development: ³a @ of history; the critical
@ of an illness; enter upon a new @ of one's career; ´stage in a cycle. ·in/out
of @, ´having/not having the same @ at the same time; in/out of harmony. ¸2
´(of the moon) amount of bright surface visible from the earth (new moon, full
moon, etc). ¹ ³vt ¶[VP6A,15B] ´plan, carry out, by @s: ³a @d withdrawal´, one
made by stages. ·@ in, ´introduce, one stage at a time. ·@ out, ´withdraw,
one stage at a time.¼
¨pheas®ant© ²/Úfeznt/ ³n ¶[C] ´long-tailed game bird; ¶[U] ´its
flesh as food. µ¥ ´the illus at µfowl.¼
¨pheno®bar®bi®tone© ²/*finE8ÚbqbItE8n/ ³n ¶[U] ´drug used to calm the nerves
and induce sleep.¼
¨phen®ol© ²/Úfinol/ ³n ¶[U] ´(comm, science) carbolic acid (as used in
disinfectants).¼
¨phe®nom®enal© ²/fIÚnomInl/ ³adj ¸1 ´perceptible to the senses. ¸2 ´concerned
with phenomena. ¸3 ´prodigious; extraordinary. ¸@ly ²/-nElI/ ³adv¼
¨phe®nom®enon© ²/fIÚnomInEn ³US: ²-non/ ³n (pl µ-ena ²/-InE/³) ¸1 ´thing that
appears to or is perceived by the senses: ³the phenomena of nature. ¸2
´remarkable or unusual person, thing, happening, etc.¼
¨phew© ²/fju ³or a less precise puffing noise²/ ³int ´natural cry indicating
astonishment, impatience, discomfort, disgust, etc according to context.¼
¨phial© ²/ÚfñIEl/ ³n ´small bottle, esp one for liquid medicine;
vial.¼
¨phil®an®der© ²/fIÚlandE(r)/ ³vi ¶[VP2A] ´be in the habit of making love
without serious intentions; flirt. ¸@er ³n ´person who does this.¼
¨phil®an®thropy© ²/fIÚlanTrEpI/ ³n ¶[U] ´love of mankind; practical sympathy
and benevolence. ¸phil®an®thro®pist ²/-Ist/ ³n ´person who helps others, esp
those who are poor or in trouble. ¸phil®an®thropic ²/*fIlEnÚTropIk/ ³adj ´of @;
benevolent; kind and helpful: ³philanthropic institutions´, eÔg for blind
people or orphans. ¸phil®an®thropi®cally ²/-klI/ ³adv¼
¨phil®at®ely© ²/fIÚlatElI/ ³n ´postage-stamp collecting. ¸phil®at®el®ist
²/-Ist/ ³n ´person who collects postage-stamps; person with expert knowledge of
them.¼
¨phil®hel®lene© ²/fIlÚhelin/ ³n, adj ´(person) friendly to the Greeks.
¸phil®hel®lenic ²/*fIlheÚlinIk ³US: ²-ÚlenIk/ ³adj¼
¨Phi®lis®tine© ²/ÚfIlIstñIn ³US: ²-stin/ ³n ¸1 ´(Biblical) one of the warlike
people in Palestine who were the enemies of the Israelites. ¸2 ´(mod use; small
¸p´) uncultured person; person whose interests are material and commonplace:
(attrib) ³@ neighbours.¼
¨phil®ol®ogy© ²/fIÚlolEdZI/ ³n ¶[U] ´study of the development of language, or
of particular languages. µ¥ linguistics. ¸phil®ol®ogist ²/fIÚlolEdZIst/ ³n
´student of, expert in, @. ¸philo®logi®cal ²/*fIlEÚlodZIkl/ ³adj ´of @.¼
¨phil®os®opher© ²/fIÚlosEfE(r)/ ³n ¸1 ´person studying or teaching philosophy,
or having a system of philosophy. ¸2 ´person whose mind is untroubled by
passions and hardships; person who lets reason govern his life. ¸@'s stone,
´substance which, alchemists believed, could change any metal into gold;
elixir.¼
¨phil®os®ophy© ²/fIÚlosEfI/ ³n (pl µ-phies³) ¸1 ¶[U] ´the search for knowledge,
esp the nature and meaning of existence. ¸moral @, ´the study of the principles
underlying the actions and behaviour of men; ethics. ¸natural @, ´(old use)
physics. ¸2 ¶[C] ´system of thought resulting from such a search for knowledge:
³conflicting philosophies; a man without a @´, with no views upon the problems
of life. ¸3 ¶[U] ´calm, quiet attitude towards life, even in the face of
unhappiness, danger, difficulty, etc. ¸philo®sophi®cal ²/*fIlEÚsofIkl/ ³adj ¸1
´of, devoted to, guided by, @. ¸2 ´resigned; of or like a philosopherµ(2)´.
¸philo®sophi®cally ²/-klI/ ³adv ¸phil®os®ophize ²/fIÚlosEfñIz/ ³vi ¶[VP2A]
´think or argue like a philosopher; discuss, speculate about, a theory in @.¼
¨philtre© ´(US = ¸phil®ter´) ²/ÚfIltE(r)/ ³n ¶[C] ´love-potion.¼
¨phleb®itis© ²/flIÚbñItIs/ ³n ¶[U] ´inflammation of a vein.¼
¨phlegm© ²/flem/ ³n ¶[U] ¸1 ´thick, semi-fluid substance forming abnormally in
the respiratory passages, and brought up by coughing. ¸2 ´quality of being slow
to act, or to feel and show emotion or interest. ¸phleg®matic ²/flegÚmatIk/
³adj ´having the quality of @µ(2)´: ³Not all English people are @atic.
¸phleg®mat®i®cally ²/-klI/ ³adv¼
¨phlox© ²/floks/ ³n ¶[U] ´kinds of garden plant with clusters of flowers in
various colours.¼
¨pho®bia© ²/ÚfE8bIE/ ³n ´morbid or pathological fear and dislike; aversion.¼
¨phoe®nix© ²/ÚfinIks/ ³n ´mythical bird which, after living hundreds of years
in the Arabian desert, burnt itself on a funeral pile and rose from the ashes
young again, to live for another cycle.¼
¨phone©1 ²/fE8n/ ³n, vt,vi ´(colloq abbr for) telephone. ¸Ú@®booth ³n
´telephone kiosk; call-box. ¸Ú@®call ³n ´telephone call. ¸Ú@-in ³n
´radio/television programme in which listeners/viewers participate by
telephone.¼
¨phone©2 ²/fE8n/ ³n ´(linguistics) single speech-sound (vowel or consonant).¼
¨pho®neme© ²/ÚfE8nim/ ³n ¶[C] ´(ling) unit of the system of sounds of a
language: ³English has 24 consonant @s. ¸pho®nemic ²/fEÚnimIk/ ³adj ´(of
transcriptions) providing one symbol for each @ of the language transcribed (as
with the pronunciations in this dictionary). ¸pho®nem®ics ³n ´(with ³sing
v´) study and description of the phonemic systems of languages.¼
¨pho®netic© ²/fEÚnetIk/ ³adj ´(ling) ¸1 ´concerned with the sounds of human
speech. ¸2 ´(of transcriptions) providing not only a symbol for each phoneme of
the language transcribed but with additional symbols for differences
between variations of the same phoneme in different situations. ¸3 ´(of a
language) having a system of spelling that approximates closely to the sounds
represented by the letters used: ³Spanish spelling is @. ¸pho®net®ics ³n sing-v
´study and science of speech sounds, their production, and the signs
used to represent them. ¸pho®neti®cally ²/-klI/ ³adv ¸pho®neti®cian
²/*fE8nIÚtI2n/ ³n ´expert in @s.¼
¨pho®ney©, phony ²/ÚfE8nI/ ³adj ´(colloq) sham; unreal; not
genuine. ¹ ³n ´@ person: ³He's a complete @.¼
¨pho®nic© ²/ÚfonIk/ ³adj ´of sound; of vocal sounds. ¸@s ³n sing-v
´the use of elementary phonetics in the teaching of reading.¼
¨pho®no®graph© ²/ÚfE8nEgrqf ³US: ²-graf/ ³n ´(US) record player.¼
¨pho®nol®ogy© ²/fEÚnolEdZI/ ³n ¶[U] ´(linguistics) scientific study of the
organization of speech sounds (including phonemes), esp in particular
languages. ¸pho®no®logi®cal ²/*fE8nEÚlodZIkl/ ³adj¼
¨phooey© ²/ÚfuI/ ³int ´exclamation of contempt, disbelief or disappointment.¼
¨phos®gene© ²/ÚfozdZin/ ³n ¶[U] ´colourless gas (¸COCl¶c´), used as a poison
gas and in industry.¼
¨phos®phate© ²/ÚfosfeIt/ ³n ´any salt of phosphoric acid, esp one of the
numerous artificial fertilizers containing or composed of various salts of
this kind, used widely in agriculture.¼
¨phos®pho®res®cence© ²/*fosfEÚresns/ ³n ¶[U] ´the giving out of light without
burning, or by gentle burning without heat that can be felt. ¸phos®pho®res®cent
²/-snt/ ³adj ´giving out light without burning.¼
¨phos®phorus© ²/ÚfosfErEs/ ³n ¶[U] ´yellowish, non-metallic,
poisonous wax-like element (symbol ¸P´) which catches fire easily and gives out
a faint light in the dark; red, non-poisonous form used in the manufacture of
safety matches. ¸phos®phoric ²/fosÚforIk ³US: ²-Úfcr-/, ¸phos®phor®ous
²/ÚfosfErEs/ ³adjj ´relating to or containing @.¼
¨photo© ²/ÚfE8tE8/ ³n (pl µ@s ²/-tE8z/³) ´(colloq abbr for) photograph.¼
¨photo-© ²/ÚfE8tE8/ ³pref ´of light or of photography. ¸Ú@®copy ³vt, n ¶[VP6A]
´(make a) copy of (a document, etc) by a photographic method. Hence, ¸Ú@®copier
³n ¸*@®eÚlectric ³adj´: ³@electric cell´, cell or device which emits an
electric current when light falls on it, used for many purposes, eÔg to measure
light for photography, to cause a door to open when someone approaches it, to
count objects passing before it. ¸*@ Úfinish ³n ´(horse-racing) finish so close
that only a photograph of the horses as they pass the winning-post can decide
the winner. ¸*@®Úgenic ²/-ÚdZenIk/ ³adj ´suitable for being photographed;
photographing well or effectively. ¸*@®Úsensitize ³vt ´make (sth) sensitive to
light.¼
¨photo®graph© ²/ÚfE8tEgrqf ³US: ²-graf/ ³n ¶[C] ´picture recorded by means of
the chemical action of light on a specially prepared glass plate or film in a
camera, transferred to specially prepared paper. ¹ ³vt ¸1 ¶[VP6A] ´take a @ of.
¸2 ·@ well/badly, ´come out well/badly when @ed. ¸photo®grapher
²/fEÚtogrEfE(r)/ ³n ´person who takes @s: ³amateur and professional @ers. ´Cf
³camera man´, for cinema and TÔV. ¸photo®gra®phy ²/fEÚtogrEfI/ ³n ¶[U] ´art or
process of taking @s. ¸photo®graphic ²/*fE8tEÚgrafIk/ ³adj ´of, related to,
used in, taking @s: ³photographic apparatus/goods/periodicals, etc.
¸photo®graphi®cally ²/-klI/ ³adv¼
¨photo®gra®vure© ²/*fE8tEgrEÚvj8E(r)/ ³n ¶[U] ´process of producing
a picture on a metal plate from a photographic negative so that the plate can
be used in printing; ¶[C] ´picture printed from such a plate.¼
¨photo®li®tho®gra®phy© ²/*fE8tE8lIÚTogrEfI/ ³n ¶[U] ´process of reproducing on
plates (stone or zinc) by means of photography.¼
¨photo®meter© ²/fE8ÚtomItE(r)/ ³n ´device for measuring the intensity of
light.¼
¨photon© ²/ÚfE8ton/ ³n ´(phys) unit of quantity of energy in light.¼
¨photo®stat© ²/ÚfE8tEstat/ ³vt, n ´(P) = µphotocopy.¼
¨photo®syn®thesis© ²/*fE8tE8ÚsInTEsIs/ ³n ¶[U] ´process by which the energy of
sunlight is used by a green plant to keep it growing.¼
¨phrase© ²/freIz/ ³n ¶[C] ¸1 ´group of words (often without a
finite ³v´) forming part of a sentence, eÔg ³in the garden, in order to.
¸Ú@-book ³n ´one containing and explaining (or giving equivalents of in another
language) @s of a language: ³an English-Polish @-book. ¸2 ´striking, clever way
of saying sth. ¸3 ´(music) short, independent passage forming part of a longer
passage. ¹ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´express in words: ³a neatly @d compliment. ¸phrasal
²/ÚfreIzl/ ³adj ´in the form of a @: ³phrasal verbs´, eÔg ³go in for, fall
over, blow up. ¸phras®eol®ogy ²/*freIzIÚolEdZI/ ³n ¶[U] ´choice of words;
wording.¼
¨phren®etic© ²/frEÚnetIk/ ³adj ´= µfrenetic.¼
¨phren®ol®ogy© ²/frEÚnolEdZI/ ³n ¶[U] ´the judging of a person's character,
capabilities, etc from an examination of the shape of his skull.
¸phren®ol®ogist ²/-Ist/ ³n ´person who practises @.¼
¨phthi®sis© ²/ÚTñIsIs/ ³n ¶[U] ´tuberculosis of the lungs.¼
¨phut© ²/fAt/ ³adv ·go @, ´(lit or fig) (colloq) collapse; break down: ³My
record player has/holiday plans have gone @.¼
¨phylum© ²/ÚfñIlEm/ ³n ´(biol) highest division in the animal kingdom.¼
¨physic© ²/ÚfIzIk/ ³n ¸1 ´(archaic) medicine. ¸2 ³(pl) = µphysics.¼
¨physi®cal© ²/ÚfIzIkl/ ³adj ¸1 ´of material (contrasted with moral and
spiritual) things: ³the @ world/universe; @ force. ¸2 ´of the body; bodily: ³@
exercise´, eÔg walking, playing football; ³@ education. ¸3 ´of the laws of
nature: ³It's a @ impossibility to be in two places at once. ¸4 ´of the natural
features of the world: ³@ geography´, of the earth's structure. ¸@ly ²/-klI/
³adv¼
¨phys®ician© ²/fIÚzI2n/ ³n ´person qualified to practise both medicine and
surgery.¼
¨physi®cist© ²/ÚfIzIsIst/ ³n ´expert in, student of, physics.¼
¨phys®ics© ²/ÚfIzIks/ ³n pl sing-v ´group of sciences dealing with matter
and energy (eÔg heat, light, sound), but usu excluding chemistry and biology:
³P@ is taught by Professor Molecule.¼
¨physi®og®nomy© ²/*fIzIÚonEmI ³US: ²-ÚognE8mI/ ³n (pl µ-mies³) ¶[C,U] ´(art of
judging character from the features of) the face; general features of a
country.¼
¨physi®ol®ogy© ²/*fIzIÚolEdZI/ ³n ¶[U] ´science of the normal
functions of living things, esp animals. ¸physi®ol®ogist ²/-Ist/ ³n ´expert
in, student of, @. ¸physio®logi®cal ²/*fIzIEÚlodZIkl/ ³adj¼
¨physio®ther®apy© ²/*fIzIE8ÚTerEpI/ ³n ¶[U] ´treatment of disease by means of
exercise, massage, the use of light, heat, electricity and other natural
forces. ¸physio®thera®pist ³n ´person trained to give such treatment.¼
¨phy®sique© ²/fIÚzik/ ³n ¶[U,C] ´structure and development of the body: ³a man
of strong @.¼
¨pi© ²/pñI/ ³n ´the Greek letter p (²§´), esp (maths) as a symbol of the ratio
of the circumference of a circle to its diameter (iÔe 3²Ø´14159). µ¥ App 4.¼
¨pi®ano©1 ²/ÚpjqnE8/ ³adv, adj ´(music) soft(ly). ¸pia®nis®simo ²/pjaÚnIsImE8/
³adv, adj ´very soft(ly).¼
¨pi®ano©2 ²/pIÚanE8/ ³n (pl µ@s ²/-nE8z/³) ´musical instrument in which
stretched metal strings are struck by hammers operated by keys. µ¥ ´the illus
at µkeyboard. ¸cottage @, ´small upright @. ¸grand @, ´@ with horizontal
strings. ¸upright @, ´one with vertical strings. ¸pia®nist ²/ÚpIEnIst/ ³n
´person who plays the @. ¸piano®forte ²/pI*anE8ÚfctI ³US: ²pIÚanEfcrt/ ³n
´(full name, now formal, for) @. ¸pia®nola ²/pIEÚnE8lE/ ³n ´(P) @ operated
mechanically.¼
¨pi®astre© ´(US = ¸pi®as®ter´) ²/pIÚastE(r)/ ³n ´unit of currency in some
countries in the Middle East.¼
¨pi®azza© ²/pIÚatsE/ ³n ¸1 ´public square or market-place, esp in an Italian
town. ¸2 ´(US) veranda.¼
¨pi®broch© ²/Úpibrok/ ³n ´piece of martial music for the bagpipes.¼
¨pica© ²/ÚpñIkE/ ³n ´printer's unit for the size of type±1µ(3).¼
¨pica®dor© ²/ÚpIkEdc(r)/ ³n ´man (mounted on a horse) who uses a
lance to incite and weaken bulls in the sport of bull-fighting.¼
¨pic®ar®esque© ²/*pIkEÚresk/ ³adj ´(of a style of fiction) dealing with the
adventures of rogues and vagabonds.¼
¨pic®ca®lilli© ²/*pIkEÚlIlI/ ³n ¶[U] ´kind of hot-tasting pickle made of
chopped vegetables, spices in mustard, vinegar, etc.¼
¨pic®ca®ninny© ²/*pIkEÚnInI ³US: ²ÚpIkEnInI/ ³n (pl µ-nies³) ´(old use) small
child, esp a Negro baby.¼
¨pic®colo© ²/ÚpIkElE8/ ³n (pl µ@s ²/-lE8z/³) ´small flute producing notes an
octave higher than those of the ordinary flute. µ¥ ´the illus at µbrass.¼
¨pick©1 ²/pIk/ ³n ´picking; selection. ·the @ of, ´the best (part) of a
collection of things or people.¼
¨pick©2 ²/pIk/ ³n ¸1 Ú@(-axe), ´heavy tool with an iron head having two pointed
ends, used for breaking up hard surfaces. µ¥ ´the illus at µtool. ¸2 ´small,
sharp-pointed instrument: ³an ·Ú³ice-@; a ·Ú³tooth@.¼
¨pick©3 ²/pIk/ ³vt,vi ´(For special uses with ³adverbial particles
´and ³preps, µ¥ 7 ´below.) ¸1 ¶[VP6A] ´take up, remove, pull away, with the
fingers: ³@ flowers´, gather flowers; ³@ fruit´, take fruit from the bush or
tree; ³@ a thread from one's coat; @ one's nose´, remove bits of dried mucus
from the nostrils. ·@ sb's brains, ´get ideas and information from sb. ·@ sb's
pocket, ´steal sth from it. Hence, ¸Ú@®pocket ³n ´person who @s pockets. ·@ and
steal, ´pilfer. ¸2 ¶[VP6A] ´tear or separate; use a pointed instrument to
clean, etc: ³@ rags´, tear them to small pieces; ³@ one's teeth´, get bits of
food from the spaces between them, etc by using a pointed stick of wood ³(a
·Ú³toothpick´); ³@ a lock´, use a pointed tool, a piece of wire, etc to unlock
it without a key; ³@ a bone, ´get all the meat from it. ·have a Úbone to @ with
sb, µ¥ bone(1). ¸3 ¶[VP6A] ´choose; select: ³@ only the best; @ one's words´,
choose those words that express one's meaning best, that will not cause
offence, etc (according to context); ³@ one's way along a muddy road; @ sides´,
choose players for the two teams in a game (of football, cricket, etc) or
competition; ³@ the winning horse/@ the winner´, make a successful guess at the
winner (before the race). ·@ a quarrel with sb, ´bring about a quarrel
intentionally. ¸4 ¶[VP6A] ´make by @ing: ³@ holes in sth. ·@ holes in an
argument, ´(fig) find its weak points. ¸5 ¶[VP6A] ´(of birds) take up (grain,
etc) in the bill; peck; (of persons) eat (food, etc) in small amounts; ¶[VP3A]
·@ at, ´eat without interest or appetite: ³She only @ed at her food. ¸6 ´(US)
pluck (the strings of): ³@ a banjo/the strings of a banjo. ¸7 ¶[VP3A,15B]
´(special uses with ³adverbial particles ´and ³preps):¼
·pick at sb, ´(colloq) nag at; find fault with: ³Why are you always @ing at
the poor child?¼
·pick sth off, ´take or pluck off. ·@ sb off, ´shoot him with deliberate aim:
³A sniper behind the bushes @ed off three of our men.¼
·pick on sb, ´single out, esp for sth unpleasant: ³Why should you @ on me to
do the chores?¼
·pick sb/sth out, ¸(a) ´choose. ¸(b) ´distinguish from surrounding persons,
objects, etc: ³@ out one's friends in a crowd. ·@ sth out, ¸(a) ´make out, see,
(the meaning of a passage, etc) by careful study. ¸(b) ´play (a tune) by ear on
a piano, etc. ¸(c) ´relieve (one colour, the ground colour) with touches of a
different colour: ³green panels @ed out with brown.¼
·pick sth over, ´examine and make a selection from: ³@ over a basket of
strawberries´, eÔg to throw out any that are bad.¼
·pick sth up, ¸(a) ´break up (ground) with a pick-axe. ¸(b) ´take hold of and
lift: ³@ up one's hat/parcels, etc. ¸(c) ´gain; acquire: ³@ up a foreign
language´, learn it without taking lessons or studying; ³@ up a livelihood by
selling things from door to door; @ up bits of information; @ up a bargain at
an auction sale. The locomotive @s up current from a third rail. ¸(d) ´succeed
in seeing or hearing (by means of apparatus): ³enemy planes @ed up by our
searchlights/radar installations, etc. ¸(e) ´recover; regain: ³You'll soon @ up
health when you get to the seaside. ·@ sb up, ¸(a) ´make the acquaintance of
casually: ³a girl he @ed up on the street. ¸(b) ´take (persons) along with one:
³He stopped the car to @ up a young girl who was hitch-hiking across Europe.
The escaped prisoner was @ed up ´(= seen and arrested) ³by the police at Hull.
·@ oneself up, ´raise (oneself) after a fall: ³She slipped and fell, but
quickly @ed herself up. ·@ up (health), ´recover health; improve: ³He's
beginning to @ up now. ·@ up speed, ´gain speed. ·@ up with sb, ´make
acquaintance with: ³Where did you @ up with that queer fellow? ¸Ú@-up ³n (pl
µ@-ups³) ¸(a) ´that part of a record-player that holds the stylus. ¸(b) ´small
general-purpose van or truck, open and with low sides, (eÔg as used by
builders, farmers, etc, for carrying merchandise). ¸(c) ´(sl) person whose
acquaintance is made casually. ¸(d) ´acceleration: ³an engine/car with a good
@-up. ¸@-me-up ²/ÚpIk mI Ap/ ³n ´sth, eÔg a drink, that gives new strength and
cheerfulness.¼
¨picka®back© ²/ÚpIkEbak/ ³adv ´(eÔg of the way a child is carried)
on the shoulders or back like a bundle.¼
¨picker© ²/ÚpIkE(r)/ ³n ´person or thing that picks (chiefly in compounds):
·Ú³hop-@s; ·Ú³rag-@s.¼
¨pick®erel© ²/ÚpIkErEl/ ³n (pl ´unchanged) young pike.¼
¨picket© ²/ÚpIkIt/ ³n ¸1 ´pointed stake, etc set upright in the ground (as part
of a fence, or to tether a horse to). ¸2 ´small group of men on police duty, or
sent out to watch the enemy. ¸3 ´worker, or group of workers, stationed at the
gates of a factory, dockyard, etc during a strike, to try to persuade others
not to go to work: ³a ·Ú³@ line´, line of @s, eÔg outside a factory. ¸*flying
@, ´@ formed of workers who do not work at the place where the @ is stationed.
¹ ³vt,vi ¶[VP6A,2A] ¸1 ´put @sµ(1) ´round; tether (a horse) to a @µ(1)´. ¸2
´place @sµ(2) ´in or round; station (men) as @s. ¸3 ´place @sµ(3) ´at: ³@ a
factory; ´act as a @µ(3)´.¼
¨pick®ing© ²/ÚpIkIG/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´act of picking. ·@ and stealing,
´stealing cheap things. ¸2 ³(pl) ´things left over from which profits may be
made; these profits; profits made from stealing cheap things.¼
¨pickle© ²/ÚpIkl/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´salt water, vinegar, etc for keeping meat,
vegetables, etc, in good condition. ·have a rod in @ for sb, µ¥ rod. ¸2 ´(usu
³pl´) vegetables kept in @: ³onion @s. ¸3 ·in a sad/sorry/nice @, ´in a sad,
etc plight. ¹ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ¸1 ´preserve in @: ³@d onions/walnuts. ¸2 @ed ³pp
´(sl) drunk.¼
¨pic®nic© ²/ÚpIknIk/ ³n ¸1 ´pleasure trip on which food is carried
to be eaten outdoors: ³have/go for a @´; (attrib) ³a ·Ú³@ hamper´, one for
holding food, dishes, etc. ¸2 ´(colloq) sth easy and enjoyable: ³It's no @´,
is not an easy job. ¹ ³vi µ(-ck-) ´take part in a @: ³@ in the woods.
¸pic®nicker ³n ´person who @s.¼
¨pic®ric© ²/ÚpIkrIk/ ³adj ¸@ acid, ´acid used in dyeing, explosives and
antiseptics.¼
¨pic®tor®ial© ²/pIkÚtcrIEl/ ³adj ´of, having, represented in, pictures: ³a @
record of the wedding. ¹ n ´periodical in which pictures are the main feature.¼
¨pic®ture© ²/ÚpIkt2E(r)/ ³n ¸1 ´painting, drawing, sketch, of sth, esp as a
work of art. ¸Ú@-book ³n ´book consisting mainly of @s, esp one for children.
¸Ú@-card ³n ´(in playing cards) court-card; one with a king, queen or knave on
it. ¸Ú@-gallery ³n ´room or building in which @s are exhibited. ¸Ú@ hat,
´woman's hat with a very wide brim. ¸2 ´beautiful scene, object, person, etc.
¸3 ´type or embodiment. ·be the @ of health, ´appear to have it in a high
degree. ¸4 ´(fig) account or description that enables sb to see in his mind an
event, etc. ·be/put sb in the @, ´be/cause sb to be well informed, aware of all
the facts of a situation. ¸5 ´film (to be) shown in a cinema. ¸the @s, ´the
cinema: ³We don't often go to the @s. ¸6 ´what is seen on a television screen:
³a set free from @ distortion. ¹ vt ¸1 ¶[VP6A] ´make a @ of; paint. ¸2 ¶[VP14]
·@ sth to oneself, ´imagine: ³He @d to himself what it might be like to live in
Java.¼
¨pic®tur®esque© ²/*pIkt2EÚresk/ ³adj ¸1 ´having the quality of being like, or
of being fit to be, the subject of a painting: ³a @ village. ¸2 ´quaint; vivid;
graphic: ³@ language. ¸3 ´(of a person, his character) striking; original.
¸@®ly ³adv ¸@®ness ³n¼
¨piddle© ²/ÚpIdl/ ³vi, n ´(colloq) (pass) urine.¼
¨pid®dling© ²/ÚpIdlIG/ ³adj ´trifling; insignificant: ³@ jobs.¼
¨pidgin© ²/ÚpIdZIn/ ³n ¸1 ´any of several languages resulting from contact
between European traders and local peoples, eÔg in West Africa and the Far
East, containing elements of the local language(s) and English, French or
Dutch, still used for internal communication. ¸2 Úone's @, ´(colloq) one's job
or concern: ³Don't ask me; that's ·Ú³your @.¼
¨pie© ²/pñI/ ³n ¶[C,U] ´meat or fruit covered with pastry and baked in a deep
dish: ³fruit pies; a meat pie; eat too much pie. µ¥ flan, tart±2µ. ·have a
finger in the/every pie, ´be concerned in the/every matter (esp in an officious
way). ·as easy as pie, ´(sl) very easy. ·pie in the sky, ´happiness in Heaven;
unrealistic hopes. ¸Úpie-crust ³n ¶[U] ´baked pastry of a pie.¼
¨pie®bald© ²/ÚpñIbcld/ ³adj ´(of a horse) having white and dark patches of
irregular shape.¼
¨piece©1 ²/pis/ ³n ¸1 ´part or bit of a solid substance (complete
in itself, but broken, separated or made from a larger portion): ³a @ of
paper/wood/glass/chalk. Will you have another @ ´(= slice) ³of cake? This @ of
string is too short. ·(be) in @s, ´broken; dismantled: ³The vase is in @s.
·break (sth) to @s, ´be in @s as the result of an accident: ³The teapot fell
and was broken to @s. ·come/take (sth) to @s, ´divide (sth) into the parts
which make it up: ³Does this machine come/take to @s? ·go (all) to @s,
´(colloq) (of a person) break up physically, mentally or morally. ·a @ of cake,
´(sl) sth very easy. ·@ by @, ´one at a time. ·of a @ (with sth), ´(fig) of the
same character (as); consistent (with); in keeping (with). ¸2 ´separate
instance or example: ³a @ of news/luck/advice/information, etc; ´single
article: ³a @ of furniture. ·give sb a @ of one's mind, ´tell him candidly what
one thinks of him. ·say one's @, ´say what one has to say, sth one has learnt
to say, eÔg a poem to be recited. ¸3 ´standard length or quantity in which
goods are prepared for distribution: ³a @ of wallpaper ´(usu 12 yds); ³a @ of
cloth; sold only by the @. ¸Ú@-goods ³n pl ´textile fabrics (esp cotton and
silk) made in standard lengths. ¸4 ´single composition (in art, music, etc): ³a
fine @ of work/music/poetry; a dramatic @. ¸5 ´single thing out of a set: ³a
dinner service of 50 @s; ´one of the wooden, metal, etc objects moved on a
board in such games as chess. ¸6 ´coin: ³a ten-pence @; a five cent @; a @ of
eight, ´an old Spanish silver coin. ¸7 ´gun: ³a fixed-@, ´field-gun; ³a
·Ú³fowling-@, ´for shooting game. ¸8 ´(fixed or agreed) amount of work (to be)
done: ³pay a workman by the @´, according to the work produced (not by the time
taken). Hence, ¸Ú@-work ³n µ¥ ³time-work ´at µtime±1µ(13). ¸9 ´(in compounds)
¸(a) ´(player of a) musical instrument: ³a six-@ jazz group. ¸(b) ´item in
collection: ³a 25-piece dinner service, µ¥ service(7).¼
¨piece©2 ²/pis/ ³vt ¶[VP6A,15A,B] ·@ (together), ´put (parts, etc) together;
make by joining or adding (pieces) together: ³@ together odds and ends of
cloth; @ a quilt´, make one by putting @s together; ³@ one thing to another. ·@
sth out, ´make (a story, theory, etc) complete by connecting the parts.¼
¨piece®meal© ²/Úpismil/ ³adv ´piece by piece; a part at a time: ³work done @. ¹
adj ´coming, done, etc piece by piece.¼
¨pied© ²/pñId/ ³adj ´of mixed colours, of black and white, eÔg of birds.¼
¨pied-`a-terre© ²/*pjeId q ÚteE(r)/ ³n ´(F) extra room(s) or house which one
keeps for use when needed: ³He lives in the county, and has a @ in London.¼
¨pier© ²/pIE(r)/ ³n ¸1 ´structure of wood, iron, etc built out into the sea as
a landing-stage; similar structure for walking on for pleasure (often with a
pavilion, restaurant, etc). ¸2 ´pillar supporting a span of a bridge, etc. ¸3
´wall between windows or other openings. ¸Ú@-glass ³n ´large, long mirror in
which one can see the whole of oneself.¼
¨pierce© ²/pIEs/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A] ´(of sharp-pointed instruments)
go into or through; make (a hole) by doing this: ³The arrow @d his shoulder.
She had her ears @d in order to be able to wear earrings. ¸2 ¶[VP6A] ´(fig, of
cold, pain, sounds, etc) force a way into or through; affect deeply: ³Her
shrieks @d the air. A ray of light @d the darkness. ¸3 ¶[VP2C] ´penetrate
(³through, into, ´etc): ³Our forces @d through the enemy's lines. ¸@®ing ³adj
´(esp of cold, voices) sharp; penetrating: ³a piercing wind. ¸@®ing®ly ³adv´:
³a piercingly cold wind.¼
¨pier®rot© ²/ÚpIErE8/ ³n ¸1 ´character in French pantomime. ¸2 ´member of a
group of entertainers (esp at seaside resorts), dressed in loose white clothes
and with a whitened face.¼
¨piet`a© ²/*pieÚtq/ ³n ´(I) ´painting or sculpture of the Virgin Mary holding
the dead body of Jesus in her lap.¼
¨piety© ²/ÚpñIEtI/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´devotion to God and good works; being pious.
¸filial @, ´correct behaviour towards a parent. ¸2 ¶[C] ³(pl µ-ties³) ´act, etc
that shows @.¼
¨piffle© ²/ÚpIfl/ ³n ¶[U] ´(colloq) nonsense. ¹ ³vi ´talk @. ¸pif®fling
²/ÚpIflIG/ ³adj ´trivial; worthless.¼
¨pig© ²/pIg/ ³n ¸1 ¶[C] ´domestic and wild animal, µ¥ ´the illus at µdomestic;
¥ boar, hog, sow±1µ, swine´; ¶[U] ´its flesh (esp ³roast pig´) as meat. µ¥
bacon, ham, pork. ·bring one's pigs to the wrong market, ´fail in an
undertaking (to sell sth). ·buy a pig in a poke, ´buy sth without seeing it or
knowing its value, which turns out to be worth less than one paid for it. ·pigs
might fly, ´(expressing disbelief) wonders might happen. ¸Úpig®boat ³n ´(US sl)
submarine. ¸*pig-Úheaded ³adj ´stubborn. ¸*pig-Úheadedly ³adv ¸*pig-Úheadedness
³n ¸Úpig®skin ³n ¶[U] ´(leather made of a) pig's skin; (sl) saddle.
¸Úpig-sticking ³n ¶[U] ´the sport of hunting wild boars with spears. ¸Úpig®sty
²/-stñI/ ³n ¸(a) ´small building for pigs. ¸(b) ´dirty hovel. ¸Úpig®tail ³n
´plait of hair hanging down over the back of the neck and shoulders.
¸Úpig®wash, Úpig®swill ³nn ¶[U] ´waste food (from a brewery or kitchen) given
to pigs as food. ¸2 ´(colloq) dirty, greedy or ill-mannered person. ·make a
Úpig of oneself, ´eat or drink to excess. ¸3 Úpig-iron ³n ¶[U] ´oblong mass of
iron extracted from ore and shaped in a mould. ¹ ³vi µ(-gg-) ·pig it; pig
together, ´live or herd together in dirty conditions. ¸Úpig®gish ²/-I2/ ³adj
´like a pig; dirty, greedy. ¸pig®gish®ly ³adv ¸pig®gish®ness ³n ¸pig®gery
²/ÚpIgErI/ ³n (pl µ-ries³) ´pig-breeding establishment; pig-farm. ¸piggy
²/ÚpIgI/ ³n ´little pig. µ¹ ³adj ´(colloq) greedy. ¸Úpiggyback, ´(US) =
µpickaback. ¸Úpiggy bank ³n ´model (of a pig) with a slot for coins, used by a
child for saving coin money.¼
¨pigeon© ²/ÚpIdZIn/ ³n ¸1 ´bird, wild or tame, of the dove family:
·Ú³carrier-@, ·Ú³homing-@´, kind trained to carry messages or bred for sport.
µ¥ ´the illus at µbird. ¸Ú@-breasted ³adj ´(of a person) having a bulging,
convex chest. ¸Ú@-toed ³adj ´(of a person) having the toes turned inwards.
¸Ú@®hole ³n ´one of a set of small open boxes for keeping papers in. µ¹ ³vt
´put (papers, etc) in a @hole and ignore or forget them; postpone consideration
of: ³The scheme was @holed. ¸2 clay @, ´disc thrown up into the air as a mark
for shooting. ¸3 ´simpleton; easily deceived person. ¸4 ¸(Ústool-)@, µ¥ stool.
¸5 Úone's @, ³= one's pidgin, µ¥ pidgin(2).¼
¨pig-iron© ²/ÚpIg ñIEn/ ³n µ¥ pig(3).¼
¨pig®let© ²/ÚpIglIt/ ³n ´young pig.¼
¨pig®ment© ²/ÚpIgmEnt/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´colouring matter for making
dyes, paint, etc; ¶[C] ´particular substance used for this. ¸2 ¶[U] ´the
natural colouring matter in the skin, hair, etc of living beings.
¸pig®men®ta®tion ²/*pIgmenÚteI2n/ ³n ´colouring of tissues by @.¼
¨pigmy© ²/ÚpIgmI/ ³n ´= µpygmy.¼
¨pike©1 ²/pñIk/ ³n ´long wooden shaft with a spearhead, formerly used by
soldiers fighting on foot. ¸Ú@®staff ³n ´wooden shaft of a @. ·as plain as a
@staff, ´quite plain; easy to see or understand.¼
¨pike©2 ²/pñIk/ ³n (pl ´unchanged³) ´large, fierce, freshwater fish.¼
¨pike©3 ²/pñIk/ ³n ¸1 ´turnpike road. ¸2 ´toll-bar; toll.¼
¨pike©4 ²/pñIk/ ³n ´(dialect, N of England) peaked top of a hill: ³Langdale
P@.¼
¨pi®laf(f)© ²/pIÚlaf ³US: ²-Úlqf/ ´= µpilau.¼
¨pi®las®ter© ²/pIÚlastE(r)/ ³n ´rectangular column, esp an ornamental one that
projects from a wall into which it is set.¼
¨pi®lau© ²/pIÚlñ8/, ±pi®laf(f) ²/pIÚlaf ³US: ²-Úlqf/ ³n ¶[U] ´oriental
dish of steamed rice with meat, etc.¼
¨pil®chard© ²/ÚpIlt2Ed/ ³n ´small sea-fish resembling the herring.¼
¨pile©1 ²/pñIl/ ³n ¶[C] ´heavy beam of timber, steel, concrete, etc driven into
the ground, esp under water, as a foundation for a building, a support for a
bridge, etc. ¸Ú@-driver ³n ´machine for driving @s into the ground.
¸Ú@-dwelling ³n ´(also called ³lake-dwelling´) ´house resting on @s, esp at the
side of a lake. ¹ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´supply with @s.¼
¨pile©2 ²/pñIl/ ³n ¸1 ´number of things lying one upon another: ³a @ of books.
¸2 funeral @, ´heap of wood, etc on which a corpse is burnt. ¸3 ´(colloq) large
amount of money. ·make a/one's @, ´earn a lot of money. ¸4 ´large high building
or group of buildings. ¸5 ´dry battery for producing electric current. ¸atomic
@, ´apparatus for the controlled release of atomic energy; nuclear reactor.¼
¨pile©3 ²/pñIl/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A,15A,B] ´make into a @; put on or
in a @: ³@ logs; @ up dishes on a table; @ a table with dishes; @ more coal on
(the fire). ·@ arms, ´place (usu four) rifles together with butts on the ground
and muzzles touching. ·@ it on, ´(colloq) exaggerate. ·@ on the agony,
´(colloq) make a description of a painful event more agonizing than is
necessary. ¸2 ¶[VP2C] ·@ up, ¸(a) ´accumulate: ³My work keeps piling up´, There
is more and more work for me to do. ¸(b) ´(of a number of vehicles) crash into
each other, forming a @. Hence, ¸Ú@-up ³n´: ³another bad @-up on the motorway
during thick fog. ¸3 ·@ into/out of sth, ´enter/leave in a disorderly way:
³They all @d into/out of the car/cinema.¼
¨pile©4 ²/pñIl/ ³n ¶[U] ´soft, thick, hair-like surface of velvet, some
carpets, etc.¼
¨piles© ²/pñIlz/ ³n ¶[U] ´hemorrhoids.¼
¨pil®fer© ²/ÚpIlfE(r)/ ³vt,vi ¶[VP6A,2A] ´steal, esp in small quantities: ³@ed
during transit by rail. ¸@er ³n ¸@®age ²/-IdZ/ ³n ¶[U] ´act of @ing; loss by
@ing.¼
¨pil®grim© ²/ÚpIlgrIm/ ³n ´person who travels to a sacred place as an act of
religious devotion: ³@s to Mecca; the Canterbury @s, ´in England, during the
Middle Ages. ¸the P@ Fathers, ´English Puritans who went to America in 1620
and founded the colony of Plymouth, Massachusetts. ¸@®age ²/-IdZ/ ³n ´journey
of a @: ³go on a @age to Benares.¼
¨pill© ²/pIl/ ³n ¸1 ´small ball or tablet of medicine for swallowing whole. ·a
bitter @ (to swallow), µ¥ bitter. ·sugar/sweeten the @, ´make sth disagreeable
seem less so. ¸Ú@®box ³n ¸(a) ´small cylindrical box for holding @s. ¸(b)
´(army use) small (often partly underground) concrete fort. ¸2 the @, ´oral
contraceptive. ·be/go on the @, ´be taking/start to take such @s regularly.¼
¨pil®lage© ²/ÚpIlIdZ/ ³n, vt ´plunder, esp in war. ¸pil®lager ²/-IdZE(r)/ ³n
´one who @s.¼
¨pil®lar© ²/ÚpIlE(r)/ ³n ¸1 ´upright column, of stone, wood, metal, etc as a
support or ornament. µ¥ ´the illus at µcolumn. ·(driven) from @ to post, ´(fig)
(driven) from one resource to another, to and fro. ¸2 ´(fig) ·@ of, ´strong and
important supporter: ³a @ of the establishment. ¸3 Ú@-box ³n ´cylindrical
container (in GB, scarlet) about 5 feet high, standing in a public place, in
which letters are posted. ¸4 ´sth in the shape of a @, eÔg a column of fire,
smoke, cloud or, in a coalmine, of coal left to support the roof.¼
¨pil®lion© ²/ÚpIlIEn/ ³n ´seat for a second rider behind the rider of a horse;
seat for a passenger behind the driver of a motor-bike: ³riding @; the @
passenger.¼
¨pil®lory© ²/ÚpIlErI/ ³n (pl µ-ries³) ´wooden framework in which the head and
hands of wrongdoers were, in olden times, secured whilst they were ridiculed.¼
¨pil®low© ²/ÚpIlE8/ ³n ´soft cushion for the head, esp when lying
in bed. ¸Ú@-case/-slip ³n ´washable cover for a @. ¸Ú@-fight ³n ´child's game
of fighting with @s. ¹ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´rest, support, on or as on a @; serve as a
@ for.¼
¨pi®lot© ²/ÚpñIlEt/ ³n ¸1 ´person trained and licensed to take ships into or
out of a harbour, along a river, through a canal, etc. ·drop the @, ´(fig)
dismiss a trusted adviser. ¸2 ´person trained to operate the controls of an
aircraft. ¸P@ Officer, ´lowest commissioned rank in the Royal Air Force,
below that of Flying Officer. ¸3 ´(attrib) experimental; used to test how sth
on a larger scale will work, how it may be improved, etc: ³a ·Ú³@
census/survey/scheme; a ·Ú³@ plant´, for a manufacturing process; ³a ·Ú³@
tunnel. ¸4 ´(compounds) ¸Ú@-boat ³n ´one which takes @s to
ships. ¸Ú@-cloth ³n ¶[U] ´blue woollen cloth used for overcoats, etc.
¸Ú@-engine ³n ´railway engine that goes in advance (eÔg to check for safety).
¸Ú@-fish ³n ´small fish which often swims in company with larger fish, eÔg
sharks, or sometimes ships. ¸Ú@-light/-burner ³n ´small flame in a gas cooker
or lamp, kept burning continuously, which lights large burners, etc when the
gas is turned on. ¹ ³vt ¶[VP6A,15A] ´act as a @ to: ³@ ships through the Panama
Canal.¼
¨pi®mento© ²/pIÚmentE8/ ³n (pl µ@s ²/-tE8z/³) ¸1 ¶[U] ´dried
aromatic berries of a West Indian tree, also called ³Jamaica pepper ´and
³all-spice. ¸2 ¶[C] ´tree that produces the berries.¼
¨pimp© ²/pImp/ ³n ´panderµ(2)´. ³¹ vi ¶[VP2A,3A] ·@ (for sb), ´act as a @.¼
¨pim®per®nel© ²/ÚpImpEnel/ ³n ´small annual plant growing wild in wheatfields
and on waste land, with scarlet, blue or white flowers.¼
¨pimple© ²/ÚpImpl/ ³n ´small, hard, inflamed spot on the skin. ¸pim®pled ³adj
´having @s. ¸pim®ply ²/ÚpImplI/ ³adj µ(-ier, -iest) ´having @s: ³a pimply
boy/face.¼
¨pin©1 ²/pIn/ ³n ¸1 ´short, thin piece of stiff wire with a sharp point and a
round head, used for fastening together parts of a dress, papers, etc. ·don't
care a pin, ´don't care at all. ·neat as a new pin, ´very neat. ·pins and
needles, ´tingling sensation in a part of the body caused by blood flowing
again after its circulation has been checked for a time. ¸2 ´similar piece of
wire with an ornamental head for special purposes: ³a ·Ú³tie-pin; a
·Ú³hat-pin. ¸Úsafety-pin, ´pin bent with a guard at one end to protect and
hold fast the point at the other end. µ¥ ´the illus at µsafety. ¸3 ´peg of wood
or metal for various purposes. µ¥ ³drawing-pin ´at µdrawing, ³hairpin ´at
µhair(2), ninepins, ³rolling-pin ´at µroll±2µ(11)´; peg round which a string of
a musical instrument is fastened. ¸Úpin-ball ³n ´game played with a small ball
which has to be electrically struck against one of several upright knobs, and
guided into one of several numbered holes on a sloping board. ¸Úpin-table ³n
´table used in pin-ball. ¸4 ³(pl) ´(sl) legs: ³He's quick on his @s. ¸5
´(compounds) ¸Úpin®cushion ³n ´pad into which (a dressmaker's) pins are stuck.
¸Úpin®head ³n ´(colloq) very stupid person. ¸Úpin-money ³n ¶[U] ´money
allowance to, or money earned by, a woman for dress, small personal
necessities, etc. ¸Úpin-point ³n ´sth very small; (attrib of targets) requiring
accurate and precise bombing or shelling. µ¹ ³vt ´find, hit, such a target with
the required accuracy: ³Our planes pin-pointed the target. ¸Úpin-prick ³n
´(fig) small act, remark, etc causing annoyance. ¸Úpin-stripe ³adj ´(of dress
material) with many very narrow stripes.¼
¨pin©2 ²/pIn/ ³vt µ(-nn-) ¶[VP15A,B] ¸1 ´fasten (things ³together,
up, to ´sth, etc) with a pin or pins: ³pin papers together; pin up a notice´,
eÔg with drawing-pins on a notice-board. ·pin sth on sb, ´make him appear
responsible; place the blame for sth on sb. ·pin one's hopes on sb, ´have
strong hope that he will help; rely on him unquestioningly. ¸Úpin-up ³n
´picture of a favourite or much admired person, pinned up on a wall: (attrib)
³a ·Ú³pin-up girl. ¸2 ´make unable to move: ³He was pinned under the
wreckage/the wrecked car. He pinned his assailant against the wall´, held him
there and prevented him from moving. ³The troops were pinned
down by accurate fire´, were unable to advance or withdraw. ·pin sb down,
´(fig) get him to commit himself, to state his intentions, etc: ³He's a
difficult man to pin down. ·pin sb down to sth, ´get him to agree to keep, eÔg
a promise, an agreement.¼
¨pina®fore© ²/ÚpInEfc(r)/ ³n ´loose article of clothing worn over a dress to
keep it clean.¼
¨pince-nez© ²/Úpans neI/ ³n ´pair of spectacles with a spring to clip the nose
(instead of a frame that fits round the ears).¼
¨pin®cers© ²/ÚpInsEz/ ³n pl ¸(pair of) @s, ¸1 ´instrument for gripping things,
pulling nails out of wood, etc. µ¥ ´the illus at µtool. ¸Úpincer movement,
´(mil) attack by two converging forces. ¸2 ´pincer-shaped claws of
certain shellfish. µ¥ ´the illus at µcrustacean.¼
¨pinch© ²/pInt2/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A,15A,B] ´take in a tight grip between the
thumb and finger; have in a tight grip between two hard things which are
pressed together: ³He @ed the boy's cheek. He @ed the top of the plants
off/@ed out the side shoots. I @ed my finger in the doorway. ¸2 ¶[VP6A,2A] ´be
too tight; hurt by being too tight: ³These shoes @ (me). ·(see, etc) where the
shoe @es, ´(fig) where the difficulty or hardship lies. ¸3 ´(in passive)
suffer; feel the effects of: ³be @ed with cold/poverty. ·be @ed for money, ´be
short of money. ¸4 ¶[VP6A] ´(colloq) steal; take without permission: ³Who's @ed
my dictionary? ¸5 ¶[VP2A] ´be niggardly; be very mean; live sparingly or
economically: ³parents who have to @ and scrape in order to save money for a
child's clothes. ¸6 ´(sl) (of the police) take into custody; arrest: ³You'll be
@ed if you're not careful. ¹ ³n ¸1 ´act of @ing; painful squeeze: ³He gave her
a spiteful @. ¸2 ´(fig) stress: ³feel the @ of poverty. ¸3 ´amount which can be
taken up with the thumb and finger: ³a @ of salt/snuff. ·take sth with a @ of
salt, µ¥ salt. ¸4 ·at a @; if it comes to the @, ´if there is need and if there
is no other way: ³We can get six people round the table at a @.¼
¨pinch®beck© ²/ÚpInt2bek/ ³n ´alloy of copper and zinc, simulating
gold, used in cheap jewellery, etc. ¹ ³adj ´sham.¼
¨pine©1 ²/pñIn/ ³n ¶[C] ´kinds of evergreen tree with needle-shaped leaves
¸(Ú@-needles) ´and cones ¸(Ú@-cones)´; ¶[U] ´the wood of this tree. µ¥ ´the
illus at µtree.¼
¨pine©2 ²/pñIn/ ³vi ¸1 ¶[VP2A,C] ´waste away through sorrow or illness: ³pining
from hunger. ¸2 ¶[VP3A,4C] ·@ for sth; @ to do sth, ´have a strong desire:
³exiles pining for home/to return home.¼
¨pin®eal© ²/ÚpñInIEl/ ³adj ´shaped like a pine-cone: ³@ gland´, gland in the
brain.¼
¨pine®apple© ²/ÚpñInapl/ ³n ¶[C] ´(tropical plant with) sweet, juicy fruit;
¶[U] ´this as food: ³@ juice; tinned @. µ¥ ´the illus at µfruit.¼
¨ping© ²/pIG/ ³n ´short, sharp, ringing sound as of elastic being stretched
and released or a rifle bullet in the air or striking a hard substance. ¹ ³vi
´make this sound.¼
¨ping®pong© ²/ÚpIGpoG/ ³n ´(colloq) table tennis.¼
¨pin®ion©1 ²/ÚpInIEn/ ³n ¸1 ´bird's wing, esp the outer joint; flight-feather
of a bird. ¸2 ´(poet) wing: ³an eagle's @s. ¹ vt ¶[VP6A] ¸1 ´cut off a @ of (a
wing or bird) to hamper flight. ¸2 ¶[VP15A,B] ·@ (to/together), ´bind the arms
of (a person); bind (sb's) arms; bind (sb) fast (to sth).¼
¨pin®ion©2 ²/ÚpInIEn/ ³n ´small cogwheel with teeth fitting into those of a
larger cogwheel. µ¥ ´the illus at µgear.¼
¨pink©1 ²/pIGk/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´pale red colour of various kinds (³rose @, salmon
@). ¸@ gin, ´portion of gin with angostura. ¸2 ¶[C] ´garden plant with
sweet-smelling white, @, crimson or variegated flowers. ¸3 ·in the @ (of
health), ´(colloq) very well. ¹ ³adj ¸1 ´of pale red colour. ¸2 ´(colloq)
inclined to be left wing in politics. µ¥ red. ¸@®ish ²/-I2/ ³adj ´rather @.¼
¨pink©2 ²/pIGk/ ³vt ¸1 ¶[VP6A] ´pierce with a sword. ¸2 ¶[VP6A,15B] ·@ (out),
´decorate (leather, cloth) with small holes, etc. ¸Ú@®ing scissors/shears ³n
pl ´sewing scissors with serrated edges, used to prevent edges of cloth from
fraying.¼
¨pink©3 ²/pIGk/ ³vi ´(of an internal combustion engine) make high-pitched
explosive sounds; knockµ(3)´.¼
¨pin®nace© ²/ÚpInIs/ ³n ´big ship's small motor-boat.¼
¨pin®nacle© ²/ÚpInEkl/ ³n ¸1 ´tall, pointed ornament built on to a roof or
buttress. µ¥ ´the illus at µchurch. ¸2 ´high, slender mountain peak. ¸3 ´(fig)
highest point: ³at the @ of his fame. ¹ vt ´set (as) on a @; supply with @s.¼
¨pin®nate© ²/ÚpIneIt/ ³adj ´(bot) (of a leaf) formed of small leaves on
opposite sides of a stem.¼
¨pinny© ²/ÚpInI/ ³n (pl µ-nies³) ´(child's name for a) pinafore.¼
¨pint© ²/pñInt/ ³n ´unit of measure for liquids and certain dry goods,
one-eighth of a gallon or about ²Ø´57 of a litre: ³a @ of milk/beer/lentils.
µ¥ App 5.¼
¨pion®eer© ²/*pñIEÚnIE(r)/ ³n ¸1 ´person who goes into a new or undeveloped
country to settle or work there; first student of a new branch of study, etc;
explorer. ¸2 ´(mil) one of an advance party of soldiers (eÔg clearing or
making roads). ¹ ³vi,vt ¶[VP2A] ´act as a @; ¶[VP6A] ´open up (a way, etc);
show (new methods, etc) to others.¼
¨pious© ²/ÚpñIEs/ ³adj ¸1 ´having, showing, deep devotion to
religion. ¸2 ´(old use) dutiful to parents. ¸@®ly ³adv¼
¨pip©1 ²/pIp/ ³n ´seed, esp of a lemon, orange, apple or pear. µ¥ ´the illus
at µfruit.¼
¨pip©2 ²/pIp/ ³n ¸the pip, ´disease of poultry; (sl) fit of depression or
irritation. ·have/get/give sb the pip´: ³That man gives me the pip.¼
¨pip©3 ²/pIp/ ³n ´note of a time-signal on the telephone or radio: ³The last of
the six pips gives the time to the second.¼
¨pip©4 ²/pIp/ ³n ¸1 ´each spot on playing-cards, dice and dominoes. ¸2 ´(GB
colloq) star (1 to 3 according to rank) on an army officer's shoulder-strap.¼
¨pip©5 ²/pIp/ ³vt µ(-pp-) ¶[VP6A] ´(GB colloq) hit with a gunshot. ·pipped at
the post, ´defeated at the last moment.¼
¨pi®pal© ²/ÚpipEl/ µ¥ peepul.¼
¨pipe©1 ²/pñIp/ ³n ¸1 ´tube through which liquids or gases can flow:
·Ú³water-@s; ·Ú³gas-@s; ·Ú³drain@s. ¸Ú@®line ³n ´line of connected @s, often
underground, for conveying eÔg petroleum to distant places. ·in the @line,
´(of any kind of goods or proposals) on the way; about to be delivered in a
schedule, list, etc to receive attention. ¸2 ´musical wind-instrument (a single
tube with holes stopped by the fingers); each of the tubes from which sound is
produced in an organ; ³(pl) ´bag@s. ¸3 ´(sound of the) whistle used by a
boatswain. ¸4 ´song or note of a bird. ¸5 ´tubular organ in the body: ·Ú³wind@.
¸6 (toÚbacco) @, ´tube with a bowl, used for smoking tobacco; quantity of
tobacco held in the bowl: ³smoke a @. Give me a @ of tobacco, please. ·Put
Úthat in your @ and smoke it, ´(colloq) That is sth for you to reflect upon and
accept if you can. ¸Ú@®clay ³n ¶[U] ´fine, white clay formerly used for making
tobacco @s, and (by soldiers) for whitening leather belts and other pieces of
equipment. ¸Ú@®dream ³n ´plan, idea, etc that is fantastic and impracticable.
¸Ú@-rack ³n ´rack for tobacco @s. ¸7 ´cask for wine (equal to about 105
gallons). ¸Ú@®ful ²/-f8l/ ³n ´as much as a @µ(6) ´holds.¼
¨pipe©2 ²/pñIp/ ³vi,vt ¸1 ¶[VP6A,15A] ´convey (water, etc) through
pipes: ³@ water into a house. ¸2 ¶[VP6A,2A] ´play (a tune) on a pipe; whistle;
utter or sing in a thin, treble voice. ¶[VP2C] ·@ up, ´(colloq) begin to play,
sing or speak. ·@ down, ´(colloq) be quiet; be less noisy or cocksure. ¸3
¶[VP15A] ´(naut) summon (sailors) by blowing a boatswain's pipe: ³@ all hands
on deck; ´lead or welcome (sb) by the sound of a boatswain's pipe: ³@ the
captain on board. ¸4 ¶[VP6A] ´trim (a dress), ornament (a cake, etc) with
piping. µ¥ piping(2).¼
¨piper© ²/ÚpñIpE(r)/ ³n ´one who plays on a pipe, esp a player of the
bagpipes. ·pay the @ (and call the tune), ´bear the cost of an undertaking
(and have control of what is done).¼
¨pip®ette© ²/pIÚpet/ ³n ´slender tube for transferring small quantities of
liquid, esp in chemistry.¼
¨pip®ing© ²/ÚpñIpIG/ ³n ¶[U] ¸1 ´length of pipesµ(1)´, esp for water and
drains: ³ten feet of lead @. ¸2 ´narrow cord-like material used to ornament
the edges of some garments; cord-like lines of icing-sugar used to decorate
cakes, etc. ¸3 ´action of playing on a pipe; sound produced from a pipe. ¹
³adj ´like the sound from a pipeµ(2)´: ³a @ voice. ·the @ time(s) of peace´,
time(s) when there is peaceful music instead of martial music. ¹ ³adv ·@ hot,
´(of liquids, food) hissing or steaming hot.¼
¨pip®pin© ²/ÚpIpIn/ ³n ´kinds of apple.¼
¨pip®squeak© ²/ÚpIpskwik/ ³n ´(sl) insignificant or contemptible person or
thing.¼
¨pi®quant© ²/ÚpikEnt/ ³adj ´pleasantly sharp to the taste: ³a @ sauce; ´(fig)
pleasantly exciting to the mind: ³a @ bit of gossip. ¸@®ly ³adv ¸pi®quancy
²/-EnsI/ ³n ´the quality of being @.¼
¨pique© ²/pik/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ¸1 ´hurt the pride or self-respect of. ¸2 ´stir
(the curiosity); stir the curiosity of (sb). ¸3 ·@ oneself on sth, ´pride
oneself on; feel proud about: ³He @d himself on being punctual. ¹ n ¶[U,C]
´pride; ´feeling one has when one's curiosity is unsatisfied; resentment: ³go
away in a fit of @; take a @ against sb.¼
¨pi®quet© ²/pIÚket/ ³n ´card game for two players with a pack of 32 cards.¼
¨pi®ranha© ²/pIÚrqnjE/ ³n ´(kinds of) tropical American freshwater fish, noted
for attacking and eating live animals.¼
¨pi®rate© ²/ÚpñIErEt/ ³n ¸1 ´sea-robber; sea-robber's ship. ¸2 ´person who
infringes another's copyright, who broadcasts without a licence, usurps
trading rights, etc. ¹ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´use, reproduce (a book, a recording,
another's work, etc) without authority and for one's own profit. ¸pi®rati®cal
²/*pñIEÚratIkl/ ³adj ´of, in the manner of, a @. ¸pi®rati®cally ²/-klI/ ³adv
¸pi®racy ²/ÚpñIErEsI/ ³n (pl µ-cies³) ¶[U] ´robbery by @s; pirating of books,
etc; ¶[C] ´instance of either of these.¼
¨pir®ou®ette© ²/*pIr8Úet/ ³n ¶[C] ´ballet-dancer's rapid turn on the ball of
the foot or on the point of the toe. ¹ ³vi ´dance a @ or @s.¼
¨pis al®ler© ²/*piz ÚaleI ³US: ²*piz aÚleI/ ³n ´(F) the last resort; course of
action taken because there seems to be nothing better.¼
¨pis®ca®tor®ial© ²/*pIskEÚtcrIEl/ ³adj ´of fishing; addicted to fishing.¼
¨Pis®ces© ²/ÚpqIsiz/ ³n ´twelfth sign of the zodiac (also called ³the fish´).
µ¥ ´the illus at µzodiac.¼
¨piss© ²/pIs/ ³vt,vi ´Ï (not in polite use) pass urine; discharge (blood) with
urine; wet with urine. ·P@ off! ´(vulg) Go away! ¸@ed ³adj ´(vulg) very drunk.
·@ed off, ´(vulg) annoyed. ¹ ³n ´urine.¼
¨pis®ta®chio© ²/pIÚstqt2IE8 ³US: ²-ta2IE8/ ³n (pl µ@s ²/-2IE8z/³) ´(tree
yielding) nut with a green edible kernel; colour of this kernel.¼
¨pis®til© ²/ÚpIstl/ ³n ´seed-producing part of a flower. µ¥ ´the illus at
µflower.¼
¨pis®tol© ²/ÚpIstl/ ³n ¶[C] ´small firearm held and fired in one
hand. ·hold a @ to sb's head, ´try, by using threats, to make him do what one
wants.¼
¨pis®ton© ²/ÚpIstEn/ ³n ´round plate or short cylinder of wood or metal,
fitting closely inside another cylinder or tube in which it moves up and down
or backwards and forwards, used in engines, pumps, etc to impart or receive
motion by means of a rod, called a ·Ú³@-rod. µ¥ ´the illus at µmotor. ¸Ú@
engined, ´(of aircraft) having engines with @s (contrasted with jet engines).
¸Ú@ ring ³n ´split metal ring used in a @ to make a gas-tight joint.¼
¨pit©1 ²/pIt/ ³n ¸1 ´hole in the earth, usu with steep sides, esp one from
which material is dug out (³a ·Ú³chalk-pit; a ·Ú³clay-pit; a ·Ú³coal-pit) ´or
for industrial purposes ³(a ·Ú³saw-pit). ¸Úpit®head ³n ´entrance of a coalmine:
³pithead baths. ¸Úpit®man ²/-mEn/ ³n (pl µ-men³) ´collier; worker in a
coal-pit. ¸Úpit pony ³n ´pony kept underground in coalmines. ¸Úpit-prop ³n
´prop used to support the roof of a gallery in a mine pit. ¸Úpit-saw ³n ´saw
used in a saw-pit. µ¥ saw±2´. ¸2 ´covered hole as a trap for wild animals, etc.
¸Úpit®fall ³n ´covered pit as a trap for animals; (more usu, fig) unsuspected
snare or danger. ¸3 ´hollow in an animal or plant body. ·the pit of the
stomach´, the depression in the belly between the ribs. µ¥ ´also ³armpit ´at
µarm±1µ(1). ¸4 ´scar left on the body after smallpox. ¸5 ´(GB, not US) seats on
the ground floor of a theatre behind the stalls; people occupying these seats.
¸6 ´(US) part of the floor of an exchange used for a special commodity: ³the
·Ú³wheat-pit. ¸7 the pit, ´(rhet, biblical) hell. ¸8 ´hole in the floor
(of a garage, workshop) from which the underside of a motor-vehicle can be
examined and repaired; place (at a race-course) at which racing cars stop for
fuel, new tyres, etc, during a race. ¸9 ´= µcockpit. ¹ ³vt ¸1 ¶[VP6A] ´mark
with pitsµ(4) ´or with hollows in the ground: ³a face pitted with smallpox; the
surface of the moon, pitted with craters. ¸2 ¶[VP14] ·@ against, ´cause to
struggle against: ³pit one's wits against the Income Tax Office.¼
¨pit©2 ²/pIt/ ³n ´(US) hard, stone-like seed (of such fruits as cherries,
plums, peaches, dates). ¹ ³vt µ(-tt-) ´(US) remove pits from.¼
¨pit-a-pat© ²/*pIt E Úpat/ ³adv ´with quick beating, with the sound
of light, quick taps or steps: ³Her heart/feet went @.¼
¨pitch©1 ²/pIt2/ ³n ¸1 ´place where sb (esp a street trader) usu does
business, where a street entertainer usu performs. ·queer sb's @, ´upset his
plans; thwart him. ¸2 ´(cricket) part of the ground between the wickets;
manner in which the ball is delivered in bowling; (baseball) manner or act of
pitching the ball; (football) ground, field (the usual words) on which the
game is played. ¸3 ´act of pitching or throwing anything; distance to which sth
is thrown. ¸4 ´(music and speech) degree of highness or lowness; quality of
sound. ¸5 ´degree: ³at the lowest @ of his (ill) fortune. Excitement rose to
fever @. ¸6 ´amount of slope (esp of a roof). ¸7 ´(of a ship) process of
pitchingµ(5)´.¼
¨pitch©2 ²/pIt2/ ³n ¶[U] ´black substance made from coal-tar, turpentine or
petroleum, sticky and semi-liquid when hot, hard when cold, used to fill
cracks or spaces, eÔg between planks forming a floor or ship's deck, make
roofs waterproof, etc. ·as black/dark as @, ´completely black/dark.
¸*@-Úblack/-Údark ³adjj ´completely black/dark. ¸Ú@-blende ³n ¶[U] ´black,
shining mineral ore (oxide of uranium) yielding radium. ¸Ú@ pine ³n ´specially
resinous kinds of pine-tree or its wood.¼
¨pitch©3 ²/pIt2/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A] ´set up, erect (a tent, camp); ¶[VP2A] ´set
up one's tent or camp. ¸2 ¶[VP6A,15A,B] ´throw (a ball, etc); throw (sb or sth
³out, aside´, etc), esp with impatience or energetic dislike: ³Let's @ the
drunkard out. The men were @ing hay´, lifting it, eÔg into a wagon, with
forks. ¸Ú@®fork ³n ´long-handled fork with sharp prongs for lifting hay, etc.
µ¹ ³vt ´lift or move with a fork; (fig) thrust (a person) forcibly ³(into ´a
position, etc). ¸3 ¶[VP15A] ´(music) set in a certain pitch (µ4´) or key: ³@ a
tune too high/in a lower key. This song is @ed too low for me. ¸4 ¶[VP2C,15A,B]
´(cause to) fall heavily forwards or outwards: ³He @ed on his head. The
carriage overturned and the passengers were @ed out. ¸5 ¶[VP2A,C] ´(of a ship)
move up and down as the bows rise and fall. µ¥ roll±2µ(6). ¸6 ·@ in, ´set to
work with energy. ·@ into, ¸(a) ´attack violently: ³They @ed into him. ¸(b)
´get busy with: ³We @ed into the work. The hungry boy @ed into the meat-pie´,
began to eat it. ·@ upon, ´select by chance; light or pick upon: ³@ upon the
most suitable man for the job. ¸7 ·@ed battle, ´one that is fought with troops
arranged in prepared positions, not a casual encounter. ¸8 ¶[VP15B,22]
´(cricket) (cause the ball to) strike the ground near or around the wicket: ³@
the ball short; @ the ball up a bit; ´(baseball) throw (the ball) to the
batter. ·@ wickets, ´(cricket) fix the stumps in the ground with the bails in
place. ¸9 ´(sl) tell (a yarn, a story). ¸10 *@-and-Útoss ³n ´game of skill and
chance in which coins are @ed at a mark.¼
¨pitcher©1 ²/ÚpIt2E(r)/ ³n ´large (usu earthenware) vessel with a
handle and lip for holding liquids; large jug.¼
¨pitcher©2 ²/ÚpIt2E(r)/ ³n ´(baseball) player who throws the ball. µ¥ ´the
illus at µbaseball.¼
¨pit®eous© ²/ÚpItIEs/ ³adj ´arousing pity. ¸@®ly ³adv¼
¨pit®fall© ²/ÚpItfcl/ ³n µ¥ pit±1µ(2).¼
¨pith© ²/pIT/ ³n ¶[U] ¸1 ´soft substance that fills the stems of some plants
(eÔg reeds); similar substance lining the rind of oranges, etc. ¸Ú@ hat/helmet,
´light sun hat made of dried @. ¸2 ´(fig) essential part: ³the @ of his
argument/speech, etc. ¸3 ´vigour; force. ¸@y ³adj µ(-ier, -iest) ¸1 ´of, like,
full of, @. ¸2 ´forcible; full of meaning: ³@y sayings. ¸@®ily ²/-IlI/ ³adv¼
¨piti®able© ²/ÚpItIEbl/ ³adj ´exciting pity; deserving only contempt: ³a @
attempt. ¸piti®ably ²/-EblI/ ³adv¼
¨piti®ful© ²/ÚpItIfl/ ³adj ¸1 ´feeling pity; compassionate. ¸2 ´causing pity:
³a @ sight. ¸3 ´arousing contempt. ¸@ly ²/-fElI/ ³adv¼
¨piti®less© ²/ÚpItIlIs/ ³adj ´showing no pity. ¸@®ly ³adv¼
¨pi®ton© ²/Úpiton/ ³n ´metal spike driven into rock, with a hole for rope, used
as a hold in mountain climbing.¼
¨pit®tance© ²/ÚpItns/ ³n ´low, insufficient payment or allowance (for work,
etc): ³work all day for a mere @.¼
¨pitter-patter© ²/ÚpItE patE(r)/ ³n ´patter: ³the @ of rain on the roof.¼
¨pi®tu®itary© ²/pIÚtjuItErI ³US: ²-ÚtuEterI/ ³adj ¸Ú@ gland, ´small ductless
gland at the base of the brain, secreting hormones that influence growth, etc.
¹ ³n ´@ gland.¼
¨pity© ²/ÚpItI/ ³n (pl µ-ties³) ¸1 ¶[U] ´feeling of sorrow for the troubles,
sufferings, etc of another person: ³be filled with/feel @ for sb. ·have/take @
on sb, ´help sb in trouble, etc. ·for @'s sake, ´(used as a form of entreaty):
³For @'s sake try to stop this persecution. ·out of @, ´because of a feeling
of @: ³give a beggar a few coins out of @. ¸2 ´(with ³indef art´, but not in
³pl ´except as below) (event which gives) cause for regret or sorrow: ³What a
@ ´(= How unfortunate) ³(that) you can't come with us! It's a @ (that) he
can't swim. The @ is that«´, The thing to be regretted is that«. ³It's a
thousand pities that«´, is most unfortunate that«. ¹ ³vt (pt,pp µ-tied³)
¶[VP6A] ´feel genuine @ for; feel contemptuous @ for: ³He is much to be
pitied. I @ you if you think that you deserve to be helped. ¸@®ing ³adj
´expressing @. ¸@®ing®ly ³adv¼
¨pivot© ²/ÚpIvEt/ ³n ¸1 ´central pin or point on which sth turns, µ¥ ´the illus
at µbalance´; (fig) sth on which an argument or discussion depends. ¸2 ´(mil)
man or unit on whom a body of troops turns or wheels when changing front or
direction. ¹ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP3A] ·@ on, ´turn as on a @. ¸2 ¶[VP6A]
´place on a @; supply with a @. ¸@al ²/-tl/ ³adj ´of, forming, a @; (fig) of
great importance because other things depend upon it.¼
¨pixi®lated© ²/ÚpIksIleItId/ ³adj ´(dial) slightly crazy.¼
¨pixy©, pixie ²/ÚpIksI/ ³n (pl µ-xies³) ´small elf or fairy.¼
¨pizza© ²/ÚpitsE/ ³n ´(I) dish of food made by baking a layer of
dough covered with a mixture of tomatoes, cheese, etc.¼
¨piz®zi®cato© ²/*pItsIÚkqtE8/ ³adj, adv ´(I) (music) (played) by plucking the
strings (of a violin, etc) instead of using the bow.¼
¨plac®ard© ²/Úplakqd/ ³n ´written or printed announcement (to be) publicly
displayed; poster. ¹ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´put @s on (walls, etc); make known by means
of @s.¼
¨pla®cate© ²/plEÚkeIt ³US: ²ÚpleIkeIt/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´soothe; pacify.¼
¨place©1 ²/pleIs/ ³n ¸1 ´particular part of space occupied by sb or sth: ³I
can't be in two @s at once. ¸2 ´city, town, village, etc: ³visit @s and see
things´, travel as a tourist. ·Úgo @s, ´(colloq) have increasing success.
¸Ú@-name ³n ´name of a city, town, village, hill, lake, etc: ³an expert on
the origin of @-names. ¸3 ´building or area of land used for some particular
purpose that is specified: ³a @ of worship´, a church, etc; ³@s of amusement´,
theatres, discotheques, cinemas, etc; ³a ·Ú³market-@; a @ of business. ¸4
´particular @ on a surface: ³a sore @ on my neck. ¸5 ´passage, part, in a book,
etc: ³I've lost my @´, can't find the @ where I stopped reading. ³Use a
book-mark to keep your @ instead of turning down the corner of the page. ¸6
´rank or station (in society, etc): ³keep/know one's @. ¸7 ´(in a race)
position among those competitors who are winners: ³Whose horse got the first @?
I shall back ´(= bet some money on) ³the favourite for a @´, iÔe to be one of
the first three past the winning-post. Hence, ¸Ú@-bet ³n ¸8 ´(maths) position
of a figure in a series as indicating its value in decimal or other notation:
³calculated to five @s of decimals/to five decimal @s´, eÔg 6²Ø´57132. ¸9
´single step or stage in an argument, etc. ·in the first/second, etc @,
´firstly/secondly, etc. ¸10 ´proper or natural position: ³A tidy person likes
to have a @ for everything and everything in its @. Please take your @s´, eÔg
ready for a dance. ³Go back to your @´, eÔg your seat. ³There's always a @ for
you around our table´, You will always be a welcome guest. ·in @, ¸(a) ´in the
right or proper @: ³I like to have everything in @. ¸(b) ´(fig) suitable;
appropriate: ³The proposal is not quite in @. ·out of @, ¸(a) ´not in the right
or proper @. ¸(b) ´(fig) unsuitable; inappropriate: ³Your remarks were rather
out of @. ·in @ of, ´instead of. ·give @, ´yield. ·give @ to, ´be
succeeded by. ·make @ for, ¸(a) ´make room (which is the more usu word) for.
¸(b) ´yield precedence to. ¸(c) ´be superseded by. ·put sb in his (proper) @;
put oneself in sb's/sb else's @, µ¥ put±1µ(2). ·take the @ of, ´be substituted
for: ³Who will take the @ of Mr X/take Mr X's @? Plastics have taken the @ of
many materials. ·take @, ´happen: ³The wedding/party/celebration took place
yesterday. ·pride of @, ´position of superiority. ¸11 ´office, employment, esp
a government appointment; duties of an office-holder: ³It's your @ to see that
the junior members of the staff do not arrive late. He will get a @ in the
Oxford boat´, will be chosen to be a member of the crew. ¸Ú@®man, Ú@®seeker,
´man looking for a favoured position, eÔg in government. ¸12 ´estate; house;
home: ³He has a nice little @ in the country. Come round to my @ one evening.
¸13 ´(in proper names) alternative name for ³Street, Square´, etc in a town:
³St James's P@. ¸14 Ú@-kick ³n ´(Rugby football) kick made when the ball is
previously placed for that purpose on the ground.¼
¨place©2 ²/pleIs/ ³vt ¶[VP6A,15A,B] ¸1 ´put (sth) in a certain
place; arrange (things) in their proper places: ³P@ them in the right order.
¸2 ´appoint (sb) to a post; put in office or authority: ³He was @d in command
of the Second Army. ¸3 ´put, invest (money): ³@ $500 in Saving Bonds; @ $100
to sb's credit in the bank. ¸4 ´put (an order for goods, etc) with a business
firm: ³@ an order for books with Blackwell's. ¸5 ´dispose of (goods) to a
customer: ³How can we @ all this surplus stock? ¸6 ´have, fix, repose: ³@
confidence in a leader. ¸7 ´recognize or estimate (sb) by connecting him with
past experience; fully identify: ³I know that man's face, but I can't @ him.
He's a difficult man to @. ¸8 ´(racing) state the position of runners (in a
race), contestants (in an athletic contest). ·be @d, ´be among the first
three: ³The Duke's horse wasn't @d.¼
¨pla®cebo© ²/plEÚsibE8/ ³n (pl µ@s³) ´sth not containing medicine
given to soothe, not to cure, a patient.¼
¨pla®centa© ²/plEÚsentE/ ³n ´(zool) organ lining the womb during pregnancy, by
which the foetus is nourished. It is expelled with the foetus and the
umbilical cord following birth. µ¥ ´the illus at µreproduce.¼
¨pla®cid© ²/ÚplasId/ ³adj ´calm; untroubled; (of a person) not easily
irritated. ¸@®ly ³adv ¸@®ity ²/plEÚsIdEtI/ ³n ¶[U].¼
¨placket© ²/ÚplakIt/ ³n ´opening in a woman's skirt to make it easier to put
on and take off; pocket inside this.¼
¨plage© ²/plqZ/ ³n ´(F) sea beach (esp at a fashionable seaside resort).¼
¨pla®giar®ize© ²/ÚpleIdZErñIz/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´take and use sb else's ideas,
words, etc as if they were one's own. ¸pla®giar®ism ²/-IzEm/ ³n ¶[U]
´plagiarizing; ¶[C] ´instance of this. ¸pla®giar®ist ²/-Ist/ ³n ´person who
@s.¼
¨plague© ²/pleIg/ ³n ¸1 ·the @, ³= bubonic plague, µ¥ bubonic. ¸Ú@-spot ³n ¸(a)
´spot on the skin characteristic of @. ¸(b) ´district infected with @. ¸(c)
´centre, source or symptom of moral evil. ¸2 ´cause of trouble, annoyance or
disaster: ³a @ of locusts/flies. What a @ that boy is! ´What a nuisance he is!
¹ ³vt ¶[VP6A,14] ·@ (with), ´annoy (esp with repeated requests or questions).
¸plaguy ²/ÚpleIgI/ ³adj ´(colloq) annoying. ¸pla®guily ²/-IlI/ ³adv
´annoyingly; provokingly.¼
¨plaice© ²/pleIs/ ³n (pl ´unchanged) edible flatfish. µ¥ ´the illus
at µfish.¼
¨plaid© ²/plad/ ³n ¸1 ¶[C] ´long piece of woollen cloth worn over the shoulders
by Scottish Highlanders. ¸2 ¶[U] ´cloth, usu with a chequered or tartan
pattern, used for this article of dress.¼
¨plain©1 ²/pleIn/ ³adj µ(-er, -est) ¸1 ´easy to see, hear or understand: ³@
English; in @ speech; @ language´, (of telegrams, etc) not in code. ³The
meaning is quite @. ¸*@ Úsailing, ´(fig) course of action that is simple and
free from difficulties: ³After we engaged a guide, everything was @ sailing. ¸2
´simple; ordinary; without luxury or ornament: ³a @ blue dress´, of blue
material without a design on it, or without trimmings, etc; ³in @ clothes´,
(esp of policemen) in ordinary clothes, not in uniform; ³@ food/cooking; a @
cook´, one who can prepare @ meals. ¸3 ´(of persons, their thoughts, actions,
etc) straightforward; frank: ³in @ words´, frankly; ³@ dealing´, honesty,
sincerity. ·to be Ú@ with you, ´to speak openly. ¸*@-Úspoken ³adj ´frank in
speech. ¸4 ´(of a person's appearance) not pretty or handsome. ¸5
Ú@-song/-chant ³n ´music for a number of voices in unison, used in the Anglican
and Roman Catholic Church services. ¹ ³adv ´clearly: ³learn to speak @;
´entirely: ³You are @ wrong. ¸@®ly ³adv ´clearly: ³The rock stuck out @ly;
´obviously: ³You are @ly wrong. ¸@®ness ³n¼
¨plain©2 ²/pleIn/ ³n ´area of level country: ³the wide @s of Canada. ¸Ú@s®man
²/-zmEn/ ³n (pl µ-men³) ´inhabitant of a @.¼
¨plain©3 ²/pleIn/ ³n ´simple stitch in knitting. µ¥ purl±1µ. ´¹ ³vt,vi ´knit
this stitch.¼
¨plaint© ²/pleInt/ ³n ¸1 ´(legal) charge; accusation. ¸2 ´(poet) complaint;
lamentation.¼
¨plain®tiff© ²/ÚpleIntIf/ ³n ´person who brings an action at law. µ¥
defendant.¼
¨plain®tive© ²/ÚpleIntIv/ ³adj ´sounding sad; sorrowful. ¸@®ly ³adv ¸@®ness ³n¼
¨plait© ²/plat/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´weave or twist (three or more lengths of hair,
straw, etc) under and over one another into one rope-like length. ¹ ³n ´sth
made by @ing: ³wearing her hair in a @.¼
¨plan© ²/plan/ ³n ¸1 ´outline drawing (of or for a building) showing the
relative sizes, positions, etc of the parts, esp as if seen from above: ³@s for
a new school. µ¥ elevation(5); µ¥ ´the illus at µperspective. ¸2 ´diagram (of
the parts of a machine). ¸3 ´diagram showing how a garden, park, town or other
area of land has been, or is to be, laid out. Cf ³map ´for a large area of
land. ¸4 ´arrangement for doing or using sth, considered in advance: ³make @s
for the holidays; a @ to encourage saving; a five-year @´, eÔg for a country's
economic and industrial development. ·(go) according to @, ´(happen) as
planned. ³¹ vt µ(-nn-) ¸1 ¶[VP6A] ´make a @ of or for: ³@ a house/garden. ¸2
¶[VP7A] ·@ to do sth, ´make @s: ³We're @ning to visit Europe this summer. ¸3
¶[VP6A,15B] ·@ (out), ´consider and arrange in advance: ³@ (out) a military
campaign. ¸a @ned economy, ´economic system @ned by government authorities. µ¥
town(2). ¸@®ner ³n ´one who makes @s. ¸@®less ³adj ´without a @.¼
¨plan®chette© ²/plqnÚ2et ³US: ²planÚ2et/ ³n ´small board supported by two
castors, with a vertical pencil said to trace marks on paper at spiritualistic
seances without conscious direction by hand.¼
¨plane©1 ²/pleIn/ ³n ¸Ú@(-tree), ´one of several kinds of tree with spreading
branches, broad leaves and thin bark, which comes off in flakes.¼
¨plane©2 ²/pleIn/ ³n ´tool for trimming the surface of wood by taking shavings
from it. µ¥ ´the illus at µtool. ´¹ ³vt,vi ¶[VP2A,15B,2D,22] ´use a @; make
smooth with a @: ³@ sth smooth. ·@ away/down, ´remove irregularities with a
@.¼
¨plane©3 ²/pleIn/ ³n ¸1 ´flat or level surface; surface such that the straight
line joining any points on it is touching it at all points; imaginary surface
of this kind; (attrib) ¸*@ geÚometry, ´geometry of figures on a @. ¸*@
Úsailing, ´the art of determining a ship's position on the theory that the ship
is moving on a @. µ¥ ³plain sailing ´at µplain±1µ(1). ¸2 ´main supporting
surface of an aeroplane. ¸3 ´(fig) level or stage (³of ´development, etc): ³on
the same @ as a savage; on a higher social @. ¹ ³vi ·@ (down), ´(of aeroplanes)
travel, glide.¼
¨plane©4 ²/pleIn/ ³n ´(colloq abbr for) µaeroplane.¼
¨planet© ²/ÚplanIt/ ³n ´one of the heavenly bodies (eÔg ³Mars, Venus´) which
moves round a star such as the sun and is illuminated by it. ¸plan®et®ary
²/ÚplanItrI ³US: ²-terI/ ³adj ´relating to, moving like, a @. ¸plan®et®ar®ium
²/*planIÚteErIEm/ ³n ´(building with a) device for representing the movements
of the stars and @s by projecting spots of light on the inner surface of a
large dome that represents the sky.¼
¨plan®gent© ²/ÚplandZEnt/ ³adj ´(formal) (of sounds) resounding; vibrating.¼
¨plank© ²/plaGk/ ³n ¸1 ´long, flat piece of timber, 2 to 6 inches thick, 9 or
more inches wide; board. ¸Ú@-bed ³n ´one of boards, without mattresses. ·walk
the @, µ¥ walk±2µ(4). ¸2 ´basic principle in a political platform. ¹ ³vt ¸1
¶[VP6A] ´furnish with @s; cover (a floor, etc) with @s. ¸2 ¶[VP15B] ·@ sth
down, ´(colloq) put down (esp money); pay at once. ¸@®ing ³n ¶[U] ´@s put down
to form a floor.¼
¨plank®ton© ²/ÚplaGktEn/ ³n ¶[U] ´the (chiefly microscopic) forms of organic
life that drift in or float on the water of the oceans, lakes, rivers, etc.¼
¨plant©1 ²/plqnt ³US: ²plant/ ³n ¸1 ´living organism which is not
an animal, esp the kind smaller than trees and shrubs: ³garden @s; a tobacco
@. ¸Ú@-louse ³n ´kinds of insect pest that attack @s, esp aphis. ¸2 ¶[U]
´apparatus, fixtures, machinery, etc used in an industrial or manufacturing
process: ³We get our tractors and bulldozers from a @-hire firm. The farm has
its own lighting @´, eÔg a generator for producing electric current. ¸3 ¶[U]
´(US) factory; buildings and equipment of an institution. ¸4 ´(sl) planned
swindle; hoax; person who joins a gang of criminals to get evidence against
them.¼
¨plant©2 ²/plqnt ³US: ²plant/ ³vt ¶[VP6A,15A,B] ¸1 ´put @s, bushes, trees, etc
in (a garden, etc): ³@ a garden with rose-bushes; set up a monument and @ it
round with trees/@ trees round it. ¸2 ´put (plants, trees, etc) in the ground
to grow; (fig) cause (an idea) to take root in sb's mind: ³@ (out) strawberry
runners/pansies. µ¥ sow±2µ. ¸3 ´place firmly in position; take up a position or
attitude: ³He @ed his feet firmly on the ground. He @ed himself in front of the
fire. He @ed his feet wide apart. ¸4 ´establish, found (a community, colony,
etc); settle (a person) in a place as a colonist, etc. ¸5 ´deliver (a blow,
etc) with deliberate aim: ³@ a blow on sb's ear. ¸6 ´(sl) hide (esp in order to
deceive sb, to cause an innocent person to seem guilty, etc): ³@ stolen goods
on sb. ¸@er ³n ¸1 ´person who grows crops on a plantation: ·Ú³tea-@ers;
·Ú³rubber-@ers. ¸2 ´machine for @ing: ³po·Ú³tato-@er.¼
¨plan®tain©1 ²/ÚplantIn/ ³n ´tree-like tropical plant bearing fruit similar to
that of the banana-palm; its fruit. µ¥ ´the illus at µvegetable.¼
¨plan®tain©2 ²/ÚplantIn/ ³n ´common wild plant with broad leaves and seeds
much used for cage-birds.¼
¨plan®ta®tion© ²/planÚteI2n/ ³n ¸1 ´area of land planted with
trees: ³@s of fir and pine. ¸2 ´large estate on which tea, cotton, sugar,
tobacco or other commercial crop is cultivated: ·Ú³@ songs´, songs sung by
Negroes who formerly worked as slaves on cotton @s in N America.¼
¨plaque© ²/plqk ³US: ²plak/ ³n ´flat metal or porcelain plate fixed on a wall
as an ornament or memorial.¼
¨plash© ²/pla2/ ³n sing ´light splashing sound: ³the @ of oars in
water. ¹ ³vt,vi ¶[VP6A] ´strike the surface of (water) gently; splash.¼
¨plasm© ²/plazEm/ ³n ¶[U] ´genetic material of a cell.¼
¨plasma© ²/plazmE/ ³n ¸(Úblood) @, ¶[U] ´clear, yellowish fluid in which
the blood-cells are carried.¼
¨plas®ter© ²/ÚplqstE(r) ³US: ²Úplas-/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´soft mixture of lime, sand,
water, etc used for coating walls and ceilings. ¸*@ of ÚParis ³n ¶[U] ´white
paste made from gypsum, that becomes very hard when dry, used for making
moulds, etc. ¸Ú@ cast ³n ¸(a) ´mould made with gauze and @ of Paris to hold a
broken or dislocated bone in place. ¸(b) ´mould (eÔg for a small statue) made
of @ of Paris. ¸Ú@®board ³n ¶[U] ´board made of gypsum and thick paper or
cardboard, used for inside walls and ceilings instead of plastering. ¸2 ¶[C]
´piece of fabric spread with a medicinal substance, for application to part of
the body, to relieve pain, cover a wound, etc. ¸3 (Ústicking-)@, ¶[U,C]
´material treated with some substance so that it will stick to the skin, used
for covering a cut, blister, burn, for holding a bandage in position, etc. ³¹
vt ¶[VP6A,14] ¸1 ´cover (a wall, etc) with @µ(1)´; put a @µ(2) ´on (the body).
¸2 ·@ sth with sth; @ sth on sth, ´cover thickly: ³hair @ed with oil; an old
suitcase @ed with hotel labels. ¸@ed ³adj ´(colloq) drunk. ¸@er ³n ´workman who
@s walls and ceilings.¼
¨plas®tic© ²/ÚplastIk/ ³adj ¸1 ´(of materials) easily shaped or
moulded: ³Clay is a @ substance; ´(of goods) made of such materials, esp
synthetic resinous substances: ³@ raincoats/flowers/cups/spoons. ¸*@
exÚplosive, ´kind that is easily moulded around the object it is to destroy.
¸*@-Úbomb, ´one made of such explosive. ¸2 ´of the art of modelling: ³the @
arts. ¸*@ Úsurgery, ´for the restoration of deformed or diseased parts of the
body (by grafting skin, etc). ¸3 ´(fig) easily influenced or changed: ³the @
mind of a child. ¹ n ¶[C] ´@ substance. ¸@s ³n sing-v ´(science of) @
substances, esp synthetic resinous substances, moulded under pressure while
heated, or drawn into filaments for use in textiles. ¸@®ity ²/plaÚstIsEtI/ ³n
¶[U] ´state or quality of being @.¼
¨plas®ti®cine© ²/ÚplastIsin/ ³n ¶[U] ´(P) plastic substance resembling clay
but remaining soft for a long time, used for modelling in schools.¼
¨plate©1 ²/pleIt/ ³n ¸1 ¶[C] ´shallow, usu circular, almost flat dish, made
(usu) of earthenware or china, from which food is served or eaten: ³a
dinner/soup/dessert @´; contents of this: ³a @ of beef and vegetables.
·hand/give sb sth on a @, ´(colloq) give, allow sb to have, sth without his
having to make any effort. ·on one's @, ´to occupy one's time: ³He has
enough/a lot/too much on his @. ¸Ú@-rack ³n ´rack in which @s are kept or
placed to drain after being washed. ¸2 ¶[C] ´similar vessel or dish (usu of
metal) used for collection of money in churches: ³put only a dime in the @. ¸3
¶[U] ´(collective) gold or silver articles, eÔg spoons, dishes, bowls, for use
at meals: ³a fine piece of @´, one of these articles. µ¥ plate±2µ(2).
¸Ú@-powder ³n ¶[U] ´powder for cleaning and polishing @. ¸4 ¶[C] ´flat, thin
sheet of metal, glass, etc, eÔg steel @s for building ships: ·Ú³boiler @s.
¸*@-Úglass ³n ¶[U] ´thick and very clear glass in sheets for windows, mirrors,
doors etc. ¸5 ¶[U,C] ´sheet of glass coated with sensitive film for
photography: ·Ú³whole-@, ·Ú³half-@, ·Ú³quarter-@, ´the usual sizes. ¸6 ¶[C]
´oblong piece of metal (usu brass) with a person's name, etc on it, fixed to
the door or gate (as used by doctors, solicitors and other professional
persons). ¸7 ´sheet of metal, plastic, rubber, etc from which the pages of a
book are printed; book illustration (usu photographic) printed separately from
the text. ¸8 Údental @, ´(also called a ³denture´) thin piece of plastic
material, moulded to the shape of the gums, with artificial teeth attached to
it. ¸9 ¶[C] ´silver or gold cup as a prize for a horse-race; the race. ¸10 ´(in
baseball) (also ¸home @´) home base of the batting side. ¸Ú@®ful ²/-f8l/ ³n
´amount that a @ holds.¼
¨plate©2 ²/pleIt/ ³vt ¶[VP6A,14] ·@ (with), ¸1 ´cover (esp a ship)
with metal platesµ(4)´. ¸2 ´cover (another metal) with gold, silver, copper or
tin: ³gold-@d dishes; silver-@d spoons.¼
¨pla®teau© ²/ÚplatE8 ³US: ²plaÚtE8/ ³n (pl µ@s ´or µ@x ²/-tE8z/³) ´expanse of
level land high above sea-level. µ¥ ´the illus at µmountain.¼
¨plate®layer© ²/ÚpleItleIE(r)/ ³n ´workman who lays and repairs railway
tracks.¼
¨plat®form© ²/Úplatfcm/ ³n ¸1 ´flat surface built at a higher level than the
track in a railway station, used by travellers: ³Which @ does the Bournemouth
train leave from? ¸2 ´flat structure raised above floor-level for speakers in
a hall or in the open air, teachers in a classroom, etc; space at the entrance
of a bus or tram (for the conductor). ¸3 ´programme of a political party, esp
as stated before an election.¼
¨plat®ing© ²/ÚpleItIG/ ³n ¶[U] ´(esp) thin coating of gold, silver, etc. µ¥
plate±2µ(2).¼
¨plati®num© ²/ÚplatInEm/ ³n ¶[U] ´grey untarnishable metal (symbol ¸Pt´) used
for jewellery and alloyed with other metals for use in industry. ¸*@ Úblonde,
´(colloq) woman with silvery-white hair (but not used of a hair that has turned
white with age).¼
¨plati®tude© ²/platItjud ³US: ²-tud/ ³n ¸1 ¶[C] ´statement that is obviously
true, esp one often heard before, but uttered as if it were new. ¸2 ¶[U]
´quality of being commonplace. ¸plati®tudi®nous ²/*platIÚtjudInEs ³US:
²-ÚtudEnEs/ ³adj ´commonplace: ³platitudinous remarks.¼
¨Pla®tonic© ²/plEÚtonIk/ ³adj ´of Plato or his teachings: ³@
love/friendship´, between two people without a desire for physical love.¼
¨pla®toon© ²/plEÚtun/ ³n ´body of soldiers, subdivision of a company, acting as
a unit and commanded by a lieutenant.¼
¨plat®ter© ²/ÚplatE(r)/ ³n ¸1 ´(US) large, shallow dish for serving food, esp
meat and fish. ¸2 ´(archaic in GB) flat dish, often of wood.¼
¨platy®pus© ²/ÚplatIpEs/ ³n (pl µ@es ²/-pEsIz/³) ¸(*duck-billed) Ú@, ´(also
called ³duckbill´) small Australian animal which suckles its young but lays
eggs (called ³duckbilled ´because it has a bill like that of a duck). µ¥ ´the
illus at µsmall.¼
¨plau®dit© ²/ÚplcdIt/ ³n ´(usu ³pl´) cry, clapping or other sign of approval:
³gratified at the @s of the audience.¼
¨plaus®ible© ²/ÚplczEbl/ ³adj ¸1 ´seeming to be right or reasonable: ³a @
excuse/explanation. ¸2 ´(of persons) clever at producing convincing arguments,
etc: ³a @ rogue. ¸plaus®ibly ²/-EblI/ ³adv ¸plausi®bil®ity ²/*plczEÚbIlEtI/ ³n
¶[U] ´state of being @; ¶[C] ³(pl µ-ties³) ´@ excuse, argument, etc.¼
¨play©1 ²/pleI/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´(what is done for) amusement;
recreation: ³The children are at @´, engaged in playing. ³What I said was only
in @´, not intended to be taken seriously. ·a @ on words, ´a pun. ¸Úchild's-@
³n ¶[U] ´sth simple and easy. ¸Ú@-box ³n ´box to hold toys. ¸Ú@®boy ³n ´rich
young man chiefly interested in enjoying himself. ¸Ú@®fellow/mate ³nn
´companion in @. ¸Ú@®ground ³n ´piece of ground used for @, eÔg one at a school
or in a public park (cf ³playing-field ´below). ¸Ú@-group ³n ´= ´@-school.
¸Ú@-pen ³n ´portable enclosure in which a baby or small child may be left to @.
¸Ú@®room ³n ´one in a house for children to @ in. ¸Ú@-school ³n ´group of young
children who play together regularly under supervision. ¸Ú@-suit ³n
´loose garment(s) to be worn (eÔg on a beach) by a child while playing.
¸Ú@®thing ³n ´toy; (fig) sb treated as a mere toy. ¸Ú@®time ³n ´period for @.
¸2 ¶[U] ´the playing of a game; manner of playing: ³There was a lot of rough @
in the football match yesterday. That was expert @/an expert bit of @! ·in/out
of @, ´(of the ball in football, cricket, etc) in/not in a position where the
rules of the game allow it to be played. ¸fair @, ´(fig) justice, equal
conditions and treatment for all: ³I will see fair @´, I will ensure that both
sides are treated justly. ¸foul @, ´@ contrary to the rules; (fig) treachery;
violence: ³Do the police suspect foul @? ¸3 ¶[U] ´turn or move in a game (eÔg
chess): ³It's your @´, You are to make the next move. ¸4 ¶[U] ´gaming;
gambling: ³lose $50 in one evening's @; high @´, iÔe for high stakes. ¸5 ¶[C]
´drama for the stage: ³the @s of Shakespeare. Let's go to a @ ´(=theatre) ³this
evening. ·as good as a @, ´amusing, interesting. ¸Ú@-actor ³n ´(old use) actor.
¸Ú@-acting ¶[U] ³n ´performance of @s; (fig) pretence. ¸Ú@-bill ³n ´bill
announcing the performance of a @. ¸Ú@®goer ²/-gE8E(r)/ ³n ´person who often
goes to the theatre. ¸Ú@®house ³n ´theatre. ¸Ú@®wright ³n ´dramatist. ¸6 ¶[U]
´light, quick, fitful movement: ³the @ of sunlight upon water. ¸7 ¶[U] ´(space
for) free and easy movement; scope for activity: ³allow full @ to one's
curiosity; give free @ to one's fancy/emotions; a knot with too much @´, one
that is not tight enough. ³Give the rope more @´, keep it less taut. ¸8 ¶[U]
´activity; operation: ³the @ of forces. ·be in full @, ´be fully operating
or active. ·bring sth into @, ´make use of it; bring it into action. ·come
into @, ´begin to operate or be active.¼
¨play©2 ²/pleI/ ³vt,vi (pt,pp µ@ed ²/pleId/³) ´(For special uses
with ³adverbial particles ´and ³preps, µ¥ 15 ´below.) ¸1 ¶[VP2A,B,C]
´(contrasted with ³work´) have fun; do things to pass the time pleasantly, as
children do: ³The children are @ing in the park. Let's go out and @. ·@ with,
´amuse oneself with: ³@ with the kitten. ¸2 ¶[VP3A,6A] ·@ (at doing sth),
´pretend, for fun, to be sth or do sth: ³Let's @ (at being) pirates. The
children were @ing at keeping shop. ¸3 ¶[VP6A,14,12C] ·@ a joke/prank/trick
(on sb), ´trick him. ¸4 ¶[VP6A,2A,C,3A] ´(be able to) take part in a game, eÔg
of cricket, football, golf, cards: ³Do you @ cricket? He @s (football) for
Stoke/England. On Saturday France @s (Rugby) against Wales/@s Wales at Rugby.
They were @ing bridge. Will you @ me at chess/ @ chess with me? He went on @ing
´(= gambling) ³until he had lost everything. ¸5 ¶[VP2C] ·@ (as/at), ´fill a
particular position in a team: ³I've never @ed (as/at) centre-forward before.
Who's @ing in goal/as goal-keeper? ¶[VP6A,15A,16B] ·@ sb (as/at), ´include in a
team: ³I think we should @ Smith in the next match. Who shall we @ as
goalkeeper? ¸6 ¶[VP15A,B] ´(cricket, football, etc) strike (the ball) in a
specified manner: ³@ the ball to mid-on; @ (the ball) on to one's own wicket
´(and so put oneself out). ³In soccer only the goal-keeper may @ the ball with
his hands. ·@ ball (with)´, (fig, colloq) be ready to act in partnership;
co-operate: ³The French President refused to @ ball´, eÔg to co-operate with
the leader of another country. ¶[VP2C] ´(cricket, of the ground) be in good,
poor, etc condition for @ing: ³The pitch is @ing well/badly. ¸7 ¶[VP6A] ´move
(a piece) in chess: ³@ a pawn; ´take (a playing-card) from one's hand (in
whist, bridge, etc) and lay it down face upwards when one's turn comes: ³@
one's ace of hearts/a trump. ·@ one's cards well/badly, ´(fig) make good/bad
use of opportunities. ¸8 ·@ fair, ´fairly; in accordance with the rules. ·@
hard, ´(of a player) @ vigorously. ·@ the ball, not the man, ´kick the ball,
not one's opponent. ·@ the game, ´observe the rules of the game; (fig) be fair
and honest; observe the code of honour. ¸9 ¶[VP6A,2A,12B,13B] ´perform on (a
musical instrument); perform (music); cause (music) to be heard (by operating a
record-player or tape-recorder): ³@ the piano/flute/violin, etc; @ a Beethoven
sonata. Won't you please @ me some Chopin/@ some Chopin for me? He was @ing an
old tune on his guitar. We @ed a lot of reggae at our party. P@ me Pat Simon's
latest disc. ¶[VP15B] ·@ sth back, ´reproduce (music, speech, etc) from a tape
or disc after it has been recorded: ³The discussion was recorded on tape and
then @ed back. ´Hence, ¸Ú@-back ³n ¸(a) ´the device on a tape-recorder which @s
back recorded material. ¸(b) ´occasion when this is done. ·@ second fiddle (to
sb), µ¥ fiddle. ·@ sth by ear/at sight, µ¥ ear±1µ(2), ³at/on sight ´at
µsight±1µ(2). ·@ it cool, µ¥ cool±1µ(5). ¸10 ¶[VP6A,2A] ´perform (a drama on
the stage); act (a part in a drama); (of a drama) be performed: ³@ "Twelfth
Night'; @ Shylock; the National Theatre, where "Hamlet' is now @ing, ´= being
@ed. ·@ the fool, ´act foolishly. ·@ the man, ´act like a man; be manly. ·@ a
(big/small, etc) part (in sth), µ¥ part±1µ(4). ¸11 ¶[VP2A,C,15A] ´move about in
a light or capricious manner; direct (light) (³on, over, along, ´etc sth):
³sunlight @ing on the water. They @ed coloured lights over the dance floor. A
smile @ed on her lips. His fancy @ed round the idea of entering a monastery.
They @ed searchlights on the clouds/along the road. ¸12 ¶[VP2A,6A,15A] ´operate
continuously; discharge in a steady stream: ³The fountains in the park @ on
Sundays. The firemen @ed their hoses on the burning building. ¸13 ¶[VP14,3A] ·@
(sth) on/upon sth, ´fire: ³We @ed our guns on the enemy's lines. Their guns @ed
on the fort. ¸14 ·@ a fish, ´(when angling with a rod and line) allow a fish to
exhaust itself by pulling against the line. ¸15 ¶[VP2C,3A,15B] ´(special uses
with ³adverbial particles ´and ³preps´):¼
·play at sth, ¸(a) µ¥ 2,5 ´above. ¸(b) ´engage in sth in a trivial or
half-hearted way, or merely for pleasure: ³Go for him properlyÅyou're only @ing
at boxing!¼
·play sth back, µ¥ 9 ´above.¼
·play down to sb, ´deliberately talk to or behave towards sb so that he
does not feel inferior, in order to win support or favour. ·@ sth down,
´deliberately minimize its importance.¼
·play sb in; play sb into a place, ´@ music while he is entering (the place).
·play into sb's hands/the hands of sb, ´act so as to give him an advantage or
benefit: ³My opponent @ed into my hands.¼
·play one person off against another, ´oppose him against another, esp for
one's own advantage; stimulate rivalry between them. ·@ (sth) off, ´@ again
(eÔg a football match that was drawn): ³@ off a draw/tie. Leeds and Liverpool @
off (their tie) tomorrow. ´Hence, ¸Ú@-off ³n ´such a match.¼
·play on/upon sth, ´try to rouse or make use of (sb's feelings, incredulity,
etc): ³He tried to @ on her sympathies. ·@ on/upon words, ´make puns.¼
·play sth out, ´@ it to the end (usu fig): ³The long struggle between the
strikers and their employers is not yet @ed out. ·be @ed out, ´be exhausted of
energy or usefulness; be out of date: ³His horse was @ed out when the day's
hunting was over. Is that theory @ed out, ´no longer worth considering?¼
·play up, ¸(a) ´(esp in the imper) (sport) @ vigorously, energetically. ¸(b)
´(colloq) behave mischievously: ³Don't let the children @ up. ·@ sth up, ´give
excessive importance to: ³Don't let him @ up his illness, ´eÔg by making it an
excuse for doing nothing. ·@ (sb) up, ´(colloq) give trouble (to): ³This
sciatica has been @ing me up again. ·@ up to sb, ¸(a) ´act in a drama so as to
support another actor. ¸(b) ´(colloq) flatter (to win favour for oneself): ³He
always @s up to his political bosses.¼
·play with sb, ¸(a) µ¥ 1 ´and µ4 ´above. ¸(b) ´trifle with; consider lightly:
³It's wrong for a man to @ with a woman's affections. He's @ing with the idea
of emigrating to Canada.¼
¨player© ²/ÚpleIE(r)/ ³n ¸1 ´one who plays a game. ¸2 ´actor. ¸3
´person who plays a musical instrument; mechanical device for producing musical
sounds: ³a ·Ú³record-@. ¸Ú@-piano ³n ´piano fitted with a mechanism which
enables the piano to be played automatically.¼
¨play®ful© ²/ÚpleIfl/ ³adj ´full of fun; in a mood for play; not serious: ³as
@ as a kitten; a @ manner. ¸@ly ²/-fElI/ ³adv ¸@®ness ³n¼
¨play®ing© ²/ÚpleIIG/ ³n ¸Ú@-card, µ¥ card±1µ(3). ¸Ú@-field ³n ´field for such
games as football and cricket; field for children's games.¼
¨play®let© ²/ÚpleIlIt/ ³n ´short dramatic piece.¼
¨plaza© ²/ÚplqzE ³US: ²ÚplazE/ ³n ´market-place; open square (esp in a Spanish
town).¼
¨plea© ²/pli/ ³n ¶[C] ¸1 ´(legal) statement made by or for a person charged in
a law court. ¸2 ´request: ³@s for mercy. ¸3 ´reason or excuse offered for
wrongdoing or failure to do sth, etc: ³on the @ of ill health.¼
¨pleach© ²/plit2/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´interlace: ³@ed hedges´, made by intertwining
growing branches.¼
¨plead© ²/plid/ ³vt,vi (pt,pp µ@ed, ´or, (US) µpled, ²/pled/³) ¸1
¶[VP3A] ´(legal) ·@ for/against sb, ´address a court of law as an advocate on
behalf of either the plaintiff or the defendant. ·@ guilty/not guilty,
´admit/deny that one is guilty: ³"How do you @?'Å"Not guilty, my Lord'. ¸2
¶[VP6A] ´(legal) (of a lawyer) present the case of (to a court of law); put
forward as a plea: ³You should get a lawyer to @ your case. Her Counsel @ed
insanity´, declared that his client was insane, and therefore not legally
responsible for her actions. ¸3 ¶[VP3A] ·@ (with sb) (for sth/to do sth), ´ask
earnestly: ³@ (with sb) for mercy. He @ed with his son to be less trouble to
his mother. ¸4 ¶[VP6A] ´offer as an explanation or excuse: ³The thief @ed
poverty. She @ed ignorance of the law. ¸5 ¶[VP6A] ´argue in favour of; advance
reasons for (a cause, etc): ³@ the cause of the political prisoners. ¸@®ings ³n
pl ´(legal) formal (usu written) statements, replies to accusations, etc, made
by the parties in a legal action. ¸@®ing®ly ³adv¼
¨pleas®ance© ²/Úplezns/ ³n ¶[C] ´(archaic) pleasure; pleasure-ground.¼
¨pleas®ant© ²/Úpleznt/ ³adj ´giving pleasure; agreeable; friendly: ³a @
afternoon/taste/wine/surprise/companion; make oneself @ to visitors; @ to the
taste. ¸@®ly ³adv ¸@®ness ³n ¶[U].¼
¨pleas®ant®ry© ²/ÚplezntrI/ ³n (pl µ-tries³) ¸1 ¶[U] ´being jocular; humour.
¸2 ¶[C] ´humorous or joking remark: ³The girls smiled dutifully at the
headmistress's pleasantries.¼
¨please© ²/pliz/ ³vi,vt ¸1 ´(imper) (abbr of ³if you @´) (used as a polite form
of request): ³Come in, @. P@ come in. Two coffees, @. P@ don't do that. ¸2
¶[VP6A] ´give satisfaction to; be agreeable to: ³That will @ you. It's
difficult to @ everybody. Are you @d with your new clothes? We're very @d to
see you here. I shall be @d to come. ·*P@ yourÚself, ´Do as you like. ¸3
¶[VP2A] ´think fit; choose: ³I shall do as I @. Take as many as you @. You may
do as you @. ¸4 ·if you @, ´(used with the ironical implication that nothing
could be more reasonable): ³"And now, if you @, I'm to get nothing for all my
work!' ·@ God, ´if it be pleasing to God: ³War may be abolished one day, @ God.
¸@d ³adj ´glad; feeling or showing satisfaction: ³He looked @d with himself.
I'm very (much) @d with what he has done. ¸pleas®ing ³adj ´affording pleasure
´(³to´); agreeable. ¸pleas®ing®ly ³adv¼
¨pleas®ure© ²/ÚpleZE(r)/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´feeling of being happy or
satisfied: ³It gave me much @ to hear of your success. Is this a @-seeking
age? Has he gone abroad for @ or on business? May we have the @ of your
company for lunch? "Will you join us?'Å"Thank you, with @'. His life is given
to @´, to sensuous enjoyments. ·take (no/great, etc) @ in sth, ´experience
(no, etc) enjoyment: ³Some boys take great @ in teasing their little sisters.
¸Ú@-boat/-craft ³n ´one used for @ only. ¸Ú@-ground ³n ´amusement park;
recreation ground. ¸2 ¶[U] ´will; desire: ³We await your @. We needn't consult
his @. You may go or stay at your @´, as you wish. ¸3 ¶[C] ´thing that gives
happiness: ³the @s of friendship. ¸pleas®ur®able ²/ÚpleZErEbl/ ³adj ´giving @.
¸pleas®ur®ably ²/-EblI/ ³adv¼
¨pleat© ²/plit/ ³n ´fold made by doubling cloth on itself. ¹ ³vt
¶[VP6A] ´make @s in: ³a @ed skirt.¼
¨pleb© ²/pleb/ ³n ´(colloq abbr for) µplebeian.¼
¨pleb®eian© ²/plIÚbiEn/ ³n, adj ´(person who is) of the lower social classes
(originally in ancient Rome); coarse; ignoble.¼
¨plebi®scite© ²/ÚplebIsIt ³US: ²-sñIt/ ³n ¶[C] ´(decision made upon a political
question by) the votes of all qualified citizens.¼
¨plec®trum© ²/ÚplektrEm/ ³n ´small piece of metal, bone or ivory attached to
the finger for plucking the strings of some stringed instruments, eÔg the
mandolin, guitar.¼
¨pled© ²/pled/ µ¥ plead.¼
¨pledge© ²/pledZ/ ³n ¸1 ¶[C] ´sth left with sb to be kept by him until the
giver has done sth which he is under an obligation to do; article left with a
pawnbroker. ¸2 ¶[U] ´state of being left with sb on these conditions: ³goods
lying in @; put/hold sth in @; take sth out of @. ¸3 ¶[C] ´sth given as a sign
of love, approval, etc: ³a @ of friendship; ´(fig) ³the @ of their youthful
love´, their child. ¸4 ¶[U] ´agreement; promise: ³under @ of secrecy.
·take/sign the @, ´(esp) make a written promise to abstain from alcoholic
drink. ¹ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ¸1 ´give as security; put in pawn. ¸2 ´give; engage; make
an undertaking (to do sth): ³be @d to secrecy; @ one's word/honour. ¸3 ´drink
the health of: ³@ the bride and bridegroom.¼
¨ple®nary© ²/ÚplinErI/ ³adj ¸1 ´(of powers, authority) unlimited; absolute. ¸2
´(of meetings) attended by all who have a right to attend: ³a @ session.
¸plen®ar®ily ²/ÚplinErElI/ ³adv¼
¨pleni®po®ten®tiary© ²/*plenIpEÚten2ErI/ ³n (pl µ-ries³), adj ´(person, eÔg a
representative, an ambassador) having full power to act, make decisions, etc
(on behalf of his government, etc).¼
¨pleni®tude© ²/ÚplenItjud ³US: ²-tud/ ³n sing ´(formal) fullness;
abundance: ³in the @ of his powers.¼
¨plen®teous© ²/ÚplentIEs/ ³adj ´(chiefly poet) plentiful. ¸@®ly ³adv¼
¨plen®ti®ful© ²/ÚplentIfl/ ³adj ´in large quantities or numbers; abundant.
¸@ly ²/-fElI/ ³adv¼
¨plenty© ²/ÚplentI/ ³n ¶[U] ·@ (of), ´as much as or more than is needed or
desired; a large number or quantity: ³There are @ of eggs in the house. There's
@ more (of it). We must get to the station in @ of time. Six will be @, ´as
many as I need. ³I've had @, thank you. ·in @, ´in a large quantity: ³There was
food and drink in @. ¹ ³adv ´(colloq) quite: ³It's @ big enough.¼
¨pleo®nasm© ²/ÚplIEnazEm/ ³n ¶[C,U] ´(instance of the) use of more
words than are needed to express the meaning, eÔg "each of the ³two ´twins';
"divide sth into ³four ´quarters'.¼
¨pleth®ora© ²/ÚpleTErE/ ³n ´(formal) ¸1 ´glut; (over-)abundance. ¸2 ´(med)
unhealthy condition of the body marked by an excess of red corpuscles in the
blood.¼
¨pleur®isy© ²/Úpl8ErEsI/ ³n ¶[U] ´serious illness with inflammation of the
delicate membrane of the thorax and the lungs, marked by pain in the chest or
sides.¼
¨plexus© ²/ÚpleksEs/ ³n (pl µ@es ²/-sEsIz/ ´or µ@³) ´(anat) network of fibres
or vessels in the body: ³the solar @´, in the abdomen.¼
¨pli®able© ²/ÚplñIEbl/ ³adj ´easily bent, shaped or twisted; (of the mind)
easily influenced; open to suggestions. ¸pli®abil®ity ²/*plñIEÚbIlEtI/ ³n
¶[U].¼
¨pli®ant© ²/ÚplñIEnt/ ³adj ´pliable. ¸@®ly ³adv ¸pli®ancy ²/ÚplñIEnsI/ ³n¼
¨pli®ers© ²/ÚplñIEz/ ³n pl ¸(pair of) @, ´kind of pincers with long, flat jaws,
used for holding, bending, twisting or cutting wire, etc. µ¥ ´the illus at
µtool.¼
¨plight©1 ²/plñIt/ ³n ´serious and difficult condition: ³His affairs were in a
terrible @. What a @ to be in!¼
¨plight©2 ²/plñIt/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´(archaic) ¸1 ´pledge, promise:
³one's @ed word. ¸2 ·@ one's troth; @ oneself´, engage oneself to be married.¼
¨Plim®soll© ²/ÚplImsEl/ ³n ¸Ú@ line/mark, ´line on the hull of a ship to mark
how far it may legally go down in the water when loaded.¼
¨plim®solls© ²/ÚplImsElz/ ³n pl ´rubber-soled canvas shoes (US = ³sneakers´).¼
¨plinth© ²/plInT/ ³n ´square base or block on which a column or statue stands.
µ¥ ´the illus at µcolumn.¼
¨plod© ²/plod/ ³vi,vt µ(-dd-) ¶[VP2C] ´continue walking, working, etc slowly
and wearily but without resting: ³@ on one's way; @ away at a dull task. ¸@®der
³n ´person who @s; slow but earnest person. ¸@®ding ³adj ¸@®ding®ly ³adv¼
¨plonk©1 ²/ploGk/, ±plunk ²/plAGk/ ³n ´sound of sth dropping
(esp into liquid). ¹ ³adv ´with a @. ¹ ³vi ·@ (down), ´drop sth with a @ing
sound: ³@ the fish down on the table.¼
¨plonk©2 ²/ploGk/ ³n ¶[U] ´(sl) cheap wine.¼
¨plop© ²/plop/ ³n ¶[C] ´sound (as) of a small smooth object dropping into
water without a splash. ¹ ³adv ´with a @. ¹ ³vi µ(-pp-) ´make a @; fall with a
@.¼
¨plo®sive© ²/ÚplE8sIv/ ³n, adj ´(phon) (consonant sound) with a complete
closing of the air passage followed by an audible release of the air compressed
behind the closure, eÔg ²/t/ ´and ²/p/ ´in ³top.¼
¨plot©1 ²/plot/ ³n ´piece of ground (usu small): ³a building @; a @ of
vegetables. ¹ vt µ(-tt-) ¸1 ¶[VP6A] ´make a plan, map or diagram of; mark (the
position of sth) on a diagram by connecting points on a graph: ³@ a temperature
curve; @ aircraft movements by radar. ¸2 ¶[VP6A,15B] ·@ (out), ´divide into
@s.¼
¨plot©2 ²/plot/ ³n ¶[C] ¸1 ´secret plan (good or bad); conspiracy:
³a @ to overthrow the government. ¸2 ´plan or outline (of the events of a
story, esp of a novel or drama). ¹ ³vt,vi µ(-tt-) ¶[VP2A,3A,4,6A,8,10] ´make
secret plans; form, take part in, a @: ³@ with sb against the government.
¸@®ter ³n ´person who @s; conspirator.¼
¨plough© ´(US = ¸plow´) ²/plñ8/ ³n ¸1 ´implement for cutting furrows in soil
and turning it up, drawn by animals or (more usually) a tractor. ·put one's
hand to the @, ´(fig) undertake a task. ¸Ú@®boy ³n ´boy who leads the horses
that pull a @. ¸Ú@®man ²/-mEn/ ³n (pl µ-men³) ´man who guides a @. ¸Ú@®share ³n
´broad blade of a @. ¸2 ´kinds of implement resembling a @. ¸Úsnow®@ ³n ´one
for clearing away snow from roads and railways. ¸3 ¶[U] ´ploughed land: ³100
acres of @. ¸4 the P@, ´(astron) the group of stars called ³Charles's Wain, the
Big Dipper ´or ³the Great Bear. ¹ vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A,15B] ·@ (back), ´break up
(land) with a @: ³@ a field; ´(fig) ³@ back the profits of a business´,
reinvest them. ·@ a lonely furrow, ´(fig) work without help or support. ·@ the
sand, ´(fig) do useless work. ¸2 ¶[VP3A] ·@ through, ´force a way through;
advance laboriously: ³a ship @ing through the heavy waves; @ (one's way)
through the mud; @ through a dull textbook. ¸3 ¶[VP6A] ´(sl) reject (a
candidate) in an examination: ³The examiners @ed half the candidates.¼
¨plover© ²/ÚplAvE(r)/ ³n ´sorts of long-legged, short-tailed land bird that
frequents marshy ground near the sea, esp (in England) the golden @, the green
@, and the lapwing or peewit.¼
¨plow© ²/plñ8/ ´(US) = µplough.¼
¨ploy© ²/plãI/ ³n ¶[C] ´manoeuvre; sth said or done, eÔg in a game, to win an
advantage over one's opponent.¼
¨pluck© ²/plAk/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A] ´pull the feathers off (a hen, goose, etc).
³Has this goose been @ed? ¸2 ¶[VP6A] ´pick (flowers, fruit, etc). ¶[VP15B] ·@
sth out/up, ´pull (weeds, etc, up or out). ¸3 ¶[VP3A] ·@ at, ´snatch at; take
hold of and pull: ³The child was @ing at its mother's skirt. ¸4 ·@ up courage,
´summon one's courage; overcome one's fears. ¸5 ¶[VP6A] ´(sl) swindle (esp a
young or inexperienced person, eÔg in gambling). ¹ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´courage;
spirit. ¸2 ¶[U] ´that which is @ed out, esp the heart, liver and lungs of an
animal that has been killed. ¸3 ¶[C] ´short, sharp pull. ¸@y ³adj µ(-ier,
-iest) ´brave; having @µ(1)´. ¸@®ily ²/-IlI/ ³adv¼
¨plug© ²/plAg/ ³n ¸1 ´piece of wood, metal, rubber etc used to stop
up a hole (eÔg in a barrel, wash-basin, bath, cistern, etc) (US =³stopper).
¸Ú@-hole, ´hole for a @ (US = ³drain´). ¸2 ´device for making a connection with
a supply of electric current: ³a three-/two-pin @; put the @ in the
socket/outlet. µ¥ ´also ³sparking-@ ´at µspark±1µ. ¸3 ´cake of pressed or
twisted tobacco; piece of this cut off for chewing. ¸4 ´(sl) piece of
favourable publicity (eÔg in a radio or TÔV programme) for a commercial
product. µ¥ 5 ´below. ³¹ vt,vi µ(-gg-) ¸1 ¶[VP6A,15B] ·@ (up), ´stop or fill
(up) with a @: ³@ a leak. ¸2 ¶[VP2C] ´(colloq) ·@ away at, ´work hard at. ¸3
¶[VP2C,15B] ·@ (sth) in, ´make a connection with a @µ(2)´: ³@ in the TÔV set.
¸4 ¶[VP6A] ´(US, sl) hit; shoot. ¸5 ¶[VP6A] ´(sl) cause (sth) to be widely
known by giving repeated publicity: ³@ a new song´, eÔg on radio or TÔV.¼
¨plum© ²/plAm/ ³n ¸1 ´(tree having) soft round, smooth-skinned fruit with a
stone-like seed. µ¥ ´the illus at µfruit. ¸2 *@ Úcake, ´kind containing dried
raisins, currants, etc. ¸*@ Úduff, ´boiled pudding containing dried raisins,
currants, etc. ¸*@-Úpudding, ´rich boiled pudding containing dried fruits and
spices, part of traditional Christmas food. ¸2 ´(colloq) sth considered good
and desirable, esp a well-paid position.¼
¨plum®age© ²/ÚplumIdZ/ ³n ¶[U] ´bird's feathers: ³tropical birds in their
brightly coloured @.¼
¨plumb© ²/plAm/ ³n ´ball or piece of lead tied to the end of a cord or rope
¸(a Ú@-line) ´for finding the depth of water or testing whether a wall is
vertical. ·out of @, ´not vertical. ¹ ³adv ¸1 ´exactly. ¸2 ´(US, colloq)
quite: ³@ crazy. ¹ vt ¶[VP6A] ´(fig) get to the root of: ³@ the depths of a
mystery.¼
¨plum®bago©1 ²/plAmÚbeIgE8/ ³n ¶[U] ´black substance, graphite, used for
pencils, etc and mixed with clay for making crucibles.¼
¨plum®bago©2 ²/plAmÚbeIgE8/ ³n (pl µ@s ²/-gE8z/³) ´blue-flowered plant.¼
¨plumber© ²/ÚplAmE(r)/ ³n ´workman who fits and repairs water-pipes,
water-tanks, cisterns, etc in a building.¼
¨plumb®ing© ²/ÚplAmIG/ ³n ¶[U] ¸1 ´the work of a plumber. ¸2 ´the water-pipes,
water-tanks, cisterns, etc in a building: ³The @ is out of order.¼
¨plume© ²/plum/ ³n ´feather, esp a large one used as a decoration; ornament of
feathers; sth suggesting a feather by its shape: ³a @ of smoke/steam. µ¥
´the illus at µrare. ·borrowed @s, ´(fig) finery displayed as one's own but
borrowed from someone. ¹ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´(of a bird) smooth (its feathers); preen
(itself, its wings). ·@ oneself (on sth), ´(fig) congratulate oneself.¼
¨plum®met© ²/ÚplAmIt/ ³n ´(weight attached to a) plumb-line; weight
attached to a fishing-line to keep the float upright. ¹ ³vi µ(-tt-) ¶[VP2A]
´fall, plunge, steeply: ³Share prices have @ted.¼
¨plummy© ²/ÚplAmI/ ³adj µ(-ier, -iest) ´(colloq) good; desirable: ³@ jobs;
´affected, snobbish: ³a @ voice.¼
¨plump©1 ²/plAmp/ ³adj ´(esp of an animal, a person, parts of the body)
rounded; fat in a pleasant-looking way: ³a baby with @ cheeks. ¹ ³vt,vi
¶[VP6A,2A,15B,2C] ·@ out/up, ´make or become rounded: ³His cheeks are
beginning to @ up/out. She @ed up the pillows.¼
¨plump©2 ²/plAmp/ ³vi,vt ¸1 ¶[VP2C,15B] ·@ (sb/oneself/sth) down, ´(cause to)
fall or drop, suddenly and heavily: ³@ (oneself) down in a chair; @ down a
heavy bag. ¸2 ¶[VP3A] ·@ for, ´vote for, choose, with confidence: ³@ for the
Liberal candidate. ¹ n ´abrupt, heavy fall. ¹ ³adv ¸1 ´suddenly, abruptly:
³fall @ into the hole. ¸2 ´bluntly: ³I told him @ that«. ¹ adj ´unqualified;
direct: ³give sb a @ "No' for an answer.¼
¨plun®der© ²/ÚplAndE(r)/ ³vt,vi ¶[VP6A,14,2A] ·@ (of), ´rob (people), esp
during war or civil disorder; take goods from (places) by force: ³@ a palace of
its treasures; @ the citizens of a conquered town. ¹ n ¶[U] ´@ing; goods taken:
³live by @; wagon-loads of @. ¸@er ³n¼
¨plunge© ²/plAndZ/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A,14,2A,C] ·@ (into), ´put (sth), or go
suddenly and with force, into: ³@ one's hand into cold water/a hole; @ a
country into war; @ a room into darkness´, eÔg by cutting off the current; ³@
into a swimming-pool; @ into an argument; be @d into grief. ¸2 ¶[VP2A,C] ´(of
a horse) move forward and downward quickly; (of a ship) thrust its bows into
the water; (sl) gamble deeply; run into debt. ¹ ³n ´act of plunging (eÔg from
a diving-board into water); violent thrust or other movement. ·take the @,
´(fig) take a critical step; do sth decisive. ¸plunger ³n ´(esp) part of a
mechanism that moves with a plunging motion, eÔg the piston of a pump; suction
device for clearing a blocked pipe.¼
¨plunk© ²/plAGk/ ´= µplonk±1µ.¼
¨plu®per®fect© ²/*pluÚp3fIkt/ ³n, adj ´(gram) (tense) expressing action
completed before some past time stated or implied (and in English conveyed by
³had ´and a ³pp´, as in "As he ³had ´not ³received ´my letter, he did not
come').¼
¨plu®ral© ²/Úpl8ErEl/ ³n, adj ´(form of word) used with reference to more than
one: "The @ of ³child ´is ³children'. ¸@ society´, one with more than one race,
eÔg Kenya, with Africans, Asians and Europeans. ¸@ voter, ´person who has a
vote in more than one constituency.¼
¨plu®ral®ism© ²/Úpl8ErElIzEm/ ³n ¶[U] ´the quality of being plural; the holding
of more than one office at one time. ¸plu®ral®ist ²/-Ist/ ³n ´supporter of @.¼
¨plu®ral®ity© ²/pl8EÚralEtI/ ³n (pl µ-ties³) ¸1 ¶[U] ´state of being plural;
¶[C] ´large number; majority ³(of ´votes, etc). ¸2 ¶[U] ´holding of more than
one office at a time; ¶[C] ´office held with another.¼
¨plus© ²/plAs/ ³prep ´with the addition of: ³Two @ five is seven,
´2 + 5 = 7. ¸*@-Úfours ³n pl ´wide, loose knickerbockers. ¹ ³adj ´positive: ³a
@ quantity´, one greater than zero. µ¥ minus. ³¹ n ´the sign +; (colloq, fig)
positive quality.¼
¨plush© ²/plA2/ ³n ¶[U] ´kind of silk or cotton cloth with a soft nap. ¹ ³adj
´(also ¸@y µ(-ier, -iest)´) ´(sl) smart; sumptuous: ³a @(y) restaurant.¼
¨Pluto© ²/ÚplutE8/ ³n ¸1 ´(Roman myth) god of the underworld. ¸2 ´(astron)
planet farthest from the sun. µ¥ ´the illus at µplanet.¼
¨plu®toc®racy© ²/pluÚtokrEsI/ ³n (pl µ-cies³) ¶[C,U] ´(government by a) rich
and powerful class. ¸plu®to®crat ²/ÚplutEkrat/ ³n ´person who is powerful
because of his wealth. ¸plu®to®cratic ²/*plutEÚkratIk/ ³adj ´of @ or a
plutocrat.¼
¨plu®to®nium© ²/pluÚtE8nIEm/ ³n ¶[U] ´(artificially produced) radioactive
element (symbol ¸Pu´) derived from uranium, used in nuclear reactors and
weapons.¼
¨ply©1 ²/plñI/ ³n ¶[C] ¸1 ´layer of wood or thickness of cloth: ³three-ply
wood´, made by sticking together three layers with the grain of each at a right
angle to that of the next. ¸Úply®wood ³n ¶[U] ´board(s) made by gluing together
thin layers of wood. ¸2 ´one strand in wool, rope, etc: ³four-ply wool for
knitting socks.¼
¨ply©2 ²/plñI/ ³vt,vi (pt,pp µplied ²/plñId/³) ¸1 ¶[VP6A] ´(formal) work with
(an instrument): ³ply one's needle´, work busily with it. ¸2 ¶[VP2C] ´(of
ships, buses, etc) go regularly to and fro: ³ships that ply between Glasgow and
New York; ferry-boats plying across the Channel. ¸3 ·ply a trade, ´work at it.
·ply sb with sth, ´keep him constantly supplied with (food and drink); attack
him constantly with (questions, arguments, etc).¼
¨pneu®matic© ²/njuÚmatIk ³US: ²nu-/ ³adj ´worked or driven by compressed air:
³@ drills; ´filled with compressed air: ³@ tyres. ¸pneu®mati®cally ²/-klI/
³adv¼
¨pneu®monia© ²/njuÚmE8nIE ³US: ²nu-/ ³n ¶[U] ´serious illness with inflammation
of one or both lungs.¼
¨poach©1 ²/pE8t2/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´cook (an egg) by cracking the shell and dropping
the contents into boiling water; simmer (eÔg fish) in liquid (eÔg wine).¼
¨poach©2 ²/pE8t2/ ³vt,vi ¶[VP6A,2A,3A] ·@ (on/for), ¸1 ´(go on sb else's
property and) take (hares, pheasants, salmon, etc) illegally: ³@ hares; @ for
salmon; go out @ing; @ on a neighbour's land. ¸2 ´(fig) be active in some kind
of work that properly belongs to another (or that he considers to be his
preserve): ³Don't @ on my preserves. ¸@er ³n¼
¨pock© ²/pok/ ³n ´spot on the skin caused by smallpox. ¸Ú@-marked, ´with marks
left after smallpox. ¸@ed ³adj ·be @ed with, ´have holes or depressions in:
³The moon's surface is @ed with small craters.¼
¨pocket© ²/ÚpokIt/ ³n ¸1 ´small bag sewn into and forming part of an article
of clothing, for carrying things in: ³trouser/waistcoat, etc @. ·pick sb's @,
´steal from sb's @. ·put one's pride in one's @, ´do sth that would normally
make one feel mortified. ·put one's hand in one's @, ´be ready to spend or
give money. ¸Ú@-book ³n ¸(a) ´notebook. ¸(b) ´(US) leather case for paper money
(GB = ³wallet´). ¸(c) ´(US) woman's purse or handbag. ¸*@-Úhandkerchief ³n ´one
to be carried in the @; ´(attrib) of small size: ³a @-handkerchief rug.
¸Ú@-knife ³n ´small knife with one or more folding blades. ¸Ú@-money ³n
¶[U] ´money for small needs, esp money given to children. ¸2 ´money resources;
money: ³He will suffer in his @´, will lose financially. ·in/out of @, ´having
gained/lost money as the result of doing sth: ³The deal left him hundreds of
dollars out of @. ¸out-of-@ expenses, ´actual outlay incurred; what one has
actually spent. ¸3 ´bag, hollow, cavity, eÔg a string pouch at the corner of a
billiard or pool table; small cavity in the ground or in rock, containing gold
or ore; partial vacuum in the atmosphere ³(an ·Ú³air-@) ´affecting the flight
of an aircraft; cavity of air ³(an ·Ú³air-@) ´in a mine±2µ(1)´, eÔg when a
shaft is flooded; isolated area: ³enemy @s, ´eÔg occupied by enemy forces; ³@s
of resistance; @s of unemployment in the Midlands. ¸4 ´(attrib) of a size
suitable for a @: ³a @ guide/dictionary/edition; a @-size camera. ¸Ú@®ful
²/-f8l/ ³n ´amount which a @ holds. ¹ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ¸1 ´put into one's @: ³He @ed
the money. ·@ an insult, ´endure it without protest. ·@ one's pride, ´suppress
or hide one's feelings of mortification. ¸2 ´appropriate for oneself (usu but
not necessarily dishonestly): ³He @ed half the profits. He was given $5 for
expenses, but @ed most of it. ¸3 ´send (a ball) into a @ on a billiard or pool
table.¼
¨pod© ²/pod/ ³n ¶[C] ´long seed-vessel of various plants, esp peas
and beans. µ¥ ´the illus at µvegetable. ³¹ vt,vi µ(-dd-) ¸1 ¶[VP6A] ´take
(peas, etc) out of pods. ¸2 ¶[VP2A,C] ·@ (up), ´form pods: ³The peas are
podding (up) well.¼
¨podgy© ²/ÚpodZI/ ³adj µ(-ier, -iest) ´(of a person) short and fat.¼
¨podi®atry© ²/pEÚdñIEtrI/ ³n ¶[U] ´(US) = µchiropody.¼
¨po®dium© ²/ÚpE8dIEm/ ³n ´platform, eÔg for the conductor of an orchestra, a
lecturer, etc.¼
¨poem© ²/ÚpE8Im/ ³n ¶[C] ´piece of creative writing in verse form, esp one
expressing deep feeling or noble thought in beautiful language, composed with
the desire to communicate an experience; piece of prose writing in elevated
style: ³a prose @.¼
¨po®esy© ²/ÚpE8IzI/ ³n ¶[U] ´(archaic) poetry.¼
¨poet© ²/ÚpE8It/ ³n ´writer of poems. ¸*@ Úlaureate, µ¥ laureate. ¸Úpoet®ess
²/-es/ ³n ´woman @.¼
¨po®etic© ²/pE8ÚetIk/ ³adj ´of poets and poetry: ³in @ form; @ genius. ¸*@
Újustice, ´ideal justice, with proper distribution of rewards and punishments.
¸*@ Úlicence, µ¥ licence. ¸po®eti®cal ²/-kl/ ³adj ´= @: ³the @al works of
Keats, ´his poetry. ¸po®eti®cally ²/-klI/ ³adv¼
¨po®etry© ²/ÚpE8ItrI/ ³n ¶[U] ¸1 ´the art of a poet; poems. ¸2 ´quality that
produces feelings as produced by poems: ³the @ of motion´, eÔg in ballet or
some kinds of athletics.¼
¨po®grom© ²/ÚpogrEm ³US: ²pEÚgrom/ ³n ¶[C] ´organized persecution
or killing and plunder (of a group or class of people).¼
¨poign®ant© ²/ÚpãInjEnt/ ³adj ´distressing to the feelings; deeply moving;
keen: ³@ sorrow/regret/memories. ¸@®ly ³adv ¸poign®ancy ²/-EnsI/ ³n ¶[U] ´state
or quality of being @.¼
¨poin®set®tia© ²/pãInÚsetIE/ ³n ´tropical plant with small, greenish-yellow
flowers surrounded by large scarlet leaves.¼
¨point©1 ²/pãInt/ ³n ¸1 ¶[C] ´sharp tip (of a pin, pencil, knife,
etc). ·not to put too fine a @ on it, ´to speak bluntly, to tell the plain
truth. ¸2 ¶[C] ´tapering end; tip: ³the @ of the jaw, ´eÔg as the place for a
knockout in boxing; headland or promontory; piece of land that stretches out
into the sea, a lake, etc: ³a @ of land; Pagoda P@, ´in Burma. ¸3 ´dot made by
or as with the @ of a pen, etc: ³a decimal @; four @ six ´(4²Ø´6); ³a full @´,
a full stop, the sign . ¸4 ¶[C] ´real or imaginary mark of position, in space
or time: ³a @ of departure. ·a/the @ of no return, µ¥ return±1µ(1). ·@ of view,
´position from which sth is viewed; (fig) way of looking at a question. µ¥
angle±1µ(2) ´(US). ·at Úthis @, ´at this place or moment. ·be at the @ of
death, ´be dying. ·be on the @ of doing sth, ´be about to do sth. ·if/when it
comes to the @, ´if/when the moment for action or decision comes: ³When it came
to the @, he refused to help. ¸Ú@-duty ³n ¶[U] ´duty of a policeman stationed
at a particular @ to control traffic. ¸Úturning-@, µ¥ turning. ¸*@-to-Ú@ race,
´race (by persons riding horses) across country, from one @ to another (these
being recognized by certain landmarks). ¸5 ¶[U] ´(printing) unit of measurement
for type: ³6-@ is small and 18-@ is large. Is this sentence printed in 8-@? ¸6
¶[C] ´mark on a scale; unit of measuring; degree: ³the ·Ú³boiling-@ of water;
the ·Ú³melting-@ of lead. The cost of living went up several @s last month´,
eÔg from 105 to 110, with 100 as a standard fixed earlier. ³Oil shares rose
several @s ´(iÔe on the Stock Exchange) ³yesterday. ·Possession is nine @s ´(=
nine-tenths) ·of the law, ´is strong evidence in favour of the person in
possession of sth. ¸7 ¶[C] ´unit of scoring in some games and sports, in
measuring the quality, etc of exhibits in a show: ³score twenty @s. ·give sb
@s; give @s to sb, ´be able to offer him advantages and still win: ³He can give
me @s at golf´, give me odds; is a better player. ·score a @ (against/off/over
sb), µ¥ score±2µ(3). ·win/be beaten on @s, ´(boxing) win/be beaten by the @s
awarded, there being no knockout. ¸8 ¶[C] ´one of the thirty-two marks on the
circumference of a compass; one of the divisions (11Ä 15²!´) between two such
consecutive marks. µ¥ ´the illus at µcompass. ¸9 ¶[C] ´chief idea of sth said,
done or planned; single item, detail or particular: ³There are @s on which
we've agreed to differ. Let me explain the theory @ by @. What was the first @
in his argument? ·carry/gain one's @, ´persuade sb to agree to one's objective.
·come to/get to/reach the @, ´give the essential fact or part of what one is
trying to say, ignoring what is irrelevant. ·get/see/miss the @ of sth,
´see/fail to see what sb is trying to make clear, etc: ³I don't quite get the
@. She missed the @ of the story/joke. ·make one's @, ´win acceptance for an
argument, establish what one is proposing. ·make a @ of doing sth, ´regard or
treat it as important or necessary. ·stretch a @, ´go beyond what is normally
allowable on a question of principle, etc: ³Can't you stretch a @ in my favour?
·take sb's @, ´(during a discussion) understand, appreciate what sb is
proposing, etc. ·(get/wander) away from/off the @, ´(say sth) not relevant to
what is being discussed. ·a case in @, ´one connected with the subject being
discussed: ³Let me give you a case in @, ´an example that illustrates my
argument. ·in @ of fact, ´in reality; indeed. ·a @ of honour/conscience, ´sth
of great importance to one's honour/conscience. ·on a @ of order, µ¥
order±1µ(4). ¸10 ¶[U] ´reason. ·no/not much @ in doing sth, ´no good reason,
little reason, for doing it: ³There's very little @ in protesting´, It won't
help much. ·What's the @? ´Why bother? (It's irrelevant, useless, etc). ¸11
¶[C] ´marked quality; characteristic: ³What are her best @s as a secretary? He
has many good @s and few bad @s. Singing is not my best @´, I don't sing well.
¸12 ¶[C] ´(GB) socket or outlet for electric current. ¸13 ³(pl) ´tapering
movable rails by which a train can move from one track to another. ¸Ú@s®man
²/-mEn/ ³n (pl µ-men³) ´worker in charge of @s on a railway, to keep them in
order, see that they are moved as needed, etc. ¸14 ¶[U] ´effectiveness;
urgency: ³His remarks lack @.¼
¨point©2 ²/pãInt/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP2A,3A] ·@ (to), ´direct attention
to; show the position or direction of; be a sign of: ³The needle of a compass
@s to the north. He @ed to the door. It's rude to @. Both the hour hand and
the minute hand @ed to twelve, ´It was noon. ³All the evidence @s to his guilt.
¸2 ¶[VP14] ·@ sth at/towards, ´aim or direct (at, towards): ³@ a gun at sb; @
a telescope at the moon; @ing his forefinger at me reprovingly. ¸3 ¶[VP15B] ·@
sth out, ´show; call or direct attention to: ³@ out a mistake; @ out to sb the
stupidity of his behaviour. Can you @ (me) out the man you suspect? He @ed out
the finest pictures to me. I must @ out that delay is unwise. ¸4 ¶[VP6A] ´make
a point on (eÔg a pencil); (fig) give force to (advice, a moral). ¸5 ¶[VP6A]
´fill in the joints of (brickwork, etc) with mortar or cement, using a trowel
to smooth the material. ¸6 ´(of a dog) take up a position with the body steady
and the head @ing in the direction of game. µ¥ pointer(3). ¸@ed ³adj ¸1 ´(fig)
directed clearly against a particular person or his behaviour: ³a @ed reproof.
Jack was showing @ed attentions to the glamorous film star. ¸2 ´(of wit)
incisive. ¸@®ed®ly ³adv¼
¨point-blank© ²/*pãInt ÚblaGk/ ³adj ¸1 ´(of a shot) aimed, fired,
at very close range: ³fired at @ range. ¸2 ´(fig, of sth said) in a manner that
leaves no room for doubt: ³a @ refusal. ¹ adv ´in a @ manner: ³fire @ at sb;
ask sb @ whether he intends to help; refuse @ to help.¼
¨pointer© ²/ÚpãIntE(r)/ ³n ¸1 ´stick used to point to things on a map, etc. ¸2
´indicator on a dial or balance. ¸3 ´large, short-haired hunting dog trained
to stand still with its nose pointing in the direction of game it scents.¼
¨point®less© ²/ÚpãIntlIs/ ³adj ¸1 ´(fig) with little or no sense, aim or
purpose: ³It seemed @ to go on until they were certain of being on the right
road. ¸2 ´without points scored: ³a @ draw. ¸@®ly ³adv¼
¨poise© ²/pãIz/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP2C] ´be or keep balanced; (fig) be ready: ³@d in
mid-air/on the brink/for action. ¸2 ¶[VP6A,15A] ´balance; support in a
particular place or manner: ³He @d himself on his toes. Note the way he @s his
head. ¹ n ¸1 ¶[U] ´balance, equilibrium; ¶[C] ´way in which one carries
oneself, holds one's head, etc. ¸2 ¶[U] ´quiet self-confidence;
self-possession.¼
¨poi®son© ²/ÚpãIzn/ ³n ¶[C,U] ¸1 ´substance causing death or harm if absorbed
by a living thing (animal or plant): ·Ú³rat-@; @ for killing weeds on gravel
paths; commit suicide by taking @. ¸*@-Úgas ³n ´deadly gas used in warfare.
¸*@-Úivy ³n ´N American shrub or vine which causes painful spots if brought
into contact with a person's skin. ¸Ú@ pen, ´person who writes anonymous
letters full of malice, slander, etc. ¸*@ Úpen letter, ´letter of this kind.
¸2 ´(fig) evil principle, teaching, etc considered harmful to society. ³¹ vt
¶[VP6A] ¸1 ´give @ to; put @ on or in; kill with @; infect: ³@ a cat; @ the
wells; a @ed hand, ´inflamed because of an infected cut, etc. ¸2 ´injure
morally: ³@ a person's mind against sb; an experience which @ed his whole
life´, which spoilt or ruined his life. ¸@er ³n ´(esp) person who murders by
means of @. ¸@®ous ²/ÚpãIzEnEs/ ³adj ¸1 ´acting as @; causing death or injury
if taken into the system: ³@ous plants. ¸2 ´morally injurious: ³a @ous
play/novel/doctrine; a man with a @ous tongue´, one who spreads evil reports,
wicked scandal, etc. ¸@®ous®ly ³adv¼
¨poke©1 ²/pE8k/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A,15A,B] ´push sharply, jab (with a
stick, one's finger, etc): ³@ a man in the ribs´, nudge him in a friendly way;
³@ the fire´, move the coals, to make the fire burn up. ¸2 ¶[VP15A] ´put, move
(sth) in a given direction, with a sharp push: ³Don't @ your umbrella through
the bars of the lion's cage. She @d a toffee into my mouth. Don't let your boy
@ his head out of the (train) windowÅit's dangerous! ·@ fun at sb, ´ridicule
him. ·@ one's nose into sth, ´(colloq) interfere in (sb's business, affairs).
¸3 ¶[VP2C] ·@ (about), ´search, feel about: ³He was poking (about) at the
rubbish. Who's that poking about in the attic? ¸4 ¶[VP6A,15A] ´make (a hole)
by poking: ³@ a hole in a paper screen. ¹ n ¶[C] ´act of poking; nudge: ³give
the fire a @; give sb a @ in the ribs.¼
¨poke©2 ²/pE8k/ ³n ´sack (now dial, except in) ·buy a pig in a @, µ¥ pig.¼
¨poke-bonnet© ²/*pE8k ÚbonIt/ ³n ´bonnet with a broad projecting brim.¼
¨poker©1 ²/ÚpE8kE(r)/ ³n ´strong metal rod or bar for stirring or breaking up
the coal in the fire.¼
¨poker©2 ²/ÚpE8kE(r)/ ³n ¶[U] ´card game for two or more persons in which the
players bet on the value of the cards they hold. ¸Ú@-face ³n ´(colloq) (person
with a) face that betrays no emotion.¼
¨poky© ²/ÚpE8kI/ ³adj µ(-ier, -iest) ´(of a place) small; limited in space: ³a
@ little room.¼
¨po®lar© ²/ÚpE8lE(r)/ ³adj ¸1 ´of or near the North or South Pole: ³the @
circles, ´the Arctic and Antarctic Circles. ¸Ú@ bear, ´the white kind living in
the north @ regions. µ¥ ´the illus at µbear. ¸2 ´directly opposite. ¸@®ity
²/pEÚlarEtI/ ³n ¶[U,C] ´state in which there are two opposite, conflicting or
contrasting qualities, principles or tendencies.¼
¨po®lar®ize© ²/ÚpE8lErñIz/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´cause to concentrate about
two opposite, conflicting or contrasting positions. ¸po®lar®iz®ation
²/*pE8lErñIÚzeI2n ³US: ²-rIÚz-/ ³n ´act of polarizing; state of being @d.¼
¨Po®lar®oid© ²/ÚpE8lErãId/ ³n ¶[U] ´(P) thin transparent film used in
sun-glasses, car windows, etc to lessen sun glare: ³@ camera´, one able to
produce positive prints within seconds after the picture has been taken.¼
¨pole©1 ²/pE8l/ ³n ¸1 North/South P@, ´either of the two ends of the earth's
axis. ¸2 North/South Magnetic P@, ´either of the two points near the North P@
or South P@ to which the compass needle points. ¸3 North/South P@, ´(astron)
either of the two points in the celestial sphere about which the stars appear
to turn. ¸Ú@-star ³n ´the North Star or ¸Polaris ²/pE8ÚlarIs/, ´almost
coinciding with the true north of the celestial sphere. ¸4 ´either of the two
ends of a magnet or the terminal points of an electric battery: ³the
negative/positive @. ¸5 ´(fig) either of two opposite, conflicting or
contrasting principles, etc. ·be @s apart, ´be widely separated: ³The employers
and the trade union leaders are still @s apart´, are far from reaching an
agreement or compromise, eÔg about wages.¼
¨pole©2 ²/pE8l/ ³n ¸1 ´long, slender, rounded piece of wood or
metal, esp as a support for a tent, telegraph wires, etc or for flying a flag.
·under bare @s, ´(naut) with all sails furled. ·up the @, ´(sl) ¸(a) ´in a
difficulty. ¸(b) ´slightly mad; eccentric. ¸Ú@-jumping ³n ´(athletic contest)
jumping with the help of a long @ held in the hands. ¸Ú@-vault ³n ´jump of
this kind over a bar which can be raised or lowered. ¸2 ´measure of length
(also called ³rod ´or ³perch´), 5§ yds or about 5 metres. µ¥ App 5.¼
¨Pole© ²/pE8l/ ³n ´native of Poland.¼
¨pole-axe©, pole-ax ²/ÚpE8l aks/ ³n ¸1 ´(hist) axe for use in war, with a long
handle. ¸2 ´butcher's implement for slaughtering cattle. ³¹ vt ¶[VP6A] ´strike
down with a @; (fig) slaughter; destroy.¼
¨pole®cat© ²/ÚpE8lkat/ ³n ´small, dark-brown, fur-covered animal of the weasel
family which gives off an unpleasant smell, native of Europe.¼
¨pol®emic© ²/pEÚlemIk/ ³n ¶[C] ´(formal) dispute; argument; ³(pl) ´art or
practice of carrying on arguments. ³¹ adj ´of @s. ¸pol®emi®cally ²/-klI/ ³adv¼
¨po®lice© ²/pEÚlis/ ³n ´(collective ³n, ´always ³sing ´in form, used with ³pl
v´) ¸(the) @, ´men and women belonging to a department of government concerned
with the keeping of public order: ³Several hundred @ were on duty at the
demonstration. Extra @ are needed here. The @ have not made any arrests.
¸*@ Úconstable ³n ´@-officer of ordinary rank. ¸Ú@ dog ³n ´dog trained to track
or attack suspected criminals. ¸Ú@ force ³n ´body of @-officers of a country,
district or town. ¸@®man ²/-mEn/ ³n (pl µ-men³) ´male member of the @ force.
¸Ú@-office ³n ´headquarters of the @ in a city or town. ¸Ú@-officer ³n ´@man or
@woman. ¸Ú@ state ³n ´one controlled by political @, usu a totalitarian state.
¸Ú@-station ³n ´office of a local @ force: ³The drunken driver was taken to the
@-station. ¸Ú@®woman ³n (pl µ-women³) ´female member of the @ force. ³¹ vt
¶[VP6A] ´keep order in (a place) with @ or as with @; control: ³United Nations
forces @d the Gaza strip for a long period.¼
¨pol®icy©1 ²/ÚpolEsI/ ³n (pl µ-cies³) ¸1 ¶[U,C] ´plan of action, statement of
aims and ideals, esp one made by a government, political party, business
company, etc: ³British foreign @, ´official relations between the British
government and other governments. Is honesty the best @? ¸2 ¶[U] ´wise,
sensible conduct; art of government.¼
¨pol®icy©2 ²/ÚpolEsI/ ³n ´written statement of the terms of a contract of
insurance: ³a ·Ú³fire-insurance @; a ·Ú³@-holder.¼
¨po®lio© ²/ÚpE8lIE8/ ³n ¶[U] ´(colloq abbr for) poliomyelitis: ·Ú³@ victims;
·*³anti-·Ú³@ injections.¼
¨polio®my®eli®tis© ²/*pE8lIE8*mñIEÚlñItIs/ ³n ¶[U] ´infectious, virus-caused
disease with inflammation of the grey matter of the spinal cord, often
resulting in physical disablement; formerly called "infantile paralysis'.¼
¨polish© ²/ÚpolI2/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A,15B,2A] ·@ (up), ´make or
become smooth and shiny by rubbing (with or without a chemical substance): ³@
furniture/shoes; @ sth up. This wood won't @. ¸2 ¶[VP6A] ´(usu in ³pp´)
improve in behaviour, intellectual interests, etc; make refined or elegant: ³a
@ed speech/performance. ¸3 ¶[VP15B] ·@ sth off, ´finish quickly: ³@ off a large
plateful of pie; @ off arrears of correspondence. ¹ n ¸1 ¶[U,C] ´(shiny
surface, etc obtained by) @ing: ³shoes/tables with a good @. ¸2 ¶[U,C]
´substance used for @ing: ·Ú³shoe/·Ú³furniture/·Ú³floor @; a tin of metal @. ¸3
¶[U] ´(fig) ´refinement; elegance. ¸@er ³n ´workman skilled in @ing wood or
metal.¼
¨Pol®ish© ²/ÚpE8lI2/ ³adj ´of Poland or the Poles. ³¹ n ¶[U] ´language of the
Poles.¼
¨pol®it®buro© ²/ÚpolItbj8ErE8/ ³n (pl µ@s ²/-rE8z/³) ´chief executive committee
of a political (esp the Communist) party.¼
¨pol®ite© ²/pEÚlñIt/ ³adj ¸1 ´having, showing the possession of, good manners
and consideration for other people: ³a @ boy; a @ remark. ¸2 ´refined: ³@
society; @ literature. ¸@®ly ³adv ¸@®ness ³n¼
¨poli®tic© ²/ÚpolItIk/ ³adj ¸1 ´(of persons) acting or judging wisely;
prudent. ¸2 ´(of actions) well judged; prudent: ³follow a @ course; make a @
retreat. ¸3 ¸the *body Ú@, ´the state as an organized group of citizens.¼
¨pol®iti®cal© ²/pEÚlItIkl/ ³adj ¸1 ´of the State; of government; of public
affairs in general: ³@ liberties; for @ reasons. ¸*@ aÚsylum, ´protection
given by a State to sb who has left his own country for @ reasons: ³a sailor
who deserted his ship and asked for @ asylum. ¸*@ eÚconomy, ´study of the @
problems of government. ¸*@ geÚography, ´dealing with boundaries,
communications, etc. Cf ³physical ´and ³economic ´geography. ¸*@ Úprisoner,
´one who is imprisoned because he opposes the (system of) government. ¸2 ´of
politics: ³a @ crisis. ¸@ly ²/-klI/ ³adv¼
¨poli®ti®cian© ²/*polIÚtI2n/ ³n ´person taking part in politics or much
interested in politics; (in a bad sense) person who follows politics as a
career, regardless of principle: ³party @s. Is your leader a @ or a statesman?¼
¨pol®iti®cize© ²/pEÚlItIsñIz/ ³vt,vi ¶[VP6A,2A] ´become or cause to become
politically conscious or organized.¼
¨poli®tick© ²/ÚpolItIk/ ³vi ¶[VP2A] ´engage in politics.¼
¨poli®tics©1 ²/ÚpolItIks/ ³n pl sing-v ´the science or art of
government; ³"P@ is much more difficult than physics', said Einstein.¼
¨poli®tics©2 ²/ÚpolItIks/ ³n pl ´political views, affairs, questions, etc:
³party @; local @. What are your @?¼
¨pol®ity© ²/ÚpolEtI/ ³n (pl µ-ties³) ¶[U] ´form or process of government; ¶[C]
´society as an organized State.¼
¨polka© ²/ÚpolkE ³US: ²ÚpE8lkE/ ³n ¶[C] ´(piece of music, of E European origin,
for a) lively kind of dance. ¸Ú@ dots, ´regular pattern of large dots on cloth:
(attrib) ³a @-dot scarf.¼
¨poll©1 ²/pE8l/ ³n ¸1 ´voting at an election; list of voters;
counting of the votes; place where voting takes place: ³a light/heavy @´,
voting by a small/large proportion of the voters; ³awaiting the result of the
@; go to the @s ´(= @ing-booths), vote; ³exclude people from the @; be
successful at the @; head the @´, have the largest number of votes; ³declare
the @´, announce the result. ¸2 ´survey of public opinion by putting questions
to a representative selection of persons: ³a public opinion @; the Gallup @.
µ¥ ³straw vote ´at µstraw. ¸3 ´(old use) head: (hum) ³a grey @´, a grey-haired
person. ¸Ú@-tax ³n ´tax levied on every person in a community.¼
¨poll©2 ²/pE8l/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP2A,C] ´vote at an election; ¶[VP6A]
´receive (a certain number of) votes; take the votes of electors in (a
constituency): ³Mr Hill @ed over 3Ô000 votes. The constituency was @ed
thoroughly. ¸Ú@®ing-booth/-station ³nn ´place where voters go to record votes.
¸Ú@®ing-day ³n ´day appointed for a @. ¸2 ¶[VP6A] ´cut off the top of (the
horns of cattle): ³@ed cattle; ´cut off the top of (a tree) (= µpollard´).¼
¨poll©3 ²/pol/ ³n ´(also ·Ú³@parrot´) conventional name for a parrot.¼
¨pol®lard© ²/ÚpolEd/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´cut off the top of (a tree) so that a thick
head of new branches grows out. ¹ ³n ´@ed tree.¼
¨pol®len© ²/ÚpolEn/ ³n ¶[U] ´fine powder (usu yellow) formed on flowers which
fertilizes other flowers when carried to them by the wind, insects, etc. ¸Ú@
count, ´figure of the @ in the atmosphere in a given volume of air during 24
hours, from deposits on slides, as a guide to possible attacks of hay fever,
etc.¼
¨pol®lin®ate© ²/ÚpolIneIt/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´make fertile with pollen.
¸pol®li®na®tion ²/*polIÚneI2n/ ³n ¶[U].¼
¨poll®ster© ²/ÚpE8lstE(r)/ ³n ´(colloq) person who conducts public opinion
polls.¼
¨pol®lute© ²/pEÚlut/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´make dirty; destroy the purity or sanctity
of: ³rivers @d with filthy waste from factories; @d water´, unfit to drink.
¸pol®lu®tant ²/-Ent/ ³n ´anything that @s, eÔg exhaust fumes from
motor-vehicles. ¸pol®lu®tion ²/pEÚlu2n/ ³n ¶[U] ´polluting or being @d; that
which @s.¼
¨polo© ²/ÚpE8lE8/ ³n ¶[U] ´ball game played on horseback with
mallets. ¸Úwater-@ ³n ´game played by swimmers with a large ball. ¸Ú@-neck
³adj ´= ³turtleneck(ed), µ¥ turtle±1´.¼
¨pol®on®aise© ²/*polEÚneIz/ ³n ´(piece of music for a) slow processional dance
of Polish origin.¼
¨po®lony© ²/pEÚlE8nI/ ³n ¶[U] ´sausage of partly cooked pork.¼
¨pol®ter®geist© ²/ÚpoltEgñIst/ ³n ¶[C] ´(in folklore, etc) noisy, mischievous
spiritµ(2).¼
¨pol®troon© ²/polÚtrun/ ³n ´coward. ¸@®ery ²/-ErI/ ³n ´cowardice.¼
¨poly© ²/ÚpolI/ ³n ´(colloq abbr for) polytechnic.¼
¨poly®an®dry© ²/ÚpolIandrI/ ³n ¶[U] ´custom of having more than one husband at
the same time. ¸poly®an®drous ²/*polIÚandrEs/ ³adj ¸1 ´of, practising, @. ¸2
´(bot) (of plants) having numerous stamens.¼
¨poly®an®thus© ²/*polIÚanTEs/ ³n (pl µ@es ²/-TEsIz/³) ´(for individual plants)
kinds of cultivated primrose with several flowers on one stalk.¼
¨poly®gamy© ²/pEÚlIgEmI/ ³n ¶[U] ´custom of having more than one wife at the
same time. ¸poly®ga®mist ²/-Ist/ ³n ´man who practises @. ¸poly®ga®mous
²/pEÚlIgEmEs/ ³adj ´of, practising, @.¼
¨poly®glot© ²/ÚpolIglot/ ³adj ´knowing, using, written in, many languages. ¹ ³n
´@ person or book.¼
¨poly®gon© ²/ÚpolIgEn ³US: ²-gon/ ³n ´plane figure with many (usu
five or more) straight sides.¼
¨poly®mor®phous© ²/*polIÚmcfEs/, ´(also ¸poly®mor®phic ²/-fIk/´) ³adj ´having,
passing through, many stages (of development, growth, etc).¼
¨polyp© ²/ÚpolIp/ ³n ´(zool) very simple form of animal life found in water;
polypus.¼
¨poly®ph®ony© ²/pEÚlIfEnI/ ³n ¶[U] ´(music) counterpoint. ¸poly®phonic
²/*polIÚfonIk/ ³adj ´(music) contrapuntal.¼
¨poly®pus© ²/ÚpolIpEs/ ³n (pl µ@es ²/-pEsIz/, µ-pi ²/-pñI/³) ´(path) kinds of
tumour (eÔg in the nose) usu with many stems like tentacles, extending down
into the tissue.¼
¨poly®syl®lable© ²/ÚpolIsIlEbl/ ³n ´word of several (usu more than three)
syllables. ¸poly®syl®labic ²/*polIsIÚlabIk/ ³adj¼
¨poly®tech®nic© ²/*polIÚteknIk/ ³n ´(colloq abbr ¸poly
²/ÚpolI/´) institution for advanced full-time and part-time education, esp in
scientific and technical subjects.¼
¨poly®theism© ²/ÚpolITiIzEm/ ³n ¶[U] ´belief in, worship of, more than one god.
¸poly®theis®tic ²/*polITiÚIstIk/ ³adj¼
¨poly®thene© ²/ÚpolITin/ ³n ¶[U] ´plastic material widely used for waterproof
packaging, insulation, etc.¼
¨pom© ²/pom/ ³n ´(abbr) = µpommy.¼
¨po®made© ²/pEÚmqd ³US: ²pE8ÚmeId/ ³n ¶[U] ´perfumed ointment for use on the
hair. ¹ ³vt ´put @ on.¼
¨pom®egran®ate© ²/ÚpomIgranIt/ ³n ´(tree with) thick-skinned round fruit which,
when ripe, has a reddish centre full of seeds.¼
¨pom®elo© ²/ÚpomIlE8/ ³n (pl µ@s ²/-lE8z/³) ´kind of large grapefruit;
shaddock.¼
¨pom®mel© ²/Úpoml/ ³n ¸1 ´the rounded part of a saddle which sticks up at the
front. µ¥ ´the illus at µharness. ¸2 ´rounded knob on the hilt of a sword. ¹ ³vt
²/ÚpAml/ µ(-ll-, ´US also µ-l-) ´= µpummel.¼
¨pommy© ²/ÚpomI/ ³n (pl µ-mies³) ´(sl) British immigrant in Australia or New
Zealand; British person.¼
¨pomp© ²/pomp/ ³n ¶[U] ´splendid display, magnificence, esp at a public event:
³the @ and ceremony of the State Opening of Parliament.¼
¨pom®pon© ²/Úpompon/ ³n ´ornamental tuft or bunch of feathers, silk, ribbon,
etc worn on a hat or dress or shoes; ball of wool worn on eÔg a soldier's cap.¼
¨pom®pous© ²/ÚpompEs/ ³adj ´full of, showing, self-importance: ³a @ official;
@ language´, full of high-sounding words. ¸pom®pos®ity ²/pomÚposEtI/ ³n ¶[U]
´being @; ¶[C] ³(pl µ-ties³) ´instance of this.¼
¨ponce© ²/pons/ ³n ´man who lives with a prostitute and lives on her earnings.¼
¨pon®cho© ²/Úpont2E8/ ³n (pl µ@s ²/-2E8z/³) ´large piece of cloth with a slit
in the middle for the head, worn as a cloak; similar garment in waterproof
material used by hikers, cyclists, etc.¼
¨pond© ²/pond/ ³n ´small area of still water, esp one used or made
as a drinking place for cattle.¼
¨pon®der© ²/ÚpondE(r)/ ³vt,vi ¶[VP6A,2A,8,10,3A] ·@ (over), ´consider; think
over´: ³We @ed many things. He @ed over the incident.¼
¨pon®der®able© ²/ÚpondErEbl/ ³adj ´(phys) that can be weighed or measured. ¹ ³n
pl ´events, conditions, etc that can be taken into account and estimated.¼
¨pon®der®ous© ²/ÚpondErEs/ ³adj ¸1 ´heavy; bulky; unwieldy: ³@ movements´, eÔg
of a heavy man. ¸2 ´(of style) dull; laboured. ¸@®ly ³adv¼
¨pone© ²/pE8n/ ³n ´(also ¸Úcorn @´) maize bread, esp as made by N American
Indians.¼
¨pon®gee© ²/ponÚdZi/ ³n ¶[U] ´kind of soft silk cloth, usu unbleached so that
it has the natural colour (brownish yellow).¼
¨pon®iard© ²/ÚponjEd/ ³n ´(archaic or poet) dagger.¼
¨pon®tiff© ²/ÚpontIf/ ³n ¸1 ´the Pope. ¸2 ´(old use) bishop; high priest; chief
priest.¼
¨pon®tifi®cal© ²/ponÚtIfIkl/ ³adj ¸1 ´of or relating to the Pope or a bishop.
¸2 ´authoritative (in a pompous way). ¹ ³n pl ´vestments and insignia used by
bishops and cardinals at some church functions and ceremonies.¼
¨pon®tifi®cate© ²/ponÚtIfIkEt/ ³n ´office of a pontiff, esp of the Pope; period
of this. ¹ ³vi ²/-keIt/ ¶[VP2A] ´assume airs of infallibility.¼
¨pon®toon©1 ²/ponÚtun/ ³n ´flat-bottomed boat; one of a number of such boats,
or a floating hollow metal structure, supporting a roadway over a river: ³a @
bridge. µ¥ ´the illus at µbridge.¼
¨pon®toon©2 ²/ponÚtun/ ³n ¶[U] ´kind of card game.¼
¨pony© ²/ÚpE8nI/ ³n (pl µ-nies³) ¸1 ´horse of small breed. ¸Ú@-tail ³n ´style
of girls' hairdressing which became popular in the 1950's with long hair tied
in a bunch at the back of the head. ¸Ú@-trekking ³n ¶[U] ´the making of a
journey for pleasure by riding on ponies. ¸2 ´(GB sl) $25. ¸3 ´(US sl) =
µcrib±2µ(2).¼
¨poodle© ²/Úpudl/ ³n ´kind of dog with thick curling hair, often clipped and
shaved into fantastic patterns. µ¥ ´the illus at µdog.¼
¨poof© ²/puf/ ³n ´= µpouf(2).¼
¨pooh© ²/pu/ ³int ´expressing impatience or contempt or disgust at a bad
smell.¼
¨pooh-pooh© ²/*pu Úpu/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´treat (an idea, etc) with contempt.¼
¨pool©1 ²/pul/ ³n ¸1 ´small area of still water; esp one naturally
formed: ³After the rainstorm there were @s on the roads. ¸2 ´quantity of water
or other liquid lying on a surface: ³The corpse was lying in a @ of blood. ¸3
(Úswimming-)@, ´large paved hole filled with water to swim in. ¸4 ´part of a
river where the water is quiet and deep.¼
¨pool©2 ²/pul/ ³n ¸1 ´(gambling) total of money staked by a number of gamblers.
¸the (Úfootball) @s, ´organized gambling on the results of football matches:
³hoping to win a fortune on the @s. ¸2 ´arrangement by business firms to share
business and divide profits, to avoid competition and agree on prices. ¸3
´common fund, supply or service, provided by or shared among many: ³a ·Ú³typing
@´, arrangement by which many persons share the services of typists instead of
each having the services of his or her own typist. ¸4 ¶[U] ´(US) game for
several players played on a billiard-table with six pockets (GB = ³snooker´):
³to shoot ´(= play) ³@. ¸Ú@-room ³n ´place, room, in which the game of @ is
played. ¹ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´share in common; put (money, resources, etc) together
for the use of all who contribute: ³They @ed their savings and bought a used
car.¼
¨poop© ²/pup/ ³n ´(raised deck at the) stern of a ship. µ¥ ´the
illus at µbarque.¼
¨poor© ²/p8E(r)/ ³adj µ(-er, -est) ¸1 ´having little money; not having and not
able to get the necessaries of life. ¸the @ ³n pl ´@ people. ¸Ú@-box ³n
´(formerly, in a church) box in which money may be placed to be given to the @.
¸Ú@-house ³n ´(formerly) building where @ people were maintained at the public
expense. ¸Ú@ law ³n ´(formerly) group of laws relating to the relief and care
of the @ (now replaced by Social Security Services). ¸Ú@-rate ³n ´(formerly)
rate (= local tax) for the relief of the @. ¸*@ Úwhite, ´(in southern US and S
Africa) one of a class of socially inferior white people. ¸2 ´deserving or
needing help or sympathy: ³The @ little puppy had been abandoned. ¸3 ´(often
hum or ironic) humble; of little value: ³in my @ opinion. ¸4 ´small in
quantity: ³a @ supply of well-qualified science teachers; a country @ in
minerals. ¸5 ´low in quality: ³@ soil; @ food; in @ health. ¸*@-Úspirited ³adj
´lacking in courage; timid.¼
¨poor®ly© ²/Úp8ElI/ ³pred adj ´(colloq) unwell: ³He's rather @ this morning. ¹
adv ¸1 ´in a poor manner; badly; with little success: ³@ lighted streets; @
dressed. ¸2 ·@ off, ´having very little money: ³She's been @ off since her
husband died.¼
¨poor®ness© ²/Úp8EnIs/ ³n ¶[U] ´lack of some desirable quality or element (note
that ³poverty ´is usu for being poorµ(1)´): ³the @ of the soil.¼
¨pop©1 ²/pop/ ³n ¸1 ´short, sharp, explosive sound: ³the pop of a
cork. ¸2 ¶[U] ´(sl) bottled drink with gas in it: ³ginger pop, ´ginger beer; ³a
bottle of pop. ¸3 ´(sl) ·in pop, ´in pawn. ¹ ³adv ´with the sound of popping:
³I heard it go pop. Pop went the cork!¼
¨pop©2 ²/pop/ ³n ´(US abbr for) µpoppa.¼
¨pop©3 ²/pop/ ³adj ´(colloq abbr for) popular: ·Ú³pop music; ·Ú³pop singers;
·Ú³pop groups, ´(singers and players) (esp) those whose records sell in large
numbers and who are most popular on radio, TÔV and in discotheques. ¸Úpop art,
´the depiction of scenes of everyday life, using comic strips, commercial
technique, etc. ¸Úpop concert, ´of popular music. ¸Úpop festival, ´large, usu
outdoor, gathering of people to hear pop singers and musicians. ¹ ³n ¶[U]
´(colloq) pop music, pop art, etc; ¶[C] ´pop song: ³top of the pops´, disc, etc
which (calculated by sales) is most popular during a given period of time.¼
¨pop©4 ²/pop/ ³vt,vi µ(-pp-) ¸1 ¶[VP6A,15B,2C] ´(cause to) make a
sharp, quick sound (as when a cork comes out of a bottle): ³Champagne corks
were popping (away) on all sides. ·pop the question, ´(sl) propose marriage.
¸Úpop-eyed ³adj ´having bulging eyes or eyes very wide open (with surprise,
etc). ¸Úpop®gun ³n ´child's toy gun which fires a cork with a popping sound. ¸2
¶[VP15A,B,2A,C] ´(uses with ³adverbial particles ´and ³preps´) ·pop across to,
µ¥ pop over ´below. ·pop in/out (of), ´(cause to) go or come in/out quickly
(giving the idea of rapid or unexpected movement or activity): ³He popped his
head in at the door. Pop in and see me some time. The neighbours' children are
always popping in and out´, are very frequent visitors. ³His eyes almost popped
out (of his head) in surprise. ·pop sth into sth, ´quickly put it there: ³She
popped the gin bottle into the cupboard as the vicar entered the room. ·pop
off, ¸(a) ´go away. ¸(b) ´(sl) die: ³I don't intend to pop off yet. ·pop
over/across to, ´make a quick, short visit to: ³She has just popped over/across
to the grocer's. ¸3 ´(sl) ¶[VP2C] ´shoot: ³They were popping away at the
pigeons. ¸4 ´(sl) pawn: ³I'll pop my watch and take you to the cinema. ¸5 ´(US)
parch (maize) until it bursts open and puffs out. ¸Úpop®corn ³n ´maize
treated in this way.¼
¨Pope© ²/pE8p/ ³n ´(often ¸the @´) the Bishop of Rome as chief
bishop of the Roman Catholic Church. ¸pop®ery ²/ÚpE8pErI/ ³n ¶[U] ´(in hostile
use) Roman Catholicism; papal system. ¸pop®ish ²/ÚpE8pI2/ ³adj ´(in hostile
use) of popery. ¸pop®ish®ly ³adv¼
¨pop®in®jay© ²/ÚpopIndZeI/ ³n ´conceited person, esp one who is vain about
clothes.¼
¨pop®lar© ²/ÚpoplE(r)/ ³n ¶[C] ´tall, straight, fast-growing tree; ¶[U] ´its
wood.¼
¨pop®lin© ²/ÚpoplIn/ ³n ¶[U] ´(formerly) cloth of silk and wool with a ribbed
surface; (now, usu) kind of strong, shiny cotton cloth used for shirts, etc.¼
¨poppa© ²/ÚpopE/ ³n ´(US) = µpapa.¼
¨pop®pet© ²/ÚpopIt/ ³n ´(GB) used as a term of endearment (usu to a child):
³Isn't she a @? And how's my little @ this morning?¼
¨poppy© ²/ÚpopI/ ³n (pl µ-pies³) ´sorts of plant, wild and cultivated, with
large flowers, esp red, and a milky juice: ·Ú³opium @´, kind from which opium
is obtained.¼
¨poppy®cock© ²/ÚpopIkok/ ³n ¶[U] ´(sl) nonsense.¼
¨popu®lace© ²/Úpopj8lEs/ ³n ´(formal) the common people; the general public;
the masses.¼
¨popu®lar© ²/Úpopj8lE(r)/ ³adj ¸1 ´of or for the people: ³@ government´, by
the elected majority of all those who have votes. ¸*@ Úfront, ´(in politics)
coalition of parties opposed to reaction and fascism. ¸2 ´suited to the
tastes, needs, educational level, etc of the general public: ³@ science; meals
at @ ´(= low) ³prices. ¸3 ´liked and admired: ³a @ hero; @ film stars; a man
who is @ with his neighbours. µ¥ pop±3µ. ¸@®ly ³adv¼
¨popu®lar®ity© ²/*popj8ÚlarEtI/ ³n ¶[U] ´quality of being
popularµ(3)´: ³win @; the @ of baseball in Japan.¼
¨popu®lar®ize© ²/Úpopj8lErñIz/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´make popular: ³@ a new method of
teaching spelling. ¸popu®lar®iz®ation ²/*popj8lErñIÚzeI2n ³US: ²-rIÚz-/ ³n¼
¨popu®late© ²/Úpopj8leIt/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´supply with people; inhabit; form the
population of: ³thinly @d; the densely @d parts of India.¼
¨popu®la®tion© ²/*popj8ÚleI2n/ ³n ´(number of) people living in a place,
country, etc or a special section of them: ³a fall/rise in @; the @ of London;
the working-class @.¼
¨popu®lism© ²/Úpopj8lIzEm/ ³n ¶[U] ´government or politics based on an appeal
to popular sentiments or fears. ¸popu®list ²/-Ist/ ³n ´supporter or promoter of
@.¼
¨popu®lous© ²/Úpopj8lEs/ ³adj ´thickly populated.¼
¨por®ce®lain© ²/ÚpcsElIn/ ³n ¶[U] ´(articles, eÔg cups and plates, made of a)
fine china with a coating of translucent material called ³glaze.¼
¨porch© ²/pct2/ ³n ¸1 ´built-out roofed doorway or entrance to a building. ¸2
´(US, also) veranda.¼
¨por®cine© ²/ÚpcsñIn/ ³adj ´of or like a pig.¼
¨por®cu®pine© ²/Úpckj8pñIn/ ³n ´small rat-like animal covered with spines that
the animal can stick out if attacked.¼
¨pore©1 ²/pc(r)/ ³n ´tiny opening (esp in the skin of an animal body) through
which fluids (eÔg sweat) may pass: ³He was sweating at every @.¼
¨pore©2 ²/pc(r)/ ³vi ¶[VP3A] ·@ over sth, ´study it with close attention: ³@
over a letter/book.¼
¨pork© ²/pck/ ³n ¶[U] ´flesh of a pig (usu fresh, not salted or
cured) used as food: ³a leg of @; a @ chop; roast @. µ¥ bacon, ham(1).
¸Ú@-barrel ³n ´(US, sl) money from State or Federal taxes, etc spent
to confer local benefits for political reasons. ¸Ú@-butcher ³n ´one who kills
pigs for sale as food, makes @ sausages, @ pies, etc. ¸*@ Úpie ³n ´minced @,
highly seasoned, in a container of pie-crust. ¸@er ³n ´pig raised for food, esp
one fattened for killing.¼
¨porn© ²/pcn/ ³n ´(colloq abbr of) pornography. ¸Ú@ shop ³n ´shop where
pornographic books, etc are sold.¼
¨por®nogra®phy© ²/pcÚnogrEfI/ ³n ¶[U] ´treatment of obscene subjects, in
writing, pictures, etc; such writings, etc. ¸por®nogra®pher ²/pcÚnogrEfE(r)/ ³n
´person who makes or deals in @. ¸por®no®graphic ²/*pcnEÚgrafIk/ ³adj¼
¨po®rous© ²/ÚpcrEs/ ³adj ¸1 ´full of pores. ¸2 ´allowing liquid to pass
through: ³Sandy soil is @. ¸@®ness, po®ros®ity ²/pcÚrosEtI/ ³nn ´quality or
condition of being @.¼
¨por®phyry© ²/ÚpcfIrI/ ³n ¶[U] ´hard, red kind of rock with red and white
crystals bedded in it, polished and made into ornaments.¼
¨por®poise© ²/ÚpcpEs/ ³n ´sea animal rather like a dolphin or small
whale. µ¥ ´the illus at µsea.¼
¨por®ridge© ²/ÚporIdZ ³US: ²Úpcr-/ ³n ¶[U] ´soft food made by boiling a
cereal, eÔg oatmeal, in water or milk: ³a bowl/plate of @.¼
¨por®rin®ger© ²/ÚporIndZE(r) ³US: ²Úpcr-/ ³n ´small bowl with a handle (for a
child) from which porridge, soup, etc is eaten.¼
¨port©1 ²/pct/ ³n ¸1 ´harbour: ³a naval @; reach @. ¸2 ´town or city with a
harbour, esp one where customs officers are stationed. ¸free @, ´one open for
the merchandise of all countries to load and unload in; one where there is
exemption of duties for imports or exports. ¸3 ´(fig) refuge. ·any @ in a
storm, ´in time of difficulty help or safety may be sought anywhere. ·@ after
stormy seas´, rest after struggles.¼
¨port©2 ²/pct/ ³n ´(naut) opening in the side of a ship for entrance, or for
loading and unloading cargo; @holeµ(b)´. ¸Ú@®hole ³n ¸(a) ´opening in a ship's
side for admission of light and air. ¸(b) ´small glass window in the side of a
ship or aircraft.¼
¨port©3 ²/pct/ ³n ´left-hand side of a ship or aircraft as one faces forward:
³put the helm to @´; (attrib) ³on the @ bow/quarter. µ¥ starboard´; µ¥ ´the
illus at µship. ³¹ vt ¶[VP6A] ´turn (the ship's helm) to @.¼
¨port©4 ²/pct/ ³n ¶[U] ´strong, sweet, dark-red or white wine of Portugal.¼
¨port©5 ²/pct/ ³n ·at the @, ´(mil) position of a rifle on porting arms. ¹ ³vt
´carry (a rifle or other weapon) diagonally across and close to the body ready
for inspection by an officer: ³P@ arms! ´command for this to be done.¼
¨port®able© ²/ÚpctEbl/ ³adj ´that can be carried about; not fixed: ³@
radios/typewriters. ¸port®abil®ity ²/*pctEÚbIlEtI/ ³n ¶[U] ´being @: ³The
portability of my tape-recorder is exaggerated.¼
¨port®age© ²/ÚpctIdZ/ ³n ¶[C,U] ´(cost of) carrying goods, esp when (eÔg in
forest country in Canada) goods have to be carried overland between two rivers
or parts of a river; place where this is done.¼
¨por®tal© ²/Úpctl/ ³n ´doorway, esp an imposing one of a large building.¼
¨port®cul®lis© ²/*pctÚkAlIs/ ³n ´(hist) iron grating that could be raised or
lowered to protect the gateway of a castle. µ¥ ´the illus at µdrawbridge.¼
¨porte-coch`ere© ²/*pct kEÚ2eE(r)/ ³n ´(F)gateway at the entrance to a building
to give shelter to persons entering or leaving cars, etc.¼
¨por®tend© ²/pcÚtend/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´(formal) be a sign or warning of (a future
event, etc): ³This @s war.¼
¨por®tent© ²/Úpctent/ ³n ´thing, esp sth marvellous or mysterious, that
portends sth; omen. ¸por®ten®tous ²/pcÚtentEs/ ¸1 ´ominous; threatening. ¸2
´marvellous; extraordinary. ¸por®ten®tous®ly ³adv¼
¨por®ter©1 ²/ÚpctE(r)/ ³n ¸1 ´person whose work is to carry luggage, etc at
railway stations, airports, hotels, etc. ¸2 ´person carrying a load on his back
or head (usu in country where there are no roads for motor-vehicles). ¸3 ´(US)
attendant in a sleeping-car or parlour-car on a train. ¸Ú@®age ²/-IdZ/ ³n ¶[U]
´(the charge for) carrying of luggage, etc by a @.¼
¨por®ter©2 ²/ÚpctE(r)/ ³n ´doorkeeper (at a hotel, public building,
etc): ³The hotel @ will call a taxi for you. ´(US = ³doorman´). ¸@'s lodge, µ¥
lodge±1µ(3).¼
¨por®ter©3 ²/ÚpctE(r)/ ³n ¶[U] ´dark-brown bitter beer.¼
¨por®ter®house© ²/ÚpctEhñ8s/ ³n ¸@ (steak), ´choice cut of beefsteak.¼
¨port®folio© ²/pctÚfE8lIE8/ ³n (pl µ@s ²/lIE8z/³) ¸1 ´flat case (usu leather)
for keeping loose papers, documents, drawings, etc. ¸2 ´position and duties of
a minister of state: ³He resigned his @. Mr X is minister without @´, not in
charge of any particular department. ¸3 ´list of securities and investments
(stocks, shares, etc) owned by an individual, a bank, etc.¼
¨port®hole© ³n µ¥ port±2µ.¼
¨port®ico© ²/ÚpctIkE8/ ³n (pl µ@es ´or µ@s ²/kE8z/³) ´roof supported by
columns, esp at the entrance of a building.¼
¨port®i`ere© ²/*pctIÚeE(r)/ ³n ´(F) heavy curtain hung over a door(way).¼
¨por®tion© ²/Úpc2n/ ³n ¸1 ´part, esp a share, (to be) given when sth is
distributed: (of a railway ticket) ³this @ to be given up; ´(of a railway
train) ³the through @ for Liverpool´, the coaches for Liverpool (passengers in
which will not need to change trains); ³a marriage @´, dowry. ¸2 ´quantity of
any kind of food served in a restaurant: ³a generous @ of roast duck. ¸3
³(sing) ´one's lot or fate: ³Brief life is here our @. ¹ vt ¸1 ¶[VP15B] ·@ sth
out (among/between), ´divide into @s, share. ¸2 ¶[VP14] ·@ sth to sb, ´provide
a @ of (sth to sb).¼
¨Port®land© ²/ÚpctlEnd/ ³n ¸@ stone, ´yellowish-white limestone (quarried near
@, Dorset), used for building. ¸@ cement, ´cement used for concrete that
resembles @ stone in colour.¼
¨port®ly© ²/ÚpctlI/ ³adj ´(usu of elderly persons) stout; round and fat: ³a @
city councillor.¼
¨port®man®teau© ²/pctÚmantE8/ ³n (pl µ@s ´or µ@x ²/-tE8z/³) ´oblong,
square-shouldered leather case for clothes, opening on a hinge into two equal
parts. ¸@ word, ´one made by using two or more words and combining their
meanings, eÔg ³shamateur ´(from ³sham ´and ³amateur´).¼
¨por®trait© ²/ÚpctrIt/ ³n ¸1 ´painted picture, drawing, photograph, of a person
or animal. ¸2 ´vivid description in words. ¸Ú@®ist ²/-Ist/ ³n ´maker of @s.
¸Ú@®ure ²/-t2E(r) ³US: ²-t28E(r)/ ³n ¶[U] ´art of making @s; @.¼
¨por®tray© ²/pcÚtreI/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ¸1 ´make a picture of. ¸2
´describe vividly in words. ¸3 ´act the part of (in a play). ¸@al ²/pcÚtreIEl/
³n ¶[U] ´@ing; ¶[C] ´description.¼
¨pose© ²/pE8z/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A] ´put (sb) in a desired position before making
a portrait, taking a photograph, etc: ³The artist @d his model carefully. All
the subjects are well @d. ¸2 ¶[VP2A,3A] ·@ (for), ´take up a position (for a
portrait, etc): ³Are you willing to @ for me? ¸3 ¶[VP6A] ´put forward for
discussion; create; give rise to: ³The increase in student numbers @s many
problems for the universities. ¸4 ¶[VP2C] ·@ as, ´set oneself up as, claim to
be: ³@ as an expert on old coins. ¸5 ¶[VP2A] ´behave in an affected way, hoping
to impress people: ³She's always posing´, is never natural in her behaviour. ¹
³n ¸1 ´position taken up for a portrait, photograph, etc: ³a striking and
unusual @. ¸2 ´attitude, unnatural way of behaving, intended to impress people;
affectation: ³That rich man's socialism is a mere @. ¸poser ³n ´awkward or
difficult question.¼
¨po®seur© ²/pE8Úz3(r)/, ´(also, fem ¸po®seuse ²/pE8Úz3z/´) ³n ´person who
posesµ(5)´; affected person.¼
¨posh© ²/po2/ ³adj ´(colloq) smart; first-class: ³a @ hotel; @ clothes; her @
friends. ¹ vt ¶[VP15B] ·@ up, ´make @: ³We must @ ourselves up for the party.¼
¨posit© ²/ÚpozIt/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´postulate.¼
¨po®si®tion© ²/pEÚzI2n/ ³n ¸1 ¶[C] ´place where sth or sb is or stands, esp in
relation to others: ³fix a ship's @´, eÔg by observation of the sun or stars;
³secure a @ where one will get a good view of the procession; storm the enemy's
@s´, the places they occupy. ·in/out of @, ´in/not in the right place. ¸2 ¶[U]
´state of being advantageously placed (in war or any kind of struggle): ³They
were manoeuvring for @. ¸3 ¶[C] ´way in which sb or sth is placed; attitude or
posture: ³sit/lie in a comfortable @. ¸4 ¶[C] ´person's place or rank in
relation to others, in employment, in society, etc: ³a pupil's @ in class; a
high/low @ in society. ¸5 ¶[C] ´job; employment: ³apply for the @ of assistant
manager. ¸6 ¶[C] ´condition; circumstance: ³placed in an awkward @. I regret I
am not in a @ ´(= am unable) ³to help you. ¸7 ¶[C] ´attitude; opinion: ³What's
your @ on this problem? ¹ vt ¶[VP6A] ´place (sth or sb) in @; determine the @
of.¼
¨posi®tive© ²/ÚpozEtIv/ ³adj ¸1 ´definite; sure; leaving no room for doubt:
³give a man @ orders/instructions; @ knowledge. ¸2 ´(of persons) quite certain,
esp about opinions: ³Are you @ (that) it was after midnight? Can you be @ about
what you saw? ¸3 ´practical and constructive; that definitely helps: ³a @
suggestion; @ help; @ criticism. ¸4 ´(colloq) downright; out and out: ³That man
is a @ fool/nuisance. It's a @ crime to drink and drive. ¸5 ´(maths) greater
than zero: ³the @ sign (+). ¸6 ´(of electricity) of the sort produced by
rubbing glass with silk; of the sort caused by deficiency of electrons: ³a @
charge. ¸@ pole, ´anode. ¸7 ´(photo) showing light and shadows as in nature,
not reversed (as in a ³negative´). ¸8 ´(gram, of ³adjj ´and ³advv´) of the
simple form, not the comparative or superlative. ¹ ³n ´@ degree, adjective,
quantity, etc; photograph printed from a (negative) plate or film. ¸@®ly ³adv
´definitely; certainly. ¸@®ness ³n ¶[U] ´confidence.¼
¨posi®tiv®ism© ²/ÚpozItIvIzEm/ ³n ¶[U] ´philosophical system of
Auguste Comte ²/kcnt/ ´1798Å1857, French philosopher, based on observable
phenomena and positive facts rather than speculation. ¸logical @,
´modern (20th c) development of this philosophy mainly concerned with
linguistic analysis and verification of empirical statements by observation.
¸posi®tiv®ist ²/-Ist/ ³n¼
¨posse© ²/ÚposI/ ³n ´(chiefly US) body of constables or other men having
authority who can be summoned by a sheriff to help him in maintaining order,
etc.¼
¨pos®sess© ²/pEÚzes/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ¸1 ´own, have; ³@ nothing; lose all that one
@es. ¸2 ´keep control over: ³@ one's soul in patience´, be patient. µ¥
³self-@ed ´at µself-. ¸3 ·@ oneself of, ´(old use) become the owner of. ·be @ed
of, ´have: ³He is @ed of great natural ability. ¸4 ·be @ed, ´be mad, be
controlled by an evil spirit: ³She is surely @ed. He fought like one @ed´, like
a person having a devil inside him. ¸5 ´occupy (the mind); dominate: ³What @ed
you to do that? ´What influenced or dominated your mind and caused you to do
that? ³He is @ed with the idea that someone is persecuting him. ¸@or ²/-sE(r)/
³n ´owner; person who @es sth.¼
¨pos®session© ²/pEÚze2n/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´possessing; ownership: ³come
into @ of a large estate; get @ of sth´, succeed in getting @ of it. ³The
players fought for/won @ of the ball. Who is in @ of the property? The
information in my @ is strictly confidential. You can't take @ of the house ´(=
move into it) ³until all the papers have been signed. Is the woman in full @ of
her senses? ´Is she quite sane? ¸2 ¶[C] ´(often ³pl´) sth possessed; property:
³lose all one's @s; a man of great @s. Most of Britain's @s overseas ´(= her
former colonies, etc) ³are now independent countries.¼
¨pos®sess®ive© ²/pEÚzesIv/ ³adj ¸1 ´of possession or ownership: ³He has a @
manner´, seems to assert claims, eÔg to the attention of people. ³She has a @
nature´, is eager to acquire things or wants the whole of (someone's) love or
attention. ¸2 ´(gram) showing possession: ³the @ case´, eÔg ³Tom's, the boy's,
the boys'; @ pronouns´, eÔg ³yours, his. ¸@®ly ³adv¼
¨pos®set© ²/ÚposIt/ ³n ´drink of warm milk with ale or wine and spices in it,
formerly much used as a remedy for colds.¼
¨pos®si®bil®ity© ²/*posEÚbIlEtI/ ³n (pl µ-ties³) ¸1 ¶[U] ´state of being
possible; (degree of) likelihood: ³Is there any/much @ of your getting to
London this week? I admit the @ of your being right. Help is still within the
bounds of @. ¸2 ¶[C] ´sth that is possible: ³I see great possibilities in this
scheme´, It can have great success in many ways. ³Don't neglect the @ that his
train has been delayed/the @ of an accident.¼
¨poss®ible© ²/ÚposEbl/ ³adj ¸1 ´that can be done; that can exist or
happen: ³Come as quickly as @. Frost is @, though not probable, even at the end
of May. Are you insured against all @ risks? ¸2 ´that is reasonable or
satisfactory: ³a @ answer to a problem´, one that may be accepted, though not,
perhaps, the best. ³He is the only @ man for the position. ¹ n ´@ person or
thing: ³A trial game was arranged between @s and probables. ¸poss®ibly ²/-EblI/
³adv ¸1 ´in accordance with what is @: ³I will come as soon as I possibly can.
Can you possibly lend me $5? ¸2 ´perhaps: ³"Will they put your salary
up?'Å"Possibly.'¼
¨pos®sum© ²/ÚposEm/ ³n ´(colloq abbr of) opossum. ·play @, ´pretend to be
asleep, unaware, etc so as to deceive sb (from the @'s habit of feigning death
when attacked).¼
¨post©1 ²/pE8st/ ³n ¶[C] ¸1 ´place where a soldier is on watch; place of duty:
³The sentries are all at their @s. ¸2 ´place occupied by soldiers, esp a
frontier fort; the soldiers there. µ¥ outpost. ¸3 ´trading station, esp one in
a country where law and order are not yet firmly established: ³trading @s in
northern Canada a hundred years ago. ¸4 ´position or appointment; job: ³get a
better @; be given a @ as general manager. ¹ vt ¶[VP6A,15A] ¸1 ´put at a
@µ(1)´: ³@ sentries at the gates of the camp. ¸2 ´send to a @µ(1,2,4)´: ³@ an
officer to a unit. I hope to be @ed to Damascus next year.¼
¨post©2 ²/pE8st/ ³n ´(mil) bugle-call sounded at sunset: (esp) ¸the first/last
@. ´(The last @ is also sounded at military funerals.)¼
¨post©3 ²/pE8st/ ³n ¸1 ´(hist) one of a number of men placed with horses at
intervals, the duty of each being to ride with letters, etc to the next stage;
letter-carrier; mail-cart. ¸*@-Úchaise ³n ´(hist) travelling carriage hired
from stage to stage or drawn by @-horses hired from stage to stage.
¸Ú@-horse ³n ´(hist) horse kept at inns, etc for the use of men carrying
letters, etc and for other travellers. ¸2 ´(GB) transport and delivery of
letters, etc; one collection of letters, etc; one delivery or distribution of
letters, etc (US = ³mail´): ³miss/catch the @´, be too late/in time for one of
the regular clearances of letters. ³Has the @ come yet? ´Has there been a
delivery of letters, etc? ³I will send you the book by @. Please reply by
return of @´, by the next @ (from your town, etc to mine). ¸the P@ (Office),
´public corporation set up to perform these duties, responsible to the
Ministry of @s and Telecommunications. ¸3 the @, ´@ box or @ office: ³take
letters to the @. ¸4 ´(compounds) ¸Ú@®bag ³n ´= mailbag. ¸Ú@®box, ´box into
which letters are dropped for collection. ¸Ú@®card ³n ´card, one side of which
is usu a photograph or picture, used instead of a letter. ¸Ú@®code, ´(US =
³zipcode´) ´group of letters and numbers, eÔg W1XÔ4AH, used to make the sorting
and delivery of mail easier (by use of a computer). ¸*@-Úfree ³adj, adv
´carried free of charge by @, or with postage prepaid; (of a price) including
the charge for postage. ¸@®man ²/-mEn/ ³n (pl µ-men³) ´man employed to deliver
letters, etc (US = ³mailman´). ¸Ú@®mark ³n ´official mark stamped on letters,
cancelling postage stamp(s) and giving the place, date, and time of collection.
µ¹ ³vt ´mark (an envelope, etc) with this. ¸Ú@®master, Ú@®mistress ³nn
´official in charge of a @ office. ¸Ú@ office ³n ´office, building, etc where
@al business is carried on, together with the business of telegraphs and
telephones, payment of state pensions, etc. ¸Ú@ office ´(abbr ¸PÔO´) ¸box ³n
´numbered box in a @ office for @ addressed to an individual or company.
¸*@-Úpaid ³adj, adv ´with postage already paid.¼
¨post©4 ²/pE8st/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A] ´put (letters, etc) into a
postbox or take (them) to a post office to be forwarded (US = ³mail). ¸2
¶[VP3A] ´(hist) travel (³from/to´) by stages, using relays of horses. µ¥
post±3µ(1). ¸*@-Úhaste ³adv ´in great haste. ¸3 ¶[VP6A,15B] ·@ (up),
´(book-keeping) write
items in (a ledger); transfer (items) from a day-book to a ledger: ³@ (up)
export sales; @ up a ledger. ·keep sb @ed, ´(fig) keep him supplied with news.¼
¨post©5 ²/pE8st/ ³n ´upright piece of wood, metal, etc supporting or marking
sth: ·Ú³gate@s; the ·Ú³starting/·Ú³winning-@´, marking the starting and
finishing points in a race; ·Ú³bed@s ´(in the old-fashioned kind of bed which
had curtains round it); ·Ú³lamp-@s, ´poles in towns, etc with electric lamps
for street-lighting. ¹ ³vt ¶[VP6A,15A,B] ¸1 ·@ (up), ´display publicly in a
public place by means of a paper, placard, etc: ³P@ no bills ´(warning that
notices, advertisements, etc, must not be pasted on the wall, etc). ³The
announcement was @ed up on the wall of the town hall. ¸2 ·@ (over), ´cover with
bills, placards, etc: ³@ a wall (over) with placards. ¸3 ´make known by means
of a @ed notice: ³a ship @ed as missing.¼
¨post-© ²/pE8st/ ³pref ´after. µ¥ App 3.¼
¨post®age© ²/ÚpE8stIdZ/ ³n ¶[U] ´payment for the carrying of letters, etc:
³What is the @ for an air-letter? ¸Ú@ stamp ³n ´stamp (to be) stuck on letters,
etc with a specified value, showing the amount of @ paid.¼
¨postal© ²/ÚpE8stl/ ³adj ´of the µpost±3µ(2)´: ·Ú³@ rates; ·Ú³@ workers; a @
vote, ´sent by post to decide a ballot; ³@ union´, agreement by governments of
most countries for the regulation of international postal business. ¸Ú@ order,
µ¥ order±1µ(7).¼
¨post®date© ²/*pE8stÚdeIt/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ¸1 ´put (on a letter, cheque, etc) a
date later than the date of writing. ¸2 ´give (to an event) a date later than
its actual date.¼
¨poster© ²/ÚpE8stE(r)/ ³n ¸1 ´placard displayed in a public place
(announcing or advertising sth); large printed picture. ¸2 (Úbill-)@, ´person
who posts bills or placards on walls, hoardings, etc.¼
¨poste res®tante© ²/*pE8st Úrestqnt ³US: ²reÚstant/ ³n ¶[U] ´(F) post office
department to whose care letters may be addressed, to be kept until called
for.¼
¨pos®terior© ²/poÚstIErIE(r)/ ³adj ¸1 ·@ (to), ´later in time or order. µ¥
prior±1µ. ¸2 ´placed behind. ³¹ n ´(hum) buttocks: ³kick his @.¼
¨pos®ter®ity© ²/poÚsterEtI/ ³n ¶[U] ¸1 ´person's descendants (his children,
their children, etc). ¸2 ´future generations: ³plant trees for the benefit of
@.¼
¨pos®tern© ²/ÚpostEn/ ³n ´side way or entrance; (esp, in former times)
concealed entrance to a castle or fortress: (attrib) ³@ door/gate.¼
¨Post Exchange© ²/*pE8st IkÚst2eIndZ/ ³n ´(abbr ¸PÔX´) (US) store at a military
base where personnel and their families may buy services and tax-free goods.¼
¨post®gradu®ate© ²/*pE8st ÚgradZ8Et/ ³adj ´(of studies, etc) done after taking
a first academic degree. ³¹ n ´person engaged in @ studies.¼
¨post®hum®ous© ²/Úpostj8mEs/ ³adj ¸1 ´(of a child) born after the death of its
father. ¸2 ´coming or happening after death: ³@ fame; a @ novel´, published
after the author's death; ³the @ award of a Victoria Cross. ¸@®ly ³adv¼
¨pos®til®ion© ´(also ¸pos®til®lion´) ²/poÚstIlIEn/ ³n ´man riding on one of
the two or more horses pulling a carriage or coach.¼
¨post®mas®ter© ²/ÚpE8stmqstE(r) ³US: ²-mas-/ ³n ¸*P@ ÚGeneral, ´the Minister at
the head of a country's Post Office Department. µ¥ post±3µ(2).¼
¨post meri®diem© ²/*pE8st mEÚrIdIEm/ ³adv ´(abbr ¸pÔm´) time between noon and
midnight: ³7.30pÔm. µ¥ ³aÔm ´at µante meridiem; ¥ App ´(6).¼
¨post-mor®tem© ²/*pE8st ÚmctEm/ ³n, adj ¸1 ´(medical examination) made after
death: ³A @ showed that the man had been poisoned. ¸2 ´(colloq) review of an
event, etc in the past.¼
¨post®pone© ²/pEÚspE8n/ ³vt ¶[VP6A,C] ´put off until another time: ³@ a
meeting; @ sending an answer to a request. ¸@®ment ³n ¶[U] ´postponing; ¶[C]
´instance of this: ³after numerous @ments.¼
¨post®pran®dial© ²/*pE8stÚprandIEl/ ³adj ´(usu hum) after dinner: ³@ oratory.¼
¨post®script© ²/ÚpE8sskrIpt/ ³n ¸1 ´(abbr ¸PÔS´) sentence(s) added (³to ´a
letter) after the signature. ¸2 ´additional or final information.¼
¨pos®tu®lant© ²/Úpostj8lEnt ³US: ²-t28-/ ³n ´candidate, esp for
admission to a religious order. µ¥ novice.¼
¨pos®tu®late© ²/Úpostj8leIt ³US: ²-t28-/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´demand, put forward,
take for granted, as a necessary fact, as a basis for reasoning. ³¹ n ´sth @d;
sth that may be considered axiomatic: ³the @s of Euclidean geometry´, eÔg the
possibility of drawing a straight line between any two points.¼
¨pos®ture© ²/Úpost2E(r)/ ³n ¸1 ¶[C] ´attitude of, way of holding, the body:
³The artist asked his model to take a reclining @. Good @ helps you to keep
well. ¸2 ¶[U] ´state or condition: ³in the present @ of public affairs. ¸3
´frame of mind; attitude: ³Will the Government alter its @ over aid to the
railways? ¹ vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A] ´put or arrange in a @: ³@ a model. ¸2 ¶[VP2A]
´adopt a vain, pretentious @: ³The vain girl was posturing before a tall
mirror. ¸pos®tur®ing ³n ¶[U,C] ´(from the ³vÔµ(2)´) ³All this posturing must
stop!¼
¨posy© ²/ÚpE8zI/ ³n (pl µ-sies³) ´small bunch of cut flowers.¼
¨pot©1 ²/pot/ ³n ¸1 ´round vessel of earthenware, metal or glass, for holding
liquids or solids, for cooking things in, etc; contents of such a vessel: ³a
·Ú³jam-pot; eat a whole pot of jam; a ·Ú³teapot; a ·Ú³coffee-pot; a
·Ú³flower-pot; a ·Ú³chamber-pot. µ¥ ´the ³nn ´forming the first element of such
compounds. ¸2 ´(phrases and provs) ·go to pot, ´(sl) be ruined or destroyed.
·keep the Úpot boiling, ´earn enough money to buy one's food, etc; keep sth,
eÔg a children's game, going briskly. ·take *pot Úluck, ´whatever is available
(without choice); whatever is being prepared for a meal: ³Come home with me and
take pot luck. ·the *pot calling the *kettle Úblack, ´the accuser having the
same fault as the accused. ¸3 ´(colloq) large sum: ³make a pot/pots of money.
¸4 a big pot, ´(colloq) an important person. ¸5 ´(colloq) prize in an athletic
contest, esp a silver cup: ³all the pots he won when he was young. ¸6 ´(sl)
marijuana. ¸7 ´(compounds) ¸Úpot-belly ³n ´(person with a) large, prominent
belly. ¸*pot-Úbellied ³adj ´(of a person) having a pot-belly; (of a stove)
having a rounded container in which fuel, eÔg wood, burns. ¸Úpot-boiler ³n
´book, picture, etc produced merely to bring in money. ¸Úpot-bound ³adj ´(of a
plant) having roots that have filled its pot. ¸Úpot-boy, Úpot-man ²/-mEn/ ³n (pl
µ-men³) ´(hist) one who helps in a public house by filling pots with beer,
etc. ¸Úpot hat ³n ´(sl) bowler hat. ¸Úpot-head ³n ´(sl) habitual marijuana
user. ¸Úpot-herb ³n ´plant, etc whose leaves or stems, or whose roots or
tubers, are used in cooking. ¸Úpot-hole ³n ¸(a) ´hole in a road made by rain
and traffic. ¸(b) ´deep cylindrical hole worn in rock (eÔg in limestone caves)
by water. ¸Úpot-holer ³n ´person who explores pot-holes in caves. ¸Úpot-hook ³n
¸(a) ´hook, often µS´-shaped, which can be raised or lowered on a metal bar,
for holding pots, etc over a fireplace. ¸(b) ´curved or wavy stroke made by
children when learning to write their letters. ¸Úpot-house ³n ´(old use)
low-class public house; ale-house: ³pot-house manners´, vulgar manners.
¸Úpot-hunter ³n ¸(a) ´sportsman who shoots anything he comes across, thinking
only of food for the pot or profit. ¸(b) ´person who takes part in contests
merely for the sake of the prizes. µ¥ 5 ´above. ¸Úpot roast ³n ´beef, etc
browned in a pot and cooked slowly with very little water. ¸Úpot-shot ³n ´shot
aimed at a bird or animal that is near, so that careful aim is not needed;
random shot. ¸Úpot-trained ³adj ´(of a small child) trained to use a chamber
pot.¼
¨pot©2 ²/pot/ ³vt,vi µ(-tt-) ¸1 ¶[VP6A] ´put (meat, fish paste,
etc) in a pot to preserve it: ³potted shrimps/ham. ¸2 ¶[VP6A,15B] ·pot (up),
´plant in a flower-pot: ³pot (up) chrysanthemum cuttings. ¸3 ¶[VP6A] ´kill
with a pot-shot: ³pot a rabbit; ¶[VP3A] ·pot at, ´shoot at: ³@ a hare. ¸4
´(billiards) drive a ball into a pocket. ¸5 ´(colloq) put (a baby) on a
chamber-pot.¼
¨pot®able© ²/ÚpE8tEbl/ ³adj ´fit to drink.¼
¨pot®ash© ²/Úpota2/ ³n ¶[U] ´common name for various potassium salts, used in
the manufacture of fertilizers, soap, and various chemicals.¼
¨po®tass®ium© ²/pEÚtasIEm/ ³n ¶[U] ´soft, shining, white metallic element
(symbol ¸K´), vital to all living matter, occurring in the form of mineral
salts and in rocks.¼
¨po®ta®tion© ²/pE8ÚteI2n/ ³n ´(liter) drink.¼
¨po®tato© ²/pEÚteItE8/ ³n (pl µ@es ²/-tE8z/´) ´plant with rounded tubers eaten
as a vegetable; one of the tubers: ³baked @es; mashed @(es); @ soup; (´US³) @
chips ´(= GB ³crisps´). µ¥ ´the illus at µvegetable. ¸*sweet Ú@, ´tropical plant
with long tuberous roots used for food. ¸Ú@ beetle, ´beetle that destroys the
leaves of @ plants.¼
¨po®teen© ²/poÚtin/ ³n ¶[U] ´Irish whisky from an illicit still.¼
¨po®tent© ²/ÚpE8tnt/ ³adj ´(not of persons or machines) powerful: ³@
reasons/arguments/charms/drugs/remedies; ´(of males) not sexually impotent.
¸@®ly ³adv ¸po®tency ²/-nsI/ ³n¼
¨po®ten®tate© ²/ÚpE8tnteIt/ ³n ´powerful person; monarch; ruler.¼
¨po®ten®tial© ²/pEÚten2l/ ³adj ¸1 ´that can or may come into existence or
action: ³@ wealth/resources; @ energy ´(waiting to be released); ³the @ sales
of a new book. ¸2 @ mood, ´(gram) indicating possibility. ³¹ n ¸1 ¶[C] ´that
which is @; possibility; ¶[U] ´what sb or sth is capable of: ³He hasn't
realized his full @ yet. ¸2 ´(gram) @ mood. ¸3 ´(electr) energy of an electric
charge, expressed in volts: ³a current of high @. ¸@ly ²/-2ElI/ ³adv ³a @ly
rich country´, eÔg one with rich but undeveloped natural resources. ¸@®ity
²/pE*ten2IÚalEtI/ ³n (pl µ-ties³) ´power or quality which is @, and needs
development; latent capacity: ³a situation/a country with great
potentialities.¼
¨pother© ²/ÚpoDE(r)/ ³n ´trouble; commotion.¼
¨po®tion© ²/ÚpE82n/ ³n ¶[C] ´dose of liquid medicine or poison, or of sth used
in magic: ³a ·Ú³love @.¼
¨pot-pourri© ²/*pE8 Úp8Eri ³US: ²pEÚri/ ³n ¸1 ´mixture of dried rose-petals and
spices, kept in a jar for its perfume. ¸2 ´musical or literary medley.¼
¨pot®sherd© ²/Úpot-23d/ ³n ´broken piece of pottery (esp in archaeology).¼
¨pot®tage© ²/ÚpotIdZ/ ³n ´(old use) thick soup.¼
¨potted© ²/ÚpotId/ ³adj ¸1 µ¥ pot±2µ. ¸2 ´(of a book, etc) inadequately
summarized: ³a @ version of a classical novel.¼
¨pot®ter©1 ²/ÚpotE(r)/ ´(US = ¸put®ter ²/ÚpAtEr/´) ³vi ¶[VP2A,C] ¸1 ´work with
little energy; move about from one little job to another: ³@ing about in the
garden. ¸2 ´waste (time) in @ing: ³@ away a whole afternoon. ¸@er ³n ´person
who @s.¼
¨pot®ter©2 ²/ÚpotE(r)/ ³n ´maker of pots. ¸@'s wheel, ´horizontal revolving
disc on which pots are shaped. ¸pot®tery ³n (pl µ-ries³) ¶[U] ´earthenware;
pots; ¶[C] ´@'s workshop. ¸the Potteries, ´district in Staffordshire, England
where @y is the chief industry.¼
¨potty©1 ²/ÚpotI/ ³adj µ(-ier, -iest) ´(GB dated colloq) ¸1 ´petty;
unimportant; insignificant: ³@ little details/jobs. ¸2 ·@ (about sb/sth), ´(of
a person) foolish, crazy: ³She's quite @, ´mad. ³He's @ about his new
gramophone.¼
¨potty©2 ²/ÚpotI/ ³n (pl µ-ties³) ´child's chamber-pot.¼
¨pouch© ²/pñ8t2/ ³n ¸1 ´small bag carried in the pocket ³(a to·Ú³bacco-@) ´or
fastened to the belt (a soldier's ·*³ammu·Ú³nition-@). ¸2 ´bag-like formation,
eÔg that in which a female kangaroo carries her young. µ¥ ´the illus at µlarge.
¸3 ´puffy area of skin, eÔg under the eyes of a sick or old person. ³¹ vt ¸1
¶[VP6A] ´put into a @. ¸2 ¶[VP6A] ´make (part of a dress, etc) like a @;
¶[VP2A] ´hang like a @.¼
¨pouf©, pouffe ²/puf/ ³n ¸1 ´large, thick cushion used as a seat. ¸2 ²/p8f/
´Ï (derog sl) male homosexual.¼
¨poul®terer© ²/ÚpE8ltErE(r)/ ³n ´(GB) dealer in poultry and game, eÔg hares.¼
¨poul®tice© ²/ÚpE8ltIs/ ³n ¶[C] ´soft heated mass of eÔg linseed, mustard,
spread on a cloth, and put on the skin to relieve pain, etc. ³¹ vt ¶[VP6A]
´put a @ on.¼
¨poul®try© ²/ÚpE8ltrI/ ³n ´(collective ³n) ¸1 ´(with ³pl v´) large domestic
fowl (eÔg hens, ducks, geese, turkeys) kept for eating or for egg-laying: ³The
@ are being fed. ¸2 ³(´with ³sing v) ´these considered as food: ³P@ is
expensive this Christmas. µ¥ ´the illus at µfowl.¼
¨pounce© ²/pñ8ns/ ³vi ¶[VP3A] ·@ on/at, ´make a sudden attack or downward swoop
on: ³The hawk @d on its prey. The tiger @d savagely on the goat. ´(fig)
³He @d at ´(= seized) ³the first opportunity to inform against his colleague.
´¹ ³n ´such an attack.¼
¨pound©1 ²/pñ8nd/ ³n ´(µ¥ App 5´) ¸1 ´unit of weight, 16 ounces avoirdupois, 12
ounces troy. ¸2 @ (sterling), ´British unit of money: ³five @s, ´written $5; ³a
five-@ note´, banknote for $5. ·penny wise, @ foolish; in for a penny, in for a
@, µ¥ penny. ¸3 ´monetary unit of various other countries.¼
¨pound©2 ²/pñ8nd/ ³n ¸1 ´enclosed area in a village where, in olden times,
cattle that had strayed were kept until claimed by their owners. ¸2 ´(mod use)
place where stray dogs and cats, and motor-vehicles left in unauthorized
places, are kept until claimed.¼
¨pound©3 ²/pñ8nd/ ³vt,vi ¶[VP6A,15A,2C,3A] ·@ (away) (at/on), ¸1 ´strike
heavily and repeatedly; thump: ³Our heavy guns @ed (away at) the walls of the
fort. Who is @ing (on) the piano? Someone was @ing at the door with a heavy
stick. I could hear feet @ing on the stairs. She could feel her heart @ing as
she finished the 100 metres race. ¸2 ´crush to powder; break to pieces: ³@
crystals in a mortar; a ship @ing/being @ed to pieces on the rocks. ¸3 ¶[VP2C]
´ride, run, walk, heavily: ³He @ed along the road.¼
¨pound®age© ²/Úpñ8ndIdZ/ ³n ¶[U] ´commission or fee of so much (eÔg
5p) per pound sterling ($1) or payment of so much (eÔg 3oz) per pound weight (1
lb).¼
¨pounder© ²/Úpñ8ndE(r)/ ³n ´(usu in compounds) sth weighing so many pounds: ³a
three-@´, eÔg a fish weighing 3 lb; gun that fires a shot of so many pounds:
³an eighteen-@.¼
¨pour© ²/pc(r)/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A,12B,13B,15A,B,14] ´cause (a liquid or a
substance that flows like a liquid) to flow in a continuous stream: ³P@
yourself another cup of tea. Please @ a cup of tea for me, too. He @ed the
coffee out of the saucepan into the jug. ´(fig) ³He @ed out his tale of
misfortunes. The Underground stations @ thousands of workers into the streets
between 8 and 9.30 each morning. ·@ cold water on sth, ´discourage (a person's
plan, zeal or enthusiasm). ·@ oil on troubled waters, ´try to calm a
disturbance or quarrel with soothing words. ¸2 ¶[VP2C] ´flow in a continuous
stream; come freely ³(out/off, etc)´: ³The sweat was @ing off him. Tourists @
into London during the summer months. The crowds were @ing out of the football
ground. Letters of complaint @ed in. ¸3 ´(of rain) come down heavily: ³The rain
@ed down. It was a @ing wet day. ·It never rains but it @s, ´a saying used when
(usu unwelcome) things come or events happen in quick succession.¼
¨pout© ²/pñ8t/ ³vt,vi ¶[VP6A,2A] ´(as a sign of displeasure) push out (the
lips). ³¹ n ´such a pushing out of the lips. ¸@®ing®ly ³adv ´sulkily.¼
¨pov®erty© ²/ÚpovEtI/ ³n ¶[U] ´state of being poor: ³live in @;
fall into @; ´lack, inferiority: ³an essay which shows @ of ideas. ¸Ú@-stricken
³adj ´affected by @: ³@-stricken homes.¼
¨pow®der© ²/Úpñ8dE(r)/ ³n ¸1 ¶[C,U] ´(kind of) substance that has been crushed,
rubbed or worn to dust; special kind of this, eÔg for use on the skin ³(a tin
of ·Ú³talcum-@)´, or as a medicine ³(take a @ every morning)´, for cleaning
things ³(·Ú³soap-@, ·Ú³bleaching-@)´, or for cooking ³(·Ú³baking-@). ¸Ú@-puff
³n ´soft, pad used for applying cosmetic @ to the skin. ¸Ú@-room ³n ´ladies'
room in an hotel, restaurant, cinema, etc with wash-basins and lavatories. ¸2
´= gunpowder, µ¥ gun. ·not worth @ and shot´, not worth fighting for.
¸Ú@-magazine ³n ´place where gun@ is stored. ¸Ú@-flask/-horn ³n ´(hist) for
carrying gun@. ³¹ vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A] ´put @ on (the face, etc). ¸2 ¶[VP2A] ´use
face-powder. ¸@ed ³adj ´reduced to @; dehydrated: ³@ed milk/eggs. ¸@y ³adj ´of,
like, covered with, @: ³@y snow; a @y nose.¼
¨power© ²/Úpñ8E(r)/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´(in living things, persons) ability
to do or act: ³It is not within/It is beyond/outside my @ to help you´, I am
unable, or am not in a position, to do so. ³This animal, the chameleon, has the
@ of changing its colour. I will do everything in my @ to help. ¸2 ³(pl)
´faculty of the body or mind: ³His @s are failing´, He is becoming weak. ³You
are taxing your @s too much. He's a man of great intellectual @s. ¸3 ¶[U]
´strength; force: ³the @ of a blow. ·More @ to your elbow! ´(phrase used to
encourage sb). ¸4 ¶[U] ´energy of force that can be used to do work: ·Ú³water
@; e·Ú³lectric @. ¸Úhorse@, µ¥ horse. ´(attrib) ·Ú³@-lathe/-loom/-mill´,
operated by mechanical @, not by hand labour. ¸Ú@-boat, ´one with an engine;
motorboat (esp one used for racing; or towing water-skiers). ¸Ú@-dive ³vt, n
´(put an aircraft into a) steep dive with the engines working.
¸Ú@-house/-station, ´building where electric @ is generated for distribution.
¸Ú@-point, ´socket on a wall, etc for a plug to connect an electric circuit. ¸5
¶[U] ´right; control; authority: ³the @ of the law; the @ of Congress; have a
person in one's @´, be able to do what one wishes with him; ³have @ over sb;
Spain at the height of her @; fall into sb's @. ·in @, ´(of a person or
political party) in office. ¸@ politics, ´diplomacy backed by force. ¸6 ¶[C]
´right possessed by, or granted to, a person or group of persons: ³Are the @s
of the Prime Minister defined by law? The President has exceeded his @s´, has
done more than he has authority to do. ¸7 ¶[C] ´person or organization having
great authority or influence: ³Is the press a great @ in your country? ´Are the
newspapers influential, etc? ·the @s that be, ´(hum) those who are in
authority. ¸8 ¶[C] ´State having great authority and influence in international
affairs. ¸the Great P@s, ´the largest and strongest States. ¸9 ¶[C] ´(maths)
result obtained by multiplying a number or quantity by itself a certain number
of times: ³the second, third, fourth, etc @ of x (= x±2³, x±3³, x±4³, etc)´;
³the fourth @ of 3 ´(= 3 Ø 3 Ø 3 Ø 3 = 81). ¸10 ¶[U] ´capacity to magnify: ³the
@ of a lens; a telescope of high @. ¸11 ´(colloq) large number or amount: ³This
brandy is doing me a @ of good! ¸12 ¶[C] ´god, spirit, etc: ³Preserve us from
the @s of darkness. ¸pow®ered ³adj ´having, able to exert or produce,
mechanical energy: ³a new aircraft @ed by Rolls Royce engines; a high-@ed car;
´(fig) ³a high-@ed salesman´, one with great @s of persuasion.¼
¨power®ful© ²/Úpñ8Efl/ ³adj ´having or producing great power: ³a @ blow/enemy;
a @ remedy for constipation. ¸@ly ²/-fElI/ ³adv¼
¨power®less© ²/Úpñ8ElIs/ ³adj ´without power; unable ³(to do ´sth): ³render sb
@; be @ to resist. ¸@®ly ³adv¼
¨pow®wow© ²/Úpñ8wñ8/ ³n ´conference of N American Indians; (colloq)
any other kind of conference. ¹ ³vi ´hold a conference ³(about ´sth).¼
¨pox© ²/poks/ ³n ´(colloq, usu ¸the @´) syphilis: ³catch/give sb the pox.¼
¨prac®ti®cable© ²/ÚpraktIkEbl/ ³adj ´that can be done or used or put into
practice: ³methods that are not @; a mountain pass that is @ only in summer.
¸prac®ti®cably ²/-EblI/ ³adv ¸prac®ti®ca®bil®ity ²/*praktIkEÚbIlEtI/ ³n¼
¨prac®ti®cal© ²/ÚpraktIkl/ ³adj ¸1 ´concerned with practice (contrasted
with ³theoretical´): ³overcome the @ difficulties of a scheme; a
suggestion/proposal with little @ value; a @ joke, µ¥ joke. ¸2 ´(of persons,
their character, etc) clever at doing and making things; preferring activity
and action to theorizing: ³a @ young wife; ideas that appeal to @ minds. ¸3
´useful; doing well what it is intended to do: ³Your invention is ingenious,
but not very @. ¸@ly ²/-klI/ ³adv ¸1 ´in a @ manner. ¸2 ´almost: ³We've had @ly
no fine weather this month. He says he is @ly ruined. ¸@®ity ²/*praktIÚkalEtI/
³n (pl µ-ties³)´: ³Let's get down to @ities, ´to considering @ proposals.¼
¨prac®tice© ²/ÚpraktIs/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´performance; the doing of sth
(contrasted with ³theory´): ³put a plan into @´, carry it out, do what has been
planned. ³The idea would never work in @´, may seem good theoretically, but
would be useless if carried out. ¸2 ¶[C] ´way of doing sth that is common or
habitual; sth done regularly: ³the @ of closing shops on Sundays;
Christian/Protestant/Catholic @s´, ceremonies or observances; ³an aperitif
before dinner, as is my usual @. ·make a @ of (sth), ´do it habitually: ³boys
who make a @ of cheating at examinations. ¸3 ¶[U] ´frequent or systematic
repetition, repeated exercise, in doing sth (esp an art or craft):
³Piano-playing needs a lot of @. That is a stroke´, eÔg in golf, ³that needs a
lot of @. It takes years of @ to acquire the skill of an expert. ´(attrib)
³Let's have a @ game. ·in/out of @, ´having/not having given enough time
recently to @: ³Please don't ask me to play the piano for you: I'm out of @. ¸4
¶[U] ´work of a doctor or lawyer: ³retire from @; no longer in @´; ¶[C]
´(collective) (number of) persons who regularly consult a doctor or lawyer: ³a
doctor with a large @; sell one's @´, sell (to another doctor) the connection
one has (of regular patients); ³a doctor in general @, µ¥ ³general
practitioner ´at µpractitioner. ¸5 sharp @, ¶[U] ´not strictly honest or legal
ways of doing business.¼
¨prac®ti®cian© ²/prakÚtI2n/ ³n ´= µpractitioner.¼
¨prac®tise© ´(US = ¸-tice´) ²/ÚpraktIs/ ³vt,vi ¶[VP6A,C,2A,B] ¸1 ´do sth
repeatedly or regularly in order to become skilful: ³@ the piano; @ making a
new vowel sound; @ (for) two hours every day. ¸2 ´make a habit of: ³@ early
rising. ·@ what one preaches, ´make a habit of doing what one advises others to
do. ¸3 ´exercise or follow (a profession, etc): ³@ medicine/the law´, work as a
doctor/lawyer. ¸4 ¶[VP3A,4A] ·@ on/upon; @ to do sth, ´(old use) take advantage
of (sb's incredulity, etc); set oneself: ³@ to deceive. ¸@d ´(US = ¸-ticed´)
³adj ´skilled; having had much practice.¼
¨prac®ti®tioner© ²/prakÚtI2EnE(r)/ ³n ¸1 ´one who practises a skill
or art. ¸2 ´professional man, esp in medicine and the law. ¸*general Ú@ ´(abbr
¸GÔP´), doctor who is qualified in both medicine and minor surgery (also called
³a family doctor´) who sees patients either in his surgery or in their homes.¼
¨prae®sid®ium© ²/prIÚsIdIEm/ ³n ´= µpresidium.¼
¨prae®tor© ´(also ¸pre®tor´) ²/ÚpritE(r)/ ³n ´annually elected magistrate in
ancient Rome. ¸prae®tor®ian ²/prIÚtcrIEn/ ³adj ´of, having the rank of, a @;
of the bodyguard of a Roman commander or Emperor.¼
¨prag®matic© ²/pragÚmatIk/ ³adj ´concerned with practical results and values;
treating things in a matter-of-fact or practical way. ¸prag®mati®cally ²/-klI/
³adv¼
¨prag®ma®tism© ²/ÚpragmEtIzEm/ ³n ¶[U] ¸1 ´(phil) belief or theory that the
truth or value of a conception or assertion depends upon its practical bearing
upon human interests. ¸2 ´dogmatism; officiousness; pedantry. ¸prag®ma®tist
²/-tIst/ ³n ´believer in @µ(1)´.¼
¨prairie© ²/ÚpreErI/ ³n ´wide area of level land with grass but no trees, esp
in N America. µ¥ pampas, savanna, steppe, veld.¼
¨praise© ²/preIz/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ¸1 ´speak with approval of; say that one admires:
³@ a man for his courage. Our guests @d the meal as the best they had had for
years. ¸2 ´give honour and glory to (God). ¹ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´act of praising: ³His
heroism is worthy of great @/is beyond ´(= too great for) ³@. The leader spoke
in @ of the man who had given his life for the cause. ¸2 ³(pl) ·sing sb's/one's
own @s, ´@ him/oneself enthusiastically. ¸3 ¶[U] ´worship; glory: ³P@ be to
God. P@ be! ´Thank goodness! ¸Ú@®worthy ²/-w3DI/ ³adj ´deserving @.
¸Ú@®worth®ily ²/-IlI/ ³adv ¸Ú@®worthi®ness ³n¼
¨pram© ²/pram/ ³n ´(GB) (short for, and the usu word for) µperambulator.¼
¨prance© ²/prqns ³US: ²prans/ ³vi ¶[VP2A,C] ·@ (about), ¸1 ´(of a horse) move
forwards jerkily, by raising the forelegs and springing from the hind legs. ¸2
´(fig) move, carry oneself, in an arrogant manner; dance or jump happily and
gaily. ¹ ³n ´prancing movement.¼
¨prank© ²/praGk/ ³n ¶[C] ´playful or mischievous trick: ³play @s on sb.¼
¨prate© ²/preIt/ ³vi ¶[VP2A,C] ´talk (foolishly); talk too much: ³a silly young
fellow prating about a subject of which he knows nothing.¼
¨prattle© ²/Úpratl/ ³vi ¶[VP2A,C] ´(of a child) talk in a simple, artless way;
(of adults) talk in a childish, simple way; chatter. ¹ ³n ¶[U] ´such talk.
¸prat®tler ²/ÚpratlE(r)/ ³n ´one who @s.¼
¨prawn© ²/prcn/ ³n ¶[C] ´edible shellfish like a large shrimp: ³a
dish of curried @s. ¹ vi ´fish for @s: ³go @ing.¼
¨pray© ²/preI/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP2A,3A] ·@ (to God) (for sth), ´commune with God;
offer thanks, make requests known: ³@ to God for help. They knelt down and @ed.
The farmers are @ing for rain. He's past @ing for´, There now seems to be
little hope for his recovery, eÔg from illness, or from some fault, etc. ¸2
¶[VP17,14,11] ·@ sb for sth/to do sth, ´(liter, rhet) ask sb as a favour: ³I @
you to think again. We @ you for mercy/to show mercy. We @ you that the
prisoner may be set free. ¸3 ´(formal request equivalent to) please: ³P@ don't
speak so loud.¼
¨prayer© ²/preE(r)/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´act of praying to God: ³He knelt down in @. ¸2
¶[U] ´form of church worship: ³Morning/Evening P@. ¸3 ¶[C] ´form of words used
in praying: ³the Lord's P@. µ¥ lord´; request or petition (spoken or unspoken)
to God: ³say one's @s; family @s; a @ for rain. ¸Ú@-book ³n ´book containing @s
for use in church services, etc. ¸the ÚP@ Book, ´(also called ³Book of Common
P@´) the one used in Church of England services. ¸Ú@-meeting ³n ´meeting at
which those present offer up @s to God in turn. ¸Ú@-rug/-mat ³n ´small rug used
by Muslims to kneel on when they pray. ¸Ú@-wheel ³n ´revolving cylinder
inscribed with or containing @s, used by the Buddhists of Tibet.¼
¨pre-© ²/pri/ ³pref ´before; beforehand: ³pre-war; a pre-amplifier; pre-natal;
pre-arrange. µ¥ App 3.¼
¨preach© ²/prit2/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A,2A,B,C,3A] ·@ (to), ´deliver (a sermon);
make known (a religious doctrine, etc); give a talk (esp in church) about
religion or morals: ³@ the gospel; @ Buddhism; @ against covetousness; @ for
two hours. ¸2 ¶[VP3A,12A,13A] ·@ (to), ´give moral advice: ³the headmaster @ing
to his pupils. Don't @ me a sermon about being lazy now, please. ¸3 ¶[VP6A]
´urge; recommend (as right or desirable): ³The Dictator @ed war as a means of
making the country great. ¸@er ³n ´one who @es (esp sermons). ¸Ú@®ify ²/-IfñI/
³vi (pt,pp µ-fied³) ´@, esp µ(2)´; moralize in a tedious way.¼
¨pre®amble© ²/priÚambl/ ³n ´introduction or preliminary statement (esp to a
formal document).¼
¨pre®arrange© ²/*priEÚreIndZ/ ³vt ´arrange in advance. ¸@®ment ³n¼
¨preb®end© ²/ÚprebEnd/ ³n ´(eccles) part of the revenue of a church granted as
a stipend to a priest. ¸preb®en®dary ²/ÚprebEndrI ³US: ²-derI/ ³n (pl µ-ries³)
´priest who receives a @.¼
¨pre®cari®ous© ²/prIÚkeErIEs/ ³adj ´(formal) uncertain; unsafe; depending upon
chance: ³make a @ living as an author. ¸@®ly ³adv¼
¨pre®cast© ²/*priÚkqst ³US: ²-Úkast/ ³adj ´(of concrete) cast into blocks
ready for use in building.¼
¨pre®caution© ²/prIÚkc2n/ ³n ¶[U] ´care taken in advance to avoid a
risk; ¶[C] ´instance of this: ³take an umbrella as a @; take @s against fire;
insure one's house as a measure of @. ¸@®ary ²/*prIÚkc2EnErI ³US: ²-nerI/ ³adj
´for the sake of @.¼
¨pre®cede© ²/prIÚsid/ ³vt,vi ¶[VP6A,2A] ´come or go before (in time, place or
order): ³the calm that @d the storm; the Mayor, @d by the mace-bearer; in the
preceding paragraph/the paragraph that @s. ¸pre®ced®ing ³adj ´existing or
coming before.¼
¨pre®ced®ence© ²/ÚpresIdEns/ ³n ¶[U] ´(right to a) priority, or to a senior
place. ·have/take @ (over)´: ³questions which take @ over all others´, which
must be considered first.¼
¨pre®ced®ent© ²/ÚpresIdEnt/ ³n ´earlier happening, decision, etc taken as an
example or rule for what comes later. ·set/create/establish a @ (for sth)´: ³Is
there a @ for what you want me to do? ¸@ed ³adj ´having, supported by, a @.¼
¨pre®cen®tor© ²/prIÚsentE(r)/ ³n ´(eccles) person in general control of the
singing.¼
¨pre®cept© ²/Úprisept/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´moral instruction: ³Example is better than
@. ¸2 ¶[C] ´rule or guide, esp for behaviour.¼
¨pre®cep®tor© ²/prIÚseptE(r)/ ³n ´(formal) teacher; instructor.¼
¨pre®cession© ²/prIÚse2n/ ³n ·@ of the equinoxes, ´change by which the
equinoxes occur earlier in each successive year.¼
¨pre®cinct© ²/ÚprisIGkt/ ³n ¶[C] ¸1 ´space enclosed by outer walls or
boundaries, esp of a cathedral or church: ³within the sacred @s. ¸2 ´(US)
subdivision of a county or city or ward: ³an e·Ú³lection @; a po·Ú³lice @. ¸3
³(pl) ´neighbourhood or environs (of a town). ¸4 ´boundary: ³within the city
@s. ¸5 ´area of which the use is in some way restricted. ¸pedestrian @, ´where
vehicles are not allowed. ¸Úshopping @, ´for shops only.¼
¨pre®ci®os®ity© ²/*pre2IÚosEtI/ ³n ¶[U] ´over-refinement; being preciousµ(4)´;
¶[C] ³(pl µ-ties³) ´instance of this.¼
¨precious© ²/Úpre2Es/ ³adj ¸1 ´of great value and beauty: ³the @ metals, ´gold,
platinum; ³@ stones, ´diamonds, rubies, etc. ¸2 ´highly valued; dear: ³Her
children are very @ to her. ¸3 ´(colloq) (as in intensive) complete: ³a @
fool. It cost a @ sight more than I could afford´, very much more. ¸4 ´(of
language, workmanship, etc) over-refined; affected. ¹ ³adv ´(colloq) ´very: ³I
have @ little ´(= hardly any) ³money left. ¸@®ly ³adv ¸@®ness ³n¼
¨preci®pice© ²/ÚpresIpIs/ ³n ´vertical or very steep face of a rock, cliff or
mountain.¼
¨pre®cipi®tate© ²/prIÚsIpIteIt/ ³vt ¶[VP6A,14] ¸1 ´throw or send
(sb or sth) violently down from a height. ·@ sb/sth into sth, ´thrust violently
into (a condition): ³@ the country into war. ¸2 ´cause (an event) to happen
suddenly, quickly, or in haste: ³@ a crisis; events that @d his ruin. ¸3
´(chem) separate (solid matter) from a solution. ¸4 ´condense (vapour) into
drops which fall as rain, dew, etc. ¹ ³n ´that which is @d as solid matter,
rainfall, etc. ¹ ³adj ²/prIÚsIpItEt/ ´violently hurried; hasty; (doing things,
done) without enough thought. ¸@®ly ³adv¼
¨pre®cipi®ta®tion© ²/prI*sIpIÚteI2n/ ³n ¸1 ´(esp) fall of rain, sleet, snow or
hail; amount of this: ³the annual @ in the Lake District; a heavy @. ¸2 ¶[U]
´violent haste or being violently hurried: ³act with @´, without enough thought
or consideration of the consequences. ¸3 ´act of precipitating.¼
¨pre®cipi®tous© ²/prIÚsIpItEs/ ³adj ´(formal) like a precipice; very steep.
¸@®ly ³adv¼
¨pr_e®cis© ²/ÚpreIsi ³US: ²preIÚsi/ ³n (pl ´unchanged in spelling,
pronunciation ²/-iz/³) ´restatement in shortened form of the chief ideas,
points, etc of a speech or piece of writing. ¹ ³vt ´make a @ of.¼
¨pre®cise© ²/prIÚsñIs/ ³adj ¸1 ´exact; correctly and clearly
stated; free from error: ³@ measurements; @ orders; at the @ moment when I
lifted the receiver. ¸2 ´taking care to be exact, not to make errors: ³a very @
man; ´too careful, fussy, about details: ³prim and @ in his manner. ¸@®ly ³adv
¸1 ´in a @ manner; exactly: ³state the facts @ly; at 2 o'clock @ly. ¸2 ´(as a
response, agreeing with sb) quite so. ¸@®ness ³n¼
¨pre®ci®sion© ²/prIÚsIZn/ ³n ¶[U] ´accuracy; freedom from error: (attrib) ³@
instruments/tools´, those, used in technical work, that are very precise (for
measuring, etc); ³@ bombing.¼
¨pre®clude© ²/prIÚklud/ ³vt ¶[VP6A,C,14] ·@ sb from doing sth, ´prevent; make
impossible: ³@ all doubt/misunderstanding. ¸pre®clu®sion ²/prIÚkluZn/ ³n¼
¨pre®co®cious© ²/prIÚkE82Es/ ³adj ¸1 ´(of a person) having developed certain
faculties earlier than is normal: ³a @ child´, eÔg one who reads well at the
age of three. ¸2 ´(of actions, knowledge, etc) marked by such development.
¸@®ly ³adv ¸@®ness, ¸pre®coc®ity ²/prIÚkosEtI/ ³nn ¶[U] ´being @.¼
¨pre®cog®ni®tion© ²/*prikogÚnI2n/ ³n ¶[U] ´knowledge of sth before it occurs.¼
¨pre®con®ceive© ²/*prikEnÚsiv/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´form (ideas, opinions) in advance
(before getting knowledge or experience): ³visit a foreign country with @d
ideas. ¸pre®con®cep®tion ²/*prikEnÚsep2n/ ³n ¶[U,C] ´@d idea.¼
¨pre®con®certed© ²/*prikEnÚs3tId/ ³adj ´(formal) agreed in advance: ³following
@ plans.¼
¨pre®con®di®tion© ²/*prikEnÚdI2n/ ³n ´= µprerequisite.¼
¨pre®cur®sor© ²/*priÚk3sE(r)/ ³n ¶[C] ´(formal) person or thing coming before,
as a sign of what is to follow. ¸pre®cur®sory ²/-sErI/ ³adj ´preliminary;
anticipating.¼
¨preda®tory© ²/ÚpredEtrI ³US: ²-tcrI/ ³adj ´(formal) ¸1 ´(of
people) plundering and robbing: ³@ tribesmen/habits; @ incursions´, raids made
for plunder. ¸2 ´(of animals) preying upon others. ¸pred®ator ²/-tE(r)/ ³n ´@
animal.¼
¨pre®de®cease© ²/*pridIÚsis/ ³vt ´(legal) die before (another person).¼
¨pre®de®cessor© ²/ÚpridIsesE(r) ³US: ²ÚpredI-/ ³n ¸1 ´former holder of any
office or position: ³Mr Green's @ in office. ¸2 ´thing to which another has
succeeded: ³Is the new proposal any better than its @?¼
¨pre®des®ti®nate© ²/*priÚdestIneIt/ ³adj ´foreordained by God; fated. ¹ ³vt
´= µpredestine(1).¼
¨pre®des®ti®na®tion© ²/*pridestIÚneI2n/ ³n ¸1 ´theory or doctrine that God has
decreed from eternity that part of mankind shall have eternal bliss and part
eternal punishment. ¸2 ´destiny; doctrine that God has decreed everything that
comes to pass.¼
¨pre®des®tine© ²/*priÚdestIn/ ³vt ¸1 ¶[VP17,14] ´(often passive) ·@ sb to
sth/to do sth, ´(of God, fate) decide, ordain, beforehand; cause (sb) to
behave, etc in a certain way. ¸2 ¶[VP17] ·@ sb to do sth, ´decide or make
inevitable: ³Everything took place as if he was @d to succeed. These events
were clearly @d (to happen).¼
¨pre®de®ter®mine© ²/*pridIÚt3mIn/ ³vt ´(formal) ¸1 ¶[VP6A] ´decide in advance:
³The social class into which a child is born often seems to @ his later
career. ¸2 ¶[VP17] ·@ sb to do sth, ´persuade or impel sb in advance to do
sth: ³Did an unhappy childhood @ him to behave as he did?
¸pre®de®ter®mi®na®tion ²/*pridI*t3mIÚneI2n/ ³n¼
¨pre®dica®ment© ²/prIÚdIkEmEnt/ ³n ´difficult or unpleasant situation from
which escape seems difficult: ³be in an awkward @.¼
¨predi®cate©1 ²/ÚpredIkEt/ ³n ´(gram) part of a statement which says sth about
the subject, eÔg "is short' in "Life is short'.¼
¨predi®cate©2 ²/ÚpredIkeIt/ ³vt ´(formal) ¸1 ¶[VP6A,17,9] ´declare to be true
or real: ³@ of a motive that it is good; @ a motive to be good. ¸2 ¶[VP6A]
´make necessary as a consequence: ³These policies were @d by Britain's
decision to join the Common Market.¼
¨pre®di®cat®ive© ²/prIÚdIkEtIv ³US: ²ÚpredIkeItIv/ ³adj ´(gram, of an ³adj ´or
³n´, opposed to ³attrib´) forming part or the whole of the predicate. ¸@
adjective, ´one used only in the predicate, eÔg ³asleep, alive.¼
¨pre®dict© ²/prIÚdIkt/ ³vt ¶[VP6A,9,10] ´say, tell in advance: ³@ a
good harvest; @ that there will be an earthquake. ¸pre®dic®tion ²/prIÚdIk2n/ ³n
¶[U] ´@ing; ¶[C] ´sth @ed; prophecy. ¸@®able ²/-Ebl/ ³adj ´that can be @ed.
¸@or ²/-tE(r)/ ³n ´instrument or device that @s, eÔg one used in war to
determine when to open anti-aircraft fire. ¸@a®bil®ity ²/prI*dIktEÚbIlEtI/ ³n¼
¨pre-di®gest© ²/*pri dñIÚdZest/ ³vt ´treat (food) so that it is easily
digested: ³@ed food for babies.¼
¨pre®di®lec®tion© ²/*pridIÚlek2n ³US: ²*predlÚek-/ ³n ¶[C] ·a @ for, ´special
liking, mental preference.¼
¨pre®dis®pose© ²/*pridIÚspE8z/ ³vt ¶[VP14,17] ·@ sb to sth/to do sth, ´(formal)
cause (sb) to be inclined or liable before the event: ³His early training @d
him to a life of adventure/to travel widely. I find myself @d in his favour´,
inclined to favour him.¼
¨pre®dis®posi®tion© ²/*pridIspEÚzI2n/ ³n ¶[C] ·@ to sth/to do sth, ´state of
mind or body favourable to: ³a @ to arthritis; a @ to find fault.¼
¨pre®domi®nant© ²/prIÚdomInEnt/ ³adj ·@ (over), ´(formal) having
more power or influence than others; prevailing, conspicuous: ³The @ feature of
his character was pride. ¸@®ly ³adv ´in a @ manner: ³a @ly brown-eyed race.
¸pre®domi®nance ²/-Ens/ ³n ¶[U] ´superiority in strength, numbers, etc; state
of being @.¼
¨pre®domi®nate© ²/prIÚdomIneIt/ ³vi ¶[VP2A,3A] ·@ (over), ´(formal) have or
exert control (over); be superior in numbers, strength, influence, etc: ³a
forest in which oak-trees @.¼
¨pre-emi®nent© ²/*pri ÚemInEnt/ ³adj ´excelling others; best of all: ³@ above
all his rivals. ¸@®ly ³adv ¸pre-emi®nence ²/-Ens/ ³n ¶[U].¼
¨pre-empt© ²/*pri Úempt/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´(formal) ¸1 ´obtain by pre-emption. ¸2
´(US) occupy (public land) so as to have the right of pre-emption.
¸pre-emp®tion ²/*pri Úemp2n/ ³n ¶[U] ´(formal) purchase by one person, etc
before others are offered the chance to buy; right to purchase in this way; the
obtaining of sth in advance. ¸pre-emp®tive ²/-tIv/ ³adj ´relating to
pre-emption: ³a @ bid´, (in bridge) one intended to be high enough to prevent
further bidding; ³a @ air strike´, eÔg by bombing, against forces considered
likely to attack.¼
¨preen© ²/prin/ ³vt ¸1 ¶[VP6A] ´(of a bird) smooth (itself, its feathers) with
its beak. ¸2 ¶[VP6A,14] ´(of a person) tidy (oneself). ·@ oneself on, ´(fig)
pride oneself (on); show self-satisfaction.¼
¨pre-exist© ²/*pri IgÚzIst/ ³vi ¶[VP2A] ´exist beforehand; live a life before
this life. ¸@®ence ²/-Ens/ ³n ´life of the soul before entering its present
body or this world. ¸@®ent ²/-Ent/ ³adj ´existing in a former life or
previously.¼
¨pre®fab© ²/Úprifab ³US: ²*priÚfab/ ³n ¶[C] ´(colloq abbr of) pre-fabricated
house.¼
¨pre®fab®ri®cate© ²/*priÚfabrIkeIt/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´manufacture the
parts, eÔg roofs, walls, fitments, of a building, a ship, etc before they are
put together on the site, in the yards, etc: ³@d houses; a @d school.
¸pre®fab®ri®ca®tion ²/*prifabrIÚkeI2n/ ³n¼
¨pref®ace© ²/ÚprefIs/ ³n ¶[C] ´author's explanatory remarks at the beginning of
a book; preliminary part of a speech: ³write a @ to a book. ¹ vt ¶[VP14] ·@ sth
with sth/by doing sth, ´provide with a @; begin (a talk, etc) with a @: ³The
chairman @d his remarks with some sharp raps on the table. ¸prefa®tory
²/ÚprefEtrI ³US: ²-tcrI/ ³adj ´of or in the nature of a @: ³after a few
prefatory remarks.¼
¨pre®fect© ²/Úprifekt/ ³n ¸1 ´(in ancient Rome) title of various civil and
military officers; governor. ¸2 ´(in France, Japan) title of the chief
administrative officer of a department; head of the Paris police. ¸3 ´(in some
English schools) one of a number of senior pupils given responsibility, eÔg for
keeping order.¼
¨pre®fec®ture© ²/Úprifektj8E(r) ³US: ²-t2Er/ ³n ¸1 ´administrative area in some
countries, eÔg France, Japan. µ¥ county ´(in GB). ¸2 ´(in France) place or
office where a prefectµ(2) ´works; his official residence. ¸3 ´position of a
prefectµ(1)´; period of office. ¸pre®fec®tural ²/priÚfekt2ErEl/ ³adj ´of a @:
³the prefectural offices.¼
¨pre®fer© ²/prIÚf3(r)/ ³vt µ(-rr-) ¸1 ¶[VP6A,D,7A,9,14,17] ·@ (to),
´choose rather; like better: ³Which would you @, tea or coffee? I @ walking to
cycling. He @s to write his letters rather than dictate them. I should @ to
wait until evening. I should @ you not to go/that you did not go there alone.
¸2 ¶[VP6A,14] ·@ a charge/charges (against sb), ´put forward, submit: ³@ a
charge against a motorist´, iÔe accuse him of sth. ¸3 ¶[VP6A,14] ·@ sb (to sb),
´appoint (sb) (to a higher position). ¸@®able ²/ÚprefrEbl/ ³adj ´(not used with
³more´) ·@ (to), ´superior; to be @red. ¸@®ably ²/ÚprefrEblI/ ³adv¼
¨pref®er®ence© ²/ÚprefrEns/ ³n ¸1 ¶[C,U] ´act of preferring: ³have a @ for
French novels. I should choose this in @ to any other. ¸2 ¶[C] ´that which is
preferred: ³What are your @s? ¸3 ¶[U] ´the favouring of one person, country,
etc more than another (in business relations, etc esp by admitting imports at a
lower import duty); ¶[C] ´instance of this: ³give sb @ (over others). ¸4 ÚP@
Stock, ´stock on which dividend payments must be made before profits are
distributed to holders of Ordinary Stock.¼
¨pref®er®en®tial© ²/*prefEÚren2l/ ³adj ´of, giving, receiving, preference; (eÔg
of import duties, etc) favouring particular countries: ³get @ treatment.¼
¨pre®fer®ment© ²/prIÚf3mEnt/ ³n ¶[U] ´act of preferringµ(3)´; promotion or
advancement: ³@ to a directorship.¼
¨pre®fig®ure© ²/*priÚfIgE(r) ³US: ²-gjEr/ ³vt ´(formal) ¸1 ¶[VP6A] ´represent
beforehand; show (what is coming). ¸2 ¶[VP6A,9,10] ´imagine, picture to
oneself, beforehand.¼
¨pre®fix© ²/ÚprifIks/ ³n ¸1 ´(abbr ³pref ´in this dictionary) word
or syllable, eÔg ³pre-, co-´, placed in front of a word to add to or change its
meaning. µ¥ App 3. ¸2 ´word used before a person's name, eÔg Mr, Dr. ³¹ vt
²/*priÚfIks/ ¶[VP6A,14] ·@ sth (to sth), ´add a @ to or in front of; add at the
beginning: ³@ a new paragraph to Chapter Ten.¼
¨preg®nant© ²/ÚpregnEnt/ ³adj ¸1 ´(of a woman or female animal) having in the
uterus offspring in a stage of development before birth. ¸2 ´(of words,
actions) significant; full of promise. ·@ with, ´filled with: ³words @ with
meaning; ´certain or likely to have: ³political events @ with consequences.
¸preg®nancy ²/-nEnsI/ ³n ¶[U] ´the state of being @; (fig) fullness; depth;
significance; ¶[C] ´instance of being @: ³She's had six pregnancies in six
years.¼
¨pre®hen®sile© ²/*priÚhensñIl ³US: ²-sl/ ³adj ´(of a foot or tail, eÔg a
monkey's) able to seize and hold.¼
¨pre®his®toric© ²/*prihIÚstorIk ³US: ²-tcrIk/, ±pre®his®tori®cal ²/-kl/
³adjj ´of the time before recorded history. ¸pre®his®tory ²/*priÚhIstrI/ ³n¼
¨pre®judge© ²/*priÚdZAdZ/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´make up one's mind about a person,
cause, action, etc before hearing the evidence, making a proper inquiry, etc.
¸@®ment ³n¼
¨preju®dice© ²/ÚpredZ8dIs/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´opinion, like or dislike,
formed before one has adequate knowledge or experience; ¶[C] ´instance of this:
³have a @ against/in favour of modern jazz; listen to new poems without @;
racial @, ´against members of other races. ¸2 ¶[U] ´(legal) injury that may or
does arise from some action or judgement: ³to the @ of sb's rights´, with
(possible) injury to them. ·without @ (to), ´without injury to any existing
right or claim. ³¹ vt ¶[VP6A,15A] ·@ sb (against/in favour of sb/sth), ¸1
´cause sb to have a @µ(1)´. ¸2 ´injure or weaken (sb's interests, etc): ³He @d
his claim by asking too much. ¸preju®di®cial ²/*predZ8ÚdI2l/ ³adj ·@ (to),
´causing @ or injury.¼
¨prel®acy© ²/ÚprelEsI/ ³n (pl µ-cies³) ¸1 ´office, rank, see, of a prelate. ¸2
the @, ´the whole body of prelates.¼
¨prel®ate© ²/ÚprelEt/ ³n ´bishop or other churchman of equal or
higher rank.¼
¨pre®lim© ²/prIÚlIm/ ³n ´(colloq abbr for) ¸(a) ´preliminary examination. ¸(b)
²/ÚprilImz/ ³(pl) ´pages (with title, contents, etc) preceding the actual text
(in a book).¼
¨pre®limi®nary© ²/prIÚlImInErI ³US: ²-nerI/ ³adj ´coming first and preparing
for what follows: ³a @ examination; after a few @ remarks. ¹ n (pl µ-ries³)
´(usu ³pl) ´@ actions, measures, etc: ³the usual preliminaries to a Geneva
conference´, eÔg the wrangling about procedures and agenda.¼
¨prel®ude© ²/Úpreljud/ ³n ¶[C] ·@ to, ´action, event, etc that serves as an
introduction to (another); (music) introductory movement (to a fugue or as
part of a suite). ³¹ vt ¶[VP6A] ´serve as, be, a @ to.¼
¨pre®mari®tal© ²/*priÚmarItl/ ³adj ´before marriage.¼
¨pre®ma®ture© ²/ÚpremEtj8E(r) ³US: ²*primEÚt8Er/ ³adj ´done, happening, doing
sth, before the right or usual time: ³@ decay of the teeth; @ birth; a @ baby´,
one born at less than 38 weeks of pregnancy. ¸@®ly ³adv¼
¨pre®medi®tate© ²/*priÚmedIteIt/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´consider, plan, (sth) in advance:
³a @d murder. ¸pre®medi®ta®tion ²/*primedIÚteI2n/ ³n ¶[U].¼
¨pre®mier© ²/ÚpremIE(r) ³US: ²Úprim-/ ³adj ´first in position, importance, etc.
³¹ n ´prime minister; head of the government. ¸Ú@®ship ²/-2Ip/ ³n¼
¨pre®mi`ere© ²/ÚpremIeE(r) ³US: ²prIÚmIEr/ ³n ´first performance of a play or
³(·Ú³film-@) ´first public showing of a cinema film.¼
¨prem®ise©, prem®iss ²/ÚpremIs/ ³n ¸1 ´statement on which reasoning is based.
¸2 ´each of the two first parts of a syllogism: ³the major @´, eÔg "Boys like
fruit'; ³the minor @´, eÔg "You are a boy'; the conclusion being "Therefore you
like fruit'. ¸3 ³(pl) ´house or building with its outbuildings, land, etc:
³business @s, ´the building(s), offices, etc where a business is carried on;
³to be consumed on the @s´, eÔg of alcoholic drinks in a public house or hotel
which has no "off-licence'. ¸4 ³(pl) ´(legal) details of property, names of
persons, etc in the first part of a legal agreement. ³¹ vt ¶[VP6A,9] ·@
(sth/that«), ´state by way of introduction.¼
¨pre®mium© ²/ÚprimIEm/ ³n (pl µ@s³) ¸1 ´amount or instalment paid
for an insurance policy. ¸2 ´reward; bonus: ³a @ for good conduct. ¸ÚP@ Bond,
´(GB) government bond that offers the chance of prizes (in a draw) instead of
the more usual interest±1µ(6)´. ·put a @ on sth, ´make it advantageous for sb
(to behave in a certain way, to do sth): ³Does high taxation put a @ on
business dishonesty? ¸3 ´addition to ordinary charges, wages, rent, etc; bonus:
³He had to pay the agent a @ before he could rent the house´, an extra sum
above the rent. ¸4 ´fee (to be) paid by a pupil to a professional man, eÔg an
accountant or architect, for instruction and training. ¸5 ´(of stocks and
shares) amount above par value: ³The shares are selling at a @. ·at a @, ´(fig)
highly valued or esteemed.¼
¨pre®mon®ition© ²/*primEÚnI2n/ ³n ¶[C] ´feeling of uneasiness considered as a
warning (of approaching danger, etc): ³have a @ of failure. ¸pre®moni®tory
²/prIÚmonItErI ³US: ²-tcrI/ ³adj¼
¨pre®natal© ²/*priÚneItl/ ³adj ´preceding birth.¼
¨pren®tice© ²/ÚprentIs/ ³n ´(old use, short for ³apprentice´) ·try his @ hand´,
make an unskilled or novice's attempt.¼
¨pre®oc®cu®pa®tion© ²/*priokj8ÚpeI2n/ ³n ¶[U] ´state of mind in which sth takes
up all a person's thoughts; ¶[C] ´the subject, etc that takes up all his
thoughts: ³His greatest @ was how to find money for a holiday in Europe.¼
¨pre®oc®cupy© ²/priÚokj8pñI/ ³vt (pt,pp µ-pied³) ¶[VP6A] ´take all
the attention of (sb, his mind) so that attention is not given to other
matters: ³preoccupied by family troubles; preoccupied with thoughts of the
coming holidays.¼
¨pre®or®dain© ²/*pricÚdeIn/ ³vt ¶[VP6A,9] ´decree or determine in advance.¼
¨prep© ²/prep/ ³n ´(schoolboy slang for) ¸(a) ´preparationµ(3)´. ¸(b)
´preparatory school.¼
¨pre-pack®aged© ²/*pri ÚpakIdZd/, ±pre®packed ²/*priÚpakt/ ³adjj ´(of products)
wrapped, packed, before being supplied to shops, etc where they are to be
sold.¼
¨prep®ara®tion© ²/*prepEÚreI2n/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´preparing or being prepared: ³The
meal is in @. We're getting things together in @ for the journey. Don't try to
do it without @. ¸2 ¶[C] ´(usu ³pl´) things done to get ready for sth: ³@s for
war; make @s for a voyage. ¸3 ¶[U] ´(colloq abbr ³prep´) homework. ¸4 ¶[C]
´kind of medicine, food, etc specially prepared: ³pharmaceutical @s.¼
¨pre®para®tory© ²/prIÚparEtrI ³US: ²-tcrI/ ³adj ´introductory; needed for
preparing: ³@ measures/training. ·@ to, ´in readiness for; before. ¸Ú@ school,
´(esp in England) private school where pupils are prepared for entry to a
higher school (esp a public school); (US) (usu private) school where pupils
are prepared for college.¼
¨pre®pare© ²/prIÚpeE(r)/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A,7,14,3A] ·@ (for), ´get
or make ready: ³@ a meal/one's lessons/a sermon; ³@ pupils for an
examination´, coach them; ³@ for an attack´, get ready to repel an attack; ³@
to attack´, get ready to make an attack; ³be @d for anything to happen. ¸2 ·be
@d to, ´be able and willing to: ³We are @d to supply the goods you ask for.
¸@d®ness ²/prIÚpeErIdnIs/ ³n ¶[U] ´being @d: ³Everything was in a state of
@dness.¼
¨pre®pay© ²/*priÚpeI/ ³vt (pt,pp µ-paid ²/-ÚpeId/³) ¶[VP6A] ´pay in advance:
³send a telegram with reply prepaid.¼
¨pre®pon®der®ant© ²/prIÚpondErEnt/ ³adj ´(formal) greater in weight, number,
strength, etc. ¸@®ly ³adv ¸pre®pon®der®ance ²/-Ens/ ³n¼
¨pre®pon®der®ate© ²/prIÚpondEreIt/ ³vi ¶[VP2A,C] ´(formal) be greater in
weight, number, strength, influence, etc: ³reasons that @ over other
considerations.¼
¨prep®osi®tion© ²/*prepEÚzI2n/ ³n ´word or group of words (eÔg ³in,
from, to, out of, on behalf of) ´often placed before a ³n ´or ³pron ´to
indicate place, direction, source, method, etc. ¸@al ²/-2Enl/ ³adj ´of,
containing, a @. ¸@al phrase, (a) ´phrase made up of a group of words used as a
@, eÔg ³in front of, on top of. ¸(b) ´@ + the ³n ´or ³n phrase ´following it,
eÔg ³in the night; on the beach.¼
¨pre®pos®sess© ²/*pripEÚzes/ ³vt ¶[VP6A,15A] ´(formal) give (a person) a
feeling (about sth), usu favourable; fill (a person ³with ´or ³by ´an idea, a
feeling): ³I was @ed by his appearance and manners´, They made a favourable
impression upon me. ¸@®ing ³adj ´attractive; making a good impression: ³a girl
of @ing appearance. ¸pre®pos®session ²/*pripEÚze2n/ ³n ¶[C] ´favourable
feeling experienced in advance.¼
¨pre®pos®ter®ous© ²/prIÚpostErEs/ ³adj ´completely contrary to reason or sense;
absurd. ¸@®ly ³adv¼
¨pre®puce© ²/Úpripjus/ ³n ´(anat) foreskin.¼
¨pre®re®cord© ²/*prirIÚkcd/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´record, eÔg a radio or TÔV programme,
in advance on tape or discs.¼
¨pre®requi®site© ²/*priÚrekwIzIt/ ³n, adj ´(thing) required as a condition for
sth else: ³Three passes at "A' level are a @ for university entrance/are @ for
university entrance.¼
¨pre®roga®tive© ²/prIÚrogEtIv/ ³n ¶[C] ´special right(s) or privilege(s), esp
of a ruler: ³the @ of pardon´, eÔg to pardon a condemned criminal. ¸the Royal
P@, ´(GB) the (theoretical) right of the sovereign to act independently of
Parliament.¼
¨pre®sage© ²/ÚpresIdZ/ ³n ¶[C] ´(formal) presentiment; sign looked upon as a
warning. ¹ ³vt ²/prIÚseIdZ/ ¶[VP6A] ´foretell; be a sign of: ³The clouds @ a
storm.¼
¨pres®by®ter© ²/ÚprezbItE(r)/ ³n ´elder (person in authority) in some
Protestant churches, esp the Presbyterian Church.¼
¨Pres®by®terian© ²/*prezbIÚtIErIEn/ ³adj ¸@ Church, ´one governed by elders,
all of equal rank (in England, since 1972, united with the Congregational
Church to form the United Reformed Church) (µ¥ episcopal, ´governed by
bishops). ³¹ n ´member of the @ Church. ¸@®ism ²/-IzEm/ ³n ´the @ system of
church government; the beliefs of @s.¼
¨pres®by®tery© ²/ÚprezbItrI ³US: ²-terI/ ³n (pl µ-ries³) ¶[C] ¸1 ´(in a church)
eastern part of the chancel beyond the choir; sanctuary. ¸2 ´(regional)
administrative court of the Presbyterian Church. ¸3 ´residence of a Roman
Catholic parish priest.¼
¨pre®sci®ent© ²/ÚpresIEnt/ ³adj ´(formal) knowing about, able to see into, the
future. ¸@®ly ³adv ¸pre®sci®ence ²/-Ens/ ³n¼
¨pre®scribe© ²/prIÚskrñIb/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A,14] ·@ sth (for sth),
´advise or order the use of: ³@d textbooks´, books which pupils are required to
use. ³The doctor @d a long rest. What do you @ for this illness? ¸2
¶[VP6A,8,10,21,2A,3A] ´say, with authority, what course of action is to be
followed: ³penalties @d by the law. Complete the @d form.¼
¨pre®script© ²/ÚpriskrIpt/ ³n ´ordinance; command.¼
¨pre®scrip®tion© ²/prIÚskrIp2n/ ³n ¶[U] ´act of prescribing; ¶[C] ´that which
is prescribed; (esp) doctor's written order or direction for the making up and
use of a medicine; the medicine itself: ³@ charges, ´(in GB) charges made under
National Health Service requirements for @s.¼
¨pre®scrip®tive© ²/prIÚskrIptIv/ ³adj ´giving orders or directions; authorized;
prescribed by custom: ³a @ grammar of the English language´, one telling the
reader how he ought to use the language. µ¥ descriptive.¼
¨pres®ence© ²/Úprezns/ ³n ¶[U] ¸1 ´being present in a place, etc: ³in the @ of
his friends´, with his friends there. ³Your @ is requested at the annual
general meeting´, Please be there. ³He was calm in the @ of danger. ·@ of mind,
µ¥ mind±1µ(2). ¸2 ´bearing; person's way of carrying himself: ³a man of noble
@.¼
¨pres®ent©1 ²/Úpreznt/ ³adj ¸1 ´being in the place in question:
³the Smiths, and other people @ ´(= who were @). ³Were you @ at the ceremony?
·@ company excepted, ´(colloq) used to show that one's remarks do not apply to
anyone who is @. µ¥ absent±1µ(1). ¸2 ´being discussed or dealt with; now being
considered: ³in the @ case, ´this case. ¸3 ´existing now: ³the @ government. ¸4
·@ to, ´felt, remembered by: ³@ to the mind/imagination. ¸5 ´(archaic) ready at
hand: ³"a very @ help in trouble'. ³¹ n ¸1 the @, ´the @ time, the time now
passing: ³the past, the @, and the future; ´(gram) the @ tense. ·at @, ´now:
³We don't need any more at @. ·for the @, ´for the time being, as far as the @
is concerned: ³That will be enough for the @. ¸2 ·by these @s´, (legal) by this
document.¼
¨pres®ent©2 ²/Úpreznt/ ³n ´gift: ·Ú³birthday @s; I'm buying it for a @ ´(= as
a gift), ³so please wrap it up nicely. ·make sb a @ of sth, ´give sb sth: ³I'll
make you a @ of my old car.¼
¨pre®sent©3 ²/prIÚzent/ ³vt ¸1 ¶[VP14,15A] ·@ sth to sb; @ sb with sth, ´give;
offer; put forward; submit: ³@ the village with a bus-shelter/@ a
bus-shelter to the village; the clock that was @ed to me when I retired; @ a
petition to the Governor; @ a cheque at the bank, ´iÔe for payment; ³@ one's
compliments/greetings, etc to sb´, (polite phrase). ¸2 ¶[VP6A,14,15A] ·@ sb
to sb, ´introduce formally. ¸3 ¶[VP15A] ´(reflex) appear; attend: ³@ oneself
at a friend's house; @ oneself for trial/for examination. ¸4 ¶[VP6A] ´show;
reveal: ³He @ed a bold front to the world´, showed that he was facing his
difficulties, etc bravely. ³This case @s some interesting features. A good
opportunity has @ed itself for doing what you suggested. ¸5 ¶[VP6A] ´(of a
theatrical manager or company) produce (a play): cause (an actor) to take part
in a play: ³The Mermaid Company will @ "Hamlet' next week/will @ Tom Hill as
Brutus in "Julius Caesar'. ¸6 ¶[VP14] ·@ sth at sb, ´aim (a weapon) at him;
hold out (a weapon) in position for aiming at him: ³The intruder @ed a pistol
at me. ¸7 ¶[VP6A] ´hold (a rifle, etc) vertically in front of the body as a
salute, etc. ·P@ arms! ´(the order to do this). ³¹ n ´position of a weapon in a
salute: ³at the @´, with the weapon held in a perpendicular position.¼
¨pre®sent®able© ²/prIÚzentEbl/ ³adj ´fit to appear, be shown, in
public: ³Is this old suit still @? Is the girl he wants to marry @´, the sort
of girl he can introduce to his friends and family? ¸pre®sent®ably ²/-EblI/
³adv¼
¨pres®en®ta®tion© ²/*preznÚteI2n ³US: ²*prizen-/ ³n ¶[U] ´presenting or being
presented; ¶[C] ´sth presented: ³the @ of a new play; a @ copy´, a book given
as a present, esp by the author. ³The cheque is payable on @, ´iÔe at the
bank.¼
¨pre®sen®ti®ment© ²/prIÚzentImEnt/ ³n ¶[C] ´(formal) vague feeling that sth
(esp unpleasant or undesirable) is about to happen.¼
¨pres®ent®ly© ²/ÚprezntlI/ ³adv ¸1 ´soon: ³I'll be with you @. ¸2 ´(US) at the
present time: ³The Secretary of State is @ in Africa.¼
¨pres®er®va®tion© ²/ÚprezEÚveI2n/ ³n ¶[U] ¸1 ´act of preserving: ³the @ of
food/one's health; the @ of peace; the @ of wild life. ¸2 ´condition of sth
preserved: ³old paintings in an excellent state of @.¼
¨pre®serv®ative© ²/prIÚz3vEtIv/ ³n, adj ´(substance) used for preserving:
³fresh cream free from @s´, with no substances added to preserve the cream.¼
¨pre®serve© ²/prIÚz3v/ ³vt ¶[VP6A,14] ·@ (from), ¸1 ´keep safe from harm or
danger: ³social activities preserving old people from the loneliness of old
age. God @ us all! ¸2 ´keep from decay, risk of going bad, etc (by pickling,
making into jam, etc): ³@ fruit/eggs, etc. ¸3 ´keep from loss; retain
(qualities, etc): ³@ one's eyesight; a well-@d old man´, one who shows few
signs of the usual weaknesses of old age. ¸4 ´care for and protect land,
rivers, lakes, etc with the animals, birds and fish, esp to prevent these from
being taken by poachers: ³The fishing in this stream is strictly @d. ¸5 ´keep
alive (sb's name or memory); keep extant: ³Few of his early poems are @d. ¹ ³n
¸1 ´(usu ³pl´) jam. ¸2 ´woods, streams, etc where animals, birds and fish are
@d: ³a ·Ú³game @. ·poach on another's @, ´(fig) take a share in activities,
interests, etc looked upon as associated especially with sb else.
¸pre®serv®able ²/-Ebl/ ³adj ´that can be @d. ¸@r ³n ´person or thing that @s.¼
¨pre®side© ²/prIÚzñId/ ³vi ¶[VP2A,C,3A] ·@ at, ´be chairman: ³The
Prime Minister @s at meetings of the Cabinet. ·@ over, ´be the head or director
of: ³The city council is @d over by the mayor.¼
¨presi®dency© ²/ÚprezIdEnsI/ ³n (pl µ-cies³) ¸1 the @, ´the office of
president. ¸2 ´term of office as a president: ³during the @ of Lincoln.¼
¨presi®dent© ²/ÚprezIdEnt/ ³n ¸1 ´(elected) head of the government in the US
and other modern republics. ¸2 ´head of some government departments ³(P@ of the
Board of Trade´), of some business companies, colleges, societies, etc.
¸presi®den®tial ²/*prezIÚden2l/ ³adj ´of a @ or his duties: ³the @ial
election; the @ial year´, (in US) the year of the @ial elections.¼
¨pre®sid®ium© ²/prIÚsIdIEm/ ³n ´executive committee of the
administration, and of various organisations, in some socialist
countries; group of presiding persons.¼
¨press©1 ²/pres/ ³n ¸1 ´act of pressing: ³a @ of the hand; give sth
a light @. ¸2 ´machine or apparatus for pressing: ³a ·Ú³wine-@; a ·Ú³cider-@;
keep one's (tennis) racket in a @; a hydraulic @. ¸3 ´(usu ¸the @´), ´printed
periodicals; the newspapers generally; journalists: ³The book was favourably
noticed by the @/had a good @´, was favourably reviewed by the literary
critics. ³There was a @ campaign against him´, He was attacked in the
newspapers. ³The liberty/freedom of the @ ´(= The right of newspapers to report
events, express opinions, etc freely) ³is a feature of democratic countries.
¸Ú@-agent ³n ´person employed by a theatre, actor, musician, etc to arrange for
publicity in the newspapers. Hence, ¸Ú@-agency ³n´. ¸Ú@-box ³n ´place reserved
for reporters at a football or cricket match, etc. ¸Ú@ conference ³n ´one of
newspaper reporters, convened by a minister, government official, etc who talks
about policy, achievements, etc. ¸Ú@-cutting/-clipping ³nn ´paragraph, article,
etc cut out from a newspaper or other periodical. ¸Ú@-gallery ³n ´gallery
reserved for reporters, esp in the House of Commons. ¸Ú@-lord ³n ´powerful
newspaper proprietor. ¸Ú@-photographer ³n ´newspaper photographer. ¸4 ´business
for printing (and sometimes publishing) books or periodicals: ³Oxford
University P@; ´(also ¸Úprinting-@´) machine for printing: ³in the @´, being
printed; ³send a manuscript to the @´, send it to be printed; ³go to @´, start
printing; ³correct the @´, correct errors in printing, be a proof-reader. ¸5
´crowd: ³lost in the @; fight one's way through the @. ¸6 ´pressure: ³the @ of
modern life; because of the @ of business. ¸7 ´cupboard with shelves for
clothes, books, etc usu in a recess in a wall. ¸Ú@®mark ³n ´mark or number in a
book showing its place in a library shelf. ¸8 ·@ of sail/canvas´, (naut) as
much sail as the wind will allow.¼
¨press©2 ²/pres/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A,15B] ´push steadily against: ³@
the trigger of a gun; @ (down) the accelerator pedal ´(of a car); ³@ the
button´, eÔg of an electric bell. ¸Ú@-up ³n (pl µ@-ups³) ´exercise in which one
stretches out face down on the floor, the arms being straightened and bent by
@ing against the floor with the palms of one's hands to raise and lower one's
body. ¸Ú@-stud µ¥ snap(5). ¸2 ¶[VP6A,15B,22] ´use force or weight to get sth
smooth or flat, to get sth into a smaller space, to get juice out of fruit,
etc: ³@ a suit/skirt, etc, ´with an iron, to remove creases, etc; ³@ grapes,
´when making wine; ³@ the juice out of an orange; @ed beef, ´beef that has been
boiled and pressed into shape for packing in tin boxes. ¸3 ¶[VP6A,15A,B] ´keep
close to and attack; bear heavily on: ³@ the enemy hard´, attack with
determination; ³@ (home) an attack´, carry it out with determination; ³@ a
point ´(in an argument, debate) ³home, ´(fig) obtain support, agreement, etc by
a determined, articulate speech; ³be hard @ed´, be under determined attack. ¸4
·@ for, ´make repeated requests for; demand urgently: ³@ for an inquiry into a
question. ¸5 ·be @ed for, ´have barely enough of: ³@ed for time/money/space. ¸6
¶[VP2C] ´push, crowd, with weight or force: ³crowds @ing against the
barriers/@ing round the royal visitors. ¸7 ¶[VP3A,4A,14,17] ·@ (sb) for sth; @
(sb) to do sth, ´urge; insist on: ³@ (sb) for an answer; @ sb for a debt/to pay
a debt. He did not need much @ing. They are @ing for a decision to be made. ·@
sth on/upon sb, ´insist that sb takes it: ³He @ed the money on me´, insisted on
my accepting it. ³Don't @ your opinions upon her´, Don't insist that she should
accept them. ¸8 ¶[VP2A] ´demand action or attention: ³The matter is @ing´, is
urgent. ¸9 ·Time @es, ´There is no time to lose. ¸10 ¶[VP6A,15A] ´squeeze (sb's
hand, arm, etc) as a sign of affection or sympathy; draw (sb) to oneself in an
embrace: ³He @ed her to his side. ¸11 ¶[VP2C] ·@ (down) on/upon sb, ´weigh;
oppress: ³His responsibilities @ heavily upon him. The new taxes @ed down
heavily on the people. ¸12 ¶[VP2C] ·@ on/forward (with sth), ´hurry, continue
in a determined way: ³@ on with one's work. It was getting dark, so the
travellers @ed forward. ¸@®ing ³n ´one of many identical gramophone records
made from the same matrix: ³make and sell 10Ô000 @ings of a symphony. µ¹ ³adj
¸1 ´urgent; requiring immediate attention: ³@ing business. ¸2 ´(of persons,
their requests, etc) insistent: ³a @ing invitation; as you are so @ing.
¸@®ing®ly ³adv¼
¨press©3 ²/pres/ ³vt ¶[VP15A] ¸1 ´(hist) force (a man) to serve in
the navy or army. ¸Ú@-gang ³n ´(hist) body of men employed to @ men. ¸2 ´take
(sth) for public use; requisition. ·@ into service, ´make use of because of
urgent need: ³Even my thirty-year-old car was @ed into service to take voters
to the polling-station.¼
¨press®ure© ²/Úpre2E(r)/ ³n ¶[C,U] ´pressing; (the amount of) force
exerted continuously on or against sth by sth which touches it: ³a @ of 6 lb to
the square inch; see that the tyre @ is right; atmospheric @/the @ of the
atmosphere´, the @ of weight of air, as measured by a barometer. ¸Úblood-@ ³n
´tension of the blood-vessels. ¸Ú@ cabin ³n ´cabin (in an aircraft) that is
pressurized. ¸Ú@-cooker ³n ´airtight container for cooking quickly with steam
under @. ¸Ú@-gauge ³n ´apparatus or device for measuring the @ of a liquid or
gas at a given point. ¸2 ´compelling force or influence: ³He pleaded @ of
work/family @s and resigned his place on the committee. ·be/come under @,
´feel/be caused to feel strongly compelled (to act): ³He's under strong @ to
vote with the government on this issue. He always works best under @´, when he
has to. ·bring @ to bear on sb (to do sth); put @ on sb/put sb under @ (to do
sth), ´use force or influence on sb. ¸Ú@ group, ´organized group, eÔg an
association of manufacturers such as brewers, farmers, which tries to exert
influence or lobby for the benefit of its members. ¸3 ´sth that oppresses or
weighs down: ³the @ of taxation; under the @ of poverty/necessity. ¸4 ·(at)
high @, ´(with) great energy and speed: ³work at high @; a high-@ salesman.¼
¨press®ur®ized© ²/Úpre2ErñIzd/ ³adj ´(of an aircraft, a submarine, etc)
constructed so that its internal air-pressure can be controlled and made
normal.¼
¨presti®digi®ta®tor© ²/*prestIÚdIdZIteItE(r)/ ³n ´juggler; conjuror.
¸pres®ti®digi®ta®tion ²/*prestI*dIdZIÚteI2n/ ³n¼
¨pres®tige© ²/preÚstiZ/ ³n ¶[U] ¸1 ´respect that results from the good
reputation (of a person, nation, etc); power or influence coming from this:
³behaviour that would mean loss of @. ¸2 ´distinction, glamour, that comes from
achievements, success, possessions, etc: (attrib) ³the @ value of living in a
fashionable district/of owning a Rolls-Royce. ¸pres®tig®ious ²/preÚstIdZEs/
³adj ´bringing @.¼
¨pres®tis®simo© ²/preÚstIsImE8/ ³adj, adv ´(I; music) very
quick(ly); as quickly as possible.¼
¨presto© ²/ÚprestE8/ ³adj, adv ´(I; music) ´quick(ly). ·Hey @! ´words used by a
conjuror when performing a trick.¼
¨pre®stressed© ²/*priÚstrest/ ³adj ´(of concrete) strengthened by having
stretched cables inserted.¼
¨pre®sum®able© ²/prIÚzjumEbl ³US: ²-Úzu-/ ³adj ´that may be presumed.
¸pre®sum®ably ²/-EblI/ ³adv¼
¨pre®sume© ²/prIÚzjum ³US: ²-Úzum/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A,9,25] ´take for granted;
suppose (to be true): ³In Britain an accused man is @d (to be) innocent until
he is proved guilty. Let us @ that«; Dr Livingstone, I @. ¸2 ¶[VP7A] ´venture;
take the liberty: ³I won't @ to disturb you. May I @ to advise you? ¸3 ¶[VP3A]
·@ upon sth, ´(formal) make a wrong use of, take an unfair advantage of: ³@
upon sb's good nature´, take advantage of it by asking for help, etc; ³@ upon
a short acquaintance´, treat sb familiarly even though one has known him for
only a short time. ¸pre®sum®ing ³adj ´having, showing, a tendency to @, to
take liberties.¼
¨pre®sump®tion© ²/prIÚzAmp2n/ ³n ¸1 ¶[C] ´sth presumedµ(1)´; sth
which seems likely although there is no proof: ³on the false @ that the firm
was bankrupt; the @ that he was drowned. ¸2 ¶[U] ´arrogance; behaviour that is
too bold: ³If you will excuse my @, I should like to contradict what you have
just said.¼
¨pre®sump®tive© ²/prIÚzAmptIv/ ³adj ´based on presumptionµ(1)´: ³@ evidence;
the @ heir/the heir @´, person who is heir (to the throne, etc) until sb with
a stronger claim is born. ¸@®ly ³adv¼
¨pre®sump®tu®ous© ²/prIÚzAmpt28Es/ ³adj ´(formal) (of behaviour, etc) too bold
or self-confident. ¸@®ly ³adv¼
¨pre®sup®pose© ²/*prisEÚpE8z/ ³vt ¶[VP6A,9] ¸1 ´assume beforehand. ¸2 ´imply;
require as a condition: ³Sound sleep @s a mind at ease. ¸pre®sup®po®si®tion
²/*prisApEÚzI2n/ ³n ¶[C] ´sth @d; ¶[U] ´presupposing.¼
¨pre®tence© ´(US = ¸-tense´) ²/prIÚtens/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´pretending; make-believe:
³do sth under the @ of friendship/religion/patriotism. It's all @. ¸2 ¶[C]
´pretext or excuse; false claim or reason: ³He calls for the night porter on
the slightest @. It is only a @ of friendship. ·false @s, ´(legal) acts
intended to deceive: ³obtain money by/on/under false @s. ¸3 ¶[C] ´claim (to
merit, etc); ¶[U] ´ostentation: ³a man without @.¼
¨pre®tend© ²/prIÚtend/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP7A,9] ´make oneself appear (to be sth, to
be doing sth), either in play or to deceive others: ³@ to be asleep; boys @ing
that they are pirates. Let's @ we are cowboys. They @ed not to see us. ¸2
¶[VP6A] ´say falsely that one has (as an excuse or reason, or to avoid danger,
difficulty, etc): ³@ sickness. He @ed ignorance, hoping to avoid being fined
for breaking the law. ¸3 ¶[VP3A] ·@ to, ´put forward a claim to: ³There are not
many persons who @ to an exact knowledge of the subject. Surely he does not @
to intelligence! The young man @ed to the throne´, claimed it (falsely).
¸@®ed®ly ³adv ¸@er ³n ´person whose claim (to a throne, a title, etc) is
disputed.¼
¨pre®tense© ²/prIÚtens/ µ¥ pretence.¼
¨pre®ten®sion© ²/prIÚten2n/ ³n ¸1 ¶[C] ´(often ³pl´) (statement of a) claim:
³He makes no @s to expert knowledge of the subject. Has he any @s to being
considered a scholar? She has some social @s´, claims some place in high
society. ¸2 ¶[U] ´being pretentious.¼
¨pre®ten®tious© ²/prIÚten2Es/ ³adj ´claiming (without
justification) great merit or importance: ³a @ author/book/speech; use @
language. ¸@®ly ³adv ¸@®ness ³n¼
¨pret®er®ite© ´(also ¸-erit´) ²/ÚpretErIt/ ³n, adj ¸@ (tense), ´(gram) (tense)
expressing a past action or state.¼
¨pre®ter®natu®ral© ²/*pritEÚnat2rEl/ ³adj ´out of the regular course of things;
not normal or usual. ¸@®ly ³adv´: ³@ly solemn.¼
¨pre®text© ²/Úpritekst/ ³n ¶[C] ´false reason ³(for ´an action,
etc): ³On/Under the @ of asking for my advice, he called and borrowed $10 from
me. Can we find a @ for refusal/refusing the invitation?¼
¨pre®tor© ²/ÚpritE(r)/ ³n ´= µpraetor.¼
¨pret®tify© ²/ÚprItIfñI/ ³vt (pt,pp µ-fied³) ¶[VP6A] ´make pretty, esp in an
insipid way.¼
¨pretty© ²/ÚprItI/ ³adj µ(-ier, -iest) ¸1 ´pleasing and attractive without
being beautiful or magnificent: ³a @ girl/garden/picture/piece of music. ¸Ú@-@
³adj ´(colloq) superficially @ or charming. ¸2 ´fine; good: ³a @ wit. A @ mess
you've made of it! ´(ironic). ¸3 ´(colloq) considerable in amount or extent. ·a
@ penny, ´quite a lot: ³It will cost you a @ penny. ·come to/reach a @ pass,
´reach a difficult position. ·a Ú@ kettle of fish, µ¥ fish±1µ(1). ³¹ adv
´fairly, moderately: ³The situation seems @ hopeless. It's @ cold outdoors
today. ·@ much, ´very nearly: ³The result of the ballot is @ much what we
expected. ·@ nearly, ´almost: ³The car is new, or @ nearly so´, almost new. ·@
well, ´almost: ³We've @ well finished the work. ·sitting @, ´(colloq) well off;
favourably placed for future developments, etc. ¹ ³n (pl µ-ties³) my @´, my @
one (used of a child). ¸pret®tily ²/ÚprItIlI/ ³adv ´in a @ or charming manner.
¸pret®ti®ness ³n¼
¨pret®zel© ²/Úpretsl/ ³n ´(G) crisp, salt-flavoured biscuit, made in the shape
of a knot or stick, eaten with beer.¼
¨pre®vail© ²/prIÚveIl/ ³vi ¸1 ¶[VP2A,3A] ·@ (over/against), ´gain victory
(over); fight successfully (against): ³Truth will @. We @ed over our enemies.
¸2 ¶[VP2A] ´be widespread; be generally seen, done, etc: ³the conditions now
@ing in Africa. The use of opium still @s in the south. ¸3 ¶[VP3A] ·@ on/upon
sb to do sth, ´persuade: ³@ upon a friend to lend you $10. ¸@®ing ³adj ´most
frequent or usual: ³the @ing winds/fashions in dress.¼
¨preva®lent© ²/ÚprevElEnt/ ³adj ´(formal) common, seen or done everywhere (at
the time in question): ³the @ fashions; the @ opinion on the proposed reforms.
Is malaria still @ in that country? ¸preva®lence ²/-Ens/ ³n ¶[U] ´being @:
³I'm shocked at the prevalence of bribery among these officials.¼
¨pre®vari®cate© ²/prIÚvarIkeIt/ ³vi ¶[VP2A] ´(formal) make untrue or partly
untrue statements; try to evade telling the (whole) truth. ¸pre®vari®ca®tion
²/prI*varIÚkeI2n/ ³n ¶[U] ´prevaricating; ¶[C] ´instance of this.¼
¨pre®vent© ²/prIÚvent/ ³vt ¸1 ¶[VP6A,14,19C] ·@ sb (from doing sth); @ sth
(from happening), ´stop or hinder: ³@ a disease from spreading. ³Who can @ us
from getting married/@ our getting married now that you are of age? Your prompt
action @ed a serious accident. ¸2 ´(old use) go before as a guide: ³"P@ us, O
Lord, in all our doings'. ¸@®able ²/-Ebl/ ³adj ´that can be @ed.¼
¨pre®ven®tion© ²/prIÚven2n/ ³n ¶[U] ´act of preventing: ³the
Society for the P@ of Cruelty to Animals. P@ is better than cure.¼
¨pre®ven®tive© ²/prIÚventIv/ ³adj ´serving or designed to prevent;
precautionary. ¸@ custody, ´imprisonment of sb considered unlikely to be
reformed, so that he may not commit further crimes. ¸@ detention, ´detention
without trial because a person is thought likely to commit crime or (in some
countries) oppose the government. ¸@ medicine, ´research into means of warding
off disease, illness, eÔg hygiene, working conditions. ¸@ officer, ´customs
officer whose duty is to prevent smuggling. ¸pre®vent®ative ²/prIÚventEtIv/ ³n
´medicine to prevent or ward off a disease.¼
¨pre®view© ²/Úprivju/ ³n ¶[C] ´view of a film, play, etc before it is shown to
the general public. ¹ ³vt ´have/give a @ of.¼
¨pre®vi®ous© ²/ÚprivIEs/ ³adj ¸1 ´coming earlier in time or order: ³on a @
occasion; @ convictions´, convictions for earlier offences, taken into account
by a judge when passing sentence upon sb convicted of a further offence. ³I
regret that a @ engagement prevents me from accepting your kind invitation. ¸2
´too hasty: ³Aren't you rather @ in supposing that I will marry you? ¸3 ·@ to,
´before. ¸@®ly ³adv¼
¨pre®vi®sion© ²/*priÚvIZn/ ³n ¶[U] ´foresight; ¶[C] ´instance of this: ³have a
@ of danger.¼
¨prey© ²/preI/ ³n sing ´animal, bird, etc hunted for food: ³The eagle
was devouring its @. ·be/fall a @ to, ¸(a) ´be seized, caught by: ³The zebra
fell a @ to the lion. ¸(b) ´be greatly troubled by: ³be a @ to anxiety and
fears. ¸*beast/*bird of Ú@, ´one that kills and eats others, eÔg tigers,
eagles. ¹ ³vi ¶[VP3A] ·@ on/upon, ¸1 ´take, hunt, as @µ(1)´: ³hawks @ing on
small birds. ¸2 ´steal from; plunder: ³Our coasts were @ed upon by Viking
pirates. ¸3 ´(of fears, etc) trouble greatly: ³anxieties/losses that @ upon my
mind.¼
¨price© ²/prñIs/ ³n ¸1 ¶[C] ´sum of money for which sth is (to be)
sold or bought; that which must be done, given or experienced to obtain or keep
sth: ³What @ are you asking? P@s are rising/falling/going up/going down. I
won't buy it at that @. He sold the house at a good @. Loss of independence was
a high @ to pay for peace. ·at a @, ´at a fairly high @: ³There's fresh
asparagus in the shopsÅat a @! ·Every man has his @, ´can be bribed. ·put a Ú@
on sb's head, ´offer a reward for his capture (dead or alive). ¸Úasking @,
´(for a house, etc) price stated by the vendor: ³accept an offer of $200
below the asking @. ¸Ú@-control ³n ´control or fixing of @s by authorities,
manufacturers, etc. Hence, ¸Ú@-controlled ³adj´. ¸Ú@-list ³n ´list of current @s
of goods for sale. ¸Úlist-@ ³n ´@ recommended by the manufacturer, etc but not
always compulsory. ¸2 ¶[U] ´value; worth: ³a pearl of great @.
·beyond/above/without @, ´so valuable that buying is impossible. ¸3 ¶[C]
´(betting) odds. ·What @«? ´(sl) ¸(a) ´What is the chance of«? ¸(b) ´(used
to sneer at the failure of sth): ³What @ peace now? ¸Ústarting @, ´odds
offered by a bookmaker as a race is about to start. ¹ vt ¸1 ¶[VP6A] ´fix, ask
about, the @ of sth; mark (goods) with a @: ³All our goods are clearly @d. ¸2
·@ oneself/one's goods out of the market, ´(of manufacturers, producers) fix @s
so high that sales decline or stop. ¸@y ²/ÚprñIsI/ ³adj ´(sl) expensive.
¸@®less ³adj ¸1 ´too valuable to be @d: ³@less paintings. ¸2 ´(sl) absurd: ³a
@less old fellow; ´very amusing: ³a @less joke.¼
¨prick©1 ²/prIk/ ³n ¸1 ´small mark or hole caused by the act of pricking: ³@s
made by a needle. ¸2 ´pain caused by pricking: ³I can still feel the @. He
feels the @ of conscience/remorse´, mental uneasiness. ¸Úpin-@, ´(fig) sth
small that irritates. ¸3 ´(old use) goad for oxen. ·kick against the @s, ´(fig)
hurt oneself by useless resistance. ¸4 ´Ï (vulg) penis; (vulg) term of abuse:
³He's a stupid @!¼
¨prick©2 ²/prIk/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A] ´make a hole or a mark in (sth)
with a sharp point: ³@ a toy balloon; @ a blister, ´on the skin; ³@ holes in
paper. ¸2 ¶[VP6A] ´hurt, cause pain to, with a sharp point or points: ³@ one's
finger with/on a needle. The thorns on these roses @ed my fingers. ´(fig) ³His
conscience @ed him. ¸3 ¶[VP2A] ´feel sharp pain: ³My fingers are @ing. ¸4
¶[VP15B] ·@ sth out/off, ´put (seedlings) in the earth (in holes made with a
pointed stick, etc): ³@ out young cabbage plants. ¸5 ¶[VP15B] ·@ up one's ears,
´(esp of dogs, horses) raise the ears; (fig, of persons) pay sharp attention to
sth being said. ¸@er ³n ´person who, thing which, @s; instrument for piercing
holes, eÔg a bradawl. ¸@®ing ³n ´act of @ing; @ing sensation.¼
¨prickle© ²/ÚprIkl/ ³n ¶[C] ´(usu small) pointed growth on the
stem, etc of a plant, or on the skin of some animals, eÔg hedgehogs; thorn. ¹
³vt,vi ´give or have a pricking sensation. ¸prick®ly ²/ÚprIklI/ ³adj ¸1
´covered with @s. ¸prickly pear, ´cactus covered with @s and having pear-shaped
fruit. ¸2 prickly heat, ´inflammation of the sweat glands, marked
by a pricking sensation, common in the tropics during the hot-weather season.
¸3 ´(colloq) easily irritated or angered: ³You're a bit prickly today.¼
¨pride© ²/prñId/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´feeling of satisfaction arising from what one has
done, or from persons, things, etc one is concerned with: ³look with @ at one's
garden. ·take (a) @ in sb/sth; take no/little, etc @ in sb/sth, ´have
some/no/little, etc @ about him/it: ³take (a) great @ in one's achievements/in
the success of one's children. ·@ of place, ´a position of superiority. ¸2 ¶[U]
´(also ¸proper @´) self-respect; knowledge of one's worth and character: ³He
has no @. His @ prevents him from doing anything dishonourable. Don't say
anything that may wound his @. ¸false @, ´mistaken feeling of this kind;
vanity. ¸3 ¶[U] ´object of @µ(1)´: ³a girl who is her mother's @ and joy. ¸4
¶[U] ´too high an opinion of oneself, one's position, possessions, etc;
arrogance: ³the sin of @; be puffed up with @. ·P@ goes before a fall, ´(prov)
µ¥ ³go before ´at µgo±1µ(28). ¸5 ·the @ of, ´the prime, flower, of: ³in the
full @ of youth. ¸6 ¶[C] ´group: (esp) ³a @ of lions/peacocks. ¹ vt ´(reflex)
·@ oneself on/upon sth, ´take @ in; be pleased and satisfied about: ³He @s
himself upon his skill as a pianist.¼
¨prie-dieu© ²/Úpri dj3/ ³n ´small piece of furniture at which to
kneel when praying to God.¼
¨priest© ²/prist/ ³n ¸1 ´ordained minister of a Christian Church, esp one who
is between a deacon and a bishop in the Anglican, Orthodox or Roman Catholic
Church. µ¥ ´the illus at µvestment. ³Clergyman ´is usu in the Anglican Church,
except in official use, ³minister ´in the non-conformist Churches. ¸Ú@-ridden
³adj ´ruled by, under the subjection of, @s. ¸2 ´(of non-Christian religions)
person trained to perform special acts of religion, to serve the deity, give
advice, etc. ¸@®ess ²/Úpristes/ ³n ´woman @µ(2)´. ¸Ú@®craft ³n ¶[U]
´ambitious or worldly policy of @s. ¸@®hood ²/-h8d/ ³n ´the whole body of @s of
a Church: ³the Irish @hood. ¸@®ly, @®like ³adjj ´of or for a @; like a @.¼
¨prig© ²/prIg/ ³n ¶[C] ´smug, self-satisfied, self-righteous person. ¸@®gish
²/-I2/ ³adj ´behaving like, typical of, a @; full of self-satisfaction.
¸@®gish®ly ³adv ¸@®gish®ness ³n¼
¨prim© ²/prIm/ ³adj µ(-mmer, -mmest) ´neat; formal: ³a @ garden; ´(of persons,
their manner, speech, etc) disliking, showing a dislike of, anything rough,
rude, improper: ³a very @ and proper old gentleman. ¹ vt µ(-mm-) ´put (the
face, lips) into a @ expression. ¸@®ly ³adv ¸@®ness ³n¼
¨prima© ²/*primE/ ³adj ´(I) first. ¸*@ *balleÚrina ²/*balEÚrinE/, ´leading
woman performer in ballet. ¸*@ Údonna ²/ÚdonE/, ´leading woman singer in
opera; (colloq) arrogant, temperamental person.¼
¨pri®macy© ²/ÚprñImEsI/ ³n (pl µ-cies³) ¸1 ´pre-eminence. ¸2 ´position of an
archbishop.¼
¨pri®mae®val© ²/prñIÚmivl/ ³adj µ¥ primeval.¼
¨prima facie© ²/*prñImE ÚfeI2i/ ³adv, adj ´(Lat) (based) on the first
impression: ³have @ a good case. ¸@ evidence, ´(legal) sufficient to prove
something (unless refuted).¼
¨pri®mal© ²/ÚprñIml/ ³adj ´(formal) primeval; chief; first in importance.¼
¨pri®mary© ²/ÚprñImErI ³US: ²-merI/ ³adj ¸1 ´leading in time, order or
development: ³of @ ´(= chief) ³importance; a ·Ú³@ school´, (GB) for junior
pupils (5 to 11 years); ³@ rocks´, of the lowest series of strata; ³the @
meaning of a word´, the earliest and original meaning. ¸2 @ colours, ´red, blue
and yellow, from which all other colours can be obtained by mixing two or more.
¹ ³n (pl µ-ries³) ´(US) meeting of electors to name candidates for a coming
election. ¸pri®mar®ily ²/ÚprñImErElI ³US: ²prñIÚmerElI/ ³adv ´in the first
place; essentially.¼
¨pri®mate©1 ²/ÚprñImeIt/ ³n ´archbishop.¼
¨pri®mate©2 ²/ÚprñImeIt/ ³n ´one of the highest order of mammals (including
men, apes, monkeys and lemurs).¼
¨prime©1 ²/prñIm/ ³adj ¸1 ´chief; most important: ³his @ motive. ¸P@ Minister,
´chief minister of a Government. ¸2 ´excellent; first-rate: ³@ (cuts of) beef.
¸3 ´fundamental; primary. ¸@ cost, ´cost of production not including overhead
charges, margin for profit, etc. ¸@ meridian, ´the zero meridian, that of
Greenwich. ¸@ mover, ´primary source of motive power, eÔg wind, water; (fig)
person who initiates a plan, action, etc. ¸@ number, ´(maths) one which cannot
be divided exactly except by itself and the number 1 (eÔg 7, 17, 41).¼
¨prime©2 ²/prñIm/ ³n ¶[U] ¸1 ´state of highest perfection; the best
part: ³in the @ of youth; in the @ of life. When is a man in his @? He is past
his @. ¸2 ´first or earliest part: ³the @ of the year´, spring. ¸3 ´church
service at 6aÔm or sunrise.¼
¨prime©3 ²/prñIm/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ¸1 ´get ready for use or action: ³@ a gun,
´(hist) put in gunpowder, etc; ³@ a pump´, wet it, pour in water, to get it
started. ·@ the pump, ´(fig) put money into an inactive industry, etc or into
the economy, to stimulate it to growth. ¸2 ´supply with facts, etc: ³The
witness had been @d by a lawyer. The Socialist candidate had been well @d with
facts by Party headquarters. ¸3 ´(colloq) fill (a person) with food or drink:
³well @d with liquor. ¸4 ´cover (a surface) with the first coat of paint, oil,
varnish, etc.¼
¨primer©1 ²/ÚprñImE(r)/ ³n ´first school textbook: ³a Latin @.¼
¨primer©2 ²/ÚprñImE(r)/ ³n ¶[C] ¸1 ´small quantity of explosive, contained in a
cap or cylinder, for igniting the powder in a cartridge, bomb, etc. µ¥ ´the
illus at µcartridge. ¸2 ´priming (of paint).¼
¨pri®meval© ´(also ¸-mae®val´) ²/prñIÚmivl/ ³adj ¸1 ´of the earliest time in
the world's history. ¸2 ´very ancient: ³@ forests´, natural forests in which
no trees have ever been felled.¼
¨prim®ing© ²/ÚprñImIG/ ³n ¸1 ´gunpowder used to fire the charge of a gun, bomb,
mine, etc. ¸2 ´mixture used by painters for a first coat.¼
¨primi®tive© ²/ÚprImItIv/ ³adj ¸1 ´of the earliest times; of an early stage of
social development: ³@ man; @ culture. ¸2 ´simple; old-fashioned; having
undergone little development: ³@ weapons, ´eÔg bows and arrows, spears. ¹ ³n
´painter or sculptor of the period before the Renaissance; example of his
work. ¸@®ly ³adv ¸@®ness ³n¼
¨pri®mo®geni®ture© ²/*prñImE8ÚdZenIt2E(r) ³US: ²-t28Er/ ³n ´fact of being the
firstborn of the children of the same parents. ¸right of @, ´(legal) system by
which all real estate passes on from a father to the eldest son.¼
¨pri®mor®dial© ²/prñIÚmcdIEl/ ³adj ´in existence at or from the beginning;
primeval.¼
¨primp© ²/prImp/ ³vt ´= µprink.¼
¨prim®rose© ²/ÚprImrE8z/ ³n ¶[C] ´common wild plant with pale yellow flowers;
the flower; its colour. ·the @ way/path´, (fig) the pursuit of reckless
pleasure.¼
¨prim®ula© ²/ÚprImj8lE/ ³n ´kinds of perennial herbaceous plants
with flowers of various colours and sizes (including the primrose and
polyanthus).¼
¨pri®mus© ²/ÚprñImEs/ ³n (pl µ@es ²/-mEsIz/³) ´(P) kind of cooking stove that
burns vaporized oil.¼
¨prince© ²/prIns/ ³n ¸1 ´ruler, esp of a small state. ¸2 ´male member of a
royal family, esp (in GB) a son or grandson of the Sovereign. ¸3 the @ of
darkness, ´Satan. ¸the P@ of Peace, ´Jesus. ¸P@ Consort, ´husband of a
reigning queen. ¸@®dom ²/-dEm/ ³n ´rank or dignity of, or area ruled by, a
@µ(1)´. ¸@®ly ³adj µ(-ier, -iest) ´(worthy) of a @; splendid; generous: ³a @ly
gift. ¸prin®cess ²/prInÚses/ ³n ´wife of a @; daughter or granddaughter of a
sovereign.¼
¨prin®ci®pal© ²/ÚprInsEpl/ ³adj ´highest in order of importance: ³the @ rivers
of Europe; the @ food of the people of Java. ¸@ boy, ´person (traditionally,
in GB, an actress, not an actor) who takes the leading part in a pantomime. ¹
³n ¸1 ´title of some heads of colleges and of some other organizations. ¸2
´person for whom another acts as agent in business: ³I must consult my @. ¸3
´main girder or rafter in a roof. ¸4 ´(fin) money lent, put into a business,
etc on which interest is payable. ¸5 ´(legal) person directly responsible for
a crime (distinguished from an abetter or accessory). ¸@ly ²/-plI/ ³adv ´for
the most part; chiefly.¼
¨prin®ci®pal®ity© ²/*prInsIÚpalEtI/ ³n (pl µ-ties³) ´country ruled by a prince.
¸the P@, ´Wales.¼
¨prin®ciple© ²/ÚprInsEpl/ ³n ¶[C] ¸1 ´basic truth; general law of cause and
effect: ³the (first) @s of geometry/political economy/navigation. ¸2 ´guiding
rule for behaviour: ³moral @s; @s of conduct; live up to one's @s;
´(collective ³sing) a man of high @. ·in @, ´(contrasted with ³in detail´) in
general. ·on @, ´from conviction, from a settled moral motive: ³He refused on
@ to understate his income for taxation purposes. ¸3 ´general law shown in the
working of a machine, etc: ³These machines work on the same @. ¸@d ³adj ´(in
compounds) following, having, the kind of @µ(2) ´indicated: ³a most high-@d
woman, unhappily married to a low-@d man. µ¥ unprincipled.¼
¨prink© ²/prIGk/ ³vt ·@ oneself (up), ´make oneself look smart or spruce.¼
¨print©1 ²/prInt/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´mark(s), letters, etc in printed
form: ³clear @; in large/small @. ·in @, ´(of a book) printed and on sale. ·out
of @, ´(of a book) no more printed copies available from the publisher. ·rush
into @, ´(of an author) hasten to publish sth he has written. ¸2 ¶[C] ´(usu in
compounds) mark left on a surface preserving the form left by the pressure of
sth: ·Ú³finger-@s; ·Ú³foot-@s. ¸3 ¶[U] ´printed cotton fabric: (attrib) ³a @
dress. ¸4 ¶[C] ´picture, design, etc made by @ing from a block, plate, etc:
³old Japanese @s; ´photograph @ed from a negative. ¸Úblue®@, µ¥ blue±2µ(7).
¸Ú@-seller ³n ´man who sells engravings, etchings, etc. ¸Ú@-shop ³n ´shop of a
@-seller. ¸5 ¶[C] ´(now chiefly US) @ed publication, esp a newspaper.¼
¨print©2 ²/prInt/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A] ´make marks on (paper), etc by pressing it
with inked type, etc; make books/pictures, etc in this way; (of a publisher, an
editor, an author) cause to be @ed: ³@ 6Ô000 copies of a novel. Do you intend
to @ your lectures/have your lectures @ed? ´(fig) ³The incidents @ed themselves
on her memory. ¸Ú@ed matter/papers, ´(as on envelopes, wrappers, etc)
circulars, prospectuses, etc to be charged for postage at a reduced rate.
¸Ú@-out ³n ´the @ed output of a computer. ¸2 ¶[VP6A] ´shape (one's letters),
write (words), in imitation of @ed characters (instead of ordinary joined
handwriting). ¸3 ¶[VP6A,15B] ·@ (off), ´make (a photograph) on paper, etc from
a negative film or plate: ³How many copies shall I @ (off) for you from this
negative? ¸4 ¶[VP2A] ´(of a plate or film) produce a picture; be produced as
the result of @ingµ(3)´: ³This film/plate/picture hasn't @ed very well. ¸5
¶[VP6A] ´mark (a textile fabric) with a coloured design. ¸@®able ²/-Ebl/ ³adj
´that can be @ed, or @ed from; fit to be @ed. ¸@er ³n ´workman who @s books,
etc; owner of a @ing business. ¸@®ing ³n ´(in verbal senses): ¸Ú@ing-ink, ´kind
of ink used for @ing books, etc. ¸Ú@ing-machine, Ú@ing-press ³nn ´machine for
@ing books, etc. ¸Ú@ing office ³n ´place where @ing is done.¼
¨prior©1 ²/ÚprñIE(r)/ ³adj ·@ (to), ´earlier in time, order or importance:
³have a @ claim to sth. ·@ to, ³prep ´(formal) before: ³@ to any discussion of
this matter. ³The house was sold @ to auction, ´before the day of the auction.¼
¨prior©2 ²/ÚprñIE(r)/ ³n ´head of a religious order or house; (in an abbey)
next below an abbot. ¸@ess ²/ÚprñIErIs/ ³n ´woman @. ¸@y ²/ÚprñIErI/ ³n
´religious house governed by a @ or @ess.¼
¨pri®or®ity© ²/prñIÚorEtI ³US: ²-Úcr-/ ³n (pl µ-ties³) ¸1 ¶[U] ·@ (over),
´being prior; right to have or do sth before others: ³I have @ over you in my
claim. The proceeds of the sale ´(eÔg of the property of a bankrupt) ³will be
distributed according to @. ¸2 ¶[C] ´claim to consideration; high place among
competing claims: ³Road building is a first @ ´(or, colloq, ³a top @´). ³The
Government gave @ to housing after the war.¼
¨prise© ²/prñIz/ ³vt ´= µprize±3µ.¼
¨prism© ²/prIzEm/ ³n ¸1 ´solid figure with similar, equal and parallel ends,
and with sides which are parallelograms. ¸2 ´body of this form, usu triangular
and made of glass, which breaks up white light into the colours of the
rainbow.¼
¨pris®matic© ²/prIzÚmatIk/ ³adj ¸1 ´like, having the shape of, a
prism. ¸2 ´(of colours) brilliant and varied.¼
¨prison© ²/ÚprIzn/ ³n ¶[C] ´building in which wrongdoers are kept
locked up; place where a person is shut up against his will; ¶[U] ´confinement
in such a building: ³escape/be released from @; be in/go to/send sb to @,
¸Ú@-breaking ³n ´the illegal act of escaping from @. ¸@er ³n ´person kept in @
for crime or until tried in a law court; person, animal or bird kept in
confinement: ³a bird kept @er in a cage. ¸*@er of Úconscience, ´political
@er, µ¥ political(1). ¸*@er of Úwar, ´person captured in war and (usu) kept in
a camp for the duration of the war.¼
¨pris®tine© ²/ÚprIstin/ ³adj ´(formal) primitive; of early times; unchanged by
later developments; fresh as if new: ³Who would want to get back to the @
simplicity of Anglo-Saxon days?¼
¨prithee© ²/ÚprIDI/ ³int ´(archaic) I pray thee; please: ³P@, keep
silent. Tell me, @,«.¼
¨priv®acy© ²/ÚprIvEsI ³US: ²ÚprñIv-/ ³n ¶[U] ¸1 ´state of being away from
others, alone and undisturbed: ³the invasion of @ by the press and TÔV. I
should hate to live in a household where @ was impossible. I don't want my @
disturbed. ¸2 ´secrecy (opp to ³publicity´): ³They were married in strict @.¼
¨pri®vate© ²/ÚprñIvIt/ ³adj ¸1 ´(opp of ³public´) of, for the use of,
concerning, one person or group of persons, not people in general: ³a @
letter´, about personal matters; ³for @ reasons´, not to be explained to
everybody. ¸*@ Úenterprise, ´the management of industry, etc by @ individuals,
companies, etc (contrasted with State ownership or control). ¸*@ Úmeans´,
income not earned as a salary, etc but coming from personal property,
investments, etc. ¸*@ Úschool, ´one at which fees are paid (contrasted with a
school financially supported by the State, etc). ¸2 ´secret; kept secret; ³a
letter marked "P@'; have @ information about sth. ¸@ parts, ´external sex
organs. ¸3 ´having no official position; not holding any public office: ³do sth
in one's @ capacity´, not as an official, etc; ³his @ life´, the life he leads
away from business or public affairs. ·retire into @ life, ´retire after a
public career. ¸@ member ´(of the House of Commons), ´one who is not a member
of the Government. ¸4 @ (soldier), ´ordinary soldier without rank: ³P@ Dodd. ¹
n ¸1 ´@ soldier. ¸2 ·in @, ´@ly, not in public, ¸@®ly ³adv¼
¨pri®va®teer© ²/*prñIvEÚtIE(r)/ ³n ´(formerly) armed vessel under
private ownership, allowed to attack enemy shipping in time of war; commander
or member of the crew of such a vessel.¼
¨pri®va®tion© ²/prñIÚveI2n/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U,C] ´lack of the necessaries of life;
destitution: ³fall ill through @; suffering many @s. ¸2 ¶[C] ´state of being
deprived of sth (not necessarily sth essential): ³He found it a great @ not
being allowed to smoke in prison.¼
¨privet© ²/ÚprIvIt/ ³n ¶[U] ´evergreen shrub, bearing small white flowers,
much used for garden hedges: ³clipping the @ hedges.¼
¨pri®vi®lege© ²/ÚprIvElIdZ/ ³n ¸1 ¶[C] ´right or advantage available only to a
person, class or rank, or the holder of a certain position, etc: ³the @s of
birth´, eÔg that come because one is born into a wealthy family. ¸2 ¶[C]
´special favour or benefit: ³grant sb the @ of fishing in a privately owned
trout stream. It was a @ to hear her sing. ¸3 ¶[C,U] ´right to do or say things
without risk of punishment, etc (as when Members of Parliament may say things
in the House of Commons which might result in a libel case if said outside
Parliament). ¸@d ²/ÚprIvElIdZd/ ³adj ´having, granted, a @ or @s. ¸the @d
classes, ´those who enjoy the advantages of the best education, of wealth, and
secure social position. ¸*under-Ú@d, ´suffering from poverty.¼
¨privy© ²/ÚprIvI/ ³adj ¸1 ´(old use, except legal) secret; private. ·@ to,
´having secret knowledge of: ³charged with having been @ to the plot against
the prince. ¸2 the P@ Council, ´committee of persons appointed by the
Sovereign, advising on some State affairs, but membership now being chiefly a
personal dignity. ¸P@ Councillor/Counsellor, ´member of the P@ Council. ¸P@
Purse, ´allowance of money from the public revenue for the Sovereign's private
expenses. ¸P@ Seal, ´State seal affixed to documents of minor importance. ³¹ n
(pl µ-vies³) ´(old use) water-closet. ¸priv®ily ²/-IlI/ ³adv ´privately;
secretly.¼
¨prize©1 ²/prñIz/ ³n ¸1 ´sth (to be) awarded to one who succeeds in a
competition, lottery, etc: ³be awarded a @ for good conduct; draw a @-winning
ticket in a lottery; carry off most of the @s at the village flower show; win
first @ on the pools; consolation @s´, given to console those who do not win
the good @s; ³@ cattle´, cattle that have been awarded @s; ³a @ scholarship´,
one awarded as a @. ¸2 ´(fig) anything struggled for or worth struggling for:
³the @s of life. ¸3 Ú@-fight ³n ´boxing match for money. Hence ¸Ú@-fighter,
Ú@-fighting ³nn ¸Ú@-ring ³n ´the enclosed area (now usu a square) in which
boxing-matches are fought; the sport of @-fighting. ¸4 Ú@®man ²/-mEn/ ³n (pl
µ-men³) ´winner of a @ (usu with the name of the @ or scholarship prefixed).
³¹ vt ´value highly: ³my most @d possessions.¼
¨prize©2 ²/prñIz/ ³n ¶[C] ´sth, esp a ship or its cargo, captured
at sea during a war. ¸Ú@-money ³n ´money realized by the sale of a @ (and
divided up among those who captured it).¼
¨prize©3 ´(also ¸prise´) ²/prñIz/ ³vt ¶[VP15A,B] ´use force to get sth, eÔg a
box, lid, ³open/up/off.¼
¨pro©1 ²/prE8/ ³n ¶[C] ´(usu only in) ·the @s and cons (of sth), ´the
arguments for and against (sth). ¹ ³adv ·pro and con, ´for and against: ³argue
pro and con.¼
¨pro©2 ²/prE8/ ³n (pl µpros´) (colloq) (short for) professional (player): ³a
golf pro.¼
¨pro-© ²/*prE8/ ³pref ´supporting; favouring: ³pro-British; ´acting for:
³pro-consul; pro-vice-chancellor. µ¥ App 3.¼
¨prob®abil®ity© ²/*probEÚbIlEtI/ ³n (pl µ-ties³) ¸1 ¶[U] ´quality of being
probable. ·in all @, ´most probably. ¸2 ¶[U] ´likelihood: ³There is
no/little/not much @ of his succeeding/that he will succeed. ¸3 ¶[C] ´(most)
probable event or outcome: ³What are the probabilities?¼
¨prob®able© ²/ÚprobEbl/ ³adj ´likely to happen or to prove true or
correct: ³the @ result; a @ winner. Rain is possible but not @ before evening.
It seems @ that«. ¹ n ´person who will most likely be chosen, eÔg for a team,
or do sth; @ candidate, winner, etc. ¸prob®ably ²/-EblI/ ³adv ´most
likely: ³Jim's lateÅhe's probably stuck in a traffic jam.¼
¨pro®bate© ²/ÚprE8beIt/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´the official process of proving the
validity of a will: ³take out @ of a will; grant @ of a will. ¸2 ¶[C] ´copy of
a will with a certificate that it is correct. ³¹ vt ´(US) establish the
validity of a will (GB = ³prove´).¼
¨pro®ba®tion© ²/prEÚbeI2n ³US: ²prE8-/ ³n ¶[U] ¸1 ´testing of a person's
conduct, abilities, qualities, etc before he is finally accepted for a
position, admitted into a society, etc: ³two years on @´, iÔe undergoing such
testing; ³an officer on @. ¸2 the Ú@ system, ´(legal) that by which (esp
young) offenders are allowed to go unpunished for their first offence while
they continue to live without further breaking of the law: ³three years' @
under suspended sentence of one year's imprisonment. ¸Ú@ officer, ´one who
watches over the behaviour of offenders who are on @. ¸@®ary ²/prEÚbeI2nrI ³US:
²prE8ÚbeI2EnerI/ ³adj ´relating to @. ¸@er ³n ¸1 ´hospital nurse receiving
training and still on @µ(1)´. ¸2 ´wrongdoer who has been released on @µ(2)´.¼
¨probe© ²/prE8b/ ³n ¸1 ´slender instrument with a blunt end, used by doctors
for learning about the depth and direction of a wound, etc. ¸2 ´(journalism)
investigation (³into ´a scandal, etc). ³¹ vt ¶[VP6A] ¸1 ´examine with a @. ¸2
´investigate or examine thoroughly (sb's thought, the causes of sth).¼
¨prob®ity© ²/ÚprE8bEtI/ ³n ¶[U] ´(formal) uprightness of character; integrity.¼
¨prob®lem© ²/ÚproblEm/ ³n ¶[C] ´question to be solved or decided, esp sth
difficult: ³mathematical @s; the @s of youth. ¸@ child´, one whose behaviour
offers a difficult @ to his parents, teachers, etc. ¸@ picture´, one in which
the artist's intention is obscure. ¸@ play/novel´, one dealing with a social or
moral @. ¸@®atic ²/*problEÚmatIk/ ³adj ´(esp of a result) doubtful; that cannot
be seen or foretold. ¸@®ati®cally ²/-klI/ ³adv¼
¨pro®bos®cis© ²/prEÚbosIs/ ³n (pl µ@es ²/-sIsiz/³) ¸1 ´elephant's
trunk. ¸2 ´elongated part of the mouth of some insects.¼
¨pro®cedure© ²/prEÚsidZE(r)/ ³n ¶[C,U] ´(the regular) order of doing things,
esp legal and political: ³the usual @ at committee meetings; stop arguing about
(questions of) @ and get down to business. ¸pro®cedural ²/prEÚsidZErEl/ ³adj
´of @.¼
¨pro®ceed© ²/prEÚsid/ ³vi ¸1 ¶[VP2A,3A,4C] ·@ to sth/to do sth, ´go forward; go
on: ³Let us @ to business/to the next item on the agenda. He @ed to inform
me that«. They @ed ´(more usu ³went) from London to Leeds. ·@ with sth, ´start
or continue with it: ³Please @ with your explanation. ¸2 ¶[VP3A] ·@ from sth,
´come, arise from: ³famine, plague and other evils that @ from war. ¸3 ¶[VP3A]
·@ against sb, ´take legal action. ¸4 ¶[VP3A] ·@ to sth, ´go on from a lower
university degree: ³@ to the degree of MÔA.¼
¨pro®ceed®ing© ²/prEÚsidIG/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´course of action; (way of) behaving:
³What is our best way of @? ¸2 ¶[C] ´sth done; piece of conduct: ³What he did
was a rather high-handed @. The @s at the meeting were rather disorderly.
There have been suspicious @s in committee meetings. ¸3 ³(pl) ·take/start
legal @s (against sb), ´take legal action. ¸4 ³(pl) ´records (of the activities
of a society, etc); minutes: ³the @s of the Kent Archaeological Society.¼
¨pro®ceeds© ²/ÚprE8sidz/ ³n pl ´financial results, profits, of an undertaking:
³hold a bazaar and give the @ to local charities.¼
¨pro®cess©1 ²/ÚprE8ses ³US: ²Úproses/ ³n ¸1 ¶[C] ´connected series of actions,
changes, etc esp such as are involuntary or unconscious: ³the @es of digestion,
reproduction and growth. ¸2 ¶[C] ´series of operations deliberately undertaken:
³Unloading the cargo was a slow @. ¸3 ¶[C] ´method, esp one used in manufacture
or industry: ³the ·Ú³Bessemer @, ´in steel manufacture. ¸4 ¶[U] ´forward
movement; progress: ³The glasses were broken during the @ of removal. ·in @ of,
´during:³a building in @ of construction; in @ of time´, as time goes on. ·in
@, ´in course of being done. ¸5 ¶[C] ´(legal) action at law; formal
commencement of this; summons or writ ordering a person to appear in a law
court. ¸Ú@-server ³n ´sheriff's officer who delivers writs. ³¹ vt ¶[VP6A]
´treat (material) in order to preserve it: ³@ leather; ´put (esp food) through
a special @µ(3)´: ³@ed cheese; ´(photo) ³@ film, ´develop it, etc; (computers)
³@ tape/information, ´put it through the system in order to obtain the required
information.¼
¨pro®cess©2 ²/prEÚses/ ³vi ´walk in or as if in procession.¼
¨pro®cession© ²/prEÚse2n/ ³n ¶[C] ´number of persons, vehicles, etc moving
forward and following each other in an orderly way: ³a ·Ú³funeral @; ¶[U] ´act
of moving forward in this way: ³walking in @ through the streets. ¸@al ²/-nl/
³adj ´of, for, used in, @s: ³a @al chant´, sung by persons taking part in a
religious @.¼
¨pro®claim© ²/prEÚkleIm/ ³vt ¶[VP6A,9,23,25] ¸1 ´make known
publicly or officially: ³@ ´(= declare) ³war/peace; @ a public holiday; @ a
republic; @ a man (to be) a traitor/@ that he is a traitor. He @ed Anne his
heir. ¸2 ´reveal, show: ³His accent @ed him a Scot/that he was a Scot.
¸proc®la®ma®tion ²/*proklEÚmeI2n/ ³n ¶[U] ´act of @ing: ³by public
proclamation; ¶[C] ´that which is @ed: ³issue/make a proclamation.¼
¨pro®cliv®ity© ²/prEÚklIvEtI/ ³n (pl µ-ties³) ¶[C] ·@ (to/towards sth/to do
sth), ´(formal) tendency, inclination.¼
¨pro®con®sul© ²/*prE8Úkonsl/ ³n ´(in ancient Rome) governor of a Roman
province; (rhet, mod use) governor of a colony or dominion. ¸pro®con®su®lar
²/*prE8Úkonsj8lE(r) ³US: ²-sEl-/ ³adj ¸pro®con®su®late ²/-lEt/ ³n ´position of
a @; his term of office.¼
¨pro®cras®ti®nate© ²/prE8ÚkrastIneIt/ ³vi ¶[VP2A] ´(formal) delay
action; keep on putting off: ³He @d until it was too late. ¸pro®cras®ti®na®tion
²/prE8*krastIÚneI2n/ ³n ¶[U]´: ·Procrastination is the thief of time, ´(prov)
procrastinating wastes time.¼
¨pro®create© ²/ÚprE8krIeIt/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´beget, generate (offspring).
¸pro®cre®ation ²/*prE8krIÚeI2n/ ³n¼
¨proc®tor© ²/ÚproktE(r)/ ³n ¸1 ´(at Oxford and Cambridge) university official
with various duties, including the maintenance of discipline among students.
¸2 Queen's/King's P@, ´official whose duty is to watch the parties in certain
kinds of legal cases, eÔg divorce, and to intervene if there are
irregularities, eÔg collusion or suppression of facts.¼
¨procu®ra®tor© ²/Úprokj8reItE(r)/ ³n ¸1 ´agent, esp one who has a power of
attorney. ¸2 @ fiscal, ´public prosecutor of a district in Scotland.¼
¨pro®cure© ²/prEÚkj8E(r)/ ³vt ¶[VP6A,12B,13B] ¸1 ´obtain, esp with care or
effort: ³Can you @ me some specimens? The book is out of print and difficult to
@. ¸2 ´(old use) bring about; cause: ³@ sb's death by poison. ¸3 ´obtain
clients for a prostitute. ¸pro®cur®able ²/-Ebl/ ³adj ´obtainable. ¸@®ment ³n
´procuring: ³the @ment of military supplies. ¸@r ³n ´(esp) pander. ¸pro®cur®ess
²/-rIs/ ³n ´woman @r.¼
¨prod© ²/prod/ ³vt,vi µ(-dd-) ¶[VP6A,3A] ·@ (at), ´push or poke with sth
pointed; (fig) urge (to action): ³The cruel boys were @ding (at) the bear
through the bars of the cage. ¹ n ´poke or thrust: ³She gave the man a @ with
her umbrella.¼
¨prodi®gal© ²/ÚprodIgl/ ³adj ·@ (of), ´wasteful; spending or using too much:
³a @ administration´, spending public funds too freely. ³Nature is @ of her
gifts. ¸the @ son´, wasteful and improvident man (in one of the parables of
Jesus) who repents of his actions. µ¥ Luke 15:11. ´¹ ³n ¶[C] ´person who
is wasteful. ¸@®ly ²/-gElI/ ³adv ´in a @ manner: ³a man who gives @ly to
charities. ¸@®ity ²/*prodIÚgalEtI/ ³n ¶[U] ´(in a good sense) being @: ³the
@ity of the sea´, iÔe in supplying fish; (in a bad sense) extravagance;
wasteful spending.¼
¨pro®di®gious© ²/prEÚdIdZEs/ ³adj ´enormous; surprisingly great; wonderful: ³a
@ sum of money. ¸@®ly ³adv¼
¨prod®igy© ²/ÚprodIdZI/ ³n (pl µ-gies³) ´sth wonderful because it
seems to be contrary to the laws of nature; person who has unusual or
remarkable abilities or who is a remarkable example of sth: ³a @ of learning;
prodigies of nature. ¸infant @, ´extremely talented child, eÔg one who plays
the piano well at six.¼
¨pro®duce© ²/prEÚdjus ³US: ²-Údus/ ³vt,vi ¶[VP6A,2A] ¸1 ´put or bring forward
to be looked at or examined: ³@ proofs of a statement; @ one's railway ticket
when asked to do so. The conjuror @d a rabbit from his hat. ¸2 ´manufacture;
make; grow; create: ³@ woollen goods; fields which @ heavy crops. We must @
more food for ourselves and import less. This artist @s very little. ¸3 ´give
birth to; lay (eggs). ¸4 ´cause; bring about: ³success @d by hard work and
enthusiasm; a film that @d a sensation. ¸5 ´(maths) make (a line) longer ³(to
´a point). ¸6 ´bring before the public: ³@ a new play´, organize it and put it
on the stage; ³a well-@d book´, one that is well printed, bound, etc. ³¹ n
²/Úprodjus ³US: ²-dus/ ¶[U] ´that which is @d, esp by farming:
³garden/farm/agricultural @.¼
¨pro®ducer© ²/prEÚdjusE(r) ³US: ²-Údu-/ ³n ¸1 ´person who produces goods
(contrasted with the ³consumer´). ¸2 ´person responsible for presenting a play
in the theatre or for the production of a film (apart from the directing of
the actors); person in charge of a broadcast programme (radio or TÔV). µ¥
director. ¸3 Ú@ gas, ´gas obtained by passing air through red-hot carbon or
air and steam through hot coal or coke.¼
¨prod®uct© ²/ÚprodAkt/ ³n ¶[C] ¸1 ´sth produced (by nature or by man): ·Ú³farm
@s; the chief @s of Scotland; the @s of genius´, eÔg great works of art. ¸2
´(maths) quantity obtained by multiplication; (chem) substance obtained by
chemical reaction.¼
¨pro®duc®tion© ²/prEÚdAk2n/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´process of producing: ³the @ of
crops/manufactured goods, etc. ¸mass @, µ¥ mass. ¸2 ¶[U] ´quantity produced:
³increase @ by using better methods and tools; a fall/increase in @. ¸3 ¶[C]
´thing produced: ³epic @s at the cinema; his early @s as a writer´, his first
novels, plays, etc.¼
¨pro®duc®tive© ²/prEÚdAktIv/ ³adj ¸1 ´able to produce; fertile: ³@ land. ¸2 ·@
of, ´tending to produce; resulting in: ³@ of happiness; discussions that seem
to be @ only of quarrels. ¸3 ´producing things of economic value: ³@ labour.
¸@®ly ³adv¼
¨pro®duc®tiv®ity© ²/*prodAkÚtIvEtI/ ³n ¶[U] ´being productive; power of being
productive: ³increase @´, increase efficiency and the rate at which goods are
produced; ³a @ bonus for workers. ¸Ú@ agreement, ´(as part of a wage
settlement) better pay and conditions for an increased output.¼
¨pro®fane© ²/prEÚfeIn ³US: ²prE8-/ ³adj ¸1 ´(contrasted with
³sacred, holy´) worldly: ³@ literature, ´(opp ³biblical´). ¸2 ´having or
showing contempt for God and sacred things: ³@ language/words/practices; a @
man. ¹ vt ¶[VP6A] ´treat (sacred or holy places, things) with contempt,
without proper reverence: ³@ the name of God. ¸@®ly ³adv ¸@®ness ³n
¸profa®na®tion ²/*profEÚneI2n/ ³n ¶[C,U] ´instance of profaning. ¸pro®fan®ity
²/prEÚfanEtI ³US: ²prE8-/ ³n (pl µ-ties³) ¸1 ¶[U] ´@ conduct or speech; use of
@ language. ¸2 ³(pl) ´@ phrases, utterances: ³A string of profanities came
from his lips.¼
¨pro®fess© ²/prEÚfes/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A] ´declare that one has (beliefs, likes,
ignorance, interests, etc): ³He @es a distaste for modern music. He @ed a great
interest in my welfare. ¸2 ¶[VP6A] ´affirm one's faith in, allegiance to, (a
religion, Christ): ³@ Islam. ¸3 ¶[VP6A] ´(formal) have as one's profession or
business: ³@ law/medicine; ´teach as a professor: ³@ history/modern languages.
¸4 ¶[VP6A,7A,9,25] ´claim; represent oneself: ³I don't @ to be an expert on
that subject. He @ed himself satisfied. She @ed that she could do nothing
unaided. ¸@ed ³adj ¸1 ´self-acknowledged; ³a @ed atheist. ¸2 ´falsely claiming
to be: ³a @ed friend. ¸3 ´having taken religious vows: ³a @ed nun. ¸@®ed®ly
²/-IdlI/ ³adv ´according to one's own claims or admissions: ³He is @edly a
Communist.¼
¨pro®fes®sion© ²/prEÚfe2n/ ³n ¶[C] ¸1 ´occupation, esp one
requiring advanced education and special training, eÔg the law, architecture,
medicine, accountancy: ³He is a lawyer by @. ¸2 ·@ of, ´statement or
declaration of belief, feeling, etc: ³@s of faith/loyalty. She does not believe
in his @s of passionate love. ¸3 the @, ´the body of persons engaged in a
particular @µ(1)´.¼
¨pro®fes®sional© ²/prEÚfe2nEl/ ³adj ¸1 ´of a professionµ(1)´: ³@ skill; @
etiquette´, the special conventions, forms of politeness, etc associated with
a certain profession; ³@ men´, eÔg doctors, lawyers. ¸2 ´doing or practising
sth as a full-time occupation or for payment or to make a living (opp of
³amateur´): ³@ football; @ tennis-players; a @ politician. ¹ n ´(contrasted
with ³amateur´) ¸1 ´(often abbr to ³pro ²/prE8/´) person who teaches or engages
in some kind of sport for money. ¸2 ´person who does sth for payment that
others do (without payment) for pleasure: ³@ musicians. ·turn @, ´become a @.
¸@ly ²/-nElI/ ³adv ´in a @ manner or capacity. ¸@®ism ²/-ElIzEm/ ³n ¸1 ´mark or
qualities of a professionµ(1)´. ¸2 ´the practice of employing @s to play
games.¼
¨pro®fes®sor© ²/prEÚfesE(r)/ ³n ¸1 ´university teacher of the
highest grade, holding a chair of some branch of learning; (in US, also)
teacher or instructor. ¸2 ´title assumed by instructors of various subjects:
³P@ Pate, the renowned phrenologist. ¸3 ´one who makes a public
professionµ(2)´: ³a @ of pacifism/Catholicism. ¸prof®es®sorial
²/*profIÚscrIEl/ ³adj ´relating to a @: ³his @ial duties. ¸@®ship ²/-2Ip/ ³n
´@'s post at a university: ³be appointed to a @ship.¼
¨prof®fer© ²/ÚprofE(r)/ ³vt ¶[VP6A,7] ´offer. ¹ ³n ´offer.¼
¨pro®fi®cient© ²/prEÚfI2nt/ ³adj ·@ (in), ´skilled; expert. ¸@®ly
³adv ¸pro®fi®ciency ²/-nsI/ ³n ·proficiency (in), ¶[U] ´being @: ³a certificate
of proficiency in English.¼
¨pro®file© ²/ÚprE8fñIl/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U,C] ´side view, esp of the head: ³a portrait
drawn in @. ¸2 ´edge or outline of sth seen against a background. ¸3 ´brief
biography, as given in an article in a periodical or a broadcast talk. ¹ ³vt
´draw, show, in @: ³a line of hills @d against the night sky.¼
¨profit©1 ²/ÚprofIt/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´advantage or good obtained from sth: ³gain @
from one's studies; study sth to one's @. ¸2 ¶[C,U] ´money gained in business,
etc: ³make a @ of ten pence on every article sold; sell sth at a @; do sth for
@. ·*@ and Úloss account, ´(book-keeping) one that shows the trading @ or loss
for a definite period. ¸Ú@-margin ³n ´difference between cost of purchase or
production and selling price. ¸Ú@-sharing ³n ¶[U] ´the sharing of @s between
employers and employees: ³start a @-sharing scheme. ¸@®less ³adj ¸@®less®ly
³adv¼
¨profit©2 ²/ÚprofIt/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP3A] ·@ from/by, ´(of persons) be benefited
or helped: ³Have you @ed by the experience? I have @ed from your advice. ¸2
¶[VP6A,13A] ´(old use) (of things) be of advantage to: ³What can it @ him? It
@ed him nothing.¼
¨prof®it®able© ²/ÚprofItEbl/ ³adj ´bringing profit; beneficial: ³@
investments; a deal that was @ to all of us. ¸prof®it®ably ²/-EblI/ ³adv¼
¨profi®teer© ²/*profIÚtIE(r)/ ³vi ¶[VP2A] ´make large profits, esp by taking
advantage of times of difficulty or scarcity, eÔg in war. ¹ ³n ´person who does
this.¼
¨prof®li®gate© ²/ÚproflIgEt/ ³adj ¸1 ´(of a person, his behaviour) shamelessly
immoral. ¸2 ´(of the spending of money) reckless; very extravagant: ³@ of one's
inheritance. ¹ n ´@µ(1) ´person. ¸prof®li®gacy ²/ÚproflIgEsI/ ³n ¶[U] ´being
@.¼
¨pro forma© ²/*prE8 ÚfcmE/ ³adj, adv ´(Lat) as a formality only. ¸@ invoice,
´one that notifies the value of goods dispatched but does not ask for payment.¼
¨pro®found© ²/prEÚfñ8nd/ ³adj ¸1 ´deep: ³a @ sleep/sigh/bow; take a @ interest
in sth; listen with @ interest. ¸2 ´needing, showing, having, great knowledge:
³@ books/authors/thinkers; a man of @ learning. ¸3 ´needing much thought or
study to understand: ³@ mysteries. ¸@®ly ³adv ´in a @ manner: ³@ly ´(= deeply)
³grateful/disturbing. ¸pro®fun®dity ²/prEÚfAndEtI/ ³n (pl µ-ties³) ¶[U] ´depth:
³the profundity of his knowledge; ¶[C] ´(chiefly in non-material senses) that
which is deep or abstruse; ³(pl) ´depths of thought or meaning.¼
¨pro®fuse© ²/prEÚfjus/ ³adj ¸1 ´very plentiful or abundant: ³@ gratitude. ¸2 ·@
in, ´lavish or extravagant: ³He was @ in his apologies´, apologized almost to
excess. ¸@®ly ³adv ¸@®ness ³n ¸pro®fu®sion ²/prEÚfjuZn/ ³n ¶[U] ´abundance;
great supply: ³roses growing in profusion; make promises in profusion.¼
¨pro®geni®tor© ²/prE8ÚdZenItE(r)/ ³n ´(formal) ancestor (of a person, animal
or plant); (fig) political or intellectual predecessor.¼
¨progeny© ²/ÚprodZEnI/ ³n ´(formal) (collective ³sing´) ´offspring; descendants,
children.¼
¨prog®no®sis© ²/progÚnE8sIs/ ³n (pl µ-noses ²/-nE8siz/³) ´(med) forecast of the
probable course of a disease or illness. µ¥ diagnosis.¼
¨prog®nos®tic© ²/progÚnostIk/ ³adj ´(formal) predictive ³(of). ¹ n
´pre-indication ³(of)´: ³a @ of failure.¼
¨prog®nos®ti®cate© ²/progÚnostIkeIt/ ³vt ¶[VP6A,9] ´(formal) foretell; predict:
³@ trouble. ¸prog®nos®ti®ca®tion ²/prog*nostIÚkeI2n/ ³n ¶[U] ´prognosticating;
¶[C] ´sth which @s.¼
¨pro®gramme© ´(also ¸-gram´) ²/ÚprE8gram/ ³n ¸1 ´list of items, events, etc,
eÔg for a concert, or to be broadcast for radio or TÔV, or for a sports
meeting; list of names of actors in a play, singers in an opera, etc. ¸Ú@
music, ´music designed, in sound, to suggest to the listener a known story,
picture, etc. ¸Ú@ note, ´short account, in a @, eÔg of a musical work, a
performer, etc. ¸2 ´plan of what is to be done: ³a political @. What's the @
for tomorrow? ´What are we/you going to do? ¸3 ´coded collection of
information, data, etc fed into an electronic computer. ¹ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´make a @
of or for; supply (a computer) with a @; plan. ¸@d course, ´(education) one in
which the material to be learnt is presented (in books or a machine) in small,
carefully graded amounts. ¸@d learning, ´self-instruction using such courses.
¸pro®gram®mer ³n ´person who prepares a computer @.¼
¨prog®ress© ²/ÚprE8gres ³US: ²Úprog-/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´forward movement; advance;
development: ³making fast @; make @ in one's studies; @ in civilization. An
inquiry is now in @´, being made. ³The patient is making good @´, is improving.
¸2 ¶[C] ´(old use) state journey: ³a royal @ through Cornwall. ¹ vi ²/prEÚgres/
¶[VP2A,C] ´make @: ³The work is @ing steadily. She is @ing in her studies.¼
¨pro®gression© ²/prEÚgre2n/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´progress; moving forward: ³modes of @´,
eÔg crawling, walking. ¸2 ´(maths) µ¥ arithmetic, geometry.¼
¨pro®gress®ive© ²/prEÚgresIv/ ³adj ¸1 ´making continuous forward movement. ¸the
@ tenses, ´(gram) forms of the verb (using the ending ³-ing´) that express
action that continues over a period of time, as in "I am/was/will be/have been
writing.' (Also called ³continuous tenses.) ¸2 ´increasing by regular degrees
or advancing in successive stages: ³@ education/schools; @ taxation´, with an
increase of the rate of tax as the incomes increase; ³@ cancer´, becoming
steadily worse. ¸3 ´undergoing improvement; getting better, eÔg in
civilization; supporting or favouring progress: ³a @ policy; a @ political
party. ¹ n ´person supporting a @ policy. ¸@®ly ³adv ¸@®ness ³n¼
¨pro®hibit© ²/prEÚhIbIt ³US: ²prE8-/ ³vt ¶[VP6A,14] ·@ sb (from doing sth),
´forbid (esp by rules or regulations); say that sth must not be done, that sb
must not do sth: ³Smoking strictly @ed. Children are @ed from buying
cigarettes.¼
¨pro®hib®ition© ²/*prE8IÚbI2n/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´prohibiting; (esp)
prohibiting by law the making or sale of alcoholic drinks (esp, US, the period
1920Å33): ³the @ law(s); in favour of/opposed to @. ¸2 ¶[C] ´edict or order
that forbids: ³a @ against the sale of cigarettes to children. ¸@®ist ²/-Ist/
³n ´person who favours the @ of sth, esp the sale of alcoholic drink.¼
¨pro®hibi®tive© ²/prEÚhIbEtIv ³US: ²prE8-/ ³adj ´tending to, intended to,
prevent the use or abuse or purchase of sth: ³a @ tax; books published at @
prices.¼
¨pro®hibi®tory© ²/prEÚhIbItErI ³US: ²prE8ÚhIbItcrI/ ³adj ´designed to prohibit
sth: ³@ laws.¼
¨pro®ject©1 ²/ÚprodZekt/ ³n ¶[C] ´(plan for a) scheme or undertaking: ³a @ to
establish a new national park; form/carry out/fail in a @.¼
¨pro®ject©2 ²/prEÚdZekt/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A] ´make plans for: ³@ a new
dam/waterworks. ¸2 ¶[VP6A,14] ·@ sth (on (to) sth), ´cause a shadow, an
outline, a picture from a film, slide, etc to fall on a surface, etc: ³@ a
picture on a screen; @ a beam of light on to sth. ¸3 ¶[VP14] ·@ sth on to sb,
´attribute unconsciously (usu unpleasant feelings such as guilt, inferiority)
to other people (often as a means of self-justification or self-defence): ³She
always @s her own neuroses on to her colleagues´, describes them as suffering
from them. ¸4 ¶[VP6A] ´make known the characteristics of: ³Do the BÔBÔC
External Services adequately @ Great Britain´, give listeners right ideas about
British life, etc? ¸5 ¶[VP6A,15A] ´throw; hurl: ³an apparatus to @ missiles
into space. ¸6 ¶[VP6A] ´represent (a solid thing) on a plane surface by drawing
straight lines through every point of it from a centre; make (a map) in this
way. ¸7 ¶[VP2A,C] ´stick out; stand out beyond the surface nearby: ³@ing
eyebrows; a balcony that @s over the street.¼
¨pro®jec®tile© ²/prEÚdZektñIl ³US: ²-tl/ ³n ´sth (to be) shot forward, esp from
a gun; self-propelling missile, eÔg a rocket. ¹ ³adj ´able to send sth, or be
sent, forward through air, water, etc: ³a @ missile/torpedo.¼
¨pro®jec®tion© ²/prEÚdZek2n/ ³n ¶[U] ´the act of projecting (all senses); ¶[C]
´sth that projects or has been projected; prominence. ¸Ú@ room, ´(in a cinema)
room from which pictures are projected on to the screen. µ¥ Mercator's
projection. ¸@®ist ²/-Ist/ ³n ´(in a cinema) person who projects the pictures
on to the screen.¼
¨pro®jec®tor© ²/prEÚdZektE(r)/ ³n ¶[C] ´apparatus for projecting pictures by
rays of light on to a screen: ³a ·Ú³cinema/·Ú³slide @.¼
¨pro®lapse© ²/prE8Úlaps/ ³vi ´(med, eÔg of the bowel or uterus) slip forward or
down out of place. ¹ ³n ²/ÚprE8laps/ ´such a movement.¼
¨prole© ²/prE8l/ ³n ´(colloq) member of the proletariat.¼
¨pro®let®ariat© ²/*prE8lIÚteErIEt/ ³n ¸1 ´the whole body of wage-earners (esp
manual workers) contrasted with the owners of industry (the bourgeoisie): ³the
dictatorship of the @, ´as a Communist aim or ideal. ¸2 ´(in ancient Rome) the
lowest class of the community. ¸pro®let®arian ²/-IEn/ ³n, adj ´(member) of the
@.¼
¨pro®lif®er®ate© ²/prEÚlIfEreIt ³US: ²prE8-/ ³vi,vt ¸1 ¶[VP2A] ´grow,
reproduce, by rapid multiplication of cells, new parts, etc. ¸2 ¶[VP6A]
´reproduce (cells, etc). ¸pro®lif®er®ation ²/prE*lIfEÚreI2n ³US: ²prE8-/ ³n´.
¸non-proliferation treaty´, eÔg one for controlling the spread of nuclear
weapons to States not having them.¼
¨pro®lific© ²/prEÚlIfIk/ ³adj ´(formal) producing much or many: ³a
@ author´, one who writes many books, etc; ³as @ as rabbits´, producing
numerous offspring.¼
¨pro®lix© ²/ÚprE8lIks ³US: ²prE8ÚlIks/ ³adj ´(formal) (of a speaker, writer,
speech, etc) tedious; tiring because too long. ¸pro®lix®ity ²/prE8ÚlIksEtI/ ³n¼
¨pro®logue© ²/ÚprE8log ³US: ²-lcg/ ³n ¸1 ´introductory part of a poem; poem
recited at the beginning of a play: ³the "P@' to the "Canterbury Tales'. ¸2
´(fig) first of a series of events.¼
¨pro®long© ²/prEÚloG ³US: ²-ÚlcG/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´make longer: ³@ a visit/a line.
¸@ed ³adj ´continuing for a long time: ³after @ed questioning. ¸pro®lon®ga®tion
²/*prE8loGÚgeI2n ³US: ²-lcG-/ ³n ¶[U] ´making longer; the state of being made
longer; ¶[C] ´that which is added in order to @.¼
¨prom© ²/prom/ ³n ´(colloq abbr of) ¸1 ´(GB) seaside promenade; promenade
concert. ¸2 ´(US) promenadeµ(2)´.¼
¨prom®en®ade© ²/*promEÚnqd ³US: ²-ÚneId/ ³n ¸1 ´(place suitable for, specially
made for, a) walk or ride taken in public, for exercise or pleasure, esp a
broad road along the water-front at a seaside resort, or a part of a theatre
where people may walk about during the intervals, etc. ¸Ú@ concert, ´one at
which parts of the concert hall have no seats and are used by listeners who
stand. ¸Ú@ deck, ´upper deck of a liner, where passengers may walk. ¸2 ´(US)
formal dance or ball (for a class in a high-school or college). ¹ ³vi,vt
¶[VP2A,C] ´go up and down a @; ¶[VP6A,15A] ´take (sb) up and down a @: ³@ one's
children/one's husband along the sea-front.¼
¨promi®nent© ²/ÚpromInEnt/ ³adj ¸1 ´standing out; easily seen: ³@ cheek-bones;
the most @ feature in the landscape. ¸2 ´(of persons) distinguished; eminent:
³@ politicians/scientists. ¸3 ´important; conspicuous: ³occupy a @ position;
play a @ part in civic life. ¸@®ly ³adv ¸promi®nence ²/-Ens/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´the
state of being @. ·bring sth/come into prominence, ´(cause to) become @. ¸2
¶[C] ´@ part or place: ³a @ in the middle of a plain.¼
¨pro®mis®cu®ous© ²/prEÚmIskj8Es/ ³adj ¸1 ´confused and disorderly;
unsorted: ³in a @ heap. ¸2 ´indiscriminate; casual: ³@ friendships´, made
without careful choice; ³@ sexual intercourse. ¸@®ly ³adv ¸prom®is®cu®ity
²/*promIÚskjuEtI/ ³n ´(state of) being @; confusion caused by being @.¼
¨prom®ise©1 ²/ÚpromIs/ ³n ¸1 ¶[C] ´written or spoken undertaking to do, or not
to do, sth: ³@s of help; make/give/keep/carry out/break a @; under a @ of
secrecy. ¸2 ¶[C] ´that which one undertakes to do: ³I claim your @´, require
you to do what you said you would do. ¸3 ¶[U] ´(sth that gives) hope of success
or good results: ³boys who don't show much @´, do not seem likely to succeed:
³a writer of @; the land of @.¼
¨prom®ise©2 ²/ÚpromIs/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A,7A,9,11,12A,13A,17] ´make a promiseµ(1)
´to: ³They @d an immediate reply. He @d (me) to be here/that he would be here
at 6 o'clock. I @d myself a quiet weekend. "Will you come?'Å"Yes, I @'. ¸the
P@d Land, ´the land of promise: ¸(a) ´the fertile country @d to the Israelites
by God; Canaan. ¸(b) ´any state of future happiness. ¸2 ¶[VP6A,2A] ´give cause
for expecting: ³The clouds @ rain. ³It @s to be warm this afternoon. ·@ well,
´show signs of success. ¸prom®is®ing ³adj ´full of promiseµ(3)´; seeming likely
to succeed, have good results, etc.¼
¨prom®iss®ory© ²/ÚpromIsErI ³US: ²-scrI/ ³adj ´conveying a promise. ¸Ú@ note,
´signed promise to pay a stated sum of money to a specified person or to the
bearer on a specified date or on demand.¼
¨prom®on®tory© ²/ÚpromEntrI ³US: ²-tcrI/ ³n ¶[C] ´headland; high point of land
standing out from the coastline.¼
¨pro®mote© ²/prEÚmE8t/ ³vt ¸1 ¶[VP6A,14] ·@ (to), ´give (sb) a higher position
or rank: ³He was @d sergeant/to sergeant/to the rank of sergeant. ¸2 ¶[VP6A]
´help to organize and start; help the progress of; help to found or organize:
³@ a new business company; @ a bill in Parliament; try to @ good feelings
(between«). ¸pro®mo®ter ³n ´(esp) person who @s new trading companies,
professional sports, etc.¼
¨pro®mo®tion© ²/prEÚmE82n/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´promoting or being promoted: ³win/gain
@. Ought @ to go by seniority or by merit and abilities? ¸2 ¶[C] ´instance of
promoting or being promoted: ³He resigned from the firm because @s were few and
far between. ¸3 ´encouragement by publicity, etc: ³the @ of a new commercial
product/a new book; sales @, ´advertising, publicising one's products.¼
¨prompt©1 ²/prompt/ ³adj ´acting, done, sent, given, without delay: ³a @ reply;
@ payment; men who are @ to volunteer; at 6pÔm @ ´(= @ly). ¸@®ly ³adv ¸@®ness
³n¼
¨prompt©2 ²/prompt/ ³vt ¸1 ¶[VP6A,17A] ´be the reason causing (sb to do sth):
³He was @ed by patriotism. What @ed him to be so generous? ¸2 ¶[VP6A] ´follow
the text of a play and, when an actor forgets his words, say quietly some of
these to him. ¹ ³n ´action of @ing (an actor): ³wait for a @. ¸Ú@-box ³n ´place
where the @er sits. ¸Ú@-copy ³n ´text of a play, used by a @er. ¸@er ³n ´person
who @s actors.¼
¨promp®ti®tude© ²/ÚpromptItjud ³US: ²-tud/ ³n ¶[U] ´promptness; readiness to
act.¼
¨prom®ul®gate© ²/ÚpromlgeIt/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ¸1 ´make public, announce
officially (a decree, a new law, etc). ¸2 ´spread widely beliefs, knowledge,
opinions, etc. ¸prom®ul®ga®tion ²/*promlÚgeI2n/ ³n ¶[U].¼
¨prone© ²/prE8n/ ³adj ¸1 ´(stretched out, lying) face downwards; prostrate: ³in
a @ position; fall @. ¸2 ·@ to, ´liable, inclined: ³@ to
accidents/error/anger/idleness/superstition ´(and other generally undesirable
things). ¸Úaccident-@ ³adj ´often experiencing accidents: ³Some people seem to
be accident @. ¸@®ness ³n¼
¨prong© ²/proG ³US: ²prcG/ ³n ´each one of the long, pointed parts of a fork.
¸@ed ³adj ´(in compounds) having the kind or number of @s indicated: ³a
·*³three-@ed ·Ú³fork; a ·*³three-@ed at·Ú³tack´, (mil) one made by three
attacking forces.¼
¨pro®nomi®nal© ²/prE8ÚnomInl/ ³adj ´of (the nature of) a pronoun.¼
¨pro®noun© ²/ÚprE8nñ8n/ ³n ´word used in place of a ³n ´or ³n phrase´, eÔg
³he, it, hers, me, them.¼
¨pro®nounce© ²/prEÚnñ8ns/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A,9,22,25] ´declare, announce (esp
formally, solemnly or officially): ³The doctors @d him to be/@d that he was out
of danger. Has judgement been @d yet? ¸2 ¶[VP9,25] ´declare as one's opinion:
³The wine was tasted and @d excellent. He @d himself in favour of the plan. ¸3
¶[VP3A] ·@ for/against sb, ´(legal) pass judgement (in a law court). ·@
on/upon, ´give one's opinion on, eÔg a proposal. ¸4 ¶[VP6A,2A] ´utter, make the
sound of (a word, etc): ³He @s badly. How do you @ p-h-l-e-g-m? The "b' in
"debt' is not @d. ¸@®able ²/-Ebl/ ³adj ´(of sounds, words) that can be @d. ¸@d
³adj ´definite; strongly marked: ³a man of @d opinions. ¸@®ment ³n ¶[C] ´formal
statement or declaration.¼
¨pronto© ²/ÚprontE8/ ³adv ´(sl) quickly; at once.¼
¨pro®nun®cia®mento© ²/prE*nAnsIEÚmentE8/ ³n (pl µ@s ²/-tE8z/³) ´manifesto or
proclamation.¼
¨pro®nun®ci®ation© ²/prE*nAnsIÚeI2n/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´way in which a
language is spoken: ³lessons in @; study the @ of English. ¸2 ¶[U] ´person's
way of speaking a language, or words of a language: ³His @ is improving. ¸3
¶[C] ´way in which a word is pronounced: ³Which of these three @s do you
recommend?¼
¨proof©1 ²/pruf/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´evidence (in general), or ¶[C] ´a particular piece
of evidence, that is sufficient to show, or helps to show, that sth is a fact:
³We shall require @(s) of that statement. Is there any @ that the accused man
was at the scene of the crime? They gave him a gold watch as (a) @ of their
regard. Can you give @ of your nationality/@ that you are British? ¸2 ¶[U]
´demonstrating; testing of whether sth is true, a fact, etc: ³Is life on the
planet Mars capable of @? He produced documents in @ of his claim. ¸3 ¶[C]
´test, trial, examination: ³put sth to the @´, test it. ³It has stood the @´,
has passed the test. ·The @ of the pudding is in the eating, ´(prov) The real
test is practical, not theoretical. ¸4 ¶[C] ´trial copy of sth printed or
engraved, for approval before other copies are printed: ³pass the @s for
press´, approve them, agree that printing may be begun. ¸Ú@-read ³vi,vt
¶[VP2A,6A] ´read and correct @s. ¸Ú@-reader ³n ´person employed to read and
correct @s. ¸5 ¶[U] ´standard of strength of distilled alcoholic liquors: ³This
rum is 30 per cent below @. ¸@ spirit, ´alcoholic mixture which is up to
standard.¼
¨proof©2 ²/pruf/ ³adj ·@ (against), ´giving safety or protection;
able to resist or withstand: ³@ against bullets; ·Ú³bullet-@; ·Ú³water@;
·Ú³sound@; ·Ú³splinter-@; ·Ú³shatter-@´; (fig) ³@ against temptation. ¸Úfool®@
³adj ´incapable of failure; involving no risk. ³¹ vt ¶[VP6A] ´make (sth) @ (esp
make a fabric water@).¼
¨prop©1 ²/prop/ ³n ¸1 ´support used to keep sth up: ·Ú³pit-@s´,
supporting the roof in a coalmine; ³a ·Ú³clothes-@´, holding up a line on which
laundered clothes are drying. ¸2 ´person who supports sth or sb: ³He is the @
of his parents in their old age ¹ vt µ(-pp-) ¶[VP6A,15A,B,22] ·@ sth (up),
´support; keep in position: ³Use this box to @ the door open. The nurse @ped
her patient (up) on the pillows. I @ped the ladder against the wall. ´(fig) ³He
can't always expect his colleagues to @ him up.¼
¨prop©2 ²/prop/ ³n ´(colloq abbr of) µpropeller. ¥ turboprop.¼
¨prop©3 ²/prop/ ³n ´(colloq abbr of) (stage) property: ³Who's in charge of the
@s? µ¥ property(5).¼
¨propa®ganda© ²/*propEÚgandE/ ³n ¶[U] ´information; (derog) doctrines,
opinions, official statements: ³@ by government departments for public health,
better driving, etc; political @´; (attrib) ³@ plays/films. ¸the
Congregation/College of the P@´, a committee of RÔC cardinals in charge of
foreign missions. ¸propa®gan®dist ²/-dIst/ ³n ´person who spreads @.
¸propa®gan®dize ²/-dñIz/ ³vi ´spread @.¼
¨propa®gate© ²/ÚpropEgeIt/ ³vt,vi ´(formal) ¸1 ¶[VP6A] ´increase the number of
(plants, animals, diseases) by natural process from the parent stock: ³@ plants
by taking cuttings. Trees @ themselves by seeds. ¸2 ¶[VP6A] ´spread more
widely: ³@ news/knowledge. ¸3 ¶[VP6A] ´transmit; extend the operation of:
³vibrations @d through rock. ¸4 ¶[VP2A] ´(of animals and plants) reproduce;
multiply. ¸propa®ga®tor ²/-tE(r)/ ³n ¸propa®ga®tion ²/*propEÚgeI2n/ ³n ¶[U]
´propagating: ³the propagation of disease by insects/of plants by cuttings.¼
¨pro®pane© ²/ÚprE8peIn/ ³n ¶[U] ´colourless gas ¸(C¶d¸H¶i¸) ´(in natural gas
and petroleum) used as a fuel.¼
¨pro®pel© ²/prEÚpel/ ³vt µ(-ll-) ¶[VP6A,15A] ´drive forward: ³mechanically @led
vehicles; a boat @led by oars; a @ling pencil´, with lead that is @led forward
as the outer case is turned. ¸@®lant, @®lent ²/-Ent/ ³adj, n ´@ling (agent);
explosive substance that @s a bullet from a firearm; fuel that burns to @ a
rocket, etc. ¸@®ler ³n ´two or more spiral blades, fixed to a revolving shaft,
for driving a ship or aircraft. µ¥ ³air-screw ´and the illus at µair±1µ.¼
¨pro®pen®sity© ²/prEÚpensEtI/ ³n ¶[C] ³(pl µ-ties³) ·@ to/towards
sth/to do sth/for doing sth, ´natural tendency: ³a @ to exaggerate; a @ for
getting into debt.¼
¨proper© ²/ÚpropE(r)/ ³adj ¸1 ´right, correct, fitting, suitable: ³clothes @
for such an occasion; not a @ time for merrymaking. Are you doing it the @ way?
Is this the @ tool for the job? We must do the @ thing by him´, treat him in
the right way, be fair or loyal to him. ¸2 ´in conformity with, paying regard
to, the conventions of society; respectable: ³@ behaviour. He's not at all a @
person for a young girl to know. That's not a @ thing to do in the public park.
¸3 ·@ to, ´(formal) belonging especially; relating distinctively: ³the books @
to this subject; the psalms @ to this Sunday. ¸4 ´(placed after the ³n´)
strictly so called; genuine: ³architecture @, ´excluding, for example, the
question of water-supply, electric current, etc. ¸5 ´(colloq) great; thorough:
³We're in a @ mess. He gave the burglar a @ hiding, ´beat him thoroughly. ¸@
fraction, ´(eÔg §, Ö) one in which the number above the line is smaller than
that below the line. ¸@ noun/name, ´(gram) name used for an individual person,
town, etc eÔg ³Mary, Prague. ¸@®ly ³adv ¸1 ´in a @ manner: ³behave @ly. Do it
@ly or not at all. He is not @ly ´(= strictly) ³speaking a chemist. ¸2
´(colloq) thoroughly: ³The American boxer was @ly beaten by the new world
champion.¼
¨prop®erty© ²/ÚpropEtI/ ³n (pl µ-ties³) ¸1 ¶[U] ´(collectively)
things owned; possessions: ³Don't interfere with these toolsÅthey're not your
@. ·man of @, ´wealthy man. ¸common @, ´known to, possessed by, many people.
¸personal @, ´movable belongings. ¸real @, ´land, buildings. ¸2 ¶[C] ´estate;
area of land or land and buildings: ³He has a small @ ´(iÔe land and a house)
³in Kent. ¸3 ¶[U] ´ownership; the fact of owning or being owned: ³There is no @
in the seashore´, it cannot be privately owned. ³P@ has its obligations´, eÔg
if you own farmland, etc, you have the duty of keeping it free from weeds, etc.
¸4 ¶[C] ´special quality that belongs to sth: ³the chemical properties of iron;
herbs with healing properties. ¸5 ´(theatre) (abbr ³prop´) article of dress or
furniture or other thing (except scenery) used on the stage in the performance
of a play. ¸Ú@-man/-master, ´(also ·Ú³props-man/-master´), ³n ´man in charge of
stage properties. ¸prop®er®tied ²/ÚpropEtId/ ³adj ´owning @, esp land: ³the
propertied classes´, the landowners.¼
¨proph®ecy© ²/ÚprofEsI/ ³n (pl µ-cies³) ¸1 ¶[U] ´power of telling what will
happen in the future: ³have the gift of @. ¸2 ¶[C] ´statement that tells what
will happen: ³His @ was fulfilled.¼
¨proph®esy© ²/ÚprofIsñI/ ³vt,vi (pt,pp µ-sied³) ¸1 ¶[VP6A,9,10]
´foretell; say (what will happen in the future): ³@ war/that war will break
out. ¸2 ¶[VP2A,C] ´speak as a prophet: ³He prophesied of strange things to
come. Does he ever @ right?¼
¨prophet© ²/ÚprofIt/ ³n ¸1 ´person who teaches religion and claims that his
teaching comes to him directly from God: ³the @ Isaiah; Muhammad, the P@ of
Islam. ¸the P@s, ´the prophetical books of the Old Testament. ¸2 ´pioneer of a
new theory, cause, etc; advocate: ³William Morris, one of the early @s of
socialism. ¸3 ´person who tells, or claims to tell, what will happen in the
future: ³I'm not a good weather-@. ¸Ú@®ess ²/-es/ ³n ´woman @.¼
¨pro®phetic© ²/prEÚfetIk/ ³adj ´of a prophet or prophecy; containing a
prophecy: ³accomplishments which were @ of her future greatness. ¸pro®pheti®cal
²/-kl/ ³adj ´= @. ¸pro®pheti®cally ²/-klI/ ³adv¼
¨pro®phy®lac®tic© ²/*profIÚlaktIk/ ³n, adj ¶[C] ´(substance, treatment, action)
serving or tending to protect from disease or misfortune. ¸pro®phy®lax®is
²/-ÚlaksIs/ ³n ¶[U] ´preventive treatment of disease.¼
¨pro®pin®quity© ²/prEÚpIGkwEtI/ ³n ¶[U] ´(formal) nearness (in time, place,
relationship); similarity (of ideas).¼
¨pro®pi®ti®ate© ²/prEÚpI2IeIt/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´(formal) do sth to take away the
anger of: ³offer a sacrifice to @ the gods. ¸pro®pi®ti®ation ²/prE*pI2IÚeI2n/
³n ¶[U] ´propitiating; atoning. ¸pro®pi®ti®atory ²/prEÚpI2IEtrI ³US: ²-tcrI/
³adj ´serving to, intended to, @: ³With a propitiatory smile he offered her a
large bunch of roses.¼
¨pro®pi®tious© ²/prEÚpI2Es/ ³adj ·@ to sb/for sth, ´favourable; well-disposed:
³@ omens; weather that was @ for our enterprise. ¸@®ly ³adv¼
¨pro®pon®ent© ²/prEÚpE8nEnt/ ³n ´person who proposes sth: ³a @ of a theory/a
course of action.¼
¨pro®por®tion© ²/prEÚpc2n/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´relation of one thing to
another in quantity, size, etc; relation of a part to the whole: ³The @ of
imports to exports ´(= The excess of imports over exports) ³is worrying the
government. ·in @ to, ´relative to: ³wide in @ to the height; payment in @ to
work done, not in @ to the time taken to do it. ·get sth/be out of (all/any) @
(to), ´(make sth) bear no relation (to): ³His earnings are out of all @ to his
skill and ability´, He earns much more than is right for his skill and ability.
³When you're angry, you may get things out of @´, have an exaggerated or
distorted view of things. ¸2 ´(often ³pl) ´the correct relation of parts or of
the sizes of the several parts: ³a room of good @s. The two windows are in
admirable @. ¸3 ³(pl) ´size; measurements: ³a ship of majestic @s; build up an
export trade of substantial @s. ¸4 ¶[C] ´part; share: ³You have not done your @
of the work. ¸5 ´(maths) equality of relationship between two sets of numbers;
statement that two ratios are equal (eÔg 4 is to 8 as 6 is to 12. ²C ´and ²y
´are in @). ³¹ vt ¶[VP6A,14] ·@ (to), ´put into @ or right relationship: ³Do
you @ your expenditure to your income? What a well-@ed room! ¸@®able ²/-2EnEbl/
³adj ´= @al.¼
¨pro®por®tional© ²/prEÚpc2Enl/ ³adj ·@ (to), ´(formal) in proper
proportion; corresponding in degree or amount: ³payment @ to the work done;
compensation @ to his injuries. ¸*@ *represenÚtation, µ¥ ³representation ´at
µrepresent±1µ. ¸@ly ²/-EnElI/ ³adv¼
¨pro®por®tion®ate© ²/prEÚpc2EnEt/ ³adj ´(formal) = µproportional. ¸@®ly ³adv¼
¨pro®po®sal© ²/prEÚpE8zl/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´proposing. ¸2 ¶[C] ´sth proposed; plan or
scheme: ³a @ for peace; @s for increasing trade between two countries. ¸3
´offer (esp of marriage): ³a girl who had five @s in one week.¼
¨pro®pose© ²/prEÚpE8z/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A,D,7A,9] ´offer or put forward for
consideration, as a suggestion, plan or purpose: ³I @ starting early/an early
start/to start early/that we should start early. We @ leaving at noon. The
motion was @d by Mr X and seconded by Mr Y. ·@ a toast/sb's health, ´ask
persons to drink sb's health or happiness. ¸2 ¶[VP6A,2A] ·@ (marriage) (to
sb), ´offer marriage. ¸3 ¶[VP6A,14] ·@ sb (for sth), ´put forward (sb's name)
for an office/for membership of a club, etc: ³I @ Mr Smith for chairman. Will
you please @ me for your club? ¸pro®poser ³n¼
¨prop®osi®tion© ²/*propEÚzI2n/ ³n ¶[C] ¸1 ´statement; assertion: ³a @ so clear
that it needs no explanation. ¸2 ´question or problem (with or without the
answer or solution): ³a @ in Euclid. Tunnelling under the English Channel is a
big @. ¸3 ´proposal; suggestion. ¸4 ´(colloq) matter to be dealt with. ·a tough
@, ´(colloq) sb or sth difficult to deal with. ³¹ vt ¶[VP6A] ´(colloq) make a
(esp illegal or immoral) @(µ3´) to.¼
¨pro®pound© ²/prEÚpñ8nd/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´(formal) put forward or offer for
consideration or solution: ³@ a theory/a riddle.¼
¨pro®pri®etary© ²/prEÚprñIEtrI ³US: ²-terI/ ³adj ¸1 ´(abbr (P) used in this
dictionary) ´owned or controlled by sb; held as property: ³@ medicine,
´patented; ³@ rights; a @ name´, eÔg Kodak for cameras and films. ¸2 ´of or
like a proprietor or owner: ³He walked round his estate with @ solicitude.¼
¨pro®pri®etor© ²/prEÚprñIEtE(r)/ ³n ´owner, esp of a hotel, store, land or
patent: ³the @s of the hotel/this patent medicine. ¸pro®pri®e®tress
²/prEÚprñIEtrIs/ ³n ´woman @.¼
¨pro®pri®ety© ²/prEÚprñIEtI/ ³n (pl µ-ties³) ´(formal) ¸1 ¶[U] ´state of being
correct in behaviour and morals: ³a breach of @; (pl) ´details of correct
social behaviour: ³observe the proprieties; offend against the proprieties. ¸2
¶[U] ´reasonableness; fitness: ³I question the @ of granting such a request´,
doubt whether it is right to do so.¼
¨pro®pul®sion© ²/prEÚpAl2n/ ³n ¶[U] ´propelling force. ¸jet @, ´by means of jet
engines. ¸pro®pul®sive ²/prEÚpAlsIv/ ³adj ´propelling; serving to propel.¼
¨pro rata© ²/*prE8 ÚrqtE/ ³adv ´(Lat) in proportion; according to the share,
etc of each.¼
¨pro®rogue© ²/prE8ÚrE8g/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´bring (a session of
Parliament) to an end without dissolving it (so that unfinished business may be
taken up again in the next session). ¸pro®ro®ga®tion ²/*prE8rEÚgeI2n/ ³n¼
¨pro®saic© ²/prEÚzeIIk/ ³adj ´dull; uninteresting; commonplace: ³a lively woman
with a @ husband; the @ life of the ordinary housewife. ¸pro®sai®cally ²/-klI/
³adv¼
¨pro®scenium© ²/prEÚsinIEm/ ³n ´(in a theatre) that part of the stage between
the curtain and the orchestra. ¸@ arch, ´arch above this space.¼
¨pro®scribe© ²/prEÚskrñIb ³US: ²prE8-/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ¸1 ´(old use) publicly put
(a person) out of the protection of the law. ¸2 ´denounce (a person, practice,
etc) as dangerous. ¸pro®scrip®tion ²/prEÚskrIp2n ³US: ²prE8-/ ³n ¶[U]
´proscribing or being @d; ¶[C] ´instance of this.¼
¨prose© ²/prE8z/ ³n ¶[U] ´language not in verse form: (attrib) ³the
@ writers of the 19th century. µ¥ poetry.¼
¨pros®ecute© ²/ÚprosIkjut/ ³vt ¸1 ¶[VP6A] ´(formal) continue with: ³@ a
war/one's studies/an inquiry. ¸2 ¶[VP6A,14] ·@ sb (for sth), ´start legal
proceedings against: ³@d for exceeding the speed limit. Trespassers will be @d.
¸pros®ecu®tor ²/ÚprosIkjutE(r)/ ³n ´person who @sµ(2)´. ¸*Public ÚProsecutor,
´legal official who @s criminal cases on behalf of the State or the public.¼
¨pros®ecu®tion© ²/*prosIÚkju2n/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´act of prosecutingµ(1)´: ³In the @
of his duties he had to interview people of all classes. ¸2 ¶[U] ´prosecuting
or being prosecutedµ(2)´: ³make oneself liable to @; ¶[C] ´instance of this:
³start a @ against sb. ¸the Director of Public P@s, ´Public Prosecutor, µ¥
prosecute. ¸3 ´(collective) person who prosecutesµ(2)´, together with his
advisers: ³the case for the @. µ¥ defence(3).¼
¨pros®elyte© ²/ÚprosElñIt/ ³n ´person who has been converted from his
religious, political or other opinions or beliefs to different ones.
¸pros®elyt®ize ²/ÚprosElItñIz/ ³vt,vi ¶[VP6A,2A] ´make, try to make, converts
to a religion or cause; make a @ of (sb).¼
¨pros®ody© ²/ÚprosEdI/ ³n ¶[U] ´science of verse rhythms or metres; (of a
language) rhythm, pause, tempo, stress and pitch features.¼
¨pros®pect©1 ²/Úprospekt/ ³n ¸1 ¶[C] ´wide view over land or sea or (fig)
before the mind, in the imagination. ¸2 ³(pl) ´sth expected, hoped for, looked
forward to: ³The @s for the wine harvest are poor this year. The manager held
out bright @s to me if I would accept the position. ¸3 ¶[U] ´expectation; hope:
³I see no/little/not much @ of his recovery. Is there no @ of your visiting us
soon? He is out of work and has nothing in @ ´(= no expectation of finding
work) ³at present. ¸4 ¶[C] ´possible customer or client; sb from whom one hopes
to gain something: ³He's a good/bad @.¼
¨pros®pect©2 ²/prEÚspekt ³US: ²Úprospekt/ ³vi ¶[VP2A,3A] ·@ (for), ´search
(for): ³@ing for gold. ¸pros®pec®tor ²/-tE(r)/ ³n ´person who explores a region
looking for gold or other valuable ores, etc.¼
¨pros®pec®tive© ²/prEÚspektIv/ ³adj ´hoped for; looked forward to; which or who
will or may be: ³@ advantages/wealth; a @ buyer; my @ bride; the @ Labour
candidate.¼
¨pro®spec®tus© ²/prEÚspektEs/ ³n (pl µ@es ²/-tEsIz/³) ´printed
account giving details of and advertising sth, eÔg a university, a new business
enterprise, a book about to be published.¼
¨pros®per© ²/ÚprospE(r)/ ³vi,vt ¸1 ¶[VP2A] ´succeed; do well: ³The business
@ed. Is your son @ing? ¸2 ¶[VP6A] ´(liter or rhet) (of God) cause to @: ³May
God @ you!¼
¨pros®per®ity© ²/proÚsperEtI/ ³n ¶[U] ´state of being successful; good fortune:
³a life of happiness and @; live in @. The @ of this industry depends upon a
full order book.¼
¨pros®per®ous© ²/ÚprospErEs/ ³adj ´successful; flourishing: ³a @ business; @
years. ¸@®ly ³adv¼
¨pros®tate© ²/ÚprosteIt/ ³n ¸@ (gland), ´(anat) gland in male mammals at the
neck of the bladder.¼
¨pros®ti®tute© ²/ÚprostItjut ³US: ²-tut/ ³n ´person who offers herself/himself
for sexual intercourse for payment. ³¹ vt ¸1 ¶[VP6A] ´(reflex) make a @ of
(oneself). ¸2 ¶[VP6A] ´put to wrong or unworthy uses: ³@ one's
energies/abilities; @ one's honour´, lose it for money basely gained.
¸pros®ti®tu®tion ²/*prostIÚtju2n ³US: ²-Útu2n/ ³n ¶[U] ´practice of
prostituting oneself, one's talents, etc.¼
¨pros®trate© ²/ÚprostreIt/ ³adj ¸1 ´lying stretched out on the ground, usu face
downward, eÔg because exhausted, or to show submission, deep respect. ¸2 ´(fig)
overcome (with grief, etc); conquered; overthrown. ³¹ vt ²/proÚstreIt ³US:
²ÚprostreIt/ ¸1 ¶[VP6A] ´cause to be @: ³trees @d by the gale. ¸2 ¶[VP6A]
´(reflex) make (oneself) @: ³The wretched slaves @d themselves before their
master. ¸3 ´(usu passive) overcome; render helpless: ³Several of the
competitors were @d by the heat. She is @d with grief. ¸pros®tra®tion
²/proÚstreI2n/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´state of extreme physical weakness; complete
exhaustion: ³Two of the runners in the Marathon race collapsed and were carried
off in a state of prostration. ¸2 ¶[C] ´act of bowing or lying face downwards
to show submission or humility.¼
¨prosy© ²/ÚprE8zI/ ³adj µ(-ier, -iest) ´(of authors, speakers, books, speeches,
style, etc) dull; tedious; unimaginative. ¸pro®sily ²/-ElI/ ³adv ¸prosi®ness
³n¼
¨pro®tag®on®ist© ²/prEÚtagEnIst/ ³n ´(formal) chief person in a drama; (by
extension) chief person in a story or factual event.¼
¨pro®tean© ²/ÚprE8tIEn/ ³adj ´versatile; easily and quickly changing (like
Proteus ²/ÚprE8tIEs/, ´the Greek sea-god who took various shapes).¼
¨pro®tect© ²/prEÚtekt/ ³vt ¶[VP6A,14] ·@ sb/sth (from/against), ¸1 ´keep safe
(from danger, enemies; against attack); guard: ³well @ed from the cold/against
the weather. ¸2 ´guard (home industry) against competition by taxing imports.¼
¨pro®tec®tion© ²/prEÚtek2n/ ³n ¶[U] ¸1 ´protecting or being protected: ³travel
under the @ of a number of soldiers. These tender plants need @ against the
weather. ¸Ú@ (money), ´money demanded by or paid to, gangsters for @ against
acts of violence, etc. ¸2 ¶[U] ´system of protecting home industry against
foreign competition. ¸3 ¶[C] ´person or thing that protects: ³wearing a heavy
overcoat as a @ against the cold. ¸@®ism ²/-IzEm/ ³n ¶[U] ´system of giving
@µ(2) ´to home industry. ¸@®ist ²/-Ist/ ³n ´supporter of, believer in, @ism.¼
¨pro®tec®tive© ²/prEÚtektIv/ ³adj ¸1 ´giving protection: ³a @ covering; a @
tariff´, iÔe on imported goods; ³@ sheath, µ¥ sheath. ¸*@ Úclothing, ´clothes
that safeguard the wearer against such risks as burns, contamination and
radiation. ¸*@ Úcolouring, ´iÔe of animals, birds, insects, causing them to be
seen with difficulty in their natural surroundings, thus protecting them from
their enemies. ¸*@ Úfoods, ´foods that safeguard health, eÔg kinds with a good
supply of essential vitamins. ¸2 ·@ (towards), ´(of persons) with a wish to
protect: ³A mother naturally feels @ towards her children. ¸@®ly ³adv¼
¨pro®tec®tor© ²/prEÚtektE(r)/ ³n ¸1 ´person who protects; sth made
or designed to give protection. ¸2 ´(GB hist) ¸the P@, ´official title of
Oliver and Richard Cromwell.¼
¨pro®tec®tor®ate© ²/prEÚtektErEt/ ³n ¸1 ´country under the protection of
another. ¸2 the P@, ´period (1653Å59) of rule of Oliver and Richard Cromwell.¼
¨pro®t_eg_e© ´(also, fem ¸-g_ee´) ²/ÚprotIZeI ³US: ²*prE8tIÚZeI/ ³n ´(F) person
to whom another gives encouragement and help (usu over a long period).¼
¨pro®tein© ²/ÚprE8tin/ ³n ¶[U,C] ´body-building substance essential to good
health, in such foods as milk, eggs, meat.¼
¨pro tem®pore© ²/*prE8 ÚtempErI/ ³adv ´(Lat) (often shortened to ¸pro tem´) for
the time being; for the present only: ³I am in charge of the office pro tem.¼
¨pro®test©1 ²/ÚprE8test/ ³n ¸1 ¶[C,U] ´(statement of) disapproval or objection:
³make/lodge/enter a @ (against sth). The Government's policy gave rise to
vigorous @s. He paid the tax demand under @´, unwillingly and after declaring
that what he was doing was not right or just. ³He gave way without @´, without
making any objection. ¸2 ´(attrib) expressing @: ³a ·Ú³@ movement; a ·Ú³@
march´, eÔg by persons objecting to official policy.¼
¨pro®test©2 ²/prEÚtest/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A,9] ´affirm strongly; assert against
opposition: ³He @ed that he had never been near the scene of the crime. He @ed
his innocence´, asserted his innocence by @ing. ¸2 ¶[VP2A,3A] ·@ (against),
´raise an objection, say sth ³(against)´: ³I @ against being called an old
fool. The children @ed loudly ´(= cried out in disapproval) ³when they were
told to go to bed early. ¸@er ³n ¸@®ing®ly ³adv¼
¨Prot®es®tant© ²/ÚprotIstEnt/ ³n, adj ´(member) of any of the Christian bodies
that separated from the Church of Rome at the time of the Reformation (16th
c), or of their later branches. ¸@®ism ²/-IzEm/ ³n ¶[U] ´systems, beliefs,
teaching, etc of the @s; @s as a body.¼
¨prot®esta®tion© ²/*proteÚsteI2n/ ³n ¶[C] ´(formal) solemn declaration: ³@s of
innocence/friendship.¼
¨pro®to®col© ²/ÚprE8tEkol ³US: ²-kcl/ ³n ¸1 ¶[C] ´first or original
draft of an agreement (esp between States), signed by those making it, in
preparation for a treaty. ¸2 ¶[U] ´code of behaviour; etiquette as practised on
diplomatic occasions: ³Were the seating arrangements for the dinner party
according to @´, Were rules of precedence, etc properly observed?¼
¨pro®ton© ²/ÚprE8ton/ ³n ´positively charged particle forming part of an atomic
nucleus. µ¥ electron.¼
¨pro®to®plasm© ²/ÚprE8tEplazEm/ ³n ¶[U] ´colourless, jelly-like substance which
is the material basis of life in animals and plants.¼
¨pro®to®type© ²/ÚprE8tEtñIp/ ³n ¶[C] ´first or original example, eÔg of an
aircraft, from which others have been or will be copied or developed.¼
¨pro®to®zoa© ²/*prE8tEÚzE8E/ ³n pl ´(division of the animal kingdom consisting
of) animals of the simplest type formed of a single cell (and usu
microscopic).¼
¨pro®tract© ²/prEÚtrakt ³US: ²prE8-/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´prolong; lengthen the time
taken by: ³a @ed visit/argument. ¸pro®trac®tion ²/prEÚtrak2n ³US: ²prE8-/ ³n
´lengthening out.¼
¨pro®trac®tor© ²/prEÚtraktE(r) ³US: ²prE8-/ ³n ´instrument, usu in the form of
a semicircle, and graduated (0Ä to 180Ä), for measuring and drawing angles.¼
¨pro®trude© ²/prEÚtrud ³US: ²prE8-/ ³vi,vt ¶[VP2A,6A] ´(cause to) stick out or
project: ³a shelf that @s from a wall; protruding eyes/teeth. ¸pro®tru®sion
²/prEÚtruZn ³US: ²prE8-/ ³n ¶[U] ´protruding; ¶[C] ´sth that @s. ¸pro®trus®ive
²/prEÚtrusIv ³US: ²prE8-/ ³adj ´protruding.¼
¨pro®tu®ber®ant© ²/prEÚtjubErEnt ³US: ²prE8Útu-/ ³adj ´(formal) curving or
swelling outwards; bulging. ¸pro®tu®ber®ance ²/-Ens/ ³n ¶[U] ´being @; ¶[C]
´sth that is @; bulge or swelling.¼
¨proud© ²/prñ8d/ ³adj µ(-er, -est) ¸1 ´(in a good sense) having or showing a
proper pride or dignity: ³@ of their success/of being so successful; @ to
belong/that they belonged to such a fine team. ¸2 ´(in a bad sense) arrogant;
having or showing too much pride: ³He was too @ to join our party. ¸3 ´arousing
justifiable pride; of which one is or may be properly @; splendid; imposing:
³soldiers in @ array. It was a @ day for the country when its team won the
championship. His rose garden was a @ sight. ¸4 ·@ flesh, ´overgrown flesh
round a healing wound. ¸5 ´(compounds) ¸Úhouse®@, ´of one's house, of the care
with which it is looked after, cleaned, etc. ¸Úpurse-@, ´arrogant because of
one's wealth. ¸6 ³(adv ´use; colloq) ·do sb @, ´honour greatly, entertain
splendidly. ¸@®ly ³adv ´in a @ manner; splendidly.¼
¨prove© ²/pruv/ ³vt,vi (pp µ@d ´or, as 1 below, µ@n ²/Úpruvn/³)
¸1 ¶[VP6A,9,14,25] ·@ (to), ´supply proof of; show beyond doubt to be true: ³@
sb's guilt/that he is guilty. His guilt was clearly @d. I shall @ to you that
the witness is quite unreliable. Can you @ it to me? ·The exception @s the
rule, ´shows that the rule is valid in most cases. ·not @n, ´(in a criminal
trial in Scotland) jury's decision that as the charge cannot be @d, the accused
may be released (although he may not be innocent). ¸2 ¶[VP6A] ´establish the
genuineness of: ³@ a will; ´test the quality or accuracy of: ³@ a man's worth.
¸3 ¶[VP4D,25] ·@ (oneself) (to be), ´be seen or found in the end (to be): ³The
new typist @d (to be) useless. He @d (himself) to be a coward. ³Our wood supply
@d (to be) insufficient. ¸prov®able ²/-Ebl/ ³adj ´that can be @d.¼
¨prov®enance© ²/ÚprovEnEns/ ³n ¶[U] ´(place of) origin: ³antique furniture of
doubtful @´, eÔg that may not be genuinely antique.¼
¨prov®en®der© ²/ÚprovIndE(r)/ ³n ¶[U] ´food, eÔg hay, oats, for horses and
cattle; (colloq) food of any kind.¼
¨prov®erb© ²/Úprov3b/ ³n ¸1 ´popular short saying, with words of advice or
warning, eÔg "It takes two to make a quarrel'. ¸2 (the Book of) P@s, ´one of
the books of the Old Testament. ¸3 ´sb or sth so well known that he/it has
become notorious: ³He is a @ for meanness. His meanness is a @. ¸@®ial
²/prEÚv3bIEl/ ³adj ¸1 ´of or expressed in a @: ³@ sayings/wisdom. ¸2 ´widely
known and talked about; admitted by everyone: ³His stupidity is @ial.
¸@i®ally ³adv´Ô: ³He is @ially stupid.¼
¨pro®vide© ²/prEÚvñId/ ³vi,vt ¸1 ¶[VP3A] ·@ for sb/sth, ´make ready, do what is
necessary, for: ³He has a large family to @ for. We must @ for our visitors´,
get in supplies of food, etc. ³He died without providing for his widow´,
leaving nothing for her to live on. ·@ against sth, ´take steps to guard
against: ³Have you @d against a coal shortage next winter? ¸2 ¶[VP6A,14] ·@ sth
(for sb); @ sb with sth, ´give, supply (what is needed, esp what a person needs
in order to live): ³@ one's children with food and clothes; @ food and clothes
for one's family. ¸3 ¶[VP9] ´stipulate: ³A clause in the agreement @s that the
tenant shall bear the cost of all repairs to the building. ¸@r ³n ´person who
provides.¼
¨pro®vided© ²/prEÚvñIdId/ ³conj ·@ (that), ´on condition (that).¼
¨provi®dence© ²/ÚprovIdEns/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´(old use) thrift; being provident or
prudent (about future needs, etc). ¸2 P@, ´God; God's care for human beings and
all he has created; (small ³p´) particular instance of this care: ³the
mysterious working of divine @. A special @ preserved him from the tragic fate
of his companions.¼
¨provi®dent© ²/ÚprovIdEnt/ ³adj ´(careful in) providing for future
needs or events, esp in old age: ³Our firm has a @ fund for the staff. ¸@®ly
³adv¼
¨provi®den®tial© ²/*provIÚden2l/ ³adj ´of, by, through, coming from,
Providenceµ(2)´: ³a @ escape. ¸@®ly ²/-2ElI/ ³adv¼
¨pro®vid®ing© ²/prEÚvñIdIG/ ³conj ·@ (that), ´= provided (that): ³I will go @
(that) my expenses are paid.¼
¨prov®ince© ²/ÚprovIns/ ³n ¸1 ´large administrative division of a country. ¸2
the @s, ´all the country outside the capital: ³people from the @s visiting
London. The pop group is now touring the @s. ¸3 ´district under an archbishop.
¸4 ´area of learning or knowledge; department of activity: ³That is outside my
@´, not sth with which I can or need deal. ³Doesn't your question fall outside
the @ of science?¼
¨prov®in®cial© ²/prEÚvIn2l/ ³adj ¸1 ´of a provinceµ(1)´: ³@ taxes;
@ government. ¸2 ´of the provincesµ(2)´: ³@ roads. ¸3 ´narrow in outlook;
having, typical of, the speech, manners, views, etc of a person living in the
provinces (esp in former times when communications were poor): ³a @ accent. ¹
n ´person from the provinces; countrified person. ¸@ly ²/-2ElI/ ³adv ¸@®ism
²/-IzEm/ ³n ¶[C] ´example of @ manners, speech, behaviour, etc; ¶[U]
´attachment to one's province and its customs, etc rather than to one's
country.¼
¨pro®vi®sion© ²/prEÚvIZn/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´providing, preparation (esp for future
needs): ³the @ ´(= supply) ³of water and gas to domestic consumers; make @ for
one's old age´, eÔg by saving money; ³make @ against sth´, guard against it. ¸2
¶[C] ´amount ³(of ´sth) provided: ³issue a @ of meat to the troops. ¸3 ³(pl)
´food; food supplies: ³lay in a store of @s; (´attrib, ³sing) a @ merchant´, a
grocer; ³a wholesale @ business. ¸4 ¶[C] ´condition in a legal document, eÔg a
clause in a will: ³if there is no @ to the contrary. ¹ vt ¶[VP6A] ´supply with
@sµ(3) ´and stores: ³@ a ship for a voyage to the Antarctic.¼
¨pro®vi®sional© ²/prEÚvIZEnl/ ³adj ´of the present time only, and to be
confirmed or changed or replaced later: ³a @ government/contract, etc. ¸@ly
²/-nElI/ ³adv¼
¨pro®viso© ²/prEÚvñIzE8/ ³n (pl µ@s, ´US also µ@es ²/-zE8z/³) ´(clause
containing a) limitation, esp in a legal document: ³with the @ that´, on
condition that; ³subject to this @´, with this limitation. ¸pro®vi®sory
²/prEÚvñIzErI/ ³adj ´depending upon a @.¼
¨provo®ca®tion© ²/*provEÚkeI2n/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´provoking or being provoked:
³wilful @ of public disorder; do sth under @´, when provoked. ³She flares up
at/on the slightest @´, Very little things make her anger break out. ¸2 ¶[C]
´sth that provokes or annoys.¼
¨pro®voca®tive© ²/prEÚvokEtIv/ ³adj ´causing, likely to cause, anger, argument,
interest, etc: ³@ remarks; a @ dress. ¸@®ly ³adv¼
¨pro®voke© ²/prEÚvE8k/ ³vt ¸1 ¶[VP6A] ´make angry; vex: ³He was @d beyond
endurance. If you @ the dog, it will attack you. ¸2 ¶[VP6A] ´cause; arouse: ³@
laughter/a smile/a riot. ¸3 ¶[VP17,14] ·@ sb to do sth/into doing sth, ´cause
or compel them: ³His impudence @d her into slapping his face. He was @d to
answer rudely. ¸pro®vok®ing ³adj ´annoying: ³How provoking of them to be so
late! ¸pro®vok®ing®ly ³adv¼
¨pro®vost© ²/ÚprovEst ³US: ²ÚprE8-/ ³n ¸1 ´title of some heads of
university colleges, etc. ¸2 ´(in Scotland) head of a municipal corporation or
burgh (= mayor). ¸3 @ marshal ²/prE*vE8 Úmq2l ³US: ²*prE8vE8/, ´head of the
military police.¼
¨prow© ²/prñ8/ ³n ´pointed front of a ship or boat. µ¥ ´the illus at µbarque.¼
¨prow®ess© ²/Úprñ8Is/ ³n ¶[U] ´bravery; valour; unusual skill or ability.¼
¨prowl© ²/prñ8l/ ³vi,vt ¸1 ¶[VP2A,C] ´go about cautiously looking for a chance
to get food (as wild animals do), or to steal, etc. ¸2 ¶[VP6A] ´go about (the
streets) ´in this way. ¹ ³n ·be on the @, ´@ing. ¸Ú@ car, ´(US) µ¥ ³squad car
´at µsquad. ¸@er ³n ´animal or person that @s.¼
¨prox© ²/proks/ ³adv ´(abbr) µ¥ proximo.¼
¨proxi®mate© ²/ÚproksImEt/ ³adj ´(formal) nearest, before or after.¼
¨prox®im®ity© ²/prokÚsImEtI/ ³n ¶[U] ´(formal) nearness: ³in (close) @ to´,
(very) near to (which is usu preferable). ¸@ fuse´, one that explodes the shell
to which it is fitted when near the target, eÔg an enemy aircraft.¼
¨prox®imo© ²/ÚproksImE8/ ³adj ´(abbr ¸prox´) (comm or official style, better
avoided) of next month: ³on the 22nd prox.¼
¨proxy© ²/ÚproksI/ ³n (pl µ-xies³) ¶[C] ´(document giving) ¶[U] ´authority to
represent or act for another (esp in voting at an election); ¶[C] ´person
given a @: ³vote by @; make one's wife one's @.¼
¨prude© ²/prud/ ³n ´person of extreme or exaggerated propriety (often affected)
in behaviour or speech. ¸pru®dery ²/ÚprudErI/ ³n (pl µ-ries³) ¶[U] ´extreme
propriety; ¶[C] ´prudish act or remark. ¸prud®ish ²/ÚprudI2/ ³adj ´of or like a
@; excessively modest; easily shocked. ¸pru®dish®ly ³adv¼
¨pru®dent© ²/Úprudnt/ ³adj ´careful; acting only after careful thought or
planning: ³a @ housekeeper. ¸@®ly ³adv ¸pru®dence ²/-dns/ ³n ¶[U] ´being @;
careful forethought.¼
¨pru®den®tial© ²/pruÚden2l/ ³adj ´relating to, marked by, prudence (often used
in names of insurance companies).¼
¨prune©1 ²/prun/ ³n ´dried plum: ³stewed @s and custard.¼
¨prune©2 ²/prun/ ³vt ¶[VP6A,14,15B] ·@ sth from sth; @ sth off sth; @ sth away,
´cut away parts of (trees, bushes, etc) in order to control growth or shape;
(fig) take out unnecessary parts from: ³@ the rose-bushes; @ away unwanted
growth; @ an essay of superfluous matter; @ away unnecessary adjectives.
¸prun®ing ³n ¶[U]´: ³The roses need pruning, ´ought to be @d.
¸Úpruning-knife/-hook/-saw/-scissors/-shears, ´kinds of tool used for pruning.
¸pruners ³n pl ´pruning-scissors.¼
¨pru®ri®ent© ²/Úpr8ErIEnt/ ³adj ´having, showing, an excessive and
unhealthy interest in matters of sex. ¸@®ly ³adv ¸pru®ri®ence ²/-Ens/,
¸pru®ri®ency ²/-EnsI/ ³nn ´state of being @.¼
¨Prus®sian© ²/ÚprA2n/ ³n, adj ´(inhabitant, native) of Prussia. ¸@ blue, ´deep
blue colour.¼
¨prus®sic© ²/ÚprAsIk/ ³adj ¸*@ Úacid, ´violent and deadly poison.¼
¨pry©1 ²/prñI/ ³vi (pt,pp µpried ²/prñId/³) ¶[VP2A,3A] ·pry (into),
´inquire too curiously (into other people's affairs); ¶[VP2C] ·pry about,
´look or peer (about) inquisitively. ¸pry®ing®ly ³adv¼
¨pry©2 ²/prñI/ ³vt ¶[VP22,15A,B] ´(= ³prize±3´) get (sth ³open´) (eÔg with a
lever); lift (sth ³up´): (fig) ³pry a secret out of sb.¼
¨psalm© ²/sqm/ ³n ´sacred song or hymn, esp ¸(the P@s) ´those in the Bible.
¸@®ist ²/-Ist/ ³n ´person who writes @s, esp ¸the P@ist, ´David, said to be the
author of @s in the Bible. ¸@®ody ²/ÚsqmEdI/ ³n (pl µ-dies³) ¸1 ¶[U] ´practice
or art of singing @s. ¸2 ¶[C] ´arrangement of @s for singing; book of @s with
their musical settings.¼
¨psal®ter© ²/ÚscltE(r)/ ³n ´Book of Psalms; copy of the Psalms, esp one
designed for use in public worship.¼
¨psal®tery© ²/ÚscltErI/ ³n (pl µ-ties³) ´musical instrument (ancient and
medieval times) with strings over a sound-board, played by plucking the
strings.¼
¨pse®phol®ogy© ²/seÚfolEdZI ³US: ²si-/ ³n ´scientific study of election
trends, eÔg by means of opinion polls. ¸pse®phol®ogist ²/-Ist/ ³n¼
¨pseud© ²/sjud ³US: ²sud/ ³n ´(colloq) = µpseudo³(n).¼
¨pseudo© ²/ÚsjudE8 ³US: ²Úsu-/ ³adj ´(colloq) sham; insincere: ³I've always
found him very @. ¹ ³n ´sham person.¼
¨pseudo-© ²/*sjudE8 ³US: ²*su-/ ³pref ´false; spurious: ³@-scientific. µ¥ App
3.¼
¨pseu®do®nym© ²/ÚsjudEnIm ³US: ²ÚsudEnIm/ ³n ´name taken, esp by an author,
instead of his real name. ¸pseud®ony®mous ²/sjuÚdonImEs ³US: ²su-/ ³adj
´writing, written, under an assumed name.¼
¨pshaw© ²/pfE ³or similar "burst' of noise²/ ³int ´exclamation to indicate
contempt or impatience.¼
¨psit®ta®co®sis© ²/*sItEÚkE8sIs/ ³n ¶[U] ´(also called ·Ú³parrot fever´)
contagious virus disease (caught from parrots and related birds) producing
fever and other complications (as in pneumonia).¼
¨psyche© ²/ÚsñIkI/ ³n ¸1 ´human soul or spirit. ¸2 ´human mind; mentality.¼
¨psyche®delic© ²/*sñIkIÚdelIk/ ³adj ¸1 ´(of drugs)
hallucinatory: ³Mescalin and LÔSÔD are @ drugs. ¸2 ´(of visual and sound
effects) acting on the mind like @ drugs: ³@ music.¼
¨psy®chia®try© ²/sñIÚkñIEtrI ³US: ²sI-/ ³n ¶[U] ´the study and treatment of
mental illness. ¸psy®chia®trist ²/-Ist/ ³n ´expert in @. ¸psy®chi®atric
²/*sñIkIÚatrIk/ ³adj ´of @: ³a psychiatric clinic.¼
¨psy®chic©1 ²/ÚsñIkIk/ ³n ¶[C] ´person apparently, or claiming to be,
responsive to occult powers; (popular term for a) mediumµ(4)´.¼
¨psy®chic©2 ²/ÚsñIkIk/, ±psy®chi®cal ²/ÚsñIkIkl/ ³adjj ¸1 ´of the soul or mind.
¸1 ´of phenomena and conditions which appear to be outside physical or natural
laws: ³@ research´, the study and investigation of such phenomena, eÔg
telepathy, second sight.¼
¨psy®cho-an®aly®sis© ²/*sñIkE8 EÚnalEsIs/ ³n ¶[U] ¸1 ´method of
healing mental illnesses by tracing them, through interviews, to events in the
patient's early life, and bringing those events to his consciousness. ¸2 ´body
of doctrine based on this method concerned with the investigation and treatment
of emotional disturbances. ¸psy®cho-ana®lyst ²/*sñIkE8 ÚanElIst/ ³n ´person who
practises @. ¸psy®cho-ana®lytic(al) ²/*sñIkE8 *anEÚlItIk(l)/ ³adj ´relating to
@. ¸psy®cho-ana®lyse ´(US = ¸-lyze´) ²/*sñIkE8 ÚanElñIz/ ³vt ´treat (sb) by @.¼
¨psy®chol®ogy© ²/sñIÚkolEdZI/ ³n ¶[U] ¸1 ´science, study, of the mind and its
processes: ³abnormal/animal/child/industrial @´, branches of this science. ¸2
¶[C] ´(colloq, unscientific, use) mental nature, processes, etc of a person:
³She understands her husband's @ very well. ¸psy®chol®ogist ²/-Ist/ ³n ´student
of, expert in, @. ¸psy®cho®logi®cal ²/*sñIkEÚlodZIkl/ ³adj ´of @; of the mind.
¸the psychological moment´, the most appropriate time; the time when one is
most likely to achieve the desired end. ¸psychological warfare´, waged by
trying to influence people's ideas and beliefs. ¸psy®cho®logi®cally ²/-klI/
³adv¼
¨psy®cho®path© ²/ÚsñIkE8paT/ ³n ´person suffering from severe emotional
derangement, esp one who is aggressive and antisocial, with little or no moral
sense. ¸@ic ²/*sqIkE8ÚpaTIk/ ³adj ´of, suffering from, severe emotional or
mental disorder.¼
¨psy®cho®sis© ²/sñIÚkE8sIs/ ³n (pl µ-choses ²/-ÚkE8siz/³) ´severely abnormal or
diseased mental state.¼
¨psy®cho®so®matic© ²/*sñIkE8sEÚmatIk/ ³adj ´(of disease) caused by mental
stress; (of medicine) concerned with such disease.¼
¨psy®cho®therapy© ²/*sñIkE8ÚTerEpI/ ³n ¶[U] ´treatment by
psychological methods of mental, emotional and nervous disorders.¼
¨ptar®mi®gan© ²/ÚtqmIgEn/ ³n ´bird of the grouse family with black or grey
feathers in summer and white in winter.¼
¨ptero®dac®tyl© ²/*terEÚdaktIl/ ³n ´extinct flying reptile.¼
¨pto®maine© ²/ÚtE8meIn/ ³n ´(sorts of) poison which is found in decaying food:
³ill with @ poisoning.¼
¨pub© ²/pAb/ ³n ´(abbr for) public house: ³go round to the pub for a drink.
¸Úpub-crawl, µ¥ crawl ³nµ(1).¼
¨pu®berty© ²/ÚpjubEtI/ ³n ¶[U] ´stage at which a person becomes physically able
to become a parent; maturing of the sexual functions: ³reach the age of @.¼
¨pu®bic© ²/ÚpjubIk/ ³adj ´of the lower part of the abdomen: ³@ hair.¼
¨pub®lic© ²/ÚpAblIk/ ³adj ´(opp of ³private) ´of, for, connected with, owned
by, done for or done by, known to, people in general: ³a @ library/park; a
matter of @ knowledge, ´sth known to everyone; ³enter @ life´, engage in the
affairs or service of the people, eÔg in government; ³@ elementary and
secondary schools´, government-controlled schools providing free education.
¸*@-adÚdress system ³n ´(abbr ¸PÔA system´) system of microphones and loud
speakers for broadcasting in @ areas. ¸*@ Úbar, ´ordinary bar in a @ house or
hotel. µ¥ ³saloon bar ´at µsaloon. ¸*@ *corpoÚration, ´(legal) corporation
providing services for the public, eÔg in GB ³the British Broadcasting
Corporation, the BÔBÔC. ¸*@ Úenemy, ´person thought to be a danger to the @, to
the whole community. ¸*@ Úhouse ³n ´(GB) (formal) (colloq abbr ¸pub ²/pAb/´)
house (not a club, hotel, etc) licensed to sell alcoholic drinks to be consumed
on the premises but not offering accommodation. ¸*@ Únuisance, ´(legal) illegal
act harmful to people in general rather than to an individual; (colloq) sb who
is a nuisance to a community. ¸*@ oÚpinion poll, µ¥ poll±1µ(2). ¸*@ Úownership,
´ownership by the State, eÔg of the railways. ¸*P@ ÚProsecutor, µ¥ ³prosecutor
´at µprosecute. ¸*@ reÚlations ´(abbr ¸PÔR´) ³n pl ´(esp) relations between a
government department or authority, business organization, etc with the general
@, usu through the distribution of information. ¸*@ reÚlations officer ´(abbr
¸PÔRÔO´) person employed in @ relations. ¸*@ Úschool, (a) ´(GB) private school
for older fee-paying pupils, usu a boarding school, supported partly by
endowments and managed by a board of governors. µ¥ ³preparatory school ´(for
younger pupils) ´at µpreparatory. ¸(b) ´(US and Scot) school providing free
education, supported by @ funds. ¸*@ Úspirit, ´readiness to do things that are
for the good of the community. Hence, ¸*@-Úspirited ³adj ¸*@ Útransport,
´transport systems (road and rail) owned by @ corporations, eÔg city and town
authorities: ³travel by @ transport´, contrasted with privately owned systems,
one's own car, etc. ¸Ú@ trustee, µ¥ trustee. ¸*@ uÚtilities, ´organizations
which supply services and commodities, eÔg water, gas, electricity, transport,
communications, to the general @. ·go @, ´(of a business organization) offer
shares for purchase (on the Stock Exchange) by the @: ³Rolls-Royce, after its
bankruptcy in 1971, went @ in 1972. ¹ n ¸1 the @, ´members of the community in
general: ³the British @. The @ are not admitted. The @ is/are requested not to
leave litter in the park. ·in @, ´openly, not in private. ¸2 ´particular
section of the community: ³the theatre-going @, ´those who attend theatres;
³the reading @, ´those who read books, etc; ³a book that will appeal to a large
@´, to many readers. ¸@®ly ²/-klI/ ³adv¼
¨pub®li®can© ²/ÚpAblIkEn/ ³n ¸1 ´(GB) keeper of a public house. ¸2
´(in Roman times and in the New Testament) tax-gatherer.¼
¨pub®li®ca®tion© ²/*pAblIÚkeI2n/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´act of making known to the public,
of publishing sth: ³the @ of a report; date of @. ¸2 ¶[C] ´sth published, eÔg a
book or a periodical.¼
¨pub®li®cist© ²/ÚpAblIsIst/ ³n ´newspaper man who writes on current topics of
public interest, eÔg a political journalist; person who publicizes.¼
¨pub®lic®ity© ²/pAbÚlIsEtI/ ³n ¶[U] ¸1 ´the state of being known
to, seen by, everyone: ³an actress who seeks/avoids @; heads of state who live
their lives in the full blaze of @. ¸2 ´(business of) providing information to
win public interest: ³give a new book/play, etc wide @; conduct a ·Ú³@
campaign. ¸Ú@ agent, ´person employed to keep the name of a person, eÔg an
actor, or product constantly before the public.¼
¨pub®li®cize© ²/ÚpAblIsñIz/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´give publicity to; bring to the
attention of the public.¼
¨pub®lish© ²/ÚpAblI2/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ¸1 ´have (a book, periodical, etc) printed
and announce that it is for sale. ¸2 ´make known to the public: ³@ the news; @
the banns of marriage´, announce formally in a church the names of persons
shortly to be married. ¸@er ³n ´person whose business is the @ing of books.¼
¨puce© ²/pjus/ ³n ¶[U] ´purple-brown.¼
¨puck©1 ²/pAk/ ³n ´(in folklore) mischievous sprite or goblin. ¸@®ish ²/-I2/
³adj ´mischievous: ³a @ish smile. ¸@®ish®ly ³adv¼
¨puck©2 ²/pAk/ ³n ´hard rubber disc used instead of a ball in ice-hockey. µ¥
´the illus at µhockey.¼
¨pucker© ²/ÚpAkE(r)/ ³vt,vi ¶[VP6A,15B,2A,C] ·@ up, ´draw or come together into
small folds or wrinkles: ³@ up one's brows/lips. This coat @s (up) at the
shoulders. ¹ ³n ´wrinkle.¼
¨pud© ²/p8d/ ³n ¶[U] ´(sl) pudding.¼
¨pud®den© ²/Úp8dn/ ³n ´(colloq) (only in) ¸Ú@-head ³n ´slow, stupid person.¼
¨pudding© ²/Úp8dIG/ ³n ¶[C,U] ¸1 ´(dish of) food, usu a soft, sweet mixture,
served as part of a meal, generally eaten after the meat course: ³milk @s´, of
some kind of grain, eÔg rice, cooked with milk and flavourings, ¸Ú@-face,
´large fat face. ¸2 ´kind of sausage. ¸black @, ´intestine of pig stuffed with
oatmeal, blood, etc. ¸3 ´sth like a @ in appearance. ¸4 Ú@ stone, ´rock
composed of rounded pebbles in a kind of stone like concrete.¼
¨puddle© ²/ÚpAdl/ ³n ¸1 ¶[C] ´small pool of water. ¸2 ¶[U] ´wet
clay and sand mixed to a paste, used as a watertight covering for embankments,
etc. ³¹ vt ¸1 ´mix (wet clay and sand) into a thick paste. ¸2 ´stir (molten
iron) to produce wrought iron by expelling carbon. ¸pud®dler ²/ÚpAdlE(r)/ ³n
´worker who @s clay, etc or molten iron.¼
¨pu®denda© ²/pjuÚdendE/ ³n pl ´(formal) external genital organs, esp of the
female.¼
¨pudgy© ²/ÚpAdZI/ ³adj µ(-ier, -iest) ´short, thick and fat: ³@ fingers.¼
¨pueblo© ²/ÚpweblE8/ ³n (pl µ@s ²/-lE8z/³) ´communal village dwelling of adobe
and stone, as built by American Indians in Mexico and the south-western
US.¼
¨puer®ile© ²/Úpj8ErñIl ³US: ²-rEl/ ³adj ´trivial; suitable only for a child:
³ask @ questions. ¸puer®il®ity ²/*pj8EÚrIlEtI/ ³n ¶[U] ´childishness;
foolishness; ¶[C] ´childish or foolish act, idea, utterance, etc.¼
¨pu®er®peral© ²/pjuÚ3pErEl/ ³adj ´of, due to, childbirth: ³@ fever.¼
¨puff©1 ²/pAf/ ³n ¶[C] ¸1 ´(sound of a) short, quick sending out of breath,
air, etc; amount of steam, smoke, etc sent out at one time: ³@s from a
steam-engine; have a @ at a pipe. ¸2 (Úpowder-)@, ´piece or ball of soft
material, for putting powder on the face. ¸3 ´round, soft mass of material used
on an article of dress as an ornament: ³@ sleeves´, swelling out like balloons.
¸4 @ pastry, ´light, flaky pastry. ¸5 ´quantity of @ pastry filled with jam,
whipped cream, etc: ³jam @s. ¸6 ´review of a book, play, etc, praising it
extravagantly. ¸7 Ú@-adder ³n ´poisonous African viper which inflates the upper
part of its body when excited. ¸Ú@-ball ³n ´kind of fungus shaped like a ball
which when ripe breaks open and sends out @s of dust-like spores. ¸@y ³adj
µ(-ier, -iest) ´short of breath; easily made short of breath (by running,
climbing, etc); swollen: ³a red face, @y under the eyes. ¸@i®ness ³n ¶[U]
´state of being @y.¼
¨puff©2 ²/pAf/ ³vi,vt ¸1 ¶[VP2A,C] ´move along with puffsµ(1)´;
breathe quickly (as after running); (of smoke, steam, etc) come out in puffs:
³The old steam-engine @ed out of the station. He was @ing hard when he jumped
on to the bus. He was @ing (away) at his cigar. Smoke @ed up from the crater
of the volcano. ¸2 ¶[VP15A,B] ´send out in puffs: ³He @ed smoke into my face.
He managed to @ out a few words. He was rather @ed ´(= out of breath) ³after
running to the bus stop. ·@ed up, ´filled with pride; conceited. ¸3 ¶[VP15B]
·@ sth out, ¸(a) ´blow out: ³He @ed out the candle. ¸(b) ´cause to swell with
air: ³He @ed out his chest with pride. ¸4 ¶[VP6A] ´praise (a book, etc) in an
advertisement or review, esp in an exaggerated way.¼
¨puf®fin© ²/ÚpAfIn/ ³n ´N Atlantic seabird with a large bill. µ¥
´the illus at µwater.¼
¨pug© ²/pAg/ ³n ´(also ¸Úpug-dog´) small breed of pug-nosed dog. ¸Úpug-nose(d)
³adj, n ´(with a) short, squat or snub nose.¼
¨pu®gil®ist© ²/ÚpjudZIlIst/ ³n ´(formal) boxer. ¸pu®gil®ism ²/-IzEm/ ³n
¶[U] ´boxing. ¸pu®gil®is®tic ²/*pjudZIÚlIstIk/ ³adj ´of @s or pugilism.¼
¨pug®na®cious© ²/pAgÚneI2Es/ ³adj ´(formal) fond of, in the habit of,
fighting. ¸@®ly ³adv ¸pug®nac®ity ²/pAgÚnasEtI/ ³n ¶[U].¼
¨puis®sant© ²/ÚpjuIsnt/ ³adj ´(archaic) having great power or influence.
¸puis®sance ²/-sns/ ³n ¶[U] ´strength.¼
¨puke© ²/pjuk/ ³vi,vt, n ¶[U] ´(sl) vomit.¼
¨pukka© ²/ÚpAkE/ ³adj ´(dated sl) genuine; authentic; superior.¼
¨pul®chri®tude© ²/ÚpAlkrItjud ³US: ²-tud/ ³n ¶[U] ´(formal) physical beauty.
¸pul®chri®tudi®nous ²/*pAlkrIÚtjudInEs ³US: ²-ÚtudEnEs/ ³adj¼
¨pule© ²/pjul/ ³vi ¶[VP2A] ´(eÔg of a baby) cry feebly; whimper.¼
¨pull©1 ²/p8l/ ³n ¸1 ¶[C] ´act of pulling: ³give a @ at a rope;
¶[C] ´act of deep drinking: ³take a @ at a bottle´, drink deeply from it. ¸2
¶[C,U] ´attraction: ³the @ of the life of a sailor/singer/tramp. ¸3 ¶[C]
´effort of moving: ³a hard/long @ up the hill. ¸4 ¶[C,U] ´(colloq) ´power to
get help or attention through influence, eÔg with people in high positions: ³He
has a strong @/a great deal of @ with the Managing Director. ¸5 ´handle, etc
which is to be pulled. ¸6 ´(printing) proof; single impression.¼
¨pull©2 ²/p8l/ ³vt,vi ´(For special uses with ³adverbial particles
´and ³preps, µ¥ 7 ´below.) ¸1 ¶[VP6A,15A,B,22,2A] ´(contrasted with ³push´) use
force upon (sth or sb) so as to draw towards or after one, or in the direction
indicated: ³The horse was @ing a heavy cart. How many coaches can that
locomotive @? Would you rather push the barrow or @ it? The baby was @ing its
father's beard. P@ your chair up to the table. She @ed her tights/gloves
on/off. He @ed my ears/@ed me by the ears. I'm going to the dentist to have a
bad tooth @ed out. Stop @ing, please! ·@ sth to pieces, ´use force to separate
its parts or to break it up into parts; (fig) criticize severely by pointing
out the weak points or faults: ³He @ed my proposals/theory to pieces. ¸2
¶[VP6A,15A,B,2A,C] ´move (a boat) by @ing an oar or a pair of oars; (of a boat)
be rowed (by): ³Now, all @ together, please! The men/boat @ed for the shore. ·@
together, ´(fig) work together; co-operate. ·@ one's weight, ´exert oneself so
as to do a fair share of the work: ³Either you @ your weight or we replace you.
¸3 ¶[VP3A] ·@ at/on sth, ¸(a) ´give a tug: ³@ at/on a rope. ¸(b) ´draw or suck:
³@ing at his pipe´, drawing in breath and smoke through his (tobacco) pipe; ³@
at a bottle´, have a drink from one. µ¥ pull±1µ(1). ¸4 ·@ a Úfast one,
´(colloq) deceive sb. ·@ a muscle, ´strain it. ·@ a proof, ´take an impression
(from type); print a proof. For other uses with ³nn, µ¥ ´the ³n ´entries, eÔg
·@ a face/faces; @ sb's leg; @ one's punches; @ strings; @ wires; @ the Úwool
over sb's eyes. ¸5 ´(in games, sport) (golf) hit (the ball) wrongly to the
left. Cf ³sliceµ(4)´; (cricket) strike (the ball) forward and to the left of
the wicket, by striking across the ball's path; (horse-racing) @ in the reins
(of a horse) to prevent it from winning. ¸6 ´(sl) raid; rob: ³@ a bank; ´steal:
³@ a few thousand quid. ¸7 ¶[VP15B,2C] ´(special uses with ³adverbial particles
´and ³preps´):¼
·pull sb/sth about, ´@ in different directions; treat roughly.¼
·pull sth apart, ´tear or @ into its parts.¼
·pull sth down, ´destroy or demolish, eÔg an old building. ·pull sb down, ´(of
illness, etc) weaken; lower the spirits of: ³An attack of influenza soon @s you
down.¼
·pull in, ¸(a) ´(of a train) enter a station: ³The express from Rome @ed in on
time. ¸(b) ´(of a motor-vehicle or boat) move in towards: ³The boat @ed in to
the bank/shore. The lorry driver @ed in to the side of the road. ´Hence, ¸Ú@-in
³n ´place at which to @ in (also µ¥ ³@-up ´below). ·@ sb in, ¸(a) ´attract,
draw: ³The new play at the National Theatre is @ing in large audiences. ¸(b)
´(colloq, of the police) detain; arrest: ³He was @ed in for
questioning/loitering. ·@ sth in, ¸(a) ´(colloq) earn: ³How much money is he
@ing in, do you think? ·@ oneself in ´draw in the stomach muscles (so as to be
upright, less flabby).¼
·pull sth off, ¸(a) ´drive a motor-vehicle into a layby or hard shoulder.
Hence, ¸Ú@-off ³n ´(US) = µlayby. ¸(b) ´succeed in a plan, in winning sth: ³@
off a good speculation; @ off some good wins at the races´, make successful
bets.¼
·pull out, ¸(a) ´move or row out: ³The boat @ed out into midstream. The driver
of the car @ed out from behind the lorry. ¸(b) ´detach, eÔg from a periodical:
(attrib) ³a ·Ú³@-out supplement´, part of a magazine, etc which can be @ed out
and kept separately. Hence, ¸Ú@-out ³n ·@ out of sth, ´leave: ³The train @ed
out of Euston right on time. Sam @ed out of the scheme at the last moment. ·@
(sb) out (of sth), ´(cause to) leave a place or situation which is too
difficult to manage: ³Troops are being @ed out/are @ing out of these troubled
areas. ´Hence, ¸Ú@-out ³n´: ³The @-out was planned to spread over a month.¼
·pull (sth) over, ´(cause a vehicle, boat, etc to) move or steer to one side,
eÔg to let another vehicle or boat pass: ³P@ (your car) over and let me pass!¼
·pull (sb) round, ´(help to) recover from illness, weakness, a faint, etc:
³You'll soon @ round here in the country. Have this brandy; it will @ you
round.¼
·pull through, ¸(a) ´= ³@ round. ¸(b) ´succeed in avoiding difficulties,
dangers, etc; avoid failure. ·@ sb through, ¸(a) ´help to recover from illness,
etc: ³The doctors @ed me through. ¸(b) ´help to avoid failure, help to pass an
examination, etc: ³David's tutor did what he could to @ him through.
¸Ú@-through ³n ´oily rag attached to a cord, @ed through the barrel of a rifle,
etc to clean it.¼
·pull together, µ¥ 2 ´above. ·@ oneself together, ´get control of oneself, of
one's feelings, etc.¼
·pull (sth) up, ´bring or come to a stop: ³The driver @ed up when he came to
the traffic lights. He @ed up his car at the entrance. ´Hence, ¸Ú@-up ³n ´place
at which to @ up: ³"Good @-up for lorry-drivers'´, eÔg as a sign outside a
roadside caf_e (also µ¥ ³@-in ´above). ·@ sb up, ´check; reprimand: ³He was @ed
up by the chairman. ·@ up to/with sb/sth, ´improve one's relative position (in
a race, etc): ³The favourite soon @ed up with the other horses.¼
¨pul®let© ²/Úp8lIt/ ³n ´young hen, esp at the time she begins to
lay eggs.¼
¨pul®ley© ²/Úp8lI/ ³n (pl µ@s´) grooved wheel(s) for ropes or chains, used for
lifting things. ¸Ú@-block ³n ´wooden block in which a @ is fixed.¼
¨Pull®man© ²/Úp8lmEn/ ³n ¸1 ´(also ¸Ú@ car´) sleeping-car on a railway train.
¸2 ´especially comfortable railway carriage.¼
¨pull®over© ²/Úp8lE8vE(r)/ ³n ´knitted outer garment, with or without sleeves,
pulled on over the head. µ¥ jersey, jumper, sweater.¼
¨pul®lu®late© ²/ÚpAlj8leIt/ ³vi ´breed, multiply, rapidly; swarm.¼
¨pul®mon®ary© ²/ÚpAlmEnErI ³US: ²-nerI/ ³adj ´of, in, connected with, the
lungs: ³@ diseases; the @ arteries´, conveying blood to the lungs.¼
¨pulp© ²/pAlp/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´soft, fleshy part of fruit: ·Ú³apple @. ¸2 ¶[U,C]
´soft mass of other material, esp of wood fibre as used for making paper:
³reduce to (a) @´, destroy the shape of by beating up and making soft. ¸@
magazines/literature´, (term applied disparagingly to) cheap, popular
periodicals, etc. ¹ vt,vi ¶[VP6A,2A] ´make into, become like, @; remove @ from:
³@ old books. ¸@y ³adj µ(-ier, -iest) ´like or consisting of @.¼
¨pul®pit© ²/Úp8lpIt/ ³n ´(usu small) raised and enclosed structure in a church,
used by a clergyman, esp when preaching. ¸the @, ´the clergy. µ¥ ´the illus at
µchurch.¼
¨pul®que© ²/ÚpulkeI/ ³n ¶[U] ´fermented milky drink made in Mexico from some
kinds of agave.¼
¨pul®sar© ²/ÚpAlsq(r)/ ³n ´star (in a galaxy) detected by pulsating radio
signals only.¼
¨pul®sate© ²/pAlÚseIt ³US: ²ÚpAlseIt/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP2A] ´beat or throb; expand
and contract rhythmically; vibrate; quiver. ¸2 ¶[VP6A] ´cause to vibrate;
agitate; ¸pul®sa®tion ²/pAlÚseI2n/ ³n ¸1 ¶[C] ´single beat or throb;
heartbeat. ¸2 ¶[U] ´pulsating; throbbing.¼
¨pulse©1 ²/pAls/ ³n ¸1 ´the regular beat of the arteries, eÔg as felt at the
wrist, as the blood is pumped through them by the heart: ³The patient has a
weak/strong/low/irregular @. ·feel sb's @, ´feel the artery at the wrist and
count the number of beats per minute. ¸2 ´(fig) throb or thrill of life or
emotion: ³an event that stirred my @s´, roused my emotion, excited me. ³¹ vi
¶[VP2C] ´beat; throb: ³the life pulsing through a great city; news that sent
the blood pulsing through his veins.¼
¨pulse©2 ²/pAls/ ³n ¶[U] ´(collective ³sing, ´sometimes with ³pl v´) ´seeds
growing in pods, eÔg peas, beans and lentils, used as food.¼
¨pul®ver®ize© ²/ÚpAlvErñIz/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A] ´grind to powder;
smash completely: (fig) ³@ an opponent's arguments. ¸2 ¶[VP2A] ´become powder
or dust.¼
¨puma© ²/ÚpjumE/ ³n ´large brown American animal of the cat family (also called
a ³cougar ´and ³mountain lion´). µ¥ ´the illus at µcat.¼
¨pum®ice© ²/ÚpAmIs/ ³n ¶[U] ¸Ú@(-stone), ´light, porous stone (lava) used for
cleaning and polishing.¼
¨pum®mel© ²/ÚpAml/ ³vt µ(-ll-, ´US also µ-l-) ¶[VP6A,15B] ´beat repeatedly
with the fists: ³give sb a good @ling.¼
¨pump©1 ²/pAmp/ ³n ´machine or device for forcing liquid, gas or air into, out
of or through sth, eÔg water from a well, petrol from a storage tank, air into
a tyre, oil through a pipe-line: ³a row of ·Ú³petrol @s; a ·Ú³bicycle @. µ¥
´the illus at µbicycle. µ¥ ´also ³parish-pump ´at µparish´. ¸Ú@-room ³n ´(at a
spa) room where medicinal water is dispensed. ³¹ vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A,15A,B,22]
´force, eÔg water, etc ³out/up/into/through ´sth, by using a @: ³@ water
up/out; @ a well dry´, @ until there is no water left in the well; ³@ air into
a tyre; @ up the tyres; ´(fig) ³@ information out of sb; @ facts into the heads
of dull pupils; a ·Ú³@ing station´, eÔg on a pipe-line carrying petroleum. ¸2
¶[VP2A,C] ´use a @: ³He was @ing away.¼
¨pump©2 ²/pAmp/ ³n ´kind of light, soft shoe worn for sport, dancing, etc; (US)
woman's low-heeled shoe without a fastening.¼
¨pum®per®nickel© ²/ÚpAmpEnIkl/ ³n ¶[U] ´wholemeal rye bread.¼
¨pump®kin© ²/ÚpAmpkIn/ ³n ´large, round orange-yellow fruit with many seeds in
it, used as a vegetable and (US) as a filling for pies.¼
¨pun© ²/pAn/ ³n ¶[C] ´humorous use of different words which sound
the same or of two meanings of the same word, eÔg "A cannon-ball took off his
³legs´, so he laid down his ³arms´.' ³¹ vi µ(-nn-) ¶[VP2A,3A] ·@ (on/upon),
´make a pun or puns (on/upon a word).¼
¨punch©1 ²/pAnt2/ ³n ¸1 ´tool or machine for cutting holes in leather, metal,
paper, etc; tool for forcing nails beneath a surface, or bolts out of holes. ¸2
´tool for stamping designs on surfaces. ³¹ vt ¸1 ¶[VP6A] ´make a hole (in sth)
with a @: ³@ holes in a sheet of metal; @ a train-ticket; @ed cards´, as used
in filing systems or computers; ³@d (paper) tape´, used by computer
programmers. ¸2 ¶[VP15B] ·@ sth in/out, ´drive sth in or out with a @.¼
¨punch©2 ²/pAnt2/ ³n ¶[U] ´drink made of wine or spirits mixed with hot water,
sugar, lemons, spice, etc: ³rum @. ¸Ú@-bowl ³n ´bowl in which @ is mixed.¼
¨punch©3 ²/pAnt2/ ³vt ¶[VP6A,15A] ´strike hard with the fist: ³@ a man on the
chin. He has a face I'd like to @. ¹ n ¸1 ¶[C] ´blow given with the fist: ³give
sb a @ on the nose; a boxer with a strong @´, the ability to deliver strong
@es. ·pull one's @es, ´attack less vigorously than one is able to. ¸Ú@-ball,
Ú@®ing-ball ³nn ´inflated or stuffed ball hung up and @ed with the fists for
exercise. ¸*@-Údrunk ³adj ´(in boxing) dazed by @es received in a fight; (fig)
confused. ¸Ú@ line ³n ´climax of a story (where the point is made, where
laughter comes). ¸Ú@-up ³n ´(colloq) fight with the fists: ³The quarrel ended
in a @-up. ¸2 ¶[U] ´(fig) energy: ³a speech with plenty of @ in it.¼
¨Punch© ²/pAnt2/ ³n ´grotesque hump-backed figure in the
traditional puppet-show called ¸P@ and Judy´. ·as pleased/proud as P@, ´greatly
pleased/very proud.¼
¨punc®tilio© ²/pAGkÚtIlIE8/ ³n (pl µ@s ²/-lIE8z/³) ¸1 ¶[C] ´particular point of
good conduct, ceremony, honour. ¸2 ¶[U,C] ´formality; (point of) etiquette (esp
when it is not really important): ³stand upon @s´, insist too much upon
protocolµ(2)´.¼
¨punc®tili®ous© ²/pAGkÚtIlIEs/ ³adj ´(formal) very careful to carry out
correctly details of conduct and ceremony; careful in performing duties. ¸@®ly
³adv ¸@®ness ³n¼
¨punc®tual© ²/ÚpAGkt28El/ ³adj ´neither early nor late; coming, doing sth, at
the time fixed: ³be @ for the appointment/in payment of one's rent. ¸@ly
²/-8ElI/ ³adv ´in a @ manner: ³The train arrived @ly. ¸@®ity ²/*pAGkt28ÚalEtI/
³n ¶[U] ´being @.¼
¨punc®tu®ate© ²/ÚpAGkt28eIt/ ³vt ¸1 ¶[VP6A] ´put full-stops, commas, etc, (eÔg
.Ô,Ô;Ô:Ô?Ô!) into a piece of writing. ¸2 ¶[VP15A] ´interrupt from time to time:
³a speech @d with cheers; @ one's remarks with thumps on the table.
¸punc®tu®ation ²/*pAGkt28ÚeI2n/ ³n ¶[U] ´punctuating; art or practice of
punctuating. µ¥ App 9.¼
¨punc®ture© ²/ÚpAGkt2E(r)/ ³n ¶[C] ´small hole made by sth sharp, esp one made
accidentally in a pneumatic tyre. ³¹ vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A] ´make a @ in: ³@ an
abscess/a motor-car tyre; ´(fig) deflate: ³She likes to @ her husband's ego´,
lessen his self-conceit. ¸2 ¶[VP2A] ´experience a @: ³Two of my tyres @d while
I was on that stony road.¼
¨pun®dit© ²/ÚpAndIt/ ³n ´very learned Hindu; authority on a subject; (hum)
learned teacher; pedant.¼
¨pun®gent© ²/ÚpAndZEnt/ ³adj ´(of smells, tastes; fig of remarks) sharp;
biting; stinging: ³a @ sauce; @ remarks/satire/criticism. ¸@®ly ³adv ¸pun®gency
²/-nsI/ ³n ¶[U] ´@ quality.¼
¨Pu®nic© ²/ÚpjunIk/ ³adj ´of ancient Carthage and its people. ¸the
@ Wars, ´the wars between Rome and Carthage. ¸@ faith, ´treachery.¼
¨pun®ish© ²/ÚpAnI2/ ³vt ¶[VP6A,14] ·@ sb (with/by sth) (for sth), ¸1 ´cause
(sb) suffering or discomfort for wrongdoing; cause suffering or discomfort to
sb (for wrongdoing): ³@ a man with/by a fine. How would you @ stealing/sb for
stealing/sb who steals? ¸2 ´treat roughly; knock about: ³The champion @ed his
opponent severely´, (boxing) gave him severe blows. ³Chapman @ed the bowling´,
(cricket) scored freely (from poor or weak bowling). ¸3 ´(colloq) eat, drink,
use up, deal with, etc, much of: ³@ the cold beef/the cider cask. ¸@®able
²/-Ebl/ ³adj ´that can be @ed (by law). ¸@®ment ³n ¶[U] ´@ing or being @ed:
³escape without @ment. ¶[C] ´penalty inflicted for wrongdoing: ³make the @ment
fit the crime; inflict severe @ments on criminals.¼
¨pu®ni®tive© ²/ÚpjunItIv/ ³adj ´(intended for) punishing: ³a @ expedition´, a
military expedition with the purpose of punishing rebels, etc.¼
¨punk© ²/pAGk/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´(US) partly decayed wood; rotten wood used as
tinder. ¸2 ¶[U] ´(colloq) worthless stuff; rubbish: ³He talked a lot of @. ¸@
rock ³n ¶[U] ´(late 1970's) loud, fast, violent style of rock±3 ´music. ¸3 ¶[C]
´(sl) worthless person. ¸4 ¶[C] ´(late 1970's) fan±3 ´(of bizarre appearance)
of @ rock music.¼
¨pun®kah© ²/ÚpAGkE/ ³n ´(India) large piece of cloth on a frame, kept moving by
means of a cord and pulley, used to keep the air in movement (as an electric
fan does).¼
¨pun®net© ²/ÚpAnIt/ ³n ´small basket, made of very thin wood, plastic, etc esp
as a measure for fruit: ³strawberries, 20p a @.¼
¨pun®ster© ²/ÚpAnstE(r)/ ³n ´person who has the habit of making puns.¼
¨punt©1 ²/pAnt/ ³n ´flat-bottomed, shallow boat with square ends, moved by
pushing the end of a long pole against the river-bed. ¹ ³vt,vi ¶[VP6A,2A] ´move
(a @) in this way; carry (sb or sth) in a @; go in a @. ¸punter ³n¼
¨punt©2 ²/pAnt/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´kick (a football) after it has dropped from the
hands and before it reaches the ground. ¹ ³n ´such a kick.¼
¨punt©3 ²/pAnt/ ³vi ¶[VP2A] ´(in some card-games) lay a stake against the bank;
bet on a horse, etc. ¸@er ³n ´person who @s or bets.¼
¨puny© ²/ÚpjunI/ ³adj µ(-ier, -iest) ´small and weak: ³What a @ little
creature! My @ efforts are not worth much. ¸pun®ily ²/ÚpjunIlI/ ³adv¼
¨pup© ²/pAp/ ³n ¸1 ´young dog; young of some other animals, eÔg the seal. ·sell
sb a pup, ´(colloq) swindle him, esp by selling him sth which, he is made to
believe, may have greatly increased value in the future. ¸2 ´conceited young
man.¼
¨pupa© ²/ÚpjupE/ ³n (pl µ@s, ´or µ@e ²/-pi/³) ´chrysalis. µ¥ ´the illus at
µbutterfly.¼
¨pu®pil©1 ²/Úpjupl/ ³n ´person who is learning in school or from a
private teacher.¼
¨pu®pil©2 ²/Úpjupl/ ³n ´(anat) circular opening in the centre of the iris of
the eye, regulating the passage of light. µ¥ ´the illus at µeye.¼
¨pup®pet© ²/ÚpApIt/ ³n ¸1 ´doll, small figure of an animal, etc with jointed
limbs moved by wires or strings, used in plays or shows called
·Ú³@-plays/-shows; ´marionette; ³(·Ú³glove-@) ´doll of which the body can be
put on the hand like a glove, the arms and head being moved by the fingers of
the operator. ¸2 ´person, group of persons, whose acts are completely
controlled by another: (attrib) ³a @ government/State.¼
¨puppy© ²/ÚpApI/ ³n (pl µ-pies³) ¸1 ´young dog. ¸Ú@ love ³n ¶[U] ´first love
affair(s). ¸Ú@ fat ³n ¶[U] ´the kind of fat that boys and girls sometimes have
before adolescence. ¸2 ´conceited young man.¼
¨pur®blind© ²/Úp3blñInd/ ³adj ´partly or nearly blind; (fig) stupid.¼
¨pur®chase©1 ²/Úp3t2Es/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´buying: ·Ú³@-money´, price (to be) paid.
¸Ú@ tax ³n ´(US = ³sales tax) ´tax on the retail price of goods, collected by
the retailer and paid by him to the State (GB since 1973 replaced by
value-added tax.) µ¥ value. ¸2 ¶[C] ´sth bought: ³He filled the car with his
@s. I have some @s to make. ¸3 ³(sing ´only) firm hold or grip (for pulling or
raising sth, or to prevent sth from slipping): ³get a/any/some @ on sth. ¸4 ¶[U]
´value or worth, esp as reckoned in annual yield or return: ³sold at thirty
years' @´, (of land, etc) sold for the equivalent of thirty years' rent. ³His
life is not worth a day's @´, He is on the point of death.¼
¨pur®chase©2 ²/Úp3t2Es/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´buy (which is much more usu): ³a dearly @d
victory´, eÔg a battle in which many lives are lost. ¸pur®chas®able ²/-Ebl/
³adj ´that can be @d. ¸@r ³n ´buyer.¼
¨pur®dah© ²/Úp3dE/ ³n ¶[U] ´(esp in Muslim communities) curtain
for, convention of, keeping women from the sight of strangers, esp men:
³live/be in @.¼
¨pure© ²/pj8E(r)/ ³adj µ(-r, -st) ´(except µ5,6 ´below) ¸1 ´unmixed with any
other substance, etc: ³@ water/milk/gold; @ air´, free from smoke, fumes, etc.
¸2 ´of unmixed race: ³@ blood; a @ Negro; a @bred (´= ³thoroughbred ´which is
more usu³) Alsatian dog. ¸3 ´clean; without evil or sin: ³@ in body and mind;
@ thoughts; the @ in heart. ¸4 ´(of sounds) clear and distinct: ³a @ note. ¸5
´dealing with, studied for the sake of, theory only (not ³applied´): ³@
mathematics/science. ¸6 ´mere; nothing but: ³@ mischief; a @ waste of time;
spread unkind gossip out of @ malice. ·sth @ and simple, ´it alone: ³laziness @
and simple, ´sheer laziness. ¸@®ly ³adv ´(esp) entirely; completely; merely:
³@ly by accident; a @ly formal request. ¸@®ness ³n ´= purity (which is more
usu).¼
¨pu®r_ee© ²/Úpj8EreI ³US: ²pj8EÚreI/ ³n ´thick liquid made of
vegetables, etc boiled to a pulp and pressed through a sieve; fruit similarly
treated.¼
¨pur®ga®tion© ²/p3ÚgeI2n/ ³n ¶[U] ´(formal) ¸1 ´purging or purification.¼
¨pur®ga®tive© ²/Úp3gEtIv/ ³n, adj ´(substance) having the power to purge or
cleanse the bowels.¼
¨pur®ga®tory© ²/Úp3gEtrI ³US: ²-tcrI/ ³n (pl µ-ries³) ¸1 ´(esp in RÔC doctrine)
condition after death in which the soul is purified in preparation for heaven;
place where souls are so purified. ¸2 ´any place of temporary suffering or
expiation. ¸pur®ga®torial ²/*p3gEÚtcrIEl/ ³adj ´of @.¼
¨purge© ²/Úp3dZ/ ³vt ¶[VP6A,14,15A,B] ·@ sb (of/from sth); @ sth (away) (from
sb), ¸1 ´make clean or free (of physical or moral impurity): ³be @d of/from
sin; @ away one's sins. ¸2 ´empty (the bowels) of waste matter by means of
medicine. ¸3 ´clear (oneself, a person, of a charge, of suspicion); (legal)
atone for (an offence, etc) by submission. ·@ one's contempt, ´(legal) do what
is right after showing contempt of court. ¸4 ´rid (a political party, etc) of
members who are considered undesirable. ¹ ³n ¶[C] ¸1 ´purging, clearing out or
away: ³the political @s that followed the overthrow of the government. ¸2
´medicine used for purgingµ(2)´.¼
¨pu®rify© ²/Úpj8ErIfñI/ ³vt (pt,pp µ-fied³) ¶[VP6A,14] ·@ sth (of), ´make
pure; cleanse: ³an air-@ing plant ´(eÔg for providing pure air in a factory).
¸pu®ri®fi®ca®tion ²/*pj8ErIfIÚkeI2n/ ³n ¶[U] ´@ing, eÔg as a religious
ceremony.¼
¨pu®rist© ²/Úpj8ErIst/ ³n ´person who pays great attention to
correct procedures (eÔg in the arts).¼
¨puri®tan© ²/Úpj8ErItEn/ ³n ¸1 P@, ´(16th and 17th cc, in England) member of a
division of the Protestant Church which wanted simpler forms of church
ceremony. ¸2 ´person who is strict in morals and religion, who looks upon fun
and pleasure as sinful, and who believes that all people should work hard
always. ¹ ³adj ´of or like a P@ or a @. ¸@®ism ²/-IzEm/ ³n ´practices and
beliefs of a P@ or a @. ¸puri®tani®cal ²/*pj8ErIÚtanIkl/ ³adj ´very strict and
severe, like a @. ¸puri®tani®cally ²/-klI/ ³adv¼
¨pu®rity© ²/Úpj8ErEtI/ ³n ¶[U] ´state or quality of being pure.¼
¨purl©1 ²/p3l/ ³n ´(knitting) inverted stitch, which produces a ribbed
appearance (the opp of ³plain´). ¹ ³vt,vi ´invert (stitches); invert stitches
of (sth being knitted).¼
¨purl©2 ²/p3l/ ³vi ´(poet) (of a small stream) flow with a murmuring sound. ¹
³n ´this sound.¼
¨pur®lieus© ²/Úp3ljuz/ ³n pl ´outskirts; outlying parts: ³the @ of the camp.¼
¨pur®loin© ²/p3ÚlãIn/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´(formal) steal.¼
¨purple© ²/Úp3pl/ ³n, adj ´(colour) of red and blue mixed together: ³a @
sunset; become @ with rage. ¸the @, ´the @ robes of a Roman emperor or a
cardinal. ·born in the @, ´a member of a royal family. ·raise sb to the @,
´make him a cardinal. ¸*@ Úheart ³n ¸(a) ´(GB) heart-shaped tablet containing
amphetamine, used as a stimulant. ¸(b) ´(US ¸P@ Heart´) medal awarded to a
soldier wounded in battle. ¸pur®plish ²/Úp3pElI2/ ³adj ´somewhat @.¼
¨pur®port© ²/Úp3pEt/ ³n ¶[U] ´(formal) general meaning or intention
of sth said or written; likely explanation of a person's actions: ³the @ of
what he said. ¹ vt ²/pEÚpct/ ¸1 ¶[VP6A,9] ´seem to mean: ³The statement @s
that«. ¸2 ¶[VP7A] ´claim: ³The book @s to be an original work but is really a
compilation.¼
¨pur®pose© ²/Úp3pEs/ ³n ¸1 ¶[C] ´that which one means to do, get, be, etc;
plan; design; intention: ³For what @(s) do you want to go to Canada? I wouldn't
go to London for/with the mere @ of buying a new tie. This van is used for
various @s. This is a novel with a @´, one written eÔg to explain or defend a
doctrine, not merely to amuse. ¸*@-Úbuilt ³adj ´made to serve a particular
function. ¸2 ¶[U] ´determination; power of forming plans and keeping to them:
³weak of @; wanting in @. ¸3 ´(phrases) ·on @, ´by intention, not by chance:
³You sometimes hurt yourself by accident but you don't hurt yourself on @. He
has left the book here on @ for you to read. He came here on @ to borrow money
from you. She sometimes does things on @ just to annoy me. ·of set @,
´deliberately; not accidentally. ·to the @, ´useful for one's @; relevant: ³The
reply was so little to the @ that it was not worth our consideration. ·to
little/no/some @, ´with little/no/some result or effect. ·serve/answer one's @,
´be satisfactory; do what is required. ¹ ³vt ¶[VP6A,D,7,9] ´(liter) have as
one's @: ³They @ (making/to make) a further attempt. ¸@®ful ²/-fl/ ³adj ´having
a conscious @; full of meaning. ¸@®fully ²/-fElI/ ³adv ¸@®less ³adj ´lacking @;
having no object in view. ¸@®less®ly ³adv´. ¸@®ly ´on @; intentionally.
¸pur®pos®ive ²/Úp3pEsIv/ ³adj ´having, serving, done with, a @: ³purposive
movements; ´(of a person, his conduct) having, showing, @ and determination.¼
¨purr© ²/p3(r)/ ³vi,vt ¸1 ¶[VP2A,C] ´(of a cat) make a low, continuous
vibrating sound expressing pleasure; (of a car engine) make a vibrating sound;
(fig, of a person) indicate contentment by using a pleasant tone: ³Mrs Black
@ed with delight on receiving the invitation to dine with the duchess. ¸2
¶[VP6A] ´express (contentment, etc) thus: ³She @ed her approval of the
suggestion. ¹ ³n ´@ing sound.¼
¨purse© ²/p3s/ ³n ¸1 ´small bag for money (originally closed by
drawing strings together, now usu closed with a clasp): ³That big car is beyond
my @´, costs more than I can afford. ¸Ú@-proud ³adj µ¥ proud(5). ·hold the
Ú@-strings, ´have control of expenditure. ·tighten/loosen the Ú@-strings,
´reduce/increase expenditure; be economical/generous. ¸2 ´money; funds. ¸privy
P@, µ¥ privy. ¸the public @, ´the national treasury. ¸3 ´sum of money collected
or offered as a prize, gift, etc: ³make up a @; give/put up a @´, eÔg for the
winner of a boxing match. ¸4 ´(US) handbag. ¹ ³vt ¶[VP6A,15B] ·@ (up); @ (up)
the lips, ´draw the lips together in tiny folds or wrinkles.¼
¨purser© ²/Úp3sE(r)/ ³n ´officer responsible for a ship's accounts and stores,
esp in a passenger liner.¼
¨pur®su®ance© ²/pEÚsjuEns ³US: ²-Úsu-/ ³n ·in @ of, ´(formal) in the carrying
out of or the performance of (one's duties, a plan, etc). ¸pur®su®ant ²/-Ent/
³adj ·pursuant to, ´(formal) in accordance with; in agreement with: ³pursuant
to your instructions.¼
¨pur®sue© ²/pEÚsju ³US: ²-Úsu/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ¸1 ´go after in order to catch up
with, capture or kill: ³pursuing a robber/a bear; make sure that you are not
being @d. ¸2 ´(fig) (of consequences, penalties, etc) persistently follow: ³His
record as a criminal @d him wherever he went. He has been @d by misfortune. ¸3
´go on with; work at: ³@ one's studies after leaving school. ¸4 ´have as an
aim or purpose: ³@ pleasure. ¸@r ³n ´person who @sµ(1)´.¼
¨pur®suit© ²/pEÚsjut ³US: ²-Úsut/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ·(in) @ (of), ´act of
pursuing: ³a dog in @ of rabbits; a fox with the hounds in hot @; in his @ of
happiness´; (attrib) ³a @ plane´, one that pursues and fights enemy planes. ¸2
¶[C] ´sth at which one works or to which one gives one's time: ³engaged in
scientific/literary @s.¼
¨pursy©1 ²/Úp3sI/ ³adj ´(old use) (of a person) fat and short-winded.¼
¨pursy©2 ²/Úp3sI/ ³adj ´(old use) puckered: ³@ eyes. µ¥ purse, ³v.¼
¨puru®lent© ²/Úpj8ErElEnt/ ³adj ´of, containing, discharging, pus. ¸puru®lence
²/-Ens/ ³n¼
¨pur®vey© ²/pEÚveI/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A,14] ·@ (to), ´(formal) provide, supply
(food, as a trader): ³A butcher @s meat to his customers. ¸2 ¶[VP3A] ·@ for,
´supply provisions for: ³a firm that @s for the Navy. ¸@or ²/-E(r)/ ³n ´person
whose business is to supply provisions on a large scale, eÔg for the Army or
Navy, for large public dinners. ¸@®ance ²/-Ens/ ³n¼
¨pur®view© ²/Úp3vju/ ³n ´(formal) range or operation or activity; scope;
extent: ³These are questions that lie outside/that do not come within the @ of
our inquiry.¼
¨pus© ²/pAs/ ³n ¶[U] ´thick yellowish-white liquid formed in and
coming out from a poisoned place in the body: ³It is unwise to squeeze a boil
to force the pus out.¼
¨push©1 ²/p82/ ³n ¸1 ¶[C] ´act of pushing: ³Give the door a hard @. He opened
the gate with/at one @. ¸2 ¶[C] ´vigorous effort: ³We must make a @ to finish
the job this week. The enemy made a @ ´(= an attack in force) ³to capture the
city. ¸3 ·get the @, ´(sl) be dismissed (from one's employment, etc). ·give sb
the @, ´(sl) dismiss him. ¸4 ¶[U] ´determination to make one's way in life, to
attract attention, etc: ³He hasn't enough @ to succeed as a salesman. ¸5 ·at a
@, ´if compelled by need or circumstances: ³We can sleep seven or eight people
in the house at a @. ·if/when/until it comes to the @, ´if/when/until one is
compelled by need or circumstances, when an effort is needed: ³He seemed a
satisfactory man until it came to the @; then he failed us.¼
¨push©2 ²/p82/ ³vt,vi ´(For special uses with ³adverbial particles ´and ³preps,
µ¥ 9 ´below.) ¸1 ¶[VP6A,15A,B,22,2A,C] ´(contrasted with ³pull´) use force on
(sth/sb) to cause forward movement; exert pressure against: ³Please @ the table
nearer to the wall. If you'll @ the car, I'll steer it. You can pull a rope,
but you can't @ it! We had to @ our way ´(= go forward by @ing) ³through the
crowd. Stop @ing at the back! He @ed the door open. The football crowds @ed
past me. ¸2 ¶[VP6A] ´persuade others to recognize, eÔg claims, or buy, eÔg
goods: ³Unless you @ your claims you'll get no satisfaction. You must @ your
wares if you want better sales. Haven't you a friend who can @ you´, use his
influence to help you? ·@ oneself, ´show energy, etc to win recognition:
³You'll never get anywhere if you don't @ yourself. µ¥ ´also ³@ oneself forward
´in µ9 ´below. ¸3 ¶[VP6A] ´(sl) sell (illicit drugs) by acting as a link
between large suppliers and the drug addicts. µ¥ pusher ´below. ¸4 ¶[VP14] ·@
sb for sth, ´press sb hard (to get sth): ³We're @ing them for payment/an answer
to our request. ·be @ed for sth, ´have difficulty in finding: ³I'm rather @ed
for money/time just now. ¸5 ¶[VP14,17] ·@ sb/oneself to sth/to do sth, ´drive
or urge: ³Tony had to @ himself to go on doing such dull work. She'll @ him to
the verge of suicide. ¸6 ¶[VP6A] ´press: ³@ a button´, eÔg to ring a bell;
³@-button warfare´, war in which missiles, eÔg with atomic war-heads, are fired
by pressing buttons. ¸7 ·be @ing thirty/forty, etc, ´(colloq) be nearing the
age indicated: ³She wouldn't like you to think so, but she's @ing thirty. ¸8
´(compounds) ¸Ú@-bike ³n ´one that is worked by pedalling (not a ³moped ´or
³motor-bike´). ¸Ú@-cart ³n ´small cart @ed by a man. ¸Ú@®chair ³n ´carriage for
a child, like a chair on wheels (used when a child is old enough to sit up).
¸@er ³n ¸1 ´(colloq) person who @es himself/herself forward: ³Isn't she a @er!
´(said of someone who takes every opportunity of gaining an advantage for
herself). ¸2 ´(sl) pedlar of illicit drugs. ¸@®ful ²/-fl/, ¸@®ing ³adjj ´having
a tendency to @ oneself: ³He's too @ing with strangers´, tries too much to
force himself upon their attention. µ¥ 3 ´above. ¸9 ¶[VP15A,B,3A] ´(special
uses with ³adverbial particles ´and ³preps)´:¼
·push along, ´(colloq) leave sb/a place: ³I'm afraid it's time I was @ing
along´, time for me to go.¼
·push sb around, ´(colloq) bully him; order him about: ³I'm not going to be @ed
around by you or anybody!¼
·push forward/on (to a place), ´go on resolutely with a journey, one's work,
etc: ³It's getting dark; we must @ on to our destination. We must @ on with our
work´, hurry and finish it. ·@ oneself forward, ´ambitiously draw attention to
oneself, eÔg at work, in society: ³He never @es himself forward´, is modest,
doesn't try to attract attention.¼
·push off, ´(colloq) leave; go away: ³Tell that rude fellow to @ off! It's time
we @ed off. ·@ (a boat, etc) off, ´(of sb in a boat) @ against the bank, etc,
eÔg with an oar or pole, to get the boat moving in the current, etc.¼
·push (a boat, etc) out, ´= µ@ off.¼
·push sb/sth over, ´cause to fall; overturn: ³Don't @ me over! Several children
were @ed over in the stampede. ¸Ú@-over ³n ´(sl) sth very easy to do; person
who is easily overcome or controlled.¼
·push sb through (sth), ´enable sb (esp sb needing help) to succeed in sth: ³@
a weak student through an exam. ·@ sth through, ´bring sth to the final stage
by special efforts: ³@ legislation through´, get it passed. ³We must @ the
matter through.¼
·push sth up, ´force, eÔg prices, to rise. ·@ up the daisies, ´(sl) be buried
in a grave.¼
¨pu®sil®lani®mous© ²/*pjusIÚlanImEs/ ³adj ´(formal) timid; easily
frightened. ¸pu®sil®la®nim®ity ²/*pjusIlEÚnImEtI/ ³n ¶[U].¼
¨puss© ²/p8s/ ³n ¸1 ´cat; word used to call a cat. ¸2 ´(colloq) girl: ³She's a
sly @. ¸@y ²/Úp8sI/ ³n (pl µ-sies³) ´(also ¸Ú@y-cat´) (child's word for a) cat.
¸Ú@®foot ³vi ¶[VP2A,C] ´(colloq) move about in a quiet, stealthy way (as a cat
does): ³Was that you @-footing about in the corridor last night? ´(fig) act too
cautiously or timidly. ¸Ú@y willow ³n ´tree with soft silky catkins.¼
¨pus®tule© ²/ÚpAstjul ³US: ²-t2ul/ ³n ´(med) pimple or blister, esp one filled
with pus.¼
¨put©1 ²/p8t/ ³vi,vt (pt,pp µput³, pres part µ-tt-³) ´(For special
uses with ³adverbial particles ´and ³preps, µ¥ 11 ´below.) ¸1 ¶[VP6A,15A] ´move
(sth) so as to be in a certain place or position: ³He put the book on the
table. He put his hands in(to) his pockets. He put the corpse down the well.
Did you put milk in my tea? It's time to put the baby to bed. Will you please
put ´(= sew) ³a patch on these trousers? He put ´(= fastened) ³a new handle on
to the knife. ³He put ´(= pushed) ³a knife into me/between my ribs. I'll put a
bullet through your head´, kill you. ³They've put a satellite into orbit round
Mars. They've put men on the moon. He put ´(= pushed) ³his fist through the
window´, broke it by doing this. ³He put his pen through the word´, struck the
word out. ·put pen to paper, ´start writing. ·put one's foot in it, µ¥
foot±1µ(1). ¸2 ¶[VP15A] ´cause (sb/oneself) to be in some relationship, eÔg as
an employee, client, with sb. ·put oneself/sth in/into sb's hands, ´let him
deal with one's problems, etc: ³I put myself entirely in your hands. I shall
put the matter into the hands of my solicitors. ·put sb in his (proper) place,
´make him humble. ·put oneself in sb's/sb Úelse's position, ´imagine oneself in
his position: ³How would you feel (about the matter)?ÅJust put yourself in
my/her position! ¸3 ¶[VP14] ´make sb bear (the particular nervous or moral
strain indicated). ·put the blame on sb, ´blame him: ³Don't put all the blame
on me. ·put pressure on sb (to do sth), ´strongly urge him: ³They're putting
great pressure on him ´(= pressing him hard) ³to resign. ·put (a) strain on
sb/sth, ´make him/it suffer from hard work or use: ³All this work is putting
(a) great strain on him. ¸4 ¶[VP15A] ´affect the progress of. ·put an end/a
stop to sth, ´end or abolish it. ·put an end to one's life, ´commit suicide.
·put the brake(s) on sth, ´(fig, colloq) slow it down. ¸5 ¶[VP15A] ´cause to
pass into or suffer the emotional, physical etc state indicated by the phrase
that follows. ·put oneself to death, ´commit suicide. ·put sb to death, ´kill
him. ·put sb at his ease, ´cause him to feel relaxed, free from anxiety, etc.
·put sb to (great) expense, ´cause him to spend (a lot). ·put sb to (great)
inconvenience, ´cause him inconvenience. ·put sb to the indignity of doing sth,
´cause him to do sth involving loss of dignity. ·put sb in mind of sb/sth,
´recall or remind him of sb/sth. ·put sb/sth out of his/its misery, ´relieve
him/it of anxiety, pain, etc; kill (eÔg an animal in pain). ·put sb on (his)
oath, ´make sb swear on oath; bind him to tell the truth. ·put sb/sth to the
test, ´test him/it. ·put sb in the wrong, ´cause him to appear to be wrong. ¸6
¶[VP22] ´cause sb/sth to become (what is indicated by the ³adj´): ³That picture
on the wall is crookedÅI must put it straight. ·put sth right´, correct it: ³A
short note put the matter right´, ended any misunderstanding. ·put sb
right/straight, ´correct an error he has made; give him correct information:
³We had taken a wrong turning, but a policeman put us right´, told us which way
to go. ¸7 ¶[VP15A] ´write; indicate; mark: ³put a tick against a name/a price
on an article/one's signature to a will. ¸8 ¶[VP14] ·put sth to sb; put it to
sb (that), ´submit; propound; express: ³put a proposal to the Board of
Directors; put a question to the vote/a resolution to the meeting; I put it to
you that«´, invite you to agree with me that«. ³You have put the case very
clearly. Put it ´(= submit the matter) ³to her so as not to offend her. How can
I put it´, express it? ³How would you put ´(= express, translate) ³this in
Danish? That can all be put in a few words. Please put all questions to the
chairman. ·put the question, µ¥ question±1µ(2). ¸9 ¶[VP14] ·put a
price/value/valuation on sth, ´state or estimate the value: ³The experts
refused to put a price on the Rubens painting. What value do you put on her
advice? ·put sth at (a figure), ´say that, eÔg sb's age, sth's value, weight,
is: ³I would put her age at about sixty. I put her fur coat at $200. ¸10
¶[VP6A] ´throw with an upward and outward movement of the arm. ·put the shot,
µ¥ shot±1µ(3). ´Hence, ¸Úshot-put ³n ´this as an event at an athletic meeting.
¸11 ¶[VP15B,2C,14] ´(special uses with ³adverbial particles ´and ³preps´):¼
·put (a ship) about, ´(cause to) change direction: ³The captain put the ship
about. ·put oneself about, ´(chiefly Scots) trouble, distress, oneself: ³He
was very much put about by these false allegations. ·put sth about, ´spread,
eÔg rumours: ³Don't believe all these stories that are being put about.¼
·put sth across (to sb), ¸(a) ´communicate sth successfully: ³a teacher who
quickly puts his ideas across to his students. ¸(b) ´(colloq) make a success
of: ³Put a business deal across ´(more usu ³through). ·put sth across sb,
´(colloq) deceive; trick: ³You can't put that across me´, make me believe or
accept it.¼
·put sth aside, ¸(a) ´lay down: ³put aside one's book; put one's work aside.
¸(b) ´save: ³He has put aside a good sum of money. ¸(c) ´disregard; ignore:
³Put aside for a moment the fact that the man has been in prison.¼
·put sth away, ¸(a) ´put in the usual place of storage, eÔg a drawer, box: ³Put
your books/toys away. ¸(b) ´save: ³put money away for one's old age. ¸(c)
´(colloq) eat or drink (to excess): ³How can that boy put away so much pie and
ice-cream? ¸(d) ´give up; renounce: ³He's had to put away all ideas of
becoming a concert pianist. ·put sb away, ¸(a) ´(colloq) put into confinement,
eÔg in a mental home: ³He was acting so strangely that he had to be put away.
¸(b) ´(colloq, of pets) put to death (because of age, illness): ³The dog was so
old and weak that it had to be put away.¼
·put back, ´(naut) return: ³The ship/We put back to harbour. ·put sth back,
¸(a) ´replace: ³Put the reference books back on the shelf when you've finished
with them. ¸(b) ´move backwards: ³That clock is fast; I'd better put it back
five minutes´, move the minute hand back. ¸(c) ´(fig) check the advance of,
cause delay to: ³put back the efforts of the reformers. The strike at the car
factory put back production badly.¼
·put sth by, ´save for future use: ³Has she any money put by?¼
·put (sth) down, ¸(a) ´land: ³He put down (his glider) in a field. ¸(b) ´set
or place down: ³Put down that gun! ¸(c) ´press down: ³When you get on the
motorway, you can really put your foot down´, press the accelerator pedal
down. ·put one's foot down, µ¥ foot±1µ(1). ¸(d) ´place in storage: ³put down
eggs´, eÔg by packing in isinglass. ³He has put down a good supply of port and
claret. ¸(e) ´suppress by force or authority: ³put down a rebellion; put down
gambling and prostitution. ¸(f) ´write down; make a note of: ³Here's my
addressÅput it down before you forget it. ·put sb down, ¸(a) ´allow to alight:
³The bus stopped to put down passengers. ¸(b) ´snub; reduce to silence: ³put
down hecklers at a political meeting. ´Hence, ¸Úput-down ³n ´snub. ¸(c) ´make
humble: (biblical) ³put down the mighty from their seats. ·put sb down as,
´consider that sb is: ³They put me down as a fool. ·put sb down for, ´write his
name on a list as willing to give, eÔg to a charity or other fund: ³You can put
me down for $5; ´put sb's name down as an applicant, participant, etc: ³They
put him down for Eton/the school football team. ·put sth down to sth, ¸(a)
´charge to an account: ³Put the shoes down to my account. You can put the cost
of the petrol down to business expenses. ¸(b) ´attribute to: ³The cholera
outbreak was put down to bad drinking water. Can we put it down to his
ignorance?¼
·put sth forth, ´(formal) ´send out: ³The trees are putting forth new leaves.¼
·put sth forward, ¸(a) ´advance; put before people for consideration: ³put
forward a new theory. ¸(b) ´move on: ³put forward the hands of a clock´, eÔg
when it is stopped or slow. ·put sb forward, ´propose: ³put oneself/a friend
forward as a candidate.¼
·put in, ´exclaim (often as an interruption): ³"But what about us?' he put in.
·put in/into, ´(naut) (of a boat, its crew) enter: ³The boat put in at
Malta/put into Malta for repairs. ·put in for sth, ´apply formally for: ³put
in for the position of manager. ·put in for leave, ´request permission to be
absent from duty, work, etc. ·put sth in, ¸(a) ´cause to be in: ³He put his
head in at the window. ¸(b) ´submit; present formally: ³put in a claim for
damages; put in a document ´(in a law case); ³put in a plea of not guilty.
¸(c) ´manage to strike or utter: ³put in a blow/word. ·put sth in/into sth,
´devote; give: ³put a lot of work into improving one's French. ·put sb in
for sth, ´recommend sb for promotion, an award, etc: ³The commanding
officer is putting Sergeant Green in for the Victoria Cross. ·put in a good
word for sb, ´say sth on his behalf, to help him. ¸(d) ´do, perform: ³put in an
hour's work before breakfast; put in an hour's piano practice. ¸(e) ´pass
(time): ³There's still an hour to put in before the pubs open. ·put sb in, ¸(a)
´give duties to: ³put in a caretaker/bailiff. ¸(b) ´elect to office: ³Which
party will be put in at the next general election? ·put sb in mind of sb/sth,
µ¥ 5 ´above. µ¥ ´the ³n ´entries for ·put in an appearance; put the boot in;
put one's oar in; put a sock in it.¼
·put off, ´(of a boat or crew) leave: ³We put off from the pier. ·put sth off,
¸(a) ´postpone: ³put off a meeting; put off going to the dentist. ¸(b) ´(usu of
non-material things, ³take off ´being usual for clothes) get rid of: ³You must
put off your doubts and fears. ·put sb off (sth), ¸(a) ´put to a later date an
arrangement, etc: ³We shall have to put the Smiths off till next week. ¸(b)
´make excuses and try to avoid, eÔg sth one has promised to do, a duty: ³He
tried to put me off with vague promises. I won't be put off with such flimsy
excuses´, won't accept them. ·put sb off (sth), ´hinder or distract him (from
sth): ³put sb off his game´, eÔg distract him when he is about to strike the
ball at golf. ³The mere smell of garlic put him off his supper´, caused him not
to want supper. ·put sb off his stroke, ´distract him; cause him to pause.¼
·put sth on, ¸(a) ´(contrasted with ³take off´) clothe oneself with: ³put one's
hat/shoes, etc on. ¸(b) ´assume; pretend to have: ³put on an air of innocence.
Her modesty is all put on´, she's only pretending to be modest, eÔg about her
ability or skill. ¸(c) ´increase; add: ³put on more steam/pressure; put on
speed. ³He's putting on weight/flesh´, is getting heavier/fatter. ³Marks and
Sparks put on sixty runs´, (cricket) together added sixty to the score.
¸(d) ´add to: ³This policy will put pounds on the cost of living, ´will
make it much higher. ¸(e) ´arrange for; make available: ³put on extra trains
during the rush hours; put a play on´, arrange for it to be shown at a theatre.
¸(f) ´advance: ³put the clock on one hour´, move the hands forward, eÔg for
Summer Time. ·put sb on, ´(colloq) deceive them: ³He's not really interested;
he's putting you on. ´Hence, ¸Úput-on ³n ´deception: ³What a put-on! ·put it
on, ´(colloq) ¸(a) ´exaggerate a show of feeling; pretend to be more important,
etc than is justified or warranted; talk or behave in a pretentious way. ¸(b)
´overcharge: ³Some of the hotels put it on during the holiday season. ·put sb
on (to bowl), ´(cricket) arrange for him to bowl at least one over. ·put money
on sb/sth, ´stake (horse-racing, etc): ³I've put a pound on the favourite.¼
·put out (from), ´(naut) (of a boat or crew) move out, leave, eÔg from harbour.
·put sth out, ¸(a) ´extinguish; cause to stop burning: ³put out the lights/the
candle/the gas/the gas-fire. The fireman soon put the fire out.
¸(b) ´cause to be out of joint; dislocate: ³She fell off a horse and put her
shoulder out. ¸(c) ´give (sth) to be done off the premises: ³All repairs are
done on the premises and not put out. We put out the washing´, send it to a
laundry instead of having it done at home. ¸(d) ´lend (money) at interest: ³He
has $1Ô000 put out at 5 per cent. ¸(e) ´produce: ³The firm puts out 1Ô000
bales of cotton sheeting every week. µ¥ output. ¸(f) ´issue; broadcast: ³The
Health Department has put out a warning about dangerous drugs. ·put one's Úhand
out, ´hold it out in welcome, for caning as a punishment, etc. ·put one's
Útongue out, ´show it, eÔg for a doctor, or at sb, as a rude act. ·put sb out,
¸(a) ´disconcert; cause to be confused or worried: ³The least thing puts him
out´, he is easily upset. ³She was very much put out by your rudeness. ¸(b)
´inconvenience: ³Would it put you out to lend me $5 until Friday? He was very
much put out by the late arrival of his guests. ·put sb out (of), ´expel;
drive out.¼
·put over, ´(naut) (of a boat or crew) move over: ³put over to the other side
of the harbour. ·put sth over to sb, ´(colloq) = put sth across to sb.¼
·put sth through, ´carry it out: ³put through a business deal. ·put sb/sth
through, ´connect (by telephone): ³Please put me/this call through to the
Manager. ·put sb through sth, ´cause him to undergo, eÔg an ordeal, a test:
³The police put him through a severe examination. The trainees were put
through an assault course. ·put a person through his paces, µ¥ paceÔ³nµ(3).
·put sb Úthrough it, ´(colloq) test or examine him thoroughly, eÔg by giving
him a medical examination, or by inflicting suffering on him to get a
confession.¼
·put sth to sb, µ¥ 8 ´above. ·be hard Úput to it to do sth, ´find difficulty in
doing sth: ³I'd be hard put to it to say exactly why I disliked him. He was
hard put to it to satisfy his creditors.¼
·put sth together, ´construct (a whole) by combining parts: ³It's easier to
take a machine to pieces than to put it together again. I must put my
thoughts/ideas together before I go on the platform´, collect my ideas, etc
before I give my address, speech, etc. ·put our/your/their Úheads together,
´consult one another. ·put two and two together, µ¥ two.¼
·put up (at), ´obtain lodging and food: ³put up (at an inn) for the night. ·put
up (for sth), ´offer oneself for election: ³Are you going to put up for
Finchley again´, iÔe as a prospective member of Parliament? ·put sth up, ¸(a)
´raise; hold up: ³put up one's hands´, eÔg over one's head, as a sign that one
is ready to surrender, or with fists clenched, ready to fight; ³put up a
flag/a sail. ·put one's Úhair up, ´(of long hair) wear it coiled on the head
instead of letting it fall over the neck and shoulders. ¸(b) ´build, erect:
³put up a shed/a tent. ¸(c) ´publish (banns); place so as to be seen: ³put up a
notice. ¸(d) ´raise, increase: ³put up the rent by 50p (a week). ¸(e) ´pack (in
parcels, boxes, etc): ³herrings put up in barrels. The hotel will put us up
some sandwiches´, prepare and pack some for us. ¸(f) ´offer, make: ³put up a
stout resistance/a good fight. ¸(g) ´supply (a sum of money for an
undertaking): ³I will supply the skill and knowledge if you will put up the
$2Ô000 capital. ¸(h) ´(old use) sheathe (a sword). ¸(i) ´cause (wild birds or
animals) to leave shelter or cover: ³put up a partridge. ·put sb's back up, µ¥
back±1µ(1). ·put sth up for auction/sale, ´offer it to be auctioned/sold: ³Has
the house been put up for auction? ·a *put-up Újob, ´sth done in order to give
a false impression, to swindle sb, etc. ·put sb up, ´provide lodging and food
(for): ³We can put you up for the weekend. ·put sb up (for sth), ´propose,
nominate sb for a position: ³She was put up for the position of secretary´, eÔg
of a society; ³put sb up for a club. ·put sb Úup to sth, ´suggest sth to sb,
esp urge him to do sth mischievous or wrong: ³Who put you up to all these
tricks? ·put Úup with sb/sth, ´endure without protest; bear patiently: ³There
are many inconveniences that have to be put up with when you are camping.¼
¨put©2 ²/pAt/ ³n, vi,vt ´= µputt.¼
¨pu®ta®tive© ²/ÚpjutEtIv/ ³adj ´commonly reputed to be: ³his @ father.¼
¨pu®trefy© ²/ÚpjutrIfñI/ ³vt,vi (pt,pp µ-fied³) ¶[VP6A,2A] ´(cause to) become
putrid. ¸pu®tre®fac®tion ²/*pjutrIÚfak2n/ ³n ´@ing; sth which has putrefied.¼
¨pu®tres®cent© ²/pjuÚtresnt/ ³adj ´becoming putrid; in the process of rotting.
¸pu®tres®cence ²/-sns/ ³n¼
¨pu®trid© ²/ÚpjutrId/ ³adj ¸1 ´having become rotten; decomposed and
ill-smelling: ³@ fish. ¸2 ´(sl) very distasteful or unpleasant: ³@ weather.
¸@®ity ²/pjuÚtrIdEtI/ ³n ¶[U] ´decomposed matter; @ state.¼
¨putsch© ²/p8t2/ ³n ´(G) revolutionary attempt; insurrection.¼
¨putt© ²/pAt/ ³vi,vt ¶[VP2A,6A] ´strike (a golf-ball) gently with a club so
that it rolls across the ground towards or into a hole: ³spend an hour
practising @ing. ¸Ú@®ing-green ³n ´smooth area of lawn around a hole.
¸Ú@®ing-iron ³n ´club for @ing. ¹ ³n ´stroke as described above.¼
¨put®tee© ²/ÚpAtI/ ³n ´long band of cloth wound round the leg from ankle to
knee, for protection and support.¼
¨put®ter© ²/ÚpAtE(r)/ ³vt,vi ´= µpotter.¼
¨putty© ²/ÚpAtI/ ³n ¶[U] ´soft paste of white powder and oil used for fixing
glass in window frames, etc. ¹ ³vt ¶[VP6A,15B] ´fill or make fast with @: ³@
up a hole.¼
¨puzzle© ²/ÚpAzl/ ³n ¶[C] ¸1 ´question or problem difficult to understand or
answer. ¸2 ´problem (eÔg ³a ·Ú³crossword-@´) or toy (eÔg ³a ·Ú³jig-saw-@´)
designed to test a person's knowledge, skill, patience or temper. ¸3 ³(sing
´only) state of bewilderment or perplexity: ³be in a @ about sth. ¹ vt,vi ¸1
¶[VP6A] ´cause (sb) to be perplexed; make hard thought necessary to (sb):
³This letter @s me. He was @d what to do next/how to answer the letter. He @d
his brains ´(= thought hard) ³to find the answer. ¸2 ¶[VP3A] ·@ over sth,
´think deeply about it. ¸3 ¶[VP15B] ·@ sth out, ´(try to) find the answer or
solution by hard thought. ¸@®ment ³n ´state of being @d. ¸puzz®ler ³n ´puzzling
question: ³ask sb a few @rs. That's a real @r!¼
¨pygmy©, pigmy ²/ÚpIgmI/ ³n (pl µ-mies³) ¸1 P@, ´member of a dwarf people in
Equatorial Africa. ¸2 ´very small person; dwarf. ¸3 ´(attrib) very small.¼
¨py®ja®mas© ´(US = ¸pa®ja®mas´) ²/pEÚdZqmEz ³US: ²-ÚdZam-/ ³n pl ¸1
´(also ¸a pair of @´) loose-fitting jacket and trousers for sleeping in ³(sing
´when attrib): ³pyjama top/jacket/bottom/trousers. ¸cat's @ ´= ³cat's whiskers,
µ¥ whisker(2). ¸2 ´loose trousers tied round the waist, worn by Muslims of both
sexes in India and Pakistan.¼
¨py®lon© ²/ÚpñIlon/ ³n ¸1 ´tower (steel framework) for carrying overhead
high-voltage electric cables. ¸2 ´gateway to an ancient Egyptian temple; tall
structure erected as a support, boundary or decoration.¼
¨py®or®rhoea© ´(also ¸-rhea´) ²/*pñIEÚrIE/ ³n ¶[U] ´inflammation of the gums
causing them to shrink, with loosening of the teeth.¼
¨pyra®mid© ²/ÚpIrEmId/ ³n ´structure with a triangular or square base and
sloping sides meeting at a point, esp one of those built of stone in ancient
Egypt; pile of objects in the shape of a @. µ¥ ´the illus at µSphinx. ¸@
selling, ´(comm) method of selling goods whereby distributors pay a premium for
the right to sell a company's goods and then sell part of that right to other
distributors.¼
¨pyre© ²/ÚpñIE(r)/ ³n ´large pile of wood for burning, esp a funeral pile for a
corpse.¼
¨py®rites© ²/*pñIEÚrñItiz ³US: ²pIÚr-/ ³n ¶[U] ¸copper @, ´sulphide of copper
and iron. ¸iron @, ´either of two sulphides of iron, gold in colour.¼
¨pyro®tech®nics© ²/*pñIrEÚteknIks/ ³n pl ´art of making or using fireworks;
public display of fireworks; (fig, often ironic) brilliant display of oratory,
wit, etc. ¸py®ro®tech®nic ³adj ´of @.¼
¨Pyr®rhic© ²/ÚpIrIk/ ³adj ¸@ victory, ´one gained at too great a cost.¼
¨py®thon© ²/ÚpñITn/ ³n ´large snake that kills its prey by twisting
itself round it and crushing it. µ¥ ´the illus at µsnake.¼
¨pyx© ²/pIks/ ³n ´(eccles) vessel in which consecrated bread used at Holy
Communion is kept.¼
¨Q©, q ²/kju/ ³n (pl µQ's, q's ²/kjuz/³) ´the seventeenth letter of the English
alphabet. ·mind one's p's and q's, µ¥ P,p. ·on the qÔt, µ¥ quiet(5).¼
¨qua© ²/kweI/ ³conj ´(Lat) as; in the character or capacity of.¼
¨quack©1 ²/kwak/ ³vi, n ¶[VP2A] ´(make the) cry of a duck. ¸Ú@-@ ³n ´(child's
name for a) duck.¼
¨quack©2 ²/kwak/ ³n ´person dishonestly claiming to have knowledge and skill
(esp in medicine); (attrib) of, used by, sold by, such persons: ³a @ doctor; @
remedies. ¸Ú@®ery ²/-ErI/ ³n ¶[U] ´methods, practices, etc of @s; ³(pl)
´instances of the use of such methods, etc.¼
¨quad© ²/kwod/ ³n ´(colloq abbr of) ¸1 ´quadrangle. ¸2 ´quadruplet.¼
¨quad®rangle© ²/ÚkwodraGgl/ ³n ¸1 ´plane figure with four sides, esp a square
or a rectangle. ¸2 ´(abbr ³quad´) space in the form of a @, wholly or nearly
surrounded by buildings, esp in a college, eÔg at Oxford. Cf ³court ´at
Cambridge. ¸quad®ran®gu®lar ²/kwoÚdraGgj8lE(r)/ ³adj ´in the form of a @.¼
¨quad®rant© ²/ÚkwodrEnt/ ³n ¸1 ´fourth part of a circle or its circumference.
µ¥ ´the illus at µcircle. ¸2 ´graduated strip of metal, etc shaped like a
quarter-circle, for use in measuring angles (of altitude) in astronomy and
navigation.¼
¨quad®ratic© ²/kwoÚdratIk/ ³adj ´(maths) ¸@ equation, ´one in which the second
and no higher power of an unknown quantity is used, eÔg ³x±2 ´+ 2³x ´­ 8 = 0.¼
¨quad®ri®lat®eral© ²/*kwodrIÚlatErEl/ ³adj, n ´four-sided (plane figure).¼
¨qua®drille© ²/kwEÚdrIl/ ³n ¶[C] ´(music for an) old-fashioned square dance for
four couples.¼
¨quad®ril®lion© ²/kwoÚdrIlIEn/ ³n ¸1 ´(GB) fourth power of one million (1
followed by 24 ciphers). ¸2 ´(US) fifth power of one thousand (1 followed by 15
ciphers). µ¥ App 4.¼
¨quad®ro®phony© ²/kwoÚdrofEnI/ ³n ¶[U] ´recording or reproduction of sound
using four channels. ¸quad®ro®phonic ²/*kwodrEÚfonIk/ ³adj¼
¨quad®ru®ped© ²/Úkwodr8ped/ ³n ´four-footed animal.¼
¨quad®ru®ple© ²/Úkwodrupl ³US: ²kwoÚdrupl/ ³adj ¸1 ´made up of four parts. ¸2
´agreed to by four persons, parties, etc: ³a @ alliance´, of four Powers. ¹ ³n
´number or amount four times as great as another: ³20 is the @ of 5. ¹ vt,vi
²/kwoÚdrupl/ ¶[VP6A,2A] ´multiply by 4: ³He has @d his income/His income has @d
in the last four years.¼
¨quad®ru®plet© ²/ÚkwodruplEt ³US: ²kwoÚdrup-/ ³n ´(common abbr ³quad´) one of
four babies at a birth (usu ³pl´: ³one of the @s ´is commoner than ³one @´).¼
¨quad®ru®pli®cate© ²/kwoÚdruplIkEt/ ³adj ´four times repeated or
copied. ³¹ n ·in @, ´in four exactly similar examples or copies. ³¹ vt
²/kwoÚdruplIkeIt/ ¶[VP6A] ´make four specimens of.¼
¨quaff© ²/kwof ³US: ²kwaf/ ³vt,vi ¶[VP6A,15B,2A] ´(liter) drink deeply: ³@
(off) a glass of wine.¼
¨quagga© ²/ÚkwagE/ ³n ´(now extinct) S African quadruped related to the ass
and the zebra.¼
¨quag®mire© ²/ÚkwagmñIE(r)/ ³n ¶[C] ´area of soft, wet land; bog; marsh.¼
¨Quai d'Or®say© ²/*keI dcÚseI/ ³n ´(F) (used for) French Foreign Office;
French foreign policy.¼
¨quail©1 ²/kweIl/ ³n ´small bird, similar to a partridge, valued as food:
(unchanged in the collective ³pl) shoot @ and duck. µ¥ ´the illus at µfowl.¼
¨quail©2 ²/kweIl/ ³vi ¶[VP2A,3A] ·@ (at/before), ´feel or show fear: ³His heart
@ed. He @ed at the prospect before him. His eyes @ed before her angry looks.¼
¨quaint© ²/kweInt/ ³adj µ(-er, -est) ´attractive or pleasing because unusual
or old-fashioned; whimsical; ³American visitors to England admire our @
villages/customs. ¸@®ly ³adv ¸@®ness ³n¼
¨quake© ²/kweIk/ ³vi ¶[VP2A,C] ¸1 ´(of the earth) shake: ³The
ground @d under his feet. ¸2 ´(of persons) tremble: ³quaking with fear/cold. ¹
n ´(colloq abbr for) earthquake.¼
¨Quaker© ²/ÚkweIkE(r)/ ³n ´member of the Society of Friends, a Christian group
that holds informal meetings instead of formal church services and is opposed
to violence or war under any circumstances.¼
¨quali®fi®ca®tion© ²/*kwolIfIÚkeI2n/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´act of qualifying, modifying
or limiting; ¶[C] ´sth which modifies, restricts or limits: ³You can accept his
statement without @/with certain @s. ¸2 ¶[C] ´training, test, etc that
qualifiesµ(1) ´a person; degree, diploma, etc awarded at the end of such
training: ³a doctor's @s.¼
¨qual®ify© ²/ÚkwolIfñI/ ³vt,vi (pt,pp µ-fied³) ¸1 ¶[VP2C,6A,14,17,16B] ·@ sb
(for sth/to do sth/as sth), ´be equipped, equip (sb) by training: ³He's
qualified for this post. His training qualifies him as a teacher of English.
He's not qualified to teach French. A qualifying examination ´(= one at which
candidates must reach certain standards for a profession, etc) ³will be held
next week. ¸2 ¶[VP17,4,3A] ·@ sb to do sth, ´entitle: ³He's the manager's son
but that does not @ him to criticize my work. ·@ for sth, ´be entitled to: ³Do
you @ for the vote/to vote? ¸3 ¶[VP6A] ´limit; make less inclusive, less
general: ³The statement "Boys are lazy' needs to be qualified´, eÔg by saying
"Some boys' or "Many boys'. ¸4 ¶[VP6A] ´(gram) limit the meaning of; name the
qualities of: ³Adjectives @ nouns. ¸5 ¶[VP16B] ·@ sb as, ´describe: ³@ a man as
an ambitious self-seeker. ¸quali®fied ³adj ¸1 ´having the necessary
qualifications: ³a qualified doctor. ¸2 ´limited: ³give a scheme one's
qualified approval. ¸Úquali®fier ²/-fñIE(r)/ ³n ´(gram) @ing word, eÔg an
adjective or adverb.¼
¨quali®tat®ive© ²/ÚkwolItEtIv ³US: ²-teIt-/ ³adj ´relating to quality: ³@
analysis. µ¥ quantitative.¼
¨qual®ity© ²/ÚkwolEtI/ ³n (pl µ-ties³) ¸1 ¶[C,U] ´(degree, esp high degree,
of) goodness or worth: ³goods of first-rate @. Poor @ goods won't sell easily.
We aim at @ rather than quantity´, aim to produce superior goods, not large
quantities. ³We manufacture goods of various qualities. He is a man with many
good qualities. Give us a taste of your @´, show us what accomplishments you
have. ¸2 ¶[C] ´sth that is special in, or that distinguishes, a person or
thing: ³One @ of pine-wood is that it can be sawn easily. He has the @ of
inspiring confidence. ¸3 ¶[U] ´(archaic) high social position: ³a lady of @.¼
¨qualm© ²/kwqm/ ³n ¶[C] ¸1 ´feeling of doubt (esp about whether one
is doing or has done right); misgiving: ³He felt no @s about borrowing money
from friends. ¸2 ´temporary feeling of sickness in the stomach: ³@s which
spoilt his appetite during the first few days of the voyage.¼
¨quan®dary© ²/ÚkwondErI/ ³n ¶[C] ³(pl µ-ries³) ´state of doubt or perplexity:
³be in a @ about what to do next.¼
¨quango© ²/ÚkwaGgE8/ ³n ´quasi-autonomous non-governmental
organisation.¼
¨quan®tify© ²/ÚkwontIfñI/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´express or measure the quantity of.¼
¨quan®ti®tat®ive© ²/ÚkwontItEtIv ³US: ²-teIt-/ ³adj ´relating to quantity: ³@
analysis. µ¥ qualitative.¼
¨quan®tity© ²/ÚkwontEtI/ ³n (pl µ-ties³) ¸1 ¶[U] ´the property of things which
can be measured, eÔg size, weight, number: ³I prefer quality to @. Mathematics
is the science of pure @. ¸2 ¶[C] ´amount, sum or number: ³There's only a small
@ ´(iÔe not much or not many) ³left. What @ do you want? ¸3 ´(often ³pl´) large
amount or number: ³We've had quantities of rain this summer. He buys things in
@/in large quantities. ¸4 ·an unknown @, ´(maths) symbol (usu ³x´) representing
an unknown @ in an equation; (fig) person or thing whose action, ability etc
cannot be foreseen. ¸@ surveyor, ´expert who estimates quantities of materials
needed in building, their cost, etc. ¸bill of @, ´one prepared by a @
surveyor.¼
¨quan®tum© ²/ÚkwontEm/ ³n (pl µquanta ²/-tE/´) amount required or
desired. ¸Ú@ theory, ´(phys) the hypothesis that in radiation the energy of
electrons is discharged not continuously but in certain fixed amounts (or
³quanta´).¼
¨quar®an®tine© ²/ÚkworEntin ³US: ²Úkwcr-/ ³n ¶[U] ´(med) (period of) separation
from others until it is known that there is no danger of spreading disease: ³be
in @ for a week; be out of @´; (attrib) of the system of @: ³the @ regulations.
How long will my dog be kept in @? ¹ vt ¶[VP6A] ´put in @: ³@d because of
yellow fever.¼
¨quark© ²/kwqk/ ³n ´(phys) kind of elementary particle.¼
¨quar®rel© ²/ÚkworEl ³US: ²ÚkwcrEl/ ³n ¶[C] ¸1 ´angry argument;
violent disagreement: ³have a @ with sb about sth. They made up their @´,
ended it and became friendly. ³He's always fighting other people's @s´,
helping them, eÔg to get social justice. ¸2 ´cause for being angry; reason for
protest or complaint: ³I have no @ with/against him. ·pick a @ (with sb),
´find or invent some occasion or excuse for disagreement, etc. ³¹ vi µ(-ll-, ´US
also µ-l-) ¸1 ¶[VP2A,C,3A] ·@ (with sb) (about sth), ´have, take part in, a
@: ³The thieves @led with one another about how to divide the loot. ¸2 ¶[VP3A]
·@ with, ´disagree with; refuse to accept; complain about: ³It's not the fact
of examinations I'm @ling with; it's the way they're conducted. ¸Ú@®some
²/-sEm/ ³adj ´quick-tempered; fond of @s.¼
¨quarry©1 ²/ÚkworI ³US: ²ÚkwcrI/ ³n (pl µ-ries³) ´(usu ³sing´) animal, bird,
etc which is hunted; anything eagerly pursued.¼
¨quarry©2 ²/ÚkworI ³US: ²ÚkwcrI/ ³n ¶[C] ³(pl µ-ries³) ´place (not underground
like a mine) where stone, slate, etc is obtained (for building, road-making,
etc). ³¹ vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A,15A,B] ´get from a @: ³@ limestone; @ (out) a block of
marble; ´(fig) search for (facts, etc) in old books, records, etc. ¸2 ¶[VP2A,C]
´engage in work of this kind: ³@ in old manuscripts. ¸Ú@®man ²/-mEn/ ³n (pl
µ-men³) ´man who works in a @.¼
¨quart© ²/kwct/ ³n ´measure of capacity equal to two pints or about 1²Ø´14
litre. µ¥ App 5´: ³drink a @ of beer. ·put a @ into a pint pot, ´make the less
contain the greater; attempt the impossible.¼
¨quar®ter© ²/ÚkwctE(r)/ ³n ¸1 ´fourth part (Ú); one of four equal
or corresponding parts: ³a @ of a mile; a mile and a @; a @ of an hour´, 15
minutes; ³an hour and a @; the first @ of this century´, iÔe 1901Å25. ³We've
come a @ of the distance now. Divide the apples into @s. ·a bad @ of an hour,
´a short but unpleasant experience (eÔg in a dentist's chair). ¸2 ´point of
time 15 minutes before or after any hour: ³a @ to (´US = ³of) two; a @ past
six. It isn't the @ yet. This clock strikes the hours, the half-hours, and the
@s. ¸3 ´three months, esp as a period for which rent and other payments are
made: ³owe several @s' rent; pay one's rent at the end of each @. ¸Ú@-day ³n
´first day of a legal @ of the year, on which rents and other three-monthly
accounts are paid (in England, 25 Mar; 24 June; 29 Sept; 25 Dec). ¸Ú@ sessions,
µ¥ ³court of @ sessions ´at µcourt±1µ(1). ¸4 ´(US) 25 cents; a @ of a dollar.
¸5 ´joint of meat including a leg: ³a @ of beef; ´also used of the living
animal (usu in compounds, as ·Ú³fore-@s; ·Ú³hind-@s). ¸6 ´direction; district;
source of supply, help, information, etc: ³men running from all @s/from every
@; travel in every @ of the globe´, everywhere. ³From what @ does the wind
blow? As his father was penniless, he could expect no help from that @. The
suggestion did not find favour in the highest @s´, was not welcomed by those at
the head of affairs. ¸7 ´division of a town, esp one of a special class of
people, etc: ³the Chinese @ of San Francisco; the manufacturing/residential @.
¸8 ´one-fourth of a lunar month; the moon's phase at the end of the first or
third week; ³the moon at the first @/in its last @. µ¥ ´the illus at µphase. ¸9
³(pl) ´(mil) place where troops are lodged or stationed: ³All troops are to
return to @s at once´, return to barracks. ³The Roman army went into winter @s.
µ¥ headquarters. ¸10 ·at close @s, ´(seen) from very near. ¸married @s, ´houses
in or near barracks where members of the armed forces live with their families.
¸11 ´post assumed for duty by sailors on a ship, esp for fighting: ³Officers
and men at once took up their @s. ¸12 ¶[U] ·ask for/give @, ´mercy to an enemy;
life granted to a defeated enemy who is willing to surrender: ³No @ was asked
for and none given´, there were no prisoners. ¸13 ´(naut) rear part of a ship's
side: ³on the port/starboard @. ¸Ú@-deck ³n ´part of the upper deck between the
stern and the aftermast of a warship, reserved for officers; officers of a
warship or navy. µ¥ ³lower deck ´at µlow±1µ(13), forecastle. ¸14 ´(GB) fourth
part of a hundredweight, 28 lb; (US) 25 lb; grain-measure of eight bushels. µ¥
App 5. ¸15 ´one of the four parts of a shield used in armorial bearings. ¸16
´(compounds) ¸*@-Úfinal ³n ´(sport) one of four competitions or matches, the
winners of which play in the semi-finals. ¸Ú@-light ³n ´triangular section at
the front or back window of a car, opened to admit air. ¸Ú@-master ³n ¸(a)
´(army) (abbr ¸QÔM´) officer in charge of the stores, etc of a battalion. ¸(b)
´(navy) petty officer in charge of steering the ship, signals, etc.
¸*@®master-Úgeneral ³n ´(abbr ¸QÔMÔG´) staff officer in charge of supplies for
a whole army. ¸Ú@-plate ³n ´photographic plate 3Ú inches Ø 4§ inches;
photograph made from it. ¸Ú@®staff ³n ´strong pole, 6 to 8 ft long, formerly
used as a weapon and in a rough kind of fencing. ³¹ vt ¸1 ¶[VP6A] ´divide into
@s: ³@ an apple; ´(in former times) divide (a traitor's body) into @s:
³condemned to be hanged, drawn ´(= disembowelled³) and @ed. ¸2 ¶[VP6A,15A]
´find lodgings for (troops); place (troops) in lodgings: ³@ troops in the
villages. ¸@®ing ³n ´method of arranging two or more coats of arms, to show
alliances with or descent from various families; coat of arms resulting from
this.¼
¨quar®ter®ly© ²/ÚkwctElI/ ³adj, adv ´(happening) once in each three
months: ³@ payments/subscriptions; to be paid @. ¹ n (pl µ-lies³) ´periodical
published @.¼
¨quar®tet© ²/kwcÚtet/ ³n ´(piece of music for) four players or singers: ³a
string @´, for (usu) two violins, viola and cello; ³a piano @´, for piano and
three stringed instruments.¼
¨quarto© ²/ÚkwctE8/ ³n (pl µ@s ²/-tE8z/³) ´(also written ¸4to´) size given by
folding a sheet of paper twice (making four leaves or eight pages); book made
of sheets so folded (usu about 9 by 12 in): ³the first @ of "Hamlet'.¼
¨quartz© ²/kwcts/ ³n ¶[U] ´sorts of hard mineral (esp crystallized silica),
including agate and other semi-precious stones. ¸@ clock´, one of very great
accuracy, with @ oscillators.¼
¨quasar© ²/ÚkweIzq(r)/ ³n ´(astron) very distant source of radio or light
waves.¼
¨quash© ²/kwo2/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´put an end to, annul, reject as not valid (by
legal procedure): ³@ a verdict/decision.¼
¨quasi-© ²/ÚkweIsñI/ ³pref ´(with a ³n ´or ³adj´) to a certain extent;
seeming(ly): ³a @-official position. µ¥ App 3.¼
¨quas®sia© ²/Úkwo2E/ ³n ¶[U] ´(bitter drug used medicinally and obtained from)
wood or bark of a S American tree; the tree.¼
¨quat®er®cen®ten®ary© ²/*kwotEsenÚtinErI ³US: ²-ÚsentEnerI/ ³n ´400th
anniversary: ³the @ celebrations in 1964 of Shakespeare's birth.¼
¨quat®rain© ²/ÚkwotreIn/ ³n ´verse of four lines, usu rhyming ³a b a b.¼
¨quat®tro®cento© ²/*kwatrE8Út2entE8/ ³n ´(I) the 15th century as a period of
Italian art and literature.¼
¨qua®ver© ²/ÚkweIvE(r)/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP2A] ´(of the voice or a sound) shake;
tremble: ³in a @ing voice; in a voice that @ed. ¸2 ¶[VP6A,15B] ´say or sing in
a shaking voice: ³She @ed (out/forth) her little song. ¹ n ¶[C] ¸1 ´@ing
sound. ¸2 ´musical note with one-half the time value of a crotchet. µ¥ ´the
illus at µnotation.¼
¨quay© ²/ki/ ³n ´solid, stationary landing-place usu built of stone
or iron, alongside which ships can be tied up for loading and unloading.¼
¨queasy© ²/ÚkwizI/ ³adj µ(-ier, -iest) ¸1 ´(of food) causing a feeling of
sickness in the stomach. ¸2 ´(of the stomach) easily upset. ¸3 ´(of a person)
easily made sick; feeling sick. ¸4 ´(fig, of a person or his conscience)
over-scrupulous, tender or delicate. ¸queas®ily ²/-IlI/ ³adv ¸queasi®ness ³n¼
¨queen© ²/kwin/ ³n ¸1 ´woman ruler in her own right: ³the Q@ of England; Q@
Elizabeth II. ¸2 ´wife of a king: ³King George VI ³and Q@ Elizabeth. ¸3 ³@
dowager´, widow of a king. ¸@ mother, ´@ dowager who is the mother of a
reigning Sovereign. ¸4 ´woman regarded as first of a group: ³the @ of the May;
·Ú³May Q@´, girl chosen as @ in old-time May Day ceremonies; town or place
regarded as occupying a leading position: ³Venice, the @ of the Adriatic.
¸Úbeauty @, ´winner of a beauty contest. ¸5 @ ant/bee/wasp, ´fertile,
egg-producing ant etc. ¸6 ´(chess) most powerful piece for attack or defence;
µ¥ ´the illus at µchess´; (cards) one with the picture of a @: ³the @ of
spades/hearts. ¸7 ´Ï ´(GB derog sl) effeminate male homosexual. ³¹ vt ·@ it
(over sb), ´act like a @; assume the leadership. ¸@®ly ³adj ´like a @; fit for
a @; majestic; generous: ³@ly robes; her @ly duties.¼
¨queer© ²/kwIE(r)/ ³adj ¸1 ´strange; unusual: ³a @ way of talking. ¸2 ´causing
doubt or suspicion: ³a @ character; @ noises in the attic. ¸3 ´(colloq)
unwell; faint: ³feel very @. ¸4 ´Ï (derog sl) homosexual. ¸5 ·in ÚQ@ street,
´(GB sl) in debt; in trouble. ³¹ n ´Ï (derog sl) homosexual. ³¹ vt ¶[VP6A]
´(sl) put out of order; cause to go wrong, esp ·@ sb's pitch, µ¥ pitch±1µ(1).
¸@®ly ³adv ¸@®ness ³n¼
¨quell© ²/kwel/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´(poet and rhet) suppress, subdue (a rebellion,
rebels, opposition).¼
¨quench© ²/kwent2/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ¸1 ´put out (flames, fire). ¸2
´satisfy (thirst). ¸3 ´put an end to (hope). ¸4 ´cool in water: ³@ steel.
¸@®less ³adj ´(liter) that cannot be, or is never, @ed: ³a @less flame.¼
¨quern© ²/kw3n/ ³n ´hand-mill for grinding corn; small hand-mill for pepper,
etc.¼
¨queru®lous© ²/Úkwer8lEs/ ³adj ´full of complaints; fretful: ³in a @ tone.
¸@®ly ³adv ¸@®ness ³n¼
¨query© ²/ÚkwIErI/ ³n ¶[C] ³(pl µ-ries³) ¸1 ´question, esp one raising a doubt
about the truth of sth: ³raise a @. ¸2 ´the mark (?) put against sth, eÔg in
the margin of a document, as a sign of doubt. ¹ ³vt ¸1 ¶[VP10] ·@ whether/if,
´inquire: ³I @ whether his word can be relied on. ¸2 ¶[VP6A] ´express doubt
about: ³@ a person's instructions. ¸3 ¶[VP6A] ´put the mark (?) against.¼
¨quest© ²/kwest/ ³n ¶[C] ´(rhet) search or pursuit: ³the @ for
gold. ·in @ of, ´(old or liter use) seeking for, trying to find: ³He went off
in @ of food. ¹ ³vi ¶[VP3A] ·@ for, ´(esp of dogs) look for; (rhet) go about in
@ of: ³@ing for further evidence.¼
¨ques®tion©1 ²/Úkwest2En/ ³n ¸1 ´sentence which by word-order, use of
interrogative words ³(who, why, ´etc) or intonation, requests information, an
answer, etc: ³ask a lot of @s; put a @ to sb. ¸Ú@-mark ³n ´the mark (?). µ¥ App
9. ¸Ú@-master ³n ´(in panel games) chairman. ¸Ú@ time, ´(in the House of
Commons) period of time during which ministers answer @s put to them by
members. ¸2 ´sth about which there is discussion; sth which needs to be
decided; inquiry; problem; affair: ³a difficult/vexed @; economic @s. Success
is only a @ of time´, will certainly come sooner or later. ³The @ is«´, What we
want to know, what we must decide, is«. ³That's not the @´, not the matter
being discussed. ·in @, ´being talked about: ³Where's the man in @? ·out of the
@, ´impossible; not to be discussed at all: ³We can't go out in this weather;
it's out of the @. ·be some/no, etc @ of, ´some/no, etc discussion of: ³There
was no @ of my being invited to become Chairman´, that was not discussed or
proposed. ·beg the @, µ¥ beg(2). ·come into @, ´be discussed, become of
practical importance: ³If sending me in a spacecraft to the moon ever comes
into @, I shall refuse without hesitation. ¸Q@! ´(at a public meeting) used to
warn a speaker that he is not keeping to the subject being discussed, or (less
correctly) to express doubt about the truth of sth he has said. ·put the @,
´(at a meeting) ask those present to record their votes for or against the
proposal. ¸3 ¶[U] ´(the putting forward of) doubt, objection: ³There is no @
about/some @ as to his honesty. There is no @ but that he will ´(= he will
undoubtedly) ³succeed. ·beyond (all)/without @, ´certain(ly); without doubt.
³His integrity is beyond all @. Without @, he's the best man for the job. ·call
sth in @, ´raise objections to, express doubt about, it: ³No one has ever
called my honesty in @. His conduct was called in @.¼
¨ques®tion©2 ²/Úkwest2En/ ³vt ¸1 ¶[VP6A] ´ask a @ or @s of;
examine: ³a two-hour @ing session. ³He was @ed by the police. They @ed the
Conservative candidate on his views. ¸2 ¶[VP6A,10] ·@ (whether/if), ´express or
feel doubt about: ³@ sb's veracity; @ the value ´(or ³importance) of compulsory
games at school. I @ whether his proposal will be approved. ¸@®able ²/-Ebl/
³adj ´which may be @edµ(2)´: ³a @able assertion. ¸@®ably ²/-EblI/ ³adv ¸@er ³n
´person who @sµ(1)´. ¸@®ing®ly ³adv ´in a @ing manner.¼
¨ques®tion®naire© ²/*kwest2EÚneE(r)/ ³n ´list of (usu printed) questions to be
answered by a group of people, esp to get facts or information, or for a
survey.¼
¨quet®zal© ²/Úkwetsl ³US: ²ketÚsal/ ³n ´beautiful bird of Central America;
monetary unit of Guatemala.¼
¨queue© ²/kju/ ³n ¸1 ´line of people waiting for their turn (eÔg to enter a
cinema, get on a bus, buy sth): ³form a @; stand in a @. ·jump the @, µ¥
jump±2µ(6). ¸2 ´line of vehicles waiting to proceed: ³a @ of cars held up by
the traffic lights. ¸3 ´plait of hair hanging down over the back of the neck
(eÔg part of a wig, as worn by men in Europe in former times). ¹ ³vi
¶[VP2A,C,3A] ·@ (up) (for sth), ´get into, be in, a @: ³@ing for a bus; @ up to
buy tickets for the film.¼
¨quibble© ²/ÚkwIbl/ ³n ¶[C] ´evasion of the main point of an argument, attempt
to escape giving an honest answer, by using a secondary or doubtful meaning of
a word or phrase. ¹ ³vi ·@ (over), ´use @s; argue about small points or
differences: ³@ over trivialities. ¸quib®bler ³n ¸quib®bling ³adj¼
¨quiche© ²/ki2/ ³n ´open tart with savoury filling; flan.¼
¨quick© ²/kwIk/ ³adj µ(-er, -est) ¸1 ´moving fast; able to move
fast and do things in a short time; done in a short time: ³a @ train/worker;
walking at a @ pace; have a @ meal; find @ ways of doing sth/getting somewhere.
Be @ about it! ´Hurry up! ³Try to be a little @er. She's as @ as lightning. The
flashes of lightning came in @ succession´, at very short intervals of time;
³We just have time for a @ one´, (usu = a @ (alcoholic) drink). ·(in) @ time,
´(at) the ordinary rate of marching for soldiers (about four miles an hour). ·@
march ³int ´(command to) begin marching in @ time. ¸Ú@®step ³n ´ballroom dance
with both quick and slow steps. ¸*@-Úchange ³attrib adj ´(of an actor, etc) @ly
changing his appearance, costume, etc to play another part: ³a @-·Ú³change
artist. ¸Ú@-freeze ³vt ´freeze (food) very @ly so as to keep the natural
flavours unchanged: ³@-frozen foods. ¸2 ´lively; bright; active; prompt: ³@ to
understand; a @ ear for music; @ to make up one's mind/to seize an opportunity;
@ at figures; a @ ´(= intelligent) ³child; not very @´, (colloq, of a child)
rather dull or stupid; ³a @ temper´, soon aroused.
¸*@-Úeared/-Úeyed/-Úsighted/-Útempered/-Úwitted ³adjj ´having @
ears/eyes/sight, etc. ¸3 ´(old use) living. ·the @ and the dead. ³¹ n ¶[U]
´tender or sensitive flesh below the skin, esp the nails: ³bite one's nails to
the @. ·cut/touch sb to the @, ´hurt his feelings deeply. ¹ ³adv µ(-er, -est)
´(common in colloq use for ³quickly´, always placed after the ³v´). ¸1 ³You're
walking too @ for me. Can't you run @er? He wants to get rich @. I don't know
any get-rich-@ methods. ¸2 ´(in compounds, for ³@ly´): ³a @-firing gun. ¸@®ly
³adv ´in a @ manner: ³You speak too @ly. He @ly changed his clothes. ¸@®ness
³n¼
¨quicken© ²/ÚkwIkEn/ ³vt,vi ¶[VP6A,2A] ¸1 ´make or become
quick(er): ³We @ed our pace. Our pace @ed. ¸2 ´make or become more lively,
vigorous or active: ³Good literature @s the imagination. His pulse @ed. The
child @ed in her womb´, She felt its movement for the first time.¼
¨quickie© ²/ÚkwIkI/ ³n ´(colloq) sth made or done very quickly.¼
¨quick®lime© ²/ÚkwIklñIm/ ³n ´unslaked lime. µ¥ lime±1µ(1).¼
¨quick®sand© ²/ÚkwIksand/ ³n ¶[C] ´(area of) loose, wet, deep sand which sucks
down men, animals, vehicles, etc that try to cross it.¼
¨quick®set© ²/ÚkwIkset/ ³adj ´(of hedges) formed of living plants, esp
hawthorn, set in the ground to grow.¼
¨quick®sil®ver© ²/ÚkwIksIlvE(r)/ ³n ¶[U] ´mercury.¼
¨quick®step© ²/ÚkwIkstep/ ³n µ¥ quick(1).¼
¨quid©1 ²/kwId/ ³n ´lump of chewing tobacco.¼
¨quid©2 ²/kwId/ ³n ´(GB, sl; ³pl ´unchanged) pound: ³earning fifty quid ´(=
$50) ³a week.¼
¨quid pro quo© ²/*kwId prE8 ÚkwE8/ ³n ´(Lat) sth given or returned as the
equivalent of sth else.¼
¨qui®esc®ent© ²/kwñIÚesnt/ ³adj ´at rest; motionless; passive. ¸@®ly ³adv
¸qui®esc®ence ²/-sns/ ³n¼
¨quiet© ²/ÚkwñIEt/ ³adj µ(-er, -est) ¸1 ´with little or no movement or sound:
³a @ sea; a @ evening; @ footsteps. ¸2 ´free from excitement, trouble, anxiety:
³live a @ life in the country; have a @ mind; @ times. ¸3 ´gentle; not rough
(in disposition, etc): ³@ children; a @ old lady. ¸4 ´(of colours)
not bright. ¸5 ´not open or revealed: ³harbouring @ resentment. ·keep sth @,
´keep it secret. ·on the @, ´(or, sl, ·on the qÔt ²/*kju Úti/´), secretly:
³have a drink on the @; tell sb sth on the @´, in confidence. ¹ ³n ¶[U] ´state
of being @ (all senses): ³in the @ of the night; have an hour's @´, an hour
free from activity, disturbance, etc; ³live in peace and @; a period of @
after an election´, free from all the activity, etc that usu accompanies an
election. ¹ ³vt,vi ´(more usu ¸@en ²/ÚkwñIEtn/´) ¶[VP6A,15B,2C] ´make or become
@: ³@(en) a fretful child; @(en) sb's fears/suspicions. The city @ed/@ened down
after the political disturbances. ¸@®ly ³adv ¸@®ness ³n¼
¨quiet®ism© ²/ÚkwñIItIzEm/ ³n ¶[U] ´(as a form of religious mysticism) the
abandoning of all desire, with a passive acceptance of whatever comes.
¸quiet®ist ²/-Ist/ ³n ´person who follows this principle.¼
¨quiet®ude© ²/ÚkwñIItjud ³US: ²-tud/ ³n ´(liter) stillness; tranquillity.¼
¨qui®etus© ²/kwñIÚitEs/ ³n ´(formal) final settlement (eÔg of a
debt); release from life; extinction: ³give sb his @´, put an end to his
life.¼
¨quiff© ²/kwIf/ ³n ´lock of hair brushed up above the forehead.¼
¨quill© ²/kwIl/ ³n ¸1 Ú@(-feather), ´large wing or tail feather; (hollow stem
of) such a feather as formerly used for writing with: ³a @ pen. ¸2 ´long,
sharp, stiff spine of a porcupine.¼
¨quilt© ²/kwIlt/ ³n ´thick bed-covering of two layers of cloth padded with
soft material kept in place by crossed lines of stitches. µ¥ duvet. ´¹ ³vt
´make in the form of a @, iÔe with soft material between layers of cloth: ³a
@ed dressing-gown.¼
¨quin© ²/kwIn/ ³n ´(colloq abbr of) quintuplet.¼
¨quince© ²/kwIns/ ³n ´(tree with) hard, acid, pear-shaped fruit, deep yellow
when ripe, used in jams and jellies.¼
¨quin®cen®ten®ary© ²/*kwInsEnÚtinErI ³US: ²-ÚsentEnerI/ ³adj, n ´(of the) 500th
anniversary.¼
¨quin®ine© ²/kwIÚnin ³US: ²ÚkwñInñIn/ ³n ¶[U] ´bitter liquid made from the bark
of a tree and used as a medicine for fevers and a flavouring in drinks.¼
¨Quin®qua®ges®ima© ²/*kwIGkwEÚdZesImE/ ³n ´the Sunday before Lent.¼
¨quinsy© ²/ÚkwInzI/ ³n ¶[U] ´inflammation of the throat with
discharge of pus from the tonsils.¼
¨quin®tal© ²/ÚkwIntl/ ³n ´unit of weight, 100 or 112 lb or 100 kilograms.¼
¨quin®tes®sence© ²/kwInÚtesns/ ³n ¸1 ´perfect example: ³the @ of
virtue/politeness. ¸2 ´essential part.¼
¨quin®tet© ²/kwInÚtet/ ³n ´(piece of music for) group of five players or
singers: ³piano @, ´string quartet and piano; ³string @, ´string quartet and an
additional cello or viola; ³wind @, ´bassoon, clarinet, flute, horn and oboe.¼
¨quin®tu®plet© ²/ÚkwIntjuplet ³US: ²kwInÚtuplIt/ ³n ´(common abbr ³quin´) one
of five children at a birth (usu ³pl ´: ³two of the @s ´is commoner than ³two
@s´).¼
¨quip© ²/kwIp/ ³n ´clever, witty or sarcastic remark or saying; quibble. ¹ ³vi
µ(-pp-) ´make @s.¼
¨quire© ²/ÚkwñIE(r)/ ³n ´twenty-four sheets of writing-paper: ³buy/sell paper
by the @/in @s.¼
¨quirk© ²/kw3k/ ³n ´habit or action peculiar to sb/sth; foible: ³One of his @s
is sleeping with his socks on.¼
¨quis®ling© ²/ÚkwIzlIG/ ³n ´person who co-operates with the authorities of an
enemy country who are occupying his country.¼
¨quit©1 ²/kwIt/ ³pred adj ´free, clear: ³We are well @ of him´, fortunate to
be rid of him.¼
¨quit©2 ²/kwIt/ ³vt µ(-tt-, ´US also µ-t-, ³pt,pp µ@ted ´or µ@µ) ¸1 ¶[VP6A,2A]
´go away from; leave: ³I @ted him in disgust. We've had notice to @´, a warning
that we must give up the house we rent. ³I've given my secretary notice to @´,
told her that she must leave my service. ¸2 ¶[VP6A,D] ´stop: ³@ work when the
siren sounds; @ grumbling. Q@ that! ´Stop doing that! ¸3 ´(old use; reflex)
acquit: ³They @ted themselves like heroes. ¸@®ter ³n ´(colloq) person who does
not finish what he has started, esp sth undertaken as a duty.¼
¨quite© ²/kwñIt/ ³adv ¸1 ´completely; altogether: ³He has @
recovered from his illness. I @ agree/understand. She was @ alone. See that
your watch is @ ´(= exactly) ³right. That man is not @ acceptable. It was @
´(= at least) ³six weeks ago. That's @ another ´(iÔe a completely different)
³story. ·@ the thing, ´(colloq) what is considered correct, fashionable, etc:
³These Italian dress materials are @ the thing this summer. ¸2 ´to a certain
extent; more or less; in some degree: (preceding articles and ³adjj´) ³@ a
good player. It's @ warm today. He was @ polite, but he wasn't ready to help
me. She @ likes him, but not enough to marry him. ¸3 ´really; truly: ³They are
both @ young. She's @ a beauty. I believe they're @ happy together. ¸4 ´(used
to indicate agreement, understanding, polite acquiescence): A: ³"It's a
difficult situation'. ´B: ³"Q@ (so)!' ´A: ³"I'm so sorry; I'm afraid I've
taken your seat'. ´B: ³"Oh, that's @ all right'.¼
¨quits© ²/kwIts/ ³pred adj ·be @ (with sb), ´be on even terms (by repaying a
debt of money, punishment, etc): ³We're @ now. I'll be @ with him´, will have
my revenge. ·call it @, ´agree that things are even, that a dispute or quarrel
may cease. ·double or @, µ¥ double±3µ(1).¼
¨quit®tance© ²/ÚkwItns/ ³n ´(document giving) release from an obligation or
debt.¼
¨quiver©1 ²/ÚkwIvE(r)/ ³n ´archer's sheath for carrying arrows.¼
¨quiver©2 ²/ÚkwIvE(r)/ ³vt,vi ¶[VP6A,2A] ´(cause to) tremble slightly or
vibrate: ³a @ing leaf. The moth @ed its wings. ¹ n ´@ing sound or movement.¼
¨qui vive© ²/*ki Úviv/ ³n ´(only in) ·on the @, ´on the alert; watchful.¼
¨quix®otic© ²/kwIkÚsotIk/ ³adj ´generous, unselfish, imaginative, in a way
that disregards one's own welfare. ¸quix®oti®cally ²/-klI/ ³adv¼
¨quiz© ²/kwIz/ ³vt µ(-zz-) ¶[VP6A] ¸1 ´ask questions of, as a test of
knowledge. ¸2 ´(archaic) make fun of; tease; stare at. ¹ ³n ¸1 ´general
knowledge test; (broadcasting) game in which members of a panel undergo such a
test. ¸Ú@-master, ´= question-master. ¸2 ´(archaic) amused, supercilious look.¼
¨quiz®zi®cal© ²/ÚkwIzIkl/ ³adj ´questioning and teasing: ³a @ smile. ¸@ly
²/-klI/ ³adv¼
¨quoin© ²/kãIn/ ³n ´exterior angle in the brickwork or stonework of a building;
cornerstone.¼
¨quoit© ²/kãIt ³US: ²kwãIt/ ³n ´ring (of metal, rubber, rope) to be thrown at a
peg so as to encircle it; ³(pl) ´this game (as often played on the deck of a
ship).¼
¨Quonset© ²/ÚkwonsIt/ ³n ¸Ú@ (hut), ´(US) (P) large prefabricated hut, usu of
corrugated iron, semicircular at each end and with a rounded roof, similar to,
but much larger than, a Nissen hut.¼
¨quo®rum© ²/ÚkwcrEm/ ³n (pl µ@s³) ´number of persons who must, by
the rules, be present at a meeting (of a committee, etc) before its proceedings
can have authority: ³have/form a @.¼
¨quota© ²/ÚkwE8tE/ ³n (pl µ@s³) ´limited share, amount or number, esp a
quantity of goods allowed to be manufactured, sold, etc or number, eÔg of
immigrants allowed to enter a country: ³The village was unable to raise its @
of men for the army. The @ of immigrants for this year has already been
filled.¼
¨quo®ta®tion© ²/kwE8ÚteI2n/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´quotingµ(1)´. ¸2 ¶[C] ´sth quotedµ(1)´:
³@s from Shakespeare. ¸Ú@ marks, ´the marks ""Ô'' or "Ô' enclosing words
quoted. µ¥ App 9. ¸3 ¶[C] ´statement of the current price of an article, etc:
³the latest @s from the Stock Exchange. ¸4 ¶[C] ´estimate of the cost of a
piece of work: ³Can you give me a @ for building a garage?¼
¨quote© ²/kwE8t/ ³vt ¸1 ¶[VP6A,14] ·@ (from), ´repeat, write (words used by
another); repeat or write words (from a book, an author, etc): ³@ a verse from
the Bible; @ the Bible. Is Shakespeare the author most frequently @d from? He
is @d as having said that there will be an election this autumn. ¸2 ¶[VP6A,13]
´give (a reference, etc) to support a statement: ³Can you @ (me) a recent
instance? ¸3 ¶[VP6A] ´name, mention (a price): ³This is the best price I can @
you. The shares are @d on the Stock Exchange at 80p. ¹ ³n ´(colloq) sth @d, esp
sth witty, unusual, etc; quotation (µ2,3,4´). ¸quot®able ²/-Ebl/ ³adj ´that can
be, or deserves to be, @d. ¸quo®ta®bil®ity ²/*kwE8tEÚbIlEtI/ ³n ¶[U].¼
¨quoth© ²/kwE8T/ ³vt ´(1st and 3rd person ³sing, pt ´only) (archaic) said: ³@
I/he/she. Q@ the raven, "Nevermore!'¼
¨quo®tid®ian© ²/kwE8ÚtIdIEn/ ³adj ´(of fevers) recurring every day.¼
¨quo®tient© ²/ÚkwE82nt/ ³n ´(maths) number obtained by dividing one number by
another.¼
¨R©, r ²/q(r)/ ³n (pl µR's, r's ²/qz/³) ´the eighteenth letter of the English
alphabet. ¸the three R's, ´reading, (w)riting and (a)rithmetic as the basis
of an elementary education.¼
¨rabbi© ²/ÚrabñI/ ³n ´teacher of the Jewish law; (title of a)
spiritual leader of a Jewish congregation. ¸rab®bini®cal ²/rEÚbInIkl/ ³adj ´of
@s, their learning, writings, etc.¼
¨rab®bit© ²/ÚrabIt/ ³n ¸1 ´small burrowing animal of the hare family,
brownish-grey in its natural state, black or white or bluish-grey in domestic
varieties. µ¥ ´the illus at µsmall. ¸Ú@-hole/-burrow ³nn ´hole in which wild @s
live. ¸Ú@-hutch ³n ´wooden cage for domestic @s. ¸Ú@-punch ³n ´punch on the
back of the neck. ¸Ú@-warren ³n ´area of land full of @-burrows; (fig) area of
narrow, winding streets or rooms and passages. ¸Welsh @, ´= µrarebit. ¸2
´(colloq) poor performer at any game, esp tennis. ¹ ³vi µ(-tt-) ´hunt @s: ³go
@ting.¼
¨rabble© ²/Úrabl/ ³n ¸1 ´disorderly crowd; mob. ¸Ú@-rousing ³adj ´inciting,
designed to rouse, the passions of the mob: ³@-rousing speeches/speakers. ¸2
the @, ´(contemptuous) the lower classes of the populace.¼
¨Rab®elais®ian© ²/*rabEÚleIzIEn ³US: ²-eIZn/ ³adj ´of or like the writings,
marked by coarse humour and satire, of Rabelais ²/ÚrabEleI/, ´1490Å1553,
French writer.¼
¨rabid© ²/ÚrabId/ ³adj ¸1 ´affected with rabies; mad. ¸2 ´furious; fanatical;
violent: ³@ hate; a @ Socialist/Conservative´, one with extreme views,
violently expressed.¼
¨ra®bies© ²/ÚreIbiz/ ³n ¶[U] ´infectious disease causing madness in wolves,
dogs and other animals; hydrophobia.¼
¨rac®coon© ´= µracoon.¼
¨race©1 ²/reIs/ ³n ¶[C] ¸1 ´contest or competition in speed, eÔg in
running, swimming or to see who can finish a piece of work, or get to a certain
place, first: ³a ·Ú³horse-@; a ·Ú³boat-@; a half-·Ú³mile @; run a @ with sb; a
@ for a train´, an effort to catch it. ·a @ against time, ´an effort to do sth
before a certain time or possible event. ¸Ú@-card ³n ´programme of a @-meeting
with a list of @s and names of horses. ¸Ú@-course ³n ´ground where horse-@s are
run. ¸Ú@-horse ³n ´horse specially bred for running @s. ¸Ú@-meeting ³n
´occasion when a number of horse-@s are held on a certain @-course on a certain
day, or a number of successive days: ³the Epsom @-meeting. ¸the @s, ´@-meeting.
¸2 ´strong, fast current of water in the sea, a river, etc: ³a ·Ú³mill-@´, the
channel carrying water to the wheel of a water-mill. ¸3 ´(liter) course of the
sun or moon, or (fig) of life: ³His @ is nearly run´, He is near the end of his
life. ¹ ³vi,vt ¸1 ¶[VP2A,C,3A,4A] ·@ (with/against sb), ´compete in speed, have
a @; move at full speed: ³@ along; @ over the course; boys racing home from
school; @ to see what is happening; @ against time; @ with sb for a prize. I'll
@ you home´, (colloq) @ against you to get home first. ¸2 ¶[VP2A,6A] ´own or
train horses for racing and take part in @-meetings; cause (a horse) to compete
in @s: ³He @s at all the big meetings. Are you going to @ your horse at
Newmarket next week? ¸3 ¶[VP6A,15A] ´cause (sth or sb) to move at full speed:
³He @d me to the station in his car. The Government @d the bill through the
House´, pushed it through the House of Commons at great speed. ³Don't @ your
engine´, cause the engine to run very fast when it is not doing any work.
¶[VP2A] ³Don't let the engine @. ¸rac®ing ³n ¶[U] ´(esp) the hobby, sport or
profession of running horses or motor-cars in races: ³a ·Ú³racing man; keep a
racing stable; a ·Ú³racing car/yacht´, designed for racing. ¸@r ³n ´horse,
boat, car, etc designed for racing.¼
¨race©2 ²/reIs/ ³n ¸1 ¶[C,U] ´any of several subdivisions of
mankind sharing certain physical characteristics, esp colour of skin, colour
and type of hair, shape of eyes and nose: ³the Caucasian/Mongolian/Negroid @;
people of mixed @; people of the same @ but different culture. ¸2 ¶[C] ´(used
loosely for) group of people having a common culture, history and/or language:
³the ·*³Anglo-·Ú³Saxon @; the ·Ú³German @. ¸3 ´(attrib) of, between, @sµ(1,2)´:
³Can @ relations be improved by legislation? ¸4 ¶[U] ´ancestry; descent: ³a man
of ancient and noble @. ¸5 ¶[C] ´main division of any living creatures: ³the
human @´, mankind; ³the ·Ú³feathered @´, (joc) birds; ³the ·Ú³finny @´, (joc)
fish.¼
¨ra®ceme© ²/raÚsim ³US: ²reI-/ ³n ´(botany) flower cluster with the separate
flowers on short equal stalks springing from a main central stem, the lowest
flowers opening first.¼
¨racial© ²/ÚreI2l/ ³adj ´relating to µ¥ race±2µ(1,2)´: ³@
conflict/hatred/pride; @ minorities; ³@ discrimination. ¸@®ly ²/-2ElI/ ³adv
¸@®ism ²/-2ElIzEm/ ³n ¶[U] ´tendency to @ conflict; antagonism between
different races; belief that one's own race is superior. ¸@®ist ²/-Ist/ ³n
´person who stirs up @ism.¼
¨rac®ily©, raci®ness µ¥ racy.¼
¨rac®ism© ²/ÚreIsIzEm/ ³n ´racialism; belief that human abilities are
determined by race. ¸rac®ist ²/-Ist/ ³n ´racialist; believer in racialism or
racism.¼
¨rack©1 ²/rak/ ³n ¸1 ´wooden or metal framework for holding food (esp hay) for
animals (in a stable or in the fields). ¸2 ´framework with bars, pegs, etc for
holding things, hanging things on, etc: ³a ·Ú³plate-@; a ·Ú³hat-@; a
tool-·Ú³@. ¸3 ´shelf over the seats of a railway-carriage, air-liner, bus, etc
for light luggage: ³a ·Ú³luggage-@. ¸4 ´rod, bar or rail with teeth or cogs
into which the teeth on a wheel (or pinion) fit (as used on special railways
up a steep hill-side). µ¥ ´the illus at µgear. ¸Ú@-railway ³n ´one with a
third rail with cogs between the two rails on which the wheels of trains are
supported.¼
¨rack©2 ²/rak/ ³n ´(usu ¸the @´) instrument of torture consisting
of a frame with rollers to which a person's wrists and ankles were
tied so that his joints were stretched when the rollers were turned. ·on the @,
´undergoing severe suffering (physical or mental). ³¹ vt ¶[VP6A,15A] ¸1
´torture by placing on the @; (of a disease or of mental agony) inflict torture
on: ³@ed with pain; a @ing headache; @ed with a bad cough; @ed by remorse. ¸2
·@ one's brains (for), ´make great mental efforts (for, in order to find, an
answer, method, etc). ¸3 ´oppress (tenants) with excessive rent. Hence,
¸Ú@-rent ³n ´exorbitant rent.¼
¨rack©3 ²/rak/ ³n ¶[U] ¸1 ´(liter) drifting cloud.¼
¨rack©4 ²/rak/ ³n ´(only in) ·go to @ and ruin. ´fall into a ruined state.¼
¨racket©1 ²/ÚrakIt/ ³n ¸1 ´(³sing ´only, with ³indef art ´or ¶[U]´) uproar,
loud noise: ³What a @! The drunken men in the street kicked up no end of a @´,
were very noisy and boisterous. ¸2 ¶[U] ´(time of) great social activity,
hurry and bustle: ³the @ of a politician's life. ¸3 ¶[C] ´(colloq) dishonest
way of getting money (by deceiving or threatening people, selling worthless
goods, etc): ³be in on a @´, have a share in it, be one of those who make money
from it. ¸4 ¶[C] ´ordeal or trying experience. ·stand the @, ¸(a) ´come
successfully through a test (of sth). ¸(b) ´accept, be responsible for, the
consequences (of sth); take the blame, pay the costs. ³¹ vi ¶[VP2A,C] ·@
(about), ´make a @µ(1,2). ¸@®eer ²/*rakEÚtIE(r)/ ³n ´person who is engaged in a
@µ(3)´. ¸@®eer®ing ³n ¶[U] ´the actions of @eers.¼
¨racket©2, rac®quet ²/ÚrakIt/ ³n ¸1 ´light bat used for hitting the ball in
tennis, badminton, etc. µ¥ ´the illus at µbadminton, tennis. ¸2 ³(pl)
´ball-game for two or four players in a court with four walls.¼
¨rac®on®teur© ²/*rakonÚt3(r)/ ³n ´person who tells anecdotes or stories with
skill and wit: ³a good @.¼
¨rac®oon©, rac®coon ²/rEÚkun ³US: ²ra-/ ³n ´small, flesh-eating animal of N
America with a bushy, ringed tail; (US) its fur.¼
¨rac®quet© ´= µracket±2µ.¼
¨racy© ²/ÚreIsI/ ³adj µ(-ier, -iest) ¸1 ´(of speech or writing) vivid;
spirited; vigorous: ³a @ style. ¸2 ´having strongly marked qualities: ³a @
flavour. ·@ of the soil´, showing traces of origin; direct, lively and
stimulating. ¸rac®ily ²/-IlI/ ³adv ¸raci®ness ³n¼
¨radar© ²/ÚreIdq(r)/ ³n ¶[U] ´(the use of) apparatus that indicates on a screen
(by means of radio echoes) solid objects that come within its range, used (eÔg
by pilots of ships, aircraft or spacecraft) in fog or darkness and which gives
information about their position, movement, speed, etc: ³follow the flight of
an aircraft by @´; (attrib) ·Ú³@ installation; on the ·Ú³@ screen.¼
¨radial© ²/ÚreIdIEl/ ³adj ´relating to a ray, rays or a radius; (of
spokes in a bicycle wheel, etc) from a centre; arranged like rays or radii. ³¹
n ¸@ (tyre), ´tyre designed (by having the material inside the tyre wrapped in
a direction @ to the hub of the wheel) to give more grip on road surfaces, esp
when cornering or when roads are wet. ¸@ly ²/-IElI/ ³adv¼
¨radi®ant© ²/ÚreIdIEnt/ ³adj ¸1 ´sending out rays of light; shining: ³the @
sun. ¸2 ´(of a person, his looks, eyes) bright; showing joy or love: ³a @
face; the @ figures in the paintings of Renoir. ¸3 ´(phys) transmitted by
radiation: ³@ heat/energy. ¸@®ly ³adv ¸radi®ance ²/-Ens/ ³n ¶[U] ´@ quality.¼
¨radi®ate© ²/ÚreIdIeIt/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A] ´send out rays of (light or heat):
³a stove that @s warmth; ´(fig) spread abroad, send out: ³a woman who @s
happiness; an orator who @s enthusiasm for the cause he supports. ¸2 ¶[VP2A,3A]
·@ (from), ´come or go out in rays; show: ³heat that @s from a stove/a
fireplace; the happiness that @s from her eyes. ¸3 ¶[VP2A,3A] ·@ (from),
´spread out like radii: ³the avenues that @ from the Arc de Triomphe in Paris.¼
¨radi®ation© ²/*reIdIÚeI2n/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´radiating; the sending out of energy,
heat, etc in rays. ¸Ú@ sickness, ´illness caused by gamma rays or rays from
radioactive dust (as from nuclear weapons). ¸2 ¶[C] ´sth radiated: ³@s emitted
by an X-ray apparatus.¼
¨radi®ator© ²/ÚreIdIeItE(r)/ ³n ¶[C] ¸1 ´apparatus for radiating heat, esp
heat from steam or hot water supplied through pipes or from electric current.
¸2 ´device for cooling the cylinders of the engine of a motor-vehicle: ³This
car has a fan-cooled @. µ¥ ´the illus at µmotor.¼
¨rad®ical© ²/ÚradIkl/ ³adj ¸1 ´of or from the root or base; fundamental: ³@
´(= thorough and complete) ³reforms; make @ changes in a scheme. ¸2 ´(politics)
favouring fundamental reforms; advanced in opinions and policies: ³a member of
the R@ Party. ¸3 ´(maths) relating to the root of a number or quantity: ³the @
sign (²H´). ³¹ n ¸1 ´person with @µ(2) ´opinions; member of the R@ Party. ¸2
´(maths) the @ sign; a quantity expressed as the root of another. ¸@ly ²/-klI/
³adv ¸@®ism ²/-kElIzEm/ ³n ´beliefs and policies of @s.¼
¨rad®icle© ²/ÚradIkl/ ³n ´embryo root (eÔg of a pea or bean).¼
¨radii© ²/ÚreIdIñI/ µ¥ radius.¼
¨radio© ²/ÚreIdIE8/ ³n (pl µ@s ²/-dIE8z/³) ¸1 ¶[U] ´(communication
by) use of electromagnetic waves without a connecting wire. ³send a message by
@. ¸2 ¶[U] ´broadcasting by this means: ³hear something on the @; talk over the
@´; (attrib) ³the @ programme. ¸3 ¶[C] ¸Ú@(-set), ´apparatus, eÔg on ships,
aircraft, for transmitting and receiving @ messages or (as in the home) for
receiving sound broadcast programmes: ³a portable @; the latest types of
@s/@-sets. ¸4 Ú@ beacon, ´station for transmitting signals to help aircraft
pilots. ¸Ú@ beam, ´beam of @ signals from a @ beacon. ¸Ú@ frequency, ´frequency
between 10 kilocycles per second to 300ÔÔ000 megacycles per second. ¸Ú@ link,
´(sound broadcasting) programme in which speakers in widely separated towns are
linked by the same programme.¼
¨radio-© ²/*reIdIE8/ ³pref ´of rays or radium. ¸*@®Úac®tive ³adj ´(of such
metals as radium and uranium) having atoms that break up and, in so doing,
send out rays in the form of electrically charged particles capable of
penetrating opaque bodies and of producing electrical effects: ³@active carbon;
@active dust´, dust (eÔg as carried by winds) from explosions of nuclear bombs,
etc; ³@active waste´, waste material from nuclear power stations, etc.
Hence, ¸*@®ac®Útiv®ity ³n ¶[U]. ¸Ú@®gram ³n ¸(a) ´(abbr of): @-gramophone. ¸(b)
´X-ray photograph. ¸*@-Úgramophone ³n ´combined @ receiver and record-player.
¸Ú@®graph ³n ´X-ray photograph. ¸*radi®Úogra®phy ²/*reIdIÚogrEfI/ ³n
¶[U] ´production of X-ray photographs. ¸*radi®Úogra®pher ³n ´person trained to
take @graphs. ¸*@®Úiso®tope ³n ´@active form of an element, used in medicine,
industry, etc to study the path and speed of substances through bodies and
objects. ¸*@-loÚcation ³n ´radar. ¸*radi®Úology ²/*reIdIÚolEdZI/ ³n ¶[U]
´scientific study of X-rays and other radiation (esp as used in medicine).
¸*radi®ologist ³n ´expert in @logy. ¸*@ Útelescope ³n ´apparatus that detects
stars by means of @ waves from outer space and tracks spacecraft. ¸*@-Útherapy
³n ´treatment of disease by means of X-rays or other forms of radiation, eÔg of
heat. ¸*@-Útherapist ³n ´expert in @-therapy.¼
¨rad®ish© ²/ÚradI2/ ³n ´salad plant with a white or red edible root.¼
¨radium© ²/ÚreIdIEm/ ³n ¶[U] ´radioactive metallic element (symbol ¸Ra´) used
in the treatment of some diseases, eÔg cancer.¼
¨radius© ²/ÚreIdIEs/ ³n (pl µ-dii ²/-dIñI/³) ¸1 ´(length of a) straight line
from the centre of a circle or sphere to any point on the circumference or
surface. µ¥ ´the illus at µcircle. ¸2 ´circular area measured by its @: ³The
police searched all the fields and woods within a @ of two miles. ¸3 ´(anat)
outer of the two bones in the forearm. µ¥ ´the illus at µskeleton.¼
¨raf®fia© ²/ÚrafIE/ ³n ¶[U] ´fibre from the leaf-stalks of a kind of
palm-tree, used for making baskets, hats, mats, etc.¼
¨raff®ish© ²/ÚrafI2/ ³adj ´disreputable; dissipated: ³a @ young man; with a @
air. ¸@®ly ³adv¼
¨raffle© ²/Úrafl/ ³n ¶[C] ´sale of an article by a lottery, often for a
charitable purpose: ³buy ·Ú³@ tickets/tickets for a @. ¹ vt ¶[VP6A,15B] ·@ sth
(off), ´sell in a @: ³@ (off) a motor-scooter.¼
¨raft© ²/rqft ³US: ²raft/ ³n ¸1 ´number of tree trunks fastened
together to be floated down a river. ¸2 (Úlife-)@, ´flat, floating structure
of rough timber, barrels, etc as a substitute for a boat or for the use of
swimmers: ³The sailors got away from the wrecked ship on a @. ¹ vt,vi ¸1
¶[VP6A,15A,B] ´carry on a @; cross (a stream) on a @. ¸2 ¶[VP2C] ´go on a @:
³@ down the stream. ¸@er, rafts®man ²/-mEn/ ³n (pl µ-men³) ´man who @s
timber.¼
¨rafter© ²/ÚrqftE(r) ³US: ²Úraf-/ ³n ´one of the sloping beams of the
framework on which the tiles or slates of a roof are supported. ¸raft®ered
²/ÚrqftEd ³US: ²raf-1/ ³adj ´provided with @s: ³a @ed roof´, (esp) one of which
the @s are visible from beneath, eÔg in a hall that has no ceiling.¼
¨rag©1 ²/rag/ ³n ¶[C] ¸1 ´odd bit of cloth: ³a rag to polish the car with. ¸2
´piece of old and torn cloth; ³(pl) ´old and torn clothes: ³dressed in rags;
My coat was worn to rags. ¸the Úrag trade, ´(sl) the business of making and
selling clothes. ¸Úglad rags, µ¥ glad. ¸3 ´scrap; irregular piece. ¸Úrag-bag ³n
¸(a) ´bag in which scraps of fabric are stored. ¸(b) ´motley collection;
confused mass. ¸(c) ´(sl) untidily dressed person. ¸4 ³(pl) ´old, waste pieces
of cloth from which a good quality of paper (·Ú³rag paper´) is made. ¸5 ´(used
contemptuously for a) newspaper: ³Why do you read that worthless rag?¼
¨rag©2 ²/rag/ ³vt µ(-gg-) ¶[VP6A] ´(colloq) tease; play practical
jokes on; be noisy and boisterous. ³¹ n ´(colloq) rough, noisy disturbance;
carnival with side-shows, a procession of amusing floats±1µ(3)´, etc, eÔg as
held by college students. ¸Úrag-day, ´day (usu annually) on which students hold
a rag, and often collect money for charity.¼
¨raga®muf®fin© ²/ÚragEmAfIn/ ³n ´dirty, disreputable person, esp a small boy
dressed in rags.¼
¨rage© ²/reIdZ/ ³n ¸1 ¶[C,U] ´(outburst of) furious anger; violence: ³livid
with @; the @ of the sea´, its violence during a storm. ·be in/fly into a @,
´be, become, violently angry. ¸2 ¶[C] ·@ (for), ´strong desire: ³He has a @
for collecting butterflies. ¸3 ·be (all) the @, ´(colloq) sth for which there
is a widespread but temporary enthusiasm; sth very fashionable: ³The new
musical comedy at Drury Lane is all the @. These white handbags from Italy are
(all) the @ this summer. ´¹ ³vi ¶[VP2A,C] ´be violently angry; (of storms, etc)
be violent: ³He @d and fumed against me for not letting him have his own way.
The storm @d all day. The wind @d round the house. Flu @d through the country.¼
¨ragged© ²/ÚragId/ ³adj ¸1 ´(with clothes) badly torn or in rags:
³a @ coat; a @ old man. ¸2 ´having rough or irregular edges or outlines or
surfaces: ³a dog with a @ coat of hair; a sleeve with @ edges/which is @ at
the cuff; @ rocks; @ clouds driven by the gale. ¸3 ´(of work, etc) imperfect;
lacking smoothness or uniformity: ³a @ performance´, eÔg of a theatrical
r^ole, a piece of music. ¸@®ly ³adv ¸@®ness ³n¼
¨rag®lan© ²/ÚraglEn/ ³n ´(usu attrib) sweater or coat without
shoulder seams (so that the seams for the sleeves go up from the armpit to the
neckline).¼
¨ra®gout© ²/Úragu ³US: ²raÚgu/ ³n ´(dish of) meat and vegetable stew.¼
¨rag®tag© ²/Úragtag/ ³n ·(the) *@ and Úbobtail, ´the riff-raff; disreputable
people.¼
¨rag®time© ²/ÚragtñIm/ ³n ¶[U] ´(1920's) popular music and dance of US Negro
origin, the accent of the melody falling just before the regular beat of the
accompaniment.¼
¨rah© ²/rq/ ³int ´hurrah (as used, in US) in cheers at a sports meeting, etc:
³Rah, rah, rah!¼
¨raid© ²/reId/ ³n ¸1 ´surprise attack made by troops, ship(s) or aircraft:
³make a @ upon the enemy's camp; killed in an ·Ú³air-@ ´(attack by aircraft).
¸2 ´sudden visit by police to make arrests: ³a @ on a gambling-den. ¸3 ´sudden
attack or inroad for the purpose of taking money: ³a @ on a bank by armed men;
a @ on the bank's reserves, ´when they are to be used by the directors for
expansion, etc. ³¹ vt,vi ¶[VP6A,2A] ´make a @ on or into; carry out a @: ³Boys
have been @ing my orchard´, visiting it to steal fruit. ¸@er ³n ´person, ship,
aircraft, etc that makes a @.¼
¨rail©1 ²/reIl/ ³n ¸1 ´horizontal or sloping bar or rod or continuous series
of bars or rods, of wood or metal, as part of a fence, as a protection against
contact or falling over: ³wooden @s round a field; metal @s round a monument;
build a @ fence. He was leaning on the ship's @, looking over the water. One
of the horses was forced to the @s´, (in a horse-race) pressed so close to the
@s of the race-course that it was at a disadvantage. ¸2 ´similar bar or rod
placed for things to hang on: ³a ·Ú³towel-@, ´eÔg at the side of a wash-basin.
¸3 ´steel bar or continuous line of such bars, laid on the ground as one side
of a track for trains or trams: ³send goods by @´, by @way; ³a @ strike´, of
railway workers. ·off the @s, ´(of a train) off the track; (fig) out of order,
out of control; disorganized; (colloq) eccentric; neurotic; mad. ¸Ú@®road ³n
´(US) = @way. µ¹ ³vt ´(colloq) ¶[VP15A,B] ´rush (sb or sth) unfairly (³to,
into, through, etc´): ³@road a bill through Congress. ¸Ú@®way ³n ¸(a) ´road or
track laid with @s on which trains run: ³build a new @way. ¸(b) ´system of
such tracks, with the locomotives, cars, wagons, etc and the organization
controlling the system: ³work on the @way. The @ways in many countries are
owned by the State. ¸(c) ´(attrib) ·Ú³@way
station/bridge/carriage/engineer/contractors/transport, etc. ¸Ú@-car ³n
´single coach or car, with its own motive power, used on a @way. ¸Ú@®head ³n
´farthest point reached by a @way under construction. ³¹ vt ¶[VP6A,15B] ·@
off/in, ´put @sµ(1) ´round; shut (in, off) ´separate, by means of @sµ(1)´: ³@
off a piece of ground; fields that are @ed off from the road. ¸@®ing ³n ¶[C]
´(often ³pl´) fence made with @s, eÔg as a protection at the side of a series
of steps.¼
¨rail©2 ²/reIl/ ³vi ¶[VP2A,3A] ·@ (at/against), ´(liter) find
fault; utter reproaches: ³It's no use your @ing at fate. ¸@®ing ³n ¶[U] ´act of
finding fault, complaining, protesting, etc: ³(pl) ´utterances of this kind.¼
¨rail®lery© ²/ÚreIlErI/ ³n ¶[U] ´(liter) good-humoured teasing; ¶[C] ³(pl
µ-ries³) ´instance of this.¼
¨rai®ment© ²/ÚreImEnt/ ³n ¶[U] ´(liter) clothing.¼
¨rain©1 ²/reIn/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´condensed moisture of the atmosphere falling in
separate drops; fall of such drops: ³It looks like @´, as if there will be a
fall of @. ³Don't go out in the @. Come in out of the @. The farmers want @.
·@ or shine, ´whether the weather is wet or sunny. ¸@®bow ²/ÚreInbE8/ ³n ´arch
containing the colours of the spectrum, formed in the sky opposite the sun
when @ is falling or when the sun shines on mist or spray. ¸Ú@®bow trout,
´food fish with reddish bands and black spots. ¸Ú@®coat ³n ´light coat of
waterproof or tightly-woven material. ¸Ú@®drop ³n ´single drop of @. ¸Ú@®fall
³n ´amount of @ falling within a given area in a given time, (eÔg measured in
cm of depth per annum). ¸Ú@ forest, ´hot, wet forest in tropical areas, where
@fall is heavy and there is no dry season. ¸Ú@-gauge ³n ´instrument for
measuring @fall. ¸Ú@®proof ³adj ´able to keep @ out. ¸Ú@®water ³n ´water that
has fallen as @ and has been collected as @ (contrasted with ³well-water´,
etc); soft water. ¸2 ·a + ³adj ·+ @, ´fall or shower of @: ³There was a heavy @
last night. ¸the @s, ´the season in tropical countries when there is heavy and
continuous @. ¸3 ´(usu ¸a @´) descent of sth that comes like @: ³a @ of
arrows/bullets; a @ of ashes´, eÔg from a volcano; (fig) ³a @ of
congratulations.¼
¨rain©2 ²/reIn/ ³vi,vt ¸1 ´(impers): ³It was @ing´, @ was falling.
³It has @ed itself out´, has stopped @ing. ·@ cats and dogs, ´@ very hard. ·It
never @s but it pours, ´(prov) Things, usu unwelcome, do not come singly but in
numbers, eÔg if one disaster happens, another will follow. ¸2 ¶[VP2C] ´fall in
a stream: ³Tears @ed down her cheeks. Misfortunes have @ed heavily upon the old
man. ¸3 ¶[VP14] ·@ sth on/upon, ´send or come down on: ³He @ed blows/Blows @ed
on the door. The people @ed gifts upon the heroes returning from the war.¼
¨rainy© ²/ÚreInI/ ³adj µ(-ier, -iest) ´having much rain: ³@ weather; a @
day/climate; the ·Ú³@ season. ·save/provide/put away/keep sth for a @ day,
´save (esp money) for a time when one may need it.¼
¨raise© ²/reIz/ ³vt ¶[VP6A,15A,B] ¸1 ´lift up; move from a low(er) to a
high(er) level; cause to rise: ³@ a sunken ship to the surface of the sea; @
one's hat to sb´, as a sign of respect; ³@ one's glass to one's lips; @ prices;
@ ´(= build, erect) ³a monument. ·@ one's glass to sb, ´drink his health. ·@
one's hand to sb, ´move as if to give him a blow. ·@ sb's hopes, ´make him more
hopeful. ·@ a man to the peerage, ´make him a peer. ·@ the temperature, ¸(a)
´make a place warmer. ¸(b) ´(fig) increase tension, eÔg by losing one's temper.
·@ one's voice, ´speak more loudly or in a higher tone: ³voices @d in anger. ¸2
´cause to be upright: ³@ a man from his knees; @ the standard of revolt. ·@ sb
from the dead, ´restore him to life. ¸3 ´cause to rise or appear: ³@ a cloud of
dust; @ the spirits of the dead; shoes that @ blisters on my feet; a story that
might @ a blush on a young girl's cheeks; a long, hot walk that @d a good
thirst´, caused the walker to be thirsty. ·@ a dust/commotion, ´(fig) cause a
disturbance. ·@ a laugh, ´do sth to cause laughter. ·@ Cain/hell/the devil/the
roof, ´(sl) cause an uproar; start a big row or disturbance. ¸4 ´bring up for
discussion or attention: ³@ a new point/a question/a protest/an objection. ¸5
´grow or produce (crops); breed (sheep, etc); rear, bring up (a family). ¸6
´get or bring together; manage to get: ³@ an army; @ a loan; @ money for a new
undertaking; @ funds for a holiday´, eÔg by pawning one's jewels. ¸7 ·@ a
siege/blockage, ´end it. ·@ an embargo, ´remove it. ¸8 ·@ land, ´(naut) come in
sight of (land that appears to rise above the horizon): ³The ship @d land the
next morning. ¹ n ´(esp US, cf GB, ³rise´) increase in salary, etc. ¸@r ³n ´(in
compounds) one who, that which, @s (in various senses): ·Ú³cattle-@s;
·Ú³curtain-@r´, short introductory play; ·Ú³fire-@rs´, arsonists.¼
¨raisin© ²/ÚreIzn/ ³n ¶[C] ´dried sweet grape, as used in cakes, etc.¼
¨raison d'^etre© ²/*reIzon ÚdetrE/ ³n sing ´(F) reason
for, purpose of, a thing's existence.¼
¨raj© ²/rqdZ/ ³n ´sovereignty: ³the ending of the British raj in India.¼
¨ra®jah© ²/ÚrqdZE/ ³n ´Indian prince; Malayan chief.¼
¨rake©1 ²/reIk/ ³n ¸1 ´long-handled tool with prongs used for drawing together
straw, dead leaves, etc or for smoothing soil or gravel, µ¥ ´the illus at
µtool´; similar kinds of tool on wheels, drawn by a horse or tractor. ¸2
´implement used by a croupier for drawing in money or chips at a gaming-table.
³¹ vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A,22] ´use a @ (on); make smooth with a @: ³@ garden paths; @
the soil smooth for a seedbed. ¸2 ¶[VP6A,15A,B,14] ´get (sth ³together, up,
out, etc´) with or as with a @: ³@ together dead leaves; @ out a fire´, get
the ashes or cinders out from the bottom of a grate, etc; ³@ up hay; @ the dead
leaves off the lawn. ·@ sth in, ´(fig) earn, make, much money: ³The firm is
very successfulÅthey're raking it in/raking in the money. ¸Ú@-off ³n ´(sl) (usu
suggesting dishonesty) commission; share of profits: ³If I put this bit of
business in your way, I expect a @-off. ·@ sth up, ´(esp) bring to people's
knowledge (sth forgotten, esp sth which it is better not to recall to memory):
³@ up old quarrels/accusations/slanders/grievances. Don't @ up the past. ¸3
¶[VP6A,15A,B,2C,3A] ·@ (over/through) sth, ´search for facts, etc: ³@ through
old manuscripts for information; @ one's memory; @ about among old documents.
¸4 ¶[VP6A,15A] ´fire with guns at, from end to end: ³@ a ship; @ a trench with
machine-gun fire.¼
¨rake©2 ²/reIk/ ³n ´dissolute man.¼
¨rake©3 ²/reIk/ ³vi,vt ¶[VP2A,6A] ´(of a ship, or its bow or stern) project
beyond the keel; (of the funnel, masts) (cause to) slope towards the stern;
(of the stage of a theatre) slope down (towards the audience). ³¹ n ´degree of
slope: ³the @ of a ship's masts/of the stage of a theatre.¼
¨rak®ish©1 ²/ÚreIkI2/ ³adj ¸1 ´of or like a rake±2´; dissolute: ³a @
appearance. ¸2 ´jaunty: ³set one's hat at a @ angle ´(from ³rake±3´). ¸@®ly
³adv ´in a @ manner: ³with his hat tilted @ly. ¸@®ness ³n¼
¨rak®ish©2 ²/ÚreIkI2/ ³adj ´(of a ship) looking smart and as if
built for speed (and therefore, in olden times, suggesting that she might be a
pirate ship).¼
¨ral®len®tando© ²/*ralEnÚtandE8/ ³adj, adv ´(music) gradually slower. µ¥
accelerando.¼
¨rally©1 ²/ÚralI/ ³vt,vi (pt,pp µ-lied³) ¶[VP6A,15A,2A,C] ¸1 ´(cause to) come
together, esp after defeat or confusion, or in the face of threats or danger,
to make new efforts: ³The troops rallied round their leader. The leader rallied
his men. My supporters are @ing round me again. They rallied to the support of
the Prime Minister. ¸2 ´give new strength to; (cause to) recover health,
strength, firmness: ³@ one's strength/spirits; @ from an illness. The boy
rallied his wits. The market rallied´, eÔg of the Stock Exchange, prices
stopped dropping and became firm. ³¹ n (pl µ-lies³) ¶[C] ¸1 ´act or process of
@ing; coming together after being dispersed; recovery of strength; improvement
during illness. ¸2 ´(tennis) exchange of several strokes before a point is
scored. ¸3 ´gathering or assembly, esp to encourage fresh effort: ³a
po·Ú³litical @´: ³a ·Ú³peace @´, one to urge the necessity of ending or
avoiding war. ¸4 ´competition of motor vehicles over public roads.¼
¨rally©2 ²/ÚralI/ ³vt (pt,pp µ-lied³) ¶[VP6A] ´tease; chaff
good-humouredly.¼
¨ram© ²/ram/ ³n ¸1 ´uncastrated male sheep. ¸2 ´one of various
implements or devices for striking or pushing with great force, eÔg the
falling weight of a pile-driving machine; form of water-pump in which a heavy
fall of water is used to force a smaller quantity to a higher level. ¸3 µ¥
³battering-ram ´at µbatter±1µ. ¸4 ´metal projection on a warship's bow for
piercing the side of an enemy ship. ¹ ³vt µ(-mm-) ¸1 ¶[VP6A,15A,B] ´strike and
push heavily: ³ram down the soil´, eÔg when building roads or embankments;
³ram piles into a river bed; ram a charge home/into a gun; ´(colloq) ³ram
one's clothes into a suitcase. ·ram sth down sb's throat, ´(fig) say sth
repeatedly so as to impress it upon sb, get him to learn it or recognize its
truth. ¸2 ¶[VP6A] ´(of a ship) strike with a ramµ(4)´: ³ram and sink a
submarine. ¸3 Úram®jet ³n ´jet engine in which the air is rammed or forced
through the engine and compressed by the speed of flight. ¸Úram®rod ³n ´iron
rod for ramming the charge into old (muzzle-loading) guns.¼
¨Rama®dan© ²/*ramEÚdqn ³US: ²-Údan/ ³n ´ninth month of the Muslim year, when
Muslims fast between sunrise and sunset.¼
¨ramble© ²/Úrambl/ ³vi ¶[VP2A,C] ¸1 ´walk for pleasure, with no special
destination; (fig) wander in one's talk, not keeping to the subject. ¸2 ´(of
plants) grow with long shoots that trail or straggle. ¹ ³n ´rambling walk: ³go
for a country @. ¸ram®bler ³n ´person or thing that @s: (attrib) ³@r roses.
¸ram®bling ³adj ¸1 ´(esp of buildings, streets, towns), extending in various
directions irregularly, as if built without planning. ¸2 ´(of a speech, essay,
etc) disconnected.¼
¨ram®bunc®tious© ²/ramÚbAGk2Es/ ³adj ´boisterous.¼
¨ram®ify© ²/ÚramIfñI/ ³vi,vt (pt,pp µ-fied³) ¶[VP2A,6A] ´form or produce
branches; make or become a network: ³a ramified system. ¸rami®fi®ca®tion
²/*ramIfIÚkeI2n/ ³n ¶[C] ´subdivision of sth complex or like a network: ³the
widespread ramifications of trade/a plot/an argument.¼
¨ram®jet© µ¥ ram(3).¼
¨ramp©1 ²/ramp/ ³n ´sloping way from one level to another, eÔg
instead of, or in addition to, stairs or steps in a hospital, so that beds can
be wheeled from one floor to another, or, at a kerb in a many-storeyed garage,
so that cars can be driven up and down; change of level during road repairs.¼
¨ramp©2 ²/ramp/ ³n ´(GB, sl) dishonest attempt to obtain an exorbitant price;
swindle.¼
¨ramp©3 ²/ramp/ ³vt ¶[VP2C] ·@ about, ´(now usu joc) storm, rage or rush.¼
¨ram®page© ²/ramÚpeIdZ/ ³vi ¶[VP2A] ´rush about in excitement or rage. ¹ ³n
²/ÚrampeIdZ/ ·be/go on the @, ´be/go rampaging. ¸ram®pa®geous ²/ramÚpeIdZEs/
³adj ´excited and noisy.¼
¨ram®pant© ²/ÚrampEnt/ ³adj ¸1 ´(of plants, etc) rank; luxuriant: ³Rich soil
makes some plants too @´, causes them to spread too thickly, to have too much
foliage, etc. ¸2 ´(of diseases, social evils, etc) unchecked; beyond control:
³Cholera was @ among them. ¸3 ´(of animals, esp of a lion in heraldry) on the
hind legs. ¸@®ly ³adv¼
¨ram®part© ²/Úrampqt/ ³n ¶[C] ¸1 ´wide bank of earth, often with a wall, built
to defend a fort or other defensive work. ¸2 ´(fig) defence; protection.¼
¨ram®rod© ²/Úramrod/ ³n µ¥ ram(3).¼
¨ram®shackle© ²/Úram2akl/ ³adj ´almost collapsing; nearly at
breaking-point: ³a @ house; a @ old bus; their @ empire.¼
¨ran© ²/ran/ ³pt ´of µrun±2µ.¼
¨ranch© ²/rqnt2 ³US: ²ran-/ ³n ´(US) large farm, esp one with extensive lands
for cattle, but also for fruit, chickens, etc. ¸Ú@ house, ´(US) rectangular
bungalow type of house. ¸Ú@ wagon, ´(US) = station wagon. ¸@er ³n ´person who
owns, manages or works on, a @.¼
¨ran®cid© ²/ÚransId/ ³adj ´with the smell or taste of stale, decaying fat or
butter; (of fat) having gone bad; ill smelling: ³This butter smells @/has
gone @.¼
¨ran®cour© ´(US = ¸-cor´) ²/ÚraGkE(r)/ ³n ¶[U] ´deep and long-lasting feeling
of bitterness; spitefulness: ³full of @ (against sb). ¸ran®cor®ous ²/ÚraGkErEs/
³adj¼
¨rand© ²/rand/ ³n ´monetary unit of the Republic of S Africa, divided into 100
cents.¼
¨ran®dom© ²/ÚrandEm/ ³n ¸1 ·at @, ´without aim or purpose: ³shooting/dropping
bombs at @; hit out at @. ¸2 ´(attrib) done, made, taken, at @: ³@ remarks; a
@ sample/selection; @ sampling.¼
¨randy© ²/ÚrandI/ ³adj µ(-ier, -iest) ¸1 ´(Scot) boisterous; aggressively
noisy. ¸2 ´full of sexual lust.¼
¨ranee©, rani ²/rñni/ ³n ´Hindu queen or princess; wife of a rajah.¼
¨rang© ²/raG/ ³pt ´of µring±2µ.¼
¨range©1 ²/reIndZ/ ³n ¶[C] ¸1 ´row, line or series of things: ³a
magnificent @ of mountains; a ·Ú³mountain-@; a long @ of cliffs. ¸2 ´area of
ground with targets for shooting at: ³a ·Ú³rifle-@´; area in which rockets and
missiles are fired. ¸3 ´distance to which a gun will shoot or to which a shell,
etc can be fired: ³at a @ of five miles; in/within/out of/beyond @´; distance
between a gun, etc and the target: ³fire at short/long @. ¸Ú@-finder ³n ¸(a)
´instrument for finding the distance of sth to be fired at. ¸(b) ´device fitted
in some cameras for measuring distances. ¸4 ´distance at which one can see or
hear, or to which sound will carry. ¸5 ´extent; distance between limits: ³the
annual @ of temperature´, eÔg from ­10ÄC to 40ÄC; ³a long-@ weather forecast,
´for a long period; ³a narrow @ of prices; cotton fabrics in a wide @ of
colours; the @ of her voice´, iÔe between her top and bottom notes; (fig) ³a
subject that is outside my @´, one that I have not studied; ³a wide @ of
interests. ¸6 ´(US) area of grazing or hunting ground. ¸7 ´area over which
plants are found growing or in which animals are found living: ³What is the @
of the nightingale in this country? ¸8 ´cooking-stove, usu with ovens, a
boiler, and a surface with openings or hot-plates for pans, kettles, etc: ³a
kitchen @.¼
¨range©2 ²/reIndZ/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A,15A] ´place or arrange in a row
or rows; put, take one's place, in a specified situation, order, class or
group: ³The general @d his men along the river bank. They were @d against
us/among the rebels. The spectators @d themselves along the route of the
procession. ¸2 ¶[VP2C,3A,6A] ·@ (through/over), ´go, move, wander: ³animals
ranging through the forests; @ over the hills; @ the seas/hills, etc; ´(fig)
³researches that @d over a wide field; a speaker who @d far and wide´, spoke
on many topics; ³a wide-ranging discussion. ¸3 ¶[VP2C] ´extend, run in a line:
³a boundary that @s north and south/from A to B. ¸4 ¶[VP2C] ´vary between
limits: ³prices ranging from $7 to $10/between $7 and $10. ¸5 ´(of guns,
projectiles) carry: ³This gun @s over six miles´, can fire to this distance.¼
¨ranger© ²/ÚreIndZE(r)/ ³n ¸1 ´(US) forest guard. ¸2 ´(US) ´one of a body of
mounted troops employed as police (eÔg in thinly populated areas). ¸3 ´(US)
commando. ¸4 ´(GB) keeper of a royal park, who sees that the forest laws are
observed.¼
¨rani© ²/Úrqni/ µ¥ ranee.¼
¨rank©1 ²/raGk/ ³n ¸1 ¶[C] ´line of persons or things: ³a ·Ú³cab-@.
Take the taxi at the head of the @´, the first one in the line. ¸2 ´number of
soldiers placed side by side (on parade, usu in three lines, called the ³front,
centre ´and the ³rear @s). ·keep/break @, ´remain/fail to remain in line. ¸3
the @s; the @ and file; other @s, ´ordinary soldiers, iÔe privates, corporals,
etc contrasted with officers. ·be reduced to the @s, ´(of a non-commissioned
officer, eÔg a sergeant) made an ordinary private soldier (as a punishment).
·rise from the @s, ´(of an ordinary soldier) be given a commission as an
officer. ¸4 ¶[C,U] ´position in a scale; distinct grade in the armed forces;
category or class: ³promoted to the @ of captain; above/below a major in @;
officers of high @; hold the @ of colonel; ³persons of high @´, of high social
position; ³people of all @s and classes; be in the @s of the unemployed; a
painter of the first @; a second-@ ´(more usu ³second-rate) dancer. ·pull @ on
sb, ´use one's superior position to gain an advantage over them. ¹ ³vt,vi ¸1
¶[VP6A,15A,16B] ´put or arrange in a @ or @s; put in a class: ³Where/How do you
@ Addison as an essayist? Would you @ him among the world's great statesmen? ¸2
¶[VP3A] ´have a place: ³Does he @ among/with the failures? A major @s above a
captain. Will my shares @ for the next dividend? ¸3 @ing officer´, (US) the
officer of highest @ present.¼
¨rank©2 ²/raGk/ ³adj ¸1 ´(of plants, etc) growing too luxuriantly,
with too much leaf: ³@ grass; roses that grow @´; (of land) choked with weeds
or likely to produce a lot of weeds: ³@ soil; a field that is @ with nettles
and thistles. ¸2 ´smelling or tasting bad; offensive: ³@ tobacco. ¸3
´unmistakably bad; possessing a bad quality to an extreme degree: ³a @ traitor;
@ injustice. These fungi are @ poison. ¸@®ly ³adv ¸@®ness ³n¼
¨ranker© ²/ÚraGkE(r)/ ³n ´commissioned officer who has risen from the ranks. µ¥
rank±1µ(3).¼
¨rankle© ²/ÚraGkl/ ³vi ¶[VP2A] ´continue to be a painful or bitter memory: ³The
insult @d in his mind.¼
¨ran®sack© ²/Úransak ³US: ²ranÚsak/ ³vt ¸1 ¶[VP6A,14,16A] ·@ sth
(for sth/to do sth), ´search (a place) thoroughly (for sth): ³@ a drawer; @ a
dictionary to find just the right word. ¸2 ¶[VP6A,14] ·@ sth (of sth), ´rob;
plunder: ³The house had been @ed of all that was worth anything.¼
¨ran®som© ²/ÚransEm/ ³n ¶[U] ´freeing of a captive on payment; ¶[C] ´sum of
money, etc, paid for this. ·hold a man to @, ´keep him as a captive and ask
for @. ·worth a king's @, ´worth a very large sum of money. ¹ ³vt ¶[VP6A]
´obtain the freedom of (sb), set (sb) free, in exchange for @: ³@ a kidnapped
diplomat.¼
¨rant© ²/rant/ ³vi,vt ¶[VP2A,6A] ´use extravagant, boasting language; say or
recite (sth) noisily and theatrically: ³an actor who @s his part. ¹ n ´piece
of @ing talk. ¸@er ³n ´person who @s.¼
¨rap©1 ²/rap/ ³n ¶[C] ¸1 ´(sound of a) light, quick blow: ³I heard a rap on the
door. ·give sb a rap on/over the knuckles, ´reprove him. ¸2 ´(colloq) blame;
consequences. ·take the rap (for sth), ´be reproved or reprimanded (esp when
innocent). ¸3 ´(US sl) conversation; discussion. ¹ ³vt,vi µ(-pp-)
¶[VP6A,15B,2A,C] ¸1 ´give a rap to; make the sound of a rap: ³rap (on) the
table; rap (at) the door. ¸2 ·rap sth out, ¸(a) ´say sth suddenly or sharply:
³rap out an oath. ¸(b) ´(of spirits at a seance) express by means of raps: ³rap
out a message. ¸3 ´(US sl) talk; discuss.¼
¨rap©2 ²/rap/ ³n ·not care/give a rap, ´not care at all.¼
¨ra®pa®cious© ²/rEÚpeI2Es/ ³adj ´(formal) greedy (esp for money). ¸@®ly ³adv
¸ra®pac®ity ²/rEÚpasEtI/ ³n ¶[U] ´greed; avarice.¼
¨rape©1 ²/reIp/ ³n ¶[U] ´plant grown as food for sheep and pigs; plant grown
for the oil obtained from its seeds.¼
¨rape©2 ²/reIp/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ¸1 ´seize and carry off by force. ¸2 ´commit the
crime of forcing sexual intercourse on (a woman or girl). ¹ ³n ´act of raping.
¸rap®ist ²/ÚreIpIst/ ³n¼
¨rapid© ²/ÚrapId/ ³adj ¸1 ´quick; moving, occurring, with great speed: ³a @
decline in sales; a @ pulse/river/worker; ´(of action) done quickly: ³@-fire
questions´, in @ succession. ¸2 ´(of a slope) steep; descending steeply. ¹ ³n
´(usu ³pl´) part of a river where a steep slope causes the water to flow fast.
¸@®ly ³adv ¸rap®id®ity ²/rEÚpIdEtI/ ³n ¶[U].¼
¨rapier© ²/ÚreIpIE(r)/ ³n ´light sword used for thrusting in duels and the
sport of fencing. ¸Ú@-thrust´, (fig) a delicate or witty retort.¼
¨rap®ine© ²/ÚrapñIn ³US: ²ÚrapIn/ ³n ´(liter or rhet) ¶[U] ´plundering.¼
¨rap®port© ²/raÚpc(r) ³US: ²-Úpcrt/ ³n ¶[U,C] ´sympathetic relationship. ·be in
@ (with), ´(or, as in French, ·en @ ²/qn/ -´), in close relationship or sympathy
(with).¼
¨rap®proche®ment© ²/raÚpro2moG ³US: ²*raprE82ÚmoG/ ³n ¶[C] ´coming together
again (of persons, parties, States) in friendly relations; renewal of
friendship.¼
¨rap®scal®lion© ²/rapÚskalIEn/ ³n ´(old use) rascal; rogue.¼
¨rapt© ²/rapt/ ³adj ´so deep in thought, so carried away by feelings, that one
is unaware of other things; enraptured: ³listening to the orchestra with @
attention; @ in contemplation of the scenery; @ in a book.¼
¨rap®ture© ²/Úrapt2E(r)/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´state of being rapt; ecstatic delight:
³gazing with @ at the face of the girl he loved. ¸2 ³(pl) ·be in/go into/be
sent into @s (over/about), ´be/become extremely happy, full of joy and
enthusiasm: ³She went into @s over the dresses they showed her. ¸rap®tur®ous
²/Úrapt2ErEs/ ³adj ´inspiring or expressing @. ¸rap®tur®ous®ly ³adv¼
¨rare©1 ²/reE(r)/ ³adj µ(-r, -st) ¸1 ´unusual; uncommon; not often happening,
seen, etc: ³a @ occurrence; a @ book´, one of which few copies are obtainable.
³It is very @ for her to arrive late. ¸2 ´(dated colloq) unusually good: ³We
had a @ time/@ fun. ¸3 ´(of a substance, esp the atmosphere) thin; not dense:
³the @ air of the mountains in the Himalayas. ¸@®ly ³adv ¸1 ´seldom: ³I @ly eat
in restaurants. He visits us only @ly nowadays. ¸2 ´excellently.¼
¸@®ness ³n¼
¨rare©2 ²/reE(r)/ ³adj ´(of meat) underdone; cooked so that the redness and
juices are retained: ³@ steak.¼
¨rare®bit© ²/ÚreEbIt/ ³n ¶[C] ¸Welsh @ ´(also, colloq, ³rabbit´), melted or
toasted cheese on toasted bread.¼
¨rarefy© ²/ÚreErIfñI/ ³vt,vi (pt,pp µ-fied³) ¶[VP6A,2A] ´make or become less
dense; purify: ³the rarefied air of the mountain tops; ´refine; make subtle:
³rarefied ideas/theories. ¸rare®fac®tion ²/*reErIÚfak2n/ ³n ¶[U] ´@ing.¼
¨rar®ing© ²/ÚreErIG/ ³adj ´(colloq) full of eagerness: ³They're @
to go.¼
¨rar®ity© ²/ÚreErEtI/ ³n (pl µ-ties³) ¸1 ¶[U] ´rareness. ¸2 ¶[C] ´sth rare,
uncommon or unusual; sth valued because rare: ³Rain is a @ in Upper Egypt.¼
¨ras®cal© ²/Úrqskl ³US: ²Úraskl/ ³n ¸1 ´dishonest person. ¸2 ´(playfully)
mischievous person (esp a child), fond of playing tricks. ¸@ly ²/-kElI/ ³adj
´of or like a @; mean; dishonest: ³a @ly trick.¼
¨rase© ²/reIz/ ³vt µ¥ raze.¼
¨rash©1 ²/ra2/ ³n ´(breaking out of, patch of) tiny red spots on the skin: ³a
·Ú³heat-@; ·Ú³nettle-@´; (fig) ³a @ of new red brick bungalows on a country
road. If a @ appears, the child may have (the) measles.¼
¨rash©2 ²/ra2/ ³adj ´too hasty; overbold; done, doing things, without enough
thought of the consequences: ³a @ act/statement; a @ young man. ¸@®ly ³adv
¸@®ness ³n¼
¨rasher© ²/Úra2E(r)/ ³n ´slice of bacon or ham (to be) fried: ³eat three @s
and two fried eggs for breakfast.¼
¨rasp© ²/rqsp ³US: ²rasp/ ³n ¶[C] ´metal tool like a coarse file with a
surface or surfaces having sharp points, used for scraping; rough, grating
sound produced by this tool. ¹ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A,15A,B,22] ·@ sth (away/off),
´scrape with a @; scrape. ¸2 ¶[VP6A] ´(fig) grate upon, have an irritating
effect upon: ³@ sb's feelings/nerves. ¸3 ¶[VP15B] ·@ out, ´utter in a way that
grates or sounds like the noise of a @: ³@ out orders/insults. ¸4 ¶[VP2A,C]
´make a harsh, grating sound: ³a learner @ing (away) on his violin; a @ing
voice. ¸@®ing®ly ³adv¼
¨rasp®berry© ²/ÚrqzbrI ³US: ²ÚrazberI/ ³n (pl µ-ries³) ¸1 ´bush with small,
sweet, yellow or red berries, wild or cultivated: (attrib) ³@ jam/canes; ´one
of these berries. ¸2 ´(sl) contemptuous noise made with the tongue and lips,
or a gesture indicating dislike, derision or disapproval: ³give/blow sb a @;
get a @.¼
¨rat© ²/rat/ ³n ¸1 ´animal like, but larger than, a mouse; person who deserts a
cause that he thinks is about to fail (from the belief that rats desert a ship
that will sink or be wrecked). µ¥ ´the illus at µsmall. ·smell a rat, ´suspect
that sth wrong is being done. ·(look) like a drowned rat, ´wet and miserable;
soaked to the skin. ¸the Úrat race, ´ceaseless and undignified competition for
success in one's career, social status, etc as among office workers, etc. ¸2
´(fig) cowardly traitor; strike-breaker. ¸Rats! ´(dated sl, as an exclamation)
Nonsense! ¹ ³vt µ(-tt-) ¸1 ´hunt rats: ³go ratting. ¸2 ¶[VP2A,3A] ·@ (on sb),
´break a promise, withdraw from an undertaking. ¸rat®ter ³n ´man, dog or cat
that catches rats: ³Are terriers good ratters? ¸rat®ty ³adj µ(-ier, -iest)
´(colloq) irritable; snappish.¼
¨rat®able©, rate®able ²/ÚreItEbl/ ³adj ´liable to payment of municipal rates:
³@ property; the @ value of a house´, its value as assessed
for the levying of rates. ¸rat®abil®ity, rate®abil®ity ²/*reItEÚbIlEtI/ ³n
¶[U].¼
¨rat®an© ²/raÚtan/ µ¥ rattan.¼
¨rat-a-tat-tat© ²/*rat E *tat Útat/ µ¥ rat-tat.¼
¨ratch© ²/rat2/ ³n ´= µratchet.¼
¨ratch®et© ²/Úrat2It/ ³n ´toothed wheel provided with a catch ³(pawl) ´that
prevents the wheel from slipping back and allows it to move in only one
direction.¼
¨rate©1 ²/reIt/ ³n ¸1 ¶[C] ´standard of reckoning, obtained by bringing two
numbers or amounts into relationship: ³walk at the @ of 3 miles an hour; a
train travelling at a/the @ of 50 miles an hour; an aircraft with a good @ of
climb; at a great/fearful, etc @´, at great speed; ³buy things at the @ of 55p
a hundred. What is the airmail letter @ to Peru? µ¥
per; to±µ(12). ¸Úbirth/Úmarriage/Údeath, etc @, ´the number of births, etc in
relationship to a period of time and a number of people: ³a death-@ of 2²Ø³3
per 1Ô000 (per year). ·@ of exchange, ´relationship between two currencies (eÔg
US dollars and F francs). ¸the Údiscount @, the Úbank @, ´the officially
announced percentage at which a country's central bank is prepared to discount
Bills. ¸2 ´(phrases) ·at Úthis/Úthat @, ´if this/that is true, if we may assume
that this/that is the case; if this/that state of affairs continues. ·at Úany
@, ´in any case; whatever happens. ¸3 (the) @s, ´(GB) tax on property (land and
buildings), paid to local authorities for local purposes: ³an extra penny on
the @s for the public library´, iÔe a charge of one penny on each pound of the
assessment. ¸@s and taxes´, payments to local authorities and taxes levied by
the national government. ¸Ú@-payer ³n ´person liable to have @s exacted from
him. µ¥ ´also ³water-@ ´at µwater±1µ(7). ¸4 ´(with ordinal numbers) class or
grade: ³first @´, excellent; ³second @´, fairly good; ³third @´, (rather) poor;
(attrib, with a hyphen) ³a first-@ teacher. ´Hence, ·*³first-·Ú³rater,
·*³second-·Ú³rater, etc.¼
¨rate©2 ²/reIt/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A,14,15A,16B] ·@ (at), ´judge or
estimate the value or qualities of: ³What do you @ his fortune at? He was a man
whom all his friends @d as kind and hospitable. Do you @ ´(= consider) ³Mr X
among your friends? ¸2 ¶[VP6A,14] ·@ sth (at), ´(GB) value (property) for the
purpose of assessing ratesµ(2) ´on: ³My property was @d at $100 per annum.
Should private houses be more heavily @d than factories? ¸3 ¶[VP16B] ·@ sb
as, ´(naut) place in a certain class: ³He was @d as a midshipman. ¸4 ¶[VP2D,C]
´(colloq) be @ed: ³he @s high/as a midshipman.¼
¨rate®able© ²/ÚreItEbl/ ³adj µ¥ ratable.¼
¨rather© ²/ÚrqDE(r) ³US: ²Úra-/ ³adv ¸1 ´more willingly; by preference or
choice (usu ·would/had @« than´; also with inversion: ·@ than« would´): ³I
would @ you came tomorrow than today. She would @ have the small one than the
large one. Wouldn't you @ be liked than feared? He resigned @ than take part in
such a dishonest transaction. A: "Will you join us in a game of cards?'ÅB:
"Thank you, but I'd @ not.' ¸2 ´more truly, accurately or precisely: ³He
arrived very late last night or @ in the early hours this morning. ¸3 ´(to be
distinguished from ³fairly±2´; note that ³fairly ´is not used with
comparatives, ³too, nn, ´and ³vv´) in a certain degree or measure; more (so)
than not; somewhat; ¸(a) ´(with ³adjj´, preceding or following the ³indef art´,
following the ³def art´): ³a @ surprising result/@ a surprising result; the @
tall boy in the corner. ¸(b) ´(with comparatives): ³My brother is @ better
today. This hat is @ more expensive than that. ¸(c) ´(with ³too´): ³This book
is @ too difficult for the juniors and @ too easy for the seniors. ¸(d) ´(with
³nn´): ³It's @ a pity, ´@ regrettable. ³She's @ a dear, ´@ lovable. ³$100 is @
a lot to pay for a dress, isn't it? ¸(e) ´(with ³vv ´and ³pp´): ³I @ think you
may be mistaken. The rain @ spoiled our holiday. We were all @ exhausted when
we got to the top of the mountain. ¸(f) ´(with ³advv´): ³You've done @ well/@
better than I had expected. ¸4 ´(colloq; GB ²/*rqÚD3(r)/´) (in answers) most
certainly.¼
¨rat®ify© ²/ÚratIfñI/ ³vt (pt,pp µ-fied³) ¶[VP6A] ´confirm (an agreement) by
signature or other formality. ¸rati®fi®ca®tion ²/*ratIfIÚkeI2n/ ³n ´@ing or
being ratified.¼
¨rat®ing© ²/ÚreItIG/ ³n ¸1 ¶[C] ´act of valuing property for the purpose of
assessing rates, µ¥ rate±2µ(2)´; amount or sum fixed as the municipal rate. ¸2
¶[C] ´class, classification, eÔg of yachts by tonnage, motor-cars by engine
capacity or horse-power; popularity of radio or TÔV programmes as estimated by
asking a selected group. ¸3 ´(navy) person's position or class as recorded in
the ship's books; non-commissioned sailor: ³officers and @s.¼
¨ra®tio© ²/ÚreI2IE8/ ³n (pl µ@s ²/-2IE8z/³) ¶[C] ´relation between two amounts
determined by the number of times one contains the other: ³The @s of 1 to 5 and
20 to 100 are the same.¼
¨rati®oc®in®ation© ²/*ratI*osIÚneI2n ³US: ²*ra2I-/ ³n ¶[U] ´the
process of methodical reasoning, esp by the use of syllogisms.¼
¨ration© ²/Úra2n/ ³n ´fixed quantity, esp of food, allowed to one person;
³(pl) ´fixed allowance served out to, eÔg members of the armed forces: ³go and
draw @s. ¸Ú@ card/book, ´one that entitles the holder to @s, eÔg for a civilian
when there is a food shortage during or immediately after a war. ·be on short
@s, ´be allowed or able to have less than the usual quantity of food. ³¹ vt ¸1
¶[VP6A] ´limit (sb) to a fixed @. ¸2 ¶[VP6A,15B] ·@ (out), ´limit (food, water,
etc): ³We'll have to @ the water. He @ed out ´(= distributed @s of) ³the
bread.¼
¨ra®tional© ²/Úra2nEl/ ³adj ¸1 ´of reason or reasoning. ¸2 ´able to reason;
having the faculty of reasoning. ¸3 ´sensible; that can be tested by reasoning:
³@ conduct/explanations. ¸@ly ²/-2nElI/ ³adv ¸@®ity ²/*ra2EÚnalEtI/ ³n ´quality
of being @; reasonableness.¼
¨ration®ale© ²/*ra2EÚnql/ ³n ´fundamental reason, logical basis (of
sth).¼
¨ration®al®ism© ²/Úra2nElIzEm/ ³n ¶[U] ´the practice of treating reason as the
ultimate authority in religion as in other subjects of study. ¸ration®al®ist
²/-Ist/ ³n ´person who accepts reason as the ultimate authority in religion,
ethics, etc. ¸ration®al®is®tic ²/*ra2nEÚlIstIk/ ³adj ´of @ or rationalists.¼
¨ration®al®ize© ²/Úra2nElñIz/ ³vt ¸1 ¶[VP6A] ´bring into conformity with
reason; (attempt to) treat or explain in a rational manner: ³@ one's
fears/behaviour. ¸2 ¶[VP6A] ´reorganize (an industry, etc) so as to lessen or
get rid of waste (in time, labour, materials, etc). ¸ration®al®iz®ation
²/*ra2nElñIÚzeI2n ³US: ²-lIÚz-/ ³n¼
¨rat®lin©, rat®line ²/ÚratlIn/ ³n ´(usu ³pl´) small rope fixed across
the shrouds of a ship (like a rung on a ladder) used as a step by a sailor
climbing up or down.¼
¨rat®tan©, ratan ²/raÚtan/ ³n ¸1 ¶[C] ´(East Indian palm-tree with a) cane-like
stem. ¸2 ¶[C] ´walking-stick or cane made from a @ stem. ¸3 ¶[U] ´@ stems
(collectively), as used for building, basketwork, furniture, etc: ³a chair with
a @ seat.¼
¨rat-tat© ²/ra Útat/, ±rat-a-tat-tat ²/*rat E *tat Útat/ ³n ´sound of
a rapping or knocking, esp on a door.¼
¨rattle© ²/Úratl/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A,15A,2A,C] ´(cause to) make short, sharp
sounds quickly, one after the other: ³The wind @d the windows. The windows
were rattling in the wind. The hailstones @d on the tin roof. The old bus @d
along over the stony road. ¸2 ¶[VP2C,15B] ·@ away; ·@ sth off, ´talk, say or
repeat (sth) quickly and in a thoughtless or lively way: ³The boy @d off the
poem he had learnt. The children @d away merrily. ¹ n ¸1 ¶[U] ´rattling sound:
³the @ of bottles from a milkman's van; the @ of hail on the window-panes. ¸2
¶[C] ´baby's toy for producing a rattling sound; similar device whirled (eÔg by
spectators at a football match) to make a noisy clatter. ¸3 ¶[U] ´lively flow
of talk; chatter. ¸4 ¶[C] ´series of horny rings in a @snake's tail. ¸Ú@®snake
³n ´poisonous American snake that makes a rattling noise with its tail. µ¥
´the illus at µsnake. ¸5 (Údeath-)@, ´rattling sound sometimes produced in the
throat immediately before death. ¸6 Ú@-brain, Ú@-pate ³nn ´person with an empty
head; silly chatterer. Hence, ¸Ú@-brained, Ú@-pated ³adjj ¸rat®tler
²/ÚratlE(r)/ ³n ´person or thing that @s, esp a @snake. ¸rat®tling ²/ÚratlIG/
³adj ´(sl) quick(-moving); first-rate; excellent: ³travelling at a rattling
rate; a rattling breeze; have a rattling ´(= enjoyable) ³time. µ¹ ³adv ´(sl)
very: ³a rattling good speech.¼
¨ratty© ²/ÚratI/ ³adj µ¥ rat.¼
¨rau®cous© ²/ÚrckEs/ ³adj ´(of sounds) harsh; rough; hoarse: ³the @
cries of the crows; a @ voice; @ laughter. ¸@®ly ³adv¼
¨rav®age© ²/ÚravIdZ/ ³vt,vi ¶[VP6A] ¸1 ´destroy; damage badly: ³forests @d by
fire; a face @d by disease´, eÔg covered with marks after smallpox. ¸2 ´(of
armies, etc) rob, plunder, with violence: ³They had @d the countryside ¹ n ¸1
¶[U] ´destruction; devastation. ¸2 ³(pl) ·@s of, ´destructive effects: ³the @s
of time, ´eÔg on a woman's looks; ³the @s of torrential rains.¼
¨rave© ²/reIv/ ³vi ¸1 ¶[VP2A,C,3A] ·@ (at/against/about sth), ´talk wildly,
violently, angrily: ³The patient ´(eÔg someone with a high fever) ³began to @.
When he was accused of stealing he @d wildly against me. ¸2 ¶[VP3A] ·@ about
sb/sth, ´talk or act with (often) excessive enthusiasm: ³She @d about the food
she had had in France. ¸3 ¶[VP15B] ·@ it up, ´(sl) take part in a very noisy,
enjoyable party. Hence, ¸Ú@-up ³n ´lively party. ¹ n ¸1 ´(colloq, often attrib)
enthusiastic praise: ³a @ review´, eÔg of a book. ¸2 ´(sl) wild, exciting
party, dance, outing, etc. ¸3 ´(sl) great enthusiasm: ³be in a @ about sb.
¸raver ³n ´(colloq) sb who @sµ(3)´. ¸rav®ing ³adj ´talking wildly: ³a raving
lunatic. ¹ adv ´to the point of talking wildly: ³You're raving mad! ¸rav®ings
³n pl ´foolish or wild talk: ³the ravings of a madman.¼
¨ravel© ²/Úravl/ ³vt,vi µ(-ll-, ´US also µ-l-) ¸1 ¶[VP2A,C] ´(of knitted or
woven things) separate into threads; become untwisted; fray: ³Bind the edge of
the rug so that it won't @. ¸2 ¶[VP6A] ´cause (threads, hair, etc) to be
twisted together, knotted, etc; (fig) make confused. ¸3 ¶[VP6A,15B] ·@ (out),
´disentangle: ³@ (out) a rope's end. µ¥ unravel.¼
¨raven© ²/ÚreIvn/ ³n ¸1 ´large, black bird like a crow, popularly regarded as
a bird of ill omen. ¸2 ´(attrib) glossy, shining black: ³@ locks´, black hair.¼
¨rav®en®ing© ²/ÚravEnIG/ ³adj ´fierce; savage; crazy for food: ³a @ wolf.¼
¨rav®en®ous© ²/ÚravEnEs/ ³adj ¸1 ´very hungry. ¸2 ´greedy: ³a @ appetite; @
hunger; @ for power. ¸@®ly ³adv ´hungrily; greedily: ³eat @ly.¼
¨ra®vine© ²/rEÚvin/ ³n ´deep, narrow valley.¼
¨ravi®oli© ²/*ravIÚE8lI/ ³n ´(I) dish of small cases of pasta containing
chopped meat, etc usu served with a sauce.¼
¨rav®ish© ²/ÚravI2/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ¸1 ´fill with delight; enchant: ³a @ing view;
@ed by the view; @ed with her beauty. ¸@®ing®ly ³adv ¸@®ment ³n ´@ing or being
@ed. ¸2 ´(archaic or poet) seize and carry off: ³@ed from the world by death.
¸3 ´(archaic) rape (a woman or girl).¼
¨raw© ²/rc/ ³adj ¸1 ´uncooked: ³raw meat; eat oysters raw. ¸2 ´in the natural
state, not manufactured or prepared for use: ³raw hides´, not yet tanned; ³raw
sugar´, not yet refined; ³the raw materials of industry´, eÔg coal, ores; ³raw
spirit´, undiluted alcohol. ·in the raw, ´unrefined; in the natural state;
(fig) naked. ¸Úraw®hide ³adj ´made of untanned hide: ³rawhide boots. ¸3 ´(of
persons) untrained; unskilled; inexperienced: ³raw recruits´, for the army,
etc. ¸4 ´(of the weather) damp and cold: ³a raw February morning; raw winds.
¸5 ´(of wounds) unhealed; bloody; (of a place on the flesh) with the skin
rubbed off; sore and painful. ¸*raw-Úboned ³adj ´having little flesh on the
bones: ³a raw-boned horse. ¸6 ´artistically crude: ³His literary style is
still rather raw. ¸7 ´(colloq) harsh; unjust; (esp) ·a raw deal, ´harsh or
cruel treatment. ³¹ n ´raw place on the skin, esp on a horse's skin. ·touch sb
on the raw, ´(fig) wound a person's feelings, wound him on the question,
topic, etc on which he is most sensitive.¼
¨ray©1 ²/reI/ ³n ¶[C] ¸1 ´line, beam, of radiant light, heat, energy: ³the
rays of the sun; ·Ú³X-rays; ·Ú³heat-rays; ´(fig) ³a ray of hope. ¸2 ´any one
of a number of lines coming out from a centre. ³¹ vi,vt ´send out or come out
in rays.¼
¨ray©2 ²/reI/ ³n ´kinds of large sea-fish with a broad, flat body, eÔg ³skate.¼
¨rayon© ²/ÚreIon/ ³n ¶[U] ´silk-like material made from cellulose: (attrib) ³@
shirts.¼
¨raze©, rase ²/reIz/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´destroy (towns, buildings) completely, esp
by making them level with the ground: ³a city @d by an earthquake.¼
¨razor© ²/ÚreIzE(r)/ ³n ´instrument with a sharp blade or cutters
(some electrically driven) used for shaving hair from the skin. ¸Úsafety @ ³n
´kind in which a thin blade is fitted between metal guards. ¸Ú@-back ³n ´kind
of whale. ¸Ú@-backed ³adj ´having a thin, sharp back: ³a @-backed pig.
¸Ú@-blade ³n ´disposable blade for a safety @. ¸*@-Úedge ³n ´sharp line of
division; critical situation. ³¹ vt ´(rare, except in ³pp´): ³a well-@ed chin³,
well shaved.¼
¨razzle© ²/Úrazl/ ³n ´(also ¸*@-Údazzle´) ·be/go on the @, ´(sl) be/go on a
spree. µ¥ spree.¼
¨re©1 ²/ri/ ³prep ´(in legal style) in the matter of; concerning.¼
¨re©2 ²/reI/ ³n ´second note in the musical octave.¼
¨re-© ²/ri-/ ³pref ¸1 ´again: ³reappear, refloat, replay. ¸2 ´in a different
way: ³rearrange. µ¥ App 3.¼
¨reach© ²/rit2/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP2C,3C,15B] ·@ (out) (for), ´stretch
out: ³He @ed out his hand for the knife, but it was too far away. He @ed (out)
for the dictionary. ¸2 ¶[VP6A,15B,12B,13B] ´stretch out the hand for and take
(sth); get and give (sth) to: ³Can you @ that book for your brother? Please @
me that book. He @ed down the atlas from the top shelf. ¸3 ¶[VP6A] ´(lit or
fig) get to, go as far as: ³@ London; @ the end of the chapter. Can you @ the
branch with those red apples? Not a sound @ed our ears. ¸4 ¶[VP2C] ´extend; go;
pass: ³My land @es as far as the river. The speaker's voice did not @ to the
back of the hall. I haven't been able to reach Kate for days, ´iÔe get into
contact with her, eÔg by telephone. ·as far as the eye can @, ´to the horizon.
¸5 Ú@-me-downs ³n pl ´(sl) second-hand clothes. ³¹ n ¸1 ³(sing ´only) act of
@ing or stretching out (a hand, etc): ³get sth by a long @. ¸2 ¶[U] ´extent to
which a hand, etc can be @ed out, a movement carried out or one's mental powers
extended or used: ³This boxer has a long @. ·within/out of/beyond @´: ³I like
to have my reference books within my @/within easy @´, so near that I can get
them quickly and easily. ³Put that bottle of weed-killer out of the children's
@/out of @ of the children. The hotel is within easy @ of the beach. The
village is within @ of London. He was beyond @ of human aid´, No one could do
anything to help him. ¸3 ¶[C] ´continuous extent, esp of a river or canal, that
can be seen between two bends or locks. µ¥ lock±2µ(3)´: ³one of the most
beautiful @es of the Thames.¼
¨re®act© ²/rIÚakt/ ³vi ¸1 ¶[VP2A,3A] ·@ on/upon, ´have an effect (on the person
or thing acting): ³Applause @s upon a speaker, ´eÔg has the effect of giving
him confidence. ¸2 ¶[VP3A] ·@ to, ´respond; behave differently, be changed, as
the result of being acted upon: ³An orator @s to applause. Do children @ to
kind treatment by becoming more self-confident? ¸3 ¶[VP3A] ·@ against,
´respond to sth with a feeling: ³Will the people one day @ against the
political system that oppresses them? ¸4 ¶[VP3A] ·@ on, ´(chem) (of one
substance applied to another) have an effect: ³How do acids @ on metals?¼
¨re®ac®tion© ²/rIÚak2n/ ³n ¶[C,U] ¸1 ´action or state resulting from, in
response to, sth, esp a return to an earlier condition after a period of the
opposite condition: ³action and @. After these days of excitement there was a
@, ´eÔg a period when life seemed dull. ³Higher wages affect costs of
production and then comes the @ of costs on prices. ¸2 ´retrograde tendency,
esp in politics; opposition to progress: ³The forces of @ made reform
difficult. ¸3 ´responsive feeling: ³What was his @ to your proposal? ¸4
´(science) action set up by one substance in another; change within the
nucleus of an atom. ¸@®ary ²/rIÚak2EnrI ³US: ²-EnerI/ ³n (pl µ-ries³), adj
´(person) opposing progress or reform.¼
¨re®ac®tor© ²/rIÚaktE(r)/ ³n ¸nuclear @, ´apparatus for the
controlled production of nuclear energy; atomic pile.¼
¨read© ²/rid/ ³vt,vi (pt,pp µread ²/red/³) ¸1 ¶[VP6A,2A] ´(used in the simple
tenses or with ³can/be able´) look at and (be able to) understand (sth written
or printed): ³Can you @ Chinese characters/French/a musical score? A motorist
must be able to @ traffic signs. Can the child @ the time/the clock yet? I
can't @ your shorthand notes. The boy can neither @ nor write. ¸2
¶[VP6A,12A,13A,15B,2A,C] ´(simple or continuous tenses) reproduce mentally or
vocally the words of (an author, book, etc): ³R@ the letter aloud, please. She
was @ing the letter silently/to herself. She was @ing a story to the children.
³I haven't enough time to @/for @ing. He @ the letter through six times. Please
@ me the letter. She @ out the letter to all of us. The old man @ me a lesson/@
me a severe lecture´, reproved me. ³The play was @ ´(iÔe each actor @ his part
aloud) ³before the cast went on the stage. ¸3 ¶[VP6A,15A,B] ´study (a subject,
esp at a university): ³He's @ing physics/@ing for a degree in physics/@ing for
a physics degree at Cambridge. He's @ing for the Bar´, studying law in order to
become a barrister. ³You had better @ the subject up´, make a special study of
it. ¸4 ¶[VP6A] ´interpret mentally; learn the significance of: ³@ a
riddle/dream; @ sb's thoughts. The gipsy offered to @ my hand/palm´, tell me
about myself and the future by examining the lines on the palm of my hand. ¸5
¶[VP2C] ´give a certain impression; seem (good, etc) when @: ³The play @s
better than it acts´, is better for @ing than for performance on the stage. ¸6
¶[VP16B] ´assume, find implications in (what is read, etc): ³Silence mustn't
always be @ as consent´, We must not always assume that a person means "Yes'
when no answer is given to a request, etc. ·@ into, ´add more than is
justified: ³You have @ into her letter more sympathy than she probably feels.
·@ between the lines, ´look for or discover meanings that are not actually
expressed. ¸7 ¶[VP2B] ´(of instruments) indicate: ³What does the thermometer
@? ¸8 ¶[VP15A] ´bring into a specified state by @ing: ³She @ herself to sleep.
¸9 ³(pp ´with an ³adv´) having knowledge gained from books, etc: ³a well-@
man; deeply @ in the classics. ¹ n ´period of time given to @ing: ³have a good
@ in the train; have a quiet @. ¸@®able ²/ÚridEbl/ ³adj ¸1 ´that is easy or
pleasant to @. ¸2 ´that can be @. µ¥ legible´, the more usu word. ¸@®abil®ity
²/*ridEÚbIlEtI/ ³n¼
¨re-ad®dress© ²/*ri EÚdres/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´change the address on (a
letter, etc).¼
¨reader© ²/ÚridE(r)/ ³n ¸1 ´person who reads, esp one who spends much time in
reading; ³(publisher's @) ´person employed to read MÔSÔS offered for
publication and say whether they are good, etc; printer's proof-corrector;
³(lay @) ´person appointed to read aloud parts of a service in church. ¸2
´(GB) university teacher of a rank immediately below a professor: ³R@ in
English Literature. ¸3 ´textbook for reading in class; book with selections
for reading by students of a language: ³a Latin R@. ¸4 ´person who can
interpret what is hidden or obscure, esp ³a ·Ú³mind/·Ú³thought-@. ¸Ú@®ship
²/-2Ip/ ³n ¸1 ´position of a @µ(2)´. ¸2 ´(of a periodical) number of persons
who read it (which may be larger than its circulation).¼
¨read®ily©, readi®ness µ¥ ready.¼
¨read®ing© ²/ÚridIG/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´act of one who reads. ¸Ú@ desk, ´lectern.
¸Ú@-glasses ³n ´glasses for @ (contrasted with glasses for long-distance use).
¸Ú@-lamp ³n ´shaded table-lamp used to read by. ¸Ú@-room ³n ´room (eÔg in a
club or public library) set apart for @. ¸2 ¶[U] ´knowledge, esp of books: ³a
man of wide @. ¸3 ¶[C] ´way in which sth is interpreted or understood: ³my
solicitor's @ of this clause in the agreement´, what he says it means. ¸4 ¶[C]
´figure of measurement, etc as shown on a dial, scale, etc: ³The @s on my
thermometer last month were well above the average. ¸5 ¶[C] ´variant reading
of a text that occurs in copying or printing from time to time: ³The @ of the
First Folio is the true one. ¸6 ¶[C] ´entertainment in which sth is read to an
audience; passage so read: ³R@s from Dickens. ¸Úplay-@, ´recital of the text of
a play by a group. ¸7 ¶[C] ´(in Parliament) one of the three stages through
which a Bill must pass before it is ready for royal assent.¼
¨re®ad®just© ²/*riEÚdZAst/ ³vt ¶[VP6A,3A,15A] ·@ (oneself) (to),
´adjust again: ³It's sometimes difficult to @ (oneself) to life in Britain
after working abroad. ¸@®ment ³n ´@ing or being @ed; ¶[C] ´instance of this.¼
¨ready© ²/ÚredI/ ³adj µ(-ier, -iest) ¸1 ³(pred ´only) ·@ (for sth/to do sth),
´in the condition needed for use; in the condition for doing sth; willing: ³@
for work; get @ for a journey; be @ to start. He's always @ to help his
friends. ·make @, ´prepare. ¸2 ´quick; prompt: ³Don't be so @ to find fault.
He always has a @ answer. You are too @ with excuses. ³He has a @ wit. ¸3
´within reach; easily procured: ³keep a revolver @´, near at hand. ¸@ money,
´money in the form of coins or notes, which can be used for payment at the time
when goods are bought (contrasted with ³credit). ¸@ reckoner, ´book of answers
to various common calculations needed in business, etc. ¸4 ³(adv ´use, with
³pp´) prepared beforehand: ³buy food @ cooked. ¸*@-Úmade ³adj ¸(a) ´@ to wear
or use: ³@-made clothes´, made in standard sizes, not to measurements of
customers. ¸(b) ´(fig) not original; of standard pattern, etc: ³come to a
subject with @-made ideas. ¹ n ´(only in) ·at the @, ´(of a rifle) in the
position for aiming and firing. ¸read®ily ²/-IlI/ ³adv ¸1 ´without showing
hesitation or unwillingness. ¸2 ´without difficulty. ¸readi®ness ²/ÚredInIs/ ³n
¶[U] ¸1 ·in readiness (for), ´in a ready or prepared state: ³have everything in
readiness for an early start. ¸2 ´willingness: ³a surprising readiness to
accept the proposal. ¸3 ´promptness; quickness: ³readiness of wit.¼
¨re®af®firm© ²/*riEÚf3m/ ³vt ¶[VP6A,9] ´affirm again; repeat an
affirmation: ³@ one's loyalty.¼
¨re-af®for®est© ²/*ri EÚforIst ³US: ²-Úfcr-/, ´(US = ¸re®for®est ²/*riÚforIst
³US: ²-Úfcr-/´) ³vt ´replant (an area of land) with forest trees.
¸re-af®for®est®ation ²/*ri E*forIÚsteI2n ³US: ²-*fcr-/, ´(US =
¸re®for®est®ation ²/*ri*for- ³US: ²-*fcr-/´) ³n¼
¨re®agent© ²/riÚeIdZEnt/ ³n ¶[C] ´(chem) substance used to detect the presence
of another by reaction; reactive substance or force.¼
¨real©1 ²/rIEl/ ³adj ¸1 ´existing in fact; not imagined or
supposed; not made up or artificial: ³Is this @ gold or pinchbeck? Is this @
silk or rayon? Was it a @ man you saw or a ghost? The doctors could not effect
a @ ´(= genuine, complete) ³cure. Things that happen in @ life are sometimes
stranger than things that occur in fiction. Who is the @ manager of the
business? Tell me the @ ´(= true) ³reason for your absence from work. ¸2 Ú@
estate, ´(legal) immovable property consisting of land, any natural resources,
and buildings (contrasted with ³personal estate´). ¸3 ´(US colloq, as ³adv´)
really, very: ³We had a @ good time. ³I'm @ sorry. ¸@ly ²/ÚrIElI/ ³adv ¸1 ´in
fact; without doubt; truly: ³What do you @ly think about it? It was @ly
not my fault. I'm @ly sorry. ¸2 ´(as an expression of interest, surprise, mild
protest, doubt, etc according to context): ³"We're going to Mexico next
month.'Å"Oh, @ly!' ´(or) ³"Not @ly?' You @ly shouldn't say that about her!¼
¨real©2 ²/reIÚql/ ³n ¶[C] ´silver coin and unit of currency formerly used in
Spain and in Spanish-speaking countries.¼
¨real®ism© ²/ÚrIElIzEm/ ³n ¶[U] ¸1 ´(in art and literature) showing of real
life, facts, etc in a true way, omitting nothing that is ugly or painful, and
idealizing nothing. ¸2 ´behaviour based on the facing of facts and disregard
of sentiment and convention. ¸3 ´(phil) theory that matter has real existence
apart from our mental perception of it. µ¥ idealism. ¸@®ist ²/-Ist/ ³n ´person
who believes in @ in art, philosophy, social problems, etc; person who
believes himself to be without illusions. ¸@®is®tic ²/*rIEÚlIstIk/ ³adj ¸1
´marked by, relating to, @ in philosophy or art. ¸2 ´practical; not moved by
sentiment: ³realistic politics. ¸@®is®ti®cally ²/-klI/ ³adv¼
¨re®al®ity© ²/rIÚalEtI/ ³n (pl µ-ties³) ¸1 ¶[U] ´the quality of being real;
real existence; that which underlies appearance: ³belief in the @ of miracles;
the search after God and @. ·bring sb back to @, ´get him to stop dreaming,
being sentimental, etc. ·in @, ´really, in actual fact. ¸2 ¶[C] ´sth real; sth
actually seen or experienced: ³the grim realities of war´, contrasted with
romantic ideas, etc. ¸3 ¶[U] ´realismµ(1).¼
¨real®ize© ²/ÚrIElñIz/ ³vt ¸1 ¶[VP6A,9,10] ´be fully conscious of;
understand: ³Does he @ his error yet/@ that you must have help? ¸2 ¶[VP6A]
´convert (a hope, plan, etc) into a fact: ³@ one's hopes/ambitions. ¸3 ¶[VP6A]
´exchange (property, business shares, etc) for money: ³Can these shares/bonds,
etc, be @d at short notice? ¸4 ¶[VP6A,14] ·@ (on), ´(of property, etc) obtain
as a price for or as a profit: ³The furniture @d a high price at the sale. How
much did you @ on the paintings you sent to the sale? ¸real®iz®able ²/-Ebl/
³adj ´that can be @d. ¸real®iz®ation ²/*rIElñIÚzeI2n ³US: ²-lIÚz-/ ³n ¶[U]
´realizing (of a plan, one's ambitions or hopes); act of exchanging property
for money.¼
¨realm© ²/relm/ ³n ¸1 ´(poet, rhet or legal use) kingdom: ³the defence of the
R@; a Peer of the R@. ¸2 ´region (fig): ³the @ of the imagination; in the @s
of fancy.¼
¨Re®al®tor© ²/ÚrIEltE(r)/ ³n ´(US) person engaged in real estate business who
is a member of the National Association of Real Estate Boards and subscribes
to its standards of ethical conduct (GB = ³estate agent´).¼
¨re®alty© ²/ÚrIEltI/ ³n (pl µ-ties³) ´(legal) real estate.¼
¨ream© ²/rim/ ³n ´measure for paper, 480 (or US 500) sheets or 20 quires;
(colloq, ³pl´) great quantity (of writing): ³She has written @s of verse.¼
¨re®ani®mate© ²/riÚanImeIt/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´fill with new strength, courage or
energy.¼
¨reap© ²/rip/ ³vt,vi ¶[VP6A,2A] ´cut (grain, etc); gather in a crop of grain
from (a field, etc): ³@ a field of barley; @ the corn; ´(fig) ³@ the reward of
virtue; @ where one has not sown´, profit from work done by others. ·(sow the
wind and) @ the whirlwind, ´(prov) suffer for one's foolish conduct.
¸Ú@ing-hook ³n ´sickle. ¸@er ³n ¸1 ´person who @s. ¸2 ´@ing-machine for cutting
grain (and in some cases binding it into sheaves).¼
¨re®appear© ²/*riEÚpIE(r)/ ³vi ¶[VP2A] ´appear again (esp after disappearing).
¸@®ance ²/-rEns/ ³n¼
¨re®apprais®al© ²/*riEÚpreIzl/ ³n ´new examination and judgement: ³a @ of our
relations with China.¼
¨rear©1 ²/rIE(r)/ ³n ¸1 ´back part: ³The kitchen is in the @ of the house. The
garage is at the @ of ´(US ³in the @ of) the house. ¸2 ´(attrib) in or at the
@: ³the @ wheels/lamps´, of a car, etc; ³leave the bus by the @ entrance; a
@-view mirror, ´driving mirror (in a motor-vehicle) for seeing out of the back
window. ¸3 ´last part of any army, fleet, etc: ³attack the enemy in the @.
·bring up the @, ´come/be last. ¸4 *@-Úadmiral ²/*rIEr ÚadmErEl/ ³n ´naval
officer below a vice-admiral. ¸Ú@®guard ³n ´body of soldiers given the duty of
guarding the @ of an army. ·a @guard action, ´fight between an army in retreat
and the enemy. ¸@®most ²/ÚrIEmE8st/ ³adj ´farthest back. ¸@®ward ²/ÚrIEwEd/
³n´: ³to @ward of´, some distance behind; ³in the @ward´, at the back.
¸@®wards ²/ÚrIEwEdz/ ³adv ´towards the @.¼
¨rear©2 ²/rIE(r)/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A] ´cause or help to grow; bring
up: ³@ poultry/cattle; @ a family ´(US usu ³raise a family). ¸2 ¶[VP2A,C]
´(esp of a horse) ´rise on the hind legs. ¸3 ¶[VP6A,15B] ´raise; lift up: ³The
snake @ed its head. The horse @ed itself up. ¸4 ¶[VP6A] ´set up: ³@ a
monument.¼
¨re®arm© ²/*riÚqm/ ³vt,vi ¶[VP6A,2A] ´supply (an army, etc) with weapons again,
or with weapons of new types, etc. ¸re®arma®ment ²/riÚqmEmEnt/ ³n¼
¨rea®son©1 ²/Úrizn/ ³n ¸1 ¶[C,U] ´(fact put forward or serving as) cause of or
justification for sth: ³There is @ to believe that he is dishonest. Is there
any @ why you should not help? He complains with @ ´(= rightly) ³that he has
been punished unfairly. Give me your @s for doing it. My @ is that the cost
will be too high. The @ why he's late is that/because there was a breakdown on
the railway. ·by @ of, ´because of: ³He was excused by @ of his age. ¸2 ¶[U]
´power of the mind to understand, form opinions, etc: ³Only man has @. ·lose
one's @, ´go mad: ³The poor old fellow has lost his @. ¸3 ¶[U] ´what is right
or practicable; common sense; sensible conduct: ³He's not amenable to @.
·bring sb to @, ´persuade him to give up foolish activities, useless
resistance, etc. ·do anything in/within @, ´anything sensible or reasonable:
³I'm willing to do anything in @. ·listen to/hear @, ´allow oneself to be
persuaded; pay attention to common-sense, advice, etc. ·lose all @, ´become
irrational, illogical. ·without rhyme or @, µ¥ rhyme(1). ·It stands to @
(that«), ´is obvious to sensible people (that«); most people will agree
(that«). ¸@®less ³adj ´lacking @.¼
¨rea®son©2 ²/Úrizn/ ³vi,vt ¸1 ¶[VP2A] ´make use of one's
reasonµ(2)´; exercise the power of thought: ³Man's ability to @ makes him
different from the animals. ¸2 ¶[VP3A] ·@ with sb, ´argue in order to convince
him: ³She @ed with me for an hour about the folly of my plans. ¸3 ¶[VP9] ·@
that«, ´say by way of argument: ³He @ed that if we started at dawn, we could
arrive before noon. ¸4 ¶[VP6A] ´express logically or in the form of an
argument: ³a well-@ed statement/manifesto. ·@ sth out, ´find an answer by
considering successive arguments, etc: ³@ out the answer to a question. ¸5
¶[VP14] ·@ sb into/out of sth, ´persuade by argument to do/not to do sth: ³@ a
person out of his fears´, show him that his fears are groundless; ³@ sb out of
a false belief; @ sb into a sensible course of action. ¸@®ing ³n ¶[U] ´process
of reaching conclusions by using one's reason: ³He surpasses most of us in
power of @ing´, is better at drawing conclusions from facts, etc. ³There's no
@ing with that woman´, She won't listen to reason.¼
¨rea®son®able© ²/ÚriznEbl/ ³adj ¸1 ´having ordinary common sense; able to
reason; acting, done, in accordance with reason; willing to listen to reason:
³You're not very @ if you expect a child to understand sarcasm. Is the accused
guilty beyond @ doubt? ¸2 ´moderate; neither more or less than seems right or
acceptable: ³a @ price/offer. ¸3 ´fair; just; not absurd: ³a @ excuse; be @ in
one's demands. ¸@®ness ³n ¸rea®son®ably ²/-EblI/ ³adv¼
¨re®as®sure© ²/*riEÚ28E(r)/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´remove the fears or doubts
of: ³She felt @d after the police had told her that her children were safe.
¸re®as®sur®ance ²/-rEns/ ³n ¶[U,C]. ¸re®as®sur®ing ³adj ´comforting: ³a
reassuring glance/word/pat. ¸re®as®sur®ing®ly ³adv¼
¨re®bar®ba®tive© ²/rIÚbqbEtIv/ ³adj ´(formal) stern; repellent.¼
¨re®bate© ²/ÚribeIt/ ³n ¶[C] ´sum of money by which a debt, tax, etc may be
reduced; discount: ³There is a @ of $1.50 if the account is settled before 31
Dec.¼
¨rebel©1 ²/Úrebl/ ³n ¸1 ´person who takes up arms against, or refuses
allegiance to, the established government; person who resists authority or
control: ³a @ in the home´, eÔg a child who resists the authority of its
parents. ¸2 ´(attrib) relating to @s; of the nature of a rebellion: ³the @
forces.¼
¨re®bel©2 ²/rIÚbel/ ³vi µ(-ll-) ¶[VP2A,3A] ·@ (against), ¸1 ´take up arms to
fight (against the government). ¸2 ´show resistance; protest strongly: ³The
prisoners @led against having no physical exercise. Such treatment would make
anyone @.¼
¨re®bel®lion© ²/rIÚbelIEn/ ³n ¶[U] ·@ (against), ´rebelling, esp against a
government: ³rise in @; ¶[C] ´instance of this: ³five @s in two years; a @
against the dictator.¼
¨re®bel®li®ous© ²/rIÚbelIEs/ ³adj ¸1 ´acting like a rebel; taking part in a
rebellion: ³@ subjects; @ behaviour. ¸2 ´not easily controlled: ³a child with
a @ temper. ¸@®ly ³adv ¸@®ness ³n¼
¨re®bind© ²/*riÚbñInd/ ³vt (pt,pp µ-bound ²/-Úbñ8nd/³) ¶[VP6A] ´put a new
binding on (a book, etc).¼
¨re®birth© ²/*riÚb3T/ ³n ¸1 ´spiritual change, eÔg by conversion or
englightenment, causing a person to lead a new kind of life. ¸2 ´revival: ³the
@ of learning.¼
¨re®born© ²/*riÚbcn/ ³adj ´(fig) born again, iÔe spiritually.¼
¨re®bound© ²/rIÚbñ8nd/ ³vi ¶[VP2A,3A] ¸1 ·@ (from), ´spring or bounce back
after hitting sth: ³The ball @ed from the wall into the lily pond. ¸2 ·@
on/upon, ´(fig) come back upon the agent; happen as the consequence of one's
own action: ³The evil you do may @ upon yourselves. ¹ ³n ²/Úribñ8nd/ ·on the @,
¸(a) ´while bouncing back: ³hit a ball on the @. ¸(b) ´(fig) while still
reacting to depression or disappointment: ³She quarrelled with Paul and then
married Peter on the @. ¸3 ³pt,pp ´of µrebind.¼
¨re®buff© ²/rIÚbAf/ ³n ¶[C] ·meet with/suffer a @ (from sb), ´unkind or
contemptuous refusal of, or show of indifference to (an offer of or request for
help, friendship, etc); snub. ³¹ vt ¶[VP6A] ´give a @ to.¼
¨re®build© ²/*riÚbIld/ ³vt (pt,pp µ-built ²/-ÚbIlt/³) ¶[VP6A]
´build or put together again: ³a rebuilt typewriter.¼
¨re®buke© ²/rIÚbjuk/ ³vt ¶[VP6A,14] ·@ sb (for sth), ´reprove; speak severely
to (officially or otherwise): ³@ a subordinate for being impudent. ¹ n ¶[C]
´reproof: ³administer @s to sb. ¸re®buk®ing®ly ³adv¼
¨re®bus© ²/ÚribEs/ ³n ´puzzle in which a word or phrase has to be guessed from
pictures or diagrams that suggest the syllables that make it.¼
¨re®but© ²/rIÚbAt/ ³vt µ(-tt-) ¶[VP6A] ´prove (a charge, piece of evidence,
etc) to be false; refute. ¸@®tal ²/-tl/ ³n ´act of @ting; evidence that @s a
charge, etc.¼
¨re®cal®ci®trant© ²/rIÚkalsItrEnt/ ³adj ´disobedient; resisting authority or
discipline. ¸re®cal®ci®trance ²/-Ens/, ¸re®cal®ci®trancy ²/-EnsI/ ³nn ¶[U]
´being @.¼
¨re®call© ²/rIÚkcl/ ³vt ¸1 ¶[VP6A,14] ·@ sb (from/to), ´summon
back: ³@ an ambassador (from his post/to his own country). ¸2
¶[VP6A,C,8,9,10,19C] ´bring back to the mind; recollect: ³I don't @ his
name/face/meeting him/where I met him. Can you @ your schooldays? ¸3 ¶[VP6A]
´take back; revoke (an order, a decision). ³¹ n ¸1 ´summons to return; (esp)
summons to an ambassador to return to his own country: ³letters of @. ¸2 ¶[U]
´ability to remember: ³a man gifted with instant @´; possibility of recalling.
·beyond/past @, ´that cannot be brought back or revoked. ¸3 ¶[C] ´signal, eÔg a
bugle call, to troops, etc to return: ³sound the @.¼
¨re®cant© ²/rIÚkant/ ³vt,vi ¶[VP6A,2A] ´give up (an opinion, a belief); take
back (a statement) as being false: ³The torturers could not make the man @´,
give up his beliefs, eÔg religious or political. ¸re®can®ta®tion
²/*rikanÚteI2n/ ³n ¶[U] ´@ing; ¶[C] ´instance of this; statement disavowing
former beliefs.¼
¨re®cap©1 ²/Úrikap/ ³vt,vi, n ´(colloq abbr of) recapitulate, recapitulation.¼
¨re®cap©2 ²/*riÚkap/ ³vt µ(-pp-) ´(US) retread (a tyre).¼
¨re®cap®itu®late© ²/*rikEÚpIt28leIt/ ³vt,vi ¶[VP6A,2A] ´repeat, go through
again, the chief points of (sth that has been said, discussed, argued about,
etc). ¸re®cap®itu®la®tion ²/*rikE*pIt28ÚleI2n/ ³n ¶[U] ´recapitulating; ¶[C]
´instance of this.¼
¨re®cap®ture© ²/*riÚkapt2E(r)/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ¸1 ´capture again. ¸2 ´recall: ³try
to @ the past.¼
¨re®cast© ²/*riÚkqst ³US: ²-Úkast/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ¸1 ´cast or fashion anew: ³@ a
gun/a bell; @ ´(= rewrite) ³a sentence/paragraph/chapter. ¸2 ´change the cast
of a play, iÔe find different actors or give actors different parts.¼
¨recce© ²/ÚrekI/ ³n ´(mil; colloq abbr of) reconnaissance.¼
¨re®cede© ²/rIÚsid/ ³vi ¶[VP2A,3A] ·@ (from), ¸1 ´(appear to) go back from the
observer or from an earlier position: ³As the tide @d we were able to explore
the rocky pools on the beach. As our ship sailed out to sea the coast slowly
@d. ¸2 ´slope away from the front or from the observer: ³a receding
chin/forehead.¼
¨re®ceipt© ²/rIÚsit/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´receiving or being received: ³on @
of the news. I am in @ of your letter of the 3rd´, (pompous for) I have
received«. ¸2 ³(pl) ´money received (in a business, etc, contrasted with
³expenditure). ¸3 ¶[C] ´written statement that sth (money or goods) has been
received: ³get a @ for money spent; sign a @; a ·Ú³@ book´, one with forms and
counterfoils for writing out @s. ³¹ vt ¶[VP6A] ´write out and sign or stamp a
@µ(3)´: ³@ a hotel bill´, put "Paid' or "Received with thanks' on it.¼
¨re®ceiv®able© ²/rIÚsivEbl/ ³adj ¸1 ´that can be received; fit to be received.
¸2 ´(comm; of bills, accounts, etc) on which money is to be received. ·bills
@, ´contrasted with ³bills payable.¼
¨re®ceive© ²/rIÚsiv/ ³vt,vi ¶[VP6A,2A] ¸1 ´accept, take, get (sth offered,
sent, etc): ³When did you @ the letter/news/telegram, etc? He @d a good
education. We @d nothing but insults. You will @ a warm welcome when you come
to England. He was caught receiving ´(iÔe taking possession of stolen
property) ³soon after his release from prison. ¸reÚceiving-set ³n ´radio
receiver. ¸2 ´allow to enter; (formally) see, welcome or entertain (friends,
guests, etc): ³The hotel is now open to @ guests. He was @d into the Church´,
admitted as a member. ³Lady Snooks @s on Monday afternoons´, is at home to her
friends and acquaintances then. ¸@d ³adj ´widely accepted as correct: ³the @d
version/text/view/opinion/pronunciation.¼
¨re®ceiver© ²/rIÚsivE(r)/ ³n ¸1 ´person who receives, esp who knowingly
receives stolen goods. ¸2 (Official) R@, ´official appointed to take charge of
the property and affairs of a bankrupt, or to administer property in dispute.
¸3 ´part of an apparatus for receiving sth, eÔg that part of a telephone that
is held to the ear; apparatus for receiving broadcast signals: ³a ·Ú³radio-@.
¸@®ship ²/-2Ip/ ³n ´office of a @µ(2)´; his period of office.¼
¨re®cent© ²/Úrisnt/ ³adj ´(having existed, been made, happened) not
long before; begun not long ago: ³@ news; a @ event; within @ memory. Ours is
a @ acquaintance´, We have been acquainted for only a short time. ¸@®ly ³adv
´lately; not long ago: ³until quite @ly.¼
¨re®cep®tacle© ²/rIÚseptEkl/ ³n ´container or holder in which things may be
put away or out of sight.¼
¨re®cep®tion© ²/rIÚsep2n/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´receiving or being received: ³prepare
rooms for the @ of guests; ·Ú³@ area/camp/centre´, one where persons, eÔg
evacuees, refugees, are received and accommodated: ³a ·Ú³@ committee. The
house has two @ rooms ´(rooms for the @ of guests, but this usu means
living-rooms), ³a kitchen, and three bedrooms. ¸Ú@-desk, ´(in a hotel) counter
where guests are received, where they ask for rooms, etc. ¸Ú@ clerk, ´(US)
person at a @-desk, who attends to inquiries from guests. ¸2 ¶[C] ´formal party
or welcome: ³Mrs X holds a @ every Monday. There was a @ after the wedding
ceremony. ¸3 ¶[C] ´welcome or greeting of a specified kind; demonstration of
feeling toward sb or sth: ³The new book had a favourable @´, was welcomed by
the critics, the public, etc. ³The President was given an enthusiastic @. ¸4
¶[U] ´receiving of radio, etc signals; degree of efficiency of this: ³Is radio
@ good in your district? R@ of TÔV programmes is unsatisfactory here. ¸@®ist
²/-Ist/ ³n ´person employed in a hotel, or by a hair-dresser, dentist or other
professional person, to receive clients.¼
¨re®cep®tive© ²/rIÚseptIv/ ³adj ´quick or ready to receive
suggestions, new ideas, etc: ³a @ mind; @ to new ideas. ¸@®ly ³adv
¸re®cep®tiv®ity ²/*risepÚtIvEtI/ ³n¼
¨re®cess© ²/rIÚses ³US: ²Úrises/ ³n ¸1 ´(US = ³vacation´) ´period of time when
work or business is stopped, eÔg when Parliament, the law courts, are not in
session. ¸2 ´part of a room where the wall is set back from the main part;
alcove or niche: ³a @ with a writing-desk and a chair in it. ¸3 ´secret place;
place difficult of access: ³the dark @es of a cave; a mountain @´; (fig) ³in
the innermost @es of the heart/mind. ¹ vt ¶[VP6A] ¸1 ´place in a @; set back:
³@ a wall/a @ed wall. ¸2 ´provide with @es.¼
¨re®ces®sion© ²/rIÚse2n/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´withdrawal; act of receding. ¸2 ¶[C]
´slackening of business and industrial activity: ³The @ caused a lot of
unemployment.¼
¨re®ces®sional© ²/rIÚse2Enl/ ³n ¸@ (hymn), ´hymn sung while the clergy and
choir withdraw after a church service. ¹ ³adj ¸1 ´of a recession: ·Ú³@ music.
¸2 ´relating to a Parliamentary recess.¼
¨re®ces®sive© ²/rIÚsesIv/ ³adj ¸1 ´having a tendency to recede or go back. ¸2
´(biol) exhibiting weak characteristics (the stronger ones are called
³dominant´) which are passed on by means of genes to later generations, eÔg
blue eyes and blond hair.¼
¨r_e®chauff_e© ²/reIÚ2E8feI ³US: ²*reI2E8ÚfeI/ ³n ´dish of food warmed up
again; rehash.¼
¨re®cher®ch_e© ²/rEÚ2eE2eI/ ³adj ´devised or selected with (too much) care; too
studied or far-fetched.¼
¨re®cidi®vist© ²/rIÚsIdIvIst/ ³n ´person who habitually relapses into crime;
one who apparently cannot be cured of criminal tendencies; persistent
offender. ¸re®cidi®vism ²/-IzEm/ ³n¼
¨recipe© ²/ÚresEpI/ ³n ¶[C] ·@ (for), ´direction for preparing (a cake, a dish
of food, a medical remedy) or for getting (any result): ³a @ for a fruit cake.
Have you a @ for happiness?¼
¨re®cipi®ent© ²/rIÚsIpIEnt/ ³n ´person who receives sth.¼
¨re®cip®ro®cal© ²/rIÚsIprEkl/ ³adj ¸1 ´given and received in return; mutual:
³@ affection/help. ¸2 ´corresponding, but the other way round: ³a @ mistake´,
eÔg I thought he was a waiter and he thought I was a guest, but I was a waiter
and he was a guest. ¸3 ´(gram) ¸@ pronouns, ´those expressing mutual action or
relation, eÔg ³each other, one another. ¸@®ly ²/-klI/ ³adv¼
¨re®cip®ro®cate© ²/rIÚsIprEkeIt/ ³vt,vi ¶[VP6A,2A] ¸1 ´give in return; give and
receive, each to and from each: ³I @ your good wishes. He @d by wishing her a
pleasant journey. ¸2 ´(of parts of a machine) (cause to) move backwards and
forwards in a straight line (eÔg the piston of an engine): ³a reciprocating
engine/saw. µ¥ rotatory. ¸re®cip®ro®ca®tion ²/rI*sIprEÚkeI2n/ ³n ¶[U].¼
¨reci®proc®ity© ²/*resIÚprosEtI/ ³n ¶[U] ´principle or practice of give and
take, of making mutual concessions; the granting of privileges in return for
similar privileges: ³@ in trade (between two countries).¼
¨re®cital© ²/rIÚsñItl/ ³n ¶[C] ¸1 ´detailed account of a number of connected
events, etc: ³We were bored by the long @ of his adventures. ¸2 ´performance of
music by a soloist or small group, or of the works of one composer: ³a
pi·Ú³ano @; a @ of songs.¼
¨reci®ta®tion© ²/*resIÚteI2n/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´the act of recitingµ(2)´: ³the @ of
his grievances. ¸2 ¶[U] ´public delivery of passages of prose or poetry learnt
by heart; ¶[C] ´instance of this: ³a ·Ú³Dickens @´, of dramatic extracts from
the novels. ¸3 ¶[C] ´piece of poetry or prose (to be) learnt by heart and
recited. ¸4 ´(US) ¶[U] ´repetition of a prepared lesson by a pupil to his
teacher; ¶[C] ´instance of this.¼
¨reci®ta®tive© ²/*resItEÚtiv/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´style of music between singing and
talking, many words being spoken or sung on the same note, used for the
narrative and dialogue parts of some operas. ¸2 ¶[C] ´passage (in an opera or
oratorio) (to be) rendered thus.¼
¨re®cite© ²/rIÚsñIt/ ³vt,vi ¶[VP6A,15A,2A] ¸1 ´say (esp poems) aloud from
memory: ³The mayor @d to the Queen a long and tedious speech of welcome. ¸2
´give a list of, tell one by one (names, facts, etc): ³@ one's grievances; @
the names of all the capital cities of Europe.¼
¨reck®less© ²/ÚreklIs/ ³adj ·@ (of), ´rash; not thinking of the consequences:
³a @ spender; @ of danger/the consequences; fined $10 for @ ´(= dangerous)
³driving. ¸@®ly ³adv ¸@®ness ³n¼
¨reckon© ²/ÚrekEn/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A,15B,2A] ´calculate; find out
(the quantity, number, cost, etc) by working with numbers: ³@ the cost of a
holiday. Hire charges are @ed from the date of delivery. The child can't @
yet. ·@ sth in, ´include, take into account, when @ing: ³Did you @ in the cost
of a taxi across London? ·@ sth up, ´find the total of: ³@ up the bill.
¸2 ·@ with sb, ¸(a) ´deal with; settle accounts with: ³When the fighting is
over, we'll @ with the enemy's sympathizers. ¸(b) ´take into account; consider:
³He is certainly a man to be @ed with´, a man who cannot be ignored, who may be
a serious competitor, opponent, etc (according to context). ·@ without sb, ´not
take into account; not consider. ¸3 ·@ on/upon sb/sth, ´depend on, base one's
hopes on: ³I @ on your help. The proprietors of the Casino @ on human
foolishness and greed´, can depend, for making profit, on the foolishness and
greed of those who gamble. ³He's the sort of man you can @ on in a crisis. ¸4
¶[VP9,16B,25,7A] ·@ sb/sth as/to be; @ that«, ´be of the opinion, suppose;
consider: ³One-quarter of the country is @ed as unproductive. She was @ed (to
be) the prettiest girl in the village. Do you still @ him among/as one of your
friends? I @ he is rather too old to marry again. ¸5 ¶[VP9,7A] ´estimate;
calculate: ³I @ to arrive in Delhi at noon. ¸6 ¶[VP9] ´(US colloq) assume: ³I @
we'll go next week. ¸@er ²/ÚrekEnE(r)/ ³n ´person or thing that counts. ¸ready
@er, µ¥ ready. ¸@®ing ²/ÚrekEnIG/ ³n ´(esp) ¸1 ¶[C] ´(totalled) account of
items to be paid for, eÔg at a hotel or restaurant: ³pay the @ing. There'll be
a heavy @ing to pay if he continues this wild life´, He will have to suffer
for it. ·day of @ing, ´time when sth must be atoned for. ¸2 ¶[U] ´calculation,
eÔg of a ship's position by observation of the sun, stars, etc. ·dead @ing,
´method of calculating the position of a ship or aircraft from a known earlier
position, and later course and distance, when observations of the sun, etc are
impossible. ·out in one's @ing, ´mistaken in one's calculations.¼
¨re®claim© ²/rIÚkleIm/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ¸1 ´bring back (waste land, etc)
to a useful condition, a state of cultivation, etc. ¸2 ´reform (a person): ³@
a man from error/vice; a @ed drunkard. ¸3 ´demand that sth be given back.
¸rec®la®ma®tion ²/*reklEÚmeI2n/ ³n ¶[U].¼
¨re®cline© ²/rIÚklñIn/ ³vi,vt ¶[VP2A,C,15A] ´place oneself, be, in a position
of rest; put (one's arms, etc) in a resting position; lie back or down: ³@ on a
couch; @ one's arms on the table; a reclining chair´, one with a back that
tilts.¼
¨re®cluse© ²/rIÚklus/ ³n ´person who lives alone and avoids other people:
³live the life of a @´, live like a hermit, avoiding meeting people.¼
¨rec®og®ni®tion© ²/*rekEgÚnI2n/ ³n ¶[U] ´recognizing or being recognized: ³@
signals; aircraft @. He was given a cheque for $25 in @ of his services. R@ of
the new State is unlikely´, It is unlikely that diplomatic relations will be
established with it. ·alter/change beyond/out of (all) @, ´change so much that
@ is impossible: ³The town has changed out of all @ since I was there ten
years ago.¼
¨re®cog®ni®zance© ²/rIÚkognIzns/ ³n ¶[C] ´(legal) ¸1 ´bond by which
a person is bound to appear before a court of law at a certain time, or to
observe certain conditions, and to forfeit a certain sum if he fails to do so.
·enter into @s, ´sign such a bond. ¸2 ´sum of money (to be) paid as surety for
observing such a bond.¼
¨rec®og®nize© ²/ÚrekEgnñIz/ ³vt ¸1 ¶[VP6A,16A] ´know, (be able to) identify
again (sb or sth) that one has seen, heard, etc before: ³@ a tune/an old
acquaintance. ¸2 ¶[VP6A] ´be willing to accept (sb or sth) as what he or it
claims to be or has been in the past: ³refuse to @ a new government/@ sb as
lawful heir. ¸3 ¶[VP6A,9] ´be prepared to admit; be aware: ³He @d that he was
not qualified for the post/@d his lack of qualifications. ¸4 ¶[VP6A,9,25]
´acknowledge: ³Everyone @d him to be the greatest living authority on ancient
Roman coins. His services to the State were @d´, eÔg he was made a knight.
¸rec®og®niz®able ²/ÚrekEgnñIzEbl/ ³adj ´that can be @d. ¸rec®og®niz®ably
²/-EblI/ ³adv¼
¨re®coil© ²/rIÚkãIl/ ³vi ¸1 ¶[VP2A,3A] ·@ (from), ´draw or jump back; shrink:
³@ from doing sth ´(in fear, horror, disgust, etc). ¸2 ¶[VP2A] ´(of a gun) kick
back (when fired). ¸3 ¶[VP3A] ·@ on/upon ´(fig) rebound; react: ³His meanness
@ed upon his own head. Revenge may @ upon the person who takes it. ¹ ³n ´act of
@ing.¼
¨rec®ol®lect© ²/*rekEÚlekt/ ³vt,vi ¶[VP6A,C,8,10,9,2A] ´call back to the mind;
succeed in remembering: ³@ childhood days; @ meeting the King; @ how to do
sth/how sth was done. As far as I @,«.¼
¨rec®ol®lec®tion© ²/*rekEÚlek2n/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´act or power of
recollecting: ³scenes which arise in quiet @ of the past; to the best of my
@´, so far as I can recollect, if I remember correctly. ¸2 ¶[U] ´time over
which the memory goes back: ³Such a problem has never arisen within my @. ¸3
¶[C] ´sth recollected; that which is remembered: ³The old letters brought many
@s to my mind.¼
¨rec®om®mend© ²/*rekEÚmend/ ³vt ¸1 ¶[VP6A,14,12A,13A,16A] ·@ sth (to sb) (for
sth); @ sb sth; @ sb (for sth/as sth), ´speak favourably of; say that one
thinks sth is good (for a purpose) or that sb is fitted (for a post, etc, as«):
³I can @ this soap. He has been @ed for first class honours. What would you @
for getting ink stains from my blouse? Can you @ me a good novel? Can you @
Miss Hill as a good typist? ¸2 ¶[VP17,6C,9] ´suggest as wise or suitable;
advise: ³I have been @ed to try these pills for sea-sickness. I @ you not
to/that you do not disobey your officers. Do you @ raising the school-leaving
age? ¸3 ¶[VP6A,14] ·@ sb (to sb), ´(of a quality, etc) cause to be or appear
pleasing, satisfactory; make acceptable: ³Behaviour of that sort will not @
you. ¸4 ¶[VP14] ·@ sb to sb, ´commend (the more usu word): ³@ oneself/one's
soul to to God; @ a child to sb's care. ¸rec®om®men®da®tion ²/*rekEmenÚdeI2n/
³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´@ing: ³speak in @ation of sb or sth; buy sth on the @ation of a
friend´, because he has @ed it. ¸2 ¶[C] ´statement that @s sb or sth: ³My bank
manager has sent me a list of @ations´, eÔg names of stocks which he @s me to
buy. ³The jury brought in a verdict of guilty, with a @ to mercy. ¸3 ¶[C] ´sth
which causes a person to be well thought of: ³Is a sweet disposition a @ation
in a wife?¼
¨rec®om®pense© ²/ÚrekEmpens/ ³vt ¶[VP6A,14] ·@ sb (for sth),
´reward or punish; make payment to: ³@ sb for his trouble; @ good with evil; @
sb for a loss. ¹ n ¶[C,U] ´reward; payment; satisfaction given for injury:
³receive a @ for one's services; work hard without @; in @ for your help.¼
¨rec®on®cile© ²/ÚrekEnsñIl/ ³vt ¸1 ¶[VP6A,14] ·@ sb (with sb), ´cause (persons)
to become friends after they have quarrelled: ³We became @d. He refused to
become @d with his brother. ¸2 ¶[VP6A] ´settle, arrange (a quarrel, difference
of opinion, etc). ¸3 ¶[VP6A,14] ·@ sth (with sth), ´bring into harmony with;
cause to agree with: ³How can this decision be @d with justice? I can't @ what
you say with the facts of the case. ¸4 ¶[VP14] ·@ oneself to sth; be @d to sth,
´overcome one's objections to; resign oneself to: ³You must @ yourself to a
life of hardship and poverty. ¸rec®on®cil®able ²/-Ebl/ ³adj ¸rec®on®cili®ation
²/*rekEn*sIlIÚeI2n/ ³n ¶[U] ´reconciling or being @d; ¶[C] ´instance of this:
³bring about a reconciliation between friends who have quarrelled.¼
¨rec®on®dite© ²/ÚrekEndñIt/ ³adj ¸1 ´(of subjects of knowledge) out of the way;
little known; abstruse: ³@ studies. ¸2 ´(of an author) having @ knowledge.¼
¨re®con®di®tion© ²/*rikEnÚdI2n/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´put into good condition again: ³a
car with a @ed engine.¼
¨re®con®nais®sance© ²/rIÚkonIsns/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´act of reconnoitring: ³@ in
force´, made with sufficient troops to resist any enemy forces that may be
encountered. ¸2 ¶[C] ´instance of reconnoitring; survey, made by troops or a
group of scouting vessels or aircraft, of an enemy's position or whereabouts;
(fig) survey of any kind of work before it is started: ³make a @ of the work
to be done.¼
¨re®con®noitre© ´(US = ¸-ter´) ²/*rekEÚnãItE(r)/ ³vt,vi ¶[VP6A,2A] ´go to or
near (a place or area occupied by enemy forces) to learn about their position,
strength, etc: ³@ the ground.¼
¨re®con®struct© ²/*rikEnÚstrAkt/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ¸1 ´construct again. ¸2 ´build up
a complete structure or description of (sth of which one has only a few parts
or only partial evidence): ³@ a ruined abbey. The detective tried to @ the
crime´, picture to himself how it had been committed. ¸re®con®struc®tion
²/*rikEnÚstrAk2n/ ³n¼
¨rec®ord©1 ²/Úrekcd ³US: ²ÚrekErd/ ³n ¸1 ¶[C] ´written account of facts,
events, etc: ³a @ of school attendances/of road accidents; the (·*³Public)
·Ú³R@ Office, ´one in London where public documents with accounts of events,
official acts, etc written down at the time they occur, are stored. ¸2 ¶[U]
´state of being @ed or preserved in writing, esp as authentic evidence of sth:
³a matter of @´, sth that is established as fact by being @ed. ·be/go/put sb
on @´: ³It is on @ that the summer was the wettest for 50 years. I don't want
to go on @/don't want you to put me on @ as saying that I think the Prime
Minister a fool. ·off the @, ´(colloq) not for publication or for recording:
³What the President said at his press conference was off the @´, not to be
repeated by the newspaper men there, and not to be used in their reports or
articles. ¸3 ¶[C] ´facts known about the past of sb or sth: ³He has an
honourable @ of service/a good @. ³Your @ is in your favour´, What we know
about your past is favourable to you. ³That airline has a bad @´, eÔg has had
many accidents to its aircraft. ¸4 ¶[C] ´sth that provides evidence or
information: ³Our museums are full of @s of past history. R@s of ancient
civilizations are still being excavated. ¸5 ¶[C] ´disc on which sound has been
registered; what is @ed on such a disc: ·Ú³gramophone @s. µ¥ recording.
¸Ú@-player ³n ´instrument for reproducing sound from discs (often one
connected to an external loud-speaker). ¸6 ¶[C] ´limit, score, point,
attainment, mark, etc (high or low), not reached before; (esp in sport) the
best yet done: ³Which country holds the @ for the marathon? ³Two @s fell during
the sports meeting at Oslo last week. ´(attrib) ³Hill made a @ score in the
match against Kent´, (cricket) scored a total that was a @. ³There was a @ rice
crop in Thailand that year. ·break/beat the @, ´do better than has been done
before. Hence, ¸Ú@-breaking ³adj¼
¨re®cord©2 ²/rIÚkcd/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ¸1 ´set down in writing for
reference; preserve for use, by writing or in other ways, eÔg on a disc,
magnetic tape, video-tape, film, etc: ³This volume @s the history of the
regiment. The programme was @ed. ´Cf ³a "live' broadcast. The tape-recorder
has @ed his voice and the camera has @ed his features. ¸@ing angel, ´angel who,
it is said, @s men's good and bad actions. ¸2 ´(of an instrument) mark or
indicate on a scale: ³The thermometer @ed 40ÄC.¼
¨re®corder© ²/rIÚkcdE(r)/ ³n ¸1 ´(GB) judge with a certain criminal and civil
jurisdiction. ¸2 ´apparatus that records. ¸Útape-@, ´one that records sound on
magnetic tape. ¸*video Útape-@, ´one that records vision and sound on magnetic
tape. ¸3 ´wooden musical instrument with finger holes, played by blowing it
at one end. µ¥ ´the illus at µbrass.¼
¨re®cord®ing© ²/rIÚkcdIG/ ³n ´(esp in sound or TÔV broadcasting, and for
record-players, etc) programme, piece of music, etc registered on a disc,
magnetic tape, film, etc for reproduction: ³It wasn't a "live' performance but
a BÔBÔC @. I have a good @ of this opera on three discs. µ¥ ´the illus at
µtape.¼
¨re®count© ²/rIÚkñ8nt/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´give an account of; tell: ³He
@ed to them the story of his adventures in Mexico.¼
¨re-count© ²/*ri Úkñ8nt/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´count again: ³@ the votes. ¹ n ²/Úri
kñ8nt/ ´another count: ³One of the candidates demanded a @.¼
¨re®coup© ²/rIÚkup/ ³vt ¶[VP6A,14] ·@ (for), ´compensate (sb, oneself, ³for ´a
loss, etc); make up for: ³@ one's losses; @ oneself for one's losses.¼
¨re®course© ²/rIÚkcs/ ³n ¶[U] ¸1 ·have @ to, ´turn to for help; seek help
from: ³I don't advise you to have @ to the money-lenders. ¸2 ´sth turned to
for help: ³Your only @ is legal action against them.¼
¨re®cover© ²/rIÚkAvE(r)/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A] ´get back (sth lost,
etc); get back the use of: ³@ what was lost; @ consciousness ´(after fainting);
³@ one's sight/hearing. I am @ing my strength´, getting well (after an
illness). ³We soon @ed lost time. They have @ed their losses. ¸2 ¶[VP2A,3A]
·@ (from), ´become well; get back to a former position of prosperity, state of
health, mental condition, etc: ³He is slowly @ing from his illness. I doubt
whether he will @. I haven't yet @ed from my astonishment. Has the country @ed
from the effects of the war yet? ¸3 ¶[VP6A] ´regain control of oneself; become
calm or normal: ³He almost fell, but quickly @ed (himself). He @ed his
balance/composure. ¸@®able ²/-Ebl/ ³adj ´that can be @edµ(1)´: ³Is the deposit
I've paid @able? ¸re®cov®ery ³n ¶[U] ´@ing or being @ed: ³make a quick @y´,
get well again quickly or quickly regain one's position after losing for a
time in a game, athletic match, etc: ³@y from influenza; the @y of a lost
article´, getting it back again.¼
¨re-cover© ²/*ri ÚkAvE(r)/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´supply with a new cover: ³This
cushion/quilt needs to be @ed.¼
¨rec®re®ant© ²/ÚrekrIEnt/ ³adj, n ´(liter) cowardly, unfaithful or traitorous
(person): ³a @ lover.¼
¨rec®re®ation© ²/*rekrIÚeI2n/ ³n ¶[C,U] ´(form of) play or amusement;
refreshment of body and mind; sth that pleasantly occupies one's time after
work is done: ³walk and climb mountains for @. Is gardening a @ or a form of
hard work? Flirting is an innocent @, perhaps. ¸Ú@ ground, ´land, eÔg in a
public park, set aside for games, etc. ¸@al ²/-2Enl/ ³adj ´of @: ³provide more
@al facilities´, eÔg sports grounds, swimming pools.¼
¨re®crimi®na®tion© ²/rI*krImIÚneI2n/ ³n ¶[C,U] ´accusation made in
return for one already made; countercharge: ³indulge in @(s). ¸re®crimi®nate
²/rIÚkrImIneIt/ ³vi ¶[VP2A,3A] ·@ (against sb), ´accuse (sb) in return.
¸re®crimi®na®tory ²/rIÚkrImInEtrI ³US: ²-tcrI/ ³adj ´of @.¼
¨re®cru®des®ence© ²/*rikruÚdesns/ ³n ´(of disease, violence, etc) new outburst;
breaking out again: ³a @ of civil disorder; the @ of influenza.¼
¨re®cruit© ²/rIÚkrut/ ³n ´new member of a society, group, etc, esp
a soldier in the early days of his training: ³gain a few @s to one's party´,
eÔg in politics; ³@s being drilled on the parade ground. ¹ vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A]
´get @s for; enlist (persons) as @s (for the army, a cause, etc): ³a ·Ú³@ing
officer; @ a new political party from the middle classes. Were men for the
Navy @ed from men on merchant ships? ¸2 ¶[VP6A] ´get a sufficient quantity or
store of; bring back to what is usual or normal: ³@ supplies; @ one's
health/strength. ¸@®ment ³n¼
¨rec®tal© ²/ÚrektEl/ ³adj ´of the rectum.¼
¨rec®tangle© ²/ÚrektaGgl/ ³n ¶[C] ´plane four-sided figure with four right
angles, esp one with adjacent sides unequal. µ¥ ´the illus at µquadrilateral.
¸rec®tangu®lar ²/rekÚtaGgj8lE(r)/ ³adj ´in the shape of a @.¼
¨rec®tify© ²/ÚrektIfñI/ ³vt (pt,pp µ-fied³) ¶[VP6A] ¸1 ´put right; take out
mistakes from: ³@ abuses; mistakes that cannot be rectified. ¸2 ´purify or
refine by repeated distillation or other process: ³rectified spirits.
¸rec®ti®fier ³n ´person or thing that rectifies; (electr) device which
converts alternating current to direct current. ¸rec®tifi®ca®tion
²/*rektIfIÚkeI2n/ ³n ¶[U] ´@ing or being rectified: ³the rectification of
errors/alcohol; ¶[C] ´instance of this; sth that has been rectified.¼
¨rec®ti®lin®ear© ²/*rektIÚlInIE(r)/ ³adj ´in or forming a straight line;
bounded by, characterized by, straight lines.¼
¨rec®ti®tude© ²/ÚrektItjud ³US: ²-tud/ ³n ¶[U] ´honesty; upright or
straightforward behaviour.¼
¨recto© ²/ÚrektE8/ ³n (pl µ@s ²/-tE8z/³) ´any right-hand page of a book. µ¥
verso.¼
¨rec®tor© ²/ÚrektE(r)/ ³n ¸1 ´(C of E) clergyman in charge of a parish, the
tithes of which were not withdrawn, (eÔg to a college), at or after the time
when the English Church separated from the Church of Rome. µ¥ vicar. ¸2 ´head
of certain universities, colleges, schools or religious institutions.
¸@y ²/ÚrektErI/ ³n (pl µ-ries³) ´@'s residence.¼
¨rec®tum© ²/ÚrektEm/ ³n ´lower and final part of the large
intestine. µ¥ ´the illus at µalimentary.¼
¨re®cum®bent© ²/rIÚkAmbEnt/ ³adj ´(esp of a person) lying down: ³a @ figure on
a tomb´, statue or carving in a @ position.¼
¨re®cu®per®ate© ²/rIÚkupEreIt/ ³vt,vi ¶[VP6A,2A] ´make or become strong again
after illness, exhaustion or loss: ³@ one's health; go to the seaside to @.
¸re®cu®per®ation ²/rI*kupEÚreI2n/ ³n ´recuperating. ¸re®cu®per®at®ive
²/rIÚkupErEtIv/ ³adj ´helping, relating to, recuperation.¼
¨re®cur© ²/rIÚk3(r)/ ³vi µ(-rr-) ¸1 ¶[VP2A] ´come, happen, again; be repeated:
³a problem which @s periodically; @ring decimals´, figures in decimal
fractions that @ in the same order, as 3²Ø´999« (written 3²ØÄ´9), 4²Ø´014014«
(written 4²Ø´0²Ä´1²Ä´4²Ä´). ¸2 ¶[VP3A] ·@ to, ´go back (to sth) in words or
thought: ³@ring to what you said yesterday; if I may @ to your idea. ¸3
¶[VP3A] ·@ to, ´(of ideas, events etc) come back: ³My first meeting with her
often @s to my memory. ¸re®cur®rence ²/rIÚkArEns/ ³n ¶[C,U] ´@ring; repetition:
³Let there be no @rence of this error. The frequent @rence
of these headaches made her life miserable. ¸re®cur®rent ²/-Ent/ ³adj ´(of
events, fevers etc) @ring frequently or regularly: ³allow $35 a month for
@rent expenses´, eÔg rent, lighting and heating.¼
¨re®curve© ²/*riÚk3v/ ³vt,vi ´curve or bend backwards or downwards.¼
¨recu®sant© ²/Úrekj8znt/ ³n, adj ´(person) refusing to submit to authority or
to comply with regulations, esp (hist) a Roman Catholic who refused to attend
Church of England services. ¸recu®sancy ²/-znsI/ ³n ¶[U].¼
¨re®cycle© ²/*riÚsñIkl/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´treat (substances already used for
industry, etc) so that further use is possible: ³@ old newspapers, ´by
de-inking and pulping them.¼
¨red© ²/red/ ³adj µ(-der, -dest) ¸1 ´of the colour of fresh blood, rubies,
human lips, the tongue, maple leaves in autumn, post-office pillar boxes in
GB; of shades varying from crimson to bright brown (as of iron rust): ³red
with anger/embarrassment, ´flushed in the face; ³with red hands´, with hands
stained with blood; ³with red eyes´, eyes red with weeping. ¸*@ Úcarpet, ´one
laid out for the reception of an important visitor. ·paint the town red, ´go on
a spree and indulge in noisy, rough behaviour. ·see red, ´lose control of
oneself through anger, or indignation. ¸2 ´Russian; Soviet; Communist: ³The Red
Army. ¸3 ´(various uses in compounds, etc): ¸Úred®breast ³n ´(also ³robin
redbreast´) bird called the robin. ¸ÚRed®brick ³adj ´(GB) name applied to the
English universities founded near the end of the 19th c (contrasted chiefly
with Oxford and CambridgeÅknown as ³Oxbridge). ¸Úred®cap ³n ´(GB) member of the
military police; (US) railroad porter. ¸Úred®coat ³n ´(old name for) British
soldier. ¸*Red ÚCrescent ³n ´(emblem of an) organization in Muslim
countries corresponding to the Red Cross. ¸*Red ÚCross ³n ´(emblem of the)
international organization concerned with the relief of suffering caused by
natural disasters, etc and for helping the sick and wounded and those taken
prisoner in war. ¸*red Údeer ³n ´kind of deer native to the forests of Europe
and Asia. ¸*red Úensign ´(or colloq, ¸*red Úduster´) ³n ´red flag with the
Union Jack in one corner, used by British merchant ships. ¸*red Úflag ³n ¸(a)
´flag used as a symbol of danger (eÔg on railways, by workers on the roads).
¸(b) ´symbol of revolution. ¸(c) the *Red ÚFlag, ´revolutionary socialist song.
·(catch sb) *red-Úhanded ³adj ´in the act of committing a crime. ¸*red Úhat ³n
´cardinal's hat. ¸Úred®head ³n ´person having red hair. ¸*red Úherring ³n
¸(a) ´smoke-cured herring. ¸(b) ´(fig) irrelevant matter introduced to
distract attention from the subject being discussed. ·neither fish, flesh, nor
good red herring, ´of a doubtful or ambiguous nature, which cannot be defined.
·draw a red herring across the trail´, introduce irrelevant matter to distract
attention from the subject being discussed. ¸*red-Úhot ³adj ´(of a metal)
heated until it is red; ´(fig) highly excited, furious: ³red-hot enthusiasm.
¸*Red ÚIndian ³n ´(old use, now impolite) American Indian. ¸*red Úlead ³n
¶[U] ´pigment made from red oxide of lead. ¸*red-Úletter day, ´important or
memorable day. ¸*red Úlight ³n ¸(a) ´danger signal on railways, etc; "stop'
signal on roads. ·see the red light´, realize the nearness of danger or
disaster. ¸(b) ·red-light district´, part of a town where there are brothels.
¸*red Úmeat ³n ¶[U] ´beef and mutton (contrasted with ³white ´meat, iÔe veal,
pork, poultry). ¸*red Úpepper ³n ´red fruit of the capsicum plant. ¸*red Úrag
³n ·like a red rag to a bull, ´sth that excites a person's anger or passion.
¸Úred®skin ³n ´(old use, now impolite) American Indian. ¸the *Red ÚStar,
´symbol of the UÔSÔSÔR and other Communist States. ¸*red Útape ³n ¶[U] ´(fig)
excessive use of formalities in public business; too much attention to rules
and regulations: ³red tape in government offices. ¸Úred®wing ³n ´name used of
kinds of thrush and other birds with red wing-feathers.
¸Úred®wood ³n ´name used of kinds of tree with reddish wood, esp an evergreen
Californian tree, some of which are of great height. ³¹ n ¸1 ¶[C,U] ´(shade of)
red colour: ³too much red in the painting; the reds and browns of the woods in
autumn´, the red and brown shades of the leaves. ¸2 ´red clothes: ³dressed in
red. ¸3 ´(colloq) person favouring or supporting Communism or the Soviet
system. ¸4 the red, ´debit side of business accounts. ·be in/get into the red,
´have/get liabilities that exceed assets. ·be/get out of the red, ´reach the
position when one is no longer in the red. µ¥ blackÔ³nµ(5).¼
¨re®dact© ²/rIÚdakt/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´(formal) edit. ¸re®dac®tion ²/rIÚdak2n/ ³n
¶[U,C].¼
¨red®den© ²/Úredn/ ³vt,vi ¶[VP6A,2A] ´make or become red; blush.¼
¨red®dish© ²/ÚredI2/ ³adj ´rather red.¼
¨re®deem© ²/rIÚdim/ ³vt ¶[VP6A,14] ·@ (from), ¸1 ´get (sth) back by payment or
by doing sth: ³@ a pawned watch/a mortgage; @ one's honour. ¸2 ´perform (a
promise or obligation). ¸3 ´set free by payment; rescue: ³@ a slave/prisoner;
´(by Jesus) make free from sin. ¸4 ´compensate; make amends for: ³his @ing
feature´, the feature or quality that balances his faults, etc. ³The acting
barely @s the play´, The play is poor and the acting not very good. ¸@®able
²/-Ebl/ ³adj ´that can be @ed. ¸(the) Re®dee®mer ³n ´Jesus Christ.¼
¨re®demp®tion© ²/rIÚdemp2n/ ³n ¶[U] ´redeeming or being redeemed:
³the @ of a promise; ´deliverance or rescue (esp from evil ways): ³past/beyond
@´, too bad to be redeemed.¼
¨re®demp®tive© ²/rIÚdemptIv/ ³adj ´serving to redeem; relating to redemption.¼
¨re®de®ploy© ²/*ridIÚplãI/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´(of troops, workers in industry, etc)
withdraw and rearrange so as to use more efficiently. ¸@®ment ³n ¶[U,C]
´@ing: ³the @ment of labour.¼
¨re®dif®fu®sion© ²/*ridIÚfjuZn/ ³n ¶[U] ´system of using broadcast programmes
(sound and television) in public places (eÔg cinemas).¼
¨re®do© ²/*riÚdu/ ³vt (pt µ-did ²/-ÚdId/, ³pp µ-done ²/-ÚdAn/³) ¶[VP6A] ´do
again: ³We must have the walls redone, ´repapered, recoloured, etc according
to context.¼
¨redo®lent© ²/ÚredElEnt/ ³adj ·@ of, ´(formal) having a strong smell, esp one
that is reminiscent of sth: ³bed sheets @ of lavender; ´(fig) ³a town @ of age
and romance. ¸redo®lence ²/-Ens/ ³n¼
¨re®double© ²/rIÚdAbl/ ³vt,vi ¶[VP6A,2A] ¸1 ´make or become greater
or stronger: ³They @d their efforts. Her zeal @d. ¸2 ´(bridge) double again a
bid already doubled by an opponent.¼
¨re®doubt© ²/rIÚdñ8t/ ³n ¶[C] ´strong point in a system of fortifications:
³attack and capture a @.¼
¨re®doubt®able© ²/rIÚdñ8tEbl/ ³adj ´(liter) to be feared; formidable: ³those @
ladies, the suffragettes.¼
¨re®dound© ²/rIÚdñ8nd/ ³vi ¶[VP3A] ·@ to, ´(formal) contribute greatly in the
end; promote: ³Your success will @ to the fame of the college. It @s to your
honour.¼
¨re®dress© ²/rIÚdres/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ¸1 ´set (a wrong) right again; make up for,
do sth that compensates for (a wrong): ³You should confess and @ your errors.
¸2 ·@ the balance, ´make things equal again. ³¹ n ¶[U] ´act of @ing or
correcting (abuses, etc); sth that @es: ³seek @; go to a lawyer to get legal
@.¼
¨re®duce© ²/rIÚdjus ³US: ²-Údus/ ³vt,vi ¶[VP6A,14] ·@ (to), ¸1 ´make less; make
smaller in size, number, degree, price, etc: ³@ speed/pressure/costs; @ one's
expenses; @ one's weight by ten pounds/from X pounds to Y pounds. He is @d
almost to a skeleton´, has become very thin. ¶[VP2A,B] ´(colloq): ³She has been
reducing for the last few weeks´, has been dieting (or trying other methods) in
order to @ her weight. ¸2 ´bring or get to a certain condition, way of living,
etc: ³@ a class of noisy children to order; @ sb to silence´, cause him to stop
talking; ³@ sth to order; @ the rebels to submission; @ a sergeant to the
ranks. They were @d to begging or starving´, They became so poor that they had
either to beg or go hungry. ³They are living in @d circumstances´, in
(comparative) poverty. ¸3 ´change (to another form): ³@ an
equation/argument/statement to its simplest form; @ water by electrolysis,
´separate it into oxygen and hydrogen; ³@ (sth) to an absurdity´, make, eÔg a
scheme or argument, appear absurd by removing whatever hides its real nature;
³@ wood logs to pulp. ¸re®duc®ible ²/-Ebl/ ³adj ´that can be @d.¼
¨reductio ad absurdum© ²/rI*dAktIE8 *ad EbÚs3dEm/ ³n ´(Lat) the
disproof of a proposition by showing that its conclusion can only be absurd.¼
¨re®duc®tion© ²/rIÚdAk2n/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´reducing or being reduced; ¶[C] ´instance
of this: ³a @ in/of numbers; great @s in prices; price @s. ¸2 ¶[C] ´copy, on a
smaller scale, of a picture, map, etc.¼
¨re®dun®dant© ²/rIÚdAndEnt/ ³adj ´superfluous; not needed: ³a paragraph without
a @ word; @ labour´, unneeded or surplus workers. ³With the decreasing demand
for coal many thousands of miners may become @. ¸re®dun®dance ²/-Ens/,
¸re®dun®dancy ²/-EnsI/ ³nn ¶[U] ´being @: ³redundancy among clerks caused by
the increasing use of computers; ¶[C] ³(pl µ-cies³) ´instance of this: ³more
redundancies in the docks. ¸reÚdundancy pay, ´money paid by an employer to a @
worker, the sum depending upon age and length of service.¼
¨re®dupli®cate© ²/rIÚdjuplIkeIt ³US: ²-Údu-/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´double; repeat.
¸re®dupli®ca®tion ²/rI*djuplIÚkeI2n ³US: ²-*du-/ ³n¼
¨re-echo© ²/ri ÚekE8/ ³vi ¶[VP2A] ´echo again and again. ³¹ n (pl µ@es
²/-E8z/³) ´echo of an echo.¼
¨reed© ²/rid/ ³n ¶[C] ¸1 ´(tall, firm stem or stalk of) kinds of coarse,
firm-stemmed, jointed grasses growing in or near water; ¶[U] ´(collective)
mass of such grasses growing together; ³(pl) ´dried stalks used for thatching.
·a broken @, ´(fig) an unreliable person or thing. ¸2 ´(in some
wind-instruments, eÔg the oboe, bassoon, clarinet and in some organ-pipes)
strip of metal, etc that vibrates to produce sound. ¸the @s, ´@ instruments of
this sort. ¸@y ³adj ¸1 ´abounding in @sµ(1)´. ¸2 ´(of sounds, voices) shrill;
piping.¼
¨reef©1 ²/rif/ ³n ´that part of a sail which can be rolled up or folded so as
to reduce its area: ³take in a @´, shorten sail; (fig) go forward more
cautiously. ¸Ú@-knot ³n ´ordinary double knot (= US ³square knot). µ¥ ´the
illus at µknot. ³¹ vt ¶[VP6A] ´reduce the area of (a sail) by rolling up or
folding a part.¼
¨reef©2 ²/rif/ ³n ´ridge of rock, shingle etc just below or above the surface
of the sea: ³wrecked on a coral @. µ¥ ´the illus at µatoll.¼
¨reefer© ²/ÚrifE(r)/ ³n ¸1 ´close-fitting double-breasted jacket of thick
cloth, as worn by sailors. ¸2 ´(sl) kind of cigarette containing marijuana.¼
¨reek© ²/rik/ ³n ¶[U] ¸1 ´strong, bad smell: ³the @ of stale
tobacco smoke. ¸2 ´(liter and Scot use) thick smoke or vapour: ³the @ of a
peat fire. ¹ vi ¸1 ¶[VP3A] ·@ of, ´smell unpleasantly of: He @s of
whisky/garlic. The room @ed of stale cigar smoke. ¸2 ·@ with, ´be covered
(with sweat, blood, etc); show signs or traces of: ³a horse @ing with sweat; a
murderer whose hands still @ed with blood.¼
¨reel©1 ²/ril/ ³n ¸1 ´cylinder, roller or similar device on which cotton,
thread, wire, photographic film, magnetic tape, hose (for water, etc), a
fishing line, is wound. ·(straight) off the @, ´(colloq) without a hitch or
pause, in rapid succession. ¸2 ´(cinema) length of positive film rolled on one
@: ³a six-@ film´, a complete film on six @s. µ¥ spool. ´¹ ³vt ¶[VP6A,15A,B]
´roll or wind (thread, a fishing line etc) on to, or with the help of, a @;
wind (thread, etc) ³off´: ³@ in the line; @ up a fish; @ the silk thread off
cocoons. ·@ sth off, ´tell, say or repeat sth without pause or apparent
effort: ³@ off the verses of a long poem; @ off a list of names.¼
¨reel©2 ²/ril/ ³vi ¶[VP2A,C] ¸1 ´be shaken (physically or mentally)
by a blow, a shock, rough treatment, etc: ³His mind @ed when he heard the
news. ¸2 ´walk or stand unsteadily, moving from side to side; sway: ³He @ed
like a drunken man. He went @ing down the road. ¸3 ´seem to sway; appear to
move or shake: ³The street @ed before his eyes.¼
¨reel©3 ²/ril/ ³n ¶[C] ´(music for a) lively Scottish dance, usu for two
couples.¼
¨re-en®try© ²/*ri ÚentrI/ ³n (pl µ-ries³) ´act of re-entering; return of a
spacecraft into the earth's atmosphere.¼
¨reeve© ²/riv/ ³n ¸1 ´(hist) chief magistrate of a town or district. ¸2
´(Canada) president of a village or town council.¼
¨re®face© ²/*riÚfeIs/ ³vt ´put a new surface on.¼
¨re®fec®tion© ²/rIÚfek2n/ ³n ¶[U] ´refreshment in the form of food and drink;
¶[C] ´light meal.¼
¨re®fec®tory© ²/rIÚfektErI/ ³n (pl µ-ries³) ´dining-hall (in a monastery,
convent or college).¼
¨re®fer© ²/rIÚf3(r)/ ³vt,vi µ(-rr-) ¸1 ¶[VP14,15B] ·@ sb/sth (back) (to
sb/sth) ´send, take, hand over (³to, back to´) to be dealt with, decided etc:
³The dispute was @red to the United Nations. I was @red to the Manager/to the
Inquiry Office. The question was @red back´, was deferred. ¸2 ¶[VP3A] ·@ to,
´(of a speaker, what is said, etc) speak of, allude to; apply to: ³When I said
that some people are stupid I wasn't @ring to you. Don't @ to this matter
again, please. What I have to say @s to all of you. Does that remark @ to me?
¸3 ¶[VP3A] ·@ to, ´turn to, go to, for information, etc: ³The speaker often
@red to his notes. ¸ref®er®able ²/rIÚf3rEbl/ ³adj ´that can be @rred.¼
¨ref®eree© ²/*refEÚri/ ³n ¸1 ´person to whom disputes, eÔg in
industry, between workers and employers, are referred for decision. ¸2 ´(in
football, boxing, etc) person who controls matches, judges points in dispute,
etc. µ¥ umpire. ³¹ vt,vi ¶[VP6A,2A] ´act as @: ³@ a football match.¼
¨ref®er®ence© ²/ÚrefrEns/ ³n ¸1 ¶[C,U] ´(instance of) referring:
³You should make @ to a dictionary. The book is full of @s to places that I
know well. ¸Ú@ book, book of @, ´one that is not read through but consulted
for information, eÔg a dictionary or encyclopaedia. ¸Ú@ library, ´one
containing @ books, to be consulted there but not to be taken away. ·terms of
@, ´(of a commission, etc) scope or range given to an authority: ³Is this
question outside our terms of @´, one that we are not required to investigate?
¸2 ¶[C] ´(person willing to make a) statement about a person's character or
abilities: ³excellent @s from former employers. The shop will open a credit
account for you if you supply a banker's @´, a note from your bank stating that
your financial position is sound. ¸3 ¶[C] ´note, direction, etc telling where
certain information may be found: ³He dislikes history books that are crowded
with @s to other books. ¸Ú@ marks, ´marks, eÔg *, ²P´, ²^´, ²K´, used to refer
the reader to the place, eÔg a footnote, where information may be found.
¸*cross-Úreference, µ¥ cross-@. ¸4 ¶[U] ·in/with @ to, ´concerning; about.
·without @ to, ´irrespective of; having no connection with.
¸ref®er®en®tial ²/*refEÚren2l/ ³adj ´having @ to.¼
¨ref®er®en®dum© ²/*refEÚrendEm/ ³n (pl µ@s; -da ²/-dE/³) ¶[C] ´the referring of
a political question to a direct vote of the electorate.¼
¨re®fill© ²/*riÚfIl/ ³vt ´fill again. ¹ ³n ²/ÚrifIl/ ´that which is used to @;
a container: ³two @s for a ball-point pen.¼
¨re®fine© ²/rIÚfñIn/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A,2A] ´free from other substances; make or
become pure: ³@ sugar/oil/ores. ¸2 ¶[VP6A] ´cause to become more cultured,
polished in manners; get rid of what is coarse or vulgar: ³@ a language; @d
language/manners/speech/taste. ¸3 ·@ upon, ´improve by giving great attention
to details: ³@ upon one's methods.¼
¨re®fine®ment© ²/rIÚfñInmEnt/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´refining or being refined. ¸2 ¶[U]
´purity of feeling, taste, language, etc; delicacy of manners: ³a lady of @;
lack of @´, iÔe vulgarity; ³aim at acquiring @. ¸3 ¶[C] ´ingenious or
remarkable example of such purity of tastes, etc; delicate or clever
development of sth: ³@s of meaning/cruelty; all the @s of the age.¼
¨re®finer© ²/rIÚfñInE(r)/ ³n ¸1 ´person whose business is to refine
sth: ³sugar @s. ¸2 ´machine for refining metals, sugar, etc. ¸@y ²/-nErI/ ³n
´place, building, etc where sth is refined: ³a ·Ú³sugar @y; an ·Ú³oil @y.¼
¨re®fit© ²/*riÚfIt/ ³vt,vi µ(-tt-) ¶[VP6A] ´make (a ship, etc) ready for use
again by renewing or repairing parts; ¶[VP2A] ´(of a ship) be made fit for
further voyages: ³The ship put into Cardiff to @. ¹ ³n ²/ÚrifIt/ ´refitting.¼
¨re®flate© ²/*riÚfleIt/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´restore to a previous economic or currency
state; ³plans to @ the economy.¼
¨re®fla®tion© ²/riÚfleI2n/ ³n ¶[U] ´inflation of currency after a deflation, to
restore the system to its previous condition.¼
¨re®flect© ²/rIÚflekt/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A] ´(of a surface) throw back (light,
heat, sound); (of a mirror) send back an image of: ³The sunlight was @ed from
the water. Look at the trees @ed in the lake. The moon shines with @ed light.
The sight of my face @ed in the mirror never pleases me. ¸Ú@®ing telescope,
´one in which the image is @ed in a mirror and magnified. ¸2 ¶[VP6A] ´express;
show the nature of: ³Her sad looks @ed the thoughts passing through her mind.
Does the literature of a nation @ its politics? ¸3 ¶[VP14] ·@ sth on/upon sb,
´(of actions, results) bring (credit or discredit upon): ³The results @ the
greatest credit upon all concerned. Such behaviour can only @ discredit upon
you. ¸4 ¶[VP3A] ·@ on/upon, ´bring discredit upon; hurt the good reputation
of: ³I do not wish to @ upon your sincerity´, suggest that you are not
sincere. ³Your rude behaviour @s only upon yourself´, You are the only person
whose reputation is hurt by it. ¸5 ¶[VP2A,3A,9,8,10] ·@ (on/upon), ´consider;
think on: ³I must @ upon what answer to give/how to answer that question. He
@ed how difficult it would be to escape.¼
¨re®flec®tion© ´(also, GB ¸re®flexion´) ²/rIÚflek2n/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U]
´reflecting or being reflected: ³the @ of heat. ¸2 ¶[C] ´sth reflected, esp an
image reflected in a mirror or in still water: ³see one's @ in a mirror; the @
of trees in (the water of) a lake. ¸3 ¶[U] ´thought; (re)consideration: ³lost
in @; do sth without sufficient @. ·on @, ´after reconsidering the matter. ¸4
¶[C] ´expression of a thought in speech or writing; idea arising in the mind:
³@s on the pleasures of being idle. ¸5 ¶[C] ´expression of blame: ³I intended
no @ on your character´, did not want to suggest that you are blameworthy.
³How dare you cast @s on my motives? ¸6 ¶[C] ´sth that brings discredit: ³This
is a @ upon your honour.¼
¨re®flec®tive© ²/rIÚflektIv/ ³adj ´thoughtful; in the habit of
reflectionµ(5)´. ¸@®ly ³adv¼
¨re®flec®tor© ²/rIÚflektE(r)/ ³n ´sth that reflects heat, light or sound, esp a
piece of glass or metal for reflecting light, etc in a required direction. ¸Ú@
studs´, (GB) studs inserted in a road surface to help drivers by reflecting
light from headlamps (colloq ³cat's eyes´). µ¥ ´the illus at µbicycle.¼
¨re®flex© ²/Úrifleks/ ³adj ¸1 Ú@ action, ´action that is independent of the
will, being an involuntary response to a stimulation of the nerves, eÔg
shivering, sneezing. ¸2 Ú@ camera, ´hand camera in which, by means of a
mirror, the reflected image of the object or scene to be photographed can be
seen and focused up to the moment of exposure. ¹ ³n ´@ action.¼
¨re®flex®ion© ²/rIÚflek2n/ ³n ´= µreflection.¼
¨re®flex®ive© ²/rIÚfleksIv/ ³n, adj ´(word or form) showing that
the agent's action is upon himself. ¸@ verb, ´eÔg He ³cut ´himself. ¸@
pronoun, ´eÔg ³myself, themselves.¼
¨re®float© ²/*riÚflE8t/ ³vt,vi ¶[VP6A,2A] ´cause (sth) to float again after it
has gone aground, been sunk, etc; float again.¼
¨re®flux© ²/*riÚflAks/ ³n ´flowing back; ebb: ³flux and @.¼
¨re®for®est© ²/*riÚforIst ³US: ²-Úfcr-/ ³vt µ¥ reafforest. ¸re®for®es®ta®tion
²/ri*forIÚsteI2n ³US: ²-*fcr-/ ³n¼
¨re®form© ²/rIÚfcm/ ³vt,vi ¶[VP6A,2A] ´make or become better by removing or
putting right what is bad or wrong: ³@ a sinner/one's character/the world; @
oneself; a @ed man´, one who has given up his bad ways and is now living a
good life. ¹ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´@ing; removal of vices, imperfections, etc: ³agitate
for social or political @; the Re·Ú³form Bill of 1832´, (GB) that which
extended the franchise and improved parliamentary representation. ¸2 ¶[C]
´instance of @; change made in order to remove imperfections: ³a @ in teaching
methods. ¸@er ³n ´person actively engaged in advocating or carrying our @s.¼
¨re-form© ²/*ri Úfcm/ ³vt,vi ´form again; (of soldiers) get into ranks, etc
again. ¸re-for®ma®tion ²/*ri fcÚmeI2n/ ³n¼
¨ref®or®ma®tion© ²/*refEÚmeI2n/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´reforming±1 ´or being reformed±1´;
¶[C] ´radical change for the better in social, political or religious affairs.
¸2 the R@, ´the 16th-century movement for reform of the Roman Catholic Church,
resulting in the establishment of the Reformed or Protestant Churches.¼
¨re®forma®tory© ²/rIÚfcmEtrI ³US: ²-tcrI/ ³adj ´tending or intending to
produce reform. ¹ ³n (pl µ-ties³) ´(formerly) school or institution for
reforming young offenders against the law by means of special training,
mental, moral and physical (usu, in GB, called an ³approved school ´or
³community house´).¼
¨re®fract© ²/rIÚfrakt/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´cause (a ray of light) to bend aside where
it enters, eÔg water, glass, obliquely: ³Light is @ed when it passes through a
prism. ¸re®frac®tion ²/rIÚfrak2n/ ³n ´@ing or being @ed.¼
¨re®frac®tory© ²/rIÚfraktErI/ ³adj ¸1 ´resisting control, discipline, etc;
wilful: ³as @ as a mule; ´(of diseases) not yielding to treatment. ¸2 ´(of
substances, esp metals) hard to melt, fuse or work.¼
¨re®frain©1 ²/rIÚfreIn/ ³n ¶[C] ´lines of a song which are repeated, esp at
the end of each verse: ³Will you all join in singing the @, please?¼
¨re®frain©2 ²/rIÚfreIn/ ³vi ¶[VP2A,3A] ·@ (from), ´hold oneself
back: ³Please @ from spitting in public places. Let's hope they will @ from
hostile action.¼
¨re®fresh© ²/rIÚfre2/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ¸1 ´give new strength to; make fresh: ³@
oneself with a cup of tea/a warm bath. ¸2 ·@ one's memory, ´call things back
to the memory by referring to notes, etc. ¸3 ´take sth to eat or drink: ³They
stopped at a pub to @ themselves. They felt much @ed. ¸@®ing ³adj ¸1
´strengthening; giving rest and relief: ³a @ing breeze/sleep. ¸2 ´welcome and
interesting because rare or unexpected: ³@ing innocence´, eÔg of children to
older, sophisticated persons. ¸@®ing®ly ³adv¼
¨re®fresher© ²/rIÚfre2E(r)/ ³n ¸1 ´(legal) extra fee paid to counse1±1µ(3)
´while a case is proceeding in the law courts. ¸2 ´(colloq) drink. ¸3 ´(attrib)
¸Ú@ course, ´course providing instruction, eÔg to teachers already in service,
on modern methods, newer professional techniques, etc.¼
¨re®fresh®ment© ²/rIÚfre2mEnt/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´refreshing or being refreshed:
³feel @ of mind and body. ¸2 ¶[U] ´(often ³pl´) that which refreshes, esp food
and drink: ³order some light @(s), ´snacks; ·Ú³@ room´, one where one can buy
food and drink, eÔg at a railway station. ³R@s were provided during the
interval.¼
¨re®frig®er®ate© ²/rIÚfrIdZEreIt/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´make cool or cold;
keep (food) in good condition by making and keeping it cold. ¸re®frig®er®ant
²/-Ent/ ³n, adj ´(substance) serving to @, eÔg liquid carbon dioxide.
¸re®frig®er®ation ²/rI*frIdZEÚreI2n/ ³n ´(esp) the cooling or freezing of food
in order to preserve it: ³the refrigeration industry. ¸re®frig®er®ator
²/rIÚfrIdZEreItE(r)/ ³n ¶[C] ´(colloq abbr ³fridge´) cabinet or room in which
food is kept cold.¼
¨reft© ²/reft/ ³pp ´= µbereft.¼
¨re®fuel© ²/*riÚfjuEl/ ³vt,vi µ(-ll-, ´US also µ-l-) ¶[VP6A,2A] ´supply with,
take on, a fresh quantity of fuel: ³The plane came down to @.¼
¨ref®uge© ²/ÚrefjudZ/ ³n ¶[C,U] ´(place giving) shelter or protection from
trouble, danger, pursuit, etc: ³seek @ from the floods; take @ in the cellar;
´(fig) ³take @ in silence´, eÔg to avoid answering impertinent questions.
³Books are a @ of the lonely.¼
¨refu®gee© ²/*refj8ÚdZi ³US: ²Úrefj8dZi/ ³n ´person who has been forced to flee
from danger, eÔg from floods, war, political persecution: (attrib)
·*³refu·Ú³gee camps.¼
¨re®ful®gent© ²/rIÚfAldZent/ ³adj ´(formal) shining; brilliant. ¸re®ful®gence
²/-Ens/ ³n ¶[U].¼
¨re®fund© ²/rIÚfAnd/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´pay back (money to sb): ³@ the cost of
postage. ¹ n ²/ÚrifAnd/ ¶[C,U] ´repayment: ³obtain a @ of a deposit.¼
¨re®fur®bish© ²/*riÚf3bI2/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´make clean or bright again; make (as
if) like new.¼
¨re®fusal© ²/rIÚfjuzl/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´act of refusing; ¶[C] ´instance of this:
³the @ of an invitation; his @ to do what I asked. ¸2 (the) @, ´right of
deciding whether to accept or refuse sth before it is offered to others:
³If you ever decide to sell your car, please give me (the) first @.¼
¨ref®use©1 ²/Úrefjus/ ³n ¶[U] ´waste or worthless material: ³a ·Ú³@ dump´, eÔg
place where town @ (collected from houses, etc) is dumped. ¸Ú@-collector ³n
´dustman.¼
¨re®fuse©2 ²/rIÚfjuz/ ³vt,vi ¶[VP6A,7A,12C,2A] ´say "no' to (a request or
offer); show unwillingness to accept (sth offered), to do (sth that one is
asked to do): ³@ a gift; @ one's consent; @ to help. They @d me permission. I
was @d admittance.¼
¨re®fute© ²/rIÚfjut/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´prove (statements, opinions, etc)
to be wrong or mistaken; prove (sb) wrong in his opinions: ³@ an argument/an
opponent. ¸re®fut®able ²/-Ebl/ ³adj ´that can be @d. ¸refu®ta®tion
²/*refu8ÚteI2n/ ³n ¶[U] ´refuting; ¶[C] ´counter-argument.¼
¨re®gain© ²/rIÚgeIn/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ¸1 ´get possession of again: ³@ consciousness;
@ one's freedom. ¸2 ´get back to (a place or position): ³@
one's footing´, recover one's balance after slipping or falling.¼
¨re®gal© ²/Úrigl/ ³adj ´of, for, fit for, by, a monarch; royal: ³@
dignity/splendour/power. ¸@ly ²/-gElI/ ³adv¼
¨re®gale© ²/rIÚgeIl/ ³vt ¶[VP6A,14] ·@ oneself/sb (with/on sth), ´give pleasure
or delight to: ³@ oneself with a cigar; regaling themselves and their friends
on caviar and champagne.¼
¨re®galia© ²/rIÚgeIlIE/ ³n pl ¶[C] ´(often with a ³sing v´) ¸1 ´emblems
(crown, orb, sceptre, etc) of royalty, as used at coronations. ¸2 ´emblems or
decorations of an orderµ(10)´, eÔg of the freemasons.¼
¨re®gard©1 ²/rIÚgqd/ ³n ¸1 ´(liter or old use) long, steady or significant
look. ¸2 ¶[U] ´point attended to; relation. ·in Úthis @, ´in respect of (=
regarding) this point. ·in/with @ to, ´with respect to; concerning. ¸3 ¶[U]
´attention; concern; consideration: ³You'll get into trouble if you continue to
behave without @ to decency. He has very little @ for the feelings of others.
More @ must be paid to safety on the roads. ¸4 ¶[U] ´esteem; consideration;
respect: ³hold sb in high/low @; have a high/low @ for sb's judgement. ¸5 ³(pl)
´kindly thoughts and wishes: (at the end of a letter) ³with kind @s, yours
sincerely,«. ³Please give my kind @s to your brother´. ¸@®ful ²/-fl/ ³adj ·@ful
(of), ´full of @µ(3)´: ³Be more @ful of your own interests. ¸@®less ³adj ·@less
of, ´paying no attention to: ³@less of the consequences; @less of expense.¼
¨re®gard©2 ²/rIÚgqd/ ³vt ¸1 ¶[VP6A] ´(liter or old use) look
closely at. ¸2 ¶[VP16B] ·@ sb/sth as, ´consider: ³@ sb as a hero; @ sth as a
crime. He's @ed as the best dentist in town. ¸3 ¶[VP6A,14] ·@ (with), ´look
upon mentally: ³I @ his behaviour with suspicion/horror. How is he @ed
locally? He is @ed with disfavour/unfavourably. ¸4 ¶[VP6A] ´pay attention to
(chiefly neg and interr): ³He seldom @s my advice. Why do you so seldom @ my
wishes? ¸as @s, @ing ³prep ´with reference to; concerning.¼
¨re®gatta© ²/rIÚgatE/ ³n ´meeting for boat races (rowing boats or
yachts).¼
¨re®gency© ²/ÚridZEnsI/ ³n (pl µ-cies³) ´the office of a regent; regent's
period of office. ¸the R@´, (in GB) the period 1810Å20.¼
¨re®gen®er®ate© ²/rIÚdZenEreIt/ ³vt,vi ¶[VP6A,2A] ¸1 ´reform spiritually;
raise morally. ¸2 ´give new strength or life to; restore lost qualities to. ¸3
´grow again. ¹ ³adj ²/rIÚdZenErEt/ ´spiritually reborn: ³a @ society.
¸re®gen®er®ation ²/rI*dZenEÚreI2n/ ³n ¶[U] ´being @d.¼
¨re®gent© ²/ÚridZEnt/ ³n ¸1 ´person appointed to perform the duties of a ruler
who is too young, old, ill, etc or who is absent. ¸2 ´(US) member of a
governing board (eÔg of a State university). ¹ ³adj ´(following the ³n´)
performing the duties of a @: ³the Prince R@.¼
¨reg®gae© ²/ÚregeI/ ³n ¶[U] ´West Indian popular music and dance with strong
rhythms.¼
¨regi®cide© ²/ÚredZIsñId/ ³n ¶[U] ´crime of killing a king; ¶[C] ´person who
kills, or takes part in the killing of, a king.¼
¨r_e®gime©, re®gime ²/reIÚZim/ ³n ¶[C] ¸1 ´method or system of government or of
administration; prevailing system of things: ³under the old @´, before the
changes were made, etc (according to context). ¸2 ´= µregimen.¼
¨regi®men© ²/ÚredZImEn/ ³n ¶[C] ´set of rules for diet, exercise, etc for
promoting one's health and physical well-being.¼
¨regi®ment© ²/ÚredZImEnt/ ³n ¶[C] ´(cavalry and artillery) unit divided into
squadrons or batteries and commanded by a colonel; (GB infantry) organization
usu based on a city or county, with special traditions and dress, represented
in the field by battalions: ³the 1st battalion of the Manchester R@. ·@ of,
´large number: ³whole @s of starlings. ¹ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´organize; discipline: ³@
the workers of a country. ¸reg®i®men®ta®tion ²/*redZImenÚteI2n/ ³n ¶[U]
´subjection to control; strict political discipline (as in a police state).¼
¨regi®men®tal© ²/*redZIÚmentl/ ³adj ´of a regiment: ³the @ tie´, in the colours
of the regiment. ¸@s ³n pl ´dress worn by the men of a regiment;
military uniform: ³in full @s´, in full dress.¼
¨Re®gina© ²/rIÚdZñInE/ ³n ´(abbr ¸R´) reigning queen: (used in signatures to
proclamations) ³Elizabeth @´; (legal) (used in titles of lawsuits): ³@ ´v
³Hay´, the Crown against Hay. µ¥ Rex.¼
¨re®gion© ²/ÚridZEn/ ³n ¶[C] ´area or division with or without definite
boundaries or characteristics: ³the Arctic @s; the forest @; the lower @s´,
hell; ³the @ of metaphysics; ³the abdominal @. ¸@al ²/-nl/ ³adj ´of a @: ³the
@al wines of France; a @al geography. ¸@®ally ²/-nElI/ ³adv¼
¨reg®is®ter©1 ²/ÚredZIstE(r)/ ³n ¶[C] ¸1 ´(book containing a)
record or list: ³a parish @´, one with records of baptisms, marriages and
funerals; ³Lloyd's @´, of shipping; ³the R@ of voters, the Parliamentary R@´,
of persons qualified to vote at elections. ¸2 ´range of the human voice or of a
musical instrument; part of this range: ³the upper/middle @; the lower @ of the
clarinet. ¸3 ´mechanical device for indicating and recording speed, force,
numbers, etc. ¸Úcash @, ´as used for recording cash payments in shops, etc. µ¥
´the illus at µcash. ¸4 ´adjustable metal plate or grating for widening or
narrowing the size of an opening and so regulating the passage of air, etc
through it: ³a hot-air @´, one controlling the flow of hot air, eÔg in a
building heated from a basement furnace. ¸5 ´= µregistry. ¸6 ´(linguistics)
vocabulary, grammar, etc used by speakers in particular circumstances or
contexts, eÔg legal, commercial.¼
¨reg®is®ter©2 ²/ÚredZIstE(r)/ ³vt,vi ¶[VP2A,3A,6A,14] ·@ (sth/oneself) (with
sth/sb) (for sth), ¸1 ´make a written and formal record of, in a list: ³@ one's
car/the birth of a child/a new trade-mark; a State R@ed Nurse´, one who is
officially @ed. ³I am a foreigner here; must I @ (myself) with the police?
Where can I @ for the Arabic course? ¸2 ´put or get (sb's name, one's own
name) on a register. ¸3 ´(of instruments) indicate; record: ³The thermometer
@ed only two degrees above freezing-point. ¸4 ´(of sb's face) show (emotion,
etc): ³Her face @ed surprise. ¸5 ´send (a letter or parcel) by special post,
paying an extra charge which ensures compensation if it is lost: ³It's wise to
@ letters containing banknotes.¼
¨reg®is®trar© ²/*redZIÚstrq(r)/ ³n ´person whose duty is to keep
records or registers, eÔg for a town council or a university.¼
¨reg®is®tra®tion© ²/*redZIÚstreI2n/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´registering; recording: ³@ of
letters/luggage; @ of students for an examination/an academic course; the ·Ú³@
number ´(eÔg of a car). ¸2 ¶[C] ´entry; record of facts.¼
¨reg®is®try© ²/ÚredZIstrI/ ³n (pl µ-tries³) ¸1 ´(sometimes ³register´) place
where registers are kept: ³a ship's port of @; married at a ·Ú³@ office´,
before a registrar (without a religious ceremony). ¸2 ¶[U] ´= registration.¼
¨reg®nant© ²/ÚregnEnt/ ³adj ´reigning: ³Queen @´, one who is ruling in her own
right and not as a consort.¼
¨re®gress© ²/rIÚgres/ ³vi ¶[VP2A] ´return to an earlier or more primitive form
or state. ¸re®gression ²/rIÚgre2n/ ³n ´@ing. ¸re®gressive ³adj ´tending to @.¼
¨re®gret©1 ²/rIÚgret/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´feeling of sadness at the loss of
sth, or of annoyance or disappointment because sth has or has not been done:
³express @ at not being able to help; hear with @ that a friend is ill. Much
to my @ I am unable to accept your kind invitation. ¸2 ³(pl) ´(in polite
expressions of refusal, etc): ³Please accept my @s at having to refuse. He
refused with many @s/with much @. ³I have no @s´, do not feel sorry (about
what I did, etc). ¸@®ful ²/-fl/ ³adj ´sad; sorry; ¸@®fully ²/-fElI/ ³adv
´sadly; with @.¼
¨re®gret©2 ²/rIÚgret/ ³vt µ(-tt-) ¶[VP6A,D,7A,9] ¸1 ´be sorry for the loss of;
wish to have again: ³@ lost opportunities. He died @ted by all. ¸2 ´feel sorry
for; be sorry ³(to say, etc; that«)´: ³I @ being unable to help/@ that I cannot
help. I @ to say that«. It is to be @ted that«´, is a pity that«. ³I @ my
child's ignorance. ¸@®table ²/-Ebl/ ³adj ´to be @ted: ³@table failures.
¸@®tably ²/-EblI/ ³adv´: ³a @tably small attendance.¼
¨re®group© ²/*riÚgrup/ ³vt,vi ¶[VP6A,2A] ´form again into groups; form into new
groups.¼
¨regu®lar© ²/Úregj8lE(r)/ ³adj ¸1 ´evenly arranged; symmetrical;
systematic: ³@ teeth; @ features´, eÔg of the face; ³a @ figure; a @
nomenclature. ¸2 ´coming, happening, done, again and again at even intervals:
³a man with @ habits´, doing the same things at the same times every day; ³keep
@ hours´, eÔg leaving and returning home, getting up and going to bed, at the
same times every day; ³@ breathing; have a @ pulse; walking up and down with @
steps. He has no @ work´, no continuous occupation. ¸3 ´properly qualified;
recognized; trained; full-time or professional: ³@ soldiers, ´not volunteers or
militia; ³the @ army, ´made up of @ soldiers. ¸4 ´conforming to a standard of
etiquette; in agreement with what is considered correct procedure or behaviour:
³I doubt whether your procedure would be considered @ by the authorities. ¸5
´(gram, of ³vv, nn´, etc) having normal inflections: ³The verb "go' is not @.
¸6 ´(eccles) bound by, living under, religious rule (opp of ³secular´): ³the @
clergy, ´eÔg monks but not parish priests. ¸7 ´(colloq) thorough; complete:
³He's a @ hero/rascal. ¸8 ´ordinary; normal: ³Do you want king size cigarettes
or @ size? ¸9 ´(colloq) likeable; good: ³He's a @ guy. ¹ n ¸1 ´soldier of the @
army. ¸2 ´(colloq) @ customer or client, eÔg at a hairdresser's or a pub. ¸@®ly
³adv ´in a @ manner; at @ intervals or times: ³a garden @ly laid out; as @ly as
clockwork. ¸@®ity ²/*regj8ÚlarEtI/ ³n ¶[U] ´state of being @: ³win a prize for
@ity of attendance.¼
¨regu®lar®ize© ²/Úregj8lErñIz/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´make lawful or correct: ³@ the
proceedings. ¸regu®lar®iz®ation ²/*regj8lErñIÚzeI2n ³US: ²-rIÚz-/ ³n¼
¨regu®late© ²/Úregj8leIt/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ¸1 ´control systematically;
cause to obey a rule or standard: ³@ one's conduct/expenditure; @ the traffic.
Accidents happen even in the best @d families. ¸2 ´adjust (an apparatus,
mechanism) to get the desired result: ³@ a clock; @ the speed of a machine.
¸regu®la®tor ²/-tE(r)/ ³n ´person or thing that @s, eÔg a device that @s a
mechanical movement, esp in a clock.¼
¨regu®la®tion© ²/*regj8ÚleI2n/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´regulating or being regulated: ³the
@ of affairs/of a clock. ¸2 ¶[C] ´rule; order; authoritative direction:
·Ú³safety @s´, eÔg in factories; ·Ú³traffic @s, ´made by the police for drivers
of vehicles; ³contrary to @s; Queen's/King's @s´, those governing the
conduct of the armed forces. ¸3 ´(attrib) as required by rules; correct: ³@
dress/uniform; application forms of the @ size.¼
¨re®gur®gi®tate© ²/riÚg3dZIteIt/ ³vi,vt ¶[VP6A,2A] ´(of liquid, etc) gush
back; bring (swallowed food) up again to the mouth.¼
¨re®ha®bili®tate© ²/*riEÚbIlIteIt/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ¸1 ´restore (eÔg old buildings)
to a good condition. ¸2 ´restore (sb) to former rank, position or reputation:
³He has been @d in public esteem. ¸3 ´bring back (sb who is physically
disabled or delinquent) to a normal life by special treatment.
¸re®ha®bili®ta®tion ²/*riE*bIlIÚteI2n/ ³n ´rehabilitating: ³a rehabilitation
centre´, place where persons are @dµ(3)´.¼
¨re®hash© ²/*riÚha2/ ³vt ´take (eÔg old literary material) and use again in a
new form: ³@ last term's lectures for the coming term. ¹ n ²/Úriha2/ ¶[C] ´@ed
material.¼
¨re®hear© ²/*riÚhIE(r)/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´hear, consider, again (a case, plea etc in
a law court). ¸re®hear®ing ³n ´instance of this.¼
¨re®hearse© ²/rIÚh3s/ ³vt,vi ¶[VP6A,2A] ¸1 ´practise (a play,
music, programme, etc) for public performance: ³@ the parts in a play; @ an
opera. ¸2 ´say over again; give an account of: ³@ the events of the day; @
one's grievances. ¸re®hearsal ²/-sl/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´rehearsing: ³put a play into
rehearsal. ¸2 ¶[C] ´trial performance of a play or other entertainment: ³a
·Ú³dress rehearsal´, one in which the actors wear the costumes and use the
props as for public performances.¼
¨re®house© ²/*riÚhñ8z/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´provide with a new house (esp in place of
one officially condemned): ³The people in these slums will have to be @d.¼
¨Reich© ²/rñIk/ ³n ´the German Commonwealth as a whole. ¸the First R@, ´the
Holy Roman Empire, 9th c to 1806. ¸the Second R@, ´1871Å1918. ¸the Third R@,
´the Nazi regime, 1933Å45.¼
¨reign© ²/reIn/ ³n ¶[C] ´(period of) sovereignty, rule; dominance: ³during
five successive @s; in the @ of King Alfred; the @ of law/reason; the R@ of
Terror´, (in France, 1793Å94, during the Revolution). ³¹ vi ¶[VP2A,3A] ·@
(over), ¸1 ´hold office as a monarch: ³The king @ed but he did not rule or
govern. He @ed over the country for ten years. ¸2 ´be influential; prevail:
³the @ing beauty´, woman acknowledged to be most beautiful for the time in
question. ³Silence @ed everywhere.¼
¨re®im®burse© ²/*riImÚb3s/ ³vt ¶[VP6A,12A,13A,14] ·@ sth (to sb); @ sb (for)
sth, ´pay back (sb who has spent money, the money spent): ³We must @ him the
costs of the journey. You will be @d (for) your expenses. ¸@®ment ³n ¶[C,U]
´repayment (of expenses).¼
¨rein© ²/reIn/ ³n ´(often ³pl ´in the same sense as the ³sing´)
long, narrow strap fastened to the bit of a bridle for controlling a horse. µ¥
´the illus at µharness. ·assume/drop the @s of government, ´enter upon/give up
office. ·draw @, ´(lit and fig) pull up; go slower. ·give free @/the @s to
sb/sth, ´(lit and fig) allow freedom to: ³give a horse the @s; give the @(s) to
one's imagination´, allow it great freedom. ·hold/take the @s, ´(lit and fig)
have/take control: ³hold the @s of government. ·keep a tight @ on sb/sth, ´(lit
and fig) be firm with; allow little freedom to. ³¹ vt ¶[VP6A,15B] ´control
with, or as with, @s: ³@ in a horse´, restrain it; check it; ³@ up/back a
horse´, pull it up or back with the @s.¼
¨re®in®car®nate© ²/*riInÚkqneIt/ ³vt ´give a new body to (a soul). ³¹ adj
²/*riInÚkqnEt/ ´born again in a new body. ¸re®in®car®na®tion ²/*riInkqÚneI2n/
³n ¶[U] ´religious doctrine that the soul enters, after death, into another
(human or animal) body; ¶[C] ´instance of this; new body inhabited by the
soul.¼
¨rein®deer© ²/ÚreIndIE(r)/ ³n (pl ´unchanged³) ´kind of large deer with branched
antlers, used in Lapland for transport and kept in herds for its milk, flesh
and hide. µ¥ ´the illus at µlarge.¼
¨re®in®force© ²/*riInÚfcs/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´make stronger by adding or supplying
more men or material; increase the size, thickness, of sth so that it supports
more weight, etc: ³@ an army/a fleet; @ a garment´, by adding an extra
thickness of cloth in places; ³@ a bridge. ¸@d concrete, ´concrete strengthened
with steel bars or metal netting embedded in it. ¸@®ment ³n ¶[U] ´reinforcing
or being @d; (esp ³pl´) that which @s; (esp) men, ships, etc sent to @.¼
¨re®in®state© ²/*riInÚsteIt/ ³vt ¶[VP6A,14] ·@ sb (in), ´replace (sb) (in a
former position or condition): ³@ sb in his former office. ¸@®ment ³n¼
¨re®in®sure© ²/*riInÚ28E(r)/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´insure again (esp of an
underwriter who relieves himself of some or all of a risk by taking out an
insurance with another underwriter or insurance company). ¸re®in®sur®ance
²/-rEns/ ³n¼
¨re®is®sue© ²/*riÚI2u/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´issue again after temporary discontinuance:
³@ stamps/books. ¹ n ´sth @d, esp a reprint of a book with a change of format
or price. Cf ³new edition´, in which changes are made in the text.¼
¨re®iter®ate© ²/riÚItEreIt/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´say or do again several times: ³@ a
command. ¸re®iter®ation ²/ri*ItEÚreI2n/ ³n ¶[U] ´act of reiterating; ¶[C]
´instance of this; repetition.¼
¨re®ject©1 ²/ÚridZekt/ ³n ´sth @ed: ³export @s´, articles made for
export but @ed because of a flaw or imperfection.¼
¨re®ject©2 ²/rIÚdZekt/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ¸1 ´put aside, throw away, as not good
enough to be kept: ³@ fruit that is over-ripe. ¸2 ´refuse to accept: ³@ an
offer of help; @ a heart transplant´, (of the body) fail to adapt to the new
heart; ³a @ed suitor. The army doctors @ed him´, would not accept him as
medically fit. ¸re®jec®tion ²/rIÚdZek2n/ ³n ¶[U] ´@ing or being @ed; ¶[C]
´instance of this; sth @ed: ·Ú³@ion slip´, printed or written note from an
editor or publisher @ing an offered article, novel etc.¼
¨re®jig© ²/*riÚdZIg/ ³vt µ(-gg-) ¶[VP6A] ´supply (a factory, etc) with new
mechanical equipment.¼
¨re®joice© ²/rIÚdZãIs/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A] ´make glad; cause to be happy: ³The
boy's success @d his mother's heart. ¸2 ¶[VP2A,C,3B,4C] ·@ (at/over), ´feel
great joy; show signs of great happiness: ³@ over a victory; @ at sb's success.
I @ to hear that you are well again/@ that you have recovered so quickly. He @s
in the name of Bloggs´, humorous for "His name is Bloggs'. Note: in colloq
style "be glad' and "be pleased' are commoner than "rejoice'. ¸re®joic®ing ³n
¶[U] ´happiness; joy; ³(pl) ´celebrations; merry-making.¼
¨re®join©1 ²/rIÚdZãIn/ ³vt,vi ¶[VP6A,2A] ´answer; reply; (legal)
answer a charge or plea. ¸@®der ²/-dE(r)/ ³n ¶[C] ´what is said in reply;
retort.¼
¨re®join©2 ²/*riÚdZãIn/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´join the company of again: ³@ one's
regiment/ship.¼
¨re-join© ²/*ri ÚdZãIn/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´join (together) again.¼
¨re®ju®ven®ate© ²/riÚdZuvEneIt/ ³vt,vi ¶[VP6A,2A] ´make or become young or
vigorous again in nature or appearance. ¸re®ju®ven®ation ²/rI*dZuvEÚneI2n/ ³n¼
¨re®kindle© ²/*riÚkIndl/ ³vt,vi ¶[VP6A,2A] ´kindle again: ³@ a fire. Our hopes
@d.¼
¨re®laid© ²/*riÚleId/ ³pt,pp ´of µrelay±2µ.¼
¨re®lapse© ²/rIÚlaps/ ³vi ¶[VP2A,3A] ·@ (into), ´fall back again (into bad
ways, error, illness, silence etc): ³He @d into smoking twenty cigarettes a
day. ¹ n ¶[C] ´falling back, esp after recovering from illness: ³The patient
has had a @.¼
¨re®late© ²/rIÚleIt/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A,14] ·@ (to), ´(formal) tell (a story, etc
to sb); give an account of (facts, adventures etc): ³He @d to his wife some
amusing stories about his employer. Strange to @, I once met Christopher in
Katmandu. ¸2 ¶[VP14] ·@ to/with, ´connect in thought or meaning: ³It is
difficult to @ these results with/to any known cause. ¸3 ¶[VP3A] ·@ to, ´have
reference (to): ³She is a girl who notices nothing except what @s to herself.
¸4 ·be @d (to), ´be connected by family (to): ³I am not @d to him in any way.
He and I are not @d. She says she is @d to the royal family.¼
¨re®la®tion© ²/rIÚleI2n/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´the act of relatingµ(1,2)´, narrating or
telling: ³the @ of his adventures; ¶[C] ´that which is narrated; tale or
narrative. ¸2 ¶[U] ´(= @ship) connection; what there is between one thing,
person, idea, etc and another or others: ³the @ between mother and
child/between weather and the crops. The effort and expense needed for this
project bore no @/were out of all @ to the results´, were not proportional to
the results. ·in/with @ to, ´as regards; concerning. ¸3 ´(usu ³pl´) dealings;
affairs; what one person, group, country etc, has to do with another: ³have
business @s with a firm in Stockholm; the friendly @s between my country and
yours; diplomatic @s. I have broken off all @s with that fellow´, I have
nothing to do with him now. ¸*public reÚlations officer, µ¥ public, ³adjµ(1)³.
¸4 ¶[U] ´kinship (now usu ³@ship´); ¶[C] ´kinsman or kinswoman; relativeµ(2)´:
³He's a near @ of mine. ³She's a @ by marriage. ¸@®ship ²/-2Ip/ ³n ¸1 ´@µ(2)´:
³He admitted his affair with Susan could never develop into a lasting @ship. ¸2
¶[U] ´(= @µ(4)´) condition of belonging to the same family; being connected by
birth or marriage. ¸3 ¶[C] ´instance of being related; particular connection or
@ ³(between/to/with).¼
¨rela®tive© ²/ÚrelEtIv/ ³adj ¸1 ´comparative: ³the @ advantages of
two methods/of gas and electricity for heating. They are living in @ comfort´,
iÔe compared with other people or with themselves at an earlier time. ¸2 ·@
to, ´referring to; having a connection with: ³the facts @ to this problem; the
papers @ to the case. ¸3 ´(gram) ¸@ adverb ´(eÔg ³where ´in "the place where
the accident occurred'). ¸@ clause, ´one joined by a @ ³pron ´or ³adv ´to the
antecedent of the @ word. ¸@ pronoun ´(eÔg ³whom ´in "the man whom we saw').
³¹ n ¶[C] ¸1 ´@ word, esp a @ pronoun. ¸2 ´person to whom one is related (eÔg
an uncle or aunt, a cousin, a nephew or niece). ¸@®ly ³adv ´comparatively; in
proportion to: ³In spite of her dull husband she is @ly happy. The matter is
unimportant, @ly speaking´, if we think of this matter in proportion to other
matters.¼
¨rela®tiv®ity© ²/*relEÚtIvEtI/ ³n ¶[U] ´(esp) Einstein's theory of the
universe, based on the principle that measures of motion, space and time are
relative.¼
¨re®lax© ²/rIÚlaks/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A] ´cause or allow to become less tight,
stiff, strict or rigid: ³@ one's grip/hold on sth; @ the muscles; @ discipline;
a @ed throat´, a form of sore throat; ³a @ing climate´, (opp of ³bracing´) one
that causes an inclination to feel sluggish, lacking in energy. ¸2 ¶[VP2A,C]
´become less tense, rigid, energetic, strict: ³His severity @ed. His face @ed
in a smile. Let's stop working and @ for an hour. He's feeling @ed now´, free
from nervous anxiety, disturbing tensions, etc. ¸@®ation ²/*rilakÚseI2n/ ³n ¸1
¶[U] ´@ing or being @ed: ³@ation of the muscles. ¸2 ¶[U] ´recreation; ¶[C] ´sth
done for recreation: ³Fishing and mountain-climbing are his favourite @ations.¼
¨re®lay©1 ²/ÚrileI/ ³n ¶[C] ¸1 ´supply of fresh horses to take the
place of tired horses; gang or group of men, supply of material, similarly
used: ³working in/by @s. ¸Ú@ race ³n ´one between teams, each member of the
team running, swimming, etc one section of the total distance. ¸2 ´(telegraphy,
broadcasting) device which receives messages, radio programmes, etc and
transmits them with greater strength, thus increasing the distance over which
they are carried. ¸Ú@ station, ´place from which radio programmes are
broadcast after being received from another station. ¸3 ´(short for) @ race;
@ed broadcast programme. ³¹ vt ²/rIÚleI/ ³(pt,pp µ@ed³) ´send out (a broadcast
programme received from another station).¼
¨re®lay©2 ²/*riÚleI/ ³vt (pt,pp µ-laid ²/-ÚleId/³) ´lay (a cable, carpet, etc)
again.¼
¨re®lease© ²/rIÚlis/ ³vt ¶[VP6A,14] ·@ (from), ¸1 ´allow to go; set free;
unfasten: ³@ one's hold of sth; @ a man from prison/from a promise; @ a bomb
(from an aircraft)´, allow it to fall; ³@ a monk from his vows; @ sb from his
suffering; @ the handbrake (of a car). ¸2 ´allow (news) to be known or
published; allow (a film) to be exhibited or (goods) to be placed on sale:
³recently @d films/discs. ¸3 ´(legal) give up or surrender (a right, debt,
property) to another. ³¹ n ¸1 ¶[U] ´releasing or being @d; ¶[C] ´instance of
this: ³obtain (a) @ from an obligation; an order for sb's @ from prison; the @
of a film for public exhibition; a ·Ú³press @´, iÔe to the newspapers; ³a
feeling of @´, iÔe of freedom; ³the newest @s´, eÔg films/discs; ³on general @,
´(of cinema films) available for seeing at the usual network of local cinemas.
¸2 ¶[C] ´handle, lever, catch, etc that @s part of a machine: ³the
·Ú³carriage @ ´(on a typewriter); (attrib) ·Ú³@ gear; the ·Ú³@ button/knob.¼
¨rel®egate© ²/ÚrelIgeIt/ ³vt ¶[VP14] ·@ sth/sb to sth, ¸1 ´delegate±2´. ¸2
´dismiss to a lower position or condition: ³He @d his wife to the position of a
mere housekeeper. ´(League football) ³Will our team be @d to the second
division? ¸rel®ega®tion ²/*relIÚgeI2n/ ³n ¶[U].¼
¨re®lent© ²/rIÚlent/ ³vi ¶[VP2A] ´become less severe; give up unkind or cruel
intentions: ³At last their mother @ed and allowed the children to stay up and
watch TÔV. ¸@®less ³adj ´without pity: ³@less persecution. ¸@®less®ly ³adv¼
¨rel®evant© ²/ÚrelEvEnt/ ³adj ·@ (to), ´(closely) connected with what is
happening, being discussed, done, etc: ³have all the @ documents ready; supply
the facts @ to the case. ¸@®ly ³adv ¸rel®evance ²/-Ens/, ¸rel®evancy ²/-EnsI/
³nn¼
¨re®liable© ²/rIÚlñIEbl/ ³adj ´that may be relied or depended upon: ³@
tools/assistants/information/witnesses. ¸re®li®ably ²/-EblI/ ³adv
¸re®lia®bil®ity ²/rI*lñIEÚbIlEtI/ ³n ¶[U] ´state or quality of being @.¼
¨re®li®ance© ²/rIÚlñIEns/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ·@ on/upon, ´trust;
confidence: ³Do you place much @ on your doctor? There is little @ to be placed
on his promises. ¸2 ´person or thing depended upon. ¸re®li®ant ²/-Ent/ ³adj
´having @; trusting.¼
¨relic© ²/ÚrelIk/ ³n ¶[C] ¸1 ´part of the body, dress, etc of a saint or sth
that belonged to him or was connected with him, kept after his death, as an
object of reverence, and in some cases said to have miraculous powers. ¸2 ´sth
that has survived from the past and that serves to keep memories alive: ³a @
of early civilization´, eÔg a stone implement; ³@s of superstition. ¸3 ³(pl)
´person's dead body or bones; what has survived destruction or decay.¼
¨re®lict© ²/ÚrelIkt/ ³n ´(legal) widow: ³Alice, @ of Arthur Williams.¼
¨re®lief©1 ²/rIÚlif/ ³n ¶[U] ´(used with the ³indef art ´as in
examples, but not normally in the ³pl´) ¸1 ´lessening or ending or removal of
pain, distress, anxiety, etc: ³The doctor's treatment gave/brought some/not
much @. A doctor's task is to work for the @ of suffering. She heaved a sigh
of @ when she was told that the child's life was not in danger. To my great @
the difficulties were all overcome. It was a great @ to find the children safe.
¸2 ´that which brings @µ(1)´; help given to those in need; food, clothes,
money, etc for persons in trouble: ³send @ to people made homeless by floods;
provide @ for refugees; a ·Ú³@ fund; ³a @ road´, alternative road for one that
has heavy traffic. ¸3 ´sth that makes a change from monotony or that relaxes
tension: ³We crossed wide stretches of moorland without @´, with no change of
scenery. ³Shakespeare introduced comic scenes into his tragedies by way of @.
¸4 ·@ (of), ´reinforcement of a beseiged town; raising (of a siege): ³The
general hastened to the @ of the fortress. ¸5 ´(replacing of a person, persons,
on duty by a) person or persons appointed to go on duty: ³on duty from 8aÔm to
8pÔm with only two hours' @; happy to know that the @ is on the way; ´(attrib)
³a ·Ú³@ driver.¼
¨re®lief©2 ²/rIÚlif/ ³n µ¥ bas-@. ¸1 ¶[U] ´method of carving or moulding in
which a design stands out from a flat surface: ³a profile of Julius Caesar in
@; in high/low @´, with the background cut out to a deep/shallow degree. ¸2
¶[C] ´design or carving made in this way. ¸3 ¶[U] ´(in drawing, etc) appearance
of being done in @ by the use of shading, colour, etc. ¸Ú@ map, ´one showing
hills, valleys, etc by shading or other means, not only by contour lines. ¸4
¶[U] ´(lit or fig) vividness; distinctness of outline. ·be/stand out in @
against, ´be in contrast to: ³The hills stood out in sharp @ against the
morning sky. His behaviour stood out in strong @ against his declared
principles.¼
¨re®lieve© ²/rIÚliv/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ¸1 ´give or bring relief±1 ´to;
lessen or remove (pain or distress): ³We were @d to hear that you had arrived
safely. The fund is for relieving distress among the flood victims. ·@ one's
feelings, ´provide an outlet for them (eÔg by shedding tears, or by using
strong language, behaving violently). ·@ oneself, ´empty the bladder or bowels.
µ¥ relief±1µ(3). ¸2 ´take one's turn on duty: ³@ the guard/the watch/a sentry.
You will be @d at noon. µ¥ relief±1µ(5). ¸3 ·@ sb of sth, ¸(a) ´take it from
him: ³Let me @ you of your suitcase´, carry it for you (which is more usu).
¸(b) ´(joc) steal from: ³The thief @d him of his watch. ¸(c) ´dismiss from: ³He
was @d of his post. ¸4 ´bring into relief±2´; make (sth) stand out more clearly
´(³against ´a dark background, etc).¼
¨re®lig®ion© ²/rIÚlIdZEn/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´belief in the existence of a supernatural
ruling power, the creator and controller of the universe, who has given to man
a spiritual nature which continues to exist after the death of the body. ¸2
¶[C] ´one of the various systems of faith and worship based on such belief:
³the great @s of the world´, eÔg Christianity, Islam, Buddhism. ¸3 ¶[U] ´life
as lived under the rules of a monastic order: ³Her name in @ is Sister Mary´,
This is her name as a nun. ¸4 ´matter of conscience; sth that one considers
oneself bound to do: ³She makes a @ of keeping her house clean and tidy.¼
¨re®lig®ious© ²/rIÚlIdZEs/ ³adj ¸1 ´of religion. ¸2 ´(of a person) devout;
God-fearing. ¸3 ´of a monastic order: ³a @ house, ´a monastery or convent. ¸4
´scrupulous; conscientious: ³do one's work with @ care/exactitude. ¹ n ¸a @,
´person bound by monastic vows; monk or nun; ³(pl´, unchanged in form³)
³the/some/several @´, persons bound by monastic vows. ¸@®ly ³adv¼
¨re®line© ²/*riÚlñIn/ ³vt ´put a new lining in, eÔg a garment.¼
¨re®lin®quish© ²/rIÚlIGkwI2/ ³vt ¸1 ¶[VP6A] ´give up: ³@ a hope/a habit/a
belief. ·@ one's hold of/over sb/sth, ´give up control. ¸2 ¶[VP14] ·@ sth (to
sb), ´surrender: ³@ one's rights/shares to a partner.¼
¨reli®quary© ²/ÚrelIkwErI ³US: ²-kwerI/ ³n (pl µ-ries³) ´box, casket, or other
receptacle for a relic or relics.¼
¨rel®ish© ²/ÚrelI2/ ³n ¸1 ¶[C,U] ´(sth used to give, or which has,
a) special flavour or attractive quality: ³Hunger is the best @ for food. Some
pastimes lose their @ when one grows old. ¸2 ¶[U] ´liking ³(for´); zest: ³I
have no further @ for active pursuits now that I am 90. ¹ vt ¶[VP6A,D] ´enjoy;
get pleasure out of: ³I would @ a lobster and a bottle of wine. She won't @
having to get up before dawn to catch that train.¼
¨re®live© ²/*riÚlIv/ ³vt ´live through, undergo, again: ³That was an experience
I should not like to @.¼
¨re®lo®cate© ²/*rilE8ÚkeIt ³US: ²*riÚlE8keIt/ ³vt,vi ´establish, become
established, in a new place or area. ¸re®lo®ca®tion ²/*rilE8ÚkeI2n/ ³n ¶[U]
´putting in, moving to, a new place or area: ³the relocation of industry; the
relocation of population; ´compulsory evacuation of persons from military
areas during a war, with resettlement in a new area.¼
¨re®luc®tant© ²/rIÚlAktEnt/ ³adj ·@ (to do sth), ´(slow to act because)
unwilling or disinclined; offering resistance: ³@ helpers; a @ recruit into the
army. He seemed @ to help us. ¸@®ly ³adv ¸re®luc®tance ²/-Ens/ ³n ¶[U].¼
¨rely© ²/rIÚlñI/ ³vi (pt,pp µ-lied³) ¶[VP3A] ·@ on/upon, ´depend
upon with confidence, look to for help: ³He can always be relied upon for help.
You may @ upon my early arrival. You may @ upon it that he will be early.¼
¨re®main© ²/rIÚmeIn/ ³vi ¸1 ¶[VP2A] ´be still present after a part has gone or
has been away: ³After the fire, very little @ed of my house. If you take 3
from 8, 5 @s. Much @s to be settled. ¸2 ¶[VP2A,B,C,4A] ´continue in some place
or condition; continue to be: ³How many weeks shall you @ ´(= stay) ³here? Let
things @ as they are. He @ed silent. I shall @ (stay ´is more usu³) to see the
end of the game. Man @ed a hunter for thousands of years´, iÔe before
beginning to cultivate crops, etc.¼
¨re®main®der© ²/rIÚmeIndE(r)/ ³n ´that which remains; persons or things that
are left over: ³Twenty people came in and the @ ´(= the rest, the others)
³stayed outside.¼
¨re®mains© ²/rIÚmeInz/ ³n pl ¸1 ´what is left: ³the @s of a meal; the @s ´(=
ruins) ³of an old abbey/of ancient Rome. ¸2 ´dead body; corpse: ³His mortal @s
are buried in the churchyard.¼
¨re®make© ²/*riÚmeIk/ ³vt (pt,pp µ-made ²/-ÚmeId/³) ´make again. ¹ ³n
²/ÚrimeIk/ ´sth made again: ³a @ of a film.¼
¨re®mand© ²/rIÚmqnd ³US: ²-Úmand/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´send (an accused person) back
(from a court of law) into custody so that more evidence may be obtained: ³@ed
for a week. ¹ n ¶[U] ´@ing or being @ed: ³detention on @. ¸Ú@ centre/home,
´institution to which law-breaking children and adolescents are sent while
inquiries are being made, or until the courts have decided their future
treatment.¼
¨re®mark© ²/rIÚmqk/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A,9] ´say ³(that´): ³He @ed that he would be
absent the next day. "I thought it was curious', he @ed. ¸2 ¶[VP3A] ·@ on/upon,
´say sth by way of comment. ³It would be rude to @ upon her appearance. ¸3
¶[VP6A,9,10] ´(formal, old use) notice; see: ³Did you @ the similarity between
them? ¹ n ¸1 ¶[C] ´comment; sth said: ³pass rude @s about sb; make a few @s´,
give a short talk. ¸2 ¶[U] ´notice; looking at: ³There was nothing worthy of @
at the Flower Show. ¸@®able ²/-Ebl/ ³adj ´out of the ordinary; deserving or
attracting attention: ³a @able event; a boy who is @able for his stupidity.
¸@®ably ²/-EblI/ ³adv¼
¨re®marry© ²/*riÚmarI/ ³vt,vi (pt,pp µ-ried³) ´marry again.
¸re®mar®riage ²/*riÚmarIdZ/ ³n¼
¨rem®edy© ²/ÚremEdI/ ³n ¶[C,U] ³(pl µ-dies´) ·@ (for), ´cure (for a disease,
evil, etc), method of, sth used for, putting right sth that is wrong: ³a good
@ for colds. The @ seems to be worse than the disease. Your only @ ´(= way to
get redress) ³is to go to law. The evil is past/beyond @´, cannot be cured. ¹
³vt ¶[VP6A] ´put right; provide a @ for (evils, defects): ³Your faults of
pronunciation can be remedied. ¸re®medial ²/rIÚmidIEl/ ³adj ´providing, or
intended to provide, a @: ³remedial measures; remedial education/classes´, eÔg
for children suffering disadvantages. ¸re®medi®able ²/rIÚmidIEbl/ ³adj ´that
can be remedied.¼
¨re®mem®ber© ²/rIÚmembE(r)/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A,C,7A,8,9,10,14,16B,19C] ´have or
keep in the memory; call back to mind the memory of: ³I can't @ his name. I @ed
´(= did not forget) ³to post your letters. I @ posting your letters ´(= have
the memory of that act in my mind). ³I @ having heard you speak on that
subject. Do you @ where you put the key? I @ her ´(= picture her in my mind)
³as a slim young girl. Please don't @ this unfortunate affair against me´,
don't bear it in mind and, for that reason, be unfriendly to me. ³"Have you
ever met my brother?'Å"Not that I @.' ´I don't @ having met him. ¸2 ¶[VP6A]
´make a present to: ³Please @ the waiter´, don't forget to tip him. ³I hope
you'll @ me in your will´, leave me sth. ¸3 ¶[VP14] ·@ sb to sb, ´convey
greetings: ³Please @ me to your brother.¼
¨re®mem®brance© ²/rIÚmembrEns/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´remembering or being
remembered; memory: ³to the best of my @; have no @ of sth; a service in @ of
those killed in the war. ¸R@ Day/Sunday, ´(GB) Nov 11th, or the nearest Sunday,
on which those killed in the two World Wars are commemorated. ¸2 ¶[C] ´sth
given or kept in memory of sb or sth: ³He sent us a small @ of his visit. ¸3
³(pl) ´regards; greetings (µ¥ regard±1µ(5)´): ³Give my kind @s to your
parents.¼
¨re®mili®tar®ize© ²/*riÚmIlItErñIz/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´provide, occupy, again with
armed forces and military equipment. ¸re®mili®tar®iz®ation
²/*ri*mIlItErñIÚzeI2n ³US: ²-rIÚz-/ ³n¼
¨re®mind© ²/rIÚmñInd/ ³vt ¶[VP6A,11,14,17,20,21] ·@ sb (to do sth/that«); @ sb
of sth/sb, ´cause (sb) to remember (to do sth, etc); cause (sb) to think (of
sth): ³Please @ me to answer that letter. Travellers are @ed that inoculation
against yellow fever is advisable. He @s me of his brother. This @s me of what
we did together during our holidays. That @s me,«, ´What you have just said @s
me«, I've just remembered«, etc. ¸@er ³n ´sth (eÔg a letter) that helps sb to
remember sth: ³He hasn't paid me that money yetÅI must send him a @er, ´iÔe a
letter to @ him about it.¼
¨remi®nisce© ²/*remIÚnIs/ ³vi ¶[VP2A,3A] ·@ (about), ´think or talk
about past events and experiences.¼
¨remi®nis®cence© ²/*remIÚnIsns/ ³n ·@ (of), ¸1 ¶[U] ´reminiscing; recalling of
past experiences. ¸2 ³(pl) ´remembered experiences; narrative, spoken or
written, of what sb remembers: ³@s of my days in the Navy. ¸3 ´sth that is
suggestive (³of ´sth else): ³There is a @ of his father in the way he walks.¼
¨remi®nis®cent© ²/*remIÚnIsnt/ ³adj ·@ (of), ¸1 ´reminding one of; suggestive
of: ³Your face is @ of your mother's. ¸2 ´recalling past experiences: ³become
@. ¸@®ly ³adv¼
¨re®miss© ²/rIÚmIs/ ³adj ·@ in, ´careless of duty: ³You have been @ in your
duties. ·@ of, ´negligent, lax: ³That was very @ of you. ¸@®ness ³n ¶[U].¼
¨re®mission© ²/rIÚmI2n/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´pardon or forgiveness (of sins,
by God). ¸2 ¶[U] ´freeing (from debt, punishment, etc): ³@ of a claim; ¶[C]
´instance of this: ³@ ´(from a prison sentence) ³for good conduct; No @s of
examination fees are allowed. ¸3 ¶[U] ´lessening or weakening (of pain,
efforts, etc): ³@ of a fever.¼
¨re®mit© ²/rIÚmIt/ ³vt,vi µ(-tt-) ¸1 ¶[VP6A] ´(of God) forgive (sins). ¸2
¶[VP6A] ´excuse (sb) payment (of a debt, a punishment): ³The taxes have been
@ted. Your fees cannot be @ted. ¸3 ¶[VP12A,13A,2C] ´send (money, etc) by post:
³When can you @ me the money? Kindly @ by cheque´, send a cheque for the sum
owing. ¸4 ¶[VP6A] ´make or become less: ³@ one's efforts. ¸5 ¶[VP14] ·@ sth to
sb, ´take or send (a question to be decided) (to some authority): ³The matter
has been @ted to a higher tribunal. ¸@®tance ²/-ns/ ³n ¶[U] ´the @ting, of
money; ¶[C] ´sum of money sent.¼
¨re®mit®tent© ²/rIÚmItnt/ ³adj ´(esp of a fever) that abates in severity at
intervals.¼
¨rem®nant© ²/ÚremnEnt/ ³n ¶[C] ¸1 ´small part that remains: ³@s of a banquet;
@s of former glory. ¸2 ´(esp) length of cloth offered at a reduced price after
the greater part has been sold: ³a @ sale.¼
¨re®mon®strance© ²/rIÚmonstrEns/ ³n ¶[U] ´remonstrating ³(with´); ¶[C]
´protest ³(against).¼
¨re®mon®strate© ²/ÚremEnstreIt/ ³vi ¶[VP2A,3A] ·@ with sb (about sth/that«),
´make a protest; argue in protest: ³@ with sb about his foolish behaviour; @
against cruelty to children.¼
¨re®morse© ²/rIÚmcs/ ³n ¶[U] ¸1 ·@ (for), ´deep, bitter regret for wrongdoing:
³feel/be filled with @ for one's failure to help sb; in a fit of @. ¸2
´compunction: ³without @´, merciless(ly). ¸@®ful ²/-fl/ ³adj ´feeling @.
¸@®fully ²/-fElI/ ³adv ¸@®less ³adj ´without @. ¸@®less®ly ³adv¼
¨re®mote© ²/rIÚmE8t/ ³adj µ(-r, -st) ·@ (from), ¸1 ´far away in space or time:
³in the @st parts of Asia; live in a house @ from any town or village; in the
@ past/future. ¸@ control, ´control of apparatus, eÔg in an aircraft, a
rocket, from a distance by means of radio signals. ¸2 ´widely separated (in
feeling, interests, etc ³from´): ³Some of your statements are rather @ from
the subject we are discussing. ¸3 ´distant in manner; aloof. ¸4 ´(esp in the
superl) slight: ³a @ possibility; have not the @st idea of what sth means.
¸@®ly ³adv ´in a @ manner: ³Gillian and I are @ly related. ¸@®ness ³n¼
¨re®mount©1 ²/*riÚmñ8nt/ ³vt,vi ¶[VP6A,2A] ´get on (a horse,
bicycle, etc) again; go up (a ladder, hill, etc) again.¼
¨re®mount©2 ²/*riÚmñ8nt/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ¸1 ´supply (a man, a regiment) with a
fresh horse or horses. ¸2 ´put (a photograph, etc) on a new mount. ¹ ³n
²/Úrimñ8nt/ ´fresh horse; supply of fresh horses.¼
¨re®move©1 ²/rIÚmuv/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A,14] ·@ (from), ´take off or away from the
place occupied; take to another place: ³@ one's hat/coat; @ one's hand from
sb's shoulder; @ the cloth from the table; @ a boy from school´, eÔg because of
ill health. ¸2 ¶[VP6A,14] ·@ (from), ´get rid of: ³@ doubts/fears. What do you
advise for removing grease/ink stains, etc from clothes? ¸3 ¶[VP6A,14] ·@
(from), ´dismiss: ³@ a man from office; @ a Civil Servant. ¸4 ¶[VP2A,C] ´go to
live in another place (move ´is more usu): ³We're removing into the country
next week/removing from London to the country. ¸5 ·@d from, ´distant or remote
from: ³a dialect equally @d from French and Spanish; an explanation far @d from
the truth. ¸6 @d, ´(of cousins) different by a generation: ³first cousin once
@d´, first cousin's child. ¸re®mov®able ²/-Ebl/ ³adj ´that can be @d (esp of a
magistrate or other official who can be @d from office at any time). ¸@r ³n ¸1
´(esp) person who follows the business of moving furniture when people @µ(4)´.
¸2 ´(in compounds) sth that @sµ(2)´: ³superfluous hair @r. ¸re®moval
²/-vl/ ³n ¶[U] ´act of removing: ³the removal of furniture; ´(attrib) ³a
re·Ú³moval van ´(for furniture); ³the removal of dissatisfaction; ¶[C]
´instance of removal.¼
¨re®move©2 ²/rIÚmuv/ ³n ´stage or degree: ³only a few @s from«.¼
¨re®mun®er®ate© ²/rIÚmjunEreIt/ ³vt ¶[VP6A,14] ·@ sb (for sth), ´pay (sb) (for
work or services); reward. ¸re®mun®er®ation ²/rI*mjunEÚreI2n/ ³n ¶[U] ´payment;
reward. ¸re®mun®er®ative ²/rIÚmjunErEtIv ³US: ²-nEreItIv/ ³adj ´profitable.¼
¨re®nais®sance© ²/rIÚneIsns ³US: ²ÚrenEsqns/ ³n ¸1 the R@, ´(period of)
revival of art and literature in Europe in the 14th, 15th and 16th cc, based
on ancient Greek learning: (attrib) ³@ art. ¸2 ¶[C] ´any similar revival.¼
¨re®nal© ²/Úrinl/ ³adj ´(anat) of or in the (region of the) kidneys: ³@
artery.¼
¨re®name© ²/*riÚneIm/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´give a new name to; name again.¼
¨re®nas®cence© ²/rIÚnasns/ ³n ´= µrenaissance(2). ¸re®nas®cent ²/-snt/ ³adj
´springing up anew; reviving; being reborn.¼
¨rend© ²/rend/ ³vt (pt,pp µrent ²/rent/³) ¶[VP6A,14,15A] ´(liter) ¸1 ´pull or
divide forcibly; penetrate: ³a country rent (in two) by civil war. Loud cries
rent the air. ¸2 ´tear or pull ³(off, away´) violently: ³Children were rent
from their mothers' arms by the brutal soldiers.¼
¨ren®der© ²/ÚrendE(r)/ ³vt ¸1 ¶[VP6A,14,12A,13A,15A,B] ·@ sth (to sb), ´give
in return or exchange, or as sth due: ³@ thanks to God; @ good for evil; @
help to those in need; @ a service to sb/@ sb a service; @ up ´(= surrender)
³a fort to the enemy; a reward for services @ed. ¸2 ¶[VP6A] ´present; offer;
send in (an account for payment): ³an account @ed´, previously presented but
not yet paid. ³You will have to @ an account of your expenditure. ·@ an
account of oneself/one's behaviour, ´explain, justify oneself/it. ¸3 ¶[VP22]
´cause to be (in some condition): ³@ed helpless by an accident. ¸4 ¶[VP6A,14]
´give a performance of (eÔg a drama, a character in a drama); express in
another language: ³The piano solo was well @ed. "Othello' was @ed rather
poorly. There are many English idioms that cannot be @ed into other languages.
¸5 ¶[VP6A,15B] ·@ sth (down), ´melt and make clear: ³@ down fat/lard. ¸6
¶[VP6A] ´cover (stone, brick) with the first layer of plaster. ¸@®ing
²/ÚrendErIG/ ³n ¸(a) ¶[C] ´way of performing, playing, translating, sth. µ¥ 4
´above: ³her @ing of Chopin. ¸(b) ¶[U] ´first layer of plaster, µ¥ @(6).¼
¨ren®dez®vous© ²/ÚrondIvu/ ³n (pl µ@ ²/-z/³) ¶[C] ¸1 ´(place decided upon for
a) meeting at a time agreed upon. ¸2 ´place where people often meet: ³This
caf_e is a @ for writers and artists. ¹ vi ¶[VP2A,C] ´meet at a @: ³@ in a
caf_e/beside a lake.¼
¨ren®di®tion© ²/renÚdI2n/ ³n ¶[C] ´interpretation or rendering (³of
´a song, etc).¼
¨ren®egade© ²/ÚrenIgeId/ ³n ¶[C] ´person who changes his religious beliefs;
person who deserts his political party; traitor: (attrib) ³a @ priest. ¹ vi
´turn @.¼
¨re®nege©, re®negue ²/rIÚnig/ ³vi ¸1 ´(in card games) revokeµ(2)´. ¸2 ¶[VP3A]
·@ on, ´fail to keep (one's word).¼
¨re®new© ²/rIÚnju ³US: ²-Únu/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ¸1 ´make (as good as) new; put new
life and vigour into; restore to the original condition: ³@ one's youth; with
@ed enthusiasm. ¸2 ´get, make, say or give, again: ³@ a lease/contract; @
one's subscription to a periodical; @ an attack; @ one's complaints. ¸3
´replace (with the same sort of thing, etc): ³We must @ our supplies of coal.
Snakes cast off and @ their skins. ¸@®able ²/-Ebl/ ³adj ´that can be @ed. ¸@al
²/-ÚnjuEl ³US: ²-ÚnuEl/ ³n ¶[U] ´@ing or being @ed: ³delighted at the @al of
negotiations; urban @al´, eÔg slum clearance for the provision of better
housing. ¶[C] ´sth @ed.¼
¨ren®net© ²/ÚrenIt/ ³n ¶[U] ´preparation used in curdling milk for making
cheese, etc.¼
¨re®nounce© ²/rIÚnñ8ns/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ¸1 ´declare formally that one will no
longer have anything to do with, that one no longer recognizes (sb or sth
having a claim to one's care, affection, etc): ³@ one's faith/religion; @ the
world´, give up meeting people socially, begin to lead the life of a hermit,
etc. ¸2 ´consent formally to give up (a claim, right, possession): ³@ one's
claim to the throne/a peerage. ¸3 ´disown; refuse to recognize: ³He @d his
sons because they were criminals.¼
¨reno®vate© ²/ÚrenEveIt/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´restore, eÔg old buildings,
oil paintings, to good or strong condition. ¸reno®va®tor ²/-tE(r)/ ³n ´person
who @s. ¸reno®va®tion ²/*renEÚveI2n/ ³n ¶[U] ´renovating; ¶[C] ´instance of
this: ³costly renovations of old college buildings at Oxford.¼
¨re®nown© ²/rIÚnñ8n/ ³n ¶[U] ´fame: ³win @; a man of high @.
¸re®nowned ³adj ´famous; celebrated: ³@ed as a portrait painter; @ed for his
skill.¼
¨rent©1 ²/rent/ ³n ¶[C,U] ´regular payment for the use of land, a building, a
room or rooms, machinery, etc; sum of money paid in this way: ³owe three
weeks' @ for one's house; live in a house free of @, ´without paying @; ³pay
a heavy/high @ for farming land; collect the @s. ¸Ú@-collector ³n ´person who
goes from house to house to collect @s for the owner(s). ¸*@-Úfree ³adj, adv´:
³a @-free house´, for which no @ is charged to the tenant; ³occupy a house
@-free. ¸*@-Úrebate ³n ´rebate, based on earnings and the amount of @ payable,
given by a local government authority on @ paid, esp by council tenants.
¸Ú@-roll ³n ¸(a) ´register of a person's land and buildings with the @s due
from them. ¸(b) ´total income from @s. ³¹ vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A,14] ·@ (from/to),
´occupy or use (land, buildings, etc) for @; allow (land, buildings, etc) to be
used or occupied in return for @: ³We don't own our house, we @ it from Mr Gay.
Mr Hill @s this land to us at $50 a year. ¸2 ¶[VP2A,C] ´be @ed: ³The building
@s at $150 a year. ¸@®able ³adj ´that may be @ed; able to yield a @. ¸@al
²/Úrentl/ ³n ¶[C] ´amount of @ paid or received; income from @s.¼
¨rent©2 ²/rent/ ³n ¶[C] ¸1 ´torn place in cloth, etc; split: ³a @ in his shirt.
¸2 ´(fig) division or split (in a political party, etc).¼
¨rent©3 ²/rent/ ³pt,pp ´of µrend.¼
¨rent®ier© ²/ÚrqntIeI/ ³n ´person whose income comes from investments and/or
rents from property.¼
¨re®nunci®ation© ²/rI*nAnsIÚeI2n/ ³n ¶[U] ´renouncing, self-denial.¼
¨re®open© ²/riÚE8pEn/ ³vt,vi ¶[VP6A,2A] ´open again after closing or being
closed: ³@ a shop; @ a discussion. School @s on Monday.¼
¨re®or®gan®ize© ²/riÚcgEnñIz/ ³vt,vi ´organize again or in a new way.¼
¨re®orien®tate© ²/riÚcrIEnteIt/, ±re®orient ²/riÚcrIEnt/ ³vt,vi
´orient(ate) again or anew.¼
¨rep©1, repp ²/rep/, ±reps ²/reps/ ³n ¶[U] ´textile fabric used in
upholstery.¼
¨rep©2 ²/rep/ ³n ´(colloq abbr of) representativeÔ(³nÔµ(2)´) of a commercial
firm; commercial traveller.¼
¨rep©3 ²/rep/ ³n ´(colloq abbr of) repertory company or theatre: ³act in rep.¼
¨re®pair©1 ²/rIÚpeE(r)/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ¸1 ´restore (sth worn or
damaged) to good condition: ³@ the roads/a puncture/a watch/a shirt. ¸2 ´put
right again: ³@ an error. ¹ n ¸1 ¶[U] ´@ing or being @ed: ³road under @. ¸2
³(pl) ´work or process of @ing: ³The shop will be closed during @s. The @s
needed before we can occupy the house will be considerable. ¸3 ¶[U] ´relative
condition for using or being used: ³The machine is in a bad state of @/in good
@. ¸@®able ²/-Ebl/ ³adj ´that can be @ed. ¸@er ³n ´one who @s things: ³boot and
shoe @ers.¼
¨re®pair©2 ²/rIÚpeE(r)/ ³vi ¶[VP3A] ·@ to, ´(formal) go to (esp go frequently,
go in large numbers to): ³@ to the seaside resorts for the summer.¼
¨rep®ar®able© ²/ÚrepErEbl/ ³adj ´(of a loss, etc) that can be made good.¼
¨rep®ar®ation© ²/*repEÚreI2n/ ³n ¶[U] ´act of compensating for loss or damage;
³(pl) ´compensation for war damages, demanded from a defeated enemy.¼
¨rep®ar®tee© ²/*repqÚti/ ³n ¶[C] ´witty, clever retort; ¶[U] ´the making of
such retorts: ³He's good at @.¼
¨re®past© ²/rIÚpqst ³US: ²-Úpast/ ³n ´(formal) meal: ³The guests partook of a
luxurious @ in the banqueting hall.¼
¨re®pat®ri®ate© ²/riÚpatrIeIt ³US: ²-ÚpeIt-/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´send or bring (sb)
back to his own country: ³@ refugees after a war. ¹ n ´@d person.
¸re®pat®ri®ation ²/*ripatrIÚeI2n ³US: ²-*peIt-/ ³n¼
¨re®pay© ²/rIÚpeI/ ³vt,vi (pt,pp µ-paid ²/-ÚpeId/³) ¸1 ¶[VP6A] ´pay back
(money): ³If you'll lend me 75p, I'll @ you next week. ¸2 ¶[VP6A,14] ·@ sth; @
sb (for sth), ´give in return: ³@ sb's kindness; @ sb for his kindness. I have
been repaid (for the help I gave) only with ingratitude. ¸3 ¶[VP2A] ´give
equal favour (or justice) in return: ³God will @´, eÔg will punish injustice.
¸@®able ²/-Ebl/ ³adj ´that can or must be repaid. ¸@®ment ³n ¶[U] ´@ing; ¶[C]
´instance of this: ³bonds due for @ment.¼
¨re®peal© ²/rIÚpil/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´revoke, annul (a law, etc) ³¹ n ´@ing.¼
¨re®peat© ²/rIÚpit/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A,9] ´say or do again: ³@ a word/a mistake.
I @ that I cannot undertake the task. Don't @ yourself´, say or do the same
thing more than once (usu without being aware of doing so). ³Does history @
itself´, Do similar events or situations recur? ¸Ú@ing watch/rifle, µ¥
repeater ´below. ¸2 ¶[VP6A] ´say (what sb else has said or what one learnt by
heart): ³You must not @ what I've told you; it's very confidential. His
language won't bear @ing´, eÔg contained too many curses, swear words, etc. ¸3
¶[VP6A] ´(of food) continue to be tasted after being eaten: ³Do you find that
onions @? ¸4 ¶[VP2A] ´(of numbers, eÔg decimals) recur: ³The last two figures
@. ¸5 ¶[VP6A] ´(comm) supply a further consignment of: ³We regret that we
cannot @ this article. ¹ n ¸1 ¶[C] ´@ing (eÔg of an item in a programme) of a
performance: (attrib) ³a @ performance; a @ order, ´(comm) an order for a
further consignment of goods similar to an earlier one. ³There will be a @ ´(=
another broadcast) ³of this talk on Friday. ¸2 ´(music) mark indicating a
passage intended to be repeated. ¸@®ed ³adj´: ³@ed questioning/banging.
¸@®ed®ly ³adv ´again and again. ¸@er ³n ´revolver or rifle which can be fired a
number of times without being reloaded (now usu a ³(semi-)automatic ´or
³self-loading rifle).¼
¨re®pel© ²/rIÚpel/ ³vt µ(-ll-) ¶[VP6A] ¸1 ´drive back or away; refuse to
accept: ³@ the enemy/temptation; @ a young man's advances´, discourage him. ¸2
´cause a feeling of dislike in: ³His long, rough beard @led her. ¸@®lent
²/-Ent/ ³adj ´tending to @; unattractive; uninviting: ³@lent work/food. His
manner is rather @lent. ¹ n ¶[U] ´sth that @s, esp a preparation that @s
insects: ³Smear some of this mosquito @lent on your legs.¼
¨re®pent© ²/rIÚpent/ ³vi,vt ¶[VP2A,3A,6A,D] ·@ (of), ´think with
regret or sorrow of; be full of regret (about); wish one had not done (sth):
³He @ed of what he had done. Don't you @ (of) having wasted your money so
foolishly? He has bitterly @ed his folly. Have you nothing to @ of? ¸@®ance
²/-Ens/ ³n ¶[U] ´regret for wrongdoing: ³show @ance (for sth). ¸@®ant ²/-Ent/
³adj ´feeling or showing @ance: ³a @ant sinner; @ant of his folly; the
righteous and the @ant. ¸@®ant®ly ³adv¼
¨re®per®cussion© ²/*ripEÚkA2n/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´springing back; driving or throwing
back; ¶[C] ´sth thrown or driven back; echoing sound: ³the @ of the waves from
the rocks. ¸2 ¶[C] ´(usu ³pl´) far-reaching and indirect effect (of an event,
etc): ³The assassination of the President was followed by @s throughout the
whole country.¼
¨rep®er®toire© ²/ÚrepEtwq(r)/ ³n ¶[C] ´all the plays, songs, pieces, etc which
a company, actor, musician, etc, is prepared to perform, etc: ³She has a large
@ of songs.¼
¨rep®er®tory© ²/ÚrepEtrI ³US: ²-tcrI/ ³n (pl µ-ries³) ¶[C] ¸1 ´= repertoire.
¸Ú@ company/theatre, ´(common abbr ³rep´) one in which the actors/plays are
changed regularly (instead of having long runs as in most London theatres). ¸2
´store or collection, esp of facts, information, etc: ³My father is a @ of
useful information.¼
¨rep®eti®tion© ²/*repIÚtI2n/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´repeating or being repeated; ¶[C]
´instance of this: ³after numerous @s. ¸2 ¶[C] ´further recurrence: ³Let there
be no @ of this´, Don't do it again. ¸3 ¶[C] ´piece (of poetry, etc) set to be
learnt by heart and repeated. ¸rep®eti®tious ²/*repIÚtI2Es/, ¸re®peti®tive
²/rIÚpetEtIv/ ³adjj ´characterized by @: ³the repetitive work of a factory's
production line.¼
¨re®pine© ²/rIÚpñIn/ ³vi ¶[VP2A,3A] ·@ (at), ´(formal) be
discontented with: ³@ at misfortune. ·@ against, ´fret against: ³@ against
Providence.¼
¨re®place© ²/rIÚpleIs/ ³vt ¶[VP6A,15A] ¸1 ´put back in its place: ³@ a
dictionary on the shelf; @ the receiver´, iÔe after telephoning. ¸2 ¶[VP6A]
´take the place of: ³Have buses @d trams in your town? Can anything @ a
mother's love and care? ¸3 ¶[VP14] ·@ sb/sth by/with, ´supply as a substitute
for: ³@ coal by/with oil. ¸@®able ²/-Ebl/ ³adj ´that can be @d. ¸@®ment ³n ¶[U]
´replacing or being @d: ³the @ment of worn-out parts; ¶[C] ´sb or sth that @s:
³get a @ment ´(iÔe sb to do one's work) ³while one is away on holiday.¼
¨re®play© ²/*riÚpleI/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´play (eÔg a football match that was drawn)
again. ³¹ n ²/ÚripleI/ ¶[C] ´@ed match; @ing of a record, etc.¼
¨re®plen®ish© ²/rIÚplenI2/ ³vt ¶[VP6A,14] ·@ (with), ´fill up (sth) again; get
a new supply of or for: ³I must @ my wardrobe. ¸@®ment ³n¼
¨re®plete© ²/rIÚplit/ ³adj ·@ (with), ´(formal) filled with; holding as much
as possible: ³@ with food; feeling @; a home @ with every modern convenience.
¸re®ple®tion ²/rIÚpli2n/ ³n ¶[U] ´(formal) state of being @: ³Is it wrong to
eat to repletion?¼
¨rep®lica© ²/ÚreplIkE/ ³n ¶[C] ´exact copy (esp one made by an artist of one
of his own pictures): ³make a @ of a painting.¼
¨re®ply© ²/rIÚplñI/ ³vi,vt (pt,pp µ-plied³) ¶[VP2A,3A,B] ·@ (to), ´give as an
answer to, in words or action: ³He failed to @ (to my question). "Certainly
not,' he replied. He replied that I could please myself. The enemy replied to
our fire´, fired in return. ³David Jones rose to @ for ´(= speak on behalf of)
³the guests. ¹ n ´act of @ing; what is replied: ³He made no @. What did he say
in @? ¸*@-Úpaid, ´(of a telegram, letter, etc) with the cost of the @ prepaid
by the sender.¼
¨re®point© ²/riÚpãInt/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´point (brickwork, etc) again. µ¥
point±2µ(5).¼
¨re®port©1 ²/rIÚpct/ ³n ¸1 ¶[C] ´account of, statement about, sth
heard, seen, done, etc: ³@s on the state of the roads´, eÔg from an automobile
association; ³the annual @ of a business company; the chairman's @, µ¥
³chairman ´at µchair´; ·Ú³law @s, ´iÔe of trials, etc, in the law courts; ³a
school @´, eÔg by teachers about a pupil, with his examination marks, etc;
³newspaper @s. ¸2 ¶[U] ´common talk; rumour; ¶[C] ´piece of gossip: ³R@ has it
that«´, People are saying that«. ³We have only @(s) ´(iÔe no reliable news)
³to go on. Don't listen to idle @s. ¸3 ¶[U] ´(formal) repute; way a person or
thing is spoken about: ³of good/evil @. ¸4 ¶[C] ´sound of an explosion: ³the @
of a gun. It went off with a loud @.¼
¨re®port©2 ²/rIÚpct/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A,D,9,25,3A,15B] ´give an account of (sth
seen, heard, done, etc); give as news: ³The discovery of a new planet has been
@ed. It is @ed that another earth satellite has been put into orbit. They @ed
the enemy to be ten miles away. He @ed having seen the escaped convict. ¸@ on
sth, ´give news about or comment on it: ³Jim's been sent to Hong Kong to @ on
the situation there. ¸@ sth out, ´(US) return it with comment: ³The committee
@ed the proposal out in record time. ·@ progress, ´state what has been done so
far. ¸@ed®ly ³adv ´according to report(s). ¸2 ¶[VP6A,2A] ´take down (eÔg
in shorthand) the words of speeches, etc for newspapers, etc: ³@ a speech/a
Parliamentary debate; @ for "The Times'´, be a correspondent on its staff. ¸@ed
speech, ´= indirect speech. µ¥ indirect. ¸3 ¶[VP3A,14,15A] ·@ (oneself)
(to sb/sth) (for sth), ´go (somewhere), and announce that one has come, that
one is ready for work, duty, etc: ³@ for duty at the office; @ to the Manager.
The officer was told to @ (himself) to headquarters. ¸4 ¶[VP6A,14] ·@ sb/sth
(to sb) (for sth), ´make a complaint against sb (to authorities): ³@ an
official for insolence. I shall have to @ your unpunctuality to the Manager.
¸@®age ²/*repcÚtqZ/ ³n ¶[U] ´(typical style of) @ing events for newspapers.
¸@er ³n ´person who @s for a newspaper, for radio or TÔV.¼
¨re®pose©1 ²/rIÚpE8z/ ³vt ¶[VP14] ·@ sth in sth/sb, ´(formal) place
(trust, confidence, etc) in: ³Don't @ too much confidence in that man/in his
honesty/his promises, etc.¼
¨re®pose©2 ²/rIÚpE8z/ ³vt,vi ´(formal) ¸1 ¶[VP6A,15A,2A,C] ´rest; give rest or
support to: ³a girl reposing in a hammock; @ one's head on a cushion; @
oneself. Below this stone @ the mortal remains of«. ¸2 ¶[VP3A] ·@ on, ´be based
or supported on. ³¹ n ¶[U] ´(formal) ¸1 ´rest; sleep: ³earn a night's @;
disturb sb's @. Her face is beautiful in @. ¸2 ´peaceful, restful or quiet
behaviour or appearance: ³His attitude lacked @´, ease of manner. ¸@®ful
²/-fl/ ³adj ´calm; quiet.¼
¨re®posi®tory© ²/rIÚpozItrI ³US: ²-tcrI/ ³n ¶[C] ³(pl µ-ries³) ´place where
things are or may be stored: ³The drawers in my desk are repositories for all
sorts of useless papers. My grandfather is a @ of interesting facts.¼
¨re®pot© ²/*riÚpot/ ³vt ´transfer (a plant) from one pot to another (usu
larger) pot.¼
¨rep®re®hend© ²/*reprIÚhend/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´rebuke, reprove: ³@ sb's conduct.
¸rep®re®hen®sible ²/*reprIÚhensEbl/ ³adj ´deserving to be @ed.¼
¨rep®re®sent©1 ²/*reprIÚzent/ ³vt ¸1 ¶[VP6A] ´be, give, make, a picture, sign,
symbol or example of: ³Phonetic symbols @ sounds. This painting @s a hunting
scene. The new ambassador @s the best traditions of his country. ¸2
¶[VP16A,25,9] ´declare to be; describe ³(as)´; allege (that«): ³He @ed himself
as an expert. I am not what you have @ed me to be. ¸3 ¶[VP6A,9,14] ·@ sth (to
sb), ´explain; make clear: ³Let me try to @ my ideas to you in another way/in
different terms. ¸4 ¶[VP6A,14,9] ·@ sth (to sb), ´convey; express: ³They @ed
their grievances to the Governor. I will @ to him the risks he is running. He
@ed to the magistrates that the offender was only a child. ¸5 ¶[VP6A] ´act or
speak for; be MÔP for; be agent for: ³members ´(iÔe MÔP's) ³@ing Welsh
constituencies. Many countries were @ed by their ambassadors at the
Independence Day celebrations. Our firm is @ed in India and Pakistan by Mr
Hall. ¸6 ¶[VP6A] ´act (a play, etc); play the part of, on the stage.
¸rep®re®sen®ta®tion ²/*reprIzenÚteI2n/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´@ing or being @ed; ¶[C]
´that which is @ed: ³no taxation without @ation´, iÔe citizens should not be
taxed without being @ed (in Parliament, etc); ³an unusual @ation of "Hamlet'.
¸proportional @ation, ´an electoral system designed so that minority parties,
etc are @ed (in a legislative assembly) in proportion to their strength. ¸2
¶[C] ´(esp) polite protest or remonstrance: ³make @ations to the Inspector of
Taxes about an excessive assessment.¼
¨re®pre®sent©2 ²/*riprIÚzent/ ³vt ´submit again: ³Your cheque has been
returned; please @ it when you have funds in your account.¼
¨rep®re®sen®ta®tive© ²/*reprIÚzentEtIv/ ³adj ¸1 ·@ (of), ´serving
to portray or show; serving as an example of a class or group; containing
examples of a number of classes or groups: ³manuscripts @ of monastic life; a @
collection of domestic utensils of the Middle Ages. ¸2 ´consisting of elected
deputies; based on representation by such elected deputies: ³@
government/institutions. ¹ n ¶[C] ·@ (of), ¸1 ´example; typical specimen (of ´a
group or class). ¸2 ´person elected or appointed to represent or act for
others: ³send a @ to a conference; sole @s of the XYZ Petrol Company in
Cardiff; @s of the press´, newspaper reporters; ³our @ ´(= MÔP³) in the House
of Commons. ¸the House of R@s, ´the lower house of the US Congress or of a
state legislature.¼
¨re®press© ²/rIÚpres/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´keep or put down or under;
prevent from finding an outlet: ³@ a revolt; @ sedition; @ a sneeze; @ an
impulse; @ed emotions. ¸@ed ³adj ´suffering from repression µ(b). ¸re®pres®sion
²/rIÚpre2n/ ³n ¸(a) ¶[U] ´@ing or being @ed. ¸(b) ¶[U] ´(psych) forcing into
the unconscious of impulses and desires, esp those in conflict with accepted
standards of conduct, often resulting in abnormal behaviour; ¶[C] ´impulse or
instinct @ed in this way. ¸re®pres®sive ²/rIÚpresIv/ ³adj ´serving or tending
to @: ³@ive legislation. The @ive measures taken by the police were condemned
in Parliament.¼
¨re®prieve© ²/rIÚpriv/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´postpone or delay punishment (esp the
execution of sb condemned to death); (fig) give relief for a short time (from
danger, trouble, etc). ³¹ n ¶[C] ´(order giving authority for) postponement or
remission of punishment (esp by death); (fig) delay or respite: ³grant (sb) a
@.¼
¨re®pri®mand© ²/ÚreprImqnd ³US: ²-mand/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´rebuke (sb) severely and
officially (for a fault, etc). ³¹ n ¶[C] ´official rebuke.¼
¨re®print© ²/*riÚprInt/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´print again; print a new impression of:
³The book is @ing, ´being @ed. ³¹ n ²/ÚriprInt/ ¶[C] ´new impression of sth
printed (usu without alterations). µ¥ edition.¼
¨re®prisal© ²/rIÚprñIzl/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´paying back injury with
injury: ³do sth by way of @. ¸2 ³(pl) ´acts of retaliation, esp of one country
on another during a war.¼
¨re®proach© ²/rIÚprE8t2/ ³vt ¶[VP6A,14] ·@ sb (for/with sth), ´find fault with
(sb, usu with a feeling of sorrow, or suggesting the need for sorrow): ³@ sb
with extravagance/for being late. We have nothing to @ ourselves with´, have
done nothing we need regret. ³¹ n ¸1 ¶[U] ´@ing: ³a term/look of @. ¸2 ¶[C]
´instance of @ing; word, phrase, etc that @es: ³She heaped @es upon her sister.
¸3 ¶[U] ´state of disgrace or discredit: ³bring @ upon oneself. ·above/beyond
@, ´perfect; blameless. ¸4 ¶[C] ·@ (to), ´sth that brings disgrace or discredit
(to): ³slums that are a @ to the city council. ¸@®ful ²/-fl/ ³adj ´full of @;
expressing @: ³a @ful look. ¸@®fully ²/-fElI/ ³adv¼
¨rep®ro®bate© ²/ÚreprEbeIt/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´express or feel strong disapproval of.
³¹ n ´depraved person; person with no respect for moral behaviour.
¸rep®ro®ba®tion ²/*reprEÚbeI2n/ ³n ¶[U].¼
¨re®pro®duce© ²/*riprEÚdjus ³US: ²-Údus/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A] ´cause to be seen,
heard, etc again: ³@ music from magnetic tape. This record/record-player @s
every sound perfectly. The artist has @d your features very well in this
portrait. ¸2 ¶[VP6A,2A] ´bring forth as offspring; bring about a natural
increase: ³@ one's kind; plants that @ by spores´, eÔg ferns. ¸3 ¶[VP6A] ´grow
anew (a part that is lost, etc): ³Can lizards @ their tails? Human beings
cannot @ lost limbs. ¸@r ³n ´one who, that which, @s. ¸re®pro®duc®ible ²/-Ebl/
³adj ´that can be @d. ¸re®pro®duc®tion ²/*riprEÚdAk2n/ ³n ¶[U] ´process of
reproducing; ¶[C] ´sth @d; copy of sth, esp a work of art. ¸re®pro®duc®tive
²/*riprEÚdAktIv/ ³adj ´reproducing; for, relating to, reproduction:
³reproductive organs.¼
¨re®proof©1 ²/rIÚpruf/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´blame; finding fault: ³a glance
of @; conduct deserving of @. ¸2 ¶[C] ´expression of blame or disapproval:
³administer sharp @s.¼
¨re®proof©2 ²/*riÚpruf/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´make (a coat, etc) waterproof again.¼
¨re®prove© ²/rIÚpruv/ ³vt ¶[VP6A,14] ·@ sb (for sth), ´find fault with; say
sharp words to: ³The priest @d the people for not attending church services.
¸re®prov®ing®ly ³adv¼
¨rep®tile© ²/ÚreptñIl ³US: ²-tl/ ³n ´cold-blooded egg-laying animal that creeps
or crawls, eÔg ³a lizard, tortoise, crocodile, snake. µ¥ ´the illus here and at
µsnake. ¸rep®til®ian ²/repÚtIlIEn/ ³adj ´of, or like a @. µ¹ ³n ´@.¼
¨re®pub®lic© ²/rIÚpAblIk/ ³n ¸1 ´(country with a) system of government in which
the elected representatives of the people are supreme, with an elected head
(the President), as eÔg in the US, France, India. (in France) ¸the First R@´,
1789Å1804; ¸the Second R@´, 1848Å1852; ¸the Third R@´, 1871Å1940; ¸the Fourth
R@´, 1947Å58; ¸the Fifth R@´, from 1958. ¸2 ´any society in which the members
have equal rights and privileges: ³the @ of letters´, literary men as a class.¼
¨re®pub®li®can© ²/rIÚpAblIkEn/ ³adj ´of, relating to, supporting
the principles of, a republic. ¹ ³n ¸1 ´person who favours @ government. ¸2 R@,
´member of one of the two main political parties in the US (the other is
³Democrat). ¸@®ism ²/-IzEm/ ³n ¶[U] ´(adherence to) @ principles.¼
¨re®pudi®ate© ²/rIÚpjudIeIt/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ¸1 ´disown; say that one will have
nothing more to do with: ³@ an old friend/a wicked son. ¸2 ´refuse to accept or
acknowledge: ³@ the authorship of an article´, declare that one did not write
it. ¸3 ´refuse to pay (an obligation or debt). ¸re®pudi®ation ²/rI*pjudIÚeI2n/
³n¼
¨re®pug®nant© ²/rIÚpAgnEnt/ ³adj ·@ (to), ´distasteful; causing a feeling of
dislike or opposition: ³I find his views/proposals @. All food was @ to me
during my illness. ¸re®pug®nance ²/-nEns/ ³n ¶[U] ·@ (to), ´strong dislike or
distaste: ³a great repugnance to accept charity; the repugnance she has to
writing letters.¼
¨re®pulse© ²/rIÚpAls/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ¸1 ´repel; drive back (the enemy); resist
(an attack) successfully. ¸2 ´(not replaceable by ³repel´) refuse to accept
(sb's help, friendly offers, etc); discourage (a person) by unfriendly
treatment. ¹ ³n ´repulsing or being @d. ¸re®pul®sion ²/rIÚpAl2n/ ³n ¶[U] ¸1
´feeling of dislike or distaste: ³feel repulsion for sb. ¸2 ´(phys) (opp of
³attraction) ´tendency of bodies to repel each other.¼
¨re®pul®sive© ²/rIÚpAlsIv/ ³adj ¸1 ´causing a feeling of disgust:
³a @ sight; a @-looking beggar. ¸2 ´(phys) repelling; exercising
repulsionµ(2)´: ³@ forces. ¸@®ly ³adv ´in a @ manner: ³@ly ugly.¼
¨repu®table© ²/Úrepj8tEbl/ ³adj ´respected; of good repute: ³@ occupations; a @
wine merchant. ¸repu®tably ²/-EblI/ ³adv¼
¨repu®ta®tion© ²/*repj8ÚteI2n/ ³n ¶[U,C] ´the general opinion about the
character, qualities, etc of sb or sth: ³a man of high @; have a good @ as a
doctor; have a @ for courage; make a @ for oneself; have the @ of being a
miser. ·live up to one's @, ´live in the way that people expect (because of
one's @).¼
¨re®pute© ²/rIÚpjut/ ³vt ¶[VP25] ´(usu ³passive´) ·be @d as/to be, ´be
generally considered or reported (to be), be thought of as: ³He is @ed (to be)
very wealthy. He is @d (as/to be) the best surgeon in Paris. He is
well/ill/highly @d´, thought or spoken of. ¸@d ³attrib adj ´generally
considered to be (but with some element of doubt): ³the @d father of the child;
his @d learning. ¹ ³n ¶[U] ¸1 ´reputation (good or bad): ³know a man by @; be
held in high @; be in bad @ with sb. ¸2 ´good reputation: ³wines of @; a doctor
of @. ¸re®put®ed®ly ³adv¼
¨re®quest© ²/rIÚkwest/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´asking or being asked: ³We came
at your @/at the @ of Mr X. Buses stop here by @´, if signalled to do so. ³This
is a @ stop. Catalogues of our books will be sent on @. ¸2 ¶[C] ´expression of
desire for sth: ³repeated @s for help; make a @ for quiet; your @ that I should
lecture on Pakistan. ¸3 ¶[C] ´thing asked for: ³You shall have your @. All my
@s were granted. ¸4 ¶[U] ´state of being in demand, sought after. ·in @, ´often
asked for. ¹ ³vt ¶[VP6A,9,17] ·@ sth (from/of sb); @ sb to do sth, ´make a @:
³Visitors are @ed not to touch the exhibits´, as a notice in a museum, etc.
³All I @ of you is that you should be early. I @ed him to use/@ed that he
(should) use his influence on my behalf.¼
¨requiem© ²/ÚrekwIEm/ ³n ¶[C] ´(musical setting for a) special mass for the
repose of the soul of a dead person.¼
¨re®quire© ²/rIÚkwIE(r)/ ³vt ¸1 ¶[VP6A,D,9] ´need; depend on for success,
fulfilment, etc: ³We @ extra help. Does this machine @ much attention? The
situation there @s that I should be present. ¸2 ¶[VP6A,9,14,17] ·@ sth (of sb);
@ sb to do sth; @ that«, ´(often passive) ´(formal) order; demand; insist upon
as a right or by authority: ³Students are @d to take three papers in English
literature. What do you @ of me? It is @d that you arrive at 8aÔm. I have done
all that is @d by law. These books are @d reading´, must be read, eÔg for an
examination. ¸@®ment ³n ´sth @d or needed: ³fulfil the @ments of the law; meet
sb's @ments´, do what he wants done.¼
¨requi®site© ²/ÚrekwIzIt/ ³n, adj ·@ (for), ´(thing) needed or required by
circumstances or for success: ³We supply every @ for travel/all travelling @s.
They lack the @ capital for expanding their business.¼
¨requi®si®tion© ²/*rekwIÚzI2n/ ³n ¶[U] ´act of requiring or demanding; ¶[C]
´formal and usu written demand ³(for ´sth or ³that ´sth should be done): ³a @
for supplies´, eÔg by army authorities during a war; ³make a @ on the citizens
for stores. The hotel bus was in constant @ ´(= was needed all the time) ³for
bringing visitors from, and taking them back to, the railway station. ¹ vt
¶[VP6A,14] ·@ (for), ´make a @ for: ³@ food for the troops; @ sb's services; @
a town for supplies/lodgings´, eÔg during a war.¼
¨re®quite© ²/rIÚkwñIt/ ³vt ¶[VP6A,14] ·@ sth/sb (with sth),
´(formal) ¸1 ´repay; give in return: ³@ kindness with ingratitude; @ an
obligation. Will she ever @ my love? ¸2 ´take vengeance on. ¸re®qui®tal ²/-tl/
³n ¶[U] ´repayment: ³receive food and lodging in requital for/of one's
services; make full requital.¼
¨rere®dos© ²/ÚrIEdos ³US: ²ÚrerEdos/ ³n (pl µ@es ²/-dosIz/³) ¶[C] ´ornamental
screen covering the wall at the back of a church altar.¼
¨re®run© ²/ÚrirAn/ ³n ´(cinema and TÔV) reshowing of a film or recorded
programme. ¹ ³vt µ(-nn-) ´show a film, etc again.¼
¨re®scind© ²/rIÚsInd/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´(legal) repeal, annul, cancel (a law,
contract, etc).¼
¨re®script© ²/ÚriskrIpt/ ³n ¶[C] ¸1 ´official announcement, esp an edict or
decree issued by a ruler or government. ¸2 ´decision made by a Pope (esp in
reply to a question on matters of law or morality).¼
¨res®cue© ²/Úreskju/ ³vt ¶[VP6A,14] ·@ sb from sth/sb, ´deliver, make safe
(from danger, etc); set free: ³@ a child from drowning; @ a man from captivity;
@ a drunkard´, persuade him to give up drinking; ³@ sb's name from oblivion´,
prevent his name from being quite forgotten. ¹ ³n ¶[U] ´rescuing or being @d.
·come/go to the @/to sb's @, ´help them; ¶[C] ´instance of this: ³three @s from
drowning in one afternoon. ¸res®cuer ³n¼
¨re®search© ²/rIÚs3t2 ³US: ²Úris3t2/ ³n ¶[U,C] ´(not usu with ³many ´or
numerals) investigation undertaken in order to discover new facts, get
additional information, etc: ³be engaged in @; busy with @ work; carry out (a)
@/@es into the causes of cancer. His @es have been successful. R@ students
usually supplement their income by teaching. R@ workers are examining the
problem. ¹ vi ¶[VP2A,3A] ·@ (into), ´make @s (into a problem, etc). ¸@er ³n¼
¨re®seat© ²/*riÚsit/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ¸1 ´supply with a new seat: ³@ an old pair of
trousers/a cane chair. ¸2 ´sit on a seat again: ³She stood up and then @ed
herself more comfortably.¼
¨re®sem®blance© ²/rIÚzemblEns/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´likeness; similarity:
³There's very little @ between them. ¸2 ¶[C] ´point or degree of likeness or
similarity: ³The boys show great @sÅare they twins?¼
¨re®semble© ²/rIÚzembl/ ³vt ¶[VP6B] ´be like; be similar to: ³She @s her
mother. They @ each other in shape but not in colour.¼
¨re®sent© ²/rIÚzent/ ³vt ¶[VP6A,C,19C] ´feel bitter, indignant or angry at: ³@
criticism. Does he @ my being here? ¸@®ful ²/-fl/ ³adj ´feeling or showing
@ment; inclined to @. ¸@®fully ²/-fElI/ ³adv ¸@®ment ³n ¶[U] ´feeling that one
has when insulted, ignored, injured, etc: ³bear/feel no @ment against anyone;
walk away in @ment.¼
¨res®er®va®tion© ²/*rezEÚveI2n/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´keeping or holding back; failure or
refusal to express sth that is in one's mind; ¶[C] ´that which is kept or held
back: ³accept sth without @´, wholeheartedly´, completely; ³accept a plan with
@s´, with limiting conditions; ³the central @ of a motorway´, land dividing the
two carriageways. ¸2 ¶[C] ´(US) area of land reserved for a special purpose. µ¥
reserve±1µ(5). ¸3 ¶[C] ´(esp US) travel arrangement to keep sth for sb, eÔg a
seat in a train or aircraft, a passage on a ship, a room in a hotel: ³My travel
agents have made all the @s for my journey. µ¥ book±2µ(2)´, for GB usages. ¸4
R@ of the Sacrament´, practice of keeping back part of the bread used in the
Eucharist for later use, eÔg at the home of a sick person.¼
¨re®serve©1 ²/rIÚz3v/ ³n ¸1 ¶[C] ´sth that is being or has been
stored for later use: ³a @ of food; the bank's @s´, iÔe of money; ³the
company's @s´, its undivided profits; ³the ·Ú³gold @´, iÔe to cover the issue
of notes; (attrib) ³a ·Ú³@ fund; his @ strength. ¸2 ¶[C] ´(mil) military forces
kept back for use when needed. ¸3 the R@, ´forces outside the regular Navy,
Army and Air Force, liable to be called out if needed. ¸4 ¶[U] ·in @, ´kept
back unused, but available if needed: ³have/hold a little money in @. ¸5 ¶[C]
´place or area reserved for some special use or purpose: ³a ·Ú³game @´, eÔg in
Africa, for the preservation of wild animals; ³a ·Ú³forest @. ¸6 ¶[C,U]
´(instance of) limitation or restriction; condition that limits or restricts:
³We accept your statement without @´, believe it completely. ³He has put a @
price on his house´, has fixed a price less than which will not be accepted.
³He has placed a @ on the painting´, iÔe a @ price. ¸7 ¶[U] ´self-control in
speech and behaviour; keeping silent or saying little; not showing one's
feelings: ³@ of manner; break through sb's @´, get him to talk and be sociable.
¸re®serv®ist ²/rIÚz3vIst/ ³n ´soldier or sailor belonging to the Army or Navy
R@. µ¥ 3 ´above.¼
¨re®serve©2 ²/rIÚz3v/ ³vt ¶[VP6A,14] ¸1 ´store, keep back, for a
later occasion: ³R@ your strength for the climb. The judge @d his judgement´,
deferred announcing it until a future time. ¸2 ´keep for the special use of,
or for a special purpose: ³The first three rows of the hall are @d for special
guests. ¸3 ´secure possession of, or the right to use, eÔg by advance payment:
³@ rooms at a hotel. ·All seats @d´, iÔe the seats (in a theatre, concert hall,
etc) can be obtained only by booking them in advance. ·All rights @d´, (legal)
secured or kept (for the owners of property, etc). ¸4 ´set apart, destine: ³A
great future is @d for you. ¸@d ³adj ´(of a person, his character) slow to
reveal feelings or opinions; uncommunicative: ³He is too @d to be popular.
¸@d®ly ²/rIÚz3vIdlI/ ³adv¼
¨res®er®voir© ²/ÚrezEvwq(r)/ ³n ¶[C] ¸1 ´place (often an artificial lake) where
water is stored, eÔg for supplying a town; anything for holding a liquid: ³the
@ of a fountain-pen/an oil lamp. ¸2 ´(fig) supply (of facts, knowledge, etc).¼
¨re®set© ²/*riÚset/ ³vt (pt,pp µreset; -tt-´) ¶[VP6A] ¸1 ´sharpen
again: ³@ a saw. ¸2 ´place in position again: ³@ a diamond in a ring; @ a
broken bone. ¸3 ´(printing) set the type again. µ¥ set±2µ(9).¼
¨re®settle© ²/*riÚsetl/ ³vt,vi ¶[VP6A,2A] ´(esp of refugees) (help to) settle
again in a new country: ³@ war refugees in Canada. ¸@®ment ³n¼
¨re®shuffle© ²/*riÚ2Afl/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´shuffle again: ³@ the cards. ¹ n
´shuffling again: ³a Cabinet @´, a redistribution of Cabinet posts among the
same persons.¼
¨re®side© ²/rIÚzñId/ ³vi ¸1 ¶[VP2C,3A] ·@ (in/at), ´live (the more usu word),
have one's home: ³@ abroad; @ at 10 Railway Terrace. ¸2 ¶[VP3A] ·@ in, ´(of
power, rights, etc) be the property of, be present in: ³The supreme authority
@s in the President.¼
¨resi®dence© ²/ÚrezIdEns/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´residing: ³take up one's @ in a new
house´, go and live in it. ·in @, ¸(a) ´(of an official, etc) living in the
house officially provided for him. ¸(b) ´(of students, etc) residing in a
college, etc: ³The students are not yet in @. ¸2 ´place where one resides;
house (esp a large or dignified one): (as used by house-agents) ³town and
country @s; this desirable family @ for sale.¼
¨resi®dency© ²/ÚrezIdEnsI/ ³n ¶[C] ³(pl µ-cies³) ´official
residence of a Residentµ(2).¼
¨resi®dent© ²/ÚrezIdEnt/ ³adj ´residing: ³the @ population of the town
´(contrasted with visitors, tourists, etc); ³a @ tutor´, one who lives in the
household as a member of the family; ³a @ physician´, one who lives in the
hospital, etc where he works. ¹ ³n ¸1 ´person who resides in a place
(contrasted with a visitor). ¸2 R@, ´official sent to another country to act as
adviser to the administration, etc.¼
¨resi®den®tial© ²/*rezIÚden2l/ ³adj ¸1 ´of residence: ³the @ qualifications for
voters´, iÔe requiring that they should reside in the constituency. ¸2 ´of,
with, private houses: ³a @ suburb; @ parts of the town ´(contrasted with
business or industrial parts).¼
¨re®sid®ual© ²/rIÚzIdj8El ³US: ²-dZ8-/ ³adj ´remaining; of, forming, a
residue.¼
¨re®sidu®ary© ²/rIÚzIdj8ErI ³US: ²-dZ8erI/ ³adj ´of a residue; (legal)
relating to the residue of an estate: ³the @ legatee´, the person to whom the
residue of an estate is left.¼
¨resi®due© ²/ÚrezIdju ³US: ²-du/ ³n ¶[C] ´that which remains after a part is
taken or used; (legal) that part of an estate which is left after all
particular bequests, debts, etc have been settled.¼
¨re®sign© ²/rIÚzñIn/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A,2A,3A] ·@ (from), ´give up (a post,
claim, etc): ³@ one's job; @ one's position as secretary of the club; @ from
the Cabinet. The Minister of Education has @ed. ¸2 ¶[VP14] ·@ sb/oneself to
sb/sth, ´hand over: ³I @ my children to your care/myself to your guidance. ¸3
¶[VP14] ·@ oneself to sth/be @ed to sth, ´be ready to accept or endure
uncomplainingly: ³be @ed to one's fate. We must @ ourselves to leaving the
country. ¸@ed ³adj ´having or showing patient acceptance of sth: ³with a @ed
look. ¸@®ed®ly ²/-IdlI/ ³adv ´in a @ed manner.¼
¨res®ig®na®tion© ²/*rezIgÚneI2n/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´resigningµ(1)´; ¶[C]
´instance of this; letter (to one's employers, superior, etc) stating this:
³offer/send in/hand in one's @. ¸2 ¶[U] ´state of being resigned to conditions,
etc; uncomplaining acceptance or endurance: ³accept failure with @.¼
¨re®sil®ience© ²/rIÚzIlIEns/, ±re®sil®iency ²/-nsI/ ³nn ¶[U] ´quality or
property of quickly recovering the original shape or condition after being
pulled, pressed, crushed, etc: ³the @ of rubber; ´(fig) power of recuperating
quickly; buoyancy: ³the @ of the human body. ¸re®sil®ient ²/-nt/ ³adj ´having
or showing @; (of persons) buoyant in disposition.¼
¨resin© ²/ÚrezIn ³US: ²Úrezn/ ³n ¶[C,U] ´sticky substance that flows out from
most plants when cut or injured, esp from fir and pine trees, hardening in air,
used in making varnish, lacquer, etc; kind of similar substance (plastics) made
chemically, widely used in industry. µ¥ rosin. ¸res®in®ated ²/ÚrezIneItId ³US:
²-zEn-/ ³adj ´flavoured, permeated, with @. ¸re®sin®ous ²/ÚrezInEs ³US:
²ÚrezEnEs/ ³adj ´of or like @.¼
¨re®sist© ²/rIÚzIst/ ³vt,vi ¶[VP6A,C,2A] ¸1 ´oppose; use force against in order
to prevent the advance of: ³@ the enemy/an attack/authority/the police. He
could @ no longer. ¸2 ´be undamaged or unaffected by: ³a kind of glass dish
that @s heat´, that does not break or crack in a hot oven. ¸3 ´try not to yield
to; keep oneself back from: ³@ temptation. She can't @ chocolates. She couldn't
@ making jokes about his baldness. ¸@er ³n ´person who @s: ³passive @ers.
¸@®less ³adj ´that cannot be @ed; inevitable: ³a @less impulse.¼
¨re®sis®tance© ²/rIÚzIstEns/ ³n ·@ (to), ¸1 ¶[U] ´(power of) resisting: ³break
down the enemy's @; make/offer no/not much @ to the enemy's advance; drug @;
passive @, µ¥ passive. ¸Ú@ movement, ´(in an enemy-occupied country) effort
made by groups of unconquered people to resist the invaders. ¸2 ¶[U] ´opposing
force: ³An aircraft has to overcome the @ of the air. ·line of least @,
´direction in which a force meets least opposition; (fig) easiest way or
method. ¸3 ¶[C,U] ´antagonism; desire to oppose: ·Ú³sales/consumer @´,
unwillingness of the public to buy goods offered for sale. ³A good
advertisement should not arouse @ in the public.¼
¨re®sis®tant© ²/rIÚzIstEnt/ ³adj ·@ (to), ´offering resistance:
³insects that have become @ to DÔDÔT; @ strains of mosquitoes.¼
¨re®sis®tor© ²/rIÚzIstE(r)/ ³n ´device to provide resistance in an electric
circuit.¼
¨re®sole© ²/*riÚsE8l/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´put a new sole on (a shoe).¼
¨res®ol®ute© ²/ÚrezElut/ ³adj ´fixed in determination or purpose; firm: ³a @
man; @ for peace. ¸@®ly ³adv ¸@®ness ³n¼
¨res®ol®ution© ²/*rezEÚlu2n/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´quality of being resolute; fixity or
boldness of determination: ³show great/not much @; a man who lacks @. ¸2 ¶[C]
´sth that is resolvedµ(1)´; formal expression of opinion by a legislative body
or a public meeting; proposal for this: ³pass/carry/adopt/reject a @
(for/against/in favour of/that«). ¸3 ¶[C] ´resolve; sth one makes up one's mind
to do: ³make good @s; her @ never to marry; a New Year @ ´(sth one resolves to
do in a new year, eÔg to give up smoking). ¸4 ¶[U] ´resolving, solution (of a
doubt, question, discord, etc). µ¥ resolve(3). ¸5 ´process of separating into
constituents: ³the @ of white light into the colours of the spectrum.¼
¨re®solve© ²/rIÚzolv/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP7A,9,3A] ·@ to do sth; @ that«; @ on/upon
(doing) sth, ´decide; determine: ³He @d that nothing should hold him back/@d to
be held back by nothing. He @d on making an early start. He @d to succeed. ¸2
¶[VP9] ´(of a committee, public meeting, legislative body) pass by formal vote
the decision ³(that)´: ³The House of Commons @d that«. R@d, that this meeting
is in favour of«/opposed to«/views with alarm«, etc. ¸3 ¶[VP6A] ´put an end to
(doubts, difficulties, etc) by supplying an answer. ¸4 ¶[VP6A,14] ·@ sth (into
sth), ´break up, separate (into parts); convert, be converted: ³@ a problem
into its elements. The House of Commons @d itself into a committee. A powerful
telescope can @ a nebula into stars. ¹ n ¸1 ¶[C] ´sth that has been determined
on; mental resolutionµ(3)´: ³make a @ to do sth; keep one's @. ¸2 ´(liter)
resolutionµ(1)´: ³deeds of high @. ¸re®solv®able ²/-Ebl/ ³adj ´that may be @d.¼
¨res®on®ant© ²/ÚrezEnEnt/ ³adj ¸1 ´(of sound) resounding; continuing to
resound: ³@ notes; a deep, @ voice. ¸2 ´(of rooms, etc) tending to prolong
sounds by vibration: ³@ walls which echo and re-echo sound; ³a @ hall. ¸3 ´(of
places) resounding: ³Alpine valleys @ with the sound of church bells.
¸res®on®ance ²/-Ens/ ³n ¶[U] ´quality of being @. ¸res®on®ate ²/ÚrezEneIt/
³vt,vi ´produce or show resonance. ¸res®ona®tor ²/-tE(r)/ ³n ´appliance or
system for increasing sound by resonance.¼
¨re®sort© ²/rIÚzct/ ³vi ¶[VP3A] ·@ to, ¸1 ´make use of for help or to gain
one's purpose, etc: ³If other means fail, we shall @ to force. I'm sorry you
have @ed to deception. ¸2 ´frequently visit: ³The police watched the caf_es
where the wanted man was known to @. ¹ n ¸1 ¶[U] ´recourse; @ingµ(1)´: ³Can we
do it without @ to compulsion/force? ·in the last @; as a last @, ´when all
else has failed, as a last means of finding help or relief. ¸2 ´sb or sth that
is @edµ(1) ´to: ³An old taxi was the only @ left. ¸3 ¶[C] ´place @edµ(2) ´to:
·Ú³seaside/·Ú³summer/·Ú³health @s.¼
¨re®sound© ²/rIÚzñ8nd/ ³vi,vt ¸1 ¶[VP2A,3A] ·@ (with), ´(of a
voice, instrument, sound) echo and re-echo; fill a place with sound; send back
(sound); (of a place) ring or echo: ³The organ @ed. The hall @ed with cries of
dissent. ¸2 ¶[VP2C] ´(fig, of fame, an event) be much talked of; spread far and
wide: ³His success @ed through all Asia. The film was a @ing success. ¸@®ing®ly
³adv¼
¨re®source© ²/rIÚscs ³US: ²Úriscrs/ ³n ¸1 ³(pl) ´wealth, supplies of goods, raw
materials, etc which a person, country, etc has or can use: ³Our @s in men and
ammunition were inadequate for the defence of the town. We must exploit the
natural @s of our country´, its mineral wealth, potential water power, the
productivity of the soil, etc. ³I am at the end of my @s´, have nothing left to
use. ³We must make the most of our @s´, use what we have to the best advantage.
¸2 ¶[C] ´sth which helps in doing sth, that can be turned to for support, help,
consolation: ³He has no inner @s of character/no inner @s to fall back on.
Leave him to his own @s´, Leave him to amuse himself, find his own way of
passing the time. ¸3 ¶[U] ´skill in finding @sµ(2)´; quick wit: ³a man of @.
¸@®ful ²/-fl/ ³adj ´good or quick at finding @sµ(2)´. ¸@®fully ²/-fElI/ ³adv¼
¨re®spect©1 ²/rIÚspekt/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ·@ (for), ´honour; high opinion
or regard; esteem for a person or quality: ³The Prime Minister is held in the
greatest @. Children should show @ for their teachers. He has no @ for his
promises´, does not think it necessary to keep them. ¸2 ¶[U] ·@ (for),
´consideration; attention: ³We must have @ for the needs of the general
reader´, think about his requirements or preferences. ·pay @ to, ¸(a)
´consider. ¸(b) ´honour. ·@ for persons, ´unfair discrimination, on the basis
of wealth, social position, etc. ¸3 ¶[U] ´reference; relation. ·with @ to,
´concerning. ·without @ to, ´paying no attention to, leaving out of the
question. ¸4 ¶[C] ´detail; particular aspect. ·in @ of, ´as regards: ³Your
essay is admirable in @ of style but unsatisfactory in other @s. ·in
some/any/no, etc @s, ´with regard to some aspect(s), detail(s): ³They resemble
one another in some/all/no/a few @s. ¸5 ³(pl) ´regards; polite greetings: ³Give
him my @s. My father sends you his @s. ·pay one's @s to sb, ´visit, etc sb as a
sign of @ for him.¼
¨re®spect©2 ²/rIÚspekt/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´have @ for; treat with consideration: ³He
is @ed by everyone. We must @ his wishes. I @ your opinions. I wish people
would @ my (desire for) privacy. Do you @ the laws of your country? ·@ oneself,
´have proper @ for one's own character and conduct: ³If you don't @ yourself,
how can you expect others to @ you? ¸@er ³n ´(only in) ·no @er of persons,
´person or thing paying little or no attention to wealth, social rank, etc:
³Death is no @er of persons. ¸@®ing ³prep ´relating to; concerned with:
³legislation @ing property.¼
¨re®spect®able© ²/rIÚspektEbl/ ³adj ¸1 ´(of persons) of good
character and good social position; having the qualities associated with such
social position; (of clothes, appearance, behaviour, etc) suitable for such
persons: ³Are these clothes @ enough for Mrs Whitehouse's party? It is not
considered @ in this country to spit in public. ¸2 ´(ironic use) (of behaviour,
appearances, etc) conventional; likely to satisfy conventional people: ³Need we
worry quite so much about being @? ¸3 ´of some size, merit, importance, etc;
deserving respect: ³do sth from @ motives. ³He has quite @ talents. There was a
@ attendance at the meeting this morning. He earns a @ income. ¸re®spect®ably
²/-EblI/ ³adv ´in a @ manner: ³Go and get respectably dressed.
¸re®spect®abil®ity ²/rI*spektEÚbIlEtI/ ³n (pl µ-ties³) ¸1 ¶[U] ´quality of
being socially @µ(2,3).¼
¨re®spect®ful© ²/rIÚspektfl/ ³adj ·@ (to), ´showing respect: ³They stood at a
@ distance from the President. ¸@ly ²/-fElI/ ³adv¼
¨re®spect®ive© ²/rIÚspektIv/ ³adj ´for, belonging to, each of those in
question: ³The three men were given work according to their @ abilities. The
party ended and we all went off to our @ rooms´, each of us went to his or her
own room. ¸@®ly ³adv ´separately or in turn, and in the order mentioned:
³Training colleges for miners and fishermen are to be built at Leeds and Hull
@ly´, iÔe for miners at Leeds and for fishermen at Hull.¼
¨res®pir®ation© ²/*respEÚreI2n/ ³n ¶[U] ´breathing; ¶[C] ´single act of
breathing, iÔe breathing in and breathing out.¼
¨res®pir®ator© ²/ÚrespEreItE(r)/ ³n ¶[C] ´apparatus for breathing through, eÔg
by aviators at high altitudes to warm the air inhaled, by firemen, to filter
the air of smoke and fumes.¼
¨re®spire© ²/rIÚspñIE(r)/ ³vi ¶[VP2A] ´(formal) breathe; breathe in and out.
¸re®spir®atory ²/rIÚspñIErEtrI ³US: ²ÚrespIrEtcrI/ ³adj ´of breathing: ³the
respiratory organs/system; respiratory diseases´, eÔg bronchitis, asthma.¼
¨res®pite© ²/ÚrespñIt ³US: ²ÚrespIt/ ³n ¸1 ¶[C,U] ·@ (from), ´time of relief or
rest (from toil, suffering, anything unpleasant): ³work without (a) @. ¸2 ¶[C]
´postponement or delay permitted in the suffering of a penalty or the discharge
of an obligation; reprieve. ³¹ vt ¶[VP6A] ´give a @ to: ³@ a murderer.¼
¨re®splen®dent© ²/rIÚsplendEnt/ ³adj ´very bright; splendid: ³@ in cornation
robes. ¸@®ly ³adv ¸re®splen®dence ²/-Ens/, ¸re®splen®dency ²/-EnsI/ ³nn ¶[U].¼
¨re®spond© ²/rIÚspond/ ³vi ¸1 ¶[VP2A,3A,B] ·@ (to), ´answer: ³@ to
a speech of welcome; he @ed that«; ´(of people at a church service) make the
usual answers or responses to the priest. ¸2 ¶[VP2C] ´act in answer to, or
because of, the action of another: ³When Jack, insulted Jill, she @ed with a
kick. ¸3 ¶[VP3A] ·@ (to), ´react (to); be affected (by): ³@ to kindness. The
illness quickly @ed to treatment. The plane @s well to the controls.¼
¨re®spon®dent© ²/rIÚspondEnt/ ³n ´(legal) defendant (esp in a divorce case).¼
¨re®sponse© ²/rIÚspons/ ³n ¸1 ¶[C] ´answer: ³My letter of inquiry brought no
@. She made no @. In @ to your inquiry«. ¸2 ¶[C] ´(in a church service) part
of the liturgy said or sung by the congregation alternately with the priest.
¸3 ¶[C,U] ´reaction: ³My appeal to her pity met with no/little/some @.¼
¨re®spon®si®bil®ity© ²/rI*sponsEÚbIlEtI/ ³n (pl µ-ties³) ¸1 ¶[U] ´being
responsible; being accountable: ³You did it on your own @´, without being told
or ordered to do it. ³You have a post of great @. I will lend you my camera if
you will assume full @ for it, ´pay me the cost of any damage or loss. ¸2 ¶[C]
´sth for which a person is responsible; duty: ³the heavy responsibilities of
the President.¼
¨re®spon®sible© ²/rIÚsponsEbl/ ³adj ¸1 ·@ (to sb) (for sb/sth), ´(of a person)
legally or morally liable for carrying out a duty, for the care of sth or sb,
in a position where one may be blamed for loss, failure, etc: ³The pilot of an
airliner is @ for the safety of the passengers. You are @ to the Manager for
the petty cash. ¸@ government, ´one which is answerable to the electors for
its actions. ¸2 ·@ (for sth), ´involving the obligation to make decisions for
others and bear the blame for their mistakes: ³The President has a @ position.
I've made you @ for the travel arrangements and you must decide what to do.
Isn't he too young for such a @ job? ¸3 ´trustworthy; to be relied upon: ³Give
the task to a @ man. ¸4 ·be @ for sth, ´be the cause or source of: ³Bad
workmanship was @ for the collapse of the block of flats. Who's @ for this mess
in the kitchen? ¸re®spon®sibly ²/-EblI/ ³adv¼
¨re®spon®sive© ²/rIÚsponsIv/ ³adj ¸1 ´answering: ³a @ gesture; @ sympathy. ¸2
·@ (to), ´answering easily or quickly: ³a @ nature; @ to affection/treatment.¼
¨rest©1 ²/rest/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´condition of being free from activity, movement,
disturbance; quiet; sleep: ³R@ is necessary after hard work. She had a good
night's @´, sleep. ³We had several @s/stops for @ on the way up the mountain.
Sunday is a day of @ for many people. Let's stop and take/have a @. ·at @,
¸(a) ´still; not troubled; free from movement or agitation. ¸(b) ´dead. ·be
laid to @, ´be buried. ·come to @, ´(of a moving body) stop moving. ·set sb's
mind/fears at @, ´calm him; relieve him of doubt, anxiety, etc. ¸Ú@-cure ³n
´course of treatment for persons suffering from nervous disorders. ¸Ú@-day ³n
´day spent in @. ¸Ú@-home ³n ´place where old or convalescent people are cared
for. ¸Ú@-house ³n ´house or bungalow for the use of travellers (esp in areas
where there are no hotels). ¸Ú@ room, ´(US) public lavatory; cloak-room. ¸2
¶[C] ´that on which sth is supported: ³a @ for a billiard cue/a telescope; an
·Ú³arm-@; a ·Ú³neck-@. ¸3 ¶[C] ´(music) (sign marking an) interval of silence.
¸@®ful ²/-fl/ ³adj ´quiet; peaceful; giving @ or a feeling of @: ³a @ful scene;
colours that are @ful to the eyes. ¸@®fully ²/-fElI/ ³adv ¸@®ful®ness ³n
¸@®less ³adj ´never still or quiet; unable to rest: ³the @less waves; spend a
@less night. The audience was growing @less´, showing signs of impatience,
wishing to leave, etc. ¸@®less®ly ³adv ¸@®less®ness ³n¼
¨rest©2 ²/rest/ ³n ¸the @, 1 ´what remains; the remainder: ³Take what you want
and throw the @ away. Her hat was red, like the @ of her clothes. ·and (all)
the @ (of it), ´and everything else that might be mentioned. ·for the @, ´as
regards other matters. ¸2 ´(with ³pl v´) the others: ³John and I are going to
play tennis; what are the @ of you going to do?¼
¨rest©3 ²/rest/ ³vi,vt ¸1 ¶[VP2A,B,C] ´be still or quiet; be free
from activity, movement, disturbance, etc: ³We @ed (for) an hour after lunch.
He @s ´(= is buried) ³in the churchyard. His last @ing-place ´(= place of
burial) ³is on the hillside there. He will not @ ´(= will have no peace of
mind) ³until he knows the truth. The matter cannot @ here´, We must investigate
it further. ³We shall let this field @ for a year´, let it lie fallow. ¸2
¶[VP6A] ´give rest or relief to: ³He stopped to @ his horse. These dark glasses
@ my eyes. May God @ his soul´, ´give repose to his soul. ¸3 ¶[VP14,3A] ·@
(sth) on/upon/against, ´(cause to) be supported (on or against sth): ³She @ed
her elbows/Her elbows were @ing on the table. R@ the ladder against the wall.
The roof @s upon eight columns. ·@ on one's oars, ¸(a) ´stop rowing for a time.
¸(b) ´(fig) have a period of rest after any kind of work or effort. ¸4
¶[VP14,3A] ·@ (sth) on/upon, ´lie, spread out, depend or rely (on); (of sight,
etc) fall (on), be steadily directed (on): ³Look at those clouds @ing upon the
mountain top. Her eyes/gaze @ed on me. She let her glance @ on me.¼
¨rest©4 ²/rest/ ³vi ¸1 ¶[VP2D] ´continue to be in a specified state: ³You may
@ assured that everything possible will be done. The affair @s ´(= remains, the
usu word) ³a mystery. ¸2 ¶[VP3A] ·@ with, ´be left in the hands or charge of:
³It @s with you to decide´, It is your responsibility. ¸3 ¶[VP3A] ·@ on/upon,
´depend, rely: ³His fame @s upon his plays more than upon his novels.¼
¨re®state© ²/*riÚsteIt/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´state again or in a different
way. ¸@®ment ³n¼
¨res®taur®ant© ²/Úrestront ³US: ²-tErEnt/ ³n ´place where meals can be bought
and eaten. ¸res®taura®teur ²/*restErEÚt3(r)/, ¸res®taur®an®teur
²/*restronÚt3(r) ³US: ²-tErEn-/ ³n ´manager of a @.¼
¨res®ti®tu®tion© ²/*restIÚtju2n ³US: ²-Útu-/ ³n ¶[U] ¸1 ´restoring (of sth
stolen, etc) to its owner: ³make @ of sth to sb; @ of property. ¸2 ´=
reparation.¼
¨res®tive© ²/ÚrestIv/ ³adj ¸1 ´(of a horse or other animal) refusing to move
forward; moving backwards or sideways. ¸2 ´(of a person) reluctant to be
controlled or disciplined. ¸@®ly ³adv ¸@®ness ³n¼
¨re®stock© ²/*riÚstok/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´put fresh stock into: ³@ a lake with
trout.¼
¨res®to®ra®tion© ²/*restEÚreI2n/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´restoring or being
restored: ³@ to health and strength; @ of stolen property. ¸2 the R@, ´(the
period of) the re-establishment of the monarchy in England in 1660, when
Charles ²¢ ´became king: ³R@ poetry/comedy. ¸3 ¶[C] ´model representing the
supposed original form of an extinct animal, ruined building, etc; building
formerly ruined and now rebuilt: ³The castle is a mere @´, iÔe there is very
little of the original left. ³Closed during @s´, iÔe while rebuilding is in
progress.¼
¨re®stora®tive© ²/rIÚstcrEtIv/ ³adj ´tending to restore health and strength. ¹
³n ¶[C,U] ´@ food, medicine, etc.¼
¨re®store© ²/rIÚstc(r)/ ³vt ¶[VP6A,14] ·@ (to), ¸1 ´give back: ³@ stolen
property/borrowed books. ¸2 ´bring back into use; reintroduce: ³@ old customs.
¸3 ´make well or normal again; bring back (to a former condition): ³quite @d
to health; feel completely @d. Law and order were quickly @d after the
attempted revolution. ¸4 ´repair; rebuild as before; reconstruct (sth) so that
it is like the original: ³@ a ruined abbey; @ a text´, try to make it as it was
originally by supplying missing words and phrases, getting rid of errors made
by copyists, etc. ¸5 ´place in or bring back to the former position, etc: ³@ an
employee to his old post/an officer to his command. ¸@r ³n ´one who, that
which, @s, eÔg an expert who cleans old oil paintings: ·Ú³hair-@r´, preparation
that, it is claimed, will @ hair to a bald head.¼
¨re®strain© ²/rIÚstreIn/ ³vt ¶[VP6A,14] ·@ (from), ´hold back; keep under
control; prevent (sb or sth from doing sth): ³@ a child from (doing) mischief;
@ one's anger/laughter. ¸@ed ³adj ´(esp) not emotional or wild; kept under
control. ¸@t ²/rIÚstreInt/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´@ing or being @ed: ³submit to @t; break
loose from all @t. ·be put under @t, ´(esp of a mentally ill person) be placed
in a mental home. ·without @t, ´freely; without control. ¸2 ¶[U] ´(in art,
literature, etc) avoidance of excess or exaggeration. ¸3 ¶[C] ´that which
@s; check; controlling influence: ³the @ts of poverty.¼
¨re®strict© ²/rIÚstrIkt/ ³vt ¶[VP6A,14] ·@ (to), ´limit; keep
within limits: ³Discussion at the meeting was @ed to the agenda. We are @ed to
a speed of 30 miles an hour in built-up areas. The trees @ our vision. Is the
consumption of alcohol @ed by law in your country? ¸re®stric®tion ²/rIÚstrIk2n/
³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´@ing or being @ed: ³@ion of expenditure. ¸2 ¶[C] ´instance of this;
sth that @s: ³place @ions on foreign trade/on the sale of alcohol; currency
@ions´, eÔg on the sums that a person may use for foreign travel.
¸@®ive ²/rIÚstrIktIv/ ³adj ´@ing; tending to @. ¸@ive practices, ´(in industry)
practices that hinder the most effective use of labour, technical resources,
etc and tend to damage productive efficiency. ¸@®ive®ly ³adv¼
¨re®struc®ture© ²/*riÚstrAkt2E(r)/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´give new structure or
arrangement to: ³@ an organisation/a proposal/the plot of a novel.¼
¨re®sult© ²/rIÚzAlt/ ³vi ¸1 ¶[VP2A,3A] ·@ (from), ´come about, happen, as a
natural consequence: ³Any damage @ing from negligence must be paid for by the
borrower. ¸2 ¶[VP3A] ·@ in, ´bring about; have as a consequence: ³Their dispute
@ed in war. ¸3 ´end in a specified manner: ³Their efforts @ed badly. ¹ n ¸1
¶[C,U] ´that which is produced by an activity or cause; outcome; effect: ³work
without (much) @; obtain good @s; announce the @s of a competition´, the names
of prize-winners, etc; ·Ú³football @s´, the scores. ³His limp is the @ of a car
accident last year. ¸2 ¶[C] ´sth found by calculation; answer (to a
mathematical problem, etc). ¸@®ant ²/-Ent/ ³adj ´coming as a @, esp as the
total outcome of forces or tendencies from different directions. ³¹ n ¶[C]
´product or outcome (³of ´sth).¼
¨re®sume© ²/rIÚzjum ³US: ²-Úzum/ ³vt ¸1 ¶[VP6A,D] ´go on after
stopping for a time: ³@ one's work/a story; @ the thread of one's discourse´,
take up an interrupted discourse. ¸2 ¶[VP6A] ´take or occupy again: ³@ one's
seat.¼
¨r_e®sum_e© ²/ÚrezjumeI ³US: ²*rez8ÚmeI/ ³n ¶[C] ´summary; abstract (of sth).¼
¨re®sump®tion© ²/rIÚzAmp2n/ ³n ¶[U] ´resuming; ¶[C] ´instance of this.¼
¨re®sur®face© ²/*riÚs3fIs/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A] ´put a new surface on (a road,
etc). ¸2 ¶[VP2A] ´(of a submarine) come to the surface again.¼
¨re®sur®gent© ²/rIÚs3dZEnt/ ³adj ´reviving; coming back to activity, vigour,
etc (after defeat, destruction, etc): ³@ nationalism; @ hopes. ¸re®sur®gence
²/-Ens/ ³n¼
¨res®ur®rect© ²/*rezEÚrekt/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A] ´bring back into use;
revive the practice of: ³@ an old word/custom. ¸2 ¶[VP6A] ´take from the grave;
(colloq) dig up: ³My dog @ed an old bone in the garden. ¸3 ¶[VP6A,2A] ´(rare)
bring or come back to life again.¼
¨res®ur®rec®tion© ²/*rezEÚrek2n/ ³n ¶[U] ¸1 the R@, (a) ´the rising of Jesus
from the tomb; anniversary of this. ¸(b) ´the rising of all the dead on the
Last Day. ¸2 ´revival from disuse, inactivity, etc: ³the @ of hope.¼
¨re®sus®ci®tate© ²/rIÚsAsIteIt/ ³vt,vi ¶[VP2A,6A] ´bring or come back to
consciousness: ³@ a person who has been nearly drowned. ¸re®sus®ci®ta®tion
²/rI*sAsIÚteI2n/ ³n ¶[U].¼
¨ret© ²/ret/ ³vt µ(-tt-) ¶[VP6A] ´soften (flax, hemp, etc) by soaking or
exposing to moisture: ³Coconut shells are buried in wet sea-sand in order to
ret the coir fibre.¼
¨re®tail© ²/ÚriteIl/ ³n ¶[C] ´sale of goods (usu in small quantities) to the
general public, not for resale: ³sell goods (by) @´; (attrib) ³@
dealers/prices; the ·Ú³@ department. µ¥ wholesale. ³¹ adv ´by @: ³Do you buy
wholesale or @? ¹ vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A,3A] ·@ (at), ´sell (goods) by @; (of goods)
be sold @: ³an article that is @ed at/that @s at seventy pence. ¸2 ¶[VP6A]
´repeat (what one has heard, esp gossip) bit by bit or to several persons in
turn: ³@ a slander. ¸@er ³n ´tradesman who sells by @.¼
¨re®tain© ²/rIÚteIn/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ¸1 ´keep; continue to have or hold; keep in
place: ³This vessel won't @ water. This dyke was built to @ the flood waters.
The @ing wall ´(iÔe one built to support and confine a mass of earth or water)
³collapsed. He is 90 but still @s the use of all his faculties. She @s a clear
memory of her schooldays. ¸2 ´get the services of (esp a barrister) by payment
³(a @ing fee). ¸@er ³n ¸1 ´(legal) fee paid to @ the services of, eÔg a
barrister. ¸2 ´(old use) servant.¼
¨re®take© ²/*riÚteIk/ ³vt (pt µ-took ²/-Út8k/, ³pp µ-taken ²/-ÚteIkEn/³)
¶[VP6A] ´take, capture, photograph, again. ¹ ³n ²/ÚriteIk/ ´(esp, cinema, TÔV)
rephotographed scene.¼
¨re®tali®ate© ²/rIÚtalIeIt/ ³vi ¶[VP2A,3A] ·@ (against/on/upon), ´return the
same sort of ill treatment that one has received: ³@ upon one's enemy. He @d by
kicking the other boy on the ankle. If we raise our import duties on their
goods, they may @ against us. ¸re®tali®ation ²/rI*talIÚeI2n/ ³n ¶[U]
´retaliating: ³in retaliation for. ¸re®tali®at®ive ²/rIÚtalIEtIv ³US:
²-leIt-/, ¸re®tali®at®ory ²/rIÚtalIEtrI ³US: ²-tcrI/ ³adjj ´returning ill
treatment for ill treatment; of or for retaliation: ³retaliatory measures.¼
¨re®tard© ²/rIÚtqd/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´check; hinder: ³@ progress/development; a
mentally @ed child´, one whose mental or emotional development has been
checked. ¸re®tar®da®tion ²/*ritqÚdeI2n/ ³n¼
¨retch© ²/ret2/ ³vi ¶[VP2A] ´make (involuntarily) the sound and
physical movements of vomiting but without bringing up anything from the
stomach.¼
¨re®tell© ²/*riÚtel/ ³vt (pt,pp µ-told ²/-ÚtE8ld/³) ¶[VP6A] ´tell again; tell
in a different way or in a different language: ³old Greek tales retold for
children.¼
¨re®ten®tion© ²/rIÚten2n/ ³n ¶[U] ´retaining or being retained: ³suffering from
@ of urine´, inability to pass it out from the bladder.¼
¨re®ten®tive© ²/rIÚtentIv/ ³adj ·@ (of), ´having the power of retainingµ(1)
´things: ³a memory that is @ of details; a @ soil, ´one that retains water,
does not dry out quickly. ¸@®ly ³adv ¸@®ness ³n¼
¨re®think© ²/*riÚTIGk/ ³vt,vi (pt,pp µ-thought ²/-ÚTct/³) ¶[VP2A,6A] ´think
about again; reconsider: ³They will have to @ their policy towards China. A
good deal of @ing is needed on this question. ¹ n ²/ÚriTIGk/ ´(colloq)
thinking again: ³If that's your decision, you'd better have a @.¼
¨reti®cent© ²/ÚretIsnt/ ³adj ´in the habit of saying little; not
saying all that is known or felt; reserved: ³She was @ about/on what Tom had
said to her. ¸@®ly ³adv ¸reti®cence ²/-sns/ ³n ¶[U] ´being @; ¶[C] ´instance
of this: ³His reticences are often more revealing than what he says.¼
¨re®ticu®late© ²/rIÚtIkj8leIt/ ³vt,vi ¶[VP6A,2A] ´divide, be divided, in fact
or in appearance into a network of small squares or intersecting lines. ¹ ³adj
²/rIÚtIkj8lEt/ ´covered with such a network. ¸re®ticu®la®tion
²/rI*tIkj8ÚleI2n/ ³n ´(often ³pl´) net-like mark or structure.¼
¨reti®cule© ²/ÚretIkjul/ ³n ´(archaic) woman's small handbag.¼
¨ret®ina© ²/ÚretInE ³US: ²ÚretEnE/ ³n (pl µ@s ´or µ-nae ²/-ni/³) ¶[C] ´layer of
membrane at the back of the eyeball, sensitive to light. µ¥ ´the illus at
µeye.¼
¨reti®nue© ²/ÚretInju ³US: ²ÚretEnu/ ³n ¶[C] ´number of persons (servants,
officers, etc) travelling with a person of high rank.¼
¨re®tire© ²/rIÚtñIE(r)/ ³vi,vt ¸1 ¶[VP2A,3A] ·@ (from) (to), ´withdraw; go
away: ³He @d to his bedroom. The batsman @d hurt´, left the pitch and went back
to the pavilion, because hurt. ¸2 ·@ (to bed) ´(formal for) go to bed: ³My wife
usually @s at 10 o'clock. ¸3 ¶[VP2A,C] ´(of an army) withdraw; go back: ³Our
forces @d to prepared positions. ´Cf ³The enemy retreated. ¸4 ¶[VP2A,C] ´give
up one's work, position, business, etc: ³He will @ on a pension at 65;
³reach retiring age; a retiring allowance´, one given to a person when he @s.
¸5 ¶[VP6A] ´cause (sb) to @µ(3,4)´: ³@ the head clerk. ¸6 ·@ from the world´,
enter a monastery or become a hermit; become a recluse. ·@ into oneself,
´become unsociable because one is wrapped up in one's own thoughts. ¹ ³n
´signal to troops to @: ³sound the @´, iÔe on the bugle. ¸@d ³adj ¸1 ´having
@dµ(4)´: ³a @d civil servant; the ·Ú³@d list´, of officers (of the Army, etc)
who have @d; ·Ú³@d pay´, pension. ¸2 ´secluded; quiet: ³a @d valley; live a @d
life in a small village. ¸re®tir®ing ³adj ´(of persons, their way of life, etc)
inclined to avoid society; reserved: ³a girl of a retiring
disposition. ¸@®ment ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´retiring or being @d; seclusion: ³@ment from
the world´, eÔg in a convent. ¸2 ¶[U] ´condition of being @d: ³be/live in
@ment. ·go into @ment, ´retire (esp µ4 ´and µ6 ´above). ¸3 ¶[C] ´instance of
retiring or being @d: ³There have been several @ments in my office recently.
¸Ú@ment pension, ´= old-age pension. µ¥ pension.¼
¨re®tool© ²/*riÚtul/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´equip (a factory, etc) with new
machine tools.¼
¨re®tort©1 ²/rIÚtct/ ³n ¶[C] ¸1 ´vessel with a long narrow neck turned
downwards, used for distilling liquids. ¸2 ´receptacle used in the purification
of mercury, and in the making of gas.¼
¨re®tort©2 ²/rIÚtct/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A,9,2A] ´answer back quickly, wittily or
angrily (esp to an accusation or challenge): ³"It's entirely your fault,' he
@ed. ¸2 ¶[VP14] ´(formal, rare) get equal with sb by returning (what has been
received) in kind: ³@ insult for insult; @ an argument/affront. ¹ n ¶[U] ´@ing:
³say sth in @´; ¶[C] ´@ing answer: ³make an insolent @.¼
¨re®touch© ²/*riÚtAt2/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´improve (a photograph, painting, etc) by a
few touches of a brush, etc.¼
¨re®trace© ²/riÚtreIs/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ¸1 ´go back over or along: ³@ one's steps.
¸2 ´go over (past actions, etc) in the mind.¼
¨re®tract© ²/rIÚtrakt/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A,2A] ´take back or withdraw (a
statement, offer, opinion, etc); take back a statement: ³The prisoner of war
@ed his parole. Even when confronted with proof the accused man refused to @´,
would not acknowledge the error of what he had said. ¸2 ¶[VP6A,2A] ´draw in or
back; move back or in; be capable of doing this: ³A cat can @ its claws and a
snail its horns. A cat's claws can @. ¸@®able ²/-Ebl/ ³adj ´that can be @ed:
³a @able undercarriage´, (in an aircraft) wheels, etc which can be drawn up
into the body of the aircraft during flight. ¸re®trac®tile ²/rIÚtraktñIl ³US:
²-tl/ ³adj ´that can be drawn in: ³the retractile claws of a cat. ¸re®trac®tion
²/rIÚtrak2n/ ³n ¶[U] ´@ing; ¶[C] ´instance of this.¼
¨re®tread© ²/*riÚtred/ ³vt (pt,pp µ@ed´) furnish (an old tyre) with a new
tread. µ¥ tread, ³nµ(3). ³¹ n ²/Úritred/ ´tyre that has been @ed (US =
³recap´).¼
¨re®treat© ²/rIÚtrit/ ³vi ¸1 ¶[VP2A,C,3A] ·@ (from) (to), ´(esp of
an army) go back; withdraw: ³force the enemy to @; @ on ´(iÔe towards) ³the
capital. ¸2 ´recede (which is more usu): ³a @ing forehead. ¹ n ¸1 ¶[U] ´act of
@ing: ³The army was in full @. We made good our @´, @ed safely. ¸2 ¶[U] ´signal
for @ing: ³sound the @´, eÔg on a drum or bugle. ¸3 ¶[C] ´instance of @ing:
³after many advances and @s. ·beat a (hasty) @, ´(fig) withdraw from, abandon,
an undertaking. ¸4 ¶[C,U] ´(place for a) period of quiet and rest: ³a quiet
country @. ·go into @, ´eÔg temporary retirement for religious exercises.¼
¨re®trench© ²/rIÚtrent2/ ³vt,vi ¶[VP6A,2A] ´cut down (expenses); make
economies: ³We must @ this year in order to have a good holiday next year.
¸@®ment ³n ¶[U] ´@ing; ¶[C] ´instance of this.¼
¨re®trial© ²/*riÚtrñIEl/ ³n ´act of trying again in a law court; new trial.¼
¨ret®ri®bu®tion© ²/*retrIÚbju2n/ ³n ¶[U] ´deserved punishment: ³R@ for evil
does not always come in this life. There will be a day of @. ¸re®tri®bu®tive
²/rIÚtrIbj8tIv/ ³adj ´coming as @; inflicted or coming as a penalty for
wrongdoing.¼
¨re®trieve© ²/rIÚtriv/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A] ´get possession of again: ³@ a lost
piece of luggage. ¸2 ¶[VP6A] ´put or set right; make amends for: ³@ an error/a
loss/disaster/defeat. ¸3 ¶[VP6A,14] ·@ (from), ´rescue from; restore to a
flourishing state: ³@ sb from ruin; @ one's honour/fortunes; @ oneself. ¸4
¶[VP6A,2A] ´(of specially trained dogs) find and bring in (killed or wounded
birds, etc). ¸re®triev®able ²/-Ebl/ ³adj ¸re®trieval ²/-vl/ ³n ¶[U] ¸1 ´act of
retrieving: ³the retrieval of one's fortunes. ¸2 ´possibility of recovery:
³beyond/past retrieval. ¸re®triever ³n ´breed of dog used for retrievingµ(4)´.
µ¥ ´the illus at µdog.¼
¨retro®ac®tive© ²/*retrE8ÚaktIv/ ³adj ´(of laws, etc) =
retrospectiveµ(2)´. ¸@®ly ³adv¼
¨retro®grade© ²/ÚretrEgreId/ ³adj ¸1 ´directed backwards: ³@ motion. ¸2
´deteriorating; likely to cause worse conditions: ³a @ policy. ¹ vi ¶[VP2A]
´decline; revert; grow worse.¼
¨retro®gress© ²/*retrEÚgres/ ³vi ¶[VP2A] ´go or move backwards.¼
¨retro®gression© ²/*retrEÚgre2n/ ³n ´return to a less advanced state; decline.
¸retro®gres®sive ²/*retrEÚgresIv/ ³adj ´returning, tending to return, to a less
advanced state; becoming worse.¼
¨retro®rocket© ²/ÚretrE8rokIt/ ³n ´jet engine fired to slow down or alter the
course of a missile, spacecraft, etc.¼
¨retro®spect© ²/ÚretrEspekt/ ³n ¶[U] ´view of past events. ·in @, ´looking back
at past events, etc. ¸retro®spec®tion ²/*retrEÚspek2n/ ³n ¶[U] ´action of
looking back at past events, scenes, etc; ¶[C] ´instance of this.
¸retro®spec®tive ²/*retrEÚspektIv/ ³adj ¸1 ´relating to retrospection; looking
back on past events, etc: ³a @ive exhibition of a painter's work, ´one that
traces his development from his early to his latest work. ¸2 ´(of laws,
payments, etc) applying to the past; not restricted to the future: ³@ive
legislation; a @ive ´(= back-dated) ³wage increase. ¸retro®spec®tive®ly ³adv¼
¨re®trouss_e© ²/rEÚtruseI ³US: ²*retr8ÚseI/ ³adj ´(of a nose)
turned up at the end.¼
¨ret®ro®ver®sion© ²/*retrE8Úv32n ³US: ²-Zn/ ³n ´state of being turned
backwards; turning or tilting backward.¼
¨ret®sina© ²/retÚsinE ³US: ²ÚretsInE/ ³n ¶[U] ´resinated Greek wine.¼
¨re®turn©1 ²/rIÚt3n/ ³n ¸1 ¶[C,U] ´@ing or being @ed; coming, going, giving,
sending, putting, back: ³a @ home; on my @´, when I got/get back; ³a poor @
for kindness´, (eÔg) ungrateful behaviour; ³the @ of spring; have a @ of the
symptoms ´(of an illness). ·by @, ´by the next post out: ³Please send a reply
by @. ·in @ (for), ´as repayment (for). ·Many happy @s (of the day), ´phrase
used as a greeting on sb's birthday. ·on sale or @, ´(of goods in commerce)
supplied (to retailers) on the understanding that they may be @ed to the
wholesaler or manufacturer if not sold. ·a/the point of no @, ´(on a long
voyage, flight across an ocean, etc) point at which fuel supplies, etc are
insufficient for a @ to the starting-point, so that continuation of the voyage,
etc is essential; (fig) stage of negotiations at which no further progress
seems possible. ¸2 ´(attrib) involving going back or coming back, etc: ³the @
voyage. ¸@ fare, ´needed for the journey both there and back. ¸@ half, ´the
half of a @ ticket for the journey back. ¸@ match, ´one played between teams
which have already played one match. ¸Ú@ ticket, ´one giving a traveller the
right to go to a place and back to his starting-point (US = ³two-way ticket´).
¸*day-Ú@, ´@ ticket available only for the day of issue: ³Two day-@s to London,
please. ¸3 ´(often ³pl´) profit on an investment or undertaking: ³get a good @
on an investment; small profits and quick @s´, motto for shops that rely on
large sales and quick turnover. ¸4 ¶[C] ´official report or statement, esp one
that is compiled by order: ³make one's @ of income ´(to the Inspector of Taxes
for purposes of income tax); ³the e·Ú³lection @s´, figures of the voting at an
election.¼
¨re®turn©2 ²/rIÚt3n/ ³vi,vt ¸1 ¶[VP2A,C,3A,4A] ·@ (to) (from),
´come or go back: ³@ home; @ to London; @ from a journey; @ to Paris from
London. He @ed to collect his money. I shall @ to this point later in my
lecture. ¸2 ¶[VP3A] ·@ to, ´pass or go back to a former state: ³He has @ed to
his old habits. After death animal bodies @ ´(= change) ³to dust. ¸3 ¶[VP6A]
´(rare) reply; retort: ³"Not this time', he @ed. ¸4 ¶[VP6A,12A,13A] ´give, put,
send, pay, carry, back: ³When will you @ (me) the book I lent you? In case of
non-delivery, @ to (the) sender´, often written on letters sent by post. ³All
books are to be @ed to the library before Friday. He @ed the blow ´(iÔe hit
back) ³smartly. She @ed the compliment´, said sth pleasant after a compliment
had been paid to her. ·@ thanks, ´express thanks, esp by saying grace before a
meal, or in response to a toast. ¸@ed empties, ´empty bottles, crates, etc @ed
to the sender for re-use. ¸5 ¶[VP6A,16A] ´(of a constituency) send (sb) as
representative to Parliament. ¸Ú@®ing officer ³n ´official in charge of a
Parliamentary election and announcing the name of the person elected. ¸6
¶[VP6A,15A] ´state or describe officially, esp in answer to a demand: ³@ the
details of one's income ´(for taxation purposes); ³liabilities @ed at $2Ô000.
The prisoner was @ed guilty. The jury @ed a verdict of guilty. ¸7 ¶[VP6A] ´give
as a profit: ³an investment that @s a good interest. ¸@®able ²/-Ebl/ ³adj ´that
can be, or is to be, @ed.¼
¨re®un®ion© ²/*riÚjunIEn/ ³n ¶[U] ´reuniting or being reunited;
¶[C] ´(esp) meeting of old friends, former colleagues, etc after separation: ³a
family @ at Christmas.¼
¨re®unite© ²/*rijuÚnñIt/ ³vt,vi ¶[VP6A,2A] ´bring or come together again: ³@d
after long years of separation.¼
¨rev© ²/rev/ ³vt,vi µ(-vv-) ¶[VP2A,6A,2C,15B] ·rev (up), ´(colloq) increase the
speed of revolutions in (an internal-combustion engine): ³Don't rev (up) (the
engine) so hard. ¹ n ´revolution: ³You're driving at maximum revs.¼
¨re®value© ²/riÚvalju/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´value again or anew; (esp) increase the
value of a currency. ¸re®valu®ation ²/*rivaljuÚeI2n/ ³n ´revaluing:
³revaluation of the German mark.¼
¨re®vamp© ²/*riÚvamp/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´(colloq) patch up; reconstruct; renew: ³@ an
old comedy; @ agriculture in a backward country´, try to improve it.¼
¨re®veal© ²/rIÚvil/ ³vt ¶[VP6A,14,9,25] ·@ (to), ¸1 ´allow or cause to be seen;
display: ³His worn jacket @ed his elbows. ¸2 ´make known: ³@ a secret. One day
the truth about these events will be @ed. The doctor did not @ to him his
hopeless condition. Research has @ed him to be/@ed that he was the father of
twelve children. ·@ed religion, ´religion believed to be taught to mankind
directly by God.¼
¨re®veille© ²/rIÚvalI ³US: ²ÚrevElI/ ³n ´(in the armed forces) bugle signal to
men to get up in the morning: ³sound the @.¼
¨revel© ²/Úrevl/ ³vi µ(-ll-, ´US µ-l-) ¸1 ¶[VP2A,B,C,15B] ´make merry; have a
gay, lively time: ³They @led until dawn. They @led away the time. ¸2 ¶[VP3A] ·@
in, ´take great delight in: ³@ in one's freedom; people who @ in gossip. ¹ n
¶[C,U] ´(occasion of) lively, happy festivity: ³Our @s now are ended. ¸@®ler,
´(US = ¸@er´) ²/ÚrevElE(r)/ ³n ´person who @s.¼
¨rev®el®ation© ²/*revEÚleI2n/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´revealing; making known of sth secret
or hidden; ¶[C] ´that which is revealed, esp sth that causes surprise: ³truths
which man knows only by @´, iÔe from God. ³It was a @ to John when Mary said
she had married him only for his money. ¸2 R@, ´the last book of the New
Testament, called ³The R@ of St John the Divine´, or (less correctly) ³R@s.¼
¨rev®elry© ²/ÚrevlrI/ ³n ¶[U] ´(or ³pl; µ-ries´) noisy, joyous
festivity and merrymaking: ³when the @/revelries ended.¼
¨re®venge© ²/rIÚvendZ/ ³vt ¸1 ¶[VP6A] ´do sth to get satisfaction for (an
offence, etc to oneself or another): ³@ an injustice/insult; @ one's friend´,
inflict injury (deliberately) on the person who injured one's friend. ¸2 ·be
@d on sb; @ oneself on sb, ´get satisfaction by deliberately inflicting injury
in return for injury inflicted on oneself. µ¥ avenge. ³¹ n ¶[U] ¸1 ´deliberate
infliction of injury upon the person(s) from whom injury has been received:
³thirsting for @; nurse thoughts of @. ·get/take one's @; take @ on sb (for
sth); have/get one's @ (on sb) (for sth); do sth in/out of @ (for sth). ¸2 ¶[U]
´vindictiveness. ¸3 ´(in sport) opportunity given for reversing an earlier
result by a return match, etc. ·give sb his @; get/take one's @. ¸@®ful ²/-fl/
³adj ´feeling or showing a desire for @. ¸@®fully ²/-fElI/ ³adv¼
¨rev®enue© ²/ÚrevEnju ³US: ²-Enu/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´income, esp the total
annual income of the State; government department which collects money for
public funds: ³a ·Ú³@ officer´, a customs and excise officer; ³a ·Ú³@ cutter´,
boat used to detect and prevent smuggling. ¸Inland R@, ´income from taxation,
etc. ¸Ú@ tax, ´one designed to produce @ (contrasted with taxes designed to
protect a country's trade and commerce). ¸2 ³(pl) ´separate items of @ put
together: ³the @s of the City Council.¼
¨re®ver®ber®ate© ²/rIÚv3bEreIt/ ³vt,vi ¶[VP6A,2A] ´(esp of sound) send or throw
back, be sent back, again and again: ³The roar of the train @d/was @d in the
tunnel. His voice @d from the walls of the cave. ¸re®ver®ber®ant ²/-Ent/ ³adj
´resounding ¸re®ver®ber®ation ²/rI*v3bEÚreI2n/ ³n ¶[U] ´reverberating or being
@d; ³(pl) ´echoes; repercussions.¼
¨re®vere© ²/rIÚvIE(r)/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´have deep respect for; regard as sacred,
with great respect: ³@ virtue; my @d grandfather.¼
¨rev®er®ence© ²/ÚrevErEns/ ³n ¶[U] ´deep respect; feeling of wonder and awe:
³hold sb/sth in @; have/show @ for sb/sth. ¹ vt ¶[VP6A] ´treat with @.¼
¨rev®er®end© ²/ÚrevErEnd/ ³adj ¸1 ´deserving to be treated with respect
(because of age, character, etc). ¸2 the R@, ´(usu shortened in writing to ³the
Rev ´or ³Revd´), used as a title of a clergyman: ³the Rev John Smith ´or ³the
Rev J Smith ´(but not ³the Rev Smith´); ³the Very R@ ´(of a dean); ³the Right
R@ ´(of a bishop); ³the Most R@ ´(of an archbishop); ³the R@ Father ´(of a RÔC
priest). ¸R@ Mother, ´Mother Superior of a convent. ³¹ n ´(usu ³pl´) clergyman:
³a crowd of @s and right @s at the Lambeth Conference.¼
¨rev®er®ent© ²/ÚrevErEnt/ ³adj ´feeling or showing reverence. ¸@®ly
³adv¼
¨rev®er®en®tial© ²/*revEÚren2l/ ³adj ´caused or marked by reverence. ¸@ly
²/-2ElI/ ³adv¼
¨rev®erie© ²/ÚrevErI/ ³n ¸1 ¶[C,U] ´(instance/occasion of a) condition of being
lost in dreamy, pleasant thoughts: ³lost in @; indulge in @s about the future.
¸2 ¶[C] ´piece of dreamy music.¼
¨re®vers© ²/rIÚvIE(r)/ ³n (pl µ@ ²/-IEz/³) ´turned-back edge of a coat, etc
showing the reverse side, as on a lapel.¼
¨re®ver®sal© ²/rIÚv3sl/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´reversing or being reversed: ³the @ of the
seasons in the two hemispheres. ¸2 ¶[C] ´instance of this: ³a @ of procedure.¼
¨re®verse©1 ²/rIÚv3s/ ³adj ·@ (to/of), ´contrary or opposite in character or
order; inverted: ³this is the @ direction to that; the @ side of a length of
cloth; the @ side of a coin or disc. ·in @ order, ´from the end to the start,
or in the opposite order; in the @ direction. ¸@®ly ³adv¼
¨re®verse©2 ²/rIÚv3s/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ·the @ (of), ´opposite; contrary: ³do the @ of
what one is expected to do. Your remarks were the @ of polite´, were impolite.
¸2 ¶[C] ·the @ (of), ´(sth on the) reverse side (of a coin, medal, disc, etc):
³On the @ of this 50p coin there is a design showing a lion wearing a crown. µ¥
reverse±1´. ¸3 ¶[U,C] ´mechanism or device that reverses: ³Most typewriters
have an automatic ribbon @. Most cars have three forward gears and (a) @. Put
the car into @. ¸4 ¶[C] ´defeat; change to bad fortune: ³Our forces have
suffered a slight @. These financial @s will prevent my taking a holiday.¼
¨re®verse©3 ²/rIÚv3s/ ³vt,vi ¶[VP6A] ¸1 ´turn (sth) the other way round or up
or inside out: ³@ a procedure; @ one's policy. ·a @d charge, ´charge for a
telephone call (to be) paid by the person to whom the call is made instead of
by the person who makes it. ·@ arms, ´(mil) hold the rifle with the muzzle
pointing down (as at military funerals). ¸2 ¶[VP6A,2A] ´(cause to) go in the
opposite direction: ³@ one's car into the garage (back ´is the more usu word).
¸3 ¶[VP6A] ´change the order, position, etc of: ³Their conditions are now @d: A
is poor and B is rich. ¸4 ¶[VP6A] ´revoke, annul: ³@ the decision of a lower
court; @ a decree. ¸re®vers®ible ²/-Ebl/ ³adj ´that can be @d, eÔg of cloth,
either side of which can be used on the outside. ¸re®versi®bil®ity
²/rI*v3sEÚbIlEtI/ ³n¼
¨re®ver®sion© ²/rIÚv32n ³US: ²-Zn/ ³n µ¥ revert.¼
¨re®vert© ²/rIÚv3t/ ³vi ¶[VP2A,3A] ·@ (to), ¸1 ´return (to a former state,
condition, topic, etc): ³The fields have @ed to moorland´, have gone out of
cultivation, etc. ³R@ing to your original statement, I think«. Garden plants
sometimes @ to type´, go back to the wild kind from which they were developed.
³Mental patients sometimes @´, iÔe to their condition before treatment started.
¸2 ´(legal) (of property, rights, etc) return at some named time or under
certain conditions (to ´the original owner, the State, etc): ³If he dies
without an heir, his property will @ to the state. ¸@®ible ²/-Ebl/ ³adj ´that
may @. ¸re®ver®sion ²/rIÚv32n ³US: ²-Zn/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´@ing (of property, etc).
µ¥ 2 ´above. ¸2 ¶[C] ´right to possess property in certain circumstances; land,
property, etc to which one has such a right; ¸3 ¶[U] ´@ingµ(1)´: ³reversion of
plants, etc ´(iÔe to ancestral types). ¸re®ver®sion®ary ²/rIÚv32nErI ³US:
²-ZEnerI/ ³adj ´of reversionµ(2)´.¼
¨re®vet®ment© ²/rIÚvetmEnt/ ³n ´retaining wall; facing of masonry, concrete,
etc on an embankment, etc.¼
¨re®view© ²/rIÚvju/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A] ´consider or examine again;
go over again in the mind: ³@ the past; @ last week's lesson. ¸2 ¶[VP6A]
´inspect formally (troops, a fleet, etc). ¸3 ¶[VP6A,2A,C] ´write an account of
(new books, etc) for newspapers and other periodicals: ³His new novel has been
favourably @ed. Mr Hay @s for "The Spectator'. ¹ n ¸1 ¶[U] ´act of @ingµ(1)´.
·come under @, ´be considered or examined. ¶[C] ´instance of such @ing: ³a @ of
the year's sporting events. ¸2 ¶[C] ´inspection of military, naval, etc forces:
³hold a @. ¸3 ¶[C] ´article that critically examines a new book, etc: ³write @s
for the monthly magazines; a @ copy of a book´, one presented by the publishers
to the editor of a periodical for @. ¸4 ¶[C] ´periodical with articles on
current events, @s of new books, etc. ¸@er ³n ´person who writes @s (of books,
etc).¼
¨re®vile© ²/rIÚvñIl/ ³vt,vi ¶[VP6A,3A] ·@ at/against, ´swear at; abuse: ³@
at/against corruption; @ one's persecutors.¼
¨re®vise© ²/rIÚvñIz/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´reconsider; read carefully through, esp in
order to correct and improve: ³@ one's estimates; @ one's opinion of sb. She's
revising her notes for the exams´, going through them in preparation for them.
¸the R@d Version, ´the Version of the Bible made in 1870Å84 as a Revision of
the translation published in 1611, known as ³the Authorized Version. ³¹ n ¶[C]
´(printing) proof-sheet in which errors marked in an earlier proof have been
corrected. ¸re®viser ³n ´person who @s. ¸re®vi®sion ²/rIÚvIZn/ ³n ¶[U]
´revising or being @d; ¶[C] ´instance of this: ³after two revisions; ¶[C] ´that
which has been @d; corrected version. ¸re®vi®sion®ist ²/rIÚvIZEnIst/ ³n ´person
who supports a review of the fundamental tenets of a political ideology.
¸re®vi®sion®ism ²/-IzEm/ ³n¼
¨re®vital®ize© ²/riÚvñItElñIz/ ³vt ´put new life into; restore
vitality. ¸re®vital®iz®ation ²/*ri*vñItElñIÚzeI2n ³US: ²-lIÚz-/ ³n¼
¨re®vival© ²/rIÚvñIvl/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´reviving or being revived; bringing or
coming back into use or knowledge; ¶[C] ´instance of this: ³the @ of an old
custom; a @ of a play by Maugham; a @ of trade. ¸the R@ of Learning´, the
Renaissance. ¸2 ¶[C] ´(series of meetings intended to produce an) increase of
interest in religion: ³a religious @; @ meetings. ¸@®ist ²/-vElIst/ ³n ´person
who organizes or conducts religious @ meetings.¼
¨re®vive© ²/rIÚvñIv/ ³vi,vt ¶[VP6A,2A] ¸1 ´come or bring back to consciousness,
strength, health or an earlier state: ³@ a person who has fainted; @ an old
play´, produce it for the theatre after many years. ³The flowers will @ in
water. Our hopes @d. ¸2 ´come or bring into use again: ³customs which @/are
@d.¼
¨re®viv®ify© ²/riÚvIvIfñI/ ³vt (pt,pp µ-fied³) ´restore to animation; give new
life or liveliness to.¼
¨re®vo®cable© ²/ÚrevEkEbl/ ³adj ´that can be revoked. ¸revo®ca®tion
²/*revEÚkeI2n/ ³n ¶[U] ´revoking or being revoked; ¶[C] ´instance of this.¼
¨re®voke© ²/rIÚvE8k/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A] ´repeal; cancel; withdraw (a decree,
consent, permission, etc): ³@ an order/a driving licence. ¸2 ¶[VP2A] ´(of a
player at such card games as whist and bridge) fail to follow suit (iÔe not
play a card of the same suit as that led by another player although he could
do so). ³¹ n ´failure of this kind.¼
¨re®volt© ²/rIÚvE8lt/ ³vi,vt ¸1 ¶[VP2A,3A] ·@ (against), ´rise in rebellion:
³The people @ed against their oppressors. ¸2 ¶[VP3A] ·@ against/at/from, ´be
filled with disgust or horror: ³Human nature @s at/from/against such a crime.
This is a doctrine from which sensitive persons must @. ¸3 ¶[VP6A] ´fill with
disgust or horror: ³scenes that @ed all who saw them. ¹ n ¶[U] ´act of @ing;
state of having @edµ(1)´: ³a period of @; break out in @; stir the people to
@; ¶[C] ´instance of this; rebellion or rising: ³@s against oppression.¼
¨re®volt®ing© ²/rIÚvE8ltIG/ ³adj ´disgusting: ³@ behaviour; @ to
our ideas of morality. ¸@®ly ³adv ´in a way that disgusts: ³a @ly dirty room.¼
¨rev®ol®ution© ²/*revEÚlu2n/ ³n ¸1 ¶[C] ´act of revolving or journeying round:
³the @ of the earth round the sun; ¶[C] ´complete turn of a wheel, etc:
³sixty-five @s ´(or, colloq ³revs) a minute. ¸2 ¶[C,U] ´(instance of) complete
change (in conditions, ways of doing things, esp in methods of government when
caused by the overthrow of one system by force): ³the French R@ ´(in 1789);
³prefer evolution to @ in politics; @s in our ideas of time and space; @s in
our ways of travelling, ´eÔg as the result of travel by air. ¸@®ary ²/-2EnrI
³US: ²-nerI/ ³adj ´of a @µ(2)´; bringing, causing, favouring, great (and
perhaps violent) changes: ³@ary ideas; a @ary society; imprisoned for
advocating @ary principles. ¹ n ´supporter of a (political) @. ¸@®ize ²/-nñIz/
³vt ¶[VP6A] ¸1 ´fill with @ary principles. ¸2 ´make a complete change in; cause
to be entirely different: ³The use of atomic energy will @ize the lives of
coming generations.¼
¨re®volve© ²/rIÚvolv/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A,2A,3A] ·@ (about/around),
´(cause to) go round in a circle: ³A wheel @s about/round its axis. The earth
@s round/about the sun. This theatre has a revolving stage. ¸2 ¶[VP6A] ´turn
over in the mind; think about all sides of (a problem, etc): ³@ a problem in
one's mind.¼
¨re®volver© ²/rIÚvolvE(r)/ ³n ´pistol with a revolving mechanism that makes it
possible to fire it a number of times without reloading.¼
¨re®vue© ²/rIÚvju/ ³n ¶[C] ´theatrical entertainment which consists of a medley
of dialogue, dance and song, usu holding up current events, fashions, etc, to
satire; ¶[U] ´this form of entertainment: ³to appear/perform in @.¼
¨re®vul®sion© ²/rIÚvAl2n/ ³n ¶[U] ´(no ³pl´) ¸1 ´sudden and complete change of
feeling: ³There was a @ of public feeling in favour of the accused woman. ¸2 ·@
(against/from), ´feeling of reaction.¼
¨re®ward© ²/rIÚwcd/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´recompense for service or merit: ³work without
hope of @; the @ of virtue; get very little in @ for one's hard work. ¸2 ¶[C]
´that which is offered, given or obtained in return for work or services, or
the restoration of lost or stolen property, the capture of a criminal, etc:
³offer a @ of $100 for information about a stolen painting. ¹ vt ¶[VP6A,14] ·@
sb (for sth), ´give a @ to (sb for sth): ³Is that how you @ me for my help?¼
¨re®wire© ²/*riÚwñIE(r)/ ³vt ´provide, eÔg a building, with new wiring (for
electric current).¼
¨re®word© ²/*riÚw3d/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´express again in different words: ³If we @
the telegram we can save one-third of the cost.¼
¨re®write© ²/*riÚrñIt/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´write again in a different style, etc. ¹ ³n
²/ÚrirñIt/ ´(colloq) sth rewritten: (attrib) ³a ·Ú³@ man´, one employed to @
articles, books, etc in a form suitable for publication.¼
¨Rex© ²/reks/ ³n ´(abbr ¸R´) reigning king (used as µRegina ´is used).¼
¨rhap®sody© ²/ÚrapsEdI/ ³n ¶[C] ³(pl µ-dies³) ¸1 ´enthusiastic expression of
delight (in speech, poetry, etc): ³Everyone went into rhapsodies over Helen's
wedding dress. ¸2 ´(music) composition in irregular form: ³Liszt's Hungarian
Rhapsodies. ¸rhap®so®dize ²/ÚrapsEdñIz/ ³vi ¶[VP2A,3A] ·rhapsodize
(about/over/on), ´talk or write with great enthusiasm.¼
¨rhea© ²/rIE/ ³n ´three-toed ostrich of S America.¼
¨Rhen®ish© ²/ÚrenI2/ ³adj ´of the River Rhine and the districts on its banks:
³@ wine, µhock.¼
¨rheo®stat© ²/ÚriEstat/ ³n ´instrument for regulating the strength of an
electric current by means of different resistances in the circuit, eÔg as in
the volume control of a radio receiver.¼
¨rhe®sus© ²/ÚrisEs/ ³n ´small monkey with a short tail, common in N India,
often used in biological experiments. µ¥ ´the illus at µape.¼
¨rhet®oric© ²/ÚretErIk/ ³n ¶[U] ¸1 ´(art of) using words impressively in speech
and writing. ¸2 ´language with much display and ornamentation (often with the
implication of insincerity and exaggeration): ³the @ of the politicians.¼
¨rhe®tori®cal© ²/rIÚtorIkl ³US: ²-Útcr-/ ³adj ´in, using, a style designed to
impress or persuade; artificial or exaggerated in language: ³a @ speech. ·a @
question, ´one asked for the sake of effect, to impress people, no answer being
needed or expected. ¸@ly ²/-klI/ ³adv¼
¨rhet®or®ician© ²/*retEÚrI2n/ ³n ´person skilled in rhetoric or fond of
rhetorical language.¼
¨rheum© ²/rum/ ³n ¶[U] ´watery discharge from the nose or eyes.¼
¨rheu®matic© ²/ruÚmatIk/ ³adj ´relating to, causing, caused by, rheumatism;
suffering from, liable to have, rheumatism: ³@ joints. ¸@ fever´, serious
fever with inflammation of joints, chiefly in children. ³¹ n ¸1 ´person who
suffers from rheumatism. ¸2 ³(pl ´colloq) @ pains.¼
¨rheu®ma®tism© ²/ÚrumEtIzEm/ ³n ¶[U] ´(kinds of) painful disease with stiffness
and inflammation of the muscles and joints.¼
¨rheu®ma®toid© ²/ÚrumEtãId/ ³adj ´of rheumatism. ¸@ arthritis´, chronic form of
arthritis.¼
¨rhinal© ²/ÚrñInl/ ³adj ´(anat) of the nose or nostrils.¼
¨Rhine© ²/rñIn/ ³n ´German river: ³@ wine, = µhock. ¸Ú@®stone ³n ´kind of
rock-crystal; paste gem made in imitation of a diamond.¼
¨rhino© ²/ÚrñInE8/ ³n (pl µ@s ²/-nE8z/³) ´(colloq abbr of) rhinoceros.¼
¨rhi®noc®eros© ²/rñIÚnosErEs/ ³n (pl µ@es ²/-EsIz/ ´or, collectively, µ@³)
´thick-skinned, heavily built animal of Africa and Asia with one or two horns
on the snout. µ¥ ´the illus at µlarge.¼
¨rhi®zome© ²/ÚrñIzE8m/ ³n ¶[C] ´(bot) thick, horizontal stem of some plants,
eÔg iris, on or just below the ground, from which new roots grow.¼
¨rho®do®den®dron© ²/*rE8dEÚdendrEn/ ³n ¶[C] ´kinds of evergreen
shrub with large flowers growing in clusters.¼
¨rhomb© ²/rom/, ±rhom®bus ²/ÚrombEs/ ³nn ´four-sided figure with equal sides,
and angles which are not right angles (eÔg diamond or lozenge shape). µ¥ ´the
illus at µquadrilateral. ¸rhom®boid ²/ÚrombãId/ ³adj ´of the shape of a @. µ¹
³n ´rhombus with only its opposite sides equal. µ¥ ´the illus at
µquadrilateral.¼
¨rhu®barb© ²/Úrubqb/ ³n ¶[U] ¸1 ´(garden plant with) thick, juicy stalks which
are cooked and eaten like fruit. ¸2 ´(colloq) nonsense; (US) angry
disagreement.¼
¨rhyme© ´(US also ¸rime´) ²/rñIm/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´sameness of sound of the endings
of two or more words at the ends of lines of verse, eÔg ³say, day, play;
measure, pleasure; puff, rough. ·without @ or reason, ´without meaning;
nonsensical(ly). ¸2 ¶[C] ·@ (for/to), ´word which provides a @: ³Is there a @
to/for "hiccups'? ¸3 ¶[C] ´verse or verses with @. ¸Únursery @, ´verse for
small children. ¸4 ¶[U] ´the employment of @: ³The story should be told in @´,
in verse with @s. ³¹ vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A] ´put together to form a @: ³Can we @
"hiccups' and "pick-ups'? ¸2 ¶[VP2A,3A] ·@ (with), ´(of words or lines of
verse) be in @: ³"Piebald' doesn't @ with "ribald'. ¸rhyming slang, ´eÔg
"trouble and strife' for "wife'. ¸3 ¶[VP2A] ´write verse(s) with @. ¸rhymed
³adj ´having @s: ³@d verse. ¸@®ster ²/ÚrñImstE(r)/ ³n ´(usu contemptuous)
person who writes @s or verses.¼
¨rhythm© ²/ÚrIDEm/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´regular succession of weak and
strong stresses, accents, sounds or movements (in speech, music, dancing, etc);
regular recurrence of events, processes, etc: ³the @ of the tides´, their
regular rise and fall. ¸2 ¶[C] ´particular kind of such regular succession or
recurrence. ¸rhyth®mic ²/ÚrIDmIk/, ¸rhyth®mi®cal ²/ÚrIDmIkl/ ³adjj ´marked by
@; having @: ³the @ical tread of marching soldiers.¼
¨rib© ²/rIb/ ³n ¶[C] ¸1 ´any one of the 12 pairs of curved bones extending from
the backbone round the chest to the front of the body in man, µ¥ ´the illus at
µskeleton´; corresponding bone in an animal. ·dig/poke sb in the ribs, ´poke
him to draw his attention (good-naturedly) to sth or to show enjoyment of a
joke. ¸2 ´(of various things like ribs) vein of a leaf; mark left on sand on
the sea-shore by waves; (in a wooden boat) one of the curved pieces of timber
to which planks are secured; raised line in a piece of knitting; long, narrow,
raised ridge on cloth; hinged rod of an umbrella-frame. ³¹ vt µ(-bb-) ¶[VP6A]
¸1 ´supply with, mark off in, ribs: ³ribbed cloth´, having rib-like marks. ¸2
´(US, colloq or sl) tease.¼
¨rib®ald© ²/ÚrIbld/ ³adj ´(of a person) using indecent or irreverent language
or humour; (of language, laughter, etc) coarse; mocking: ³@ jests/songs. ¹ n
´person who uses @ language. ¸@ry ²/-drI/ ³n ¶[U] ´@ language; coarse jesting.¼
¨rib®and© ²/ÚrIbEnd/ ³n ´(old use) ribbon.¼
¨rib®bon© ²/ÚrIbEn/ ³n ¸1 ¶[C,U] ´(piece or length of) silk or
other material woven in a long, narrow strip or band, used for ornamenting, for
tying things, etc: ³Her hair was tied up with a @. Typewriter @s may be all
black or black and red. ¸2 ¶[C] ´piece of @ of a special design, colour, etc
worn to indicate membership of an order, as a symbol of a military decoration
(when medals are not worn). ¸3 ¶[C] ´long, narrow strip: ³His clothes were
hanging in @s´, were torn or worn to strips. ³The shirts were torn to @s in the
washing machine. ¸4 ¸*@ deÚvelopment ³n ´(the building of) long lines of houses
along main roads leading out of a large town (considered to spoil the
countryside).¼
¨ri®bo®fla®vin© ²/*rñIbE8ÚfleIvIn/ ³n ¶[U] ´growth-producing factor in the
vitamin B¶c ´complex, found in meat, milk, some vegetables, and produced
synthetically.¼
¨rice© ²/rñIs/ ³n ¶[U] ´(plant with) pearl-white grain used as a staple food
everywhere: ³polished @´, with the husks removed; ³brown @´, unpolished @;
³ground @´, @ ground to a fine powder. µ¥ ´the illus at µcereal. ¸Ú@-paper ³n
´kind of thin paper used by Chinese artists for painting on; edible kind used
in cooking and for packing cakes, sweets, etc.¼
¨rich© ²/rIt2/ ³adj µ(-er, -est) ¸1 ´having much money or property: ³the @ and
the poor´, @ people and poor people. ¸2 ´costly; splendid; luxurious: ³@
clothes/jewels/furniture. ¸3 ·@ in, ´producing or having much or many;
abundant: ³@ in minerals; an art gallery @ in paintings by the Dutch masters.
¸4 ´(of food) containing a large proportion of fat, oil, butter, eggs, etc: ³a
@ fruit cake; a @ diet. ¸5 ´(of colours, sounds, etc) full; deep; mellow;
strong: ³the @ colours of the begonias; @ tones; the @ voice of the baritone.
¸6 ´(colloq) highly entertaining; giving opportunities for humour: ³a @ joke; a
@ incident. That's @! ´(often ironic). ¸@®ly ³adv ¸1 ´in a @ manner: ³@ly
dressed. ¸2 ´(esp) ·@ly deserved, ´thoroughly; fully: ³He @ly deserved the
punishment he received. ¸@®ness ³n ¶[U] ´quality or state of being @ (but not
usu in sense of µ1 ´above).¼
¨riches© ²/ÚrIt2Iz/ ³n pl ´wealth; being rich: ³the enjoyment of @; amass great
@.¼
¨rick©1 ²/rIk/ ³n ¶[C] ´mass of hay, straw, corn, etc regularly built up (and
usu thatched or otherwise covered to protect it from the rain). ³¹ vt ¶[VP6A]
´make (hay, etc) into a @.¼
¨rick©2 ²/rIk/ ´= µwrick.¼
¨rick®ets© ²/ÚrIkIts/ ³n ´(with ³sing ´or ³pl v) ´disease of childhood, marked
by softening and malformation of the bones, caused by deficiency of vitamin D
as found in fresh food, eÔg milk, butter.¼
¨rick®ety© ²/ÚrIkEtI/ ³adj ´weak, esp in the joints; likely to
break and collapse: ³@ furniture; a @ old car.¼
¨rick®shaw© ²/ÚrIk2c/ ³n ´two-wheeled covered vehicle for one or two
passengers, pulled by a man. ¸Úcycle @, ´three-wheeled bicycle with @ seating
attached behind the driver.¼
¨rico®chet© ²/ÚrIkE2eI ³US: ²*rIkEÚ2eI/ ³n ¶[U] ´jumping or skipping movement
(of a stone, bullet, etc) after hitting the ground, a solid substance or the
surface of water; ¶[C] ´hit made by sth after such a jumping or skipping
movement. ³¹ vi,vt µ(-t- ´or µ-tt-) ³(pt,pp µ-che(t)ted ²/-2eId/³) ¶[VP6A,2A]
´(of a shot, etc) (cause to) rebound, skip or bound off: ³The bullet @ed off
the wall.¼
¨rid© ²/rId/ ³vt (pt,pp µrid³) ¶[VP14] ·rid of, ´make free: ³rid oneself of
debt/lice; rid a country of terrorists/a house of mice. ·be/get rid of,
´be/become free of: ³We were glad to be rid of our overcoats. These shoes are
difficult to get rid of´, (eÔg of articles in a shop) difficult to sell. ³How
can we get rid of this unwelcome visitor´, How can we manage to make him
leave?¼
¨rid®dance© ²/ÚrIdns/ ³n ¶[U] ´(usu ·good @´) ´welcome clearing away; ´state of
being rid of sth unwanted or undesirable: ³Their departure was a good @´, it
brought satisfaction because we wanted to be rid of them.¼
¨rid®den© ²/ÚrIdn/ ³pp ´of µride±2 ´(esp in compounds)
oppressed or dominated by: ·Ú³priest-@; po·Ú³lice-@.¼
¨riddle©1 ²/ÚrIdl/ ³n ¶[C] ¸1 ´puzzling question, statement or description,
intended to make a person use his wits: ³ask sb a @; know the answer to a @. ¸2
´puzzling person, thing, situation, etc: ³the @ of the universe/of existence. ¹
vt ·@ me this, ´solve this @ (as a challenge).¼
¨riddle©2 ²/ÚrIdl/ ³n ¶[C] ´coarse sieve (for stones, earth, gravel, cinders
etc). ³¹ vt ¸1 ¶[VP6A] ´pass (soil, ashes, corn etc) through a @; agitate (a
grate, eÔg in a stove) in order to force ashes, small cinders, etc, through. ¸2
¶[VP6A,14] ·@ (with), ´make many holes in (sth), eÔg by firing bullets into it:
³@ a ship with shot; @ a man with bullets; @ an argument´, refute it by
bringing many facts, etc against it. ·be @d with, ´be filled or permeated with:
³a murder @d with puzzles.¼
¨ride©1 ²/rñId/ ³n ¶[C] ¸1 ´period of riding; journey on horseback, on a
bicycle, etc or in a public conveyance (cf ³go for a drive ´in a privately
owned car, etc): ³go for a @ before breakfast. "Give me a @ on your shoulders,
Daddy.' It's a fivepenny @ on a bus. ·take sb for a @, ´(colloq) deceive,
swindle or humiliate him. ¸2 ´road or track (usu unpaved), esp one through a
wood or forest for the use of persons on horseback and not normally used by
vehicles.¼
¨ride©2 ²/rñId/ ³vi,vt (pl µrode ²/rE8d/, ³pp µridden ²/ÚrIdn/³) ¸1
¶[VP2A,B,C,4A] ´sit on a horse, etc and be carried along; sit on a bicycle, etc
and cause it to go forward: ³He jumped on his horse and rode off/away. He was
riding fast. ·@ for a fall, ´ride recklessly; (fig) act in such a way that
failure or disaster is probable. ¸2 ¶[VP6A] ´sit on and control: ³@ a
horse/pony/bicycle. ¸3 ¶[VP2A,C,4A] ´be in, and be carried in, a cart, bus or
other vehicle: ³@ in a bus; @ in/on a cart. ¸4 ¶[VP6A] ´compete in, on
horseback, etc: ³@ a race. ¸5 ¶[VP2C,3A] ·@ on, ´sit or go or be on sth, esp
astride, as if on a horse: ³The boy was riding on his father's shoulders. ¸6
¶[VP15A] ´allow (sb) to @µ(5)´: ³Shall I @ you on my shoulders/knees? ¸7
¶[VP2A] ´go out regularly on horseback (as a pastime, for exercise, etc): ³I've
given up riding. ·@ to hounds, ´go fox-hunting. ¸8 ¶[VP6A] ´go through or over
on horseback, etc: ³@ the prairies/the desert. ¸9 ¶[VP2B] ´(of a jockey or
other person) weigh when ready for riding: ³He @s 9 stone, 6 pounds. ¸10
¶[VP2D] ´(of ground, etc) be in a specified condition for riding on (usu on
horseback): ³The heavy rain made the course @ soft. The ground rode hard after
the frost. ¸11 ¶[VP6A,2C] ´float on: ³a ship riding the waves; ´float on water:
³a ship riding at anchor; ´be supported by: ³an albatross riding (on) the wind.
³The moon was riding high´, appeared high as if floating. ·@ out a storm, ´(of
a ship) come safely through it; (fig) come safely through trouble, attack,
controversy, etc. ·let sth @, ´(colloq) take no action on it; leave things to
take their natural course. ¸12 ·@ sb down, ¸(a) ´chase (on horseback) and catch
up with. ¸(b) ´direct one's horse at sb so as to let the horse knock him down:
³@ down a fugitive. ¸13 ¶[VP2C] ·@ up, ´eÔg of an article of clothing, shift or
move upwards, out of place. ¸14 ¸ridden ³pp ´tyrannized, dominated: ³ridden by
fears/prejudices; ·Ú³pest-ridden.¼
¨rider© ²/ÚrñIdE(r)/ ³n ¸1 ´person who rides, esp one who rides a
horse: ³Miss White is no @. µ¥ ´also ³di·Ú³spatch-@ ´at µdispatch±1µ(2). ¸2
´additional observation following a statement, verdict, etc: ³The jury added a
@ to their verdict recommending mercy. ¸@®less ³adj ´without a @: ³a @less
horse careering round the race-course.¼
¨ridge© ²/rIdZ/ ³n ¶[C] ¸1 ´raised line where two sloping surfaces meet: ³the @
of a roof. ¸Ú@-pole ³n ´horizontal pole of a long tent; strong horizontal main
beam at the apex of a roof. ¸Ú@-tile ³n ´tile for the @ of a roof. ¸2 ´long,
narrow stretch of high land along the tops of a line of hills; long mountain
range or watershed. ¸3 ´(in ploughed land) raised part between two furrows. ³¹
vt ¶[VP6A] ´make into, cover with, @s.¼
¨ridi®cule© ²/ÚrIdIkjul/ ³n ¶[U] ´making or being made fun of; derision;
mockery: ³pour @ on a scheme; an object of @. ·hold a man up to @, ´make fun of
him. ·lay oneself open to @, ´behave so that people are likely to make fun of
one. ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´make fun of; cause (sb or sth) to appear foolish: ³Why do you
@ my proposal?¼
¨rid®icu®lous© ²/rIÚdIkj8lEs/ ³adj ´deserving to be laughed at;
absurd: ³You look @ in those tight jeans. What a @ idea! ¸@®ly ³adv¼
¨rid®ing©1 ²/ÚrñIdIG/ ³n ¶[U] ´(from µride±2´) ¸Ú@-breeches ³n pl ´used for
riding on horseback. ¸Ú@-habit ³n ´woman's long skirt and tight-fitting coat
(worn when riding a horse). ¸Ú@-light/-lamp ³n ´light in the rigging of a ship
which is at anchor. ¸Ú@-master ³n ´man who teaches horse-@. ¸Ú@-school ³n ´one
for teaching and practising horse-@.¼
¨rid®ing©2 ²/ÚrñIdIG/ ³n ´(GB until 1974) one of the three administrative
divisions of Yorkshire: ³the North/East/West R@ ´(since 1974 replaced by
³Humberside ´and ³North/South/West Yorkshire).¼
¨Ries®ling© ²/ÚrislIG/ ³n ´dry, white wine.¼
¨rife© ²/rñIf/ ³pred adj ¸1 ´wide-spread; common: ³Is superstition
still @ in the country? ¸2 ·@ with, ´full of: ³The country was @ with rumours
of war.¼
¨riff© ²/rIf/ ³n ´repeated phrase in jazz or pop music.¼
¨riffle© ²/ÚrIfl/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A] ´shuffle playing cards by holding part of
the pack in each hand and releasing the edges so that they fall haphazardly
into one pack again. ¸2 ¶[VP6A] ´turn over (the pages of a book, periodical,
etc) quickly. ¶[VP3A] ·@ through sth, ´shuffle (a pack of cards); turn over
quickly or casually (the pages of a newspaper, a periodical, etc).¼
¨riff-raff© ²/ÚrIf raf/ ³n ¸the @, ´ill-behaved people of the
lowest class; the rabble; disreputable persons: ³Is it only the @ who leave
litter about in the parks?¼
¨rifle©1 ²/ÚrñIfl/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´cut spiral grooves in (a gun, its barrel or
bore). ³¹ n ´gun with a long @d barrel, to be fired from the shoulder; large
gun with such spiral grooves; ³(pl) ´troops armed with @s: ³the Royal Irish
R@s. ¸Ú@-range ³n ¸(a) ´place where men practise shooting with @s. ¸(b)
´distance that a @-bullet will carry: ³within/out of @-range. ¸Ú@-shot ³n ¸(a)
´= µ@-range(b). ¸(b) ´good marksman with a @. ¸@®man ²/-mEn/ ³n (pl µ-men³)
´soldier of a @ regiment.¼
¨rifle©2 ²/ÚrñIfl/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´search thoroughly in order to steal from: ³The
thief @d every drawer in the room/@d the drawers of their contents.¼
¨rift© ²/rIft/ ³n ¶[C] ¸1 ´split or crack: ³a @ in the clouds. ¸Ú@-valley ³n
´steep-sided valley caused by subsidence of the earth's crust. ¸2 ´(fig)
dissension (eÔg between two friends, friendly groups, parties, etc).¼
¨rig©1 ²/rIg/ ³vt,vi µ(-gg-) ¸1 ¶[VP6A,14,2A,C] ·rig (with), ´supply (a ship)
with masts, spars, rigging, sails, etc; (of a ship) be supplied with these
things; prepare for sea in this way: ³rig a ship with new sails. The schooner
is rigging for another voyage. ¸2 ¶[VP14,15B] ·rig sb (out) (in/with sth), ¸(a)
´provide with necessary clothes, equipment, etc. ¸(b) ´(colloq) dress up: ³She
was rigged out in her best clothes. He rigged himself out as a sailor/tramp.
¸Úrig-out ³n ´(colloq) person's clothes, etc: ³What a queer rig-out! ·rig sth
up, ¸(a) ´assemble or adjust parts of. ¸(b) ´make, put together, quickly or
with any materials that may be available: ³The climbers rigged up a shelter for
the night on a narrow ledge. They rigged up some scaffolding for the workmen.
¸(c) ´= rig sth out. ³¹ n ¶[C] ¸1 ´way in which a ship's masts, sails, etc, are
arranged: ³the fore-and-aft rig of a schooner. ¸2 ´equipment put together for a
special purpose: ³an ·Ú³oil-rig/·Ú³drilling-rig, µ¥ oil´; ³a ·Ú³test-rig´, on
which motor-vehicles are tested for fitness. ¸3 ´(colloq) style of dress: ³a
bizarre rig. ¸rig®ging ³n ¶[U] ´all the ropes, etc which support a ship's masts
and sails. ¸rig®ger ³n ´person who rigs ships, etc; (esp) one whose work is to
assemble and adjust the parts of aircraft.¼
¨rig©2 ²/rIg/ ³vt µ(-gg-) ¶[VP6A] ´manage or control fraudulently,
eÔg for private profit: ³rig the market´, cause prices (of stocks, shares, etc)
to go up (or down) by trickery; ³a rigged election.¼
¨right©1 ²/rñIt/ ³adj ´(contrasted with ³wrong) ¸1 ´(of conduct, etc) morally
good; required by law or duty: ³Always do what is @ and honourable. It seems
only @ to tell you that«. You were quite @ to refuse. You were @ in deciding
not to go/were @ in your decision. ¸2 ´true; correct; satisfactory: ³What's the
@ time? Your account of what happened is not quite @. Have you got the @ ´(=
exact) ³fare? ·get sth @, ´understand sth clearly, so that there is no error or
misunderstanding: ³Now let's get this @ before we pass on to the next point.
·put/set sth @, ´restore to order, good health, a good condition, etc: ³put a
watch @´, iÔe to the correct time. ³It is not your business to put me @´, to
correct my errors. ³This medicine will soon put you @. ·*R@ you
Úare!/*R@-Úo!/R@! ³int ´(colloq) used to indicate agreement to an order,
request, proposal, etc. ¸*All Ú@!/Alright! ²/*clÚrñIt/ ³int ´used to indicate
agreement, approval, etc.
¸*@-Úminded ³adj ´having opinions or principles based on what is @: ³All
@-minded people will agree with me when I say«. ¸3 ´most suitable; best in view
of the circumstances, etc; preferable: ³Are we on the @ road? Which is the @
way to Exeter? He is the @ man for the job. Which is the @ side ´(iÔe the side
meant to be seen or used) ³of this cloth? Have you got it the @ side up? He's
still on the @ side of fifty´, is still under 50 years old. ·get on the @ side
of sb, ´win his favour. ¸4 ·(all) @, ´in good or normal condition; sound; sane:
³Do you feel all @? ·not (quite) @ in the/one's head, ´(colloq) not sane;
foolish. ·not in one's @ mind, ´in an abnormal mental state. ·@ as rain/as a
trivet, ´(colloq) perfectly sound or healthy. ¸5 ´(of an angle) of 90Ä (iÔe
neither acute nor obtuse). ·at Ú@ angles/at a @ angle (to), ´at an angle of 90Ä
(to). µ¥ ´the illus at µangle. ¸Ú@-angled ³adj ´having a @ angle: ³a @-angled
triangle. ¸@®ly ³adv ´justly; justifiably; correctly; truly: ³act @ly. R@ly or
wrongly, I think the man should not be punished. She has been sacked, and @ly
so. Am I @ly informed? ¸@®ness ³n¼
¨right©2 ²/rñIt/ ³adv ¸1 ´straight; directly: ³Put it @ in the
middle. The wind was @ in our faces. ·@ away/off, ´at once, without any delay.
·@ now, ´at this very moment. ·@ on! ³int ´(colloq) used to indicate approval
or encouragement. ¸2 ´all the way ³(to/round, etc)´; completely ³(off/out,
etc)´: ³Go @ to the end of this winding road, and then turn left. He slipped @
to the bottom of the icy slope. There's a veranda @ round the building. The
pear was rotten @ through. The prisoner got @ away. He turned @ round. ¸3
´justly; correctly; satisfactorily; properly: ³if I remember @ (´cf ³if I am
@ly informed); Have I guessed @ or wrong? Nothing seems to go @ with him´,
Everything he does is a failure. ·It serves sb @, ´It is what he deserves, he
has been @ly punished, etc. ¸4 ´(old or dial use) to the full; very: ³We were @
glad to hear that«. He knew @ well that«. ¸Ú@-down ³adj, adv ´(dial; more usu
³downright´) thorough(ly). ¸5 R@ Honourable, µ¥ honourable. ¸R@ Reverend,
µ¥ reverend.¼
¨right©3 ²/rñIt/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´that which is right±1µ(1)´, good,
just, honourable, true, etc: ³know the difference between @ and wrong. May God
defend the @. ·be in the @, ´have justice and truth on one's side. ¸2 ¶[U]
´proper authority or claim; the state of being justly entitled to sth; ¶[C]
´sth to which one has a just claim; sth one may do or have by law: ³He has a
@/no @/not much @ to do that. What gives you the @ to say that? ·by @(s), ´if
justice were done; justly; correctly: ³The property is not mine by @(s). ·by @
of, ´because of: ³The Normans ruled England by @ of conquest. ·in one's own @,
´because of a personal claim, qualification, etc not depending upon another
person: ³She's a peeress in her own @´, iÔe not only by marriage. ·@ of way,
¸(a) ´@ of the general public to use a path, road, etc esp a @ which has
existed from ancient times through land that is privately owned: ³Is there a @
of way across these fields? ¸(b) ´(in road traffic) @ to use the carriageway
before others; precedence: ³It's my @ of way, so that lorry must stop or slow
down until I've passed it. ·human @s, ´those @s that all people are or should
be entitled to, eÔg a fair trial in a court of law, access to medical care and
education, freedom of religion. µ¥ ³the four freedoms ´at µfreedom. ·women's
@s, ´(esp) of equality with men (in political, economic, social, etc affairs).
µ¥ lib. ·stand on/assert one's @s, ´say what one's @s are and declare that they
will not be surrendered. ¸3 ³(pl) ´true state. ·put/set things to @s, ´put them
in order. ·@s and wrongs, ´true facts: ³What are the @s and wrongs of the case?
µ¥ right±1µ(2).¼
¨right©4 ²/rñIt/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´put, bring or come back, into the
right or an upright condition; make sth right again: ³The ship @ed herself
after the big wave had passed. That fault will @ itself´, will be corrected
without help. ³The driver quickly @ed the car after it skidded. ·@ the helm,
´put it amidships, iÔe neither to port nor to starboard.¼
¨right©5 ²/rñIt/ ³adj ´(contrasted with ³left´) of the side of the body which
is toward the east when a person faces north: ³my @ hand/leg. In Great Britain
traffic keeps to the left, not the @, side of the road. The @ bank of a river
is on the @ side as you look in the direction it is flowing. ·one's @ hand/arm,
´(fig) one's most reliable helper. ·one's @ hand ´all one's energy: ³put one's
@ hand to the work´, work hard. ¸Ú@-hand ³adj ´(to be) placed on the @ hand: ³a
@-hand glove. ¸*@-Úhanded ³adj ¸(a) ´(of a person) using the @ hand more, or
with more ease, than the left. ¸(b) ´(of a blow, etc) given with the @ hand.
¸*@-Úhander ³n ¸(a) ´@-handed person. ¸(b) ´@-handed blow. ¸*@-Úturn ³n ´turn
into a position at @ angles (90Ä) with the original one. ¸*@®about Úturn/Úface,
´@ turn continued until one is faced in the opposite direction. ³¹ adv ´to the
@ hand or side: ³He looked neither @ nor left. Eyes @! ´as a military command.
³The crowd divided @ and left. ·@ and left, ´everywhere: ³He owes money @ and
left´, owes money everywhere. ³¹ n ¶[U] ¸1 ´side or direction on one's @ hand:
³Take the first turning to the @. Our troops attacked the enemy's @´, @ wing or
flank. ¸2 ´(politics; usu ¸R@´) conservative or reactionary party or
parties: ³members of the R@. ¸@®ist ²/-Ist/ ³n ´member of a @ wing political
party. µ¹ ³adj ´of such a party: ³@ist sympathizers.¼
¨right®eous© ²/ÚrñIt2Es/ ³adj ¸1 ´doing what is morally right; obeying the law:
³the @ and the wicked´, good and bad people. ¸2 ´morally justifiable: ³@ anger.
¸@®ly ³adv ¸@®ness ³n¼
¨right®ful© ²/ÚrñItfl/ ³adj ¸1 ´according to law and justice: ³the
@ king; the @ owner of the land. ¸2 ´(of actions, etc) fair; justifiable. ¸@ly
²/-fElI/ ³adv ¸@®ness ³n¼
¨rigid© ²/ÚrIdZId/ ³adj ¸1 ´stiff; unbending; that cannot be bent: ³a @ support
for a tent. ¸2 ´firm; strict; not changing; not to be changed: ³a @
disciplinarian; practise @ economy. ¸@®ly ³adv ¸ri®gid®ity ²/rIÚdZIdEtI/ ³n
¶[U] ¸1 ´stiffness; inflexibility: ³the @ity of his religious beliefs. ¸2
´strictness; sternness.¼
¨rig®ma®role© ²/ÚrIgmErE8l/ ³n ¶[C] ¸1 ´long, wandering story or statement that
does not mean much; incoherent account or description. ¸2 ´confusing and tiring
procedure.¼
¨rigor mor®tis© ²/*rIgE ÚmctIs/ ³n ´(Lat) the
stiffening of the muscles after death.¼
¨rig®or®ous© ²/ÚrIgErEs/ ³adj ¸1 ´stern; strict; severe: ³@ discipline; a @
search for dutiable goods. ¸2 ´harsh; severe: ³a @ climate. ¸@®ly ³adv¼
¨rig®our© ´(US = ¸rigor´) ²/ÚrIgE(r)/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´sternness; strictness; strict
enforcement (of rules, etc): ³punish sb with the utmost @ of the law. ¸2
´(often ³pl´) severe conditions: ³the @s of prison life; the @(s) of the winter
in Canada´, the severe climatic conditions.¼
¨rile© ²/rñIl/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´(colloq) annoy; rouse anger in: ³It @d him that no
one would believe his story.¼
¨rill© ²/rIl/ ³n ´small stream; rivulet.¼
¨rim© ²/rIm/ ³n ¶[C] ´circular edge of the framework of a wheel, on which the
tyre is fitted; µ¥ ´the illus at µbicycle. ´border (of steel, gold, etc) round
the lenses of spectacles (hence ³rimless spectacles´, having lenses without
rims); edge, border or margin of sth circular: ³the rim of a cup/bowl; ´frame
of a sieve. ¸*red-Úrimmed ³adj ´(of eyes) having red rims, eÔg from weeping. ³¹
vt µ(-mm-) ¶[VP6A] ´provide with a rim; be a rim for.¼
¨rime©1 ²/rñIm/ ³n ´(liter) hoarfrost. µ¥ hoar. ³¹ vt ¶[VP6A] ´cover with or as
with @.¼
¨rime©2 ²/rñIm/ ³n ´= µrhyme.¼
¨rind© ²/rñInd/ ³n ¶[U] ´hard, outside skin or covering (of some fruits, eÔg
melons, or of bacon and cheese); ¶[C] ´piece or strip of this skin; tough
covering of one fruit.¼
¨rin®der®pest© ²/ÚrIndEpest/ ³n ¶[U] ´contagious virus disease of cattle.¼
¨ring©1 ²/rIG/ ³n ¶[C] ¸1 ´circular band (often of gold or platinum, and set
with a gem or gems) worn round a finger as an ornament, or as a token: ³an
en·Ú³gagement @; a ·Ú³wedding @´; similar band for other parts of the body:
³an ·Ú³ear@, a ·Ú³nose-@. ¸Ú@-finger ³n ´third of the left hand. ¸2 ´circular
band of any kind of material, eÔg metal, wood, ivory: ³a ·Ú³napkin @; a
·Ú³key-@´, one of split metal, for carrying keys on. ¸Ú@-mail/-armour ³nn ´=
chain-armour. µ¥ chain(4). ¸3 ´circle: ³a @ of light round the moon; the @s of
a tree, ´seen in concentric circles of wood when the trunk is cut across,
showing the tree's age; ³puff out ·Ú³smoke-@s ´(of cigarette smoke). ³The men
were standing in a @. ·make/run Ú@s round sb, ´move, do things, much faster
than he does. ¸4 ´combination of persons working together for their own
advantage: ³a @ of revolutionaries/smugglers. ¸5 (Úcircus-)@, ´circular
enclosure or space for circus-riding. ¸Ú@-master ³n ´man who directs
performances in a circus-@. ¸6 ´space for the showing of cattle, dogs, etc (at
farming exhibitions, etc). ¸7 ´betting at race meetings: ¸the @, ´book-makers
collectively. µ¥ book±1µ(8). ¸8 the Úprize-@, µ¥ prize±1µ(3). ¸9 ´(compounds)
¸Ú@-leader ³n ´person who leads others in a rising against authority. ¸Ú@-road
³n ´road round and through the outskirts of a town, for the use of through
traffic and designed to avoid congestion in the centre. Cf ³by-pass´, a new
road specially constructed. ¸Ú@®worm ³n ¶[U] ´contagious disease of the skin,
esp of children, causing round, red patches. ¸Ú@®side ³n ´place near to the
ring of a circus, prize-fight, etc: ³have a @side seat´, be favourably placed
for seeing an event, etc. ³¹ vt,vi (pt,pp µ@ed³) ¸1 ¶[VP6A,15B] ´surround: ³@ed
about with enemies; ³@ cattle´, hem them into one place. ¸2 ¶[VP6A] ´put a @ in
the nose of (a bull, etc) or on the leg of (a bird, eÔg a homing pigeon). ¸3
¶[VP6A] ´(in games) toss or throw a ring or a horseshoe round, eÔg a mark, peg,
etc; make a ring round (sth), eÔg with a pencil, or by shooting holes round a
target. ¸4 ¶[VP2A] ´(of a hunted fox) take a circular course.¼
¨ring©2 ²/rIG/ ³vt,vi (pt µrang ²/raG/, ³pp µrung ²/rAG/³) ¸1
¶[VP2A,B,C] ´give out a clear, musical sound as when metal vibrates: ³How long
has that telephone (bell) been @ing? Start work when the bell @s. A shot rang
out´, The noise of a shot was heard. ¸2 ¶[VP2D] ´produce a certain effect when
heard: ³His words rang hollow´, What he said seemed insincere. ³His words rang
true. The coin rang true/false´, seemed, when tested by being thrown down, to
be genuine/counterfeit. ¸3 ¶[VP2A,3A] ·@ (for sb/sth), ´cause a bell to sound,
as a summons, warning, etc: ³She rang for the porter. Did you @, sir? Someone
is @ing at the door´, @ing for admittance or attention. The cyclist didn't @.
¸4 ¶[VP6A] ´cause sth, esp a bell, to @: ³@ the bells; @ the bell for the
steward; @ a coin´, test its genuineness by throwing it down on sth and
listening to the sound. ·@ a bell, ´(colloq) bring sth vaguely back to mind:
³Ah! That @s a bell! ·@ the bell, ´(colloq) be successful in sth. ¸5 ¶[VP3A] ·@
(with sth), ´resound; re-echo: ³The children's playground rang with happy
shouts. The village rang with the praises of the brave girl. ¸6 ¶[VP2C] ´linger
in one's hearing or memory: ³His last words are still @ing in my ears. ¸7
¶[VP2A,3A] ·@ (with), ´(of the ears) be filled with a ringing or humming sound:
³My ears are still @ing. ¸8 ·@ sb (up), ´get into communication with sb by
telephone: ³I'll @ you (up) this evening. ´(US = ³call sb (up)´.) ·@ off, ´end
a telephone conversation. ¸9 ¶[VP6A] ´(of a chime of bells) announce (the hour,
etc); strike the hours: ³The bell @s the hours, but not the quarters. ¸10
¶[VP6A,15B] ´give a signal by @ing a bell, etc: ³@ the knell of sth, ´announce
its end or downfall; ³@ an alarm´, give one by @ing bells. ·@ the curtain
up/down, ´(in a theatre) give the signal for it to be raised/lowered. ¸11
¶[VP6A] ´sound (a peal, etc with a bell or bells). ·@ the changes (on), ´(of
church bells) ring the bells in the different orders which are possible; (fig)
put or arrange things, do things, in as many different ways as possible. ¸12
¶[VP15A] ´announce or celebrate the beginning or end of sth by @ing bells. ·@
out the Old (year) and @ in the New. ³¹ n ¸1 ³(sing ´only) resonant sound
produced by a bell or piece of metal when it is struck: ³This coin has a good
@. ¸2 ³(sing ´only) loud and clear sound: ³the @ of happy voices. There was a @
of sincerity in his promise. ¸3 ¶[C] ´act of @ing; sound of a bell: ³There was
a @ at the door. I'll give you a @ this evening´, will @ you up (by telephone).
¸@er ³n ´bell-ringer.¼
¨ring®let© ²/ÚrIGlIt/ ³n ¶[C] ´small curl of hair: ³Her hair hung
down in @s.¼
¨rink© ²/rIGk/ ³n ¶[C] ´specially prepared sheet of ice for skating or hockey,
or floor for roller-skating.¼
¨rinse© ²/rIns/ ³vt ¶[VP6A,15A,B] ·@ sth (out); @ sth out of sth, ¸1 ´wash with
clean water in order to remove unwanted substances, etc: ³@ soap out of the
clothes; @ the clothes, ´to get soapy water out; ³@ (out) the teapot; @ the
tea-leaves out of the pot; @ (out) the mouth´, eÔg while being treated by a
dentist. ¸2 ·@ sth down, ´help (food) down with a drink: ³R@ it down with a
glass of beer. ¹ n ¸1 ´act of rinsing: ³Give your hair a good @ after you've
shampooed it. ¸2 ´solution for tinting the hair: ³the blue @ used by some
elderly women.¼
¨riot© ²/ÚrñIEt/ ³n ¸1 ¶[C] ´violent outburst of lawlessness by the people in a
district: ³put down a @ by force. R@s during the election were dealt with by
the police. ¸the ÚR@ Act, ´act dealing with the prevention of @s and the
breaking up of disorderly crowds. ·read the ÚR@ Act, ¸(a) ´read part of this
Act officially to disorderly persons after which, if they do not disperse,
they can be arrested for felony. ¸(b) ´(joc, eÔg of parents) give a warning
that noisy and unruly behaviour must stop. ¸2 ¶[U] ´noisy, uncontrolled
behaviour (not lawless). ·run @, ´throw off all discipline; (of plants) be out
of control by growing fast and luxuriantly. ¸3 ·a riot (of), ´profusion;
luxuriance: ³The flower-beds were a @ of colour. ¸4 ·a @ (of), ´unrestrained
indulgence in or display of sth: ³a @ of emotion. ¸5 ·a @, ´(colloq) occasion
of wild enthusiasm (as indicating great success): ³His latest play was a @ when
it was produced in New York. ¹ vi ¶[VP2A,B,C] ¸1 ´take part in a @µ(1,2)´: ³The
voters were @ing all night after the election. ¸2 ¶[VP3A] ·@ in, ´indulge or
revel (in): ³The tyrant @ed in cruelty. ¸@er ³n ´person who @s. ¸@®ous ²/-Es/
³adj ´likely to cause a @; unruly; disorderly; running wild: ³a @ous assembly;
charged with @ous behaviour. ¸@®ous®ly ³adv¼
¨rip© ²/rIp/ ³vt,vi µ(-pp-) ¸1 ¶[VP6A,15A,B,22] ´pull, tear or cut
(sth) quickly and with force (to get it off, out, open, etc): ³rip open a
letter; rip the cover off; rip the seams of a garment; rip a piece of cloth in
two; ´make a long cut or tear in: ³rip a tyre´, eÔg on a rocky road. ³My poor
cat had its ear ripped open by a dog. ·rip sth/sb off, ´(sl) steal (it);
defraud (him). Hence, ¸Úrip-off ³n ´sth stolen; instance of stealing or
defrauding. ¸Úrip-cord ³n ´cord which, when pulled during a descent, releases a
parachute from its pack; cord pulled to release gas from a balloon. ¸2 ¶[VP6A]
´saw (wood, etc) with the grain. ¸Úrip-saw ³n ´saw used for this. ¸3 ¶[VP2A]
´(of material) tear; be ripped. ¸4 ¶[VP2A,C] ´go forward, rush along. ·Let
her/it rip, ´(colloq) (of a boat, car, machine, etc) allow it to go at its
maximum speed. ·let things rip, ´cease to exercise control; let things take
their natural course. ³¹ n ¶[C] ´torn place; long cut: ³The rips in my tent
were made by the horns of that angry bull.¼
¨ri®par®ian© ²/rñIÚpeErIEn/ ³adj ´of, on, the bank(s) of a river or lake: ³@
rights´, eÔg to catch fish in the river; ³@ property.¼
¨ripe© ²/rñIp/ ³adj ¸1 ´(of fruit, grain, etc) ready to be gathered and used:
³@ fruit; cherries not @ enough to eat; @ corn; @ lips´, red and soft like @
fruit. ¸2 ´matured and ready to be eaten or drunk: ³@ cheese/wine. ¸3 ´fully
developed: ³@ judgement/scholarship; a person of @ age´, a mature and
experienced person; ³a person of @(r) ³years, ´past the stage of youth. ¸4 ·@
for, ´ready, fit, prepared: ³@ for mischief/revolt; land that is @ for
development´, eÔg for building houses or factories. ¸@®ly ³adv ¸@®ness ³n¼
¨ripen© ²/ÚrñIpEn/ ³vt,vi ¶[VP6A,2A] ´make or become ripe.¼
¨ri®poste© ²/rIÚpost/ ³n ¸1 ´quick return thrust in fencing (after parrying).
¸2 ´quick, sharp reply or retort. ³¹ vi ´deliver a @.¼
¨ripple© ²/ÚrIpl/ ³n ¶[C] ´(sound of) small movement(s) on the
surface of water, etc, eÔg made by a gentle wind; (sound of) the rise and fall
of voices or laughter: ³A long @ of laughter passed through the audience. ¹
vt,vi ¶[VP6A,2A] ´(cause to) move in @s; (cause to) rise and fall gently: ³The
wheat @d in the breeze. The breeze @d the corn-fields. The tide @d the sand´,
caused a wavy surface on the sand.¼
¨rip-tide© ²/ÚrIp tñId/ ³n ´tide causing strong currents and rough water.¼
¨rise©1 ²/rñIz/ ³n ¸1 ´small hill; upward slope: ³a @ in the
ground; a cottage situated on a @. ¸2 ´upward progress; increase (in value,
temperature, etc): ³a @ in prices/social position, etc; have a @ in wages ´(US
= ³raise´); ³the @ and fall of the tide. ¸3 ´(liter) coming up (of the sun,
etc): ³at @ of sun/day´, (more usu ³sunrise). ¸4 ´movement of fish to the
surface of water: ³not a sign of a @. I fished two hours without getting a @.
·get/take a/the @ out of sb, ´cause him to show petulance or weakness (often
by good-natured teasing). ¸5 ´origin; start: ³The river has/takes its @ among
the hills. ·give @ to, ´cause; suggest: ³Such conduct might give @ to
misunderstandings. ¸@r ³n ¸1 ·early/late @r´, person who gets up early/late. ¸2
´vertical part of a step, connecting two treads of a staircase.¼
¨rise©2 ²/rñIz/ ³vi (pt µrose ²/rE8z/, ³pp µrisen ²/ÚrIzn/³) ¶[VP2A,B,C,3A,4A]
·@ (up), ¸1 ´(of the sun, moon, stars) appear above the horizon: ³The sun @s in
the East. Has the moon @n yet? µ¥ set±2µ(1). ¸2 ´get up from a lying, sitting
or kneeling position: ³He rose to welcome me. The wounded man fell and was too
weak to @. The horse rose on its hind legs. On rising from table«´, leaving
the table at the end of the meal«. ³Parliament will @ on Thursday next´, cease
to sit for business, start the recess. ³The House rose at 10pÔm´, ended its
discussions, etc. ¸3 ´get out of bed; get up (which is commoner): ³He @s very
early. ¸4 ´come to life ³(again, from the dead): Jesus Christ rose (again)
from the dead. Christ is @n ´(as an Easter greeting). ³He looks as though he
had @n from the grave. ¸5 ´go, come, up or higher; reach a high(er) level or
position: ³The smoke from our fire rose straight up in the still air. The
river/flood, etc has @n two feet. His voice rose in anger/excitement, etc´,
became high, shrill. ³Sugar has @n a penny a pound. Prices continue to @. The
mercury in the barometer is rising. The bread won't @´, The dough will not
swell with the yeast. ³New office blocks are rising in our town. ¸Úhigh-@
³attrib adj ´having many storeys: ³high-@ flats/office-blocks. µ¥ ³skyscraper
´at µsky(1). ·the rising generation, ´young people who are growing up. ·rising
twelve, etc, ´(of a person) nearing the age of twelve, etc. ¸6 ´develop greater
intensity or energy: ³The wind is rising. His colour rose´, He became flushed.
¸7 ´come to the surface: ³The fish were rising´, coming to the surface for
food. ³They say a drowning man @s three times. Bubbles rose from the bottom of
the lake. ¸8 ´become or be visible above the surroundings: ³A range of hills
rose on our left. ¸9 ´reach a higher position in society; make progress (in
one's profession, etc): ³@ in the world; @ to greatness; @ from the ranks´,
iÔe to be an officer; ³a rising young politician/lawyer. ¸10 ·@ to, ´develop
powers equal to. ·@ to the occasion/challenge/task, etc, ´prove oneself able to
deal with an unexpected problem, a difficult task, etc. ¸11 ´slope upwards:
³rising ground. ¸12 ´have as a starting-point: ³Where does the Nile @? The
quarrel rose from a mere trifle. ¸13 ·@ against, ´rebel (against the
government, etc). ¸ris®ing ³n ´(esp) armed outbreak; rebellion.¼
¨ris®ible© ²/ÚrIzEbl/ ³adj ´of laughing and laughter; inclined to
laugh; causing laughter, ludicrous. ¸risi®bil®ity ²/*rIzEÚbIlEtI/ ³n ¶[U]
´disposition to laugh.¼
¨risk© ²/rIsk/ ³n ¸1 ¶[C,U] ´(instance of) possibility or chance of meeting
danger, suffering loss, injury, etc: ³There's no/not much @ of your catching
cold if you wrap up well. ·run/take @s/a @, ´put oneself in a position where
there is @: ³She's too sensible to take a @ when she's driving. To succeed in
business one must be prepared to run @s. ·run/take the @ of doing sth, ´do sth
which may involve @: ³We'll take the @ of being late. He was ready to run the @
of being taken prisoner by the enemy. ·at the @ of/at @ to, ´with the
possibility of (loss, etc): ³He was determined to get there even at the @ of
his life. ·at @, ´threatened by uncertainties (such as failure, loss, etc): ³Is
the Government's income policy seriously at @? ·at one's own @, ´accepting
responsibility, agreeing to make no claims, for loss, injury, etc. ·at owner's
@, ´(of goods sent by rail, etc) the owner to bear any loss there may be. ¸2
¶[C] ´(insurance) amount for which sb or sth is insured; the person or thing
insured. ³He's a good/poor @. µ¥ ´also ³security @ ´at µsecurity. ³¹ vt ¸1
¶[VP6A] ´expose to @; ³@ one's health/fortune/neck ´(iÔe life), ³etc. ¸2
¶[VP6A,D] ´take the chances of: ³@ failure. We must @ getting caught in a
storm. ¸risky ³adj µ(-ier, -iest) ¸1 ´full of @: ³a @y undertaking. ¸2 ´=
risqu_e. ¸@®ily ²/-IlI/ ³adv ¸@i®ness ³n¼
¨ri®sotto© ²/rIÚzotE8/ ³n ¶[C] ´dish of rice cooked with butter,
cheese, onions, etc.¼
¨ris®qu_e© ²/ÚriskeI ³US: ²rIÚskeI/ ³adj ´(of a story, remark, situation in a
drama, etc) likely to offend against propriety; on the borderline of
indecency.¼
¨ris®sole© ²/ÚrIsE8l/ ³n ¶[C] ´small ball of minced meat, fish, etc mixed with
potato, eggs, breadcrumbs, etc and fried.¼
¨rite© ²/rñIt/ ³n ¶[C] ´act or ceremony (esp in religious services): ·Ú³burial
@s; @s of baptism; in·*³iti·Ú³ation @s. He died after receiving the @s of the
church´, eÔg the sacraments of Penance, the Eucharist, and Extreme Unction.¼
¨rit®ual© ²/ÚrIt28El/ ³n ¶[U] ´all the rites or forms connected with a
ceremony; way of conducting a religious service: ³the @ of the Catholic Church;
¶[C] ´particular form of @; any procedure regularly followed, as if it were a
@: ³He went through the @ of rolling his own cigarette slowly and carefully.
³(pl) ´ceremonial observances: ³initiation @s. ³¹ adj ´of religious rites; done
as a rite: ³@ laws; the @ dances of an African tribe. ¸@®ism ²/-IzEm/ ³n ¶[U]
´fondness for, insistence upon, @; study of @. ¸@®ist ²/-Ist/ ³n ´person who
has expert knowledge of @ practices and religious rites; person who supports
strict observance of @. ¸@®is®tic ²/*rIt28EÚlIstIk/ ³adj ´relating to @ism and
@ists.¼
¨ritzy© ²/ÚrItsI/ ³adj ´(sl) luxurious; elegant.¼
¨ri®val© ²/ÚrñIvl/ ³n ´person who competes with another (because he wants the
same thing, or to be or do better than the other): ·Ú³business @s; @s in love;
´(attrib) ³@ business firms. ¹ vt µ(-ll-, ´US also µ-l-) ¶[VP6A,14] ·@ (in),
´be a @ of; seem or claim to be (almost) as good as: ³Cricket cannot @ football
in excitement. ¸@ry ²/ÚrñIvlrI/ ³n ¶[C,U] ³(pl µ-ries³) ´(instance of) being
@s; competition: ³enter into @ry with other shops; @ry between two schools´,
eÔg in sport; ³the rivalries between political parties.¼
¨rive© ²/rñIv/ ³vt,vi (pt µ@d³, pp µriven ²/ÚrIvn/³) ¶[VP6A,15A,B] ´(archaic or
poet) break or tear away violently; split: ³trees riven by lightning; ´(fig) ³a
heart riven by grief.¼
¨river© ²/ÚrIvE(r)/ ³n ¶[C] ¸1 ´natural stream of water flowing in a channel to
the sea or to a lake, etc or joining another @: ³the R@ Thames. µ¥ ´the illus
at µdelta, estuary. ·sell sb down the @, ´(fig) betray him. ¸2 ´(attrib)
¸Ú@-basin ³n ´area drained by a @ and its tributaries. ¸Ú@-bed ³n ´ground over
which a @ flows in its channel. ¸Ú@®side ³n ´ground along a @ bank: ³a @side
villa. ¸3 ´great flow: ³a @ of lava; @s of blood´, great bloodshed (in war).¼
¨rivet© ²/ÚrIvIt/ ³n ¶[C] ´metal pin or bolt for fastening metal
plates (eÔg in a ship's sides), the plain end being hammered flat to prevent
slipping. ¹ ³vt ¶[VP6A,15A,B] ¸1 ´fasten with a @ or @s; flatten (the end of a
bolt) to make it secure. ¸2 ´fix or concentrate (one's eyes, attention) on: ³He
@ed his eyes on the scene. ¸3 ´take up, secure (attention, etc): ³The scene @ed
our attention.¼
¨Rivi®era© ²/*rIvIÚeErE/ ³n ¸the @, ´stretch of the Mediterranean coast (of SÔE
France and NÔW Italy), used as a holiday resort.¼
¨rivu®let© ²/ÚrIvj8lIt/ ³n ´small stream.¼
¨roach©1 ²/rE8t2/ ³n (pl ´unchanged) fresh-water fish of the carp family.¼
¨roach©2 ²/rE8t2/ ³n (pl µ@es³) ´(colloq) = µcockroach.¼
¨road© ²/rE8d/ ³n ¶[C] ¸1 ´specially prepared way, publicly or privately
owned, between places for the use of pedestrians, riders, vehicles, etc: ³main
and minor @s; ´(attrib) ³@ junctions; a ³@-map of Great Britain ´(Cf a
³street-´map of London); ³@ accidents. ³@ works in progress´, @s under
construction or repair. ·on the @´, travelling: ³How long were you on the road?
´How long did your journey take? ·rules of the @, ´custom which regulates the
side to be taken by vehicles, ships, etc when meeting or passing each other.
·take the @, ´start a journey. ·take to the @, ´become a tramp. ¸Ú@ safety,
´safety from traffic dangers: ³a campaign for @ safety, ´for preventing @
accidents. ¸2 ´(compounds) ¸Ú@-bed ³n ´foundation of rock, stones, etc on which
the surface of a @ is laid. ¸Ú@-block ³n ´barricade built across a @ to stop or
slow down traffic (eÔg by police to catch an escaped prisoner or by military
authorities during a period of political disturbances). ¸Ú@-book ³n
´book describing the @s of a country, with itineraries (for tourists, etc).
¸Ú@-hog ³n ´(colloq) motorist who is reckless and inconsiderate of others.
¸Ú@-house ³n ´building(s) on a main @, often one with facilities for meals,
dancing, etc used by people who travel by car. ¸Ú@®man ²/-man/, ¸Ú@®mender ³nn
´man who repairs @s. ¸Ú@-metal ³n ´stone used for making and repairing @s.
¸Ú@-sense ³n ´capacity for intelligent behaviour on @s, eÔg the avoidance of
accidents: ³Harry/Harry's dog has no @ sense. ¸Ú@ show ³n ´(US) theatrical
performance by a touring company. ¸Ú@®side ³n ´bordering of a @: (attrib)
³@side flowers/inns. ¸Ú@®way ³n ´(usu with ³def art´) central part used by
wheeled traffic (contrasted with the footpath, etc): ³Dogs should be kept off
the @way. ¸Ú@®worthy ³adj ´(of a motor-vehicle, etc) fit for use on the @s. ¸3
´one's way or route: ³You're in the/my @´, in my way, obstructing me. ¸4 ·@ to,
´(fig) way of getting to: ³Is excessive drinking the @ to ruin? There's no
royal @ to wisdom´, no easy way, µ¥ royal. ¸5 ´(in proper names) ¸(a) the « R@,
´name of a @ leading to the town, etc named: ³the Oxford R@´, leading to
Oxford; ³the Great West R@´, from London to the West of England. ¸(b) « R@/Rd,
´street of buildings: ³35 York Rd, London, SÔW 16. ¸6 ´(usu ³pl´) stretch of
water near the shore in which ships can ride at anchor: ³anchored in the @s. ¸7
´(US) = railway. ¸@®less ³adj ´having no @s. ¸Ú@®stead ²/-sted/ ³n ´=
roadµ(6)´.¼
¨road®ster© ²/ÚrE8dstE(r)/ ³n ¶[C] ´open motor-car, usu for two persons.¼
¨roam© ²/rE8m/ ³vi,vt ¶[VP2A,C,6A] ´walk or travel without any definite aim or
destination over or through (a country, etc): ³go @ing; @ about the world; @
the seas; settle down after years of @ing.¼
¨roan©1 ²/rE8n/ ³adj ´(of animals) with a coat of a mixed colour,
esp brown with white or grey hairs in it. ¹ ³n ´@ horse or cow.¼
¨roan©2 ²/rE8n/ ³n ¶[U] ´soft sheepskin leather sometimes used for binding
books.¼
¨roar© ²/rc(r)/ ³n ¶[C] ´loud, deep sound as of a lion, of thunder, of a
person in pain, etc: ³the @s of a tiger; the @ of the sea/of waves breaking on
the rocks; the @ of London's traffic; with a @ of rage; @s of laughter; set
the table/room in a @´, cause everyone to laugh loudly. ¹ ³vt,vi ¸1
¶[VP2A,C,3A] ´make such loud, deep sounds: ³lions @ing in the distance.
Several lorries @ed past; @ with laughter/pain/rage; @ for mercy. ¸2
¶[VP6A,15B] ·@ sth out, ´say, sing, loudly: ³@ out an order; @ out a drinking
song. ¸3 ¶[VP22,15B] ·@ oneself hoarse, etc, ´make oneself hoarse, etc by @ing.
·@ sb down, ´@ in order to drown the words of a speaker so that he has to give
up. ¸@®ing ³adj ¸1 ´noisy; rough. ¸2 ´stormy: ³a @ing night; the @ing forties´,
part of the Atlantic between 40Ä and 50Ä N latitude, often very stormy. ¸3
´brisk; healthy: ³do a @ing trade; be in @ing health. ¹ adv ´extremely: ³@ing
drunk.¼
¨roast© ²/rE8st/ ³vt,vi ¶[VP6A,2A] ¸1 ´(of meat, potatoes, etc) cook, be
cooked, in a hot oven, or over or in front of a hot fire, eÔg on a spit, the
meat, etc being basted periodically with the fat and juices that come out: ³@ a
joint. The meat was @ing in the oven. You've made a fire fit to @ an ox´, a
very large, hot fire. ¸2 ´heat, be heated: ³@ coffee-beans. ¸3 ´expose for
warmth to heat of some kind: ³@ oneself in front of the fire; lie in the sun
and @. ¹ attrib adj ´that has been @ed: ³@ beef/pork. ¹ n ¸1 ¶[C] ´joint of
@ed meat; ¶[U] ´slices from such a joint: ³cold @ on Monday. ¸2 ´operation of
@ing: ³give sth a good @. ¸@er ³n ´kind of oven for @ing; apparatus for @ing
coffee-beans; article of food, eÔg a chicken, sucking pig, suitable for @ing.
¸@®ing ³n ´(from the dated use of @ meaning criticize harshly) ·give sb a good
@ing, ´(fig) scold or ridicule him harshly.¼
¨rob© ²/rob/ ³vt µ(-bb-) ¶[VP6A,14] ·rob sb/sth (of sth), ¸1
´deprive (sb) of his property; take property from (a place) unlawfully (and
often by force): ³I was robbed of my watch. ´Cf I had my watch ³stolen. The
bank was robbed last night. The village boys rob my orchard. ´Cf They ³steal
´apples from my orchard. ¸2 ´deprive a person of (what is due to him, etc): ³be
robbed of the rewards of one's labour. ¸rob®ber ³n ´person who robs; thief.
¸rob®bery ²/ÚrobErI/ ³n ¶[C,U] ³(pl µ-ries³) ´(instance of) robbing: ³robbery
with violence; three robberies in one week. ¸*daylight Úrobbery, ´(colloq)
charging of excessive prices: ³50p for a cup of coffee is daylight robbery!¼
¨robe© ²/rE8b/ ³n ¶[C] ¸1 ´long, loose outer garment. ¸Úbath®@ ´(US)
dressing-gown. ¸2 ´(often ³pl´) long, loose garment worn as a sign of rank or
office: ³the ·*³Coro·Ú³nation @s´, of a king or queen; ³magistrates/judges in
their black @s. ¹ vt,vi ¶[VP6A,14,2A] ·@ (in), ´put a @ or @s on: ³professors
@d in their bright-coloured gowns; @d in the scarlet of a cardinal.¼
¨robin© ²/ÚrobIn/ ³n ¸1 ´small, brownish bird with red breast-feathers (also
called ¸*@ Úredbreast´). µ¥ ´the illus at µbird. ¸2 ´(name given to kinds of)
small bird outside the British Isles (eÔg the American @, a redbreasted
thrush). ¸*R@ ÚGoodfellow ³n ´type of mischievous but good-natured goblin or
elf in English folklore (also called ³Puck´).¼
¨ro®bot© ²/ÚrE8bot/ ³n ¶[C] ´machine made to act like a man; machine-like
person.¼
¨ro®bust© ²/rE8ÚbAst/ ³adj ´vigorous; healthy: ³a @ young man; a @
appetite. ¸@®ly ³adv ¸@®ness ³n¼
¨roc© ²/rok/ ³n ´gigantic bird of Eastern tales.¼
¨rock©1 ²/rok/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´solid stony part of the earth's crust: ³a house
built upon @. µ¥ ³bed-rock ´at µbed±1µ(4). µ¥ ´the illus at µstratify. ¸2
¶[C,U] ´mass of @ standing out from the earth's surface or from the sea. ·as
firm/solid as a @, ´immovable; (fig) (of persons) sound; dependable. ·on the
@s, ´(of a ship) wrecked on @s; (fig, of a person) very short of money; (of a
marriage) likely to end in divorce or separation. ·see @s ahead, ´see danger
of shipwreck (or fig, any kind of danger). ¸the R@ of Ages´, Jesus Christ. ¸3
¶[C] ´large, detached stone or boulder: ³@s rolling down the side of a
mountain; ´(US) = µstone±1µ(2). ¸4 ¶[U] ´(GB) kind of hard, sticky sweet, usu
made in long cylindrical pieces: ³a stick of @; almond @. ¸5 ·on the @s, ´(US)
(of whisky) served on ice-cubes without water. ¸6 ´(compounds) ¸*@-Úbottom ³n
¶[U] ´lowest point: ³Prices have reached @-bottom; ´(attrib) ³@-bottom prices.
¸Ú@-cake ³n ¶[C] ´small cake or bun with a hard, rough surface. ¸Ú@-climbing
³n ´the climbing of masses of @ on mountain-sides (with the help of ropes,
etc). ¸Ú@-crystal ³n ´pure natural transparent quartz. ¸Ú@-garden ³n
´artificial or natural bank or mound with @s and stones and @-plants growing
among them. ¸Ú@-plant ³n ´kinds of plant found growing among @s, esp on
mountains and cultivated in @-gardens, etc. ¸*@-Úsalmon ³n ´(trade name for)
dogfish. ¸Ú@-salt ³n ´common salt as found in mines in crystal form. ¸@®ery
²/ÚrokErI/ ³n ¶[C] ³(pl µ-ies³) ´= @-garden.¼
¨rock©2 ²/rok/ ³vt,vi ¶[VP6A,15A,2A] ´(cause to) sway or swing
backwards and forwards, or from side to side: ³@ a baby to sleep; @ a baby in
its cradle. The town was @ed by an earthquake. He sat @ing (himself) in his
chair. Our boat was @ed by/was @ed on the waves. ·@ the boat, ´(fig) do sth
that upsets the smooth progress of an undertaking, etc. ¸Ú@®ing-chair ³n ´one
fitted with rockers on which it rests. ¸Ú@®ing-horse ³n ´wooden horse with
rockers for a child to ride on. ¸@er ³n ¸1 ´one of the curved pieces of wood
on which a @ing-chair or @ing-horse rests. ¸2 ´(US) @ing-chair. ¸3 R@er, ´(GB,
1960's) member of a teenage gang, wearing leather jackets and riding
motor-bikes. ¸4 ·off one's @er, ´(sl) crazy; out of one's mind.¼
¨rock©3 ²/rok/ ³n ´(also ¸@-'n-roll ²/*rok En ÚrE8l/´) ¶[U] ´highly rhythmic
popular music for dancing, played on electric guitars, etc. ¹ ³vi ´dance to
this music.¼
¨rocket© ²/ÚrokIt/ ³n ¸1 ¶[C] ´tube-shaped case filled with fast-burning
material, which launches itself into the air (as a firework, as a signal of
distress, or as a self-propelled projectile or missile; also used to launch an
aircraft or spacecraft or, attached to an aircraft, to give it higher speed
and range): ³@ propulsion; @-propelled. µ¥ ´also µretro@. ¸Ú@-base ³n
´military base for @ missiles. ¸Ú@-range ³n ´area used for experiments with
missiles propelled by @s. ¸2 ´(colloq) severe scolding: ³get/give sb a @. ¹
³vi ¶[VP2A] ´go up fast like a @: (colloq) ³Prices @ed after the war. ¸@ry
²/-trI/ ³n ¶[U] ´(art or science of) using @s for projectiles, space missiles,
etc.¼
¨rock-'n-roll© ²/*rok En ÚrE8l/ ³n µ¥ rock±3µ.¼
¨rocky© ²/ÚrokI/ ³adj µ(-ier, -iest) ¸1 ´of rock, full of or
abounding in rocks; hard like rock: ³a @ road; @ soil. ¸2 ´(colloq) shaky;
unsteady: ³The table is rather @. His business is very @.¼
¨ro®coco© ²/rEÚkE8kE8/ ³adj ´(of furniture, architecture, etc) with much
elaborate ornament (with scrolls, foliage, etc) as in Europe in the late 18th
c.¼
¨rod© ²/rod/ ³n ¸1 ´thin, straight piece of wood or metal: ·Ú³curtain-rods; a
·Ú³fishing-rod; fishing with rod and line. ¸2 ´stick used for punishing. ·make
a rod for one's own back, ´prepare trouble for oneself. ·*spare the Úrod and
*spoil the Úchild, ´(prov) A child who is not punished will become
undisciplined and unruly. ·have a rod in Úpickle for sb, ´be saving up severe
punishment for him when the opportunity comes. ¸3 ´(US, sl) revolver. ¸4
´measure of length equal to 5§ yds or 5²Ø´03 metres (also called ³pole ´or
³perch´). ¸5 ´metal bar; shaft, etc: ·Ú³piston-rods.¼
¨rode© ²/rE8d/ ³pt ´of µride±2µ.¼
¨ro®dent© ²/ÚrE8dnt/ ³n ´animal, eÔg a ³rat, rabbit, squirrel ´or ³beaver´,
which gnaws things with its strong teeth specially adapted for this purpose.¼
¨ro®deo© ²/rE8ÚdeIE8 ³US: ²ÚrE8dIE8/ ³n (pl µ@s ²/-E8z/³) ¶[C] ¸1 ´(on the
plains of Western US) rounding up of cattle. ¸2 ´contest of skill in lassoing
cattle, riding untamed horses, etc.¼
¨rodo®mon®tade© ²/*rodEmonÚteId/ ³n ¶[U] ´(formal) boastful, bragging talk.¼
¨roe©1 ²/rE8/ ³n ¶[C,U] ´(mass of) eggs or sperm in a fish: ³salted
cod's-roe for Friday's supper.¼
¨roe©2 ²/rE8/ ³n (pl µroes ´or, collectively, µroe´) small kind of European
and Asiatic deer. ¸Úroe®buck ³n ´male roe.¼
¨Roent®gen© ²/ÚrontjEn ³US: ²ÚrentgEn/ ´= µr¢ontgen.¼
¨ro®ga®tion© ²/rE8ÚgeI2n/ ³n ´(usu ³pl´) litany of the saints chanted on the
three days before Ascension Day: ³R@ week´, the week including these days; ³R@
Sunday´, the Sunday before Ascension Day.¼
¨roger© ²/ÚrodZE(r)/ ³int ´(in radio communication) message heard and
understood.¼
¨Rog®er© ²/ÚrodZE(r)/ ³n ¸the Jolly @, ´pirates' black flag. ¸Sir @ de Coverley
²/s3 *rodZE dE ÚkAvElI/, ´country-dance and tune.¼
¨rogue© ²/rE8g/ ³n ¶[C] ¸1 ´scoundrel; rascal. ¸@'s gallery, ´collection of
photographs of known criminals. ¸2 ´(playfully or humorously) person fond of
playing tricks, teasing people. ¸3 ´wild animal (esp ¸*@-Úelephant´) driven or
living apart from the herd and of a savage temper. ¸ro®guery ²/ÚrE8gErI/ ³n (pl
µ-ries³) ¸1 ¶[C,U] ´(instance or example of the) conduct of a @. ¸2 ¶[U]
´playful mischief; ³(pl) ´mischievous acts.¼
¨ro®guish© ²/ÚrE8gI2/ ³adj ¸1 ´dishonest; of the nature of a @. ¸2
´mischievous: ³@ eyes. ¸@®ly ³adv ¸@®ness ³n¼
¨roist®erer© ²/ÚrãIstErE(r)/ ³n ´rough, noisy merrymaker.¼
¨role©, r^ole ²/rE8l/ ³n ¶[C] ´actor's part in a play; person's task or duty in
an undertaking: ³play the ·Ú³title-@ in "Hamlet'´, play the part of Hamlet.¼
¨roll©1 ²/rE8l/ ³n ¸1 ´sth made into the shape of a cylinder by
being rolled: ³a @ of cloth/newsprint/carpet/photographic film, etc; ´sth in
this shape, made by rolling or otherwise: ³a man with @s of fat on his neck; a
bread @´, a small quantity of bread baked in the shape of a ball; ³@s of
butter; a sausage @´, a sausage rolled in pastry and then baked. ¸*@-top Údesk
³n ´desk with a flexible cover that slides back into a compartment at the top.
¸2 ´turned-back edge: ³a ·*³@-·Ú³collar´, large collar made by turning back
the edge of the material. ¸3 ´rolling movement: ³The slow, steady @ of the
ship made us sick. He walks with a nautical @´, like a sailor. ³The young foal
was enjoying a @ on the grass. ¸4 ´official list or record, esp of names. ·call
the @, ´read the names (to check who is present and who absent). Hence,
¸Ú@-call ³n ´calling of names. ¸*@ of Úhonour, ´list of those who have died for
their country in war. ·strike off the @s, ´take (a solicitor's name) off
the list of those who eÔg have the right to practise, eÔg when a solicitor has
been proved guilty of dishonesty. ¸5 ´rolling sound: ³the distant @ of
thunder/drums.¼
¨roll©2 ²/rE8l/ ³vt,vi ´(For special uses with ³adverbial particles
´and ³preps, µ¥ 11 ´below.) ¸1 ¶[VP6A,15A,B,2A,C] ´(cause to) move along on
wheels or by turning over and over: ³The man @ed the barrel into the yard.
Rocks and stones were @ing down the hillside. The coin fell and @ed under the
table. The bicycle hit me and sent me @ing/@ed me over. The child was @ing a
hoop. ·heads will roll, ´(colloq) some people will be dismissed or disgraced.
¸2 ¶[VP6A,12B,13B,15B] ·@ (up), ´cause to revolve between two surfaces; make
(sth) by doing this; make into the shape of a ball or a cylinder: ³Please @ me
a cigarette/@ a cigarette for me. R@ the string/wool (up) into a ball. R@ up
the carpet/that map on the wall. He @ed up ´(= furled) ³his umbrella. He @ed
´(= wrapped by turning over) ³himself (up) in the blanket. µ¥ sleeve. ¸3
¶[VP2C] ´come or go in some direction: ³The clouds @ed away as the sun rose
higher. The years @ed on/by´, passed. ³The tears were @ing ´(= flowing) ³down
her cheeks. ¸4 ¶[VP2A,C] ´turn about in various directions: ³a porpoise @ing in
the water. ¸5 ¶[VP6A,22] ´make or become flat, level or smooth by pressing with
a @ing cylinder of wood, metal, etc or by passing between two such cylinders:
³@ a lawn/a road surface; @ sth flat. This dough @s well´, is of the
sort that one can @ easily. ¸@ed gold, ´thin coating of gold on the surface of
another metal, applied by @ing. ¸6 ¶[VP2A,B,C] ´(cause to) sway or move from
side to side; walk with a side-to-side movement: ³The ship was @ing heavily. We
@ed and pitched for two days after leaving Lisbon. Some sailors have a @ing
gait. The drunken man @ed up to me. ¸7 ¶[VP2A] ´(of surfaces) have long slopes
that rise and fall: ³miles and miles of @ing country; a @ing plain. ¸8
¶[VP2A,C] ´move with a rise and fall; be carried with rise-and-fall motion:
³The waves @ed in to the beach. ¸9 ¶[VP2A,C,6A,15A,B] ´make, utter, be uttered
with, long, deep, vibrating or echoing sounds: ³The thunder @ed in the
distance. The drums @ed. He @ed out his words/song, etc. ·@ one's r's, ´utter
them with the tongue making a rapid succession of taps against the palate. ¸10
¶[VP2A,C,14] ·@ (at), ´(of the eyes) (cause to) move from side to side, change
direction: ³His eyes @ed strangely at me. Don't @ your eyes at me! ¸@®ing ³n
´(compounds) ¸Ú@ing-mill ³n ´mill where metal is @ed out into sheets, bars,
etc. ¸Ú@ing-pin ³n ´cylinder of wood, glass, etc usu about a foot long, for
@ing out dough, etc. ¸Ú@ing-stock ³n ´railway's coaches, wagons, etc; all the
stock that is on wheels. ¸11 ¶[VP2C,15B] ´(special uses with ³adverbial
particles ´and ³preps´):¼
·roll sth back, ´turn or force back, eÔg enemy forces.¼
·roll in, ´come, arrive, in large numbers or quantities: ³Offers of help are
@ing in. ·be Ú@ing in sth, ´have a large quantity of it: ³He's @ing in
money/property.¼
·roll on, ¸(a) ´be capable of being put on by @ing. ¸(b) ´(of time) pass
steadily: ³Time @ed on. ¸(c) ´(of time, chiefly ³imper´) come soon: ³R@ on the
day when I retire from this dull work! ·@ sth on, ´put on by @ing, eÔg over a
part of the body: ³She @ed her stockings on. ¸Ú@-on ³n ´(woman's) elastic
foundation garment @ed on to the hips.¼
·roll sth out, ¸(a) ´cause it (iÔe sth that is @ed up) to become flat, level
or smooth, by opening it out: ³@ out a map/carpet. ·@ out the red carpet,
´(fig) give an important visitor a special welcome. µ¥ ³red carpet ´at
µred(1). ¸(b) ´flatten it by @ing: ³@ out pastry. µ¥ ³@ing pin ´at µ10 ´above.
·roll up, ´(of a vehicle) arrive and stop; (of a person) ´arrive; join a group:
³Two or three latecomers @ed up. ·R@ up! R@ up!, ´used as an invitation to join
others, eÔg possible customers at a street stall. ·@ sth up, ¸(a) µ¥ 2
´above. ¸(b) ´(mil) drive the flank of (an enemy line) back and round.¼
¨roller© ²/ÚrE8lE(r)/ ³n ¶[C] ¸1 ´cylinder-shaped object of wood,
metal, rubber, etc, usu part of a machine, for pressing, smoothing, crushing,
printing, etc: ³a ·Ú³garden-@´, for use on a lawn; ³the @s of a mangle,
´(between which articles are passed to press out water); ³a ·Ú³road-@´, used
for making roads level, by crushing rock, etc. ¸2 ´cylinder of wood, metal, etc
placed beneath an object to make movement easy, or round which sth may be
rolled easily: ³a ·Ú³@-blind´, on which a window blind (US = ³shade´) is
rolled; ³a ·Ú³@-towel´, an endless towel on a @. ¸Ú@-skate ´(often ·pair of
@-skates´), ³n, vi ´(use a) skate±1 ´with small wheels for use on a smooth
surface. ¸3 Ú@ bandage, ´long surgical bandage rolled up for convenience before
being applied to a limb, etc. ¸4 ´long, swelling wave.¼
¨rol®lick®ing© ²/ÚrolIkIG/ ³adj ´noisy, jolly and gay: ³have a @
time.¼
¨roly-poly© ²/*rE8lI ÚpE8lI/ ³n ¸1 ´(GB) (also ³@ pudding´) pudding made of
paste spread with jam, etc formed into a roll and boiled. ¸2 ´(colloq) short,
plump child.¼
¨Ro®maic© ²/rE8ÚmeIIk/ ³adj, n ´(of, in) modern vernacular Greek (more usu
called ³demotic´).¼
¨Ro®man© ²/ÚrE8mEn/ ³adj ¸1 ´of Rome ²/rE8m/´, esp ancient Rome: ³the @ Empire.
¸the @ alphabet, ´the ABC. ¸@ letters/type´, the plain, upright kind, not
italic. ¸@ numerals, µ¥ App 4(1). ¸2 ´of the Rome of the Popes, esp = Roman
Catholic: ³the @ rite ´(contrasted eÔg with Greek or Russian Orthodox). µ¥
catholic(2); pope; Protestant. ¹ n ¸1 ´citizen of ancient Rome; ³(pl)
´Christians of ancient Rome: ³the Epistle to the @s ´(in the NÔT). ¸2 ´Roman
Catholic.¼
¨ro®mance© ²/rE8Úmans/ ³n ¸1 ¶[C] ´story or novel of adventure; love story, esp
one in which the events are quite unlike real life; ¶[U] ´class of literature
consisting of such stories. ¸2 ¶[C] ¸R@, ´medieval story, usu in verse,
relating the adventures of some hero of chivalry. ¸3 ¶[C] ´real experience, esp
a love-affair, considered to be remarkable or worth description; (colloq) any
love-affair. ¸4 ¶[U] ´state of mind which welcomes stories of the marvellous,
etc; the qualities characteristic of stories of love and adventure: ³travel
abroad in search of @. There was an air of @ about the old castle. ¸5 ¶[C,U]
´exaggerated description; picturesque falsehood. ¹ ³vi ¶[VP2A] ´(more
usu ³romanticize´) exaggerate by adding interesting or attractive details when
telling a story, recounting events, etc.¼
¨Ro®mance© ²/rEÚmans/ ³adj ¸@ languages, ´French, Italian, Spanish,
Portuguese, Rumanian and others developed from Latin.¼
¨Ro®man®esque© ²/*rE8mEÚnesk/ ³n ¶[U] ´style of architecture, with round
arches and thick walls (in Europe between the ancient classical and the Gothic
periods).¼
¨ro®man®tic© ²/rEÚmantIk/ ³adj ¸1 ´(of persons) having ideas, feelings, etc
remote from experience and real life; given to romanceµ(4)´; visionary. ¸2 ´of,
like, suggesting, romance: ³@ scenes/adventures/tales/situations; a @ old
castle. ¸3 ´(in art, literature and music) marked by feeling rather than by
intellect; preferring grandeur, passion, informal beauty, to order and
proportion (opp of ³classic ´and ³classical´): ³the @ poets´, eÔg Shelley,
Keats. ³¹ n ¸1 ´person with @µ(3) ´ideals. ¸2 ³(pl) ´@ ideas; extravagantly
visionary feelings, expressions, etc. ¸ro®man®ti®cally ²/-klI/ ³adv
¸ro®man®ti®cism ²/-tIsIzEm/ ³n ¶[U] ´@ tendency in literature, art and music
(contrasted with ³realism ´and ³classicism´); @ spirit; quality of allowing
full play to the imagination. ¸ro®man®ti®cist ²/-tIsIst/ ³n ´follower of
romanticism in literature or art, eÔg Wordsworth. ¸ro®man®ti®cize ²/-tIsñIz/
³vt,vi ¶[VP6A,2A] ´treat in a @ way; make @; use a @ style in writing, etc; be
@.¼
¨Rom®any© ²/ÚromEnI/ ³n (pl µ-nies³) ¸1 ¶[C] ´Gypsy. ¸2 ¶[U] ´language of the
Gypsies. ³¹ adj ´Gypsy.¼
¨Rom®ish© ²/ÚrE8mI2/ ³adj ´(usu disparaging) of the Roman Catholic
Church.¼
¨romp© ²/romp/ ³vi ¶[VP2A,C] ¸1 ´(esp of children) play about, esp running,
jumping and being rather rough. ¸2 ´win, succeed, quickly or without apparent
effort: (in a horse-race) ³The favourite @ed home´, won easily. ³John just @s
through his examinations´, passes them easily. ³¹ n ¶[C] ´child fond of @ing;
period of @ing: ³have a @; a game of @s. ¸@er ³n ´(³sing ´or ³pl´) loose-fitting
garment worn by a child: ³a pair of @ers; a ·Ú³@er suit.¼
¨ron®deau© ²/ÚrondE8/, ±ron®del ²/Úrondl/ ³nn ´poem of thirteen or ten lines
with two rhymes throughout and the opening words used twice as a refrain.¼
¨rondo© ²/ÚrondE8/ ³n (pl µ@s ²/-dE8z/³) ´piece of music in which the principal
theme returns from time to time.¼
¨Ro®neo© ²/ÚrE8nIE8/ ³n ´(P) machine that duplicates letters, circulars, etc.
³¹ vt ´duplicate on a @ machine.¼
¨R¢ont®gen©, Roent®gen ²/ÚrontjEn ³US: ²ÚrentgEn/ ³n ¸@ rays ³n pl ´= µX-rays.¼
¨rood© ²/rud/ ³n ¸1 ´(old use) ¸Ú@(-tree) ´cross on which Jesus was put to
death. ¸2 ´crucifix, esp one raised on the middle of a wooden or stone carved
screen ³(a ·Ú³@-screen) ´separating the nave and choir of a church. ¸3 ´(GB)
measure of land, one-fourth of an acre.¼
¨roof© ²/ruf/ ³n ¸1 ´top covering of a building, tent, bus, car, etc: ³How can
you live under the same @ as that woman´, in the same building? ·raise the @,
´(colloq) create an uproar; make a great noise (indoors). ¸Ú@-garden ³n
´garden on the flat @ of a building. ¸Ú@-tree ³n ´strong horizontal main
beam at the apex of a @. ¸2 ´highest part: ³the @ of heaven´, the sky; ³the @
of the world´, a high mountain range; ³the @ of the mouth´, the palate. ³¹ vt
³(pt,pp µ@ed ²/ruft/³) ¶[VP6A,15A,B] ´supply with a @; be a @ for: ³a shed @ed
over with strips of bark. ¸@®less ³adj ´having no @; (fig, of persons)
homeless; lacking shelter. ¸@®ing ³n ´(also ·Ú³@ing material´) material used
for @s (eÔg slates, shingles).¼
¨rook©1 ²/r8k/ ³n ´large black bird like a crow. ¸@®ery ²/-ErI/ ³n
(pl µ-ries³) ¸1 ´place (a group of trees) where many @s have their nests;
colony of @s. ¸2 ´colony of penguins or seals.¼
¨rook©2 ²/r8k/ ³n ´person who makes money by cheating at dice and cards,
playing with inexperienced gamblers. ³¹ vt ¶[VP6A] ´win money from (sb) at
cards, etc by cheating; swindle; charge (a customer) a ridiculously high
price.¼
¨rook©3 ²/r8k/ ³n ´chess piece (also called a ³castle). µ¥ ´the illus at
µchess.¼
¨rookie© ²/Úr8kI/ ³n ´(army sl) inexperienced recruit.¼
¨room© ²/rum/ ³n ¸1 ¶[C] ´part of a house or other building enclosed by walls
or partitions, floor and ceiling. ¸-roomed ²/r8md ³US: ²rumd/ ³adj´: ³a six-@ed
house´, having six @s. ¸2 ³(pl) ´set of @s occupied by a person or
family; apartments: ³Come and see me in my @s one evening. ¸Ú@-mate ³n ´one of
two or more persons sharing a @. ¸3 ¶[U] ·@ (for sb/sth); @ (to do sth), ´space
that is or might be occupied, or that is enough for a purpose: ³Is there @ for
me in the car? This table takes up too much @. There was @ in the bus to stand
but not to sit. Standing @ only! ´eÔg in a bus, theatre. ³Can you make @ on
that shelf for some more books? ·There's no @ for doubt, ´We can be quite
certain about it. ¸4 ¶[U] ´scope; opportunity: ³There's @ for improvement in
your work´, It is not as good as it could be. ³¹ vi ¶[VP2C] ´(US) lodge; occupy
a @ or @s: ³He's @ing with my friend Rodney. ¸Ú@®ing house, ´(US) building
where a number of independent @s can be rented (usu without service). ¸@er ³n
´(US) person who lives in a rented @ in sb else's house; lodger. ¸@®ful ²/-f8l/
³n ´amount (of furniture, etc), number of persons, that fills a @. ¸@y ³adj
µ(-ier, -iest) ´having plenty of space: ³a @y cabin; a @y raincoat´, one that
is loose-fitting. ¸@®ily ²/-IlI/ ³adv¼
¨roost© ²/rust/ ³n ¶[C] ´branch, pole, etc on which a bird rests, esp one for
hens to sleep or rest on; hen-house, or that part of it, where fowls rest at
night: ³at @´, on a @. ·come home to @´, (of words) take effect upon the one
who utters them. ·rule the @, ´be the leader or master. ³¹ vi ¶[VP2A] ´(of
birds) settle down for the night's sleep.¼
¨rooster© ²/ÚrustE(r)/ ³n ´domestic cock.¼
¨root©1 ²/rut/ ³n ¶[C] ¸1 ´that part of a plant, tree, etc which is normally
in the soil and which takes water and food from it: ³pull up a plant by the
@s. He has no @s in society´, (fig) is not settled, does not belong to any
particular group or place. ·pull up one's @s, ´(fig) move from a settled home,
job, etc to start a new life elsewhere. ·put down new @s, ´(fig) establish
oneself in another place after leaving a place where one has been established.
·take/strike @, ¸(a) ´(eÔg of a cutting) send out a @ or @s; begin to grow.
¸(b) ´(fig) become established. ·@ and branch, ´(fig) thoroughly; completely:
³This tyrant and his henchmen must be destroyed @ and branch. ¸2 @s, Ú@-crop,
´plant with a @ that is used as food, eÔg ³carrots, turnips, parsnips. ¸@ beer,
´(US) non-alcoholic drink made from the @s of various plants. ¸3 ´that part of
a hair, tooth, the tongue, a finger-nail, etc that is like a @ in position,
function, etc. ¸4 ´(fig) that from which sth grows; basis; source; essential
substance: ³the @ of the trouble. Is money the @ of all evil? ·get at/to the @
of sth, ´tackle it at its source. ·the @ cause, ´the fundamental cause. ¸5
´(gram) (also ³base form´) form of a word on which other forms of that word are
said to be based: ³"Walk' is the @ of "walks', "walked', "walking', and
"walker'. ¸6 ´(arith) quantity which, when multiplied by itself a certain
number of times, produces another quantity: ³4 is the square (´= second³) @ of
16 (²H´16 = 4³), the cube (´= third³) @ of 64 (²0´64 = 4³), the fourth @ of 256
´(²J´256 = 4).¼
¨root©2 ²/rut/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A,2A] ´(of plants, cuttings, etc)
(cause to) send out @s and begin to grow: ³@ chrysanthemum cuttings in sand and
peat. Some cuttings @ easily. ¸2 ¶[VP6A,15A] ´cause to stand fixed and
unmoving: ³Fear @ed him to the ground. He stood there @ed to the spot. ¸3 ´(of
ideas, principles, etc) establish firmly (chiefly in ³pp´): ³She has a @ed
objection to cold baths. Her affection for him is deeply @ed. ¸4 ¶[VP15B] ·@
sth out, ´get rid of, exterminate (an evil, etc). ·@ sth up, ´dig or pull up
with the @s. ¸@®less ³adj ´having no @s; (of a person) without @s in society.
µ¥ root±1µ(1).¼
¨root©3 ²/rut/ ³vi,vt ¸1 ¶[VP2C,15B] ·@ about (for), ´(of pigs) turn up the
ground with the snout in search of food; (of persons) search for; turn things
over when searching: ³@ing about among piles of papers for a missing document.
·@ sth out, ´find by searching: ³I managed to @ out a copy of the document. ¸2
¶[VP2A,3A] ·@ (for), ´(US sl) cheer: ³@ing for the college baseball team.¼
¨rootle© ²/Úrutl/ ³vi ¶[VP2C] ·@ about for, ´(of pigs, etc) dig about (with
the snout) for food, etc.¼
¨rope© ²/rE8p/ ³n ¸1 ¶[C,U] ´(piece or length of) thick strong cord or wire
cable made by twisting finer cords or wires together: ³tie sb's arms behind
his back with (a) @. The climbers were on the @´, fastened together with a @
(while climbing on a difficult and dangerous surface). ¸the @, ´noose for
hanging a condemned person. ¸the @s, ´those that enclose the prize-ring or
other place used for sport or games. ·show sb/know/learn the @s, ´the
conditions, the rules, the procedure (in some sphere of action). ·give sb
(plenty of) @, ´freedom of action. ·Give sb enough @ and he'll hang himself,
´(prov) Let a fool follow his own devices and he will come to ruin. ¸2
´(compounds) ¸Ú@-dancer ³n ´performer on a tight-@. ¸*@-Úladder ³n ´ladder
made of two long @s connected by rungs of @. ¸Ú@-walk/-yard ³n ´long piece of
ground or long, low shed where @ is made. ¸Ú@-walker ³n ´= @-dancer. ¸Ú@®way
³n ´means of carrying goods in buckets, etc suspended from overhead steel
cables: (attrib) ·Ú³@way buckets. ¸Ú@-yarn ³n ¶[U] ´material (esp when
unpicked) of which @s are made. ¸3 ¶[C] ´number of things twisted, strung or
threaded together: ³a @ of onions. ¹ vt ¶[VP15A,B] ¸1 ´fasten or bind with @:
³@ a man to a tree; @ climbers together´, connect them at intervals with a @
for safety. ¸2 ·@ sth off, ´enclose or mark off with a @: ³Part of the field
was @d off. ¸3 ·@ sb in, ´persuade him to help in some activity. ¸@y ²/ÚrE8pI/
³adj ´(sl) very inferior in quality.¼
¨Roque®fort© ²/Úrokfc(r) ³US: ²ÚrE8kfErt/ ³n ¶[U] ´kind of French
cheese made of goats' and ewes' milk.¼
¨ro®sary© ²/ÚrE8zErI/ ³n (pl µ-ries³) ¸1 ´form of prayer used in the RÔC
Church; book containing this. ¸2 ´string of beads for keeping count of these
prayers, which are said while meditating; such beads used by a person of
another religion. ¸3 ´rose-garden.¼
¨rose©1 ²/rE8z/ ³pt µ¥ rise±2µ.¼
¨rose©2 ²/rE8z/ ³n ¸1 ´(shrub or bush with prickles or thorns on its stems and
bearing a) beautiful and usu sweet-smelling flower (red, pink, white, cream,
yellow), µ¥ ´the illus at µflower; ´one of various flowering plants: ³the
·Ú³rock-@; ·Ú³Christmas @. ·a bed of @s, ´a pleasant, easy condition of life.
·not all @s, ´not perfect; having some discomfort and disadvantages. ·no @
without a thorn, ´complete, pure happiness cannot be found. ·gather life's @s,
´seek the pleasures of life. ¸2 ¶[U] ´pinkish-red colour. ·see things through
@-coloured/-tinted spectacles, ´take an optimistic view of them
(perhaps without good reason). ¸3 ´(of various things thought to resemble a @
in shape) ¸(a) ´sprinkling nozzle of a watering can or hose: ³Use a fine-@d can
´(one fitted with such a nozzle) ³for watering seedlings. ¸(b) ´bunch of
ribbons; rosette. ¸(c) ´@-shaped conventional design, the national emblem of
England (as the shamrock is used for Ireland). ¸4 ´(compounds) ¸Ú@-bed ³n ´bed
in which @ bushes are grown. ¸Ú@®bud ³n ´bud of a @; (attrib) ³a @bud mouth,
´having this shape. ¸Ú@-leaf ³n ´petal from a @ flower. ¸*@-Úred ³adj ´red as a
@. ¸Ú@-water ³n ´perfume made from @s. ¸*@ Úwindow ³n ´ornamental circular
window (usu in a church, esp one with a pattern of small sections radiating
from the centre). µ¥ ´the illus at µwindow. ¸Ú@®wood ³n ¶[U] ´hard, dark red
wood obtained from several varieties of tropical tree (so named for their
fragrance): ³a @wood piano.¼
¨ro®seate© ²/ÚrE8zIEt/ ³adj ´rose-coloured; pinkish-red.¼
¨rose®mary© ²/ÚrE8zmErI ³US: ²-merI/ ³n ¶[U] ´evergreen shrub with fragrant
leaves used in making perfumes.¼
¨ro®sette© ²/rE8Úzet/ ³n ¶[C] ´small rose-shaped badge or ornament, eÔg of
silk or ribbon; carved rose on stonework.¼
¨rosin© ²/ÚrozIn ³US: ²Úrozn/ ³n ¶[U] ´resin, esp in solid form, as used on
the strings of violins, etc and on the bow with which violins are played. ³¹
vt ¶[VP6A] ´rub with @.¼
¨ros®ter© ²/ÚrostE(r)/ ³n ´list of names of persons showing duties to be
performed by each in turn.¼
¨ros®trum© ²/ÚrostrEm/ ³n (pl µ@s ´or µ-tra ²/-trE/³) ´platform or pulpit for
public speaking.¼
¨rosy© ²/ÚrE8zI/ ³adj µ(-ier, -iest) ¸1 ´of the colour of red roses: ³@
cheeks´, indicating good health. ¸2 ´(fig) causing optimism; encouraging: ³@
prospects.¼
¨rot© ²/rot/ ³vi,vt µ(-tt-) ¸1 ¶[VP2A,C] ´decay by processes of nature: ³A
fallen tree soon rots. The shed had fallen in, and the wood was rotting away.
One of the branches had rotted off´, decayed and broken off. ¸2 ¶[VP2A,C]
´(fig, of a society, etc) gradually perish from lack of vigour or activity;
(of prisoners, etc) waste away: ³left to rot in a deep dungeon. ¸3 ¶[VP6A]
´cause to decay or become useless: ³Oil and grease will rot the rubber of your
tyres. ¸Úrot-gut ³n ¶[U] ´strong alcoholic liquor, esp inferior spirit, that is
harmful to the stomach. ³¹ n ¶[U] ¸1 ´decay; rotting; condition of being bad:
³a tree affected by rot. Rot has set in´, decay has begun. ³We have dry rot in
the floor. µ¥ dry±1µ(13). ¸2 ´(usu ¸the rot´) liver disease of sheep.
¸Úfoot-rot, ´foot disease of sheep. ¸3 (*tommy-)Úrot, ´(sl) nonsense;
foolishness; rubbish: ³Don't talk rot! His speech was all rot. ¸4 ´succession
of failures: ³A rot set in. How can we stop the rot?¼
¨rota© ²/ÚrE8tE/ ³n (pl µ@s³) ´(GB) list of persons who are to do
things in turn; list of duties to be performed in turn.¼
¨ro®tary© ²/ÚrE8tErI/ ³adj ¸1 ´(of motion) moving round a central point. ¸2
´(of an engine) worked by @ motion: a @ printing machine/press, that prints
from curved metal plates on to a continuous roll of paper. ¸3 ÚR@ Club,
´(branch of an) international association of professional and business men in a
town. ¸Ro®tarian ²/rE8ÚteErIEn/ ³n ´member of a R@ Club. ³¹ n ´(US) =
roundaboutµ(2)´.¼
¨ro®tate© ²/rE8ÚteIt ³US: ²ÚrE8teIt/ ³vi,vt ¶[VP6A,2A] ´(cause to) move round a
central point; (cause to) take turns or come in succession: ³@ crops, µ¥
rotation(2). ³The office of Chairman @s.¼
¨ro®ta®tion© ²/rE8ÚteI2n/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´rotating or being rotated: ³the @ of the
earth; ¶[C] ´complete turning: ³five @s an hour. ¸2 ¶[C,U] ´the regular coming
round of things or events in succession: ·Ú³crop-@, @ of crops´, varying the
crops grown each year on the same land to avoid exhausting the soil. ·in @,
´in turn; in regular succession.¼
¨ro®ta®tory© ²/ÚrE8tEtErI ³US: ²-tcrI/ ³adj ´relating to, causing,
moving in, rotation: ³@ movement.¼
¨rote© ²/rE8t/ ³n ´(only in) ·by @, ´by heart, from memory without thinking:
³do/say/know/learn sth by @.¼
¨ro®tis®se®rie© ²/rE8ÚtisErI/ ³n ´cooking device with a rotating spit on which
meat, etc is roasted; shop or restaurant providing food cooked in this way.¼
¨roto®gra®vure© ²/*rE8tE8grEÚvj8E(r)/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´process of printing from an
engraved copper cylinder on which illustrations, etc have been etched. ¸2 ¶[C]
´illustration, etc printed by this process.¼
¨ro®tor© ²/ÚrE8tE(r)/ ³n ¶[C] ´rotary part of a machine; (esp) assembly of
horizontally rotating blades of a helicopter propellor.¼
¨rot®ten© ²/Úrotn/ ³adj ¸1 ´decayed; having gone bad: ³@ eggs. The sails were @
and so were the ropes. ¸2 ´(sl) disagreeable; very unpleasant or undesirable:
³What @ luck! I'm feeling @ today´, unwell, tired. ¸@®ly ³adv ¸@®ness ³n¼
¨rot®ter© ²/ÚrotE(r)/ ³n ´(dated sl) worthless, objectionable person.¼
¨ro®tund© ²/rE8ÚtAnd/ ³adj ¸1 ´(of a person, his face) round and plump; (of
the voice) full-sounding; rich and deep. ¸2 ´(of speech, liter style)
grandiloquent. ¸@®ly ³adv ¸@®ity ²/-EtI/ ³n ¶[U] ´state of being @.¼
¨ro®tunda© ²/rE8ÚtAndE/ ³n ´round building, esp one with a domed roof.¼
¨rouble© ²/Úrubl/ ³n ´unit of currency in the UÔSÔSÔR (= 100 kopecks).¼
¨rou_e© ²/ÚrueI ³US: ²ruÚeI/ ³n ´(esp elderly) dissolute man; rake±2´.¼
¨rouge© ²/ruZ/ ³n ¶[U] ´fine red powder or other cosmetic substance for
colouring the cheeks; powder for cleaning silver plate. ³¹ vt,vi ¶[VP6A,2A]
´use @ on (the face); use @.¼
¨rough©1 ²/rAf/ ³adj µ(-er, -est) ¸1 ´(of surfaces) not level,
smooth or polished; (of roads) of irregular surface, not easy to walk or ride
on: ³@ paper; a fruit with a @ skin; ³cloth that is @ to the touch. ¸2 ´not
calm or gentle; moving or acting violently: ³@ children; @ behaviour; a @ ´(=
stormy) ³sea; have a @ crossing from Dover to Calais. Keep away from the @
quarter of the town´, the part where disorderly and violent people live. ³This
suitcase has had some @ handling´, has been treated violently, thrown about,
etc. ³He has a @ tongue´, a habit of speaking rudely or sharply. ·be @ on sb,
´be unpleasant or unlucky for: ³It's rather @ on her, having to live in a
caravan. ·give sb the @ side of one's tongue, ´speak to sb rudely and/or
severely. ·give sb/have a @ time, ´(cause sb to) experience hardship, be
treated severely, etc (according to context). ¸Ú@ house, ´(colloq) noisy
quarrelling with exchange of blows, etc. ¸Ú@-house ³vt,vi ¶[VP6A,2A] ´handle
(sb) violently; act violently. ¸@ luck, ´worse luck than is deserved. ¸3 ´made
or done without attention to detail, esp as a first attempt: ³a @
sketch/translation; ´lacking refinement, delicacy or finish; ³a @ draft´, eÔg
of a letter; ³@ accommodation at a small country inn; lead a @ life away from
civilization. ·a @ diamond, ´(fig) an uneducated or uncouth person, lacking
social graces, but good-hearted and good-natured. ·@ and ready, ´good enough
for ordinary purposes, occasions, etc; not particularly efficient, etc: ³@ and
ready methods. ¸4 ´(of sounds) harsh; discordant: ³a @ voice. ¸5 ´(compounds)
¸*@-and-Útumble ³adj, n ´disorderly and violent (fight or struggle). ¸Ú@-neck
³n ´(US colloq) rowdy person; hooligan. ¸Ú@-rider ³n ´person who is expert at
breaking in untamed horses. ¸@®ly ³adv ¸1 ´in a @ manner: ³treat sb @ly; a @ly
made table´, not finely finished. ¸2 ´approximately: ³at a cost of @ly $5; @ly
speaking´, with no claim to accuracy. ¸@®ness ³n ´quality or state of being @.¼
¨rough©2 ²/rAf/ ³adv ¸1 ´in a rough manner: ³play @´, be (rather) violent (in
games, etc); ³treat sb @. ·cut up @, ´(colloq) become angry. ·live @, ´live in
the open (as a vagrant may do). ·sleep @, ´(of homeless persons) sleep out of
doors or wherever there is some shelter, eÔg under a bridge, in the open air.
¸2 ´(compounds) ¸Ú@-cast ³n ´coarse plaster containing gravel or pebbles for
the surfaces of outside walls. µ¹ ³vt ´coat (a wall) with this mixture. ¸Ú@-dry
³vt ´dry (laundered clothes) without ironing them. ¸Ú@-hewn ³adj ´shaped or
carved @ly: ³a @-hewn statue. ¸Ú@®shod ³adj ´(of a horse) having shoes with the
heads of the nails projecting to prevent slipping. ·ride Ú@shod over sb, ´treat
him harshly, inconsiderately or contemptuously. ¸*@-Úspoken ³adj ´addicted to,
using, unrefined or harsh language.¼
¨rough©3 ²/rAf/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´rough state; rough ground; rough
surface; unpleasantness; hardship. ·take the @ with the smooth, ´(fig) accept
what is unpleasant with what is pleasant. ¸2 ¶[U] ¸the @, ´unfinished state:
³I've seen his new statue only in the @. ·in @, ´(eÔg of sth written) as a
rough draft. ¸3 ¶[U] ¸the @, ´(golf) part of a course (not the fairway or a
green) where the ground is uneven and the grass uncut: ³lose one's ball in the
@. ¸4 ´man or boy ready for lawless violence; hooligan: ³He was set on by a
gang of @s who knocked him down and took all his money.¼
¨rough©4 ²/rAf/ ³vt ¸1 ¶[VP6A,15B] ·@ sth (up), ´make untidy or uneven: ³Don't
@ (up) my hair! ·@ sb up, ´(sl) treat him roughly, with physical violence: ³He
was @ed up by hooligans. ·@ ´(more usu ³rub) ·sb up the wrong way, µ¥ rub(3).
¸2 ¶[VP15B] ·@ sth in, ´make a first rough sketch of; sketch in outline. ¸3 ·@
it, ´live without the usual comforts and conveniences of life: ³The explorers
had to @ it when they got into the jungle.¼
¨rough®age© ²/ÚrAfIdZ/ ³n ¶[U] ´coarse, rough foodstuff, esp bran of cereals,
supplying bulk, not nourishment, and taken to stimulate bowel movements.¼
¨roughen© ²/ÚrAfn/ ³vt,vi ´make or become rough.¼
¨rou®lette© ²/ruÚlet/ ³n ¶[U] ´gambling game in which a small ball falls by
chance into one of the compartments of a revolving wheel or disc. ¸Russian @,
´stunt in which a person holds to his head a revolver, of which only one
(unknown) chamber contains a bullet, and then pulls the trigger.¼
¨round©1 ²/rñ8nd/ ³adj ¸1 ´shaped like a circle or a ball: ³a @
plate/window/table; a @-table conference´, at which there is no position of
importance at the head of the table, everyone being apparently of equal
importance; ³@ cheeks/arms/limbs´, plump and curved. ¸a Ú@ game, ´one in which
there are no teams or partners and in which the number of players is not
fixed. ¸the R@ Table, ´the order of knighthood founded by King Arthur. ¸2
´done with, involving, a circular motion. ¸@ brackets, ´parentheses. ¸Ú@ dance,
´one in which the dancers form a circle, with revolving movements. ¸@ robin,
´petition with signatures in a circle to conceal the order in which they were
written. ¸@ trip, ´(GB) circular trip or tour; (US) journey to a place and
back again over the same route. ¸3 ´entire; continuous; full: ³a @
dozen/score´, that number and not less; ³a good, @ sum´, a considerable sum.
·in @ figures/numbers, ´given in 10's, 100's, 1Ô000's, etc; not troubling about
smaller denominations; (hence) roughly correct. ¸4 ´full; plain: ³at a @
pace/trot´, vigorous; ³a @ oath´, unmistakably an oath; ³a @ voice´, full-toned
and mellow; ³scold sb in good, @ terms´, outspokenly; ³a @ unvarnished tale´,
the plain truth. ¸5 ´(compounds) ¸Ú@-arm ³adj, adv ´(cricket) with the arm
swung @ at the height of the shoulder: ³@-arm bowling; bowl @-arm. ¸*@-Úbacked
³adj ´having the back curved or humped. ¸*@-Úeyed ³adj ´with the eyes wide
open: ³staring/listening in @-eyed wonder. ¸Ú@-hand ³n ¶[U] ¸(a) ´style of
handwriting with the letters well rounded and clearly written. ¸(b) ´= @-arm
(bowling). ¸ÚR@®head ³n ´member of the Parliament side in the Civil War in the
17th c in England, so called from his close-cut hair. ¸Ú@-house ³n ¸(a) ´cabin
or set of cabins on the after part of the quarter deck (of old sailing ships).
¸(b) ´building (with a turn-table in the middle) where locomotives are stored
and repaired. ¸(c) ´(in former times) place where people were locked up as
prisoners. ¸Ú@-shot ³n ´cannon ball (contrasted with a shell). ¸*@-Úshouldered
³adj ´having the shoulders bent forward. ¸@®ish ²/-I2/ ³adj ´rather @. ¸@®ly
³adv ´in a thorough-going way; pointedly: ³tell sb @ly that he is not wanted;
be @ly cursed. ¸@®ness ³n¼
¨round©2 ²/rñ8nd/ ³adv part ´(may be replaced by ³around, ´except
in special idiomatic uses; for special uses with ³vv, µ¥ ´the ³v ´entries;
specimens only are given here) ¸1 ´in a circle or curve to face the opposite
way: ³Turn your chair @ and face me. ¸2 ´with a return to the starting-point:
³The hour hand of a clock goes right @ in twelve hours. Christmas will soon be
@ again. I shall be glad when spring comes @ again. ·@ and @, ´with repeated
revolutions. ·all @; right @, ´completely @: ³We walked right @ the lake. ·all
(the) year @, ´at all seasons of the year. ¸3 ´in circumference: ³Her waist is
only twenty-four inches @. ¸4 ´(so as to be) in a circle: ³A crowd soon
gathered @. The garden has a high wall all @. ¸5 ´from one (place, point,
person, etc) to another: ³Please hand these papers @´, iÔe distribute them.
³The news was soon passed @. Tea was served/handed @. ·go @, ´supply everybody:
³Have we enough food to go @? Will the meat go @´, iÔe be enough for everybody?
·look @, ´visit and look at: ³Let's go into the town and look @/have a look @´,
iÔe see the places of interest, etc. ·taking it all @, ´considering the matter
from all points of view. ¸6 ´by a longer way or route; not by the direct route:
³If you can't jump over the stream, you'll have to go @ by the bridge. The
taxi-driver brought us a long way @. ¸7 ´to a place where sb is or will be:
³Come @ and see me this evening. The Whites have asked me to go @ this
evening´, iÔe to visit them. ¸8 ·@ (about), ´in the neighbourhood: ³all the
country @; everybody for a mile @; in all the villages @ about.¼
¨round©3 ²/rñ8nd/ ³n ¸1 ´sth round; a slice made by a complete cut
across the end of a loaf: ³two @s ´(= sandwiches) ³of ham and one of beef; a @
of toast. ¸2 ¶[U] ´(sculpture) solid form, enabling an object to be viewed from
all sides (contrasted with ³relief´). ·in the @, ´(arts) made so that it can be
viewed from all sides: ³a statue in the @. ·theatre in the @, ´with the
audience on (nearly) all sides of the stage. ¸3 ´regular series or succession
or distribution: ³the daily @´, the ordinary occupations of the day; ³the
earth's yearly @´, the cycle of the four seasons; ³the doctor's @ of visits
´(to the homes of his patients); ³a @ of pleasures/gaiety´, a succession of
parties, gay events, etc; ³the postman's @´, the route he takes to deliver
letters. ·go the @s; make one's @s, ´make one's usual visits, esp of
inspection: ³The night watchman makes his @s every hour. ·go the @ of, ´be
passed on (to): ³The news quickly went the @ of the village. ¸4 ´(in games,
contests, etc) one stage: ³a boxing-match of ten @s; knocked out in the third
@; the semi-final @ of the League Championship; the sixth @ of the FÔA Cup,
´the quarter-finals of this soccer contest; ³have a @ of cards; a @ of golf´,
to all the 9 or 18 holes of the course. ¸5 ´allowance of sth distributed or
measured out; one of a set or series: ³pay for a @ of drinks´, drinks for every
member of the company; ³another @ of wage claims´, by trade unions for higher
wages for their members; ³@ after @ of cheers´, successive bursts of cheering;
³have only three @s of ammunition left´, enough to fire three times. ¸6 ´song
for several persons or groups, the second singing the first line while the
first is singing the second line, etc. ¸7 ´dance in which the dancers move in a
circle.¼
¨round©4 ²/rñ8nd/ ³prep ´(may be replaced by ³around, ´except in
special idiomatic uses) ¸1 ´(expressing movement) in a path that passes on all
sides of and comes back to the starting-point: ³The earth moves @ the sun.
Drake sailed @ the world. ·(sleep/work) @ the clock, ´all day and all night.
¸@-the-clock ³attrib adj ´kept up continuously for 24 hours: ³@-the-clock
dancing. ¸2 ´(expressing movement) in a path changing direction, from one side
to another side of: ³follow sb/walk @ a corner. ·@ the bend, ´(sl) mad. ¸3
´(expressing position) so as to be on all sides of: ³They were sitting @ the
table. He had a scarf @ his neck. ¸4 ´in various or all directions: ³He looked
@ the room. Shall I show you @ the house´, iÔe take you to the various rooms,
etc? ¸5 ´to or at various points away from the centre: ³The captain stationed
his fielders @ the pitch. We haven't time to go @ ´(= to visit) ³the museums
and art galleries. ¸6 ·@ (about), ´(fig) approximate(ly): ³Come @ about 2
o'clock. He's ready to pay somewhere @ $1Ô000 for a car.¼
¨round©5 ²/rñ8nd/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A] ´make or become round: ³@ the
lips´, eÔg when making the sound ²/u/´; ³stones @ed by the action of water. ¸2
¶[VP6A] ´go round: ³@ a corner. ¸3 ¶[VP15B,2C,3A] ·@ sth off, ´bring it to a
satisfactory conclusion, add a suitable finish: ³@ off a sentence; @ off one's
career by being made a Minister. ·@ out, ´(cause to) become round: ³Her figure
is beginning to @ out. ·@ sb/sth up, ´drive, bring or collect, together: ³The
courier @ed up the tourists and hurried them back into the coach. ·@ up (a
figure/price), ´bring it to a whole number: ³The price had been @ed up from
$647.50 to $650. The cowboy @ed up the cattle. ´Hence, ¸Ú@-up ³n ´a driving or
bringing together: ³a @-up of criminals ´(by police); ³a @-up of cattle. ·@
upon sb, ´turn on him and attack him (in words or action).¼
¨round®about© ²/Úrñ8ndEbñ8t/ ³attrib adj ´not going or coming by, or using, the
shortest or most direct route: ³I heard the news in a @ way. We came by a @
route. What a @ way of doing things! ¹ n ¶[C] ¸1 ´(= ³merry-go-round)
´revolving circular platform with wooden horses, etc on which children ride for
fun (at fairs, etc). ·You lose on the swings what you make on the @s, ´(prov)
have losses and profits which are about equal. ¸2 ´circular road junction
causing traffic to go round instead of directly across (US = ³traffic circle
´or ³rotary´).¼
¨roun®del© ²/Úrñ8ndl/ ³n ´small disc, esp a decorative medallion;
small circular panel (eÔg as used on military aircraft to indicate the country
they belong to).¼
¨roun®de®lay© ²/Úrñ8ndIleI/ ³n ´short, simple song with a refrain.¼
¨roun®ders© ²/Úrñ8ndEz/ ³n pl ´game for two teams, played with bat and ball,
the players running through a number of bases arranged in a square, similar to
baseball.¼
¨Roundhead© ²/Úrñ8ndhed/ ³n µ¥ round±1µ(5).¼
¨rounds®man© ²/Úrñ8ndzmEn/ ³n (pl µ-men³) ´tradesman or his employee going
round to ask for orders and deliver goods.¼
¨rouse© ²/rñ8z/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A] ´wake up: ³I was @ed by the ringing of a
bell. ¸2 ¶[VP6A,15A] ·@ sb (from sth/to sth), ´cause (sb) to be more active,
interested, etc (from inactivity, lack of confidence, etc): ³@ sb/oneself to
action; @ sb from indolence; @d to anger by insults; rousing cheers. He's
terrifying when he's @d´, when his passions have been stirred. ¸3 ¶[VP2A] ´(= @
oneself) wake; become active.¼
¨rout©1 ²/rñ8t/ ³n ¸1 ´utter defeat and disorderly retreat: ³The defeat became
a @. ·put to @, ´defeat completely. ¸2 ´(old use) large festive gathering of
people; large evening party or reception. ¸3 ´(old use, or legal) disorderly,
noisy crowd. ¹ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´defeat completely; put to @: ³@ the enemy.¼
¨rout©2 ²/rñ8t/ ³vt ¶[VP15B] ·@ sb out (of), ´get or fetch him up, out of bed,
etc: ³We were @ed out of our cabins before breakfast for passport examination.¼
¨route© ²/rut/ ³n ¸1 ´way taken or planned from one place to
another: ³The climbers tried to find a new @ to the top of the mountain. He
flew from Europe to Tokyo by the @ across the Pole. ·en @ ²/*on Úrut/, ´on the
way. ¸2 ¶[U] ´(mil) ·column of @, ´marching formation. ¸Ú@-march, ´long march
made by soldiers in training. ¹ ³vt ´plan a @ for; send by a specified @: ³We
were @d to France by way of Dover.¼
¨rou®tine© ²/ruÚtin/ ³n ¶[C,U] ´fixed and regular way of doing things:
³business @; a question of @. ¹ ³adj ´usual; ordinary: ³the @ procedure; my @
duties´, those performed regularly, as if by rule.¼
¨rove© ²/rE8v/ ³vi,vt ¸1 ¶[VP2C,6A] ´roam (the more usu word); wander: ³@ over
sea and land; @ the moors. ·a roving commission, ´duties that take one from
one place to another frequently. ¸2 ¶[VP2A] ´(of the eyes, one's affections)
be directed first one way, then another. ¸@r ³n ¸1 ´wanderer. ¸2 ´(old use)
¸Úsea-@r, ´pirate. ¸3 ´(formerly) Venture Scout.¼
¨row©1 ²/rE8/ ³n ¶[C] ´number of persons or things in a line: ³a
row of books/houses/desks; plant a row of cabbages; sitting in a row/in rows; a
front-row seat´, eÔg in a theatre. ·a hard row to hoe, ´a difficult task.¼
¨row©2 ²/rE8/ ³vt,vi ¶[VP6A,2A,B,C,15A,B] ´propel (a boat) by using oars;
carry or take (sb or sth) in a boat with oars; be an oarsman in a boat: ³Can
you row (a boat)? Shall I row you up/down/across the river? They rowed forty
(strokes) to the minute. He rows No 5 ´(= has this position) ³in the Oxford
crew. Let's row a race. The crew were rowed out ´(= exhausted by rowing) ³at
the end of the race. ¸Úrow-boat ³n ´(US) rowing-boat. ¹ ³n ´journey or outing
in a boat moved by oars; period of this; distance rowed: ³go for a row; a long
and tiring row. ¸row®ing ³n ´(compounds) ¸Úrowing-boat ³n ´one moved by the
use of oars. ¸Úrowing-club ³n ´one for persons who row. ¸@er ³n ´person who
rows a boat.¼
¨row©3 ²/rñ8/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´uproar; noisy disturbance: ³How can I
study with all this row going on outside my windows? ¸2 ¶[C] ´noisy or violent
argument or quarrel: ³have a row with the neighbours. That man is always ready
for a row´, he has a quarrelsome nature. ·kick up/make a row, ´start a noisy
quarrel or scene. ¸3 ¶[C] ´instance of being in trouble, scolded, etc: ³get
into a row for being late at the office. ¹ vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A] ´scold; reprimand.
¸2 ¶[VP2A,3A] ·row (with), ´quarrel noisily (with): ³He's always rowing with
his neighbours.¼
¨rowan© ²/ÚrE8En ³US: ²Úrñ8En/ ³n ¸Ú@(-tree), ´small tree of the rose family,
also called ³mountain ash. ¸Ú@(-berry), ´one of the scarlet berries of this
tree.¼
¨rowdy© ²/Úrñ8dI/ ³adj µ(-ier, -iest) ´rough and noisy: ³The @ element in the
audience continually interrupted the speaker. There were @ scenes at the
elections. ¹ n (pl µ-dies³) ´@ person. ¸row®dily ²/-IlI/ ³adv ¸row®di®ness, ³nn
¸@®ism ²/-IzEm/ ¶[U] ´@ behaviour.¼
¨rowel© ²/Úrñ8El/ ³n ¶[C] ´revolving disc with sharp teeth at the end of a
spur.¼
¨row®lock© ²/ÚrolEk ³US: ²ÚrE8lok/ ³n ¶[C] ´pivot for an oar or scull on the
side (gunwale) of a boat (US = ³oarlock´). µ¥ ´the illus at µrow.¼
¨royal© ²/ÚrãIEl/ ³adj ´of, like, suitable for, supported by, belonging to the
family of, a king or queen: ³His R@ Highness; the @ family; the R@ Society;
the R@ Navy/Air Force; a @ welcome´, one fit for a king, etc; splendid. ·@
road to, ´(fig) easiest way of getting (to): ³Practice is the @ road to success
when learning a language. ¸R@ Commission, ´one officially appointed to hold an
enquiry and issue a report. ¸@ly ²/ÚrãIElI/ ³adv ´in a @ or splendid manner:
³We were @ly entertained. ¸@®ist ²/ÚrãIElIst/ ³n ´supporter of a king or queen
or of @ government; supporter of the @ side in a civil war.¼
¨roy®alty© ²/ÚrãIEltI/ ³n (pl µ-ties³) ¸1 ¶[U] ´royal persons: ³The
play was performed in the presence of @. The hotel has been patronized by @. ¸2
¶[U] ´position, rank, dignity, power, etc of a royal person. ¸3 ¶[C] ´sum
paid by a mining or oil company to the owner of the land: ³oil royalties; ´sum
paid to the owner of a copyright or patent: ³a @ of 10 per cent of the price of
the book on all copies sold.¼
¨rub©1 ²/rAb/ ³n ¸1 ´period of rubbing: ³give the spoons/table, etc a good rub.
¸2 ´(esp in the phrase ·"There's the rub'´) difficulty; point at which doubt or
difficulty arises.¼
¨rub©2 ²/rAb/ ³vt,vi µ(-bb-) ´(For special uses with ³adverbial particles ´and
³preps, µ¥ 3 ´below.) ¸1 ¶[VP6A,15A,22] ´move (one thing) backwards and
forwards on the surface of (another); make (sth ³clean, dry´, etc) by doing
this: ³He was rubbing his hands together. Rub this oil on your skin. He rubbed
his hands with the soap. You've rubbed your coat against some wet paint. Rub
the surface dry. ·rub shoulders with, ´meet and mix with (people). ¸2 ¶[VP2A,C]
´come into, or be in, contact with, by a sliding or up and down movement: ³What
is the wheel rubbing on/against? ¸3 ¶[VP2C,15B] ´(special uses with ³adverbial
particles ´and ³preps´):¼
·rub along, ´(colloq) (of a person) manage to exist, pass one's time, without
too much difficulty. ·rub along with sb/together, ´(of two or more persons)
live without quarrelling, etc: ³I manage to rub along with her. We manage to
rub along together. ¸rub®ber ³n µ¥ rubber±1µ(4).¼
·rub sb/oneself/a horse down, ´rub thoroughly, vigorously, eÔg with a towel,
to make dry and clean: ³He rubbed himself down after his bath. ·rub sth down,
´make sth smooth or level by rubbing: ³Rub the walls down well before applying
new paint. ´Hence, ¸Úrub-down ³n´: ³Give the horse/the walls a good rub-down.¼
·rub sth in; rub sth into sth, ¸(a) ´force (ointment, etc) into sth, eÔg the
skin, by rubbing: ³Rub the ointment well in/into the skin. ¸(b) ´force (a
lesson, a humiliating or unpleasant fact) into sb's mind: ³The moral needs to
be well rubbed in. ·rub it in, ´(esp) remind sb repeatedly of a fault, failure,
etc: ³I know I behaved foolishly but you needn't rub it in.¼
·rub sth off, ´remove sth (from a surface) by rubbing: ³How did you rub the
skin off your knees? The nap of this cloth has been rubbed off.¼
·rub sth out, ´remove (marks, writing, etc) by rubbing: ³rub out a word/pencil
marks/mistakes. The stains won't rub out´, can't be rubbed out. ·rub sb out,
´(US sl) murder him.¼
·rub sth up, ´polish by rubbing: ³rub up the silver spoons. ´Hence, ¸Úrub-up
³n´. ·rub sb (up) the right/wrong way, ´placate/irritate him.¼
¨rub-a-dub© ²/*rAb E ÚdAb/ ³n ¶[U] ´sound made by beating a drum.¼
¨rub®ber©1 ²/ÚrAbE(r)/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´tough elastic substance made from the milky
liquid that flows from certain trees when the bark is cut, used for making
tyres, tennis balls, etc: (attrib) ·Ú³@ trees; the ·Ú³@ plantations of
Malaysia; @ bands´, elastic bands for keeping things together; ³a @ stamp.
¸*@-Ústamp ³vt ´(colloq) approve or endorse (a proposal, etc) without giving
it proper consideration. ¸Ú@-neck ³n ´(US colloq) tourist or sightseer of the
kind who constantly turns his head to see as much as possible. µ¹ ³vi ´look at
sights in this way. ¸2 ¶[C] ´piece of @ material for rubbing out pencil marks,
etc: ³a pencil with a @ at one end. ¸3 ³(pl) ´overshoes (galoshes) made of @.
¸4 ¶[C] ´person or thing that rubs, eÔg a part of a machine that applies
friction. ³¹ vt ¶[VP6A] ´cover or coat with @. ¸@®ize ²/-ñIz/ ³vt ¶[VP6A]
´cover or treat with @. ¸@y ³adj ´made of @.¼
¨rub®ber©2 ²/ÚrAbE(r)/ ³n ¶[C] ´(in such card games as whist and bridge) ¸1
´three successive games between the same sides or persons: ³Let's play another
@. ¸2 ´the winning of two games out of three; the third game when each side
has won one: ³game and @´, (We have won) the third game and (therefore) the @.¼
¨rub®bing© ²/ÚrAbIG/ ³n ´impression of sth, eÔg a brass over a grave, by
rubbing paper laid over it with wax, chalk or charcoal.¼
¨rub®bish© ²/ÚrAbI2/ ³n ¶[U] ¸1 ´waste material; that which is, or is to be,
thrown away as worthless; refuse. ¸2 ´nonsense; worthless ideas: ³This book is
all @. ¸3 ´(as an exclamation) Nonsense! ¸@y ³adj ´worthless.¼
¨rubble© ²/ÚrAbl/ ³n ¶[U] ´bits of broken stone, rock or brickwork:
³buildings reduced to @ by bombing; build roads with a foundation of @.¼
¨Ru®bi®con© ²/ÚrubIkEn ³US: ²-kon/ ³n ·cross the @, ´commit oneself to an
enterprise from which one cannot turn back.¼
¨ru®bi®cund© ²/ÚrubIkEnd/ ³adj ´(of a persons's face or complexion) ruddy;
high-coloured.¼
¨ru®bric© ²/ÚrubrIk/ ³n ¶[C] ¸1 ´title or heading printed in red or special
type. ¸2 ´rule; direction; explanation.¼
¨ruby© ²/ÚrubI/ ³n ¶[C] ³(pl µ-bies³) ´red jewel. ³¹ adj, n ´deep red
(colour).¼
¨ruck©1 ²/rAk/ ³n ¸the @, the common @, ´ordinary commonplace things or
persons: ³He was ambitious to get out of the @´, to escape from being thought
of as ordinary, commonplace, etc.¼
¨ruck©2 ²/rAk/ ³n ¶[C] ´irregular fold or crease (esp in cloth). ³¹ vi,vt
¶[VP2A,C,6A,15B] ·@ (up), ´be pulled into @s; make into @s: ³The sheets on
my bed have @ed up.¼
¨ruck®sack© ²/ÚrAksak/ ³n ¶[C] ´canvas bag strapped on the back
from the shoulders, used by people on a walking holiday, etc; haversack,
knapsack.¼
¨ruc®tions© ²/ÚrAk2nz/ ³n pl ´angry words or protests; noisy argument:
³There'll be @ if you don't do what you're told.¼
¨rud®der© ²/ÚrAdE(r)/ ³n ¶[C] ¸1 ´flat, broad piece of wood or metal hinged
vertically at the stern of a boat or ship for steering. µ¥ ´the illus at µsail.
¸2 ´similar structure on an aircraft. µ¥ ´the illus at µair.¼
¨ruddle© ²/ÚrAdl/ ³n ¶[U] ´red ochre, esp the kind used for marking ownership
of sheep. ³¹ vt ´put @ on sheep.¼
¨ruddy© ²/ÚrAdI/ ³adj µ(-ier, -iest) ¸1 ´(of the face) red, as showing good
health: ³@ cheeks; in @ health´, having @ cheeks indicating good health. ¸2
´red or reddish: ³a @ glow in the sky. ¸3 ´(sl; euphem for) bloodyµ(3)´: ³What
the @ hell are you doing?¼
¨rude© ²/rud/ ³adj µ(-r, -st) ¸1 ´(of a person, his speech,
behaviour) impolite; not showing respect or consideration: ³It's @ to
interrupt/to point at people. What a @ reply! Would it be @ to ask when you
are likely to leave? ´eÔg to a guest who stays too long. ¸2 ´startling;
violent; rough: ³get a @ shock. ·a @ awakening, ´a sudden realization of sth
unpleasant. ¸3 ´primitive; without refinement: ³our @ forefathers. ¸4 ´roughly
made; simple: ³a @ wooden plough. ¸5 ´vigorous: ³in @ health. ¸6 ´in the
natural state; crude, raw (the more usu words): ³@ ore/produce; cotton in its @
state. ¸@®ly ³adv ´in a @ manner: ³a @ly ´(iÔe in a primitive manner)
³fashioned craft; be @ly awakened. µ¥ 2 ´above. ¸@®ness ³n ¶[U].¼
¨ru®di®ment© ²/ÚrudImEnt/ ³n ¸1 ³(pl) ´first steps or stages (of an art or
science): ³learn the @s of chemistry/grammar. ¸2 ´earliest form on which a
later development is or might have developed; imperfectly developed part:
³Certain fossils reveal the @ of a thumb. A new-born chicken has only the @s of
wings. ¸ru®di®men®tary ²/*rudIÚmentrI/ ³adj ¸1 ´elementary: ³a @ary knowledge
of mechanics. ¸2 ´undeveloped; existing in an imperfect or undeveloped form.¼
¨rue©1 ²/ru/ ³n ¶[U] ´small evergreen plant with bitter-tasting leaves
formerly used in medicine.¼
¨rue©2 ²/ru/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´(dated or liter) repent of; think of with sadness or
regret: ³You'll live to rue it´, will one day regret it. ³You'll rue the day
when«. ¸rue®ful ²/Úrufl/ ³adj ´showing, feeling, expressing regret: ³a rueful
smile. ¸rue®fully ²/ÚrufElI/ ³adv¼
¨ruff©1 ²/rAf/ ³n ¸1 ´ring of differently coloured or marked feathers round a
bird's neck, or of hair round an animal's neck. ¸2 ´wide, stiff frill worn as
a collar in the 16th c. µ¥ ´the illus at µdoublet.¼
¨ruff©2 ²/rAf/ ³vi,vt ´trump (in a card game). ³¹ n ´act of
trumping.¼
¨ruf®fian© ²/ÚrAfIEn/ ³n ´violent, cruel man. ¸@®ly ³adj ´like a @; lawless.
¸@®ism ²/-IzEm/ ³n ¶[U] ´rough, brutal conduct.¼
¨ruffle© ²/ÚrAfl/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A,15B] ·@ (up), ´disturb the peace, calm or
smoothness of: ³The bird @d up its feathers. A sudden breeze @d the surface of
the lake. Who's been ruffling your hair? Anne is easily @d´, easily annoyed,
put out of temper. ¸2 ¶[VP2A] ´become @d: ³You @ too easily. ¹ n ¶[C] ¸1
´strip of material gathered into folds; frill used to ornament a garment at
the wrist, neck or breast. ¸2 ´ruffling or being @dµ(1)´.¼
¨rug© ²/rAg/ ³n ¸1 ´floor mat of thick material (usu smaller than a carpet): =
³a ·Ú³hearth-rug. ¸2 ´thick, usu woollen, covering or wrap: ³a
·Ú³travelling-rug ´(for putting round one's knees in a car, etc).¼
¨Rugby© ²/ÚrAgbI/ ³n ¸@ (football), ´(GB) kind of football using an
oval-shaped ball which may be handled: ³@ League, ´form of @ with thirteen
players and allowing professionalism; ³@ Union, ´with fifteen players and
having amateur teams only.¼
¨rug®ged© ²/ÚrAgId/ ³adj ¸1 ´rough; uneven; rocky: ³a @ coast; @ country. ¸2
´having furrows or wrinkles: ³a @ face; @ features. ¸3 ´not refined or gentle:
³a @ character; @ manners. ¸@®ly ³adv ¸@®ness ³n¼
¨rug®ger© ²/ÚrAgE(r)/ ³n ¶[U] ´(colloq) Rugby football.¼
¨ruin© ²/ÚruIn/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´destruction; overthrow; serious damage: ³the @ of
her hopes; the impulse that led to my @; brought to @ by gambling and drink.
¸2 ¶[U] ´state of being decayed, destroyed, collapsed: ³The castle has fallen
into @. ·go to rack and @, µ¥ rack±4µ. ¶[C] ´sth which has decayed, been
destroyed, etc: ³The building is in @s. The abbey is now a @. ¸3 ¶[U] ´cause of
@: ³Gambling was his @ ´(= was the @ of him). ³¹ vt ¶[VP6A] ´cause the @ of:
³You will @ your prospects if you continue to be so foolish. The storm @ed the
crops. He's bankrupt and @ed´, has lost all his money, property, etc. ¸@®ation
²/*ruIÚneI2n/ ³n ¶[U] ´being @ed; bringing to @: ³These late frosts mean @ation
to the fruit farmers. ¸@®ous ²/-Es/ ³adj ¸1 ´causing @: ³@ous
expenditure/folly. ¸2 ´in @s: ³live in a @ous old house. ¸@®ous®ly ³adv¼
¨rule© ²/rul/ ³n ¸1 ¶[C] ´law or custom which guides or controls
behaviour or action; decision made by an organization, etc about what must or
must not be done: ³obey the @s of the game. There is a @ that«. It's against
the @s to handle the ball in soccer. ·@(s) of the road, µ¥ road(1).
·by/according to @, ´according to @s and regulations: ³He does everything by
@´, never uses his own judgement. ·work to @, ´pay exaggerated attention
(deliberately) to @s and regulations and so slow down output: ³Instead of
coming out on strike, the men decided to work to @. ¸Ú@ book, ´book (issued to
workers) containing such @s and regulations. ¸@ of thumb, µ¥ thumb. ¸2 ¶[C]
´sth that is the usual practice; habit: ³My @ is to get up at seven and have
breakfast at eight. Rainy weather is the @ here during April. He makes it a @
to do an hour's work in the garden every day. She makes a @ of going for a
walk every afternoon. ·as a @, ´usually; more often than not. ¸3 ¶[U]
´government; authority: ³the @ of the people; countries that were once under
French @. The @ of law; mob @´, state that exists when a mob takes over. ¸4
¶[C] ´strip of wood, metal, etc, used to measure: ³a ·Ú³foot-@; a ·Ú³slide-@.
¹ vi,vt ¸1 ¶[VP2A,B,6A,3A] ·@ (over), ´govern; have authority (over): ³King
Charles I @d (England) for eleven years without a parliament. An emperor is a
monarch who @s over an empire. ¸2 ´(usu in the ³passive´) be guided or
influenced by; have power or influence over: ³Don't be @d by your passions/by
hatred. ¸3 ¶[VP6A,9,15A,B,25] ´give as a decision: ³The chairman @d the motion
out of order/that the motion was out of order. ·@ sth out, ´declare that it
cannot be considered, that it is out of the question: ³That's a possibility
that can't be @d out´, It is something we must bear in mind. ¸4 ¶[VP6A,15A,B]
´make (a line or lines) on paper (with a ruler); make parallel lines on
(paper): ³@d notepaper; @ a line across the sheet. ·@ sth off, ´separate it by
ruling a line: ³@ off a column of figures. ¸5 ¶[VP2C] ´(comm, of prices) have a
certain general level: ³Prices @d high´, were, for the most part, high.¼
¨ruler© ²/ÚrulE(r)/ ³n ¸1 ´person who rules or governs. ¸2
´straight length of wood, plastic, metal, etc usu flat, used in drawing
straight lines, or, if graduated, for measuring.¼
¨rul®ing© ²/ÚrulIG/ ³adj ´that rules; pre-dominating; prevalent; ³his ruling
passion´, that which governs his actions. ³¹ n ¶[C] ´(esp) decision made by sb
in authority, eÔg a judge.¼
¨rum©1 ²/rAm/ ³n ¶[U] ´alcoholic drink made from sugar-cane juice; (US) (any
kind of) alcoholic liquor. ¸Úrum-runner ³n ´(US) person or ship engaged in the
illegal importation of alcoholic liquor.¼
¨rum©2 ²/rAm/ ³n ¶[U] ³adj µ(rummer, rummest) ´(colloq) queer; odd: ³What a rum
fellow he is! ¸rummy ³adj ´= rum±2´.¼
¨rumba© ²/ÚrAmbE/ ³n ¶[C] ´(music for a) ballroom dance that originated in
Cuba.¼
¨rumble© ²/ÚrAmbl/ ³vi,vt ¸1 ¶[VP2A,C] ´make a deep, heavy, continuous sound:
³thunder/gun-fire rumbling in the distance; ´move with such a sound: ³heavy
carts rumbling along the street; ´(of the bowels) make sounds as gas moves
through them. ¸2 ¶[VP15B] ·out, ´utter, say, in a deep voice: ³@ out a few
remarks. ¹ n ¸1 ¶[U] ´deep, heavy, continuous sound: ³the @ of thunder. ¸2 ¶[C]
´(old use) place at the back of a carriage for a person or for luggage, etc; (=
dickey-seat; US, also ·Ú³@-seat´) extra, open seat at the back of an
(old-fashioned) automobile.¼
¨rum®bus®tious© ²/rAmÚbAstIEs/ ³adj ´boisterous.¼
¨ru®mi®nant© ²/ÚrumInEnt/ ³n, adj ´(animal) which chews the cud,
eÔg cows, deer.¼
¨ru®mi®nate© ²/ÚrumIneIt/ ³vi ¶[VP2A,B,C] ´meditate; turn over in the mind: ³@
over/about/on recent events; ´(of animals) chew the cud. ¸ru®mi®na®tive
²/ÚrumInEtIv ³US: ²-neItIv/ ³adj ´inclined to meditate. ¸ru®mi®na®tion
²/*rumIÚneI2n/ ³n ¶[U].¼
¨rum®mage© ²/ÚrAmIdZ/ ³vi,vt ¸1 ¶[VP2A,B,C,3A] ·@ (among/in/through), ´turn
things over, move things about, while looking for sth: ³@ in/through a desk
drawer; @ about among old papers. ¸2 ¶[VP6A,15B] ·@ (through), ´search
thoroughly: ³@ a ship´, eÔg by Customs officers who suspect that there is
contraband. ³¹ n ¶[U] ¸1 ´search (esp of a ship by Customs offecers). ¸2
´things found by rummaging; miscellaneous old clothes, old stock, etc. ¸Ú@
sale, ´= jumble (the more usu word) sale.¼
¨rummy©1 ²/ÚrAmI/ ³adj µ¥ rum±2µ.¼
¨rummy©2 ²/ÚrAmI/ ³n ¶[U] ´card game for two or more players, using one or two
packs of cards.¼
¨ru®mour© ´(US = ¸ru®mor´) ²/ÚrumE(r)/ ³n ¶[U] ´general talk, gossip, hearsay,
¶[C] ´(statement, report, story) which cannot be verified and is of doubtful
accuracy: ³R@ has it/There is a @ that there will be a General Election in the
autumn. All sorts of @s are going round. There is a @ of the Loch Ness monster
having been seen/a @ that the« has been seen. ¸Ú@-monger ³n ´person who
spreads @s. ³¹ vt ´(usu passive) report by way of @: ³It is @ed that«. He is
@ed to have escaped to Dublin.¼
¨rump© ²/rAmp/ ³n ¶[C] ¸1 ´animal's buttocks; tail-end of a bird;
(joc, of a human being) bottom. ¸*@-Ústeak ³n ´beefsteak cut from near the @.
¸2 ´(contemptible) remnant of a larger group.¼
¨rumple© ²/ÚrAmpl/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´crease; crumple; make rough: ³Don't play too
violently or you'll @ your dress. I've just done my hair, so please don't @
it.¼
¨rum®pus© ²/ÚrAmpEs/ ³n sing ´(colloq) disturbance; noise; uproar: ³have
a @ with sb. What's all this @ about? ·kick up/make a @, ´cause a @.¼
¨run©1 ²/rAn/ ³n ¸1 ´act of running on foot: ³go for a short run
across the fields; ´(in fox-hunting) period of chasing a fox. ·at a run,
´running: ³He started off at a run but soon tired and began to walk. ·on the
run, ¸(a) ´in flight: ³He's on the run from the police. We have the enemy on
the run´, We have caused them to run away. ¸(b) ´continuously active and moving
about: ³I've been on the run ever since I got up. ·give sb/get a (good) run for
his/one's money, ¸(a) ´obtain (sth) in return for his efforts, expenditure.
¸(b) ´provide him with strong competition. ³We must give him a good run for his
money. ¸2 ¶[C] ´excursion or visit: ³a run to Paris; have a run in the
country´, eÔg by car; outing or journey in a car, train, etc: ³How many hours'
run is Leeds from London by train? Can we have a trial run in the new car? ¸3
¶[C] ´distance travelled by a ship in a specified time: ³make bets on the day's
run´, on the distance travelled in 24 hours. ¸4 ´route taken by vehicles,
ships, etc: ³The boat was taken off its usual run. ¸5 ´quick fall:
³Prices/The temperature came down in/with a run. ¸6 ´series of performances:
³The play had a long run/a run of six months. ¸7 ´period; succession: ³a run of
bad luck´, a series of misfortunes. ·a run on sth, ´sudden demand by many
people for it: ³a run on the bank, ´a demand by many customers together for
immediate repayment. ·in the Úlong run, ´ultimately: ³It pays in the long run
to buy goods of high quality. ¸8 ´(usu large, enclosed) space for domestic
animals, fowls, etc: ³a ·Ú³chicken-run; a ·Ú³sheep-run´, area of pasture for
sheep. ¸9 ´(cricket and baseball) unit of scoring, made by running over a
certain course. ¸10 ´common, average or ordinary type or class: ³the common run
of mankind´, ordinary, average people; ³an hotel out of the common run´,
different from, and better than, the kind one usually finds.
¸*run-of-the-Úmill, ´ordinary; average. ¸11 ´(colloq) permission to make free
use (of). ·give sb/get the run of sth, ´the permission to use it: ³I have the
run of his library. ¸12 ´way in which things tend to move; general direction or
trend: ³The run of events is rather puzzling. The run of the cards ´(= The
cards that were dealt to me during the evening) ³favoured me. ¸13 ´(music)
series of notes sung or played quickly and in the order of the scale. ¸14
´shoal of fish in motion: ³a run of salmon´, eÔg on their way upstream. ¸15
´(US) ladderµ(2).¼
¨run©2 ²/rAn/ ³vi,vt µ(-nn- ³pt µran ²/ran/, ³pp µrunµ) ´(For
special uses and ³adverbial particles ´and ³preps, µ¥ 26 ´below; for special
uses of ³running, part adj, µ¥ running.´) ¸1 ¶[VP2A,B,C,E,4A] ´(of men and
animals) move with quick steps, faster than when walking: ³run three miles;
run fast; run (out) to see what's happening; run upstairs. She came running to
meet me. She ran to meet us. We ran to his aid/ran to help him. The dog was
running behind its master. µ¥ run after ´in µ26 ´below. ³Don't run across the
road until you're sure it's safe. ·take a running jump, ´run up to the point
where one starts a jump; (sl, imper) go away, you are being foolish, etc. ¸2
¶[VP2A,B,C] ´escape or avoid by going away; take to flight: ³As soon as we
appeared the boys ran off. Run for your lives! ´iÔe run if you want to save
your life. ·run for it, ´avoid sth, eÔg getting wet in a storm, by running.
·cut and run, ´(sl) escape by taking to flight. ·a running fight, ´a fight
between a retreating ship/fleet, etc and those in pursuit. ¸3 ¶[VP2A,B,C]
´practise running for exercise or as a sport; compete in races on foot: ³He
used to run when he was at college. Is he running in the 100 metres? Is your
horse likely to run in the Derby? ·Úalso ran, ´used of a horse not among the
first three past the winning post: ³Hyperion also ran. ´Hence, ¸Úalso-ran ³n
¶[C] ´person or animal unsuccessful in a race or other form of competition. ¸4
¶[VP3A] ·@ for, ´(esp US) compete for (an elected office). Cf ³stand for´, the
more usu GB usage: ³run for President/for mayor. ¸5 ¶[VP6A,15A] ´cause to
compete (in a race); present or nominate (for an office): ³run two horses in
the Derby. How many candidates is the Liberal Party running in the General
Election? ¸6 ¶[VP2D,15A] ´(cause to) reach a certain condition or place as the
result of running: ³He ran second in the race. ·run oneself out (of breath), µ¥
run out ´in µ26 ´below. ·run sb (clean) off his feet/legs, ´(colloq) keep him
going until he is exhausted. ·run oneself/sb into the ground, ´exhaust
oneself/sb by hard work or exercise. ¸7 ¶[VP6A] ´make one's way quickly to the
end of, or through or over (sth). ·run its course, ´develop in the usual or
normal way: ³The disease ran its course. ·run a race, ´take part in one. ·run
the rapids, ´(of a boat, men in a boat) move rapidly over or through them. µ¥
shoot±2µ(4)´, the more usu word. ·run the streets, ´(of children) spend time
playing (esp without supervision) in the streets. ¸8 ¶[VP6A] ´expose oneself
to: be open to. ·run the chance/danger of sth´: ³You run the chance of being
suspected of theft. ·run risks/a risk/the risk of sth, µ¥ risk. ¸9 ¶[VP15A]
´chase; compete with. ·run sb/sth to earth, ´pursue until caught or found: ³run
a fox to earth´, chase it until it goes to its earthµ(4)´; (fig) ³run a
quotation to earth´, find, after searching, where it occurs. ·run sb/sth
close/hard, ´be almost equal to, as good as, in merit, etc: ³We run our
competitors close for price and quality. It was a close run thing´, (of
competition, etc) The result was very close. ¸10 ¶[VP2A,C] ´(of ships, etc)
sail or steer; (of fish) swim: ³The ship was running before the wind. Our ship
ran aground/on the rocks/ashore. We ran into port for supplies. The two ships
ran foul of each other´, collided. ³The salmon are running´, swimming upstream
from the sea. ¸11 ¶[VP2C] ´go forward with a sliding, smooth or continuous
motion; advance on, or as if on, wheels: ³Trams run on rails; buses don't run
on rails. Sledges run well over frozen snow. The train ran past the signal. ¸12
¶[VP2A,C] ´be in action; work freely; be in working order: ³Don't leave the
engine of your car running. The sewing-machine doesn't run properly. The works
have ceased running´, The factory has closed, is no longer producing goods.
³His life has run smoothly up to now. ¸13 ¶[VP2A,C] ´(of public conveyances,
eÔg buses, ferry-boats) ply; journey to and fro: ³The buses run every ten
minutes. The 9.05 train is not running today. There are frequent trains running
between London and Brighton. ¸14 ¶[VP6A] ´organize; manage; cause to be in
operation: ³run a business/a theatre/a bus company; run extra trains during the
rush hours. Can I run ´(= operate) ³my electric sewing-machine off the light
circuit? I can't afford to run a car ´(= own and use one) ³on my small salary.
Mr Green is run by his secretary´, She is the dominant personality and tells
him what to do, etc. ·run the show, ´(colloq) be boss in an undertaking; have
control. ¸15 ¶[VP6A,15A,B] ´convey; transport: ³I'll run you up to town/run you
back home´, drive you there in my car. ·run errands/messages (for sb), ´make
journeys to do things, carry messages, etc. ·run arms/guns, ´convey them into a
country unlawfully. Hence, ¸Úarms-/@ner ³n ´person who does this. ·run
liquor/contraband, ´smuggle it into a country; get it past the coastguards
secretly. ¸16 ¶[VP14,15A] ´cause to move quickly (in a certain direction or
into a certain place): ³run a car into a garage; run one's fingers/a comb
through one's hair; run one's eyes over a page; run one's fingers over the keys
of a piano. ¸17 ¶[VP2C] ´(of thoughts, feelings, etc, eyes, exciting news, etc)
pass or move briefly or quickly: ³The thought kept running through my head.
Mary's eyes ran critically over her friend's new dress. The pain ran up my arm.
A shiver ran down his spine. The news ran like wildfire. A whisper ran through
the crowd. ¸18 ¶[VP15A] ´cause (sth) to penetrate (intentionally or by
accident) or come into contact with; penetrate or pierce (sb/sth) with sth:
³run a sword through a man/run a man through with a sword; run a splinter into
one's finger; run one's head against a glass door in a dark corridor. The
drunken driver ran his car into a tree. ¸19 ¶[VP2A,B,C] ´(of liquids, grain,
sand, etc) flow, drip; (of surfaces) be wet (with); (of colours, eÔg dyes) flow
and spread: ³Rivers run into the sea. The tears ran down my cheeks. Who has
left the tap/water running? The tide was running strong. The beggar's legs were
covered with running sores. Your nose is runningÅuse your hanky´, iÔe wipe your
nose clean. ³Water was running all over the bathroom floor. The floor was
running with water. Will the colours run if the dress is washed? ¸20
¶[VP6A,15A,B] ´cause (a liquid, molten metal, etc) to flow: ³Run some hot water
into the bowl. Run the water off´, (= let it flow out) ³when you've had your
bath. The molten metal was run into a mould. ¸21 ¶[VP2D] ´become; pass into (a
specified condition): ³The rivers are running dry´, ceasing to flow. ³Supplies
are running short/low. I have run short of money. Feelings/Passions ran high´,
became stormy or violent. ³My blood ran cold´, I was filled with horror. ·run
riot, ¸(a) ´behave in a wild and lawless way. ¸(b) ´(of plants, etc) grow
unchecked. ·run wild, ´be without control, restraint, discipline, etc: ³The
garden is running wild. She lets her children run wild. ·run a temperature,
´(colloq) be feverish. ¸22 ¶[VP2A,B,C] ´extend; have a certain course or order;
be continued or continuous; ³shelves running round the walls; a scar that runs
across his left cheek; a road that runs across the plain; a fence running round
the property. It happened several days running´, several days in succession.
³He hit the target seven times running. The play ran (for) six months´, was
kept on the stage, was performed, during this period of time. ³The lease of my
house has only a year to run. ¸a running commentary, ´account of an event as it
occurs by a broadcaster: ³a running commentary of a football match. ¸Úrunning
costs, ´continuous costs for producing goods, etc (as opposed to costs of
original manufacture). ¸23 ¶[VP2C,D] ´have a tendency or common characteristic;
have as an average price or level: ³This author runs to sentiment. Blue eyes
run in the family. Our apples run rather small this year. Prices for fruit are
running high this season. ¸24 ¶[VP2A] ´be told or written: ³So the story ran´,
that is what was told or said. ³The story runs that«´, It is said that«. ³The
agreement runs in these words. I forget how the next verse runs´, how the words
or notes follow one another. ¸25 ¶[VP2A] ´(of woven or knitted material) become
unwoven or unravelled; drop stitches through several rows: ³Nylon tights
sometimes run. µ¥ ladder, ´the more usu word with reference to stockings. ¸26
¶[VP2C,3A,15B] ´(special uses with ³adverbial particles ´and ³preps´):¼
·run across, ´pay a short informal visit: ³run across to a neighbour's flat to
borrow some sugar. ·run across sb/sth, ´meet or find by chance: ³I ran across
my old friend Jean in Paris last week.¼
·run after sb/sth, ¸(a) ´try to catch: ³The dog was running after a rabbit.
¸(b) ´seek the society of; go after in order to get the attention of: ³She runs
after every good-looking man in the village.¼
·run against sb, ´compete with him by running in a race; (esp US) compete with
him (for an elected office).¼
·run along, ´(colloq) go away, be off: ³Now, children, run along!¼
·run away, ´leave rapidly; flee; escape: ³Don't run awayÅI want your advice.
The boy ran away and went to sea´, left home and became a sailor. Hence,
¸run®away ²/ZrAnEweI/ ³n ´person who has run away. µ¹ ³adj ·runaway success,
etc, ´great, immediate success, etc. ·run away with sb, ¸(b) ´go at a speed too
high for control: ³Don't let your horse/car run away with you. ¸(c) ´destroy
the self-control of: ³Don't let your temper run away with you. ·run away with
sth, ¸(a) ´use up: ³This new scheme will run away with a lot of the ratepayers'
money. ¸(b) ´carry off; steal: ³The maid ran away with the duchess's jewels.
¸(c) ´get a clear win over: ³The girl from Peru ran away with the first set´,
eÔg in a tennis tournament. ·run away with the idea/notion that, ´assume too
hastily that sth is the case: ³Don't run away with the idea that I can lend you
money every time you need help.¼
·run back over sth, ´review past events, etc: ³run back over the past. I'll run
back over the procedure again. ·run sth back, ´rewind (film, tape, etc)
(after it has been looked at, listened to).¼
·run down, ¸(a) ´(of a clock or other mechanism worked by weights) stop
because it needs winding up. ¸(b) ´(of a battery) become weak or exhausted:
³The battery is/has run down; it needs recharging. ·(be/feel/look) run down,
´(of a person, his health) exhausted or weak from overwork, mental strain,
etc. ·run sb/sth down, ´knock down or collide with: ³The liner ran down a
fishing-boat during the dense fog. The cyclist was run down by a big lorry.
·run sb down, ¸(a) ´say unkind things about; disparage: ³That man doesn't like
me; he's always running me down. ¸(b) ´pursue and overtake: ³run down an
escaped prisoner. ·run sth down, ´allow to become less active or occupied:
³run down the ship's boilers; run down a naval dockyard´, do less work and
employ fewer workers. Hence, ¸Úrun-down ³n ¸1 ´reduction: ³the run-down of the
coal industry. ¸2 ´(colloq) detailed explanation or listing. µ¹ ³adj ´(of a
place) decayed; dilapidated; not cared for.¼
·run for sth, ¸(a) µ¥ 2 ´above. ¸(b) µ¥ 4 ´above.¼
·run in, ´= ³run across. ·run sb in, ´(colloq of the police) arrest and take to
a police station: ³The drunken man was run in for creating a public
disturbance. ·run sth in, ´bring (new machinery, esp the engine of a car) into
good condition by running it carefully for a time or distance: ³He's still
running in his new car and doesn't exceed fifty miles an hour.¼
·run into sb, ´meet unexpectedly: ³run into an old friend in a pub. ·run into
sth, ¸(a) ´collide with: ³The bus got out of control and ran into a wall. ¸(b)
´fall into: ³run into debt/danger/difficulties. ¸(c) ´reach (a level or
figure): ³a book that has run into six editions. His income runs into five
figures´, is now ten thousand (pounds, dollars, etc) or more. ·run sb into sth,
´cause (sb) to fall into (a certain state): ³My wife has run me into despair.
·run sth into sth, ´cause sth to collide or connect with sth: ³run one's car
into a wall.¼
·run off with sb/sth, ¸(a) ´steal and take away: ³The treasurer has run off
with all the club's funds. ¸(b) ´elope with: ³My mother has run off with her
bank manager. ·run sth off, ¸(a) ´cause to flow away: ³run off the water from a
tank´, empty the tank. ¸(b) ´write or recite fluently, eÔg a list of names:
³run off an article for the local (news)paper. ¸(c) ´print; produce: ³run off a
hundred copies on the duplicating machine. ¸(d) ´decide (a race) after a tie,
or trial heats; cause to be run or played: ³run off a heat. When will the race
be run off? ´Hence, ¸Úrun-off ³n ´deciding race, etc after a dead heat or tie.
µ¥ dead. ·run off sb (like water off a duck's back), ´have no effect on him:
³Her warnings ran off him like water off a duck's back.¼
·run on, ¸(a) ´talk continuously: ³He will run on for an hour if you don't stop
him. ¸(b) ´elapse: ³Time ran on. ¸(c) ´(of a disease) continue its course. ·run
(sth) on, ¸(a) ´(of written letters of the alphabet) join, be joined, together:
³When children are learning to write, they should let the letters run on, not
write them separately. They should run the letters on. ·run on/upon sth,
¸(a) ´(of thoughts, etc) be concerned with: ³That boy's thoughts are always
running on food. His thoughts were running upon the past/on recent events
in India. ¸(b) ´(of ship) strike: ³The ship ran upon the rocks.¼
·run out, ¸(a) ´go out: ³The tide is running out. ¸(b) ´(of a period of time)
come to an end: ³When does the lease of the house run out? ¸(c) ´(of stocks,
supplies) come to an end, be exhausted; (of persons) become short of
(supplies, etc): ³Our provisions are running out. Her patience is running out.
The sands are running out´, (with reference to the sand in an hour-glass) the
time allowed to us (before something unwelcome comes) is coming to an end. ¸(d)
´jut out; project: ³a pier running out into the sea. ·run (rope/string)
out, ´pass (it) out; be passed out: ³The rope ran out smoothly. The sailor ran
the rope out neatly. ·run out of sth, ´reach an end of (stocks, supplies):
³We're fast running out of beer/cigarettes. ·be run out, ´(cricket, of a
batsman) have his innings ended because, while trying to make a run, he fails
to reach his crease before the wicketkeeper or one of the fielders returns the
ball and removes the bails or stump(s): ³Smith was run out before he had
scored. ·run oneself out (of breath), ´exhaust oneself: ³He's completely run
out. ·run out on sb, ´(sl) abandon, desert: ³Poor Jane! Her husband has run out
on her.¼
·run over, ¸(a) ´(of a vessel or its contents) overflow. ¸(b) ´= ³run across.
·run over sth, ¸(a) ´review; recapitulate: ³Let's run over our parts again´,
eÔg when learning and rehearsing parts in a play. ¸(b) ´read through quickly:
³He ran over his notes before starting his lecture. ·run over sb; run sb over,
´(of a vehicle) (knock down and) pass over (sb or sth lying on the ground):
³The bus ran over his legs. He was run over and had to be taken to hospital.¼
·run round, ´= ³run across.¼
·run sth through sth, ´draw a line, one's pen, through sth. ·run sb through,
´pierce with a sword, bayonet, etc. ·run through sth, ¸(a) ´use up (a fortune,
etc) esp by foolish or reckless spending: ³He soon ran through the money he
had won at poker. ¸(b) ´examine quickly; deal with in rapid succession: ³run
through one's mail during breakfast. Hence, ¸Úrun-through ³n ´quick
examination or discussion: ³give sth a quick run-through. ¸(c) ´rehearse.
Hence, ¸Úrun-through ³n ´rehearsal.¼
·run to sth, ¸(a) ´reach (an amount, number, etc): ³That will run to a pretty
penny´, will cost a lot of money. ¸(b) ´have money for; (of money) be enough
for: ³We can't/Our funds won't run to a holiday abroad this year. I can't run
to that´, can't afford it. ¸(c) ´extend to: ³His new novel runs for 900
pages/has already run to three impressions. ·run to fat, ´(of persons) tend to
put on too much fat. ·run to ruin, ´fall into ruin. ·run to seed, ´(of plants)
tend to develop chiefly seed instead of new growth of leaves, etc. ·run to
waste, ´(eÔg of water) be wasted.¼
·run up, ´(cricket; of a bowler) gather speed by running, before releasing the
ball; (of athletes in some field events) gather speed before jumping, throwing
a javelin, etc. Hence, ¸Úrun-up ³n ¸(a) ´(length or manner of a) bowler's or
athlete's approach: ³a long/short run-up. ¸(b) ´period leading up (to sth):
³the run-up to the General Election´, the period when candidates are busy
seeking support, etc. ·run sth up, ¸(a) ´raise; hoist: ³run up a flag on the
mast. ¸(b) ´erect, make or construct quickly or in an unsubstantial way: ³run
up a dress/a garden shed. ¸(c) ´add up (a column of figures). ¸(d) ´cause to
grow quickly in amount: ³run up a big bill at a hotel; run up the bidding at
an auction´, force others to bid higher, force up prices. ·run up against,
sth, ´meet by chance or unexpectedly: ³run up against difficulties. ·run up
to, ´amount, extend to (a figure): ³Prices ran up to $5 a ton.¼
¨run®away© ²/ÚrAnEweI/ ³n, adj µ¥ ³run away ´at µrun(26).¼
¨rune© ²/run/ ³n ´any letter of an old alphabet used in N Europe,
esp of the Scandinavians and Anglo-Saxons (from ¶AÔD ´200); similar mark of a
mysterious or magic sort. ¸runic ²/ÚrunIk/ ³adj ´of @s; written in, inscribed
with, @s.¼
¨rung©1 ²/rAG/ ³n ¶[C] ¸1 ´crosspiece forming a step in a ladder: ³start on the
lowest/reach the highest @ (of the ladder)´, (fig) a particular level
in society, one's employment, etc. ¸2 ´crosspiece joining the legs of a chair
to strengthen it.¼
¨rung©2 ²/rAG/ ³pp ´of µring±2µ.¼
¨run®nel© ²/ÚrAnl/ ³n ¸1 ´brook. ¸2 ´open gutter (for rainwater) at a roadside,
etc.¼
¨run®ner© ²/ÚrAnE(r)/ ³n ¸1 ´person, animal, etc that runs: ³How many @s were
there in the Derby? ¸*@-Úup ³n ´person or team taking the second place in a
competition. ¸2 ´messenger, scout, collector, etc: ³Bow Street @´, (hist)
police-officer. ¸3 ´(in compounds) smuggler: ·Ú³gun-@s; ·Ú³rum-@s.
¸bloÚckade-@, ´person who tries to get through the forces that are blockading
a port, etc. ¸4 ´part on which sth slides or moves along: ³the @s of a sledge.
¸5 ´long piece of cloth (for a table, etc); long piece of carpet, eÔg for
stairs. ¸6 ´stem coming from a strawberry plant and taking root; kinds of
twining bean-plant: ³scarlet @s; ·Ú³@ beans. µ¥ ´the illus at µvegetable.¼
¨run®ning© ²/ÚrAnIG/ ³n ¶[U] ¸1 ´act of a person or animal that runs, esp in
racing. ·make the @, ´set the pace (lit or fig). ·take up the @, ´take the
lead. ·in/out of the @, ´(of competitors) having some/no chance of winning. ¸2
Ú@-board ³n ´(now old-fashioned) footboard on either side of a car. ¸Ú@ mate,
(a) ´horse used to set the pace for another horse in a race. ¸(b) ´candidate
for the lesser of two associated political offices, eÔg for the Vice-Presidency
of the US. ¹ ³adj ¸1 ´done, made, carried on, while or immediately after
running: ³a @ kick/jump/fight. µ¥ run±2µ(1,2). ¸2 ´continuous; uninterrupted:
³a @ fire of questions´, coming in a continuous stream; ³a @ hand´, (of
handwriting) with the letters joined. ·a @ commentary, µ¥ run±2µ(22). ¸3
´(after a ³pl n´) in succession: ³win three times @. ¸4 ´(of water) flowing;
coming from a mains supply: ³All bedrooms in this hotel have hot and cold @
water´, coming when taps are turned. ¸5 ´(of sores, etc) with liquid or pus
coming out. ¸6 ³a ·Ú³@ knot´, one that slips along a rope and so makes the
noose larger or smaller. µ¥ ´the illus at µknot.¼
¨runny© ²/ÚrAnI/ ³adj ´(colloq) semi-liquid; tending to runµ(18)
´or flow: ³a @ nose. The jam is rather @; you'd better boil it again.¼
¨runt© ²/rAnt/ ³n ´(colloq) undersized or stunted plant, animal (esp the
smallest of a litter), or (derog) person.¼
¨run®way© ²/ÚrAnweI/ ³n ¸1 ´specially prepared surface along which aircraft
take off and land. ¸2 ´way made for rolling felled trees and logs down a
hillside.¼
¨ru®pee© ²/ruÚpi/ ³n ¶[C] ´monetary unit of India, Pakistan, Sri
Lanka, Nepal, Mauritius, etc.¼
¨ru®piah© ²/ruÚpiE/ ³n ´monetary unit of Indonesia.¼
¨rup®ture© ²/ÚrApt2E(r)/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´breaking apart or bursting; ¶[C]
´instance of this. ¸2 ¶[C,U] ´(instance of) ending of friendly relations. ¸3
¶[C] ´swelling in the abdomen caused by the breaking of some organ or tissue
through the wall of its retaining cavity. µ¥ hernia. ³¹ vt,vi ¶[VP6A,2A]
´break or burst, eÔg a blood-vessel or membrane; end (a connection, etc).¼
¨ru®ral© ²/Úr8ErEl/ ³adj ´in, of, characteristic of, suitable for, the
countryside (opp of ³urban´): ³@ scenery; live in @ seclusion.¼
¨Ru®ri®tan®ian© ²/*r8ErIÚteInIEn/ ³adj ´(of a State, its politics) full of
plots and intrigues (as in a melodramatic story about an imaginary country
called Ruritania).¼
¨ruse© ²/ruz/ ³n ¶[C] ´deceitful way of doing sth, getting sth, etc; trick;
stratagem.¼
¨rush©1 ²/rA2/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´rapid, headlong movement; sudden swift
advance; ¶[C] ´instance of this: ³I don't like the @ of city life. He was swept
away by the @ of the current and drowned. Why all this @´, this hurry and
excitement? ³There were several @es to the refreshment tent during the
afternoon. There was the usual Easter @´, iÔe of traffic to the holiday
resorts, etc. ¸Úgold-@, µ¥ gold. ¸2 ¶[C] ´sudden demand: ³a @ for raincoats´,
eÔg when there is heavy rain; sudden or intense activity: ³the Christmas @´,
the period before Christmas when crowds of people go shopping. ¸the Ú@-hour,
´when crowds of people are travelling to or from work in a large town:
(attrib) ³We were caught in the @-hour traffic. ¸3 ´(cinema, often ³pl´) first
print of a film before cutting and editing.¼
¨rush©2 ²/rA2/ ³n ¶[C] ´(tall stem of one of numerous varieties of) marsh
plant with slender leafless stems containing pith, often dried and used for
making seats or chairs, for weaving into baskets, etc, and, in olden times,
for strewing floors. ¸Ú@®light ³n ´kind of candle made by dipping the pith of
a @ into tallow. ¸rushy ³adj ´full of, abounding with, @es: ³a @y ditch.¼
¨rush©3 ²/rA2/ ³vi,vt ¸1 ¶[VP6A,15A,B,2A,C,4A] ·@ (away/off/out), ´(cause to)
go or come, do sth, with violence or speed: ³The children @ed out of the school
gates. They @ed (away/off/out) to see the procession. The bull @ed at me. They
@ed more troops to the front. ·@ to conclusions, ´form them hastily. ·@ into
print, ´publish sth without proper care, consideration, etc. ·@ sth through,
´do sth at high speed: ³The order for furniture was @ed through ´(= The goods
were packed and sent off) ³in two days. The new Bill was @ed through
Parliament. ¸2 ¶[VP6A] ´capture by a sudden attack; get through, over, into,
etc by pressing eagerly or violently forward: ³@ the enemy's trenches; @ the
gates of the football ground. The panic-stricken passengers tried to @ the
life-boats, ´force their way into them quickly. ¸3 ¶[VP6A,15A] ´force into
hasty action: ³I must think things over, so don't @ me. ·@ sb off his feet,
´succeed in forcing him into hasty action with no time for thought; exhaust
him. ¸4 ·@ (for sth), ´(sl) charge an exorbitant price: ³How much did they @
you for this?¼
¨rusk© ²/rAsk/ ³n ¶[C] ´piece of bread baked hard and crisp; kind
of crisp biscuit: ·Ú³teething @s.¼
¨rus®set© ²/ÚrAsIt/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´yellowish or reddish brown. ¸2 ¶[C] ´kind of
rough-skinned @-coloured apple. ¹ ³adj ´of the colour of @.¼
¨Rus®sian© ²/ÚrA2n/ ³adj ´of or from Russia. ¸R@ roulette, µ¥ roulette. ³¹ n
¸1 ´native of Russia. ¸2 ´the principal language of the Soviet Union.¼
¨rust© ²/rAst/ ³n ¶[U] ¸1 ´reddish-brown coating formed on iron by the action
of water and air; similar coating on other metals: ³@-covered machinery; rub
the @ off sth. ¸2 ´(plant-disease with @-coloured spots caused by) kinds of
fungus; mildew; blight. ¹ ³vt,vi ¶[VP6A,2A,C] ´(cause to) become covered with
@; (fig) become poor in quality because not used: ³Don't leave the lawn-mower
out in the garden to @. It's better to wear out than to @ out´, to become worn
through use than to lose value by @ing. ¸@®less ³adj ´that does not @: ³@less
steel´, used for stainless cutlery, etc. ¸rusty ³adj µ(-ier, -iest) ¸1
´covered with @: ³@y needles. ¸2 ´in need of practice; out-of-date: ³My German
is rather @y´, hasn't been used for a long time and needs to be practised. ¸3
´(of black cloth) discoloured by age; dingy or shabby. ¸@i®ness ³n ¶[U].¼
¨rus®tic© ²/ÚrAstIk/ ³adj ¸1 ´(in a good sense) characteristic of
country people; simple; unaffected: ³@ simplicity. ¸2 ´rough; unrefined: ³@
speech/manners´, contrasted with the speech, etc of smart, city people. ¸3 ´of
rough workmanship: ³a @ bench/bridge´, made or rough, unplaned timber and
untrimmed branches. ¹ ³n ´countryman; peasant. ¸@®ity ²/rAÚstIsEtI/ ³n ¶[U]
´being @ in appearance or character.¼
¨rus®ti®cate© ²/ÚrAstIkeIt/ ³vi,vt ¸1 ¶[VP2A] ´lead a rural life. ¸2 ¶[VP6A]
´(GB) send (a student) temporarily away from the university as a punishment.¼
¨rustle© ²/ÚrAsl/ ³vi,vt ¸1 ¶[VP2A,C] ´make a gentle, light sound (like dry
leaves blown by the wind, or of silk clothes in motion); move along making
such a sound: ³Did you hear something rustling through the undergrowth? ¸2
¶[VP6A] ´cause to make this sound: ³I wish people wouldn't @ their programmes
while the orchestra is playing. ¸3 ¶[VP6A] ´(US, colloq) steal (cattle or
horses). ¸4 ¶[VP15B] ·@ sth up, ´get together, provide: ³@ up some food for an
unexpected guest. ¹ n ¶[U] ´gentle light sound as of dry leaves blown by the
wind, of silk clothes, etc: ³the @ of paper. ¸rust®ler ²/ÚrAslE(r)/ ³n ´(US,
colloq) cattle thief. ¸rust®ling ²/ÚrAslIG/ ³n ¶[U] ´sound made by sth that
@s: ³the rustling of dry leaves/of sweet wrappings; (pl) ´repetitions of such
sounds: ³mysterious rustlings at night.¼
¨rut©1 ²/rAt/ ³n ¶[C] ¸1 ´line or track made by wheel(s) in soft
ground. ¸2 ´(fig) way of doing sth, behaving, living, etc that has become
established. ·be in/get into a rut, ´a fixed (and boring) way of living so
that it becomes difficult to change. ¹ vt ´(usu in ³pp´) mark with ruts: ³a
deeply rutted road.¼
¨rut©2 ²/rAt/ ³n ¶[U] ´periodic sexual excitement of male animals, esp deer. ¹
³vi ¶[VP2A] ´be affected with this: ³the rutting season.¼
¨ruth®less© ²/ÚruTlIs/ ³adj ´cruel; without pity; showing no mercy. ¸@®ly ³adv
¸@®ness ³n¼
¨rye© ²/rñI/ ³n ¶[U] ¸1 ´(plant with) grain used for making flour, and as a
food for cattle. µ¥ ´the illus at µcereal. ¸Úrye-bread ³n ´bread made with
flour from rye. ¸2 ´kind of whisky made from rye.¼
¨S©, s ²/es/ ³n (pl µS's, s's ²/ÚesIz/³) ´the nineteenth letter of the English
alphabet.¼
¨sab®ba®tarian© ²/*sabEÚteErIEn/ ³n ´Christian who advocates strict observance
of Sunday (eÔg by opposing the opening of places of entertainment, the playing
of games, etc on Sundays). µ¥ Sabbath. ¹ ³adj ´of the principles of @s.¼
¨Sab®bath© ²/ÚsabET/ ³n ´day of rest, Saturday for Jews, Sunday for
Christians: ³break the @´, work or play on the @; ³keep the @´, spend it in
worship of God and in rest.¼
¨sab®bati®cal© ²/sEÚbatIkl/ ³adj ´of or like the Sabbath: ³After this uproar
there came a @ calm. ¸@ (year), ´year of freedom from routine duties given to
some university teachers to enable them to travel or undertake special
studies.¼
¨sa®ber© ²/ÚseIbE(r)/ µ¥ sabre.¼
¨sable© ²/ÚseIbl/ ³n ¶[C] ¸1 ´small animal valued for its beautiful dark fur;
¶[U] ´fur of this animal: ³a @ coat/stole. ¸2 @ antelope, ´large, horned, dark
African antelope. ¹ adj ´(liter) black; gloomy.¼
¨sa®bot© ²/ÚsabE8 ³US: ²saÚbE8/ ³n ¶[C] ´shoe hollowed out of a
single piece of wood; wooden-soled shoe with a band of leather across the
instep.¼
¨sab®otage© ²/ÚsabEtqZ/ ³n ¶[U] ´the wilful damaging of machinery, materials,
etc or the hindering of an opponent's activity, during an industrial or
political dispute, or during war. ¹ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´perform an act of @ against.
¸sab®oteur ²/*sabEÚt3(r)/ ³n ´person who commits @.¼
¨sabre© ´(US = ¸sa®ber´) ²/ÚseIbE(r)/ ³n ´heavy cavalry sword with a curved
blade. ¸Ú@-rattling ³n ´aggressive display of military strength. ¸Ú@-toothed
³adj ´having (usu two) @-like teeth: ³a @-toothed tiger ´(now extinct).
¹ ³vt ´strike with a @.¼
¨sac© ²/sak/ ³n ´bag-like membrane enclosing a cavity in an animal or plant. µ¥
´the illus at µflower.¼
¨sac®char®in© ²/ÚsakErIn/ ³n ¶[U] ´very sweet substance made from
coal-tar, used in place of sugar. ¸sac®char®ine ²/-rin/ ³adj ´resembling sugar;
very sweet; too sweet.¼
¨sac®er®do®tal© ²/*sasEÚdE8tl/ ³adj ´connected with priests. ¸@®ism ²/-IzEm/ ³n
¶[U] ´system of government in which priests (claiming to be mediators between
God and mankind) have a great part or exercise great power.¼
¨sachet© ²/Úsa2eI ³US: ²saÚ2eI/ ³n ¸1 ´small perfumed bag. ¸2 ¶[C,U]
´(packet of) sweet-smelling dried lavender or other substance for laying among
clothes, etc. ¸3 ´small packet, containing eÔg shampoo.¼
¨sack©1 ²/sak/ ³n ¸1 ´(quantity held by a) large bag of strong
material (eÔg coarse flax, hemp, stiffened paper) for storing and carrying
heavy goods, eÔg cement, coal, flour, potatoes: ³coal $3 a @; two @s of
potatoes. ¸Ú@-race ³n ´one between competitors each of whom has his legs tied
into a sack and moves by short jumps. ¸Ú@®cloth ³n ¶[U] ´coarse material made
of flax or hemp. ·@cloth and ashes, ¸(a) ´regret for wrongdoing; penitence.
¸(b) ´mourning. ¸2 ´short loose dress. ¸@®ing ³n ´= @cloth.¼
¨sack©2 ²/sak/ ³n ·give sb/get the @, ´(colloq) dismiss sb/be dismissed from
employment: ³He got the @ for petty thieving. ¹ vt ¶[VP6A] ´dismiss from
employment.¼
¨sack©3 ²/sak/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´(of a victorious army) plunder violently (a
captured city, etc). ¹ ³n ¸the @, ´@ing of a captured town, etc.¼
¨sack©4 ²/sak/ ³n ´(sl) bed. ·hit the @, ´go to bed.¼
¨sack©5 ²/sak/ ³n ¶[U] ´(hist) kinds of white wine imported from Spain and the
Canary Islands.¼
¨sack®but© ²/ÚsakbAt/ ³n ´medieval musical wind instrument with a slide like
that of a trombone.¼
¨sac®ra®ment© ²/ÚsakrEmEnt/ ³n ¶[C] ´solemn religious ceremony in the
Christian Church, eÔg Baptism, Confirmation, Matrimony, believed to be
accompanied by great spiritual benefits; (esp) ¸the Blessed/Holy S@, ´Holy
Communion, the Eucharist. ¸sac®ra®men®tal ²/*sakrEÚmentl/ ³adj ´of, connected
with, @s: ³@al wine.¼
¨sacred© ²/ÚseIkrId/ ³adj ¸1 ´of God; connected with religion: ³a @ building´,
eÔg a church, mosque, synagogue or temple; ³@ music´, for use in religious
services; ³@ writings´, eÔg the Koran, the Bible; ³@ to the memory of«´,
phrase seen on tombstones and memorials to the dead. ¸2 ´solemn: ³a @ promise;
hold a promise @; regard sth as a @ duty. ¸3 ´(to be) treated with great
respect or reverence: ³In India the cow is a @ animal. Nothing is @ to these
wild youths´, They respect nothing. ¸@ cow, ´(colloq) sth to be regarded with
reverence, and as immune from reasonable criticism. ¸@®ly ³adv ¸@®ness ³n¼
¨sac®ri®fice© ²/ÚsakrIfñIs/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´the offering of sth
precious to a god; ¶[C] ´instance of this; ¶[C] ´the thing offered: ³the @ of
an ox to Jupiter; kill a sheep as a @. ¸2 ¶[C,U] ´the giving up of sth of
great value to oneself for a special purpose, or to benefit sb else; ¶[C] ´sth
given up in this way: ³He gave his life as a @ for his country´, eÔg of a
soldier killed in war. ³Parents often make @s ´(eÔg go without things) ³in
order to educate their children. Is the @ of one's health to money-making
worth while? ¹ vt,vi ¶[VP6A,14,3A,16A] ·@ (sth) (to), ¸1 ´make a @µ(1)´: ³@ a
lamb to the gods; @ to idols. ¸2 ´give up as a @µ(2,3)´: ³He @d his life to
save the drowning child. Do you approve of sacrificing comfort to appearance,
´eÔg by wearing formal clothes during hot weather? ³She has @d herself/her
life/her pleasures and pastimes to her husband's interests and welfare.
¸sac®ri®fi®cial ²/*sakrIÚfI2l/ ³adj ´of or like a @.¼
¨sac®ri®lege© ²/ÚsakrIlIdZ/ ³n ¶[U] ´disrespectful treatment of,
injury to, what should be sacred: ³It would be @ to steal a crucifix from a
church altar. ¸sac®ri®legious ²/*sakrIÚlIdZEs/ ³adj¼
¨sac®ris®tan© ²/ÚsakrIstEn/ ³n ´(RÔC Church) sexton.¼
¨sac®risty© ²/ÚsakrIstI/ ³n (pl µ-ties³) ´(RÔC Church) room in a church where
vestments and articles used in church worship are kept; vestry.¼
¨sac®ro®sanct© ²/ÚsakrE8saGkt/ ³adj ´(to be) protected from all harm, because
sacred or holy; (fig, often ironic) not to be violated: ³He regards his
privileges as @.¼
¨sad© ²/sad/ ³adj µ(-der, -dest) ¸1 ´unhappy; causing unhappy feelings: ³John
is sad because his dog has died. It was a sad day for Mary when her mother
died. Why is he looking so sad? ¸2 ´shameful; deplorably bad: ³a sad case
of total callousness. ¸sad®ly ³adv ¸sad®ness ³n ¸sad®den ²/Úsadn/ ³vt,vi
¶[VP6A,2A] ´make or become sad.¼
¨saddle© ²/Úsadl/ ³n ¸1 ´leather seat for a rider on a horse, donkey or
bicycle; part of a horse's back on which the seat is placed. µ¥ ´the illus at
µbicycle, harness. ·in the @, ´on horseback; (fig) in a position of control or
power. ¸Ú@-bag ³n ¸(a) ´one of a pair of bags laid over the back of a horse or
donkey. ¸(b) ´small bag hung behind a bicycle @. ¸Ú@-sore ³adj ´(of a rider)
having sores caused by chafing from the @. ¸@ of mutton/venison, ´joint of
meat from the back of the animal, together with part of the backbone and ribs.
¸2 ´line or ridge of high land rising at each end to a high point. µ¥ ´the
illus at µmountain. ´¹ ³vt ¸1 ¶[VP6A] ´put a @ on (a horse). ¸2 ¶[VP14] ·@ sb
with sth, ´put a heavy responsibility on him; put a burden, etc, on him: ³be @d
with a wife and ten children; @ sb with heavy tasks. ¸sad®dler ²/ÚsadlE(r)/ ³n
´maker of @s and leather goods for horses. ¸sad®dlery ²/ÚsadlErI/ ³n ¶[U]
´goods made by a saddler; ¶[C] ³(pl µ-ries³) ´saddler's business.¼
¨sadhu© ²/Úsqdu/ ³n ´Hindu holy man who leads an ascetic life.¼
¨sa®dism© ²/ÚseIdIzEm/ ³n ¶[C] ¸1 ´getting sexual pleasure from cruelty to
one's partner. ¸2 ´(loosely) (delight in) excessive cruelty. ¸sa®dist ²/-Ist/
³n ´person displaying @. ¸sa®dis®tic ²/sEÚdIstIk/ ³adj ´of @.¼
¨sado®maso®chism© ²/*seIdE8ÚmasEkIzEm/ ³n ¶[U] ´sadism and masochism found or
treated together. ¸*sado-Úmasochist ²/-kIst/ ³n ´person displaying @.¼
¨sa®fari© ²/sEÚfqrI/ ³n ¶[C,U] ´hunting expedition, overland
journey, esp in E and Central Africa: ³on @; return from @´; (by extension)
organized tour (for people on holiday) to game reserves, etc.¼
¨safe©1 ²/seIf/ ³adj µ(-r, -st) ¸1 ·@ (from), ´free from, protected from,
danger: ³@ from attack. ¸2 ´unhurt and undamaged. ·@ and sound, ´secure and
unharmed: ³return @ and sound from a dangerous expedition. ¸3 ´not causing or
likely to cause harm or danger: ³Is 120 kilometres an hour @ on this wide road?
Is your dog @? Are these toys @ for small children? ¸4 ´(of a place, etc)
giving security: ³Keep it in a @ place. Is this beach @ for bathing? Is the
bathing @ here? Is this a @ seat for the Tories´, Is it certain that the Tory
candidate will be elected? ¸5 ´cautious; not taking risks: ³a @ statesman. They
appointed a @ man as Headmaster. ·be on the Ú@ side, ´take more precautions
than may be necessary: ³Although the sun was shining he took his raincoat and
umbrella to be on the @ side. ¸6 ´certain (to do, be, become): ³Mr Hill is @ to
win the seat´, will certainly be elected. ¸7 ´(compounds) ¸*@-Úconduct ³n
´(document giving the) right to visit or pass through a district without the
risk of being arrested or harmed (esp in time of war). ¸Ú@-deposit ´(US =
¸*@-deÚposit´) ³n ´building containing strong-rooms and safes which persons
may rent separately for storing valuables. ¸Ú@®guard ³n ´object, condition,
circumstance, etc that tends to prevent harm, give protection (³against´):
³smear one's skin with sun-tan lotion as a @guard against sun-burn. µ¹ ³vt
¶[VP6A,14] ·@guard (against), ´protect, guard: ³@guard one's house against
burglars, ´eÔg with a burglar-alarm. ¸*@-Úkeeping ³n ¶[U] ´care; custody:
³Leave your jewels in the bank for @-keeping while you are on holiday. ¸@®ly
³adv ¸@®ness ³n´: ³a feeling of @ness.¼
¨safe©2 ²/seIf/ ³n ¸1 ´fireproof and burglar-proof box in which money and
other valuables are kept. ¸2 ´cool, airy cupboard in which food is kept to
protect it from flies, etc: ³a ·Ú³meat-@.¼
¨safety© ²/ÚseIftI/ ³n ¶[U] ¸1 ´being safe; freedom from danger:
³do nothing that might endanger the @ of other people; seek @ in flight; ensure
sb's @; play for @´, avoid taking risks in a game (or fig). ·S@ First, ´motto
used to warn that @ is important. ¸road @, ´@ from traffic dangers. ¸2
´(compounds) ¸Ú@-belt, ´= µseat belt. ¸Ú@-bolt/-catch/-lock, ´device that gives
@ against a possible danger (eÔg to prevent a gun from being fired by accident
or a door being opened without the proper key). ¸Ú@-curtain ³n ´fireproof
curtain that can be lowered between the stage and auditorium of a theatre. ¸Ú@
glass ³n ´glass that does not shatter or splinter. ¸Ú@-lamp ³n ´miner's lamp in
which the flame is protected so as not to ignite dangerous gases. ¸Ú@-match ³n
´one that lights only when rubbed on a special surface (on the side of the
box). ¸Ú@-pin ³n ´one with a guard for the point. ¸Ú@-razor ³n ´razor with a
guard to prevent the blade from cutting the skin. ¸Ú@-valve ³n ¸(a) ´valve
which releases pressure (in a steam boiler, etc) when it becomes too great.
¸(b) ´(fig) way of releasing feelings of anger, excitement, etc harmlessly.
·sit on the @-valve´, follow a policy of repression.¼
¨saf®fron© ²/ÚsafrEn/ ³n ´orange powder obtained from flowers of the autumn
crocus, used as a dye and for flavouring; colour of this (bright
orange-yellow).¼
¨sag© ²/sag/ ³vi µ(-gg-) ¶[VP2A] ¸1 ´sink or curve down in the middle under
weight or pressure: ³a sagging roof. Prices are sagging´, falling. ¸2 ´hang
down unevenly; hang sideways: ³His cheeks are beginning to sag. ¹ n ¶[C]
´(degree of) sagging: ³There is a bad sag in the seat of this chair.¼
¨saga© ²/ÚsqgE/ ³n ¶[C] ¸1 ´mediaeval story of heroic deeds of Icelandic or
Norwegian heroes. ¸2 ´long narrative, eÔg a number of connected books (esp
novels) about a family, social group, etc: ³the Forsyte S@. ¸3 ´(colloq) long
description of an eventful experience: ³the @ of Caroline's trip up the
Amazon.¼
¨sa®gacious© ²/sEÚgeI2Es/ ³adj ´showing good judgement, common
sense or (of animals) intelligence. ¸@®ly ³adv¼
¨sa®gac®ity© ²/sEÚgasEtI/ ³n ¶[U] ´sound judgement; wisdom of a practical
kind: ³S@, unlike cleverness, may increase with age.¼
¨sage©1 ²/seIdZ/ ³n ´wise man; man who is believed to be wise. ³¹ adj ´wise;
having the wisdom of experience; (often ironic) wise-looking. ¸@®ly ³adv¼
¨sage©2 ²/seIdZ/ ³n ¶[U] ´herb with dull greyish-green leaves, used to flavour
food: ³@ and onions´, stuffing used for a goose, duck, etc. ¸*@-Úgreen ³n, adj
´the colour of @ leaves.¼
¨Sag®it®ta®rius© ²/*sadZIÚteErIEs/ ³n ´ninth sign of the zodiac. µ¥ ´the illus
at µzodiac.¼
¨sago© ²/ÚseIgE8/ ³n ¶[U] ´starchy food, in the form of hard, white
grains, from the pith of certain palm-trees ³(·Ú³@ palms).¼
¨sa®hib© ²/sqb ³US: ²sqIb/ ³n ´(Anglo-Indian) sir, gentleman.¼
¨said©1 ²/sed/ ³pt,pp ´of µsay.¼
¨said©2 ²/sed/ ³attrib adj ´(legal) = ³aforesaid, µ¥ afore.¼
¨sail©1 ²/seIl/ ³n ¸1 ¶[C,U] ´sheet of canvas spread to catch the wind and move
a boat or ship forward: ³hoist/lower the @s; in full @´, with all the @s spread
or set. ·under @, ´(moving) with @s spread. ·set @ (from/to/for), ´begin a
voyage. ·take in @, ´reduce the area of sails spread; (fig) become less
ambitious or active. ·take the wind out of sb's @s, µ¥ wind±1µ(1). ¸Ú@-cloth ³n
¶[U] ´canvas for @s. ¸2 ¶[C] ´set of boards attached to the arm of a windmill
to catch the wind. ¸3 ³(pl ´unchanged) ship: ³a fleet of twenty @. There wasn't
a @ in sight. S@ ho! ´(cry announcing that a ship is in sight). ¸4 ´(rarely
³pl´) voyage or excursion on water for pleasure: ³go for a @´; voyage of a
specified duration: ³How many days' @ is it from Hull to Oslo?¼
¨sail©2 ²/seIl/ ³vi,vt ¸1 ¶[VP2A,B,C] ´move forward across the sea,
a lake, etc by using @s or engine-power, move forward (in sport) across ice or
a sandy beach, by means of a sail or sails: ³@ up/along the coast; @ into
harbour; go @ing. ·@ close/near to the wind, ¸(a) ´(naut) sail near to the
direction in which the wind is blowing. ¸(b) ´(fig) nearly, but not quite,
break a law or offend against a moral principle. ¸Ú@®ing-boat/-ship/-vessel, ³n
´boat, etc moved by sails. ¸2 ¶[VP2A,C,3A] ·@ (for/from/to), ´(of a ship or
persons on board) begin a voyage; travel on water by use of sails or engines:
³When does the ship @? He has @ed for New York. Here is a list of @ings ´(=
ships that @, with dates) ³from London. The captain has received his @ing
orders´, instructions concerning the voyage. ¸3 ¶[VP6A] ´voyage across or on:
³@ the sea/the Pacific. ¸4 ¶[VP6A,2A] ´(be able to) control (a boat): ³He @s
his own yacht. Do you @? ¸Ú@ing-master ³n ´officer who navigates a yacht. ¸5
¶[VP2C] ´move smoothly like a ship with sails: ³The moon/clouds @ed across the
sky. The duchess @ed into the room´, entered in a stately manner. ¸6 ·@ in,
´begin sth with energy and confidence. ·@ into sb, ´scold; attack.¼
¨sailor© ²/ÚseIlE(r)/ ³n ¸1 ´seaman; member of a ship's crew. ¸Ú@
hat/blouse/suit, ´hat, etc eÔg to be worn by a child, made in imitation of the
kind worn by a @. ¸2 good/bad @´, person seldom/often seasick in rough
weather.¼
¨saint© ²/seInt´; ³GB weak form immediately before names: ²snt/ ³n ¸1 ´holy
person. ¸2 ´person who, having died, is among the blessed in Heaven. ¸3 ´(abbr
¸St´) person who has been declared by the Church to have won by holy living on
earth a place in Heaven and veneration on earth. ¸4 ´unselfish or patient
person. ¸5 Ú@'s-day ³n ´Church festival in memory of a @. ¸St ÚAndrew's Day,
´30th November (patron @ of Scotland). ¸St ÚDavid's Day, ´1st March (patron @
of Wales). ¸St ÚGeorge's Day, ´23rd April (patron @ of England). ¸St ÚPatrick's
Day, ´17th March (patron @ of Ireland). ¸St ÚValentine's Day, µ¥ Valentine. ¸6
St Bernard ²/snt Úb3nEd ³US: ²*seInt bErÚnqrd/ ³n ´large, powerful breed of
dog, originally bred by monks in the Swiss Alps, trained to rescue travellers
lost in snowstorms. ¸St *Vitus's ²/*vqItEsIz/ ¸Údance ³n ´nervous disorder with
convulsive, involuntary movements. ¸@ed ³adj ´declared to be, regarded as, a @.
¸Ú@®hood ²/-h8d/ ³n ¶[U]. ¸@®like, ¸@®ly ³adjj ´very holy or good; like a @; of
a @: ³a @ly expression on his face. ¸@®li®ness ³n ¶[U] ´holiness of life;
condition of being @ly.¼
¨saith© ²/seT/ ³pres t ´old form of ³says, µ¥ say.¼
¨sake© ²/seIk/ ³n ·for the @ of sb/sth; for sb's/sth's @, ´for the welfare or
benefit of; because of an interest in or desire for: ³do sth for the @ of one's
family. I'll help you for your sister's @´, because I want to save your sister
trouble, help her, etc. ³We must be patient for the @ of peace. He argues for
the @ of arguing´, only because he likes arguing. ·for
God's/goodness'/pity's/mercy's, etc @, ´used to make an imperative request
emphatic.¼
¨sak_e© ²/ÚsqkI/ ³n ¶[U] ´Japanese fermented liquor made from rice.¼
¨sa®laam© ²/sEÚlqm/ ³n ¸1 ¶[C] ´Muslim greeting (from an Arabic word) meaning
"Peace'. ¸2 ¶[C] ´low bow. ³¹ vi ´make a low bow (to sb).¼
¨sal®able©, sale®able ²/ÚseIlEbl/ ³adj ´fit for sale; likely to find buyers.¼
¨sa®lacious© ²/sEÚleI2Es/ ³adj ´(of speech, books, pictures, etc) obscene;
indecent; likely to arouse sexual excitement. ¸@®ly ³adv ¸@®ness ³n ¸sa®lac®ity
²/sEÚlasEtI/ ³n¼
¨salad© ²/ÚsalEd/ ³n ¸1 ¶[C,U] ´(cold dish of) sliced (and usu uncooked)
vegetables such as lettuce, endive, cucumber, tomatoes, seasoned with oil,
vinegar, etc eaten with, or including, cheese, cold meat, fish, etc:
³prepare/mix a @; a chicken/lobster @; cold beef and @. ¸Ú@-days ³n pl ´period
of inexperienced youth. ¸Ú@-dressing ³n ´mixture of oil, vinegar, herbs, etc
used with @. ¸Ú@-oil ³n ´oil used for @-dressing. ¸2 fruit @, ´mixture of
fruits, sliced or cut up, eaten cold. ¸3 ¶[U] ´lettuce, endive or other green
vegetable suitable for eating raw.¼
¨sala®man®der© ²/ÚsalEmandE(r)/ ³n ´lizard-like animal once supposed to be
capable of living in fire.¼
¨sa®lami© ²/sEÚlqmI/ ³n ¶[U] ´Italian sausage salted and flavoured
with garlic.¼
¨sal®ary© ²/ÚsalErI/ ³n ¶[C] ³(pl µ-ries³) ´(usu monthly) payment for regular
employment on a yearly basis: ³a @ of $2Ô000 per annum. ´Cf ³a weekly wage.
¸sal®ar®ied ³adj ´receiving a @; (of employment) paid for by means of a @; ³the
salaried classes; salaried posts.¼
¨sale© ²/seIl/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´exchange of goods or property for money; act of
selling sth: ³The @ of his old home made him sad. ·(up) for @, ´intended to be
sold (usu by or on behalf of the owners): ³Is the house for @? I shall put
these goods up for @´, announce that they may be bought. ·on @, ´(of goods in
shops, etc) offered for purchase. ·on @ or return, ´(of goods sent to a
retailer) either to be sold or, if unsold or unsatisfactory, to be returned.
¸*bill of Ú@, ´(comm) document which transfers the titleµ(3) ´of personal
chattels, etc to another person although the goods remain with the person
making the transfer (used as a method of borrowing money). ¸2 ¶[C] ´instance of
selling sth: ³I haven't made a @ all week. He finds a ready @ for the
strawberries he grows. His strawberries find a ready @´, are quickly sold. ³S@s
are up/down this month´, more/fewer goods have been sold. ¸Ú@s clerk, ´(US)
shop assistant. ¸Ú@s department, ´that part of a business company that is
concerned with selling goods (contrasted with manufacture, dispatch, etc). ¸Ú@s
resistance, ´reluctance of the public to buy goods. ¸Ú@s talk, ´(colloq ¸Ú@s
chat´), talk (to a prospective customer) to boost the @s of goods. ¸Ú@s tax,
´tax payable on the sum received for articles sold by retail. ¸3 ¶[C] ´the
offering of goods at low prices for a period (to get rid of old stock, etc):
³the winter/summer @s; buy goods at the @s; ·Ú³@ price´, low price at a @. ¸4
¶[C] ´occasion when goods, property, etc are put up for @ by auction: ³get
bargains by attending @s. ¸Ú@®room, ´room where goods, etc are sold by public
auction. ¸5 @ of work, ´@ of articles (eÔg clothing) made by members of a
church, etc for charity. µ¥ jumble. ¸Ú@s®man ²/-mEn/, ¸Ú@s®woman ²/-w8mEn/ ³nn
´person selling goods in a shop or (on behalf of wholesalers) to shopkeepers.
¸Ú@s®man®ship ²/-mEn2Ip/ ³n ¶[U] ´skill in selling goods. ¸@®able ²/-Ebl/ ³adj
´= µsalable.¼
¨sa®li®ent© ²/ÚseIlIEnt/ ³adj ¸1 ´outstanding; prominent; easily
noticed; ³the @ points of a speech. Honesty is his most @ characteristic. ¸2
´(of an angle) pointing outwards. ³¹ n ´@ angle; forward wedge driven into the
enemy's battle front.¼
¨sa®line© ²/ÚseIlñIn ³US: ²-lin/ ³adj ´containing salt; salty: ³a @ solution,
´eÔg as used for gargling; ³@ springs. ¹ n ¸1 ¶[U] ´solution of salt and water.
¸2 ¶[C] ´@ lake, marsh, well, spring, etc. ¸sa®lin®ity ²/sEÚlInEtI/ ³n ¶[U]
´quality of being @.¼
¨sal®iva© ²/sEÚlñIvE/ ³n ¶[U] ´the natural liquid present in the mouth;
spittle. ¸sali®vary ²/ÚsalIvErI ³US: ²-verI/ ³adj ´of or producing @: ³the
·Ú³@ry glands. µ¥ ´the illus at µalimentary. ¸sali®vate ²/ÚsalIveIt/ ³vi
´secrete too much @.¼
¨sal®low© ²/ÚsalE8/ ³adj µ(-er, -est) ´(of the human skin or complexion) of an
unhealthy yellow colour. ³¹ vt,vi ´make or become @: ³a face @ed by years of
residence in the tropics.¼
¨sally© ²/ÚsalI/ ³n (pl µ-lies³) ¶[C] ¸1 ´sudden breaking out by soldiers who
are surrounded by the enemy: ³make a successful @. ¸2 ´lively, witty remark,
esp one that is a good-humoured attack on sb or sth. ³¹ vi ¶[VP2A,C] ¸1 ´make
a @µ(1)´: ³@ out against the besiegers. ¸2 ·@ out/forth, ´go out on a journey
or for a walk.¼
¨salmon© ²/ÚsamEn/ ³n ¶[C] ³(pl ´unchanged) large fish, valued for food and the
sport of catching it with rod and line; ¶[U] ´its flesh as food; the colour of
its flesh, orange-pink. ¸@ trout, ´(kinds of) fish like @, esp (kinds of)
trout.¼
¨salon© ²/Úsalon ³US: ²ÚsEÚlqn/ ³n ¸1 ´assembly, as a regular
event, of notable persons at the house of a lady of fashion (esp in Paris);
reception room used for this purpose. ¸2 the S@, ´annual exhibition of pictures
by living artists in a French town. ¸3 ´establishment offering services
connected with fashion, etc: ³a ·Ú³beauty-@.¼
¨sa®loon© ²/sEÚlun/ ³n ¸1 ´room for social use in a ship, hotel, etc: ³the
ship's ·Ú³dining-@. ¸Ú@ bar, ´most comfortable bar in a public house or inn. µ¥
³public bar ´at µpublic. ¸2 ´public room or rooms for a specified purpose: ³a
·Ú³billiards/·Ú³hairdressing @. ¸3 ´(US) place where alcoholic drinks may be
bought and drunk (GB = ³pub´); bar. ¸4 (Ú@)-car, ´(GB) motor-car with wholly
enclosed seating space for 4Å7 passengers (US = ³sedan).¼
¨sal®sify© ²/ÚsalsIfñI/ ³n ¶[U] ´(plant with a) long, fleshy root cooked as a
vegetable.¼
¨salt© ²/sclt/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´(often ³common @´) white substance obtained from
mines, present in sea-water and obtained from it by evaporation, used to
flavour and preserve food; sodium chloride (¸NaCl´): ³too much @ in the soup;
·Ú³table @´, powdered for convenient use at table. ·not/hardly worth one's @,
´not deserving one's pay. ·take (a statement, etc) with a grain/pinch of @,
´feel some doubt whether it is altogether true. ·the @ of the earth, ´the
finest citizens; persons with very high qualities. ¸2 ´(chem) chemical compound
of a metal and an acid. ¸3 a @, an old @´, an experienced sailor. ¸4 ³(pl)
´medicine used to empty the bowels: ³take a dose of (Epsom) @s. ·like a dose of
@s, ´(sl) very fast. µ¥ ´also ³smelling-@s ´at µsmell±2µ(4). ¸5 ´(fig) sth that
gives flavour or zest: ³Adventure is the @ of life to some men. ¸6 ´(compounds)
¸Ú@-cellar ³n ´small open container for @ at table. ¸Ú@-lick ³n ´place where
animals come to lick earth with @ in it. ¸Ú@-pan ³n ´depression (natural or
artificial) near the sea where @ is obtained by evaporation of sea-water.
¸*@-Úwater, ´of the sea: ³@-water fish. ¸Ú@-works ³n pl ´place where @ is
manufactured (eÔg from brine pumped up from a mine). ³¹ vt ¶[VP6A] ´put @ on or
in (food) to season it; ¶[VP6A,15B] ·@ sth (down), ´preserve (food) with @: ³@
(down) cod; @ed meat. ·@ sth away, ´(colloq) put money away for the future:
³He's got quite a bit @ed away. ¹ adj ¸1 ´containing, tasting of, preserved
with, @: ³@ beef; @ water. ¸2 ´(of land) impregnated with @: ³@ marshes; the
·Ú³@ flats of Utah. ¸@y ³adj µ(-ier, -iest) ´containing, tasting of, @.
¸@i®ness ³n¼
¨salt®petre© ´(US = ¸-pe®ter´) ²/scltÚpitE(r)/ ³n ´salty white powder
(potassium nitrate, nitre) used in making gunpowder, for preserving food and as
medicine.¼
¨sa®lu®bri®ous© ²/sEÚlubrIEs/ ³adj ´(esp of climate) health-giving:
³the @ mountain air of Switzerland. ¸sa®lu®brity ²/sEÚlubrEtI/ ³n¼
¨salu®tary© ²/Úsalj8trI ³US: ²-terI/ ³adj ´having a good effect (on body or
mind): ³@ exercise/advice.¼
¨salu®ta®tion© ²/*saljuÚteI2n/ ³n ¶[C,U] ´(act or expression of) greeting or
goodwill (eÔg a bow or a kiss): ³He raised his hat in @´; (in a letter, etc)
introductory phrase, eÔg ³Dear Sir.¼
¨sa®lute© ²/sEÚlut/ ³n ¸1 ´sth done to welcome sb or to show respect or honour,
esp (eÔg in the armed forces) the raising of the hand to the forehead, the
firing of guns, the lowering and raising of a flag: ³give a @; fire a @ of ten
guns; stand at the @´, stand with the right hand raised to the forehead. ·take
the @, ´acknowledge the @s of a body of soldiers who march past and give @s. ¸2
´friendly greeting such as a bow, raising of the hat (by a man). ³¹ vt,vi
¶[VP6A,2A] ´greet; give a @ (to): ³The soldier @d smartly.¼
¨sal®vage© ²/ÚsalvIdZ/ ³n ¶[U] ¸1 ´the saving of property from loss
(by fire or other disaster, eÔg a wrecked ship): ³a ·Ú³@ company´, one whose
business is to bring wrecked ships to port, raise valuables from a ship that
has sunk, etc; ³a ·Ú³@ tug´, for towing a disabled ship to port. ¸2 ´property
so saved. ¸3 ´payment given to those who save property. ¸4 ´(saving of) waste
material that can be used again after being processed: ³collect old newspapers
and magazines for @. ¹ vt ¶[VP6A] ´save from loss, fire, wreck, etc.¼
¨sal®va®tion© ²/salÚveI2n/ ³n ¶[U] ¸1 ´the act of saving, the state of having
been saved, from sin and its consequences. ¸*S@ ÚArmy, ´religious and
missionary Christian organization on a semi-military model. ¸2 ´that which
saves sb from loss, disaster, etc: ³Government loans have been the @ of several
shaky business companies. ·work out one's own @, ´find, by one's own efforts,
how to save oneself.¼
¨salve©1 ²/salv ³US: ²sav/ ³n ¸1 ¶[C,U] ´(kinds of) oily medicinal substance
used on wounds, sores or burns: ·Ú³lip-@. ¸2 ´(fig) sth that comforts wounded
feelings or soothes an uneasy conscience. ³¹ vt ¶[VP6A] ´soothe; put a @ on;
be a @ to: ³@ one's conscience by giving stolen money to charity.¼
¨salve©2 ²/salv/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´salvage.¼
¨sal®ver© ²/ÚsalvE(r)/ ³n ´metal household tray.¼
¨sal®via© ²/ÚsalvIE/ ³n ´garden plant with bright red flowers.¼
¨salvo© ²/ÚsalvE8/ ³n (pl µ@s, @es ²/-vE8z/³) ¸1 ´the firing of a number of
guns together as a salute. ¸2 ´round of applause.¼
¨sal vol®atile© ²/*sal vEÚlatElI/ ³n ¶[U] ´solution of ammonium carbonate
(smelling salts) used medically when a person feels faint or becomes
unconscious.¼
¨Sa®mari®tan© ²/sEÚmarItEn/ ³n ¸Good @, ´person who pities and
gives practical help to persons in trouble. µ¥ Luke 10: 33.¼
¨samba© ²/ÚsambE/ ³n ´(music for a) ballroom dance that originated in Brazil.¼
¨same© ²/seIm/ ³adj, pron ´(always ¸the @´, except as noted in µ6 ´below) ¸1
´not different; unchanged: ³He is the @ age as his wife. We have lived in the @
house for fifty years. We are all going the @ way. ¸2 ·the @«
that; the @« as´: ³She uses the @ scent that you do/the @ scent as you. µ¥
as±2µ(13). ¸3 ´(with a relative clause introduced by ³that, where, who´, etc.
³As ´replaces ³that ´if the ³v ´is omitted): ³Put the book back in the @ place
where you found it. Our eggs are sold the @ day that/as they come in. The price
is the @ as last year. Are these the @ people (whom) we saw here last week? ¸4
´(as ³pron´) the same thing: ³We must all say the @. I would do the @ again.
·be all/just the @ to, ´make no difference to; be a matter of indifference to:
³You can do it now or leave it till later; it's all the @ to me. ¸5 ´(in
phrases) ·come/amount to the @ thing, ´have the @ result, meaning, etc: ³You
may pay in cash or cheque; it comes to the @ thing. ·the very @, ´(emph):
³You've made the very @ mistake again! ·one and the @, ´absolutely the @: ³Dr
Jekyll and Mr Hyde were one and the @ person. ·at the @ time, ¸(a) ´together:
³Don't all speak at the @ time. She was laughing and crying at the @ time. ¸(b)
´(introducing a fact, etc that is to be borne in mind) yet; still;
nevertheless: ³At the @ time you must not forget that«. ¸6 ´(with ³this, that,
these, those´) already thought of, mentioned or referred to: ³I stayed at home
on Monday, and on that @ day, the office was wrecked by a bomb. ¸7 ´(as ³pron´,
often without the ³def art; ´comm use only): ³To dry-cleaning suit, $3; to
repairing @, $2. ¹ adv ´in the @ way: ³Old people do not feel the @ about these
things as the younger generation. ·all the @, ´nevertheless: ³He's not very
reliable, but I like him all the @. ¸@®ness ³n ¶[U] ´the condition of being the
@, of being uninteresting through lack of variety.¼
¨samo®var© ²/ÚsamEvq(r)/ ³n ´metal urn with an interior tube, used in Russia
for boiling water for tea.¼
¨sam®pan© ²/Úsampan/ ³n ´small, flat-bottomed boat used along the coasts and
rivers of China.¼
¨sample© ²/Úsqmpl ³US: ²Úsampl/ ³n ¶[C] ´specimen; one of a number,
part of a whole, taken to show what the rest is like (esp as offered by a
dealer in goods sold by weight or measure). ·up to @, ´(comm) (of goods) equal
in quality to the @ offered. ¹ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´take a @ or @s of; test a part of:
³spend an hour at the wine-shop, sampling ´(= making a random sampling of) ³the
wines.¼
¨sam®pler© ²/ÚsqmplE(r) ³US: ²Úsam-/ ³n ´piece of cloth embroidered
to show skill in needlework, often displayed on a wall.¼
¨sam®urai© ²/Úsam8rñI/ ³n ¸1 the @, ´the military caste in feudal Japan. ¸2
´member of this caste.¼
¨sana®tor®ium© ²/*sanEÚtcrIEm/ ´(US also ¸sana®tar®ium ²/*sanEÚteErIEm/´) ³n
´establishment for the treatment of invalid or convalescent people.¼
¨sanc®tify© ²/ÚsaGktIfñI/ ³vt (pt,pp µ-fied³) ¶[VP6A] ´make holy; set apart as
sacred. ¸sanc®ti®fi®ca®tion ²/*saGktIfIÚkeI2n/ ³n¼
¨sanc®ti®moni®ous© ²/*saGktIÚmE8nIEs/ ³adj ´making a show of being devout.
¸@®ly ³adv¼
¨sanc®tion© ²/ÚsaGk2n/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´right or permission given by authority to do
sth: ³a book that was translated without the @ of the author and publisher. ¸2
¶[U] ´approval, encouragement (of behaviour, etc), by general custom or
tradition. ¸3 ¶[C] ´penalty intended to maintain or restore respect for law or
authority, esp as adopted by several States together against a country
violating international law: ³apply arms/economic @s against an aggressor
country. ¸4 ¶[C] ´reason for obeying a rule, etc: ³The best moral @ is that of
conscience; the worst @ is the fear of punishment. ¹ vt ¶[VP6A] ´give a @ to;
agree to: ³Would you @ flogging as a punishment for crimes of violence?¼
¨sanc®tity© ²/ÚsaGktEtI/ ³n (pl µ-ties³) ¸1 ¶[U] ´holiness; sacredness;
saintliness: ³violate the @ of an oath. ¸2 ³(pl) ´sacred obligations, feelings,
etc: ³the sanctities of the home.¼
¨sanc®tu®ary© ²/ÚsaGkt28ErI ³US: ²-8erI/ ³n (pl µ-ries³) ¸1 ´holy or sacred
place, esp a church, temple or mosque. ¸2 ´chancel of a church. ¸3 ´sacred
place (eÔg the altar of a church) where, in former times, a person running away
from the law or his creditors was secure, by Church law, against arrest or
violence. ¸4 ¶[U] ´(right of offering) freedom from arrest: ³to seek/take/be
offered @. ¸5 ´place of refuge: ³Great Britain has always been a @ of political
refugees from many parts of the world. ¸6 ´area where by law it is forbidden to
kill birds, rob their nests, etc to shoot animals, etc: ³a ·Ú³bird-@.¼
¨sanc®tum© ²/ÚsaGktEm/ ³n ¸1 ´holy place. ¸2 ´(colloq) person's
private room or study.¼
¨sand© ²/sand/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´(mass of) finely crushed rock as seen on the
seashore, in river-beds, deserts, etc: ³mix @ and cement to make concrete. ¸2
´(often ³pl´) expanse of @ (on the seashore or a desert): ³children playing on
the @(s). ¸3 ³(pl) ·The @s are running out, ´(with reference to the @ running
through an hour-glass, etc) There is not much time left; time is passing. ¸4
´(compounds) ¸Ú@®bag ³n ´bag filled with @ used as a defence (in war, against
rising flood-water, etc). ¸Ú@®bank ³n ´bank or shoal of @ in a river or the
sea. ¸Ú@-bar ³n ´bank of @ at the mouth of a river or harbour. ¸Ú@-blast ³vt
¶[VP6A] ´send a jet of @ against sth, eÔg stonework, to clean it, or against
metal or glass to cut or make a design on it. ¸Ú@®boy ³n ´(now used only in)
·as happy as a @boy, ´very happy. ¸Ú@ dune ³n ´mound of @, formed by the wind.
¸Ú@-fly ³n (pl µ-flies³) ´kind of midge common on seashores. ¸Ú@-glass ³n
´glass with two connected bulbs containing enough @ to take a definite time,
eÔg five minutes, one hour, in passing from one bulb to the other. ¸Ú@®paper ³n
¶[U] ´strong paper with @ glued to it, used for rubbing rough surfaces smooth.
µ¹ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´make smooth with @paper. ¸Ú@®piper ³n ´small bird living in
wet, sandy places near streams. µ¥ ´the illus at µwater. ¸Ú@-pit ³n ´unroofed
enclosure filled with @, for children to play in. ¸Ú@-shoes ³n pl ´canvas shoes
with rubber or hemp soles for wearing on sandy sea-shores. ¸Ú@®stone ³n ´rock
formed of compressed @. ¸Ú@-storm ³n ´storm in a sandy desert with clouds of @
raised by the wind. ¹ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´cover, sprinkle or scrub with @. ¸sandy ³adj
µ(-ier, -iest) ¸1 ´covered with or consisting of @: ³a @y bottom´, eÔg of part
of the sea. ¸2 ´(of hair, etc) yellowish-red. µ¹ ³n ´(colloq) nickname given to
a person with yellowish-red hair. ¸@i®ness ³n¼
¨san®dal© ²/Úsandl/ ³n ´kind of open shoe made of a sole and heel
with straps to hold it on the foot. ¸@®led ²/Úsandld/ ³adj ´wearing @s.¼
¨san®dal®wood© ²/Úsandlw8d/ ³n ¶[U] ´hard, sweet-smelling wood used for making
fans, caskets, etc.¼
¨sand®wich© ²/ÚsanwIdZ ³US: ²-wIt2/ ³n ¶[C] ´two slices of buttered bread with
meat, etc between: ³ham/chicken/cheese, etc @es. ¸Ú@®man ²/-man/ ³n (pl µ-men³)
´man who walks about the streets with two advertisement boards, one hanging
over his chest and the other over his back. ¸Ú@-board ³n ´one of such boards.
¸Ú@ course, ´course of training with alternating periods of theoretical and
practical study. ¹ ³vt ¶[VP6A,14] ·@ (between), ´put (one thing or person)
between two others, esp when there is little space: ³I was @ed between two very
fat men on the bus.¼
¨sane© ²/seIn/ ³adj µ(-r, -st) ¸1 ´healthy in mind; not mad. ¸2
´sensible; balanced: ³a @ policy; @ views/judgement. ¸@®ly ³adv¼
¨sang© ²/saG/ ³pt ´of µsing.¼
¨sang froid© ²/*sqG Úfrwq/ ³n ¶[U] ´(F) calmness in face of danger or in an
emergency; composure.¼
¨san®gui®nary© ²/ÚsaGgwInErI ³US: ²-nerI/ ³adj ´(formal, old use) ¸1 ´with much
bloodshed: ³a @ battle. ¸2 ´fond of bloodshed; delighting in cruel acts: ³a @
ruler. ¸3 ³@ language´, full of swear-words (because "bloody' is a common
swear-word).¼
¨san®guine© ²/ÚsaGqwIn/ ³adj ´(formal) ¸1 ´hopeful; optimistic: ³@ of success;
@ that we shall succeed. ¸2 ´having a red complexion.¼
¨sani®tarium© ²/*sanIÚteErIEm/ ³n ´(US) sanatorium; health resort.¼
¨sani®tary© ²/ÚsanItrI ³US: ²-terI/ ³adj ¸1 ´clean; free from dirt which might
cause disease: ³poor @ conditions in a camp. ¸2 ´of, concerned with, the
protection of health: ³a ·Ú³@ inspector´, official whose duty it is to see that
regulations for the protection of health are obeyed. ¸Ú@ towel/napkin´,
absorbent pad used during menstruation.¼
¨sani®ta®tion© ²/*sanIÚteI2n/ ³n ¶[U] ´arrangements to protect public health,
esp for the efficient disposal of sewage.¼
¨san®ity© ²/ÚsanEtI/ ³n ¶[U] ¸1 ´health of mind. ¸2 ´soundness of judgement.¼
¨sank© ²/saGk/ ³pt ´of µsink±2µ.¼
¨sans© ²/sanz/ ³prep ´(colloq) without: ³S@ teeth, @ eyes, @ taste, @
everything.¼
¨San®skrit© ²/ÚsanskrIt/ ³n ´the ancient language of India; the literary
language of Hinduism.¼
¨Santa Claus© ²/ÚsantE klcz/ ³n ´(also ³Father Christmas´) person who, small
children are told, puts toys in their stockings by night at Christmas.¼
¨sap©1 ²/sap/ ³vt µ(-pp-) ¶[VP6A] ´weaken; drain away the life and strength of:
³sapped by disease/an unhealthy climate.¼
¨sap©2 ²/sap/ ³n ¶[C] ´tunnel or covered trench made to get nearer to the enemy
(eÔg in a military strong-point or, formerly, a beseiged town). ¸Úsap-head ³n
´end ´of a sap nearest to the enemy. ¹ ³vt,vi µ(-pp-) ¶[VP6A,2A] ´make a sap or
saps; weaken (a wall, etc) by digging under it; (fig) destroy or weaken (sb's
faith, confidence, etc). ¸sap®per ³n ´soldier engaged in making saps or (mod
use) in engineering, eÔg road and bridge building.¼
¨sap©3 ²/sap/ ³n ´(dated sl) silly person.¼
¨sap©4 ²/sap/ ³n ¶[U] ¸1 ´liquid in a plant, carrying food to all its parts:
³The sap is beginning to rise in the maple-trees. ¸sap®wood ²/Úsapw8d/ ³n
´soft, outer layers of wood. ¸2 ´(fig) (anything that provides) vigour or
energy. ¸sap®less ³adj ´without sap; dry; lacking vigour. ¸sap®ling ²/ÚsaplIG/
³n ´young tree; (fig) young person. ¸sappy ³adj µ(-ier, -iest) ´full of sap;
young and vigorous.¼
¨sa®pi®ent© ²/ÚseIpIEnt/ ³adj ´(liter) wise. ¸@®ly ³adv ¸sa®pi®ence ²/-Ens/ ³n
´(often ironic) wisdom.¼
¨Sap®phic© ²/ÚsafIk/ ³adj ´of the Greek lesbian poetess Sappho. ¸@
verse/stanza/ode, ´(prosody) with three lines that rhyme and one short line.¼
¨sap®phire© ²/ÚsafñIE(r)/ ³n ¸1 ¶[C] ´clear, bright blue jewel. ¸2 ¶[U] ´bright
blue colour.¼
¨sara®band© ²/ÚsarEband/ ³n ¶[C] ´(piece of music for a) stately old Spanish
dance.¼
¨Sara®cen© ²/ÚsarEsn/ ³n ´(name used by later Greeks and Romans for) Arab or
Muslim of the time of the Crusades.¼
¨sar®casm© ²/ÚsqkazEm/ ³n ¶[U] ´(use of) bitter remarks intended to
wound the feelings; ¶[C] ´such a remark; taunt that is ironically worded.
¸sar®cas®tic ²/sqÚkastIk/ ³adj ´of, using, @. ¸sar®cas®ti®cally ²/-klI/ ³adv¼
¨sar®copha®gus© ²/sqÚkofEgEs/ ³n (pl µ-gi ²/-gñI/, µ@es ²/-gEsIz/³) ´stone
coffin (esp as used in ancient times). µ¥ ´the illus at µmummy.¼
¨sar®dine© ²/sqÚdin/ ³n ´small fish (a young pilchard), usu preserved and
tinned in oil or tomato sauce. ·packed like @s, ´closely crowded together.¼
¨sar®donic© ²/sqÚdonIk/ ³adj ´mocking; scornful: ³a @
smile/laugh/expression. ¸sar®doni®cally ²/-klI/ ³adv¼
¨sari© ²/ÚsqrI/ ³n (pl µ@s³) ´length of cotton or silk cloth draped round the
body, worn by Hindu women.¼
¨sa®rong© ²/sEÚroG ³US: ²-ÚrcG/ ³n ´long strip of cotton or silk material worn
as a skirt round the middle of the body, tucked round the waist, the national
garment of Malays and Indonesians (men and women).¼
¨sar®sa®pa®rilla© ²/*sqspEÚrIlE/ ³n ¶[U] ´(tonic drink made from the roots of
a) tropical American plant.¼
¨sar®tor®ial© ²/sqÚtcrIEl/ ³adj ´concerned with (the making of) clothes: ³@
elegance.¼
¨sash©1 ²/sa2/ ³n ¶[C] ´long strip of cloth worn round the waist or over one
shoulder for ornament or as part of a uniform.¼
¨sash©2 ²/sa2/ ³n ¸@ window, ´one that slides up and down (instead of opening
outwards like a casement). µ¥ ´the illus at µwindow. ¸Ú@-cord/-line ³n ´strong
cord (with a weight at one end) running over a pulley to keep the window
balanced in any desired position.¼
¨Sas®sen®ach© ²/ÚsasEnak/ ³n ´(derog or hum) (name used by the Scots for an)
English person.¼
¨sat© ²/sat/ ³pt,pp ´of µsit.¼
¨Satan© ²/ÚseItn/ ³n ´the Evil One, the Devil. ¸@ic ²/sEÚtanIk ³US: ²seI-/ ³adj
¸1 ´of @: ³His @ic Majesty´, (hum) Satan. ¸2 ´(small ¸s´) wicked; evil.¼
¨satchel© ²/Úsat2l/ ³n ´small bag for carrying light articles, esp school
books.¼
¨sate© ²/seIt/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´= µsatiate.¼
¨sa®teen© ²/sEÚtin/ ³n ¶[U] ´shiny cotton fabric woven like satin.¼
¨sat®el®lite© ²/ÚsatElñIt/ ³n ¸1 ´comparatively small body moving in orbit
round a planet; moon; artificial object, eÔg a spacecraft, put in orbit round a
celestial body: ³com·*³muni·Ú³cations @´, for relaying back to the earth
telephone messages, radio and TÔV signals. ¸2 ´(fig, often attrib) person,
state, depending upon and taking the lead from another. ¸Ú@ town, ´one built to
take the excess population of another.¼
¨sati®able© ²/ÚseI2Ebl/ ³adj ´(formal) that can be fully satisfied.¼
¨sati®ate© ²/ÚseI2IeIt/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´(formal) satisfy fully; cloy; weary
(oneself) with too much: ³be @d with food/pleasure.¼
¨sat®iety© ²/sEÚtñIEtI/ ³n ¶[U] ´(formal) condition or feeling of being
satiated: ³indulge in pleasure to/the point of @.¼
¨satin© ²/ÚsatIn ³US: ²Úsatn/ ³n ¶[U] ´silk material smooth and
shiny on one side: (attrib) ³@ dresses/ribbons. ¹ adj ´smooth like @.¼
¨sat®in®wood© ²/ÚsatInw8d ³US: ²Úsatn-/ ³n ¶[U] ´smooth, hard wood of a
tropical tree, much used for furniture.¼
¨sat®ire© ²/ÚsatñIE(r)/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´form of writing holding up a person or
society to ridicule, or showing the foolishness or wickedness of an idea,
customs, etc. ¸2 ¶[C] ´piece of writing that does this; sth that exposes false
pretensions: ³Are our lives sometimes a @ upon our religious beliefs?
¸sa®tiri®cal ²/sEÚtIrIkl/ ³adj ´containing, fond of using, @; mocking.
¸sa®tiri®cally ²/-klI/ ³adv ¸sat®ir®ist ²/ÚsatErIst/ ³n ´person who writes @s.
¸sat®ir®ize ²/ÚsatErñIz/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´attack with @(s); describe satirically.¼
¨sat®is®fac®tion© ²/*satIsÚfak2n/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´the state of being satisfied,
pleased or contented; act of satisfying: ³feel @ at having one's ability
recognized; have the @ of being successful in life; pass an examination to
one's own @ and to the @ of one's friends: the @ of one's
hopes/desires/ambitions. ¸2 ´(with ³indef art´, but rarely ³pl) ´sth that
satisfies: ³Your success will be a great @ to your parents. It is a @ to know
that he is well again. ¸3 ¶[U] ´(opportunity of getting) revenge or
compensation for an injury or insult: ³give sb/demand/obtain @. The angry man
demanded @ but the other refused it´, would neither apologize nor fight.¼
¨sat®is®fac®tory© ²/*satIsÚfaktErI/ ³adj ´giving pleasure or satisfaction;
satisfying a need or desire; good enough for a purpose: ³The result of the
experiment was @. We want @ reasons for your failure to help.
¸sat®is®fac®tor®ily ²/-tErElI/ ³adv ´in a @ manner: ³The patient is getting on
satisfactorily.¼
¨sat®isfy© ²/ÚsatIsfñI/ ³vt,vi (pt,pp µ-fied³) ¸1 ¶[VP6A,2A] ´make contented;
give (sb) what he wants or needs: ³Nothing satisfies him; he's always
complaining. Riches do not always @. ·@ the examiners, ´just reach the lowest
standard needed for passing an examination. ¸2 ¶[VP6A,2A] ´be enough for (one's
needs); be equal to (what one hopes for or desires): ³@ one's hunger. ¸3
¶[VP6A,11,14] ·@ sb (that«/of sth), ´convince; make free from doubt: ³He
satisfied me that he could do the work well. Have you satisfied yourself of the
truth of the report? ¸@®ing ³adj ´giving satisfaction: ³a @ing meal. ¸@®ing®ly
³adv¼
¨sa®trap© ²/Úsatrap ³US: ²ÚseItrap/ ³n ´governor of a province in
the ancient Persian empire.¼
¨sat®suma© ²/*satÚsumE/ ³n ´tangerine.¼
¨satu®rate© ²/Úsat2EreIt/ ³vt ¶[VP6A,14] ·@ (with/in), ¸1 ´make thoroughly wet;
soak with moisture; cause to take in as much as possible of sth: ³We were
caught in the rain and came home @d. They lay on the beach and were @d with
sunshine. He is @d with Greek history. ¸2 ´be unable to take any more: ³The
market for used cars is @d. ¸3 ´(chem) cause (one substance) to absorb the
greatest possible amount of another: ³a @d solution of salt. ¸satu®ra®tion
²/*sat2EÚreI2n/ ³n ¶[U] ´state of being @d. ¸saturation bombing, ´bombing so
that everything in the target area is totally destroyed. ¸*satuÚration point,
´(chem) the stage at which, if more of one substance is added to another, they
will not unite completely: ³The saturation point of a hot liquid is higher than
that of a cold one´, eÔg more sugar can be dissolved in hot tea than in cold
tea; (fig) stage at which no more can be absorbed or accepted.¼
¨Sat®ur®day© ²/ÚsatEdI/ ³n ´the seventh and last day of the week.¼
¨Sat®urn© ²/ÚsatEn/ ³n ¸1 ´(astron) large planet encircled by rings. µ¥ ´the
illus at µplanet. ¸2 ´(myth) ancient Roman god of agriculture.¼
¨sat®ur®na®lia© ²/*satEÚneIlIE/ ³n ¸1 ³pl ¸S@, ´yearly festival of the god
Saturn, held in ancient Rome in December, a time of wild merry-making. ¸2 ¶[C]
´time of wild revelry or disorder.¼
¨sat®ur®nine© ²/ÚsatEnñIn/ ³adj ´(liter) gloomy.¼
¨satyr© ²/ÚsatE(r)/ ³n ¸1 ´(Gk and Roman myth) god of the woods, half man and
half animal. ¸2 ´man with uncontrolled sexual desires. ¸sa®tyric ²/sEÚtIrIk/
³adj ´of or like @s.¼
¨sauce© ²/scs/ ³n ¸1 ¶[C,U] ´(kind of) liquid or semi-liquid
preparation served with some kinds of food to give a relish or flavour;
³spaghetti with tomato @; fruit pudding and brandy @. ·What is @ for the goose
is @ for the gander, ´(prov) what applies in one case must apply in an
identical or similar case. ¸Ú@-boat ³n ´vessel in which @ is served at table.
¸2 ¶[U] ´(colloq) impudence (usu amusing rather than annoying): ³None of your
@! ´Don't be impertinent. ³What @! ´How impudent! ¹ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´(colloq) be
impudent to: ³How dare you @ your mother? ¸saucy ³adj µ(-ier, -iest) ¸1
´impudent. ¸2 ´(colloq) smart-looking: ³a saucy little hat. ¸sauc®ily ³adv
¸sauci®ness ³n¼
¨sauce®pan© ²/ÚscspEn ³US: ²-pan/ ³n ´deep metal cooking pot, usu round and
with a lid and a handle.¼
¨saucer© ²/ÚscsE(r)/ ³n ¸1 ´small curved dish on which a cup stands. ¸Ú@-eyed
³adj ´with large, round, wide-opened eyes, eÔg as the result of surprise.
¸*flying Ú@, µ¥ flying. ¸2 ´@-shaped disc (also called a ³dish´) of a radio
telescope. ¸3 ´depression in the ground.¼
¨sauer®kraut© ²/Úsñ8Ekrñ8t/ ³n ¶[U] ´(G) cabbage cut up, salted and allowed to
ferment until sour.¼
¨sauna© ²/Úsñ8nE/ ³n ´steam bath or bath-house as in Finland.¼
¨saun®ter© ²/ÚscntE(r)/ ³vi ¶[VP2A,C] ´walk in a leisurely way: ³@ along Oxford
Street window-shopping. ¹ n ´quiet, unhurried walk or pace: ³come at a @. ¸@er
³n ´person who @s.¼
¨saur®ian© ²/ÚscrIEn/ ³n, adj ´(one) of the order of lizards including
crocodiles, lizards and some extinct kinds.¼
¨saus®age© ²/ÚsosIdZ ³US: ²Úscs-/ ³n ¶[U] ´chopped up meat, etc flavoured and
stuffed into a casing or tube of thin skin; some kinds sliced and eaten raw,
others cooked and eaten hot; ¶[C] ´one section of such a tube. ¸Ú@-dog, ´(GB
colloq) dachshund. ¸Ú@-meat ³n ´meat minced for making @s. ¸*@-Úroll ³n ´@ in
a covering of pastry.¼
¨saut_e© ²/ÚsE8teI ³US: ²sE8ÚteI/ ³adj ´(F) (of food) quickly fried in a
little fat: ³@ potatoes. ¹ vt ´fry food in this way.¼
¨sav®age© ²/ÚsavIdZ/ ³adj ¸1 ´in a primitive or uncivilized state:
³@ customs. ¸2 ´fierce; cruel: ³a @ dog; make a @ attack on sb; @ criticism. ¸3
´(colloq) very angry. ¹ ³n ´@ person, esp a member of a primitive tribe living
by hunting and fishing. ¹ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´attack, bite, trample on: ³The man was
badly @d by his mare. ¸@®ly ³adv ¸@®ness ³n ¸@ry ²/ÚsavIdZrI/ ³n ¶[U] ´the
state of being @; @ behaviour: ³living in @ry; treat conquered enemies with
great @ry.¼
¨sa®van®na(h)© ²/sEÚvanE/ ³n ¶[C] ´treeless, grassy plain, in tropical and
subtropical America and E and W Africa. µ¥ pampas, prairie, steppe, veld.¼
¨sa®vant© ²/ÚsavEnt ³US: ²saÚvqnt/ ³n ´person of great learning.¼
¨save©1 ²/seIv/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A,14] ·@ (from), ´make or keep safe (from loss,
injury, etc): ³@ sb from drowning; @ sb's life; @ a person from himself´, from
the results of his own foolishness. ·@ one's bacon, µ¥ bacon. ·@ one's face, µ¥
face±1µ(4). ·@ one's skin, ´avoid, often by cowardice, the risk of loss,
injury, etc. ·@ the situation, ´deal successfully with a situation which seems
hopeless. ¸2 ¶[VP2A,C,3A,6A,12B,13B,14,15B] ·@ (up) (for sth); @ sth (up) (for
sth), ´keep for future use: ³@ (up) money for a holiday; @ part of one's salary
each month; @ some of the meat for tomorrow; @ me some ice-cream/@ some
ice-cream for me; @ for one's old age. He has never @d´, never put money by the
for future. ³He is saving himself/saving his strength for the heavy work he'll
have to do this afternoon. ·@ for a rainy day, µ¥ rainy. ¸3 ¶[VP6A,D,12C] ´make
unnecessary; relieve (sb) from the need of using: ³If you walk to the office
every morning, you'll @ spending money on bus fares. That will @ you 50 pence a
week. That will @ us a lot of trouble. We've been @d a lot of expense by doing
the work ourselves. Do you use modern labour-saving devices in your home? ´iÔe
machines that make work (eÔg cleaning, cooking) in the home quicker and easier.
¸4 ¶[VP6A,14,2A] ·@ sb (from sth), ´(in the Christian religion) set free from
the power of (or the eternal punishment for) sin: ³Jesus Christ came into the
world to @ sinners from their sins. ¸5 ¶[VP6A] ´make a reservation concerning
(sth): ³a saving clause´, one that stipulates an exemption, etc. ¹ ³n ´(in
football, etc) act of preventing the scoring of a goal: ³Banks made a brilliant
@. ¸@r ³n ´person who @s: ³a @r of souls´, eÔg a priest; means of saving: ³This
device is a useful ·Ú³time-@r. Some machines are @rs of labour. ¸sav®ing ³adj
´(esp) that redeems or compensates. ¸saving grace, ´good quality that redeems a
person whose other qualities are not all good: ³He has the saving grace of
humour. µ¹ ³n ¸1 ´way of saving; amount @d: ³a useful saving of time and money.
¸2 ³(pl) ´money @d up: ³keep one's savings in the Post Office. ¸Úsavings
account ³n ´(with a bank) on which interest is paid. ¸Úsavings-bank ³n ´bank
which holds, and gives interest on, small savings.¼
¨save©2 ²/seIv/, ±sav®ing ²/ÚseIvIG/ ³prep ´except: ³all
save him. ³We know nothing about him save that he was in the army during the
war.¼
¨sav®eloy© ²/ÚsavElãI/ ³n ¶[C] ´kind of highly-seasoned pork
sausage.¼
¨sav®ing© ²/ÚseIvIG/ ³prep ´= µsave±2µ.¼
¨sav®iour© ´(US = ¸-ior´) ²/ÚseIvIE(r)/ ³n ´person who rescues or saves sb from
danger. ¸The S@, Our S@´, Jesus Christ.¼
¨savoir-faire© ²/*savwq ÚfeE(r)/ ³n ¶[U] ´(F) social tact; knowledge of how to
behave in any situation.¼
¨sa®vory© ²/ÚseIvErI/ ³n ¶[U] ´herb of the mint family used in cooking; (US)
= savoury.¼
¨sa®vour© ´(US = ¸-vor´) ²/ÚseIvE(r)/ ³n ¶[C,U] ·@ of, ´taste or flavour (of
sth); suggestion (of a quality): ³soup with a @ of garlic. His political views
have a @ of fanaticism. ¹ vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A] ´(lit or fig) appreciate the taste
or flavour or character of: ³He @ed the wine/the joke. ¸2 ¶[VP3A] ·@ of,
´suggest the presence: ³Such a proposal @s of impertinence.¼
¨sa®voury© ´(US = ¸-vory´) ²/ÚseIvErI/ ³adj ´having an appetizing taste or
smell; (of food dishes) having a salt or sharp, not a sweet, taste: ³a @
omelette. ¹ n ¶[C] ³(pl µ-ries³) ´@ dish, esp one taken at the start or end of
a meal.¼
¨sa®voy© ²/sEÚvãI/ ³n ¶[C,U] ´(kind of) winter cabbage with wrinkled leaves.¼
¨savvy© ²/ÚsavI/ ³v ´(sl) know, understand. ·no @´, I do not know/understand.
³¹ n ¶[U] ´(sl) wits; understanding: ³Where's your @?¼
¨saw©1 ²/sc/ ³pt ´of µsee±1µ.¼
¨saw©2 ²/sc/ ³n ¶[C] ´(kinds of) tool with a sharp-toothed edge, for cutting
wood, metal, stone, etc worked by hand or mechanically. ¸Úsaw®dust ³n ¶[U]
´tiny bits of wood falling off when wood is being sawn. ¸Úsaw-horse ³n ´frame
of wood for supporting wood that is being sawn. ¸Úsaw-mill ³n ´mill with
power-operated saws. ¸Úsaw-pit ³n ´pit in which a man stands guiding the lower
part of a large hand-saw (= ³pit-saw´) for sawing logs, the upper part being
guided by another man at an upper level. ³¹ vt,vi (pt µsawed³, pp µsawn ²/scn/
´US µsawed³) ¸1 ¶[VP6A,15A,B,2A] ´cut with a saw; make (boards, etc) with
a saw; use a saw: ³saw wood; saw a log into planks; saw a log in two. ·saw sth
off, ´cut off with a saw: ³saw a branch off a tree; a sawn-off shotgun´, one
with (most of) the barrel sawn off (as used by criminals for ease of
concealment and carrying). ·saw sth up, ´cut into pieces with a saw: ³sawn-up
timber´, timber that has been sawn into planks (contrasted with logs). ¸2
¶[VP2A,C,6A] ´move backward and forward: ³sawing at his fiddle´, using his bow
as if it were a saw. ¸3 ¶[VP2A] ´capable of being sawn: ³This wood saws easily.
¸saw®yer ²/ÚscjE(r)/ ³n ´man whose work is sawing wood.¼
¨saw©3 ²/sc/ ³n ¶[C] ´proverbial saying.¼
¨sax© ²/saks/ ³n ´(abbr of) saxophone.¼
¨sax®horn© ²/Úsakshcn/ ³n ´musical instrument made of brass, like a bugle,
made in various sizes.¼
¨saxi®frage© ²/ÚsaksIfrIdZ/ ³n ¶[U] ´kinds of Alpine or rock plant with white,
yellow or red flowers.¼
¨Saxon© ²/Úsaksn/ ³n, adj ´(member, language) of a people once living in NÔW
Germany, some of whom conquered and settled in Britain in the 5th and 6th cc.¼
¨saxo®phone© ²/ÚsaksEfE8n/ ³n ´(colloq abbr ³sax´) musical wind instrument
with a reed in the mouthpiece and keys for the fingers, made of brass. µ¥ ´the
illus at µbrass. ¸sax®ophon®ist ²/sakÚsofEnIst ³US: ²ÚsaksEfE8nIst/ ³n ´@
player.¼
¨say© ²/seI/ ³vt,vi (3rd pers, pres t µsays ²/sez/´, ³pt,pp µsaid ²/sed/³)
¶[VP6A,14,9,10] ¸1 ·say sth (to sb), ´utter; make (a specified word or remark);
use one's voice to produce (words, sentences): ³Be polite and say "Please' and
"Thank you'. Did you say anything? He said that his friend's name was Sam.
Everyone was saying what a handsome couple they made. Everyone said how well I
was looking. I've something to say to you´, to tell you. ³I wouldn't say no to
a glass of beer´, would accept one willingly. ³You may well say so´, You are
right. ³So you say ´(implying that the speaker may be mistaken). ·go without
saying, ´be obvious: ³It goes without saying that country life is healthier
than town life. ·have nothing/anything to say for oneself, ´iÔe in one's own
defence: ³Well, what have you to say for yourself´, What can you say to explain
or defend your conduct? ·say the word, ´express agreement: ³You've only to say
the word ´(eÔg say "Yes') ³and the money's yours´, iÔe I will let you have it.
·say a good word for sb/sth, ´commend; praise: ³He hasn't a good word to say
for anybody. ·say one's say, ´finish what one has to say: ³Have you said your
say yet? ·that is to say, ´in other words: ³three weeks tomorrow, that's to
say, the 10th of May. ·What do you say (to sth/doing sth)? ´What do you think
(about«): ³What do you say to a walk/to going round to my mother's? ·I say,
´exclamation used to draw attention, open a conversation or express surprise.
·They say; It's said, ´forms used to introduce reports, rumours, etc: ³They
say/It's said that he's a miser. ¸2 ´(also ¶[VP10] ´esp neg and interr)
suppose; estimate; form and give an opinion concerning: ³There is no saying
when this war will end. And so say all of us´, that is the opinion of all of
us. ³You may learn to play the violin in, let's say, three years. ¹ n ´(only in
the following) ·have/say one's say, ´express one's opinion; state one's views:
³Let him have his say. ·have a/no/not much, etc Úsay in the matter, ´have
some/no/not much right or opportunity to share in a discussion, decision,
express one's opinions, etc: ³He didn't have much say in deciding where they
should spend their holidays. ¸say®ing ²/ÚseIIG/ ³n ´remark commonly made;
well-known phrase, proverb, etc: ³"More haste, less speed', as the saying
goes.¼
¨scab© ²/skab/ ³n ¸1 ¶[C] ´dry crust formed over a wound or sore.
¸2 ¶[U] ´(= ³scabies´) skin disease (esp of sheep). ¸3 ¶[C] ´(colloq) workman
who refuses to join a strike, or his trade union, or who takes a striker's
place; blackleg. ¸scabby ³adj ´covered with scabsµ(1)´.¼
¨scab®bard© ²/ÚskabEd/ ³n ´sheath for the blade of a sword, dagger or bayonet.
µ¥ ´the illus at µsword.¼
¨sca®bies© ²/ÚskeIbiz/ ³n ¶[U] ´kind of skin disease causing itching.¼
¨sca®bi®ous© ²/ÚskeIbIEs/ ³n ´kinds of wild and cultivated plant
with delicately coloured flowers.¼
¨scab®rous© ²/ÚskeIbrEs ³US: ²Úskab-/ ³adj ¸1 ´(of animals, plants, etc) having
a rough surface. ¸2 ´(of subjects) difficult to write delicately about. ¸3
´indelicate; salacious: ³a @ novel.¼
¨scaf®fold© ²/ÚskafE8ld/ ³n ¶[C] ¸1 ´structure put up for workmen and materials
around a building which is being erected or repaired. ¸2 ´platform on which
criminals are executed: ³go to the @, ´be executed. ¸@®ing ²/ÚskafEldIG/ ³n
¶[U] ´(materials for a) @µ(1) ´(eÔg poles and planks, or, ³tubular @ing´, metal
tubes to be bolted together).¼
¨scal®awag© ²/ÚskalEwag/ ³n ´= µscallywag.¼
¨scald© ²/skcld/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ¸1 ´burn with hot liquid or steam: ³@ one's hand
with hot fat. He was @ed to death when the boiler exploded. ¸@ing tears, ´tears
of deep and bitter grief. ¸2 ´clean (dishes, etc) with boiling water or steam.
¸3 ´heat (milk) almost to boiling-point. ³¹ n ´injury to the skin from hot
liquid or steam: ³an ointment for burns and @s.¼
¨scale©1 ²/skeIl/ ³n ¸1 ¶[C] ´one of the thin overlapping plates of hard
material that cover the skin of many fish and reptiles: ³scrape the @s off a
herring. µ¥ ´the illus at µfish. ¸2 ¶[C] ´scale-like outer piece on an organic
or other object, eÔg a flake of skin that loosens and comes off the body in
some diseases; a flake of rust on iron. ·remove the @s from sb's eyes, ´(fig)
enable sb who has been deceived to realize the true state of affairs. ¸3 ¶[U]
´chalky deposit inside boilers, kettles, waterpipes, etc (from the lime in hard
water); deposit of tartar on teeth. ³¹ vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A,15A,B] ´cut or scrape @s
from (eÔg fish) (but ³de@ ´a boiler or kettle). ¸2 ¶[VP2C] ·@ off, ´come off in
flakes: ³paint/plaster scaling off a wall. ¸scaly ³adj ´covered with @ or @s;
coming off in @s: ³a kettle scaly with rust.¼
¨scale©2 ²/skeIl/ ³n ¶[C] ¸1 ´series of marks at regular intervals
for the purpose of measuring (as on a ruler or a thermometer): ³This ruler has
one @ in centimetres and another in inches. ¸2 ´ruler or other tool or
instrument marked in this way. ¸3 ´system of units for measuring: ³the
·Ú³decimal @. ¸4 ´arrangement in steps or degrees: ³a @ of wages; a person who
is high in the social @; sink in the @´, fall to a lower level. ¸sliding @, µ¥
slide±2µ(4). ¸5 ´proportion between the size of sth and the map, diagram, etc
which represents it: ³a map on the @ of ten kilometres to the centimetre; drawn
to @´, with a uniform reduction or enlargement. ¸6 ´relative size, extent, etc.
·on a large/small, etc @, ´to a large, etc extent/degree: ³They are preparing
for war on a large @. ¸7 ´(music) series of tones arranged in order of pitch,
esp a series of eight starting on a keynote: ³the @ of F´, beginning with F as
the keynote; ³practise @s on the piano. µ¥ octave. ¹ vt ¸1 ¶[VP6A] ´make a copy
or representation of, according to a certain @: ³@ a map/building. ¸2 ¶[VP15B]
·@ up/down, ´increase/decrease by a certain proportion: ³All wages/marks were
@d up by 10 per cent.¼
¨scale©3 ²/skeIl/ ³n ¶[C] ¸1 ´one of the two pans on a balance. ¸(pair of) @s,
´simple balance or instrument for weighing. µ¥ ´the illus at µbalance. ·hold
the @s even, ´judge fairly (between). ·turn the @(s), ´decide the result of sth
which is in doubt: ³The arrival of reinforcements turned the @(s) in our
favour. ·turn the @(s) at, ´(colloq) weigh: ³The jockey turned the @(s) at 80
lb. ¸2 ´any machine for weighing: ³bathroom @s´, for measuring one's weight. ³¹
vi ¶[VP2B] ´weigh: ³@ 10 lb.¼
¨scale©4 ²/skeIl/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´climb up (a wall, cliff, etc). ¸Úscaling-ladder
³n ´one used for scaling high walls, eÔg of a fortified town in former times.¼
¨scal®lop© ²/ÚskolEp/ ³n ¸1 ´kind of bivalve mollusc with a shell divided into
grooves. µ¥ ´the illus at µbivalve. ¸Ú@-shell ³n ´one half of this shell, used
as a utensil in which a savoury dish is cooked and served. ¸2 ³(pl) ´ornamental
edging of @-shaped projections cut in pastry, cloth, etc. ³¹ vt ¶[VP6A] ¸1
´cook (eÔg oysters) in a @-shell. ¸2 ´decorate the edge of (sth) with @s.¼
¨scally®wag© ²/ÚskalIwag/, ´(US = ¸scalawag ²/ÚskalEwag/´) ³n ´(hum) scamp;
rascal.¼
¨scalp© ²/skalp/ ³n ¶[C] ´skin and hair of the head, excluding the face; this
skin, etc from an enemy's head as a trophy of victory (a former practice of
some American Indians). ·out for @s, ´(fig) making efforts to win trophies of
victory over opponents. ³¹ vt ¶[VP6A] ´cut the @ off.¼
¨scal®pel© ²/ÚskalpEl/ ³n ´small, light knife used by surgeons.¼
¨scamp©1 ²/skamp/ ³n ´(often used playfully) rascal; worthless person.¼
¨scamp©2 ²/skamp/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´do (work, etc), make sth, carelessly, hastily
or without interest.¼
¨scam®per© ²/ÚskampE(r)/ ³vi ¶[VP2A,C] ´(esp of small animals, eÔg
mice, rabbits, when frightened, or of children and dogs at play) run quickly.
³¹ n ´short, quick run: ³take the dog for a @.¼
¨scampi© ²/ÚskampI/ ³n pl ´large prawns.¼
¨scan© ²/skan/ ³vt,vi µ(-nn-) ¸1 ¶[VP6A] ´look at attentively; run the eyes
over every part of: ³The shipwrecked sailor @ned the horizon anxiously every
morning. ¸2 ¶[VP6A] ´glance at quickly but not very thoroughly: ³He @ned the
newspaper while having his breakfast. ¸3 ¶[VP6A] ´test the metre of (a line of
verse) by noting the division into feet, as in:¼
³Í·Ú³Never / ·Ú³seek to / ·Ú³tell thy / ·Ú³love¼
³Í·Ú³Love that / ·Ú³never / ·Ú³told can / ·Ú³be.¼
¸4 ¶[VP2A] ´(of verse) fit a metrical pattern; be composed so that it can be
@ned: ³This line does not/will not @. The verses @ well. ¸5 ¶[VP6A] ´(TÔV)
resolve (a picture) into its elements of light and shade for transmission;
(radar) traverse an area with electronic beams in search of sth. ¸@®sion
²/Úskan2n/ ³n ¶[U] ´the @ning of verse; the way verse @s.¼
¨scan®dal© ²/Úskandl/ ³n ¸1 ¶[C,U] ´(action, piece of behaviour,
etc that causes a) general feeling of indignation; ¶[C] ´shameful or
disgraceful action: ³cause (a) @. A series of @s caused the Government to fall.
It is a @ that the accused man was declared innocent. If she leaves her husband
she will certainly create (a) @ in the village. ¸2 ¶[U] ´harmful gossip;
careless or unkind talk which damages sb's reputation: ³Don't talk/listen to @.
³Most of us enjoy a bit of @. ¸Ú@®monger ²/-mAGgE(r)/ ³n ´person who spreads
@s(µ2´). ¸@®monger®ing ²/-mAGgErIG/ ³n ¶[U] ´the spreading of @s(µ2´). ¸@®ize
²/ÚskandElñIz/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´shock; offend the moral feelings or the ideas of
etiquette of: ³@ize the neighbours by sunbathing on the lawn in the nude.
¸@®ous ²/ÚskandElEs/ ³adj ¸1 ´disgraceful; shocking. ¸2 ´(of reports, rumours)
containing @. ¸3 ´(of persons) fond of spreading @. ¸@®ous®ly ³adv¼
¨Scan®di®na®vian© ²/*skandIÚneIvIEn/ ³n, adj ´(native) of Scandinavia (Denmark,
Norway, Sweden, Iceland).¼
¨scan®sion© ²/Úskan2n/ µ¥ scan.¼
¨scant© ²/skant/ ³adj ·@ (of), ´(having) hardly enough: ³@ of breath; pay @
attention to sb's advice. ¹ vt ¶[VP6A] ´skimp; make @; cut down: ³Don't @ the
butter when you make a cake. ¸@y ³adj µ(-ier, -iest) ´(opp of ³ample´) small in
size or amount; barely large enough: ³a @y rice crop; a @y bikini. ¸@®ily
²/-IlI/ ³adv ´in a @y manner: ³@ily dressed. ¸@i®ness ³n¼
¨scant®ling© ²/ÚskantlIG/ ³n ´small beam or piece of timber; board not more
than 5 inches wide.¼
¨scape®goat© ²/ÚskeIpgE8t/ ³n ´person blamed or punished for the
mistake(s) or wrong-doing of another or others.¼
¨scape®grace© ²/ÚskeIpgreIs/ ³n ´(often used playfully) person who constantly
gets into trouble.¼
¨scap®ula© ²/Úskapj8lE/ ³n ´(anat) shoulder-blade. µ¥ ´the illus at
µskeleton.¼
¨scar© ²/skq(r)/ ³n ´mark remaining on the surface (of skin, furniture, etc) as
the result of injury or damage: ³a long @ across his cheek; ´(fig) ³grief that
left a @ (on the heart). ³¹ vt,vi µ(-rr-) ¸1 ¶[VP6A] ´mark with a @ or @s: ³a
face @red by smallpox; war-@red towns. ¸2 ¶[VP2C] ´heal over (with a @); form
@s: ³The cut on his forehead @red over.¼
¨scarab© ²/ÚskarEb/ ³n ´kinds of beetle, esp one regarded as sacred in ancient
Egypt; carving in the shape of a @ (as an ornament or charm).¼
¨scarce© ²/skeEs/ ³adj ¸1 ´(opp of ³plentiful´) not available in sufficient
quantity; not equal to the demand: ³Eggs are @ and expensive this month. ¸2
´rare; seldom met with: ³a @ book. ·make oneself @, ´(colloq) keep out of the
way, go away. ¸scarc®ity ²/ÚskeEsEtI/ ³n ¶[U] ´state of being @; smallness of
supply compared with demand: ³The scarcity of fruit was caused by the drought.
¶[C] ³(pl µ-ties³) ´instance or occasion of scarcity.¼
¨scarce®ly© ²/ÚskeEslI/ ³adv ´barely; not quite; almost not: ³There were @ a
hundred people present. I @ know him. ³S@ had he entered the room when the
phone rang.¼
¨scare© ²/skeE(r)/ ³vt,vi ¶[VP6A,15A,B,2A] ´frighten; become frightened: ³He
was @d by the thunder. They were @d at the strange noise. The dogs @d the thief
away. ³He @s easily/is easily @d. ·@ sb stiff, ´(colloq) alarm sb, make sb
nervous: ³He's @d stiff of women. ·@ sb out of his wits, ´make him extremely
frightened: ³The sound of footsteps outside @d her out of her wits. ¹ n ¶[C]
´feeling of alarm; state of widespread fear: ³The news caused a war @´, a fear
that war might break out. ³You did give me a @´, did frighten me. ¸Ú@®crow ³n
´figure of a man dressed in old clothes, set up to @ birds away from crops. ¸Ú@
headline ³n ´sensational newspaper headline in heavy black print. ¸Ú@®monger
²/-mAGgE(r)/ ³n ´person who spreads alarming news and starts a @. ¸scary
²/ÚskeErI/ ³adj ´(colloq) causing alarm.¼
¨scarf© ²/skqf/ ³n (pl µ@s ²/skqfs/ ´or µscarves ²/skqvz/³) ´long strip of
material (silk, wool, etc) worn over the shoulders, round the neck or (by
women) over the hair. ¸Ú@-pin ³n ´ornamental pin worn on a @.¼
¨scar®ify© ²/ÚskarIfñI/ ³vt (pt,pp µ-fied³) ¶[VP6A] ¸1 ´(in surgery) make small
cuts in, cut off skin from. ¸2 ´(fig) hurt by severe criticism. ¸3 ´loosen (the
surface of the soil or a road) by using an agricultural tool or a
machine with prongs.¼
¨scar®let© ²/ÚskqlEt/ ³n, adj ´bright red: ³the @ pillar-boxes in
Great Britain. ¸*@ Úfever, ´infectious disease with @ marks on the skin. ¸*@
Úhat, ´cardinal's hat. ¸*@ Úrunner, ´@-flowered kind of bean plant. ¸*@ Úwoman,
´(old use) prostitute.¼
¨scarp© ²/skqp/ ³n ´steep slope; escarpment.¼
¨scat© ²/skat/ ³int ´(sl) Go away!¼
¨scath®ing© ²/ÚskeIDIG/ ³adj ´(of criticism, ridicule, etc) severe; harsh: ³a
@ retort; a @ review of a new book. ¸@®ly ³adv¼
¨scat®ter© ²/ÚskatE(r)/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A,15A,B,2A,C] ´send, go, in different
directions: ³The police @ed the crowd. The crowd @ed. ¸2 ¶[VP6A,15A] ´throw or
put in various directions, or here and there: ³@ seed; @ gravel on an icy road.
¸Ú@-brain ³n ´person who cannot keep his thoughts on one subject for long.
Hence, ¸Ú@-brained ³adj´. ¹ ³n ´that which is @ed; sprinkling: ³a @ of
hailstones. ¸@ed ³adj ´(³pp´) ´lying in different directions; not situated
together; wide apart: ³a few @ed fishing villages; a thinly @ed population.¼
¨scatty© ²/ÚskatI/ ³adj µ(-ier, -iest) ´(colloq) ¸1 ´mad; feeble-minded: ³That
man would drive any woman @! ¸2 ´scatter-brained; absent-minded.¼
¨scav®en®ger© ²/ÚskavIndZE(r)/ ³n ¸1 ´animal or bird, eÔg a vulture, that lives
on decaying flesh. ¸2 ´person who searches among discarded or refuse material.
¸scav®enge ²/skavIndZ/ ³vi ¶[VP2A,3A] ·@ (for), ´act as a @.¼
¨scen®ario© ²/sIÚnqrIE8 ³US: ²-Únar-/ ³n (pl µ@s ²/-rIE8z/³)
´written outline of a play, an opera, a film, with details of the scenes, etc;
imagined sequence of future events. ¸scen®arist ²/sIÚnqrIst ³US: ²-Únar-/ ³n
´writer of @s.¼
¨scene© ²/sin/ ³n ¶[C] ¸1 ´place of an actual or imagined event: ³the @ of a
great battle. The @ of the novel is laid/set in Scotland. ¸2 ´description of an
incident, or of part of a person's life; incident in real life suitable for
such a description: ³"S@s of Clerical Life'´, tales by George Eliot. ³There
were distressing @s when the earthquake occurred. ¸3 ´(incident characterized
by an) emotional outburst: ³She made a @/We had a @ when I criticized her. ¸4
´view; sth seen; sth spread out to view (indoors or outdoors, in a town or in
the country, with or without action; cf ³scenery´, which is used of natural
features on land): ³The boats in the harbour make a beautiful @. They went
abroad for a change of @. ¸5 ´(abbr ¸Sc´) one of the parts, shorter than an
act, into which some plays and operas are divided; episode within such a part:
³"Macbeth', Act II, Sc 1; the ·Ú³duel @ in "Hamlet'. ¸6 ´place represented on
the stage of a theatre; the painted background, woodwork, canvas, etc
representing such a place: ³The first @ of "Lotus Blossom' is a tropical
garden. The @s are changed during the intervals. ·behind the @s, ¸(a) ´out of
sight of the audience; behind the stage. ¸(b) ´(fig, of a person) influencing
events secretly; (of an event) in secret, not known to the public. ·be/come on
the @, ´(fig) be present/appear. ¸Ú@-painter ³n ´(theatre) person who paints
sceneryµ(2)´. ¸Ú@-shifter ³n ´(theatre) person who changes the @s. ¸7 ´(colloq)
area of what is currently fashionable or notable: ³the ·*³enter·Ú³tainment @ in
the West End of London; the ·Ú³drug @ in our big cities. ·be on/make the @,
´(colloq) be part of/present in such a @.¼
¨scen®ery© ²/ÚsinErI/ ³n ¶[U] ¸1 ´general natural features of a
district, eÔg mountains, plains, valleys, forests: ³mountain @; stop to admire
the @. ´Cf ³town scenes. ¸2 ´the furnishings, painted canvas, woodwork, etc
used on the stage of a theatre.¼
¨scenic© ²/ÚsinIk/ ³adj ´having fine natural scenery: ³the @ splendours of the
Rocky Mountains; a @ highway across the Alps. ¸sceni®cally ²/-klI/ ³adv¼
¨scent© ²/sent/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´smell, esp of sth pleasant coming from or belonging
to sth: ³the @ of new-mown hay; a rose that has no @´; ¶[C] ´particular kind of
smell: ³@s of lavender and rosemary. ¸2 ¶[U] ´(usu liquid) preparation
distilled from flowers, etc; perfume: ³a bottle of @; a ·Ú³@-bottle. She uses
too much @. ¸3 ´(usu ³sing´) smell left by an animal; the track of an animal:
³follow up/lose/recover the @. The @ was strong/poor/hot/cold´, easy/difficult,
etc for the hounds to follow. ·on the @, ´having, following, a clue. ·off the
@, ´having, following, no clue or the wrong clue. ·put/throw sb off the @,
´(fig) mislead him by giving false information. ¸4 ¶[U] ´sense of smell (in
dogs): ³hunt by @. ¹ vt ¶[VP6A] ¸1 ´learn the presence of by smell: ³The dog
@ed a rat. ¸2 ´begin to suspect the presence or existence of: ³@ a crime; @
treachery/trouble. ¸3 ´put @ on; make fragrant: ³@ a handkerchief; roses that @
the air. ¸@®less ³adj ´having no @: ³@less flowers.¼
¨scep®ter© ²/ÚseptE(r)/ ³n ´= µsceptre.¼
¨scep®tic© ´(US = ¸skep®tic´) ²/ÚskeptIk/ ³n ´person who doubts the truth of a
particular claim, theory, etc; person who doubts the truth of the Christian
religion or of all religions. ¸scep®ti®cal ´(US = ¸skep-´) ²/-kl/ ³adj
´inclined not to believe; in the habit of questioning the truth of claims,
statements, etc. ¸scep®ti®cally ´(US = ¸skep-´) ²/-klI/ ³adv ¸scep®ti®cism ´(US
= ¸skep-´) ²/ÚskeptIsIzEm/ ³n ¶[U] ´doubting state of mind; @al attitude of
mind.¼
¨sceptre© ´(US = ¸scep®ter´) ²/ÚseptE(r)/ ³n ´rod or staff carried by a ruler
as a sign of power or authority. ¸scep®tred ´(US = ¸-tered´) ³adj ´having a @.
µ¥ ´the illus at µregalia.¼
¨sched®ule© ²/Ú2edjul ³US: ²ÚskedZ8l/ ³n ¶[C] ´list or statement of details,
esp of times for doing things; programme or timetable for work: ³a production
@, ´eÔg in a factory; ³a full @, ´a busy programme. ·on/behind @, ´on/not on
time: ³The train arrived on @´, on time, punctually. ·(according) to @, ´as
planned. ¹ ³vt ¶[VP6A,7A,14] ·@ (for), ´make a @ of; put in a @; (esp US) enter
in a list of arrangements: ³@d services´, (eÔg of aircraft) flying according to
announced time-tables. Cf ³charter flights. The President is @d to make a
speech tomorrow. His arrival is @d for Thursday.¼
¨sche®matic© ²/skIÚmatIk/ ³adj ´of the nature of a scheme or plan;
(shown) in a diagram or chart. ¸sche®mati®cally ²/-klI/ ³adv¼
¨scheme© ²/skim/ ³n ¶[C] ¸1 ´arrangement; ordered system: ³a ·Ú³colour @´, eÔg
for a room, so that colours of walls, rugs, curtains, etc are in harmony. ¸2
´plan or design (for work or activity): ³a @ for manufacturing paper from
straw; a @ ´(= syllabus) ³for the term's work. ¸3 ´secret and dishonest plan:
³a @ to defraud a widow. ¹ vi,vt ¸1 ¶[VP2A,3A,4A] ·@ for sth/to do sth, ´make
a (esp dishonest) @ or @s: ³He @d to keep his rivals in ignorance of his plans.
They @d for the overthrow of the government. ¸2 ¶[VP6A] ´make plans for (esp
sth dishonest); ³a scheming ´(= crafty) ³thief. ¸@r ³n ´person who @s or
intrigues.¼
¨scherzo© ²/ÚskeEtsE8/ ³n (pl µ@s ²/-sE8z/³) ´(I) lively, vigorous passage in
music.¼
¨schism© ²/ÚskIzEm/ ³n ¶[U] ´(offence of causing the) division of an
organization (esp a Church) into two or more groups, usu through difference of
opinion; ¶[C] ´instance of such separation. ¸schis®matic ²/skIzÚmatIk/ ³adj
´tending to or inclined to @; guilty of @.¼
¨schist© ²/2Ist/ ³n ´kinds of rock which splits easily into thin plates.¼
¨schizo®phrenia© ²/*skItsE8ÚfrinIE/ ³n ´type of mental disorder (colloq ³split
personality´) marked by lack of connection between thoughts, feelings, and
actions. ¸schizo®phrenic ²/*skItsE8ÚfrenIk/ ³adj ´of @. µ¹ ³n ´(colloq abbr
³schizo´) person suffering from @.¼
¨schmal(t)z© ²/2mclts/ ³n ´(colloq) sickly sentimentality. ¸schmal(t)zy ³adj¼
¨schnapps© ²/2naps/ ³n ¶[U] ´strong alcoholic spirit distilled
from grain.¼
¨schnit®zel© ²/Ú2nItsl/ ³n ´veal cutlet covered with breadcrumbs and fried in
butter.¼
¨schnor®kel© ²/Úsnckl/ ³n ´= µsnorkel.¼
¨scholar© ²/ÚskolE(r)/ ³n ¸1 ´(dated use) boy or girl at school. ¸2 ´student
who, after a competitive examination or other means of selection, is awarded
money or other help so that he may attend school or college, or pursue further
education: ³British Council @s. ¸3 ´person with much knowledge (usu of a
particular subject, and esp one who gives careful attention to evidence,
method, etc). ¸schol®ar®ly ³adj ´having or showing much learning; of suitable,
or right for a @µ(3)´; fond of learning: ³a @ly translation; a @ly young
woman.¼
¨schol®ar®ship© ²/ÚskolE2Ip/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´learning or knowledge obtained by
study; proper concern for scholarly methods. ¸2 ¶[C] ´payment of money, eÔg a
yearly grant to a scholarµ(2) ´so that he may continue his studies: ³win a @
to the university.¼
¨schol®as®tic© ²/skEÚlastIk/ ³adj ¸1 ´of schools and education:
³the ·Ú³@ profession´, that of teaching; ³a ·Ú³@ post´, a position as a
teacher; ³a ·Ú³@ agency´, private one that finds positions for teachers and
teachers for schools. ¸2 ´connected with the learning of the Middle Ages, esp
when men argued over small points of dogma. ¸schol®as®ti®cism ²/skEÚlastIsIzEm/
³n ¶[U] ´the system of philosophy taught in the universities in the Middle
Ages.¼
¨school©1 ²/skul/ ³n ¸1 ¶[C] ´institution for educating children:
³primary and secondary @s; evening @s; Sunday @s; @ doctors´, medical officers
responsible for the health of school children; (US) college, university.
¸Ú@-board ³n ´(US) local education authority. ¸Ú@-book ³n ´book used in @s;
textbook. ¸Ú@®boy ³n ´boy at @: (attrib) ³@boy slang. ¸Ú@-days ³n pl ´time of
being at @: ³look back upon one's @-days. ¸Ú@®fellow ³n ´member, past or
present, of the same @. ¸Ú@®girl ³n ´girl at @. ¸Ú@®house ³n ´building of a @
esp a small one in a village. ¸Ú@®man ²/-mEn/ ³n (pl µ-men³) ´teacher in a
European university in the Middle Ages; theologian dealing with religious
teachings by the use of Aristotle's logic. ¸Ú@®master/®mistress ³n ´school
teacher. ¸Ú@®mate ³n ´= @fellow. ¸Ú@-time ³n ´lesson time at @. ¸2 ¶[U] ´(not
with ³def art´) process of being educated in a @: ·Ú³@ age´, between the ages
of starting and finishing @; ³@-·Ú³leaving age´, age at which children leave @.
³The @-leaving age has been raised to 16. Is he old enough for @/to go to @? He
left @ when he was fifteen. My boys are still at @. ¸3 ¶[U] ´(not with ³def
art´) time when teaching is given; lessons: ³S@ begins at 9aÔm. There will be
no @ ´(= no lessons) ³tomorrow. Will you come for a walk after @? ¸4 ´(with
³def art´) all the pupils in a @: ³The whole @ hopes that its football team
will win the match. ¸5 ´department or division of a university for the study of
a particular subject: ³The S@ of Oriental and African Studies´, in the
University of London; ³the ·Ú³Law/·Ú³Medical S@; the S@ of Dentistry; ´(GB)
branch of study for which separate examinations are given in a university: ³the
·Ú³History @´; hall in which these examinations are held; ³(pl) ´these
examinations. ¸6 ¶[C] ´(fig) circumstances or occupation that provides
discipline or instruction: ³the hard @ of experience/adversity. ¸7 ³(pl) ¸the
@s, ´medieval universities, their professors, teaching, and arguments. µ¥ ´also
³@man ´in µ1 ´above. ¸8 ¶[C] ´group of persons who are followers or imitators
of an artist, a philosopher, etc, or of persons having the same principles or
characteristics: ³the Dutch/Venetian, etc @ of painting; the Hegelian @´, of
philosophers; ³a gentleman of the old @´, who retains the traditions, manners,
etc of older times. ¹ ³vt ¶[VP6A,15A] ´train; control; discipline: ³@ a horse;
@ one's temper; @ oneself to patience; @ed by adversity. ¸@®ing ³n ¶[U]
´education: ³He had very little @ing. Who is paying for her @ing?¼
¨school©2 ²/skul/ ³n ¶[C] ´large number ³(of ´fish) swimming
together; shoal.¼
¨schoo®ner© ²/ÚskunE(r)/ ³n ¸1 ´kind of sailing-ship with two or more masts
and fore and aft sails. ¸2 ´tall drinking-glass.¼
¨schot®tische© ²/2oÚti2/ ³n ´(music for a) kind of polka.¼
¨schwa© ²/2wq/ ³n ´symbol ²/E/ ´used in phonetic notation for central vowels,
or diphthong elements as in ²/EÚgE8/ ´for ³ago.¼
¨sci®atic© ²/sñIÚatIk/ ³adj ´of the hip: ³the @ nerve´, nerve extending through
the hip and thigh. ¸sci®atica ²/sñIÚatIkE/ ³n ¶[U] ´neuralgia of the @ nerve.¼
¨science© ²/ÚsñIEns/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´knowledge arranged in an orderly manner, esp
knowledge obtained by observation and testing of facts; pursuit of such
knowledge. ³S@ is an exact discipline. ¸2 ¶[C,U] ´branch of such knowledge.
µ¥ art±1µ(2). ¸the natural @s, ´eÔg botany, zoology. ¸the physical @s, ´eÔg
physics, chemistry. ¸social @(s), ´eÔg psychology, politics. ¸the applied @s,
´eÔg engineering. ¸*@ Úfiction, ´fiction dealing with recent or imagined
scientific discoveries and advances (usu fantasies). ¸3 ¶[U] ´expert's skill
(opp of strength): ³In judo @ is more important than strength. ¸scien®tist
²/ÚsñIEntIst/ ³n ´person expert in one or more of the natural or physical @s.¼
¨scien®tific© ²/*sñIEnÚtIfIk/ ³adj ¸1 ´of, for, connected with, used in,
science; guided by the rules of science: ³@ methods; @ farming; @ instruments.
¸2 ´having, using, needing, skill or expert knowledge: ³a @ boxer.
¸scien®tifi®cally ²/-klI/ ³adv¼
¨scimi®tar© ²/ÚsImItE(r)/ ³n ´short, curved, single-edged sword as formerly
used by Persians, Arabs and Turks.¼
¨scin®tilla© ²/sInÚtIlE/ ³n ¶[C] ´spark; atom; shred; iota: ³not a @ of truth
in the story; not a @ of evidence´, none at all.¼
¨scin®til®late© ²/ÚsIntIleIt ³US: ²-tEleIt/ ³vi ¶[VP2A] ´sparkle; be brilliant:
³scintillating with wit. ¸scin®til®la®tion ²/*sIntIÚleI2n ³US: ²-tlÚeI2n/ ³n¼
¨scion© ²/ÚsñIEn/ ³n ¸1 ´young member of a (esp old or noble) family. ¸2 ´shoot
of a plant, esp one cut for grafting or planting.¼
¨scis®sors© ²/ÚsIzEz/ ³n pl ¸(pair of) @, ´cutting instrument with
two blades which cut as they come together: ³Where are my @? ·@ and paste, ´(of
articles, books, etc) compiled from parts of others: ³This article's a @ and
paste job.¼
¨scler®osis© ²/sklEÚrE8sIs/ ³n ¶[U] ´diseased condition in which soft tissue
(eÔg walls of the arteries) hardens.¼
¨scoff©1 ²/skof ³US: ²skcf/ ³vi ¶[VP2A,3A] ·@ (at), ´speak contemptuously, mock
(at): ³@ at dangers; @ at religion. ¹ n ¸1 ´taunt; @ing remark. ¸2 ´object of
ridicule. ¸@er ³n ´person who @s. ¸@®ing®ly ³adv¼
¨scoff©2 ²/skof ³US: ²skcf/ ³vt ´(sl) eat greedily: ³Who has @ed all the
pastries? ¹ n ¸1 ´act of @ing: ³have a good @. ¸2 ¶[U] ´(sl) food: ³Where's all
the @ gone?¼
¨scold© ²/skE8ld/ ³vt,vi ¶[VP2A,6A,14] ·@ (sb) (for sth), ´blame
with angry words; find fault noisily: ³@ a child for being lazy. ¹ n ´person
who @s. ¸@®ing ³n ¶[C] ´severe rebuke: ³give sb/get a @ing for being late.¼
¨scol®lop© ²/ÚskolEp/ ³n, vt ´= µscallop.¼
¨sconce© ²/skons/ ³n ´bracket fixed to a wall for a candle (or, today, any
other form of light).¼
¨scone© ²/skon ³US: ²skE8n/ ³n ¶[C] ´soft, flat cake of barley meal or wheat
flour baked quickly.¼
¨scoop© ²/skup/ ³n ¶[C] ¸1 ´(sorts of) deep, shovel-like, short-handled tool
for taking up and moving quantities of grain, flour, sugar, etc; long-handled,
ladle-shaped tool for dipping out liquid. ¸2 ´motion of, or as of, using a @:
³at one @´, in one single movement of a @: (fig) ³He won $50 at one @. ¸3
´(colloq) piece of news obtained and published by one newspaper before its
competitors; (comm) large profit made by anticipating competitors. ¹ ³vt ¸1
¶[VP15B] ·@ sth out/up, ´lift with, or as with, a @. ¸2 ¶[VP6A,15B] ·@ (out),
´make (a hole, groove, etc) with, or as with, a @: ³@ out a hole in the sand.
¸3 ¶[VP6A] ´(colloq) get (news, a profit, etc) as a @µ(3)´. ¸@®ful ²/-f8l/ ³n
´as much as a @ holds.¼
¨scoot© ²/skut/ ³vi ´(either imper or inf) (colloq, hum) run away quickly:
³S@! Tell him to @. µ¥ scram.¼
¨scooter© ²/ÚskutE(r)/ ³n ¸1 ¸(Úmotor-)@ ´light motor-cycle with small wheels
and a low seat. ¸2 ´child's toy, an µL´-shaped vehicle with small wheels, one
foot being used to move it by pushing against the ground.¼
¨scope© ²/skE8p/ ³n ¶[U] ¸1 ´opportunity; outlet: ³work that gives
@ for one's abilities. ¸2 ´range of action or observation: ³Ought politics to
be within the @ of a trade union's activities? Economics is a subject beyond
the @ of my mind.¼
¨scor®bu®tic© ²/skcÚbjutIk/ ³adj ´of, affected with, scurvy.¼
¨scorch© ²/skct2/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A] ´burn or discolour the surface
of (sth) by dry heat; cause to dry up or wither: ³The long, hot summer @ed the
grass. You @ed my shirt when you ironed it. ¸*@ed Úearth policy, ´policy of
burning crops, and destroying buildings, etc that might be useful to enemy
forces occupying a district. ¸2 ¶[VP2A] ´become discoloured, etc with heat. ¸3
¶[VP2A,C] ´(colloq, of cyclists, motorists, etc) travel at very high speed. ¹
³n ¶[C] ´mark on the surface of sth (esp cloth) made by dry heat. ¸@er ³n ´sth
or sb that @es: ³Yesterday was a @er´, a very hot day. ¸@®ing ³adj ´very hot.
µ¹ ³adv´: ³@ing hot´, extremely hot.¼
¨score©1 ²/skc(r)/ ³n ¶[C] ¸1 ´cut, scratch or notch made on a surface: ³@s on
rock´, eÔg made during the Ice Age; ³@s on a slave's back ´(made by whipping).
¸2 ´(from the old custom of chalking lines on a board in inns, to record what a
customer owed for drinks, etc) account or record of money owing: ³run up a @´,
get into debt. ·pay/settle/wipe off old @s, ´(fig) get even with sb for past
offences; have one's revenge: ³I have some old @s to settle with that fellow.
¸3 ´(record of) points, goals, runs, etc made by a player or team in sport:
³The @ in the tennis final was 6Å4, 3Å6, 7Å5. The half-time @ ´(eÔg football)
³was 2Å1. ·keep the @, ´keep a record of the @ as it is made.
¸Ú@-board/-book/-card, ´one on which the @ (eÔg in cricket) is recorded (during
play). ¸4 ´reason; account. ·on the @ of, ´on account of, in consideration of:
³rejected on the @ (grounds ´is more usu³) of ill health. ·on more @s than one,
´for more than one reason. ·on Úthat @, ´as far as that point is concerned:
³You need have no anxiety on that @. ¸5 ´copy of orchestral, etc music showing
what each instrument is to play, each voice to sing: ³follow the @ while
listening to music. ¸6 ´twenty; set of twenty: ³a @ of people; three @ and
ten´, 70, the normal length of human life according to the Bible. ³I've been
there @s of times´, very often. ¸7 ´(sl) remark or act by which a person gains
an advantage for himself in an argument, etc: ³a politician who is clever at
making @s off hecklers at public meetings´, clever at making them appear
foolish. µ¥ score±2µ(4).¼
¨score©2 ²/skc(r)/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A,15A,B] ´mark with cuts,
scratches, lines, etc: ³The mountain side is @d by torrents´, shows where
torrents of water have washed away soil, etc. ³Don't @ the floor by pushing
heavy furniture about. The composition was @d with corrections in red ink. ·@
out, ´draw a line or lines through: ³Three words had been @d out. µ¥
score±1µ(1). ¸2 ¶[VP6A,2A,15B] ·@ (up), ´make or keep a record (esp for games):
³@ up runs´, in cricket. ³Who's going to @? ¸3 ¶[VP6A,2A] ´make as points in a
game: ³@ a goal; @ a century, ´100 runs at cricket; ³a batsman who failed to
@´, who made no runs; ³@ no tricks, ´iÔe whist or bridge. ·@ an advantage/a
success, ´win one; have good fortune. ·@ a point (against/off/over sb), ´= @
off sb. ¸4 ¶[VP3A] ·@ off sb, ´(colloq) humiliate him; defeat him in an
argument; make a clever retort to sth he says. ¸5 ¶[VP15B] ·@ sth up (against
sb), ´enter as a record: ³That remark will be @d up against you´, will be
remembered (and, perhaps, be revenged). ¸6 ¶[VP6A] ´orchestrate; write
instrumental or vocal parts for a musical composition: ³@d for violin, viola
and cello. µ¥ score±1µ(5). ¸@r ³n ¸1 ´person who keeps a record of points,
goals, runs, etc @d in a game. ¸2 ´player who @s runs, goals, etc.¼
¨scorn© ²/skcn/ ³n ¶[U] ¸1 ´contempt; feeling that sb or sth deserves no
respect: ³be filled with @ for a proposal; dismiss a suggestion with @. ·laugh
sb/sth to @, ´treat with contemptuous laughter. ¸2 ´object of contempt: ³He was
the @ of the village. ¹ vt ¶[VP6A,D,7A] ´feel or show contempt for; refuse (to
do sth as being unworthy): ³We @ a liar. He @ed my advice. She @s lying/telling
lies/to tell a lie. ¸@®ful ²/-fl/ ³adj ´showing or feeling @; ³a @ful smile;
@ful of material things. ¸@®fully ²/-fElI/ ³adv¼
¨Scor®pio© ²/ÚskcpIE8/ ³n ´eighth sign of the zodiac. µ¥ ´the illus at
µzodiac.¼
¨scor®pion© ²/ÚskcpIEn/ ³n ´small animal of the spider group with a poisonous
sting in its long, jointed tail. µ¥ ´the illus at µarachnid.¼
¨scot© ²/skot/ ³n ´(only in) ·pay @ and lot, ´share financial burdens. ·get
off/escape *@-Úfree, ´unharmed, unpunished.¼
¨Scot© ²/skot/ ³n ´native of Scotland.¼
¨scotch© ²/skot2/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ¸1 ´(archaic) wound without killing:
³@ a snake. ¸2 ´put an end to; frustrate (a plan, idea, etc).¼
¨Scotch© ²/skot2/ ³adj ´of Scotland or its people: ³@ whisky´, the kind
distilled in Scotland. ¸*@ Úterrier, ´small, rough-haired, short-legged kind of
terrier. ¹ ³n ¸1 the @, ³n pl ´natives of Scotland. ¸2 ¶[U] ´@ whisky. ¸Ú@®man
²/-mEn/, ¸Ú@®woman ³nn ´= Scotsman, Scotswoman (which are the preferred
terms).¼
¨Scot®land Yard© ²/*skotlEnd Újqd/ ³n ´(now ³New S@ Y@´) (used for) the London
police; headquarters of the Criminal Investigation Department: ³They called in
@´, asked for the help of this Department.¼
¨Scots© ²/skots/ ³adj ´= µScotch. ¸the @ ³n pl ´natives of Scotland. ¸Ú@®man
²/-mEn/, ¸Ú@®woman ²/-w8mEn/ ³nn ´native of Scotland.¼
¨Scot®tish© ²/ÚskotI2/ ³adj ´= µScotch.¼
¨scoun®drel© ²/Úskñ8ndrEl/ ³n ´wicked person with no principles or scruples;
villain; rascal. ¸@ly ²/-rElI/ ´of or like a @.¼
¨scour©1 ²/Úskñ8E(r)/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A,15A,B] ´make (a dirty
surface) clean or bright by friction: ³@ the pots and pans; @ out a saucepan´,
clean the inside (with a @er). ¸2 ¶[VP6A,15B] ·@ sth (away/off), ´get rid of
(rust, marks, etc) by rubbing or with a strong jet of water: ³@ the rust off.
¸3 ¶[VP6A,15A] ´clear out (a channel, etc) by flowing over or through it: ³The
torrent @ed a channel down the hillside. ¹ n ´act of @ing: ³give a dirty
saucepan a good @. ¸@er ³n ´(esp) pad of stiff nylon or wire for @ing pots and
pans.¼
¨scour©2 ²/Úskñ8E(r)/ ³vt,vi ¶[VP6A] ´go rapidly into every part of (a place)
looking for: ³@ the woods. The police @ed London for the thief. ¸2 ¶[VP2C] ·@
about after/for sb/sth, ´go quickly in search or pursuit of.¼
¨scourge© ²/sk3dZ/ ³n ¸1 ´(old use) whip for flogging persons. ¸2 ´cause of
suffering; person regarded as an instrument of vengeance or punishment: ³After
the @ of war came the @ of disease. ¹ vt ¶[VP6A] ¸1 ´(old use) use a @ on. ¸2
´(fig) cause suffering to.¼
¨scout©1 ²/skñ8t/ ³n ¸1 ´person (not a spy), ship or small, fast
aircraft, sent out to get information of the enemy's movements, strength, etc.
¸2 (Boy) S@, ´member of an organization (¸the S@ Association´) intended to
develop character and teach self-reliance, discipline and public spirit. Cf
³Girl Guide ´(US = ³Girl S@). ¸Ú@®master ³n ´officer who leads a troop of Boy
S@s. ¸3 ´patrol-man on the roads, helping motorists who are members of the
Automobile Association or Royal Automobile Club. ¸4 ´person employed to look
out for talented performers (in sport, the theatre, etc) and recruit them for
his employer(s): ³a ·Ú³talent @. ¸5 ´(at Oxford) college servant. ¹ ³vi ¶[VP2C]
·@ about/around (for sb/sth), ´go about as a @µ(1,4)´: ³@ about/around for«´,
go about looking for«.¼
¨scout©2 ²/skñ8t/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´dismiss (an idea, suggestion, etc) as worthless
or ridiculous.¼
¨scow© ²/skñ8/ ³n ´large flat-bottomed boat used for carrying sand, rock,
rubbish, etc.¼
¨scowl© ²/skñ8l/ ³n ¶[C] ´bad-tempered look (on the face). ¹ ³vi ¶[VP2A,3A] ·@
(at), ´look in a bad-tempered way: ³The prisoner @ed at the judge.¼
¨scrabble©1 ²/Úskrabl/ ³n ¶[U] ´(P) game in which words are built up on a
board (marked with squares) from letters printed on counters or blocks.¼
¨scrabble©2 ²/Úskrabl/ ³vi ¸1 ¶[VP2A] ´scrawl, scribble. ¸2 ¶[VP2C] ·@ about
(for sth), ´grope about to find or collect sth: ³@ about for sth dropped under
the table. ¹ n ´act of scrabbling.¼
¨scrag© ²/skrag/ ³n ¸1 ´lean, skinny person or animal. ¸2
*@(-Úend), ´bony part of a sheep's neck, used for making soup and stews. ¹ ³vt
µ(-gg-) ´put to death by strangling; twist the neck of. ¸scraggy ³adj µ(-ier,
-iest) ´thin and bony: ³a long, @gy neck.¼
¨scram© ²/skram/ ³vi ´(either ³imper ´or ³inf´) (sl) go away: ³I
told him to @.¼
¨scramble© ²/Úskrambl/ ³vi,vt ¸1 ¶[VP2A,C,4A] ´climb, clamber or crawl (over
steep or rough ground): ³@ up the side of a cliff/over a rocky hillside. ¸2
¶[VP3A,4A] ·@ (for), ´struggle with others to get sth, or as much or as many as
possible of sth, from competitors: ³The players @d for/@d to get possession of
the ball. The children @d for the coins that were thrown to them. ¸3 ¶[VP6A]
´cook (eggs) by beating them and then heating them in a saucepan with butter
and milk. ¸4 ¶[VP6A] ´make a message sent by telephone, etc unintelligible (by
changing the wave frequency) without a special receiver. ¹ ³n ¶[C] ¸1 ´climb,
walk, motor-bike competition or trial, over or through obstacles, rough ground,
etc. ¸2 ´rough struggle: ³There was a @ for the best seats. ¸scram®bler
²/ÚskramblE(r)/ ³n ´device for scrambling telephone messages. µ¥ 4 ´above.¼
¨scrap©1 ²/skrap/ ³n ¸1 ¶[C] ´small (usu unwanted) piece: ³@s of paper/broken
porcelain; ´(fig) small amount: ³not a @ of evidence to support the charge;
not even a @ of comfort in the news. ¸2 ¶[U] ´waste or unwanted articles, esp
those of value only for the material they contain: ³A man comes round regularly
collecting @. ¸Ú@-heap ³n ´pile of waste or unwanted material or articles.
¸Ú@-iron ³n ¶[U] ´articles made of iron, to be melted down for re-use. ·throw
sth/sb on the @-heap, ´discard sth, dismiss sb, as no longer wanted. ¸3 ³(pl)
´odds and ends; bits of uneaten food: ³Give the @s to the dog. ¸4 ¶[C] ´picture
or paragraph cut out from a periodical, etc for a collection. ¸Ú@-book ³n ´book
of blank pages on which to paste these. ¹ ³vt µ(-pp-) ¶[VP6A] ´throw away as
useless or worn-out: ³You ought to @ that old bicycle and buy a new one. ¸@py
³adj µ(-ier, -iest) ´made up of bits or @s; not complete or properly arranged.
¸@®ily ²/-IlI/ ³adv ¸@i®ness ³n¼
¨scrap©2 ²/skrap/ ³n ´(colloq) fight, quarrel, esp one that is not
planned or premeditated: ³He had a bit of a @ with his brother. ¹ vi µ(-pp-)
´fight; quarrel: ³Tell those boys to stop @ping.¼
¨scrape© ²/skreIp/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A,14,15A,B,22] ·@ sth (from/off sth); @ sth
(away/off), ´make clean, smooth or level by drawing or pushing the hard edge of
a tool, or sth rough, along the surface; remove (mud, grease, paint, etc) in
this way: ³@ out a sticky saucepan; @ the rust off sth; @ paint from a door; @
a dish clean. The ship's bottom needs to be @d´, eÔg in order to remove
barnacles. ¸2 ¶[VP6A,14] ·@ sth (from/off sth), ´injure or damage by harsh
rubbing, etc: ³The boy fell and @d his knee/@d the skin off his knee. He @d
the side of his car/@d the paintwork off his car. ¸3 ¶[VP6A,15B] ·@ sth (out),
´make by scraping: ³@ (out) a hole. ¸4 ¶[VP2C,3A] ´go, get, pass along,
touching or almost touching: ³@ along a wall; branches that @ against the
window panes. ·@ along, ´(fig) manage to live in spite of difficulties. ·@
through (sth), ´only just pass: ³The boy just @d through (his exams). ·bow and
@, ´bow awkwardly while drawing one foot along the floor; (fig) behave with
exaggerated respect. ¸5 ¶[VP6A,15B] ·@ sth/sb together, ´obtain by being
careful, or with effort: ³We managed to @ together an audience of fifty
people/enough money for a short holiday. ·@ (up) an acquaintance with sb,
´force one's acquaintance upon sb; push oneself into a person's company in
order to get acquainted with him. ·@ a living, ´with difficulty make enough
money for a living. ¹ ³n ¸1 ´act or sound of scraping: ³the @ of sb's pen on
paper/of the teacher's fingernail on the blackboard. ¸2 ´place that is @d: ³a
bad @ on the elbow´, eÔg as the result of a fall. ¸3 ´awkward situation
resulting from foolish or thoughtless behaviour: ³That boy is always getting
into @s. Don't expect me to get you out of your @s. ¸@r ³n ´tool used for
scraping, eÔg for scraping mud from one's shoes at the entrance to a building,
or for scraping paint from woodwork. ¸scrap®ing ³n ´(esp ³pl´) small bits
produced by scraping: ³scrapings from the bottom of the barrel.¼
¨scrappy© ²/ÚskrapI/ ³adj µ¥ scrap±1µ.¼
¨scratch©1 ²/skrat2/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A,2A] ´make lines on or in a surface with
sth pointed or sharp, eÔg fingernails, claws: ³The cat @ed me. Does your cat @?
Who has @ed the paint? ·@ the surface, ´(fig) deal with a subject without being
thorough, without getting deeply into it: ³The lecturer merely @ed the surface
of the subject. ¸2 ¶[VP6A] ´get (oneself, a part of the body) @ed by accident:
³He @ed his hands badly while pruning the rose-bushes. ¸3 ¶[VP15B] ·@ sth out,
´draw a line or lines through a word or words, a name, etc: ³@ out Smith/his
name from the list. The essay contained a lot of scratched-out
words/·*³@ings-·Ú³out. ¸4 ¶[VP6A,2A] ´withdraw (a horse, a candidate, oneself)
from a competition; take out (the name of a horse, a candidate) from a list of
entries for a race or competition: ³The horse was @ed´, Its name was withdrawn.
³I hope you're not going to @ ´(= withdraw, decline³) at the last moment. ¸5
¶[VP6A,2A] ´scrape or rub (the skin), esp to relieve itching: ³@ mosquito
bites. Stop @ing (yourself). ·@ one's head, ´show signs of being perplexed. ·If
you'll @ *my back, I'll @ Úyours, ´(fig) If you'll help, flatter, etc me, I'll
do the same for you. ¸6 ¶[VP6A,15B] ·@ sth (out), ´make by @ing: ³@ (out) a
hole. ¸7 ¶[VP6A] ´write hurriedly; scribble: ³@ a few lines to a friend.
¸Ú@-pad ³n ´scribbling pad. ¸8 ¶[VP2A] ´make a scraping noise: ³This pen @es.
¸9 ¶[VP2C,15B] ·@ about (for sth); @ sth up, ´tear or dig with the claws,
fingernails, etc in search of sth: ³The chickens were @ing about in the yard.
The dog @ed up a bone. ¸10 ¶[VP15B] ´scrapeµ(5)´: ³@ up/together a few pounds.¼
¨scratch©2 ²/skrat2/ ³n ¸1 ¶[C] ´mark, cut, injury, sound, made by
scratchingµ(1)´: ³Her hands were covered with @es after she had pruned her
rose-bushes. It's only a @´, a very slight injury. ³He escaped without a @´,
quite unhurt. ·a @ of the pen, ´a few words quickly and easily written; a
signature. ¸2 ³(sing ´only) act or period of scratchingµ(5)´: ³The dog enjoys
having a good @. ¸3 ³(sing ´only; no article) starting line for a race. ·start
from @, ´start from this line; (fig) start without being allowed any
advantage(s); (fig) begin (sth) without preparation. ·be/come/bring sb up to @,
´(fig) be ready/get sb ready to do what is expected or required: ³Will your
teachers manage to bring you up to @ before you take the examination´, get you
ready for it? ¸4 ´(attrib) (sport) without a handicap: ³@ players. ¸Ú@-race ³n
´one in which all competitors start from @, on equal terms. ¸5 ´(attrib)
collected by chance; brought together, done, made, with whatever is available:
³a @ crew/team; a @ dinner´, prepared from what happens to be in the house.
¸@y ³adj ¸1 ´(of writing, drawings) done carelessly or unskilfully. ¸2 ´(of a
pen) making a scratching noise.¼
¨scrawl© ²/skrcl/ ³vi,vt ¶[VP6A,2A,C] ´write or draw quickly or
carelessly; make meaningless or illegible marks: ³Who has @ed all over this
wall? He @ed a few words on a postcard to his wife. ¹ n ¸1 ¶[C] ´piece of bad
writing; hurried note of letter. ¸2 ³(sing ´only) shapeless, untidy
handwriting: ³What a @! His signature was an illegible @.¼
¨scrawny© ²/ÚskrcnI/ ³adj µ(-ier, -iest) ´bony, scraggy: ³the @ neck of a
turkey.¼
¨scream© ²/skrim/ ³vi,vt ¸1 ¶[VP2A,C,6A,15A,B,22] ·@ (out), ´(of human beings,
birds, animals) give a loud, sharp cry or cries of, or as of, fear or pain; cry
(sth) in a loud shrill voice: ³She @ed in anger. The baby has been @ing for an
hour. This parrot @s but does not talk. The child @ed itself red in the face.
She @ed out that there was a burglar under the bed. We all @ed with laughter´,
laughed noisily. ·@ one's Úhead off, ´@ very loudly (and for a long time). ¸2
¶[VP2A,C] ´(of the wind, machines, etc) make a loud, shrill noise: ³The wind
@ed through the trees. ¹ n ¶[C] ¸1 ´loud, shrill, piercing cry or noise: ³the
@ of a peacock; @s of pain/laughter. ¸2 ´(colloq) sb or sth that causes @s of
laughter: ³He/It was a perfect @. ¸@®ing®ly ³adv ´(esp): ³@ingly funny´, so
funny as to cause @s of laughter.¼
¨scree© ²/skri/ ³n ¶[C,U] ´(part of a mountain-side covered with)
small loose stones which slide down when trodden on. µ¥ ´the illus at
µmountain.¼
¨screech© ²/skrit2/ ³vi,vt ¶[VP2A,C,6A,15A,B] ·@ (out), ¸1 ´make a harsh,
piercing sound: ³jet planes @ing over the house-tops. The brakes @ed as the car
stopped. ¸2 ´scream in anger or pain; cry out in high tones: ´monkeys @ing in
the trees. ³She @es out her top notes instead of singing them. ¹ n ¶[C] ´@ing
cry or noise: ³the @ of tyres, ´eÔg when a car is cornering fast. ¸Ú@-owl ³n
´kind of owl that @es instead of hooting.¼
¨screed© ²/skrid/ ³n ¶[C] ´long (and usu uninteresting) piece of writing; long
monotonous speech.¼
¨screen© ²/skrin/ ³n ¶[C] ´(often movable) upright framework (some made so as
to fold), used to hide sb or sth from view, or to protect from draughts or
from too much heat, light, etc. ¸2 ´(in a church) structure of wood or stone
separating (but not completely) the main part of the church and the altar, or
the nave of a cathedral and the choir. ¸3 ´anything that is or can be used to
give shelter or protection from observation, the weather, etc: ³a @ of trees´,
hiding a house from the road; ³a ·Ú³smoke-@´, used in war to hide ships, etc
from the enemy; ³a @ of indifference´, an appearance of indifference that hides
interest. ¸4 ´white or silver surface on to which slides, film transparencies,
cinema films, TÔV pictures, etc are projected; surface upon which an image is
seen on a cathode ray tube. Hence, (attrib, = ³cinema´) ³a @ play, ´the script
of a film; ³@ actors/stars; a ·Ú³@ test´, test of a person's suitability for
acting in films. ¸5 ´frame with fine wire netting ³(·Ú³window @, ·Ú³door @´) to
keep out flies, mosquitoes, etc. ¸6 ´large sieve or riddle used for separating
coal, gravel, etc into different sizes. ¸7 ´(cricket) one of two large movable
erections of white wood or canvas placed near the boundary line to help batsmen
to see the ball. ¹ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A,14,15A,B] ·@ (off) (from), ´shelter, hide,
protect from view, with a @: ³The trees @ our house from public view. One
corner of the room was @ed off. You should @ the lens of your camera from
direct sunlight. We have @ed our house ´(iÔe doors and windows) ³against
mosquitoes. ¸2 ¶[VP6A,14] ·@ (from), ´(fig) protect from blame, discovery,
punishment: ³I'm not willing to @ your faults/@ you from blame. ¸3 ¶[VP6A]
´separate (coal, etc) into different sizes by passing through a @µ(6)´: ³@ed
coal´, from which dust has been removed. ¸4 ¶[VP6A] ´investigate (sb's) past
history, eÔg the political antecedents of a refugee or displaced person, sb
applying for a position in government service, in order to judge his loyalty,
dependability, etc; examine (sb) to judge his qualifications for a post, etc.
¸5 ¶[VP6A] ´show (an object, a scene) on a @µ(4)´; make a cinema film of.
¶[VP2C] ·@ well/badly, ´(of a stage play, an actor, etc) be suitable/unsuitable
for filming.¼
¨screw© ²/skru/ ³n ¸1 ´metal peg with slotted head and a spiral
groove cut round its length, driven into wood, metal, etc by twisting under
pressure, for fastening and holding things together. ·a Ú@ loose, ´(fig) sth
wrong or out of order: ³There's a @ loose somewhere. He has a @ loose´, is a
little stupid. ¸Ú@-driver ³n ´tool for turning @s. µ¥ ´the illus at µtool.
¸*@-Útopped ³adj ´(of jars, etc) having a top or lid with a spiral groove, put
on or taken off by twisting. ¸Ú@-ball ³n, adj ´(US, sl) crazy (person). ¸2
´sth that is turned like a screw and is used for exerting pressure,
tightening, etc. ·put the @(s) on sb; give (sb) another turn of the @, ´use
one's power, a threat of force, etc to force him to do sth. ¸Úthumb@ ³n µ¥
thumb. ¸3 ´action of turning; turn: ³This isn't tight enough yet; give it
another @. ¸4 Ú@(-propeller) ´propeller of a ship: ³a twin-@ ship. ¸(Úair)@,
´propeller of an aircraft. µ¥ ´the illus at µair. ¸5 ¶[C,U] ´(in games, eÔg
billiards) spin given to a ball to make it curve or change direction. ¸6
´small, twisted piece of paper and its contents: ³a @ of tea/tobacco. ¸7
´(colloq) miser. ¸8 ´(GB, sl) amount of salary or wages: ³He's paid a good @.
¸9 ´(GB, sl) (= ³turnkey´) prison warder. ¸10 ´Ï act of or partner in sexual
intercourse. ¹ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A,15A,B] ´fasten or tighten with a @ or @s: ³@ a
lock on a door; @ down the lid of a coffin; @ up a door´, so that it cannot be
opened. ·have one's head @ed on (the right way), ´be sensible, have good
judgement. ¸2 ¶[VP6A,15A,B] ´twist round; make tight, tense or more efficient:
³@ a lid on/off a jar; @ one's head round, ´in order to look over one's
shoulder; ³@ up one's face/features/eyes´, contract the muscles, eÔg when
going out into bright sunshine from a dark room. ·@ up one's courage,
´overcome one's fears. ¸3 ¶[VP6A,15A,B] ´exert pressure on; force (out of): ³@
water out of a sponge/more taxes out of the people. ¸4 ´(sl) ·be @ed, ´be
drunk. ¸5 ¶[VP6A,2A] ´Ï have sexual intercourse with. ¸@y ³adj ´(GB colloq)
eccentric; crazy; (US colloq) ludicrously odd; absurd.¼
¨scribble© ²/ÚskrIbl/ ³vt,vi ¶[VP6A,2A] ´write hastily or
carelessly; make meaningless marks on paper, etc. ¸Úscribbling-block ³n ´pad of
cheap paper making notes. ¹ ³n ¶[U] ´hasty, careless handwriting; ¶[C] ´sth @d.
¸scrib®bler ²/ÚskrIblE(r)/ ³n ´person who @s; (colloq) inferior author.¼
¨scribe© ²/skrñIb/ ³n ¸1 ´professional letter-writer; person who, before the
invention of printing, made copies of writings, eÔg in monasteries. ¸2 ´(Jewish
hist) maker and keeper of records; teacher of Jewish law (at the time of Jesus
Christ).¼
¨scrim®mage© ²/ÚskrImIdZ/ ³n ¸1 ¶[C] ´confused struggle or fight. ¸2 ´(US
football) the play that takes place when two teams are lined up for the
players to begin or resume play. ¸3 ´= scrum(mage). ¹ ³vi,vt ´engage in a
@µ(1)´; put (the ball) in a @.¼
¨scrimp© ²/skrImp/ ³vt,vi ´= µskimp ´(which is more usu).¼
¨scrim®shank© ²/ÚskrIm2aGk/ ³vi ´(GB army sl) try to avoid duties. ¸@er ³n¼
¨scrip© ²/skrIp/ ³n ¶[C] ´document, the possession of which entitles the holder
to a formal certificate for ownership of stock in a business company, etc on
completion of formalities; ¶[U] ´such documents collectively.¼
¨script© ²/skrIpt/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´(opp of ³print´) handwriting; printed cursive
characters in imitation of handwriting. ¸2 ¶[C] ´(short for) manuscript or
typescript (esp of an actor's part in a play, a talk, discussion, drama, etc
to be broadcast, etc). ¸Ú@®writer ³n ´person who writes @s for films or
broadcast programmes. ¸@ed ³adj ´read from a @: ³Un@ed discussions are usually
livelier than @ed discussions´, eÔg in a broadcast programme.¼
¨scrip®ture© ²/ÚskrIpt2E(r)/ ³n ¸1 (Holy) S@, The (Holy) S@s, ´the Bible;
(attrib) taken from, relating to, the Bible: ³a ·Ú³@ lesson. ¸2 ´sacred book of
a religion other than Christianity. ¸scrip®tural ²/ÚskrIpt2Erl/ ³adj ´based on
the Bible.¼
¨scriv®ener© ²/ÚskrIvEnE(r)/ ³n ´(old use) clerk; person who wrote letters for
illiterate people and copied and drafted documents.¼
¨scrof®ula© ²/Úskrofj8lE/ ³n ¶[U] ´tuberculous disease in which
there are swellings of the lymphatic glands. ¸scrofu®lous ²/Úskrofj8lEs/ ³adj¼
¨scroll© ²/skrE8l/ ³n ¸1 ´roll of paper or parchment for writing on; ancient
book written on a @. ¸2 ´ornamental design cut in stone; flourish in writing,
suggesting by its curves a @ of parchment.¼
¨Scrooge© ²/ÚskrudZ/ ³n ´mean-spirited miser.¼
¨scro®tum© ²/ÚskrE8tEm/ ³n ´pouch of skin enclosing the testicles in mammals.¼
¨scrounge© ²/skrñ8ndZ/ ³vi,vt ¶[VP2A,6A] ´(colloq) get what one wants by taking
it without permission or by trickery. ¸@r ³n ´person who @s.¼
¨scrub©1 ²/skrAb/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´(land covered with) trees and bushes of poor
quality; stunted forest growth: (attrib) ·Ú³@-pine, ·Ú³@-oak´, dwarf or stunted
kinds. ¸2 ¶[C] ´anything below the usual size. ¸@by ²/ÚskrAbI/ ³adj µ(-ier,
-iest) ¸1 ´small, stunted; mean. ¸2 ´rough and bristly: ³a @by chin.¼
¨scrub©2 ²/skrAb/ ³vt,vi µ(-bb-) ¶[VP6A,15B,22,2A,C] ·@ (out), ´clean by
rubbing hard, esp with a stiff brush, soap and water: ³@ the floor; @ out a
pan; @ the walls clean; ´cancel; ignore: ³@ (out) an order. ¸Ú@®bing-brush ³n
´stiff brush for @bing floors, etc. µ¥ ´the illus at µbrush. ´¹ ³n ´act of
@bing: ³The floor needs a good @.¼
¨scruff© ²/skrAf/ ³n ´(only in) ·the @ of the neck, ´the back of the neck, the
nape, when used for grasping or lifting: ³seize/take an animal by the @ of the
neck.¼
¨scruffy© ²/ÚskrAfI/ ³adj µ(-ier, -iest) ´(colloq) dirty, untended and untidy
looking.¼
¨scrum© ²/skrAm/ ³n ´(abbr of) scrummage. ¸scrum half, ´the half-back who puts
the ball into the @.¼
¨scrum®mage© ²/ÚskrAmIdZ/ ³n ´the play in Rugby football when the forwards of
both sides pack together with their heads down while the ball is thrown into
the middle of them and they then try to kick the ball back to their own team;
all those forwards when such play occurs.¼
¨scrump®tious© ²/ÚskrAmp2Es/ ³adj ´(colloq, chiefly of food) delightful: ³@
food.¼
¨scrunch© ²/skrAnt2/ ³n, vt ´= µcrunch(2).¼
¨scruple© ²/Úskrupl/ ³n ¸1 ¶[C] ´weight-unit of 20 grains. µ¥ App 5. ¸2 ¶[C,U]
´(hesitation caused by) uneasiness of conscience: ³Have you no @s about
borrowing things without permission? ³He will tell lies without @. ¹ vi ¶[VP4C]
·@ to do sth, ´hesitate owing to @s: (usu neg) ³He doesn't @ to tell a lie if
he thinks it useful.¼
¨scru®pu®lous© ²/Úskrupj8lEs/ ³adj ´careful to do nothing morally wrong; paying
great attention to small points (esp of conscience): ³He is not @ in his
business dealings. A solicitor must act with @ honesty. ¸@®ly ³adv ´in a @
manner: ³@ly exact/careful.¼
¨scru®ti®neer© ²/*skrutIÚnIE(r) ³US: ²-tnÚIEr/ ³n ´official who
examines ballot papers to see that they are not filled in irregularly.¼
¨scru®ti®nize© ²/ÚskrutInñIz ³US: ²-tEnñIz/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´make a detailed
examination of.¼
¨scru®tiny© ²/ÚskrutInI ³US: ²-tEnI/ ³n (pl µ-nies³) ¸1 ¶[U] ´thorough and
detailed examination; ¶[C] ´instance of this. ¸2 ¶[C] ´official examination of
votes, esp a re-count of votes at an election when the result of the first
count is very close: ³demand a @.¼
¨scud© ²/skAd/ ³vi µ(-dd-) ¶[VP2A,C] ´go straight and fast, with smooth motion:
³The clouds @ded across the sky. The yacht was @ding along before the wind. ¹ n
¶[C] ´act of @ding; ¶[U] ´vapoury clouds driven by the wind.¼
¨scuff© ²/skAf/ ³vi,vt ¸1 ¶[VP2A,C] ´walk without properly lifting the feet
from the ground; shuffle. ¸2 ¶[VP6A,15A,B] ´wear out or injure (shoes, etc) by
walking in this way: ³@ one's shoes.¼
¨scuffle© ²/ÚskAfl/ ³vi ¶[VP2A,C]³, n ´(take part in a) rough, confused fight
or struggle: ³There was a @ between the police and some demonstrators.¼
¨scull© ²/skAl/ ³n ¸1 ´one of a pair of oars used together by a
single rower, one in each hand. ¸2 ´oar worked at the stern of a boat with
twisting strokes. ³¹ vt,vi ¶[VP6A,2A] ´propel (a boat) with a @; row (a boat)
with @s; use a @ or @s. ¸@er ³n ´person who @s.¼
¨scul®lery© ²/ÚskAlErI/ ³n (pl µ-ries³) ´room usu in a large house next to the
kitchen, where dishes, pots, etc are washed up.¼
¨scul®lion© ²/ÚskAlIEn/ ³n ´(hist) boy or man who did rough work in the kitchen
of a large house, etc.¼
¨sculpt© ²/skAlpt/ ³vt,vi ´= µsculpture.¼
¨sculp®tor© ²/ÚskAlptE(r)/ ³n ´artist who sculptures. ¸sculp®tress
²/ÚskAlptrIs/ ³n ´woman @.¼
¨sculp®ture© ²/ÚskAlpt2E(r)/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´art of making representations in
stone, wood, metal, etc by carving or modelling. ¸2 ¶[C,U] ´(piece of) such
work. ³¹ vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A] ´represent in @; decorate with @: ³@ a statue out of
stone; @d columns. ¸2 ¶[VP2A] ´be a sculptor; do @. ¸sculp®tural
²/ÚskAlpt2ErEl/ ³adj ´of, like, connected with, @: ³the sculptural arts.¼
¨scum© ²/skAm/ ³n ¶[U] ¸1 ´froth which forms on the surface of some boiling
liquids; dirt on the surface of a pond or other area of still water. ¸2 ·the @
(of), ´(fig) worthless person(s) (of a place). ·the @ of the Earth, ´worthless
person(s). ¸@my ³adj ´of, like, having or containing, @.¼
¨scup®per© ²/ÚskApE(r)/ ³n ´opening in a ship's side to allow water to run off
the deck. ¹ ³vt ´sink a ship deliberately; (colloq, usu passive) ruin; disable:
³We're @ed!¼
¨scurf© ²/sk3f/ ³n ¶[U] ´small bits of dead skin, esp on the scalp, loosened
as new skin grows; dandruff: ³monkeys searching each other's fur for @. ¸@y
³adj ´having, covered with, @.¼
¨scur®ri®lous© ²/ÚskArIlEs/ ³adj ´using, full of, violent and
taunting words of abuse: ³@ attacks upon the Prime Minister. ¸scur®ril®ity
²/skEÚrIlEtI/ ³n ¶[U] ´@ language; ³(pl; µ-ties³) ´@ remarks: ³indulge in
scurrilities.¼
¨scurry© ²/ÚskArI/ ³vi (pt,pp µ-ried³) ¶[VP2A,C,3A] ·@ (about) (for/through),
´run with short, quick steps; hurry: ³The rain sent everyone
@ing for shelter. Don't @ through your work. ¹ n ¸1 ¶[U] ´act or sound of @ing;
anxious or excited bustle and movement: ³the @ and scramble of town life. There
was a @ towards the refreshments. ¸2 ¶[C] ·@ (of), ´windy shower (of snow);
cloud (of dust).¼
¨scurvy© ²/Úsk3vI/ ³n ¶[U] ´diseased state of the blood caused (esp among
sailors in former times) by eating too much salt meat and not enough fresh
vegetables and fruit. ³¹ adj ´(sl) dishonourable, contemptuous: ³That was a @
trick to play on an old lady. ¸scurv®ily ²/-IlI/ ³adv¼
¨scut© ²/skAt/ ³n ¶[C] ´short, erect tail, esp of a rabbit, hare or deer.¼
¨scutch®eon© ²/ÚskAt2En/ ³n ´= µescutcheon.¼
¨scuttle©1 ²/ÚskAtl/ ³n ¸(Úcoal-)@, ´container for a supply of coal at the
fireside.¼
¨scuttle©2 ²/ÚskAtl/ ³vi ¶[VP2A,C] ·@ (off/away), ´scurry. ³¹ n ´hurried flight
or departure; cowardly avoidance of, or running away from, difficulties and
dangers: ³The Opposition leader accused the Government of a policy of @.¼
¨scuttle©3 ²/ÚskAtl/ ³n ´small opening with a lid, in a ship's side or deck, or
in a building's roof or wall. ³¹ vt ¶[VP6A] ´cut holes in, open valves in, a
ship's sides or bottom to sink it: ³The captain @d his ship to avoid its being
captured by the enemy.¼
¨Scylla© ²/ÚsIlE/ ³n ´(myth) (six-headed monster living on) a dangerous rock
opposite a whirlpool (called ³Charybdis ²/kEÚrIbdIs/´) (in the Strait of
Messina, S Italy). ·between @ and Charybdis, ´between two great dangers.¼
¨scythe© ²/sñID/ ³n ´tool with a slightly curved blade on a long wooden pole
with two short handles, for cutting long grass, grain, etc. ³¹ vt ¶[VP6A,15A]
´cut with a @.¼
¨sea© ²/si/ ³n ¸1 the sea, ´expanse of salt water that covers most of the
earth's surface and encloses its continents and islands; any part of this (in
contrast to areas of fresh water and dry land): ³Ships sail on the sea. Fish
swim in the sea. The sea covers nearly three-fourths of the world's surface.
Let's go for a swim in the sea. ·follow the sea, ´be a sailor. ·on the sea,
´(of a place) on the coast: ³Brighton is on the sea. ¸2 seas, ´same sense as µ1
´above. ·beyond/over the sea(s), ´abroad; to or in countries separated by the
sea (note that ³overseas ´is more usu). ·the high seas, ´parts which are not
near the land, esp outside the territorial limits over which the nearest
country has or claims jurisdiction. ·the freedom of the seas, ´the right to
carry on sea-trade without interference. ¸3 ´(in proper names) particular area
of sea which is smaller than an ocean: ³the Mediterranean Sea; the Caribbean
Sea; the South China Sea; ´inland body of water; lake: ³the Caspian Sea; the
Sea of Galilee. ·the Seven Seas, ´(liter or poet) the Arctic, the Antarctic,
the N and S Pacific, the N and S Atlantic and the Indian Oceans: ³He has sailed
the Seven Seas. ¸4 ´(in various phrases without articles) ·at sea, ´away from,
out of sight of, the land: ³He was buried at sea. ·all/completely at sea,
´(fig) puzzled; at a loss: ³He was all at sea when he began his new job. ·by
sea, ´in a ship: ³travel by sea and land. ·go to sea, ´become a sailor. ·put to
sea, ´leave port or land. ¸5 ¶[C] ´local state of the sea; swell of the ocean;
big wave or billow: ³There was a heavy sea´, large waves. ³The ship was struck
by a heavy sea´, a large wave. ³The seas were mountains high. ·half seas over,
´having drunk too much; intoxicated. ¸6 ¶[C] ´large quantity or expanse (³of´):
³a sea of up-turned faces´, eÔg crowds of people looking upwards; ³a sea of
flame. ¸7 ´(attrib and in compounds): ¸*sea Úair ³n ´air at the seaside,
considered to be good for health: ³enjoy the sea air. ¸Úsea-anemone ³n µ¥ ´the
illus at µanemone. ¸Úsea-animal ³n ´animal inhabiting the sea, eÔg fish,
mammals, molluscs, etc. ¸Úsea-bathing ³n ´bathing in the sea. ¸Úsea®bed ³n
´floor of the sea. ¸Úsea®bird ³n ´any of several species of bird which live
close to the sea, iÔe on cliffs, islands, etc. µ¥ ´the illus at µwater.
¸Úsea®board ³n ´coast region; line of coast. ¸Úsea-boat ³n ´ship with the
sea-going qualities specified: ³a good/bad sea-boat´, one that sails
well/badly. ¸Úsea-borne ³adj ´(of trade) carried in ships: ³sea-borne
commerce/goods. ¸Úsea-breeze ³n ´breeze blowing landward from the sea, esp
during the day in alternation with a land-breeze at night. Cf ³a ·*³sea
·Ú³breeze´, any kind of breeze at sea. ¸Úsea-coal ³n ´(hist) coal brought from
Newcastle to London by sea (opp of ³charcoal). ¸Úsea-cow ³n ´kind of
warm-blooded creature living in the sea and feeding its young with milk.
¸Úsea-dog ³n ¸(a) ´old sailor, esp the captains of English ships during the
reign of Elizabeth I. ¸(b) ´dogfish. ¸(c) ´seal. ¸Úsea®faring ²/-feErIG/ ³adj
´of work or voyages on the sea: ³a ·Ú³seafaring man´, a sailor. ¸Úsea-fish ³n
´fish living in the sea (opp to ³freshwater-fish´). ¸Úsea fog ³n ´fog along the
coast, caused by difference between land and sea temperatures. ¸Úsea®food ³n
´edible fish or shellfish from the sea: ³a ·Ú³seafood restaurant; a seafood
cocktail. ¸Úsea®front ³n ´part of a town facing the sea: ³The best hotels are
on the sea-front. ¸Úsea-girt ³adj ´(poet) surrounded by the sea. ¸Úsea-god ³n
´god living in or having power over the sea, eÔg ³Neptune. ¸Úsea-going ³adj
´(of ships) built for crossing the sea, not for coastal voyages only; (of a
person) seafaring. ¸*sea-Úgreen ³adj, n ´bluish-green as of the sea. ¸Úsea®gull
³n ´= µgull. ¸Úsea-horse ³n ´kind of small fish. ¸*sea-island Úcotton ³n ´fine
quality of long-stapled cotton. ¸Úsea®kale ³n ´plant whose young white shoots
are used as a vegetable. ¸Úsea-legs ³n pl ´ability to walk on the deck of a
rolling ship: ³get/find one's sea-legs. ¸Úsea-level ³n ´level of sea half-way
between high and low tide as the basis for measuring height of land and depth
of sea: ³100 metres above/below sea level. ¸Úsea-lion ³n ´large seal of the N
Pacific Ocean. ¸ÚSea Lord ³n ´one of four naval members of the Board of
Admiralty (London). ¸Úsea®man ²/-mEn/ ³n (pl µ-men³) ¸(a) ´(in the Navy) sailor
who is not an officer. ¸(b) ´person expert in nautical matters. Hence,
¸Úsea®man®like ²/-mEnlñIk/ ³adj ¸Úsea®man®ship ²/-mEn2Ip/ ³n ´skill in managing
a boat or ship. ¸Úsea mile ³n ´nautical mile. ¸Úsea®plane ³n ´aircraft
constructed so that it can come down on and rise from water. ¸Úsea®port ³n
´town with a harbour used by sea-going ships. ¸Úsea-power ³n ´ability to
control and use the seas (by means of naval strength). ¸Úsea-rover ³n ´pirate;
pirate's ship. ¸Úsea®scape ³n ´picture of a scene at sea. µ¥ landscape.
¸Úsea-shell ³n ´shell of any mollusc inhabiting the sea. ¸Úsea®shore ³n ´land
bordering on the sea; beach: ³children playing on the seashore; ´(legal)
between high and low-water marks. ¸Úsea®sick ³adj ´sick, inclined to vomit,
from the motion of a ship. ¸Úsea®sick®ness ³n ¸Úsea®side ³n ´(often attrib)
place, town, etc by the sea, esp a holiday resort: ³go to the seaside for one's
summer holidays; own a house by the seaside; a seaside town. ¸Úsea-snake ³n
´(kinds of) (usu venomous) snake living in the sea. ¸Úsea-urchin ³n ´small
sea-animal with a shell covered with sharp points. ¸*sea-Úwall ³n ´wall built
to check the encroachment of the sea on the land. ¸Úsea-water ³n ´water from
the sea. ¸Úsea®way ³n ¸(a) ´progress of a ship through the water. ¸(b) ´inland
waterway, eÔg a river, series of lakes, joined by canals and locks, used by
sea-going ships: ³the St Lawrence S@way ´(connecting the Atlantic and the Great
Lakes between Canada and the US). ¸Úsea®weed ³n ¶[C,U] ´kinds of plant growing
in the sea, esp on rocks washed by the sea. ¸Úsea®ward ²/-wEd/ ³adj ´towards
the sea; in the direction of the sea. ¸Úsea®wards ²/-wEdz/ ³adv ¸Úsea®worthy
³adj ´(of a ship) fit for a voyage; well built and in good repair.¼
¨seal©1 ²/sil/ ³n ´kinds of fish-eating sea-animal hunted for its
oil and skin and the fur of some species. µ¥ ´the illus at µsea. ¸Ú@®skin ³n
´skin of a fur-seal; garment made of this. ³¹ vi ¶[VP2A] ´hunt @s: ³go @ing; a
@ing expedition. ¸@er ³n ´person or ship engaged in hunting @s.¼
¨seal©2 ²/sil/ ³n ¸1 ´piece of wax, lead, etc stamped with a design, attached
to a document to show that it is genuine, or to a letter, packet, box, bottle,
door, etc to guard against its being opened by unauthorized persons. ·given
under my hand and @, ´(legal) signed and sealed by me. ·under @ of secrecy,
´(fig) what has been said must be kept secret because secrecy has been
stipulated or is obligatory. ¸2 ´sth used instead of a @µ(1)´, eÔg a paper
disc stuck to, or an impression stamped on, a document. ¸3 ´piece of metal,
etc on which is a design and which is used to stamp the @ on wax, etc.
¸Ú@-ring, ´finger-ring with a @ (often with the design cut on a gem). ¸4 ·@
of, ´(fig) act, event, etc regarded as a confirmation or guarantee (of sth) or
giving approval (of sth): ³By visiting Drake's ship, Queen Elizabeth I put/set
the @ of approval on his piratical voyages. ¹ vt ¸1 ¶[VP6A,15A,B] ·@ (up), ´put
a @µ(1) ´on: ³@ a letter; ´fasten or close tightly: ³@ up a drawer so that it
cannot be opened; @ a jar of fruit´, make it air-tight so that the fruit will
keep; ³@ up a window´, eÔg by pasting paper over all the crevices. ·@ sth in,
´keep it in by @ing: ³Our special canning process @s the flavour in. ·@ sth
off, ´block it: ³@ off an area of land´, block all means of entering it, eÔg
one where, after military use, there may be unexploded shells, etc. ·One's lips
are @ed, ´One must not speak; the matter must be kept secret. ·@ed orders,
´instructions given to a ship's captain (or other person in authority), esp in
wartime, in a @ed envelope to be opened only at a certain time or place.
¸Ú@®ing-wax ³n ´kind of wax that melts quickly when heated and quickly hardens
when cooled, used to @ letters, etc. ¸2 ¶[VP6A] ´settle; decide: ³@ a bargain;
His fate is @ed.¼
¨seal®skin© ²/ÚsilskIn/ ³n µ¥ seal±1µ.¼
¨Sealy®ham© ²/ÚsilIEm ³US: ²-lIham/ ³n ´kind of terrier with a long body and
short legs.¼
¨seam© ²/sim/ ³n ¶[C] ¸1 ´line where two edges, esp of cloth or leather, are
turned back and sewn together: ³searching for a lost coin in the @s of his
trousers. ¸2 ´line where two edges, eÔg of boards forming a ship's deck, meet.
¸3 ´layer of coal, etc between layers of other materials, eÔg rock, clay. ¸4
´line or mark like a @µ(1) ´(eÔg a wrinkle on the face). ¹ ³vt ´(esp in the
³pp´, of the face) ·@ed with, ´marked with (lines, scars, etc). ¸@®less ³adj
´without a @; made in a single piece.¼
¨seam®stress© ²/ÚsimstrIs/, ±semp®stress ²/ÚsempstrIs/ ³nn ´woman who makes a
living by sewing.¼
¨seamy© ²/ÚsimI/ ³adj µ(-ier, -iest) ´(chiefly fig, esp in) ·the Ú@ side (of
life), ´the less attractive aspects of life; poverty, crime, etc.¼
¨s_e®ance© ²/ÚseIqns/ ³n ´meeting for the study of spiritualistic phenomena,
eÔg communicating with the spirits of the dead through a medium.¼
¨sear©1 ²/sIE(r)/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ¸1 ´burn or scorch the surface of, esp with a
heated iron; cauterize. ¸Ú@®ing-iron ³n ´one used for cauterizing. ¸2 ´(fig)
make (sb's heart, conscience, etc) hard and without feeling: ³His soul had been
@ed by injustice.¼
¨sear©2, sere ²/sIE(r)/ ³adj ´(liter) dried up; withered (esp of flowers,
leaves).¼
¨search© ²/s3t2/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A,14,15A,B,2A,3A] ·@ (sb/sth) (for sb/sth); @
sb/sth out, ´examine, look carefully at, through, or into (in order to find
sth or sb): ³@ a criminal to see what he has in his pockets. He @ed and @ed
through all the drawers for the missing papers. I've @ed my memory but can't
remember that man's name. Do you spend much time @ing through dictionaries for
words to use? ·@ out, ´look for: ³@ out an old friend. ·@ one's
heart/conscience, ´examine carefully one's own beliefs and conduct. ·*S@ Úme!
´(colloq) I have no idea, no knowledge (of what you are asking about)! ¸2
¶[VP6A] ´(liter) go deeply into; go into every part of: ³The cold wind @ed the
streets. ¹ n ¶[C,U] ´act of @ing: ³go in @ of a missing child; a @ for a
missing aircraft; make a @ for contraband. ·right of @, ´right of the warships
of a country at war to stop and examine a neutral ship (for contraband, etc).
¸Ú@®light ³n ´powerful light with a beam that can be turned in any direction,
as used for discovering enemy movements, etc in war. ¸Ú@-party ³n ´number of
persons looking for sb or sth that is lost. ¸Ú@-warrant ³n ´official authority
to enter and @ a building (eÔg for stolen property). ¸3 ´(legal) investigation
(eÔg by lawyers, from local authorities) into possible reasons (eÔg planned
demolition) why one should not buy land or property. ¸@er ³n ´person who @es.
¸@®ing ³adj ´(of a look) taking in all details; (of a test, etc) thorough.
¸@®ing®ly ³adv¼
¨sea®son© ²/Úsizn/ ³n ¶[C] ¸1 ´one of the divisions of the year
according to the weather, eÔg spring, summer, etc; the ·Ú³dry @, the ·Ú³rainy
@. ¸2 ´period suitable or normal for sth, or closely associated with sth: ³the
·Ú³football @; the ·Ú³nesting @´, when birds build nests and lay eggs; ³the
·Ú³dead @, the ·Ú³off @´, (in hotels at holiday resorts, etc) the time when
there are very few guests; ³the ·Ú³holiday/·Ú³tourist @; ³Christmas, the @ of
goodwill. ·the @'s greetings, ´(as written on a Christmas card). ·in/out of @,
¸(a) ´(of food) normally available/not available: ³Oysters/Strawberries are out
of @ now. ¸(b) ´at the time when most people take/do not take their holidays:
³Hotel charges are lower out of @. ·*in (@) and Úout of @, ´at all times. ·a
word in @, ´advice at a time when it is likely to be useful. ¸Úclose/the Úopen
@, µ¥ close±1µ(12), open±1µ(11). ¸Ú@(-ticket) ³n ¸(a) ´one that gives the owner
the right to travel between places over a specified route as often as he wishes
during a stated period of time: ³a three-month @(-ticket). ´Cf US ³commutation
ticket. ¸(b) ´ticket that gives the owner the right to attend a place of
amusement, etc, eÔg a concert hall, as often as he wishes (for the concerts,
etc specified on the ticket) during a certain period. ¹ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A,2A]
´make or become suitable for use; cause to be acclimatized, etc: ³Has this wood
been well @ed´, dried and hardened? ³The soldiers were not yet @ed to the
rigorous climate. ¸2 ¶[VP6A,14] ·@ (with), ´flavour (food) (with salt, pepper,
etc): ³mutton @ed with garlic; highly @ed dishes; ´(fig) ³conversation @ed with
wit. ¸3 ¶[VP6A] ´(liter) soften; moderate: ³"when mercy @s justice', µ¥ Mer of
Ven, ´Act ²¥´V, Sc 1. ¸@®ing ³n ¶[C,U] ´sth used to @ food: ³There's not enough
@ing in the sausage. Salt and pepper are @ings.¼
¨sea®son®able© ²/ÚsiznEbl/ ³adj ¸1 ´(of the weather) of the kind to be expected
at the time of year. ¸2 ´(of help, advice, gifts, etc) coming at the right
time; opportune.¼
¨sea®sonal© ²/ÚsizEnl/ ³adj ´dependent upon a particular season;
hanging with the seasons: ³@ occupations´, eÔg fruit-picking; ³a @ trade´,
eÔg the selling of Christmas cards. ¸@ly ²/-nElI/ ³adv¼
¨seat© ²/sit/ ³n ¸1 ´sth used or made for sitting on, eÔg a chair, box, bench,
the floor: ³There are no more chairs; you'll have to use that box for a @. The
back @ of the car is wide enough for three people. ·keep one's @, ´remain in
one's @: ³There's no dangerÅkeep your @s, please´, iÔe don't panic. ·lose one's
@, ´have one's @ taken by someone else. µ¥ 4 ´below. ·take a @, ´sit down:
³Won't you take a @? ·take one's @, ´sit down in one's place, eÔg in a hall or
theatre. ·take a back @, µ¥ back±4µ(2). ¸Ú@-belt ³n ´safety strap (worn as a
belt) fastened to the sides of a @ in a passenger vehicle or aircraft. µ¥ ´the
illus at µmotor. ¸2 ´that part of a chair, stool, bench, etc on which one sits
(contrasted with the back, legs, etc): ³a ·Ú³chair-@. ¸3 ´part of the body (the
buttocks) on which one sits; part of a garment covering this: ³a hole in the @
of one's trousers. ¸4 ´place in which one has a right to sit: ³I have four @s
(´iÔe tickets for them³) for "Swan Lake' at Covent Garden. Mr Smith has a @ in
the House of Commons´, is a member. ·take one's @, ´assume one's membership (in
the House of Commons). ·win a @; lose one's @, ´win/be defeated in a
Parliamentary election. ¸5 ´place where sth is, or where sth is carried on: ³In
the US, Washington is the @ of government and New York City is the chief @ of
commerce. A university is a @ of learning. ¸6 (*country-)Ú@, ´large house in
the country, usu the centre of a large estate: ³He is rich enough to have a
country-@/a @ in the country as well as a large house in London. ¸7 ´manner of
sitting, esp on a horse: ³That rider has a good @´, rides his horse well. ¹ ³vt
¶[VP6A] ¸1 ·@ oneself; be @ed, ´(formal) sit down: ³Please be @ed, ladies and
gentlemen. ¸2 ´have @s for: ³a hall that @s 500. Are the @ing arrangements ´(=
the arrangements for providing and placing @s) ³in the hall satisfactory?
¸Ú@®ing-room ³n ¶[U] ´seats: ³We have @ing-room for thirty pupils in this
classroom. ¸3 ´(usu ¸re@´) repair the @ or bottom of: ³@ a chair/an old pair of
trousers.¼
¨sec© ²/sek/ ³n ´(sl abbr of) second±3µ(2). µ¥ mo.¼
¨seca®teurs© ²/ÚsekEt3z/ ³n pl ´pair of clippers used by gardeners for pruning
bushes, etc.¼
¨se®cede© ²/sIÚsid/ ³vi ¶[VP2A,3A] ·@ (from), ´(of a group)
withdraw (from membership of a state, federation, organization, etc).¼
¨se®cession© ²/sIÚse2n/ ³n ¶[U] ´seceding; ¶[C] ´instance of this (as in the US
when eleven Southern States withdrew from the Federal Union in 1860Å61). ¸@®ist
²/-2EnIst/ ³n ´supporter of @.¼
¨se®clude© ²/sIÚklud/ ³vt ¶[VP6A,14,15A] ·@ sb/oneself (from), ´keep (a person,
oneself) apart from the company of others: ³@ oneself from society; keep women
@d in the harem. ¸@d ³adj ´(esp of a place) quiet; solitary. ¸se®clu®sion
²/sIÚkluZn/ ³n ¶[U] ´secluding or being @d; @d place; retirement: ³live in
seclusion; in the seclusion of one's own home.¼
¨sec®ond©1 ²/ÚsekEnd/ ³adj ¸1 ´(abbr ¸2nd´) next after the first (in place,
time, order, importance, etc): ³February is the @ month of the year. Tom is the
@ sonÅhe has an elder brother. Osaka is the @ city/the @ largest city in Japan.
¸*@-Úbest ³adj ´next after the best: ³my @-best suit. µ¹ ³n, adv´: ³I won't
accept/put up with @-best. ·come off @-best´, get the worst of sth. ¸*@-Úclass
³adj, n ¸(a) ´(of the) class next after the first: ³a @-class hotel; @-class
compartments, ´in a railway carriage, etc; ³@-class mail´, sent at a cheaper
rate. ¸(b) ´class below the first in examination results: ³take a @-class
(degree) in law. ¸(c) ´(regarded or treated as) inferior: ³@-class citizens. µ¹
³adv´: ³go/travel @-class. ¸@ floor ³n ´the one above the first (in GB two
floors, in US one floor, above the ground): (attrib) ³a @-floor apartment.
¸*@-Úhand ³adj ¸(a) ´previously owned by someone else: ³@-hand furniture/books;
a @-hand bookshop, ´shop for @-hand books. ´Cf ³used ´cars. ¸(b) ´(of news,
knowledge) obtained from others, not based on personal observation, etc: ³get
news @-hand. ¸@ lieutenant ³n ´lowest commissioned rank in the Army. ¸*@-Úrate
³adj ´not of the best quality; inferior: ³a man with @-rate brains. ´Hence,
¸*@-Úrater ³n ´person with @-rate intelligence or abilities: ³a Cabinet made up
mainly of @-raters. ¸*@ Úsight ³n ´power to see future events, or events
happening at a distance, as if present. Hence, ¸*@-Úsighted ³adj ´having this
power. ¸*@ Úteeth ³n ´those which grow after a child's first teeth are out. ¸*@
Úwind, µ¥ wind±1µ(3). ·@ to none, ´surpassed by no other. ¸2 ´additional;
extra: ³You will need a @ pair of shoes. ¸3 *S@ ÚAdvent/ÚComing, ´the return of
Jesus Christ at the Last Judgement. ¸*@ Úballot, ´a method used in some
elections by which, if the winner of the first ballot receives less than half
the votes cast, a new ballot is taken, in which only he and the next candidate
are voted for. ¸*@ Úchamber ³n ´upper house in a legislature: ³The House of
Lords is the @ chamber of Parliament in Great Britain. ¸*@ Únature ³n ´acquired
tendency that has become instinctive: ³Habit is @ nature. ¸@ thoughts, ´opinion
or resolution reached after reconsideration: ³On @ thoughts I will accept the
offer. I'm having @ thoughts ´(= am not so sure³) about buying that house. ¸4
´of the same kind as one that has gone before; subordinate: ³This
fellow seems to think he's a @ Napoleon! ¸*@ Úchildhood ³n ´old age when
accompanied by weakening of the mental powers. ¸*@ Úcousin ³n ´child of a first
cousin of either of one's parents. ·play *@ Úfiddle (to sb), ´be of only
secondary importance (to sb else). ¹ ³adv ´in the @ place; @ in order or in
importance: ³The English swimmer came (in) @. ¸@®ly ³adv ´in the next place;
furthermore.¼
¨sec®ond©2 ²/ÚsekEnd/ ³n ¸1 ´person or thing that comes next to the
first: ³the @ of May; George the S@´, King George ²¢´. ·get a @, ´get a @
class in an examination. ¸2 ´another person or thing besides the person or
thing previously mentioned: ³You are the @ to ask me that question. ¸3 ³(pl)
´goods below the best in quality. ¸4 ³(pl) ´second helping of food. ¸5 ´person
chosen by the principal in a duel to support him; supporter of a boxer in a
boxing-match.¼
¨sec®ond©3 ²/ÚsekEnd/ ³n ¸1 ´sixtieth part of a minute or a degree
(indicated by the mark ²W´): ³The winner's time was 1 minute and 5 @s. 1Ä
³6²Ô! ³10²ÔW ³means one degree, six minutes, and ten @s. ¸Ú@-hand ³n ´extra
hand in some watches and clocks recording @s. µ¥ ´also ³second-hand ´at
µsecond±1µ(1). ¸2 ´moment; short time: ³I shall be ready in a @ or two/in a few
@s.¼
¨se®cond©4 ²/ÚsekEnd/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ¸1 ´support (esp in a duel or a
boxing-match). ¸2 ´(of a member of a debating body) rise or speak formally in
support of a motion to show that the proposer is not the only person in favour
of it: ³Mr Smith proposed, and Mr Green @ed, a vote of thanks to the lecturer.
¸@er ³n ´person who @s a proposal at a meeting.¼
¨se®cond©5 ²/sIÚkond ³US: ²ÚsekEnd/ ³vt ¶[VP6A,15A] ´(official GB use, esp mil)
take (sb) from his ordinary duty and give him special duty: ³Captain Smith was
@ed for service on the General's staff. ¸@®ment ³n ´@ing or being @ed.¼
¨sec®ond®ary© ²/ÚsekEndrI ³US: ²-derI/ ³adj ´coming after, less important than,
what is first or chief: ³@ education/schools´, for children over eleven; ³a @
stress´, eÔg on the first syllable of "sacrificial' ²/*sakrIÚfI2l/´.
¸sec®ond®ar®ily ²/-drElI ³US: ²-derElI/ ³adv¼
¨se®crecy© ²/ÚsikrEsI/ ³n ¶[U] ´keeping of secrets; ability to keep secrets;
habit of keeping secrets; state of being kept secret: ³rely on sb's @; prepare
sth in @´, secretly; ³do sth with great @. ·swear/bind sb to @, ´make him
promise to keep sth secret.¼
¨se®cret© ²/ÚsikrIt/ ³adj ¸1 ´(to be) kept from the knowledge or view of
others; of which others have no knowledge: ³a @ marriage; keep sth @ from one's
family. He escaped through a @ door. ¸the *@ Úservice, ´government department
concerned with espionage and counter-espionage. ¸*@ Úagent ³n ´member of this
department (called a "spy' if he works for a foreign government and "secret
agent' if he works for one's own government). ¸2 ´(of places) secluded; quiet.
¸3 ´(of persons) secretive (the more usu word). ¹ ³n ¸1 ¶[C] ´sth @. ·keep a @,
´not tell anyone else: ³Can you keep a @? ·in the @, ´among those who are
allowed to know it: ³Is your brother in the @? ·let sb into a/the @, ´share it.
·(be) an open @, ´(of sth which is said to be @) be (in fact) widely known. ¸2
¶[C] ´hidden cause; explanation, way of doing or getting sth, that is not known
to some or most people: ³What is the @ of his success? ¸3 ¶[U] ´secrecy: ³I was
told about it in @. ¸4 ¶[C] ´mystery; sth hard to learn about or understand:
³the @s of nature. ¸@®ly ³adv¼
¨sec®re®tariat© ²/*sekrEÚteErIEt/ ³n ´staff or office of the Secretary-General
of a large organization: ³get a position on the @ of UÔNÔO in New York.¼
¨sec®re®tary© ²/ÚsekrEtrI ³US: ²-rEterI/ ³n (pl µ-ries³) ¸1
´employee in an office, who deals with correspondence, keeps records, makes
arrangements and appointments for a particular member of the staff (and often
called ³private @´). ¸2 ´official who has charge of the correspondence,
records, and other business affairs of a society, club or other organization:
³honorary @´, (abbr ³hon sec´) unpaid @ of a society, etc which is not
conducted for profit. ¸3 ´(GB) ¸S@ of State, ´minister in charge of a
Government office: ³the S@ of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs/Home
Affairs/Scotland/Defence, etc. ´(US) ³S@ of State´, head of the Foreign Affairs
Department; ³S@ of the Treasury´, head of the Treasury Department. ¸Permanent
S@, ´senior official in the Civil Service. ¸*S@-ÚGeneral, ´principal executive
office of a large organisation (eÔg of UÔNÔO). ¸sec®re®tar®ial
²/*sekrEÚteErIEl/ ³adj ´of (the work of) secretaries: ³secretarial
duties/training/colleges.¼
¨se®crete© ²/sIÚkrit/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ¸1 ´produce by secretionµ(1)´. ¸2
´put or keep in a secret place. ¸se®cre®tion ²/sIÚkri2n/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´process
by which certain substances in a plant or animal body are separated (from sap,
blood, etc) for use, or as waste matter; ¶[C] ´substance so produced, eÔg
³saliva, bile. ¸2 ´act of secreting: ³the secretion of stolen goods.¼
¨se®cret®ive© ²/ÚsikrEtIv/ ³adj ´having the habit of keeping things secret;
tending to hide one's thoughts, feelings, intentions, etc. ¸@®ly ³adv ¸@®ness
³n¼
¨sect© ²/sekt/ ³n ¶[C] ´group of people united by (esp religious) beliefs or
opinions that differ from those more generally accepted.¼
¨sec®tarian© ²/sekÚteErIEn/ ³n, adj ´(member, supporter) of a sect or sects: ³@
jealousies´, eÔg between one sect and another; ³@ politics´, in which the
advantage of a sect is considered more important than the public welfare.
¸@®ism ²/-IzEm/ ³n ¶[U] ´tendency to split up into sects, work in the interest
of sects, etc.¼
¨sec®tion© ²/Úsek2n/ ³n ¶[C] ¸1 ´part cut off; slice; one of the parts into
which sth may be divided: ³the @s of an orange. ¸2 ´one of a number of parts
which can be put together to make a structure: ³fit together the @s of a
complete prefabricated building. ¸3 ´subdivision of an organized body of
persons ³(the ·Ú³Postal S@)´, or of a piece of writing (often indicated by the
·Ú³@-mark ²K´, as ²K ´21), or of a town, county, country or community:
·*³resi·Ú³dential/·Ú³shopping @s (area ´is more usu). ¸4 ´view or
representation of sth seen as if cut straight through; thin slice of sth, eÔg
tissue, suitable for examination under a microscope. ¸@al ²/-2Enl/ ³adj ¸1
´made or supplied in @sµ(2)´: ³a @al fishing-rod; @al furniture. ¸2 ´of a @ of
@s of a community, etc: ³@al interests´, the different and often conflicting
interests of various @s of a community; ³@al jealousies. ¸@®al®ism
²/-2EnElIzEm/ ³n ¶[U] ´devotion to @al interests instead of to those of the
community as a whole.¼
¨sec®tor© ²/ÚsektE(r)/ ³n ¶[C] ¸1 ´part of a circle lying between
two straight lines drawn from the centre to the circumference. µ¥ ´the illus
at µcircle. ¸2 ´one of the areas into which a battle area is divided for the
purpose of controlling operations. ¸3 ´branch (of industry, etc): ³the public
and private @s of industry´, those parts publicly owned and those privately
owned.¼
¨secu®lar© ²/Úsekj8lE(r)/ ³adj ¸1 ´worldly or material, not religious or
spiritual: ³@ education; @ art/music; the @ power´, the State contrasted with
the Church. µ¥ sacred. ¸2 ´living outside monasteries: ³the @ clergy´, parish
priests, etc. ¸@®ism ²/-IzEm/ ³n ¶[U] ´the view that morality and education
should not be based on religion. ¸@®ist ²/-Ist/ ³n ´believer in, supporter of,
@ism. ¸@®ize ²/-ñIz/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´make @: ³@ize church property/courts; a @ized
Sunday´, eÔg when professional sporting events are permitted.¼
¨se®cure© ²/sIÚkj8E(r)/ ³adj ¸1 ´free from anxiety: ³feel @ about one's future.
¸2 ´certain; guaranteed: ³Our victory is @. He has a @ position in the Civil
Service. ¸3 ´unlikely to involve risk; firm: ³Don't go higher up the cliff
unless you find @ footholds. Are you sure the doors and windows are @? Is that
ladder @? ¸4 ·@ (from, against), ´safe: ³Are we @ from interruption/attack,
etc? ¹ vt ¸1 ´make fast: ³@ all the doors and windows before leaving the house.
¸2 ¶[VP6A,14] ·@ sth (against/from), ´make certain, firm or safe: ³By
strengthening the embankments they @d the village against/from floods. ¸3
¶[VP6A,12B,13B] ´succeed in getting (sth for which there is a great demand):
³Can you @ me two good seats for the concert? She has @d a good job. ¸@®ly
³adv¼
¨Se®curi®cor© ²/sIÚkj8ErIkc(r)/ ³n ´(P) commercial organization for the secure
transportation of money and other valuables (eÔg to and from banks, offices),
for guarding property, etc: ·Ú³@ van, ´one used for this purpose.¼
¨se®cur®ity© ²/sIÚkj8ErEtI/ ³n (pl µ-ties³) ¸1 ¶[C,U] ´(sth that
provides) safety, freedom from danger or anxiety: ³children who lack the @ of
parental care; cross the street in @ at a pedestrian crossing. Is there any @
from/against H-bombs? ¸the SeÚcurity Council, ´the permanent peace-keeping
organ of the United Nations (with five permanent and ten elected members). ¸Ú@
police/forces, ´those policemen or soldiers whose duty it is to protect
important people or places, and to see that secret agents of foreign powers do
not operate successfully. ¸Ú@ risk, ´a person who, because of his political
affiliations, etc may be a danger to the security of the State. ¸2 ¶[C,U] ´sth
valuable, eÔg a life-insurance policy, given as a pledge for the repayment of a
loan or the fulfilment of a promise or undertaking: ³lend money on @; give sth
as (a) @. ¸3 ¶[C] ´document, certificate, etc showing ownership of property
(esp bonds, stocks and shares): ³government securities´, for money lent to a
government.¼
¨se®dan© ²/sIÚdan/ ³n ¸1 *@(-Úchair), ´enclosed seat for one
person, carried on poles by two men, used in the 17th and 18th cc. ¸2 ´saloon
car for four or more persons.¼
¨se®date© ²/sIÚdeIt/ ³adj ´(of a person, his behaviour) not lively or agitated;
composed. ¸@®ly ³adv ¸@®ness ³n¼
¨se®da®tion© ²/sIÚdeI2n/ ³n ¶[U] ´treatment by sedatives; condition resulting
from this: ³The patient is under @.¼
¨seda®tive© ²/ÚsedEtIv/ ³n, adj ´(medicine, drug) tending to calm the nerves
and reduce stress: ³After taking a @ she was able to get to sleep. Tobacco has
a @ effect on some people. µ¥ ³tranquillizer ´at µtranquil.¼
¨sed®en®tary© ²/ÚsedntrI ³US: ²-terI/ ³adj ´(of work) done sitting down (at a
desk, etc); (of persons) spending much of their time seated: ³lead a @ life.¼
¨sedge© ²/sedZ/ ³n ¶[U] ´forms of grasslike plant growing in marshes or near
wet places. ¸sedgy ³adj ´covered or bordered with @.¼
¨sedi®ment© ²/ÚsedImEnt/ ³n ¶[U] ´matter (eÔg sand, dirt, gravel) that settles
to the bottom of a liquid, eÔg mud left on fields after a river has been in
flood over them. ¸sedi®men®tary ²/*sedIÚmentrI/ ³adj ´of the nature of @;
formed from @: ³@ary rocks´, eÔg slate, sandstone, limestone.¼
¨se®di®tion© ²/sIÚdI2n/ ³n ¶[U] ´words or actions intended to make people
rebel against authority, disobey the government, etc: ³incitement to @.
¸se®di®tious ²/sIÚdI2Es/ ³adj ´of the nature of @: ³seditious
speeches/writings.¼
¨se®duce© ²/sIÚdjus ³US: ²-Údus/ ³vt ¶[VP6A,14] ·@ sb (from/into sth), ¸1
´persuade (sb) to do wrong; tempt (sb) into crime or sin: ³@ a man from his
duty; @d by the offer of money into betraying one's country. ¸2 ´by charm,
knowledge of the world, etc persuade sb less experienced to have sexual
intercourse: ³How many women did Don Juan @? Potiphar's wife tried to @ young
Joseph. ¸se®ducer ³n ´person who @s, esp µ(2).¼
¨se®duc®tion© ²/sIÚdAk2n/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´seducing or being seduced; ¶[C] ´instance
of this. ¸2 ´sth very attractive and charming; sth likely to lead a person
astray (but often with no implication of immorality): ³surrender to the @s of
country life. ¸se®duc®tive ²/sIÚdAktIv/ ³adj ´alluring; captivating: ³seductive
smiles; a seductive offer. ¸se®duc®tive®ly ³adv¼
¨sedu®lous© ²/Úsedj8lEs ³US: ²ÚsedZ8lEs/ ³adj ´persevering; done with
perseverance: ³He paid her @ attention´, was persevering in his attempt to
please her. ¸@®ly ³adv¼
¨see©1 ²/si/ ³vi,vt (pt µsaw ²/sc/, ³pp µseen ²/sin/³) ´(For
special uses with ³adverbial particles ´and ³preps, µ¥ 11 ´below.) ¸1
¶[VP2A,B,C,4A] ´(often with ³can, could; ´not usu in the progressive tenses)
have or use the power of sight: ³If you shut your eyes you can't see. It was
getting dark and I couldn't see to read. On a clear day we can see (for) miles
and miles from this hill-top. Move aside, please: I can't see through you!
He'll never be able to see again, ´He has gone blind. ·seeing is believing,
´(prov) What one sees oneself is the most satisfactory evidence. ·be Úseeing
things, ´have hallucinations, iÔe see things that are not there or that do not
exist, as a drunken man may: ³You're seeing thingsÅthere's nobody there! ¸2
¶[VP6A,8,9,10,18A,19A,24A] ´(often with ³can, could´, esp when an effort of
perception is needed; not in the progressive tenses) be aware of by using the
power of sight: ³Can/Do you see that ship on the horizon? I looked out but saw
nothing. I saw him put the key in the lock, turn it and open the door. The
suspected man was seen to enter the building. I saw two men struggling for the
knife. He was seen running away from the scene of the crime. Have you ever seen
a man hanged? I saw that the box was empty. If you watch carefully you will see
how to do it/how I do it/how it is done. ·see the back of sb, ´get rid of him;
see him for the last time: ³That fellow's a nuisance; I shall be glad to see
the back of him. ·see the last of sb/sth, ´have done with; see for the last
time: ³I shall be glad to see the last of this job´, get to the end of it. ·see
the sights, ´visit notable places, etc as a sightseer. ·see stars, ´have
dancing lights before the eyes, eÔg as the result of a blow on the head. ·see
visions, ´be a seer. ·see one's way (clear) to doing sth, ´see how to manage to
do it, feel disposed to doing it: ³He didn't see his way to lending me the
money I needed. ¸3 ¶[VP6A,2A] ´(in the ³imper´) look (at): ³See, here he comes!
See page 4. ¸4 ¶[VP6A,9,10,2A] ´(not in the progressive tenses) understand;
learn by search or inquiry or reflection: ³He didn't see the joke/the point of
the story. We saw that the plan was unwise. Do you see what I mean? As far as I
can see«´, To the best of my understanding« ³I think I'll be able to help, but
I'll have to see´, wait until I know more. ³Go and see if/whether the postman
has been yet. ·see for oneself, ´find out in order to be convinced or
satisfied: ³If you don't believe me, go and see for yourself! ·not see the
use/good/fun/advantage etc of doing sth, ´feel doubt about whether it is
useful, etc to do it. ·you see, ´(used parenthetically) ¸(a) ´as you no doubt
know or understand. ¸(b) ´as I must now tell you or explain to you. ·seeing
that, ´in view of the fact that; considering. ¸5 ¶[VP9] ´learn from the
newspaper or other printed sources: ³I see that the Prime Minister has been in
Wales. ¸6 ¶[VP6A,22,24A] ´have knowledge or experience of; have (sth) presented
to one's attention: ³This coat of mine has seen hard wear´, iÔe has been worn
for a long time. ³He has seen a good deal in his long life. I never saw such
grief. I want to see you happy/settled before I leave, ´I don't want to leave
until I know that you are happy/settled. ·will never see thirty/forty, etc
again, ´is already past that age. ·have seen the day/time when«, ´used to call
attention to a past state of affairs: ³He had seen the day when there were no
cars on the roads´, was living before there were cars. ·have seen better days,
´have now declined, lost former prosperity, etc. ·see sb damned/in hell first,
´used to express an absolute refusal to do what one is asked, etc. ·see service
in sth; see (good) service, µ¥ service. ¸7 ¶[VP15A,6A] ´give an interview to;
visit; receive a call from: ³Can I see you on business? You ought to see a
doctor about that cough. She's too ill to see anyone at present. The manager
can see you for five minutes. ´Note: The progressive tenses are used for this
sense: ³I'm seeing my solicitor this afternoon. I shall be seeing them
tomorrow. ·Be Úseeing you/*See you Úsoon, ´(colloq) used as an equivalent for
"Goodbye!'. ¸8 ¶[VP18A,15A,24A] ´allow to; look on without protest or action:
³You can't see people starve without trying to help them, can you? You wouldn't
see me left here all alone? ¸9 ¶[VP9] ´attend to; take care; make provision:
³See that the windows and doors are fastened. ¸10 ¶[VP16B,19A] ´call up a
picture of; imagine: ³He saw himself as the saviour of his country. I can't see
myself allowing people to cheat me. ¸11 ´(special uses with ³adverbial
particles ´and ³preps´):¼
·see about sth, ´deal with: ³He promised to see about the matter. ·see sb about
sth, ´consult sb, take advice (on sth): ³I must see a builder about these tiles
that have fallen from the roof.¼
·see sb across sth, ´guide, conduct, help sb across (a road, etc): ³That man's
blindÅI'd better see him across the street.¼
·see (sb) around (sth), ´= µsee (sb) over (sth). ·See you around! ´(sl)
Goodbye!¼
·see sb back/home, ´accompany sb: ³May I see you home? Tom's had too much to
drinkÅwe'd better see him back/home.¼
·see sb off, ´go to a railway station, an airport, the docks, etc with sb about
to start on a journey: ³I was seen off by many of my friends. ·see sb off sth,
´go with him until he is at the door, outside, etc: ³I don't want this fellow
here; please see him off the premises´, get rid of him.¼
·see sb out (of sth), ´accompany sb until he is out of a building: ³My
secretary will see you out. ·see sth out, ´= µsee sth through.¼
·see over sth, ´visit and examine or inspect carefully: ³see over a house that
one wishes to buy or rent. ·see sb over (sth), ´show him around (a place).¼
·see (sb) round (sth), ´= µsee (sb) over (sth).¼
·see to sth, ´attend to sth: ³This machine is out of order; get a mechanic to
see to it. Will you see to the arrangements for the next meeting of the
committee?¼
·see through sb/sth, ´not be deceived by: ³I see through your little game´, am
aware of the trick you are trying to play on me. ³We all saw through him´, knew
what kind of man he really was. ¸Úsee-through ³adj ´(esp of clothing) that can
be seen through; transparent. ·see sb through (sth), ´give him support,
encouragement, until the end: ³You'll have a difficult time, but I'll see you
safely through. ·see sth through, ´not give up an undertaking until the end is
reached: ³He said that whatever happened he would see the struggle through.¼
¨see©2 ²/si/ ³n ´district under a bishop; bishop's position,
office, jurisdiction: ³the See of Canterbury; the Holy See/the See of Rome´,
the Papacy.¼
¨seed© ²/sid/ ³n (pl µ@s ´or µ@´, unchanged) ¸1 ´flowering plant's unit of
reproduction, from which another plant can grow: ³a packet of @(s). µ¥ ´the
illus at µflower, fruit. ³Sow the @ in May or June. Its @s are/Its @ is very
small. ·run/go to @, ´stop flowering as @ is produced; (fig) become careless of
one's appearance and clothes. ¸Ú@-bed ³n ´bed of fine soil in which to sow @.
¸Ú@-cake ³n ´cake containing @s, eÔg caraway, as a flavouring. ¸Ú@-corn ³n
´grain kept for @. ¸Ú@s®man ²/-mEn/ ³n (pl µ-men³) ´dealer in @s. ¸Ú@®time ³n
´sowing season. ¸2 ¶[U] ´(old use) offspring: ³the @ of Abraham´, the Hebrews.
¸3 ´cause, origin (³of ´a tendency, development, etc): ³sow the @s of virtue in
young children. ¸4 ¶[U] ´semen. ¸5 Ú@-potato ³n ´potato kept and allowed to
sprout before being planted. ¸Ú@-pearls ³n pl ´small pearls. ¸6 ´(sport) @ed
player: ³England's No. 1 @ ´(in a championship). µ¥ 4 ´below. ³¹ vi,vt ¸1
¶[VP2A] ´(of a plant) produce @ when full grown; let @ fall. ¸2 ¶[VP6A] ´sow
with @: ³@ a field with wheat; a newly-@ed lawn. ¸3 ¶[VP6A] ´remove @ from:
³@ed raisins. ¸4 ¶[VP6A] ´(esp in tennis) separate those players well tested
and known to be stronger from the weaker players (in order to have good matches
later in a tournament): ³@ed players. ¸@®less ³adj ´having no @: ³@less
raisins. ¸@®ling ²/ÚsidlIG/ ³n ´young plant newly grown from a @.¼
¨seedy© ²/ÚsidI/ ³adj µ(-ier, -iest) ¸1 ´full of seed: ³as @ as a dried fig.
¸2 ´shabby-looking; in worn clothes: ³a @ boarding-house; a @-looking person.
¸3 ´(colloq) unwell: ³feel @. ¸seed®ily ²/-IlI/ ³adv ¸seedi®ness ³n¼
¨seek© ²/sik/ ³vt (pt,pp µsought ²/sct/³) ´(formal) ¸1 ¶[VP2A,15A] ´look for;
try to find: ³@ shelter from the rain; @ safety in flight. The reason is not
far to @´, is found near at hand, quickly found. ³Are you @ing a quarrel´,
trying to start one? ³He is going to Canada to @ his fortune´, to try to become
rich. ¸2 ¶[VP6A] ´ask for: ³I will @ my doctor's advice. ¸3 ¶[VP7A] ´try;
attempt: ³They sought to kill him. ¸4 ¶[VP3A] ·@ for, ´try to win:
³unsought-for fame´, fame which came without being looked for. ·(much) sought
after, ´(much) in demand.¼
¨seem© ²/sim/ ³vi ¶[VP4D,E,2A] ´have or give the impression or
appearance of being or doing; appear to be: ³Things far off @ (to be) small.
What @s easy to some people @s difficult to others. There @ to be no objections
to the proposal. He @s to think so. I shall act as @s best (´= ³as it @s best
to me). The book @s (to be) quite interesting. The child @s to be asleep. It @s
that no one knew what had happened. I can't @ ´(= I @ unable) ³to get out of
that bad habit. It would @ that«´, (a cautious way of saying "It @s that«').
³"I've been out in the rain'Å"So it @s'´, iÔe from your wet clothes it appears
that you've been out in the rain. ¸@®ing ³adj ´apparent but perhaps not real or
genuine: ³In spite of his @ing friendship he gave me no help. ¸@®ing®ly ³adv
´in appearance; apparently.¼
¨seem®ly© ²/ÚsimlI/ ³adj µ(-ier, -iest) ´(formal) ¸1 ´(of
behaviour) proper or correct (for the occasion or circumstances): ³It isn't @
to praise oneself. ¸2 ´decent; decorous: ³Strip-tease is not a @ occupation for
any girl. ¸seem®li®ness ³n¼
¨seen© ²/sin/ ³pp ´of µsee±1´.¼
¨seep© ²/sip/ ³vi ¶[VP2C] ´(of liquids) ooze out or through; trickle: ³water
@ing through the roof of the tunnel. ¸@®age ²/ÚsipIdZ/ ³n ¶[U] ´slow leaking
through.¼
¨seer© ²/sIE(r)/ ³n ´person claiming to see into the future; prophet.¼
¨seer®sucker© ²/ÚsIEsAkE(r)/ ³n ¶[U] ´thin fabric with a striped pattern and a
crinkled surface: ³a @ tablecloth.¼
¨see®saw© ²/Úsisc/ ³n ¶[C,U] ´(game played on a) long plank with a person
astride each end which can rise and fall alternately; up-and-down or to-and-fro
motion: ³play at @. ¹ vi ´play at @; move up and down or to and fro; (fig)
vacillate: ³@ between two opinions.¼
¨seethe© ²/siD/ ³vi,vt ¸1 ¶[VP2A,3A] ·@ (with), ´boil, bubble over; be crowded,
agitated (esp fig): ³@ with anger; a country seething with discontent; streets
seething with people. ¸2 ¶[VP6A,2A] ´(old use) cook by boiling.¼
¨seg®ment© ²/ÚsegmEnt/ ³n ¶[C] ¸1 ´part cut off or marked off by a line: ³a @
of a circle. ¸2 ´division or section: ³a @ of an orange. µ¥ ´the illus at
µfruit. ³¹ vt,vi ²/segÚment/ ´divide, become divided, into @s. ¸seg®men®ta®tion
²/*segmEnÚteI2n/ ³n ´division into @s.¼
¨seg®re®gate© ²/ÚsegrIgeIt/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´put apart from the rest; isolate: ³@
the sexes; @ people with infectious diseases. ¸seg®re®ga®tion ²/*segrIÚgeI2n/
³n ´segregating or being @d: ³a policy of racial segregation. µ¥ ³integration
´at µintegrate.¼
¨seign®ior© ²/ÚseInjE(r) ³US: ²ÚsinjEr/ ³n ´feudal lord; landowner
in feudal times.¼
¨seine© ²/seIn/ ³n ¶[C] ´large fishing-net which hangs like a curtain, with
floats along the top edge and sinkers (weights) along the bottom edge, used to
encircle fish, and usu hauled ashore. ³¹ vt,vi ´fish, catch (fish), with a @.¼
¨seis®mic© ²/ÚsñIzmIk/ ³adj ´of earthquakes. ¸seis®mo®graph ²/ÚsñIzmEgrqf ³US:
²-graf/ ³n ´instrument which records the strength, duration and distance away
of earthquakes. ¸seis®mol®ogy ²/sñIzÚmolEdZI/ ³n ¶[U] ´science of earthquakes.
¸seis®mol®ogist ²/sñIzÚmolEdZIst/ ³n¼
¨seize© ²/siz/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A,15A] ´take possession of (property, etc) by
law: ³@ sb's goods for payment of debt. ¸2 ¶[VP6A,15A] ´take hold of, suddenly
and violently: ³@ a thief by the collar. ¸3 ¶[VP6A,3A] ·@ (on/upon), ´see
clearly and use: ³@ (upon) an idea/a chance/an opportunity. ¸4 ¶[VP2A,C] ·@
(up), ´(of moving parts of machinery) become stuck or jammed, eÔg because of
too much heat or friction. ¸seiz®ure ²/ÚsiZE(r)/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´act of seizing or
taking possession of by force or the authority of the law; ¶[C] ´instance of
this: ³seizure of contraband by Customs officers. ¸2 ¶[C] ´sudden attack of
apoplexy; heart attack.¼
¨sel®dom© ²/ÚseldEm/ ³adv ´(usu placed with the ³v´) not often; rarely: ³I
have @ seen such large apples. She @ goes out. She goes out very @. His wife
@, if ever, has a holiday. He @ or never gives his wife a present.¼
¨se®lect© ²/sIÚlekt/ ³vt ¶[VP6A,15A,16] ´choose (as being the most suitable,
etc): ³@ a book/a Christmas present for a child. Who has been @ed to lead the
delegation? ¹ adj ¸1 ´carefully chosen: ³@ passages from Milton. ¸2 ´(of a
school, society, etc) of or for carefully chosen persons, not for all: ³a @
club; shown to a @ audience. ¸@ committee, ´(in the House of Commons) small
committee appointed for a special investigation. ¸se®lec®tor ²/-tE(r)/ ³n ´one
who, that which, @s, eÔg a member of a committee @ing a national sports team,
etc.¼
¨se®lec®tion© ²/sIÚlek2n/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´choosing: ¸Ú@ committee, ´one
appointed to select, eÔg new members for a sports team. ¸natural @, ´(Darwin's
theory of) the process in nature by which certain plants and animals flourish
and multiply while others are less suited to their surroundings and die out.
¸2 ¶[C] ´collection or group of selected things or examples; number of things
from which to select: ³@s from 18th-century English poetry. That shop has a
good @ of denim jeans.¼
¨se®lec®tive© ²/sIÚlektIv/ ³adj ´having the power to select; characterized by
selection. ¸@ service´, (US) selection, for compulsory military service, of men
with certain requirements, abilities, etc. ¸@®ly ³adv ¸sel®ec®tiv®ity
²/*sIlekÚtIvEtI/ ³n ¶[U] ´(esp) power (of a radio) to receive broadcasts from
one station without interference from other stations.¼
¨se®le®nium© ²/sIÚlinIEm/ ³n ´non-metallic element (symbol ¸Se´)
whose power to conduct electric current increases with the intensity of the
light reaching it. ¸@ cell, ´one containing a strip of @, used in
photo-electric devices, eÔg the exposure meter of a camera.¼
¨self© ²/self/ ³n (pl µselves ²/selvz/³) ¸1 ¶[U] ´person's nature, special
qualities; one's own personality: ³one's better/worse @, ´one's nobler
nature/base nature; ³one's former @´, oneself as one formerly was; ³analysis of
the @; the conscious @. ¸2 ¶[U] ´one's own interests or pleasure: ³She has no
thought of @´, thinks only of the interests, welfare, etc of others. ¸3 ´(comm,
dated style, or joc): ´myself, yourself, etc: ³pay to @´, (on a cheque) pay to
the person whose signature appears on it; ³a room for @ and wife. Let us drink
a toast to our noble selves.¼
¨self-© ²/self/ ³pref ´short for ³itself, myself, himself, oneself´, etc:
·*³@-·Ú³taught´, taught by oneself; ·*³@-·Ú³governing colonies´, colonies that
govern themselves. ¸*@-aÚbasement ³n ¶[U] ´humiliation of oneself.
¸*@-abÚsorbed ³adj ´having one's attention taken up by one's own interests,
thoughts, etc; unaware of other person. ¸*@-Úacting ³adj ´automatic.
¸*@-adÚdressed ³adj ´addressed to oneself: ³I enclose a stamped @-addressed
envelope. ¸*@-Úactivating ³adj ´(eÔg of an explosive device) made so as to
activate itself without external control. ¸*@-apÚpointed ³adj ´chosen or
declared by oneself; unsanctioned (and perhaps unqualified): ³a @-appointed
arbiter/expert. ¸*@-asÚsertion ³n ¶[U] ´the putting forward of one's own claims
in a determined manner; the putting forward of oneself in an effort to be
noticed by everyone. ¸*@-asÚsertive ³adj ¸*@-asÚsurance ³n ¶[U] ´confidence in
oneself. ¸*@-asÚsured ³adj ¸*@-Úcentred ³adj ´interested chiefly in oneself and
one's own affairs. ¸*@-colÚlected ³adj ´(of persons) having or showing presence
of mind and composure; calm. ¸*@-Úcoloured ³adj ´of the same colour all over.
¸*@-comÚmand ³n ¶[U] ´power of controlling one's feelings. ¸*@-comÚplacency ³n
¶[U] ´state of being too easily pleased with oneself. ¸*@-conÚfessed ³adj ´on
one's own confession: ³a @-confessed thief. ¸*@-Úconfidence ³n ¶[U] ´belief in
one's own abilities. ¸*@-Úconfident ³adj ¸*@-Úconscious ³adj ´aware of one's
own existence, thoughts and actions; (colloq) shy; embarrassed.
¸*@-Úconsciousness ³n ¶[U]. ¸*@-conÚtained ³adj ¸(a) ´(of a person) not
impulsive or communicative. ¸(b) ´(esp of a flat) complete in itself (not
sharing the kitchen, bathroom, etc with occupants of other flats) and (usu)
with its own private entrance. ¸*@-conÚtrol ³n ¶[U] ´control of one's own
feelings, behaviour, etc: ³exercise @-control; lose one's @-control.
¸*@-deÚfence ³n ¶[U] ´defence of one's own body, property, rights, etc: ³kill
sb in @-defence´, while defending oneself against attack; ³the art of
@-defence´, boxing. ¸*@-deÚnial ³n ¶[U] ´going without things one would like to
have in order to help others: ³practise @-denial to help the children.
¸*@-deÚnying ³adj ¸*@-de*termiÚnation ³n ¶[U] ¸(a) ´(in politics) decision,
made by a people having the characteristics of a nation, whether they shall be
independent or (continue to) be part of another state: ³the right of all
peoples to @-determination. ¸(b) ´the making of one's own decisions; the
guidance, by the individual, of his own conduct. ¸*@-Úeducated ³adj ´educated
without (much) help from schools or teachers. ¸*@-efÚfacing ³adj ´keeping
oneself in the background; not trying to get attention. ¸*@-emÚployed ³adj
´working, eÔg as a shopkeeper, a jobbing gardener, without an employer.
¸*@-eÚsteem ³n ¶[U] ´good opinion of oneself; (sometimes) conceit; ³injure
one's @-esteem´, lower one's opinion of oneself. ¸*@-Úevident ³adj ´clear
without proof or more evidence. ¸*@-ex*amiÚnation ³n ¶[U,C] ´examining one's
own behaviour, motives, moods, etc. ¸*@-exÚplanatory ³adj ´clear without
(further) explanation. ¸*@-Úhelp ³n ¶[U] ´use of one's own powers to achieve
success, etc. ¸*@-imÚportant ³adj ´pompous; having too high an opinion
of oneself. ¸*@-imÚportance ³n ¶[U]. ¸*@-imÚposed ³adj ´(of a duty, task, etc)
imposed on oneself. ¸*@-inÚdulgent ³adj ´giving way too easily to desires for
one's own comfort, pleasures, etc. ¸*@-inÚdulgence ³n ¶[U]. ¸*@-Úinterest ³n
¶[U] ´one's own interests and personal advantage. ¸*@-Úlocking ³adj ´locking
automatically when closed. ¸*@-Úmade ³adj ´having succeeded by one's own
efforts, esp after beginning life without money, education or influence.
¸*@-oÚpinionated ³adj ´over-certain that one's own opinions are correct; having
strong opinions not firmly based. ¸*@-Úpity ³n ¶[U] ´(exaggerated) pity for
oneself. ¸*@-posÚsessed ³adj ´calm, cool, confident. ¸*@-posÚsession ³n ¶[U]
´coolness; composure: ³lose/regain one's @-possession. ¸*@-*preserÚvation ³n
¶[U] ´keeping oneself from harm or destruction: ³the instinct of
@-preservation. ¸*@-Úraising ³adj ´(of flour) not needing the addition of
baking-powder (when bread, etc is being made). ¸*@-reÚliant ³adj ´having or
showing confidence in one's own powers, judgement, etc. ¸*@-reÚliance ³n
¶[U] ¸*@-reÚspect ³n ¶[U] ´feeling that one is behaving and thinking in ways
that will not cause one to be ashamed of oneself: ³lose all @-respect.
¸*@-reÚspecting ³adj ´having @-respect: ³No @-respecting man could agree to do
such a thing. ¸*@-Úrighteous ³adj ´convinced of one's own goodness and that one
is better than others. ¸*@-Úrule ³n ´= @-government. ¸*@-Úsacrifice ³n
¶[U,C] ´the giving up of one's own interests and wishes for the sake of other
people. ¸*@-Úsacrificing ³adj ¸Ú@-same ³adj ´very same; identical: ³Tom and I
reached Paris on the @-same day. ¸*@-Úsealing ³adj ´(of a fuel tank,
pneumatic tyre, etc) having a substance (eÔg soft rubber) that automatically
seals a puncture made in it. ¸*@-Úseeker ³n ´person who is too much concerned
with gaining advantages for himself. ¸*@-Úseeking ³n, adj ¸*@-Úservice ¸(a)
´(of a canteen, restaurant), one at which persons collect their own food and
drink from counters and carry it to tables. ¸(b) ´(of a shop) one at which
customers collect what they want from counters or shelves and pay as they
leave. ¸(c) ´(of a garage) one at which customers fill their cars with petrol
and then go and pay the charge at a counter. ¸*@-Úsown ³adj ´(of plants) coming
from seed that has dropped from the plant (not sown by a gardener).
¸*@-Ústarter ³n ´device (usu electric) for starting an engine. ¸*@-Ústyled ³adj
´using a name, title, etc which one has given oneself and to which one has no
right: ³The @-styled "Dr' Smith had never been awarded a degree of any kind.
¸*@-sufÚficient ³adj ¸(a) ´needing no help from others: ³The country has now
become @-sufficient in woollen goods´, no longer has to import them. ¸(b)
´over-confident. ¸*@-sufÚficiency ³n ¶[U]. ¸*@-sufÚficing ³adj ´= @-sufficient:
³a @-sufficing economic unit. ¸*@-supÚporting ³adj ´(of a person) earning
enough money to keep oneself: ³now that my children are @-supporting; ´(of a
business, etc) paying its way; not needing a subsidy. ¸*@-Úwill ³n
¶[U] ´wilfulness; determined to do as one wishes and not be guided by others.
¸*@-Úwilled ³adj ´obstinate; refusing advice or guidance. ¸*@-Úwinding ³adj
´(of a watch) winding itself automatically (from movements of the wrist, etc).¼
¨self®ish© ²/ÚselfI2/ ³adj ´chiefly thinking of and interested in
one's own needs and welfare; without care for others: ³act from @ motives.
¸@®ly ³adv ¸@®ness ³n¼
¨sell© ²/sel/ ³vt,vi (pt,pp µsold ²/sE8ld/³) ¸1 ¶[VP6A,12A,13A,15B]
·@ sth (to sb); @ sb sth, ´give in exchange for money: ³@ fruit; @ sth by
auction; @ sth at a good price; @ oranges at fivepence each; @ a man into
slavery. I'll @ it to you for $5. Will you @ me your bicycle? ·@ sth off, ´@ (a
stock of goods) cheaply. ·@ sth out, ¸(a) ´@ part or all of one's share in
a business: ³He sold out his share of the business and retired. ¸(b) ´@ all of
one's stock of sth: ³We are sold out of small sizes. The book you ask for is
sold out´, There are no copies left. ·@ (sb) out, ´(colloq) be treacherous;
betray sb. ¸Ú@-out ³n ¸(a) ´event, eÔg a concert, for which all tickets are
sold. ¸(b) ´(colloq) betrayal. ·@ sb up, ´@ (a person's goods and property) for
payment of debt: ³I went bankrupt and was sold up. ·@ (sb) short, µ¥
short±2µ(3). ¸2 ¶[VP6A] ´keep stocks for sale; be a dealer in: ³Do you @
needles? This little shop @s a wide variety of goods. ¸Ú@®ing price, ´price to
be paid by the customer; cash price. Cf ³cost ´price. ¸3 ¶[VP2A,C] ´(of goods)
be sold; find buyers: ³Ice-cream sells best in summer. His new novel is @ing
well. These articles @ at 20p apiece. Your house ought to @ for at least
$20Ô000. ¸4 ¶[VP6A] ´cause to be sold: ³It is not the low prices but their
quality which @s our goods. ¸5 ´(fig uses): ³@ one's life dearly´, kill or
wound a number of one's attackers before being killed. ·Ú@ oneself, ¸(a)
´present oneself to others in a convincing way (eÔg when applying for a job).
¸(b) ´do sth dishonourable for money or reward. ·@ the pass, ´(prov) do sth
that weakens one's country or side; be a traitor. ¸6 ´(usu passive) cheat;
disappoint by failure to keep an agreement, etc: ³I've been sold! Sold again!
´I've been tricked, let down, etc! ¸7 ·be sold on sth, ´(colloq) accept it,
believe that it is good, etc: ³Are the workers sold on the idea of
profit-sharing? ¹ n ´(colloq, from µ6 ´above) disappointment: ³What a @!
¸hard/soft @, ´aggressive/persuasive @ing technique. ¸@er ³n ¸1 ´person who @s:
³a ·Ú³book@er. ¸a @ers' market, ´(comm) situation when goods are scarce and
money plentiful, so that @ers are favoured. ¸2 ´sth that is sold. ¸*best-Ú@ ³n
µ¥ best±2µ(2).¼
¨sel®vage©, sel®vedge ²/ÚselvIdZ/ ³n ´edge of cloth woven so that threads do
not unravel.¼
¨selves© ²/selvz/ ³pl ´of µself.¼
¨sem®an®tic© ²/sIÚmantIk/ ³adj ´relating to meaning in language; of
@s. ¸se®man®tics ³n ´(with ³sing v) ´branch of linguistics concerned with
studying the meanings of words and sentences.¼
¨sema®phore© ²/ÚsemEfc(r)/ ³n ¶[U] ¸1 ´system for sending signals by using arms
on a post or flags held in the hands, with various positions for the letters of
the alphabet: ³send a message by @. ¸2 ´mechanical device with red and green
lights on mechanically moved arms, used for signalling on railways. ³¹ vt,vi
¶[VP6A,2A] ´send (messages) by @µ(1)´.¼
¨sem®blance© ²/ÚsemblEns/ ³n ¶[C] ´likeness; appearance: ³put on a @ of
gaiety.¼
¨se®men© ²/ÚsimEn/ ³n ¶[U] ´fertilizing sperm-bearing fluid of male animals.
¸se®minal ²/ÚsemInl/ ³adj ´of seed or semen or reproduction; embryonic; (fig)
providing a basis for development: ³seminal ideas.¼
¨sem®es®ter© ²/sIÚmestE(r)/ ³n ´(esp in Germany and US) each of the two
divisions of an academic year. Cf ³term ´in GB.¼
¨semi-© ²/ÚsemI/ ³prep ¸1 ´half of. ¸Ú@®circle ³n ´half a circle. µ¥ ´the illus
at µcircle. ¸*@®Úcircular ³adj ´(having the shape of a) half a circle;
¸Ú@®breve ´(US = ³whole note´), the longest written musical note in common
use. ¸Ú@®quaver, ´half a quaver. µ¥ ´the illus at µnotation. ¸Ú@®tone ³n ´half
a tone in a musical scale, the smallest interval in normal Western music. ¸2
´on one of two sides. ¸*@-deÚtached ³adj ´(of a house) joined to another on one
side only (by one wall in common). ¸3 ´little better than: ·*³@-barÔ·Ú³barian;
·*³@-·Ú³barbarism. ¸4 ´(various). ¸*@-Úcolon ´(US = ¸Úsemi®colon´) the
punctuation mark (;) used in writing and printing, between a comma and a full
stop in value. µ¥ App 9. ¸*@-Úconscious ³adj ´partly conscious. ¸*@-Úfinal ³n
´match or round that precedes the final (eÔg in football matches).
¸*@-Úfinalist ³n ´player, team, in the @-finals. ¸*@-ofÚficial ³adj ´(esp of
announcements, etc made to newspaper reporters by officials, with the
stipulation that they must not be considered as coming from an official
source). ¸*@-Úrigid ³adj ´(esp of airships) having a rigid keel attached to a
flexible gas-bag. ¸*@-Útropical ³adj ´of regions near but not in the tropics.
¸Ú@-vowel ³n ´(letter representing a) sound with a vowel quality but a
consonant function (eÔg ²/w/, /j/´). ¸5 ´occurring, published, etc twice in (a
year, etc) (³bi- ´is more usu): ·*³@-·Ú³annual; a ·*³@-·Ú³weekly.¼
¨semi®nal© ²/ÚsemInl/ µ¥ semen.¼
¨sem®inar© ²/ÚsemInq(r)/ ³n ´class of students, etc studying a problem and
meeting for discussion with a tutor or professor.¼
¨sem®inary© ²/ÚsemInErI ³US: ²-nerI/ ³n (pl µ-ries³) ¸1 ´Roman Catholic
training college for priests. ¸2 ´(formerly used as a pretentious name for a)
place of education: ³a @ for young ladies. ¸semin®ar®ist ²/ÚsemInErIst/ ³n ´man
trained in a @µ(1)´.¼
¨Sem®ite© ²/ÚsimñIt/ ³n, adj ´(member) of any of the group of peoples that
includes the Hebrews and Arabs and formerly the Phoenicians and Assyrians.
¸Se®mitic ²/sIÚmItIk/ ³adj ´of the @s or their languages: ³a Semitic people.¼
¨semo®lina© ²/*semEÚlinE/ ³n ¶[U] ´hard grains of wheat meal, used for pasta,
and in milk puddings, etc.¼
¨semp®stress© ²/ÚsempstrIs/ µ¥ seamstress.¼
¨sen®ate© ²/ÚsenIt/ ³n ¶[C] ¸1 ´(in ancient Rome) highest council of state. ¸2
´(in modern times) Upper House (usu the smaller) of the legislative assembly in
various countries, eÔg France, US. ¸3 ´governing council of some universities.
¸sena®tor ²/ÚsenEtE(r)/ ³n ´member of @µ(1,2)´. ¸sena®torial
²/*senEÚtcrIEl/ ³adj ´of a @ or senator: ³senatorial rank/powers; a senatorial
district´, (US) one entitled to elect a senator.¼
¨send© ²/send/ ³vt,vi (pt,pp µsent³) ´(For special uses with
³adverbial particles ´and ³preps, µ¥ 5 ´below.) ¸1 ¶[VP12A,13A,6A,15A] ·@
sb/sth; @ sth to sb, ´cause sb or sth to go or be carried without going
oneself: ³@ a telegram; @ a message to sb/@ sb a message. The children were
sent to bed. John was sent to school with an older child. µ¥ take±1µ(4). ¸2
¶[VP19B] ´use force to cause sb/sth to move sharply or rapidly: ³The earthquake
sent the crockery and cutlery crashing to the ground. Mind how you goÅyou
nearly sent me flying, ´iÔe you nearly knocked me over. ·@ sb packing/about his
business, ´(colloq) dismiss him at once, without formality: ³His incompetent
typist was sent packing. S@ that fellow about his businessÅhe's no use to
anybody! µ¥ bring. ¸3 ¶[VP22,6A] ´cause to become: ³This noise is @ing me
crazy. This music/This gorgeous girl really @s me´, (sl) excites me intensely,
rouses me to ecstasy. ¸4 ´(old use, of God, Providence): ³Heaven @ that he
arrives safely´, may God grant this. ³"S@ her victorious' ´(in the British
national anthem) May God grant that the Sovereign may be victorious. ¸5
¶[VP15B,2C,3A] ´(special use with ³adverbial particles ´and ³preps)´:¼
·send sb away, ´dismiss. ·@ away for sth, ´order (goods) from a distance, to be
delivered by rail, post, etc: ³When we lived in the country, we had to @ away
for many things we needed.¼
·send sb down, ´(esp) expel a student from a university (for misconduct, etc).
·@ sth down, ´cause to fall: ³The good harvest sent the prices down. The storm
sent the temperature down.¼
·send for sb/sth (to do sth), ´ask or order sb/sth to come, for sth to be
delivered: ³@ for a doctor/taxi. We must @ for a man to repair the TÔV. Please
keep these things until I @ for them.¼
·send sth forth, ´(formal) produce, issue: ³@ forth leaves.¼
·send sth in ´(for sth, eÔg a competition, exhibition): ³@ in one's name for a
contest; @ in two oil paintings; @ in a report for consideration. ·@ one's
name in, ´cause one's name to be made known.¼
·send sb off, ´(more usu ³see sb off´) go with sb to the place from which he
will start a journey: ³Many of his friends went to the airport to @ him off.
´Hence, ¸Ú@-off ³n´: ³He was given a good @-off. ·@ sth off, ´dispatch:
³Please see that these parcels are sent off at once.¼
·send sth on, ¸(a) ´@ it in advance. ¸(b) ´(of letters) readdress and repost:
³I asked my wife to @ all my letters on while I was away from home.¼
·send sth out, ¸(a) ´distribute; give out: ³The sun @s out light and warmth.
¸(b) ´produce: ³The trees @ out new leaves in spring.¼
·send sb/sth up, ´tease; parody; show that sb/sth is ridiculous or false.
Hence, ¸Ú@-up ³n ´mocking imitation or parody. ·@ sth up, ´cause to rise: ³The
heavy demand for beef sent the price up.¼
¨sender© ²/ÚsendE(r)/ ³n ´person or thing that sends: ³If lost, return to @
´(eÔg on a letter).¼
¨se®nes®cent© ²/sIÚnesnt/ ³adj ´showing signs of old age: ³I may be
@, but I'm not yet senile. ¸se®nes®cence ²/-sns/ ³n ¶[U].¼
¨sen®eschal© ²/ÚsenI2l/ ³n ´(in the Middle Ages) important official (steward or
major-domo) in the castle of a noble.¼
¨se®nile© ²/ÚsinñIl/ ³adj ´suffering from bodily or mental weakness because of
old age: caused by old age: ³@ decay. ¸sen®il®ity ²/sIÚnIlEtI/ ³n ¶[U]
´weakness (of body or mind) in old age.¼
¨sen®ior© ²/ÚsinIE(r)/ ³adj ´(opp of ³junior) ¸1 ·@ (to), ´older in years;
higher in rank, authority, etc: ³He is ten years @ to me. Smith is the @
partner in ´(= the head of) ³the firm. ¸*@ Úcitizen, ´(euphem for) person over
the age of retirement; old age pensioner. ¸2 ´(after a person's name, esp when
a father and his son have the same first name; abbr ¸Sen´): ³John Brown (Sen).
µ¥ major. ³¹ n ¸1 ´@ person: ³He is my @ by ten years. The @s ´(=
members of the @ class) ³defeated the juniors by 3Å1. ¸2 ´(US) student in
his/her fourth year at high school or college. ¸@®ity ²/*sinIÚorEtI ³US:
²-Úcr-/ ³n ¶[U] ´condition of being @ (in age, rank, etc): ³Should promotion be
through merit or through @ity? Remember the precedence due to @ity.¼
¨senna© ²/ÚsenE/ ³n ¶[U] ´dried leaves of the cassia plant, used as a
laxative.¼
¨se®~nor© ²/seÚnjc(r)/ ³n (pl µse~nores ²/seÚnjcreIz/³) ´used of or to a
Spanish-speaking man; Mr; sir. (¸S@ ´when prefixed to a name.) ¸se®~nora
²/seÚnjcrE/ ³n ´used of or to a Spanish-speaking woman; Mrs; Madam. ¸se®~norita
²/*senjcÚritE/ ³n ´used of or to an unmarried Spanish-speaking woman or girl;
Miss.¼
¨sen®sa®tion© ²/senÚseI2n/ ³n ¸1 ¶[C,U] ´ability to feel; feeling:
³lose all @ in one's legs; have a @ of warmth/dizziness/falling. ¸2 ¶[C,U]
´(instance of, sth that causes, a) quick and excited reaction: ³Our popular
newspapers deal largely in @. The news created a great @. ¸@al ²/-2Enl/ ³adj ¸1
´causing a @µ(2)´: ³a @al murder. ¸2 ´(of newspapers, etc) presenting news in a
manner designed to cause @µ(2)´: ³a @al writer/newspaper. ¸@®ally ²/-2EnElI/
³adv ¸@®al®ism ²/-2EnElIzEm/ ³n ¶[U] ´the deliberate rousing of @µ(2)´: ³the
@alism of the cinema; avoid @alism during an election campaign. ¸@®al®ist
²/-2EnElIst/ ³n¼
¨sense© ²/sens/ ³n ¸1 ´any one of the special powers of the body by which a
person is conscious of things (iÔe sight, hearing, smell, taste and touch):
³be in the enjoyment of all one's @s; have a keen @ of hearing. ¸Ú@-organ ³n
´part of the body, eÔg the ear or eye, concerned in producing sensation.
¸*sixth Ú@, µ¥ six. ¸2 ³(pl) ´normal state of mind (as when a person has the
five @s of µ1 ´above): ³in one's (right) @s´, sane; ³out of one's @s´, insane;
³frighten sb out of his @s´, frighten him so that he behaves in an excited
way. ·bring sb to his @s, ´cause him to give up behaving foolishly or wildly.
·come to one's @s, ´stop behaving like a fool or madman. ·take leave of one's
@s, ´become mad; start behaving irrationally. ¸3 ·(a/the) @ (of), ´appreciation
or understanding of the value or worth (of): ³a @ of humour; my @ of duty; the
moral @; a @ of locality/direction´, iÔe recognition of places, landmarks,
directions, etc. ¸4 ·(a/the) @ (of), ´consciousness (of): ³have no @ of shame;
a @ of one's own importance/responsibility. ¸5 ¶[U] ´power of judging;
judgement; practical wisdom: ³Haven't you @ enough to come in out of the rain?
There's a lot of @ in what he says. There's no @ in doing that´, It's
pointless. ³What's the @ of doing that? Now you're talking @. µ¥ ´also ³common
@ ´at µcommon±1µ(2). ¸6 ¶[C] ´meaning: ³a word with several @s. In what @ are
you using the word? The @ of the word is not clear. ·in a @, ´if the statement,
etc is taken in a particular way: ³What you say is true in a @. ·make @, ´have
a meaning that can be understood: ³What you say doesn't make @/makes no @,
´means nothing. ·make @ of sth, ´find a meaning in it: ³Can you make @ of this
poem? ·in the strict/literal/figurative/full/best´(= most favourable)·/proper,
etc @, ´interpreting (the statement, etc) strictly/literally, etc. ¸7 ¶[U]
´general feeling or opinion among a number of people: ³take the @ of a public
meeting´, ask questions in order to learn the general sentiment or opinion. ¹
³vt ¶[VP6A,9] ´feel; be vaguely aware of; realize: ³He @d that his proposals
were unwelcome.¼
¨sense®less© ²/ÚsenslIs/ ³adj ¸1 ´foolish: ³a @ idea. What a @ fellow he is! ¸2
´unconscious: ³fall @ to the ground. ¸@®ly ³adv ¸@®ness ³n¼
¨sen®si®bil®ity© ²/*sensEÚbIlEtI/ ³n (pl µ-ties³) ¶[U,C] ´power of
feeling; (esp) power or receiving or feeling delicate emotional impressions;
such feeling(s): ³the @ of a poet. ³Her sensibilities are easily wounded.¼
¨sen®sible© ²/ÚsensEbl/ ³adj ¸1 ´having or showing good senseµ(5)´; reasonable;
practical: ³a @ woman; @ shoes for mountain climbing; @ clothing´, functional,
not merely for appearance or ornament; ³@ ideas. That was @ of you. ¸2 ·@ of,
´(old use) aware of: ³He is @ of the danger of his position. ¸3 ´(old use) that
can be perceived by the sensesµ(1)´; perceptible (the usu word now): ³a @ fall
in the temperature; @ phenomena. ¸sen®sibly ²/-EblI/ ³adv ´in a @ way:
³sensibly dressed for hot weather.¼
¨sen®si®tive© ²/ÚsensEtIv/ ³adj ·@ (to), ¸1 ´quickly or easily
receiving impressions: ³The eyes are @ to light. A @ skin is easily hurt by
too much sunshine. A @ nerve in a tooth can cause great pain. ¸2 ´easily hurt
in the spirit; easily offended: ³Children are usually @ to blame. An author
must not be too @ to criticism. He is very @ about his ugly appearance. ¸3
´(of instruments, and institutions thought of as measuring things) able to
record small changes: ³@ thermometers/scales. The Stock Exchange is @ to
political disturbances. ¸4 ´(of photographic film, paper, etc) affected by
light. ¸@®ly ³adv ¸sen®si®tiv®ity ²/*sensEÚtIvEtI/ ³n ¶[U] ´quality, degree,
of being @: ³The dentist gave her an injection to reduce the sensitivity of
the nerves. ¸sen®si®tize ²/ÚsensItñIz/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´make sensitive; (photo)
make (film, paper, etc) @ to light (for use in photography).¼
¨sen®sory© ²/ÚsensErI/ ³adj ´of the sensesµ(1) ´or sensation: ³@
organs/nerves.¼
¨sen®sual© ²/Úsen28El/ ³adj ´of, given up to, the pleasures of the senses;
self-indulgent in regard to food and drink and sexual enjoyment: ³@ enjoyment;
a @ life; @ lips, ´giving the impression that a person is @. ¸@®ism ²/-IzEm/ ³n
´= @ity. ¸@®ist ²/-Ist/ ³n ´@ person. ¸@®ity ²/*sen28ÚalEtI/ ³n ¶[U] ´love of,
indulgence in, @ pleasures, esp of the body.¼
¨sen®su®ous© ²/Úsen28Es/ ³adj ´affecting, noticed by, appealing to, the
sensesµ(1)´: ³@ music/painting. ´(Note that ³@ ´is free of the sense of
"self-indulgence' in ³sensual´). ¸@®ly ³adv ¸@®ness ³n¼
¨sent© ²/sent/ ³pt,pp ´of µsend.¼
¨sen®tence© ²/ÚsentEns/ ³n ¶[C] ¸1 ´(statement by a judge, etc, of) punishment:
³pass @ (on sb)´, declare what the punishment is to be; ³under @ of death. The
@ of the court was three years' imprisonment. ¸2 ´(gram) the largest
grammatical unit, consisting of phrases and/or clauses, used to express a
statement, question, command, etc. ¹ ³vt ¶[VP6A,14,17] ´state that (sb) is to
have a certain punishment: ³@ a thief to six months' imprisonment. He had been
@d to pay a fine of $10.¼
¨sen®ten®tious© ²/senÚten2Es/ ³adj ¸1 ´(old use) in the habit of
saying or writing things in a short and witty manner. ¸2 ´(mod use) having,
putting on, an air of wisdom; dull and moralizing: ³a @ speaker/speech. ¸@®ly
³adv¼
¨sen®ti®ent© ²/Úsen2nt/ ³adj ´having, able to have, feeling; experiencing
sensation.¼
¨sen®ti®ment© ²/ÚsentImEnt/ ³n ¸1 ¶[C] ´mental feeling, the total of what one
thinks and feels on a subject; ¶[U] ´such feelings collectively as an
influence: ³The @ of pity is made up of the feeling of sympathy and of a desire
to help and protect. A true statesman is animated by lofty @s. Should reason be
guided by @? What are your @s towards my sister´, Do you love her or is it sth
less than love? ¸2 ¶[U] ´(tendency to be moved by) (display of) tender feeling
(contrasted with reason): ³There's no place for @ in business. ¸3 ´expression
of feeling; opinions or point of view: ³The ambassador explained the @s of his
government on the question.¼
¨sen®ti®men®tal© ²/*sentIÚmentl/ ³adj ¸1 ´having to do with the
feelings; emotional: ³do sth for @ reasons; have a @ attachment to one's
birthplace. The bracelet had only @ value´, eÔg because it belonged to one's
mother. ¸2 ´(of things) tending to arouse, expressing (often excessive,
inappropriate or false) feelings: ³@ music; @ novelettes; ´(of persons) having
such feelings: ³She's far too @ about her cats. ¸@ly ²/-tElI/ ³adv ¸@ist ³n
´person who is @µ(1)´. ¸@®ity ²/*sentImenÚtalEtI/ ³n ¶[U] ´the quality of being
weakly or foolishly @. ¸@®ize ²/-tElñIz/ ³vt,vi ¶[VP6A,2A] ´(cause to) become
@µ(2)´.¼
¨sen®ti®nel© ²/ÚsentInl/ ³n ´= sentry (now the usu word): ³stand @ (over),
´(liter) keep guard (over).¼
¨sen®try© ²/ÚsentrI/ ³n (pl µ-ries³) ´soldier posted to keep watch and guard.
¸Ú@-box ³n ´hut or cabin for a @. ¸Ú@-go ³n ´duty of pacing up and down as a
@: ³be on @-go.¼
¨se®pal© ²/Úsepl/ ³n ´(bot) one of the divisions of the calyx of a
flower. µ¥ ´the illus at µflower.¼
¨sep®ar®able© ²/ÚsepErEbl/ ³adj ´that can be separated. ¸sep®ar®ably ²/-EblI/
³adv ¸sep®ar®abil®ity ²/*seprEÚbIlEtI/ ³n¼
¨sep®ar®ate©1 ²/ÚseprEt/ ³adj ¸1 ´divided; not joined or united: ³Cut it into
three @ parts. ¸2 ´forming a unit which is distinct and which exists apart:
³The children sleep in @ beds´, Each of them has his own bed. ³Mr Green and his
wife are living @ ´(= apart) ³now. Keep these @ from those. ¹ n ´(trade use,
³pl´) @ garments which may be worn in a variety of combinations, eÔg jerseys,
blouses and skirts. ¸@®ly ³adv ´in a @ manner: ³Tie them up @ly.¼
¨sep®ar®ate©2 ²/ÚsepEreIt/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A,14,15B] ·@ (from), ´make, be, @
from: ³S@ the good ones from the bad. England is @d from France by the Channel.
·@ sth (up) into, ´divide into: ³The land was @d (up) into small fields. ¸2
¶[VP2A] ´(of a number of people) go in different ways: ³We talked until
midnight and then @d. ¸sep®ar®at®ist ²/ÚsepErEtIst/ ³n ´(opp of ³unionist´)
member of a group which wants (esp political or ecclesiastical) separation.
¸sep®ar®ator ²/ÚsepEreItE(r)/ ³n ´(esp) device for separating cream from milk.¼
¨sep®ar®ation© ²/*sepEÚreI2n/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´(state of) being separated or
separate; act of separating: ³S@ from his friends made him sad. ¸judicial @,
´(commonly called ³legal @´) arrangement (ordered by a court of law) which does
not end a marriage, but which requires married persons no longer to live
together. µ¥ divorce±1µ(1). ¸2 ¶[C] ´instance of, period of, separation: ³after
a @ of five years; @s of husbands and wives in time of war.¼
¨se®pia© ²/ÚsipIE/ ³n ¶[U] ´dark brown (ink or paint): ³a
·Ú³@-drawing´, one done in @.¼
¨sep®sis© ²/ÚsepsIs/ ³n ¶[U] ´contamination from a festering wound.¼
¨Sep®tem®ber© ²/sepÚtembE(r)/ ³n ´the ninth month of the year.¼
¨sep®tet© ²/sepÚtet/ ³n ´(musical composition for a) group of seven voices or
instruments.¼
¨sep®tic© ²/ÚseptIk/ ³adj ´of sepsis; causing, caused by, infection (with
disease germs): ³@ poisoning. A dirty wound may become @´, affected by
bacteria. ¸@ tank, ´one in which sewage is disposed of by bacterial activity.¼
¨sep®ti®cemia© ²/*septIÚsimIE/ ³n ´blood-poisoning.¼
¨sep®tua®gen®ar®ian© ²/*septj8EdZIÚneErIEn ³US: ²-t28dZE-/ ³n ´person 70 to 79
years old.¼
¨Sep®tua®gint© ²/Úseptj8EdZInt ³US: ²-t8-/ ³n ´Greek version of the Old
Testament and the Apocrypha made about 270 ¶BÔC´.¼
¨sep®ul®chre© ´(US = ¸sep®ul®cher´) ²/ÚseplkE(r)/ ³n ¶[C] ´tomb, esp one cut in
rock or built of stone. ¸the Holy S@, ´that in which Jesus Christ was laid.
¸whited @ ³n ´hypocrite. µ¥ Matt. 23: 27. ¸sup®ul®chral ²/sIÚpAlkrEl/ ³adj ¸1
´of a @; of burial. ¸2 ´deep and gloomy; suggestive of burial: ³sepulchral
looks; in a sepulchral voice.¼
¨sep®ul®ture© ²/Úseplt28E(r)/ ³n ¶[U] ´burying; putting in the tomb or grave.¼
¨se®quel© ²/ÚsikwEl/ ³n ¶[C] ¸1 ´that which follows or arises out of (an
earlier happening): ³Famine has often been the @ of war. Her action had an
unfortunate @. ·in the @, ´later on; as things developed afterwards. ¸2
´story, film, etc with the same character of an earlier one.¼
¨se®quence© ²/ÚsikwEns/ ³n ¶[U] ´succession; ¶[C] ´connected line of events,
ideas, etc: ³deal with events in historical @; the @ of events´, the order in
which they occur; ³a @ of bad harvests; a @ of clubs ´(in playing cards),
three or more next to each other in value, eÔg Ace, King, Queen, or 10, 9, 8.
·@ of tenses, ´(gram) principles according to which the tenses of subordinate
clauses are suited to the tenses of principal clauses. ¸se®quent ²/-Ent/ ³adj
´(formal) following in order or time; resulting. ¸se®quen®tial ²/sIÚkwen2l/
³adj ´following in order of time or place; following as a result.¼
¨se®ques®ter© ²/sIÚkwestE(r)/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ¸1 ´keep (sb) away or apart from
other people; withdraw to a quiet place: ³@ oneself from the world; lead a @ed
life. ¸2 ´(legal) = sequestrate. ¸@ed ³adj ´(of places) quiet; secluded.¼
¨se®ques®trate© ²/sIÚkwestreIt/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ¸1 ´(legal) take
temporary possession of (a debtor's property, estate, etc) until debts are paid
or other claims met. ¸2 ´confiscate. ¸se®ques®tra®tion ²/*sikweÚstreI2n/
³n¼
¨se®quin© ²/ÚsikwIn/ ³n ¸1 ´tiny metal disc of silver, jet, etc sewn on to a
dress, etc as an ornament. ¸2 ´(hist) gold coin once used in Venice.¼
¨se®quoia© ²/sIÚkwãIE/ ³n ´large evergreen coniferous tree of California (the
³redwood´) of great height.¼
¨se®ra®glio© ²/seÚrqlIE8/ ³n (pl µ@s ²/-lIE8z/³) ´harem; (hist) Turkish ruler's
walled palace with government offices, etc.¼
¨ser®aph© ²/ÚserEf/ ³n (pl µ@s ´or µ@im ²/-fIm/³) ´(biblical) one of the
highest order of angels. µ¥ cherub. ¸@ic ²/seÚrafIk/ ³adj ´angelic; happy and
beautiful as a @.¼
¨sere© ²/sIE(r)/ ´= µsear±2µ.¼
¨ser®en®ade© ²/*serEÚneId/ ³n ´(piece of) music (to be) sung or played outdoors
at night. ¹ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´sing or play a @ to (sb).¼
¨ser®en®dip®ity© ²/*serEnÚdIpEtI/ ³n ´(talent for) making fortunate and
unexpected discoveries by chance.¼
¨ser®ene© ²/sIÚrin/ ³adj ´clear and calm; tranquil: ³a @ sky; a @ look; a @
smile. ¸@®ly ³adv ¸ser®en®ity ²/sIÚrenEtI/ ³n ¶[U].¼
¨serf© ²/s3f/ ³n ´(hist) person who was not allowed to leave the
land on which he worked; (fig) person treated almost like a slave; drudge.
¸@®dom ²/-dEm/ ³n ¶[U] ¸1 ´social and economic system in which land was
cultivated by @s. ¸2 ´@'s condition of life.¼
¨serge© ²/s3dZ/ ³n ¶[U] ´hard-wearing woollen cloth: (attrib) ³a blue @ suit.¼
¨ser®geant© ²/ÚsqdZEnt/ ³n ¸1 ´non-commissioned army officer above a corporal
and below a @-major. ¸*@-Úmajor ³n ´highest grade of non-commissioned army
officer. ¸2 ´police-officer with rank below that of an inspector.¼
¨ser®ial© ²/ÚsIErIEl/ ³adj ¸1 ´of, in or forming a series: ³the @ number of a
banknote or cheque. ¸2 ´(of a story, etc) appearing in parts (in a periodical,
on radio, TÔV, etc): ³An exciting new @ story will begin in our next week's
issue. ¹ n ´@ play, story, etc. ¸@®ly ²/-IElI/ ³adv ¸@®ize ²/-lñIz/ ³vt ¶[VP6A]
´publish or produce in @ form.¼
¨seri®atim© ²/*sIErIÚeItIm/ ³adv ´(Lat) point by point; taking subjects, etc
after one another in order: ³deal with arguments @.¼
¨seri®cul®ture© ²/ÚserIkAlt2E(r)/ ³n ´(breeding of silkworms for) the
production of silk. ¸seri®cul®tural ²/*serIÚkAlt2ErEl/ ³adj ¸ser®i®cul®tur®ist
²/-t2ErIst/ ³n¼
¨series© ²/ÚsIEriz/ ³n (pl ´unchanged) number of things, events, etc each of
which is related in some way to the others, esp to the one before it: ³a @ of
stamps/coins´, eÔg of different values, but issued at one time; ³a @ of
brilliant statesmen; a @ of good harvests; ³a ·Ú³Television @´, a number of
programmes, each complete in itself, linked by cast, theme, etc. ·in @, ´in an
orderly arrangement; (of the components of an electrical circuit) with the
supply of current fed directly through each component. µ¥ ³in parallel ´at
µparallel.¼
¨serio®comic© ²/*sIErIE8ÚkomIk/ ³adj ´serious in intention but appearing to be
comic (or vice versa); having both serious and comic elements.¼
¨seri®ous© ²/ÚsIErIEs/ ³adj ¸1 ´solemn; thoughtful; not given to
pleasure-seeking: ³a @ mind/appearance/face; look @. ¸2 ´important because of
possible danger: ³a @ illness/mistake. The international situation looks @. ¸3
´in earnest; sincere: ³a @ worker/lover. Please be @ about your work. ¸@®ly
³adv ´in a @ manner: ³speak @ly to sb; be @ly ill. ¸@®ness ³n ´state of being
@: ³the @ness of the country's financial situation. ·in all @ness, ´very @ly;
not at all in a light-hearted way: ³I tell you this in all @ness.¼
¨ser®jeant© ²/ÚsqdZEnt/ ³n ¸*S@-at-Úarms, ´official with ceremonial duties or
who keeps order in a court, legislature, etc.¼
¨ser®mon© ²/Ús3mEn/ ³n ¶[C] ´spoken or written address on a religious or moral
subject, esp one given from a pulpit in a church; serious talk reproving a
person for his faults, etc. ¸@®ize ²/-ñIz/ ³vt,vi ¶[VP6A,2A] ´preach or talk
seriously to: ³Stop @izing´, lecturing to me on my faults, etc!¼
¨serous© ²/ÚsIErEs/ ³adj ´of or like serum.¼
¨ser®pent© ²/Ús3pEnt/ ³n ´snake (which is the more usu word); (fig) sly,
treacherous person: ³the old S@´, the Devil.¼
¨ser®pen®tine© ²/Ús3pEntñIn ³US: ²-tin/ ³adj ´twisting and curving like a
snake: ³the @ course of the river.¼
¨ser®rated© ²/sIÚreItId ³US: ²ÚsereItId/ ³adj ´having notches on the edge like
a saw; having a toothed edge: ³@ leaves.¼
¨ser®ried© ²/ÚserId/ ³adj ´(of lines or ranks of persons) close together,
shoulder to shoulder: ³in @ ranks.¼
¨serum© ²/ÚsIErEm/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´watery fluid in animal bodies; thin, transparent
part of blood. ¸2 ´(dose of) such a fluid taken from the blood of an animal
which has been made immune to a disease, used for inoculations.¼
¨ser®vant© ²/Ús3vEnt/ ³n ¸1 (domestic) @, ´person who works in a household for
wages, food and lodging: ³have a large staff of @s; engage/dismiss a @. ¸2
public @, ´person who works for the public, eÔg a police officer, member of the
Fire Service. ¸civil @, ´government employee, member of the civil service.
·your humble @, ´form sometimes used preceding the signature in an official
letter. ¸3 ´person devoted to sb or sth: ³a @ of Jesus Christ´, eÔg a Christian
priest. ¸4 ´sth useful thqt should be treated as a means but not as an end:
³Fire is a good @ but a bad master.¼
¨serve© ²/s3v/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A,15A,2A,C] ´be a servant to (sb);
work for (sb): ³She @d the Ambassador for ten years. He @s as gardener and also
as chauffeur. ¸2 ¶[VP6A,15A,2A,B,3A] ´perform duties (for): ³@ one's country´,
eÔg in Parliament; ³@ a year in the Army. Can I @ you in any way´, Is there
anything I can do for you? ·@ on sth, ´be a member of: ³@ on a committee. ·@
under sb, ´be in the armed forces under the command of: ³My grandfather @d
under Montgomery. ·@ two masters, ´(fig) be divided in one's loyalty, or
between two opposite principles. ¸3 ¶[VP6A,2A,14,15B] ·@ sth (to sb); @ sb
(with sth); @ sth (out), ´attend to (customers in a shop, etc); supply (with
goods and services); place (food, etc) on the table for a meal; give (food,
etc) to people at a meal: ³There was no one in the shop to @ me. We are well @d
with gas/electricity, etc in this town. Rations were @d (out) to the troops.
Roast pork is often @d with apple sauce. Dinner is @d´, is ready. ³S@ the
coffee in the next room, please. ¸4 ¶[VP6A,2A,C,4A] ·@ sb (for/as sth), ´be
satisfactory for a need or purpose: ³This box will @ for a seat. It isn't very
good but it will @ me. That excuse will not @ you/That will not @ you as an
excuse´, will not be accepted. ³This accident @s to show the foolishness of not
being prepared. ·@ sb's needs/purpose(s), ´meet his requirements: ³The house
will @ his needs admirably. ·as occasion @s, ´when there is a suitable or
convenient occasion or opportunity. ¸5 ¶[VP15A,B] ´act towards, treat (sb in a
certain way): ³They have @d me shamefully´, behaved very badly towards me. ³I
hope I shall never be @d such a trick again´, have such a trick played on me.
·It @s him right, ´His failure, misfortune, etc is deserved; he does not merit
sympathy. ¸6 ¶[VP6A] ´pass the usual or normal number of years (learning a
trade, etc); go through one's term of office: ³@ one's time; @ one's
apprenticeship. ¸7 ¶[VP6A] ·@ a sentence; @ time, ´undergo a period of
imprisonment. ³He has @d five years of his sentence. ¸8 ¶[VP14] ·@ a
summons/writ/warrant on sb; @ sb with a summons/writ/warrant, ´(legal) deliver
(a summons, etc) to the person named in it. ¸9 ¶[VP6A,2A] ´(tennis, etc) put
the ball into play by striking it to an opponent: ³@ a ball; @ well/badly. ¸10
¶[VP6A] ´of a male animal, eÔg a bull, ram or boar, copulate with. ¸11
¶[VP2A,6A] ´help a priest at Mass: ³@ Mass. ¹ ³n ´(tennis, etc) first stroke;
turn for striking and putting the ball into play: ³Whose @ is it? ¸@r ³n ¸1
´person who @s, eÔg one who helps a priest at Mass or @s at tennis. ¸2 ´tray
for dishes; salver. ¸3 ´utensil used in serving out food: ·Ú³salad-@rs.
¸serv®ing ³n ´quantity of food (to be) served to one person: ³This recipe will
be enough for four servings.¼
¨ser®vice© ²/Ús3vIs/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´being a servant; position as a
servant. ·be in/go into/go out to @, ´be employed as a domestic servant. ¸2
¶[C] ´department or branch of public work, government employment, etc: ³the
·Ú³Civil ·Ú³S@; the ·*³Diplo·Ú³matic S@; the fighting @s´, the Navy, Army, Air
Force; ³@ men and women´, members of the fighting @s. ·on active @, ´performing
duties required by membership of the fighting @s in time of war. ·see @ in sth,
´serve (in the armed forces): ³He saw @ in both World Wars. He has seen @ in
many parts of the world. ·have seen (good) @, ´have served one well: ³These old
climbing-boots have seen good @ on my numerous holidays in the Alps. ¸3 ¶[C]
´sth done to help or benefit another or others: ³His @s to the State have been
immense. Do you need the @s of a doctor/lawyer? ·do sb a @, ´help him: ³She did
me a great @ by driving me to the airport. ¸4 ¶[U] ´benefit, use, advantage:
³Can I be of @ to you´, help you in any way? ³I am at your @´, ready to help
you. ³My car is at your @´, ready for you to use when you want to. ¸5 ¶[C]
´system or arrangement that supplies public needs, esp for communications: ³a
·Ú³bus/·Ú³train @; the ·Ú³telephone @; a good ·Ú³postal @. ¸Ú@ road ³n ´minor
road, off a main road, giving access to houses, etc. ¸6 ¶[C] ´form of worship
and prayer to God: ³three @s every Sunday; attend morning/evening @;
·Ú³marriage/·Ú³burial/com·Ú³munion @. ¸7 ¶[C] ´complete set of plates, dishes,
etc for use at table: ³a ·Ú³tea/·Ú³dinner @ of 30 pieces. ¸8 ¶[U] ´serving of
food and drink (in hotels, etc); work done by domestic servants, hotel staff,
etc: ³The food is good at this hotel, but the @ is poor. The waiter added 10
per cent to the bill for @´, eÔg to a bill at a restaurant, instead of getting
a tip. ³Do you make a ·Ú³@ charge at this hotel´, eÔg add 10%? ¸Ú@ flat ³n ´one
(usu furnished) of which the rent includes a charge for @. ¸9 ¶[U] ´expert help
or advice given by manufacturers or their agents after the sale of an article:
³send the car in for @ every 3Ô000 miles´, eÔg for greasing, checking of
brakes, etc: (attrib) ·Ú³@ department. ¸Ú@ station ³n ´petrol station which
also offers general servicing facilities. ¸10 ´(legal) serving of a writ,
summons, etc. ¸11 ´(tennis, etc) act of serving the ball; manner of doing this;
person's turn to serve: ³Her @ is weak. Whose @ is it? ¹ vt ¶[VP6A] ´maintain
or repair (a car, radio, machine, etc) after sale (µ¥ 9 ´above): ³have the car
@d regularly. ¸@®able ²/-Ebl/ ³adj ¸1 ´suited for ordinary wear and use; strong
and durable: ³@able clothes for schoolchildren. ¸2 ´of use; capable of giving
good service.¼
¨ser®vi®ette© ²/*s3vIÚet/ ³n ¶[C] ´table napkin: ³I prefer a linen
napkin to a paper @.¼
¨ser®vile© ²/Ús3vñIl ³US: ²-vl/ ³adj ¸1 ´(archaic) of or like a slave. ¸2
´lacking in the spirit of independence; obsequious: ³@ flattery; @ to public
opinion´, paying excessive attention to it. ¸@ly ²/-ñIllI/ ³adv´. ¸ser®vil®ity
²/s3ÚvIlEtI/ ³n ¶[U] ´@ behaviour or attitude.¼
¨ser®vi®tor© ²/Ús3vItE(r)/ ³n ´(old use) servant; attendant.¼
¨ser®vi®tude© ²/Ús3vItjud ³US: ²-tud/ ³n ¶[U] ´condition of being forced to
work for others and having no freedom. µ¥ penal.¼
¨servo-© ²/Ús3vE8/ ³pref ´(of machinery) using a system that
automatically controls a larger system: ·Ú³@-motor, ´controlling motor in such
a system; ·*³@-as·Ú³sisted brakes´, eÔg in a large car; ·*³@-·Ú³mechanism´,
general name for the controlling system.¼
¨ses®ame© ²/ÚsesEmI/ ³n ¸1 ´plant with seeds used in various ways as food and
giving an oil used in salads. ¸2 ·Open @! ´magic words used, in one of the
Arabian Nights stories, to cause a door to open; hence, easy way of securing
access to what is usu inaccessible: ³an open @ to high society.¼
¨sesqui®ped®alian© ²/*seskwIpIÚdeIlIEn/ ³adj ´(of a word) having
many syllables; (fig) tedious; long-winded.¼
¨session© ²/Úse2n/ ³n ¶[C] ¸1 ´(meeting of a) law court, law-making body, etc;
time occupied by discussions at such a meeting: ³the autumn @ ´(= sitting) ³of
Parliament; ³have a long @; go into secret @. ¸Court of S@´, supreme civil
court of Scotland. ¸petty @s, ´courts held by magistrates to hear certain
offences without a jury. ¸2 ´(Scot and US) university term. ¸3 ´single,
uninterrupted meeting for other purposes: ³a re·Ú³cording @´, period of time
during which material is recorded (on discs or tapes, eÔg for broadcasts).¼
¨set©1 ²/set/ ³n ¸1 ¶[C] ´number of things of the same kind, that
belong together because they are similar or complementary to each other: ³a
set of golf-clubs/the novels of Dickens/Albanian stamps; a ·Ú³tea-set and
·Ú³dinner-set, ´(= ³serviceµ(7)´, the more usu word); ³a new set of false
teeth. ¸2 ¶[C] ´number of persons who associate, or who have similar or
identical tastes and interests: ³the ·Ú³racing/·Ú³literary/·Ú³golfing set; the
·Ú³smart set´, those who consider themselves leaders in society; ³the ·Ú³fast
set´, those who gamble, etc; ³the ·Ú³jet set´, rich pleasure-loving people,
flying from one holiday resort to another. ¸3 ´radio or television receiving
apparatus: ³an ·*³all-·Ú³mains set; a transistor set. ¸4 ´(not ³pl´) direction
(of current, wind, etc); tendency (of opinion): ³the set of the tide. ¸5 ´(not
³pl´) position or angle; posture: ³I recognize him by the set of his
head/shoulders. ¸6 ´way in which a garment conforms to the shape of the body:
³I don't like the set of this coat´, the way it fits (or doesn't fit). µ¥
set±2µ(14). ¸7 ¶[U] ´(poet) sunset: ³at set of sun. ¸8 ´(tennis, etc) group of
games counting as a unit to the side that wins more than half the games in it.
¸9 ´the act of pointing at game (birds, animals) by a setter. µ¥ set±2µ(15).
·make a dead set at, ¸(a) ´combine to attack vigorously, by argument or
ridicule. ¸(b) ´(of a person) try to win the attention and affection of
(another person to whom one is attracted). ¸10 ¶[C] ´granite paving stone (as
used for road surfaces). ¸11 ¶[C] ´built-up scenery on the stage of a theatre,
or in a studio or outdoors for a film: ³everyone to be on the set by 7aÔm. ¸12
¶[C] ´young plant, cutting, bulb, etc ready to be planted: ³get the onion sets
in. ¸13 ´badger's burrow. ¸14 ´setting of the hair: ³shampoo and set, $4. µ¥
set±2µ(9).¼
¨set©2 ²/set/ ³vt,vi µ(-tt-, ³pt,pp µsetµ) ´(For special uses with
³adverbial particles ´and ³preps, µ¥ 19 ´below.) ¸1 ¶[VP2A] ´(of the sun,
moon, stars) go down below the horizon: ³It will be cooler when the sun has/is
set. His star has set, ´(fig) The time of his power, greatness, etc is over.
¸2 ¶[VP14] ·set sth to sth, ´move or place sth so that it is near to or
touching sth else: ³set a glass to one's lips/one's lips to a glass. ·set the
axe to´, cut down (a tree); (fig) start to destroy (sth). ·set fire/a match/(a)
light to sth, ´cause it to begin burning. ·set pen to paper´, begin to write.
·set one's seal to sth; set the seal on sth, ´authorize or confirm it. ·set
one's shoulder to the wheel, µ¥ shoulder. ¸3 ¶[VP22,16A] ´cause (sb/sth) to be
in, or reach, a specified state or relation. ·set sb/sth at
defiance/naught/nought, µ¥ defiance; nought. ·set sb at his ease, ´make him
feel free from embarrassment, feel comfortable, etc. ·set sb/sth on his/its
feet, ¸(a) ´help him to get to his feet after a fall. ¸(b) ´help sb/sth to gain
strength, financial stability, etc: ³Foreign aid set the country on its feet
after the war. ·set sth on fire, ´(= set fire to sth) cause it to begin
burning. ·*not/*never *set the ÚThames on fire, ´not/never do/be anything
wonderful, extraordinary. ·set sb free/at liberty, ´free (prisoners, etc). ·set
people at loggerheads/variance, ´cause them to argue and dispute. ·set sth in
order, ´arrange, organize (one's papers, affairs, etc) properly. ·*set one's
(Úown) Úhouse in order, ´(fig) order one's own affairs, one's own life (before
criticizing others). ·set sb's mind at ease/rest; ·set sb's doubts/fears/mind
at rest, ´help him to be free from worry, free him from anxiety. ·set sb's
Úteeth on edge, ´jar his nerves: ³That noise sets my teeth on edge. ·set sb
right, ¸(a) ´correct his errors; put him on the right road. ¸(b) ´cause him to
feel well and fit again. ·set sth right/to rights, ´correct, remedy (faults,
grievances). ·set sb on his way, ´(old use) go part of the way with him (when
he starts out on foot). ·be all set (for sth/to do sth), ´be quite ready (for
the start of a race, etc). ·be set on doing sth, ´be determined to do it: ³My
Uncle Ernest is set on swimming the English Channel. ¸4 ¶[VP19B] ´cause sb/sth
to begin to do sth: ³It's time we set the machinery going´, start operations.
³What has set the dog barking? The news set me thinking. My joke set everyone
laughing. "Blow, bugles, blow, set the wild echoes flying!' ¸5 ¶[VP6A,15A]
´(usu with an ³adv ´or ³adv phrase; µ¥ 19 ´below for combinations of ³set ´and
³adverbial particles ´with special meanings) put, place, lay, stand: ³She set
the dishes on the table. We set food and drink before the travellers. He set
the stake in the ground. ¸6 ¶[VP6A,14,12C] ·set (for), ´put forward as
(material to be dealt with as a task, a pattern, etc): ³The teacher set the
children a difficult problem´, gave them one to be solved. ³I have set myself a
difficult task. Who will set the papers for the examination´, draw up the
examination questions? ³What books have been set for the Cambridge Certificate
next year´, What books are to be studied? Hence, ¸*set Úbook, ´book on which
examinations are to be given. ·set (sb) a (good) example, ´offer a good
standard for others to follow: ³You should set the younger boys a good example.
·set the fashion, ´start a fashion to be copied by others. ·set the pace, ´fix
it by leading (in a race, etc); (fig) fix a standard for an activity, style of
living, etc: ³The Joneses set the pace and their neighbours try to keep up with
them. ·set the stroke, ´(rowing) fix the number of strokes per minute. ¸7
¶[VP17A] ·set (sb/oneself) to do sth, ´give sth (to sb/oneself) as a task: ³He
set the farm labourer to chop wood. I set myself to study the problem. I've set
myself ´(= have resolved) ³to finish the job by the end of May. ·*Set a *thief
to Úcatch a thief, ´(prov) Use illegal methods to uncover illegal actions. ¸8
¶[VP6A,15A] ´(with various grammatical objects, the ³nn ´in alphabetical order)
·set one's cap at sb, µ¥ cap. ·set eyes on sb, ´see him: ³I hope I never set
eyes on that fellow again. ·set one's face against sth, ´steadfastly oppose
sth. ·set one's heart/hopes/mind on sth, ´be filled with strong desire for,
determination to get; direct one's hopes towards: ³The boy has set his heart on
becoming an engineer. ·set a price on sth, ´declare what it will be sold for.
·set a price on sb's head, ´offer a specified reward to anyone who kills him.
·set much/great/little/no store by sth, ´value sth highly/little/not at all. ¸9
¶[VP6A,15A] ´put in a certain state or condition for a particular purpose: ³set
a (broken) bone´, bring the parts together so that they may unite. ·set a
butterfly, ´arrange it with wings outspread (in a glass case) as a specimen.
·set a clock/watch, ´put the hands to the correct time (or, for an alarm clock,
to sound at the desired time): ³set one's watch by the time-signal on the
radio. ·set eggs, ´place them (to be hatched) under a hen, etc in a nest. ·set
one's hair, ´arrange it (when damp) so that when it is dry, it is in the
required style. ³She's having her hair set for this evening's party. ·set a
hen, ´place it over eggs (to hatch them). ·set a saw, ´sharpen the teeth with a
file and put them (alternately) at the right outward angle. ·set the scene,
´describe a place and the people taking part in an activity, eÔg in a play,
novel or sporting event: ³Our commentator will now set the scene in the
stadium. The scene is now set for the tragedy´, Events leading up to the
tragedy have taken place and the tragedy will follow. ³The scene is now set for
a direct confrontation between the major powers. ·set sail (from/to/for),
´begin a voyage. ·set the table, ´lay it ready with plates, cutlery, etc: ³She
set the table for five people. ·set one's teeth, ´clench them; (fig) become
determined and inflexible (against some course of action, etc). ·set a trap
(for sth/sb), ¸(a) ´adjust one to catch a mouse, rat, etc. ¸(b) ´do sth to
discover a dishonest person, etc: ³set a trap to catch a thief/for a boy who
cheats. ·set (up) type, ´arrange it ready for printing sth. ¸10 ¶[VP6A,14] ·set
sth in sth; set sth with sth, ´put, fix, one thing firmly in another: ³set a
diamond in gold; a crown set with jewels; a gold ring set with gems; a heavy
lathe set ´(= embedded) ³in concrete; glass panes set in lead´, iÔe strips of
lead, as in old lattice windows. ³The tops of the walls were set with broken
glass´, iÔe to discourage persons from climbing over them. ³The sky seemed to
be set with diamonds´, the stars looked like diamonds. ¸11 ¶[VP2A,C] ´(of
tides, currents) move or flow along; gather force; (fig) show or feel a
tendency: ³A strong current sets through the channel. The current sets in
towards the shore. The wind sets from the west. The tide has set in his
favour´, (fig) He is winning public support and approval. ³Public opinion is
setting against the proposal. ¸12 ¶[VP6A,14] ·set sth (to sth), ´provide with
music, usu composed for the purpose: ³set a poem to music; set new words to an
old tune. ¸13 ¶[VP6A,2A] ´(of plants, fruit trees, their blossom) form or
develop fruit as the result of fertilization: ³The apple-blossom hasn't/The
apples haven't set well this year. This liquid, if sprayed on the flowers,
helps to set the tomatoes. ¸14 ¶[VP2C] ´(of a garment) adapt itself to the
shape of the body; sit (which is the more usu word): ³A well-tailored jacket
ought to set well. That dress sets rather badly. ¸15 ¶[VP2A,C] ´(of a sporting
dog) stop and stand with the muzzle pointing, to indicate presence of game; (of
dancers) take positions facing partners: ³set to partners. ¸16 ¶[VP6A,2A]
´(cause to) become firm, solid, rigid (from a liquid or soft state): ³Some
kinds of concrete set more quickly than others. The jelly is/has not set yet.
Heat sets eggs and cold sets jellies. ¸17 ¶[VP6A,2A] ´(rare) (cause to) develop
into definite lines and shapes, become mature: ³His body has/is set´, is fully
developed. ³Too much exercise may set a boy's muscles prematurely. His
character has/is set´, is no longer pliant, is already formed. ¸18 ³(pp) ¸(a)
´unmoving, fixed: ³a set smile/look/purpose. ¸(b) ´pre-arranged; ³at a set
time; set lunches $2.50´, (eÔg at a restaurant, there being no choice of
dishes); ³a set piece´, a large and elaborate firework set on a platform or
scaffold; (attrib) ³a set-piece attack, ´iÔe carefully planned in advance. ¸(c)
´unchanging: ³set in one's ways´, having fixed habits; ³a man of set opinions´,
´unable or unwilling to change them. ¸(d) ´regular; fixed or planned in
advance: ³set phrases; a set speech; set forms of prayers. ¸(e) ·set fair, ´(of
the weather) fine and with no signs of change. ¸19 ¶[VP15A,2C,3A] ´(special
uses with ³adverbial particles ´and ³preps)´:¼
·set about sth, ´start; take steps towards: ³I must set about my packing´,
begin to pack my clothes, etc. ³I don't know how to set about this job´, how to
make a start on it. ·set about sb, ´(colloq) attack: ³They set about each other
fiercely, ´began to exchange blows. ·set sth about, ´spread (rumours, etc):
³Who set (put ´is more usu³) ³it about that he is resigning?¼
·set sb against sb, ´cause him to compete with, struggle against, sb. ·set one
thing against another, ´regard it as compensating for, balancing, another.¼
·set sth apart/aside, ¸(a) ´put on one side for future use. ¸(b) ´disregard:
³Let's set aside my personal feelings. ¸(c) ´(legal) reject: ³set a claim
aside.¼
·set sth back, ¸(a) ´move back: ³set back the hands of a clock. The horse set
back its ears. ¸(b) ´be placed away, at a distance, from: ³The house is well
set back from the road. ·set sb/sth back, ¸(a) ´hinder or reverse the progress
of: ³All our efforts at reform have been set back. ´Hence, ¸Úset-back ³n (pl
µset-backs³) ´check to progress or development: ³meet with many set-backs;
have a set-back in one's career/business. ¸(b) ´(sl) cost: ³That haircut set me
back $5.¼
·set sth down, ¸(a) ´put down: ³set down a load. ¸(b) ´write down on paper.
·set sb down, ´(of a vehicle, its driver) allow (a passenger) to get down or
out: ³The bus stopped to set down an old lady. I'll set you down at the corner
of your street. ·set sb/oneself down as, ´(³put ´is more usu) explain or
describe as: ³How should I set myself down in the hotel registerÅas a
journalist or as an author? We must set him down as either a criminal or a
fool. ·set sth down to sth, ´(³put ´is more usu), attribute sth to, say that
sth is the result of: ³set one's success down to hard work.¼
·set forth, ´begin a journey ³(set out ´is more usu³). ·set sth forth, ´(formal)
make known; declare: ³set forth one's political views. Is this condition set
forth ´(= included) ³in the agreement?¼
·set in, ¸(a) ´start and seem likely to continue: ³The rainy season has set
in. It set in to rain. Go to your dentist before decay of the teeth sets in.
¸(b) ´(of tides, winds; µ¥ 11 ´above) begin to flow: ³The tide is setting in´,
flowing towards the shore.¼
·set off, ´start (a journey, race, etc): ³They've set off on a journey round
the world. ·set sth off, ¸(a) ´explode a mine, firework, etc. ¸(b) ´make more
striking by comparison: ³Use blue eye-shadow to set off your green eyes. This
gold frame sets off the painting very well. ¸(c) ´balance; compensate: ³set off
gains against losses. ¸(d) ´mark off: ³set off a clause by a comma. ·set sb off
(doing sth), ´cause to start (doing sth): ³Don't set him off talking politics
or he'll go on all evening.¼
·*set Úon, ´(formal) go forward; advance to the attack. ·Úset on/upon sb,
´attack: ³She was set on by a savage dog. ·be Úset on/upon doing sth, ´be
determined to do it: ³My daughter is set on becoming an airline pilot.¼
·set out, ´begin (a journey, venture): ³They set out at dawn. He set out with
the best intentions. ·set out to do sth, ´have sth as an aim or intention: ³He
set out to break the record for the Channel swim/to make his first million in
five years. ·set sth out, ¸(a) ´declare; make known: ³set out one's reasons
(for sth). ¸(b) ´show; put on display: ³The women set out their chickens and
ducks on the market stalls. He sets out his ideas clearly in this essay. ¸(c)
´plant out: ³Set the young plants out one foot apart.¼
·set sb over sb, ´put sb in control/command of sb.¼
·*set Úto, ¸(a) ´begin doing sth: ³The engineers set to and repaired the
bridge. They were all hungry and at once set to´, began eating. ¸(b) ´(usu with
³pl ´subject) begin to fight, struggle, quarrel, etc. Hence, ¸*set-Úto ³n
´struggle; quarrel.¼
·set sth up, ¸(a) ´place sth in position: ³set up a post/statue/memorial.
¸(b) ´establish (an institution, business, argument, etc): ³set up a tribunal.
What defence did his counsel set up in the trial? ´Hence, ¸Úset-up ³n ´(colloq)
arrangement of an organization, group of people, etc: ³What's the set-up here?
´How's your business, etc organized? ¸(c) ´cause: ³I wonder what has set up
this irritation in my throat/this rash on my face? ¸(d) ´utter loudly: ³set up
a yell. ¸(e) ´make ready for printing: ³set up type/a book. ·set sb up,
´restore after illness: ³Her holiday in the country has set her up again. ·set
(oneself) up as, ¸(a) ´go into business as: ³He has set (himself) up as a
bookseller. ¸(b) ´have pretensions to being: ³I've never set myself up as a
scholar. ·set sb up (as sth), ´get sb started or established, eÔg by supplying
capital: ³set up one's son in business. His father set him up as a bookseller.
·set up house, ´start living in one, eÔg after being in lodgings. ·set up
house with sb/together, ´(of two persons) begin living together. ·be well set
up, ¸(a) ´have a body well developed by exercises, etc: ³He has a well set up
figure. What a well set up young woman! ¸(b) ´be well provided with: ³be well
set up with clothes/reading matter.¼
¨set-square© ²/Úset skweE(r)/ ³n ¶[C] ´triangular plate of wood,
plastic, metal, etc with angles of 90Ä, 60Ä and 30Ä (or 90Ä, 45Ä, 45Ä), used
for drawing lines at these angles.¼
¨sett© ²/set/ ³n ´= µset±1µ(10).¼
¨set®tee© ²/seÚti/ ³n ¶[C] ´long, soft seat like a sofa, with sides
and back, for two or more persons.¼
¨set®ter© ²/ÚsetE(r)/ ³n ¸1 ´(breeds of) long-haired dog trained to stand
motionless on scenting game. µ¥ set±1µ(9). ¸2 ´(in compounds) person who, thing
which, sets (various meanings): ³a ·Ú³bone-@; a ·Ú³type-@.¼
¨set®ting© ²/ÚsetIG/ ³n ¶[C] ¸1 ´framework in which sth is fixed or fastened:
³the @ of a jewel; ´(by extension) surroundings, environment: ³a beautiful
natural @ for a play, ´eÔg the grounds of an old castle. ¸2 ´music composed for
a poem, etc. µ¥ set±2µ(12). ¸3 ´descent (of the sun, moon, etc) below the
horizon.¼
¨settle©1 ²/Úsetl/ ³n ¶[C] ´long, wooden seat with a high back and arms, the
seat often being the lid of a chest.¼
¨settle©2 ²/Úsetl/ ³vt,vi ´(For special uses with ³adverbial particles ´and
³preps, µ¥ 10 ´below.) ¸1 ¶[VP2C,6A] ´make one's home in (permanently, as a
colonist); establish colonists in: ³The Dutch @d in South Africa. By whom was
Canada @d? ¸2 ¶[VP2C] ´make one's home in; live in (not as a colonist): ³@ in
London/in Canada/in the country. ¸3 ¶[VP2A,3A] ·@ (on sth), ´come to rest
(on); stay for some time (on): ³The bird @d on a branch. The dust @d on
everything. The cold has @d on my chest. ¸4 ¶[VP6A,15A] ´cause (sb) to become
used to, or comfortable in, a new position or posture (after a period of
restless movement or activity: ³The nurse @d her patient for the night´, made
him/her comfortable, gave him/her medicine, etc. ³Then the nurse @d herself in
an armchair in the next room. ¸5 ¶[VP6A,2C] ´make or become calm, untroubled,
composed: ³The thunderstorm will perhaps @ the weather. We want a period of @d
weather for the harvest. Wait until the excitement has @d. Things are settling
into shape´, becoming orderly, normal. ³Have a brandyÅit will @ your nerves. ¸6
¶[VP6A,7,8,10] ´make an agreement about; decide; determine: ³That @s the
matter. It's time you @d the dispute/argument. Nothing is @d yet. You ought to
@ your affairs ´(eÔg by making your Will) ³before you go into hospital for that
lung operation. The lawsuit was @d amicably/out of court/between the parties´,
a decision was reached by the parties themselves (and their lawyers) instead of
by the court. ³What have you @d to do about it? Have they @d where to go/where
they'll spend their holiday. ¸7 ¶[VP6A,2A,C] ´pay: ³@ a bill. Will you @ for
all of us´, pay what is owing for all of us, eÔg at a restaurant? ¸8 ¶[VP6A,2A]
´(of dust, etc in the air, particles of solid substances in a liquid, etc)
(cause to) sink; (of a liquid) become clear as solid particles sink: ³We need a
shower to @ the dust. Stir the coffee to @ the grounds. The grounds settled and
the coffee was clear. ¸9 ¶[VP2A,C] ´(of the ground, the foundation of a
building, etc) sink gradually to a lower level: ³The road-bed @d. The ship was
settling down by the stern´, tending to sink. ¸10 ¶[VP2C,14,15B,2A] ´(special
uses with ³adverbial particles ´and ³preps´):¼
·settle down, ´sit or lie comfortably (after a period of movement or
activity): ³He @d down in his armchair to read a new novel. ·@ (sb) down,
´make or become calm and peaceful: ³Wait until the children have @d down
before you start your lesson. The chairman tried to @ the audience down´, get
them to stop talking, etc. ·@ (down) to sth, ´overcome distractions, etc and
give one's attention to one's work: ³It's terribleÅI can't @ (down) to
anything today´, am too restless to do my work, etc. ·@ down (to sth), ´become
established (in a new way of life, new work, etc): ³@ down well in a new
career/job. ·@ down to married life; marry and @ down, ´live the regular
routine life said to be typical of married persons.¼
·settle for sth, ´accept, although not altogether satisfactory: ³I had hoped
to get $1000 for my old car but had to @ for $650.¼
·settle (sb) in, ´(help sb to) move into a new house, flat, job, etc and put
things in order: ³We haven't @d in yet. You must come and see our new house
when we're/we've @d in.¼
·settle sth on/upon sb, ´(legal) give sb (property, etc) for use during his/her
lifetime: ³@ part of one's estate on one's son; @ an annuity on a nephew. µ¥
settlement(2). ·@ on/upon sth, ´decide to take; choose: ³Which of the
recordings have you @d on? We must @ on a place to meet.¼
·settle (up) (with sb), ´pay what one owes to sb: ³I shall @ (up) with you at
the end of the month. I've already settled up with the waiter´, paid for our
meal. ³Now to @ with you! ´Now I'll deal with you (according to context, pay,
fight with you, get rid of you, etc). ·*have an acÚcount to @ with sb,
´(colloq) have some unpleasant business, a quarrel, etc to discuss.¼
¨settled© ²/Úsetld/ ³adj ¸1 ´fixed; unchanging; permanent: ³@ weather; a man
of @ convictions; @ melancholy. ¸2 ´(written on a paid bill) payment is
acknowledged.¼
¨settle®ment© ²/ÚsetlmEnt/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´the act of settling (a
dispute, debt, etc); ¶[C] ´instance of this: ³The terms of @ seem just. We hope
for a lasting @ of all these troubles. The strikers have reached a @ with
the employers. I enclose a cheque in @ of your account. ¸2 ¶[C] ´(statement
of) property settledµ(10) ´on sb: ³a ·Ú³marriage @´, one made by a man in
favour of his wife. ¸3 ¶[U] ´process of settling people in a colony; ¶[C] ´new
colony; group of colonists: ³empty lands awaiting @; Dutch and English @s in
North America in the 17th c; former penal @s in Australia. ¸4 ¶[C] ´group of
persons engaged in social welfare work, eÔg in a slum district.¼
¨set®tler© ²/ÚsetlE(r)/ ³n ´colonist; person who has come to live in a newly
developing country: ³Welsh @s in Argentina.¼
¨seven© ²/Úsevn/ ³n, adj ´the number 7. µ¥ App 4. ¸Ú@®fold ²/-fE8ld/
³adj, adv ´@ times as much or as many; @ times as great. ¸sev®enth ²/ÚsevnT/
³n, adj ·in the/one's @th heaven, ´extremely happy. ¸the S@th Day, ´Saturday,
the Sabbath of the Jews. ¸sev®enth®ly ³adv ´in the 7th place. ¸@®teen
²/*sevnÚtin/ ³n, adj ´the number 17. ¸@®teenth ²/*sevnÚtinT/ ³n, adj ´17th;
next after 16, one of @teen parts. ¸@ty ²/ÚsevntI/ ³n, adj ´the number 70. ¸the
@ties ³n pl ´70-79. ¸@®ti®eth ²/ÚsevntIET/ ³n, adj¼
¨sever© ²/ÚsevE(r)/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A,15A] ´cut: ³@ a rope; @ the head of a
sheep from the body; ´(fig) break off: ³@ one's connections with sb. ¸2 ¶[VP2A]
´break: ³The rope @ed under the strain. ¸@®ance ²/ÚsevErEns/ ³n ¶[U] ´severing
or being @ed: ³the severance of diplomatic relations/of communications.¼
¨sev®eral© ²/ÚsevrEl/ ³adj ¸1 ´three or more; some but not many: ³You will need
@ more. I've read it @ times. ¸2 ´(formal) (with ³pl nn ´only) separate;
individual: ³They went their @ ways´, Each went his own way. ¹ ³pron ´a few;
some: ³S@ of us decided to walk home. ¸@ly ²/ÚsevrElI/ ³adv ´separately.¼
¨se®vere© ²/sIÚvIE(r)/ ³adj ¸1 ´stern, strict: ³@ looks; be @ with one's
children; be too @ on a pupil. ¸2 ´(of the weather, attacks of disease, etc)
rigorous; violent: ³a @ storm; @ pain; a @ attack of toothache. ¸3 ´making
great demands on skill, ability, patience and other qualities: ³@ competition.
The pace was too @ to be kept up for long. ¸4 ´(of style, etc) simple; without
ornament. ¸@®ly ³adv ¸se®ver®ity ²/sIÚverEtI/ ³n (pl µ-ties³) ¸1 ¶[U] ´quality
of being @: ³punish sb with severity; acts of severity; the severity ´(=
extreme cold) ³of the winter in Canada. ¸2 ³(pl) ´@ treatment or experiences:
³the severities of the winter campaign.¼
¨sew© ²/sE8/ ³vt,vi (pt µsewed³, pp µsewn ²/sE8n/ ´or µsewed³)
¶[VP6A,15B,2A,B,C] ´work with a needle and thread; fasten with stitches; make
(a garment) by stitching: ³sew a button on; sew a dress. The garment is
·*³hand-·Ú³sewn/sewn by hand. She has been sewing all evening. ·sew sth up,
¸(a) ´join (at the edges) with stitches: ³The corpse was sewn up in a sack and
thrown into the river. ¸(b) ´(colloq) arrange; complete: ³All the details of
the project are sewn up. The deal is sewn up. ¸sewer ²/ÚsE8E(r)/ ³n ¸sew®ing
³n ¶[U] ´work (clothes, etc) being sewn. ¸Úsewing-machine ³n ´machine for
sewing.¼
¨sew®age© ²/ÚsjuIdZ ³US: ²su-/ ³n ¶[U] ´foul liquid material, waste
organic matter, etc carried off in sewers; the disposal of @. ¸Ú@-farm/works
³nn ´place where @ is treated and disposed of.¼
¨sewer©1 ²/ÚsjuE(r) ³US: ²su-/ ³n ¶[C] ´underground channel (pipeline, or
construction of brick, concrete, etc) to carry off sewage and rainwater to
centres (sewage-farms) for treatment, or to a natural waterway for disposal.
¸Ú@-gas ³n ´bad-smelling gas formed in @s. ¸Ú@-rat ³n ´brown rat commonly found
in @s. ¸@®age ²/-IdZ/ ³n ´system of @s; drains.¼
¨sewer©2 ²/ÚsE8E(r)/ ³n µ¥ sew.¼
¨sewn© ²/sE8n/ ³pp ´of µsew.¼
¨sex© ²/seks/ ³n ¸1 ´being male or female: ³What is its sex? Help them all,
without distinction of race, age or sex. ¸2 ´males or females as a group. ¸3
¶[U] ´differences between males and females; consciousness of these
differences: ·Ú³sex antagonisms. ¸4 ¶[U] ´the activities surrounding, centring
on and leading to coitus: ³a film/novel with lots of sex in it; the ·Ú³sex
instinct; ·Ú³sex appeal´, sexual attractiveness. ¸5 ¶[U] ´sexual intercourse:
³have sex with sb. ¹ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´determine the sex of. ¸sexed ³part adj
´having a (specified) sexual nature: ³highly/weakly @ed. ¸sex®less ³adj
´neither male nor female; displaying neither masculine nor feminine
characteristics. ¸Úsex-starved ³adj ´(colloq) deprived of sexual gratification.
¸sexy ³adj µ(-ier, -iest) ´(colloq) of or about sex; sexually attractive.¼
¨sexa®gen®ar®ian© ²/*seksEdZIÚneErIEn/ ³n, adj ´(person) between 59 and 70
years of age.¼
¨sex®ism© ²/ÚseksIzEm/ ³n ¶[U] ´unfair or unreasonable discrimination between
the sexes; unreasonable maintaining of traditional sexual roles (eÔg that men
are strong and women are weak). ¸sex®ist ²/ÚseksIst/ ³adj ´of @: ³sexist
attitudes; ³@ words, ´eÔg ³chick, baby, doll´, used to mean a girl or woman. ¹
³n ´person who displays or approves of @. µ¥ ³male chauvinist ´at µchauvinism.¼
¨sex®tant© ²/ÚsekstEnt/ ³n ´instrument used for measuring the altitude of the
sun, etc (in order to determine a ship's position, etc).¼
¨sex®tet©, sex®tette ²/seksÚtet/ ³n ¶[C] ´(piece of music for) six voices,
instruments or players in combination.¼
¨sex®ton© ²/ÚsekstEn/ ³n ´man who takes care of a church buildings, digs
graves in the churchyard, rings the church bell, etc.¼
¨sex®ual© ²/Úsek28El/ ³adj ´of sex or the sexes: ³@ intercourse ´= µcoitus.
¸@®ity ²/*sek28ÚalEtI/ ³n ¶[U] ´@ nature or characteristics.¼
¨shabby© ²/Ú2abI/ ³adj µ(-ier, -iest) ¸1 ´in bad repair or condition; much
worn; poorly dressed: ³wearing a @ overcoat. You look rather @ in those
clothes. ¸*@-genÚteel ³adj ´having evidence of former gentility but now @;
trying to keep up appearances. ¸2 ´(of behaviour) mean; unfair: ³a @ excuse;
play a @ trick on sb. ¸shab®bily ²/Ú2abIlI/ ³adv ¸shab®bi®ness ³n¼
¨shack© ²/2ak/ ³n ¶[C] ´small, roughly built shed, hut or house
(usu of wood). ¹ ³vi ¶[VP2C] ·@ up (with sb/together), ´(sl) (of one or two
persons) live together.¼
¨shackle© ²/Ú2akl/ ³n ¶[C] ´one of a pair of iron rings joined by a chain for
fastening a prisoner's wrists or ankles; ³(pl) ´fetters; (fig) sth that
prevents freedom of action: ³the @s of convention. ¹ vt ¶[VP6A] ´put @s on;
prevent from acting freely.¼
¨shad© ²/2ad/ ³n (pl ´unchanged³) ´large edible fish of the N Atlantic
coast of N America.¼
¨shad®dock© ²/Ú2adEk/ ³n ´(tropical tree with a) large edible fruit related to
the grapefruit (also called ³pomelo´).¼
¨shade© ²/2eId/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´(with ³adj, v ´and ³indef art´) comparative
darkness caused by the cutting off of direct rays of light; (fig) comparative
obscurity: ³a temperature of 35ÄC in the @. Keep in the @; it's cooler. The
trees give a pleasant @. ·put sb/sth in/into the @, ´cause to appear small,
unimportant, etc, by contrast: ³You are so clever and brilliant that my poor
efforts are put into the @. ¸Ú@-tree ³n ´(esp US) tree planted to give @. ¸2
¶[U] ´darker part(s) of a picture, etc; reproduction of the darker part of a
picture: ³There is not enough light and @ in your drawing. ¸3 ¶[C] ´degree or
depth of colour: ³dress materials in several @s of blue. ¸4 ¶[C] ´degree of
difference: ³a word with many @s of meaning. She is a @ better today. ¸5 ´sth
that shuts out light or lessens its brilliance: ³an ·Ú³eye-@; a ·Ú³lamp-@; a
·Ú³window-@. µ¥ blind±3µ. ³(pl) ´(US colloq) sunglasses. ¸6 ³(pl; ´liter)
darkness: ³the @s of evening. ¸7 ¶[C] ´unreal or unsubstantial thing; soul
after death. ¸the @s, ´the abode of spirits; the Greek underworld. ¹ ³vt,vi ¸1
¶[VP6A,15A] ´keep direct rays of light from: ³He @d his eyes with his hands.
¸2 ¶[VP6A] ´screen (a light, lamp, etc) to reduce brightness. ¸3 ¶[VP6A]
´darken with parallel pencil lines, etc (parts of a drawing, etc), to give the
appearance of light and @. ¸4 ¶[VP2C] ´change by degrees: ³scarlet shading off
into pink; a colour that @s from blue into green. ¸shad®ing ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´use of
black, etc to give light and shade to a drawing. ¸2 ¶[C] ´slight difference or
variation.¼
¨shadow© ²/Ú2adE8/ ³n ¸1 ¶[C] ´area of shade, dark shape, thrown on
the ground, a wall, floor, etc by sth which cuts off the direct rays of light:
³The earth's @ sometimes falls on the moon. ·be afraid of one's own @, ´be
very timid. ·Coming events cast their @s before them, ´give warning of their
coming. ¸2 ¶[U] ´area of shade of indefinite shape or extent: ³Her face was in
deep @. ¸3 ¶[C] ´sth unsubstantial or unreal: ³catch at @s, run after a @´,
try to get hold of sth unreal. ³He is only the @ of his former self´, is very
thin and weak. ·worn to a @, ´(of a person) weakened, exhausted. ¸Ú@-boxing,
´sparring against an imaginary opponent (for practice). ¸4 ³(pl) ´partial
darkness: ³the @s of evening. ¸5 ¶[C] ´dark patch or area: ³have @s under/round
the eyes´, such areas thought to be caused by lack of sleep, illness, etc. ¸6
³(sing ´only) slightest trace: ³without/beyond a @ of doubt. ¸7 ´(attrib) ready
for use or activity when the time comes. ¸@ cabinet, ´one to be formed from
leaders of the Parliamentary Opposition, iÔe those who might hold office in the
event of a change of government at a general election. ¸@ factory, ´one planned
so that it can be changed over from production of peace-time goods to munitions
of war, etc. ¸8 ´person's inseparable attendant or companion. ¹ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ¸1
´darken; overspread with @. ¸2 ´keep a secret watch on; follow closely and
watch all the movements of: ³The suspected spy was @ed by detectives. ¸shad®owy
³adj ¸1 ´having @ of shade; shadyµ(1)´: ³cool, @y woods. ¸2 ´like a @;
indistinct: ³a @y outline.¼
¨shady© ²/Ú2eIdI/ ³adj µ(-ier, -iest) ¸1 ´giving shade from sunlight; situated
in shade: ³the @ side of the street. ¸2 ´of doubtful honesty: ³a @
transaction/financier; a @-looking customer´, (colloq) person who appears to
be a rogue. ³Politics has its @ side.¼
¨shaft© ²/Ú2qft ³US: ²2aft/ ³n ¶[C] ¸1 ´(long, slender stem of an)
arrow or spear; (fig) ³@s of envy/ridicule´, expressions of envy, etc. ¸2
´long handle of an axe or other tool. ¸3 ´one of the pair of bars (wooden
poles) between which a horse is harnessed to pull a cart, etc. ¸4 ´main part
of a column (between the base and the capital). µ¥ ´the illus at µcolumn. ¸5
´long, narrow space, usu vertical, eÔg for descending into a coalmine, for a
lift in a building, or for ventilation. ¸6 ´bar or rod joining parts of a
machine, or transmitting power. ¸7 ´ray (of light); bolt (of lightning).¼
¨shag© ²/2ag/ ³n ¶[U] ´coarse kind of cut tobacco.¼
¨shaggy© ²/Ú2agI/ ³adj µ(-ier, -iest) ¸1 ´(of hair) rough, coarse and untidy.
¸2 ´covered with rough, coarse hair: ³a @ dog; @ eyebrows. ¸shag®gily
²/Ú2agIlI/ ³adv ¸shag®gi®ness ³n¼
¨shah© ²/2q/ ³n ´(title of a) former ruler of Iran.¼
¨shake©1 ²/2eIk/ ³vt,vi (pt µshook ²/28k/, ³pp µshaken ²/Ú2eIkEn/³)
¸1 ¶[VP6A,15A,B,2A,C] ´(cause to) move from side to side, up and down etc: ³@
a rug; @ a man by the shoulder; @ the dice ´(in a box, etc before throwing
them on to a table): ³@ one's head (at sb), ´to indicate "No', or doubt,
disapproval, etc; ³@ one's finger at sb, ´to indicate disapproval or as a
warning; ³@ one's fist at sb, ´to show defiance. ³His sides were shaking with
laughter. He was shaking with cold. He was shaking in his shoes´, trembling
with fear. ³The earth shook under us´, eÔg in an earthquake. ·@ hands (with
sb), µ¥ hand±1µ(1). ¸2 ¶[VP6A] ´shock; trouble; weaken: ³@ sb's faith/courage.
They were badly @n by the news. The firm's credit has been badly @n. ¸3
¶[VP2A,C] ´(of sb's voice) tremble; become weak or faltering: ³Her voice shook
with emotion. ¸shak®ing ³n ´= shake: ³give sth a good shaking´, shake it well;
³get a shaking´, be @n. ¸shaker ³n ´one who, that which, @s; container in which
or from which sth is @n: ³a ·Ú³cocktail-@r; a ·Ú³flour-@r. ¸4 ¶[VP14,15B,C]
´(special uses with ³adverbial particles ´and ³preps)´.¼
·shake down, ´(colloq) get into harmony, become adjusted to, a new environment,
new conditions, etc: ³The new teaching staff is shaking down nicely´, The
members are getting used to their duties, to one another, etc. ³The new liner
has sailed on a ·Ú³@-down cruise´, one during which any troubles, eÔg in the
machinery, may be detected and put right. ¸Ú@-down ³n ´(colloq) improvised or
makeshift bed, eÔg of blankets on the floor.¼
·shake sth from/out of sth, ´get from/out of by shaking: ³@ apples from a tree;
@ sand out of one's shoes.¼
·shake sb off, ´free oneself from: ³The thief ran fast and soon shook off his
pursuers. ·@ sth off, ´get rid of: ³@ off a cold/a fit of depression.¼
·shake out, ´(mil) spread; disperse: ³The troops were ordered to @ out when
crossing open country. ·@ sth out, ´spread so as to be out by shaking: ³@ out a
sail/tablecloth. ¸Ú@-out ³n ´process or act of making workers redundant: ³a new
@-out in the shipbuilding industry.¼
·sth sth up, ¸(a) ´mix well by shaking: ³@ up a bottle of medicine. ¸(b)
´restore sth to shape by shaking: ³@ up a cushion. ·@ sb up, ´restore from
apathy or lethargy: ³Some of these managers need shaking upÅthey're asleep on
the job. ´Hence, ¸Ú@-up ³n´: ³We need a good @-up in our firmÅthe management
are completely out of touch with the facts of modern life.¼
¨shake©2 ²/2eIk/ ³n ¶[C] ¸1 ´shaking or being shaken: ³a @ of the head, ´to
indicate "No'; ³give sth a good @. ¸2 ´(colloq) moment: ³in two @s; in half a
@´, almost at once. ¸3 ³(pl) ·no great @s, ´(sl) not very good or efficient. ¸4
Úegg-@, Úmilk-@, ´etc, glass of milk and egg or milk alone, flavoured and
shaken up.¼
¨Shake®spear®ian© ²/2eIkÚspIErIEn/ ³adj ´(in the style) of
Shakespeare ²/Ú2eIkspIE(r)/, ´1564Å1616. µ¥ App 8.¼
¨shaky© ²/Ú2eIkI/ ³adj µ(-ier, -iest) ¸1 ´(of a person, his movements, etc)
weak; unsteady: ³@ hands; speak in a @ voice; be @ on one's legs; feel very @.
¸2 ´unsafe; unreliable: ³a @ table. My French is rather @. ¸shak®ily ²/-ZIlI/
³adv ¸shaki®ness ³n¼
¨shale© ²/2eIl/ ³n ¶[U] ´soft rock that splits easily into layers. ¸Ú@-oil ³n
´oil obtained from bituminous @.¼
¨shall© ²/2l ³strong form: ²2al/ ³anom fin ´(³shall not ´is often
shortened to µshan't ²/2qnt ³US: ²2ant/´; with ³thou ´the old form µshalt
²/2alt/ ´occurred; ³pt ´form µshould ²/28d, ³weak form ²2Ed/´; ³should not ´is
often shortened to µshouldn't ²/Ú28dnt/´) ¸1 ´(used as an ³aux v ´to express
the future tense, used with the first person, affirm and interr, and second
person, interr only. Note that ³will ´is often used for ³shall ´in colloq
style. ³I'll ´and ³We'll ´are used for ³I/We shall´.): ³We @ arrive tomorrow.
S@ we be back in time? He said I was not to go, but I certainly @. ´(The use of
³should ´in place of @ indicates either future in the past, or a conditional
statement, with an ³if-´clause expressed or understood): ³I told him that I
should see him the next day. I should have bought it if I had had enough money.
¸2 ´(used with the second and third persons to form a future or conditional
statement expressing the speaker's will or intention; with stress on @,
³should´, this expresses obligation or compulsion; without special stress on @,
³should´, it expresses a promise or a threat): ³You say you will not do it, but
I say you @ do it. He says he won't go, but I say he @. You @ not catch me so
easily next time. If you work well, you @ have higher wages. ¸3 ´(used with all
persons to form statements or questions expressing the ideas of duty, command,
obligation, conditional duty, and (in the ³neg´) prohibition): ³S@ I ´(= Do you
want me to) ³open the window? S@ the boy ´(= Do you want the boy to) ³wait?
´(Note that ³Will I/he ´is not used here, but that ³"Would you like us/him
to'´, is the usu equivalent.) ³I asked the man whether the boy should wait. You
shan't have it; it's mine! You should ´(= ought to) ³have been more careful. He
shouldn't ´(= oughtn't to) ³do things like that. ¸4 ´(used with all persons in
clauses expressing purpose, equivalent to ³may ´or ³might´, thus forming a
subjunctive equivalent): ³I lent him the book so that he should study the
subject. ¸5 ´(used with all persons as a subjunctive equivalent): ³I'm anxious
that it @/should be done at once. It is surprising that he should be so
foolish. ¸6 ´(in reported speech) @, ³should ´are used when reporting the first
person to other persons (eÔg ³He said: "I @ do it'Åhe said he should do it´,
but ³will, would ´are now commoner), or when reporting from other persons to
the first person (eÔg ³He said to me: "You will succeed'Åhe told me that I
should succeed). ¸7 ´(³should ´is used after ³how, why´, and (occasionally)
other interrogative words): ³How should I know? Why should you/he think that?
¸8 ´(³should ´is used to express probability or expectation): ³They should be
there by now, I think´, iÔe I expect they are there; they are probably there.
¸9 ´(³should ´is used to express what is advisable or desirable): ³You should
drink your coffee while it's hot. You should see the new film that's on at the
Odeon. ´(also µ¥ ought´).¼
¨shal®lot© ²/2EÚlot/ ³n ´sort of small onion with cloves like, but not so
strong-tasting as, those of garlic.¼
¨shal®low© ²/Ú2alE8/ ³adj ´of little depth: ³@ water; a @ saucer/dish; ´(fig)
not earnest, sound or serious: ³a @ argument; @ talk. ¹ n ´(often ³pl´) @
place in a river or in the sea; shoal. ³¹ vi ´become @.¼
¨sha®lom© ²/2aÚlom/ ³int ´(Hebrew word) (used as a greeting and on parting)
Peace!¼
¨shalt© ²/2alt/ µ¥ shall.¼
¨sham© ²/2am/ ³vi,vt µ(-mm-) ¶[VP2A,D,6A] ´pretend to be; simulate: ³He @med
dead/death. He's only @ming. ¹ n ¸1 ´person who @s: sth intended to deceive:
³His love was a mere @; what he really wanted was her money. He's a @´, an
impostor. ¸2 ¶[U] ´pretence: ³What he says is all @. ¹ adj ´false; pretended:
³@ piety; a @ battle ´(as in military training); ·*³@-·Ú³Tudor´, imitating the
Tudor style of architecture.¼
¨shamble© ²/Ú2ambl/ ³vi ¶[VP2A,C] ´walk unsteadily as if unable to
lift the feet properly: ³The old man @d up to me. ¹ n ´shambling walk.¼
¨shambles© ²/Ú2amblz/ ³n sing ¸1 ´(archaic) scene of bloodshed: ³The place
became a @. ¸2 ´(colloq) (scene of) muddle or confusion: ³His flat is a
complete @. He made a @ of the job.¼
¨shame© ²/2eIm/ ³n ¶[U] ¸1 ´distressed feeling, loss of self-respect, caused by
wrong, dishonourable or foolish behaviour, failure, etc (of oneself, one's
family, etc): ³feel @ at having told a lie/at failing in an examination; hang
one's head in/for @. To my @, I must confess that«. ¸Ú@®faced ³adj ´showing @;
looking distressed through @. Hence, ¸Ú@®faced®ly ²/Ú2eImfeIstlI/ ³adv
¸Ú@-making ³adj ´(colloq) causing a feeling of @. ¸2 ´capacity for
experiencing @: ³He has no @/is quite without @/is lost to @. ·(For) @! ´an
appeal to sb not to disregard this feeling (used as a reproof to sb who does
wrong and does not show @). ¸3 ¶[U] ´dishonour. ·bring @ on sb/oneself,
´dishonour sb/oneself. ·cry @ on sb, ´say that he is disgraceful, ought to be
ashamed of himself. ·put sb to @, ´disgrace him (eÔg by showing superior
qualities). ·S@ on you! ´You should be ashamed of yourself! ¸4 ¸a @, ´sth
unworthy; sth that causes @; sth or sb that is wrong or regrettable: ³What a @
to deceive the girl! It's a @ to take the money for doing such easy work. He's
a @ to his family. ¹ vt ¸1 ¶[VP6A] ´cause @ to; cause sb to feel @; bring
disgrace on: ³@ one's family. ¸2 ¶[VP14] ·@ sb into/out of doing sth, ´frighten
or force (sb to do/not to do sth) by @: ³@ a man into apologizing. ¸@®ful
²/-fl/ ³adj ´causing or bringing @: ³@ful conduct. ¸@®fully ²/-fElI/ ³adv
¸@®less ³adj ´without @; immodest. ¸@®less®ly ³adv ¸@®less®ness ³n¼
¨shammy© ²/Ú2amI/ ³n ¸Ú@ (leather), µ¥ chamois.¼
¨sham®poo© ²/2amÚpu/ ³n ¶[C,U] ´(special soap, liquid, powder, etc for a)
washing of the hair: ³give sb a @; a @ and set. ¹ vt ¶[VP6A] ´wash (the hair of
the head).¼
¨sham®rock© ²/Ú2amrok/ ³n ´clover-like plant with (usu) three leaves on each
stem (serving) as the national emblem of Ireland).¼
¨shandy© ²/Ú2andI/ ³n ¶[U] ´mixed drink of beer and ginger-beer or lemonade.¼
¨shang®hai© ²/2aGÚhñI/ ³vt ´(sl) make (a man) unconscious (with drink or drugs)
and then carry him off to be a seaman on an outgoing ship; trick (a person)
into an awkward situation.¼
¨shank© ²/2aGk/ ³n ¸1 ´leg, esp the part between the knee and the ankle;
shin-bone. ·go on @s's mare/pony, ´on one's own legs (not riding a horse, etc).
¸2 ´straight, slender part of an anchor, key, spoon, etc; smooth part of the
stem of a screw.¼
¨shan't© ²/2qnt ³US: ²2ant/ ³c ´= shall not.¼
¨shan®tung© ²/2anÚtAG/ ³n ¶[U] ´kind of heavy silk, usu undyed.¼
¨shanty©1 ²/Ú2antI/ ³n ¶[C] ³(pl µ-ties³) ´poorly made hut, shed or cabin.
¸Ú@-town ³n ´slum area of a town, or on the outskirts of a town, consisting of
huts or shanties.¼
¨shanty©2 ´(US = ¸chant(e)y´) ²/Ú2antI/ ³n (pl µ-ties³) ´(often ¸Úsea @´) song
sung by sailors in rhythm with their movements while working.¼
¨shape©1 ²/2eIp/ ³n ¸1 ¶[C,U] ´outer form; total effect produced by the
outlines of sth: ³There were clouds of different @s in the sky. The garden is
in the @ of a square/oblong/crescent. What's the @ of his nose? That hat hasn't
much @/has a queer @. ·get/put sth into @, ´give definite form to; arrange in
an orderly way: ³get/put one's ideas into @. ·give @ to, ´express (clearly):
³He has some difficulty in giving @ to his ideas. ·knock sth into/out of @,
´put sth into/out of the right @. ·take @, ´become definite in form or outline:
³The new building is beginning to take @´, One begins to see what the final @
will be. ·take @ in, ´find expression in: ³His intentions took @ in action´,
were realized in action. ·in @, ´in form, outline or appearance: ³What a fat
fellow! He's like a barrel in @! He looks like a devil/monster in human @. ¸2
´sort, description: ³I've had no proposals from him in any @ or form´, none of
any sort. ¸3 ´condition: ³Her affairs are in good @´, are satisfactory. ³Ali
is in good @ for his forthcoming fight´, is physically fit. ¸4 ¶[C] ´sth
indistinctly seen; vague form; apparition: ³Two @s could be discerned in the
darkness. A huge @ loomed up through the fog. ¸5 ¶[C] ´pattern or mould on
which sth is given @, eÔg a block on which hats are made.¼
¨shape©2 ²/2eIp/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A,15A] ´give a shape or form to: ³@
a pot on a wheel; @ clay into an urn´, on a potter's wheel or lathe; ³@ ´(=
direct) ³one's course for home; (pp) @d like a pear´, having the shape of a
pear. ¸2 ¶[VP2A,C] ´take shape; give signs of future shape or development:
³Our plans are shaping well´, giving promise of success. ³The students are
shaping satisfactorily´, making good progress. ¸@®less ³adj ¸@®less®ly ³adv
¸@®less®ness ³n¼
¨shape®ly© ²/Ú2eIplI/ ³adj µ(-ier, -iest) ´(esp of a person's form, or of
limbs) well-formed; having a pleasing shape: ³a @ pair of legs.¼
¨shard© ²/2qd/ ³n ´(old use, but still used by gardeners and archaeologists
for a) piece of broken earthenware, eÔg one placed over the hole in a
flower-pot.¼
¨share©1 ²/2eE(r)/ ³n ¸1 ¶[C] ´part or division which sb has in, receives
from, or gives to, a stock held by several or many persons, or which he
contributes to a fund, expenses, etc: ³Please let me take a @ in the
expenses´, pay sth towards them. ³We shall all have a @ in the profits. ·go @s
(with sb) (in sth), ´divide (profits, costs, etc) with others; become part
owner (with others); pay (a part of an expense): ³Let me go @s with you in the
taxi fare. ¸Ú@-cropper ³n ´(in some countries, not in GB) tenant farmer who
pays a @ of his crop as rent to the owner of the land. ¸2 ¶[U] ´part taken or
received by sb in an action, undertaking, etc, eÔg of responsibility, blame:
³What @ did he have in their success? You must take your @ of the blame. You're
not taking much @ in the conversation´, are saying little. ¸3 ¶[C] ´one of the
equal parts into which the capital of a company is divided, entitling the
holder of the @ to a proportion of the profits: ³hold 500 @s in a shipping
company; $1 @s are now worth $1.75. ¸Úordinary @, ´on which dividends are paid
according to profits after payments on preference @s. ¸Úpreference @, ´one on
which a fixed dividend is guaranteed before payments are made on others. ¸Ú@
certificate, ´document proving ownership of @s. ¸Ú@®holder ³n ´owner of
(business) @s. ¸Ú@ index ³n ´number used to show how @ prices have fluctuated,
based on prices of @s selected for this purpose: ³The Financial Times @ index
went up/down five points yesterday. ¹ vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A,14,15B] ·@ sth (out)
(among/between), ´give a @ of to others; divide and distribute: ³@ (out) $100
among five men´, eÔg by giving them $20 each; ³@ the sweets between you.
´Hence, ¸Ú@-out ³n ´distribution. ·@ sth with sb, ´give part of it to him: ³He
would @ his last pound with me. ¸2 ¶[VP6A,14] ·@ sth (with sb), ´have or use
(with); have in common: ³He hated having to @ the hotel bedroom with a
stranger. ¸3 ¶[VP6A,3A] ·@ (in) sth, ´have a @: ³I will @ (in) the cost with
you. She @s (in) my troubles as well as (in) my joys. ·@ and @ alike, ´have
equal @s with others in the use, enjoyment, expense, etc of sth.¼
¨share©2 ²/2eE(r)/ ³n ´blade of a plough.¼
¨shark© ²/2qk/ ³n ¸1 ´sea-fish, some kinds of which are large and dangerous to
bathers, etc. µ¥ ´the illus at µsea. ¸Ú@®skin ³n ´textile fabric with a smooth
and shiny surface, used for outer clothing: ³a @-skin jacket/suit. ¸2
´swindler; usurer.¼
¨sharp© ²/2qp/ ³adj µ(-er, -est) ¸1 ´with a fine cutting edge; not blunt: ³a @
knife; ´with a fine point, able to make holes: ³a @ pin/needle. ¸2
´well-defined; clear-cut; distinct: ³a @ outline; a @ image, ´(in photography)
one with clear contrasts between light and shade. ¸3 ´(of curves, slopes,
bends) abrupt; changing direction quickly: ³a @ bend in the road; a @ turn to
the left; ·*³@-·Ú³featured, ´(of a person) having angular features. ¸4 ´(of
sounds) shrill; piercing: ³a @ cry of distress. ¸5 ´quickly aware of things;
acute: ³@ eyes/ears; a @ intelligence; a @ sense of smell; keep a @ look-out;
a @ child; @ at arithmetic. ¸Ú@-shooter ³n ´man skilled at shooting with a
rifle, placed where accurate shooting (in war) is required. Hence,
¸*@-Úeyed/-Úsighted/-Úwitted ³adjj ¸6 ´(of feelings, taste) producing a
physical sensation like cutting or pricking: ³a @ pain; a @ flavour; a @
frost. ¸7 ´harsh; severe: ³@ words; a @ rebuke; a @ tongue, ´of a person who
speaks sarcastically, bitterly. ¸8 ´quick; brisk; lively: ³go for a @ walk; a
@ struggle/contest. That was @ work´, was finished or done quickly and
energetically. ¸9 ´quick to take advantage; unscrupulous: ³a @ lawyer. He was
too @ for me´, He got the better of me by being unscrupulous. ¸@ practice,
´business dealings that are not altogether honest. ¸10 ´(music) above the
normal pitch; (of a note) raised half a tone in pitch: ³C @ ´(= C²+´), µ¥
flat±2µ(5). ¥ ´the illus at µnotation. ³¹ n ´(music) @ note; the symbol ²+
´used to indicate a @ note. ³¹ adv ¸1 ´punctually: ³at seven (o'clock) @. ¸2
´suddenly; abruptly: ³turn @ to the left. ¸3 ´(music) above the true pitch:
³sing @. ¸4 ·look @, ´waste no time; hurry. ¸5 Ú@-set ³adj ´hungry. ¸@en
²/Ú2qpEn/ ³vt,vi ¶[VP6A,2A] ´make or become @: ³@en a pencil. This knife needs
@ening. The walk has @ened my appetite. ¸@®ener ²/Ú2qpnE(r)/ ³n ´sth that @ens:
³a ·Ú³pencil-@ener; a ·Ú³knife-@ener. ¸@er ³n ´swindler, esp ¸(Úcard-@er)
´person who makes a living by cheating at cards. ¸@®ly ³adv ´in a @ manner: ³a
@ly pointed pencil; a @ly defined image; to answer @ly. ¸@®ness ³n¼
¨shat© ²/2at/ ³pt,pp ´of µshit.¼
¨shat®ter© ²/Ú2atE(r)/ ³vt,vi ¶[VP6A,2A] ´break suddenly and
violently into small pieces: ³The explosion @ed every window in the building.
Our hopes were @ed. What a nerve-@ing noise! ´eÔg that of pneumatic drills or
jet engines. ¸Ú@®proof, µ¥ proof±2µ.¼
¨shave© ²/2eIv/ ³vt,vi (pt,pp µ@d ´or, chiefly as adj, µ@n ²/Ú2eIvn/³) ¸1
¶[VP6A,2A,15B] ·@ (off), ´cut (hair) off the chin, etc with a razor: ³Do you @
yourself or go to the barber's? He has @d off his beard. He doesn't @ every
day. ¸Úshaving-brush ³n ´brush for spreading lather over the face before
shaving. ¸2 ¶[VP15B] ·@ sth off, ´pare off (a thin layer, etc). ¸3 ¶[VP6A,15A]
´pass very close to, almost but not touching: ³The bus just @d me by an inch.
¸4 @n ³(pp ´as ³adj) ¸*clean-Ú@n, *well-Ú@n, ´having been @d clean, well. ³¹ n
¶[C] ¸1 ´shaving (of the face): ³A sharp razor gives a close @. How much does a
@ cost? ¸2 ´close approach without touching. (only in) ·a close/narrow @, ´a
narrow escape from injury, danger, etc. ¸@r ³n ¸1 (electric) @r, ´razor with an
electric motor, operated from the mains or by a battery. µ¥ ´the illus
at µrazor. ¸2 ´(joc, usu ³young @r´) lad, youngster. ¸shav®ings ³n pl ´thin
parings of wood @d off (esp with a plane): ³The floor of the carpenter's shop
was covered with shavings.¼
¨Shav®ian© ²/Ú2eIvIEn/ ³adj, n ´(in the manner) (devotee) of G B Shaw ²/2c/,
´1856Å1950, Irish dramatist and critic.¼
¨shawl© ²/2cl/ ³n ¶[C] ´large (usu square or oblong) piece of material worn
about the shoulders or head of a woman, or wrapped round a baby.¼
¨she© ²/2i/ ³pron ´(µ¥ her´) ¸1 ´female person, etc already referred to or
implied: ³My sister says she is going for a walk. This cat's a she, not a he.
¸2 ´(pref) female: ³a ·Ú³she-goat/-ass, etc.¼
¨sheaf© ²/2if/ ³n (pl µsheaves ²/2ivz/³) ¸1 ´bundle of corn, barley, etc
stalks tied together after reaping. ¸2 ´bundle of papers, arrows, etc laid
lengthwise and tied together.¼
¨shear© ²/2IE(r)/ ³vt (pt µ@ed´, ³pp µshorn ²/2cn/ ´or µ@ed³) ¶[VP6A] ´cut the
wool off (a sheep) with shears; (fig) strip bare of; deprive of: ³They'll be
@ing (the sheep) next week. ·shorn of, ´having lost completely: ³The gambler
came home shorn of his money.¼
¨shears© ²/2IEz/ ³n pl ¸(pair of) @, ´large cutting instrument shaped like
scissors, used for shearing sheep, cutting cloth, etc. µ¥ ´the illus at µtool.¼
¨sheath© ²/2iT/ ³n (pl µ@s ²/2iDz/³) ¸1 ´cover for the blade of a weapon or
tool: ³Put the dagger back in its @. ¸Ú@-knife ³n ´knife with a fixed blade,
that fits into a @. ¸2 ´@-like cover (of tissue, skin, etc) fitting over part
of an animal or plant (eÔg the ·Ú³wing-@ ´of some insects). ¸(protective) @,
´contraceptive device used on the penis. ¸3 ´(attrib; dressmaking)
close-fitting: ³a @ corset/gown.¼
¨sheathe© ²/2iD/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ¸1 ´put into a sheath: ³@ the sword´, stop
fighting. ¸2 ´protect with a casing or covering: ³@ a ship's bottom with
copper. ¸sheath®ing ³n ´protective layer of boards, metal plates, etc eÔg on
parts of a building, the underpart of a ship's hull.¼
¨sheaves© ²/2ivz/ µ¥ sheaf.¼
¨she®bang© ²/2IÚbaG/ ³n ·the whole @, ´the whole collection of facts or things;
the whole situation, organization.¼
¨she®been© ²/2IÚbin/ ³n ´unlicensed public house (esp in Ireland and S
Africa).¼
¨shed©1 ²/2ed/ ³n ´building, roughly made structure, used for storing things
³(·Ú³tool-@, ·Ú³wood-@, ·Ú³coal-@, etc)´, for sheltering animals
³(·Ú³cattle-@)´, vehicles, etc ³(·Ú³engine-@, ·Ú³bicycle-@).¼
¨shed©2 ²/2ed/ ³vt µ(-dd-, ³pt,pp µ@µ) ¶[VP6A] ¸1 ´let (leaves,
etc) fall; let come off: ³Trees @ their leaves and flowers @ their petals.
Some kinds of deer @ their horns. ·@ (one's) blood, ¸(a) ´be wounded or killed:
³@ one's blood for one's country. ¸(b) ´cause the blood of others to flow.
´Hence, ¸Úblood®@ ³n´. ·@ tears, ´weep. ¸2 ´throw or take off; get rid of:
³People in the park began to @ their clothes as it got hotter and hotter. ¸3
´spread or send out: ³a fire that @s warmth; a woman who @s happiness around
her; a lamp that @s a soft light. ·@ light on, ´(fig) make clear to the mind.
¸4 Úload-@ding, µ¥ load±1µ(3).¼
¨she'd© ²/2id/ ³c ´= ³she had; ³she would.¼
¨sheen© ²/2in/ ³n ¶[U] ´brightness; shiny quality: ³the @ of silk. That girl's
hair has a @ like gold.¼
¨sheep© ²/2ip/ ³n (pl ´unchanged) ´grass-eating animal kept for its
flesh as food (mutton) and its wool. µ¥ ´the illus at µdomestic. µ¥ ewe, lamb
´and µram. ·separate the @ from the goats, ´separate good from bad persons. µ¥
Matt 25: 33. ·cast/make @'s eyes at, ´look at in an amorous but foolish way. ·a
wolf in @'s clothing, ´a wicked man who pretends to be good. ·as well be hanged
for a @ as a lamb, ´commit a big crime rather than a small one if the
punishment is the same. ¸*black Ú@, µ¥ black(4). ¸Ú@®dog ³n ´dog trained to
help a shepherd to look after @. µ¥ ´the illus at µdomestic. ¸Ú@-fold ³n
´enclosure for @. ¸Ú@-run ³n ´tract of land (esp in Australia) on which @ are
pastured. ¸Ú@®skin ³n ¸(a) ´rug of a @'s skin with the wool on it; garment
made of two or more such skins. ¸(b) ´leather of @'s skin used in
book-binding, etc. ¸(c) ´parchment made from such skin; (esp US) diploma
written on such parchment. ¸Ú@®ish ²/-I2/ ³adj ¸1 ´awkwardly self-conscious:
³a @ish-looking boy. ¸2 ´(feeling) foolish or embarrassed by consciousness of
a fault. ¸@®ish®ly ³adv ¸@®ish®ness ³n¼
¨sheer©1 ²/2IE(r)/ ³adj ¸1 ´complete; thorough; absolute: ³@ nonsense; a @
waste of time; by @ chance. ¸2 ´(of textiles, etc) finely woven and almost
transparent: ³stockings of @ nylon. ¸3 ´without a slope; (almost)
perpendicular: ³a @ drop of 50 feet; a @ rock. ¹ adv ´straight up or down: ³a
cliff that rises @ from the beach. He fell 500 feet @.¼
¨sheer©2 ²/2IE(r)/ ³vi ¶[VP2C] ¸1 ·@ away/off, ´(esp of a ship) deviate from
course. ¸2 ·@ off, ´(colloq) go away (from sb one dislikes, sb by whom one had
been offended).¼
¨sheet©1 ²/2it/ ³n ¶[C] ¸1 ´large rectangular piece of linen or
cotton cloth, as used in pairs for sleeping between: ³put clean @s on the bed.
¸2 ´broad, flat piece (of some thin material): ³a @ of
glass/tin/wrapping-paper/note-paper, etc; @ copper/iron, etc´, rolled or
hammered into thin @s; ·Ú³@ music´, published in @s, not in book form. ³The
book is in @s´, iÔe in @s of paper ready for binding. ¸3 ´wide expanse (of
water, ice, snow, flame, etc): ³The rain came down in @s´, very heavily.
¸Ú@-lightning ³n ´lightning that comes in sheet-like flashes of diffused
brightness (not in zigzags, etc). ¸@®ing ³n ¶[U] ´material used for making
@sµ(1)´.¼
¨sheet©2 ²/2it/ ³n ´cord fastened at the lower corner of a sail to hold it and
control the angle at which it is set. µ¥ ´the illus at µsail. ¸Ú@-anchor ³n
´(usu fig) sth on which one depends for security as a final resort when other
things have failed.¼
¨sheik(h)© ²/2eIk ³US: ²2ik/ ³n ´Arab chieftain; head of an Arab village,
tribe, etc. ¸@®dom ²/-dEm/ ³n¼
¨shekel© ²/Ú2ekl/ ³n ´ancient silver coin used by the Jews; ³(pl) ´money,
riches.¼
¨shel®drake© ²/Ú2eldreIk/ ³n ´(kinds of) fish-eating wild duck with brightly
coloured feathers.¼
¨shelf© ²/2elf/ ³n (pl µshelves ²/2elvz/³) ¸1 ´flat, rectangular piece of
wood, metal, glass or other material, fastened at right angles to a wall or in
a cupboard, bookcase, cabinet, etc. ·on the @, ¸(a) ´put aside as done with,
eÔg of a person too old to continue working. ¸(b) ´(colloq, of a woman)
unmarried and considered as being unlikely to be asked to marry. ¸2 ´@-like
projection of rock on a cliff face, etc (as used by rock-climbers).¼
¨shell© ²/2el/ ³n ¶[C] ¸1 ´hard outer covering of bird's eggs, nuts
(eÔg walnuts, coconuts), some seeds (eÔg peas) and fruits, and of some animals
(eÔg oysters, lobsters, snails) or parts of them. µ¥ ´the illus at µmollusc.
·go/retire into one's @; come out of one's @, ´become/cease to be shy,
reserved, uncommunicative. ¸Ú@®fish ³n ´kinds of molluscs (oysters, etc) and
crustaceans (crabs, shrimps, etc) having @s. ¸2 ´walls, outer structure, of an
unfinished building, ship, etc or of one of which the contents have been
destroyed (eÔg by fire): ³Only the @ of the factory was left when the fire had
been extinguished. ¸3 ´(US = ³cartridge) ´metal case filled with explosive, to
be fired from a large gun. Cf ³cartridge ´for rifles, shot-guns. µ¥ ´the illus
at µcartridge. ¸Ú@-proof ³adj ´so thickly or strongly built that a @ cannot
pierce it. ¸Ú@-shock ³n ´nervous or mental disorder caused by the noise and
blast of bursting @s. ¸4 ´light racing-boat propelled by oarsmen. ¹ ³vt,vi ¸1
¶[VP6A] ´take out of a @µ(1) ´(cf US ³shuck´): ³It's as easy as @ing peas´, is
very easy. ³These peas @ easily, ´= are easily @ed. ¸2 ¶[VP6A] ´fire @sµ(3)
´at: ³@ the enemy's trenches. ¸3 ·@ out, ¶[VP15B,2C] ´(colloq) pay up (money,
a required sum): ³I shall be expected to @ out (the money) for the party.¼
¨she'll© ²/2il/ ³c ´= ³she will; she shall.¼
¨shel®lac© ²/2EÚlak/ ³n ¶[U] ´resinous substance in the form of thin sheets
used in making varnish and (formerly) gramophone records. ¹ ³vt ´varnish with
@.¼
¨shel®ter© ²/Ú2eltE(r)/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´condition of being kept safe,
eÔg from rain, danger: ³take @ from the rain´, eÔg under a tree; ³get under
@´, eÔg when bombs are dropping during an air raid. ¸2 ¶[C] ´sth that gives
safety or protection, esp a hut, etc built to keep off wind and rain: ³a
·Ú³bus @ ´(in which people wait for buses); ³a taxi-drivers' @´, one where
they wait until called by phone, etc; ³an ·Ú³air-raid @. ¹ vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A,14]
·@ (from), ´give @ to; protect: ³trees that @ a house from cold winds; @ ´(=
hide, protect) ³an escaped prisoner; dig trenches to @ the men from gunfire; @
sb from blame; @ed trades´, those which (like building and inland transport)
are not exposed to foreign competition. ¸2 ¶[VP2A,C] ´take @: ³@ from the rain;
@ under the trees.¼
¨shelve©1 ²/2elv/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ¸1 ´put (books, etc) on a shelf. ¸2 ´(fig, of
problems, plans, etc) postpone dealing with; defer consideration of. ¸3 ´cease
to employ (a person).¼
¨shelve©2 ²/2elv/ ³vi ¶[VP2A,C] ´(of land) slope gently: ³The shore
@s down to the sea.¼
¨shelves© ²/2elvz/ ³pl ´of µshelf.¼
¨shep®herd© ²/Ú2epEd/ ³n ´man who takes care of sheep. ¸the Good S@, ´Jesus
Christ. ¸@'s pie, ¶[U] ´minced meat baked under mashed potatoes. ¸@'s plaid,
´small black and white check pattern in cloth. ¹ ³vt ¶[VP6A,15A] ´take care
of; guide or direct (people) like sheep: ³The passengers were @ed across the
tarmac to the airliner. ¸@®ess ²/*2epEÚdes ³US: ²Ú2epErdEs/ ³n ´woman @ (esp as
idealized in pastoral poetry).¼
¨Shera®ton© ²/Ú2erEtEn/ ³n ¶[U] ´18th-century style of furniture (in GB):
(attrib) ³@ chairs.¼
¨sher®bet© ²/Ú23bEt/ ³n ¶[C,U] ´(glass of) cooling drink of sweetened fruit
juices, sometimes effervescent (made from powder); (US) water-ice.¼
¨sher®iff© ²/Ú2erIf/ ³n ¸1 ´(usu ¸High S@´) chief officer of the Crown in
counties and certain cities, with legal and ceremonial duties. ¸2 ´(US) chief
law-enforcing officer of a county.¼
¨sherry© ²/Ú2erI/ ³n ¶[U] ´yellow or brown fortified wine of S Spain; similar
kinds of wine from S Africa, Cyprus, etc.¼
¨she's© ²/2iz/ ³c ´= ³she is; she has.¼
¨Shet®land© ²/Ú2etlEnd/ ³n ´(also ¸the @s´) group of islands NÔNÔE of Scotland.
¸@ pony, ´small, hardy breed. ¸@ wool, ´soft, fine kind spun in the S@s.¼
¨shew© ²/2E8/ µ¥ show.¼
¨shib®bol®eth© ²/Ú2IbEleT/ ³n ¶[C] ¸1 ´custom whose use is regarded as a
criterion for distinguishing membership of a group. ¸2 ´old-fashioned and now
generally abandoned custom which was at one time considered to be essential:
³the outworn @s of the past.¼
¨shied© ²/2ñId/ µ¥ shy±2µ, shy±3µ.¼
¨shield© ²/2ild/ ³n ¶[C] ¸1 ´piece of armour (metal, leather, wood) carried on
the arm, to protect the body when fighting; representation of a @, eÔg carved
on a stone gateway, showing a person's coat of arms. µ¥ arms. µ¥ ´the illus
at µarmour. ¸2 ´(fig) person or thing that protects. ¸3 ´(in machinery, etc)
protective plate or screen; sth designed to keep out dust, wind, etc. (US
³wind@ ´= GB ³windscreen.´) ¹ ³vt ¶[VP6A,15A] ´protect; keep safe; save (sb)
from punishment or suffering: ³@ one's eyes with one's hand; @ a friend from
censure.¼
¨shift©1 ²/2Ift/ ³n ¸1 ´change of place or character; substitution
of one thing for another: ³a @ in emphasis´, placing the emphasis differently.
¸2 ¶[C] ´group of workmen who start work as another group finishes; period for
which such a group works: ³on the day/night @; an eight-hour @; working in @s.
¸3 ´dodge, trick, scheme, way of evading a difficulty, of getting sth: ³resort
to dubious @s in order to get some money. As a last desperate @, he pawned his
wife's wedding ring. ·make @ (with sth/to do sth), ´manage or contrive, be
able somehow or other: ³We must make @ with the money we have. He must make @
without help. µ¥ ³make@ ´at µmake±1µ(29). ¸4 ´woman's narrow dress without a
waistline; (old use) chemise. ¸5 (¸Úgear-)@, ´(motoring) mechanism for gear
change: ³Do you prefer a manual to an automatic gear-@? ¸@®less ³adj ´without
ability to find ways of doing things; unable to get on in life.¼
¨shift©2 ²/2Ift/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A,14,15A,2A,C] ·@ sth (from/to), ´change
position or direction; transfer: ³@ a burden from one shoulder to the other; @
the blame (on) to sb else. Will you help me to @ the furniture about/round,
please? The wind has @ed to the north. The cargo has @ed´, has been shaken out
of place by the movement of the ship. ³Don't try to @ the responsibility on to
me. ·@ one's ground, ´take up a new position, approach the subject in a
different way, during an argument. ¸2 ´(motoring) change (gears): ³@ into
second/third gear. ¸3 ·@ for oneself, ´manage as best one can (to make a
livelihood, get sth done) without help: ³When their father died the children
had to @ for themselves. ¸shifty ³adj µ(-ier, -iest) ´untrustworthy;
deceitful; not straightforward: ³a @y customer; @y behaviour; @y eyes. ¸@®ily
²/-IlI/ ³adv ¸@i®ness ³n¼
¨shil®ling© ²/Ú2IlIG/ ³n ¸1 ´(until 1971) British coin with the
value of twelve pennies, one-twentieth of a pound. µ¥ App 4. ¸2 ´basic monetary
unit of Kenya, Uganda and Tanzania, equal to 100 cents.¼
¨shilly-shally© ²/Ú2IlI 2alI/ ³vi ¶[VP2A] ´be unable to make up one's mind; be
undecided. ¹ ³n ¶[U] ´indecision.¼
¨shim®mer© ²/Ú2ImE(r)/ ³vi ¶[VP2A,C]´, ³n ¶[U] ´(shine with a) wavering soft
or faint light: ³moonlight @ing on the lake; the @ of pearls.¼
¨shin© ²/2In/ ³n ´front part of the leg below the knee. µ¥ ´the illus at µleg.
¸Ú@-guard ³n ´pad worn on the @ at football. ¸Ú@-bone ³n ´tibia. µ¥ ´the illus
at µskeleton. ´¹ ³vi µ(-nn-) ¶[VP3A] ·@ up, ´climb up (using arms and legs to
grip sth): ³@ up a tree.¼
¨shin®dig© ²/Ú2IndIg/ ³n ´(sl) ¸1 ´lively and noisy party. ¸2 ´(= ³shindy´)
brawl.¼
¨shindy© ²/Ú2IndI/ ³n ¶[C] ³(pl µ-dies³) ´(colloq) brawl; noisy disturbance:
³kick up a @.¼
¨shine© ²/2ñIn/ ³vi,vt (pt,pp µshone ²/2on ³US: ²2E8n/³) ´(but µ¥ 2 ´below³) ¸1
¶[VP2A,C] ´give out or reflect light; be bright (lit or fig); excel in some
way: ³The moon is shining. The sun shone out´, suddenly began to @ (as clouds
moved). ³His face shone with excitement. He does not @ in conversation´, is
not a good talker. ³I don't @ at tennis. ¸2 ¶[VP6A] ´(colloq, and with ³pp
µ@d´) polish (which is more usu); make bright: ³@ shoes. Have you @d your
shoes/the brass? ¹ n ¸1 ³(sing ´only) polish; brightness: ³Give your shoes a
good @. How can I take the @ out of the seat of my trousers? ¸2 ¶[U] ·come rain
or @, ´whatever the weather may be; (fig) whatever may happen. ¸shiny ³adj
µ(-ier, -iest) ´polished; rubbed bright: ³a shiny coat´, one with the nap
rubbed off (so that the surface @s).¼
¨shingle©1 ²/Ú2IGgl/ ³n ¶[U] ´small, rounded pebbles on the
seashore. ¸shin®gly ²/Ú2IGglI/ ³adj ´of @: ³I prefer a sandy beach to a
shingly beach.¼
¨shingle©2 ²/Ú2IGgl/ ³n ¶[C] ¸1 ´small, flat square or oblong piece of wood
used (like tiles and slates) on roofs, spires and walls. ¸2 ´(US colloq)
small, wooden signboard (used by lawyers, dentists, etc): ³put up one's @´,
set up for the first time, eÔg as a doctor. ¹ ³vt ´cover (a roof, etc) with
@s: ³a @d church spire.¼
¨shingle©3 ²/Ú2IGgl/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´cut (a woman's hair) so that it is short at
the back but longer at the sides. ¹ ³n ´this kind of haircut.¼
¨shingles© ²/Ú2IGglz/ ³n ´(with ³sing v´) skin disease forming a band of
inflamed spots (often round the waist).¼
¨ship©1 ²/2Ip/ ³n ¸1 ´sea-going vessel of considerable size: ³a ·Ú³sailing-@; a
·Ú³merchant-@; a ·Ú³war@´, etc; ³take @´, go on board a @; ³the @'s company´,
the entire crew; ³the @'s articles´, the terms on which seamen are engaged;
³the @'s papers´, the documents showing ownership, nationality, nature of the
cargo, etc. µ¥ ´the illus at µbarque. ·when my Ú@ comes in/home, ´when I have
made my fortune. ·on Ú@®board, ´on board @. ¸2 ´(colloq) spacecraft; (US
colloq) aircraft. ¸3 ´(compounds) ¸Ú@-breaker ³n ´contractor who buys and
breaks up old @s (for scrap). ¸Ú@®broker ³n ´agent of a shipping
company who does a @'s business in port; one who buys, sells and charters @s;
agent for marine insurance. ¸Ú@®builder ³n ´one whose business is building @s.
Hence, ¸Ú@®building ³n ¶[U]´: ·Ú³@building yard, ´= @yard. ¸Ú@('s) biscuit,
´hard, coarse biscuit used, in former times, during long voyages. ¸Ú@-canal ³n
´canal large enough for sea-going vessels. ¸Ú@'s-chandler ³n ´one who deals in
equipment for @s. ¸Ú@®load ³n ´as much cargo, or as many passengers, as a @
can carry. ¸Ú@®mate ³n ´fellow sailor; person belonging to the same @ as
another: ³Harry and I were @mates in 1962. ¸Ú@®owner ³n ´person who owns a @
or @s, or shares in a shipping company. ¸Ú@®shape ³adj ´tidy; in good order.
µ¹ ³adv ´in a @shape manner. ¸Ú@-way ³n ´sloping structure on which a @ is
built and down which it slides into the water. ¸Ú@®wreck ³n ¶[U] ´loss or
destruction of a @ at sea by storm, collision, etc: ³suffer @wreck. ¶[C]
´instance of this. µ¹ ³vi ´cause to suffer @wreck; destroy by @wreck.
¸Ú@®wright ³n ´@ builder. ¸Ú@®yard ³n ´place where @s are built.¼
¨ship©2 ²/2Ip/ ³vt,vi µ(-pp-) ¸1 ¶[VP6A,15A,B] ´put, take, send, in
a ship: ³@ gold to India; ´(comm) take, send, by train, road, etc: ³@ goods by
express train. ·@ off, ´send: ³@ off young men to the war. ¸2 ¶[VP6A] ·@ oars,
´take them out of the water into the boat. ·@ water; @ a sea, ´be flooded by
water breaking over the side. ¸3 ¶[VP6A,15A,2C] ´engage for service on a ship:
³@ a crew for a voyage round the world. He @ped ´(= took service) ³as a steward
on an Atlantic liner. ¸@®ment ³n ¶[U] ´putting of goods, etc on a ship; ¶[C]
´quantity of goods @ped. ¸@®per ³n ´person who arranges for goods to be @ped.
¸@®ping ³n ¶[U] ´all the ships of a country, part, etc. ¸Ú@®ping-agent ³n
´shipowner's representative at a port. ¸Ú@®ping-office ³n ´@ping-agent's
office; office where seamen are engaged.¼
¨shire© ²/2ñIE(r)/ ³n ¶[C] ´county (now chiefly used as a suffix in the names
of certain counties, and usu pronounced ²/-2E(r)/³)´: ³Hampshire, Yorkshire.
µ¥ App 6. ¸the @s, ´certain midland counties of England and parts of these
well known for fox-hunting. ¸Ú@ horse, ´powerful breed of horse used for
pulling carts and wagons.¼
¨shirk© ²/23k/ ³vt,vi ¶[VP6A,D,2A] ´avoid, try to escape (doing sth,
responsibility, duty, etc): ³@ going to the dentist; @ work/school. He's @ing.
¸@er ³n¼
¨shirt© ²/23t/ ³n ¸1 ´man's loose-fitting garment for the upper
part of the body (of cotton, linen, silk, etc) usu worn under a jacket, with
long sleeves or ³(·Ú³sports @) ´half sleeves. ·in one's ·Ú³@-sleeves, ´not
wearing a jacket or coat. ·keep one's @ on, ´(sl) keep one's temper. ·put one's
@ on ´(a horse, etc), bet all one has on. ¸Ú@-front ³n ´usu stiffened and
starched breast of a white @. ¸Ú@-waister ´(US ¸Ú@-waist´) woman's blouse or
dress that buttons down the front. ¸@®ing ³n ´material for making @s. ¸@y ³adj
µ(-ier, -iest) ´(sl) ill-tempered.¼
¨shish kebab© ²/*2I2 kEÚbab ³US: ²Ú2I2 kEbab/ ³n ´dish of pieces of meat
roasted and served on skewers.¼
¨shit© ²/2It/ ³n ¶[U] ´(Ï, not in polite use) ¸1 ´excrement. ¸2 ´(sl) hashish.
¸3 ´(contemptuous for a) person: ³You big @! ¹ vi µ(-tt-) ³(pt,pp µ@ted
´or µshat ²/2at/³) ¶[VP2A,3A] ´empty the bowels of excrement. ·@ on sb, ´(vulg
sl) ¸1 ´severely scold or find fault with him. ¸2 ´report on him, esp to the
police. ¹ ³int ´Ï (vulg) (as an expression of irritation or objection) Bother!
Rubbish!¼
¨shiver©1 ²/Ú2IvE(r)/ ³vi ¶[VP2A,C] ´tremble, esp from cold or fear: ³@ing all
over with cold; @ing like a leaf. ¹ n ¸1 ´trembling that cannot be controlled:
³The sight sent cold @s down my back. A @ ran down her back. ¸2 ³(pl)
·get/have/give sb the @s, ´(colloq) get/give sb @ing movements, a feeling of
fear or horror. ¸@y ³adj ´inclined to @; having or causing a feeling of cold,
fear, horror.¼
¨shiver©2 ²/Ú2IvE(r)/ ³n ´(usu ³pl´) one of the many small pieces into which
sth is broken: ³break sth to @s; burst into @s. ¹ vt,vi ¶[VP15A,2C] ´break
into @s.¼
¨shoal©1 ²/2E8l/ ³n ¶[C] ´great number of fish swimming together;
great number (of people, things): ³a @ of herring; swimming in @s. ¹ vi ´(of
fish) form @s.¼
¨shoal©2 ²/2E8l/ ³n ¶[C] ´shallow place in the sea, esp where there are
sandbanks; (³pl; ´fig) hidden dangers. ¹ ³vi ¶[VP2A] ´become shallow(er).¼
¨shock©1 ²/2ok/ ³n ¸1 ¶[C] ´violent blow or shaking (eÔg as caused by a
collision or explosion): ³the @ of a fall; earthquake @s. ¸Ú@ absorber ³n
´kinds of device fitted to motor-vehicles, aircraft, etc to lessen @s and add
to the cushioning effects of tyres, springs, etc. ¸Ú@ tactics, ´use of massed
forces to attack (in war). ¸Ú@ troops, ´troops specially trained for violent
assaults. ¸Ú@-brigade, Ú@-workers, ´(esp in UÔSÔSÔR) body of workers engaged
in specially arduous work. ¸Ú@ wave, ´region of intensely high air pressure
caused by an atomic explosion or an aircraft moving at supersonic speed. ¸2
¶[C] ´effect caused by the passage of an electric current through the body:
³If you touch that live wire you'll get a @. ¸3 ¶[C] ´sudden and violent
disturbance of the feelings or the nervous system (caused by bad news, severe
injury, etc); ¶[U] ´condition caused by such a disturbance: ³The news of her
mother's death was a terrible @ to her. The stock market quickly recovered
from the @ of the election results. It gave me quite a @ to learn that he had
married again. She died of @ following an operation on the brain. µ¥ ³shell-@
´at µshell(3). ¸Ú@ treatment/therapy, ´treatment of (esp mental) disorder by
using electric @s or drugs on the nervous system. ¹ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´cause @µ(3)
´to; fill with surprised disgust, horror, etc: ³I was @ed at the news of her
death. He was @ed to hear his daughter swearing. I'm not easily @ed, but that
book really is obscene. ¸@er ³n ¸1 ´person who @s: ³He's a @er´, a @ingly bad
person. ¸2 ´sth that @s, eÔg a sensational novel; bad specimen of sth. ¸@®ing
³adj ¸1 ´very bad or wrong: ³@ing behaviour. ¸2 ´causing @µ(3)´: ³@ing news´,
eÔg of a flood that causes great loss of life. ¸3 ´(colloq) bad: ³a @ing
dinner; @ing handwriting. ¹ adv ´(colloq, as an intensive) very: ³a @ing bad
cold. ¸@®ing®ly ³adv ¸1 ´badly: ³You're playing @ingly. ¸2 ´extremely: ³How
@ingly expensive!¼
¨shock©2 ²/2ok/ ³n ´number of sheaves of grain placed together and supporting
each other in a field to dry during harvest.¼
¨shock©3 ²/2ok/ ³n ´(usu ·@ of hair´) rough, untidy mass of hair (on sb's
head). ¸*@-Úheaded ³adj ´having such hair.¼
¨shod© ²/2od/ µ¥ shoe ³v.¼
¨shoddy© ²/Ú2odI/ ³n ¶[U] ´(cloth of poor quality, made from) fibre from old
cloth, etc. ¹ ³adj µ(-ier, -iest) ´of poor quality; made to seem better than
it is: ³@ cloth; a @ piece of work.¼
¨shoe© ²/2u/ ³n ¸1 ´(often ·pair of @s´) outer covering for the
foot, esp one which does not reach above the ankle (µ¥ boot´): ³put on/take off
one's @s. ·be in/put oneself in Úsb's @s, ´occupy, imagine oneself to be in,
his position; be in his plight: ³I wouldn't be in your @s for a thousand
pounds. ·know where the @ pinches, ´understand from one's own experience all
about hardships, etc. ¸2 ´(compounds) ¸Ú@®black ³n ´boy or man who polishes @s
of passers-by. ¸Ú@®horn ³n ´device with a curved blade for getting the heel
easily into a @. ¸Ú@®lace ³n ´cord for fastening the edges of a shoe's uppers.
¸Ú@-leather ³n ´leather suitable for making @s. ¸Ú@®maker ³n ´person who makes
and/or repairs @s and boots. ¸Ú@®making ³n ¶[U] ´trade of a @maker. ¸Ú@®string
³n ´(US) = @lace. ·do sth on a @string. ´do sth (eÔg start a business) on a
very small amount of capital. ¸Ú@-tree ³n ´thin, flexible, shaped block for
inserting in a shoe to keep its shape. ¸3 (horse-)@ ²/Úhc22u/, ´metal band
nailed to the hoof of a horse: ³His horse cast/threw a @´, lost one. ¸4 ´part
of a brake that presses against the wheel or drum (of a bicycle, motor-vehicle,
etc); any object like a @ in appearance or use. ¹ ³vt (pt,pp µshod ²/2od/³)
¶[VP6A] ´fit with @s: ³well shod for wet weather´, having good @s able to keep
out the wet; ³an iron-shod stick´, one with an iron ferrule at the end.¼
¨sho®gun© ²/Ú2E8gun ³US: ²-gAn/ ³n ´(until 1867) hereditary
commander-in-chief of the Japanese army.¼
¨shone© ²/2on ³US: ²2E8n/ ³pt,pp ´of µshine.¼
¨shoo© ²/2u/ ³int ´cry used for driving away birds, etc. ³¹ vt (pt,pp µ@ed³)
¶[VP15B] ·@ sth/sb away/off, ´drive away by making this cry.¼
¨shook© ²/28k/ ³pt ´of µshake.¼
¨shoot©1 ²/2ut/ ³n ¶[C] ¸1 ´new, young growth on a plant or bush: ³train the
new @s of a vine. ¸2 ´= µchute(1,2). ¸3 ´party of people shooting for sport;
area of land over which birds, etc are shot: ³rent a @ for the season.¼
¨shoot©2 ²/2ut/ ³vi,vt (pt, pp µshot ²/2ot/³) ¸1 ¶[VP2C,15A,B] ´move, come,
go, send, suddenly or quickly ³(out, in, up, forth, ´etc): ³The snake's tongue
shot out. The snake shot its tongue out. Flames were @ing up from the burning
house. The meteor shot across the sky. The horse stumbled and the rider was
shot over its head. As the car hit the tree the occupants were shot out. At
the half-way mark, Hill shot ahead´, (in a race) came on quickly and passed
his competitors. ³They shot angry glances at us. Rents have shot up´, (= risen
suddenly) ³in the last few months. Tom is @ing up fast´, quickly growing tall.
³She shot an angry look at him/shot him an angry look. ·@ a bolt, ´send a bolt
(of a door, etc) into (or out of) its fastening. ·@ one's bolt, ´make one's
last effort. ·@ dice, ´throw dice. ·@ rubbish, ´let it slide from a cart, etc
(on to a heap or dump). ¸*@ing Ústar, ´meteor which burns up as it passes into
and through the earth's atmosphere. ¸2 ¶[VP2A,C] ´(of plants, bushes) sprout;
send out new twigs or branches from a stem: ³Rose bushes @ again after being
cut back. ¸3 ¶[VP2A,C] ´(of pain) pass with a stabbing sensation suddenly and
swiftly: ³The pain shot up his arm. I have a @ing pain in my left leg. ¸4
¶[VP6A] ´(of boats) move, be moved, rapidly over, through, etc: ³@ the rapids;
@ the bridge´, pass under it rapidly with the current. ¸5 ¶[VP6A,15A,B,2A,C,4A]
´aim and fire with a gun or revolver; aim with a bow and send an arrow at; hit
with a shell, bullet, arrow, etc; wound or kill (a person, animal, etc) by
doing this: ³They were @ing at a target. He @s well. He shot an arrow from his
bow. Can you/Does your gun @ straight? The soldier was shot ´(= executed by
@ing) ³for desertion. The police did not @ to kill´, They used their weapons
only to frighten the people (eÔg by firing over their heads). ³He's in Africa
@ing lions. He neither rides, @s nor fishes´, does not take part in these
sports. ³He fell like a shot rabbit, ´like a rabbit that had been shot. ·@
away, ´(more usu ³fire away´) ¸(a) ´begin and continue @ing. ¸(b) ´(fig) go
ahead; begin. ·@ sth away, ´(more usu ³fire sth away´) get rid of by @ing: ³@
away all one's ammunition. ·@ sth down, ´bring to the ground by @ing: ³The
bomber was shot down in flames. ·@ sth off, ´sever by @ing: ³He had his arm
shot off. ·@ a covert/an estate, etc, ´@ the game in it. ·@ a line, ´(sl)
exaggerate; lie; deceive. ·@ one's Úmouth off, ´(US sl) talk indiscreetly or
wildly. ·@ a place up, ´(US sl) terrorize (a town, district, etc) by going
through it and shooting at random, firing at houses, etc. ¸Ú@ing-box ³n ´house
used by sportsmen in the @ing season (eÔg one on moorlands). ¸Ú@®ing-brake ³n
´(former times) large horse-drawn open carriage used by sportsmen (for carrying
equipment, game that was shot, etc); (in modern times, occasionally used for)
estate car. ¸Ú@®ing-gallery ³n ´place where @ing at targets is practised with
pistols or airguns. ¸Ú@®ing-range ³n ´ground with butts for rifle practice.
¸Ú@ing-stick, ´stick with a spiked end (to be pushed into the ground) and a
handle which unfolds to form a seat. ¸6 ¶[VP6A,2A] ´(cinema) photograph (a
scene): ³a @ing script´, one to be used while a film is being shot (giving the
order in which scenes are photographed, etc). ¸7 ¶[VP2A] ´(football, hockey,
etc) (chiefly imper) make a shot at scoring a goal. ¸@®ing ³n ¶[U] ´(esp)
(right of) @ing (game) over an area of land: ³sell the @ing on an estate. µ¥
´also µ6 ´above.¼
¨shooter© ²/Ú2utE(r)/ ³n ´(in compounds) shooting implement: ³a
·Ú³pea-@´: ³a ·Ú³six-@´, revolver firing six shots without reloading.¼
¨shop© ²/2op/ ³n ¸1 ´(US = ³store´) building or part of a building where goods
are shown and sold retail: ³a butcher's/chemist's @; a ·Ú³fruit-@. ·come/go to
the wrong @, ´(colloq) to the wrong place/person (for help, information, etc).
·keep @, ´be on duty (eÔg in a small @): ³Mr Green got a friend to keep @ for
him while he went to his wife's funeral. ·keep a @, ´be a shopkeeper, own and
manage a @. ·set up @, ´set up in business as a retail trader. ¸Ú@-assistant
³n ´employee in a @. ¸Ú@-bell ³n ´bell (on the door of a small @) which rings
when a customer enters, warning the @-keeper. ¸Ú@-girl/-boy ³n ´young
@-assistant. ¸Ú@-front ³n ´frontage of a @ with its window display, etc. ¸@
hours ³n pl ´hours during which a @ is, or may legally be, open for business.
¸Ú@®keeper ³n ´owner of (usu a small) @. ¸Ú@-lift ³vi,vt ¶[VP2A,6A] ´steal
(sth) from a shop while pretending to be a customer. Hence, ¸Ú@-lifter ³n
´person who does this; ¸Ú@-lifting ³n ¶[U] ´doing this. ¸Ú@-soiled/-worn ³adjj
´damaged or dirty as the result of being put on view or handled in a @.
¸Ú@-walker ³n ´person who directs customers (in a large @ or department store)
to the right counters, departments, etc. ¸*@®Úwindow ³n ´window used for the
display of wares, etc. ·put all one's goods in the @window, ´(fig) make a
display of all one's knowledge, ability, etc and have nothing in reserve (used
of a superficial person). ¸2 ¶[U] ´one's profession, trade, business, things
connected with it. ·talk @, ´talk about one's work, profession, etc with other
people who do the same work. ·shut up @, ´(colloq) stop doing sth (not
necessarily connected with buying and selling). ¸3 ·all Úover the @, ´(sl) ¸(a)
´in disorder, scattered in confusion; ³My belongings are all over the @. ¸(b)
´in every direction: ³I've looked for it all over the @. ¸4 ´(= ³work@´) place
where manufacturing or repairing is done: ³an ·*³engi·Ú³neering-@; a
ma·Ú³chine-@; the men on the @ floor´, the workers (contrasted with the
management). ¸*@-Ústeward ³n ´member of a local branch committee of a trade
union, chosen by his fellow workers to represent them. ¸*closed Ú@ ³n ´system
of compulsory membership of trade unions or other professional associations. ³¹
vi µ(-pp-) ¶[VP2A,C] ¸1 ´go to @s to buy things (usu ³go @ping). ·@ around,
´(colloq) visit various @s, markets, etc to obtain the best value for one's
money, etc. ¸2 ·@ on sb, ´(sl) inform against, esp to the police. ¸@®ping ³n
¶[U] ³do one's @ping; a ·Ú³@ping street´, one with many @s; ³a ·Ú³@ping
bag/basket´, in which to carry purchases. ¸Ú@ping centre ³n ´part of a town
where there are @s, markets, etc close together and often where cars are not
allowed. ¸Úwindow-@ping ³n ¶[U] ´visiting a @ping centre, street, etc to look
at the displays in the @windows. ¸@®per ³n ´person who is @ping: ³crowds of
Christmas @pers.¼
¨shore©1 ²/2c(r)/ ³n ¶[U,C] ´stretch of land bordering on the sea
or a large body of water: ³a house on the @(s) of Lake Geneva; go on @ ´(from a
ship).¼
¨shore©2 ²/2c(r)/ ³n ¶[C] ´wooden support set against a wall, tree, etc to
keep it up; prop set against the side of a ship while it is being built or
repaired out of the water. ³¹ vt ¶[VP15B] ·@ sth up, ´support, prop up (with a
wooden beam, etc).¼
¨shore©3 ²/2c(r)/, ±shorn ²/2cn/ µ¥ shear.¼
¨short©1 ²/2ct/ ³adj µ(-er, -est) ¸1 ´(opp of ³long´) measuring
little from end to end in space or time; (opp of ³tall´) below the average
height: ³a @ stick; a @ way off´, not far away; ³a @ man; @ grass; a @
holiday; a @ time ago. You've cut my hair very @. She walked with @, quick
steps. The coat is a little @ in the sleeves. The days are getting @er now
that autumn is here. ·a @ ball, ´(cricket) not bowled on a correct length. ¸Ú@
cut ³n ´way of getting somewhere, doing sth, etc (thought to be) quicker than
the usual or ordinary way: ³They took a @ cut across the fields instead of
going by the road. ¸*@ Úcircuit ³n ´accidental fault in wiring enabling an
electric current to flow without going through the resistance of the complete
circuit. ¸*@-Úcircuit ³vt,vi ´cause, make or take a @ circuit in; cut off
current from (sth) in this way; (fig) shorten or simplify (a procedure, etc):
³The system has @-circuited. ¸Ú@ list ³n ´list of candidates (for a position,
etc) that has been reduced to a small number from which a final selection is
to be made. Hence, ¸Ú@-list ³vt ´: ³the candidates who have been @-listed´,
whose names have been put on a @ list (perhaps for interviews). ¸*@-Úlived
²/ÚlIvd ³US: ²ÚlñIvd/ ³adj ´lasting for a @ time; brief: ³a @-lived triumph.
¸*@-Úrange ³adj ¸(a) ´(of plans, etc) designed for a limited period of time.
¸(b) ´(of missiles, etc) with a comparatively limited range±1µ(3)´. ·have a @
temper, ´be lacking in self-control, so that one quickly or easily becomes
angry; hence, ¸*@-Útempered ³adj´. ¸*@-Úterm ³attrib adj ´limited to, due to be
repaid in, a @ period of time: ³@-term loans. ¸2 ´not reaching the usual,
stated or required (amount, distance, weight, etc): ³The shopkeeper was fined
for giving @ weight/measure. The factory is/The workmen are on @ time´,
working fewer hours per day, or days per week, than usual. ³These goods are in
@ supply´, The supply is not equal to the demand (³are scarce ´is more usu). µ¥
´also µcommons(2). ³You've given me @ change´, less than the correct change.
Hence, ¸*@-Úchange ³vt ´cheat (sb) by giving less than the correct change. ·be
@ of, ¸(a) ´not have enough of: ³@ of money/time. ¸(b) ´be distant from: ³The
car broke down when we were still five miles @ of our destination.
·little/nothing @ of, ´nothing/little less than: ³Our escape was little @ of
miraculous´, was almost a miracle. ·make @ work of, ´deal with, dispose of,
eat or drink, quickly. ·@ of breath, ´panting, eÔg after running fast.
¸Ú@-coming ³n ´(usu ³pl´) failure (to reach a required standard, to develop
properly, to do one's duty). ¸*@ Údrink ³n ¶[C] ´(or, colloq ¸a @´) whisky,
gin, etc in comparatively small glasses or small portions at a time (contrasted
with a long drink such as a glass of beer). ¸*@-Úhanded ³adj ´having not
enough workmen or helpers. ¸*@ Úsight, ³n ¶[U] ´inability to see clearly things
that are distant, or (fig) to see into the future. Hence, ¸*@-Úsighted ³adj´:
³The Government's policy is @-sighted´, does not take into account future
needs, developments, etc. ¸*@-Úwinded ³adj ´easily and quickly becoming
breathless after exertion; unable to run for long. ¸3 ´(in comm) maturing
early; to be paid or met soon: ³a @ bill/paper; @ date´, early date for
maturing of a bill, bond, etc. Hence, ¸*@-Údated ³adj´. ¸*@ Úbond ³n ´one which
matures within a period of five years. ¸*@-term Úcapital, ´capital raised for
short periods. ¸4 ´(of a person) saying very little, or saying much in few
words; (of what he says, his manner of speaking) expressed in few words; curt;
abrupt: ³He/His answer was @ and to the point. He was very @ with me. ·for @,
´as a @er form; for brevity's sake: ³Benjamin´, called ³"Ben' for @. ·in @, ´in
a few words; to sum up briefly (after a long description, etc). ·the long and
the @ of it, ´all that can or need be said. ¸5 ´(of cake, pastry) easily
breaking or crumbling. ¸*@ Úpastry ³n ¶[U] ´made with much butter or fat.
¸Ú@®bread/cake ³nn ´easily crumbled dry cake made with flour, sugar and much
butter. ¸6 ´(of vowels or syllables) taking the less of two usual durations;
³the @ vowel in "pull' and the long vowel in "pool'. ¸7 ´(other compounds and
special uses). ¸Ú@®fall ³n ´deficit. ¸Ú@®hand ³n ¶[U] ´system of rapid writing
using special signs; stenography. ·by a @ head, ¸(a) ´(racing) by a distance of
less than the length of a horse's head: ³Fly-by-Night won by a @ head. ¸(b)
´(fig) by only a little. ¸Ú@®horn ³n ¶[C] ´name of a breed of cattle with @
curved horns. ¸@ leg/slip ³n ´(cricket) µ¥ ´the illus at µcricket. ¸Ú@ wave
³n ´(radio telegraphy) one having a wave-length of from 10 to 100 metres. ¸@®ly
³adv ¸1 ´soon; in a @ time; ³@ly after(wards); @ly before noon. He is @ly to
leave for Mexico. ¸2 ´briefly; in a few words. ¸3 ´sharply; curtly: ³answer
rather @ly. ¸@®ness ³n¼
¨short©2 ²/2ct/ ³adv ¸1 ´abruptly; suddenly: ³stop @.
·bring/pull/take sb up @, ´interrupt or check him abruptly. ·@ of, ´leaving out
of question; except: ³They would commit every crime @ of murder. ¸2 ´before the
natural or expected time. ·come/fall @ of, ´be insufficient, inadequate,
disappointing (expectations, etc): ³The box-office receipts fell @ of the
manager's expectations. ·cut sth/sb @, ¸(a) ´interrupt; bring to an end before
the usual or natural time: ³The chairman had to cut @ the proceedings. ¸(b)
´make @(er). ·go @ (of), ´do without; deprive oneself (of): ³I don't want you
to go @ ´(of money, etc) ³in order to lend me what I need. ·run @ (of), ´reach
the end: ³Our supplies ran @. We're running @ of paraffin. ·be taken @,
´(colloq) have a sudden motion of the bowels necessitating a hurried visit to
the lavatory. ¸3 ·sell @, ´(comm) sell for future delivery (stocks, shares,
commodities, etc that one does not own) in the expectation of being able to buy
more cheaply before the date agreed upon for delivery. ·sell sb @, ´betray,
cheat, belittle, them.¼
¨short©3 ²/2ct/ ³n ´(colloq) short circuit, µ¥ short±1µ(1); ´short drink. ¹
³vi,vt ´short-circuit.¼
¨short®age© ²/Ú2ctIdZ/ ³n ¶[C,U] ´(amount of) deficiency; condition
of not having enough: ·Ú³food @s; a @ of rice; owing to @ of staff; a @ of 50
tons. µ¥ glut, ³n¼
¨shorten© ²/Ú2ctn/ ³vt,vi ¶[VP6A,2A] ´make or become shorter: ³The days are
beginning to @´, eÔg in autumn. ³The captain ordered his men to @ sail´,
reduce the area of sail spread to the wind. ¸@®ing ²/Ú2ctnIG/ ³n ¶[U] ´fat
used for making pastry light and flaky. µ¥ short±1µ(5).¼
¨shorts© ²/2cts/ ³n pl ·(pair of) @, ´short trousers extending to or above the
knees, as worn by children, by adults for games, informal wear (on the beach,
etc).¼
¨shot©1 ²/2ot/ ³n ¸1 ¶[C] ´(sound of the) firing of a gun, etc: ³hear @s in the
distance; the first @s in the campaign´, the start of the attack. ³At each @ he
got nearer to the centre of the target. ·(do sth) like a @, ´at once; without
hesitation. ·off like a @, ´off at great speed. ¸2 ¶[C] ´attempt to hit sth,
hitting of sth; attempt to do sth, answer a question, etc; throw, stroke, hit,
etc in certain games: ³Good @, Sir! That remark was a @ at me´, was aimed at
me. ·a @ in the dark, ´a wild or random guess. ·have a @ (at sth), ´try to do
sth: ³Have a @ at solving the problem. The striker had a @ at goal´, tried to
score. ³Let me have a @ at it. He made several lucky @s at the examination
questions. ·a Úlong @, ´an attempt to solve a problem, etc with little
evidence, few facts to go on: ³It's a long @ but I think John must have known
about the murder. ·*not by a Úlong @, ´not even if circumstances were most
favourable. ¸3 ¶[C] ´that which is fired from a gun, esp (formerly stone, later
metal) non-explosive projectile for old-fashioned cannon. µ¥ shell(3)´; heavy
iron ball thrown in athletic competition (called the ·Ú³@-put´): ³putting the
@. ¸4 lead @, ¶[U] ´quantity of tiny balls (or pellets) of lead contained in
the cartridge of a sporting gun (instead of a single bullet), used against
birds and small animals. µ¥ ´the illus at µcartridge. ¸Ú@-gun ³n ´sporting gun
with a smooth bore firing cartridges containing @. ¸Ú@-tower ³n ´tower in
which @ is made from molten lead poured through a sieve at the top and falling
into water. ¸5 ¶[C] ´person who shoots, with reference to his skill: ³He's a
first-class/good/poor, etc @. ¸6 ¶[C] ´photograph, or one of a series of
photographs, taken with a cine-camera: ³The exterior @s were taken in Bermuda.
¸Úlong @, ´(opp of ³close-up´) taken with a long distance between the camera
and the subject. ¸7 ´(esp US) injection from a hypodermic needle (of a drug):
³have a @ in the arm. ·have/get/give sb a @ in the arm, ¸(a) ´have/give sb an
injection. ¸(b) ´have/give sb/sth that revives or restores, eÔg the economy.
¸8 ·a Úbig @, ´(sl) an important person, esp a conceited one.¼
¨shot©2 ²/2ot/ ³n ´share of a reckoning or of expense: ³pay one's
@.¼
¨should© ²/2Ed ³strong form: ²28d/ ³v µ¥ shall.¼
¨shoul®der© ²/Ú2E8ldE(r)/ ³n ¸1 ´that part of the body of a human being or
animal where an arm or foreleg is joined to the trunk (µ¥ ´the illus at
µtrunk´), or where the wing of a bird joins its neck; curve from this point to
the neck: ³This coat is narrow across the @s. He has one @ a little higher than
the other. ·@ to @, ´side by side and touching; (fig) united. ·give sb the cold
@, µ¥ cold±1µ(1). ·put one's @ to the wheel, ´work energetically at a task.
·stand head and @s above ´(others), be considerably taller (or, fig, mentally
or morally better) than. ·straight from the @, ´(fig, of criticism, rebukes,
etc) frankly put. ¸Ú@-blade ³n ´either of the flat bones of the upper back,
behind and below the neck. µ¥ ´the illus at µskeleton. ¸Ú@-strap ³n ¸(a)
´narrow strap on the @ of a military uniform (with badges of rank, etc) ¸(b)
´ribbon which passes over a woman's @ and supports a garment. ¸Ú@-flash ³n
´strip of material on the @ of a military uniform, with a coloured patch as
the distinguishing emblem of a division, etc. ¸2 ³(pl) ´part of the back
between the two @sµ(1)´: ³give a child a ride on one's @s; shift the blame to
other @s´, let others take the blame. ·have broad @s, ´be able to bear much
weight or (fig) responsibility. ¸3 ´@-like part of a bottle, tool, mountain,
etc. ¸hard @, ´hard surface at the side of a roadway (esp a motorway). ³¹ vt
¸1 ¶[VP6A] ´take on the @(s) (lit and fig): ³@ a burden/a task/the
responsibility for sth. ·@ arms, ´(mil) move the rifle to an upright position
in front of the right @. ¸2 ¶[VP15A] ´push with the @; make (one's way) thus:
³@ people aside; be @ed to one side; @ one's way through a crowd.¼
¨shout© ²/2ñ8t/ ³n ¶[C] ´loud call or cry: ³@s of joy; a @ of
alarm. They greeted him with @s of "Long live the President'. ¹ vi,vt ·@
(out), ¸1 ¶[VP2A,B,C,4B,22] ´speak or cry out in a loud voice: ³Don't @ at me!
He @ed to attract attention. He @ed with pain. He @ed himself hoarse. ¸2
¶[VP6A,15A,B,3A] ´say in a loud voice: ³@ (out) one's orders. They @ed their
disapproval´, expressed it by @ing. ³He @ed to me/@ed for me to come. "Go
back!' he @ed. ·@ sb down, ´@ to prevent sb from being heard: ³The crowd @ed
the speaker down. ¸@®ing ³n ¶[U] ´@s. ·It's all over but/bar the @ing, ´The
struggle, fight, etc is over and the praise, cheers, etc will follow.¼
¨shove© ²/2Av/ ³vt,vi ¶[VP6A,15A,B,2A,C] ´(colloq) push (usu heavily): ³@ a
boat into the water. Stop shoving! ·@ off, ¸(a) ´start from the shore in a
boat (by pushing the shore, etc). ¸(b) ´(sl) leave (a place): ³I'm sick of
this place; let's @ off. ¹ n ¶[C] ´vigorous push: ³Give it a @. ¸*-Úha'penny
²/*2Av ÚheIpnI/ ³n ´= µshovel-board.¼
¨shovel© ²/Ú2Avl/ ³n ´spade-like tool, used for moving coal, sand,
snow, etc µ¥ ´the illus at µtool´; large device used for the same purpose,
mechanically operated from a crane in a vehicle. ¹ ³vt µ(-ll-, ´US
µ-l-) ¸1 ¶[VP6A,15A,B] ´lift, move, with a @: ³@ up coal; @ the snow away from
the garden path. ¸2 ¶[VP6A,15A] ´clear or clean with a @: ³@ a path through the
snow. ¸@®ful ²/-f8l/ ³n ´as much as a @ will hold.¼
¨shovel-board© ²/Ú2Avl bcd/ ³n ¶[U] ´game in which discs or coins are pushed
along a board to a mark.¼
¨show©1 ²/2E8/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U,C] ´showing (chiefly in): ³by (a) @ of
hands´, (voting) by the raising of hands for or against (a proposal). ¸2 ¶[C]
´collection of things publicly displayed, esp for competition, or as a public
entertainment: ³a ·Ú³flower/·Ú³horse/·Ú³cattle @; the ·Ú³motor @, ´=
exhibition; ³the Lord Mayor's @´, a procession through the City of London when
a new Lord Mayor is installed; ³a travelling @´, eÔg of circus animals. ·on @,
´exhibited. ¸3 ¶[C] ´(colloq) natural display; sth to be seen: ³a fine @ of
blossom in the Kent orchards. ¸4 ¶[C] ´(colloq) kind of public entertainment,
eÔg circus, theatre, radio, TÔV, etc: ³Have you seen any good @s lately?
¸Ú@-business, ´(colloq) ¸Ú@-biz ²/bIz/ ³n ´the public entertainment business.
¸5 ¶[C] ´(colloq) performance (not theatrical, etc): ³put up a good @´, do sth
creditably; ³a poor @´, sth done badly. ·steal the @, ´attract all the
attention: ³Good @! ´used to express approval of sth done well. ¸6 ¶[C]
´(colloq) organization; undertaking; business; something that is happening:
³Who's running this @´, Who controls or manages it? ·give the (whole) Ú@ away,
´let people know what is being done or planned: ³I wish she wouldn't talk and
give the @ away. ¸7 ³(sing ´only; dated colloq use) opportunity of doing sth,
defending oneself, etc: ³Give the man a fair @. He had no @ at all. ¸8 ´outward
appearance; impression: ³a claim with some @ of justice; with a @ of reason. He
didn't offer even a @ of resistance. ¸9 ¶[U] ´pomp; display; ostentation: ³a
house furnished for @, not comfort. They're fond of @. ¸10 ´(compounds)
¸Ú@-boat ³n ´river steam-boat on which theatrical performances were given (esp
on the Mississippi, US). ¸Ú@-case ³n ´case with glass sides and (or) top, for
showing and protecting articles in a shop, museum, etc; (fig) special
exhibition of sth, esp sth new. ¸Ú@-down ³n ´(colloq) full and frank
declaration of one's strength, intentions, etc: ³call for a @-down´, ask
(opponents, rivals, etc) for such a declaration; ³if it comes to a @-down´, if
such a declaration is (or has to be) made. ¸Ú@-girl ³n ´girl who sings or
dances (or is merely decorative) in a musical play, revue, etc. ¸Ú@-jumping ³n
´display of skill in riding horses over fences, barriers, etc. ¸Ú@®man ²/-mEn/
³n (pl µ-men³) ¸(a) ´organizer of public entertainments (esp circuses). ¸(b)
´person (esp in public life) who uses publicity, etc to attract attention to
himself: ³Some politicians are great @men and very little else. ¸Ú@®man®ship
²/-mEn2Ip/ ³n ´art of attracting, ability to attract, public attention, eÔg to
what one is trying to sell. ¸Ú@-place ³n ´one that tourists go to see: ³old
palaces, castles and other @ places. ¸Ú@-room/-window ³n ´one in which goods
are kept for display, inspection, etc. ¸@y ³adj µ(-ier, -iest) ´likely to
attract attention; (often contemptuous) (too) decorated or ornamented; (too)
brightly coloured: ³@y flowers´, eÔg some kinds of dahlia; ³a @y dress; the @y
patriotism of persons hoping for titles. ¸@®ily ²/-IlI/ ³adv ¸@i®ness ³n¼
¨show©2 ´(also, archaic ¸shew´) ²/2E8/ ³vt,vi (pt µ@ed³, pp µ@n ²/2E8n/ ´or,
rarely µ@ed³) ¸1 ¶[VP6A,12A,13A,15A,19B,24A] ·@ sth (to sb); @ sb sth, ´bring
before the sight: ³You must @ your ticket at the barrier. What films are they
@ing at the local cinema this week? He won several prizes for the roses he
@ed´, exhibited. ³He @ed me his pictures. He has @n them to all his friends.
The photograph @s him sitting/seated at his desk. ¸2 ¶[VP6A] ´allow to be seen:
³That frock @s your petticoat´, is too short to cover it. ³A dark suit will not
@ the dirt. My shoes are @ing signs of wear. ¸3 ¶[VP2A,C] ´be visible or
noticeable: ³Your petticoat is @ing, Jane. Does the mark of the wound still @?
The pink of the apple-blossom is beginning to @. His fear @ed in his eyes. ¸4
¶[VP6A] ·@ itself, ´be visible: ³His annoyance @ed itself in his looks. ·@
oneself, ´be present (at a meeting, etc): ³Ought we to @ ourselves at the
Evans's party tonight? ·@ one's face, ´appear before people: ³He's ashamed to @
his face in the street. ·@ fight, ´give signs of being ready to fight. ·@ one's
hand/cards, ´(fig) make known one's intentions or plans. ·@ a leg, ´(colloq)
get out of bed. ·@ one's teeth, ´(fig) look angry. ·have nothing to @ for
it/sth, ´have nothing that is evidence of what one has achieved or tried to
achieve. ¸5 ¶[VP6A,14,12A,13A] ´give; grant: ³@ mercy on sb. He @ed me great
kindness. ¸6 ¶[VP6A,25] ´give evidence or proof of having or being: ³He @s no
sign of intelligence. She @ed great courage. His new book @s him to be a
first-rate novelist. ¸7 ¶[VP15A,B] ´direct; conduct. ·@ sb in; @ sb into sth; @
sb out; @ sb out of sth, ´direct or conduct sb into/out of a place: ³Please @
this gentleman out. We were @n into the living-room. ·@ sb over/around/round,
sth, ´take sb round a place: ³The guide @ed us over the old castle. ·@ sb the
door, ´require him to leave and go with him to the door to see that he does so.
·@ sb the way, ´explain which way to go; (fig) set an example. ¸8
¶[VP6A,9,10,20,21,25] ´make clear; cause (sb) to understand; prove: ³He @ed me
how to do it/how he had done it. He @ed his annoyance/that he was annoyed/how
annoyed he was. That @s how little you know. We have @n the falsity of the
story/that the story is false/the story to be false. ¸9 ¶[VP2C,15B] ·@ sb/sth
off, ´display (sth) to advantage: ³a swim-suit that @s off her figure well;
mothers who like to @ off their daughters´, display their daughter's good
looks, abilities, accomplishments, etc. ·@ off, ´make a display of one's
wealth, learning, abilities, etc in order to impress people: ³a man who is
always @ing off. ´Hence, ¸Ú@-off ³n ´person who @s off: ³He's an irritating
@-off´, is always trying to show his abilities, etc. ·@ sb/sth up, ´make the
truth about (sb or sth dishonest, disreputable, etc) known: ³@ up a fraud/a
rogue/an impostor. ·@ up, ¸(a) ´be conspicuous, easily visible: ³Her
wrinkles @ed up in the strong sunlight. ¸(b) ¶[VP2A] ´(colloq) put in an
appearance; be present (³at ´sth); ³Only three of the people we invited to the
party didn't @ up. ¸@®ing ³n ´(usu ³sing´) (act of) displaying or pointing out;
appearance; evidence: ³a firm with a poor financial @ing, ´whose financial
accounts do not appear to be good; ³on present/past @ing, ´on present/past
evidence. ·on one's own @ing, ´by one's own admission.¼
¨shower© ²/Ú2ñ8E(r)/ ³n ¶[C] ¸1 ´brief fall of rain, sleet or hail;
sudden sprinkle of water: ³be caught in a @; a @ of spray. ¸Ú@(-bath) ³n
´(washing one's body by using a) device by which water comes down in a @
through a plate with numerous small holes: ³have a @(-bath) every morning. ¸2
´large number of things arriving together: ³a @ of
blows/stones/blessings/insults; sparks falling in a @/in @s. ¸3 ´(US) party at
which presents are given to a woman about to become a bride. ¹ ³vt,vi ¸2
¶[VP14] ·@ sth upon sb; @ sb with sth, ´send or give it to him in a @: ³They
@ed honours upon the hero/@ed the hero with honours. Questions were @ed upon
the new arrival. ¸2 ¶[VP2C] ´fall in a @: ³Good wishes @ed (down) upon the
bridegroom. ¸@y ³adj ´(of the weather) with frequent @s.¼
¨shown© ²/2E8n/ ³pp ´of µshow±2µ.¼
¨shrank© ²/2raGk/ ³pt ´of µshrink.¼
¨shrap®nel© ²/Ú2rapnEl/ ³n ¶[U] ´fragments of shell or bullets packed inside a
shell which is designed to explode and scatter these contents over a wide
area: ³hit by (a piece of) @.¼
¨shred© ²/2red/ ³n ¶[C] ´strip or piece scraped, torn or broken off sth;
fragment: (fig) ³not a @ of truth in what she says; not a @ of evidence against
me. ·tear to @s, ´(lit or fig) destroy: ³They have torn her reputation to @s. ¹
vt µ(-dd-) ¶[VP6A] ´tear or scrape into @s.¼
¨shrew© ²/2ru/ ³n ¸1 ´bad-tempered, scolding woman. ¸2 Ú@(-mouse), ´small
mouse-like animal that feeds on insects. ¸@®ish ²/-I2/ ³adj ´scolding;
sharp-tongued. ¸@®ish®ly ³adv ¸@®ish®ness ³n¼
¨shrewd© ²/2rud/ ³adj µ(-er, -est) ¸1 ´having, showing, sound judgement and
common sense: ³@ businessmen; @ arguments. ¸2 ´astute; discriminating: ³make a
@ guess´, one likely to be correct; ³a @ blow/thrust´, one carefully made and
likely to be effective. ¸@®ly ³adv ¸@®ness ³n¼
¨shriek© ²/2rik/ ³vi,vt ·@ (out), ¸1 ¶[VP2A,C] ´scream shrilly. ¸2 ¶[VP6A,15B]
´utter in a shrill, screaming voice: ³@ out a warning; @ with laughter. ¹ n
¶[C] ´shrill scream: ³@s of girlish laughter; the @ ´(= whistle) ³of a railway
engine.¼
¨shrift© ²/2rIft/ ³n ¶[U] ´(archaic) confession (of sins) to a
priest; confession and absolution. ·give sb/get short @, ´give him/get curt
treatment, brief and unwilling attention.¼
¨shrike© ²/2rñIk/ ³n ´(kinds of) bird (also called ·Ú³butcher-bird´) with a
strong, hooked bill and the habit of fastening its prey (small birds and
insects) on thorns.¼
¨shrill© ²/2rIl/ ³adj ´(of sounds, voices, etc) sharp; piercing; high-pitched:
³@ cries; a @ voice/whistle. ¸@y ²/Ú2rIlI/ ³adv ¸@®ness ³n¼
¨shrimp© ²/2rImp/ ³n ¶[C] ´small marine shellfish used for food, µ¥ ´the illus
at µcrustacean´; (hum) very small person. ¹ ³vi ´catch @s: (usu) ³go @ing.¼
¨shrine© ²/2rñIn/ ³n ¶[C] ¸1 ´tomb or casket containing holy relics; altar or
chapel of special associations or hallowed by some memory. ¸2 ´building or
place associated with sth or sb deeply respected or venerated: ³a Shinto @´,
in Japan. ·worship at the @ of Mammon´, give excessive devotion to wealth and
money-making. ¹ ³vt ´= µenshrine ´(the usu word).¼
¨shrink© ²/2rIGk/ ³vi,vt (pt µshrank ²/2raGk/, ´or µshrunk ²/2rAGk/, ³pp
µshrunk, ´or, as ³adj µshrunken ²/Ú2rAGkEn/³) ¸1 ¶[VP6A,2A] ´make or become
less, smaller (esp of cloth through wetting): ³Will this soap @ woollen
clothes? Those jeans will @ in the wash. How your gums have shrunk since your
teeth were extracted! ¸2 ¶[VP2A,C3A] ·@ (back) (from), ´move back, show
unwillingness to do sth (from shame, dislike, etc): ³A shy man @s from meeting
strangers. She shrank back from the horrifying spectacle. ¸Ú@®age ²/-IdZ/ ³n
¶[U] ´process of @ing; degree of @ing: ³Make the pullover a little longer, and
allow for @age. The @age in our export trade/in the value of our currency is
serious.¼
¨shrive© ²/2rñIv/ ³vt (pt µ@d ´or µshrove ²/2rE8v/, ³pp µ@d ´or µshriven
²/Ú2rIvn/³) ¶[VP6A] ´(archaic, of a priest) hear the confession of a penitent
sinner and absolve him from the spiritual consequences of his sin(s).¼
¨shrivel© ²/Ú2rIvl/ ³vt,vi µ(-ll-, ´US also µ-l-) ¶[VP6A,15B,2A,C] ·@ (up),
´(cause to) become dried or curled (through heat, frost, dryness or old age):
³The heat @led up the leaves/the leather. He has a @led face´, with the skin
wrinkled.¼
¨shriven© ²/Ú2rIvn/ µ¥ shrive.¼
¨shroud© ²/2rñ8d/ ³n ¶[C] ¸1 ´(also called ·Ú³winding-sheet´) cloth or sheet
(to be) wrapped round a corpse: ³You'll have no pockets in your @. ¸2 ´sth
which covers and hides: ³a @ of mist. ¸3 ³(pl) ´ropes supporting a ship's
masts, µ¥ ´the illus at µbarque´; ropes linking a parachute and the harness
which is strapped to the parachutist. ¹ ³vt ¶[VP6A,15A] ¸1 ´wrap (a corpse) in
a @. ¸2 ´cover; hide: ³@ed in darkness/mist; a crime @ed in mystery.¼
¨shrove© ²/2rE8v/ µ¥ shrive.¼
¨Shrove Tues®day© ²/*2rE8v ÚtjuzdI ³US: ²Útuz-/ ³n ´day before the
beginning of Lent, on which, and on preceding days ¸(Shrove®tide)´, it was
formerly the custom to be shriven.¼
¨shrub© ²/2rAb/ ³n ¶[C] ´plant with woody stem, lower than a tree, and (usu)
with several separate stems from the root. ¸@®bery ²/Ú2rAbErI/ ³n (pl µ-ries³)
´place, eÔg part of a garden, planted with @s.¼
¨shrug© ²/2rAg/ ³vt µ(-gg-) ¶[VP6A,15B] ´lift (the shoulders) slightly (to
show indifference, doubt, etc). ·@ sth off, ´dismiss it as not deserving
attention, as sth trivial. ¹ ³n ¶[C] ´such a movement: ³with a @ of the
shoulders/a @ of despair.¼
¨shrunk(en)© ²/2rAGk, Ú2rAGkEn/ µ¥ shrink.¼
¨shuck© ²/2Ak/ ³n ´(US) husk; pod; outer covering; (fig) sth of little value.
¸S@s! ³int ´(US) (exclamation of disbelief, regret, or irritation) ¹ ³vt
¶[VP6A] ´remove the @s from: ³@ peanuts/maize.¼
¨shud®der© ²/Ú2AdE(r)/ ³vi ¶[VP2A,C,4C] ´shake convulsively; tremble with fear
or disgust: ³@ with cold/horror; @ at the sight of blood. The ship @ed as she
struck the rocks. He @ed to think of it. ¹ n ¶[C] ´uncontrollable shaking: ³a
@ passed over her. It gives me the @s´, (colloq) terrifies me. ¸@®ing®ly ³adv¼
¨shuffle© ²/Ú2Afl/ ³vi,vt ¸1 ¶[VP2A,C,6A] ´walk without raising the feet
properly. ·@ one's feet, ´slide or drag them on the ground when walking, or
when standing or sitting. ¸2 ¶[VP6A,15A,B,2A] ´slide or move (playing-cards,
etc) one over the other to change their relative positions: ³@ the dominoes.
He @d the papers together in a drawer. ¸3 ¶[VP2C,15B] ´do sth in a careless
way; slip (sth ³off, on) ´casually: ³@ through one's work; @ one's clothes
on/off; ´(fig) ³@ off responsibility upon others´, get rid of it by passing it
to others. ¸4 ¶[VP2A] ´keep shifting one's position; be unstraightforward; try
to avoid giving a certain answer, etc: ³Don't @; give a clear answer. ¹ n ¶[C]
¸1 ´shuffling movement; shuffling dance: ·*³soft-shoe ·Ú³@´; shuffling of
cards: ³Give the cards a good @. ¸2 ´general change of relative positions: ³a
@ of the Cabinet; a Cabinet @´, giving members different portfolios. ¸3 ´piece
of dishonesty; misleading statement or action. ¸shuf®fler ³n ´one who @s.¼
¨shun© ²/2An/ ³vt µ(-nn-) ¶[VP6A,D] ´keep away from; avoid: ³@
temptation/publicity/society.¼
¨'shun© ²/2An/ ³int ´short for ³Attention! ´(as a word of command).¼
¨shunt© ²/2Ant/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A,15B] ´send (railway wagons,
coaches, etc) from one track to another, esp to keep a track clear for
important traffic: ³@ a train on to a siding. ¸2 ¶[VP2A] ´(of a train) be @ed
to a siding. ¸3 ¶[VP6A,15A] ´(fig, colloq) divert; postpone or evade discussion
of (sth): ³She @ed the conversation on to less morbid topics. ¸4 ¶[VP6A,15A]
´(fig) lay aside (a project); leave (sb) unoccupied, or inactive. ¸@er ³n
´(esp) railway employee who @s wagons, etc.¼
¨shush© ²/282/ ³vi,vt ´hush; call for silence by saying "Shush!'¼
¨shut© ²/2At/ ³vt,vi µ(-tt-, ³pt,pp µshutµ) ´(For special uses with ³adverbial
particles ´and ³preps, µ¥ 5 ´below.) ¸1 ¶[VP6A,15A] ´move (a door, one's lips,
etc) into position to stop an opening: ³@ the doors and windows; @ a drawer; @
one's mouth. He @ his ears to all appeals for help´, refused to listen to
them. ³He @ his eyes to ´(= deliberately refused to notice) ³her faults. Why
have you @ the door upon further negotiations´, refused to consider them?
³They @ the door against her/on her/in her face´, refused to receive or admit
her. ¸Ú@-eye ³n ´(colloq) nap; sleep: ³It's time for half an hour's @-eye. ¸2
¶[VP2A] ´become closed; be able to be closed: ³The window @s easily. The door
won't @. ¸3 ¶[VP6A] ´bring the folding parts of (sth) together: ³@ ´(= ³close´,
the more usu word) ³a book/a clasp-knife. ¸4 ¶[VP15A] ´catch or pinch by
shutting sth: ³@ one's fingers/dress, etc in the door´, iÔe between the
door and the door-post. ¸5 ¶[VP2C,15B] ´(special uses with ³adverbial
particles ´and ³preps´):¼
·shut (sth) down, ´(of a factory, etc) stop working; end activity: ³The
workshop has @ down and the workers are unemployed. They've @ down their
factory. ´Hence, ¸Ú@-down ³n ´(temporary or permanent) closing of a factory,
etc.¼
·shut sb in, ´confine or enclose: ³We're @ in by hills here´, surrounded by
hills which make access difficult and which prevent us from seeing far. ³They
@ the boy in the cellar´, kept him there as a prisoner.¼
·shut sth off, ´stop the supply or flow of, eÔg gas, steam, water.¼
·shut sb/sth out, ´keep out; exclude; block: ³@ out immigrants/competitive
goods. Don't @ me out´, Don't close the door(s) so that I must stay out.
³These trees @ out the view.¼
·shut sth up, ¸(a) ´close and secure all the doors and windows: ³@ up a house
before going away for a holiday. It's time to @ up shop´, close the shop and
stop doing business. ¸(b) ´put away for safety: ³@ up one's jewels in the
safe. ·@ (sb) up, ´(colloq) (cause sb to) stop talking: ³Tell him to @ up.
Can't you @ him up?¼
¨shut®ter© ²/Ú2AtE(r)/ ³n ¶[C] ¸1 ´movable cover (wooden panel or
iron plate, hinged or separate and detachable) for a window, to keep out light
or thieves: ³The shop-front is fitted with rolling @s. ·put up the @s, ´stop
doing business (for the day, or permanently). ¸2 ´device that opens to admit
light through the lens of a camera. ¹ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´provide with @s; put up the
@s of.¼
¨shuttle© ²/Ú2Atl/ ³n ¸1 ´(in a loom) cigar-shaped instrument with two pointed
ends by which thread of weft is carried between threads of warp; (in a
sewing-machine) sliding holder which carries the lower thread to meet the
upper thread to make a stitch. ¸2 ´(compounds) ¸Ú@®cock ³n ´round-based cork
with feathers in it, struck to and fro across a net in the games of battledore
and @cock and badminton. µ¥ ´the illus at µbadminton. ¸@ diplomacy,
´diplomatic negotiation requiring the diplomat(s) to travel to and fro
between the groups involved. ¸Ú@ service, ´service (of trains, buses, etc) to
and fro between places not far apart. ¹ ³vt,vi ¶[VP6A,15A,2C] ´(cause to) move
backwards and forwards, to and fro, like a @.¼
¨shy©1 ²/2ñI/ ³adj µ(-er, -est) ¸1 ´(of persons) self-conscious and
uncomfortable in the presence of others; (of behaviour, etc) showing this:
³He's not at all shy with women. She gave him a shy look/smile. ¸2 ´(of
animals, birds, fish, etc) easily frightened; unwilling to be seen. ¸3 ·shy of,
´chary of; hesitating about: ³They're shy of speaking to one another. Don't be
shy of telling me what you want. ·fight shy of, µ¥ fight±2µ(1). ¸shy®ly ³adv
¸shy®ness ³n¼
¨shy©2 ²/2ñI/ ³vi (pt,pp µshied ²/2ñId/³) ¶[VP2A,3A] ·shy (at sth), ´(of a
horse) turn aside from in fear or alarm: ³The horse was shying at a white
object in the hedge.¼
¨shy©3 ²/2ñI/ ³vt (pt,pp µshied ²/2ñId/³) ´(colloq) ¶[VP6A,15A] ´throw:
³shying stones at a bottle. ¹ n (pl µshies ²/2ñIz/´) throw: ³fivepence a shy´,
eÔg throwing balls at coconuts at a fair; (colloq) any kind of attempt: ³have
a shy at a task/an examination.¼
¨shy®ster© ²/Ú2ñIstE(r)/ ³n ´(US, colloq) person without
professional honour, esp an unscrupulous lawyer.¼
¨Sia®mese© ²/*sñIEÚmiZ/ ³adj ´of Siam (now ³Thailand). ¸@ twins, ´two persons
joined together from birth. ¸@ (cat), ´oriental breed of cat with blue eyes and
short-haired coat of cream, fawn or light grey hair. ¹ ³n ´(now ³Thai´) native
of Siam; language of Siam. µ¥ App 6.¼
¨Si®berian© ²/sñIÚbIErIEn/ ³adj ´of, coming from, Siberia ²/sñIÚbIErIE/ ´(the
NE part of the USSR).¼
¨sibi®lant© ²/ÚsIbIlEnt/ ³adj ´having, making, a whistling kind of sound. ¹ ³n
´sound such as one of the six English sounds ²/s, z, 2, Z, t2, dZ/´.¼
¨sib®ling© ²/ÚsIblIG/ ³n ´one of two or more persons having the same parents;
brother or sister.¼
¨sibyl© ²/ÚsIbl/ ³n ´one of several women in ancient times who, it was
believed, could see the future and give out messages from the gods; (hence,
contemptuous or hum) fortune-teller; prophetess. ¸@®line ²/ÚsIbElñIn/ ³adj
´uttered by, characteristic of, a @; mysteriously prophetic.¼
¨sic© ²/sIk/ ³adv ´(Lat) thus (placed in brackets to indicate that the
preceding word, statement, etc is correctly quoted even though this seems
unlikely or is clearly incorrect).¼
¨Si®cil®ian© ²/sIÚsIlIEn/ ³n, adj ´(native) of Sicily ²/ÚsIsIlI/´.¼
¨sick© ²/sIk/ ³adj ¸1 ³(pred ´only³) ·be @´, throw up food from the
stomach. ·feel @´, feel that one is about to do this. ¸Úair-/car-/sea-@ ³adj
´vomiting or inclined to vomit because of the motion of a plane/car/ship.
Hence, ¸Úair-/car-/sea-@ness ³n´: ³I was sea@ on the first day of the voyage. ¸2
´unwell; ill (in GB ³ill ´and ³unwell ´are polite usage, in US ³sick ´is normal
usage): ³He's been @ for six weeks. He's a @ man. ·be off @ (with sth), ´be
away from one's work because of bad health or disease: ³Kate's off @ with flu/a
bad back. ·fall @, ´become ill. ·go/report @, ´(mil use) report to the doctor
for medical treatment. ·the @, ³(pl) ´those who are ill. ¸Ú@-bay ³n ¸(a)
´(Navy) part of a ship for those who are ill. ¸(b) ´medical centre on a
university campus, etc. ¸Ú@®bed ³n ´bed of a sick person. ¸Ú@-benefit ³n µ¥
sickness. ¸Ú@-berth ³n ´= ³@-bayµÔ(a)³. ¸*@-Úheadache ³n ´bilious headache.
¸Ú@-leave ³n ¶[U] ´permission to be away from duty or work because of illness:
³on @-leave. ¸Ú@-list ³n ´list of those who are ill (eÔg in a regiment, on a
warship, etc). ¸Ú@-parade ³n ´(mil) parade of those who are reporting @.
¸Ú@-pay ³n ¶[U] ´pay to an employee who is absent from work because he is ill.
¸Ú@-room ³n ´room occupied by, or kept ready for, sb who is ill. ¸3 ·@ (and
tired/to death) of, ´(colloq) tired of, disgusted with: ³I'm @ to death, of
being blamed for everything that goes wrong. ¸4 ·@ at heart, ´deeply sad. ·@
at/about sth, ´(colloq) unhappy, filled with regret about it: ³@ at failing to
pass the examination. ¸5 ·@ for, ´filled with a longing for: ³@ for home/old
happy times. ¸6 ´(sl) morbid; perverted: ³@ humour/jokes; a @ mind. ¹ vt ·@ sth
up, ´(colloq) vomit; throw up from the stomach.¼
¨sicken© ²/ÚsIkEn/ ³vi,vt ¸1 ¶[VP2A,3A] ·@ (for sth), ´be in the
first stages of (an illness): ³The child is @ing for something. ¸2 ¶[VP6A]
´cause to feel disgusted: ³Cruelty @s most of us. Their business methods @ me.
¸3 ¶[VP3A,4C] ·@ at sth/to see sth, ´feel sick to see: ³They @ed at the sight
of so much slaughter/@ed to see so many people slaughtered. ¸4 ·@ of sth,
´become tired of, disgusted with: ³He @ed of trying to bring about reforms.
¸@®ing ²/ÚsIkEnIG/ ³adj ´disgusting: ³@ing smells/cruelty. ¸@®ing®ly ³adv¼
¨sick®ish© ²/ÚsIkI2/ ³adj ´somewhat sick or sickening: ³feel @; a @
smell.¼
¨sickle© ²/ÚsIkl/ ³n ¶[C] ´short-handled tool with a curved blade for cutting
grass, grain, etc. µ¥ ´the illus at µtool.¼
¨sick®ly© ²/ÚsIklI/ ³adj µ(-ier, -iest) ¸1 ´frequently ill; often in poor
health: ³a @ child. ¸2 ´having the appearance of sickness or ill health; pale:
³These plants are/look rather @. ¸3 ´weak; faint; suggesting unhappiness: ³a @
smile. ¸4 ´causing, or likely to cause, a feeling of sickness or distaste: ³a
@ smell/taste; @ sentiments.¼
¨sick®ness© ²/ÚsIknIs/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´illness; ill health: ³Is there
much @ in the village now? They were absent because of @. ¸Ú@ benefit,
´insurance payment to sb absent from work through illness. ¸2 ¶[C,U] ´(an)
illness or disease: ³suffering from ·Ú³mountain @/·Ú³sea-@/·Ú³air-@. ¸3 ¶[U]
´inclination to vomit; vomiting.¼
¨side©1 ²/sñId/ ³n ¶[C] ´(except µ13 ´below) ¸1 ´one of the flat or fairly
flat surfaces of a solid object: ³the six @s of a cube. ¸2 ´one of the
surfaces which is not the top or the bottom: ³A box has a top, a bottom, and
four @s. ¸3 ´one of the surfaces which is not the top, bottom, front or back:
(attrib) ³the @ entrance of the house ´(contrasted with the ³front ´or ³back
´entrance). ¸4 ´(maths) one of the lines bounding a plane figure such as a
rectangle or triangle. ¸5 ´either of the two surfaces of a thin, flat object
or of material such as paper, cloth, anything manufactured in sheets: ³Write
on one @ of the paper only. Which is the right @ of the cloth´, the @ intended
to be seen? ¸6 ´inner or outer surface of sth vertical, sloping, round or
curved: ³the @ of a mountain; put one's socks on the wrong @ out ´(= inside
out, the usu phrase); ³prehistoric paintings on the @s ´(= walls) ³of a cave.
¸7 ´one of the two halves of a person on his left or right, esp from armpit to
hip: ³wounded in the left @. Come and sit by/at my @. ·@ by @, ´close
together, for mutual support. ·split/burst one's @s (laughing/with laughter),
´laugh heartily. Hence, ¸Ú@-splitting ³adj ´causing hearty laughter. ·by the @
of; by one's @, ´close to and compared with: ³She looks small by the @ of her
companion. ¸8 ´one of the two halves of an animal from foreleg to hindleg, esp
as part of a carcass: ³a @ of beef/bacon. ¸9 ´part of an object, area, space,
etc away from, at a distance from, a real or imaginary central line: ³the
left/right/shady/sunny @ of the street; the east @ of the town; the
debit/credit @ of an account. He crossed to the far/the other @ of the room.
·on/from all @s; on/from every @, ´in/from all directions; everywhere. ·take sb
on one @, ´take him aside, apart, eÔg to speak to him in confidence. ·on the
right/wrong @ of (fifty, etc), ´below/above (50 years of age, etc). ·(do sth)
on the @, ¸(a) ´as a @line. µ¥ sideline ´below. ¸(b) ´secretly, discreetly: ³He
lived with his wife but regularly saw Julia on the @. ·put sth on one @, ¸(a)
´put it aside, apart. ¸(b) ´postpone dealing with it. ¸10 ´one of two groups or
parties of people who are opposed (in games, politics, war, etc) or who uphold
beliefs, opinions, etc against the other: ³be on the winning/losing @; faults
on both @s; to pick ´(= choose) ³@s. Austria has a strong @´, eÔg a good
football team. ·be on sb's @, ´be a supporter of him: ³Whose @ are you on,
anyway? ´= Aren't you supposed to be supporting me? ³Both countries claimed
that God was on their @´, eÔg in a war. ·let the Ú@ down, ´give an inferior
performance and disappoint one's colleagues, team-mates, etc. ·take @s (with),
´support (sb, a party) in a dispute. µ¥ side±2µ. ·off/on @, ´(football, hockey)
in a position (for receiving or playing the ball) that is/is not contrary to
the rules. ¸11 ´aspect or view that is not complete; aspect different from or
opposed to other aspects: ³look on the dark/bright/gloomy, etc @ of
things/life, etc; study all @s of a question; a man with many @s to his
character. There are two @s to the story´, two aspects. ·on the Úhigh/Úlow, etc
@, ´rather high/low, etc: ³Prices offered for fat cattle were on the high @.
¸12 ´line of descent through a parent: ³a cousin on my father's @. ¸13 ¶[U]
´(colloq) behaviour suggesting that one is better than other people; arrogance.
·have no/be without @, ´make no pretence, assumption, of being superior or
important. ·put on @, ´claim to be, behave as if one is, superior. ¸14
´(compounds, etc) ¸Ú@-arms ³n pl ´swords or bayonets, worn at the left @ by
soldiers. ¸Ú@®board ³n ´table, usu with drawers and cupboards, placed against
the wall of a dining-room. ¸Ú@-burns/-boards ³n pl ´@-whiskers. ¸Ú@-car ³n
´small one-wheeled car fastened to the @ of a motor-cycle. ¸Ú@-chapel ³n ´one
in the aisle or at one @ of a church. µ¥ ´the illus at µchurch. ¸Ú@-dish ³n
´extra dish or course at a meal. ¸Ú@-drum ³n ´small, double-sided drum,
(originally hung at the drummer's @) in a jazz or military band. ¸Ú@ effect
³n ´secondary or indirect effect, eÔg an undesirable effect of a drug used for
a specific purpose. ¸Ú@-face ³adv ´in profile: ³photograph sb @-face.
¸Ú@-glance ³n ´look to or from one @. ¸Ú@ issue ³n ´question of less importance
(in relation to the main one). ¸Ú@®light ³n ´light from or at the @; (fig)
incidental illumination, eÔg of a person's character, of a problem, etc.
¸Ú@-line ³n ´class of goods sold in addition to the chief class of goods;
occupation which is not one's main work. ¸Ú@-lines ³n pl ´(space immediately
outside) lines bounding a football pitch, tennis-court, etc at the @s. ·on the
@-lines, ´(fig) merely as a spectator, not taking part. ¸Ú@®long ³adj, adv
´(directed) to or from one @: ³look @long at sb; a @long glance. ¸Ú@-road ³n
´minor road branching off a main road. ¸Ú@-saddle ³n ´woman's saddle, made so
that both feet may be on the same @ of the horse. µ¹ ³adv ´on a @-saddle:
³In former times most women used to ride @-saddle. ¸Ú@-show ³n ¸(a) ´small show
at a fair or exhibition. ¸(b) ´activity of small importance in relation to the
main activity. ¸Ú@-slip ³n ¸(a) ´(motoring) skid. ¸(b) ´(flying) movement to
one @ instead of forward. ¹ ³vi µ(-pp-) ´make a @-slip. ¸Ú@s®man ²/-zmEn/ ³n
(pl µ-men³) ´church helper who shows people to their seats, takes up the
collection, etc. ¸Ú@®step ³n ´step taken to one @ (eÔg to avoid a blow in
boxing). µ¹ ³vt,vi µ(-pp-) ¶[VP6A] ´avoid (a blow, etc) by stepping to one @;
evade (a question); ¶[VP2A] ´step to one @. ¸Ú@-stroke ³n ´(kinds of) stroke
used in swimming in which one @ is above and the other below the water.
¸Ú@-track ³n ´railway siding; branch road. µ¹ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´turn (a train) into
a siding; (fig) turn (a person) from his purpose; postpone consideration of (a
proposal, etc). ¸Ú@-view ³n ´view obtained from the @. ¸Ú@®walk ³n ´(chiefly
US; GB = ³pavement´) path at the @ of a street for persons on foot.
¸Ú@-whiskers ³n pl ´hair on the @s of the face down to, but excluding, the
chin. µ¥ beard. ¸-sided ²/-sñIdId/ ³suff ´having a specified number of @s: ³a
·Ú³five-@d figure. ¸@®wards ²/-wEdz/, ¸@ways ²/-weIz/ ³advv ´to, towards, from,
the @; with the @ or edge first: ³look @ways at sb; walk/carry sth @ways
through a narrow opening; ´(attrib) directed to one @.¼
¨side©2 ²/sñId/ ³vi ¶[VP3A] ·@ with, ´take part, be on the same side (as sb in
an argument or quarrel): ³It is safer to @ with the stronger party.¼
¨sid®ereal© ²/sñIÚdIErIEl/ ³adj ´of the stars and their
measurements: ³@ time´, measured by the stars; ³the @ year, ´365 days, 6
hours, 10 minutes.¼
¨sid®ing© ²/ÚsñIdIG/ ³n ¶[C] ´short railway track to and from which trains may
be shunted.¼
¨sidle© ²/ÚsñIdl/ ³vi ¶[VP2C] ·@ along/off; ·@ away from/up to sb, ´move
in a shy or nervous way: ³The little girl @d up to me.¼
¨siege© ²/sidZ/ ³n ¶[C,U] ´(period of) operations of armed forces who surround
and blockade a town or fortress in order to capture it: ³a @ of 50 days. Before
the @ ended, the citizens were almost starving. ·lay @ to (a town, etc),
´surround and blockade it. ·raise a @, ´end it by forcing the enemy's forces to
withdraw. ¸Ú@ artillery/guns, ´big guns used in @s (too heavy, in former times,
for use in the field).¼
¨si®en®na© ²/sIÚenE/ ³n ¶[U] ´kind of earth used as a colouring matter: ³burnt
@´, reddish-brown; ³raw @´, brownish-yellow.¼
¨si®er®ra© ²/sIÚerE/ ³n ¶[C] ´long mountain chain with sharp slopes and edges
(esp in Spain and Spanish America).¼
¨si®es®ta© ²/sIÚestE/ ³n ¶[C] ´period of rest or sleep taken in the early
afternoons, as is customary in hot countries.¼
¨sieve© ²/sIv/ ³n ¶[C] ´utensil with wire network or gauze for separating
finer grains, etc from coarse grains, etc or solids from liquids. ·have a
head/memory like a @, ´be incapable of remembering anything. ¹ ³vt ¶[VP6A]
´put through, sift with, a @.¼
¨sift© ²/sIft/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A,14,15A,B] ·@ (out) (from), ´put, separate by
putting, through a sieve: ³@ the cinders; @ (out) ashes from the cinders/the
wheat from the chaff. ¸2 ¶[VP6A,15A] ´shake through a sieve: ³@ flour; @ sugar
on to a cake. ¸3 ¶[VP6A] ´(fig) examine carefully: ³@ the evidence. ¸4 ¶[VP2C]
´fall, pass, come through, as from a sieve. ¸@er ³n ´small sieve-like utensil,
chiefly used in cooking: ³a ·Ú³flour-@er.¼
¨sigh© ²/sñI/ ³vi,vt ¸1 ¶[VP2A] ´take and exhale a deep breath that can be
heard (indicating sadness, tiredness, relief, etc); (of the wind) make a sound
like @ing. ¸2 ¶[VP3A] ·@ for sth, ´feel a longing (for): ³@ for the good old
days to return. ¸3 ¶[VP6A,15B] ·@ (out), ´express, utter, with @s: ³@ out a
prayer. ¹ n ¶[C] ´act of @ing; sound of @ing: ³utter/heave a @; with a @ of
relief.¼
¨sight©1 ²/sñIt/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´power of seeing: ³lose one's @´,
become blind; ³have long/short ´or ³far/near @´, be able to see things well
only at long/short range; ³have good/poor @ ´(= eyesight). ·know sb by @, ´know
him by appearance only, not as an acquaintance. ¸second @, µ¥ second±1µ(1). ¸2
¶[U, ´but sometimes with ³indef art¶] ´seeing or being seen: ³Their first @ of
land came after three days at sea. ·catch @ of; have/get a @ of, ´begin to see;
succeed in seeing: ³If you ever catch @ of Ted Clark anywhere, call the police.
·keep @ of; keep sb/sth in @, ´remain near enough to see or watch. ·lose @ of,
´see no longer; fail to pay further attention to; forget about: ³I've lost @ of
that bird. We must not lose @ of the fact that«. ·at/on @, ´as soon as (sb or
sth) is seen: ³play music at @´, from printed music without previous study or
practice; ³a draft payable at @/a ·Ú³@ draft´, to be paid at once when
presented. ³The sentry had orders to shoot at/on @´, as soon as he saw any
suspicious person, etc. ·at first @, ´when first seen; without study,
examination, etc: ³At first @ the problem seemed insoluble. He fell in love
with her at first @. ·at (the) @ of, ´on seeing: ³At @ of the police officers
the men ran off. They all laughed at the @ of old Percy dancing with a girl of
sixteen. ¸3 ¶[U] ´range of seeing; distance within which seeing is possible:
³in/within/out of (one's) @´, (of objects, etc) visible/invisible. ³The train
was still in @/was not yet out of @. Victory was not yet in @. ·in/within/out
of @ of sth, ´(of the viewer) where sth can/cannot be seen: ³We are not yet
out of @ of land´, can still see it. ³We are now within @ of the end of this
boring task´, can look forward to reaching the end. ·come into/go out of @,
´come near enough/go too far away to be visible. ·keep out of @, ´stay where
one cannot be seen. ·keep out of sb's @, ´stay where he cannot see you. ¸4 ¶[U]
´opinion; way of looking at sth: ³Do what is right in your own @. All men are
equal in the @ of God. ¸5 ¶[C] ´sth seen or to be seen, esp sth remarkable;
³(pl) ´noteworthy buildings, places, features, etc of a place or district: ³The
Grand Canyon is one of the @s of the world. Our tulips are a wonderful @ this
year/are a @ to see. Come and see the @s of London. ´Hence, ¸Ú@-seeing ³n
´going about to see places, etc. ¸Ú@®seer ²/-siE(r)/ ³n ´person who goes to see
the @s. ·a @ for sore eyes, ´person or thing one enjoys seeing; sb or sth very
welcome. ¸6 a @, ´(colloq) person or thing that excites ridicule or
unfavourable comment: ³What a @ she looks in that old dress! What a @ you are!
She ·Ú³does look a @! ¸7 ¶[C] ´(often ³pl´) device that helps to aim or observe
when using a rifle, telescope, etc: ³the @s of a rifle; ´aim or observation
taken with such a device: ³take a careful @ before firing; take a @ with a
compass/quadrant; take a @ at the sun´, eÔg to determine a ship's position. ¸8
a @, ´(sl) great quantity: ³It cost him a @ of money/trouble. He's a @
´(adverbial, = very much) ³too clever to be caught by the police. ·not by a
Úlong @, ´not nearly. ¸-@ed ³suff ´(with ³adjj´) having the kind of @µ(1)
´indicated: ·Ú³weak-/·Ú³long-/·Ú³far-@ed.¼
¨sight©2 ²/sñIt/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ¸1 ´get sight of, esp by coming near:
³After many months at sea, Columbus @ed land. ¸2 ´observe (a star, etc) by
using sightsµ(7)´; adjust the sightsµ(7) ´of a gun; furnish (a gun, etc) with
sights: ³a ·Ú³@ing shot´, one to get the range. ¸@®ing ³n ´occasion on which
sth is @ed: ³new @ings of the Loch Ness monster.¼
¨sight®less© ²/ÚsñItlIs/ ³adj ´blind.¼
¨sign©1 ²/sñIn/ ³n ¶[C] ¸1 ´mark, object, symbol, used to represent sth:
³mathematical @s´, eÔg +, ­, Ø, ²;´. ¸2 ´word or words, design, etc, on a
board or plate to give a warning, or to direct sb towards sth: ·Ú³traffic @s´,
eÔg for a speed limit, a bend in the road. ¸Ú@®post ³n ´post at or near
crossroads with names of places on each road (and often distances). µ¹ ³vt
´provide with @posts: ³The road is well @-posted. ¸3 ´sth that gives evidence,
points to the existence or likelihood of sth: ³the @s of suffering on his face.
Are dark clouds a @ of rain? Violence is a @ of weakness or fear, not a @ of
strength or confidence. ¸@ and counter@, ´secret sentences, etc by which
friends can be distinguished from enemies or from those who do not share a
secret. ¸4 ´movement of the hand, head, etc used with or instead of words;
signal: ³a ·Ú³@-language´, eÔg one used by deaf and dumb persons; ³the @ of the
cross´, a movement with the hand outlining a cross, as a blessing, or with a
prayer. ¸5 Ú@(-board), ´device (often painted on a board) displayed by traders
and shopkeepers (·Ú³shop-@´), and by inns (·Ú³inn-@´), to advertise their
business: ³at the @ of the Red Lion´, at the inn of this name. ¸Ú@-painter ³n
´person who paints @boards.¼
¨sign©2 ²/sñIn/ ³vt,vi ¶[VP6A,15B,2A,2C] ´write one's name on (a
letter, document, etc) to show that one is the writer or that one accepts or
agrees with the contents: ³@ a letter/a Will and Testament/a cheque; @ one's
name´, write it for this purpose. ³Please @ on the dotted line. ·@ sth away,
´give up (rights, property, etc) by @ing one's name. ·@ (sb) in/out, ´write
one's/sb's name as a record of arrival/departure. µ¥ ³clock in/out ´at
µclock±1µ(2). ·@ on, ´(colloq) (of an unemployed worker) become formally
registered for money on social security, µ¥ social(2). ·@ on/up, ´(of a worker,
etc), @ an agreement about employment: ³The seaman @ed on for a voyage to
Valparaiso and back. ·@ sb on/up, ´(of an employer, etc) @ an agreement about
employment: ³The firm @ed on fifty more workers last week. The manager´, iÔe of
a football team, ³has @ed up some new players. ·@ sth over (to sb), ´confirm
the sale of sth (to sb) by @ing legal papers. ¸3 ¶[VP3A,6A] ·@ (to/for) sb (to
do sth), ´make known (to sb) an order or request by making signsµ(4)´: ³The
policeman @ed (for) them to stop. He @ed to me to be quiet. ¸4 ¶[VP2C] ·@
on/off, ´(radio) indicate the beginning/end of a broadcast, eÔg by means of a
few bars of a tune or by other sound effects. µ¥ signature(2).¼
¨sig®nal©1 ²/ÚsIgnEl/ ³n ¶[C] ¸1 ´(making of a) movement, (showing
of a) light, (sending of a) message, device used, to give a warning, an order
or information, esp to sb at a distance; order, warning, etc, conveyed in this
way: ·Ú³traffic @s, ´for cars, etc in the streets; ·Ú³hand @s, ´made with the
hand by the driver of a motor-vehicle to show which way it will turn, etc;
³give the @ for an attack. A red light is usually a @ of danger. A train must
not pass a @ that is at danger. ¸Ú@-box ³n ´building on a railway from which
@s and movements of trains are controlled. ¸Ú@®man ²/-mEn/ ³n (pl µ-men³)
´person who operates @s on a railway; man who sends and receives @s (in the
army and navy). ¸Ú@ gun ³n ´one fired as a @ in case of distress, eÔg on a
wrecked ship. ¸2 ´event which is the immediate cause of general activity, etc:
³The arrival of the President was the @ for an outburst of cheering. ¸3
´electronic impulse in radio, TÔV, etc; sound or TÔV image, transmitted or
received: ³an area with a poor/excellent TÔV signal. ¹ vt,vi µ(-ll-, ´US
µ-l-) ¶[VP6A,9,17,2A,C] ´make a @ or @s to; send by @; make use of @(s): ³@ a
message; @ (to) the commanding officer (that«)´; ³@ (to) the waiter to bring
the menu; @ that one is about to turn left. Sailors @ with flags by day and
with lights at night. ¸@®ler ´(US = ¸@er´) ²/ÚsIgnElE(r)/ ³n ´person who @s,
esp a soldier (cf Navy, ¸Ú@®man´) specially trained in sending and receiving
messages.¼
¨sig®nal©2 ²/ÚsIgnEl/ ³attrib adj ´remarkable; outstanding: ³a @
victory/success/achievement. ¸@ly ²/-nElI/ ³adv ´in a @ manner: ³fail @ly.¼
¨sig®nal®ize© ²/ÚsIgnElñIz/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´make (an event) noteworthy or
conspicuous.¼
¨sig®na®tory© ²/ÚsIgnEtrI ³US: ²-tcrI/ ³n ¶[C] ³(pl µ-ries³) ´(person,
country, etc) that has signed an agreement; ³the signatories to the Treaty;
´(attrib) ³the @ powers.¼
¨sig®na®ture© ²/ÚsIgnEt2E(r)/ ³n ¶[C] ¸1 ´person's name signed by himself:
³put one's @ to a letter; send letters in to the manager for @´, for him to
sign. ¸2 Ú@ tune, ´tune (a few bars of a piece of music) identifying a
broadcasting station or a particular programme or performer. ¸Úkey @, ´(music)
indication of a (change of) key.¼
¨sig®net© ²/ÚsIgnIt/ ³n ¶[C] ´private seal used with or instead of
a signature. ¸Ú@-ring, ´finger ring with a @ set in it. ¸Writer to the S@,
´Scottish law officer.¼
¨sig®nifi®cance© ²/sIgÚnIfIkEns/ ³n ¶[U] ´meaning; importance; ³understand the
@ of a remark; a matter/speech of great/little @; a look of deep @.¼
¨sig®nifi®cant© ²/sIgÚnIfIkEnt/ ³adj ·@ (of), ´having a special or suggestive
meaning; important: ³a @ speech. Few things are more @ of a man's interests
than the books on his shelves. ¸@®ly ³adv¼
¨sig®nifi®ca®tion© ²/*sIgnIfIÚkeI2n/ ³n ¶[C] ´(intended) meaning (of a word,
etc).¼
¨sig®nifi®cat®ive© ²/sIgÚnIfIkEtIv ³US: ²-keItIv/ ³adj ·@ (of), ´offering
evidence (of).¼
¨sig®nify© ²/ÚsIgnIfñI/ ³vt,vi (pt,pp µ-fied³) ¸1 ¶[VP6A,9,15A] ´make known
(one's views, intentions, purpose, etc); be a sign of; mean: ³He signified his
agreement/that he agreed by nodding. His wife signified her approval. Do dark
clouds @ rain? What does this phrase @? ¸2 ¶[VP2A,C] ´matter; be of importance:
³It doesn't @. It signifies much/little.¼
¨signor© ²/Úsinjc(r)/ ³n ¸S@ ´title used of or to Italian man, corresponding
to Mr or (with a small ³s´) Sir. ¸si®gnora ²/sIÚnjcrE/ ³n ´Mrs, Madam.
¸si®gnor®ina ²/*sInjcÚrinE/ ³n ´Miss.¼
¨Sikh© ²/sik/ ³n ´member of a monotheistic Hindu sect founded in the 16th c in
the Punjab.¼
¨si®lage© ²/ÚsñIlIdZ/ ³n ¶[U] ´green fodder stored in a silo or pit without
drying (to feed cattle in winter).¼
¨si®lence© ²/ÚsñIlEns/ ³n ¶[U] ¸1 ´condition of being quiet or silent; absence
of sound: ³the @ of night/of the grave. ¸2 ´condition of not speaking,
answering (questions, spoken or written), or making comments, etc; (with
³indef art´) period (of saying nothing): ³Your @ on recent events surprises
me. There was a short @ and then uproar broke out. ·S@ gives consent, ´(prov)
If nothing is said in answer to a proposal or suggestion we may suppose that
it is agreed to. ·reduce sb to @, ´(esp) refute his arguments so that he has
to stop talking. ·in @, ´silently: ³listen to sb in @. We should not pass over
this disgraceful affair in @´, We ought to protest, etc. ³¹ vt ¶[VP6A] ´make
(sb or sth) silent; cause to be quiet(er): ³@ a baby's crying; @ one's
critics/the enemy's guns. ¸si®lencer ³n ´device that reduces the noise made by
the exhaust of a petrol engine, the report of a gun, etc.¼
¨si®lent© ²/ÚsñIlEnt/ ³adj ¸1 ´making no or little sound; still; not
accompanied by any sound: ³a @ prayer; with @ footsteps; the @ running of a
Rolls Royce car; a @ film´, without a sound track. ¸2 ´saying little or
nothing; giving no answer, views, etc: ³Do you know when to keep @´, say
nothing, keep a secret? ³You'd better be @ about what happened. Her husband is
the strong, @ type. ¸Ú@ partner, ´(US) = sleeping partner. µ¥ sleep±2µ(1). ¸3
´written but not pronounced: ³a @ letter´, eÔg ³b ´in ³doubt´, ³w ´in ³wrong.
¸@®ly ³adv¼
¨sil®hou®ette© ²/*sIluÚet/ ³n ´picture in solid black showing only
the outline; outline of sb or sth seen against a light background: ³see sth in
@. ¹ vt ´(usu passive) show, exhibit, in @: ³@d against the eastern sky at
dawn. µ¥ ´the illus at µhansom.¼
¨sil®ica© ²/ÚsIlIkE/ ³n ¶[U] ´silicon dioxide (¸SiO¶c´), occurring as @ sand
(used in glass-making) and in quartz, and as the principal constituent of
sandstone and other rocks.¼
¨sili®cate© ²/ÚsIlIkeIt/ ³n ¶[U] ´one of a great number of compounds
containing silica: ³@ of soda.¼
¨sili®con© ²/ÚsIlIkEn/ ³n ¶[U] ´non-metallic element (symbol ¸Si´) found
combined with oxygen in quartz, sandstone, etc.¼
¨sili®cone© ²/ÚsIlIkE8n/ ³n ¶[U] ´(kinds of) complex organic
compounds of silicon used in paints, varnish and lubricants.¼
¨sili®co®sis© ²/*sIlIÚkE8sIs/ ³n ¶[U] ´disease caused by breathing in quartz
dust (eÔg in a coalmine).¼
¨silk© ²/sIlk/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´fine, soft thread from the cocoons of certain
insects; material made from this; (attrib) made of this: ³raw @; @ stockings;
a @ shirt. ¸Ú@®screen (printing), ´method of printing by forcing the colour(s)
through a stencil of @ or other finely woven material. ¸Ú@®worm ³n ´caterpillar
that spins @ to form a cocoon. ¸2 ³(pl) ´garments of @: ³dressed in @s and
satins´, wearing rich clothes. ¸3 ¶[C] ´(in England) Queen's/King's Counsel
(abbr ¸QÔC, KÔC´). µ¥ counsel±1µ(3). ·take @, ´become a QÔC/KÔC.¼
¨silken© ²/ÚsIlkEn/ ³adj ¸1 ´soft and smooth; soft and shining: ³a @ voice; @
hair. ¸2 ´(old use, or liter) made of silk: ³@ dresses.¼
¨silky© ²/ÚsIlkI/ ³adj µ(-ier, -iest) ´soft, shiny, smooth, like silk: ³a @
´(= suave) ³manner; a @ voice. ¸silki®ness ³n¼
¨sill© ²/sIl/ ³n ¶[C] ´flat shelf or block of wood or stone at the base of a
window (or rarely, doorway): ³a vase of flowers on the ·Ú³window-@. µ¥ ´the
illus at µwindow.¼
¨sil®la®bub© ´(US = ¸syll-´) ²/ÚsIlEbAb/ ³n ¶[C,U] ´soft, sweet dish of food
made of cream or milk mixed with wine into curd, etc.¼
¨silly© ²/ÚsIlI/ ³adj µ(-ier, -iest) ´foolish; weak-minded: ³say @ things; a @
little boy. Don't be @! How @ of you to do that! ¹ n (pl µ-lies³) ´(chiefly
used to or by children) @ person. ¸sil®li®ness ³n¼
¨silo© ²/ÚsñIlE8/ ³n (pl µ@s ²/-lE8z/³) ¶[C] ´airtight structure (either a tall
cylindrical tower or a pit) in which green food (³silage´) is stored for farm
animals.¼
¨silt© ²/sIlt/ ³n ¶[U] ´sand, mud, etc carried by moving water (and left at
the mouth of a river, in a harbour, etc). ³¹ vt,vi ¶[VP2C,15B] ·@ (sth) up,
´(cause to) become stopped with @: ³The harbour has @ed up. The sand has @ed
up the mouth of the river.¼
¨sil®van© ²/ÚsIlvEn/ ´= µsylvan.¼
¨sil®ver© ²/ÚsIlvE(r)/ ³n ¶[U] ¸1 ´shining white precious metal (symbol ¸Ag´)
used for ornaments, coins, utensils, etc: ·Ú³table @´, spoons, forks, etc. ¸@
plate, ´metal articles coated with @. ·be born with a @ Úspoon in one's mouth,
´be born into a wealthy family. ¸2 ´@ coins: ³$20 in notes and $5 in @; a
handful of @; a @ collection´, to which @ coins are to be given. ³Have you any
@ on you? ¸3 ´@ vessels, dishes, articles, eÔg candlesticks, trays: ³have all
one's @ taken by burglars; sell one's @ to pay the mortgage interest. ¸4
´(attrib) the colour of @: ³the @ moon; ´(of sounds) soft and clear: ³He has a
@ tongue/is ·*³@-·Ú³tongued´, is eloquent. ¸@ grey, ´lustrous grey. ¸the @
screen, ´cinema; cinema screen. ¸5 ´(in art and literature) second best: ³the @
age´, µ¥ golden(2). ¸6 ´(compounds) ¸*@ Úbirch ³n ´common white birch with
@-coloured bark. ¸Ú@-fish ³n ´(kinds of) small wingless insect that damages
book bindings, clothes, etc. ¸@ paper, ´(colloq) thin, light foil made of tin
or aluminium (as used for packing chocolates, cigarettes, etc). ¸Ú@®side ³n
´best side of a round of beef. ¸Ú@®smith ³n ´manufacturer of @ articles;
merchant who sells these. ¸*@ Úwedding ³n ´25th anniversary. ³¹ vt,vi ¸1
¶[VP6A] ´coat with @ or with sth that looks like @; make (sth) bright like @:
³The years have @ed her hair. ¸2 ¶[VP2A] ´become white or @ colour. ³Her hair
had @ed. ¸@y ³adj ´like @: ³the @y notes of a temple bell.¼
¨sil®vern© ²/ÚsIlvEn/ ³adj ´(archaic) silver: ³Speech is @ but silence is
golden´, it is better to be silent than to speak.¼
¨sim®ian© ²/ÚsImIEn/ ³adj, n ´(of, like, a) monkey or ape.¼
¨simi®lar© ²/ÚsImElE(r)/ ³adj ·@ (to), ´like; of the same sort: ³My wife and I
have @ tastes in music. Gold is @ in colour to brass. ¸@®ly ³adv ¸@®ity
²/*sImEÚlarEtI/ ³n ¶[C] ³(pl µ-ties³) ´likeness; state of being @; ¶[C] ´point
or respect in which there is likeness: ³points of @ity between the two men.
Are there any @ities between China and Japan?¼
¨sim®ile© ²/ÚsImIlI/ ³n ¶[C,U] ´(use of) comparison of one thing to
another, eÔg "He is as brave as a lion.' "Childhood is like a swiftly passing
dream': ³He uses interesting @s. His style is rich in @.¼
¨sim®ili®tude© ²/sIÚmIlItjud ³US: ²-tud/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´(formal) resemblance (in
general details but not in everything). ¸2 ¶[C] ´comparison; simile: ³talk in
@s.¼
¨sim®mer© ²/ÚsImE(r)/ ³vi,vt ¸1 ¶[VP2A,B,6A,15A] ´be, keep (sth), almost at
boiling-point: ³Let the soup @ for a few minutes. S@ the stew for an hour. ¸2
¶[VP2C] ´be filled with (anger, etc), which is only just kept under control:
³@ with rage/laughter/annoyance. ·@ down, ´(fig) become calm (after being
angry or excited). ³¹ n sing ·keep sth at a @/on the @, ´@ing.¼
¨sim®ony© ²/ÚsImEnI/ ³n ¶[U] ´(hist) offence of accepting or offering money for
a position in the Church.¼
¨si®moom© ²/sIÚmum/, ±si®moon ²/sIÚmun/ ³n ´hot, dry, dust-laden
wind blowing in a straight track in the Sahara and the deserts of Arabia.¼
¨sim®per© ²/ÚsImpE(r)/ ³vi ¶[VP2A]´, ³n ´(give a) silly, self-conscious smile.
¸@®ing®ly ²/ÚsImprIGlI/ ³adv¼
¨simple© ²/ÚsImpl/ ³adj µ(-r, -st) ¸1 ´unmixed; not divided into parts; having
only a small number of parts: ³a @ substance; a @ machine; a @ sentence´, one
without subordinate clauses. ¸@ interest, ´on capital only, not on accumulated
interest. µ¥ compound±1µ(3). ¸2 ´plain; not much decorated or ornamented: ³@
food/cooking; a @ style of architecture; the @ life´, a way of living without
luxuries, servants or artificial pastimes, or in the country, contrasted with
cities. ¸3 ´not highly developed: ³@ forms of life. ¸4 ´easily done or
understood; not causing trouble: ³written in @ English; a @ task. ¸5 ´innocent;
straight-forward: ³behave in a pleasant and @ way; as @ as a child; @ folk.
¸*@-Úhearted ³adj ´frank. ¸*@-Úminded ³adj ¸(a) ´frank; unsophisticated. ¸(b)
´feeble-minded. ¸6 ´inexperienced; easily deceived: ³Are you @ enough to
believe everything your newspapers tell you? I'm not so @ as to suppose you
like me. She's a @ soul´, innocent of guile. ¸7 ´with nothing added; absolute:
³a @ fact. ·pure and @, ´(colloq) absolute(ly), unquestionably: ³It's a case of
kill or be killed, pure and @. ¹ n ¶[C] ´(old use) herb used medicinally.
¸sim®ply ²/ÚsImplI/ ³adv ¸1 ´in a @µ(2) ´manner: ³live simply; dress simply;
simply dressed. ¸2 ´completely; absolutely: ³His pronunciation is simply
terrible´, is very bad indeed. ³She looks simply lovely. ¸3 ´only; merely;
nothing more nor less than: ³This drink consists simply of fresh oranges. You
must believe me simply on my word´, with nothing more than my assertion,
without proof or evidence. ³It is simply a matter of working hard.¼
¨simple®ton© ²/ÚsImpltEn/ ³n ´foolish, weak-minded person, esp one who is
easily deceived.¼
¨sim®plic®ity© ²/sImÚplIsEtI/ ³n ¶[U] ´the state of being simple: ³the @ of
the problem; speak with @. ·be @ itself, ´(colloq) be extremely easy.¼
¨sim®plify© ²/ÚsImplIfñI/ ³vt (pt,pp µ-fied³) ¶[VP6A] ´make simple; make easy
to do or understand: ³a simplified reader/text. That will @ my task.
¸sim®pli®fi®ca®tion ²/*sImplIfIÚkeI2n/ ³n ¶[U] ´act or process of @ing; ¶[C]
´instance of @ing; sth simplified.¼
¨simu®lac®rum© ²/*sImj8ÚleIkrEm/ ³n (pl µ-cra ²/-krE/³) ´sth made in the
likeness of a person or object; shadowy likeness that deceives.¼
¨simu®late© ²/ÚsImj8leIt/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ¸1 ´pretend to be; pretend to have or
feel: ³@d innocence/enthusiasm. ¸2 ´counterfeit: ³insects that @ dead leaves.
¸simu®la®tion ²/*sImj8ÚleI2n/ ³n ¶[U] ´pretence; imitation. ¸simu®la®tor
²/-tE(r)/ ³n ´(esp) apparatus designed to provide (for testing purposes)
conditions (eÔg non-gravity, for simulating weightlessness) like those which
are encountered in real operations.¼
¨sim®ul®ta®neous© ²/*sImlÚteInIEs ³US: ²*sñIm-/ ³adj ·@ (with),
´happening or done at the same time as. ¸@®ly ³adv ¸@®ness, sim®ul®ta®ne®ity
²/*sImltEÚniEtI ³US: ²*sñIm-/ ³nn¼
¨sin© ²/sIn/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´breaking of God's laws; behaviour that is against the
principles of morality, µ¥ crime´; ¶[C] ´instance of this; immoral act such as
telling a lie, stealing, murder: ³confess one's sins to a priest; ask for one's
sins to be forgiven. ·live in sin, ´(dated or hum use) live together as if
married. ¸original sin, ´proneness to commit sin which, some Christians
believe, is part of mankind's nature. ¸deadly/mortal sin, ´one that is fatal to
salvation of the soul. ·the seven deadly sins, ´pride, covetousness, lust,
anger, gluttony, envy, sloth. ¸2 ¶[C] ´(colloq) offence against convention; sth
considered contrary to common sense: ³It's a sin to give the children so much
homework. It's a sin to stay indoors on such a fine day. ¹ vi µ(-nn-)
¶[VP2A,3A] ·sin (against), ´commit sin; do wrong: ³We are all liable to sin. Is
it sinning against society to have a very large family? ¸sin®ful ²/-fl/ ³adj
´wrong; wicked. ¸sin®ful®ness ³n ¸sin®less ³adj ´free from sin; innocent.
¸sin®less®ness ³n ¸sin®ner ²/ÚsInE(r)/ ³n ´person who sins/has sinned.¼
¨since© ²/sIns/ ³adv ¸1 ´(with the perfect tenses) after a date,
event, etc in the past; before the present time; between some time in the past
and the present time, or the time referred to: ³The town was/had been
destroyed by an earthquake ten years ago/earlier and has/had @ been rebuilt.
He left home in 1970 and has not been heard of @. ·ever @, ´throughout the
whole of a period of time referred to and up to the present: ³He went to Turkey
in 1956 and has lived there ever @. ¸2 ´(with the simple tenses) ago (which is
the usu word): ³He did it many years @. How long @ is/was it? ¹ prep ´(with
the perfect tenses in the main clause) after; during a period of time after:
³S@ last seeing you I have been ill. She hasn't/hadn't been home @ her
marriage. ¹ conj ¸1 ´(with the perfect tenses in the main clause) from the past
time when: ³Where have you been @ I last saw you? ´(with the simple present
tense in the main clause): ³How long is it @ you were in London? It is just a
week @ we arrived here. ¸2 ´seeing that; as: ³S@ we've no money, we can't buy
it.¼
¨sin®cere© ²/sInÚsIE(r)/ ³adj ¸1 ´(of feelings, behaviour) genuine; not
pretended: ³It is my @ belief that«. Are they @ in their wish to disarm? ¸2
´(of persons) straightforward; not in the habit of expressing feelings that
are pretended. ¸@®ly ³adv ´in a @ manner. ·Yours @ly, ´commonly used before a
signature at the end of a letter to a friend or acquaintance. ¸sin®cer®ity
²/sInÚserEtI/ ³n ¶[U] ´the quality of being @; honesty: ³speaking in all
sincerity´, very @ly and honestly.¼
¨sin®ecure© ²/ÚsñInIkj8E(r)/ ³n ¶[C] ´position for which one receives credit
or payment but which does not entail work or responsibility.¼
¨sine die© ²/*sñInI ÚdñIi/ ³adv ´(Lat) without a date fixed: ³adjourn a meeting
@´, indefinitely.¼
¨sine qua non© ²/*sIneI kwq ÚnE8n/ ³n ´(Lat) condition or qualification that
cannot be done without; essential condition.¼
¨sinew© ²/ÚsInju/ ³n ¶[C] ¸1 ´tendon (strong cord) joining a muscle to a bone.
¸2 ³(pl) ´muscles; energy; physical strength; (fig) means of acquiring
strength. ·the @s of war´, money (with which to buy supplies). ¸sin®ewy ³adj
´tough; having strong @s: ³@y arms; ´(fig) vigorous; having or showing nervous
strength.¼
¨sing© ²/sIG/ ³vi,vt (pt µsang ²/saG/, ³pp µsung ²/sAG/³) ¸1
¶[VP2A,C,3A,6A,12B,13B,15A] ´make musical sounds with the voice; utter words
one after the other to a tune: ³She @s well. The birds were @ing. He was @ing a
French song. He was @ing to the guitar/to a piano accompaniment. She sang the
baby to sleep. You're not @ing in tune. You're @ing out of tune. Will you
@ me a song/@ a song for me? ·@ another tune, ´behave or speak in a different
way, eÔg with less confidence or presumption. ·@ small, ´(colloq) speak or
behave humbly (after being reproved, etc). ¸2 ¶[VP2A,C] ´make a humming,
buzzing or ringing sound: ³The kettle was @ing (away) on the cooker. My ears
are @ing´, are affected with buzzing sounds. ¸3 ¶[VP6A,3A] ·@ (of) sth,
´(liter) celebrate in verse: ³@ (of) sb's exploits. ·@ sb's praises, ´praise
him with enthusiasm. ¸4 ·@ out (for), ´shout (for). ·@ sth out, ´shout sth: ³@
out an order. ·@ up, ´@ with more force, @ more loudly: ³S@ up, girls, and
let's hear you. ¸@er ³n ´person who @s, esp one who does this in public. ¸@®ing
³n ´(esp) art of the @er: ³teach @ing; my ·Ú³@ing-master; take ·Ú³@ing lessons.
¸@®able ²/-Ebl/ ³adj ´that can be sung: ³Some of this modern music is not
@able. ¸Ú@®song ³n µ¥ ´separate entry below.¼
¨singe© ²/sIndZ/ ³vt,vi (pres part µsingeing³) ¸1 ¶[VP6A] ´burn off
the tips or ends (esp of hair, as may be done at the hair-dresser's): ³have
one's hair cut and @d. ¸2 ¶[VP6A] ´blacken the surface of by burning; burn
slightly: ³If the iron is too hot you'll @ that dress. She was busy @ing the
poultry´, burning the downy feathers off the birds (after they had been
killed). ¸3 ¶[VP2A] ´become @d or scorched. ¹ ³n ´slight burn or scorch (on
cloth, etc).¼
¨single© ²/ÚsIGgl/ ³adj ¸1 ´one only; one and no more: ³a @ cherry
hanging from the tree. ·in @ file, ´(moving, standing) one behind the other in
a line. ¸*@-Úbreasted ³adj ´(of a coat) having only one row of buttons down the
front. ¸*@ Úcombat, ´fight with weapons, one man against another man.
¸*@-Úhanded ³adj, adv ´done by one person without help from others. ¸*@-Úminded
³adj ´having, intent on, only one purpose. ¸Ú@®stick ³n ¶[C,U] ´(fencing with
a) stick about the length of a sword. ¸@ ticket ³n ´ticket for a journey to a
place, not there and back. Cf US ³one-way ´ticket. ¸@ track ³n ´(on a railway)
one line only, with traffic in one direction only at one time. ¸2 ´not married:
³@ men and women; remain @; the @ state/life´, that of an unmarried person. ¸3
´for the use of, used for, done by, one person: ³a @ bed; reserve ´(at a hotel)
³two @ rooms and one double room. ¸4 ´(bot) having only one set of petals. µ¥
double±1µ(5)´: ³a @ tulip. ¹ n ¶[C] ¸1 ´(tennis and golf) game with one person
on each side: ³play a @; the men's/women's @s at Wimbledon; ´(cricket) hit for
which one run is scored: ³run a quick @; ´(baseball) base hit. ¸2 ´(short for
a) @ ticket: ³two second-class @s to Leeds. ¹ vt ¶[VP15B] ·@ sb/sth out,
´select from others (for special attention, etc): ³Why have you @d out this
incident for criticism? ¸sing®ly ²/ÚsIGglI/ ³adv ´one by one; by oneself.
¸@®ness ³n ¶[U] ´quality of being @. ·@ness of purpose, ´complete devotion to
one purpose only.¼
¨sin®glet© ²/ÚsIGglIt/ ³n ´(GB) sleeveless garment worn for games
or under a shirt; vest.¼
¨single®ton© ²/ÚsIGgltEn/ ³n ¶[C] ´(in card games) single card of any suit held
in one hand (of 13 cards): ³a @ in hearts.¼
¨sing®song© ²/ÚsIGsoG/ ³n ¸1 ´meeting of friends to sing songs together;
impromptu vocal concert: ³have a @ round the camp fire. ¸2 ·in a @, ´(of a
voice) in a rising and falling way; in a monotonous rhythm: (attrib) ·in a @
voice/manner.¼
¨sin®gu®lar© ²/ÚsIGgj8lE(r)/ ³adj ¸1 ´(liter) uncommon; strange: ³Isn't it
unwise to make yourself so @ in your dress´, to be so unconventional? ¸2
´(formal) outstanding: ³a man of @ courage and honesty. ¸3 ´(gram) of the form
used in speaking or writing of one person or thing. ¹ ³n ´the @ number: ³What
is the @ of children? ¸@®ly ³adv ´outstandingly; strangely; peculiarly. ¸@®ity
²/*sIGgj8ÚlarEtI/ ³n (pl µ-ties³) ¶[U] ´strangeness; ¶[C] ´sth unusual or
strange. ¸Ú@®ize ²/-ñIZ/ ³vt ´make @µ(1)´.¼
¨Sin®ha®lese© ²/*sInhEÚliz/, ±Sin®gha®lese ²/*sIGhEÚliz/ ³adj ´of the larger of
the communities in Sri Lanka and their language. µ¥ Tamil. ³¹ n ´member,
language, of this community.¼
¨sin®is®ter© ²/ÚsInIstE(r)/ ³adj ¸1 ´suggesting evil or the likelihood of
coming misfortune: ³a @ beginning. ¸2 ´showing ill will: ³a @ face; @ looks.
¸3 ´(in heraldry) on the left side of the shield (regarded from the bearer's
point of view). ·bar @, ´mark on a shield showing illegitimate descent.¼
¨sink©1 ²/sIGk/ ³n ¶[C] ¸1 ´fixed basin (of stone, porcelain, steel, etc) with
a drain for taking off water, usu under water taps in a kitchen or scullery,
used for washing dishes, cleaning vegetables, etc: ³She complains that she
spends half her life at the kitchen @´, seldom gets away from dull domestic
work. ¸2 ´cesspool. ¸3 ´(fig) place where evil people and evil practices
collect: ³That part of the town is a @ of iniquity.¼
¨sink©2 ²/sIGk/ ³vi,vt (pt µsank ²/saGk/, ³pp µsunk ²/sAGk/, ´or, as adj,
µsunken ²/ÚsAGkEn/³) ¸1 ¶[VP2A,C] ´go down, esp below the horizon or
the surface of water or other liquid or a soft substance, eÔg mud: ³The sun
was @ing in the west. Wood does not @ in water, it floats. The ship sank´,
went to the bottom. ·@ or swim, ´phrase used of running great risks when the
alternatives are complete loss or failure and safety or success. ¸2 ¶[VP2A,C]
´slope downwards; become lower or weaker: ³The foundations have sunk. The
ground @s to the sea. The soldier sank to the ground badly wounded. ´(fig)
³His heart sank at the thought of failure. ¸3 ¶[VP6A,15A] ´make by digging: ³@
a well; ´place (sth) in a hole made by digging: ³@ a post one foot deep in the
ground. ¸4 ¶[VP2C,3A] ·@ in; @ into sth, ´(of liquids, and fig) go down deep:
³The rain sank into the dry ground. Let this warning @ into your mind. The
lesson hasn't sunk in´, (fig) has not been learnt or fully understood. ¸5
¶[VP2C,3A] ·@ in; @ into/to sth, ´come to a lower level or state (physical or
moral): ³@ into a deep sleep; @ into vice; @ into insignificance; @ in the
estimation of one's friends. He was sunk in thought/despair. He is @ing fast´,
will soon die. ³The old man has sunken cheeks. His cheeks have sunk in. His
voice sank to a whisper. ¸6 ¶[VP6A,15A] ´cause or allow to @: ³@ a ship. He
sank ´(= lowered) ³his voice to a whisper. Let us @ our differences ´(= put
them out of our thoughts, forget them), ³and work together. ¸7 ¶[VP6A,14]
·@ (in), ´invest (money), esp so that it is not easy to withdraw it: ³He has
sunk half his fortune in a new business undertaking. ¸Ú@®able ²/-Ebl/ ³adj
´that can be sunk.¼
¨sinker© ²/ÚsIGkE(r)/ ³n ¶[C] ´(esp) lead weight attached to a fishing line or
net to keep it under the water. ·hook, line and @, µ¥ hook(1).¼
¨sink®ing© ²/ÚsIGkIG/ ³n ³(gerund) ´(esp) ·a Ú@ feeling´, feeling in the stomach
caused by fear or hunger. ¸Ú@-fund ³n ´money from revenue put aside by a
government, business company, etc for gradual repayment of a debt.¼
¨Sinn Fein© ²/*2In ÚfeIn/ ³n ´political movement and organization founded in
Ireland in 1905 for independent republican government.¼
¨Si®nol®ogy© ²/sñIÚnolEdZI/ ³n ¶[U] ´knowledge, study, of the
Chinese language and culture. ¸Si®nol®ogist ²/-dZIst/ ³n ´expert in @.¼
¨sinu®ous© ²/ÚsInj8Es/ ³adj ´winding; full of curves and twists. ¸sinu®os®ity
²/*sInj8ÚosEtI/ ³n (pl µ-ties³) ¶[U] ´being @; ¶[C] ´curve or twist.¼
¨sinus© ²/ÚsñInEs/ ³n (pl µ@es³) ¶[C] ´hollow in a bone, esp one of several
air-filled cavities in the bones of the skull, communicating with the nostrils.
¸@®itis ²/*sñInEÚsñItIs/ ³n ¶[U] ´inflammation of a @. µ¥ ´the illus at
µskeleton.¼
¨Sioux© ²/su/ ³n ´member of a N American Indian tribe.¼
¨sip© ²/sIp/ ³vt,vi µ(-pp-) ¶[VP6A,15B,2A] ´drink, taking a very small
quantity at a time: ³sip (up) one's coffee. ¹ n ¶[C] ´(quantity taken in a)
sipping: ³drink brandy in sips, not gulps.¼
¨si®phon©, sy®phon ²/ÚsñIfEn/ ³n ¶[C] ¸1 ´bent or curved tube, pipe, etc so
arranged (like an inverted µU´) that liquid will flow up through it and then
down. ¸2 ´bottle from which soda-water can be forced out by the pressure of
gas in it. ¹ ³vt,vi ¶[VP15B] ·@ sth off/out, ´draw (liquid) out or off through
or as if through a @: ³Who has @ed off all the petrol from the tank of my car?¼
¨sir© ²/s3(r)/ ³n ¸1 ´polite form used in addressing a man to whom one wishes
to show respect: ³Yes, sir. Dinner is served, sir. Sir, it is my duty to
inform you that«. ¸2 ´used in letters: ³My dear Sir; Dear Sir; Dear Sirs. ¸3
´prefix (usu unstressed ²/sE/´) to the name of a knight or baronet: ³Sir
·*³Winston ·Ú³Churchill.¼
¨sir®dar© ²/Ús3dq(r)/ ³n ´(in some Asian countries) officer or leader of high,
esp military, rank.¼
¨sire© ²/sñIE(r)/ ³n ¸1 ´(old use) father or male ancestor. ¸2
´(old use) title of respect used when addressing a king or emperor. ¸3 ´male
parent of an animal: ³race-horses with pedigree @s. ¹ vt ¶[VP6A] ´(esp of
horses) be the @ of: ³a Derby winner @d by Pegasus.¼
¨si®ren© ²/ÚsñIErEn/ ³n ¸1 ´(Gk myth) one of a number of winged women whose
songs charmed sailors and caused their destruction; (hence) woman who attracts
and is dangerous to men. ¸2 ´ship's whistle for sending warnings and signals;
device for producing a loud shrill noise (as a warning, etc): ³an ·Ú³air-raid
@; an ambulance/a fire-engine racing along with its @s wailing.¼
¨sir®loin© ²/Ús3lãIn/ ³n ¶[C,U] ´best part of loin of beef.¼
¨sir®occo© ²/sIÚrokE8/ ³n (pl µ@s ²/-kE8z/³) ¶[C] ´hot, moist wind reaching
Italy from Africa.¼
¨sir®rah© ²/ÚsIrE/ ³n ´(contemptuous; archaic) sir.¼
¨sirup© ²/ÚsIrEp/ ´= µsyrup.¼
¨si®sal© ²/ÚsñIsl/ ³n ¶[U] ´plant (µ¥ agave´) with fleshy leaves which provide
strong fibre used for making rope: (attrib) ³@ grass/fibre/rope.¼
¨sissy© ²/ÚsIsI/ ³n ´(colloq; derog) effeminate or cowardly person.
¸sis®si®fied ²/ÚsIsIfñId/ ³adj ´effeminate or cowardly.¼
¨sis®ter© ²/ÚsIstE(r)/ ³n ¸1 ´daughter of the same parents as oneself or
another person: ³my/your/his @. ¸Úhalf-@ ³n ´related by one parent only. µ¥
´also ³step-@ ´at µstep-. ¸Ú@-in-law ³n (pl µ@s-in-law´) @ of one's wife or
husband; wife of one's brother. ¸2 ´person who behaves towards one as a @ does:
³She was like a @ to him. ¸3 ´(GB) senior hospital nurse. ¸4 ´member of certain
religious orders; nun: ³S@s of Mercy´, a nursing sisterhood. ¸5 ´(attrib) of
the same design or type: ³@ ships/organisations. ¸@®ly ³adj ´of or like a @:
³@ly love; a @ly kiss. ¸@®hood ²/-h8d/ ³n ¶[C] ´society of women who devote
themselves to charitable works, nursing, etc or live together in a religious
order.¼
¨sit© ²/sIt/ ³vi,vt (pt,pp µsat ²/sat/, µ-tt-³) ´(For special uses
with ³adverbial particles ´and ³preps, µ¥ 8 ´below.) ¸1 ¶[VP2A,C] ´take or be
in a position in which the body is upright and supported by the buttocks
(resting on the ground or on a seat): ³sit on a chair/on the floor/in an
armchair/at a table or desk/on a horse, etc. The child is not big enough to
sit at table yet. ·sit to an artist, ´have one's portrait painted by him
(while sitting). ·sit (for) an examination, ´take one. ·sit for one's portrait,
´have one's portrait painted while sitting before an artist. ·sit tight, ¸(a)
´remain firmly in one's place, esp in the saddle. ¸(b) ´(colloq) stick firmly
to one's purpose, opinions, etc. ·sit for (a borough, etc), ´represent it in
Parliament. Hence, ·sitting member, ´the candidate (at a general election) who
held the seat before the dissolution of Parliament. ¸2 ¶[VP6A] ´cause to sit;
place in a sitting position: ³He lifted the child and sat ´(= seated) ³her at a
little table; (reflex): ³Sit yourself down´, be seated. ¸3 ¶[VP2A] ´(of
Parliament, a law court, a committee, etc) hold meetings: ³The House of
Commons was still sitting at 3aÔm. ¸4 ¶[VP6A] ´keep one's seat on (a horse,
etc): ³She sits her horse well. He couldn't sit his mule. ¸5 ¶[VP2A,C] ´(of
birds) perch: ³sitting on a branch. ¸*sitting Úduck, ´an easy target or
victim. ¸*sitting Útenant, ´one who is actually in occupation (of a house,
flat, etc, contrasted with a prospective tenant): ³greedy owners who want to
get rid of sitting tenants and then charge higher rents to new tenants. ¸6
¶[VP2A] ´(of domestic fowls) remain on the nest in order to hatch eggs: ³That
hen wants to sit. ¸7 ¶[VP2C] ´(of clothes) suit, fit, hang: ³That dress sits
well/loosely, etc on her. The coat sits badly across the shoulders. His new
dignity sits well on him´, (fig) suits him well. ¸8 ¶[VP2C,3A,15B] ´(special
uses with ³adverbial particles ´and ³preps´):¼
·sit back, ¸(a) ´settle oneself comfortably back, eÔg in a chair. ¸(b) ´(fig)
take one's ease (after strenuous activity, etc); take no action.¼
·sit down, ¸(a) ´take a seat: ³Please sit down, all of you. ¸*sit-down Ústrike,
´strike by workers who refuse to leave the factory, etc until their demands are
considered or satisfied. ·sit down under (insults, etc), ´suffer without
protest or complaint.¼
·sit in, ´(of workers, students, etc) demonstrate by occupying a building (or
part of it) and staying there until their grievances are considered or until
they themselves are ejected: ³There are reports of students sitting in at
several universities. ´Hence, ¸Úsit-in ³n ´such a demonstration. ·sit in on
sth, ´attend (a discussion, etc) as an observer, not as a participant.¼
·sit on/upon sth, ¸(a) ´(of a person) be a member of (a jury, committee, etc).
¸(b) ´(colloq) neglect to deal with: ³They've been sitting on my application
for a month. ·sit on/upon sth, ´(of a jury, etc) inquire into, investigate (a
case). ·sit on/upon sb, ´(colloq) repress; snub: ³That impudent fellow needs
to be sat on.¼
·sit out, ´sit outdoors: ³It's hot indoorsÅlet's sit out in the garden, shall
we? ·sit sth out, ¸(a) ´stay to the end of (a performance, etc): ³sit out a
boring play. ¸(b) ´take no part in (esp a particular dance): ³I think I'll sit
out the next dance.¼
·sit up, ´not go to bed (until later than the usual time): ³I shall be late
getting back, so please don't sit up for me. The nurse sat up with her patient
all night. Ought children to sit up late looking at TÔV programmes? ·sit (sb)
up, ´(cause to) take an upright position after lying flat or sitting badly:
³The patient is well enough to sit up in bed now. Just sit me up a little´,
help me to sit up. ·sit up straight! ´Don't lean back! Don't sprawl! ·make sb
sit up (and take notice), ´(colloq) alarm or frighten him; rouse him from
lethargy to activity.¼
¨si®tar© ²/sIÚtq(r)/ ³n ´Hindu stringed musical instrument. µ¥ ´the illus at
µstring.¼
¨site© ²/sñIt/ ³n ¶[C] ´place where sth was, is, or is to be: ³built
on the @ of an old fort; a @ for a new school; deliver materials to a
·Ú³building @. ¹ vi ¶[VP6A] ´locate; place: ³Where have they decided to @ the
new factory?¼
¨sit®ter© ²/ÚsItE(r)/ ³n ¸1 ´person who is sitting for a portrait. ¸2 ´hen
that sitsµ(5)´: ³a good/poor @. ¸3 ´bird or animal that is sitting and
therefore easy to shoot; (hence) easy shot; sth easily done. ¸4 µ¥ ³baby-@ ´at
µbaby.¼
¨sit®ting© ²/ÚsItIG/ ³n ¸1 ´time during which a court of law, Parliament, etc
is @ continuously: ³during a long @. ¸2 ´period of time during which one is
engaged continuously in a particular occupation: ³finish reading a book at one
@. ¸3 ´act of @ for a portrait: ³The artist wants you to give him six @s´, sit
for him six times. ¸4 ´occasion of @ (for a meal, etc): ³In the dining-room of
this hotel 100 people can be served at one @´, iÔe at the same time, together.
¸5 ´collection of eggs on which a hen sits. ¸6 Ú@-room ³n ´room for general
use (contrasted with a dining-room, bedroom, etc).¼
¨situ®ated© ²/ÚsIt28eItId/ ³pred adj ¸1 ´(of a town, building, etc) placed:
³The village is @ in a valley. ¸2 ´(of a person) in (certain) circumstances:
³Having six children and no income, the widow was badly @. I'm awkwardly @
just now´, in difficult circumstances.¼
¨situ®ation© ²/*sIt28ÚeI2n/ ³n ¶[C] ¸1 ´position (of a town, building, etc).
¸2 ´condition, state of affairs, esp at a certain time: ³be in an embarrassing
@. ¸3 ´work, employment: ³S@s vacant, S@s wanted´, headings of newspaper
notices of employment offered and asked for; ³be in/out of a @´, be
employed/unemployed.¼
¨six© ²/sIks/ ³n, adj ´the number 6, µ¥ App 4. ·(It is) six of one
and half a dozen of the other, ´There is very little difference between the one
and the other. ·in sixes, ´in groups of six at a time. ·at sixes and sevens,
´in confusion. ¸*six-Úfooter ³n ´(colloq) person six feet in height; thing six
feet long. ¸Úsix®pence ³n ¸(a) ´former GB coin value (formerly) six pennies
(³6d´), or (since 1971) 2§p. ¸(b) ´the sum of six pennies, either 6³p ´or 6³d.
µ¥ App 5. ¸Úsix®penny ³adj ´costing ³6d ´or ³6p. ¸*six-Úshooter ³n ´revolver
with six chambers. ¸Úsix®fold ²/-fE8ld/ ³adj, adv ´six times as much or as
many; six times as great. ¸six®teen ²/sIkÚstin/ ³n, adj ´the number 16.
¸six®teenth ²/sikÚstinT/ ³n, adj ¸sixth ²/sIksT/ ³n, adj ¸Úsixth form ³n ´(in
secondary schools, GB) form (= class) for pupils being prepared for A-level
examinations. µ¥ level±2µ(3). ¸Úsixth-former ³n ´pupil in this form. ¸*sixth
Úsense ³n ´power to be aware of things independently of the five senses;
intuition. ¸sixth®ly ³adv ¸six®ti®eth ²/ÚsIkstIET/ ³n, adj ¸sixty ²/ÚsIkstI/
³n, adj ´the number 60. ¸the sixties ³n pl ´60-69.¼
¨size©1 ²/sñIz/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´degree of largeness or smallness: ³a
building of vast @; about the @ of ´(= about as large as) ³a duck's egg; of
some @´, fairly large. ³They're both of a @´, are the same @. ·That's about
the @ of it, ´(colloq) That's a fair account of the affair, situation, etc. ¸2
¶[C] ´one of the standard and (usu) numbered classes in which articles of
clothing, etc are made: ³a @ fifteen collar; trousers three @s too large; all
@s of gloves. I take @ nine shoes. ¹vt ¶[VP6A] ¸1 ´arrange in @s or according
to @. ¶[VP15B] ·@ sb/sth up, ´(colloq) form a judgement or opinion of. ¸-sized
²/-sñIzd/ ³suff ´(in compounds) having a certain @: ³medium-sized.
¸Úsiz(e)®able ²/-Ebl/ ³adj ´fairly large.¼
¨size©2 ²/sñIz/ ³n ¶[U] ´sticky substance used to glaze textiles, paper,
plaster, etc. ¹ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´stiffen or treat with @.¼
¨sizzle© ²/ÚsIzl/ ³vi ¶[VP6A]´, ³n ´(colloq) (make the) hissing sound as of sth
cooking in fat: ³sausages sizzling in the pan; ´(fig) ³a sizzling hot day.¼
¨skate©1 ²/skeIt/ ³n ¸(Úice-)@, ´one of a pair of sharp-edged steel blades to
be fastened to a boot for moving smoothly over ice. µ¥ ´the illus at µhockey.
µ¥ ´also ³roller-@s ´at µroller(2). ³¹ vi ¶[VP2A,C] ´move on @s: ³@ over/round
a difficulty/a delicate problem´, make only passing and cautious reference to
it. ·@ on thin ice, ´talk about a subject that needs great tact.
¸Ú@®board ³n ´narrow board for standing on, about 50cm long, mounted front and
back on two pairs of roller-skate wheels, used in sport over a smooth surface
(eÔg for racing, demonstrating skill). ¸Ú@®boarder ³n ´person using a @board.
¸Ú@®boarding ³n ¶[U] ´sport of using a @board. ¸Úskat®ing ³n ´sport of using
@s. ¸Úskat®ing-rink ³n ´specially prepared surface for skating. ¸@r ³n ´person
who @s.¼
¨skate©2 ²/skeIt/ ³n ´large, flat, long-tailed sea-fish, valued as food.¼
¨ske®daddle© ²/skIÚdadl/ ³vi ¶[VP2A] ´(GB, colloq, usu imper) run
away.¼
¨skeet© ²/skit/ ³n ´(kind of) clay-pigeon shooting. µ¥ pigeon(2).¼
¨skein© ²/skeIn/ ³n ¶[C] ´length of silk or wool yarn or thread coiled loosely
into a bundle.¼
¨skel®eton© ²/ÚskelItn/ ³n ¶[C] ¸1 ´bony framework of an animal body; bones of
an animal body in the same relative positions as in life; hard framework of
woody fibre containing a vegetable body: ³He looks like a living @. ·reduced
to a @, ´(of an animal, a human being) very thin as the result of hunger,
illness, etc. ·the @ in the cupboard; the family @, ´sth of which a family is
ashamed and which it tries to keep secret. ¸2 ´framework of a building,
organization, plan, theory, etc; outline to which details are to be added:
³the steel @ of a new building. ¸3 ´(attrib) ¸Ú@ key, ´one that will open a
number of different locks. ¸a @ staff/crew/service, etc, ´one reduced to the
smallest possible number needed for maintenance.¼
¨skep© ²/skep/ ³n ´(kinds of) wicker basket; straw or wicker bee-hive.¼
¨skep®tic© ²/ÚskeptIk/ µ¥ sceptic.¼
¨sketch© ²/sket2/ ³n ¶[C] ¸1 ´rough, quickly made drawing: ³make a @ of a
face/place. ¸Ú@-book/-block ³nn ´book or pad of sheets of drawing-paper for
making @es on. ¸Ú@-map ³n ´one with outlines but little detail. ¸2 ´short
account or description; rough draft or general outline, without details: ³He
gave me a @ of his plans for the expedition. ¸3 ´short, humorous play or piece
of writing. ³¹ vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A] ´make a @ of; ¶[VP15B] ·@ sth out, ´give a
rough plan of; indicate without detail: ³@ out proposals for a new road. ¸2
¶[VP2A] ´practise the art of making @es: ³My sister often goes into the country
to @. ¸@er ³n ´person who @esµ(2)´. ¸sketchy ³adj µ(-ier, -iest) ¸1 ´done
roughly and without detail or care. ¸2 ´incomplete: ³He has a rather @y
knowledge of geography. ¸@®ily ²/-IlI/ ³adv ¸@i®ness ³n¼
¨skew© ²/skju/ ³adj ´twisted or turned to one side; not straight.
¸Ú@-eyed ³adj ´(colloq) squinting. ·on the @, ´(colloq) @.¼
¨skewer© ²/Úskj8E(r)/ ³n ´pointed stick of wood or metal for holding meat
together while cooking. ³¹ vt ¶[VP6A] ´fasten with, or as with, a @.¼
¨ski© ²/ski/ ³n (pl µskis³) ´one of a pair of long, narrow strips of wood,
strapped under the feet for moving over snow: ³a pair of skis; bind on one's
skis. ¸Úski-bob ³n ´bicycle frame fitted with skis in place of wheels.
¸Úski-jump ³n ´jump made after getting up speed on a downward slope. ¸Úski-lift
³n ´ropeway for carrying skiers up a mountain side. ¸Úski-plane ³n
´aircraft fitted with skis instead of wheels, to enable it to land on an
expanse of snow. ³¹ vi (pt,pp µski'd³, pres part µskiing´) move over snow on
ski(s): ³go skiing in Switzerland; go in for skiing. ¸skier ²/ÚskiE(r)/ ³n
´person using ski(s).¼
¨skid© ²/skId/ ³n ¶[C] ¸1 ´piece of wood or metal fixed under the
wheel of a cart, etc to prevent it from turning, and in this way check the
speed when going downhill. ¸2 ´log, plank, etc used to make a track over which
heavy objects may be dragged or rolled. ¸@ row ²/rE8/ ³n ´(US) slum area where
vagrants live. ¸3 ´slipping movement, often sideways, of the wheels of a
car, etc on a slippery or icy road, or caused by excessive speed while turning
a corner: ³How would you get out of/correct a @? ¸Ú@®pan ³n ´surface specially
prepared to cause @s, used for practice in controlling vehicles which @. ·put
the @s under sb, ´(sl) do sth to make him hurry. ³¹ vi µ(-dd-) ¶[VP2A] ´(of a
car, etc) move or slip sideways, etc; have a @µ(3)´.¼
¨skies© ²/skñIz/ ³pl ´of µsky.¼
¨skiff© ²/skIf/ ³n ´small, light boat, esp one rowed or sculled by a single
person.¼
¨skiffle© ²/ÚskIfl/ ³n ¶[U] ´(1950's) mixture of jazz and folksong,
with improvised instruments and a singer who usu has a guitar or a banjo.
¸Ú@-group, ´group of such players.¼
¨skil®ful© ´(US = ¸skillful´) ²/ÚskIlfl/ ³adj ´having or showing skill: ³He's
not very @ with his chopsticks/at using chopsticks. ¸@ly ²/-fElI/ ³adv¼
¨skill© ²/skIl/ ³n ¶[U] ´ability to do sth expertly and well; ¶[C] ´particular
kind of @: ³Is learning a foreign language a question of learning new @s, or a
question of acquiring new knowledge? ¸@ed ³adj ¸1 ´trained; experienced; having
@; ³@ed workmen; @ed in doing sth. ¸2 ´needing @: ³@ed work.¼
¨skil®let© ²/ÚskIlIt/ ³n ¸1 ´small metal cooking-pot with a long handle and
(usu) feet. ¸2 ´(US) frying-pan.¼
¨skilly© ²/ÚskIlI/ ³n ¶[U] ´thin broth or soup (usu oatmeal and water
flavoured with meat).¼
¨skim© ²/skIm/ ³vt,vi µ(-mm-) ¸1 ¶[VP6A,15B,14] ·@ (off) (from), ´remove
floating matter from (the surface of a liquid): ³@ milk; ´remove (cream, scum,
etc) from the surface of a liquid: ³@ the cream from the milk; @ off the
fat from the soup. ¸Ú@®med-milk ³n ´milk from which the cream has been @med. ¸2
¶[VP2C,15A] ´move lightly over (a surface), not touching, or only lightly or
occasionally touching (it): ³The swallows were @ming (over) the water/@med
along the ground. ¸3 ¶[VP6A,3A] ·@ (through) sth, ´read quickly, noting only
the chief points: ³@ (through) a newspaper/catalogue, etc. ¸@®mer ³n ¸1
´utensil with a perforated bowl for @ming liquids. ¸2 ´long-winged water-bird.¼
¨skimp© ²/skImp/ ³vt,vi ¶[VP6A,2A] ´supply, use, less than enough of what is
needed: ³@ the butter when making cakes/the material when making a dress. They
are so poor that they have to @. ¸skimpy ³adj µ(-ier, -iest) ¸1 ´giving,
using, less than enough. ¸2 ´(of a dress, etc) made with insufficient
material; too small; too tight. ¸@®ily ²/-IlI/ ³adv´: ³a @ily made dress.¼
¨skin© ²/skIn/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´elastic substance forming the outer
covering of the body of a person or animal: ³We all got wet to the @´,
thoroughly wet (eÔg in heavy rain). ·@ and bone, ´very thin: ³He's only @ and
bone. ·by the @ of one's teeth, ´by a narrow margin; narrowly. ·get under
one's @, ´(fig) annoy, irritate, anger one; infatuate one. ·get sb under
one's skin, ´be infatuated with him. ·have a thin/thick @, ´(fig) be
sensitive/insensitive; be easily/not easily hurt by unkindness, criticism,
rebuke, etc. Hence, ¸*thin-/*thick-Ú@ned ³adjj ·save one's @, ´avoid being
hurt, etc; escape safely. ¸Ú@-diving ³n ´form of sport in which a person dives
into and swims under the water without a diving-suit, with goggles to protect
the eyes and a snorkel or aqualung to help breathing. ¸*@-Údeep ³adj ´(of
beauty, feelings, etc) only on the surface; not deep or lasting. ¸Ú@®flint ³n
´miser. ¸Ú@ game ³n ´fraudulent gambling game; swindle. ¸Ú@-graft ³n ´surgical
process of grafting @ from one part of a person's body (or from another
person's body) on to a part which has been damaged, eÔg by burning. ¸Úskin®head
³n ´(GB, early 1970's) young gangster with closely-cut hair. ¸*@-Útight ³adj
´(of a garment) fitting closely to the body. ¸2 ¶[C] ´animal @ with or without
the hair or fur; hide; pelt: ·Ú³rabbit-@s. ¸3 ¶[C] ´vessel for storing or
carrying liquid, made of the whole @ of an animal: ·Ú³wine-@s. ¸4 ¶[C,U] ´outer
covering of a fruit, or plant: ³slip on a ba·Ú³nana @; ·Ú³grape @s. µ¥ ´the
illus at µfruit. ´Cf ³peel ´for potatoes, apples, etc; the ³bark ´of a tree. ¸5
´thin layer that forms on boiled milk: ³the @ on a milk pudding. ¹ vt,vi
µ(-nn-) ¸1 ¶[VP6A] ´take the @ off: ³@ a rabbit. ·keep one's Úeyes @ned,
´(colloq) be alert, watchful. ¸2 ¶[VP6A,14] ´(colloq) swindle; fleece: ³He was
@ned of all his money by confidence tricksters. ¸3 ¶[VP2C] ·@ over, ´become
covered with @: ³The wound @ned over. ¸@ny ³adj µ(-ier, -iest) ´with little
flesh; (colloq) mean; miserly. µ¥ skinflint ´above.¼
¨skint© ²/skInt/ ³adj ´(GB sl) without money; penniless.¼
¨skip©1 ²/skIp/ ³vi,vt µ(-pp-) ¸1 ¶[VP2A,C] ´jump lightly and quickly: ³@ over
an obstacle/over a brook/out of the way of a bus. The lambs were @ping about
in the fields´, jumping about, gambolling. ¸2 ¶[VP2A] ´jump over a rope which
is turned over the head and under the feet as one jumps. ¸Ú@®ping-rope ³n
´length of rope (usu with two wooden handles) used in the children's game of
@ping. ¸3 ¶[VP2C] ´go from one place (or, fig, subject) to another quickly or
casually: ³@ over/across to Paris for the weekend. He @ped off ´(= left)
³without saying anything to any of us. He @ped from one subject to another. ¸4
¶[VP6A,2A] ´make omissions, go from one part (of a book, etc) to another
without reading, paying attention, etc: ³He @ped the dull parts of the book.
We'll @ the next chapter. Do you read without @ping? ¹ n ¶[C] ´@ping movement:
³a hop, a @ and a jump.¼
¨skip©2 ²/skIp/ ³n ´cage or bucket in which men or materials are
raised and lowered in mines and quarries; large metal container for carrying
away builders' refuse, etc.¼
¨skip®per© ²/ÚskIpE(r)/ ³n ´captain, esp of a small merchant ship or
fishing-boat; (colloq) captain of a team in games such as football and
cricket.¼
¨skirl© ²/sk3l/ ³n ´shrill, piercing sound: ³the @ of the bagpipes.¼
¨skir®mish© ²/Úsk3mI2/ ³n ¶[C] ´(often unpremeditated) fight between small
parts of armies or fleets; (hence) short argument or contest of wit, etc. ³¹
vi ¶[VP2A,C] ´engage in a @. ¸@er ³n ´one who @es, esp a member of a force
sent out from the main body of troops to hide its movements, or to learn about
the movement of the enemy.¼
¨skirt© ²/sk3t/ ³n ¸1 ´woman's garment that hangs from the waist. ¸2 ´part of
a dress or other garment (eÔg a long coat or shirt) that hangs below the
waist. ¸3 ³(pl) ´(= outskirts) border; extreme parts: ³on the @s of the town.
³¹ vt,vi ¶[VP6A,2C] ´be on, pass along, the edge of: ³Our road @ed the forest.
Our path @ed along the moor. ·@ round sth, ´be indirect about it; avoid direct
reference to it: ³He @ed round the subject of his family. ¸Ú@®ing-board ³n
´strip or line of boards fixed round the walls of a room close to the floor.¼
¨skit© ²/skIt/ ³n ¶[C] ´short piece of humorous writing, short
play, mimicking and making fun of sth or sb: ³a @ on Wagner/on "Macbeth'.¼
¨skit®tish© ²/ÚskItI2/ ³adj ´(of horses) excitable; lively; difficult to
control; (of a person) lively and coquettish, fond of flirting, etc. ¸@®ly ³adv
¸@®ness ³n¼
¨skittle© ²/ÚskItl/ ³n ¸@s ³n pl sing-v ´game in which a ball is bowled
along an alley ¸(Ú@-alley) ´with the purpose of knocking down a number of
bottle-shaped pieces of wood (called ¸@s ´or ¸Ú@-pins´). µ¥ ninepins, tenpins.
·(all) beer and @s, ´amusement; fun: ³Life is not all beer and @s. ¹ vt
¶[VP15B] ·@ out, ´(cricket) dismiss easily: ³The whole side was @d out for 100
runs.¼
¨skivvy© ²/ÚskIvI/ ³n (pl µ-vies³) ´(GB sl) (pej) servant who is required to do
all sorts of work.¼
¨skua© ²/ÚskjuE/ ³n ´large kind of seagull.¼
¨skulk© ²/skAlk/ ³vi ¶[VP2A,C] ´hide, move secretly, through cowardice, or to
avoid work or duty, or with an evil purpose. ¸@er ³n¼
¨skull© ²/skAl/ ³n ´bony framework of the head. µ¥ ´the illus at µskeleton.
·have a thick @´, be stupid. ¸*@ and Úcross-bones, ´picture of a @ and two
thigh-bones crossed below it (as an emblem of death or danger, and formerly
used on a flag by pirates). ¸Ú@-cap ³n ´close-fitting (often velvet) cap worn
indoors by old or bald men, by Popes and cardinals. ¸-skulled ³suff ´(with ³adj
´prefixed): ·*³thick-·Ú³@ed´, having a thick @.¼
¨skull®dug®gery© ²/skAlÚdAgErI/ ³n ´(colloq) clever deception;
trickery.¼
¨skunk© ²/skAGk/ ³n ¸1 ´small, bush-tailed N American animal able to send out a
strong, unpleasant smell as a defence when attacked; ¶[U] ´its fur. ¸2
´detestable or contemptible person.¼
¨sky© ²/skñI/ ³n (pl µskies ²/skñIz/³) ¸1 ´(usu ¸the sky´; ¸a sky ´when
modified by an ³adj, ´often ³pl ´in the same sense) the space we look up to
from the earth, where we see the sun, moon and stars: ³under the open sky´, out
of doors; ³a clear, blue sky; a starry sky/(the) starry skies.
·praise/extol/laud sb to the skies, ´praise him very highly. ¸*sky-Úblue ³adj,
n ´(of) the bright blue colour of the sky on a cloudless day. ¸*sky-Úhigh ³adv
´so as to reach the sky; as high as the sky: ³When the bomb exploded, the
bridge was blown sky-high. ¸Úsky®light ³n ´window in a sloping roof. ¸Úsky®line
³n ´outline of hills, buildings, etc, defined against the sky: ³the skyline of
New York. ¸Úsky®lark ³n ´small bird that sings as it flies up into the sky. µ¹
³vi ´= lark±1µ. ¸Úsky pilot ³n ´(sl) parson (esp, among sailors, a chaplain on
a warship). ¸Úsky-rocket ³vi ´(of prices) soar; go up steeply. ¸Úsky®scraper ³n
´very tall building. ¸Úsky-writing ³n ¶[U] ´(making of) smoke-trails forming
legible words in the sky (by aircraft for advertising purposes). ¸2 ´(often
³pl´) climate: ³the sunny skies of southern Italy. ¹ vt ´hit (eÔg a ball) high
up. ¸sky®ward(s) ²/ÚskñIwEd(z)/ ³adj, adv ´toward(s) the sky; upward(s).¼
¨slab© ²/slab/ ³n ´thick flat (usu square or rectangular) piece of stone, wood
or other solid substance: ³paved with @s of stone; a @ of cheese/cooking
chocolate; a mortuary @.¼
¨slack©1 ²/slak/ ³adj ¸1 ´giving little care or attention to one's
work; having or showing little energy: ³Don't get @ at your work. She feels @
´(= lacking in energy) ³this morning. ¸2 ´dull; inactive; with not much work
to be done or business being done: ³Trade/Business is @ this week. There is
only a @ demand for S African mining shares. ¸3 ´loose, not tight: ³a @ rope.
·keep a @ rein on sth, ´control sth negligently, (fig) govern carelessly. ¸4
´slow-moving; sluggish: ³periods of @ water´, when the tide is neither ebbing
nor flowing. ³¹ vi ¶[VP2A,C] ¸1 ·@ (off), ´be lazy or careless in one's work:
³Don't @ off in your studies. ¸2 ·@ up, ´reduce speed: ³S@ up before you reach
the cross-roads. ¸3 ·@ off/away, ´make loose (a rope, etc). ¸@er ³n ´(colloq)
lazy person; person who avoids his proper share of work. ¸@®ly ³adv ¸@®ness ³n¼
¨slack©2 ²/slak/ ³n ¸1 the @, ´that part of a rope, etc that hangs loosely.
·take up the @, ´pull a rope so that it is taut; (fig) regulate industry so
that it is active and productive. ¸2 ³(pl) ´loose-fitting trousers, not part
of a suit, eÔg as informal wear for men or women. ¸3 ¶[U] ´coal dust.¼
¨slacken© ²/ÚslakEn/ ³vt,vi ¶[VP6A,2A] ¸1 ´make or become slower,
less active, etc: ³@ speed. The ship's speed @ed. The gale is @ing a little.
¸2 ´make or become loose(r): ³@ the reins. ·S@ away/off! ´eÔg as an order to
loosen ropes.¼
¨slag© ²/slag/ ³n ¶[U] ´waste matter remaining when metal has been extracted
from ore. ¸Ú@-heap ³n ´hill of @ (dumped from a mine).¼
¨slain© ²/sleIn/ ³pp ´of µslay.¼
¨slake© ²/sleIk/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ¸1 ´satisfy or make less strong (thirst, desire
for revenge). ¸2 ´change the chemical nature of (lime) by adding water. µ¥
calcium.¼
¨sla®lom© ²/ÚslqlEm/ ³n ´ski-race along a zigzag course marked out by poles
with flags.¼
¨slam© ²/slam/ ³vt,vi µ(-mm-) ¸1 ¶[VP6A,15A,B,22] ·@ (to), ´shut violently and
noisily: ³@ the door (to); @ the window shut; @ the door in sb's face. ¸2
¶[VP2A,C] ·@ (to), ´be shut violently: ³The door @med (to). ¸3 ¶[VP15A,B] ´put,
throw or knock with force: ³She @med the box down on the table. The batsman
@med the ball into the grand-stand. ¹ n ¸1 ´noise of sth being @med: ³the @ of
a car door. ¸2 ´(in whist, bridge) ¸a grand @, ´taking of 13 tricks. ¸a small
@, ´taking of 12 tricks.¼
¨slan®der© ²/ÚslqndE(r) ³US: ²Úslan-/ ³n ¶[C,U] ´(offence of making a) false
statement that damages a person's reputation: ³bring a @ action against sb´,
charge him with @ in a court of law. ³¹ vt ¶[VP6A] ´utter @ about (sb). ¸@er
³n ¸@®ous ²/-Es/ ³adj ´uttering or containing @.¼
¨slang© ²/slaG/ ³n ¶[U] ´(abbr ³sl ´used in this dictionary) words,
phrases, meanings of words, etc commonly used in talk among friends or
colleagues, but not suitable for good writing or formal occasions, esp the kind
used by and typical of only one class of persons: ³army @; prison @; ´(attrib)
³@ words and expressions. The use of out-of-date @ is sometimes a feature of
foreigners' English. µ¥ colloquial. ¹ vt ¶[VP6A] ´use violent language to;
abuse: ³Stop @ing me. ·a Ú@ing match, ´a long exchange of insults and
accusations. ¸@y ³adj µ(-ier, -iest) ´using, in the nature of, @. ¸@®ily
²/-IlI/ ³adv ¸@i®ness ³n¼
¨slant© ²/slqnt ³US: ²slant/ ³vi,vt ¸1 ¶[VP2A,C,6A] ´slope: ³His handwriting @s
from right to left. ¸2 ¶[VP6A] ·@ the news, ´present it so that it is seen
from, and supports, a particular point of view, eÔg of the writer's newspaper
or government. ³¹ n ¸1 ¶[C] ´slope. ·on a/the @, ´in a sloping position. ¸2
´(colloq) point of view (sometimes prejudiced or biased) when considering sth:
³get a new @ on the political situation. ¸@®ing®ly, @®wise ²/-wñIz/ ³advv ´in a
@ing position or direction.¼
¨slap© ²/slap/ ³vt µ(-pp-) ¸1 ¶[VP6A,15A] ´strike with the palm of the hand;
smack: ³She @ped his face/@ped him on the face. I don't like being @ped on the
back as a greeting. ¸2 ¶[VP15B] ·@ sth down, ´put sth down with a @ping noise:
³He @ped the book down on the table. ¹ n ¶[C] ´quick blow with the palm of the
hand or with sth flat. ·get/give sb a @ in the face, ´(fig) a rebuff or snub.
³¹ adv ´straight; directly; full: ³The car ran @ into the wall. ¸*@-Úbang ³adv
´violently; headlong. ¸Ú@®dash ³adj, adv ´careless(ly); impetuous(ly): ³a @dash
worker; do one's work @dash/in a @dash manner. ¸Ú@-happy ³adj ´(colloq)
impetuous, carefree. ¸Ú@®stick ³n ¶[U] ´low comedy of the roughest kind; fun
arising from violence: (attrib) ³@stick comedy. ¸Ú@-up ³adj ´(sl) first-class;
extremely good: ³be treated to a @-up dinner at a @-up restaurant.¼
¨slash© ²/sla2/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A,2C] ´make a cut or cuts in or at
sth with sweeping strokes; strike with a whip: ³His face had been @ed with a
razor-blade. Don't @ your horse in that cruel way. He @ed at the tall weeds
with his stick. ¸2 ¶[VP6A] ´condemn vigorously and outspokenly: ³a @ing attack
on the government's policy; @ a new book/play´, criticize it adversely. ¸3
¶[VP6A] ´(colloq) cut, reduce drastically: ³@ prices/taxes/salaries. ¸4 ´(usu
passive) make long, narrow gashes in (for ornament, etc): ³@ed sleeves´, the
lining or other material being seen through the @es. ³¹ n ¸1 ´act of @ing;
long cut or gash. ¸2 ´(vulg sl) act of urinating.¼
¨slat© ²/slat/ ³n ´long, thin narrow piece of wood, metal or plastic material,
eÔg as in Venetian blinds or louvred doors. ¸@®ted ³adj ´made with, having,
@s.¼
¨slate© ²/sleIt/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´kind of blue-grey stone that splits easily into
thin, flat layers; ¶[C] ´one of these layers, square or oblong, used for
roofs: ³hit on the head by a falling @; a @-covered roof; ·Ú³@-coloured´,
blue-grey; ³a @ quarry. ¸2 ¶[C] ´sheet of @ in a wooden frame for writing on
(as formerly used by school-children). ·a clean @, ´(fig) a good record:
³start with a clean @, ´(fig) make a new start with past errors, enmities,
etc, forgotten. ¸Ú@-club ³n ´(GB) club collecting small weekly contributions
of money, usu saved until Christmas, when the total is distributed to members.
¸*@-Úpencil ³n ´thin rod of soft @, used for writing on @sµ(2)´. ³¹ vt ¸1
¶[VP6A] ´cover (a roof, etc) with @s. ¸2 ´(US, colloq) propose (sb) for an
office, a position, etc: (newspaper headline) ³Green @d for the Presidency. ¸3
¶[VP6A] ´(colloq) criticize severely (esp in a newspaper notice of a book,
play, etc). ¸slaty ³adj ´of or like @; containing @: ³slaty coal. ¸slat®ing ³n
´adverse criticism: ³give sb a sound slating.¼
¨slat®tern© ²/ÚslatEn/ ³n ´dirty, untidily dressed woman. ¸@®ly ³adj ´(of
women) dirty and untidy. ¸@®li®ness ³n¼
¨slaugh®ter© ²/ÚslctE(r)/ ³n ¶[U] ¸1 ´killing of animals (esp for
food). ¸Ú@-house ³n ´place where animals are butchered for food. ¸2 ´killing
of many people at once; massacre: ³the @ on the roads´, the killing of people
in road accidents. ³¹ vt ¶[VP6A] ´kill (animals, people) in large numbers.
¸@er ³n¼
¨Slav© ²/slqv/ ³n ´member of a race spread over most of Eastern Europe,
including Russians, Czechs, Poles, Bulgarians, etc. ³¹ adj ´of the @s.¼
¨slave© ²/sleIv/ ³n ¸1 ´person who is the property of another and bound to
serve him. ¸Ú@-driver ³n ´overseer of @s at work; person who makes those who
are under him work very hard. ¸Ú@ ship ³n ´ship used in the @-trade. ¸Ú@
States ³n pl ´southern States of N America in which there was slavery before
the Civil War. ¸Ú@-trade/-traffic ³n ´capturing, transportation, buying and
selling, of @s. ¸2 ´person compelled to work very hard for someone else: ³You
mustn't make a @ of your au pair girl. ¸3 ´sb completely in the power of,
under the control of, an impulse, habit, etc: ³@s of fashion, ´eÔg persons who
feel compelled to dress in the latest fashions; ³a @ to
duty/passion/convention/drink. ¹ vi ¶[VP2A,B,C,3A] ·@ (away) (at sth), ´work
hard: ³Poor Jane! She's been slaving away (´= cooking³) over a hot stove for
three hours! ¸@r ³n ·Ú´@-trader; ·Ú´@ ship. ¸slav®ery ²/ÚsleIvErI/ ³n ¶[U] ¸1
´condition of being a @: ³sold into @ry. ¸2 ´custom of having @s: ³men who
worked for the abolition of @ry. ¸3 ´hard or badly paid work. ¸slav®ish
²/ÚsleIvI2/ ³adj ´lacking in independence or originality; abjectµ(2)´: ³a
slavish imitation´, an exact copy showing no originality. ¸slav®ish®ly ³adv¼
¨slaver© ²/ÚslavE(r)/ ³vi ¶[VP2A,C] ·@ (over), ´let spit run from
the mouth (because of hunger): ³@ing over a plate of spaghetti; ´(fig) ³@ing
over a travel brochure. ³¹ n ¶[U] ´spit; saliva. ´also µ¥ ³slaver ´at µslave.¼
¨slavey© ²/ÚsleIvI/ ³n (pl µ-veys³) ´(sl) young servant.¼
¨Slav®onic© ²/slEÚvonIk/ ³adj ´of the Slavs or their languages.¼
¨slaw© ²/slc/ ³n ¶[U] ´(often ¸Úcole®@´) sliced cabbage, raw or cooked, served
with a dressing.¼
¨slay© ²/sleI/ ³vt (pt µslew ²/slu/, ³pp µslain ²/sleIn/³) ¶[VP6A] ´(liter, or
rhet) kill, murder. ¸@er ³n ´(journalism) murderer.¼
¨sleazy© ²/ÚslizI/ ³adj µ(-ier, -iest) ´(colloq) uncared-for, dirty, untidy:
³a @ hotel/appearance.¼
¨sled© ²/sled/ ³n ´= µsledge.¼
¨sledge©1 ²/sledZ/ ³n ´vehicle with runners (long, narrow strips of wood or
metal) instead of wheels, used on snow, larger types being pulled by horses or
dogs and smaller types used in sport for travelling downhill at speed. ³¹ vi,vt
µ(-dd-) ´travel or carry by @: ³go sledging.¼
¨sledge©2 ²/sledZ/ ³n ¸Ú@(-hammer), ´heavy hammer with a long
handle, used for driving posts into the ground, and by blacksmiths.¼
¨sleek© ²/slik/ ³adj ´(of hair, an animal's fur, etc) soft, smooth and glossy;
(of a person) having such hair. ·as @ as a cat´, (fig) having smooth manners
(perhaps over-anxious to please). ¹ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´make @: ³@ a cat's fur. ¸@®ly
³adv ¸@®ness ³n¼
¨sleep©1 ²/slip/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´condition of the body and mind such as recurs
regularly every night, in which the eyes are closed and the muscles, nervous
system, etc are relaxed: ³How many hours' @ do you need? He didn't get much @.
Do you ever talk in your @? ·get to @, ´manage to fall asleep, succeed in
passing into the condition of @: ³I couldn't get to @ last night. ·go to
@, ´fall asleep. ·have one's Ú@ out, ´continue @ing until one wakes up
naturally: ³Don't wake her upÅlet her have her @ out. ·put sb to @, ´cause
him to fall asleep. ·put (a pet animal) to @, ´(euphem) deliberately kill it
(because of illness, etc). ¸2 a @, ´period of @: ³have a short/good/restful,
etc @; a @ of three hours. ¸Ú@-walker ³n ´person who walks while asleep.
¸@®less ³adj ´without @: ³pass a @less night. ¸@®less®ly ³adv ¸@®less®ness ³n¼
¨sleep©2 ²/slip/ ³vi,vt (pp,pt µslept ²/slept/³) ¸1 ¶[VP2A,B,C] ´rest in the
condition of @, be or fall asleep: ³We go to bed to @. He @s well/badly. She
slept (for) eight hours. ·@ like a top/log, ´@ very soundly. ·@ round the
clock; @ the clock round, ´@ for twelve hours continuously. ¸2 ¶[VP6A] ´provide
beds for: ³This hotel @s 300 guests. ¸@®ing ³n ´(in compounds) ¸Ú@®ing-bag ³n
´warmly lined and waterproof bag in which to @ when out of doors (eÔg on
holiday) or in a tent. ¸Ú@®ing-car ³n ´railway coach fitted with beds or
berths. ¸Ú@®ing-draught/-pill ³n ´one that contains a drug to help sb to @.
¸@®ing partner ³n ´(US = ³silent partner´) person who provides a share of the
capital of a business but does not share in the management.¸Ú@®ing-sickness ³n
¶[U] ´disease caused by the tsetse-fly; it results in weakening of the mental
powers and (usu) death. ¸@er ³n ¸1 ´person who @s: (with ³adjj) a heavy/light
@er´, one whom it is hard/easy to wake up; ³a good/bad @er. ¸2 ´(US = ³tie´)
heavy beam of wood (or similarly shaped piece of other material) on a railway
track, etc supporting the rails. ¸3 ´(bed or berth in a) @ing-car on a train.
¸3 ¶[VP2C,15B,3A] ´(with ³adverbial particles ´and ³preps):¼
·sleep around, ´(colloq) be promiscuous.¼
·sleep in/out, ´@ at/outside one's place of employment: ³Does the housekeeper @
in?¼
·sleep sth off, ´recover from sth by @ing: ³@ off a bad headache/a hangover.¼
·sleep on, ´continue to sleep: ³Don't wake him upÅlet him @ on for another
hour. ·@ on sth, ´(often ·@ on it´), leave the answer, solution, to a problem,
etc to the next day.¼
·sleep through sth, ´not be woken up by (a noise, the alarm-clock, etc).¼
·sleep with sb, ´(euphem for) have sexual intercourse with.¼
¨sleepy© ²/ÚslipI/ ³adj µ(-ier, -iest) ¸1 ´needing, ready for, sleep:
³feel/look @. ¸Ú@-head ³n ´(esp as a form of address to a) @ or inattentive
person. ¸2 ´(of places, etc) quiet; inactive: ³a @ little village. ¸3 ´(of some
kinds of fruit) over-ripe: ³@ pears/bananas´, soft and brown inside. ¸sleep®ily
²/-IlI/ ³adv ¸sleepi®ness ³n¼
¨sleet© ²/slit/ ³n ¶[U] ´falling snow or hail mixed with rain: ³squalls of @. ¹
vi ¶[VP2A] ³It was @ing´, S@ was falling. ¸sleety ³adj¼
¨sleeve© ²/sliv/ ³n ¸1 ´part of a garment that covers all or part
of the arm: ³roll up the @s of one's shirt/one's ·Ú³shirt-@s. ·have sth up
one's @, ´have an idea, plan, etc which one keeps secret for future use.
·laugh up one's @, ´be secretly amused. ·roll up one's @s, ´prepare to work or
fight. ·wear one's heart on one's @, ´allow one's feelings (of love for sb) to
be seen; fail to show proper reserve. ¸2 ´stiff envelope for a disc of recorded
sound, often with notes on the composer, player(s), etc. ¸3 ´wind-sock. µ¥
wind±1µ(8). ¸-sleeved ³suff´: ·Ú³short/·Ú³loose-@d. ¸@®less ³adj ´without @s.¼
¨sleigh© ²/sleI/ ³n ´sledge, esp one drawn by a horse: ³go for a ·Ú³@-ride/a
ride in a @. ¸Ú@-bell ³n ´one of several small tinkling bells commonly attached
to a @ or to the harness of the horse pulling the @. ¹ vi,vt ¶[VP2A,6A] ´travel
in a @; carry (goods) by @.¼
¨sleight© ²/slñIt/ ³n ´(usu in) ·@ of hand, ´great skill in using the hand(s)
in performing tricks, juggling, etc.¼
¨slen®der© ²/ÚslendE(r)/ ³adj ¸1 ´small in width or circumference
compared with height or length: ³@ fingers; a @ waist; a wineglass with a @
stem. ¸2 ´(of persons) slim; not stout: ³a @ girl´, slight and graceful; ³a
woman with a @ figure. ¸3 ´slight; scanty; inadequate: ³a @ income; @
means/hopes. ¸@®ly ³adv ¸@®ness ³n ¸Ú@®ize ²/-ñIz/ ³vt,vi ¶[VP6A] ´(US) make,
cause to appear, become, @µ(2)´.¼
¨slept© ²/slept/ ³pt,pp ´of µsleep.¼
¨sleuth© ²/sluT/ ³n ´(colloq) detective. ¸Ú@-hound ³n ´bloodhound; dog that
follows a scent.¼
¨slew©1 ²/slu/ ³pt ´of µslay.¼
¨slew©2 ´(US = ¸slue´) ²/slu/ ³vi,vt ¶[VP2C,15B] ·@ (sth) round, ´force or
turn round in a new direction: ³The crane @ed round. The driver @ed his crane
round.¼
¨slice© ²/slñIs/ ³n ¶[C] ¸1 ´thin, wide, flat piece cut off sth, esp bread or
meat: ³S@s of cold beef between @s of bread make good sandwiches. ¸2 ´part;
share: ³a @ of good luck. Smith took too large a @ of the credit for our
success. ¸3 ´utensil with a wide, flat blade for cutting, serving or lifting
(eÔg cooked fish, fried eggs). ¸4 ´(in games such as golf) bad stroke that
causes the ball to go spinning off in a direction different from that
desired, iÔe to the right of a right-handed player. ¹ ³vt,vi ¸1
¶[VP6A,15A,B,22,3A] ´cut into @s: ³@ into/through a cake; @ (up) a loaf. S@ the
beef thin. The butcher @d off a thick steak. ¸2 ¶[VP6A] ´(golf): ³@ the ball´,
strike with a @µ(4)´.¼
¨slick© ²/slIk/ ³adj ´(colloq) ¸1 ´smooth; slippery: ³The roads
were @ with wet mud. ¸2 ´carried through smoothly and efficiently, perhaps
with some trickery: ³a @ business deal; ´(of a person) doing things in a @
way: ³a @ salesman. ¹ ³n ¶[C] ¸Úoil @, ´film of thick oil covering an area of
the sea, etc (eÔg from an oil-tanker after a collision). ¹ ³adv ´directly,
completely: ³hit a man @ on the jaw. ¸@er ³n ´(US colloq) ¸1 ´long, loose,
waterproof coat. ¸2 ´@ person. µ¥ 2 ´above: ³city @ers.¼
¨slide©1 ²/slñId/ ³n ¸1 ´act of slidingµ(1)´; smooth stretch of ice, hard snow,
etc on which to slide: ³have a @ on the ice. ¸2 ´smooth slope down which
persons or things can slide (eÔg for felled timber down a mountain slope, or a
wooden or metal slope made for children to play on). ¸3 ´picture, diagram, etc
on photographic film (and usu mounted in a frame); (formerly) such a picture
on a glass plate, to be slid into a projector and shown on a screen. ¸4 ´glass
plate on which is placed sth to be examined under a microscope. ¸5 ´part of a
machine, etc that slides (eÔg the µU´-shaped part of a trombone). ¸6 (Úland)@,
µ¥ land±1µ(6). ¸7 (Úhair)-@, µ¥ hair(2).¼
¨slide©2 ²/slñId/ ³vi,vt (pt,pp µslid ²/slId/³) ¸1 ¶[VP2A,C,6A,15A]
´(cause to) move smoothly over, slip along, a polished surface: ³children
sliding on the ice. The book slid ´(= slipped, which is more usu) ³off my
knee. Let's @ down this grassy slope. The drawers of this desk @ in and out
easily. S@ the drawer into its place. ·@ over sth, ´pass over (a delicate
subject, etc) quickly; barely touch upon it. ·let things @, ´not trouble about
them, be negligent. ¸2 ¶[VP3A] ·@ into, ´pass gradually, without being fully
aware, into (a condition, etc): ³@ into dishonesty/bad habits. ¸3 ¶[VP2A,15A]
´(cause to) move quickly, or so as to avoid observation: ³The thief slid
behind the curtains. She slid a coin into his hand. ¸4 ´(compounds) ¸Ú@-rule
³n ´device of two rulers with logarithmic scales, one of which @s in a groove,
used for rapid calculations. ¸slid®ing door ³n ´one that is pulled across an
opening (instead of turning on hinges). ¸slid®ing scale ³n ´scale by which one
thing, eÔg wages, goes up or down in relation to changes in sth else, eÔg the
cost of living. ¸slid®ing seat ³n ´seat on runners, esp in a racing boat, to
lengthen the stroke of the rower or sculler.¼
¨slight©1 ²/slñIt/ ³adj µ(-er, -est) ¸1 ´slim; slender;
frail-looking: ³a @ figure; supported by a @ framework. ¸2 ´small; not serious
or important: ³a @ error; a @ headache; do sth without the @est difficulty´,
with no difficulty at all. ³She takes offence at the @est thing´, is very
easily offended. ·not in the @est, ´not at all: ³You didn't embarrass me in the
@est. ¸@®ly ³adv ¸1 ´slenderly: ³a @ly built boy. ¸2 ´to a @ degree; somewhat:
³The patient is @ly better today. I know her @ly. ¸@®ness ³n¼
¨slight©2 ²/slñIt/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´treat without proper respect or courtesy;
neglect in a marked manner: ³She felt @ed because no one spoke to her. ¹ n ¶[C]
´marked failure to show respect or courtesy: ³put a @ on sb; suffer @s.
¸@®ing®ly ³adv¼
¨slim© ²/slIm/ ³adj µ(-mer, -mest) ¸1 ´slender: ³a @-waisted girl. ¸2
´(colloq) small; insufficient: ³@ hopes/chances of success; condemned upon the
@mest (of) evidence. ¹ vi µ(-mm-) ´eat less, diet, take exercise, etc with the
object of reducing one's weight and becoming @µ(1)´: ³@ming exercises. ¸@®ly
³adv ¸@®ness ³n¼
¨slime© ²/slñIm/ ³n ¶[U] ¸1 ´soft, nasty, thick, sticky mud. ¸2 ´sticky
substance from snails, etc: ³a trail of @. ¸slimy ²/ÚslñImI/ ³adj µ(-ier,
-iest) ´of, like, covered with, @; hard to hold because slippery with @; (fig)
disgustingly dishonest, meek, flattering, obsequious, etc: ³a slimy(-tongued)
coward.¼
¨sling©1 ²/slIG/ ³n ¶[C] ¸1 ´band of material, length of rope, chain, etc
looped round an object, eÔg a barrel, a broken arm, to support or lift it. ¸2
´strip of leather used (held in the hand in a loop) to throw stones to a
distance. ¸3 ´act of throwing. ¹ ³vt,vi (pt,pp µslung ²/slAG/³) ¸1
¶[VP6A,15A,B] ´throw with force: ³naughty boys @ing stones at street lamps. ·@
one's hook, ´(sl) go away: ³Tell him to @ his hook. ·@ mud at sb, ´(fig) abuse
him. ·@ sb out, ´throw sb out; expel him by force. ¸2 ¶[VP6A,15A,B] ´support
(sth) so that it can swing, be lifted, etc: ³@ a hammock between two
tree-trunks; @ (up) a barrel; with his rifle slung over his shoulder. ¸@er
²/ÚslIGE(r)/ ³n ´person armed with a @µ(2)´.¼
¨sling©2 ²/slIG/ ³n ´drink made of gin, rum, etc sweetened with fruit juices
(esp lime).¼
¨slink© ²/slIGk/ ³vi (pt,pp µslunk ²/slAGk/³) ¶[VP2C] ´go or move (³off, away,
in, out, by´) in a secret, guilty or sneaking manner.¼
¨slip©1 ²/slIp/ ³n ¶[C] ¸1 ´act of slipping; false step; slight
error caused by carelessness or inattention: ³make a @. ·a @ of the
tongue/pen, ´error in speaking/writing. ·give sb the @; give the @ to sb,
´escape from, get away from (one's pursuers, etc). ·There's many a @ 'twixt
(the) cup and (the) lip, ´(prov) Something may easily go wrong before a plan
is fully carried out. ¸2 (Úpillow-@) ´loose cover for a pillow; loose
sleeveless garment worn under a dress; ¸(Úgym-@) ´girl's garment for gymnastic
exercises. ¸3 ´narrow strip of paper; printer's proof on such a strip. ¸4
´cutting (short length of stem) taken from a plant for planting or grafting (to
grow a new plant, etc). ¸5 ´young, slender person: ³a (mere) @ of a boy/girl´,
a slim boy/girl. ¸6 ´(usu ³pl; ´also ¸Ú@®way´) sloping way (of stone or timber)
down to the water, on which ships are built, or pulled up out of the water for
repairs: ³The ship is still on the @s. ¸7 ³(pl) ´(more usu ³wings´) parts of
the stage of a theatre from which the scenery is pushed on, and where actors
stand before going on to the stage: ³watch a performance from the @s. ¸8
´(cricket) one of the fielders: ³first/second/leg @´; ³(pl) ´part of the ground
where these fielders stand. µ¥ ´the illus at µcricket. ¸9 ¶[U] ´semi-fluid clay
for coating earthenware or making patterns on it.¼
¨slip©2 ²/slIp/ ³vi,vt µ(-pp-) ¸1 ¶[VP2A,C] ´lose one's balance;
fall or almost fall as the result of this: ³He @ped on the icy road and broke
his leg. ¸2 ¶[VP2A,C] ´go or move quietly or quickly, esp without attracting
attention: ³She @ped away/out/past without being seen. The years @ped by. ¸3
¶[VP2A,C] ´move, get away, escape, fall, by being difficult to hold, or by not
being held firmly: ³The fish @ped out of my hand. The blanket @ped off the
bed. The knife @ped and cut my hand. ·let sth @, ¸(a) ´allow sth to fall from
one's hands, escape, or be neglected: ³Don't let the opportunity @. ¸(b)
´accidentally reveal (a secret, etc): ³let @ a secret. ·@ through one's
fingers, ´(lit or fig) fail to grasp, keep a hold on. ·@ one's mind, ´(of a
name, address, message, etc) be forgotten (because one is in a hurry, busy,
etc). ¸4 ¶[VP15A,B,2C] ´put, pull on or push off, with a quick, easy movement:
³@ a coat on/off; @ into/out of a dress; @ a coin into the waiter's hand. ¸5
¶[VP2C] ´allow (small mistakes, etc) to enter, esp by carelessness: ³errors
that have @ped into the text; ´make a small error. ·@ up, ´(colloq) make a
mistake. Hence, ¸Ú@-up ³n ¶[C] ´mistake. ¸6 ¶[VP2C] ´move smoothly and
effortlessly; go with a gliding motion: ³The ship @ped through the water. ¸7
¶[VP6A] ´get free from; let go from restraint: ³@ greyhounds from the leash; @
anchor´, detach a ship from the anchor; (of a cow) ³@ her calf´, give birth to
it prematurely; ³@ a stitch´, (knitting) move a stitch from one needle to the
other without knitting it. ³The dog @ped its collar´, got out of it. ³The point
@ped my attention. ¸8 ´(compounds) ¸Ú@-carriage/coach ³nn ´one at the end of a
train which can be detached without stopping the train. ¸Ú@-cover ³n
´detachable cover for a piece of furniture. µ¥ 2 ´above. ¸Ú@-knot ³n ¸(a) ´knot
which slips along the cord round which it is made to tighten or loosen the
loop. ¸(b) ´knot which can be undone by a pull. µ¥ ´the illus at µknot.
¸Ú@®on/over ³n ´shoe or garment to be slipped easily or or over sth. ¸Ú@-road
³n ´road for joining or leaving a motorway (US = ³access-road´); minor or local
by-pass road. ¸Ú@-stream ³n ´stream of air from the propeller or jet engine of
an aircraft.¼
¨slip®per© ²/ÚslIpE(r)/ ³n ´(often ·pair of @s´) loose-fitting
light shoe worn in the house. ¸@ed ³adj ´wearing @s.¼
¨slip®pery© ²/ÚslIpErI/ ³adj µ(-ier, iest) ¸1 ´(of a surface) smooth, wet,
polished, etc so that it is difficult to hold, to stand on, or to move on: ³@
roads; @ under foot; ´(fig) (of a subject) needing care: ³We're on @ ground
when dealing with this subject. ·be on a @ slope, ´(fig) on a course of action
which may lead to failure or disgrace. ¸2 ´(fig, of persons) unreliable;
unscrupulous: ³a @ customer´, a rogue. ³He's as @ as an eel´, is untrustworthy,
difficult to manage. ¸slip®peri®ness ³n¼
¨slippy© ²/ÚslIpI/ ³adj ´(colloq) ¸1 ´slippery. ¸2 ´(dated) quick: ³Be @ about
it! Look @!¼
¨slip®shod© ²/ÚslIp2od/ ³adj ´slovenly; careless: ³a @ piece of work; a @
style.¼
¨slit© ²/slIt/ ³n ¶[C] ´long, narrow cut, tear or opening: ³the @ of a
letter-box ´(through which letters are put); ³eyes like @s. ¹ ³vt µ(-tt-,
³pt,pp µslitµ) ¸1 ¶[VP6A,15A,22] ´make a @ in; open (by @ting): ³@ a man's
throat; @ an envelope open; @ cloth into strips/a sheet of leather into thongs.
¸2 ¶[VP2A,C] ´be cut or torn lengthwise: ³The shirt has @ down the back.¼
¨slither© ²/ÚslIDE(r)/ ³vi ¶[VP2A,C] ´slide or slip unsteadily: ³@ down an
ice-covered slope. ¸@y ³adj ´slippery.¼
¨sliver© ²/ÚslIvE(r)/ ³n ¶[C] ´small, thin strip of wood; splinter; thin piece
pared off a large piece: ³a @ of cheese. ¹ vt,vi ¶[VP6A,2A] ´break off as a @;
break into @s; splinter.¼
¨slob© ²/slob/ ³n ´(sl) unpleasantly dirty or rude person.¼
¨slob®ber© ²/ÚslobE(r)/ ³vi,vt ¸1 ¶[VP2A,3A] ´let saliva run from
the mouth (as a baby does). ·@ over sb, ´show excessive and maudlin love or
admiration for (eÔg by giving wet kisses). ¸2 ¶[VP6A] ´make wet with saliva:
³The baby has @ed its bib. ¹ n ¶[U] ´saliva running from the mouth; maudlin
talk, etc.¼
¨sloe© ²/slE8/ ³n ¶[C] ´small, bluish-black, very bitter wild plum, fruit of
the blackthorn; the blackthorn bush. ¸*@-Úgin ³n ´liqueur made from @s steeped
in gin.¼
¨slog© ²/slog/ ³vi,vt µ(-gg-) ¶[VP6A,2C,3A] ·@ (at), ´hit hard and wildly, esp
in boxing and cricket; walk or work hard and steadily: ³@ (at) the ball; @ing
away at one's work; @ing along the road. ¸@®ger ³n ´person who @s, eÔg at
cricket; hard worker.¼
¨slo®gan© ²/ÚslE8gEn/ ³n ¶[C] ´striking and easily remembered
phrase used to advertise sth, or to make clear the aim(s) of a group,
organization, campaign, etc: ³political @s.¼
¨sloop© ²/slup/ ³n ´small one-masted sailing-ship with fore-and-aft rig.¼
¨slop©1 ²/slop/ ³vi,vt µ(-pp-) ¸1 ¶[VP2A,C] ´(of liquids) spill over the edge:
³The tea @ped (over) into the saucer. ¸2 ·@ over sb, ´= slobber over sb. ¸3
¶[VP6A,15A] ´cause to spill: ³@ beer over the counter of a pub; ´splash. ¸4 ·@
out, ´empty @sµ(1). ¸5 ¶[VP6A,15A] ´make a mess with: ³@ paint all over the
floor. ¸6 ¶[VP2C] ´splash: ³Why do some children love @ping about in puddles? ¹
n ¸@s, 1 ´dirty waste water from the kitchen or from bedrooms (where there are
no basins with running water and drains); ´urine, excrement (in pails, as in a
prison cell). ¸Ú@-basin ³n ´basin into which dregs from teacups are emptied at
table. ¸Ú@-pail ³n ´one in which bedroom @s are removed. ¸2 ´liquid food, eÔg
milk, soup, esp for people who are ill; swill (for pigs).¼
¨slop©2 ²/slop/ ³n ´(esp as supplied to sailors in the Navy, usu ³pl´) cheap,
ready-made clothing; bedding. ¸Ú@-shop ³n ´shop where @s are sold.¼
¨slope© ²/slE8p/ ³n ¸1 ¶[C,U] ´slanting line; position or direction
at an angle, less than 90Ä, to the earth's surface or to another flat surface:
³the @ of a roof; a slight/steep @; a @ up/down; a hill with a @ of 1 in 5. ¸2
´area of rising or falling ground: ·Ú³mountain @s; ·Ú³ski @s. ¸3 ´position of
a (soldier with his) rifle on the shoulder: ³with his rifle at the @. ¹ vi,vt
¸1 ¶[VP2A,C] ´have a @; slant: ³Our garden @s (down) to the river. Does your
handwriting @ forward or backward? ¸2 ¶[VP6A] ´cause to @. ·@ arms, ´(mil)
place and hold the rifle in a sloping position on the left shoulder. ¸3
¶[VP2C] ´(colloq) ·@ off, ´(also ³do a @´), go off or away (to evade sb, or
escape doing sth). ¸slop®ing®ly ³adv¼
¨sloppy© ²/ÚslopI/ ³adj µ(-ier, -iest) ¸1 ´wet or dirty with rain, etc; full
of puddles; (of a table, etc) wet with slops: ³The melting snow made the roads
@. ¸2 ´(of food) consisting of slops. µ¥ slop±1Ô³nÔµ(2). ¸3 ´(colloq)
unsystematic; not done with care and thoroughness: ³a @ piece of work. ¸4
´(colloq) foolishly sentimental; weakly emotional: ³@ sentiment; @ talk about
girlfriends and boyfriends. ¸slop®pily ²/-IlI/ ³adv ´in a @ manner: ³sloppily
´(= carelessly) ³dressed. ¸slop®pi®ness ³n¼
¨slosh© ²/slo2/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A,15A] ´(sl) hit: ³@ sb on the chin.
¸2 ¶[VP3A] ·@ about, ´flounder about in slush or mud. ¸3 ¶[VP15B] ·@ sth
about, ´throw water or other liquid or semi-liquid substance about. ¸@ed ³adj
´(sl) drunk.¼
¨slot© ²/slot/ ³n ¶[C] ¸1 ´narrow opening through which sth is to be put; slit
for a coin in a machine (¸Ú@-machine ´or ³vending-machine´) that automatically
delivers sth, eÔg tickets, cigarettes, packets of sweets. ¸2 ´slit, groove or
channel into which sth fits or along which sth slides. ¸3 ´(colloq) right or
suitable place for sth (in a broadcast programme, scheme, etc): ³find a @ for
a talk on bee-keeping. ¹ vt µ(-tt-) ¶[VP6A,15A] ´provide with @s; make a @ or
@s in: ³@ a song recital into a radio programme; @ 30ÔÔ000 graduates a year
into jobs´, find jobs for them.¼
¨sloth© ²/slE8T/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´laziness; idleness. ¸2 ¶[C] ´S American mammal
which lives in the branches of trees and moves very slowly. ¸@®ful ²/-fl/ ³adj
´inactive; lazy.¼
¨slouch© ²/slñ8t2/ ³vi ¶[VP2A,C] ´stand, sit or move, in a lazy, tired way:
³louts who @ about at street corners all day. ¹ n ´@ing attitude or way of
walking: ³walk with a @. ¸*@-Úhat ³n ´soft hat with a turned-down brim.
¸@®ing®ly ³adv¼
¨slough©1 ²/slñ8´; ³in US topography: ²slu/ ³n ¶[C] ´swamp; marsh.¼
¨slough©2 ²/slAf/ ³n ¶[C] ´cast-off skin of a snake; any dead part of an
animal dropped off at regular periods. ¹ ³vt,vi ¶[VP6A,15B,2A] ·@ (off), ´put,
come or throw off: ³@ (off) bad habits; a snake that has @ed its skin.¼
¨sloven© ²/ÚslAvn/ ³n ´person who is untidy, dirty, careless or slipshod in
his appearance, dress, habits, etc. ¸@®ly ³adj ´of or like a @: ³a @ly
appearance; @ in his dress. ¸@®li®ness ³n¼
¨slow©1 ²/slE8/ ³adj µ(-er, -est) ¸1 ´not quick; taking a long time: ³a @
runner; a @ train´, eÔg one that stops at all or almost all stations,
contrasted with an express train; ³a @ journey. ¸2 ´at less than the usual
rate or speed. ·a @ march, ´eÔg at a military funeral. ·in @ motion, ´(of a
cinema film) with the number of exposures per second greatly increased (so
that when the film is shown at normal rate the action appears to be @); Hence,
³a @-motion film. ¸3 ´not quick to learn; dull: ³a @ child; ´not acting
immediately; acting only after a time; ³@ poison. He is @ to anger/@ to make
up his mind/@ of speech/@ at accounts/not @ to defend himself. ¸Ú@®coach ³n
´person who is @ in action, or who is dull, or who has out-of-date ideas. ¸4
´(usu ³pred; ´of watches and clocks) showing a time behind the correct time
(eÔg 1.55 when it is 2.00): ³That clock is five minutes @. ¸5 ´not sufficiently
interesting or lively: ³We thought the party was rather @. ¸6 ´(of a surface)
of such a nature that what moves over it (esp a ball) tends to do so at a
reduced speed: ³a @ running track/cricket pitch/billiard table. ¸@®ly ³adv ´in
a @ manner: ³walk/speak/learn @ly. He @ly opened the door. S@ly the door
opened. µ¥ slow±2 ´below. ¸@®ness ³n¼
¨slow©2 ²/slE8/ ³adv µ(-er, -est) ´(Note that ³slowly ´may precede
the finite ³v ´as in "He slowly walked up the path', or follow, as in "He
walked slowly up the path', or have front position, as in "Slowly he walked up
the path', whereas @ follows the ³v´, except when used with ³how´, or in
participial compounds as in µ2 ´below.) ¸1 ´at a low speed; slowly: ³Tell the
driver to go @er. How @/How slowly the time passes! S@ astern! ´(a command to
go astern slowly). ·go @, ¸(a) ´(of workers in a factory, etc) work slowly as
a protest, or in order to get attention to demands, etc. Hence, ¸*go-Ú@ ³n´.
¸(b) ´be less active: ³You ought to go @ until you feel really well again. ¸2
´(compounds) ·*³@-·Ú³going/-·Ú³moving/-·Ú³spoken´, going/moving/speaking
slowly.¼
¨slow©3 ²/slE8/ ³vi,vt ¶[VP3C,15B] ·@ (sth) up/down, ´(cause to) go at a slower
speed: ³S@ up/down before you reach the crossroads. You should @ up a bit ´(=
stop working so hard) ³if you want to avoid a breakdown. All this conversation
@s down the action of the play. ¸Ú@-down ³n ´(esp) intentional decrease of
industrial production by labour or management.¼
¨slow-worm© ²/ÚslE8 w3m/ ³n ´small, limbless non-poisonous reptile.¼
¨sludge© ²/slAdZ/ ³n ¶[U] ¸1 ´thick, greasy mud; slush. ¸2 ´sewage. ¸3 ´thick,
dirty oil or grease.¼
¨slue© ²/slu/ µ¥ slew±2µ.¼
¨slug©1 ²/slAg/ ³n ´slow-moving creature like a snail but without a shell, a
garden pest destructive to seedlings and plants. µ¥ ´the illus at µmollusc.¼
¨slug©2 ²/slAg/ ³n ¸1 ´bullet of irregular shape. ¸2 ´strip of metal with a
line of type along one edge.¼
¨slug©3 ²/slAg/ ³vt,vi µ(-gg-) ´(US) = µslog.¼
¨slug®gard© ²/ÚslAgEd/ ³n ´lazy, slow-moving person.¼
¨slug®gish© ²/ÚslAgI2/ ³adj ´inactive; slow-moving: ³a @ river/pulse/liver.
¸@®ly ³adv ¸@®ness ³n¼
¨sluice© ²/slus/ ³n ¶[C] ¸1 Ú@(-gate/-valve), ´apparatus, contrivance, for
regulating the level of water by controlling the flow into or out of (a canal,
lake, etc): ³open the @-gates of the reservoir. ¸2 Ú@(-way), ´artificial water
channel, eÔg one made by gold-miners for rinsing gold from sand and dirt. ¸3
´flow of water above, through or below a floodgate. ¹ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A] ´send a
stream of water over; wash with a stream of water: ³@ ore´, to separate it from
gravel, etc. ¸2 ¶[VP6A,15B] ·@ (out), ´wash or flood with water from a @. ¸2
¶[VP3A] ·@ out, ´(of water) rush out as from a @.¼
¨slum© ²/slAm/ ³n ¸1 ´court, alley or street of small, badly-built,
dirty, crowded houses: ³live in a @. ¸2 the @s, ´part(s) of a town where there
are such houses. ¸@ clearance, ´the demolishing of @s and the rehousing of the
people living in them. ¹ ³vi µ(-mm-) ¸1 ´visit the @s to give charitable aid to
the people in them. ¸2 ´(colloq) live very cheaply. ¸@my ³adj ´of @s: ³a @my
part of the town.¼
¨slum®ber© ²/ÚslAmbE(r)/ ³vi,vt ´(liter and rhet) ¸1 ¶[VP2A] ´sleep, esp sleep
peacefully or comfortably. ¸2 ¶[VP15B] ´pass (time) in @: ³@ away a hot
afternoon. ¹ n ´(often ³pl´) sleep: ³fall into a troubled @; disturb sb's @(s).
¸@er ³n ´one who @s. ¸@®ous ²/-Es/ ³adj ´sleepy.¼
¨slump© ²/slAmp/ ³vi ¸1 ¶[VP2A,C] ´drop or fall heavily: ³Tired
from his walk, he @ed into a chair. The bullet entered his chest and he @ed
down to the floor. ¸2 ¶[VP2A] ´(of prices, trade, business activity) fall
steeply or suddenly. ¹ ³n ¶[C] ´general drop in prices, trade activity, etc;
business depression.¼
¨slung© ²/slAG/ ³pt,pp ´of µsling.¼
¨slunk© ²/slAGk/ ³pt,pp ´of µslink.¼
¨slur© ²/sl3(r)/ ³vt,vi µ(-rr-) ¸1 ¶[VP6A] ´join (sounds, letters, words) so
that they are indistinct; (music) sing or play legato. ¸2 ¶[VP3A] ·@ over sth,
´deal quickly with in an attempt to conceal: ³He @red over the dead man's
faults and spoke chiefly of his virtues. ¹ n ¸1 ¶[U,C] ´reproach; suggestion of
wrongdoing: ³cast a @ on sb's reputation; keep one's reputation free from @. ¸2
¶[C] ´act of @ring sounds. ¸3 ¶[C] ´(music) the mark ²­ ´or ²F ´used to show
that two or more notes are to be sung to one syllable or performed legato. µ¥
´the illus at µnotation.¼
¨slurry© ²/ÚslArI/ ³n ¶[U] ´thin semi-liquid mixture of cement, clay, mud,
etc.¼
¨slush© ²/slA2/ ³n ¶[U] ´soft, melting snow; soft mud; (fig) foolish sentiment.
¸Ú@ fund ³n ´(comm) fund of money used by a business company for the purpose of
bribing public officials, etc. ¸@y ³adj¼
¨slut© ²/slAt/ ³n ´slovenly woman; slattern. ¸@®tish ²/-I2/ ³adj¼
¨sly© ²/slñI/ ³adj µ(-er, -est) ¸1 ´deceitful; keeping or doing things
secretly; seeming to have, suggesting, secret knowledge: ³a sly look. ·a sly
dog, ´secretive person. ·on the sly, ´secretly. ¸2 ´playful, mischievous.
¸sly®ly ³adv ¸sly®ness ³n¼
¨smack© ²/Úsmak/ ³n ¶[C] ¸1 ´(sound of a) blow given with the open hand on sth
with a flat surface; sound of the lips parted suddenly or of a whip: ³with a @
of the lips´, with this sound (suggesting enjoyment of food or drink); ³give
sb a @ on the lips´, a loud kiss. ³I heard the @ ´(= crack) ³of a whip. ¸2
´slap, blow: ³give the ball a hard @´, hit it hard (eÔg in cricket). ·get a @
in the eye, ´(colloq) experience a setback; suffer a sharp disappointment.
·have a @ at sth, ´(colloq) have a try to do it. ¹ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ¸1 ´strike with
the open hand: ³@ a naughty child. ¸2 ·@ one's lips, ´part the lips with a
@ing sound to show pleasure (at food or drink, or in anticipation of other
sensual pleasures). ¹ ³adv ´in a sudden and violent way: ³run @ into a brick
wall; hit sb @ in the eye. ¸@er ³n ´(colloq) ¸1 ´loud kiss. ¸2 ´pound ($) or
dollar. ¸@®ing ³n ´act or occasion of hitting with the palm of the hand: ³The
child needs a good @ing.¼
¨smack©2 ²/Úsmak/ ³n ´small sailing-boat for fishing.¼
¨smack©3 ²/Úsmak/ ³vi ¶[VP3A]´, ³n ·@ of, ´(have a) slight flavour or
suggestion (of): ³opinions that @ of heresy; medicine that @s of sulphur; have
a @ of obstinacy in one's character.¼
¨small© ²/smcl/ ³adj µ(-er, -est) ´(opp of ³big ´or ³large; also µ¥ little´) ¸1
´not large in degree, size, etc: ³a @ town/room/audience/sum of money, etc; a @
pony, ´Cf ³a nice little pony´, "little' being preferred when there are emotive
implications; ³@ children, ´Cf ³charming/nice/naughty, etc little children. ¸2
´not doing things on a large scale: ³@ farmers/business men/shopkeepers. ¸3
´unimportant, trifling. ·be thankful for @ mercies, ´for trifling pieces of
good fortune. ¸Ú@ talk, ´conversation about everyday and unimportant social
matters. ¸4 ´(attrib only) ³a @ eater´, person who eats @ quantities of food.
¸5 ´morally mean; ungenerous: ³Only a @ man/a man with a @ mind would behave so
badly. ´Hence, ¸*@-Úminded ³adj´. ¸6 ´of low social position; humble: ³great and
@´, all classes of people. ¸7 ·in a @ way, ´modestly, unpretentiously: ³He has
contributed to scientific progress in a @ way. They live in quite a @ way´,
simply and without social ambitions. ¸8 ´little or no: ³have @ cause for
gratitude. He failed, and @ wonder´, It is not surprising. ¸9 ´(compounds and
special uses) ¸Ú@-arms ³n pl ´weapons light enough to be carried in the hand by
a single soldier, eÔg rifles, revolvers. ¸@ change ³n ¸(a) ´coins of @
denominations: ³Can you give me @ change for this note. ¸(b) ´(fig) trivial
remarks; light conversation. ¸Ú@ fry ³n µ¥ fry±2µ. ¸Ú@®holding ³n ´(in GB)
piece of land under fifty acres in extent let or sold to sb for cultivation.
¸Ú@®holder ³n ´person owning or renting a @holding. ¸the @ hours ³n pl µ¥
hour(1). ¸@ letters ³n pl ´not capitals. ¸Ú@®pox ³n ¶[U] ´serious
contagious disease which leaves permanent scars on the skin. ¸Ú@®time ³adj
´(colloq) of minor importance; third-rate. ·the still, @ voice, ´the voice of
conscience. ·on the Ú@ side, ´somewhat too small. ·look/feel @, ´be humiliated.
¹ ³adv ·sing @, µ¥ sing(1). ´¹ ³n ·the @ of, ´the slenderest part of: ³the @ of
the back. ¸@s, ´(colloq) @ articles of clothing (for laundering). ¸@®ness ³n¼
¨smarmy© ²/ÚsmqmI/ ³adj ´(GB, colloq) ingratiating; trying to win favour by
flattery, etc.¼
¨smart©1 ²/smqt/ ³adj µ(-er, -est) ¸1 ´bright; new-looking; clean;
well-dressed: ³a @ hat/suit/car. You look very @. Go and make yourself @ before
we call on the Joneses. ¸2 ´fashionable; conspicuous in society: ³the ·Ú³@ set;
@ people. ¸3 ´clever; skilful; having a good, quick brain; showing ingenuity:
³a @ student/officer; a @ retort/saying; @ dealing´, clever and intelligent,
but perhaps dishonest. ¸4 ´quick; brisk: ³go for a @ walk; start out at a @
pace. ·Look @! ´Hurry! ¸5 ´severe: ³@ punishment; a @ rebuke; a @ box on the
ear. ¸@®ly ³adv ¸@®ness ³n ¸@en ²/Úsmqtn/ ³vt,vi ¶[VP6A,15B,2C] ·@en (oneself)
(up), ´make or become @µ(1,4)´: ³@en oneself up to receive visitors. She has
@ened up since I met her last.¼
¨smart©2 ²/smqt/ ³vt ¶[VP2A,C,3A] ´feel or cause a sharp pain (of
body or mind): ³The smoke made my eyes @. He was @ing under an injustice/under
his father's rebukes. She was @ing with vexation. ·@ for, ´suffer the
consequences of, be paid out for: ³He will make you @ for this impudence. ¹ n
¶[U] ´sharp pain, bodily or mental: ³The @ of his wound kept him awake.¼
¨smash© ²/sma2/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A,15A,B,22,2A,C] ´break, be broken, violently
into small pieces: ³@ a window. The drunken man @ed up all the furniture. The
firemen @ed in/down the doors. Don't @ the door open; I have a key!
¸*@-and-Úgrab raid, ´one in which a thief @es a shop-window, eÔg a jeweller's,
and grabs valuables from behind it. ¸2 ¶[VP2A,C] ´rush, force a way, violently
³(into, through, etc)´: ³The car @ed into a wall. ¸3 ¶[VP6A] ´deal a heavy
blow to; defeat: ³give sb a @ing blow; @ the enemy; @ a record´, (in sport,
etc) set up a far better record. ¸4 ¶[VP6A] ´(tennis) hit (a ball) downwards
over the net with a hard, overhand stroke. ¸5 ¶[VP2A] ´(of a business firm) go
bankrupt. ¹ ³n ¶[C] ´@ing; breaking to pieces. ¸Ú@(-up), ´violent collision:
³The teapot fell with an awful @. He fell and hit his head an awful @ on the
kerbstone. There has been a terrible @(-up) on the railway. When the banks
failed, many businesses were ruined in the @ that followed. ·go @, ´be ruined.
¸2 ´(tennis) stroke in which the ball is brought swiftly down. ¸3 ·a @ hit,
´(colloq) sth (esp a new play, song, film, etc) which is at once very
successful. ¹ ³adv ´with a @: ³go/run @ into a wall. ¸@er ³n ´(sl) ¸(a)
´violent blow. ¸(b) ´sth or sb considered to be remarkably fine: ³That girl's a
@er! ¸@®ing ³adj ´(sl) excellent; fine.¼
¨smat®ter®ing© ²/ÚsmatErIG/ ³n ´(usu ·a @ (of)´) slight knowledge (³of ´a
subject).¼
¨smear© ²/smIE(r)/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP14] ·@ sth on/over/with, ´cover or
mark with sth oily or sticky; spread (sth oily, etc) on: ³@ one's hands with
grease; @ grease on one's hands; hands @ed with blood. ¸2 ¶[VP6A] ´make dirty,
greasy marks on; (fig) defame or sully (sb's reputation). ·a Ú@(ing) campaign,
´one that aims at damaging sb's reputation (by spreading rumours, etc). ¸3
¶[VP6A] ´blot; obscure the outline of: ³@ a word. ¸4 ¶[VP2A] ´become @ed. ¹ ³n
¶[C] ´stain; mark made by @ing: ³a @ of paint; @s of blood on the wall.
¸Ú@-word ³n ´word (eÔg ³communist ´in US) ´suitable for @ing (sb's
reputation).¼
¨smell©1 ²/smel/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´that one of the five senses which is special to
the nose: ³Taste and @ are closely connected. S@ is more acute in dogs than in
men. ¸2 ¶[C,U] ´that which is noticed by means of the nose; quality that
affects this sense: ³What a nice/horrible/unusual @! There's a @ of cooking. I
like the @ of thyme. ¸3 ¶[C] ´(without an ³adj´) bad or unpleasant quality that
affects the nose: ³What a @! ¸4 ¶[C] ´(usu ¸a @´) act of breathing in through
the nose to get the @µ(2) ´of sth: ³Have/Take a @ of this egg and tell me
whether it's bad.¼
¨smell©2 ²/smel/ ³vt,vi (pt,pp µsmelt ²/smelt/³) ¸1 ¶[VP6A,19A] ´(not in the
progressive tenses; often with ³can, could´) be aware of through the sense of
smell: ³Can/Do you @ anything unusual? The camels smelt the water a mile off.
I can @ something burning. ·@ a rat, µ¥ rat. ¸2 ¶[VP6A,15B,2A,C] ´(with
progressive tenses possible) use one's sense of smell in order to learn sth;
inhale the odour of: ³S@ this and tell me what it is. The dog was @ing (at) the
lamp-post. ·@ round/about, ´go here and there @ing, to get information (liter
and fig). ·@ sth out, ´discover, hunt out, by means of the sense of smell or
(fig) by intuition. ¸3 ¶[VP2A] ´(not in the progressive tenses) have the sense
of smell: ³Do/Can fishes @? ¸4 ¶[VP2A,D,3A] ·@ (of sth), ´give out a smell (of
the kind specified by an ³adj ´or ³adv´); suggest or recall the smell (of):
³The flowers @ sweet. The dinner @s good. The lamb @s of garlic. Your breath @s
of brandy. ´(Note that if there is no ³adj´, the suggestion is usu sth
unpleasant): ³Fish soon @s in summer if it is not kept on ice. His breath @s.
·@ of the lamp, ´(of work) seem to have been composed late at night, with much
hard work. ¸Ú@®ing-salts ³n pl ´sharp-smelling substances to be sniffed as a
cure for faintness, etc; sal volatile. ¸Ú@®ing-bottle ³n ´one containing
@ing-salts. ¸smelly ³adj µ(-ier, -iest) ´(colloq) having a bad @.¼
¨smelt©1 ²/smelt/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´melt (ore); separate (metal) from ore by doing
this: ³a copper-@ing works.¼
¨smelt©2 ²/smelt/ ³n ´small fish valued as food.¼
¨smelt©3 ³pp,pt ´of µsmell±2µ.¼
¨smi®lax© ²/ÚsmñIlaks/ ³n ¶[U] ´kind of plant with trailing vines much used in
decoration.¼
¨smile© ²/smñIl/ ³n ¶[C] ´pleased, happy, amused or other expression on the
face, with (usu a parting of the lips and) loosening of the face muscles:
³There was a pleasant/ironical/amused, etc @ on her face. He was all @s´,
looked very happy. ³His face was wreathed in @s. ¹ vi,vt ¸1 ¶[VP2A,B,4B,3A]
·@ (at/on/upon), ´give a @ or @s; show pleasure, amusement, sympathy, contempt,
irony, etc by this means: ³He never @s. What/who are you smiling at? Fortune
has not always @d upon ´(= favoured) ³me. He @d to see her so happy. ¸2 ¶[VP6B]
´express by means of a @: ³Father @d his approval. She @d her thanks. ¸3
¶[VP6B] ´give the kind of @ indicated: ³@ a bitter @. ¸smil®ing®ly ³adv ´with a
@ or @s.¼
¨smirch© ²/sm3t2/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´make dirty; (fig) dishonour. ³¹ n ¶[C] ´(fig)
blot or stain.¼
¨smirk© ²/sm3k/ ³vi ¶[VP2A]´, ³n ´(give a) silly, self-satisfied smile.¼
¨smite© ²/smñIt/ ³vt,vi (pt µsmote ²/smE8t/, ³pp µsmitten ²/ÚsmItn/³)
´(archaic, or, in mod use, hum or liter) ¸1 ¶[VP6A] ´strike; hit hard: ³He
smote the ball into the grandstand. His conscience smote him´, he was
conscience-stricken. ³He was smitten with remorse/smitten with that pretty
girl. ¸2 ¶[VP6A] ´defeat utterly: ³God will @ our enemies. ¸3 ¶[VP2A,C]
´strike; come forcibly: ³A strange sound smote upon our ears.¼
¨smith© ²/smIT/ ³n ´worker in iron or other metals: ·Ú³black@. µ¥ black, gold,
silver, tin. ¸smithy ²/ÚsmIDI/ ³n ´black@'s workshop.¼
¨smith®er®eens© ²/*smIDEÚrinz/ ³n pl ´small fragments: ³smash sth to/into @.¼
¨smit®ten© ²/ÚsmItn/ ³pp ´of µsmite.¼
¨smock© ²/smok/ ³n ´loose garment (with smocking on it) like an
overall. ¸@®ing ³n ¶[U] ´kind of ornamentation on a garment made by gathering
the cloth tightly with stitches.¼
¨smog© ²/smog/ ³n ¶[U] ´mixture of fog and smoke.¼
¨smoke©1 ²/smE8k/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´visible vapour with particles of carbon, etc
coming from a burning substance: ³@ pouring from factory chimneys;
·*³ciga·Ú³rette/ci·Ú³gar @. ·end up in @, ´come to, end in, nothing. ·go up in
@, ´be burnt up; (fig) be without result, leave nothing solid or worth while
behind. ·There is no @ without fire, ´(prov) µ¥ fire±1µ(1). ¸Ú@-bomb ³n ´one
that sends out clouds of @ (used to conceal military operations, etc).
¸Ú@-cured/-dried ³adj ´(of ham, certain kinds of fish, etc) dried and cured in
wood @. ¸Ú@-screen ³n ´clouds of @ made to hide military or naval operations;
(fig) explanation, etc designed to mislead people about one's real intentions,
etc. ¸Ú@-stack ³n ¸(a) ´outlet for @ and steam from a steamship (and, US, from
a steam locomotive). ¸(b) ´tall chimney. ¸2 ¶[C] ´act of smoking tobacco: ³stop
working and have a @´; (colloq) cigar or cigarette: ³pass the @s round. ¸@®less
³adj ¸1 ´that burns without @: ³@less fuel. ¸2 ´free from @: ³a @less zone´,
where @ is prohibited; ³the @less atmosphere of the countryside. ¸smoky ³adj
µ(-ier, -iest) ¸1 ´giving out much @; full of @: ³smoky chimneys/fires; the
smoky atmosphere of an industrial town. ¸2 ´like @ in smell, taste or
appearance.¼
¨smoke©2 ²/smE8k/ ³vi,vt ¸1 ¶[VP2A] ´give out smoke, or sth thought to resemble
smoke, eÔg visible vapour or steam: ³a smoking volcano. That oil-lamp @s badly.
¸2 ¶[VP2A] ´(of a fire or fireplace) send out smoke into the room (instead of
up the chimney): ³This fireplace @s badly. ¸3 ¶[VP2A,6A] ´draw in and let out
the smoke of burning tobacco or other substance: ³@ a pipe/cigar, etc. Do you
@? If you @ opium, give it up. ¸4 ¶[VP22] ´bring (³oneself´) into a specific
state by smoking tobacco, etc: ³He @d himself sick. ¸5 ¶[VP2A,C] ´(of pipes,
cigars, etc, with passive force): ³This pipe @s well´, is satisfactory when @d.
³A good cigar will @ ´(= can be @d) ³for at least half an hour. ¸6 ¶[VP6A] ´dry
and preserve (meat, fish) with smoke (from wood fires): ³@d ham/salmon. ¸7
¶[VP6A] ´stain, darken, dry, with smoke: ³a @d ceiling; a sheet of @d glass´,
eÔg through which to look at the sun. ¸8 ¶[VP6A,15B] ´send smoke on to (plants,
insects): ³@ the plants in a greenhouse´, to kill insects. ·@ sth out, ´force
to leave by smoking: ³@ out snakes from a hole. ¸smok®ing ³n ¶[U] ´(³gerund´, in
compounds) ¸Úsmoking-carriage/-car/-compartment ³nn ´one for smokers on a
railway train. ¸Úsmoking-mixture ³n ´blend of tobaccos for smoking in pipes.
¸Úsmoking-room ³n ´room (in a hotel, etc) where smoking is permitted. ¸smoker
³n ¸1 ´person who habitually @s tobacco. ¸2 ´smoking-carriage on a train.¼
¨smol®der© ²/ÚsmE8ldE(r)/ µ¥ smoulder.¼
¨smooth©1 ²/smuD/ ³adj µ(-er, -est) ¸1 ´having a surface like that of glass;
free from roughness or (fig) difficulty: ³@ paper/skin; a @ road; a @ sheet of
ice; @ to the touch; a @ sea´, calm, free from waves; ³make things @ for sb´,
(fig) remove difficulties for him. ³The way is now @, ´is no longer difficult.
·take the rough with the @, ´take things (both the good and the bad things of
life) as they come. ¸Ú@-bore ³adj ´(of a gun) having no rifling in the barrel.
¸*@-Úfaced ³adj ´(fig) friendly but hypocritical. ¸2 ´(of movement) free from
shaking, bumping, etc: ³a @ ride in a good car; a @ flight in a jet airliner; a
@ crossing´, eÔg by sea from England to France. ¸3 ´(of a liquid mixture) free
from lumps; well beaten or mixed: ³a @ paste. ¸4 ´free from harshness of sound
or taste; flowing easily: ³@ verse; a @ voice; @ claret/whisky. ¸5 ´(of a
person, his manner) flattering, polite, unruffled, conciliatory: ³a @ temper; @
manners; a @ face, ´often used to suggest hypocrisy. Hence,
¸*@-Úfaced/-Úspoken/-Útongued ³adjj ´(all having a suggestion of insincerity).
¸@®ly ³adv ´in a @ manner: ³a @ly running engine. Things are not going very
@ly´, There are troubles, obstacles, interruptions, etc. ¸@®ness ³n¼
¨smooth©2 ²/smuD/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A,15B] ·@ sth (down/out/away/over), ´make
smooth: ³@ down one's dress; @ away/over obstacles/difficulties/perplexities,
etc´, get rid of them. ·@ sb's path, ´(fig) make progress easier. ¸2 ¶[VP2C]
´become smooth or quiet: ³The sea has @ed down. ¸3 ´(compounds) ¸Ú@®ing-iron ³n
´(³iron ´is the usu word) flat-iron used (heated) to @ linen, clothes, etc.
¸Ú@®ing-plane ³n ´small plane for finishing the planing of wood. ³¹ n ´act of
@ing: ³give one's hair a @.¼
¨smor®gas®bord© ²/ÚsmcgEsbcd/ ³n ¶[U] ´(Swedish) meal with a
variety of dishes served from a buffet.¼
¨smote© ²/smE8t/ ³pt ´of µsmite.¼
¨smother© ²/ÚsmADE(r)/ ³vt ¸1 ¶[VP6A] ´cause the death of, by stopping the
breath of or by keeping air from; kill by suffocation. ¸2 ¶[VP6A] ´put out (a
fire); keep (a fire) down (so that it burns slowly) by covering ³with ´ashes,
sand, etc. ¸3 ¶[VP14] ·@ sth/sb with sth, ´cover, wrap up, overwhelm with: ³@ a
grave with flowers/a child with kisses/one's wife with kindness; be @ed with/in
dust by passing cars. ¸4 ¶[VP6A,15B] ´suppress; hold back: ³@ a yawn/one's
anger/feelings of resentment; @ up a scandal´, try to conceal it. ³¹ n ´(usu
¸a @´) cloud of dust, smoke, steam, spray, etc.¼
¨smoul®der© ´(US = ¸smol-´) ²/ÚsmE8ldE(r)/ ³vi ¶[VP2A,C] ´burn slowly without
flame; (fig, of feelings, etc) exist or operate unseen, undetected, suppressed,
etc: ³@ing discontent/hatred/rebellion. ¹ n ¶[U] ´@ing burning: ³The @ became a
blaze.¼
¨smudge© ²/smAdZ/ ³n ¶[C] ¸1 ´dirty mark; blotted or blurred mark:
³You've got a @ on your cheek. Wash you hands or you'll make @s on the
writing-paper. ¸2 ´(chiefly US) outdoor fire with thick smoke made to keep
away insects. ³¹ vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A] ´make a @ or @s on; make a @ on (when
writing a letter or word). ¸2 ¶[VP2A] ´(of ink, paint, etc) become blurred or
smeared: ³Ink @s easily.¼
¨smug© ²/smAg/ ³adj µ(-gg-) ´self-satisfied; having, showing, a character that
is satisfied although without ambition, imagination, broadmindedness: ³a @
smile; a life of @ respectability; @ optimism; @ rich men. ¸@®ly ³adv ¸@®ness
³n¼
¨smuggle© ²/ÚsmAgl/ ³vt ¶[VP6A,14,15A,B] ¸1 ´get (goods) secretly
and illegally ³(into, out of´, a country, ³through ´the customs, ³across ´a
frontier): ³@ Swiss watches into England. ¸2 ´take (sth or sb) secretly and in
defiance of rules and regulations: ³@ a letter into a prison. ¸smug®gler
²/ÚsmAglE(r)/ ³n¼
¨smut© ²/smAt/ ³n ¸1 ¶[C] ´(mark or stain made by a) bit of soot, dirt, etc.
¸2 ¶[U] ´disease of corn (wheat, etc) that causes the ears to turn black. ¸3
¶[U] ´(colloq) indecent or obscene words, stories: ³Don't talk @. ¹ vt µ(-tt-)
¶[VP6A] ´mark with @sµ(1)´. ¸@ty ³adj µ(-ier, -iest) ¸1 ´dirty with @s. ¸2
´containing @µ(3)´: ³@ty stories. ¸@®tily ²/-IlI/ ³adv ¸@®ti®ness ³n¼
¨snack© ²/snak/ ³n ´light usu hurriedly eaten meal. ¸Ú@-bar/-counter ³nn
´bar/counter where @s may be eaten.¼
¨snaffle©1 ²/Úsnafl/ ³n ¸Ú@(-bit) ´horse's bit without a curb.¼
¨snaffle©2 ²/Úsnafl/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´(GB sl) take without permission;
pinchµ(4)´.¼
¨snag© ²/snag/ ³n ¶[C] ¸1 ´rough or sharp object, root of a tree, hidden rock,
which may be a source of danger. ¸2 ´(colloq) hidden, unknown or unexpected
difficulty or obstacle: ³strike/come upon a @. There's a @ in it somewhere.¼
¨snail© ²/sneIl/ ³n ´kinds of small, soft animal, most of them with a spiral
shell. µ¥ ´the illus at µmollusc. ·at a Ú@'s pace, ´very slowly.¼
¨snake© ²/sneIk/ ³n ´kinds of long, legless, crawling reptile, some of which
are poisonous; (fig) (often ·@ in the grass´) treacherous person who pretends
to be a friend. ·see @s, ´have hallucinations. ¸Ú@-charmer ³n ´person who can
control @s with music. ³¹ vi ¶[VP2C] ´move in twists and glides: ³The road @s
through the mountains. ¸snaky ³adj ´of or like a @; (fig) venomous,
ungrateful, treacherous.¼
¨snap© ²/snap/ ³vt,vi µ(-pp-) ¸1 ¶[VP6A,15B,2A,3A] ·@ (at) (sth), ´(try to)
snatch with the teeth: ³The dog @ped at my leg. The fish @ped at the bait.
They @ped at the offer, ´(fig) offered eagerly to accept it. ·@ sth up, ´buy
eagerly: ³The cheapest articles were quickly @ped up. ¸2
¶[VP6A,14,15A,B,22,2A,C] ´break with a sharp crack; open or close with, make a
sudden, sharp sound; say (sth), speak, sharply: ³He stretched the rubber band
till it @ped. The rope @ped. He @ped down the lid of the box. He @ped his whip.
Her whip @ped down on the pony's back. The sergeant @ped out his orders. ·@ at
sb, ´speak to sb sharply: ³I'm sorry I @ped at you just now. ·@ one's finger at
sb/in sb's face, ´make a cracking noise by flicking a finger audibly against
the thumb (usu to show contempt). ·@ sb's Únose/Úhead off, ´speak angrily to;
interrupt rudely or impatiently. ¸3 ¶[VP6A] ´take a @shot (µ¥ 8 ´below) of. ¸4
´(sl) ·@ Úto it, ´start moving, get going, quickly. ·@ Úout of it, ´get out of
a mood, habit, etc. ³¹ n ¸1 ¶[C] ´act or sound of @ping: ³The dog made an
unsuccessful @ at the meat. The lid shut with a @. The oar broke with a @. S@
went the oar´, (adverbial use) It broke with a @ping noise. ¸2 ¶[C] ¸cold @,
´sudden, short period of cold weather. ¸3 ¶[U] ´(colloq) energy, dash, vigour,
liveliness: ³Put some @ into it. µ¥ snappy ´below. ¸4 ¶[C] ´kinds of small,
crisp cake: (usu in compounds) ·Ú³ginger-@s. ¸5 ¶[C] ´(usu in compounds)
catch, device for fastening things, closed by pressing. ¸Ú@-fasteners ´(also
³press-stud´) ´fastening device used on dresses, gloves, etc. ¸6 ´= @shot µ¥ 8
´below. ¸7 ´(attrib) done quickly and with little or no warning: ³a @ election;
take a @ vote; a @ division´, in the House of Commons. ¸8 ´(compounds, etc)
¸Ú@®dragon ³n ¶[C] ´(= antirrhinum) kinds of plant with flowers that are like
bags and can be made to open (like lips) when pressed. ¸Ú@®shot ³n ´quickly
taken photograph with a hand camera (and usu by an amateur). ¸@py ³adj µ(-ier,
-iest) ´bright; lively: ·Make it @py! Look @py! ´(sl) Be quick about it!
¸@®pish ²/-I2/ ³adj ´inclined to @, to be ill-tempered or irritable. ¸@®pish®ly
³adv ¸@®pish®ness ³n¼
¨snare© ²/sneE(r)/ ³n ¶[C] ¸1 ´trap, esp one with a noose, for
catching small animals and birds. ¸2 ´(fig) sth that tempts one to expose
oneself to defeat, disgrace, loss, etc: ³His promises are a @ and a delusion.
¸3 ´string of gut stretched across the bottom of side-drum to produce a sharp,
rattling sound. ¸Ú@-drum ³n ´side-drum with @s attached. ¹ vt ¶[VP6A] ´catch in
a @: ³@ a rabbit.¼
¨snarl©1 ²/snql/ ³vi,vt ¶[VP2A,3A] ·@ (at), ´(of dogs) show the teeth and
growl (at); (of persons) speak in a harsh voice. ³¹ n ´act or sound of @ing:
³answer with a @.¼
¨snarl©2 ²/snql/ ³n ´tangle; confused state: ³the traffic @s in a big town. ¹
vt,vi ¶[VP6A,15B,2A,C,3A] ·@ (up), ´(cause to) become jammed: ³The traffic
(was) @ed up. ´Hence, ¸Ú@-up ³n ´= traffic jam. µ¥ traffic.¼
¨snatch© ²/snat2/ ³vt,vi ¶[VP6A,2A,15A,B] ¸1 ´put out the hand suddenly and
take: ³He @ed the letter from me/@ed the letter out of my hand. It's rude to @.
He @ed at ´(iÔe tried to seize) ³the letter but was not quick enough. He @ed up
his gun and fired. ¸2 ´get quickly or when a chance occurs: ³@ an hour's
sleep/a meal; @ a kiss. ¹ n ¶[C] ¸1 ´act of @ing; sudden attempt to get sth by
stretching out the hand: ³make a @ at sth; ´(attrib) ³a @ decision´, one that
is @edµ(2)´. ¸2 ´short outburst or period: ³short @es of music; overhear @es of
conversation; work in @es´, not continuously. ¸@er ³n¼
¨snaz®zy© ²/ÚsnazI/ ³adj ´(sl) smart; fine.¼
¨sneak© ²/snik/ ³vi,vt ¸1 ¶[VP2A,3A] ·@ (on sb), ´go quietly and
furtively (³in, out, away, back, past, ´etc). ¸2 ¶[VP2A] ´(school sl) go to the
teacher and tell him about the faults, wrongdoing, etc of another. ¸3 ¶[VP6A]
´(sl) steal. ³¹ n ´(sl) ¸1 ´cowardly, treacherous person. ¸Ú@-thief ³n ´petty
thief; person who steals things from open doors and windows. ¸2 ´(school sl)
boy or girl who @sµ(2)´. ¸@®ing ³adj ´furtive: ³have a @ing respect/sympathy,
etc for sb´, respect, etc which is not shown openly; ³a @ing suspicion, ´a
vague, puzzling one. ¸@®ing®ly ³adv ¸sneaky ³adj ´= @ing. ¸@®ers ³n pl
´(chiefly US) (also ·a pair of @ers´) rubber-soled canvas shoes; plimsolls.¼
¨sneer© ²/snIE(r)/ ³vi ¶[VP2A,3A] ·@ (at), ´show contempt by means of a
derisive smile; utter contemptuous words: ³@ at religion. ¹ n ´@ing look,
smile, word or utterance: ³You should ignore their @s at your efforts.
¸@®ing®ly ³adv¼
¨sneeze© ²/sniz/ ³n ¶[C] ´sudden, uncontrollable outburst of air through the
nose and mouth: ³Coughs and @s spread diseases. ¹ vi ¶[VP2A] ´make a @: ³Use a
handkerchief when you @. ·not to be @d at, ´(colloq) not to be despised;
passable: ³A prize of $50 in the lottery is not to be @d at.¼
¨snick© ²/snIk/ ³vt,vi, n ¸1 ´(make a) small cut in sth. ¸2 ´(cricket) (make
a) slight deflection of the ball with the bat: ³@ a ball through the slips.¼
¨snicker© ²/ÚsnIkE(r)/ ³vi, n ´whinny; snigger.¼
¨snide© ²/snñId/ ³adj ´sneering; slyly critical: ³@ remarks.¼
¨sniff© ²/snIf/ ³vi,vt ¸1 ¶[VP2A] ´draw air in through the nose so that there
is a sound: ³They all had colds and were @ing and sneezing. ¸2 ¶[VP2A,3A] ·@
(at), ´@µ(1) ´to show disapproval or contempt: ³The offer ´(eÔg to buy a good
car for $4000) ³is not to be @ed at. ¸3 ¶[VP2A,3A,6A,15B] ·@ (at) sth; @ sth
up, ´draw in through the nose as one breathes: ³@ the sea-air; @ (at) a rose; a
preparation ´(eÔg for catarrh) ³to be @ed up through the nostrils. The dog was
@ing (at) the lamp-post. ¹ n ¶[C] ´act or sound of @ing; breath (of air, etc):
³get a @ of sea air. One @ of this stuff is enough to kill you. ¸@y ³adj
´(colloq) ¸1 ´contemptuous. ¸2 ´(of sth that should have no smell) ill
smelling.¼
¨sniffle© ²/ÚsnIfl/ ³vi ´= µsnuffle.¼
¨snif®ter© ²/ÚsnIftE(r)/ ³n ´(dated sl) small portion of strong alcoholic
drink.¼
¨snig®ger© ²/ÚsnIgE(r)/ ³n ¶[C] ´half-suppressed laugh (esp at sth improper, or
in a cynical manner). ³¹ vi ¶[VP2A,C] ·@ (at/over), ´laugh in this way.¼
¨snip© ²/snIp/ ³vt,vi µ(-pp-) ¶[VP6A,15B,3A] ·@ (at) sth; @ sth off, ´cut with
scissors or shears, esp in short, quick strokes: ³@ off the ends of sth; @ a
hole in sth; @ cloth/paper. ¹ n ¸1 ´cut made by @ping; sth @ped off. ¸2
´(colloq) profitable bargain: ³Only 50p! It's a @! ¸@®ping ³n ´small piece of
material @ped off a larger piece.¼
¨snipe©1 ²/snñIp/ ³n (pl ´unchanged) bird which frequents marshes,
with a long bill. µ¥ ´the illus at µwater.¼
¨snipe©2 ²/snñIp/ ³vi,vt ¶[VP2A,3A] ·@ (at), ´fire shots (at) from a
hiding-place, usu at long range; ¶[VP6A] ´kill or hit thus. ¸sniper ³n ´person
who @s.¼
¨snip®pet© ²/ÚsnIpIt/ ³n ´small piece cut off; ³(pl) ´bits (of information,
news, etc).¼
¨snitch© ²/snIt2/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A] ´(sl) steal (usu sth of little or no
value). ¸2 ¶[VP2A,3A] ·@ (on sb), ´sneak, inform (on sb).¼
¨snivel© ²/ÚsnIvl/ ³vi ´(GB µ-ll-´; US µ-l-´) ¶[VP2A] ´cry from pretended
grief, sorrow or fear; complain in a miserable, whining way: ³a harassed woman
with six @ling children. ¸@®ler ´(US = ¸@er´) ³n ´person who @s.¼
¨snob© ²/snob/ ³n ´person who pays too much respect to social position or
wealth, or who despises persons who are of lower social position: ·Ú³@
appeal´, power to attract the interest of @s. ¸@®bish ²/-I2/ ³adj ´of or like
a @. ¸@®bish®ly ³adv ¸@®bish®ness, @®bery ²/ÚsnobErI/ ³nn ¶[U] ´state,
quality, of being @bish; ³(pl) ´@bish acts or utterances.¼
¨snood© ²/snud/ ³n ´ornamental net worn by a woman to keep her hair in
position.¼
¨snook© ²/snuk/ ³n ´(only in) ·cock a @ (at sb), ´(lit or fig) show impudent
contempt by placing the thumb to the nose and spreading out the fingers towards
him.¼
¨snooker© ²/ÚsnukE(r)/ ³n ´game (a variety of ³pool´) played with 15 red balls
and six balls of other colours on a billiard-table. ·be @ed, ´(colloq) be
placed in a difficult position.¼
¨snoop© ²/snup/ ³vi ¶[VP2A,C,3A] ´(colloq) ´@ (about/around), ´search, examine
(eÔg to find error, the breaking of rules, etc) in a secretive way. ·@ into,
´pry into matters one is not properly concerned with. ¸@er ³n ´person who @s.¼
¨snooty© ²/ÚsnutI/ ³adj µ(-ier, -iest) ´(colloq) supercilious; snobbish.
¸snoot®ily ²/-IlI/ ³adv¼
¨snooze© ²/snuz/ ³vi ¶[VP2A]´, ³n ´(sl) (take a) short sleep (esp in the
daytime): ³have a @ after lunch.¼
¨snore© ²/snc(r)/ ³vi ¶[VP2A,C] ´breathe roughly and noisily while sleeping:
³Does my snoring bother you? ¹ n ´sound of snoring: ³His @s woke me up. ¸snorer
³n ´person who @s.¼
¨snor®kel© ²/Úsnckl/, ±schnor®kel ²/Ú2nckl/ ³n ´tube that enables a submarine to
take in air while submerged; device for enabling a swimmer to take in air
while under water. µ¥ ´the illus at µfrog.¼
¨snort© ²/snct/ ³vi,vt ¸1 ¶[VP2A,C] ´force air violently out
through the nose; do this to show impatience, contempt, etc: ³@ with rage (at
´sb or sth); (colloq) indicate amusement with a burst of loud laughter. ¸2
¶[VP6A,15B] ´express by @ing: ³@ defiance at sb; @ out a reply. "Never!', he
@ed. ¹ n ¸1 ´act or sound of @ing: ³give a @ of contempt. ¸2 ´snorkel (of a
submarine). ¸@y ³adj ´(colloq) ill-tempered. ¸@er ³n ´(colloq) ¸1 ´sb or sth
that is violent or outstanding in some way: ³This problem is a real @er´, very
difficult. ¸2 ´strong gale.¼
¨snot© ²/snot/ ³n ¶[U] ´(vulg) mucus of the nose. ¸@ty ³adj ¸1
´(vulg) ´running with, wet with, @. ¸2 ¸Ú@(-nosed), ´(sl) superior; snooty:
³You @-nosed little bastard!¼
¨snout© ²/snñ8t/ ³n ´nose (and sometimes the mouth or jaws) of an animal (esp a
pig); pointed front of sth, thought to be like a @. µ¥ ´the illus at µdomestic,
fish.¼
¨snow©1 ²/snE8/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´frozen vapour falling from the sky in soft, white
flakes; mass of such flakes on the ground, etc: ³a heavy fall of @; roads deep
in @´; ³(pl) ´falls or accumulation of @. ¸2 ´(compounds) ¸Ú@®ball ³n ¸(a)
´mass of @ pressed into a hard ball for throwing in play. ¸(b) ´sth that
increases quickly in size as it moves forward. µ¹ ³vt,vi ¸(a) ´throw @balls
(at). ¸(b) ´grow quickly in size, importance, etc:
³Opposition to the war @balled. ¸Ú@-berry ³n ´garden shrub with white berries.
¸Ú@®blind ³adj ´(temporarily) unable to see because the eyes are tired by the
glare of the sun on @. Hence, ¸Ú@®blind®ness ³n ¸Ú@®bound ³adj ´unable to
travel because of heavy falls of @. ¸Ú@-capped/-clad/-covered ³adjj ´covered
with @: ³@-capped mountains; @-covered roofs. ¸Ú@®drift ³n ´bank of @ heaped up
by the wind: ³The train ran into a @drift. ¸Ú@®drop ³n ´bulb plant with small
white flowers at the end of winter or in early spring. µ¥ ´the illus at
µflower. ¸Ú@®fall ³n ¶[C] ´amount of @ that falls on one occasion or in a
period of time, eÔg one winter, one year. ¸Ú@-field ³n ´permanent wide expanse
of @, eÔg on high mountains. ¸Ú@®flake ³n ´one of the feather-like collections
of small crystals in which @ falls. ¸Ú@-line ³n ´level (in feet or metres)
above which @ lies permanently at any place: ³climb above the @-line. ¸Ú@®man
²/-man/ ³n (pl µ-men³) ´figure of a man made of @ by children for amusement.
¸Ú@-plough ´(US ¸Ú@-plow´) ³n ´device for pushing @ from roads and railways.
¸Ú@-shoes ³n pl ´frames with leather straps for walking on deep @ without
sinking in. ¸Ú@®storm ³n ´heavy fall of @, esp when accompanied by strong wind.
¸*@-Úwhite ³adj ´pure, bright white in colour.¼
¨snow©2 ²/snE8/ ³vi,vt ¸1 ¶[VP2A,B] ´(of snow) come down from the sky: ³It @ed
all day. ¸2 ¶[VP2C] ·@ in, ´come in large numbers or quantities: ³Gifts and
messages @ed in on her birthday. ¸3 ·be @ed Úin/Úup, ´be prevented by heavy
snow from going out. ·be @ed Úunder (with), ´(fig) be overwhelmed: ³@ed under
with work/with invitations to dinner parties. ¸@y ³adj µ(-ier, -iest) ¸1
´covered with snow: ³@y roofs. ¸2 ´characterized by snow: ³@y weather. ¸3 ´as
white or fresh as newly fallen snow: ³a @y tablecloth.¼
¨snub©1 ²/snAb/ ³vt µ(-bb) ¶[VP6A] ´treat (esp a younger or less
senior person) with cold behaviour or contempt; reject (an offer) in this way;
³be/get @bed by a civil servant. ¹ n ¶[C] ´@bing words or behaviour: ³suffer a
@.¼
¨snub©2 ²/snAb/ ³adj ´(only in) ¸a @ nose, ´short, stumpy, turned up; hence,
¸Ú@-nosed ³adj¼
¨snuff©1 ²/snAf/ ³n ¶[U] ´powdered tobacco to be taken up into the nose by
sniffing: ³take a pinch of @. ·up to @, ´(colloq) ¸(a) ´shrewd; not childishly
innocent. ¸(b) ´in normal health. ¸Ú@-box ³n ´box for @. ¸Ú@-colour(ed) ³adj,
n ´(of) dark yellowish-brown.¼
¨snuff©2 ²/snAf/ ³vi, n ´= µsniff.¼
¨snuff©3 ²/snAf/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A,15B] ´cut or pinch off the burnt black end
of the wick of (a candle). ·@ sth out, ´(lit or fig) put out, extinguish (the
light of a candle): ³His hopes were nearly @ed out. ¸2 ¶[VP2C] ·@ out, ´(sl)
die. ¸@®ers ³n pl ´scissors with a kind of box to catch the burnt wick of
candles when they are @ed.¼
¨snuffle© ²/ÚsnAfl/ ³vi ¶[VP2A] ´make sniffing sounds; breathe noisily (as
when the nose is partly stopped up while one has catarrh). ¹ ³n ´act or sound
of snuffing: ³speak in/with a @´, nasally.¼
¨snug© ²/snAg/ ³adj µ(-gg-) ¸1 ´sheltered from wind and cold; warm
and comfortable: ³@ and cosy by the fireside; @ in bed; a @ woollen vest. ¸2
´neat and tidy; rightly or conveniently placed or arranged: ³a @ cabin´, on a
ship. ¸3 ´good enough for modest needs: ³a @ little income. ¸4 ´closely
fitting: ³a @ jacket´; (as an ³adv) a @-fitting coat. ¹ n ´= snuggery. ¸@®ly
³adv ¸@®ness ³n¼
¨snug®gery© ²/ÚsnAgErI/ ³n (pl µ-ries³) ´snug place, esp a private room
planned for comfort.¼
¨snuggle© ²/ÚsnAgl/ ³vi,vt ¸1 ¶[VP2C] ·@ (up) (to sb), ´lie or get (close to
sb) for warmth, comfort or affection: ³The child @d up to its mother/@d into
its mother's arms. The children @d up (together) in bed. She @d down in bed´,
made herself comfortable. ¸2 ¶[VP14] ·@ sb to sb, ´draw close (to one): ³She @d
the child close to her.¼
¨so©1 ²/sE8/ ³adv of degree ´to such an extent. ¸1 ´(in the
pattern: ·not + so + ³adj/adv ·+ as´): ³It is not so big as I thought it would
be. We didn't expect him to stay so long, (´as, in fact, he did stay). ³He was
not so much angry as disappointed. ¸2 ´(in the pattern: ·so + ³adj ·+ as + to +
³inf´): ³Would you be so kind as to help me´, iÔe will you please help me? ³He
is not so stupid as to do that. ¸3 ´(in the pattern: ·so + ³adj/adv ·+ that´):
³He was so ill that we had to send for a doctor. There were so many that we
didn't know where to put them all. He was so angry that he couldn't speak.
´(Colloq: ³He couldn't speak, he was so angry). ¸4 ´(If the ³adj modifies a
³sing n´, the ³indef art ´is placed between the ³adj ´and the ³n. ´It is often
better to use ³such)´: ³He is not so clever a boy ´(= such a clever boy) ³as
his brother. ¸5 ´(used, colloq style, with exclamatory emphasis for ³very.
·Ú³Ever so ´is colloq): ³I'm ·Ú³so glad to see you! It was ·Ú³so kind of you!
There was ·Ú³so much to do! That's ·Ú³ever so much better! ¸6 ´(in phrases)
·Úso far, ´up to this/that time, point or extent: ³Now that we've come so far,
we may as well go all the way. Everything is in order so far. ·so Úfar as,
´to the extent or degree that: ³So far as I know/as I'm concerned« ·*So far, so
Úgood, ´Up to this point all is satisfactory. ·so Úfar from, ´instead of; quite
contrary to: ³So far from being a help, he was a hindrance. ·so Úlong as, ´on
condition that; provided that: ³You may borrow the book so long as you keep it
clean. ·Úso much/many, ´an unspecified quantity/number: ³So much butter, so
much sugar, so many eggs,«. Twelve dinners, at so much a head. ·not so Úmuch
as: ³He didn't so much as ´(= didn't even) ³ask me to sit down. He is not so
much unintelligent as uneducated´, iÔe he lacks education, not intelligence. µ¥
much±1µ. ·Úso much ´(nonsense, etc), all, merely: ³What you have written is so
much nonsense. ·Úso much for, ´that is all that need be said, done, etc, about:
³So much for the first stage of our journey. ·*so much Úso that, ´to such an
extent that: ³He is richÅso much so that he does not know what he is worth.¼
¨so©2 ²/sE8/ ³adv of manner ¸1 ´in this/that way; thus: ³So, and so
only, can it be done. Stand just so. So it was ´(= That is how) ³I became a
sailor. As X is to Y, so Y is to Z. As you treat me, so I shall treat you. ¸2
´(in phrases) ¸Úso-called, ´called or named thus but perhaps wrongly or
doubtfully: ³Your so-called friends won't help you in your troubles. ·Úso that,
¸(a) ´in order that: ³Speak clearly, so that they may understand you. ¸(b)
´with the result that: ³Nothing more was heard of him, so that people thought
that he was dead. ·Úso« that, ¸(a) ´with the intent that: ³We have so arranged
matters that one of us is always on duty. ¸(b) ´with the result that; in a way
that: ³It so happened that I couldn't attend the meeting. ·Úso as to do sth,
´in order to; in such a way that: ³Don't let your television blare so as to
disturb your neighbours. I will have everything ready so as not to keep you
waiting. µ¥ as±2µ(15). ¸3 ´(used as a substitute for a word, phrase or
situation): ³I told you so! ´That is what I told you! ³I could scarcely believe
it, but it was so´, iÔe that was the state of affairs, etc. ³So I
believe/hope/suppose, etc. ¸4 ´(used to express agreement, in the pattern: ³so
+ pron + aux v´): ³A: "It was cold yesterday.' B: "So it was.' A: "Tomorrow
will be Friday.' B: "So it will.' A: "We have all worked hard.' B: "So we
have.' ¸5 ´(used meaning "also' in the pattern: ³so + aux v + (pro)n´): ³You
are young and so am I´, iÔe I also am young. ³Tom speaks French and so does his
brother. A: "I went to the cinema yesterday.' B: "Oh, did you? So did I.' ¸6
´(various uses) ·or so ´(unstressed)·, ´about: ³He must be forty or so´, about
forty years old. ³It will be warmer in another month or so´, in about a month
from now. ·and Úso on (and Úso forth), ´and other things of the same kind; et
cetera. ·*just Úso, ¸(a) ´used to express agreement. ¸(b) ´neat and tidy: ³Eric
likes everything to be just so. ·Úso to say/speak, ´used as an apology for an
unusual use of a word or phrase, an exaggeration, etc. ¸Úso-so, µ¥ ´this entry
below. ¸Úso-and-so ²/ÚsE8 En sE8/ ³n (pl µso-and-so's³) ´(colloq)
¸(a) ´person or thing not needing to be named: ³Don't worry about what old
so-and-so says. ¸(b) ´(derog) unpleasant person.¼
¨so©3 ²/sE8/ ³conj ¸1 ´therefore; that is why: ³The shops were closed so I
couldn't buy anything. She asked me to go, so I went. They cost a lot of money,
so use them carefully. ¸2 ´(exclamatory) ³So you're back again! So you've lost
your job, have you? So you're not coming! So there you are!¼
¨so©4, soh ²/sE8/, ±sol ²/sol/ ³n ´fifth note in the musical octave.¼
¨soak© ²/sE8k/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP2A] ´become wet through by being in
liquid or by absorbing liquid: ³The clothes are @ing in soapy water. ¸2
¶[VP6A,14A] ·@ sth (in sth), ´cause sth to absorb as much liquid as possible:
³@ dirty clothes in water/bread in milk. S@ the cloth in the dye for one hour.
¸3 ¶[VP15A,B] ·@ sth up, ´absorb; take in (liquid): ³Blotting-paper @s up ink.
·@ oneself in sth, ´(fig) absorb: ³@ oneself in the atmosphere of a place. ¸4
¶[VP6A,15B] ´(of rain, etc) ·@ sb (through), ´make him very wet: ³We all got
@ed (through). ·be @ed to the skin, ´get wet right through one's clothes. ¸5
¶[VP3A] ·@ through sth, ´penetrate; enter and pass through: ³The rain had @ed
through the roof/his overcoat. ¸6 ¶[VP6A] ´(sl) extract money from by charging
or taxing very heavily: ³Are you in favour of @ing the rich? ¸7 ¶[VP2A]
´(colloq) drink alcohol excessively (and habitually). ¹ ³n ¸1 ´act of @ing:
³Give the sheets a good @. ·in @, ´being @ed: ³The sheets are in @. ¸2 ´(sl,
usu ¸old @´) person greatly addicted to alcoholic drink. ¸@er ³n ¸1 ´(colloq)
heavy fall of rain: ³What a @er! ¸2 ´drunkard.¼
¨soap© ²/sE8p/ ³n ¶[U] ´substance made of fat or oil and an alkali, used for
washing and cleaning: ³a bar/cake of @; ·Ú³@-flakes; ·Ú³@-powder; use plenty
of @ and water. ¸Úsoft @, µ¥ soft(15). ¸Ú@-box ³n ´improvised stand for an
orator (in a street, park, etc): ³@-box oratory, ´of the kind heard from
demagogues. ¸Ú@-bubble ³n ´filmy ball of @y water with changing colours, full
of air. ¸Ú@-opera ³n ´(US) radio or TÔV serial drama dealing with domestic
problems, etc in a sentimental or melodramatic way. ¸Ú@-suds ³n pl ´frothy
lather of @ and water. ¹ ³vt ¸1 ¶[VP6A,15B] ´apply @ to; rub with @: ³@ oneself
down. ¸2 ¶[VP6A] ´(colloq) flatter; try to please. ¸soapy ³adj µ(-ier, -iest)
¸1 ´of or like @: ³This bread has a @y taste. ¸2 ´(fig) over-anxious to please:
³He has a @y voice/manner.¼
¨soar© ²/sc(r)/ ³vi ¶[VP2A,C] ´fly or go up high in the air; hover
in the air without flapping of wings; rise: ³@ like an eagle; a @ing flight´,
eÔg in a sailplane: ³a cathedral nave that @s up to the vaulted roof; the @ing
spire of Salisbury cathedral. Prices @ed when war broke out.¼
¨sob© ²/sob/ ³vi,vt µ(-bb-) ¸1 ¶[VP2A,C] ´draw in the breath sharply and
irregularly from sorrow or pain, esp while crying; ¶[VP15A,B]´: ³She sobbed her
heart out´, sobbed bitterly. ³She sobbed herself to sleep. ¸2 ¶[VP15B] ·sob
sth out, ´tell while doing this: ³She sobbed out the story of her son's death
in a traffic accident. ¹ n ¶[C] ´act or sound of sobbing: ³The child's sobs
gradually died down. ¸Úsob-stuff ³n ¶[U] ´(colloq) the sort of writing, film,
etc which is full of pathos and sentiment. ¸sob®bing®ly ³adv¼
¨so®ber© ²/ÚsE8bE(r)/ ³adj ¸1 ´self-controlled; temperate; serious
in thought, etc; calm: ³be in @ earnest; make a @ estimate of what is possible;
exercise a @ judgement; be @-minded´, serious; ³@ colours´, not bright; ³in @
fact´, in fact (contrasted with what is fancied or imagined). ¸Ú@-sides ³n
´(dated colloq) serious and sedate person. ¸2 ´avoiding drunkenness; not drunk:
³Does he ever go to bed @? ¹ vt,vi ¶[VP6A,15B,2C] ¸1 ·@ (sb) down, ´make or
become @µ(1)´: ³The bad news @ed all of us. I wish those noisy children would @
down´, become less excited, etc. ¸2 ·@ (sb) up, ´make or become @µ(2)´: ³Put
him to bed until he @s up. Throw a pail of water over himÅthat'll @ him up.
¸@®ly ³adv¼
¨so®bri®ety© ²/sEÚbrñIEtI/ ³n ¶[U] ´quality or condition of being soberµ(1,2).¼
¨so®bri®quet© ²/ÚsE8brIkeI/ ³n ¶[C] ´nickname.¼
¨soc®cer© ²/ÚsokE(r)/ ³n ¶[U] ´(colloq) (as used by those who play
Rugby football for) association football.¼
¨so®cia®ble© ²/ÚsE82Ebl/ ³adj ´fond of the company of others; friendly; showing
friendliness. ¸so®cia®bly ²/-EblI/ ³adv ¸so®cia®bil®ity ²/*sE82EÚbIlEtI/ ³n
¶[U]¼
¨so®cial© ²/ÚsE82l/ ³adj ¸1 ´(of animals, etc) living in groups, not
separately: ³@ ants/wasps. Man is a @ animal. ¸2 ´of people living in
communities; of relations between persons and communities: ³@
customs/reforms/welfare. ¸*S@ ÚDemocrat, ´(in politics) person who wishes
society to move, by peaceful, democratic changes, to a system of socialism. ¸*@
seÚcurity, ´government provisions for helping people who are unemployed, ill,
disabled, etc: ³The family is on @ security´, receiving such help. ¸(the) *@
Úservices ³n pl ´organised government service providing help and advice (eÔg in
matters of health, housing, mental illness, law-breaking) to people who are in
need or trouble. ¸Ú@-work ³n ¶[U] ´the profession of those who work in the @
services. ¸Ú@ worker ³n ´person who works in the @ services. ¸3 ´of or in
society: ³one's @ equals´, persons of the same class as oneself in society; ³@
advancement´, improvement of one's position in society; ³@ climbers´, persons
trying to obtain @ advancement. ¸4 ´for companionship: ³a ·Ú³@ club; spend a @
evening´, in the company of friends. ¸5 ´= sociable. ¹ ³n ´@ gathering, party,
organized by a club. ¸@ly ²/-2ElI/ ³adv¼
¨so®cial®ism© ²/ÚsE82ElIzEm/ ³n ¶[U] ´philosophical, political and
economic theory that land, transport, the chief industries, natural resources
eÔg coal, waterpower, etc, should be owned and managed by the State or by
public bodies, and wealth equally distributed. ¸so®cial®ist ³n ´supporter of,
believer in @. ³¹ adj ´of, tending towards, @: ³a Socialist Party´, political
party which advocates and works for @. ¸so®cial®ize ²/-ñIz/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´make
socialµ(1) ´or socialist; govern on socialist principles. ¸socialized medicine,
´(US) the provision of free medical services by the Government.
¸so®ciali®zation ²/*sE82ElñIÚzeI2n ³US: ²-lIÚz-/ ³n¼
¨so®cial®ite© ²/ÚsE82ElñIt/ ³n ´(colloq) person prominent in fashionable
society.¼
¨so®ciety© ²/sEÚsñIEtI/ ³n (pl µ-ties³) ¸1 ¶[U] ´social way of living; customs,
etc of a civilized community; system whereby people live together in organized
communities: ³a danger to @´, person, idea, etc that endangers the bodily or
moral welfare of the members of a community; ³pests of @´, persons who prey on
the community and contribute nothing to its welfare. ¸2 ¶[C] ´social community:
³modern industrial societies; ´certain grouping of humanity, eÔg Western
Christendom, the people of Islam. ¸3 ¶[U] ´company; companionship: ³spend an
evening in the @ of one's friends. ¸4 ¶[U] ´people of fashion or distinction in
a place, district, country, etc; the upper classes: ³leaders of @; high ´(iÔe
the most wealthy, influential, etc) ³@; the customs of polite @´; (attrib) ³a
·Ú³@ man/woman; @ weddings, ´of fashionable persons; ³@ gossip/news´, ´as
printed in newspapers, etc. ¸5 ¶[C] ´organization of persons formed with a
purpose; club; association: ³the school de·Ú³bating @; a co-·Ú³operative @; the
S@ of Friends.¼
¨socio-© ²/*sE8sIE8-/ ³pref ´of society or sociology.¼
¨so®ci®ol®ogy© ²/*sE8sIÚolEdZI/ ³n ¶[U] ´science of the nature and growth of
society and social behaviour. ¸so®ci®ol®ogist ²/-dZIst/ ³n ´student of, expert
in @. ¸so®cio®logi®cal ²/*sE8sIEÚlodZIkl/ ³adj ´of @. ¸so®cio®logi®cally
²/-klI/ ³adv¼
¨sock©1 ²/sok/ ³n ¸1 ´(often ¸pair of @s´) short stocking not
reaching the knee. ·pull one's @s up, ´(colloq) improve oneself, one's
performance. ·put a @ in it, ´(sl) be quiet; stop speaking. ¸2 ´loose sole used
inside a shoe. µ¥ ³wind-@ ´at µwind±1µ(8).¼
¨sock©2 ²/sok/ ³n ´(sl) blow given with the fist or sth thrown: ³Give him a @
on the jaw! ´Hit him hard! ³¹ vt ¶[VP6A,15A] ´(sl) give (sb) such a blow: ³S@
him on the jaw! S@ a brick at him! S@ it to him! ¹ adv ´(sl) squarely: ³(hit
sb) @ in the eye.¼
¨socket© ²/ÚsokIt/ ³n ´natural or artificial hollow into which sth fits or in
which sth turns: ³the ·Ú³eye-@s; a @ for an electric light bulb/a candle.¼
¨So®cratic© ²/sEÚkratIk ³US: ²sE8-/ ³adj ´characteristic of Socrates
²/ÚsokrEtiz/, ´the Greek philosopher (died 399 ¶BÔC´). ·the @ method´,
examining an idea, theory, etc, by question and answer between two or more
people.¼
¨sod©1 ²/sod/ ³n ¶[U] ´upper layer of grassland including the grass with its
roots and earth; ¶[C] ´square or oblong piece of this pared off; turf.¼
¨sod©2 ²/sod/ ³n ´Ï (vulgar term of abuse, used in annoyance and
sudden anger): ³You sod! ¹ vi ´Ï ·Sod (it)! ´Damn (it)! ·Sod off! ´Go away!
¸sod®ding ³attrib adj ´Ï ´(used as an intensive) ³What a sodding mess!¼
¨soda© ²/ÚsE8dE/ ³n ¶[U] ´common chemical substance used in soap-making, glass
manufacture, etc: ·Ú³washing-@ ´(sodium carbonate, ¸Na¶c¸CO¶d´), used for
softening water, etc; ·Ú³baking-@ ´(sodium bicarbonate, ¸NaHCO¶d´), used in
cooking. ¸Ú@-biscuit/-cracker ³n ´biscuit from dough containing baking-@ and
sour milk. ¸Ú@-fountain ³n ´counter, bar, from which @-water, ices, etc are
served. ¸Ú@ pop ´(US colloq) soft drink of @-water, flavoured sometimes with
ice-cream. ¸Ú@-water ³n ´water charged with carbon dioxide gas to make it
bubble.¼
¨sod®den© ²/Úsodn/ ³adj ¸1 ´soaked through: ³clothes @ with rain. ¸2 ´(of
bread, etc) heavy and dough-like; moist or sticky because undercooked. ¸3
´(often ·Ú³drink-@´) stupid through too much drinking of alcoholic liquor.¼
¨so®dium© ²/ÚsE8dIEm/ ³n ¶[U] ´silver-white metal (symbol ¸Na´)
occurring naturally only in compounds: ³@ chloride´, (¸NaCl´) common salt. µ¥
soda.¼
¨sod®omy© ²/ÚsodEmI/ ³n ¶[U] ´anal sexual intercourse, esp between males.
¸sod®om®ite ²/ÚsodEmñIt/ ³n ´person practising @.¼
¨so®ever© ²/sE8ÚevE(r)/ ³suff ´(formal, used with ³relative pronouns, advv ´and
³adjj´) any kind or extent of: ·Ú³how@, ·Ú³who@´, etc.¼
¨sofa© ²/ÚsE8fE/ ³n ´long seat with raised ends and back, on which several
persons can sit or one person can lie.¼
¨soft© ²/soft ³US: ²scft/ ³adj ¸1 ´(opp of ³hard´) changing shape easily when
pressed; not resisting pressure; ³@ soil/ground/mud. Warm butter is @. She
likes a @ pillow and a hard mattress. ·a @ landing, ´(eÔg of a spacecraft on
the moon) one that avoids damage or destruction. Hence, ¸*@®Úland ³v ´land in
this way. ¸2 ´(of surfaces) smooth and delicate: ³as @ as velvet; @ fur; @
furnishings´, curtains, hangings, etc; ³@ goods´, textiles. ¸3 ´(of light,
colours) opp of glaring; restful to the eyes: ³lampshades that give a @ light.
¸4 ´(of sounds) subdued; not loud: ³@ music; @ murmurs/whispers; in a @ voice.
¸5 ´(of outlines) indistinct. ¸6 ´(of answers, words, etc) mild; gentle;
intended to please: ³a @ answer; have a @ tongue. ¸7 ´(of the air, weather)
mild: ³a @ breeze/wind; @ weather. ¸8 ´(of water) free from mineral salts and
therefore good for washing: ³as @ as rainwater. ¸9 ´(of certain sounds)
not a plosive: ³C is @ in "city' and hard in "cat'. G is @ in "gin' and hard in
"get'. ¸10 ´easy: ³have a @ job´, (sl) an easy, well-paid job; business deal
with easily earned money. ¸11 ´feeble; lacking in strength and determination:
³muscles that have got @ through lack of exercise; a @ generation, ´eÔg of
young people. ¸12 ´sympathetic; considerate: ³have a @ heart. ·have a @ spot
for sb, ´a liking or fondness for him. ¸13 ´(colloq) feeble-minded: ³He's not
as @ as he looks. He's gone @. Jack is @ ´(= sentimentally silly) ³about Anne.
¸14 ´(various uses; compounds) ¸*@-Úboiled ³adj ´(of eggs) boiled so that the
egg is @. ¸*@ Úcoal ³n ´coal that burns with yellow, smoky flames. ¸*@
Úcurrency ³n ´one that is not convertible to gold, or into certain other
currencies which are more in demand. ¸*@ Údrink ³n ¶[C] ´cold, sweet,
non-alcoholic drink, eÔg fruit juice (often charged with gas). ¸Ú@ drug ³n
¶[C] ´drug (eÔg marijuana) that is mildly habit-forming (as opposed to a ³hard
drug, ´eÔg heroin, which is addictive). ¸*@-Úfooted ³adj ´(of a person) moving
with quiet, gentle steps. ¸*@-Úheaded ³adj ´idiotic; foolish. ¸*@-Úhearted ³adj
´sympathetic; kind. ¸*@ Úoption ³n ´alternative which is thought to involve
little work. ¸*@ Úpalate ³n
´back part of the roof of the mouth. ¸*@-Úpedal ³vi,vt ´play (music, the piano)
with the @ pedal down; (fig) make (a statement, etc) less definite or
confident. ¸Ú@ soap ³n ´semi-liquid soap made with potash; (fig) flattery.
¸*@-Úsoap ³vt ´flatter. ¸*@-Úsolder ³n ´kinds of solder used for easily fusible
metal. ¸*@-Úsolder ³vt ´solder with these soft kinds. ¸*@-Úspoken ³adj ´having
a gentle voice; saying pleasant, friendly things. ¸Ú@®ware ³n ´data,
programmes, etc not forming parts of a computer but used for its operation. µ¥
³hardware ´at µhard±1µ(9). ¸*@-Úwitted ³adj ´foolish. ¸Ú@®wood ³n ¶[C,U]
´(kinds of) easily sawn wood such as pine and other coniferous trees. ¸Ú@®ish
²/-I2/ ³adj ´somewhat @. ¸@®ly ³adv ´in a @ manner: ³tread/speak @ly. She @ly
pressed his hand. ¸@®ness ³n ¸Ú@y ³n ´stupid person; feeble person.¼
¨sof®ten© ²/Úsofn ³US: ²Úscfn/ ³vt,vi ¶[VP6A,2A] ´make or become
soft: ³curtains that @ the light; people who are @ed by luxurious living. ·@
sb up, ´weaken (enemy positions) by shelling, bombing, etc; make (persons)
unable or less able to resist (attack, salesmanship, etc). ¸@er ³n ¶[C] ´sth
used to @, esp a chemical substance (or apparatus using this) for @ing hard
water.¼
¨soggy© ²/ÚsogI/ ³adj µ(-ier, -iest) ´(esp of ground) heavy with water.
¸sog®gi®ness ³n¼
¨soh© ²/sE8/ ³n µ¥ so±4´.¼
¨Soho© ²/ÚsE8hE8/ ³n ´district in the West End of London noted for its foreign
restaurants, food shops and night clubs.¼
¨soi®gn_e© ²/ÚswqnjeI ³US: ²swqÚnjeI/ ³adj ´(F) (fem ¸-n_ee´) (of a person's
way of dressing, etc) carefully finished or arranged, with attention to
detail.¼
¨soil© ²/sãIl/ ³n ¶[C,U] ¸1 ´ground; earth, esp the upper layer of earth in
which plants, trees, etc grow: ³good/poor/alluvial/sandy, etc @; clay @s.
¸Ú@-pipe ³n ´pipe from a water-closet pan to the drains. ¸2 ³one's native @´,
one's native country; ³a man of the @´, one who works on the land (and is
devoted to it). ³¹ vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A] ´make dirty: ³@ed linen/underwear, etc´,
that has been used and is to be laundered. ³He refused to @ his hands´, refused
to do dirty work. ¸2 ¶[VP2A,C] ´admit of being @ed: ³material that @s easily´,
is easily @ed.¼
¨soi®r_ee© ²/ÚswqreI ³US: ²swqÚreI/ ³n ´social gathering in the
evening, esp for music, conversation, etc, and often to help the aims of a
societyµ(5)´.¼
¨so®journ© ²/ÚsodZEn ³US: ²sE8ÚdZ3rn/ ³vi ¶[VP2C]´, ³n ´(liter) (make a) stay
(³with ´sb, ³at ´or ³in) ´for a time. ¸@er ³n¼
¨sol© ²/sol/ ³n µ¥ so±4´.¼
¨Sol© ²/sol/ ³n ´(hum) ´(often ³old Sol´) the sun.¼
¨sol®ace© ²/ÚsolIs/ ³n ¶[C,U] ´(that which gives) comfort or relief (when one
is in trouble or pain): ³The invalid found @ in music. ¹ vt ¶[VP6A,15A] ´give
@ to: ³The unhappy man @d himself with whisky.¼
¨so®lar© ²/ÚsE8lE(r)/ ³adj ´of the sun. ¸a @ cell, ´device (as used in
satellites) which converts the energy of sunlight into electric energy. ¸the
Ú@ system, ´the sun and the planets which revolve round it. ¸*@ Úplexus
²/ÚpleksEs/ ³n ´complex of nerves at the pit of the stomach. ¸the @ year,
´time occupied by the earth to complete one revolution round the sun, about
365 days, 5 hours, 48 minutes and 46 seconds.¼
¨so®lar®ium© ²/sE8ÚleErIEm/ ³n (pl µ-ria ²/-rIE/³) ´place enclosed
with glass for enjoyment of the sun's rays, esp one for the medical use of
sunlight.¼
¨sold© ²/sE8ld/ ³pt,pp ´of µsell.¼
¨sol®der© ²/ÚsoldE(r) ³US: ²ÚsodEr/ ³n ¶[U] ´easily melted alloy used, when
melted, to join harder metals, wires, etc. ³¹ vt ¶[VP6A,15A,B] ´join with @.
¸Ú@®ing-iron ³n ´tool used for this work.¼
¨sol®dier© ²/ÚsE8ldZE(r)/ ³n ´member of an army: ³three @s, two sailors and one
civilian. The children were playing at @s. ¸private @, ´one who is not a
commissioned or non-commissioned officer. ·@ of fortune, ´man who will take
service under any State or person who will hire him; mercenary. ¹ vi ¶[VP2A]
´serve as a @: (chiefly in) ³go/enjoy @ing; be tired of @ing. ·@ on, ´continue
bravely with one's work, etc in the face of difficulties. ¸@®ly, Ú@-like ³adjj
´like a @; smart; brave. ¸@y ³n sing ´(collective ³n´) @s of a specified
character: ³the undisciplined @y; brutal, licentious @y.¼
¨sole©1 ²/sE8l/ ³n ´flat sea-fish with a delicate flavour.¼
¨sole©2 ²/sE8l/ ³n ´under surface of a human foot, or of a sock, shoe, etc,
other than the heel. ³¹ vt ¶[VP6A] ´put a @ on (a shoe, etc): ³send a pair of
shoes to be @d and heeled. ¸-soled ³suff ´(with ³n ´or ³adj ´prefixed)
·Ú³rubber-@d boots; ·Ú³thin-@d shoes.¼
¨sole©3 ²/sE8l/ ³adj ¸1 ´one and only; single: ³the @ cause of the
accident. ¸2 ´restricted to one person, company, etc: ³We have the @ right of
selling the article. ¸@®ly ³adv ´alone; only: ³@ly responsible; @ly because of
you.¼
¨sol®ecism© ²/ÚsolIsIzEm/ ³n ¶[C] ´error in the use of language; offence
against good manners; mistake in etiquette.¼
¨sol®emn© ²/ÚsolEm/ ³adj ¸1 ´performed with religious or other ceremony;
causing deep thought or respect: ³a @ silence as the coffin was carried out of
the church; a @ duty; @ music; a @ oath´, grave and important. ¸2
´serious-looking; grave: ³@ faces; look as @ as a judge. ¸@®ly ³adv ¸@®ness ³n¼
¨sol®em®nity© ²/sEÚlemnEtI/ ³n (pl µ-ties³) ¸1 ¶[U] ´seriousness; gravity. ¸2
¶[U] ´(but also ³pl´) solemn ceremony: ³The Queen was crowned with all @/with
all the proper solemnities.¼
¨sol®em®nize© ²/ÚsolEmnñIz/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´perform (a religious ceremony, esp a
wedding) with the usual rites; make solemn. ¸sol®em®niz®ation
²/*solEmnñIÚzeI2n ³US: ²-nIÚz-/ ³n ¶[U].¼
¨sol-fa© ²/*sol Úfq ³US: ²*sE8l/ ³n ´= tonic @, µ¥ tonic.¼
¨sol®icit© ²/sEÚlIsIt/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A,14] ·@ sb (for sth), ´ask (for)
earnestly: make requests (for): ³Both the candidates @ed (me for) my vote. The
tradesmen are all @ing us for our custom´, asking us to deal with them. ¸2
¶[VP6A,2A] ´(of a prostitute) make a sexual offer (to), esp in a public place:
³I was openly @ed at Piccadilly Circus. ¸sol®ici®ta®tion ²/sE*lIsIÚteI2n/ ³n
¶[U] ´@ing; ¶[C] ´instance or occasion of this.¼
¨sol®ici®tor© ²/sEÚlIsItE(r)/ ³n ¸1 ´(GB) lawyer who prepares legal documents,
eÔg wills, sale of land or buildings, advises clients on legal matters, and
speaks on their behalf in lower courts. µ¥ advocate, attorney, barrister.
¸So*licitor-ÚGeneral, ´one of the principal law officers in the British
Government, advising on legal matters. ¸2 ´(US) person who solicits trade,
support, etc; canvasser (eÔg for votes).¼
¨sol®ici®tous© ²/sEÚlIsItEs/ ³adj ·@ (for/about sth/sb); @ (to do sth),
´anxious, concerned about (sb's welfare, etc) or to help/serve sb: ³@ to
please; @ for her comfort. ¸@®ly ³adv ¸sol®ici®tude ²/sEÚlIsItjud ³US: ²-tud/
n ¶[U] ´being @; concern or anxiety: ³my deep solicitude for your welfare.¼
¨solid© ²/ÚsolId/ ³adj ¸1 ´not in the form of a liquid or gas: ³@
fuels´, eÔg coal, wood, ³@-fuelled rockets. When water freezes and becomes @,
we call it ice. ¸*@-Ústate ³adj ´(of electronic devices) totally
transistorized, iÔe without valves: ³a @-state amplifier. ¸2 ´compact;
substantial; heavy: ³a man with good @ flesh on him; @ food, ´not slops. ¸3
´without holes or spaces; not hollow: ³a @ sphere. ¸4 ´of strong or firm
material or construction; able to support weight or resist pressure: ³@
buildings/furniture; build on @ foundations; a man of @ build; on @ ground;
steps cut in the @ rock. ¸5 ´that can be depended on: ³@ arguments; a @ ´(=
financially sound) ³business firm; a man of @ character. ¸6 ´alike all
through; of the same substance throughout: ³made of @ gold. ¸7 ´unanimous;
undivided: ³We are @ for peace. The miners are @ on this issue. There was a @
vote in favour of the proposal. ¸8 ´continuous; without a break: ³wait for a @
hour; sleep ten @ hours/ten hours @. ¸9 ´(maths) having length, breadth and
thickness: ³a @ figure´, eÔg a cube; ³@ geometry´, of @, not plane, figures. ³¹
n ¶[C] ¸1 ´body or substance which is @, not a liquid or a gas. ¸2 ´(geom)
figure of three dimensions. ¸@®ly ³adv ¸sol®id®ity ²/sEÚlIdEtI/, ¸@®ness ³nn
¶[U] ´quality of being @: ³the @ity of a building/argument, etc.¼
¨soli®dar®ity© ²/*solIÚdarEtI/ ³n ¶[U] ´unity resulting from common interests
or feelings: ³national @ in the face of danger.¼
¨sol®id®ify© ²/sEÚlIdIfñI/ ³vt,vi (pt,pp µ-fied³) ¶[VP6A,2A] ´make or become
solid, hard or firm. ¸sol®idi®fi®cation ²/sE*lIdIfIÚkeI2n/ ³n¼
¨sol®il®oquy© ²/sEÚlIlEkwI/ ³n (pl µ-quies³) ¶[C,U] ´(instance of) speaking
one's thoughts aloud; (in drama) speech in which a character speaks his
thoughts without addressing a listener. ¸sol®il®oquize ²/sEÚlIlEkwñIz/ ³vi
¶[VP2A] ´talk to oneself; think aloud.¼
¨sol®ip®sism© ²/ÚsolIpsIzEm/ ³n ´(metaphysics) theory that one can have
knowledge only of the self.¼
¨soli®taire© ²/*solIÚteE(r) ³US: ²ÚsolIteE(r)/ ³n ¸1 ´(ornament such as an
earring having a) single gem or jewel. ¸2 ´(also called ³patience´) kinds of
card-game for one player.¼
¨soli®tary© ²/ÚsolItrI ³US: ²-terI/ ³adj ¸1 ´(living) alone;
without companions; lonely: ³a @ life; a @ walk. ¸@ confinement, ´prison
punishment by which a person is isolated in a separate cell. ·in @, ´in @
confinement. ¸2 ´only one: ³not a @ instance of sth, ´not even one instance of
it. ¸3 ´seldom visited: ³a @ valley. ¸soli®tar®ily ²/ÚsolItrElI ³US:
²*solIÚteElI/ ³adv¼
¨soli®tude© ²/ÚsolItjud ³US: ²-tud/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´being without companions;
solitary state: ³live in @; not fond of @. ¸2 ¶[C] ´lonely place: ³spend six
months in the @s of the Antarctic.¼
¨solo© ²/ÚsE8lE8/ ³n (pl µ@s ²/-lE8z/³) ¸1 ´piece of music (to be) performed by
one person: ³a violin/piano @. ¸2 ´any performance by one person; (as ³adv´)
³fly @´; (attrib) ³his first @ flight. ¸3 ¶[U] ´kind of whist in which
one player opposes others. ¸Ú@®ist ²/-Ist/ ³n ´person who gives a @µ(1)´.¼
¨So®lon© ²/ÚsE8lon/ ³n ´(the name of an Athenian lawgiver, hence) wise
legislator.¼
¨sol®stice© ²/ÚsolstIs/ ³n ¶[C] ´either time (³summer @´, about 21 June;
³winter @´, about 22 Dec) at which the sun is farthest N or S of the equator.¼
¨sol®uble© ²/Úsolj8bl/ ³adj ¸1 ·@ (in), ´that can be dissolved. ¸2
´(= solvable) that can be solved or explained. ¸solu®bil®ity ²/*solj8ÚbIlEtI/
³n¼
¨sol®ution© ²/sEÚlu2n/ ³n ¸1 ¶[C] ·@ (to/for/of), ´answer (to a question, etc);
way of dealing with a difficulty: ³Recourse to arms is not the best @ to a
quarrel between two countries. Might economy be the @ to/for/of your financial
troubles? ¸2 ¶[U] ´process of finding an answer or explanation: ³problems that
defy @´, cannot be solved. ¸3 ¶[U] ´process of dissolving a solid or a gas in
liquid: ³the @ of sugar in tea. ¸4 ¶[C,U] ´liquid that results from this
process: ³a @ of salt in water.¼
¨solve© ²/solv/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´find the answer to (a problem, etc):
³@ a crossword puzzle/an equation´; find a way out of a difficulty, etc: ³Help
me to @ my financial troubles. ¸solv®able ²/-Ebl/ ³adj ´that can be @d or
explained.¼
¨sol®vent© ²/ÚsolvEnt/ ³adj ¸1 ´of the power of dissolving or forming a
solution: ³the @ action of water. ¸2 ´having money enough to meet one's debts.
³¹ n ¶[C] ´substance (usu a liquid) able to dissolve another substance (usu
specified): ³grease @´, eÔg petrol. ¸sol®vency ²/-nsI/ ³n ¶[U] ´being @µ(2)´.¼
¨so®matic© ²/sE8ÚmatIk/ ³adj ´of the body.¼
¨sombre© ´(US = ¸som®ber´) ²/ÚsombE(r)/ ³adj ´dark-coloured; gloomy; dismal: ³a
@ January day; @ clothes; a @ picture of the future of mankind. ¸@®ly ³adv
¸@®ness ³n¼
¨som®brero© ²/somÚbreErE8/ ³n (pl µ@s ²/-rE8z/³) ´broad-brimmed hat (as worn in
Latin American countries).¼
¨some©1 ²/sAm´; ³weak form ²sEm, ³used only in the adjectival sense of
´"consisting of an undefined amount or number of'²/ ³adj ¸1 ´(used in affirm
sentences; usually replaced by ³any ´in interr and neg sentences, in
conditional clauses, and in sentences where doubt or negation is implied. ³S@
´and ³any ´are used with material ³nn ´to indicate an amount or quantity that
is either unknown or not given, with abstract ³nn ´to indicate a certain
degree, and with ³pl ´common ³nn ´to indicate a certain number (three or more).
³S@ ´and ³any ´are ³pl ´equivalents of the numeral article ³a/an ´(µ¥ a±2´), of
numeral ³one´, and the ³indef pron "one'´): ³Please give me @ milk. ´Cf ³Have
you any sugar? We haven't any tea. There are @ children outside. ´Cf ³There is
a child outside. They haven't any children. Are there any stamps in that
drawer? I wonder whether Mr Black has any flowers in his garden. I doubt
whether there are any flowers in Mr Green's garden. I don't like a garden
without any flowers in it. There are scarcely/hardly any flowers in this
garden. S@ ´(= ÚS@ people) ³say that«. ¸2 ³S@ ´is used in sentences that are
interr in form if the speaker expects, or wishes to suggest, an affirm answer:
³Aren't there @ stamps in that drawer? ´Cf ³There are @ stamps in that drawer,
aren't there? Didn't he give you @ money? ´Cf ³He gave you @ money, didn't he?
(S@ ´is used in sentences that are interr in form if these sentences are really
invitations or requests: ³Will you have @ cake? ´Cf ³Please have @ cake. Will
you please buy me @ stamps when you go out? ´Cf ³Please buy me @ stamps.) ¸3
´(After ³if´, introducing a supposition, either ³some ´or ³any ´may be used):
³If we had @/any money, we could buy it. If we find @/any, we'll share them
with you. ¸4 ´(³S@ ´and ³any ´are used with ³more´): ³Give me @ more ²/sE
Úmc(r)/´. ³Do you want any more? I haven't any more. Won't you have @ more? ¸5
´(³S@ ´(always ²/sAm/´) is often contrasted with ³the rest, other(s)´, and
³all´): ³S@ children learn languages easily (and others with difficulty). All
work is not dull; @ work is pleasant. ¸6 ´(³S@ ´(always ²/sAm/´) is used before
³sing ´common ³nn ´to indicate that the person, place, object, etc is unknown,
or when the speaker does not wish to be specific. The words ³or other ´are
often added): ³He's living at @ place in East Africa. I've read that story
before in @ book or other. S@ man at the door is asking to see you. ¸7 ´(³S@
´(always stressed) is used with ³nn ´meaning "a considerable quantity or number
of'): ³I shall be away for ·*³@ ·Ú³time, ´a fairly long time. ³Mr Green spoke
at @ ´(= considerable) ³length. We went @ ´(= several) ³miles out of our way.
The railway station is at @ distance ´(= quite a long way) ³from the village.
¸8 ´(³S@ ´(always stressed) is also used with ³nn ´meaning "to a certain extent
or degree'): ³That is @ help ´(iÔe It helps to a certain extent) ³towards
understanding the problem. ¹ adv (S@ ´(always ²/sAm/´) is used adverbially,
meaning ³about ´or ³approximately´, before numbers): ³That was @ twenty years
ago. There were @ fifteen people there. ·@ few, µ¥ few(3).¼
¨some©2 ²/sAm/ ³pron ´(S@ as a ³pron ´is used in the same ways as @, ³adj,
µ(1,2 ´and µ3). ³S@ of ´and ³any of ´are equivalent to ³a few of, a little of,
part of): S@ of these books are quite useful. I don't want any of these
(books). I don't want any of this (paper). I agree with @ ´(= part) ³of what
you say. Scotland has @ of the finest scenery in the world.¼
¨some®body© ²/ÚsAmbEdI/, ±some®one ²/ÚsAmwAn/ ³pron ¸1 ´(replaced
by ³anybody ´in ³interr, neg´, etc sentences) some person: ³There's @ at the
door. Is there anyone at home? That must be @ from the Department of Education.
¸2 ´(often with the ³indef art; ´also in the ³pl´) a person of some importance:
³If you had studied harder at college you might have become (a) @. He's nobody
here in town but I suppose he's a @ in his own village.¼
¨some®how© ²/ÚsAmhñ8/ ³adv ¸1 ´in some way (or other); by one means
or another: ³We must find money for the rent @ (or other). We shall get there
@. ¸2 ´for some (vague) reason (or other): ³She never liked me, @. S@ I don't
trust that man.¼
¨some®one© ²/ÚsAmwAn/ ³n ´= µsomebody.¼
¨some®place© ²/ÚsAmpleIs/ ³adv ´(US colloq) somewhere: ³I've left my bag @. He
lives @ between Baltimore and Washington. Let's go @ else.¼
¨som®er®sault© ²/ÚsAmEsclt/ ³n ¶[C] ´leap or fall in which one turns heels over
head before landing on one's feet: ³turn/throw a @. ¹ vi ¶[VP2A] ´turn a @.¼
¨some®thing© ²/ÚsAmTIG/ ³pron ¸1 ´(replaced by ³anything ´in ³interr, neg´, etc
sentences) ´some thing, object, event, etc (of an indefinite nature): ³There's
@ on the floor. Is there anything in that box? I want @ to eat. There's @ ´(=
some truth, some point) ³in what he says. It's @ ´(= some satisfaction, some
comfort) ³to be home again without an accident. He is @ ´(= has some position
or other) ³in the Department of the Environment. ¸2 ·or @, ´(colloq) indicates
absence of precise information: ³Mr Green is a shopkeeper or @´, is engaged in
trade of some kind. ³I hear he has broken an arm or @´, met with some sort of
accident and has broken a limb, etc. ³He struck a match too near the petrol
tank or @, ´or did something equally foolish and dangerous. ¸3 ·@ of, ´used to
indicate an indefinite degree: ³The soldier found himself @ of a hero ´(= was
greeted as a hero to some extent) ³when he returned to his village. He's @ of a
liar´, (= is not wholly truthful), ³don't you think? I'm @ of a carpenter´, I
have some ability as a carpenter. ¹ ³adv ·@ like, ¸(a) ´rather like; having
some resemblance to: ³The airship was shaped @ like a cigar. ¸(b)
´approximately: ³He left @ like ten thousand´, iÔe died leaving about $10Ô000.
¸(c) ´(colloq) ³Now that's @ like it´, (used to denote satisfaction).¼
¨some®time© ²/ÚsAmtñIm/ ³adv ¸1 ´at some time: ³I saw him @ in May.
It was @ last summer. I will speak to him about it @. I hope you will come @
soon. ´(Do not confuse with ³some time ´meaning "for some period of time', as
in: I have been waiting some time). ¸2 ´(also as ³adj´) former(ly): ³The Rev
Thomas Atkins, @ priest of this parish; Mr Snuffle, @ fellow of Trinity
College.¼
¨some®times© ²/ÚsAmtñImz/ ³adv ´at some times; now and then; from time to time:
³I @ have letters from him. I have @ had letters from him. S@ we go to the
cinema and at other times we go for a walk. ´(When @ is used in a contrasting
statement, or when it is repeated, it may follow the ³v´): ³She likes @ the one
and @ the other. He says @ the one thing and at other times the exact
opposite.¼
¨some®way© ²/ÚsAmweI/ ³adv ´(US colloq) = µsomehow.¼
¨some®what© ²/ÚsAmwot ³US: ²-hwot/ ³adv ¸1 ´rather; in some degree: ³I was @
surprised/disappointed, etc. He answered @ hastily. We've arrived @ late, I'm
afraid. ¸2 ·@ of, ´rather: ³He was @ of a liar. I found it @ of a difficulty.¼
¨some®where© ²/ÚsAmweE(r) ³US: ²-hweEr/ ³adv ´(in ³interr, neg´, etc sentences
replaced by ³anywhere´) in, at, to, some place: ³It must be @ near here. Is it
anywhere near here? I didn't go anywhere yesterday. He lost it @ between his
office and the station. You will find the text @ in the Bible.¼
¨som®nam®bu®lism© ²/somÚnambj8lIzEm/ ³n ¶[U] ´sleep-walking.
¸som®nam®bu®list ²/-Ist/ ³n ´sleep-walker.¼
¨som®nol®ent© ²/ÚsomnElEnt/ ³adj ´sleepy; almost asleep; causing sleep. ¸@®ly
³adv ¸som®nol®ence ²/-Ens/ ³n ¶[U] ´sleepiness.¼
¨son© ²/sAn/ ³n ¸1 ´male child of a parent. ·the Son of God; the Son of Man,
´Jesus Christ. ·the sons of men, ´mankind. ¸Úson-in-law ³n (pl µsons-in-law´)
husband of one's daughter. ¸2 ´(used as a form of address, eÔg by an older man
to a young man, a priest to a penitent): ³my son. ¸3 ·son of, ´person having
the qualities, etc indicated: ³sons of freedom´, those who have inherited
freedom from their ancestors; ³a son of the soil´, one whose father worked on
the land and who follows his father's occupation.¼
¨so®nar© ²/ÚsE8nq(r)/ ³n ´device or system for detecting and locating objects
submerged in water by means of reflected sound waves.¼
¨so®nata© ²/sEÚnqtE/ ³n (pl µ@s ²/-tEz/³) ´musical composition for one
instrument (eÔg the piano), or two (eÔg piano and violin), normally with three
or four movements.¼
¨song© ²/soG ³US: ²scG/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´singing; music for the voice: ³burst into
@; the @ ´(= musical cry) ³of the birds. ¸Ú@®bird ³n ´bird (eÔg blackbird,
thrush) noted for its @. ¸2 ¶[U] ´poetry; verse: ³renowned in @. ¸3 ¶[C] ´short
poem or number of verses set to music and intended to be sung: ³a marching @;
popular @s. ¸Ú@-book ³n ´collection of @s (with both words and music). ·buy sth
for a @/an old @; go for a @, ´buy sth/be sold for a small amount. ·nothing to
make a @ and dance about, ´(colloq) of little or no importance. ·a @ and dance,
´(colloq) fuss. ¸@®ster ²/-stE(r)/ ³n ´singer; @-bird. ¸@®stress ²/-strIs/ ³n
´female singer.¼
¨sonic© ²/ÚsonIk/ ³adj ´relating to sound, sound-waves or the speed of sound:
³a @ bang/boom´, noise made when an aircraft exceeds the speed of sound; ³the
@ barrier, µ¥ ³sound barrier ´at µsound±2µ(3). ¥ super@, ultra@.¼
¨son®net© ²/ÚsonIt/ ³n ´kind of poem containing 14 lines, each of 10 syllables,
and with a formal pattern of rhymes. ¸@®eer ²/*sonIÚtIE(r)/ ³n ´(usu derog)
writer of @s.¼
¨sonny© ²/ÚsAnI/ ³n (pl µ-nies³) ´familiar form of address to a young boy.¼
¨son®or®ous© ²/sEÚncrEs/ ³adj ¸1 ´having a full, deep sound: ³a @ voice; the @
note of the temple bell. ¸2 ´(of language, words, etc) impressive; imposing: ³@
titles; a @ style of writing. ¸@®ly ³adv ¸son®or®ity ²/sEÚnorEtI ³US: ²-Úncr-/
³n¼
¨sonsy© ²/ÚsonsI/ ³adj ´(Scot) ³a @ lass´, a plump, merry, cheerful
girl.¼
¨soon© ²/sun/ ³adv ¸1 ´not long after the present time or the time in question;
in a short time. (³S@ ´may occupy mid-position with the ³v´, or, esp if
modified by ³too, very ´or ³quite´, end position): ³We shall @ be home. We
shall be home quite @ now. He'll be here very @. It will @ be five years since
we came to live in London. ·@ after, ´a short time after: ³He arrived @ after
three. ´(The opposite of ³@ after ´is ³a little before.) ¸2 ´early: ³How @ can
you be ready? Must you leave so @? We reached the station half an hour too @.
He will be here @er than you expect. ¸3 ·as/so @ as, ´at the moment that;
when; not later than: ³He started as @ as he received the news. I'll tell him
the news as @ as I see him. We didn't arrive so/as @ as we had hoped. ·no @er«
than, ´immediately when or after: ³He had no @er/No @er had he arrived home
than he was asked to start on another journey. No @er said than done´, iÔe
done immediately. ¸4 ´(in double comparative constructions): ³The @er you begin
the @er you'll finish. The @er the better. ·@er or later, ´one day whether @ or
(much) later. ¸5 ´(suggesting comparison) ·(just) as @« (as), ´with equal
readiness or willingness« (as): ³I would (just) as @ stay at home as go for a
walk. ·@er than, ´rather than: ³He would @er resign than take part in such
dishonest business deals. S@er than marry that man, she would earn her living
as a waitress. ·as @ as not, ´(most) willingly: ³I'd go there as @ as not.¼
¨soot© ²/s8t/ ³n ¶[U] ´black powder in smoke, or left by smoke on
surfaces: ³sweep the @ out of the chimney. ¸@y ³adj ´black with @; black like
@. ³¹ vt ´cover with @.¼
¨sooth© ²/suT/ ³n ´(archaic) truth. ·in @, ´truly. ¸Ú@®sayer ²/-seIE(r)/ ³n
´fortune-teller.¼
¨soothe© ²/suD/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ¸1 ´make (a person, his nerves, passions) quiet or
calm: ³@ a crying baby; @ sb's anger; a soothing voice. ¸2 ´make (pains,
aches) less sharp or severe: ³@ an aching tooth; a soothing lotion for the
skin´, eÔg against sunburn. ¸sooth®ing®ly ³adv¼
¨sop© ²/sop/ ³n ¶[C] ¸1 ´piece of bread, etc soaked in milk, soup, etc. ¸2 ·a
sop to sb, ´sth offered to prevent trouble or to give temporary satisfaction:
³(throw) a sop to Cerberus´, (do) sth to pacify or bribe a troublesome person.
³¹ vt µ(-pp-) ¶[VP6A,15B] ´soak (bread, etc in broth, etc). ·sop sth up, ´take
up liquid, etc: ³Sop up the water with this towel. ¸sop®ping ³adj, adv ´soaking
(wet): ³sopping (wet) clothes.¼
¨soph®ism© ²/ÚsofIzEm/ ³n ¶[C,U] ´false reasoning or argument, intended to
deceive.¼
¨soph®ist© ²/ÚsofIst/ ³n ´person who uses clever but misleading
arguments.¼
¨soph®is®ti®cated© ²/sEÚfIstIkeItId/ ³adj ¸1 ´having learnt the ways of the
world and having lost natural simplicity; showing this: ³a @ girl; a girl with
@ tastes. ¸2 ´complex; with the latest improvements and refinements: ³@ modern
weapons; @ devices used in spacecraft. ¸3 ´(of mental activity) refined;
complex; subtle: ³a @ discussion/argument. ¸soph®is®ti®ca®tion
²/sE*fIstIÚkeI2n/ ³n¼
¨soph®is®try© ²/ÚsofIstrI/ ³n (pl µ-tries³) ¶[U] ´use of sophisms; ¶[C]
´instance of this.¼
¨sopho®more© ²/ÚsofEmc(r)/ ³n ´(US) person in his second year at a four-year
college.¼
¨sop®or®ific© ²/*sopEÚrIfIk/ ³n, adj ´(substance, drink, etc) producing sleep.¼
¨sop®ping© ²/ÚsopIG/ ³adj µ¥ sop.¼
¨soppy© ²/ÚsopI/ ³adj µ(-ier, -iest) ¸1 ´very wet. ¸1 ´(colloq) foolishly
sentimental.¼
¨so®prano© ²/sEÚprqnE8 ³US: ²-Úpran-/ ³n (pl µ@s ²/-nE8z/³), adj ´(person
having the) highest singing voice of women and girls and boys.¼
¨sorbet© ²/ÚscbEt/ ³n ´= µsherbet.¼
¨sor®cerer© ²/ÚscsErE(r)/ ³n ´man who practises magic with the help of evil
spirits. ¸sor®cer®ess ²/ÚscsErIs/ ³n ´woman @. ¸sor®cery ²/ÚscsErI/ ³n (pl
µ-ries³) ¶[U] ´witchcraft; ³(pl) ´evil acts done by a @.¼
¨sor®did© ²/Úscdid/ ³adj ¸1 ´(of conditions) wretched; shabby; comfortless: ³a
@ slum; living in @ poverty. ¸2 ´(of persons, behaviour, etc) contemptible;
prompted by self-interest or meanness: ³@ motives. ¸@®ly ³adv ¸@®ness ³n¼
¨sore© ²/sc(r)/ ³adj ¸1 ´(of a part of the body) tender and painful; hurting
when touched or used: ³a @ knee/throat. ·like a bear with a @ head, ´ill
tempered, grumpy. ·a sight for @ eyes, ´sb or sth welcome, pleasant. ¸2
´filled with sorrow; sad: ³a @ heart. ¸3 ´causing sorrow or annoyance. ·a @
point/subject, ´one that hurts the feelings when talked about. ¸4 ´irritated;
aggrieved: ³feel @ about not being invited to the party. ¸5 ´(old use; also
adverbial) grievous(ly); severe(ly): ³in @ distress; in @ need of help; @
oppressed. ¹ n ¶[C] ¸1 ´@ place on the body (where the skin or flesh is
injured): ³treat/bandage/heal a @. ¸2 ´(fig) @ subject; painful memory: ³Let's
not recall old @s. ¸@®ly ³adv ¸1 ´severely: ³@ly tempted/afflicted. ¸2
´greatly: ³More financial help is @ly needed. ¸@®ness ³n¼
¨sor®ghum© ²/ÚscgEm/ ³n ¶[U] ´kinds of millet.¼
¨sor®or®ity© ²/sEÚrorEtI ³US: ²-Úrcr-/ ³n (pl µ-ties³) ´(US) women's social
club in a college or university.¼
¨sor®rel©1 ²/ÚsorEl ³US: ²ÚscrEl/ ³n ´kinds of herb with sour-tasting leaves
used in cooking.¼
¨sor®rel©2 ²/ÚsorEl ³US: ²ÚscrEl/ ³adj, n ´(of a) reddish-brown colour; horse
of this colour.¼
¨sor®row© ²/ÚsorE8/ ³n ¶[C,U] ´(cause of) grief or sadness; regret: ³express @
for having done wrong; to my great @; to the @ of all who were present; in @
and in joy´, when we are sad and also when we are happy. ³His @s had turned
his hair white. ·more in @ than in anger, ´with more regret than anger for
what was done, etc. ·the Man of S@s, ´Jesus. ³¹ vi ¶[VP2A,C] ·@ (at/for/over),
´feel @ (at/for/over sth): ³@ing over her child's death. ¸@®ful ²/-fl/ ³adj
´feeling, showing, causing, @. ¸@®fully ²/-fElI/ ³adv¼
¨sorry© ²/ÚsorI/ ³adj ¸1 ³(pred ´only³) ´feeling regret or sadness:
³We're @ to hear of your father's death. I should be @ for you to think/if
you were to think ³that I dislike you. I was @ to hear that you thought I
disliked you. ·be/feel @ (about/for sth), ´feel regret or repentance: ³Aren't
you @ for/about what you've done? If you'll say you're @ ´(= that you repent),
³we'll forget the incident. ·be/feel @ for sb, ¸(a) ´feel sympathy: ³I feel @
for anyone who has to drive in weather like this. ¸(b) ´feel pity or mild
contempt: ³I'm @ for you, but you've been rather foolish, haven't you? If he
doesn't realize that he must make sacrifices, I'm @ for him. ¸2 ´(used to
express mild regret or an apology): ³"Can you lend me a pound?'Å"(I'm) S@, but
I can't.' µ¥ excuse±2µ(3), pardon(2). ¸3 ´(attrib) µ(-ier, -iest) ´pitiful: ³in
a @ state; ´worthless; shabby: ³a @ excuse.¼
¨sort©1 ²/sct/ ³n ¶[C] ¸1 ´group or class of persons or things which are alike
in some way: ³Pop music is the @ she likes most. What @ of people does he
think we are? We can't approve of this @ of thing/these @ of things/things of
this @. ·of a @; of @s, ´used (colloq) to suggest that what is referred to does
not fully deserve the name: ³They served coffee of a @/coffee of @s/a @ of
coffee. ·@ of, ´(colloq) rather; to some extent: ³I sort of thought ´(= had
a vague idea) ³this would happen. µ¥ ³kind of ´at µkind±2µ(2). ¸2 ·after a @;
in a @, ´to a certain extent. ¸3 ·a good @, ´(esp) a person who is likable, who
has good qualities. ¸4 ·out of @s, ´(colloq) feeling unwell, out of spirits.¼
¨sort©2 ²/sct/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A,15B] ·@ sth (out), ´arrange in
groups; separate things of one sort from things of other sorts: ³The boy was
@ing/@ing out/over the foreign stamps he had collected. We must @ out the good
apples from the bad. ·@ sth out, ´(colloq) put in good order; solve: ³I'll
leave you to @ that out´, find a solution. ³Let's leave that pair to @
themselves out´, clear up their problems, misunderstandings, etc. ¸2 ·@
well/ill with, ´(liter) be in/out of harmony with: ³His heroic death @ed well
with his character. ¸@er ³n ´(esp) post-office worker who @s letters.¼
¨sor®tie© ²/Úscti/ ³n ¶[C] ¸1 ´attack made by besieged soldiers on their
besiegers. ¸2 ´flight made by one aircraft during military operations: ³The
four planes each made two @s yesterday.¼
¨SÔOÔS© ²/*es E8 Úes/ ³n ¶[C] ¸1 ´message for help (sent by radio, etc) from a
ship, aircraft, etc when in danger. Cf ³mayday call. ¸2 ´urgent call for help,
eÔg a broadcast to find relatives of a person seriously ill.¼
¨so-so© ²/*sE8 ÚsE8/ ³pred adj, adv ´(colloq) not very good: ³"How are you
feeling today?'Å"Oh, only so-so.'¼
¨sot© ²/sot/ ³n ´habitual drunkard, esp one whose mind has become dulled.
¸sot®tish ²/ÚsotI2/ ³adj ´habitually drunk and, for this reason, dull or
stupid. ¸sot®tish®ly ³adv ¸sot®tish®ness ³n¼
¨sotto voce© ²/*sotE8 ÚvE8t2I/ ³adv ´(I) in a low voice, aside.¼
¨sou© ²/su/ ³n ´former French coin of low value; (fig) very small amount of
money: ³He hasn't a sou, ´is penniless.¼
¨sou®brette© ²/suÚbret/ ³n ´maidservant (usu pert, coquettish, fond of
intrigue) in a comedy for the theatre; actress taking such a part.¼
¨sou®bri®quet© ²/ÚsubrIkeI/ ³n ´= µsobriquet.¼
¨souf®fl_e© ²/ÚsufleI ³US: ²suÚfleI/ ³n ¶[C] ´(F) dish of eggs, milk, etc
beaten to a froth, flavoured (with cheese, etc) and baked.¼
¨sough© ²/sAf ³US: ²sñ8/ ³vi ¶[VP2A]´, ³n ´(make a) murmuring or whispering
sound (as of wind in trees).¼
¨sought© ²/sct/ ³pt,pp ´of µseek.¼
¨soul© ²/sE8l/ ³n ¶[C] ¸1 ´non-material part of a person, believed to exist for
ever: ³believe in the immortality of the @; commend one's @ to God, ´(when at
the point of death). ³He eats hardly enough to keep body and @ together´, to
keep him alive. ³She has a @ above material pleasures. ¸2 ´(often without
³indef art´) emotional, moral and intellectual energy: ³This music has no soul.
He is a man without a soul, ´is unfeeling, selfish. ³He put his heart and @
into the work. ¸3 ·the life and @ of the party, etc, ´(person looked upon as
the) liveliest person present at the party, etc. ¸4 ´person regarded as the
pattern or personification of some virtue or quality: ³He is the @ of
honour/discretion. ¸5 ´spirit of a dead person: ·*³All ·Ú³S@s' Day´, 2 Nov. ¸6
´person: ³There wasn't a @ to be seen´, No one was in sight. ³The ship sank
with 200 @s. ¸7 ´(expressing familiarity, pity, etc according to context):
³He's a cheery @´, a cheerful man. ³Be a good @ and lend me a dollar. She's
lost all her money, poor @. ¸8 ´(US colloq) all those qualities that enable a
person to be in harmony with himself and others, used esp by Afro-Americans and
expressed through their music and dancing. ¸@ brother/sister, ´fellow
Afro-American; person who thinks and feels in the same way as oneself. ¸@
music, ´modern Afro-American popular blues music with strong rhythm for
dancing. ¸9 ´(compounds) ¸Ú@-destroying ³adj ´killing the @ or spirit:
³@-destroying work. ¸Ú@-stirring ³adj ´exciting, etc. ¸@ful ²/-fl/ ³adj
´having, affecting, showing, deep feeling: ³@ful eyes/music/glances. ¸@®fully
²/-fElI/ ³adv ¸@®less ³adj ´without higher or deeper feelings. ¸@®less®ly ³adv¼
¨sound©1 ²/sñ8nd/ ³adj ¸1 ´healthy; in good condition; not hurt, injured or
decayed: ³@ fruit/teeth; have a @ constitution. ·a @ mind in a @ body, ´good
mental and physical health. ·@ in wind and limb, ´(colloq) physically fit. ¸2
´dependable; based on reason; prudent: ³a @ argument/policy; @ advice; a @
business firm. Is he @ on national defence? ´Are his views, etc reasonable,
well-founded? ¸3 ´capable, careful: ³a @ tennis player. ¸4 ´thorough; complete:
³have a @ sleep, ´a deep and peaceful sleep; ³be a @ sleeper; give sb a @
thrashing. ¹ adv ·be/fall @ asleep, ´be/become deeply and peacefully asleep.
¸@®ly ³adv ´in a @ manner; thoroughly: ³a @ly based argument; ³sleep @ly; be
@ly beaten at tennis. ¸@®ness ³n¼
¨sound©2 ²/sñ8nd/ ³n ¶[C,U] ¸1 ´that which is or can be heard:
³within @ of the guns´, near enough to hear them; ·Ú³vowel @s´, eÔg ²/u, A, E/
³and ·Ú³consonant @s´, eÔg ²/p, b, 2, Z/´. ³We heard the @ of voices. ¸2
³(sing ´only³) ´mental impression produced by sth stated (or read): ³The news
has a sinister @´, seems to be sinister. ³I don't like the @ of it. ¸3
´(compounds, etc) ¸*@ Úarchives ³n pl ´recordings on disc or magnetic tape of
broadcasts considered to deserve being kept for future use: ³the BÔBÔC @
archives. ¸Ú@ barrier ³n ´point at which an aircraft's speed equals that of
@-waves, causing sonic booms: ³break the @ barrier´, exceed the speed of
sound. ¸Ú@-box ³n ´part of an old-fashioned gramophone containing a diaphragm
and into which the needle that moves over a record is fixed (corresponding to
the pick-up of an electrical reproducer). ¸Ú@ effects ³n pl ´sounds (recorded
on discs, magnetic tape, film, etc) for use in broadcasts, in making films,
etc or produced when needed (in a studio, etc). ¸Ú@-film ³n ´cinema film with
dialogue, music, etc recorded on it. ¸Ú@®proof ³adj ´constructed so that @(s)
cannot pass through or into: ³a @proof studio. ´Hence, ¸Ú@®proof ³vt ¶[VP6A]
´make @proof. ¸Ú@-recording ³n ´(contrasted with ³video-recording´) sth
recorded in @ only. ¸Ú@-track ³n ´(music, etc on a) track or band at the side
of a cinema film which has the recording @. ¸Ú@-wave ³n ´vibration made in the
air or other medium by which @ is carried. ¸@®less ³adj ¸@®less®ly ³adv¼
¨sound©3 ²/sñ8nd/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A] ´produce sound from; make (sth)
produce sound: ³@ a trumpet. ¸2 ¶[VP6A] ´utter: ³@ a note of alarm/danger. ¸3
¶[VP6A] ´pronounce: ³Don't @ the "h' in "hour' or the "b' in "dumb'. ¸4
¶[VP6A] ´give notice of: ³@ the alarm´, eÔg by ringing a bell; ³@ the
retreat´, by blowing a bugle. ¸5 ¶[VP2A] ´give forth sound: ³The trumpet @ed.
This black key ´(eÔg on the piano) ³won't @´, No sound is produced when the
key is struck. ¸6 ¶[VP6A] ´test, examine (the wheels of a railway carriage,
etc by striking them; a person's lungs by tapping the chest). ¸7 ¶[VP2C,D]
´give an impression when heard (often fig): ³How sweet the music @s! It @s to
me as if there's a tap running somewhere´, I think I can hear water running
from a tap. ³His explanation @s all right´, seems reasonable enough. ³Her
excuse @s very hollow´, is unconvincing. ¸8 Ú@®ing-board ³n ´canopy placed over
a platform to direct the @ of the speaker's voice towards his listeners; thin
plate of wood on a musical instrument, for magnifying its @; (fig) way of
causing an opinion, plan, etc to be widely heard.¼
¨sound©4 ²/sñ8nd/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A,2A] ´test the depth of (the sea,
etc) by letting down a weighted line (called a ·Ú³@ing-line ´or ³@ing
apparatus´); find the depth of water in a ship's hold (with a ·Ú³@ing-rod´);
get records of temperature, pressure, etc in (the upper atmosphere) (by
sending up instruments in a ·Ú³@ing-balloon´). ¸2 ¶[VP6A,15A,B] ·@ sb (out)
(about/on sth), ´try (esp cautiously or in a reserved manner) to learn sb's
views, sentiments, etc: ³I will @ the manager about/on the question of
holidays. Have you @ed him out yet´, tried to learn his views? ¸@®ings ³n pl
¸1 ´measurements obtained by @ingµ(1)´. ¸2 ´reactions obtained by @ingµ(2). ¸3
´place or area near enough to the shore to make it possible to @µ(1)´: ³We are
in @ings/have come into @ings.¼
¨sound©5 ²/sñ8nd/ ³n ¶[C] ´narrow passage of water joining two
larger areas of water; strait.¼
¨soup©1 ²/sup/ ³n ¶[U] ´liquid food made by cooking meat, vegetables, etc in
water: ³chicken/pea/tomato @. ·in the @, ´(colloq) in trouble. ¸Ú@-kitchen ³n
´public establishment for supplying @ to persons who are poor, or after a
calamity such as an earthquake or flood.¼
¨soup©2 ²/sup/ ³vt ¶[VP15B] ·@ sth up, ´(sl) fit (a motor-vehicle, its engine)
with a supercharger (to increase the power output, and so its speed): ³a
@ed-up car.¼
¨soup®<con© ²/Úsupson ³US: ²supÚson/ ³n ´(F) (usu ·a @ of´) small amount;
trace: ³a @ of garlic in the salad/of malice in his remarks.¼
¨sour© ²/sñ8E(r)/ ³adj ¸1 ´having a sharp taste (like that of vinegar, a lemon
or an unripe plum, apple, etc). ·@ grapes µ¥ grape. ¸2 ´having a taste of
fermentation: ³@ milk; a @ smell´, iÔe of sth that has fermented. ¸3 ´(fig)
bad-tempered; sharp-tongued: ³made @ by disappointments. What a @ face she
has! ¹ vt,vi ¶[VP6A,2A] ´turn or become @ (liter, fig): ³The hot weather has
@ed the milk. Her personality has @ed. The old man has been @ed by poverty.
¸@®ly ³adv ¸@®ness ³n¼
¨source© ²/scs/ ³n ¶[C] ¸1 ´starting-point of a river: ³the @s of
the Nile. Where does the Rhine have its @? ¸2 ´place from which sth comes or
is got: ³The news comes from a reliable @. Is that well the @ of infection for
these cases of typhoid? ¸3 ³(pl) ´original documents, etc serving as material
for a study, eÔg of sb's life, a period of history: (attrib) ³@ materials.¼
¨souse© ²/sñ8s/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ¸1 ´throw into water; throw water on. ¸2 ´put
(fish, etc) into salted water, vinegar, etc to preserve it: ³@d herrings. ¸3
@d ³adj ´(³pp´) ´(sl) drunk.¼
¨sou®tane© ²/suÚtqn/ ³n ´(F) (in the RÔC Church) priest's cassock.¼
¨south© ²/sñ8T/ ³n ¸1 µ¥ ´the illus at µcompass. ´one of the four cardinal
points of the compass, on the right of a person facing the sunrise; part of any
place, country, etc lying farther in this direction than other parts: ³the @ of
London/England. Mexico is to the @ of the US. ¸2 ´(attrib) situated in,
living in, pertaining to, coming from, the @: ³S@ Wales; S@ America; the S@
Pacific; a room with a @ aspect´, with windows facing @; ³grow roses on a @
wall; the S@ Pole. ¹ adv ´to or towards the @: ³The ship was sailing due @.
¸*@®Úeast, *@®Úwest ´(abbr ¸SÔE, SÔW´), ³nn, adjj, advv ´(sometimes, esp naut,
¸sou'-east ²/*sñ8 Úist/, ¸sou'-west ²/*sñ8 Úwest/´) (regions) midway between @
and east, @ and west. ¸*@-@®Úeast, *@-@®Úwest ´(abbr ¸SÔSÔE, SÔSÔW´) ³nn,
adjj, advv ´(sometimes, esp naut, ¸*sou'-sou'-Úeast, *sou'-sou'-Úwest´)
(regions) midway between @ and @east, @west. ¸*@®Úeaster ³n ¶[C] ´strong wind
blowing from the @east. ¸*@®Úeaster®ly ³adj ´(of wind) from the @east; (of
direction) towards the @east. ¸*@®Úwester, sou'-wester ²/*sñ8 ÚwestE(r)/ ³n
¸(a) ´strong @west wind. ¸(b) ´(always ³sou'wester´) waterproof (usu oilskin)
hat with a wide flap at the back to protect the neck. ¸*@®Úwester®ly ³adj ´(of
wind) from the @west; (of direction) towards the @west. ¸*@®Úeastern
²/-ÚistEn/ ³adj ´of, from, situated in, the @east. ¸*@®Úwestern ²/-ÚwestEn/
³adj ´of, from, situated in the @west. ¸@®ward(s) ²/Úsñ8TwEdz/ ³adv ´towards
the @.¼
¨south®er®ly© ²/ÚsADElI/ ³adj, adv ¸1 ´(of winds) blowing from the
south. ¸2 ´towards the south: ³The plane flew off in a @ direction.¼
¨south®ern© ²/ÚsADEn/ ³adj ´in or of the south: ³@ Europe; the S@ States of
the UÔSÔA. ¸@er ³n ´person from the @ part of the country, esp from the S@
States (US). ¸Ú@®most ²/-mE8st/ ³adj ´farthest south.¼
¨sou®venir© ²/*suvEÚnIE(r) ³US: ²ÚsuvEnIEr/ ³n ¶[C] ´sth taken, bought or
received as a gift, and kept as a reminder of a person, place or event.¼
¨sou'®wester© ²/*sñ8westE(r)/ µ¥ south(2).¼
¨sov®er®eign© ²/ÚsovrIn/ ³adj ¸1 ´(of power) highest; without limit; (of a
nation, state, ruler) having @ power: ³become a @ state´, fully self-governing
and independent in foreign affairs. ¸2 ´excellent; effective: ³Is there a @
remedy for cancer? ¹ n ¸1 ´@ ruler, eÔg a king, queen or emperor. ¸2 ´British
gold coin not now in circulation (face value one pound). ¸@ty ²/ÚsovrEntI/ ³n
¶[U] ´@ power.¼
¨so®viet© ²/ÚsE8vIEt/ ³n ¶[C] ´one of the councils of workers, etc in any part
of the UÔSÔSÔR (the Union of S@ Socialist Republics); any of the higher groups
to which these councils give authority, forming part of the system of
government ³(the Supreme S@) ´of the whole of the UÔSÔSÔR: ³S@ Russia; the S@
Union. ¸Ú@®ize ²/-ñIz/ ³vt ´convert to the @ system of government.¼
¨sow©1 ²/sñ8/ ³n ´fully grown female pig. µ¥ boar, hog, swine.¼
¨sow©2 ²/sE8/ ³vt,vi ³(pt µsowed, ³pp µsown ²/sE8n/ ´or µsowed³) ¶[VP6A,15A,2A]
´put (seed) on or in the ground or in soil (in pots, seed-boxes, etc); plant
(land ³with ´seed): ³sow grass; sow a plot of land
with grass; ´(fig) ³sow the seeds of hatred. It's too soon to sow yet. ¸@er ³n
´one who sows.¼
¨sox© ²/soks/ ³n pl ´(trade use) ³pl ´of ³sock.¼
¨soy© ²/sãI/, ±soya ²/ÚsãIE/ ³n ¸Úsoy(a) bean, ´bean grown as food and for the
oil obtained from its seeds. ¸*soy Úsauce, ´sauce made by fermenting soy beans
in brine.¼
¨soz®zled© ²/Úsozld/ ³adj ´(GB, sl) very drunk.¼
¨spa© ²/spq/ ³n ´(place where there is a) spring of mineral water having
medicinal properties.¼
¨space© ²/speIs/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´that in which all objects exist and move: ³The
universe exists in @. Travel through @ to other planets interests many people
today. ¸Ú@-capsule, Ú@®craft, Ú@-helmet, Ú@-rocket, Ú@®ship, Ú@-suit/-vehicle
³nn ´of the kind needed for travel beyond the earth's atmosphere. µ¥ ´the
illus at µcapsule, rocket. ¸*@-Útime ³n ´(also known as "the fourth
dimension') fusion of time and the three dimensions of @, as a concept much
used in modern physics and philosophy. ¸2 ¶[C,U] ´interval or distance between
two or more objects: ³the @s between printed words; separated by a @ of ten
feet; put as much @ as possible between the lines; leave a blank @ for sth to
be added. ¸Ú@-bar ³n ´bar in a typewriter, tapped to make @s between words. ¸3
¶[C,U] ´area or volume: ³open @s´, (esp) land, in or near a town, not built
on. ³Clear a @ on the platform for the speakers. ¸Ú@-heater ³n ´heating
apparatus (electric, or oil-burning) designed to warm a room by radiation or
convection. ¸4 ¶[U] ´limited or unoccupied place or area; roomµ(3)´: ³There
isn't enough @ in this classroom for thirty desks. Have you enough @ to work
in? ¸5 ³(sing ´only³) ´period of time: ³a @ of three years. ¹ vt ¶[VP6A,15B] ·@
sth (out), ´set out with regular @s between: ³@ out the posts three feet apart;
@ out the type more; @ ´(= spread) ³out payments ´(eÔg for a house) ³over
twenty years: ³a well-@d family´, one in which children are born at planned
intervals of time. ¸*single-/*double-Úspacing, ´the arrangement of typed
material with single/double @s between the lines.¼
¨spacious© ²/ÚspeI2Es/ ³adj ´having much space; roomy. ¸@®ly ³adv
¸@®ness ³n¼
¨spade© ²/speId/ ³n ¸1 ´tool for digging. µ¥ ´the illus at µtool. ¸Ú@-work ³n
´(fig) hard work (to be) done at the start of an undertaking. ·call a @ a @,
´speak plainly. ¸2 ´(one of a) suit of playing-cards: ³the five of @s. µ¥ ´the
illus at µcard. ³¹ vt ¶[VP6A,15B] ·@ sth (up), ´dig (up) with a @. ¸Ú@®ful
²/-f8l/ ³n ´amount that is taken up by a @.¼
¨spa®ghetti© ²/spEÚgetI/ ³n ¶[U] ´Italian pasta of narrow long rods, cooked by
boiling.¼
¨spake© ²/speIk/ ³pt ´(old or poet) ³pt ´of µspeak.¼
¨spam© ²/spam/ ³n ¶[U] ´(P) chopped or minced ham, spiced, cooked, sold
tinned in the form of a loaf, and usu eaten cold.¼
¨span© ²/span/ ³n ¶[C] ¸1 ´distance between the tips of a person's thumb and
little finger when stretched out (esp as a measure, = 9 inches). ¸2 ´distance
or part between the supports of an arch: ³The bridge crosses the river in a
single @. The arch has a @ of 60 metres. ¸3 ´length in time, from beginning to
end: ³the @ of life; for a short @ of time. ¸4 ´(S Africa) pair of horses or
mules; yoke of oxen. ¸5 @ roof ³n ´one with two inclined roofs (contrasted
with a lean-to roof): ³a @-roof greenhouse. ¹ vt µ(-nn-) ¶[VP6A] ¸1 ´extend
across (from side to side): ³The Thames is @ned by many bridges. His life @ned
almost the whole of the 19th c. ¸2 ´measure by @sµ(1)´.¼
¨spangle© ²/ÚspaGgl/ ³n ¶[C] ´tiny disc of shining metal, esp one
of many, as used for ornament on a dress, etc. ³¹ vt ´(esp in ³pp´) cover
with, or as with, @s. ¸the Star-S@d Banner, µ¥ star(2).¼
¨Span®iard© ²/ÚspanIEd/ ³n ´native of Spain.¼
¨span®iel© ²/ÚspanIEl/ ³n ´sorts of dog with short legs, long, silky hair and
large, drooping ears.¼
¨Span®ish© ²/ÚspanI2/ ³adj ´of Spain; of the Spaniards, or their language. ¸@
onion, ´mild flavoured, yellow-skinned variety. ¸the S@ Main, ´(hist) the NÔE
coast of S America and the Caribbean Sea, near this coast. ³¹ n ´the @
language.¼
¨spank© ²/spaGk/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A] ´punish (a child) by slapping on
the buttocks with the open hand or a slipper, etc. ¸2 ¶[VP2C] ·@ (along),
´(esp of a horse or a ship) move along at a good pace. ¸@®ing ³n ´slapping on
the buttocks: ³give a child a @ing. µ¹ adj ´(dated colloq) first-rate;
excellent: ³have a @ing time; a @ing ´(= strong) ³breeze.¼
¨span®ner© ²/ÚspanE(r)/ ³n ´(US = ³wrench´) tool for gripping and turning nuts
on screws, bolts, etc. µ¥ ´the illus at µtool. ·throw a Ú@ in/into the works,
´sabotage a scheme, etc.¼
¨spar©1 ²/spq(r)/ ³n ´strong wooden or metal, pole used as a mast, yard, boom,
etc. µ¥ ´the illus at µbarque.¼
¨spar©2 ²/spq(r)/ ³vi µ(-rr-) ¶[VP2A,C] ´make the motions of attack and
defence with the fists (as in boxing); (fig) dispute or argue. ¸Ú@®ring-match
³n ´demonstration boxing match; (fig) dispute or argument. ¸Ú@®ring-partner ³n
´man with whom a boxer @s as part of his training.¼
¨spar©3 ²/spq(r)/ ³n ´kinds of non-metallic mineral, easily cleavable.¼
¨spare©1 ²/speE(r)/ ³adj ¸1 ´additional to what is usually needed
or used; in reserve for use when needed; (of time) for leisure; unoccupied: ³I
have no/very little @ time/money´, no time/money that I cannot use. ³Surely
you carry a @ wheel in the back of your car? We have no @ room/We don't have
a @ room ´(= extra bedroom, eÔg for a guest) ³in our house. ¸@ part, ´part to
replace a broken or worn-out part of a machine, etc. ¸2 ´(of persons) thin;
lean: ³a tall, @ man; a @ figure; @ of build. ¸3 ´(attrib only) ´small in
quantity: ³a @ meal; on a @ diet. ¸*@-Úrib, ´rib of pork with most of the meat
cut off. ³¹ n ¶[C] ´@ part (for a machine, etc). ¸@®ly ³adv ´in a @µ(2,3)
´manner: ³@ly built. ¸@®ness ³n¼
¨spare©2 ²/speE(r)/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A,12A,13A] ´refrain from
hurting, damaging or destroying; show mercy to: ³@ sb's life, @ sb his life´,
not kill him or have him killed. ³We may meet again if we are @d´, if our lives
are @d by Providence. ³He doesn't @ himself´, is severe with himself, does not
refrain from making great demands upon himself (his energies, time, etc). ·@
sb's feelings, ´avoid hurting his feelings. ·S@ the rod and spoil the child,
´(prov) If you refrain from punishing the child, you will spoil its character.
¸2 ¶[VP12B,13B,6A] ·@ sth (for sb/sth), @ sb sth; ´afford to give (time, money,
etc) to sb, or for a purpose: ³Can you @ me a few litres of petrol? Can you @
one of them for me? Can you @ me a few minutes (of your time)? I can't @ the
time for a holiday at present. We have enough and to @, ´more than we need. ¸3
¶[VP6A] ´use in small quantities, rarely or in a saving manner. ·no
expense(s)/pains @ed, ´with no economy in money or effort: ³I'm going to
redecorate the house, no expense @d. ¸spar®ing ³adj ·sparing of, ´economical,
frugal, careful (of): ³You should be more sparing of your energy. ¸spar®ing®ly
³adv¼
¨spark©1 ²/spqk/ ³n ¶[C] ´tiny glowing bit thrown off from a burning substance
or still present in ashes, etc or produced by striking flint or hard metal and
stone together; flash of light produced by the breaking of an electric
current; (fig) sign of life, energy, etc; flash of wit: ³The firework burst
into a shower of @s. He hasn't a @ of generosity in him. ¹ vt,vi ¶[VP2A,15B]
´give out @s. ·@ sth off, ´(fig) lead to; be the immediate cause of: ³His
statement @ed off a quarrel between them. ¸Ú@(®ing)-plug ³n ´device for firing
the gas in a petrol engine by means of an electric @. µ¥ ´the illus at µmotor.¼
¨spark©2 ²/spqk/ ³n ´(colloq) gay and elegant person.¼
¨sparkle© ²/Úspqkl/ ³vi ¶[VP2A,C] ´send out flashes of light: ³Her diamonds @d
in the bright light. Her eyes @d with excitement. ¹ n ´spark; glitter.
¸spark®ler ²/ÚspqklE(r)/ ³n ´sth that @s, eÔg a kind of firework; (sl, esp
among criminals, often ³pl´) diamond. ¸spark®ling ²/ÚspqklIG/ ³adj ´(esp) (of
wines) giving out tiny bubbles of carbonic acid gas when the bottle is opened.
µ¥ still±1µ(2).¼
¨spar®row© ²/ÚsparE8/ ³n ´small brownish-grey bird common in many parts of the
world, esp ³the ·Ú³house-@´, European kind found around buildings. µ¥ ´the
illus at µbird.¼
¨sparse© ²/spqs/ ³adj ¸1 ´thinly scattered: ³a @ population. ¸2
´not dense, thick or crowded: ³a @ beard. ¸@®ly ³adv´: ³a @ly furnished room,
´one with little furniture. ¸@®ness, spar®sity ²/ÚspqsEtI/ ³nn ¶[U].¼
¨Spar®tan© ²/Úspqtn/ ³n, adj ´(person) caring little for the ordinary comforts
of life, unafraid of pain and hardship; (of living conditions) hard because
very simple: ³live a @ life; in @ simplicity.¼
¨spasm© ²/ÚspazEm/ ³n ¶[C] ¸1 ´sudden and involuntary tightening of a muscle or
muscles: ³asthma @s. ¸2 ´sudden, convulsive movement: ³in a @ of
pain/excitement/grief; a @ of coughing. ¸3 ´sudden burst (of energy).¼
¨spas®modic© ²/spazÚmodIk/ ³adj ¸1 ´taking place, done, at irregular
intervals. ¸2 ´caused by, affected by, spasms: ³@ asthma. ¸spas®modi®cally
²/-klI/ ³adv¼
¨spas®tic© ²/ÚspastIk/ ³n, adj ´(person) suffering from cerebral palsy,
physically disabled because of faulty links between the brain and motor
nerves, causing spasmodic movements through difficulty in controlling
voluntary muscles.¼
¨spat©1 ²/spat/ ³n ¸(a pair of) @s, ´cloth cover worn over the upper part of a
shoe and round the ankle.¼
¨spat©2 ²/spat/ ³pt,pp ´of µspit.¼
¨spat©3 ²/spat/ ³vi,vt µ(-tt-)³, n ´(US) (have a) slight quarrel; (give a)
light slap (to).¼
¨spat©4 ²/spat/ ³n ´spawn of oysters. ³¹ vi µ(-tt-) ´(of oysters) spawn.¼
¨spatch®cock© ²/Úspat2kok/ ³n ´fowl killed and cooked at once. ³¹ vt ¶[VP6A,14]
·@ (in/into), ´(colloq) insert (words): ³He @ed into his speech a curious
passage about«.¼
¨spate© ²/speIt/ ³n ¸1 ´strong current of water at abnormally high level (in a
river): ³After the storm the rivers were all in @. ¸2 ´sudden rush of business,
etc: ³a @ of orders; a @ of new cars on the market.¼
¨spa®tial© ²/ÚspeI2l/ ³adj ´of, in relation to, existing in, space.
¸@ly ²/-2ElI/ ³adv¼
¨spat®ter© ²/ÚspatE(r)/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A,14] ·@ sth (on/over sth); @ sth (with
sth), ´splash, scatter, in drips: ³@ grease on one's clothes/@ one's clothes
with grease. As the bus went by it @ed us with mud. ¸2 ¶[VP2C] ´fall or spread
out in drops: ³We heard the rain @ing down on the tin roof of the hut. ¹ n
¶[C] ´sprinkling; shower: ³a @ of rain/bullets.¼
¨spat®ula© ²/Úspatj8lE ³US: ²Úspat28lE/ ³n ´tool with a wide, flat, flexible
blade used for mixing or spreading various substances.¼
¨spavin© ²/ÚspavIn/ ³n ¶[U] ´disease of horses in which a bony swelling forms
at the hock, causing lameness. ¸spav®ined ³adj ´affected with @.¼
¨spawn© ²/spcn/ ³n ¶[U] ¸1 ´eggs of fish and certain water animals, eÔg frogs.
µ¥ ´the illus at µamphibian. ¸2 ´threadlike matter from which mushrooms and
other fungi grow. ³¹ vt,vi ¶[VP6A,2A] ´lay or produce in great numbers:
³departments which @ committees and sub-committees.¼
¨spay© ²/speI/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´remove the ovaries of (a female animal).¼
¨speak© ²/spik/ ³vi,vt (pt µspoke ²/spE8k/, ´or, archaic µspake
²/speIk/, ³pp µspoken ²/ÚspE8kEn/´) ¸1 ¶[VP2A,C] ´make use of language in an
ordinary, not a singing, voice: ³Please @ more slowly. ¸2 ¶[VP2B,C,3A] ·@
(to/with sb) (about sth): ³I was @ing to him about plans for the holidays. ·@
for sb, ¸(a) ´state the views, wishes, etc of; act as spokesman for. ¸(b) ´give
evidence on behalf of. ·@ for oneself, ¸(a) ´express one's views, etc in one's
own way. ¸(b) ´(usu ·S@ for yourself!´) not presume to @ for others. ·@ to sb,
´admonish: ³Your secretary was late again this morningÅyou'd better @ to her
about it. ·@ to sth, ´@ in confirmation of or in reference to: ³Is there anyone
here who can @ to his having been at the scene of the crime´, who can say that
he was there? ³You must @ to the subject´, not wander away from it. ·@ of the
devil! ´said when, just after being spoken about, sb is seen, heard, etc.
·nothing to @ of, ´nothing worth mentioning; not much. ·@ out/up, ¸(a) ´@
loud(er). ¸(b) ´give one's opinions, etc without hesitation or fear. ·not be on
Ú@ing terms with sb, ¸(a) ´not know him well enough to @ to him. ¸(b) ´no
longer @ to him because one has quarrelled with him. ·so to @, ´as one might
say; if I may use this expression, etc. ¸Ú@®ing-trumpet ³n ´(now replaced by
³hearing-aids´) trumpet-shaped device held to the ear by a deaf person to help
him to hear. ¸Ú@®ing-tube ³n ´tube that carries the voice from one place to
another, eÔg from a ship's bridge to the engine-room. ¸3 ¶[VP2C,15A] ´give
evidence (of), convey ideas (not necessarily in words): ³Actions @ louder than
words. The portrait @s/is a @ing likeness´, is excellent, tells us well what
the sitter was like. ·@ volumes for, ´be strong evidence of: ³This evidence @s
volumes for his honesty. ·@ well for, ´be evidence in favour of. ¸4 ¶[VP6A]
´know and be able to use (a language): ³He @s several languages. Is English
spoken here? ¸5 ¶[VP2A,B] ´address an audience; make a speech: ³He spoke for
forty minutes. Are you good at @ing in public? ¸6 ¶[VP6A] ´make known; utter:
³@ the truth. ·@ one's mind, ´express one's views frankly or bluntly. ¸7 ´(in
the pattern, ³adv ´(in ³-ly´) and ³pres part´): ³strictly/roughly/generally,
etc @ing´, using the word(s) in a strict/rough/general, etc sense. ¸8 ¶[VP6A]
´(naut) hail and exchange information with (by flag signals, etc): ³@ a passing
ship. ¸9 ¶[VP2A] ´(of a gun, musical instrument, etc) make sounds. ¸10 Ú@-easy
³n ´illicit liquor shop (esp in the US during the period of prohibition). ¸@er
³n ¸1 ´person who makes speeches (in the manner indicated): ³He's a good/poor,
etc @er. ¸2 ´(short for) ³loud-@er. ¸3 the S@er, ´presiding officer of the
House of Commons and other legislative assemblies. ¸Ú@er®ship ²/-2Ip/ ³n
´office of the S@er; period of office of a S@er.¼
¨spear© ²/spIE(r)/ ³n ´weapon with a metal point on a long shaft,
used in hunting, or (formerly) by men fighting on foot. ¹ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´pierce,
wound, make (a hole) in, with a @. ¸Ú@-head ³n ´(usu fig) individual or group
chosen to lead an attack. ¹ ³vt ´act as @-head for: ³armoured vehicles that
@-head the offensive.¼
¨spear®mint© ²/ÚspIEmInt/ ³n ´aromatic variety of mint used for flavouring;
chewing-gum flavoured with this.¼
¨spec© ²/spek/ ³n ´(colloq abbr of) speculation: ³Those mining shares turned
out a good @´, proved profitable. ·on @, ´as a speculation; as a guess.¼
¨special© ²/Úspe2l/ ³adj ¸1 ´of a particular or certain sort; not common,
usual or general; of or for a certain person, thing or purpose: ³He did it for
her as a @ favour. What are your @ interests? Newspapers send @ correspondents
to places where important events take place. On holidays the railways put on @
trains´, run extra trains for @ purposes. ¸@ constable, ´man enrolled to help
the ordinary police in time of need. ¸@ delivery, ´delivery of mail (a letter,
package, etc) by a @ messenger instead of by the usual postal services. ¸@
licence, ´licence which allows a marriage to take place at a time or place
other than those legally authorized. ¸2 ´exceptional in amount, degree, etc:
³Why should we give you @ treatment? You've taken no @ trouble with your work
for us. ¹ n ´@ constable, @ train, @ edition of a newspaper, etc. ¸@ly
²/-2ElI/ ³adv ´particularly: ³I came here @ly ´(= on purpose) ³to see you.
¸@®ist ²/-2ElIst/ ³n ´person who is an expert in a @ branch of work or study,
esp medicine: ³an ·Ú³eye @ist; a @ist in plastic surgery.¼
¨spe®ci®al®ity© ²/*spe2IÚalEtI/ ³n (pl µ-ties³) ¶[C] ¸1 ´special quality
or characteristic of sb or sth. ¸2 ´(also ¸spe®cialty ²/Úspe2EltI/ ³n (pl
µ-ties³)´) special pursuit, activity, product, operation, etc; thing to which a
person (firm, etc) gives special attention or for which a place is well
known: ³Embroidery is her @. Wood-carvings are a @ of this village.¼
¨spe®cial®ize© ²/Úspe2ElñIz/ ³vi,vt ¸1 ¶[VP2A,3A] ·@ (in sth), ´be or become a
specialist; give special or particular attention to: ³@ in oriental history.
After his first degree he wishes to @. ¸2 ´(usu ³pp´) adapt for a particular
purpose: ³a hospital with @d wards´, (cf ³general wards´); ³@d knowledge, ´(cf
³general knowledge). ¸spe®cial®iz®ation ²/*spe2ElñIÚzeI2n ³US: ²-lIÚz-/ ³n¼
¨spe®cialty© ²/Úspe2EltI/ ³n (pl µ-ties³) µ¥ speciality(2).¼
¨specie© ²/Úspi2i/ ³n ¶[U] ´(store of, consignment of) money in the form of
coins: ³@ payments; payment in @.¼
¨spe®cies© ²/Úspi2iz/ ³n (pl ´unchanged³) ¸1 ´(biol) group having some common
characteristics (division of a genus) able to breed with each other but not
with other groups: ³the human @´, mankind. ¸2 ´sort: ³Blackmail is a @ of
crime hated by all decent folk.¼
¨spe®ci®fic© ²/spEÚsIfIk/ ³adj ¸1 ´detailed and precise: ³@ orders.
What are your @ aims? ¸2 ´relating to one particular thing, etc, not general:
³The money is to be used for a @ purpose. ¸@ gravity, ´mass of any substance
relative to that of an equal volume of water. ¸@ name, ´(biol) distinguishing
name of the species. ¸@ remedy, ´one for a particular disease. ¹ ³n ¶[C] ´@
remedy: ³Quinine is a @ for malaria. ¸spe®cifi®cally ²/-klI/ ³adv ´in a @
manner: ³You were @ally warned by your doctor not to eat lobster.¼
¨spec®ifi®ca®tion© ²/*spesIfIÚkeI2n/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´specifying. ¸2 ´(often ³pl´)
details, instructions, etc for the design, materials, of sth to be made or
done: ³@s for (building) a garage; the technical @s of a new car.¼
¨spec®ify© ²/ÚspesIfñI/ ³vt (pt,pp µ-fied³) ¶[VP6A,9] ´state or
name definitely; include in the specifications: ³The contract specifies red
tiles, not slates, for the roof. The regulations @ that you may use a
dictionary in the examination.¼
¨speci®men© ²/ÚspesImIn/ ³n ¶[C] ¸1 ´one as an example of a class: ³@s of rocks
and ores. ¸2 ´part taken to represent the whole: ³a publisher's catalogue with
@ pages of books. ¸3 ´sth to be tested, etc for definite or special purposes:
³supply a @ of one's urine. ¸4 ´(colloq) unusual thing or person regarded with
contempt or amusement: ³What a queer @ (of humanity) he is!¼
¨spe®cious© ²/Úspi2Es/ ³adj ´seeming right or true, but not really so: ³a @
argument/person. ¸@®ly ³adv ¸@®ness ³n¼
¨speck© ²/spek/ ³n ¶[C] ´small spot or particle (of dirt, etc) stain;
discoloured spot on fruit (showing rottenness); dot: ³Do you ever seem to see
@s in front of your eyes? The ship was a mere @ on the horizon. ¸@ed ³adj
´marked with @s: ³@ed apples. ¸@®less ³adj¼
¨speckle© ²/Úspekl/ ³n ¶[C] ´small mark or spot, esp one of many, distinct in
colour, on the skin, feathers, etc. ¸@d ³adj ´marked with @s: ³a @d hen; @d
plumage.¼
¨specs© ²/speks/ ³n pl ´(colloq) spectaclesµ(3).¼
¨spec®tacle© ²/ÚspektEkl/ ³n ¶[C] ¸1 ´public display, procession, etc, esp one
with ceremony: ³The ceremonial opening of Parliament was a fine @. ¸2 ´sth
seen; sth taking place before the eyes, esp sth fine, remarkable or noteworthy:
³The sunrise as seen from the top of the mountain was a tremendous @. The poor
drunken man was a sad @. Don't make a @ of yourself´, don't draw attention to
yourself by dressing, behaving, etc ridiculously. ¸3 ·@s; a pair of @s, ´pair
of lenses in a frame, resting on the nose and ears, to help the eyesight (or to
protect the eyes from bright sunlight) ³(glasses ´is the more usu name). ·see
everything through rose-coloured @s, ´take a cheerful, optimistic view of
things. ¸@d ³adj ´wearing @s.¼
¨spec®tacu®lar© ²/spekÚtakj8lE(r)/ ³adj ´making a fine
spectacleµ(1,2)´; attracting public attention: ³a @ display of fireworks.
¹ ³n ¶[C] ´spectacle; @ show: ³a Christmas TÔV @. ¸@®ly ³adv¼
¨spec®ta®tor© ²/spekÚteItE(r) ³US: ²ÚspekteItEr/ ³n ´onlooker
(esp at a show or game): (attrib) ³@ sports´, those which draw
crowds of @s, eÔg football.¼
¨spectre© ´(US = ¸spec®ter´) ²/ÚspektE(r)/ ³n ¶[C] ´ghost;
haunting fear of furure trouble. ¸spec®tral ²/ÚspektrEl/ ³adj
¸1 ´of or like a @. ¸2 ´of spectra or the spectrum: ³spectral
colours.¼
¨spec®tro®scope© ²/ÚspektrEskE8p/ ³n ´instrument for producing and examining
the spectra of a ray of light. ¸spec®tro®scopic ²/*spektrEÚskopIk/ ³adj ´of, by
means of, a @: ³spectroscopic analysis.¼
¨spec®trum© ²/ÚspektrEm/ ³n (pl µ-tra ²/-trE/³) ´image of a band of
colours (as seen in a rainbow and usu described as red, orange, yellow,
green, blue, indigo and violet) formed by a ray of light which has
passed through a prism; (fig) wide range or sequence: ³the whole @ of recent
philosophical enquiry.¼
¨specu®late© ²/Úspekj8leIt/ ³vi ¶[VP2A,C] ¸1 ´consider, form
opinions (without having complete knowledge); guess ³@ about/upon the future
of the human race; @ as to what sort of man one will marry. ¸2 ´buy and sell
goods, stocks and shares, etc with risk of loss and hope of profit through
changes in their market value: ³@ in oil shares/wheat. ¸specu®la®tor ²/-tE(r)/
³n ´person who @sµ(2)´.¼
¨specu®la®tion© ²/*spekj8ÚleI2n/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´speculatingµ(1)´; meditation;
¶[C] ´opinion reached by this means; guess. ¸2 ¶[U] ´speculatingµ(2)´: ³@ in
rice; ¶[C] ´transaction, business deal, of this kind: ³make some bad @s; buy
mining shares as a @.¼
¨specu®lat®ive© ²/Úspekj8lEtIv ³US ²-leItIv/ ³adj ¸1 ´concerned with
speculationµ(1)´: ³@ philosophy. ¸2 ´concerned with speculationµ(2)´: ³@
purchase of grain; @ housing´, the building of houses as a speculationµ(2)´.
¸@®ly ³adv¼
¨sped© ²/sped/ ³pt,pp ´of µspeed.¼
¨speech© ²/spit2/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´power, act, manner, of speaking: ³Man is the
only animal that has the faculty of @. Our thoughts are expressed by @. They
say that @ is silver but silence is golden. His indistinct @ made it
impossible to understand him. ¸@ therapy, ´remedial treatment for defective
speech, eÔg for stuttering. ¸2 ¶[C] ´talk or address given in public: ³make a
@ on/about the Common Market to a receptive audience. ¸Ú@-day ³n ´annual
school celebration with @es and distribution of certificates and prizes.
¸@®less ³adj ¸1 ´unable to speak, esp because of deep feeling: ³@less with
surprise. Anger left him @less. ¸2 ´that causes a person to be unable to
speak: ³@less rage. ¸@®less®ly ³adv ¸@®ify ²/Úspit2IfñI/ ³vi (pt,pp µ-fied³)
´make @es; talk as if making @es (usu implying that this is done unnecessarily
or badly): ³town councillors @ifying at the unveiling of a statue/at a welcome
to the Queen.¼
¨speed© ²/spid/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´swiftness; rapidity of movement. ·More
haste, less @, ´(prov) Too much haste may result in delay. ¸2 ¶[C,U] ´rate of
motion or moving: ³travelling at full/top @; at a @ of thirty miles an hour.
It's dangerous to corner at @´, to go round corners (in a vehicle) at a high @.
¸3 ´(sl) amphetamine used as a drug to produce euphoria. ¸4 ´(compounds)
¸Ú@-boat ³n ´motor-boat designed for high @s. ¸Ú@-cop ³n ´(sl) police
motor-cyclist who checks the @ of motorists. ¸Ú@-indicator ³n ´= @ometer. µ¥
´below. ¸Ú@-limit ³n ´@ which must not be exceeded, eÔg in a built-up area.
¸Ú@ merchant, ´(sl) person who drives a car or motor-bike extremely fast.
¸Ú@®way ³n ¸(a) ´track, for fast driving and racing, esp by motor-bikes. ¸(b)
´(US) road for fast traffic; expressway. ¹ ³vt,vi (pt,pp µsped³) ¸1 ¶[VP2A,C]
´move along, go, quickly: ³cars @ing past the school. He sped down the street.
¸2 ¶[VP6A,14] ´cause to move or go quickly: ³@ an arrow from the bow. ¸3
´(archaic) give success to: ³God @ you´, May God make you prosper. ¸4
¶[VP15B,2C] ³(pt,pp µ@ed³) ·@ (sth) up, ´increase the @ (of). ³They have @ed
up production/the train service. He @ed the engine up. The train soon @ed up.
´Hence, ¸Ú@-up ³n ´@ing up the rate of production, etc. ¸@®ing ³n ´(of
motorists) travelling at an illegal or dangerous @: ³fined $30 for @ing.
¸@om®eter ²/spiÚdomItE(r)/ ³n ´instrument showing the @ of a motor-vehicle,
etc. µ¥ ´the illus at µmotor. ¸@y ³adj µ(-ier, -iest) ´quick; coming, done,
without delay: ³wish sb a @y recovery from illness.¼
¨speed®well© ²/Úspidwel/ ³n ´kinds of small, wild plant with bright
blue flowers.¼
¨spelae®ol®ogy© ´(also ¸spele-´) ²/*spilIÚolEdZI/ ³n ¶[U] ´the scientific study
and exploration of caves. ¸spelae®ol®ogist ´(also ¸spele-´) ²/-dZIst/ ³n
´expert in, student of, @.¼
¨spell©1 ²/spel/ ³n ¶[C] ¸1 ´words used as a charm, supposed to have magic
power: ³cast a @ over sb; put a @ on sb; be under/lay sb under a @. ¸Ú@®bound
²/-bñ8nd/ ³adj ´with the attention held by, or as by, a @: ³The speaker held
his audience @bound. ¸Ú@®binder ²/-bñIndE(r)/ ³n ´speaker who can hold
audiences @bound. ¸2 ´attraction, fascination, exercised by a person,
occupation, etc: ³under the @ of her beauty; the mysterious @ of the music of
Delius.¼
¨spell©2 ²/spel/ ³n ¸1 ´period of time: ³a long @ of warm weather; a cold @ in
January; rest for a (short) @. ¸2 ´period of activity or duty, esp one at
which two or more persons take turns: ³take @s at the wheel, ´eÔg of two
persons making a long journey by car. ¹ ³vt ·@ sb (at sth), ´take turns with
sb: ³Will you @ me at rowing the boat?¼
¨spell©3 ²/spel/ ³vt,vi (pt,pp µ@ed ²/speld/ ´or µspelt ²/spelt/³)
¸1 ¶[VP6A] ´name or write the letters of (a word): ³How do you @ your name?
¸Ú@®ing pronunciation, ´one suggested by the written form of the word (eÔg
²/Únefju/ ´instead of ²/Únevju/ ´for nephew). ¸2 ¶[VP6A] ´(of letters) form
when put together in a particular order: ³C-A-T @s cat. ¸3 ¶[VP15B] ·@ sth
out, ¸(a) ´make out (words, writing) laboriously, slowly: ³It took the boy an
hour to @ out a page of German. ¸(b) ´make clear and easy to understand;
explain in detail: ³My request seems simple enoughÅdo you want me to @ it out
for you? ¸4 ¶[VP6A] ´have as a consequence: ³Does laziness always @ failure?
¸5 ¶[VP2A,6A] ´place the letters of words in the correct or accepted order:
³These children can't @. Why don't you learn to @ my name (correctly)? ¸@er ³n
´person who @s: ³a good/poor @er. ¸@®ing ³n ¶[C] ´way a word is spelt: ³Which
is the better @ing: Tokio or Tokyo? Do you use English or American @ing(s)?¼
¨spelt©1 µ¥ spell±3µ.¼
¨spelt©2 ²/spelt/ ³n ¶[U] ´kind of wheat giving very fine flour.¼
¨spend© ²/spend/ ³vt,vi (pt,pp µspent ²/spent/³) ¸1 ¶[VP6A,14,2A]
·@ money (on sth), ´pay out (money) for goods, services, etc: ³@ all one's
money; @ too much money on clothes; @ $30 a week. He's always @ing. ¸Ú@®thrift
³n ´person who @s money extravagantly. ¸2 ¶[VP6A,14,19B] ·@ sth (on sth/(in)
doing sth), ´use up; consume: ³@ a lot of time on a project/(in) explaining a
plan; @ all one's energies. They went on firing until all their ammunition was
spent. ¸3 ¶[VP6A,19B] ´pass: ³@ a weekend in London/one's spare time gardening.
How do you @ your leisure? ¸@er ³n ´person who @s money (usu in the way
indicated by the ³adj´): ³an extravagant @er. ¸spent ³adj ´(³pp´) exhausted;
used up: ³a spent runner/swimmer/horse; a spent cartridge/bullet´, one that has
been fired and is now useless.¼
¨sperm© ²/sp3m/ ³n ¶[U] ´fertilizing fluid of a male animal. ¸Ú@-whale ³n
´whale producing spermaceti.¼
¨sper®ma®ceti© ²/*sp3mEÚsetI/ ³n ¶[U] ´white, waxy, fatty substance contained
in solution in the heads of sperm-whales, used for ointments, candles, etc.¼
¨sper®mato®zoon© ²/*sp3mEtEÚzE8En/ ³n (pl µ-zoa ²/-ÚzE8E/³) ´male fertilizing
element contained in sperm (fusing with an ovum to produce new offspring).¼
¨spew© ²/spju/ ³vt,vi ¶[VP6A,15B,2A] ´vomit.¼
¨sphag®num© ²/ÚsfagnEm/ ³n (pl µ@s³) ´kinds of moss growing in peat and bogs,
used in packing and medicinally.¼
¨sphere© ²/sfIE(r)/ ³n ¸1 ´solid figure that is entirely round; form of a
ball or globe. ·music of the @s, ´(myth) music produced by the movement of
heavenly bodies, inaudible to mortals. ¸2 ´globe representing the earth or the
sky. ¸3 ´person's interests, activities, surroundings, etc: ³a woman who is
distinguished in many @s´, eÔg in literary and artistic circles, and in the
political world. ³Skiing lies outside the @ of my activities. ¸4 ´range,
extent: ³a @ of influence´, area over which a country claims certain rights or
is recognized as having them. ¸spheri®cal ²/ÚsferIkl/ ³adj ´shaped like a @.
¸sphe®roid ²/ÚsfIErãId/ ³n ´body that is almost spherical.¼
¨sphinx© ²/sfIGks/ ³n ´stone statue (esp ¸the S@´) in Egypt with a
lion's body and a woman's head; person who keeps his thoughts and intentions
secret; enigmatic person.¼
¨spice© ²/spñIs/ ³n ¸1 ¶[C,U] ´sorts of substance, eÔg ginger, nutmeg,
cinnamon, cloves, used to flavour food: ³a dealer in @ ´(collective); ³mixed
@(s)´; ³too much @ in the cake. µ¥ herb. ¸2 ¶[U] ´(and with ³indef art´) (fig)
interesting flavour, suggestion, or trace (of): ³a story that lacks @. She has
a @ of wildness in her character. ¹ vt ¶[VP6A] ´add flavour to (sth) with @, or
as with @: ³@d with humour. ¸spicy ³adj µ(-ier, -iest) ´of, flavoured with, @;
(fig) exciting or interesting because somewhat improper: ³spicy details of the
film star's love life. ¸spic®ily ²/-IlI/ ³adv ¸spici®ness ³n¼
¨spick© ²/spIk/ ³adj ´(only in) ·@ and span, ´bright, clean and
tidy.¼
¨spi®der© ²/ÚspñIdE(r)/ ³n ´sorts of creature with eight legs, many species of
which spin webs for the capture of insects as food. µ¥ ´the illus at
µarachnid. ¸@y ³adj ´(esp of handwriting) with long, thin strokes.¼
¨spied© ²/spñId/ ³pt,pp ´of µspy.¼
¨spiel© ²/2pil ³US: ²spil/ ³vi,vt ´(sl) talk, say (sth) glibly and at length.
³¹ n ´long voluble talk (usu intended to persuade sb).¼
¨spigot© ²/ÚspIgEt/ ³n ¸1 ´(usu wooden) plug or peg which can be used to stop
the hole of a cask or barrel. ¸2 ´valve for controlling the flow of water or
other liquid from a tank, barrel, etc.¼
¨spike© ²/spñIk/ ³n ¸1 ´sharp point; pointed piece of metal, eÔg on iron
railings or on running-shoes. ¸@ heel, ´(also ³stiletto heel) ´thin, pointed
heel on a (woman's) shoe. ¸2 ´ear of grain, eÔg barley; long, pointed cluster
of flowers on a single stem: ³@s of lavender. ¹ vt ¶[VP6A] ¸1 ´put @s (on
shoes, etc): ³@d running-shoes. ¸2 ´pierce or injure with a @; (of cannon in
former times) make useless by driving a @ into the opening where the powder
was fired. Hence, ·@ sb's guns, ´spoil his plans. ¸spiky ³adj µ(-ier, -iest)
´having @s or sharp points; (fig, of persons) difficult to manage because
unwilling to yield.¼
¨spike®nard© ²/ÚspñIknqd/ ³n ¶[U] ´(costly ointment formerly made from a) tall,
perennial, sweet-smelling plant.¼
¨spill©1 ²/spIl/ ³vt,vi ³(pt,pp µspilt ²/spIlt/ ´or µ@ed³) ¸1 ¶[VP6A,2A,C]
´(of liquid or powder) (allow to) run over the side of the container: ³Who has
spilt/@ed the milk? The ink has spilt on the desk. ·@ the beans, µ¥ bean. ·@
blood, ´be guilty of wounding or killing sb. ¸2 ¶[VP6A] ´(of a horse,
cart, etc) upset; cause (the rider, passenger, etc) to fall: ³His horse spilt
him. The horse shied and we were all spilt ´(= thrown out of the cart, etc)
³into the ditch. ¹ n ´fall from a horse, out of a cart, etc: ³have a nasty @.
¸Ú@®over ³n ´(often attrib) (of population) excess: ³new towns for London's
@over (population). ¸Ú@®way ³n ´passage for surplus water from a reservoir,
river, etc.¼
¨spill©2 ²/spIl/ ³n ¶[C] ´thin strip of wood, rolled or twisted
strip of paper, used to light candles, tobacco in a pipe, etc.¼
¨spilt© ²/spIlt/ µ¥ spill±1µ.¼
¨spin© ²/spIn/ ³vt,vi (pt µspun ²/spAn/ ´or µspan ²/span/, ³pp µspun´) (µ-nn-³)
¸1 ¶[VP6A,14,2A] ·@ (into/from), ´form (thread) by twisting wool, cotton, silk,
etc; draw out and twist (wool, cotton, etc) ³into ´threads; make (yarn) ³from
´wool etc in this way; engage in the occupation of @ning thread: ³@ning
wool/thread/yarn. ¸@®ning jenny ³n ´early kind of machine for @ning more than
one thread at a time. ¸Ú®@ning-wheel ³n ´simple household machine for @ning
thread continuously on a spindle turned by a large wheel, usu worked by a
treadle. ¸2 ¶[VP6A] ´form by means of threads: ³spiders @ning their webs;
silkworms @ning cocoons. ¸3 ¶[VP6A,15B] ´(fig) produce, compose (a narrative).
·@ a yarn, ´tell a story: ³The old sailor loves to @ yarns about his life at
sea. ·@ sth out, ´make it last as long as possible: ³@ out the time by talking;
economize in order to make one's money @ out until next pay-day. ¸4 ¶[VP6A]
´cause (sth) to go round and round: ³@ a top, µ¥ top±3´; ³@ a coin´, send it up
in the air, revolving as it goes up, to decide sth (by "heads or tails'); ³@
the ball, ´(in cricket, tennis). ¸*@-Údrier ³n ´device that uses centrifugal
force to dry what is placed in it (eÔg laundered clothes). ¸*@-Údry ³vt (pt,pp
µdried³) ´dry in a @-drier. ¸Ú@-off ³n ´incidental benefit or product (from a
larger enterprise, or from research for such an enterprise). ¸5 ¶[VP2A,C] ´move
round rapidly: ³The top was @ning merrily. The collision sent the car @ning
across the roadway. The blow sent him @ning to the wall. The bicycle was @ning
along ´(= moving along) ³at a good speed. ¸6 spun glass´, glass made into
threads (by being spun when heated). ¸spun silk´, cheap material of
short-fibred and waste silk, often mixed with cotton. ³¹ n ¸1 ¶[U] ´turning or
@ning motion, esp as given to the ball in some games, eÔg cricket, baseball:
³The pitcher gave (a) @ to the ball. ¸2 ´short ride for pleasure in a
motor-car, on a bicycle, etc: ³go for/have a @. ¸3 ´fast @ning movement of an
aircraft during a diving descent: ³get into/out of a @. ·in a flat @, ´in a
panic.¼
¨spin®ach© ²/ÚspInIdZ ³US: ²-It2/ ³n ¶[U] ´common garden plant with green
leaves, cooked and eaten as a vegetable.¼
¨spi®nal© ²/ÚspñInl/ ³adj ´of or to the spine: ³the @ column´, the
backbone; ³the @ cord´, nerve-fibres in the spine; ³a @ injury.¼
¨spindle© ²/ÚspIndl/ ³n ¸1 ´(in spinning) thin rod for twisting and winding
thread by hand. µ¥ ´the illus at µspin. ¸2 ´bar or pin which turns round, or on
which sth turns (eÔg an axle or a shaft). ¸Ú@-legged/-shanked ³adjj ´having
long, thin legs. ¸Ú@-shanks ³n ´person with such legs. ¸Ú@-berry/-tree ³n
´small tree with deep-pink berries and hard wood, used for @s. ¸spin®dly
²/ÚspIndlI/ ³adj ´long and thin; too tall and thin.¼
¨spin®drift© ²/ÚspIndrIft/ ³n ¶[U] ´foam or spray blown along the surface of
the sea.¼
¨spine© ²/spñIn/ ³n ¸1 ´backbone. µ¥ ´the illus at µskeleton. ¸2 ´one of the
sharp needle-like parts on some plants, eÔg a cactus, and animals, eÔg a
porcupine. ¸3 ´part of a book's cover that is visible when it is in a row on a
shelf, usu with the book's title on it. ¸@®less ³adj ´having no @µ(1)´; (fig)
cowardly; timid. ¸spiny ³adj µ(-ier, -iest) ´having @sµ(2)´.¼
¨spinet© ²/spIÚnet ³US: ²ÚspInIt/ ³n ´old type of keyboard
instrument like a harpsichord. µ¥ ´the illus at µkeyboard.¼
¨spin®na®ker© ²/ÚspInEkE(r)/ ³n ´large triangular sail carried on the main-mast
of a racing yacht on the side opposite the mainsail when running before the
wind.¼
¨spin®ney© ²/ÚspInI/ ³n (pl µ@s³) ´thicket; small wood with thick undergrowth,
esp (in England) one used for sheltering game±1µ(6).¼
¨spin®ster© ²/ÚspInstE(r)/ ³n ´(usu offical or legal use) unmarried woman;
woman who remains single after the conventional age for marrying. ¸Ú@®hood
²/-h8d/ ³n ´the state of being a @.¼
¨spi®ral© ²/ÚspñIErEl/ ³adj, n ´(in the form of an) advancing or ascending
continuous curve winding round a central point: ³A snail's shell is @. The
rocket went up in a @. A @ nebula is a group of stars that has the appearance
of a @. µ¥ ´also ³inflationary @ ´at µinflate. ¥ ´the illus at µwhorl. ³¹ vi
µ(-ll-, ´US also µ-l-) ¶[VP2A,C] ´move in a @: ³The smoke @led up. Prices are
still @ling.¼
¨spire© ²/ÚspñIE(r)/ ³n ´pointed structure like a tall cone or pyramid rising
above a tower (esp of a church). µ¥ ´the illus at µchurch.¼
¨spirit© ²/ÚspIrIt/ ³n ¸1 ¶[C,U] ´soul; immaterial, intellectual or
moral part of man: ³He was vexed in @´, inwardly. ³I shall be with you in (the)
@´, My thoughts will be with you even though I am not with you in the flesh.
³The @ is willing but the flesh is weak´, One is willing to do sth, but
physically unable to do it. ¸2 ´the soul thought of as separate from the body;
disembodied soul: ³the abode of @s´, where the @s of the dead are; ³believe in
@s; raise a @. ¸Ú@-rapper ³n ´person who claims to receive messages from the
dead by means of raps on a table. ¸3 ¶[C] ´sprite; elf; goblin. ¸4 ¶[U] ´life
and consciousness not associated with a body; disembodied soul: ³God is pure
@. ¸5 ¶[C] ´(always with an ³adj´) person considered from the intellectual,
moral or emotional point of view: ³What a noble/generous, etc @ he is! He was
one of the leading @s of the Reform Movement. ¸moving @, ´person who is the
originator and sustainer of an idea, project, etc. ¸6 ¶[U] ´quality of courage,
vigour, liveliness: ³Put a little more @ into your work. You haven't the @ of
a mouse. ¸7 ³(sing ´only³) ´mental or moral attitude: ³in a @ of mischief.
Whether it was unwise or not depends upon the @ in which it was done. ¸8 ¶[U]
´real meaning or purpose underlying a law, etc (contrasted with the apparent
meaning of the words, etc): ³obey the @, not the letter, of the law. Have you
followed out the @ of his instructions? ¸9 ³(pl) ´state of mind (as being
happy, hopeful, etc or the opposite): ³in high @s´, cheerful; ³in poor/low @s,
out of @s´, depressed, unhappy. ³Have a glass of brandy to keep up your @s.
¸10 ³(sing ´only³) ´influence or tendency that rouses or causes development:
³The wind of change is blowing and we cannot resist the @ of the times. ¸11
¶[U] ´industrial alcohol. ¸Ú@-lamp/-stove ³n ´one in which @ is burned.
¸Ú@-level ³n ´glass tube partly filled with water or alcohol, with a bubble of
air which, when centred, shows that a surface is horizontal. ¸12 ³(pl)
´solution in alcohol: ³@s of camphor/turpentine; @(s) of salt´, hydrochloric
acid. ¸13 ´(usu ³pl´) strong alcoholic drink (eÔg whisky, brandy, gin, rum): ³a
glass of @s and water. She drinks no @ but vodka. ¹ vt ¶[VP15B] ·@ sb/sth
away/off, ´take sb/sth rapidly, secretly or mysteriously: ³She has disappeared
as completely as if she had been @ed away to another planet. ¸@ed ²/ÚspIrItId/
³adj ¸1 ´full of @µ(6)´; lively; courageous: ³a @ed attack/defence/reply; a @ed
horse; a @ed conversation. ¸2 ´(in compounds) having the kind of spiritsµ(9)
´indicated: ·*³high-/·*³low-/·*³poor-·Ú³@ed´, etc. ¸@®less ³adj ´without
@µ(6)´; not having or showing energy or courage; depressed.¼
¨spiri®tual© ²/ÚspIrIt28El/ ³adj ¸1 ´of the spiritµ(1) ´or soulµ(1)´; of
religion, not of material things; of, from, God: ³concerned about sb's @
welfare. ¸2 ´of spiritsµ(2)´; supernatural. ¸3 ´caring much for things of the
spiritµ(1)´. ¸4 ´of the church: ³lords @´, (GB) bishops and archbishops in the
House of Lords. ³¹ n ¸(Negro) @´, religious song as sung by Negroes in the US.
¸@ly ²/-t28lI/ ³adv ¸@®ity ²/*spIrIt28ÚalEtI/ ³n ¶[U] ´@ quality; devotion to @
things.¼
¨spiri®tu®al®ism© ²/ÚspIrIt28ElIzEm/ ³n ¶[U] ´belief in the
possibility of receiving messages from the spirits of the dead; practice of
attempting to do this. ¸spiri®tu®al®ist ²/-Ist/ ³n ´believer in @.
¸spiri®tu®al®is®tic ²/*spIrIt28EÚlIstIk/ ³adj ´of @ or spiritualists.¼
¨spiri®tu®al®ize© ²/ÚspIrIt28ElñIz/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´make pure or spiritual.
¸spiri®tu®al®iz®ation ²/*spIrIt28ElñIÚzeI2n ³US: ²-lIÚz-/ ³n ¶[U].¼
¨spiri®tu®ous© ²/ÚspIrItj8Es ³US: ²-t28Es/ ³adj ´(of liquids) containing
alcohol: ³@ liquors´, distilled liquors such as whisky, not (usu) fermented
liquors such as beer.¼
¨spirt© ²/sp3t/ ³vi ¶[VP2C,2A]³, n ´= µspurt.¼
¨spit©1 ²/spIt/ ³n ¸1 ´long thin metal spike to which meat, etc is secured for
roasting. ¸2 ´small, narrow point of land running out into a body of water. ³¹
vt µ(-pp-) ´put a @ through (a chicken, piece of meat, etc); pierce with the
point of a sword, spear, etc.¼
¨spit©2 ²/spIt/ ³vt,vi (pt,pp µspat ²/spat/´) (µ-tt-³) ¸1 ¶[VP2A,C,3A] ·@
(at/on/upon sb/sth), ´send liquid (saliva) out from the mouth; do this as a
sign of contempt or hatred: ³If you @ in a London bus you may be fined $5. He
spat in the man's face/spat at him. The cat spat ´(= made an angry or hostile
@ting noise) ³at the dog. ¸2 ¶[VP6A,15B] ·@ sth (out), ´send out from the
mouth; (fig) utter angrily or sharply: ³The baby spat out the nasty pill. After
the tooth had been extracted the boy spat a lot of blood. She spat (out) curses
at me. ·@ it out, ´(colloq) say what you have to say, quickly. ¸3 ¶[VP2A,6A]
´(of a fire, candle, gun, etc) throw out; make the noise of @ting: ³The engine
was @ting. The guns were @ting fire. ¸Ú@®fire ³n ´hot-tempered person. ¸4
¶[VP2A] ´(of rain or snow) fall lightly: ³It's not raining heavily, only @ting.
¹ n ¸1 ¶[U] ´saliva. ¸2 ´act of @ting. ·@ and polish, ´the cleaning and
polishing of equipment (by soldiers, etc). ¸3 ·the dead @ of; the @ and image
of ²/*spIt n ÚImIdZ/·; the @ting image of, ´exact counterpart or likeness of:
³He's the dead @/the @ting image of his father. ¸4 ´frothy secretion of some
insects (seen on plants, etc).¼
¨spit©3 ²/spIt/ ³n (pl µ@ ´or µ@s³) ´spade's depth: ³Dig the patch
two @(s) deep.¼
¨spite© ²/spñIt/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´ill will; desire to cause pain or damage: ³do sth
out of/from @. ¸2 ´(with ³indef art´) grudge: ³have a @ against sb; do sth to
satisfy a private @. ¸3 ³(prep ´phrase) ·in @ of, ´not to be prevented by;
notwithstanding: ³They went out in @ of the rain. In @ of all his efforts he
failed. ¹ vt ¶[VP6A] ´injure or annoy because of @: ³The neighbours let their
radio blare every afternoon just to @ us. ¸@®ful ²/-fl/ ³adj ´having, showing,
@. ¸@®fully ²/-fElI/ ³adv ¸@®ful®ness ³n¼
¨spittle© ²/ÚspItl/ ³n ¶[U] ´liquid of the mouth; saliva.¼
¨spit®toon© ²/spIÚtun/ ³n ´container to spit into.¼
¨spiv© ²/spIv/ ³n ´(GB sl) person not in regular employment but who makes money
by dubious business methods, and who goes about smartly dressed and having a
good time.¼
¨splash© ²/spla2/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A,15B,14] ·@ sth (about) (on/over
sth); @ sth/sb (with sth), ´cause (a liquid) to fly about in drops; make (sb or
sth) wet: ³@ water on/over the floor; @ the floor with water; @ water about.
The children love to @ water over one another. ¸2 ¶[VP2A] ´(of a liquid) fly
about and fall in drops: ³fountains @ing in the park. This tap is a bad oneÅit
@es. ¸3 ¶[VP2C] ´move, fall, so that there is @ing: ³We @ed (our way) across
the stream/into the lake, etc. Look at that hippo @ing about in the river. The
spacecraft @ed down in the Pacific. ´Hence, ¸Ú@-down ³n ´landing of a
spacecraft in the sea. ¸4 ·@ one's money about, ´(sl) spend it freely in order
to impress people. ³¹ n ¶[C] ¸1 ´(sound, spot, mark, made by) @ing: ³He jumped
into the swimming pool with a @. There are some @es of mud on your trousers.
¸2 ´patch of colour: ³Her dog is brown with white @es. ¸3 ´(colloq) small
quantity of soda-water etc: ³a whisky and @. ¸4 ·make a @, ´(colloq, fig)
attract attention by making a display of (esp) one's wealth.¼
¨splay© ²/spleI/ ³vt,vi ´make opposite sides (of an opening) diverge; cause to
slant or slope: ³a @ed window´, eÔg one in a very thick wall, so that the
opening in the wall is wider on one side than the other; (of an opening) be
constructed in this way. ³The plumber @ed the end of the pipe before fitting
it over the next section. ¹ n ´sloping side of a window opening, etc. ³¹ adj
´(esp of feet) broad, flat and turned outwards. ´Hence, ¸Ú@-foot ³n´.
¸Ú@-footed ³adj ´having @ feet.¼
¨spleen© ²/splin/ ³n ¸1 ¶[C] ´bodily organ in the abdomen which causes changes
in the blood. µ¥ ´the illus at µalimentary. ¸2 ¶[U] ´lowness of spirits; bad
temper: ³in a fit of @; vent one's @ on sb.¼
¨splen®did© ²/ÚsplendId/ ³adj ¸1 ´magnificent: ³a @ sunset/house/victory; @
jewellery. ¸2 ´(colloq) very satisfactory; excellent: ³a @ dinner/idea. ¸@®ly
³adv¼
¨splen®dif®er®ous© ²/splenÚdIfErEs/ ³adj ´(colloq, often hum or
ironic) splendid.¼
¨splen®dour© ´(US = ¸-dor´) ²/ÚsplendE(r)/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´magnificence;
brightness: ³the @ of stained glass windows. ¸2 ´(sometimes ³pl´) grandeur,
glory.¼
¨sple®netic© ²/splIÚnetIk/ ³adj ´ill-tempered; peevish.¼
¨splice© ²/splñIs/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ¸1 ´join (two ends of rope) by weaving the
strands of one into the strands of the other; join (two pieces of wood,
magnetic tape, film) by fastening them at the ends. ¸2 ·get @d, ´(sl) get
married. ³¹ n ´joint made by splicing. ¸@r ³n ´device for joining two pieces of
paper or magnetic tape, film, etc.¼
¨splint© ²/splInt/ ³n ´strip of wood, etc bound to an arm, leg, etc to keep a
broken bone in the right position: ³put an arm/a limb in @s.¼
¨splin®ter© ²/ÚsplIntE(r)/ ³n ´sharp-pointed or sharp-edged bit of hard
material (wood, metal, glass, etc) split, torn or broken off a larger piece:
³get a @ into one's finger. ¸a Ú@ group/party, ´(in politics) group of persons
who have broken off from their party. ¸Ú@-proof ³adj ´(eÔg of glass) that
will not @; giving protection against @s, eÔg of broken glass, or from a bomb.
³¹ vt,vi ¶[VP2C,15B] ·@ (off), ´break into @s; come off as a @. ¸@y ³adj ´apt
to @; full of @s; like @s.¼
¨split© ²/splIt/ ³vt,vi µ(-tt-, ³pt,pp µsplitµ) ¸1 ¶[VP6A,14,2A,C] ·@ (into),
´break, cause to break, be broken, into two or more parts, esp from end to end
along the line of natural division: ³@ting logs. Some kinds of wood @ easily.
Only a skilled workman can @ slate into layers. ¸2 ¶[VP2D,22] ·@ (open), ´break
open by bursting: ³His coat has @ at the seams. ¸3 ¶[VP6A,15A,B,2A,C] ·@ (up)
(into), ´(cause to) break into parts; divide: ³@ the atom; @ (up) a compound
into its parts. The party @ up into small groups. Let's @´, (mod colloq) leave
(a party, etc). ³Let's @ the cost of the meal´, share it. ³Joe and Jenny have
@ up, ´(of a couple) separated from each other. ·@ the difference, ´(when
making a bargain) compromise (on the price, cost, etc). ·a @ting headache, ´so
severe that it feels that one's head may crack. ·@ hairs, ´make very fine
distinctions (in an argument, etc). Hence, ¸Úhair-@ting ³adj´. ·@ an infinitive,
´place an adverb between ³to ´and the infinitive (as in ³"to quickly read a
book'´). ¸@ level ³adj ´(of houses, housing) in which adjoining rooms are in a
level midway between successive storeys of other parts. ¸a @ mind/personality,
´person who behaves sometimes with one set of actions, emotions, etc, and
sometimes with another set; also µ¥ schizophrenia; Jekyll and Hyde. ¸@ peas,
´dried peas @ into halves. ¸a @ ring, ´one split along its length, as used for
keeping keys on. ¸a @ second, ´a brief instant of time. ·@ one's sides (with
laughter), ´laugh with movements of the sides. Hence, ¸Úside-@ting ³adj ¸4
¶[VP2A,3A] ·@ (on sb)l ´(sl) give away the secret of (usu an accomplice); give
information about him (to his disadvantage). ³¹ n ¶[C] ¸1 ´splitting; crack or
tear made by splitting: ³a @ in a bag. Will you sew up this @ in the seat of my
trousers, please? ¸2 ´separation or division resulting from splitting: ³a @ in
the Labour Party. ¸3 ´(colloq) half-bottle of soda water, etc. ¸4 the @s,
´acrobat's feat of sinking to the floor by extending the legs laterally with
the trunk upright: ³do the @s.¼
¨splosh© ²/splo2/ ³vt ´= µsplash(4).¼
¨splotch© ²/splot2/, ±splodge ²/splodZ/ ³nn ¶[C] ´daub or smear (of ink, dirt,
etc); irregular patch (of colour, light, etc).¼
¨splurge© ²/spl3dZ/ ³vi, n ´(colloq) (make a) noisy display or effort
(intended to attract attention); show off.¼
¨splut®ter© ²/ÚsplAtE(r)/ ³vi,vt ¸1 ¶[VP2A,C] ´speak quickly and confusedly
(from excitement, etc). ¸2 ¶[VP6A,15B] ·@ sth (out), ´say quickly, confusedly,
indistinctly; ³@ out a few words/a threat. ¸3 ¶[VP2A] ´make a series of
spitting sounds; sputterµ(1)´: ³The swimmers dived and came @ing to the
surface. ¹ n ¶[U] ´@ing sound.¼
¨Spode© ²/spE8d/ ³n ¶[U] ´type of English porcelain.¼
¨spoil© ²/spãIl/ ³vt,vi (pt,pp µ@t ´or µ@ed³) ¸1 ¶[VP6A] ´make
useless or unsatisfactory: ³fruit @t by insects; holidays @t by bad weather;
@t ballot papers´, made invalid because the voters have not marked them as
required by regulations. ³Don't @ your appetite by eating sweets just before
dinner. ¸Ú@-sport ³n ´person who does things that interfere with the enjoyment
of other people. ¸2 ¶[VP6A] ´harm the character or temperament of by wrong
upbringing or lack of discipline: ³parents who @ their children. ¸3 ¶[VP6A]
´pay great attention to the comfort and wishes of: ³He likes having a wife who
@s him. ¸4 ¶[VP2A] ´(of food, etc) become bad, unfit for use: ³Some kinds of
food soon @. ¸5 ·be @ing for ´(³a fight, ´etc), be eager for. ¸6 ¶[VP6A,14] ·@
sb (of sth), ´(old use, or liter; ³pt,pp ´always µ@ed´, never µ@t´) plunder,
rob by force or stealth: ³financiers who @ed ´(= despoiled) ³widows of their
money. ¹ n ¸1 ´(either ¶[U] ´or ³pl´, not with numerals) stolen goods; plunder:
³The thieves divided up the @(s). ¸2 ³(pl) ´profits, profitable positions,
gained from political power: ³the @s of office; the ·Ú³@s system´, (in some
countries) system by which positions in the public service (their salaries and
other advantages) are given to supporters of the political party which wins
power. ¸3 ¶[U] ´earth, unwanted material, etc thrown or brought up in
excavating, draining, etc.¼
¨spoke©1 ²/spE8k/ ³n ¸1 ´any one of the bars or wire rods connecting the hub
(centre) of a wheel with the rim (outer edge). µ¥ ´the illus at µbicycle. ·put
a Ú@ in sb's wheel, ´hinder him; prevent him from carrying out his plans. ¸2
´rung of a ladder.¼
¨spoke©2, spoken ²/spE8k, spE8kEn/ ³pt ´and ³pp ´of µspeak.¼
¨spokes®man© ²/ÚspE8ksmEn/ ³n (pl µ-men³) ´person speaking, chosen
to speak, on behalf of a group.¼
¨spo®li®ation© ²/*spE8lIÚeI2n/ ³n ¶[U] ´plunder, esp of neutral merchant ships
by countries at war.¼
¨spon®dee© ²/Úspondi/ ³n ´(prosody) metrical foot of two long or stressed
syllables, used in poetry to vary other metres. ¸spon®daic ²/sponÚdeIIk/ ³adj¼
¨sponge© ²/spAndZ/ ³n ¸1 ¶[C] ´kinds of simple sea animal with light structures
of elastic material full of holes and able to absorb water easily; one of
these, or sth of similar texture (eÔg porous rubber), used for washing,
cleaning, etc. ·pass the @ over, ´wipe out, agree to forget (an offence, etc).
·throw up/in the @, ´admit defeat or failure. ¸2 ´piece of absorbent material,
eÔg gauze, used in surgery; mop used in cleaning the bore of a gun, etc. ¸3
Ú@-cake ³n ´soft, light yellow cake made of eggs, sugar and flour. ¹ ³vt,vi ¸1
¶[VP6A,15B] ·@ sth (out), ´wash, wipe or clean with a @: ³@ a wound/a child's
face; @ out a memory´, wipe it out, end it. ¸2 ¶[VP15B] ·@ sth up, ´take up
(liquid) with a @: ³@ up the mess. ¸3 ¶[VP3A] ·@ on/upon sb, ´(colloq) live at
his expense, get money from him, without giving, or intending to give, anything
in return: ³@ (up)on one's friends; ¶[VP6A,14] ·@ sth (from sb), ´get by
sponging: ³@ a dinner; @ a fiver ´(= $5) ³from an old acquaintance. ¸@r ³n
´person who @sµ(3)´. ¸spongy ³adj µ(-ier, -iest) ´soft, porous and elastic like
a @: ³spongy, moss-covered land. ¸spongi®ness ³n¼
¨spon®sor© ²/ÚsponsE(r)/ ³n ¸1 ´person (eÔg a godfather) making himself
responsible for another. ¸2 ´person who first puts forward or guarantees a
proposal; person, firm, etc paying for a commercial radio or TÔV programme
(usu in return for advertising of products). ¹ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´act as a @ for.¼
¨spon®ta®neous© ²/sponÚteInIEs/ ³adj ´done, happening, from natural
impulse, not caused or suggested by sth or sb outside: ³He made a @ offer of
help. Nothing he says is @Åhe always thinks carefully before he speaks. ¸@
combustion, ´burning caused by chemical changes, etc inside the material, not
by the application of fire from outside. ¸@®ly ³adv ¸@®ness, ¸spon®ta®neity
²/*spontEÚniEtI/ ³nn¼
¨spoof© ²/spuf/ ³vt, n ´(sl) hoax; trick; swindle: ³You've been @ed, ´You've
been hoaxed.¼
¨spook© ²/spuk/ ³n ´(hum) ghost. ¸@y ³adj µ(-ier, -iest) ´of, suggesting, @s:
³a @y ´(= haunted) ³house.¼
¨spool© ²/spul/ ³n ´reel (for thread, wire, photographic film, typewriter
ribbon, paper or magnetic tape, etc). µ¥ ´the illus at µtape.¼
¨spoon©1 ²/spun/ ³n ´utensil with a shallow bowl on a handle, used for
stirring, serving and taking up food; named according to use, as:
³des·Ú³sert-/·Ú³soup-/·Ú³table/·Ú³tea/·Ú³egg-@. ·be *born with a *silver Ú@ in
one's mouth, µ¥ silver(1). ¸Ú@®feed ³vt ¸(a) ´feed (a baby, etc) from a @.
¸(b) ´(fig) give (sb) excessive help or teaching: ³Some teachers @-feed their
pupils. ¹ ³vt ¶[VP15B] ·@ sth up/out, ´take with a @: ³@ up one's soup; @ out
the peas´, serve them. ¸Ú@®ful ²/-f8l/ ³n (pl µ@fuls´) as much as a @ can
hold.¼
¨spoon©2 ²/spun/ ³vi ¶[VP2A] ´(dated colloq) behave in a way that shows that
one is in love.¼
¨spoon®er®ism© ²/ÚspunErIzEm/ ³n ¶[C] ´confusion of two or more words by wrong
placing of the initial sounds, eÔg ³well-boiled icicle ´for ³well-oiled
bicycle.¼
¨spoor© ²/sp8E(r)/ ³n ¶[C] ´track or trail of a wild animal, enabling it to be
followed.¼
¨spor®adic© ²/spEÚradIk/ ³adj ´occurring, seen, only here and there or
occasionally: ³@ raids/firing. ¸spor®adi®cally ²/-klI/ ³adv¼
¨spore© ²/spc(r)/ ³n ¶[C] ´germ, single cell, by which a flowerless plant (eÔg
moss, a fern) reproduces itself.¼
¨spor®ran© ²/ÚsporEn/ ³n ´pouch, usu fur-covered, worn by Scottish Highlanders
in front of the kilt. µ¥ ´the illus at µkilt.¼
¨sport© ²/spct/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´amusement, fun: ³say sth in @´, not
seriously; ³make @ of sb´, make him seem ridiculous. ¸2 ¶[U] µ¥ ´the illus at
µbase, cricket, football, hockey, rugby, tennis. ´activity engaged in, esp
outdoors, for amusement and exercise; ¶[C] ´particular form of such activity:
³fond of/devoted to @; country @s´, eÔg hunting, fishing, shooting,
horse-racing; ³athletic @s, ´eÔg running, jumping; ·Ú³@s coverage/reporting on
TÔV. ¸3 ³(pl) ´meeting for athletic contests: ³the school @s; inter-university
@s. ¸4 ´(compounds, etc) ¸Ú@s-car ³n ´small motor-car designed for high speeds.
¸Ú@s-coat/-jacket, ´informal jacket. ¸Ú@s-editor ³n ´newspaper editor
responsible for reports of @s and games. ¸Ú@s®man ²/-mEn/ ³n (pl µ-men³) ¸(a)
´person who takes part in, is fond of, @. ¸(b) ´(also ¸@´) person who plays
fairly, who is willing to take risks, and is not down-hearted if he loses.
´Hence, ¸Ú@s®man®ship ²/-2Ip/ ³n ¸Ú@s®man®like ³adj´. ¸5 ´(colloq) = @sman;
agreeable, easy-going person: ³Come on, be a @! ¸6 ¶[C] ´plant or animal that
deviates in a striking way from the normal type. ¹ ³vi,vt ¸1 ¶[VP2C] ´play
about, amuse oneself: ³seals @ing about in the water. ¸2 ¶[VP6A] ´(colloq) have
or wear for proud display: ³@ a moustache/a diamond ring/a flower in the
buttonhole of one's jacket. ¸@®ing ³adj ¸1 ´connected with @, interested in @.
¸2 ´willing to take a risk of losing; involving a risk of losing: ³make sb a
@ing offer; give sb a @ing chance. ¸3 ´@smanlike. It's very @ing of you to give
me such an advantage. ¸@®ing®ly ³adv¼
¨sport®ive© ²/ÚspctIv/ ³adj ´playful; merry. ¸@®ly ³adv ¸@®ness ³n¼
¨spot© ²/spot/ ³n ¸1 ´small (esp round) mark different in colour from what it
is on: ³white dress material with red @s. Which has @s, the leopard or the
tiger? ¸2 ´dirty mark or stain: ³@s of mud on your boots. ¸3 ´small, red
mark, blemish, on the skin; pimple: ³This ointment won't clear your face of @s.
¸4 ´(fig) moral blemish: ³There isn't a @ on her reputation. ¸5 ´drop: ³Did you
feel a few @s of rain? ¸6 ´particular place or area: ³the (very) @ where he was
murdered. ¸TÔV/radio @, ´place in a TÔV/radio programme for an item or a
commercial advertisement. µ¥ slot(3). ¸7 ´(phrases) ¸a @ check, ´a quickly-made
investigation, esp one made suddenly and without warning. ¸a tender @, ´(fig) a
subject on which a person's feelings are easily hurt. ·in a @, ´(colloq) in a
difficult situation. ·knock @s off sb, ´easily surpass, do better than, him.
·on the @, ¸(a) ´at the place where one is needed: ³The police were on the @
within a few minutes of hearing about the crime. ¸(b) ´then and there;
immediately: ³He fell dead on the @. The bullet struck his head and he was
killed on the @. ¸(c) ´(sl) in trouble. Cf "on the carpet'. ·the person on the
@, ´the man at the place in question (who, presumably, is acquainted with local
conditions, happenings, etc and able to deal with them): ³Let's leave the
decision to the man/the men/the people on the @. ·put sb on the @, ¸(a) ´place
sb in danger or difficulty: ³You've put me on the @ here: I can't answer your
question. ¸(b) ´(of gangsters) decide to kill (eÔg a rival gangster). ·put
one's finger on/find sb's weak @, ´find the point (of character, etc) where he
is most open to attack. ¸8 ´(comm) ¸@ cash, ´payment on delivery of goods. ¸@
prices, ´prices quoted for such payment. ¸9 ´(GB colloq) small quantity of
anything: ³I need a @ of brandy. What about doing a @ of work? He's having a @
of bother with his brother´, a quarrel. ¹ ³vt,vi µ(-tt-) ¸1 ¶[VP6A,2A] ´mark,
become marked, with @s: ³a table @ted with ink; material that @s easily´,
easily becomes @ted. ¸2 ¶[VP6A] ´pick out, recognize, see (one person or thing
out of many): ³@ a friend in a crowd; @ the winner in a race´, pick out the
winner before the start. ¸3 ¶[VP2A] ´(colloq) rain slightly: ³It's beginning to
@/is @ting with rain. ¸@®ted ³adj ´marked with @s, eÔg of such animals as the
leopard and panther, and of birds with @s of different colour on their plumage,
of textile material with @s. ¸*@®ted Úfever ³n ´form of meningitis; form of
typhus. ¸@®less ³adj ´free from @s; clean: ³a @less kitchen/reputation.
¸@®less®ly ³adv´: ³@lessly clean. ¸@ty ³adj µ(-ier, -iest) ¸1 ´marked with @s
(esp on the skin): ³a @ty complexion; windows that are @ty with fly marks. ¸2
´of varying quality: ³a @ty piece of work´, done unevenly. ¸@®ter ³n ´person
who @sµ(2)´, eÔg ·Ú³aircraft-@ter´, person who, eÔg during a war, looks for and
identifies different types of aircraft; ·Ú³train-@ter´, (usu) schoolboy who
looks for and notes different types of railway-engines.¼
¨spot®light© ²/ÚspotlñIt/ ³n ¶[C] ´(projector or lamp used for
sending a) strong light directed on to a particular place or person, eÔg on the
stage of a theatre: ³He likes to be in the/to hold the @´, (fig) be the centre
of attention. ¹ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´direct a @ on to.¼
¨spouse© ²/spñ8z ³US: ²spñ8s/ ³n ´(legal or archaic) husband or wife.¼
¨spout© ²/spñ8t/ ³n ¶[C] ¸1 ´pipe or lip through or from which liquid pours,
eÔg for carrying rain-water from a roof, or tea from a teapot. ¸2 ´stream of
liquid coming out with great force. µ¥ ³water-@ ´at µwater±1µ(7). ¸3 ·up the @,
´(sl) ¸(a) ´in pawn. ¸(b) ´in difficulties, broken, etc according to context.
¸(c) ´pregnant. ¹ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP2A,C,6A] ·@ (out), ´(of liquid) come or send
out with great force: ³water @ing (out) from a broken water-main; blood @ing
from a severed artery; a broken pipe @ing water. The whales were @ing´, sending
up jets of water. ¸2 ¶[VP2A,6A] ´(colloq) speak, recite (verses, etc)
pompously: ³@ing unwanted advice.¼
¨sprain© ²/spreIn/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´injure (a joint, eÔg in the wrist
or ankle) by twisting violently so that there is pain and swelling: ³@ one's
wrist; suffering from a @ed ankle. ¹ n ¶[C] ´injury so caused.¼
¨sprang© ²/spraG/ ³pt ´of µspring±3µ.¼
¨sprat© ²/sprat/ ³n ´small European sea-fish used as food.¼
¨sprawl© ²/sprcl/ ³vi ¸1 ¶[VP2A,C] ´sit or lie with the arms and legs loosely
spread out; fall so that one lies in this way: ³@ing on the sofa; be sent @ing
in the mud. ¸2 ´(of plants, handwriting, fig of large towns) spread out
loosely and irregularly over much space: ³suburbs that @ out into the
countryside. ¹ n ¶[U,C] ´@ing position or movement; widespread untidy area, esp
of buildings: ³London's suburban @.¼
¨spray©1 ²/spreI/ ³n ´small branch of a tree or plant, esp a graceful one with
leaves and flowers as an ornament; artificial ornament in a similar form: ³a @
of diamonds.¼
¨spray©2 ²/spreI/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´liquid sent through the air in tiny drops (by
the wind, or through an apparatus): ·Ú³sea-@´, @ blown from waves; ³the @ of a
waterfall. ¸2 ¶[C,U] ´kinds of liquid preparation, eÔg a perfume, disinfectant
or insecticide, to be applied in the form of @ through an atomizer or other
apparatus. ¸3 ¶[C] ´atomizer, etc used for applying such a liquid. ¸Ú@-gun ³n
´apparatus using pressure to spread cellulose, paint, varnish, etc over
surfaces. ¹ ³vt ¶[VP6A,14] ·@ sth/sb (with sth); @ sth (on sth/sb), ´scatter @
on: ³@ mosquitoes/fruit-trees; @ the enemy with bullets. ¸@er ³n ¸1 ´person
who @s. ¸2 ´apparatus for @ing.¼
¨spread© ²/spred/ ³vt,vi (pt,pp µ@³) ¸1 ¶[VP6A,14,15B] ·@ sth
on/over sth; @ sth with sth; @ sth (out), ´extend the surface or width of sth
by unfolding or unrolling it; cover (sth) by doing this: ³@ a cloth on a
table/a table with a cloth; @ out a map; @ (out) one's arms. The bird @ its
wings. ¸2 ¶[VP14] ·@ sth on sth; @ sth with sth, ´put (a substance) on a
surface and extend its area by flattening, etc; cover (a surface) by doing
this: ³@ butter on bread/a slice of bread with butter. ¸3 ¶[VP6A,15A,B,2A,C]
´(cause to) become more widely extended or distributed: ³@ knowledge. Flies @
disease. The water @ over the floor. The rumour quickly @ through the village.
The fire @ from the factory to the houses near by. ·@ oneself, ¸(a) ´occupy
much space, eÔg by lying with the limbs extended. ¸(b) ´talk or write at
length (on a subject). ¸(c) ´let oneself go, eÔg by being generous in
hospitality. ¸4 ¶[VP2A,B,C] ´show an extended surface: ³a desert @ing for
hundreds of miles. ¸5 ¶[VP6A,15B] ´extend in time: ³a course of studies @ over
three years; instalments/payments @ over twelve months. ¸6 *@®Úeagle ³n ´figure
of an eagle with the legs and wings extended (as seen on coins). µ¹ ³vt
´(reflex) take up a lying position with arms and legs extended to form a cross:
³sunbathers @eagled on the grass/sands. ¸Ú@-over ³n ´arrangement in an industry
by which hours of work are adjusted to special needs. ¹ ³n ´(rarely ³pl´) ¸1
´extent; breadth: ³the @ of a bird's wings. ¸2 ´extension; spreadingµ(3)´: ³the
@ of disease/knowledge/education. ¸3 ´(colloq) table @ with good things to eat
and drink: ³What a @! ¸4 ´sth that is @µ(1) ´(usu in compounds) ³a ·Ú³bed@´, a
cover @ over the bed-clothes. ³He's developing (a) middle-age @´, (colloq) is
getting big round the waist (as some persons do in middle age). ¸5 ´name used
for various kinds of paste (to be) @ on bread, etc. ¸@er ³n ´one who, that
which, @s, eÔg a ·Ú³flame-@er ´in an oil-stove; an implement used for @ing
paste, etc on bread.¼
¨spree© ²/spri/ ³n ´lively frolic: ³have a @´, have a lively, merry
time. ·be on the @; go out on a @, ´be having, go out to enjoy, a @. ¸a
Úspending/Úbuying @, ´an occasion of (extravagant or unusual) spending of
money.¼
¨sprig© ²/sprIg/ ³n ¸1 ´small twig (³of ´a plant or bush) with leaves, etc: ³a
@ of mistletoe for Christmas. ¸2 ´(usu contemptuous) young person. ¸@®ged ³adj
´ornamented with designs of @s: @ged muslin.¼
¨spright®ly© ²/ÚsprñItlI/ ³adj µ(-ier, -iest) ´lively; brisk. ¸spright®li®ness
³n¼
¨spring©1 ²/sprIG/ ³n ¸1 ´act of springing or jumping up. ¸2
´(place where there is) water coming up from the ground: ·Ú³hot-@;
·Ú³mineral-@; a hot-·Ú³@ resort; ´(attrib) ³@ water. ¸3 ´device of twisted,
bent or coiled metal or wire which tends to return to its shape or position
when pulled or pushed or pressed: ³the @s of a motor-car; the @ of a watch.
¸*@-Úbalance ³n ´device that measures weight by the tension of a @. ¸Ú@-board
³n ´board to give a @ing motion to sb jumping from it. ¸Ú@-gun ³n ´one that
goes off when a trespasser comes against a wire which is attached to the
trigger. ¸*@-Úmattress ³n ´one containing spiral @s in a rigid frame. ¸@ tide
³n ´(two words; µ¥ ³@tide, @time ´at µspring±2´) tide with the greatest rise or
fall, occurring shortly after new and full moon in each month; µ¥ ³neap-tide
´at µneap. ¸4 ¶[U] ´elastic quality: ³rubber bands that have lost their @. The
old man's muscles have lost their @. ¸5 ´(often ³pl´) cause or origin: ³the @s
of human conduct. ¸@®less ³adj ´without @sµ(3)´: ³a @less cart. ¸@y ³adj
µ(-ier, -iest) ´(of movement or substances) elastic; that springs: ³walk with a
youthful, @y step.¼
¨spring©2 ²/sprIG/ ³n ¶[U,C] ´season of the year in which vegetation begins;
season between winter and summer (in GB from about 21 March to 22 June): ³in
(the) @; ´(attrib) ³@ flowers/weather. ¸Ú@®time ´(also, poet ¸Ú@®tide´) ³nn
´season of @. ¸*@-Úclean ³vt ´clean (a house, a room) thoroughly. Hence,
¸*@-Úcleaning ³n´. ¸Ú@®like ³adj´: ³@like weather.¼
¨spring©3 ²/sprIG/ ³vi,vt (pt µsprang ²/spraG/, ³pp µsprung ²/sprAG/³) ¸1
¶[VP2C] ´jump suddenly from the ground; move suddenly ³(up, down, out, ´etc)
from rest, concealment, etc: ³He sprang to his feet/sprang out of bed/sprang
forward to help me/sprang up from his seat. The branch sprang back and hit me
in the face. ¸2 ¶[VP2C] ·@ (up), ´appear; grow up quickly from the ground or
from a stem: ³A breeze has sprung up. Weeds were @ing up everywhere. The wheat
is beginning to @ up. ´(fig) ³A suspicion/doubt sprang up in her mind. ¸3
¶[VP3A] ·@ from, ´arise or come from: ³He is sprung from royal blood´, is of
royal ancestry. ³Where have you sprung from´, suddenly and unexpectedly
appeared from? ¸4 ¶[VP14] ·@ sth on sb, ´bring forward suddenly: ³@ a surprise
on sb; @ a new theory/proposal on sb. ¸5 ¶[VP6A] ´cause to operate by means of
a mechanism: ³@ a mine´, cause it to explode; ³@ a trap´, cause it to go off.
¸6 ¶[VP6A,2A] ´(of wood) (cause to) warp, split, crack: ³My cricket bat has
sprung. I have sprung my tennis racket. ·@ a leak, ´(of a ship) crack or burst
so that water enters.¼
¨spring®bok© ²/ÚsprIGbok/ ³n ´small S African gazelle.¼
¨sprinkle© ²/ÚsprIGkl/ ³vt ¶[VP6A,14] ·@ sth (on/with sth), ´direct, throw, a
shower of (sth) on to (a surface): ³@ water on a dusty path; @ a dusty path
with water; @ the floor with sand. ¸sprink®ler ²/ÚsprIGklE(r)/ ³n ´(esp)
apparatus or device for sprinkling water (eÔg on to a lawn) or (permanently
installed in buildings) for fighting fire. ¸sprink®ling ³n ´small quantity or
number here and there: ³There was a sprinkling of hooligans in the crowd.¼
¨sprint© ²/sprInt/ ³vi ¶[VP2A,C] ´run a short distance at full speed: ³He @ed
past his competitors just before reaching the tape. ¹ n ´such a run; (esp)
burst of speed at the end of a race. ¸@er ³n¼
¨sprit© ²/sprIt/ ³n ´small spar reaching from a mast to the upper outer corner
of a sail. µ¥ ´the illus at µbarque. ¸Ú@®sail ³n ´sail extended by a @.¼
¨sprite© ²/sprñIt/ ³n ´fairy; elf.¼
¨sprocket© ²/ÚsprokIt/ ³n ´each of several teeth on a wheel connecting with
the links of a chain or holes in a movie film, paper or magnetic tape.
¸Ú@-wheel ³n ´such a wheel, eÔg as on a bicycle.¼
¨sprout© ²/sprñ8t/ ³vi,vt ¸1 ¶[VP2A,C] ·@ (up), ´put out leaves; begin to grow:
³Peter has really @ed up in the past year. ¸2 ¶[VP6A] ´cause to grow: ³The
continuous wet weather has @ed the barley´, eÔg after it has been cut and left
in the field. ¸3 ¶[VP6A] ´develop, produce: ³When do deer first @ horns?
Tom has @ed a moustache. ¹ n ¶[C] ´shoot, newly @ed part, of a plant. µ¥
Brussels @s.¼
¨spruce©1 ²/sprus/ ³adj ´neat and smart in dress and appearance. ³¹ vt,vi
¶[VP6A,15B,2C] ·@ (sb/oneself) (up), ´make oneself @: ³Go and @ yourself up.
They were all @d up for the party. ¸@®ly ³adv ¸@®ness ³n¼
¨spruce©2 ²/sprus/ ³n ¸@ (fir), ´kinds of fir-tree grown in plantations for
its wood, used for making paper.¼
¨sprung© ²/sprAG/ ³pp ´of µspring±3µ.¼
¨spry© ²/sprñI/ ³adj µ(-er, -est) ´lively; nimble: ³still @ at eighty. ·look @,
´be quick.¼
¨spud© ²/spAd/ ³n ¶[C] ¸1 ´(colloq) potato. ¸2 ´short spade with a narrow blade
for digging or cutting up weeds.¼
¨spue© ²/spju/ ³vt,vi ´= µspew.¼
¨spume© ²/spjum/ ³n ¶[U] ´foam; froth.¼
¨spun© ²/spAn/ ³pp ´of µspin.¼
¨spunk© ²/spAGk/ ³n ¶[U] ´(colloq) courage; mettle; spirit: ³have no @; a boy
with plenty of @; ´(sl) semen. ¸@y ³adj ´having @.¼
¨spur© ²/sp3(r)/ ³n ¸1 ´one of a pair of sharp-toothed wheels, worn on the
heels of a rider's boots and used to make the horse go faster. ·win one's @s,
´(hist) gain knighthood; (fig) win honour and reputation. ¸2 ´(fig) sth that
urges a person on to greater activity: ³the @ of poverty. ·act on the @ of the
moment, ´on a sudden impulse. ¸3 ´sharp, hard projection on a cock's leg. µ¥
´the illus at µbird. ¸4 ´ridge extending from a mountain or hill. ³¹ vt,vi
µ(-rr-) ¸1 ¶[VP6A,15B] ·@ sb/sth (on), ´urge on with, or as with, @s: ³It's
foolish to @ on a willing horse. He was @red on by ambition. ¸2 ¶[VP2C] ´ride
fast or hard: ³The rider @red on/forward to his destination.¼
¨spu®ri®ous© ²/Úspj8ErIEs/ ³adj ´false; not genuine: ³@
coins/credentials/arguments. ¸@®ly ³adv ¸@®ness ³n¼
¨spurn© ²/sp3n/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´reject or refuse contemptuously; have nothing to
do with (an offer, a person or his advances).¼
¨spurt© ²/sp3t/ ³vi ¸1 ¶[VP2C,3A] ·@ (out) (from), ´(of liquids, flame, etc)
come out in a sudden burst: ³Blood @ed (out) from the wound. ¸2 ¶[VP2A] ´make a
sudden, short and violent effort, esp in a race or other contest: ³The runner
@ed as he approached the winning-post. ¹ n ¶[C] ´sudden bursting forth; sudden
burst of energy: ³@s of water/flame/energy; a @ of anger; put on a @ ´(=
increase speed) ³towards the end of a race.¼
¨sput®nik© ²/Úsp8tnIk/ ³n ´artificial unmanned satellite put into
space by means of rocket propulsion (esp the first, launched from the Soviet
Union in 1957).¼
¨sput®ter© ²/ÚspAtE(r)/ ³vi,vt ¸1 ¶[VP2A,C] ´make a series of spitting sounds:
³The sausages were @ing in the frying-pan. ·@ out, ´stop burning after making
spitting sounds: ³The candle @ed out. ¸2 ´= µsplutter(1,2).¼
¨spu®tum© ²/ÚspjutEm/ ³n ¶[U] ´saliva; matter coughed up from the throat (esp
as indicating the nature of an illness).¼
¨spy© ²/spñI/ ³n (pl µspies³) ¸1 ´person who tries to get secret information,
esp about the military affairs of other countries (called a "secret agent' if
he is employed by one's own government and a "spy' if he is working for other
countries). ¸2 ´person who keeps a secret watch on the movements of others:
³police spies´, persons employed by the police to watch suspected criminals;
³industrial spies, ´employed to learn trade secrets, etc. ³¹ vi,vt ¸1
¶[VP2A,3A,15B] ·@ (into/on/upon sth); @ sth out, ´act as a spy on, watch
secretly: ³spy on the enemy's movements; spy out the land; spy into other
people's affairs. ¸2 ¶[VP6A,19A] ´observe; see; discover: ³I spy someone coming
up the garden path. You are quick at spying her faults. ¸Úspy-glass ³n
´small telescope. ¸Úspy-hole ³n ´peep-hole.¼
¨squab© ²/skwob/ ³n ¸1 ´young bird, esp an unfledged pigeon: ³@ pie´, pigeon
pie. ¸2 ´(comm) soft seat or cushion, esp as a seat in a car.¼
¨squabble© ²/Úskwobl/ ³vi ¶[VP2C] ´engage in a petty or noisy quarrel: ³Tom
was squabbling with his sister about who should use the bicycle. ¹ n ¶[C]
´noisy quarrel about sth trivial.¼
¨squad© ²/skwod/ ³n ´small group of persons, eÔg of soldiers,
working or being trained together: ³Scotland Yard's flying @´, number of
special police cars and men always ready for prompt action, eÔg on reports of
burglaries, etc. ¸Ú@ car, ´(US) police patrol car.¼
¨squad®ron© ²/ÚskwodrEn/ ³n ¸1 ´sub-unit of a cavalry, armoured, or engineer
regiment (120Å200 men). ¸2 ´number of warships or military aircraft forming a
unit. ¸ÚS@ Leader ³n ´RÔAÔF rank, next below Wing Commander.¼
¨squalid© ²/ÚskwolId/ ³adj ´dirty, mean, uncared for: ³living in @
conditions/houses. ¸@®ly ³adv¼
¨squall© ²/skwcl/ ³n ¶[C] ¸1 ´loud cry of pain or fear (esp from a
baby or child). ¸2 ´sudden violent wind, often with rain or snow: ³look out
for @s´, (often fig) be on one's guard against danger or trouble. ³¹ vi
¶[VP2A] ´utter @sµ(1)´: ³@ing babies. The boy @s as soon as he sees the
dentist. ¸@y ³adv ´having, marked by, @sµ(2)´: ³a @y February day.¼
¨squalor© ²/ÚskwolE(r)/ ³n ¶[U] ´squalid state: ³born in @; the @ of the
slums.¼
¨squan®der© ²/ÚskwondE(r)/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´waste (time, money). ¸Ú@®mania
²/-meInIE/ ³n ¶[U] ´(craze for) extravagant spending of money.¼
¨square©1 ²/skweE(r)/ ³adj ¸1 ´having the shape of a square±2µ(1)´:
³a @ table. ·a @ peg in a round hole, µ¥ peg±1µ(1). ¸Ú@ dance/game, ´one in
which the dancers/players face inwards from four sides. ¸2 ´having or forming
(exactly or approx) a right angle: ³@ corners; ³a @ jaw/chin´, with angular,
not curved, outlines. ¸*@ Úbrackets ³n pl ´the marks ¶[ ]. µ¥ bracket(2).
¸*@-Úbuilt ³adj ´(of a person) of comparatively broad shape. ¸*@-Úrigged ³adj
´(of a sailing ship) having the principal sails set at right angles to the
mast. Cf ³fore-and-aft. ¸*@-Úshouldered ³adj ´with the shoulders at right
angles to the neck, not sloping. ¸Ú@-toed ³adj ´(of shoes) having a @ toe-cap;
(fig, of persons) formal; prim. ¸Ú@-*toes ³n ´formal or prim person. ¸3 ´level
or parallel ³(with)´; balanced; settled: ³get one's accounts @´, settled. ·be
(all) @, ¸(a) ´(golf) have equal scores: ³all @ at the ninth hole. ¸(b)
´with neither person in debt to the other: ³Let's call it all @, shall we? ·get
@ with sb, ´settle accounts; (fig) have one's revenge on him. ¸4 ´of a number
multiplied by itself: ³a @ metre´, surface area of a @ which has sides of one
metre in length; ³nine @ cm. The @ root of x±4 ³is x±2³/of 9 is 3. A carpet 6
metres @ has an area of 36 @ metres. ¸@ measure, ´expressed in @ feet, metres,
etc. ¸5 ´thorough; uncompromising: ³meet with a @ refusal. ¸a @ meal, ´one that
is satisfactory because there is plenty of good food. ¸6 ´fair, honest: ³@
dealings´, in business; ³play a @ game´, in sport. ·(get/give sb) a @ deal, ´a
fair bargain, fair treatment, equality of opportunity. ¸7 @ leg, µ¥ ´the illus
at µcricket. ³¹ adv ¸1 ´in a @µ(2) ´manner: ³stand/sit @; hit a man @ on the
jaw. ¸2 ·fair and @, ´in a @µ(6) ´manner. ¸@®ly ³adv ¸1 ´so as to form a right
angle. ¸2 ´fairly; honestly: ³act @ly. ¸3 ´directly opposite: ³He faced me @ly
across the table. ¸@®ness ³n¼
¨square©2 ²/skweE(r)/ ³n ¶[C] ¸1 ´plane figure with four equal
sides and four right angles. µ¥ ´the illus at µquadrilateral. ·back to @
one, ´(from the use of @s on board games, played by throwing dice, and with
penalties for certain numbered @s) back to the starting-point and forced to
start again. ¸2 ´anything having the shape of a @. ¸3 ´four-sided open area,
eÔg in a town, used as a garden or for recreation, or one enclosed by streets
and buildings: ³listening to the band playing in the @. ¸Úbarrack @ ³n ´such an
open space in a military barracks. ¸Ú@-bashing ´(sl) military drill (esp
marching, etc). ¸4 ´buildings and streets surrounding a @µ(4)´: ³He lives at No
95 Russell S@. ¸5 ´block of buildings bounded by four streets; distance along
one side of such a block (the word ³block ´being more usu, esp US). ¸6 ´result
when a number or quantity is multiplied by itself: ³The @ of 7 is 49. What is
the @ of x±2³? ¸7 µL´-shaped or ¸(ÚT-@) µT´-shaped instrument for drawing or
testing right angles. ·out of @, ´not at right angles. ¸8 ·on the @, ´fair(ly),
honest(ly): ³Can we trust them to act on the @? Is their business on the @? ¸9
´body of infantry drawn up in a @ form. ¸10 Úword @, ´number of words arranged
so that they read alike forwards and downwards. ¸11 ´(sl) person (considered to
be) out of touch with new ideas, styles, etc: ³I'm not even a @, I'm a cube!
´I'm rigidly conventional and old-fashioned.¼
¨square©3 ²/skweE(r)/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A] ´make square; give a square
shape to. ·@ the circle, ´attempt sth that is impossible. ¸2 ¶[VP6A] ´cause one
line or side to make a right angle with another: ³@ timber´, give it
rectangular edges. ¸3 ¶[VP6A] ´make straight or level: ³@ one's shoulders. ¸4
¶[VP6A] ´multiply a number by itself; get the squareµ(6) ´of a number: ³Three
@ed is nine. x±2 ³= x @ed. ¸5 ¶[VP6A,15B] ·@ sth off, ´mark (off) in squares.
¸6 ¶[VP2C,14,15B] ·@ (sth) (up) (with sb), ´settle, balance: ³@ accounts with
sb´, settle one's debts; (fig) have one's revenge on him. ³It's time I @ed up
with you/time we @ed up´, settled our accounts. ¸7 ¶[VP6A] ´bribe; get the
(dishonest) co-operation of: ³All the officials had to be @ed before they would
do anything for us. He has been @ed to hold his tongue. ¸8 ¶[VP14,3A] ·@ (sth)
with, ´make or be consistent: ³You should @ your practice with your principles.
It would be convenient if the facts @ed with the theory, but they do not. ¸9
¶[VP2C] ·@ up to sb, ´take up the attitude of a boxer (ready to begin
fighting).¼
¨squash©1 ²/skwo2/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A,15A,B,22] ´crush; press flat or into a
small space: ³@ too many people into a bus. Don't sit on my hat; you'll @ it
flat. ¸2 ¶[VP2A] ´become @ed or pressed out of shape: ³Soft fruits @ easily.
¸3 ¶[VP2C] ´squeeze or crowd: ³Don't all try to @ into the lift together. They
@ed through the gate into the football ground. ¸4 ¶[VP6A] ´(colloq) silence
(sb) with a crushing retort; snub. ³He was/felt completely @ed. ¸5 ¶[VP6A]
´(colloq) subdue (a rebellion). ³¹ n ´(rarely ³pl) ¸1 ´crowd of persons @ed
together: ³There was a violent @ at the gate. ¸2 ´(sound of) sth @ing or being
@ed: ³The ripe tomato hit the speaker in the face with a @. ¸3 ¶[C,U] ´drink
(cold, usu bottled) made from fruit juice: ³orange/lemon @. ¸4 Ú@(-rackets),
´game played with rackets and a rubber ball in a walled, roofed court. ¸@y ³adj
´easily @ed; soft and wet.¼
¨squash©2 ²/skwo2/ ³n (pl ´unchanged) kinds of gourd, like a pumpkin, eaten as
a vegetable.¼
¨squat© ²/skwot/ ³vi µ(-tt-) ¸1 ¶[VP2A,C] ´sit on one's heels, or
on the ground with the legs drawn up under or close to the body; ¶[VP6A,15B]
´put (oneself) in this position: ³The old man @ted in front of the fire. He
@ted (himself) down. ¸2 ¶[VP2A,C] ´(of animals) crouch with the body close to
the ground. ¸3 ¶[VP2A,C] ´(colloq) sit: ³Find somewhere to @. ¸4 ¶[VP2A]
´settle on land without permission, esp publicly owned and unoccupied land (in
order to acquire ownership); occupy empty (usu deserted, derelict) buildings
without authority. ³¹ adj ´short and thick: ³a @ man; ´dumpy: ³a @ teapot.
¸@®ter ³n ¸1 ´person who @sµ(4)´; (in Australia) sheep-farmer. ¸2 ´person who
takes unauthorized possession of unoccupied premises.¼
¨squaw© ²/skwc/ ³n ´N American Indian woman or wife.¼
¨squawk© ²/skwck/ ³vi ¶[VP2A,C]´, ³n ´(chiefly of birds) (utter a) loud, harsh
cry, as when hurt or frightened; (colloq) (make a) loud complaint; (sl) betray:
³The old man @ed (to the police). ¸@er ³n¼
¨squeak© ²/skwik/ ³n ¶[C] ¸1 ´short, shrill cry, eÔg made by a mouse, or
similar sound, eÔg from an unoiled hinge. ¸2 ·a narrow @, ´a narrow escape from
danger or failure. ³¹ vi,vt ¸1 ¶[VP2A] ´make a @: ³These new shoes @. ¸2
¶[VP6A,15B] ·@ sth (out), ´utter in a @ing voice: ³@ out a few frightened
words. ¸3 ¶[VP2A,C] ´(colloq) become an informer. ¸@er ³n ´(colloq) informer.
¸@y ³adj µ(-ier, -iest) ´@ing: ³a @y floor; in a @y voice.¼
¨squeal© ²/skwil/ ³n ¶[C] ´shrill cry or sound, longer and louder
than a squeak, often indicating terror or pain: ³the @ of brakes, ´eÔg on
lorries. ³¹ vi,vt ¸1 ¶[VP2A,C] ´make a @: ³The pigs were @ing. He @ed like a
pig. ¸2 ¶[VP6A,15B] ´utter with a @; say in a @ing voice. ¸3 ¶[VP2A,C]
´(colloq) become an informer. ¸@er ³n ¸1 ´animal that @s. ¸2 ´informer.¼
¨squeam®ish© ²/ÚskwimI2/ ³adj ¸1 ´having a delicate stomach and easily made
sick; feeling sick. ¸2 ´easily disgusted or offended; too modest, scrupulous
or proper. ¸@®ly ³adv ¸@®ness ³n¼
¨squee®gee© ²/*skwiÚdZi ³US: ²ÚskwidZi/ ³n ´implement with a rubber edge,
fastened to a long handle, used for pushing water, etc off a smooth surface;
similar implement with a short rubber roller for pressing water from
photographic prints. ³¹ vt ¶[VP6A] ´use a @ on.¼
¨squeeze© ²/skwiz/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A,15A,22] ´press on from the opposite side or
from all sides; change the shape, size, etc of sth by doing this: ³@ sb's hand;
@ a sponge; @ a lemon dry; @ one's fingers´, eÔg by catching them in a doorway;
³@ paste into a ball. ¸2 ¶[VP6A,14,15A,B] ·@ sth (from/out of sth); @ sth out,
´get (water, juice, etc) out of sth by pressing hard; ³@ (the juice out of) a
lemon; @ the water out. ¸3 ¶[VP15A,B,2C] ´force (sb, oneself) into or through a
narrow passage or small space: ³@ (one's way) into a crowded bus; @ (oneself)
through a gap in a hedge: @ (one's way) through a crowd. Can you @ in? ´eÔg
into a crowded lift. ¸4 ¶[VP15B] ·@ sth out of sth/sb, ´get by extortion,
entreaty, etc: ³@ more money out of the public´, eÔg by increasing taxes;
³blackmailers who @ the last penny out of their victims. ¸5 ¶[VP2A] ´yield to
pressure: ³Sponges @ easily. ¹ n ¶[C] ¸1 ´act of squeezing; condition of being
@d; sth obtained by squeezing: ³give sb a hug and a @; a ·Ú³@ bottle´, plastic
container that ejects the contents, eÔg scent, liquid detergent, when @d. ³It
was a tight @´, We were @d tightly, eÔg in a crowd. ³Add a @ of lemon to your
drink. µ¥ ´also µcredit±1µ(3). ¸2 ¸close/narrow/tight @, ´narrow escape. ¸3
¶[U] ´(colloq) policy of high taxation, high interest rates, etc aimed at
deflation; ¶[U] ´money obtained by squeezingµ(4). ¸@r ³n ´one who, that which,
@s, eÔg a device for squeezing out juice: ³a ·Ú³lemon-@r.¼
¨squelch© ²/skwelt2/ ³vi,vt ¶[VP2A,C] ´make a sucking sound as when
feet are lifted from stiff, sticky mud: ³cows @ing through the mud. The water
@ed in my boots. ¹ n ´@ing sound; act of @ing.¼
¨squib© ²/skwIb/ ³n ¸1 ´small firework of the kind thrown by hand, one that
first hisses and then explodes. ¸damp @, ´unsuccessful attempt to do sth
impressive. ¸2 ´short satirical attack on sb, spoken or (more usu) written.¼
¨squid© ²/skwId/ ³n ´kind of cuttle-fish with ten arms round the
mouth (smaller kinds used as bait). µ¥ ´the illus at µmollusc.¼
¨squiffy© ²/ÚskwIfI/ ³adj ´(sl) slightly drunk.¼
¨squiggle© ²/ÚskwIgl/ ³n ´small twisty line or scrawl: ³Is this @ supposed to
be his signature? ¸squig®gly ²/ÚskwIglI/ ³adj¼
¨squint© ²/skwInt/ ³vi ¸1 ¶[VP2A] ´have eyes that do not turn together but look
in different directions at once; be cross-eyed. ¸2 ¶[VP3A] ·@ at/through, ´look
at sideways or with half-shut eyes or through a narrow opening. ³¹ n ¸1
´@ing position of the eyeballs: ³a man with a @. ¸Ú@-eyed ³adj ´having a @;
cross-eyed; (fig) malignant; disapproving. ¸2 ´(colloq) look or glance: ³Let
me have a @ at it.¼
¨squire© ²/ÚskwñIE(r)/ ³n ¸1 ´(in England) chief landowner in a country parish.
¸2 ´(hist) young man who was a knight's attendant until he himself became a
knight. ¸3 ´(often hum) man who escorts a woman; man who is attentive to women
and frequents their company. ¸4 ´(US) justice of the peace or local judge. ¸5
´(GB sl) fellow. ³¹ vt ¶[VP6A,15A] ´(of a man) attend upon, escort (a woman).
¸Ú@®ar®chy ²/-qkI/ ³n (pl µ-chies³) ´(in England) great landowners (before
1832); these men as a class.¼
¨squirm© ²/skw3m/ ³vi ¶[VP2A,C] ´twist the body, wriggle (from discomfort,
shame or embarrassment). ³¹ n ´@ing movement.¼
¨squir®rel© ²/ÚskwIrEl/ ³n ´(kinds of) small, tree-climbing,
bushy-tailed animal with red or grey fur. µ¥ ´the illus at µsmall.¼
¨squirt© ²/skw3t/ ³vt,vi ¶[VP6A,15A,B,2A,C] ´(of liquid, powder) force out, be
forced out, in a thin stream or jet: ³@ soda-water into a glass. The water @ed
all over me. ¹ n ¸1 ´thin stream or jet (of liquid, powder, etc). ¸2 ´sth from
which liquid, etc can be @ed, eÔg a syringe, as a child's toy. ¸3 ´(colloq, as
a term of abuse) insignificant but self-assertive person.¼
¨stab© ²/stab/ ³vt,vi µ(-bb-) ¸1 ¶[VP6A,15A,3A] ·@ (at), ´pierce or wound with
sharp-pointed weapon or instrument; push (a knife, etc) into (sb); aim a blow
(at sb) with such a weapon: ³@ a man in the back; @ sb to the heart. His
conscience @bed (at) him´, (fig) caused him to feel regret. ¸2 ¶[VP2A] ´produce
a sensation of being @bed: ³@bing pains in the back. ¹ n ¶[C] ¸1 ´@bing blow;
pain inflicted by this. ·a @ in the back, ´(fig) a treacherous attack, eÔg on
sb's reputation. ¸2 ´(colloq) try, attempt (= colloq "go' or "shot'): ³Let me
have a @ at it´, try to do it. ¸@®ber ³n¼
¨stable©1 ²/ÚsteIbl/ ³adj ´firm; not likely to move or change:
³What we need is a @ Government. He needs a job. ¸sta®bil®ity ²/stEÚbIlEtI/ ³n
¶[U] ´quality of being @. ¸sta®bil®ize ²/ÚsteIbElñIz/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´make @:
³stabilize prices and wages. ¸sta®bi®lizer ³n ´person or thing that stabilizes;
(esp) device to keep a ship or aircraft steady, free from rolling or pitching.
¸sta®bil®iz®ation ²/*steIbElñIÚzeI2n ³US: ²-lIÚz-/ ³n ´making or becoming @.¼
¨stable©2 ²/ÚsteIbl/ ³n ´building in which horses are lodged and fed; number of
horses (esp race-horses) belonging to one particular owner and kept in one
set of @s. ¸Ú@-boy/-man ³nn ´boy/man employed in a @. ¸Ú@-companion/-mate ³n
´horse of the same @; (fig) member of same group. ¹ ³vt ´put, keep, in a @:
³Where did you @ your horse? ¸stab®ling ²/ÚsteIblIG/ ³n ¶[U] ´accommodation for
horses: ³The house has stabling for 20 horses.¼
¨stac®cato© ²/stEÚkqtE8/ ³adj, adv ´(musical direction) (to be played) with
each successive note clear and detached.¼
¨stack© ²/stak/ ³n ¶[C] ¸1 ´circular or rectangular pile of hay, straw, grain,
etc usu with a sloping, thatched top, for storage in the open. ¸2 ´group of
rifles arranged in the form of a pyramid; pile or heap (of books, papers,
wood, etc); (colloq) large amount: ³I have @s of work waiting to be done. ¸3
´(brickwork or stonework enclosing a) number of chimneys. µ¥ ³smoke-@ ´at
µsmoke±1µ(1). ¸4 ´rack with shelves for books (in a library or bookshop). ¸5
´number of aircraft circling at different heights while waiting for
instructions to land. ¹ ³vt ¸1 ¶[VP6A,15B] ·@ (up), ´make into a @ or @s; pile
up: ³@ hay/wood; @ up the dishes on the draining-board. ¸2 ´(US) arrange
(playing-cards) unfairly. ·have the cards @ed aÚgainst one´, be at a great
disadvantage. ¸3 ¶[VP6A] ´arrange aircraft in a @µ(5)´.¼
¨sta®dium© ²/ÚsteIdIEm/ ³n (pl µ@s³) ´enclosed area of land for
games, athletic competitions, etc, usu with stands for spectators: ³build a new
@ for the Olympic Games.¼
¨staff© ²/stqf ³US: ²staf/ ³n ¸1 ´strong stick used as a support when walking
or climbing, or as a weapon; (now usu fig): ³the @ of life´, bread. ³He is the
@ of my old age´, eÔg a son who supports his old father. ¸2 ´such a @ as a
sign of office or authority: ³a pastoral @´, eÔg an ornamental one carried by
or before a bishop, etc. ¸3 ´pole serving as a support: ³a ·Ú³flag@. ¸4 ´group
of assistants working together under a manager or head: ³the headmaster and
his @´, iÔe the teachers; ·Ú³office-@; be on the @. A large @ ´(collective ³n,
sing v´) ³of advisers has been employed for the President. The school @ ´(=
Members of the @³, pl v´) ³are expected to supervise school meals.
¸Ú@-office, ´personnel office. µ¥ personnel. ¸5 ´group of senior army officers
engaged in planning and organization: ³the General S@´; (attrib) ·Ú³@ officers.
¸6 ´(music) ³(pl µstaves ²/ÚsteIvz/³) ´set of five parallel lines on or between
which notes are placed to indicate their pitch. µ¥ ´the illus at µnotation. ³¹
vt ¶[VP6A] ´provide with, act as, a @µ(4)´: ³@ a new school; a well-@ed
hotel/hospital; an under-@ed office.¼
¨stag© ²/stag/ ³n ¸1 ´male deer. ¸Ú@-party ³n ´(colloq) party for
men only (eÔg one for a man about to get married). ¸2 ´person who buys newly
issued stocks and shares hoping that prices will rise and enable him to sell at
a profit.¼
¨stage© ²/steIdZ/ ³n ¸1 ´(in a theatre) raised platform or structure of boards
on which the actors appear. ¸2 the @, ´theatrical work; the profession of
acting in theatres. ·be/go on the @, ´be/become an actor or actress. ¸Ú@-craft
³n ¶[U] ´skill or experience in writing or directing plays. ¸Ú@ direction ³n
´printed direction in a play to actors about their positions, movements, etc.
¸*@ Údoor ³n ´entrance at the back of a theatre, used by actors and workmen.
¸Ú@ fright ³n ¶[U] ´nervousness felt when facing an audience. ¸*@ Úmanager ³n
´person who superintends the production of a play, supervises the rehearsals,
etc. ¸Ú@-struck ³adj ´having a strong desire to become an actor or actress.
¸*@-Úwhisper ³n ´whisper that is meant to be overheard. ¸3 ´(fig) scene of
action; place where events occur. ¸4 ´point, period or step in development:
³at an early @ in our history. The baby has reached the ·Ú³talking @´, is
learning to talk. ¸5 ´any of two or more successive periods on the journey of
a rocket vehicle when one part has been jettisoned: ³a multi-@ rocket. ¸6
´journey, distance, between two stopping-places along a road or route; such a
stopping-place: ³travel by easy @s´, for only a short distance at a time.
¸Ú@(-coach) ³n ´(hist) horse-drawn public vehicle carrying passengers (and
often mail) along a regular route. ¸Úfare-@ ³n ´section along the route of a
bus or tram for which there is a fixed fare. ¸7 ´structure with tiers or
shelves, eÔg for plants. µ¥ ´also µstaging ´below, and ³landing-@ ´at
µlanding. ³¹ vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A] ´put on the @µ(1)´; put before the public: ³@
"Hamlet'´; (fig) arrange to take place dramatically. ·@ a come-back, ´come
back (to a sport, eÔg to the boxing ring) from retirement or after having
failed. ¸2 ¶[VP2C] ³@ well/badly´, (of a drama) be well/badly suited for the
theatre.¼
¨stager© ²/ÚsteIdZE(r)/ ³n ´(only in) ¸an old @, ´a person of long
experience; an old hand. µ¥ hand±1µ(6).¼
¨stag®fla®tion© ²/*stagÚfleI2n/ ³n ¶[U] ´(fin) (word formed from ³stag´nation
+ in³flation´) monetary inflation without growth of industrial production.¼
¨stag®ger© ²/ÚstagE(r)/ ³vi,vt ¸1 ¶[VP2A,C] ´walk or move unsteadily (from
weakness, a heavy burden, drunkenness, etc): ³The man @ed along/to his
feet/across the room/from side to side of the road. ¸2 ¶[VP6A] ´(of a blow or
shock) cause to walk or move unsteadily; (of news, etc) shock deeply; cause
worry or confusion to: ³receive a @ing blow. I was @ed to hear/on hearing/when
I heard who the group's leader was. ¸3 ¶[VP6A] ´arrange (times of events) so
that they do not all occur together: ³@ office hours, ´so that employees are
not all using buses, trains, etc, at the same time; ³@ the annual holidays. ¹ n
¸1 ³(sing) ´@ing movement. ¸2 the @s, ´giddiness; nervous disease of cattle and
horses, marked by @ing. ¸@er ³n¼
¨stag®ing© ²/ÚsteIdZIG/ ³n ¸1 ¶[C,U] ´stageµ(6)´; (platform or
working area on) scaffolding for men on constructional work, eÔg building. ¸2
¶[U] ´(method of) presenting a play on the stage of a theatre.¼
¨stag®nant© ²/ÚstagnEnt/ ³adj ¸1 ´(of water) without current or tide; still
and stale: ³water lying @ in ponds and ditches. ¸2 ´(fig) unchanging;
inactive: ³Business was @ last week. ¸stag®nancy ²/-nEnsI/ ³n¼
¨stag®nate© ²/stagÚneIt ³US: ²ÚstagneIt/ ³vi ¶[VP2A] ´be stagnant; (fig) be or
become dull or sluggish through disuse, inactivity, etc. ¸stag®na®tion
²/stagÚneI2n/ ³n ¶[U].¼
¨stagy© ²/ÚsteIdZI/ ³adj ´theatrical in style, manner or appearance. ¸stag®ily
²/-IlI/ ³adv ¸stagi®ness ³n¼
¨staid© ²/steId/ ³adj ´(of persons, their appearance, behaviour, etc)
conservative, quiet and serious. ¸@®ly ³adv ¸@®ness ³n¼
¨stain© ²/steIn/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A] ´(of liquids, other substances) change the
colour of; make coloured patches or dirty marks on: ³fingers @ed with
nicotine; blood-@ed hands; a tablecloth @ed with gravy; ´(fig) ³a guilt-@ed
reputation. ¸2 ¶[VP6A,22] ´colour (wood, fabrics, etc) with a substance that
penetrates the material: ³He @ed the wood brown. The scientist @ed his
specimen before examining it under the microscope. ¸@ed glass, ´glass made by
mixing into it transparent colours during the process of manufacture: ³@ed
glass windows in a church. ¸3 ¶[VP2A] ´(of material) become discoloured or
soiled: ³Does this material @ easily? ¹ n ¸1 ¶[U] ´liquid used for @ing wood,
etc. ¸2 ¶[C] ´@ed place; dirty mark or patch of colour: ·Ú³ink-/·Ú³blood-@s;
´(fig) ³a @ on one's reputation; without a @ on your character. ¸@®less ³adj
¸1 ´without a @: ³a @less reputation. ¸2 ´(esp of a kind of steel alloy) that
resists rust and corrosion: ³@less steel cutlery.¼
¨stair© ²/steE(r)/ ³n ¶[C] ´(any one of a) series of fixed steps leading from
one floor of a building to another. µ¥ downstairs, upstairs. ³The child was
sitting on the bottom @. She always runs up/down the @s. I passed her on the
@s. ·below @s, ´in the basement of a house (in large houses, formerly the part
used by servants): ³Their affairs were being discussed below @s´, by the
servants. ·a flight of @s, ´a set of @s in a continuous line, or from one
landing, eÔg halfway between two floors, to another. ·at the foot/head of the
@s, ´at the bottom/top of a flight of @s. ¸Ú@-carpet ³n ´strip of carpet for
laying on @s. ¸Ú@-rod ³n ´rod for keeping a @-carpet in the angle between two
steps. ¸Ú@®case ³n ´series of @s (often with banisters) inside a building:
³Many old Edinburgh houses have spiral @cases´, iÔe winding round a central
pillar. ¸Ú@®way ³n ´= @case.¼
¨stake© ²/steIk/ ³n ¶[C] ¸1 ´strong, pointed length of wood or
metal (to be) driven into the ground as a post (eÔg for a fence) or as a
support for sth, eÔg plants, young trees. ¸2 ´post, as used in olden times, to
which a person was tied before being burnt to death as a punishment (for
heresy): ³condemned to the @; suffer at the @. ·go to the @, ´be burned at the
@; (fig) suffer the consequences of an ill-advised action. ¸3 ´sum of money
risked on the unknown result of a future event, eÔg a horse-race; interest or
concern ³(in ´sth); sum of money invested in an enterprise: ³He has a @ in the
country´, is concerned in its welfare, is interested in its prosperity, etc
(eÔg because he is a landowner). ·at @, ´to be won or lost; risked, depending,
upon the result of sth: (fig) ³His reputation/His life itself was at @.
¸Ú@-holder ³n ´person with whom @s are deposited until the result is known. ¸4
³(pl) ´money to be contended for, esp in a horse-race; such a race: ³the trial
@s at Newmarket. ¹ vt ¸1 ¶[VP6A] ´support with a @: ³@ newly planted trees. ¸2
¶[VP6A,15B] ·@ sth (out/off), ´mark (an area) with @s: ³@ out a claim ´(to land
in a new country, etc; also fig). ¸3 ¶[VP6A,14] ·@ sth on sth, ´risk
(money, one's hopes, etc): ³@ $5 on the favourite, ´eÔg in a horse-race. ³I'd
@ my all/my life on it´, am very confident about it.¼
¨stal®ac®tite© ²/ÚstalEktñIt ³US: ²stEÚlak-/ ³n ¶[C] ´pencil-shaped
or cone-shaped formation of lime hanging from the roof of a cave as water drips
from it. ¸stal®ag®mite ²/ÚstalEgmñIt ³US: ²stEÚlag-/ ³n ¶[C] ´similarly shaped
growth mounting upwards from the floor of a cave as water containing
lime drips from the roof.¼
¨stale© ²/steIl/ ³adj ¸1 ´(of food) dry and unappetizing because not fresh: ³@
bread. ¸2 ´uninteresting because heard before: ³@ news/jokes. ¸3 ´(of
athletes, pianists, etc) no longer able to perform really well because of too
much playing, training, practice, etc: ³become @. ¹ vi ¶[VP2A] ´become @: ³Are
there any kinds of pleasure that never @? ¸@®ness ³n¼
¨stale®mate© ²/ÚsteIlmeIt/ ³n ¶[C,U] ¸1 ´position of the pieces in chess from
which no further move is possible. ¸2 ´(fig) any stage of a dispute at which
further action by either side seems to be impossible. ¹ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´(chess)
reduce a player to a @; (fig) bring to a standstill.¼
¨stalk©1 ²/stck/ ³n ¶[C] ´non-woody part of a plant that supports a
flower or flowers, a leaf or leaves, or a fruit or fruits; stem.¼
¨stalk©2 ²/stck/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP2C,6A] ´walk with slow, stiff strides, esp in a
proud, self-important or grim way: ³@ out of the room; @ along (the road).
Famine @ed (through) the land. ¸2 ¶[VP6A] ´move quietly and cautiously towards
(wild animals, etc) in order to get near: ³@ deer. ¸Ú@®ing-horse ³n ´horse
behind which a hunter hides; (more usu, fig) pretext; means of hiding one's
real intentions. ¸@er ³n ´person who @s animals: ³a ·Ú³deer-@er.¼
¨stall© ²/stcl/ ³n ¸1 ´compartment for one animal in a stable or cattle shed.
¸Ú@-fed ³adj ´kept and fattened in a @, not in the fields. ¸2 ´small,
open-fronted shop; table, etc used by a trader in a market, on a street, in a
railway-station, etc: ³a ·Ú³book-/·Ú³flower-/·Ú³coffee-@. ¸3 ´(usu ³pl´) (not
US) seat in the part of a theatre nearest to the stage. ¸4 ´fixed seat in a
church (usu enclosed at sides and back, often in carved wood) for the special
use of a clergyman (usu in the choir or chancel): ³canon's/dean's @. ¸5
(Úfinger)@, µ¥ finger. ¸6 ´condition of an aircraft when its speed has
decreased to the point at which it no longer answers to the controls. ¹ ³vt,vi
¸1 ¶[VP6A] ´place or keep (an animal) in a @µ(1)´, esp for fattening: ³@ed
oxen. ¸2 ¶[VP2A] ´(eÔg of an internal combustion engine) fail to keep going
through insufficient power or speed; ¶[VP2A,6A] ´(of a driver) cause an engine
to stop from such a cause. ¸3 ¶[VP6A,2A] ´(of an aircraft) cause to be, become,
out of control through loss of speed. ¸4 ¶[VP2A] ´avoid giving a clear answer
to a question (in order to get more time): ³@ for time; @ off creditors. Quit
@ing!¼
¨stal®lion© ²/ÚstalIEn/ ³n ´uncastrated fully grown male horse, esp one used
for breeding.¼
¨stal®wart© ²/ÚstclwEt/ ³adj ´tall and muscular; solidly built;
firm and resolved: ³@ supporters. ¹ n ´loyal supporter of a political party,
etc.¼
¨sta®men© ²/ÚsteImEn/ ³n ´male part of a flower, bearing pollen. µ¥ ´the illus
at µflower.¼
¨stam®ina© ²/ÚstamInE/ ³n ¶[U] ´vigour, energy, enabling a person or animal to
work hard for a long time, to survive a serious illness, exposure, etc; (fig)
mental toughness; moral strength.¼
¨stam®mer© ²/ÚstamE(r)/ ³vi,vt ¸1 ¶[VP2A] ´speak haltingly with a tendency to
repeat rapidly the same sound or syllable, as in "G-g-give me that b-b-book'.
¸2 ¶[VP6A,15B] ·@ sth (out), ´say sth in this confused or halting way: ³@ out
a request. ¹ n ´(tendency to) @ing talk. ¸@er ³n ´person who @s. ¸@®ing®ly
³adv¼
¨stamp©1 ²/stamp/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A,3A,2C,22,15B] ´put (one's foot)
down with force (on sth): ³@ one's foot; @ the ground; @ on a spider; ´move
(about, etc) doing this: ³@ about/out of the room; @ upstairs; ´flatten by
doing this: ³@ the soil flat. ·@ sth out, ´crush, destroy, end: ³@ out a fire
in the grass/a rebellion/an epidemic disease. ¸Ú@®ing-ground ³n ¸(a)
´place where specified animals, eÔg elephants, may usually be found. ¸(b)
´place where specified people often gather: ³Soho, the @ing-ground in London
of those who enjoy exotic food and entertainment. ¸2 ¶[VP6A,14] ·@ sth (on/with
sth), ´print (a design, lettering, the date, etc) on paper, cloth or other
surface: ³@ one's name and address on an envelope/@ an envelope with one's name
and address: a manufacturer's goods @ed with his trademark. The library
assistant forgot to @ my library books´, @ the date on which they were taken
out (or should be returned). ¸3 ¶[VP6A] ´put a postage @ on (a letter, etc), an
insurance @ on (a card): ³I enclose a @ed and addressed envelope for your
reply. Your insurance card is insufficiently @ed. ¸4 ¶[VP6A,15B] ·@ sth (out),
´give shape to sth (eÔg pieces of metal) with a die or cutter. ¸5 ¶[VP6A,15A]
´(fig uses) impress: ³He @ed his authority/personality on the game´, eÔg of a
great footballer. ¶[VP16B] ´mark out: ³These actions @ him as a man of high
principles.¼
¨stamp©2 ²/stamp/ ³n ¸1 ´act of stamping with the foot: ³a @ of
impatience. ¸2 ´that with which a mark or design is made on a surface: ³a
rubber @´, one on which a design, words, etc are cut (used for printing dates,
signatures, addresses, etc). ¸3 ´design, word(s), etc made by stamping on a
surface. ¸4 (Úpostage-)@, ´piece of printed paper (usu with perforated edges)
stuck on letters, etc to show the postage, insurance dues, etc paid, or the
duty paid on legal documents. ¸Ú@-album ³n ´one in which a collector of
postage-@s keeps his specimens. ¸Ú@-collector ³n ´person who collects @s.
¸Ú@-dealer ³n ´person who buys and sells @s for collectors. ¸Ú@-duty ³n ´tax
imposed on certain kinds of legal documents. ¸5 ´(usu ³sing´) ´characteristic
mark or quality: ³He bears the @ of genius. Her face bears the @ of suffering.
¸6 ´(usu ³sing´) kind; class: ³men of that @.¼
¨stam®pede© ²/stamÚpid/ ³n ¶[C] ´sudden rush of frightened people or animals.
¹ ³vi,vt ¸1 ¶[VP2A,6A] ´take part in a @; cause to do this. ¸2 ¶[VP14] ·@ sb
into sth/doing sth, ´hustle or frighten sb into rash action: ³Don't be @d into
buying the house.¼
¨stance© ²/stans/ ³n ´(golf, cricket) position taken for a stroke; pose;
person's (intellectual, moral, etc) attitude.¼
¨stanch© ²/stqnt2 ³US: ²stant2/ ´= µstaunch.¼
¨stan®chion© ²/Ústñnt2En ³US: ²Ústan-/ ³n ´upright post for supporting sth (eÔg
bars for confining cattle in stalls).¼
¨stand©1 ²/stand/ ³n ¸1 ´stopping of motion or progress: ³come/be
brought to a @ ´(or, more usu ³@still´), stop, be stopped. ¸2 ·make a @, ´be
ready to resist or fight: ³make a @ against the enemy; make a @ for one's
principles. ¸3 ´position taken up: ³He took his @ near the window. ·take one's
@, ´declare one's position, opinion, etc. ³I take my @ upon sound precedents´,
use these to support my claim, etc. ¸4 ´small article of furniture, support,
etc on or in which things may be placed: ³a ·Ú³music-/·Ú³hat-/um·Ú³brella-@.
µ¥ ´also ³hand@ ´at µhand±1µ(16), ³ink@ ´at µink, ³wash-@ ´at µwash-. ¸5
´structure from which things are sold: ³a ·Ú³news@´; area, structure(s), for
the exhibition of goods, etc: ³the British @ at the Hanover Fair. ¸6 ´place
where vehicles may stand in line in a street, etc while waiting for
passengers: ³a ·Ú³cab-@; a @ for six taxis. ¸7 ´structure, usu sloping, where
people may stand or sit to watch races, sports-meetings, etc: ³open @s; the
·Ú³grand@. ¸8 ´halt made by a theatrical company when touring the country.
¸*one-night Ú@, ´theatrical performance on one evening only; (fig) an (esp
sexual) encounter that will not be repeated. ¸9 ´(US) witness-box (in a law
court): ³take the @. ¸10 ´growing
crop in a certain area: ³a good @ of wheat/timber. ¸11 ´(compounds) ¸Ú@-pipe
³n ´vertical pipe (connected with a water-main and used as a hydrant).
¸Ú@-point ³n ´point of view: ³from the @point of the consumer. ¸Ú@®still ³n
´stop; halt: ³be at/come to/bring sth to a @still; ´(attrib) ³a @still
agreement, ´one that agrees to no change, eÔg in wage rates or hours of work.¼
¨stand©2 ²/stand/ ³vi,vt (pt,pp µstood ²/st8d/³) ´(For special uses
with ³adverbial particles ´and ³preps, µ¥ 11 ´below.) ¸1 ¶[VP2A,B,C,4A] ´have,
take, keep, an upright position; balance, support, the body on the feet: ³He
was too weak to @. A chair will not @ on two legs. We had to @ all the way
back in the bus. S@ing room only´, all seats are occupied, eÔg in a bus or
cinema. ³His hair stood on end´, iÔe with terror. ³He @s six foot two´, is of
this height when @ing. ³Don't @ there arguing about it. He stood looking over
my shoulder. S@ still while I take your photograph. S@ and deliver! ´(command
given by a highwayman) Stop and give me your valuables, etc! ¸2 ¶[VP2A,C,4A]
·@ (up), ´rise to the feet: ³S@ up, please. Everyone stood (up) when the Queen
entered. We stood (up) to see better. ¸3 ¶[VP2A,C] ´remain without change:
³Let the words @´, don't alter them or take them out. ³The agreement must @´,
cannot be altered or cancelled. ³The house has stood two hundred years and
will @ another century. ·@ firm/fast, ´not give way, retreat, change one's
views, etc. ¸4 ¶[VP2C] ´be in a certain condition or situation: ³The emergency
services @ ´(= are) ³ready to help if called on. The matter @s thus´, this is
the state of affairs. ³As affairs now @«´, As they are at present«. ³He @s ´(=
is) ³in need of help. Who @s ´(= is) ³first on the list? Will you @ ´(= be)
³godmother to the child? He stood convicted of treachery. I @ corrected´,
accept the correction of my views, etc. ³He @s alone among his colleagues´,
None of them equals him in ability, etc. ·@ clear (of sth), ´move away: ³S@
clear of the gates, ´eÔg as a warning when they are about to be closed. ·@
easy/at ease, µ¥ easy, ease. ¸5 ¶[VP2C] ´have a certain place; be situated:
³These dishes @ on the top shelf. A tall poplar tree once stood there. The
house @s on the hill. Where does Tom @ in class´, What is his position (in
order of ability, etc)? ¸6 ¶[VP15A] ´cause to be placed in an upright position.
³S@ the ladder against the wall. S@ the bottle on the table. S@ the empty
barrels on the floor. Don't @ this tin of petrol near the fire. The
traitor was stood up against the wall and shot. ¸7 ¶[VP6A,C] ´endure; bear: ³He
can't @ hot weather. She says she will @ no nonsense´, not put up with foolish
behaviour. ³I can't @ that woman´, strongly dislike her. ³She can't @
being kept waiting. ·@ one's ground´, maintain one's position, eÔg in battle;
(fig) not give way in an argument. ·@ (one's) trial, ´be tried (in a court of
law). ¸8 ¶[VP6A,12A] ·@ sb sth, ´provide at one's expense: ³@ sb a good dinner;
@ drinks all round´, pay for drinks for everyone. ³Will he @ us champagne? ·@
treat, ´pay the costs of entertaining sb or others. ¸9 ´(phrases) ·@ a
(good/poor, etc) chance, ´(of success, etc) have a (good/poor,
etc) prospect (of success, etc). ·@ sb in good stead, µ¥ stead. ·@ on
ceremony, µ¥ ceremony. ·It @s to reason that, µ¥ reason±1µ(3). ·@ to
win/gain/lose sth, ´be in a position where one is likely to win, etc: ³What do
we @ to gain by the agreement? ¸10 ¶[VP2C,3,15B] ´(special uses with ³adverbial
particles ´and ³preps´):¼
·stand aside, ¸(a) ´be inactive, do nothing: ³He's a man who never @s aside
when there's something that needs doing. ¸(b) ´move to one side: ³@ aside to
let someone pass. ¸(c) ´withdraw one's name (as a candidate): ³@ aside in
favour of a better man.¼
·stand at, ´be at a certain level (on a scale, etc): ³The appeal fund @s at
$10Ô000. The temperature stood at 30ÄC.¼
·stand back, ¸(a) ´move back: ³The policeman ordered us to @ back. ¸(b) ´be
situated away from: ³The house @s back from the road.¼
·stand by, ¸(a) ´be a bystander; look on without doing anything: ³How can you
@ by and see such cruelty? ¸(b) ´be ready for action: ³The troops are @ing by.
·@ by sb, ´support, side with, sb; show oneself to be a good friend: ³I'll @
by you whatever happens. ·@ by sth, ´be faithful to (a promise, one's word,
etc). Hence, ¸Ú@®by ³n ¸(a) ´state of readiness: ³The troops are on 24-hour
@by´, ready to move at 24 hours' notice. ¸(b) ´sb or sth that one may depend
upon: (attrib) ³a @by generator´, one for use in an emergency, eÔg for use
when electric current from the mains is cut off. ³Aspirin is a good @by for
headaches.¼
·stand down, ´retire from a witness-box or similar position; (of a candidate)
withdraw (in favour of sb else).¼
·stand for sth, ¸(a) ´represent: ³PÔO @s for Post Office or postal order.
I condemn fascism and all it @s for. ¸(b) ´support, contend for: ³@ for racial
tolerance. ¸(c) ´(GB) be a candidate for: ³@ for Parliament. ¸(d) ´(colloq; µ¥
8 ´above) tolerate: ³She says she's not going to @ for her own children
disobeying her.¼
·stand in (with sb), ´take a share in: ³Let me @ in with you if it's
expensive. ·@ in (for sb), ´take the place of, eÔg a principal actor or
actress until filming begins. Hence, ¸Ú@-in ³n ´person who does this.¼
·stand off, ´remain at a distance; move away. ·@ sb off, ´dispense with the
services of, eÔg workers, temporarily. ¸*@-Úoff®ish ³adj ´reserved; cold and
distant in behaviour. Hence, ¸*@-Úoff®ish®ly ³adv ¸*@-Úoff®ish®ness ³n¼
·stand out, ¸(a) ´be easily seen above or among others: ³Does your work @ out
from that of others´, Is it obviously better? µ¥ outstanding. ·@ out a mile,
´be extremely obvious. ¸(b) ´continue to resist: ³The troops stood out against
the enemy until their ammunition was exhausted.¼
·stand over, ´be postponed: ³Let the matter @ over until the next meeting. ·@
over sb, ´supervise, watch closely: ³Unless I @ over him he makes all sorts of
foolish mistakes.¼
·stand to, ´(mil) take up positions to resist possible attack: ³The company
(was) stood to for half an hour. ´Hence, ¸Ú@-to ³n ´army signal to be on the
alert.¼
·stand up, µ¥ 2 ´above. ¸Ú@-up ³adj ¸(a) ´(of collars) upright (opp of
³turn-down´). ¸(b) ´(of a meal) eaten while @ing: ³a @-up buffet. ¸(c) ´(of a
fight) violent and hard-hitting. ·@ sb up, ´(colloq) not keep a rendezvous
with him: ³First she agreed to come out with me, then she stood me up. ·@ up
for sb, ´support; take the part of; defend. ·@ up to sb, ´defend oneself
with courage against him. ·@ up to sth, ´(of materials) remain in good
condition after long or hard use, etc: ³metals that @ up well to
high temperatures.¼
·stand (well) with sb, ´be on (good) terms with, be (well) thought of: ³How do
you @ with your boss? He @s well with his bank manager ´(and may, therefore,
get an overdraft without difficulty).¼
¨stan®dard© ²/ÚstandEd/ ³n ¸1 ´distinctive flag, esp one to which
loyalty is given or asked: ³the royal @´, eÔg as flown to show that the Queen
is in residence. ·raise the @ of revolt´, (fig) begin a struggle and call for
support. ¸Ú@-bearer ³n ´person who carries a @; (fig) prominent leader in a
cause. ¸2 ´(often attrib) sth used as a test or measure for weights, lengths,
qualities or for the required degree of excellence: ³the @ yard/pound, etc; @
weights and measures; the @ of height required for recruits to the police
force; set a high @ for candidates in an examination; conform to the @s of
society´, live and behave as society expects; ³a high @ of living´, one with
plenty of material comforts, etc; ³a high moral @; @ authors´, accepted as
good. ·be up to/below @, ´be equal to/not so good as, what is normal, required,
etc: ³Their work is not up to @. ¸@ time, ´time officially adopted for a
country or part of it. ¸3 ´(former) grade of classification in primary schools
(now usu ³class´): ³boys in S@ One. ¸4 monetary @, ´proportion of weight of
fine metal and alloy in gold and silver coin. ¸the ¸Úgold @´, system by which
the value of money is based on that of gold. ·abandon/go off the gold @,
´abandon such a system. ¸5 ´(often attrib) upright support; pole or column;
vertical water- or gas-pipe. ¸Ú@ lamp´, lamp on a tall support with its base on
the floor. ¸6 ´tree or shrub that has been grafted on an upright stem
(contrasted with a bush or climbing plant): ³@ roses.¼
¨stan®dard®ize© ²/ÚstandEdñIz/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´make of one size,
shape, quality, etc according to fixed standards: ³The parts of motor-vehicles
are usually @d. S@d products are usually cheaper than hand-made articles.
¸stan®dard®iz®ation ²/*standEdñIÚzeI2n ³US: ²-dIÚz-/ ³n ¶[U] ´standardizing;
making regular: ³the problem of the standardization of the use of hyphens in
compounds.¼
¨stand®ing© ²/ÚstandIG/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´duration: ³a debt/dispute of long @. ¸2
¶[C,U] ´position or reputation; (if there is no ³adj´) established position:
³men of (high) @; a member in full @. ¹ adj ¸1 ´established and permanent;
ready for use: ³a @ army; a @ committee, ´a permanent one that meets
regularly; ³a @ order for newspapers and periodicals´, to be delivered
regularly; ³a @ order to a bank´, customer's order for payments that recur
regularly, eÔg rent, rates; ³a @ joke´, sth that regularly causes amusement. ¸@
orders, ³n pl ´rules and regulations which remain in force until repealed by
the proper authorities. ¸2 @ corn´, not yet cut (harvested). ¸@ jump´, made
without a preliminary run.¼
¨stank© ²/staGk/ ³pt ´of µstink.¼
¨stan®za© ²/ÚstanzE/ ³n (pl µ@s³) ¶[C] ´group of rhymed lines forming a
division in some forms of poem.¼
¨staple©1 ²/ÚsteIpl/ ³n ´U-shaped metal bar with pointed ends hammered or
pressed into a surface, to hold sth, eÔg flexible wire for electric current, in
position; hoop-shaped bar hammered into wood, etc to take the point of a hook,
or the hasp of a padlock, µ¥ ´the illus at µpadlock´; piece of wire for
fastening sheets of paper together (as in some periodicals). ³¹ vt ¶[VP6A]
´fasten or fit with a @. ¸Ústa®pling-machine ³n ´one used for fastening sheets
of paper together with @s. ¸sta®pler ²/ÚsteIplE(r)/ ³n ´small hand-operated
device for fastening papers together.¼
¨staple©2 ²/ÚsteIpl/ ³n ¸1 ¶[C] ´chief sort of article or goods
produced or traded in: ³Cotton is one of the @s of Egypt. ¸2 ´chief material
or element (³of ´sth): ³The weather forms the @ of their conversation. ¸3 ¶[U]
´fibre of cotton, wool, etc (as determining its quality): ³cotton of
short/fine, etc @; long-@ cotton. ¸4 ´(attrib) forming the @µ(2)´: ³Is coffee
still the @ product of Brazil? Rice is the @ food in many Asian countries.¼
¨star© ²/stq(r)/ ³n ¸1 ´any one of the bodies seen in the sky at night as
distant points of light. ¸fixed @ ³n ´one which is not a planet. ¸shooting @
³n µ¥ shoot±2µ(1). ¸Ú@®fish ³n ´@-shaped sea-animal. µ¥ ´the illus at µsea.
¸Ú@®light ³n ¶[U] ´light from the @s: ³walk home by @light; ´(attrib) ³a
@light night. ¸Ú@®lit ³adj ´lighted by the @s: ³a @lit scene. ¸2 ´figure or
design with points round it, suggesting a @ by its shape; an asterisk (*): ³a
five-@ hotel´, given five @s (in guide-books, etc) to show its grading; badge
of rank (worn by officers on the shoulder-strap). ·see @s, ´seem to see
flashes of lights, eÔg as the result of a blow in the eye(s). ¸the *S@-Spangled
ÚBanner, ¸(a) ´the national flag of the US. ¸(b) ´the national anthem of the
US. ¸the S@s and Stripes ³n sing ´the national flag of the US. ¸3 ´planet or
heavenly body regarded as influencing a person's fortune, etc: ³born under a
lucky @. What do the @s fortell? You may thank your lucky @s you were not
killed in that accident. ¸Ú@-gazer ³n ´(hum) astrologer or astronomer. ¸4
´person famous as a singer, actor, actress, etc: ³the @s of stage and screen;
·Ú³film@s; an all-@ cast´, in which leading players are all @s; ³the @ turn´,
the principal item in an entertainment or performance. ³¹ vi,vt µ(-rr-) ¸1
¶[VP6A] ´mark or decorate with, or as with, a @ or @s, eÔg an asterisk to
direct attention to sth: ³a lawn @red with daisies. ¸2 ¶[VP3A,14] ·@ (sb) in,
´be a @µ(4) ´(³in ´a play, film, etc); present (sb) as a @µ(4)´: ³She is to
@/to be @red in a new film. ¸Ú@®dom ²/-dEm/ ³n ´status of being a @µ(4)´.
¸Ú@®let ²/-lIt/ ³n ´young actress on the way to @dom. ¸@®less ³adj ´with no @s
to be seen: ³a @less sky/night. ¸@ry ²/ÚstqrI/ ³adj ´lighted by,
shining like, @s: ³a @ry night; @ry eyes. ¸*@ry-Úeyed ³adj ´(colloq) visionary
but impractical: ³@ry-eyed reformers.¼
¨star®board© ²/ÚstqbEd/ ³n ´right side of a ship or aircraft from
the point of view of a person looking forward. µ¥ port´: ³alter course to @; on
the @ bow. µ¥ ´the illus at µship. ³¹ vt ´turn to @: ³@ the helm´, turn the
helm to @.¼
¨starch© ²/stqt2/ ³n ¶[U] ¸1 ´white, tasteless, carbohydrate food substance,
plentiful in potatoes, grain, etc. ¸2 ´this substance prepared in powdered form
and used for stiffening cotton clothes, etc; (fig) stiffness of manner;
formality. ³¹ vt ¶[VP6A] ´make, eÔg shirt collars, stiff with @; (fig, in ³pp)
a @ed manner. ¸@y ³adj ´of or like @; containing @: ³@y foods.¼
¨stare© ²/steE(r)/ ³vi,vt ¸1 ¶[VP2A,B,C,3A] ·@ (at), ´look fixedly; (of eyes)
be wide open: ³Do you like being @d at? She was staring into the distance.
They all @d with astonishment. He gazed at the scene with staring eyes. ·make
sb @, ´surprise him. ¸2 ¶[VP15B] ·@ sb out (of countenance), ´@ until he
becomes nervous, etc. ·@ sb out/down, ´@ at him longer than he is able to @ at
you. ·@ one in the face, ¸(a) ´@ at sb's face. ¸(b) ´be right in front of one:
³The book I was looking for was staring me in the face. Defeat was staring them
in the face´, was clearly inevitable. ³¹ n ¶[C] ´staring look: ³give sb a rude
@; with a @ of horror/astonishment; with a vacant @´, suggesting an empty mind;
³with a glassy @´, suggesting indifference. ¸star®ing ³adj ´(of colours, etc)
too bright or conspicuous: ³His tie was a staring red. µ¹ adv ´(only in) ·stark
staring mad, ´completely mad.¼
¨stark© ²/stqk/ ³adj ¸1 ´stiff, esp in death. ¸2 ´complete;
downright: ³@ madness/folly. ¹ adv ´completely: ³@ naked. ¸@ers ²/ÚstqkEz/
³pred adj ´(GB sl) completely naked.¼
¨star®ling© ²/ÚstqlIG/ ³n ´common bird (with black, brown-spotted plumage)
which nests near buildings and is a good mimic.¼
¨starry© ²/ÚstqrI/ µ¥ star.¼
¨start©1 ²/stqt/ ³n ¸1 ¶[C] ´beginning of a journey, activity, etc:
³make an early @; the @ of a race; after several false @s; from @ to finish.
¸2 ¶[U,C] ´(no ³pl´) amount of time or distance by which one person starts in
front of competitors; advantageous position: ³The small boys were given a @ of
ten yards. They didn't give me much/any @. He got the @ of ´(= gained an
advantage over) ³his rivals. He got a good @ ´(= a position of advantage) ³in
life/business. ¸a *head Ú@ ³n ´(lit or fig) advantageous position: ³give
sb/have/get a head @ (over sb). ¸3 ¶[C] ´sudden movement of surprise, fear,
etc: ³He sat up with a @. The news gave me a @´, surprised me. ·by fits and @s,
µ¥ fit±3µ(3).¼
¨start©2 ²/stqt/ ³vi,vt ´(Note: ³begin ´may replace ³start ´only as in µ2
´below) ¸1 ¶[VP2A,C] ·@ (out), ´leave; set out: ³We must @ (out) early. We @ed
at six. At last the bus @ed. ¸2 ¶[VP6A,D,7A] ´begin: ³@ work. It @ed raining.
It's @ing to rain. Have you @ed working yet? ¸3 ¶[VP6A,3A] ·@ (on) sth, ´make
a beginning: ³@ (on) one's journey home. Have you @ed on your next book yet´,
begun to read (or write) it? ¸4 ¶[VP2A,C] ·@ (up), ´make a sudden movement
(from pain, surprise, fear, etc) or change of position; jump: ³He @ed up from
his seat. He @ed at the sound of my voice. ¸5 ¶[VP2C] ´move, rise, spring,
suddenly: ³Tears @ed to her eyes´, suddenly came to her eyes. ³His eyes nearly
@ed out of his head´, suddenly opened wide (in surprise, etc). ¸6 ¶[VP2A,C,6A]
´(of timbers) (cause to) spring out of position; make or become loose: ³The
ship has @ed at the seams. The planks have @ed. The damp has @ed the timbers.
¸7 ¶[VP6A,15A,19B] ´set going; originate, bring into existence; cause or enable
to begin: ³This news @ed me thinking. The smoke @ed her coughing. He decided to
@ a newspaper. A rich uncle @ed him in business´, helped him, eÔg by supplying
capital. ³She has @ed a baby´, (colloq) become pregnant. ¸8 ¶[VP3C] ´(with
³adverbial particles) ·@ back, ´begin to return: ³It's time we @ed
back. ·@ in (on sth/to do sth), ´(colloq) begin to do it: ³Poor Jane! She's
@ed in on a huge pile of ironing. ·@ off, ´begin to move: ³The horse @ed off
at a steady trot. ·@ out (to do sth), ´(colloq) begin; take the first steps:
³@ out to write a novel. ·@ up, ¸(a) ´rise suddenly; jump. µ¥ 4 ´above. ¸(b)
´come into existence suddenly or unexpectedly: ³Many difficulties have @ed up.
·@ sth up, ´put (an engine, etc) in motion: ³We couldn't @ up the car. ¸9 ·to @
with, ¸(a) ´in the first place: ³To @ with, we haven't enough money, and
secondly we haven't enough time. ¸(b) ´at the beginning: ³We had only six
members to @ with. ¸10 Ú@®ing-gate ³n ´barrier where horses @ a race, raised
when the time comes for them to @. ¸Ú@®ing-point ³n ´place at which a start is
made. ¸Ú@®ing-post, ´place from which competitors @ in a race. ¸Ú@®ing-prices
³n pl ´(in horse-racing) the odds just before the start of a race. ¸@er ³n ¸1
´person, horse, etc that takes part in a race: ³There were only five @ers in
the last race. ¸2 ´person who gives the signal for a race to @. ·under @er's
orders, ´(of horses, athletes, etc lined up for a race) awaiting the starter's
order or signal to @ the race. ¸3 ´device for causing an engine to @ working;
ignition. µ¥ ³self-@er ´at µself-. ¸4 ´(colloq) first course of a meal. ·for
@ers, ´(sl) = to @ with, µ¥ 9 ´above.¼
¨startle© ²/Ústqtl/ ³vt ¶[VP6A,15A] ´give a shock of surprise to;
cause to move or jump: ³@d out of one's sleep; @d out of one's wits, ´suffered
a sudden great shock. ³She was @d to see him looking so ill. What startling
news!¼
¨starve© ²/stqv/ ³vi,vt ¸1 ¶[VP6A,15A,2A,C] ´(cause to) suffer or die from
hunger: ³@ to death. The proud man said he would @ rather than beg for food.
They tried to @ the army into surrender/@ them out´, force them to surrender by
preventing them from getting supplies of food. ·be @d of/@ for, ´(fig) long
for, be in great need of: ³The motherless children were @ed of/were starving
for affection. ¸2 ´(colloq) feel very hungry: ³What's for dinner?ÅI'm
starving! ¸star®va®tion ²/stqÚveI2n/ ³n ¶[U] ´suffering or death caused by lack
of food; ³die of starvation; starvation wages´, too low to buy adequate
supplies of food; ³be on a starvation diet´, a diet that is inadequate for
health. ¸@®ling ²/ÚstqvlIG/ ³n ´starving or ill-fed person or animal.¼
¨stash© ²/sta2/ ³vt ¶[VP15B] ·@ sth away, ´(sl) put it safely; hide it.¼
¨state©1 ²/steIt/ ³n ¸1 ³(sing ´only) condition in which sth or sb
is (in circumstances, appearance, mind, health, etc): ³The house was in a dirty
@. These buildings are in a bad @ of repair´, need to be repaired.
³She's in a poor @ of health. What a @ he's in! ´How anxious, dirty, untidy,
etc he is, according to context. ³Now don't get into a @´, (colloq) Don't get
excited or anxious! ·@ of play, ¸(a) ´(cricket) score. ¸(b) ´(fig) how parties
in dispute stand in relation to one another (as likely to win or lose). ¸2
´(often ¸S@´) organized political community with its apparatus of government;
territory in which this exists; such a community forming part of a federal
republic: ³Railways in Great Britain belong to the S@. How many S@s are there
in the United States of America? The President's "Message to the Union' is not
addressed to individual S@s but to the Union as a whole/to the nation. ¸the
(United) S@s ´(also ¸the UÔS´), (colloq) the United States of America (the
USA). ¸Head of S@, µ¥ head±1µ(12). µ¥ ´also ³police @, totalitarian @ ´at
µpolice, totalitarian. ¸3 ´(attrib) of, for, concerned with, the S@µ(2)´: ³S@
documents/records/archives; ³S@ forests´, belonging to the S@, not privately
owned; ³bring industries under S@ control; S@ socialism´, policy of @ control
of industry etc. ¸the ÚS@ Department´, (US) Government Ministry of Foreign
Affairs. ¸*@'s Úevidence, ´(US) evidence for the state in criminal
cases. Cf ³King's/Queen's ´evidence in GB. ¸ÚS@®house, ´building in which a S@
Legislature sits. ¸*S@ ÚLegislature´, representative law-making assembly of
a @ within a federation, eÔg that of the S@ of Madras in India. Cf ³the
National Assembly ´for the whole of India. ¸*S@s' Úrights, ´(US) all rights
which are not delegated to the Federal Government in Washington. ¸4 ¶[U] ´civil
government: ³Church and S@; S@ schools, ´contrasted with Church schools. ¸5
¶[U] ´rank; dignity: ³persons in every @ of life. He lived in a style befitting
his (´high or low³) @. ¸6 ¶[U] ´pomp; ceremonial formality: ³The Queen was in
her robes of @. ·in @, ´with ceremonial formality: ³The President was driven
in @ through the streets of Peking. ¸7 ´(attrib) of or for ceremony and
formality: ³the @ coach´, eÔg as used by the Queen on ceremonial occasions;
³the @ apartments at the palace; a @ call´, (colloq) formal visit. ¸8 ·lie in
@, ´(of a dead person) be placed on view in a public place before burial. ¸9
Ú@®room ³n ´private cabin (or sleeping-compartment) on a ship (and, in US, in a
railway-carriage). ¸@®ly ³adj µ(-ier, -iest) ´impressive; dignified: ³a @ly
dowager; the @ly homes of England´, those of the nobility, etc; ³with @ly
grace. ¸@®li®ness ³n´. ¸Ú@®craft ³n ¶[U] ´= @smanship. µ¥ ´below. ¸@®less ³adj
´(of a person) not recognized as a citizen or national of any country: ³@less
persons´, eÔg some political refugees.¼
¨state©2 ²/steIt/ ³vt ¶[VP6A,9] ´express in words, esp carefully,
fully and clearly: ³@ one's views. I have seen it @d that«. He @d positively
that he had never seen the accused man. ¸@d ³adj ´made known; announced: ³at @d
times/intervals. ¸@®ment ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´expression in words: ³Clearness of @ment
is more important than beauty of language. ¸2 ¶[C] ´stating of facts, views, a
problem, etc; report: ³issue a @ment; a ·Ú³bank @ment; make a @ment
(in court), ´give a formal account in a law court setting out the cause of a
legal action or its defence. ³My bank sends me monthly @ments of the state of
my bank account.¼
¨states®man© ²/ÚsteItsmEn/ ³n (pl µ-men³) ´person taking an important part in
the management of State affairs; disinterested political leader. ¸Ú@®like ³adj
´gifted with, showing, wisdom and a broad-minded outlook in public affairs.
¸Ú@®ship ²/-2Ip/ ³n ¶[U] ´skill and wisdom in managing public affairs.¼
¨static© ²/ÚstatIk/ ³adj ´at rest; in a state of balance: ³@ water´, not
flowing (eÔg water in a tank, needing to be pumped); ³@ electricity´, as
accumulated on an insulated body. ¸stat®ics ³n ¶[U] ³(pl ´with ³sing v) ¸1
´branch of knowledge dealing with bodies remaining at rest or with forces
which balance one another. µ¥ dynamic. ¸2 ´(radio, TÔV) atmospherics.¼
¨sta®tion© ²/ÚsteI2n/ ³n ¶[C] ¸1 ´place, building, etc where a service is
organized and provided: ³a ·Ú³bus/po·Ú³lice/·Ú³broadcasting/·Ú³radar/·Ú³fire-@.
¸2 ¶[U] ´position, or relative position, to be taken up or maintained by
sb/sth: ³One of the cruisers was out of @´, not in its correct position
relative to other ships. ¸3 ´stopping-place for railway trains; the buildings,
offices, etc, connected with it: ³a ·Ú³goods @´, one for merchandise.
¸Ú@-master ³n ´man in charge of a railway @. ¸4 ´social position, rank: ³people
in all @s of life. ¸5 ´(Australia) (usu extensive) sheep or cattle ranch. ¸6
´military or naval base; those living there. ¸7 S@s of the Cross, ´fourteen
crosses, usu with images telling the story of the sufferings and death of
Jesus, for religious devotions, set up in a church or along a path. ¸8 Ú@-wagon
³n ´(US) estate car. µ¥ estate(5). ´¹ ³vt ¶[VP6A,15A] ´put (sb, oneself, a
military or naval force, etc) at or in a certain place: ³The detective @ed
himself among the bushes´, hid there. ³HÔMÔS Tiger has been @ed at Hong Kong
for the last two years.¼
¨sta®tion®ary© ²/ÚsteI2EnrI ³US: ²-nerI/ ³adj ¸1 ´not intended to
be moved from place to place: ³a @ crane/engine. µ¥ mobile(1). ¸2 ´not moving
or changing: ³remain @; collide with a @ van.¼
¨sta®tioner© ²/ÚsteI2nE(r)/ ³n ´dealer in @y. ¸@y ²/ÚsteI2EnrI ³US: ²-nerI/ ³n
¶[U] ´writing materials, etc. ¸Her Majesty's/the ÚS@y Office ´(abbr
¸HÔMÔSÔO´), government department which publishes and distributes government
papers, books, etc.¼
¨stat®is®tics© ²/stEÚtIstIks/ ³n ¸1 ´(with ³pl v´) collection of information
shown in numbers: ³S@ suggest that the population of this country will be
doubled in ten years' time. ¸vital @, µ¥ vital. ¸2 ´(with ³sing v´) the
science of @. ¸stat®is®ti®cal ²/stEÚtIstIkl/ ³adj ´of @: ³statistical
tables/experts. ¸stat®is®ti®cally ²/-klI/ ³adv ¸stat®is®ti®cian
²/*statIÚstI2n/ ³n ´person who is expert in @.¼
¨statu®ary© ²/Ústat28ErI ³US: ²-8erI/ ³adj ´of or for statues: ³@ marble. ¹ n
¶[U] ´sculpture; statues.¼
¨statue© ²/Ústat2u/ ³n ´figure of a person, animal, etc in wood, stone,
bronze, etc, usu of life size or more than life size. µ¥ ´the illus at
µdiscus. ¸statu®ette ²/*stat28Úet/ ³n ´small @. ¸statu®esque ²/*stat28Úesk/
³adj ´like a @ in having clear-cut outlines, in being motionless, etc.¼
¨stat®ure© ²/Ústat2E(r)/ ³n ¶[U] ´(person's) natural bodily height:
³short of @´; (fig) mental or moral quality; calibre.¼
¨status© ²/ÚsteItEs/ ³n ¶[U] ´person's legal, social or professional position
in relation to others: ³have no official @´, no official rank, eÔg in the
Civil Service. ³Many young people desire @ ´(= an established social position)
³and security. ¸Ú@ symbol, ´sth which the ownership of is thought to be
evidence of social rank, wealth, etc, eÔg a better car than one's neighbours,
a yacht, a colour TÔV.¼
¨status quo© ²/*steItEs ÚkwE8/ ³n ´(Lat) social situation as it is now:
³conservatives who defend the @. ·@ Úante ²/ÚantI/, ´social situation as it
was before a recent change.¼
¨stat®ute© ²/Ústat2ut/ ³n ¶[C] ´(written) law passed by Parliament or other
law-making body. ¸Ú@ law ³n ´all the @s (contrasted with ³case-law ´and ³common
law). µ¥ case ±1µ(2), common±1µ(1). ¸Ú@-book ³n ´book(s) containing the @ law.
¸statu®tory ²/Ústat28trI ³US: ²-tcrI/ ³adj ´fixed, done, required, by @:
³statutory control of prices and incomes.¼
¨staunch©1 ²/stcnt2/ ´(US also ¸stanch ²/stqnt2 ³US: ²stant2/´) ³vt ¶[VP6A]
´stop the flow of (esp blood); check the flow of blood from (a wound): ³@
blood/a wound.¼
¨staunch©2 ²/stcnt2/ ³adj ´(of a friend, supporter, etc) trustworthy; loyal;
firm. ¸@®ly ³adv ¸@®ness ³n¼
¨stave©1 ²/steIv/ ³n ¸1 ´one of the curved pieces of wood used for the side of
a barrel or tub. ¸2 ´(music) = µstaff(6). ¸3 ´stanza; verse.¼
¨stave©2 ²/steIv/ ³vt,vi (pt,pp µ@d ´or µstove ²/stE8v/³) ¸1 ¶[VP15B] ·@ sth
in, ´break, smash, make a hole in: ³The side of the yacht was @d in by the
collision. ¶[VP3A] ·@ in, ´become or get broken or smashed: ³The boat stove in
when it struck the rocks. ¸2 ¶[VP15B] ·@ sth off, ´keep off, delay (danger,
disaster, bankruptcy, etc).¼
¨stay©1 ²/steI/ ³vi,vt ¸1 ¶[VP2A,B,C,4A] ´be, remain,
continuously in a place or condition (for a long or short time, permanently
or temporarily, as specified by the context): ³@ in the house/at home/in bed; @
´(= be a guest) ³at a hotel/with friends. I'm too busy to @/I can't @´, I must
leave now. ³I can only @ a few minutes. I @ed to see what would happen. Why
don't you @ with us (´as a guest³) when you next visit Oxford? Jenny's @ing
in Dublin (´eÔg at a hotel, or with friends³) for a few weeks, but she now
lives/is living (´= has her home³) in Belfast. ·@ for (an event/meal); @
to (a meal), ´remain for it: ³Won't you @ for/to supper? ·@ in, ¸(a) ´not go
outdoors: ³The doctor advised me to @ in for a few days. ¸(b) ´remain in school
after hours: ³The teacher made the boy @ in and do his exercises again. ·@ out,
¸(a) ´remain outdoors: ³Tell the children they mustn't @ out after dark. ¸(b)
´remain on strike: ³The miners @ed out for several weeks. ·@ up, ´not go to
bed: ³I @ed up reading until midnight. I'll be late home, but please don't @ up
for me. ·be *here to Ú@; have *come to Ú@, ´(colloq) be permanent:
³I hope that the principle of equality of opportunity for men and
women has come to @/is here to @, ·come to @ (with sb), ´(of a person) visit sb
(iÔe temporarily); start to live with sb (iÔe permanently): ³Sue is coming to @
for a week next month. Since my wife's mother came to @ with us last year, the
TÔV has been on more or less continuously. ¸Ú@-at-home ³n ´person who seldom
goes anywhere; unadventurous person. ¸2 ¶[VP2C] ´continue in a certain state:
³@ single, ´not marry. ³That fellow never @s sober for long´, frequently gets
drunk. ·@ put, ´(colloq) remain where placed: ³I wish this earring would @ put
instead of falling out every time. ¸3 ¶[VP6A] ´stop, delay, postpone, check: ³@
the progress of a disease; @ one's hand´, refrain from doing sth; ³@ ´(= delay)
³judgement/proceedings. ¸4 ¶[VP2A,6A] ´be able to continue (work, etc);
show endurance: ³The horse lacks ·Ú³@ing power. ·@ the course, ´be able to
continue to the end of the race, (fig) the struggle, etc. ¸5 ´(usu in imper;
archaic or lit) pause: ³S@! (´= Stop!³) You've forgotten your overcoat! ¸6
¶[VP6A] ´satisfy for a time: ³have a sandwich to @ one's hunger. ¹ ³n ¸1
´period of @ing; visit: ³make a short @ in Karachi; a fortnight's @ with my
rich uncle. ¸2 ´(legal) delay; postponement. ¸@ of execution, ´order that a
court judgement need not be carried out for the time being. ¸@er ³n ´person or
animal able to @µ(3)´: ³The horse that won the race is a good @er.¼
¨stay©2 ²/steI/ ³n ¶[C] ¸1 ´rope or wire supporting a mast, pole, etc. µ¥ ´the
illus at µbarque. ¸2 ´(fig) support: ³the @ of his old age´, person who helped
him, eÔg by giving him a home, looking after him. ¸3 ³(pl) ´(old-fashioned
name for) kind of corset reinforced with strips of stiff material (bone or
plastic). ¹ ³vt ¶[VP6A,15B] ·@ (up), ´support by means of a wire, rope or
prop.¼
¨stead© ²/sted/ ³n ¶[U] ·in sb's @, ´in his place; instead of him.
·stand sb in good @, ´be useful or helpful to him in time of need: ³My
anorak has stood me in good @ this winter.¼
¨stead®fast© ²/Ústedfqst ³US: ²-fast/ ³adj ´firm and unchanging; keeping firm
³(to)´: ³a @ gaze; @ in adversity; be @ to one's principles. ¸@®ly ³adv
¸@®ness ³n¼
¨steady© ²/ÚstedI/ ³adj µ(-ier, -iest) ¸1 ´firmly fixed or
supported; balanced; not likely to fall over: ³make a table @´, eÔg by
repairing a leg; ³on a @ foundation; not very @ on one's legs´, eÔg of sb
after a long illness. ¸2 ´regular in movement, speed, direction, etc: ³a @
wind/speed/rate of progress/improvement. ¸3 ´regular in behaviour, habits,
etc: ³a @ young man; a @ worker. ¸4 ´constant, unchanging: ³a @ faith/purpose.
¸5 ´(in exclamations) ³Keep her @! ´(naut) Keep the ship on her course
unchanged. ·S@ (on)! ´(colloq, used as a warning) Control yourself! ¹ ³adv ´=
steadily. ·go @, ´(colloq) go about regularly with sb of the opposite sex,
though not being engaged to marry: ³Are Tony and Jane going @? ¹ n ´(sl)
regular boy-friend or girl-friend. ¹ ³vt,vi ¶[VP6A,2A] ´make or become @; keep
@: ³@ a boat/table-leg; @ oneself by holding on to the rail´, eÔg on the deck
of a ship that is rolling. ³Prices are @ing. ¸stead®ily ²/ÚstedIlI/ ³adv ´in a
@ manner: ³work steadily. His health is getting steadily worse. ¸steadi®ness
³n¼
¨steak© ²/steIk/ ³n ¶[U,C] ´(thick slice of) meat or fish for (usu) frying or
grilling: ³fillet/rump @; two tuna @s.¼
¨steal© ²/stil/ ³vt,vi (pt µstole ²/stE8l/, ³pp µstolen ²/ÚstE8lEn/³) ¸1
¶[VP6A,14,2A] ·@ sth (from sb), ´take (sb else's property) secretly, without
right, unlawfully: ³Someone has stolen my watch. I have had my watch stolen.
´Cf I have been ³robbed of ´my watch. ³It is wrong to @. ¸2 ¶[VP6A,15A]
´obtain by surprise or a trick: ³@ a kiss from sb; @ a glance at sb in the
mirror. ·@ a march on sb, ´do sth before him and so gain an advantage. ¸3
¶[VP2C] ´move, come, go ³(in, out, away, etc´) secretly or quietly: ³He stole
into the room. A tear stole down her cheek. The morning light was @ing through
the shutters.¼
¨stealth© ²/stelT/ ³n ¶[U] ´(only used in) ·by @, ´secretly and
quietly: ³enter a house by @. ¸@y ³adj µ(-ier, -iest) ´doing things, done,
quietly and secretly: ³@y footsteps. ¸@®ily ²/-IlI/ ³adv¼
¨steam© ²/stim/ ³n ¶[U] ¸1 ´gas or vapour into which boiling water changes;
power obtained from @: ³@-covered windows; a building heated by @. The ship
was able to proceed under her own @´, using her own engines and not needing to
be towed. ·Full @ ahead! ´order to go forward at full speed. ·get up/raise @,
´provide @ at a higher pressure in the boilers, etc: ³The stokers got up @. ¸2
´(fig uses; colloq) energy. ·get up @, ´collect one's energy; become excited
or angry. ·let off @, ´release surplus energy or emotion; become less excited.
·run out of @, ´become exhausted: ³Is there a danger of the housing programme
running out of @´, losing its impetus? ·under one's own @, ´without help from
others. ¸3 ´(compounds) ¸Ú@®boat ³n ´vessel propelled by @. ¸*@-Úboiler ³n
´vessel in which @ is generated (to work an engine). ¸@
brake/hammer/whistle/winch, etc ³nn ´worked by @. ¸*@-Úcoal ³n ´coal used for
heating in @-boilers. ¸Ú@-engine ³n ´locomotive or stationary engine worked or
driven by pressure of @. ¸*@-Úheat ³n ´heat given out by @ from radiators,
pipes, etc. µ¹ ³vt´: ³@-heated buildings´, kept warm by @-heat. ¸*@ Úradio ³n
´(sl) sound broadcasting (contrasted with TÔV). ¸Ú@-roller ³n ´heavy,
slow-moving locomotive with wide wheels used in roadmaking. µ¹ ³vt ¶[VP6A]
´crush as with a @-roller: ³@-roller all opposition. ¸Ú@®ship ³n ´ship driven
by @. ¹ ³vi,vt ¸1 ¶[VP2A,C] ´give out @ or vapour: ³@ing hot coffee. The kettle
was @ing (away) on the stove. ¸2 ¶[VP2C] ´move, work, etc under (or as
if under) the power of @: ³a ship @ing up the Red Sea; @ at ten knots. The
train @ed into the station. ¸3 ¶[VP6A,22] ´cook, soften, clean, by the use of
@; ³@ fish; @ open an envelope´, use steam to soften the gum on the flap. ¸4 ·@
up, ´become misty with condensed @: ³The windows @ed up. ·be/get (all) @ed up,
´(colloq) become excited and perhaps violent: ³Now don't get all @ed up over
nothing! ¸@er ³n ¸1 ´@ship. ¸2 ´vessel in which food is cooked by being @ed.
¸@y ³adj ´of, like, full of, @: ³@y windows; the @y heat of the rainy season
in the tropics.¼
¨steed© ²/stid/ ³n ´(liter or hum) horse.¼
¨steel© ²/stil/ ³n ¶[U] ¸1 ´strong, hard alloy of iron and carbon,
used for knives, tools, machinery, etc. ¸@ band ³n ´(as, orig, in Trinidad)
band of musicians who use empty oil drums as percussion instruments. ¸Ú@-clad
³adj ´covered with @ armour. ¸*@-Úplated ³adj ´covered with @ plates; armoured.
¸@ wool, ´fine @ shavings (used for scouring and polishing). ¸Ú@-works ³n pl
´(often with ³sing v´) factory where @ is made. ¸2 ´@ weapon, eÔg a sword,
contrasted with a firearm: ³an enemy worthy of one's @´, (rhet or fig) one who
will fight well. ¸cold @, µ¥ cold±1µ(1). ³¹ vt ¶[VP6A,15A,16A] ´harden: ³@
oneself/one's heart (against pity/to do sth). ¸@y ³adj ´like @ in hardness,
polish, brightness, etc.¼
¨steel®yard© ²/Ústiljqd/ ³n ´balanceµ(1) ´with an arm in two parts, the longer
side being graduated for a weight which slides along it.¼
¨steen®bok© ²/Ústinbok/ ³n ´kind of small S African antelope.¼
¨steep©1 ²/stip/ ³adj µ(-er, -est) ¸1 ´(of a slope) rising or falling sharply:
³a @ gradient/path/descent; a @ roof´, with a @ pitch. ¸2 ´(colloq, of a
demand) unreasonable; excessive: ³It's a bit @ that I should pay for all of
you! $10 for this dictionaryÅisn't that a bit @? That story's rather @´,
difficult to believe, exaggerated. ¸@®ly ³adv ¸@®ness ³n ¸@en ²/ÚstipEn/ ³vt,vi
¶[VP6A,2A] ´make or become @ or @er. ¸Ú@®ish ²/-I2/ ³adj ´rather @.¼
¨steep©2 ²/stip/ ³vt,vi ¶[VP6A,14,2A] ·@ sth (in sth), ¸1 ´soak or
bathe in liquid: ³@ onions in vinegar, ´to pickle them. ¸2 ´(fig) pervade with;
get a thorough knowledge of: ³@ed in ignorance/prejudice; a scholar @ed in the
literature of ancient Greece and Rome.¼
¨steeple© ²/Ústipl/ ³n ´high tower with a spire, rising above the roof of a
church. µ¥ ´the illus at µchurch. ¸Ú@®chase ³n ´cross-country horse-race or
race on foot with obstacles such as fences, hedges and ditches. µ¥ ³flat
racing ´at µflat±2µ(1). ¸Ú@®jack ³n ´man who climbs @s, tall chimney-stacks,
etc to do repairs.¼
¨steer©1 ²/stIE(r)/ ³n ´young (usu castrated) male of an animal of the ox
family, raised for beef. µ¥ bull±1µ(1), bullock, heifer, ox.¼
¨steer©2 ²/stIE(r)/ ³vt,vi ¶[VP6A,2A,C] ´direct the course of (a boat, ship,
car, etc): ³@ north; @ by the stars; ´(with passive force): ³a ship that @s
´(= is @ed) ³well/easily/badly. ·@ clear of, ´(fig) avoid. ¸Ú@®ing-gear ³n
¶[U] ´(of a ship) rudder and the mechanism controlling it. ¸Ú@®ing-wheel ³n
¸(a) ´(on a ship) wheel turned to control for rudder. ¸(b) ´(on a
motor-vehicle) wheel for @ing (mounted on the ·Ú³@ing-column´). µ¥ ´the illus
at µmotor. ¸@s®man ²/-zmEn/ ³n (pl µ-men³) ´person who @s a vessel.¼
¨steer®age© ²/ÚstIErIdZ/ ³n ¶[U,C] ³(sing ´only, or attrib) ¸1
´act or effect of steering. ¸2 ´that part of a ship nearest the rudder; this
section formerly used for providing for passengers travelling at the lowest
fares. ¸Ú@-way ³n ´forward progress needed by a vessel to enable her to be
controlled by the helm.¼
¨stele© ²/stilI/ ³n (pl µstelae ²/-li/³) ´(Gk archaeology) upright slab or
pillar, usu with a sculptured design or inscription.¼
¨stel®lar© ²/ÚstelE(r)/ ³adj ´of stars: ³@ light.¼
¨stem©1 ²/stem/ ³n ¸1 ´part of a plant coming up from the roots; part of a
leaf, flower or fruit that joins it to the main stalk or twig. µ¥ ´the illus
at µflower. ¸@med ³suff ´(with ³adjj´) ·*³long-·Ú³@med, ·*³short-·Ú³@med,
·*³thick-·Ú³@med´, having long, short, thick, @s. ¸2 ´@-shaped part, eÔg the
slender part of a wine-glass, between the base and the bowl, the part of a
tobacco pipe between the mouthpiece and the bowl. ¸3 ´root or main part of a
noun or verb from which other words are made by additions (esp inflectional
endings). ¸4 ´main upright timber at the bow of a ship. ·from @ to stern,
´throughout the whole length of a ship. ¹ ³vi µ(-mm-) ¶[VP3A] ·@ from, ´arise
from; have as origin.¼
¨stem©2 ²/stem/ ³vt µ(-mm-) ¶[VP6A] ¸1 ´check, stop, dam up (a stream, a flow
of liquid, etc). ¸2 ´make headway against the resistance of: ³@ the
tide/current; ´(fig) ³@ the tide of popular indignation.¼
¨stench© ²/stent2/ ³n ¶[C] ´horrid smell.¼
¨sten®cil© ²/Ústensl/ ³n ¶[C] ´thin sheet of metal, cardboard, waxed paper,
etc with letters or designs cut through it; lettering, design, etc printed by
inking paper, etc through a stencil: ³cut a @, ´eÔg by typing without the
ribbon on a waxed sheet. ³¹ vt µ(-ll-, ´US also µ-l-) ¶[VP6A] ´produce (a
pattern, wording, etc) by using a @.¼
¨Sten gun© ²/Ústen gAn/ ³n ´small kind of machine-gun, usu fired from the hip.¼
¨sten®ogra®phy© ²/stEÚnogrEfI/ ³n ´(US) shorthand. ¸sten®ogra®pher ²/-fE(r)/ ³n
´(US) writer of shorthand (GB = ·*³shorthand-·Ú³typist´).¼
¨sten®torian© ²/stenÚtcrIEn/ ³adj ´(of a voice) loud and strong.¼
¨step©1 ²/step/ ³vi,vt µ(-pp-) ¸1 ¶[VP2C] ´move the foot, or one foot after
the other (forward, or in the direction indicated): ³@ across a stream; @ into
a boat; @ on to/off the platform; @ across to a neighbour's´, cross (the road)
to his house. ·@ this way, ´(polite invitation to) follow sb somewhere, eÔg
into a room. ·@ on the gas; @ on it, ¸(a) ´(gas = gasoline) press down the
accelerator pedal of a motor vehicle to increase speed. ¸(b) ´(sl) hurry.
¸Ú@®ping-stone ³n ¸(a) ´one of a number of flat stones placed in a shallow
stream, so that it can be crossed with dry feet. ¸(b) ´(fig) means of attaining
sth: ³a first @ping-stone to success. ¸Ú@-ins ³n pl ´(colloq) woman's
undergarment or shoes, put on by being @ped into. ¸2 ¶[VP2C,15B] ´(uses with
³adverbial particles´):¼
·step aside, ¸(a) ´move to one side. ¸(b) ´(fig) allow sb else to take one's
place.¼
·step down, ´(fig) resign (to make way for sb else).¼
·step in, ´(fig) intervene (either to help or hinder): ³If the police hadn't
@ped in during the demonstration there would have been a violent struggle.¼
·step sth off/out, ´measure by taking steps: ³@ out a distance of ten metres.¼
·step out, ¸(a) ´walk faster, walk briskly. ¸(b) ´(colloq) have a gay time, a
busy social life.¼
·step sth up, ¸(a) ´(naut) fix (the foot of a mast) in its socket. ¸(b)
´increase: ³@ up production; @ up the doses (of medicine)´; ³@ up the campaign,
´put more effort into it.¼
¨step©2 ²/step/ ³n ¸1 ´act of stepping once; distance covered by doing this:
³He was walking with slow @s. The water was deeper at every @. We must retrace
our @s´, go back. ³It's only a few @s farther. We have made a long @ ´(fig,
much progress) ³towards success. ·watch one's @, ´be careful or cautious. ·@ by
@, ´gradually; by degrees. ¸Úone-@, Útwo-@ ³nn ´names of dances. ¸2
(Úfoot®)@, ´sound made by somebody walking; way of walking (as seen or heard):
³We heard (foot)@s outside. That's LucyÅI recognize her @. ¸3 ·be/get in/out
of @ (with), ¸(a) ´put/not put the right foot to the ground at the same time
as others (in walking, marching, dancing). ¸(b) ´conform/not conform with
other members of a group: ³He's out of @ with the rest of us. ·keep @ (with),
´walk or march in @ (with). ·break @, ´get out of @. ¸4 ´one action in a
series of actions with a view to effecting a purpose: ³take @s to prevent the
spread of influenza; a false @´, a mistaken action. ³What's the next @´, What
are we to do next? ³That would be a rash @ to take. ¸5 ´place for the foot
when going from one level to another: ³Mind the @s when you go down into the
cellar. They had to cut @s in the ice as they climbed. The child was sitting
on the bottom @. ¸@s, a pair of @s, a Ú@-ladder ³nn ´portable folding ladder
with @s, not rungs and usu a small platform at the top. ¸6 ´grade, rank;
promotion: ³When do you get your next @ up? ´When will you be promoted?¼
¨step-© ²/step/ ³pref ´(used to show a relationship not by blood
but by a later marriage) ¸Ú@®child/®son/®daughter ³nn ´child of an earlier
marriage of one's wife or husband. ¸Ú@®brother/®sister ³nn ´child of an earlier
marriage of one's stepfather or stepmother. ¸Ú@®father/®mother/®parent
³nn ´one's parent's later husband or wife.¼
¨steppe© ²/step/ ³n ¶[C] ´level, grassy treeless plain, esp in SÔE Europe and
central Asia. µ¥ pampas, prairie, savanna, veld.¼
¨stereo© ²/ÚsterIE8/ ³n ´(abbr of ³@phonic´) @phonic record-player,
apparatus, sound, etc.¼
¨stereo®phonic© ²/*sterIEÚfonIk/ ³adj ´(of broadcast and recorded sound, using
two separately placed loudspeakers) giving the effect of naturally distributed
sound; (of apparatus) designed for recording or reproducing sound in this way:
³a @ recording.¼
¨stereo®scope© ²/ÚsterIEskE8p/ ³n ¶[C] ´apparatus by which two photographs of
sth, taken from slightly different angles, are seen as if united and with the
effect of depth and solidity. ¸stereo®scopic ²/*sterIEÚskopIk/ ³adj ´of, by
means of, a @.¼
¨stereo®type© ²/ÚsterIEtñIp/ ³n ¶[C,U] ¸1 ´(process of printing
from a) printing-plate cast from a mould of a piece of printing set in movable
type. ¸2 ´fixed, formalized or standardized (and therefore perhaps false)
phrase, idea, belief. ³¹ vt ¶[VP6A] ¸1 ´make @s of; print by the use of @s. ¸2
´(fig) (of phrases, ideas, etc) fix in form; use and repeat without
thought or change: ³@d greetings´, eÔg "Good morning', "How d'you do'?¼
¨ster®ile© ²/ÚsterñIl ³US: ²ÚsterEl/ ³adj ¸1 ´not producing, not able to
produce, seeds or offspring. ¸2 ´(of land) barren. ¸3 ´(fig) having no result;
producing nothing: ³a @ discussion. ¸4 ´free from living germs. ¸ste®ril®ity
²/stEÚrIlEtI/ ³n ¶[U] ´being @. ¸ster®il®ize ²/ÚsterElñIz/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´make @:
³The surgeon carefully sterilized his instruments. ¸ster®il®iz®ation
²/*sterElñIÚzeI2n ³US: ²-lIÚz-/ ³n ¶[U].¼
¨ster®ling© ²/Úst3lIG/ ³adj ¸1 ´(abbr ¸stg´) (of gold and silver) of standard
value or purity: ³plates of @ gold. ¸2 ´(fig) of solid worth; genuine: ³@
sense/qualities. ¹ n ´British money: ³the pound @ ´(= $); ³payable in @. ¸the
Ú@ area, ´group of countries which keep their reserves in British @ currency
and between which money can be transferred freely.¼
¨stern©1 ²/st3n/ ³adj µ(-er, -est) ¸1 ´demanding and enforcing obedience: ³a @
taskmaster. ¸2 ´severe; strict: ³a @ face; @ looks; @ treatment/rebukes. ¸@®ly
³adv ¸@®ness ³n¼
¨stern©2 ²/st3n/ ³n ¶[C] ´rear end of a ship or boat: ³move out of dock @
foremost. µ¥ ´the illus at µship. ¸@®Úwheeler ³n ´steamer with a larger
paddle-wheel at the @ (instead of paddle-wheels at the sides).¼
¨ster®num© ²/Úst3nEm/ ³n ´(anat) narrow bone in the front of the chest (also
called ·Ú³breast-bone´) connecting the collar-bone and the top seven pairs of
ribs. µ¥ ´the illus at µskeleton.¼
¨ster®tor®ous© ²/Úst3tErEs/ ³adj ´(of breathing or a person
breathing) making a loud snoring sound. ¸@®ly ³adv¼
¨stet© ²/stet/ ³vi ´(Lat) direction to a printer, etc to disregard a
correction in a MÔS or proof.¼
¨stetho®scope© ²/ÚsteTEskE8p/ ³n ´instrument used by doctors for listening to
the beating of the heart, sounds of breathing, etc. µ¥ ´the illus at
µstep±2µ.¼
¨stet®son© ²/Ústetsn/ ³n ´man's hat with a high crown and a wide brim.¼
¨steve®dore© ²/ÚstivEdc(r)/ ³n ´man whose work is loading and unloading ships.¼
¨stew© ²/stju ³US: ²stu/ ³vt,vi ¶[VP6A,15A,2A,C] ´cook, be cooked, in water or
juice, slowly in a closed dish, pan, etc: ³@ed chicken/fruit; ·Ú³@ing
pears´, suitable for @ing but not for eating uncooked. ·let sb *@ in his own
Újuice, ´do nothing to help him (when he is in trouble for which he is himself
responsible). ·*@ in one's own Újuice, ´suffer from trouble's of one's
own making. ·let sb @, ´let him continue suffering from the consequences of his
own stupidity without offering help or sympathy. ³¹ n ¸1 ¶[C,U] ´(dish of) @ed
meat, etc: ³have mutton @ for supper; prepare a @. ¸2
·be in/get into a @ (about sth), ´(colloq) a nervous, excited condition.
¸stewed ³adj ´(sl) intoxicated.¼
¨stew®ard© ²/stj8Ed ³US: ²Ústu-/ ³n ¸1 ´man who arranges for the supply of
food, etc in a club, college, etc. ¸2 ´man who attends to the needs of
passengers in a ship or airliner: ³the ·Ú³baggage/·Ú³cabin/·Ú³deck, etc @. ¸3
´man responsible for organizing details of a dance, race-meeting, public
meeting, show, etc: ³@s of the Jockey Club. The hecklers were thrown out by the
@s. ¸4 ´man who manages another's property (esp a large house or estate).
¸5 shop @, µ¥ shop(3). ¸@®ess ²/*stj8EÚdes ³US: ²ÚstuErdIs/ ³n ´woman @ (esp µ2
´above). ¸@®ship ²/-2Ip/ ³n ´rank and duties of a @µ(4)´; period of office.¼
¨stick©1 ²/stIk/ ³n ¸1 ´thin branch broken, cut or fallen, from a
bush, tree, etc: ³gather dry @s to make a fire; cut @s to support the peas in
the garden. ¸2 ´such a branch cut to a convenient length, piece of cane cut,
shaped, etc for a special purpose: ³The old man cannot walk without a @.
We have only a few @s of furniture´, only a few very roughly made articles of
furniture of the simplest kind. ·give sb the @, ´beat him with a cane,
as punishment; (fig) punish him. ·get hold of the *wrong end of the Ú@, ´be
confused; misunderstand things completely. ¸the big @, ´(fig) threat of the use
of force, eÔg in relationships between countries: ³a policy of the big @.
¸hockey @, µ¥ hockey. ¸3 ´slender, rod-shaped piece (of chalk, sealing-wax,
charcoal, dynamite, celery, etc). ¸4 ´(colloq) person, esp one who is dull,
stiff and reserved: ³He's a dull/dry old @. ¸5 the @s´, (colloq) the backwoods;
rural areas far from cities. ·out in the @s, ´away from the centre of things.
³¹ vt (pt,pp µ@ed³) ¶[VP6A] ´support with @sµ(1)´: ³Have you @ed your peas
yet?¼
¨stick©2 ²/stIk/ ³vt,vi (pt,pp µstuck ²/stAk/³) ´(For special uses with
³adverbial particles ´and ³preps, µ¥ 7 ´below.) ¸1 ¶[VP6A,15A,B] ·@ sth
(in), ´push (sth pointed) (into, through, etc): ³S@ the fork into the
potato/S@ it in. The cushion was stuck full of pins. ·@ a pig, ´(in sport) kill
one with a spear. ¸2 ¶[VP2C] ´(of sth pointed) be, remain, in a position by the
point: ³The needle stuck in my finger. I found a nail @ing in the tyre. ¸3
¶[VP15A,B,2A,C] ´(cause to) be or become joined or fastened with, or as with,
paste, glue or other substance: ³@ a stamp on a letter/a placard on a hoarding.
These stamps have stuck (together). ·be/get stuck with sb/sth, ´(colloq)
be/become permanently involved with him/it; be/become unable to escape from
him/it: ³It looks as if I'm stuck with the job of clearing up this mess.
¸Ú@®ing-plaster ³n ¶[U] ´plaster for @ing on and protecting a cut, injury, etc.
¸4 ¶[VP15A] ´(colloq) put (in some position or place), esp quickly or
carelessly: ³He stuck his pen behind his ear/his hands in his pockets/the
papers in a drawer. ¸5 ¶[VP2A,C] ´(also in the passive) ·@ (in), ´be or become
fixed (in); fail to work properly: ³The key stuck in the lock´, could not be
turned or withdrawn. ³The bus (was) stuck in the mud. Don't get stuck in the
bog. The door has stuck´, eÔg as the result of being newly painted. ·@ in one's
throat, ´(of a proposal, etc) be difficult to accept; (of words) be difficult
to utter (because of unwillingness, etc). ¸Ú@-in-the-mud ³attrib adj
´resistant to change: ³@-in-the-mud ideas. µ¹ ³n ´person of this kind: ³My
grandfather is an old @-in-the-mud. ¸6 ¶[VP6A] ´(colloq) bear; endure: ³How can
you @ that fellow? I can't @ it any longer. µ¥ 7´, ³@ it out´, below. ³S@ to
it! ´(used as a cry of encouragement meaning "Bear the conditions bravely',
etc. ¸7 ¶[VP2C,3A,15B] ´(special uses with ³adverbial particles ´and ³preps´):¼
·stick around, ´(sl) (of a person) stay in or near a place: ³S@ around; we may
need you.¼
·stick at sth, ¸(a) ´stop short of, hesitate at: ³Don't @ at trifles. He @s at
nothing´, allows no feelings of doubt, no scruples, to stop him. ¸(b) ´keep on
with sth: ³He @s at his work ten hours a day.¼
·stick sth down, ¸(a) ´(colloq) put down: ³S@ it down anywhere you like. ¸(b)
´(colloq) write down. ¸(c) ´fasten with paste, etc: ³@ down (the flap of) an
envelope.¼
·stick on sth, ´remain on: ³Can you @ on a horse? ·@ sth on, ´fasten to with
paste, etc: ³@ on a label. ´Hence, ¸Ú@-on ³attrib adj´: ³@-on labels ´(as
contrasted with ³tie-on ´labels). ·@ it on, ´(sl) make very high charges: ³The
hotel keepers @ it on during the (busy) season.¼
·stick sth out, ´(cause to) project, stand out: ³with his chest stuck out; a
rude boy @ing his tongue out at his sister. Don't @ your head out of the
car window. ·@ it/sth out, ´(colloq) endure hardship, etc until the end. µ¥ 6
´above. ·@ one's neck out, µ¥ neck(1). ·@ out for sth, ´refuse to give way
until one gets (sth demanded): ³They're @ing out for higher wages.¼
·stick to sb/sth, ¸(a) ´be faithful to (one's ideals, a friend, etc); remain
determined: ³@ to a resolution. ¸(b) ´continue at: ³@ to a task until it is
finished; @ to a timetable´, make no changes in what has been agreed. ·@ to
one's guns, µ¥ gun(1).¼
·stick together, ´(colloq) (of persons) remain loyal or friendly to one
another.¼
·stick up, ´be upright, project upwards: ³The branch was @ing up out of the
water. ·@ sb/sth up, ´(sl) threaten to shoot sb in order to rob him/it: ³@ up a
bank. ´Hence, ¸Ú@-up ³n´. ·@ your Úhands up; @ 'em Úup, ´raise your hands (so
that resistance is not intended). ·@ up for sb/oneself/sth, ´defend, support:
³@ up for one's friends.¼
·stick with sb/sth, ´remain loyal to, continue to support: ³@ with a friend/an
ideal.¼
¨sticker© ²/ÚstIkE(r)/ ³n ¸1 ´one who, or that which, sticks, eÔg a
persevering person. µ¥ stick±2µ(7). ¸2 ´adhesive label to be stuck on sth.¼
¨stick®ler© ²/ÚstIklE(r)/ ³n ·@ for sth, ´person who insists upon
the importance of sth (eÔg accuracy, discipline, formality, etc).¼
¨sticky© ²/ÚstIkI/ ³adj µ(-ier, -iest) ¸1 ´that sticks or tends to stick to
anything that touches it: ³@ fingers/toffee; a @ road, ´eÔg deep in wet mud.
·a @ wicket, ´(cricket) soft wet area which makes batting difficult. ·be on a
@ wicket, ´(fig) in a situation that is difficult to deal with. ¸2 ´(sl)
unpleasant; difficult: ³have a @ time. ·come to a @ end, ´die in an unpleasant
and painful way. ¸3 ´(colloq) making, likely to make, objections, be unhelpful,
etc: ³The bank manager was @ about letting her have an overdraft. ¸stick®ily
²/-IlI/ ³adv ¸sticki®ness ³n¼
¨stiff© ²/stIf/ ³adj ¸1 ´not easily bent or changed in shape: ³a @ ´(iÔe
starched) ³collar; a sheet of @ cardboard; have a @ leg/back´, not easily bent;
³feel @ after a long walk´, have @ muscles and joints; ³lying @ in death. ·keep
a @ upper lip, ´show firmness of character (by not complaining when in pain or
trouble). ¸*@-Únecked ³adj ´obstinate. ¸2 ´hard to stir, work, move, etc: ³stir
the flour and milk to a @ paste; ´hard to do; difficult: ³a @
climb/examination. The book is @ reading. ¸3 ´(of manners, behaviour) formal,
unfriendly, haughty: ³get a @ reception; be rather @ with one's neighbours;
give sb a @ bow. ¸4 ´great in degree: ³a @ ´(= strong) ³breeze; a @ ´(= high)
³price; a @ glass of rum/a @ drink´, strong in alcoholic content. ³¹ adv
´thoroughly; to the point of exhaustion: ³It bored me @´, bored me very much.
³She was scared @´, very badly scared. ³¹ n ´(sl) ¸1 ´corpse. ¸2 ´(sl) fool.
¸@®ly ³adv ¸@®ness ³n´. ¸@en ²/ÚstIfn/ ³vt,vi ¶[VP6A,2A] ´make or become @.
¸@®en®ing ²/ÚstIfnIG/ ³n ¶[U] ´material used to @en a substance or object.
¸@®ener ²/ÚstIfnE(r)/ ³n ´sth used to @en.¼
¨stifle© ²/ÚstñIfl/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A,2A] ´give or have the feeling
that breathing is difficult: ³They were @d by the heat. The heat was stifling.
The smoke filled the building and almost @d the firemen. ¸2 ¶[VP6A] ´suppress;
put down; keep back: ³@ a rebellion; @ a yawn/a cry/one's laughter.¼
¨stigma© ²/ÚstIgmE/ ³n ¶[C] ¸1 ³(pl µ@s ²/-mEz/³) ´(fig) mark of shame or
disgrace: ³the @ of illegitimacy. ¸2 ³(pl µ@ta ²/-tE/³) ´marks resembling those
made by the nails on the body of Jesus at his crucifixion, said to have
appeared on the body of St Francis of Assisi and others. ¸3 ³(pl µ@s³) ´that
part of the pistil of a flower which receives the pollen. µ¥ ´the illus at
µflower.¼
¨stig®ma®tize© ²/ÚstIgmEtñIz/ ³vt ¶[VP16B] ´describe (sb) scornfully ³(as)´:
³be @d as a coward and a liar.¼
¨stile© ²/stñIl/ ³n ´arrangement of steps or rungs to enable persons on foot to
get over or through a fence, hedge, wall, etc but keeping cattle out. µ¥
³turnstile ´at µturn±2µ(6). ·help a lame dog over a @, µ¥ dog±1µ(2).¼
¨sti®letto© ²/stIÚletE8/ ³n (pl µ@s, @es ²/-tE8z/³) ´small dagger with a narrow
tapering blade. ¸@ heel, ´(on a woman's shoes) high, thin and (usu) made of
metal.¼
¨still©1 ²/stIl/ ³adj, adv µ(-er, -est) ¸1 ´without movement or sound; quiet:
³Please keep/stay @ while I take your photograph. How @ everything is! ·the @
small voice, ´the voice of conscience. ¸*@-Úlife ³n ¶[U] ´representation of
non-living things (eÔg fruit, flowers, etc) in painting; ¶[C] ³(pl µ@-lifes³)
´painting of this kind. ¸Ú@-birth ³n ´child or foetus dead at birth. µ¥
³live-birth ´at µlive±1µ(4). ¸Ú@-born ³adj ´(of a child) dead at birth. ¸2 ´(of
wines) not sparkling; not containing gas. ³¹ n ¸1 ¶[U] ´(poet) deep silence:
³in the @ of the night. ¸2 ¶[C] ´ordinary photograph selected from, and
contrasted with, a cinema film: ³@s from a new film´, eÔg as used for
advertising in the press. ³¹ vt ¶[VP6A] ´cause to be @ or at rest; make calm.
¸@y ³adj ´(poet) calm; quiet. ¸@®ness ³n¼
¨still©2 ²/stIl/ ³adv ¸1 ´(usu mid position, but may occur after a
direct object) even to this or that time: ³He is @ busy. He @ hopes/is @
hoping for a letter from her. Will he @ be here when I get back? In spite of
his faults she @ loved him/loved him @. ´Cf ³still ´and ³yet´: ³Is your
brother here yet´, Has he arrived? ³Is your brother @ here´, Has he left? ¸2
´(with a comp) even; yet; in a greater degree: ³Tom is tall but Mary is @
taller/is taller @. That would be better @/be @ better. ¸3 ´nevertheless;
admitting that: ³He has treated you badly: @, he's your brother and you ought
to help him.¼
¨still©3 ²/stIl/ ³n ¶[C] ´apparatus for making liquors (brandy,
whisky, etc) by distilling. ¸Ú@-room ³n ´house-keeper's storeroom in a large
house.¼
¨stilt© ²/stIlt/ ³n ´(often ¸(pair of) @s´) one of a pair of poles, each with a
support for the foot at some distance from the bottom, used to raise the user
from the ground: ³walk on @s.¼
¨stilted© ²/ÚstIltId/ ³adj ´(of liter style, talk, behaviour, etc) stiff and
unnatural; too formal. ¸@®ly ³adv¼
¨Stil®ton© ²/ÚstIltEn/ ³n ´rich, white, creamy cheese with a green-blue mould
in it.¼
¨stimu®lant© ²/ÚstImj8lEnt/ ³n ¶[C] ´drink (eÔg coffee, brandy), drug, etc that
increases bodily or mental activity; sth that spurs one on (eÔg praise, hope of
gain).¼
¨stimu®late© ²/ÚstImj8leIt/ ³vt ¶[VP6A,14,17] ·@ sb (to sth/to do sth),
´excite; rouse; quicken thought or feeling: ³@ sb to further efforts; @ sb to
make greater efforts. ¸stimu®lat®ing ³adj¼
¨stimu®lus© ²/ÚstImj8lEs/ ³n (pl µ-li ²/-lñI/³) ¶[C] ´sth that stimulates:
³work harder under the @ of praise; a @ to further exertions.¼
¨sting©1 ²/stIG/ ³n ¸1 ¶[C] ´sharp, often poisonous, pointed organ of some
insects (eÔg bees, wasps, gnats): ³The @ of a scorpion is in its tail. ¸Ú@-ray
³n ´broad, flat, tropical fish which can cause severe wounds with its sharp
spines. ¸2 ´hair projecting from the surface of the leaf of a plant (esp a
·Ú³@ing-nettle´), which causes pain to the fingers, etc when touched. ¸3 ¶[C]
´sharp pain caused by the @ of an insect or by nettles, etc; place of a wound
made by a @: ³Her face was covered with @s. Have you any ointment to put on
these @s? ¸4 ¶[C,U] ´any sharp pain of body or mind: ³the @ of a whip/the
northeast wind/hunger/remorse. His service ´(in tennis) ³has no @ in it´, is
weak.¼
¨sting©2 ²/stIG/ ³vt,vi (pt,pp µstung ²/stAg/³) ¸1 ¶[VP6A,2A] ´prick or wound
with a sting or as with a sting; have the power to @: ³A hornet stung me on
the cheek. The blows of the cane stung the boy's fingers. Not all nettles @.
¸2 ¶[VP6A,14,15A] ·@ sb (to/into sth/doing sth), ´cause sharp pain to; anger:
³He was stung by his enemy's insults. Anger stung ´(= roused) ³him to
action/into fighting. ¸3 ¶[VP2A] ´(of parts of the body) feel sharp pain: ³His
fingers were still @ing from the caning he had had. ¸4 ·@ sb (for sth),
´(colloq) charge him an excessive price (for sth); swindle sb: ³He was stung
for $5´, had to pay this sum. ³How much did they @ you for? ¸@er ³n ´(esp)
smart, painful blow. ¸@®less ³adj ´having no @.¼
¨stingy© ²/ÚstIndZI/ ³adj µ(-ier, -iest) ´spending, using or giving
unwillingly; niggardly; miserly: ³Don't be so @ with the sugar! ¸stin®gily
²/-dZIlI/ ³adv ¸stin®gi®ness ³n¼
¨stink© ²/stIGk/ ³vi,vt (pt µstank ²/staGk/ ´or µstunk ²/stAGk/,
³pp µstunk³) ¸1 ¶[VP2A,3A] ·@ (of sth), ´have a horrid and offensive smell:
³That fish @s. Her breath stank of garlic. ·cry @ing fish, ´condemn one's own
goods, etc. ¸2 ¶[VP15B] ·@ sb/sth out, ¸(a) ´drive out by means of sth
evil-smelling: ³@ out a fox, ´eÔg by sending smoke into its hole. ¸(b) ´fill a
place with @s: ³You'll @ the place out with your cheap cigars! ¹ n ¶[C] ´horrid
smell. ·raise/kick up a @ (about sth), ´(colloq) cause trouble or annoyance,
eÔg by complaining. ¸@er ³n ´(sl) ¸1 ´letter intended to convey strong
disapproval, reproach, etc. ¸2 ´person who arouses strong dislike. ¸3 ´(colloq)
sth difficult: ³The biology paper ´(iÔe in an examination) ³was a @er.¼
¨stint© ²/stInt/ ³vt,vi ¶[VP6A,14] ·@ sb (of sth), ´restrict (sb) to a small
allowance: ³She @ed herself of food in order to let the children have enough.
Don't @ the food. ¹ n ¸1 ´(usu) ·without @, ´without limit, without sparing
any effort. ¸2 ¶[C] ´fixed or allotted amount (of work): ³do one's daily @.¼
¨sti®pend© ²/ÚstñIpend/ ³n ¶[C] ´(esp clergyman's) salary. ¸sti®pen®di®ary
²/stñIÚpendIErI ³US: ²-dIerI/ ³adj ´receiving a @, not working without pay: ³a
@iary magistrate´, paid magistrate in a large town (appointed by the Home
Secretary) dealing with police court cases. µ¹ ³n (pl µ-ries³) ´@iary
magistrate.¼
¨stipple© ²/ÚstIpl/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´draw or paint with dots instead of lines.¼
¨stipu®late© ²/ÚstIpj8leIt/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A,9] ´state, put forward, as a
necessary condition: ³It was @d that the goods should be delivered within
three days. ¸2 ¶[VP3A] ·@ for sth, ´insist upon (as part of an agreement): ³@
for the best materials to be used. ¸stipu®la®tion ²/*stIpj8ÚleI2n/ ³n ¶[C]
´sth @d; condition: ³on the stipulation that«.¼
¨stir© ²/st3(r)/ ³vi,vt µ(-rr-) ¸1 ¶[VP6A,2A,C] ´be moving; cause to move: ³Not
a leaf was @ring´, There was no wind to move the leaves. ³A breeze @red the
leaves. Nobody was @ring in the house´, Everyone was resting. ³She is not @ring
yet/has not @red yet´, is still in bed. ³You had better @ yourself´, get busy,
be active. ³I haven't @red out all morning´, haven't left the house. ·not @ an
eyelid, ´remain unmoved, showing no alarm or concern. ·not @ a finger, ´make no
effort to do things; give no help. ·@ one's stumps, ´(colloq) make haste, walk
faster. ¸2 ¶[VP6A,15B] ·@ sth (up), ´move a spoon, etc round and round in
liquid, etc in order to mix it thoroughly: ³@ one's tea; @ the porridge; @
milk into a cake mixture. ·@ the fire, ´use the poker in it. ¸3 ¶[VP6A,14,15B]
·@ sb to sth; @ sth (up), ´excite: ³The story @red the boy's imagination.
Discontented men @red the crew to mutiny/@ed up trouble among the crew. He
wants @ring up´, needs to be roused from lethargy. ·@ the blood, ´rouse to
excitement or enthusiasm. ¸4 ¶[VP2A,C] ´be roused: ³Pity @red in his heart. ¹
n ´(usu ¸a @´) commotion; excitement: ³The news caused quite a @ in the
village. ¸@®ring ³adj ´exciting: ³@ring tales of adventure; live in @ring
times. ¸@®ring®ly ³adv¼
¨stir®rup©1 ²/ÚstIrEp/ ³n ¶[C] ´foot-rest, hanging down from a saddle, for the
rider of a horse. µ¥ ´the illus at µharness. ¸Ú@-cup ³n ´drink (of wine, etc)
offered to sb mounted on a horse ready for departure.¼
¨stir®rup©2 ²/ÚstIrEp/ ³n ´(anat) bone in the ear. µ¥ ´the illus at µear.¼
¨stitch© ²/stIt2/ ³n ¸1 ¶[C] ´(in sewing) the passing of a needle and thread in
and out of cloth, etc; (in knitting) one complete turn of the wool, etc
over the needle. ¸2 ´the thread, etc seen between two consecutive holes made
by a needle; result of a single movement with a threaded needle,
knitting-needle, etc: ³make long/neat, etc @es; put a few @es in a garment;
drop a @´, allow a loop to slip off the end of a knitting-needle; ³put @es
into/take @es out of a wound. ·have not a @ on, ´(colloq) be naked. ·A @ in
time saves nine, ´(prov) A small piece of work done now may save a lot of work
later. ¸3 ´(in compounds) particular kind of @: ³a ·Ú³button-hole @; a
·Ú³chain-@´, etc. ¸4 ³(sing ´only) sharp pain in the side (as caused sometimes
by running too soon after a meal). ¹ ³vt,vi ¶[VP6A,15A,B,2A,C] ´sew; put @es
in or on.¼
¨stoat© ²/stE8t/ ³n ´small furry animal larger than a rat; weasel;
ermine (in its summer coat of brown).¼
¨stock©1 ²/stok/ ³n ¸1 ¶[C,U] ´store or goods available for sale, distribution
or use, esp goods kept by a trader or shopkeeper. ·(be) in/out of @, ´be
available/not available: ³The book is in/out of @. Have you any linen sheets
in @? ¸Ú@-list ³n ´list of goods, etc available. ¸Ú@-room ³n ´room in which @
is kept. ·take @, ´examine and make a list of goods in @; Hence, ¸Ú@-taking
³n´: ³The annual @-taking starts tomorrow, ´eÔg in a draper's shop. ·take @
of sth/sb, ´(fig) review (a situation); estimate (sb's abilities, etc).
¸*@-in-Útrade ³n ¶[U] ´everything needed for a trade or occupation. ¸2 ´(attrib
use, from µ1 ´above) usually kept in @ (and therefore usually obtainable): ³@
sizes in hats´, commonly or regularly used; hackneyed: ³@
arguments/comparisons; @ questions/answers. She's tired of her husband's @
jokes. ¸@ company, ´company of actors who have a @ (or ³repertoire´) of plays
which they perform. ¸3 ¶[C,U] ´supply of anything: ³a good @ of information;
get in @s of coal and coke for the winter. ¸Ú@-piling ³n ´purchase (esp by a
Government) of @s of raw materials or goods not easily available from local
sources (eÔg tin, rubber, needed in war). ¸4 ¶[U] ¸(Úlive-)@, ´farm animals:
³fat @´, @ fit for slaughter as food: ³fat-@ prices. ¸Ú@-breeder/farmer ³n
´farmer who breeds or raises cattle. ¸Ú@®car ³n ´(US) railway truck for
carrying cattle. ¸Ú@®car racing ³n ´racing of ordinary models of motor-cars as
sold generally. ¸Ú@®yard ³n ´enclosure where cattle are kept temporarily, eÔg
at a market, or before being slaughtered. ¸5 ¶[C,U] ´money lent to a government
in return for interest; shares in the capital of a business company: ³have
$5Ô000 in the @s; invest one's money in (a) safe @. ¸Ú@®broker ³n ´man whose
business is the buying and selling of @(s). ¸Ú@ exchange ³n ´place where @s and
shares are publicly bought and sold. ¸Ú@®holder ³n ´(chiefly US) shareholder.
¸Ú@-jobber ³n ´member of a @ exchange from whom a @broker buys and to whom he
sells. ¸Ú@-list ³n ´publication with current prices of @sµ(5) ´and shares. ¸6
¶[U] ´line of ancestry: ³a woman of Irish @/of Puritan/farming, etc @. ¸7 ·@s
and stones, ´lifeless things. ¸*@-Ústill ³adv ´motionless. ¸Úlaughing-@,
´target or object of ridicule. ¸8 ¶[U] ´raw material ready for manufacture:
·Ú³paper @´, eÔg rags, etc to be made into paper. ¸9 ¶[U] ´liquid in which
bones, etc have been stewed; juices of meat and vegetables, used for making
soup, gravy, etc. ¸Ú@-cube ³n ´cube of dehydrated @. ¸Ú@®fish ³n ´fish (esp
cod) split open and dried in the air without salt, a staple food in some
countries. ¸Ú@®pot ³n ´one in which @µ(9) ´is made or stored. ¸10 ¶[C] ´base,
support, or handle of an instrument, tool, etc: ³the @ of a rifle/plough/whip;
the @ of an anchor´, the crossbar. ·lock, @ and barrel, ´(fig) completely. ¸11
¶[C] ´lower part of a tree trunk. ¸12 ¶[C] ´growing plant into which a graft
is inserted. ¸13 ³(pl) ´framework supporting a ship while it is being built or
repaired. ·on the @s, ´under construction; in preparation. ¸14 ³(pl) ´wooden
framework with holes for the feet in which wrongdoers were formerly locked in
a sitting position. ¸15 ¶[C] ´wide band of stiff linen worn around the neck by
men in former times (like the modern tie). ¸16 ´sort of garden plant with
single or double brightly coloured sweet-smelling flowers.¼
¨stock©2 ²/stok/ ³vt ¶[VP6A,14] ·@ (with), ´supply or equip with;
have a stock of; keep in stock: ³@ a shop with goods; well @ed with the latest
fashions. Do you @ raincoats? He has a memory well @ed with facts. ¸@®ist
²/-Ist/ ³n ´one who @s (certain goods) for sale.¼
¨stock®ade© ²/stoÚkeId/ ³n ¶[C] ´line or wall of upright stakes, built as a
defence. ¹ ³vt ´(usu ³pp´) defend with a @.¼
¨stock®in®ette© ²/*stokIÚnet/ ³n ¶[U] ´elastic machine-made knitted fabric
(esp as used for underclothing).¼
¨stock®ing© ²/ÚstokIG/ ³n ¶[C] ´(often ¸(pair of) @s´)
tight-fitting covering of nylon, silk, cotton, wool, etc for the foot and leg,
reaching to or above the knee. ·in one's @ feet, ´wearing @s or socks but not
shoes. µ¥ tights.¼
¨stocky© ²/ÚstokI/ ³adj µ(-ier, -iest) ´(of persons, animals, plants) short,
strong and stout. ¸stock®ily ³adv ´in a @ manner: ³a stockily built man.¼
¨stodge© ²/stodZ/ ³n ¶[U] ´(sl) heavy and solid food. ¸stodgy ²/ÚstodZI/ ³adj
¸1 ´(of food) heavy and solid: ³a stodgy meal. ¸2 ´(of books, etc) written in
a heavy, uninteresting way (overweighted with facts, details, etc); (of
persons) having a heavy personality; dull and unenterprising.¼
¨stoep© ²/st8p/ ³n ´(S Africa) terraced veranda; porch or steps outside the
front entrance of a house.¼
¨stoic© ²/ÚstE8Ik/ ³n ´person who has great self-control, who bears pain and
discomfort without complaint. ¸sto®ical ²/-kl/ ³adj ´of or like a @.
¸sto®ically ²/-klI/ ³adv ¸sto®icism ²/ÚstE8IsIzEm/ ³n ¶[U] ´patient and
uncomplaining endurance of suffering, etc.¼
¨stoke© ²/stE8k/ ³vt,vi ¶[VP6A,15B,2A,C] ·@ (sth) (up), ´put (coal, etc) on the
fire of (an engine, furnace, etc); attend to a furnace: ³@ (up) the furnace; @
(up) twice a day. ¸Ú@-hole/-hold ³nn ´place where a ship's furnaces are @d.
¸@r ³n ´workman who @s a furnace, etc; mechanical device for feeding a furnace
with fuel.¼
¨stole©1 ²/stE8l/ ³n ¸1 ´strip of silk or other material worn
(round the neck with the ends hanging down in front) by priests of some
Christian Churches during services. µ¥ ´the illus at µvestment. ¸2 ´woman's
wrap worn over the shoulders.¼
¨stole©2, stolen ³pt,pp ´of µsteal.¼
¨stolid© ²/ÚstolId/ ³adj ´not easily excited; slow to show the feelings. ¸@®ly
³adv ¸@®ness, sto®lid®ity ²/stEÚlIdEtI/ ³nn ¶[U].¼
¨stom®ach© ²/ÚstAmEk/ ³n ¸1 ¶[C] ´bag-like part of the alimentary canal into
which food passes to be digested: ³It is unwise to swim on a full @/to work on
an empty @. µ¥ ´the illus at µalimentary. ¸Ú@-ache ³n ´pain in the @ or the
bowels. ¸Ú@-pump ³n ´pump with a flexible tube, inserted into the @ through the
mouth (for use, eÔg in a case of poisoning). ¸2 ¶[U] ´appetite. ·have no @ for
sth, ´be disinclined to do or agree with sth, (because one disapproves of it):
³have no @ for bull-fighting. ¹ vt ¶[VP6A] ´(usu neg or interr) endure; put up
with: ³How could you @ the violence in that film?¼
¨stomp© ²/stomp/ ³vi ¶[VP2C] ·@ about, ´stamp, tread, heavily. ¹ ³n ´(jazz
music for a) dance with a heavy beat.¼
¨stone© ²/stE8n/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´(often attrib) solid mineral matter
which is not metallic; rock (often with a defining word as prefix, as
·Ú³sand@, ·Ú³lime@´): ³a wall made of @; @ walls/buildings; @ jars´, made of
·Ú³@ware´, µ¥ ´below; ³have a heart of @´, (fig) be hard-hearted. ¸the ÚS@ Age,
´period of culture when weapons and tools were made of @ (before the use of
metals was known). ¸*@-Úblind/-Úcold/-Údead/-Údeaf/-Úsober ³adjj ´completely
blind, etc. ¸Ú@-breaker ³n ´person who breaks up @, esp for road-making;
machine for crushing @. ¸Ú@®mason ³n ´man who cuts, prepares and builds with @.
¸Ú@-pit ³n ´quarry for @. ¸*@-Úwall ³vt ´(cricket) be excessively cautious when
batting so that runs come slowly; (fig) (in Parliament) obstruct progress by
making long speeches, etc. Hence, ¸*@-Úwalling ³n´. ¸*@-Úwaller ³n ´person given
to this. ¸Ú@®ware ³n ¶[U] ´pottery made from clay and flint. ¸Ú@®work ³n ¶[U]
´masonry; part(s) of a building made of @. ¸2 ¶[C] ´piece of @µ(1) ´of any
shape, usu broken off: ³a road covered with @s; a fall of @s down a hillside.
·leave no @ unturned (to do sth), ´try every possible means (to do it). ·throw
@s at, ´(fig) attack the character of: ³Those who live in glass houses should
not throw @s´, (prov) If your own character is not beyond reproach you should
not attack the character of others. ·within a Ú@'s throw (of), ´very close
(to). ¸3 ¶[C] ¸(precious) @, ´jewel. ¸4 ¶[C] ´piece of @ of a definite shape,
for a special purpose (usu in compounds): ³a ·Ú³grave@, µ¥ grave±2³;
·Ú³stepping-@s, µ¥ step±1³;¼
·Ú³tomb@s, µ¥ tomb³; ·Ú³mill@s, µ¥ mill±1³.¼
¸5 ¶[C] ´sth round and hard like a @, esp ¸(a) ´the hard shell and nut or seed
of such fruits as the apricot, peach, plum and cherry. µ¥ ´the illus at µfruit.
¸Ú@-fruit ³n ´fruits of this kind. ¸(b) ´(usu ¸Úhail®@´) small frozen drop of
rain: ³hail with @s as big as peas. ¸(c) ´small hard object that has formed in
the bladder or kidney: ³have an operation for @. ¸Úgall®@, µ¥ gall±1µ(1). ¸6
´(not US; ³pl ´unchanged) unit of weight, 14 lb: ³two @ of flour. ¹ ³vt ¸1
¶[VP6A,15A] ´throw @s at: ³Christian martyrs who were @d to death. ¸2 ¶[VP6A]
´take the @s(µ5a´) ´out of (fruit): ³@d dates. ¸@®less ³adj ´(esp of @-fruit,
µ¥ 5(a) ´above) without @s. ¸stoned ³adj ´(colloq) under the influence of (usu)
soft drugs; very drunk.¼
¨stony© ²/ÚstE8nI/ ³adj µ(-ier, -iest) ¸1 ´having many stones: ³@
soil/ground; ´covered with stones: ³a @ path/road. ¸2 ´hard, cold and
unsympathetic: ³a @ heart; ·*³@-·Ú³hearted; a @ stare; @ politeness. ¸3 ´(sl)
¸*@(-Úbroke), ´completely without money; penniless. ¸ston®ily ²/-IlI/ ³adv ´in
a @µ(2) ´manner: ³stonily polite.¼
¨stood© ²/st8d/ ³pt,pp ´of µstand±2µ.¼
¨stooge© ²/studZ/ ³n ´person who, in variety entertainment, is made fun of by a
comedian; (colloq) person used as an assistant (to perform unpleasant jobs
or duties that may incur blame, punishment, etc). ¹ ³vi ·@ for sb, ´act as a
@.¼
¨stool© ²/stul/ ³n ¸1 ´seat without a back or arms, usu for one
person: ³sitting on @s at the bar drinking beer; a pi·Ú³ano-@. ·fall between
two @s, ´lose an opportunity through hesitating between two courses of action.
¸2 (Úfoot)@, ´low support on which to rest the feet. ¸3 ¶[U] ´(med) solid
excrement: ³send a specimen of one's @s to the doctor´, eÔg to be tested for
amoebic infection. ¸4 Ú@-pigeon ³n ´pigeon used as a decoy; (fig) person acting
as a decoy, eÔg one employed by the police to trap a criminal.¼
¨stoop©1 ²/stup/ ³vi,vt ¸1 ¶[VP2A,C,4A,6A] ´bend the body forwards and
downwards; bend the neck so that the head is forward and down: ³@ing with old
age; @ to pick sth up; @ one's head to get into a car. ¸2 ¶[VP3A] ·@ to sth,
´(fig) lower oneself morally: ³@ to folly/cheating. He's a man who would @ to
anything´, who has no moral scruples. ¹ ³n ´(usu ³sing´) @ing position of the
body: ³walk with a @´, as when very old or ill.¼
¨stoop©2 ²/stup/ ³n ´(in N America) porch or unroofed platform or set of steps
at the entrance to a house. µ¥ stoep.¼
¨stop©1 ²/stop/ ³n ¶[C] ¸1 ´stopping or being stopped: ³The train
came to a sudden @. This train goes from London to Leeds with only two @s.
·put a @ to sth; bring sth to a @, ´cause it to @ or end: ³I'll put a @ to this
nonsense. Traffic was brought to a complete @. ¸2 ´place at which buses, trams,
etc stop regularly or (³re·Ú³quest @´) when requested to do so: ³Where's the
nearest ·Ú³bus-@? ¸3 ´(music) key or lever (eÔg in a flute) for regulating
pitch; row of pipes (in an organ) providing tones of one quality; knob or lever
working such a row of pipes. ·pull out all the @s, ´(fig) appeal to all the
emotions; make a great effort. ¸4 ´(in writing and printing) mark of
punctuation, esp ³full @. µ¥ App 9. ¸5 ´(in a camera) device for regulating the
size of the aperture through which light reaches the lens. ¸6 ´(in phonetics)
consonant produced by the sudden release of air which has been held back (eÔg
²/p, b, k, g, t, d/´). ¸7 ´device that stops the movement of sth at a fixed
point, eÔg a peg of wood to prevent an ill-fitting window from rattling. ¸8
´(compounds) ¸Ú@®cock ³n ´valve inserted in a pipe by which the flow of liquid
or gas through the pipe can be regulated: ³A water-pipe has burstÅwhere's the
@cock? ¸Ú@®gap ³n ´temporary substitute. ¸Ú@ press ³n ¶[U] ´(not US) latest
news inserted in a newspaper already on the printing machines. ¸Ú@-watch ³n
´watch with a hand that can be started and stopped when desired, used to time
events such as races to a fraction of a second. ¸@®page ²/ÚstopIdZ/ ³n ¶[C] ¸1
´condition of being stopped up, µ¥ 6 ´above; obstruction. ¸2 ´stoppingµ(7)´:
³@page of leave/pay´, (esp in the armed forces, eÔg as a form of punishment).
¸3 ´interruption of work (in a factory, etc as the result of strike action.)
¸@®per ³n ´object which fits into and closes an opening, esp the mouth of a
bottle or pipe; (US) plugµ(1). ·put the @pers on (sth), ´suppress it.¼
¨stop©2 ²/stop/ ³vt,vi µ(-pp-) ¸1 ¶[VP6A] ´put an end to (the
movement or progress of a person, thing, activity, etc): ³@ a car/a train/a
runaway horse. The earthquake @ped all the clocks. ¸2 ¶[VP6A,B,14] ·@ sb
(from) (doing sth), ´prevent; hinder: ³What can @ our going/@ us from going if
we want to go? Can't you @ the child (from) getting into mischief? He will
certainly goÅthere's no one to @ him. ¸3 ¶[VP6A,C] ´leave off; discontinue
(doing sth): ³@ work. We @ped talking. Why doesn't he @ beating his wife? ·S@
it! ´(imper) @ doing that (sth disliked or disapproved of). ¸4 ¶[VP2A,3A,4A]
·@ (at), ´break off; discontinue: ³The rain has @ped. The clock/His heart has
@ped. It has @ped raining. We @ped to have a rest. We @ped (in order) to talk.
´Cf ³We @ped talking. ¸5 ¶[VP2A,3A,4A] ·@ (at), ´come to rest; halt: ³The train
@ped. Does this train @ at Crewe? ·@ dead, ´@ suddenly. ·@ short at sth, ´limit
one's actions, etc: ³Will our neighbours @ short at war? ¸6 ¶[VP6A,15A,B] ·@
sth (up), ´fill or close (a hole, opening, etc): ³@ a leak in a pipe; @ up a
mouse-hole; have a tooth @ped´, have a cavity filled; ³@ one's ears´, (fig)
refuse to listen; ³@ the way´, prevent progress. ¸7 ¶[VP6A,14] ´cut off; keep
back or refuse to give (sth normally supplied): ³@ (payment of) a cheque´,
order the bank not to cash it; ³@ sb's wages. The bank has @ped payment´, is
unable to meet its obligations. ·@ sth out of sth, ´deduct sth from (wages,
salary, etc). ¸8 ¶[VP2A,B,C] ´(colloq) stay: ³@ at home. Are you @ping at this
hotel? ·@ off (at/in), ´break a journey for a short period: ³@ off at a store
to buy sth. ·@ off/over (at/in), ´break a journey for a stay: ³@ off overnight
in Edinburgh. ¸Ú@-over ³n ¶[C] ´break in a journey; place where one does
this; ´(attrib): ·Ú³@-over ticket´, one that permits a journey to be broken in
this way. ·@ up (late), ´stay up, not go to bed until late. ¸9 ´(music) produce
desired note(s) by pressing fingers on strings (eÔg of a violin), or over holes
(eÔg in a flute). ¸@®ping ³n ´filling for a dental cavity. µ¥ 6 ´above.¼
¨stor®age© ²/ÚstcrIdZ/ ³n ¶[U] ´(space used for, money paid for)
the storing of goods: ³put one's furniture in @; keep fish in cold @´;
(attrib) ·Ú³@ tanks, ´eÔg for oil; ·Ú³@ heater, ´electric radiator which
stores heat (accumulated during off-peak periods).¼
¨store© ²/stc(r)/ ³n ¸1 ¶[C] ´quantity or supply of sth kept for use as
needed: ³lay in @s of coal for the winter; have a good @ of provisions in the
house. ¸2 ¶[U] ·in @, ¸(a) ´kept ready for use; for future use: ³That's a
treat in @´, a pleasure still to come. ¸(b) ´destined ³(for)´; coming to: ³Who
knows what the future has in @ for us? ¸3 ³(pl) ´goods, etc of a particular
kind, or for a special purpose: ³naval and military @s; marine @s ´(but note:
·*³marine-·Ú³@ dealer´). ¸4 ¶[C] ¸Ú@(-house), ´place where goods are kept;
warehouse: ³The book is a @-house of information. ¸Ú@®room ³n ´one in which
household supplies are kept. ¸5 ¶[C] ´(chiefly US but µ¥ 6 ´below) shop: ³a
·Ú³clothing @; @ clothes´, bought from a @, ready to wear, not tailor-made. ¸6
³(pl) ´shop selling many varieties of goods: ³the big department @s of London;
the ·*³Army and ·Ú³Navy S@s; a general @s´, (esp) village shop selling a
variety of goods. µ¥ ´also ³chain-@ ´at µchain(4). ¸7 ¶[U] ·set
great/little/no/not much @ by, ´consider of great/little, etc value or
importance. ³¹ vt ¶[VP6A,15B] ·@ sth (up), ¸1 ´collect and keep for future
use: ³Do all squirrels @ up food for the winter? ¸2 ´put (furniture, etc) in a
warehouse, etc, for safe keeping. ¸3 ´furnish, equip, supply: ³a mind well @d
with facts.¼
¨storey© ´(US = ¸story´) ²/ÚstcrI/ ³n (pl µ@s, ´US µ-ries³)
´floor or level in a building: ³a house of two @s´, iÔe with rooms on the
ground floor and one floor upstairs. ¸-storeyed ´(US = ¸stor®ied´) ²/-ÚstcrId/
³adj ´having the number of @s indicated by the prefixed number: ³a six-@ed
building.¼
¨stor®ied© ²/ÚstcrId/ ³adj ´(liter) made famous in legend or stories: ³the @
Rhine.¼
¨stork© ²/stck/ ³n ´large, long-legged, usu white wading-bird (some of which
build their nests on the tops of high buildings). µ¥ ´the illus at µwater.¼
¨storm© ²/stcm/ ³n ¸1 ¶[C] ´occasion of violent weather conditions:
³a ·Ú³thunder-/·Ú³wind-/·Ú³rain-/·Ú³dust-/·Ú³sand-@; cross the Channel in a @.
The forecast says there will be @s. ·a @ in a teacup, ´much excitement about
sth trivial. ¸Ú@-beaten ³adj ´damaged by @s. ¸Ú@-bound ³adj ´unable to
continue a journey, voyage, etc unable to go out, because of @s. ¸Ú@-centre ³n
´centre of a @ or (fig) of a disturbance or trouble. ¸Ú@-cloud ³n ´heavy
rain-cloud accompanying, or showing the likelihood of, a @. ¸Ú@-cone/-signal
³n ´one hoisted as a warning of high wind. ¸Ú@-lantern ³n ´one for use
outdoors, made so that the light is well protected from wind. ¸Ú@-proof ³adj
´able to resist @s. ¸Ú@-tossed ³adj ´damaged or blown about by @s. ¸2 ´violent
outburst of feeling: ³a @ of protests/cheering/applause/abuse. ·bring a Ú@
about one's ears, ´do or say sth that rouses strong opposition, indignation,
etc. ¸3 ·take by @, ´capture by a violent and sudden attack. ¸Ú@-troops ³n pl
´troops trained for violent attacks. ¸Ú@-trooper ³n ´one of these. ³¹ vi,vt ¸1
¶[VP2A,3A] ·@ (at), ´give violent expression to anger; shout angrily. ¸2
¶[VP15A,B,2C] ´force (a way) into a building, etc; ¶[VP6A] ´capture (a place)
by sudden and violent attack: ³The men @ed (their way) into the fort/@ed the
fort. ¸@y ³adj µ(-ier, -iest) ¸1 ´marked by strong wind, heavy rain or snow or
hail: ³@y weather; a @y night/crossing. ¸2 ´marked by strong feelings of
indignation, anger, etc: ³a @y discussion/meeting; @y scenes during the
debate. ¸@®ily ²/-IlI/ ³adv¼
¨story©1 ²/ÚstcrI/ ³n ¶[C] ³(pl µ-ries³) ¸1 ´account of past
events: ³the @ of Columbus; stories of ancient Greece. ¸2 ´account of
imaginary events: ³a ·Ú³ghost @; a children's ·Ú³@-book; a @-book ending´, a
happy one (as in most stories for children). ³The @ goes that«´, People are
saying that«. ¸Ú@-teller ³n ´person who tells stories. ¸3 ´(journalism) any
descriptive article in a newspaper; an event, situation, etc suitable for such
an article. ¸4 ´untrue statement: ³Don't tell stories, Tom.¼
¨story©2 ²/ÚstcrI/ ³n µ¥ storey.¼
¨stoup© ²/stup/ ³n ¸1 ´(old use) drinking-vessel; flagon. ¸2 ´stone basin for
holy water on the wall of a church or near the porch.¼
¨stout© ²/stñ8t/ ³adj ¸1 ´strong, thick, not easily broken or worn out: ³@
shoes for mountain-climbing. ¸2 ´determined and brave: ³offer a @ resistance to
the enemy; a @ fellow; a @ heart. ´Hence, ¸*@-Úhearted ³adj ´courageous. ¸3
´(of a person) rather fat; tending to fatness: ³She's growing too @ to walk
far. ¹ n ¶[U] ´strongest kind of dark beer. ¸@®ly ³adv ¸@®ness ³n¼
¨stove©1 ²/stE8v/ ³n ¶[C] ´closed apparatus burning wood, coal,
gas, oil or other fuel, used for warming rooms, cooking, etc. ¸Ú@-pipe ³n
´pipe for carrying off smoke from a @.¼
¨stove©2 ²/stE8v/ µ¥ stave±2µ.¼
¨stow© ²/stE8/ ³vt ¶[VP6A,15A,B] ·@ sth (away); @ sth into/with sth, ´pack, esp
carefully and closely: ³@ cargo in a ship's holds; @ things away in the attic;
@ clothes into a trunk/@ a trunk with clothes. ¸Ú@®away ³n ´person who hides
himself in a ship or aircraft (at least until after it starts) in order to make
a journey without paying.¼
¨straddle© ²/Ústradl/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A] ´sit or stand across (sth) with the
legs widely separated: ³@ a ditch/a seat/a horse/a fence. ¸2 ¶[VP2A] ´stand
with the legs wide apart.¼
¨strafe© ²/strqf ³US: ²streIf/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´(colloq) ¸1 ´bombard. ¸2 ´punish;
scold.¼
¨straggle© ²/Ústragl/ ³vi ¶[VP2A,C] ¸1 ´grow, spread, in an irregular or untidy
manner: ³a straggling village; vines straggling over the fences. ¸2 ´drop
behind while on the march; stray from the main body. ¸strag®gler ²/ÚstraglE(r)/
³n ´person who @sµ(2)´. ¸strag®gly ²/ÚstraglI/ ³adj ´straggling.¼
¨straight©1 ²/streIt/ ³adj ¸1 ´without a bend or curve; extending
in one direction only: ³a @ line/road; @ hair, ´with no curls in it. ¸2
´parallel to (sth else, esp the horizon); level: ³Put the picture @. Is my hat
on @? ¸3 ´in good order; tidy: ³put a room @. ·put sth @, ´make it tidy:
³Please put your desk @ before you leave the office. ·put the record @, ´give
an accurate account of events, etc. ¸4 ´(of a person, his behaviour, etc)
honest, frank, upright: ³give a @ answer to a question´, answer frankly; ³keep
@´, avoid wrongdoing, live as a good citizen. ³He is perfectly @ in all his
dealings. His wife will keep him @ ´(= help him to live honestly) ³when he is
released from prison. µ¥ straight±2µ(4). ¸5 ´(colloq) (of a person)
conventional; heterosexual. ¸6 ´(phrases) ¸a @ fight, ´(in politics) one in
which there are only two candidates. ¸a @ play, ´an ordinary drama (contrasted
with variety). ¸a @ tip, ´(eÔg about the likely winner of a race, an investment
in shares), one (said to come) from a direct and reliable source. ·keep a @
face, ´refrain from smiling or laughing. ·vote the @ ticket, µ¥ ticket(3). ¸7
´(of alcoholic drinks) neat, iÔe without added (soda-)water, etc: ³Two @
whiskies, please. ¹ ³n ¶[C] ´(colloq) conventional or heterosexual person. ¸@en
²/ÚstreItn/ ³vt,vi ·@en (out/up), ¶[VP6A,15B,2A,C] ´make or become @: ³@en a
piece of wire/one's tie/one's skirt. ¸@®ness ³n¼
¨straight©2 ²/streIt/ ³adv ¸1 ´directly; not in a curve or at an angle: ³The
smoke rose @ up. Keep @ on. Look @ ahead. The drunken man couldn't walk @. Can
you shoot @´, aim accurately? ¸2 ´by a direct route; without turning aside;
without delay: ³Come @ home. He went @ to Rome without staying in Paris. ³He
went @ from school into the navy. ·come @ to the point, ´make a prompt and
clear statement of what is meant, wanted, etc. ¸3 ·@ away/off, ´immediately. ·@
out, ´without hesitation or deliberation: ³I told him @ out that I thought he
was mistaken. ¸4 ·go @, ´(fig) live an honest life (esp after having been
dishonest).¼
¨straight©3 ²/streIt/ ³n ´(usu ¸the @´) ´condition of being
straight; straight part of sth, esp the final part of a track or race-course,
near the winning-post: ³The two horses were together as they entered the final
@.¼
¨straight®for®ward© ²/*streItÚfcwEd/ ³adj ¸1 ´honest; without evasion: ³a @
explanation. ¸2 ´easy to understand or do: ³written in @ language; a @ problem
in algebra. ¸@®ly ³adv¼
¨straight®way© ²/*streItÚweI/ ³adv ´(archaic) at once; immediately.¼
¨strain©1 ²/streIn/ ³n ¸1 ¶[C,U] ´condition of being stretched;
force exerted: ³The rope broke under the @. Engineers calculate the @s and
stresses of a bridge. What is the breaking @ of this cable´, the @ that will
break it? ¸2 ¶[C,U] ´sth that tests and strains one's powers; severe demand on
one's strength, etc: ³the @ of sleepless nights. The payment of the lawyer's
bills was a great @ on my resources. Do you suffer from the @ of modern life?
He has been under severe @. ¸3 ¶[U] ´exhaustion; fatigue: ³suffering from
mental/nervous @. ¸4 ¶[C] ´sprain; injury caused by twisting a joint, etc. ¸5
´(poet; usu ³pl´) music, song, verse (of the kind indicated): ³the @s of an
organ; the martial @s of the band of the Royal Marines. ¸6 ¶[C] ´manner of
speaking or writing: ³in a lofty/cheerful/dismal @; and much more in the same
@´, the same general tendency. ¸7 ´tendency in a person's character: ³There is
a @ of insanity in the family/of mysticism in her. ¸8 ´breed (of animals,
insects, etc); line of descent: ³@s of mosquitoes that are resistant to DÔDÔT;
a spaniel of good @.¼
¨strain©2 ²/streIn/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A,15A] ´stretch tightly by pulling ³(at)´:
³@ a rope to breaking-point; a dog @ing at its lead. ¸2 ¶[VP6A,16A] ´make the
greatest possible use of; exert one's powers: ³@ every nerve (to do sth)´, do
one's utmost; ³@ one's eyes/ears/voice´, look/listen/speak to the best of
one's power. µ¥ 3 ´below. ¸3 ¶[VP6A] ´injure or weaken by @ingµ(2)´: ³@ a
muscle; @ one's heart´, injure it by over-exertion; ³@ one's eyes´, by using
them too much, or on small print, in poor light, etc; ³@ one's voice´, by
speaking or singing too long or too loudly. ¸4 ¶[VP2A,3A] ·@ (at/on), ´make an
intense effort; ³The wrestlers @ed and struggled. We @ed at the oars. ·@ after
effects, ´make exaggerated efforts to get effects: ³There is no @ing after
effects in this writer's work. ¸5 ¶[VP6A] ´(fig) stretch the meaning of: force
beyond a limit or what is right: ³@ the belief/credulity of one's listeners;
´ask too much of it; ³@ one's authority/rights´, apply them in a way that is
beyond what is allowable or reasonable; ³@ the meaning of a word. ¸6 ¶[VP15A]
´(liter) hold tightly; squeeze: ³She @ed the boy to her bosom. ¸7 ¶[VP6A,15B]
·@ (off/out), ´pass (liquid) through a cloth, or a network of fine wire, etc;
separate solid matter in this way: ³@ the soup; @ off the water from the
vegetables. ¸8 ·@ at sth, ´be too scrupulous or hesitant about accepting sth.
¸9 @ed ³adj ´(esp of feelings and behaviour) forced; unnatural; as if forced:
³@ed cordiality; a @ed laugh. ¸@ed relations, ´marked by loss of patience,
irritability, risk of quarrelling. ¸@er ³n ´sieve or other device by means of
which solid matter is separated from liquid: ³a ·Ú³tea-@er´, for keeping back
tea-leaves when tea is poured out from a teapot.¼
¨strait©1 ²/streIt/ ³adj ´(old use) narrow (rare except in: ³@ gate´, µ¥ Matt
7: 14´). ¸Ú@-jacket, ´long-sleeved jacket used to bind the arms of a mentally
ill person to the body and prevent him from struggling; (fig) sth that
prevents growth or development. ¸*@-Úlaced ³adj ´severely virtuous; having a
strict attitude towards moral questions; puritanical. ¸@en ²/ÚstreItn/ ³vt
´(usu in ³pp) ·in @ed circumstances, ´in poverty.¼
¨strait©2 ²/streIt/ ³n ¸1 ´narrow passage of water connecting two
seas or two large bodies of water ³(pl ´or ³sing ´with proper names): ³the S@s
of Gibraltar; the Magellan S@. ¸2 ´(usu ³pl) ´trouble; difficulty: ³be in
financial @s; in great @s.¼
¨strand©1 ²/strand/ ³n ´(poet or rhet) sandy shore of a lake, sea or river. ³¹
vi,vt ¸1 ¶[VP6A,2A] ´(of a ship) (cause to) run aground. ¸2 ·be (left) @ed,
´(of a person) be left without means of transport, in a difficult position,
without money or friends: ³be @ed in a foreign country.¼
¨strand©2 ²/strand/ ³n ¶[C] ¸1 ´any of the threads, hairs, wires, etc twisted
together into a rope or cable, or in a textile material; tress of hair. ¸2
´(fig) line of development (in a story, etc): ³May I pick out one @ in that
narrative?¼
¨strange© ²/streIndZ/ ³adj µ(-r, -st) ¸1 ´not previously known, seen, felt or
heard of; (for this reason) surprising: ³hear a @ noise; in a @ land. What @
´(= unusual) ³clothes you're wearing! Truth is @r than fiction. She says she
feels @´, not in her usual condition, perhaps rather dizzy, etc. ·@ to say«,
´It is surprising that«. ¸2 ³(pred) ·@ to sth, ´fresh or unaccustomed to: ³The
village boy was @ to city life. He is still @ to the work´, has not yet learnt
his new job. ¸@®ly ³adv ¸@®ness ³n¼
¨stran®ger© ²/ÚstreIndZE(r)/ ³n ´person one does not know; person in a place
or in company that he does not know: ³The dog always barks at @s. You're quite
a @´, (colloq) It's a long time since we met. ³I am a @ in this town´, do not
know my way about. ³He is no @ to misfortune´, (fig) has had experience of it.¼
¨strangle© ²/ÚstraGgl/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´kill by squeezing the throat
of; hinder the breathing of: ³This stiff collar is strangling me´, is so tight
that it squeezes my neck. ¸Ú@®hold ³n ´(usu fig) deadly grip: ³The new tariffs
have put a @hold on our trade with them. ¸stran®gu®la®tion ²/*straGgj8ÚleI2n/
³n ¶[U] ´strangling or being @d.¼
¨strap© ²/strap/ ³n ´strip of leather or other flexible material (often with a
buckle) to fasten things together or to keep sth (eÔg a wrist-watch) in place.
¸Ú@-hanger ³n ´standing passenger in a bus, train, etc who holds on to a @
with a loop (hanging from the roof) when all the seats are occupied. ³¹ vt
µ(-pp-) ¸1 ¶[VP6A,15B] ·@ sth (on/up), ´fasten or hold in place with a @: ³@ on
a wrist-watch; @ up a suitcase, ´using @s and buckles. ¸2 ´beat with a @.
¸@®ping ³adj ´big, tall, healthy-looking: ³a @ping girl.¼
¨strata© ²/ÚstrqtE ³US: ²ÚstreItE/ ³pl ´of µstratum.¼
¨strat®agem© ²/ÚstratEdZEm/ ³n ¶[C,U] ´(use of a) trick or device to deceive sb
(esp the enemy in war).¼
¨stra®tegic© ²/strEÚtidZIk/, ±stra®tegi®cal ²/-kl/ ³adj ´of, by, serving the
purpose of, strategy: ³a @ retreat; a @ link in a line of defence; @ bombing´,
eÔg of industrial areas and communications; ³@ materials´, those essential for
war. ¸stra®tegi®cally ²/-klI/ ³adv ¸stra®tegics ³n ¶[U] ´science or art of
strategy.¼
¨strat®egy© ²/ÚstratEdZI/ ³n ¶[U] ´the art of planning operations
in war, esp of the movements of armies and navies into favourable positions
for fighting; skill in managing any affair. µ¥ tactic(2). ¸strat®egist
²/-dZIst/ ³n ´person skilled in @.¼
¨strat®ify© ²/ÚstratIfñI/ ³vt,vi (pt,pp µ-fied³) ¸1 ¶[VP6A] ´arrange in strata:
³stratified rock. English society is highly stratified. ¸2 ¶[VP2A] ´form into
strata. ¸strat®ifi®ca®tion ²/*stratIfIÚkeI2n/ ³n ´arrangement in strata.¼
¨strato®sphere© ²/ÚstratEsfIE(r)/ ³n ´layer of atmospheric air between about 10
and 60 km above the earth's surface.¼
¨stra®tum© ²/ÚstrqtEm ³US: ²ÚstreItEm/ ³n (pl µ-ta ²/-tE/³)
´horizontal layer of rock, etc in the earth's crust; social class or division:
³Students in Britain come from various strata in society.¼
¨straw© ²/strc/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´dry cut stalks of wheat, barley, rice and other
grains, as material for making hats, mats, etc or bedding for cattle, or
thatching roofs, etc: ³a @ mattress´, one stuffed with @. ·make bricks without
@, ´make sth without all the necessary materials. µ¥ Exod 5: 7. ·a man of @,
´imaginary person, easily overcome, set up as an opponent. ¸Ú@®board ³n ¶[U]
´coarse cardboard made of @ pulp. ¸Ú@-coloured ³adj ´pale yellow. ¸2 ¶[C]
´single stalk or piece of @; thin tube of other material for sucking up
liquid: ³suck lemonade through a @. ·catch at a @; clutch at @s, ´try any
expedient, however useless (like a drowning man clutching at a @). ·not care a
@, ´not at all. ·not worth a @, ´worth nothing. ·a @ in the wind, ´a slight
hint that shows which way things may develop; hence, ¸a @ vote, ´attempt to
discover public opinion on a topic of current interest by an unofficial poll
(eÔg as made by a newspaper). ¸the last @, ´an addition to a task, burden,
etc, that makes it intolerable. ³¹ vt ´spread @ on; cover with @.¼
¨straw®berry© ²/ÚstrcbrI ³US: ²-berI/ ³n (pl µ-ries³) ¶[C] ´(perennial,
low-growing plant having) juicy red fruit with tiny yellow seeds on its
surface, eaten raw and in jam. µ¥ ´the illus at µfruit. ¸Ú@ mark, ´reddish
birthmark on the skin.¼
¨stray© ²/streI/ ³vi (pt,pp µ@ed³) ¶[VP2A,C] ´wander (from the right path,
from one's companions, etc); lose one's way: ³Don't @ from the point. ¹ n ¸1
´@ed animal or person (esp a child). ·waifs and @s, ´homeless children. ¸2
´(attrib) having @ed: ³@ cats and dogs; killed by a @ bullet´, killed by
chance, not purposely; occasional; seen or happening occasionally: ³The
streets were empty except for a few @ taxis.¼
¨streak© ²/strik/ ³n ¶[C] ¸1 ´long, thin, usu irregular line or band: ³@s of
lean and fat´, eÔg in meat; ³like a @ of lightning´, very fast. ¸2 ´trace or
touch (³of´): ³There's a @ of vanity/cruelty in his character. ¸3 ´brief
period: ³The gambler had a @ of good luck´, won for a time. ·hit a winning @,
´have a series of successes (in gambling, etc). ³¹ vt,vi ¶[VP6A,15A] ¸1 ´mark
with @s: ³white marble @ed with brown. ¸2 ¶[VP2C] ´(colloq) move very fast
(like a @ of lightning): ³The children @ed off as fast as they could. ¸@y ³adj
µ(-ier, -iest) ´marked with, having, @s: ³@y bacon´, with @s of fat and lean
in it.¼
¨stream© ²/strim/ ³n ¸1 ´river or brook; current. ·go up/down @,
´move up/down the river. ·go with the @, ´(fig) do or think as the majority of
people do, be carried along by the course of events. ¸2 ´steady flow (of
liquid, persons, things, etc): ³a @ of blood/curses. S@s of people were coming
out of the railway station. ¸@ of consciousness, ´continuous conscious
experience of an individual; (in literature) technique of writing novels to
indicate this, eÔg as in James Joyce's ³Ulysses. ¸3 ´(education) (division of
a) class of children in age groups according to ability and intelligence:
³bright boys and girls in the ·Ú³A-stream. ¹ vi ¸1 ¶[VP2A,C] ´flow freely; move
continuously and smoothly in one direction: ³Sweat was @ing down his face. His
face was @ing with sweat. ¸2 ¶[VP2C] ´float or wave (in the wind): ³The
flag/Her long hair @ed in the wind. ¸3 ¶[VP6A] ´place (children) in @sµ(3)´.
¸@er ³n ¸1 ´long narrow flag; long narrow ribbon of paper. ¸@er headline, ´(US)
= banner ´headline. µ¥ banner. ¸2 ´column of light shooting out in the aurora.
¸Ú@®let ²/-lIt/ ³n ´small @ or brook.¼
¨stream®line© ²/ÚstrimlñIn/ ³vt ´make more efficient (by simplifying, getting
rid of, wasteful methods, etc); ³@ production, ´eÔg in a factory. ¸Ú@d ³adj
¸(a) ´having a shape that offers least resistance to the flow of air, water,
etc: ³@d cars. ¸(b) ´having nothing likely to impede progress: ³@d
controls/methods.¼
¨street© ²/strit/ ³n ´town or village road with houses on one side
or both: ³meet a friend in the @; cross the @; a ·Ú³@-map/-plan of York. ´Cf ³a
road-map of Yorkshire. ¸Ú@®car ³n ´(esp US) tram-car. ¸@ door ³n ´door which
opens (usu directly) on to the @. (If there is a garden ³front door ´is
preferred). ·the man in the @, ´typical citizen. ·not in the same @ (as), ´not
nearly so good (as). ·@s ahead of, ´(colloq) far ahead of. ·(right) up one's @,
´(colloq) within one's area of knowledge, interests, etc. ·go on the @s, ´earn
one's living by prostitution. ¸Ú@-girl, Ú@-walker ³nn ´prostitute.¼
¨strength© ²/streGT/ ³n ¶[U] ¸1 ´quality of being strong: ³a man/horse of great
@; the @ of a rope´, its ability to resist strain; ³the @ of our army; get back
one's health and @ after an illness. She hasn't the @/hasn't @ enough to walk
upstairs. How is the @ of alcoholic liquors measured? ·on the @ of, ´encouraged
by, relying upon: ³I employed the boy on the @ of your recommendation. ¸2 ´that
which helps to make sb or sth strong: ³God is our @. ¸3 ´power measured by
numbers of persons present or persons who can be used: ³The enemy were in
(great) @´, Their numbers were great. ³The police force is 500 below @´, needs
500 more men. ·bring sth/be up to @, ´reach/be the required number: ³We must
bring the police force up to @. ¸@en ²/ÚstreGTn/ ³vt,vi ¶[VP6A,2A] ´make or
become strong(er).¼
¨strenu®ous© ²/Ústrenj8Es/ ³adj ´using or needing great effort;
energetic: ³@ work; @ workers; make @ efforts; lead a @ life. ¸@®ly ³adv
¸@®ness ³n¼
¨strep®to®coc®cus© ²/*streptEÚkokEs/ ³n (pl µ-cocci ²/-ÚkokñI/³) ´any of a
group of bacteria which causes serious infections and illnesses.¼
¨strep®to®my®cin© ²/*streptE8ÚmñIsIn/ ³n ´antibiotic medical preparation.¼
¨stress© ²/stres/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´pressure; condition causing hardship, disquiet,
etc: ³times of @´, of trouble and danger; ³driven into harbour by @ of
weather; under the @ of poverty/fear/excitement. ¸2 ¶[U] ´(also with ³indef
art´) weight or force: ³a school that lays (a) @ on foreign languages. ¸3
¶[C,U] ´(result of) extra force, used in speaking, on a particular word or
syllable: ³In "strategic' the @ is on the second syllable. S@ and rhythm are
important in speaking English. You must learn where to place the @es. ¸Ú@-mark
³n ´mark (eÔg ¸Ú ´(principal or main @) and ¸* ´(secondary @) as used in this
dictionary) that indicates the @ on a syllable. ¸4 ¶[C,U] ´(in mechanics)
tension; force exerted between two bodies that touch, or between two parts of
one body. ¹ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´put @ or emphasis on: ³He @ed the point that«.¼
¨stretch© ²/stret2/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A,15A,B,16A,22] ´make wider, longer or
tighter, by pulling; be or become wider, etc when pulled: ³@ a rope tight; @ a
rope across a path; @ a pair of gloves/shoes´, eÔg to make them fit better; ³@
one's neck´, eÔg to see over the heads of people in a crowd; ³@ one's
arms/legs/oneself/one's muscles´, extend the limbs, etc and thus tighten the
muscles; ³@ out one's arm for a book. ·@ one's legs, ´exercise oneself by
walking as a relief from sitting or lying. ¸2 ·@ (oneself) out (on), ´lie on
at full length: ³They were @ed out on the lawn. He @ed himself out on the
beach. ¸3 ¶[VP6A] ´make (a word, law, etc) include or cover more than is
strictly right; exert beyond what is right: ³@ the law/one's principles/a
point in sb's favour, µ¥ point±1µ(9)´; strain to the utmost; ³@ one's powers´,
work very hard or too hard. ·be fully @ed, ´working to the utmost of one's
powers. ¸4 ¶[VP2A,B,C] ´extend: ³forests @ing for hundreds of miles; a
road @ing away across the desert. ¹ n ¶[C] ¸1 ´act of @ing or being @ed: ³by a
@ of language/the law/one's principles. µ¥ 3 ´above. ³The cat woke and gave a
@. He got up with a @ and a yawn. ·by Úany/Úno @ of the imagination, ´however
much one may try to imagine sth. ·at full @, ´fully @edµ(3)´: ³The factory
was/The workers were at full @. ¸2 ´unbroken or continuous period of time or
extent of country, etc: ³a beautiful @ of wooded country; ´(sl) ³do a two-year
@ in prison. ·at a @, ´continuously: ³Can you work for six hours at a @? ¸3
´straight side of a track or course (for racing). ¸@er ³n ¸1 ´framework of
poles, canvas, etc for carrying a sick, injured or wounded person.
¸Ú@er-bearer ³n ´person who helps to carry a @er. ¸Ú@er-party ³n ´number of
persons with @ers (to carry an injured or wounded person). ¸2 ´device for @ing
things (eÔg gloves, shoes).¼
¨strew© ²/stru/ ³vt (pt µ@ed³, pp µ@ed ´or µstrewn ²/strun/³)
¶[VP6A,14] ·@ sth (on/over sth); @ sth with sth, ´scatter (sth) over a surface;
(partly) cover (a surface) (with sth scattered): ³@ flowers over a
path; @ a path with flowers.¼
¨strewth©, struth ²/struT/ ³int ´= µstruth.¼
¨stri®ated© ²/strñIÚeItId ³US: ²ÚstrñIeItId/ ³adj ´striped; furrowed.¼
¨stricken© ²/ÚstrIkEn/ ³pred adj ´(³pp ´of µstrike´) affected or overcome:
·Ú³grief-/panic-/terror-@, ´overcome by grief/panic/terror; ³@ with
fever/malaria/cancer; ·Ú³cancer-@. ·@ in years, ´(archaic) old and feeble.¼
¨strict© ²/strIkt/ ³adj µ(-er, -est) ¸1 ´stern; demanding obedience or exact
observance: ³a @ father; @ discipline; be @ with one's children; keep a @ hand
over the children; a @ rule against smoking´, eÔg at a petrol station. ¸2
´clearly and exactly defined; precisely limited: ³tell sb sth in @est
confidence; in the @ sense of the word; the @ truth. ¸@®ly ³adv ´in a @
manner: ³Smoking is @ly prohibited. ¸@®ness ³n¼
¨stric®ture© ²/ÚstrIkt2E(r)/ ³n ¶[C] ¸1 ´(often ³pl´) severe criticism or
blame: ³pass @s on sb. ¸2 ´(med) contraction of a tube-like part of the body,
causing a diseased condition.¼
¨stride© ²/strñId/ ³vi,vt (pt µstrode ²/strE8d/, ³pp µstridden ²/ÚstrIdn/³)
´(³pp ´rare) ¸1 ¶[VP2C] ´walk with long steps: ³@ along the road; @
off/away. ¸2 ·@ over/across sth, ´pass over in one step: ³@ over a ditch. ¸3
¶[VP6A] ´= µbestride. ´¹ ³n ¶[C] ´(distance covered in) one long step: ³walk
with vigorous @s. ·make great @s, ´make good and rapid progress. ·take sth in
one's @, ´do it without special effort.¼
¨stri®dent© ²/ÚstrñIdnt/ ³adj ´(of sound) loud and harsh; shrill: ³the @ notes
of the cicadas. ¸@®ly ³adv¼
¨stridu®late© ²/ÚstrIdj8leIt ³US: ²ÚstrIdZ8leIt/ ³vi ¶[VP2A] ´make shrill
grating sounds (esp of insects such as crickets). ¸stridu®la®tion
²/*strIdj8ÚleI2n ³US: ²-dZ-/ ³n¼
¨strife© ²/strñIf/ ³n ¶[U] ´quarrelling; state of conflict: ³industrial @
´(between workers and employers).¼
¨strike©1 ²/strñIk/ ³n ¸1 ´act of strikingµ(5)´: ³the numerous @s
in the coalmines; a @ of bus-drivers; ´(attrib) ³take @ action. ·be/go on @;
be/come/go out on @, ´be engaged in, start, a @. ¸a general @, ´by workers in
all or most trades, etc; also µ¥ hunger, lightning, sympathetic, unofficial.
¸Ú@-bound ³adj ´unable to function because of a @: ³The docks were @-bound for
a week. ¸Ú@-breaker ³n ´worker brought in or coming in to take the place of a
striker. ¸Ú@ fund ³n ´special fund to supplement @-pay. ¸Ú@-leader ³n ´worker
or official who leads a @. ¸Ú@-pay ³n ´money paid to strikers from trade-union
funds (during a @ officially recognized by a union). ¸2 ´act of striking (oil,
etc) in the earth. ¸lucky @´, fortunate discovery. ¸3 ´sudden attack by
aircraft.¼
¨strike©2 ²/strñIk/ ³vt,vi (pt,pp µstruck ²/strAk/³) ´(also µ¥
stricken, ´above) (For special uses with ³adverbial particles ´and ³preps, µ¥
17 ´below.) ¸1 ¶[VP6A,12C,14,2A,C,3A] ´hit; give a blow or blows to; aim a blow
³at´: ³He struck me on the chin ´(note use of ³def art´). ³He struck the table
with a heavy blow. He struck his knee with his hand/struck his hand on his
knee. He seized a stick and struck at me. Who struck the first blow´, started
the fight? ³The ship struck a rock. That tree was struck by lightning. ·@ at
the root of sth, ´attack trouble, evil, etc at its source. ·S@ while the iron
is hot, ´(prov) Act promptly while action is likely to get results. ·a
Ú@/Ústriking force, ´military force ready to attack at short notice. ·within
Ústriking distance, ´near enough to reach or attack easily. ¸2 ¶[VP6A,2A]
´produce (a light) by striking or scraping: ³@ sparks from a flint; @ a
match´, cause it to burst into flame by scraping it on a surface; ³@ a light´,
produce one in this way. ³These matches are dampÅthey won't @. ¸3 ¶[VP6A]
´come upon, discover (by mining, drilling, etc): ³to @ gold. ·@ oil, ¸(a)
´discover oil by drilling. ¸(b) ´(fig) have good fortune; find a means of
getting rich. ·@ it rich, ´win wealth suddenly. ¸4 ¶[VP6A,2A] ´(cause to)
sound: ³@ a chord on the piano. This clock @s the hours. The clock has just
struck (four). The/His hour has struck´, (fig) the critical moment has come or
gone. ·@ a note of, ´give an impression (of the kind indicated): ³The
President struck a note of warning against over-optimism. ¸5 ¶[VP2A,3A] ·@
(for/against), ´(of workers, etc) stop working for an employer (in order to
get more pay, shorter hours, better conditions, etc or as a protest against
sth): ³@ for higher pay/against bad working conditions. µ¥ strike±1µ(1). ¸6
¶[VP6A,16A] ´impress; have an effect upon the mind: ³How does the
idea/suggestion @ you? The plan @s me as ridiculous. What struck me ´(= The
impression I had) ³was that he was not telling the truth. An idea suddenly
struck me´, came to me, with an immediate response. ¸7 ¶[VP16A´, or ¶2D ´with
object and ³as ´omitted¶] ´have an effect on the body or mind: ³The room @s
you as warm and comfortable when you enter. The prison cell struck cold and
damp´, was felt as cold and damp by anyone entering it. ¸8 ¶[VP6A] ´produce by
stamping or punching: ³@ a coin/medal/medallion. ¸9 ¶[VP6A] ´achieve, arrive
at, by reckoning or weighing: ³@ an average; @ a balance between anarchy and
authoritarian rule/between licence and repression. ·@ a bargain (with sb),
´reach one by agreement; conclude one. ¸10 ¶[VP6A] ´come upon; find: ³@ the
track/the right path. ¸11 ¶[VP2A,C] ·@ (off/out), ´set out, go (in a certain
direction): ³We struck (off) ´(= turned and went) ³into the woods. The boys
struck (out) across the fields. The explorers struck out ´(= started, set out)
³at dawn. ¸12 ¶[VP22] ´cause (sb) to be, suddenly and as if by a single stroke:
³be struck blind/dumb/silent. ¸13 ¶[VP14] ·@ fear/terror/alarm into sb, ´fill,
afflict, with fear, etc: ³Attila struck terror into the people of eastern
Europe. The bombing attack struck fear into their hearts. ¸14 ¶[VP6A] ´lower or
take down (sails, tents). ·@ one's flag, ´lower it (as a signal that one
surrenders a ship, fortress, etc to the enemy). ·@ tents/camp, ´pack up tents,
etc. ¸15 ¶[VP6A] ·@ a cutting, ´take a cutting from a plant and insert it in
soil to @ root. ·@ root, ´put out roots. ¸16 ¶[VP6A] ´hold or put the body in a
certain way to indicate sth: ³@ an attitude of defiance; @ a pose. ¸17
¶[VP2C,3,15B] ´(special uses with ³adverbial particles ´and ³preps)´:¼
·strike sb down, ´(formal) hit him so that he falls to the ground; (of a
disease, etc) attack him: ³He was struck down in the prime of life´, eÔg of sb
who was assassinated.¼
·strike sth off, ¸(a) ´cut off with a blow, eÔg of an axe. ¸(b) ´print: ³@ off
1Ô000 copies of a book. ·@ sth off (sth), ´remove: ³@ sb's name off a list. The
doctor's name was struck off the Medical Register´, was cancelled, eÔg because
of professional misconduct.¼
·strike on/upon sth, ´get or find suddenly or unexpectedly: ³@ on an idea/a
plan.¼
·strike out, ¸(a) ´use the arms and legs vigorously in swimming: ³@ out for the
shore. ¸(b) ´aim vigorous blows: ³He lost his temper and struck out wildly.
¸(c) ´follow a new or independent path, a new form of activity: ³@ out
on one's own/in a new direction. ·@ sth out/through, ´cross out, put a line or
lines through: ³@ out a word/name/item.¼
·strike (sth) up, ´begin to play: ³The band struck up (a tune). ·@ up sth
(with sb), ´begin (perhaps casually) a friendship or acquaintance: ³The two
boys quickly struck up a friendship. She struck up an acquaintance with a
fellow passenger during the cruise.¼
¨striker© ²/ÚstrñIkE(r)/ ³n ¸(a) ´worker who strikesµ(5)´. ¸(b)
´(football) player in an attacking position.¼
¨strik®ing© ²/ÚstrñIkIG/ ³adj ¸1 ´attracting attention; arousing great
interest. ¸2 ´that strikesµ(4)´: ³a @ clock. ¸@®ly ³adv ´in a @ manner: ³a @ly
beautiful woman.¼
¨string©1 ²/strIG/ ³n ¸1 ¶[C,U] ´(piece or length of) fine cord for tying
things, keeping things in place, etc; narrow strip of other material used for
the same purposes: ³a ball of @; a piece of @; @ and brown paper for a parcel.
·tied to one's mother's/wife's apron-@s, µ¥ apron. ´(US) ¸Úshoe @s, µ¥
lace(2). ¸2 ¶[C] ´= ³bow@, µ¥ bow±1µ(1). ·have two @s to one's bow, ´have an
alternative means of achieving one's purpose. ·the first/second @, ´the
first/the alternative person or thing relied upon for achieving one's purpose.
¸3 ¶[C] ´tightly stretched length of cord, gut or wire, eÔg in a violin or
guitar, for producing musical sounds. ·keep harping on one @/on the same @,
´keep talking or writing on one subject. ¸the @s, ´the instruments of the
violin family in an orchestra. ¸*@ Úorchestra/Úband ³n ´one composed of @ed
instruments only. ¸*@ quarÚtet ³n ´(music for a) quartet of four @ed
instruments. ¸4 ¶[C] ´@ used for causing puppets to move. µ¥ ´the illus at
µpuppet. ·have sb on a @, ´have him under one's control. ·pull @s, ´exert a
(hidden) influence: ³pull @s to get sb a job/to have sb dismissed. ·pull the
@s, ´control events, or the actions of other people (as if they were puppets on
@s). ·no @s (attached); without @s, ´(colloq; of help, esp of money, eÔg given
by one country to another) without conditions about how the help is to be used.
¸5 ¶[C] ´series of things threaded on a @: ³a @ of beads/pearls/onions; ´number
of things in, or as in, a line: ³a @ of abuses/curses/lies; a @ of horses´,
number of horses kept for racing. µ¥ stud±2µ. ¸6 ´tough fibre or @-like
substance. ¸@ bean, ´kind of bean of which the pod is used as a vegetable.
¸Úheart@s, µ¥ heart(7). ¸@y ³adj µ(-ier, -iest) ´like @; having tough fibres:
³@y meat´, tough.¼
¨string©2 ²/strIG/ ³vt,vi (pt,pp µstrung ²/strAG/³) ¸1 ¶[VP6A] ´put
a string or strings on (a bow, violin, tennis racket, etc). ¸@ed instrument
³n ´musical instrument with @s(µ3´). ¸2 ³(pp) ·strung (up), ´(of a person, his
senses, nerves) made tense, ready, excited, etc: ³The athlete was strung up
before the important race. ·highly strung, ´very nervous or tense. ¸3 ¶[VP6A]
´put (pearls, etc) on a string. ¸4 ¶[VP15A,B] ·@ (up), ´tie or hang on a
string, etc: ³@ up lanterns among the trees/lamps across a street. ¸5
¶[VP2C,15B] ´(special uses with ³adverbial particles´):¼
·string sb along, ´deliberately mislead him into the belief that he will
benefit, etc: ³He doesn't intend to marry the girlÅhe's just @ing her along. ·@
along with sb, ´maintain a relationship with sb for as long as it suits one,
without making genuine commitments.¼
·string out, ´be, become, spread out at intervals in a line. ·@ sth out, ´cause
this to happen: ³horses strung out towards the end of a long race.¼
·string sb up, ´(sl) put him to death by hanging. ·@ sth up, µ¥ 4 ´above.¼
¨strin®gent© ²/ÚstrIndZEnt/ ³adj ¸1 ´(of rules) strict, severe; that must be
obeyed: ³a @ rule against smoking. ¸2 ´(of the money-market) tight; difficult
to operate because of scarcity of money. ¸@®ly ³adv ¸strin®gency ²/-nsI/ ³n¼
¨strip© ²/strIp/ ³vt,vi µ(-pp-) ¸1 ¶[VP2A,C,6A,14,15B,22] ·@ (off);
@ sth/sb (off); ·@ sth (from/off sth); @ sth/sb (of sth), ´take off (coverings,
clothes, parts, etc): ³@ a machine, ´dismantle it; ³@ paint from a surface/@ a
surface of paint, ´remove the paint; ³@ the bark off a tree/@ a tree of its
bark. The bandits @ped him naked/@ped him of his clothes. They @ped the house
of all its furnishings. They @ped,/@ped off,/@ed off their clothes, and jumped
into the lake. ·@ sth down, ´(eÔg of an engine) remove detachable parts (for
overhaul, etc). ¸Ú@-tease, Ú@-show ³nn ´dance, cabaret or theatrical
entertainment in which a woman takes off her garments one by one. Hence, ¸Ú@per
³n ´woman who does this. ¸*@-Úpoker ³n ´game of poker in which the loser of
each hand must take off one garment. ¸2 ¶[VP14] ·@ sb of sth, ´deprive him of
property, etc: ³@ a man of his possessions/titles, etc. ¸3 ¶[VP6A] ´tear
parts from: ³@ a gear/screw´, tear the cogs/thread from it (by misuse, etc).
¸4 ¶[VP6A] ´squeeze out the last milk from (a cow's udder); obtain (milk) in
this way. ¹ ³n ¶[C] ¸1 ´long narrow piece (of material, land, etc): ³a @ of
garden behind the house; a @ of paper; an ·Ú³air@, µ¥ air±1µ(7). ¸Ú@-lighting
³n ´method of lighting, using long tubes instead of bulbs. ¸@ cartoon ³n
´sequence of small drawings in a row, telling a story. µ¥ ³comic @ ´at µcomic.
¸2 ´(colloq) clothes worn by players in a team: ³the colourful @ of many
football teams.¼
¨stripe© ²/strñIp/ ³n ¶[C] ¸1 ´long, narrow band (usu of the same
breadth throughout) on a surface different in colour, material, texture, etc:
³a white tablecloth with red @s; the tiger's @s. ¸the Stars and S@s, ´the
national flag of the US. ¸2 ´(often a µV´-shaped) badge worn on a uniform,
showing rank, eÔg of a soldier: ³How many @s are there on the sleeve of a
sergeant? ¸3 ´(old use) blow with a whip ³(stroke ´is now the usu word).
¸@d ²/strñIpt/ ³adj ´marked with @sµ(1)´: ³@d material´, eÔg for clothing.
¸stripy ³adj ´having @s: ³a stripy tie.¼
¨strip®ling© ²/ÚstrIplIG/ ³n ´young man not yet fully grown.¼
¨strive© ²/strñIv/ ³vi (pt µstrove ²/strE8v/, ³pp µstriven ²/ÚstrIvn/³) ¸1
¶[VP2A,3A] ·@ (with/against sth/sb), ´struggle. ¸2 ¶[VP3A,4A] ·@ for sth/to do
sth, ´make great efforts. ¸@r ³n ´person who tries hard.¼
¨strode© ²/strE8d/ ³pt ´of µstride.¼
¨stroke©1 ²/strE8k/ ³n ¶[C] ¸1 ´(act of striking or dealing a)
blow: ³kill a man with one @ of a sword; the @ of a hammer; 20 @s of the lash.
¸2 ´one of a series of regularly repeated movements, esp as a way of swimming
or rowing: ³swimming with a slow @; ·Ú³breast-/·Ú³back-@; a fast/slow @ ´(in
rowing). ¸3 ´(in a rowing crew) oarsman nearest the boat's stern who sets the
rate of striking the oars. µ¥ ´the illus at µeight´; µ¥ bow±3µ(2). ¸4 ´single
movement of the upper part of the body and arm(s), esp in games, eÔg cricket,
golf. ¸5 ´single effort; result of this: ³That was a good @ of business. I
haven't done a @ of work today. What a @ of luck! ´What a piece of good
fortune! ·at a/one @, ´with one effort and immediately. ·put sb off his @, µ¥
³put off ´at µput ±2µ(11). ¸6 ´(mark made by a) single movement of a pen or
brush: ³with one @ of the pen; thin/thick @s. ¸7 ´sound made by a bell striking
the hours: ³on the @ of three´, at three o'clock. ³He was here on the @´,
punctually at the time appointed. ¸8 ´sudden attack of illness in the brain,
with loss of feeling, power to move, etc: ³a paralytic @. µ¥ ´also ³sun@ ´at
µsun(4). ³¹ vt (pt,pp µ@d´) ¶[VP6A] ´act as @µ(3) ´to: ³@ the Oxford boat.¼
¨stroke©2 ²/strE8k/ ³vt ¶[VP6A,15B] ´pass the hand along a surface, usu again
and again: ³@ a cat/one's beard. ·@ sb the wrong way, ´irritate him instead of
soothing him. ·@ sb down, ´mollify him, cause him to be no longer irritated. ¹
³n ´act of stroking; stroking movement.¼
¨stroll© ²/strE8l/ ³n ¶[C] ´quiet, unhurried walk: ³have/go for a @. ¹ vi
¶[VP2A,C] ´go for a @. ¸@er ³n¼
¨strong© ²/stroG ³US: ²strcG/ ³adj (comp µ-nger ²/-GgE(r)/´, ³sup µ-ngest
²/-GgIst/³) ¸1 ´(opp of ³weak´) having power to resist; not easily hurt,
injured, broken, captured, etc; having great power of body or mind: ³a @
stick´, not easily broken; ³a @ fort´, not easily captured; ³a @ wind; a @
will/imagination/determination; have @ nerves´, be not easily frightened,
worried, etc; ³@ eyes; feel quite @ again´, in good health after an illness; ³a
@ army; an army 500ÔÔ000 @´, numbering 500ÔÔ000; ³a @ candidate´, one likely to
be well supported, etc; ³@ ´(= deeply held or rooted) ³beliefs/convictions. ·as
@ as a horse, ´physically powerful. ·one's @ point, ´that which one does well.
¸Ú@-arm, ´(of methods, tactics, etc) violent; bullying. ¸Ú@-box ³n ´one that is
@ly built for keeping valuables. ¸Ú@®hold ²/-hE8ld/ ³n ¸(a) ´fort. ¸(b) ´(fig)
place where a cause or idea has @ support: ³a @hold of Protestantism.
¸*@-Úminded ²/ÚmñIndId/ ³adj ´having a mind that is capable and vigorous.
¸Ú@-room ³n ´one built with thick walls and (usu) a thick steel door (eÔg in a
bank) for storing valuables. ¸2 ´having a large proportion of the flavouring;
etc element: ³@ tea/coffee; a @ whisky, ´whisky with very little water, etc. ¸3
´having a considerable effect on the mind or the senses: ³the @ light of the
tropics; a @ smell of gas; @ bacon/butter/cheese/onions. His breath is rather
@´, is ill-smelling. ¸@ language ³n ´forcible expressions, esp words that are
blasphemous or abusive.
¸4 @ drink, ´containing alcohol, eÔg gin, rum. µ¥ ³soft drink ´at µsoft(9). ¸5
³(adverbial ´use) ·going @, ´(colloq) continuing (the race, activity, etc)
vigorously; continuing in good health: ³aged 90 and still going @. ·come/go it
(rather/a bit) @, ´(colloq) go to greater lengths than is right; exaggerate
somewhat. ¸6 @ verb, ´one that forms the past tense by a vowel change (eÔg
³sing, sang´), not by adding ³-d, -ed ´or ³-t. ¸7 ´(comm; of prices) rising
steadily: ³Prices/Markets are @. ¸8 Ú@ form, ´(of the pronunciation of
some words) form occuring in a prominent (and therefore stressed)
position: ³The @ form of "and' is ²/and/³. µ¥ weak(5). ¸@®ly ³adv ´in a @
manner: ³I @ly advise you to go. I @ly feel/I feel @ly that you've made the
wrong decision, ´I am @ly convinced that«¼
¨stron®tium© ²/ÚstrontIEm ³US: ²-n2IEm/ ³n ¶[U] ´soft silver-white
metallic element (symbol ¸Sr´). ¸@ 90 ³n ¶[U] ´variety of @ that is a component
of the fall-out from nuclear explosions.¼
¨strop© ²/strop/ ³n ´leather strap for sharpening razors, eÔg as used by
barbers. ³¹ vt µ(-pp-) ¶[VP6A] ´sharpen on a @.¼
¨strophe© ²/ÚstrE8fI/ ³n ¶[C] ´(lines of verse recited during a) movement of
the chorus in ancient Greek drama; one section of a lyric poem.¼
¨stroppy© ²/ÚstropI/ ³adj ´(GB sl) (of a person) bad-tempered; difficult to
deal with.¼
¨strove© ²/strE8v/ ³pt ´of µstrive.¼
¨struck© ²/strAk/ ³pt,pp ´of µstrike±2µ.¼
¨struc®ture© ²/ÚstrAkt2E(r)/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´way in which sth is put together,
organized, etc: ³the @ of the human body; molecular @; sentence @. ¸2 ¶[C]
´building; any complex whole; framework or essential parts of a building: ³The
Parthenon was a magnificent marble @. ¸struc®tural ²/ÚstrAkt2ErEl/ ³adj ´of a
@, esp the framework: ³structural alterations to a building´, eÔg combining
two rooms into one; ³structural steel´, iÔe bars, beams, girders, for use in
building. ¸struc®tur®ally ²/-ErElI/ ³adv´: ³The building is structurally
sound.¼
¨stru®del© ²/Ústrudl/ ³n ´kind of tart made of fruit, etc rolled up in puff
pastry and baked: ³a slice of apple @.¼
¨struggle© ²/ÚstrAgl/ ³vi ¶[VP2A,B,3A,4A] ·@ (against/with), ´fight, make great
efforts: ³@ against difficulties; @ for influence/power. The thief @d in the
policeman's arms/@d to get free. ¹ n ¶[C] ´struggling; contest: ³the @ for
freedom; not surrender without a @.¼
¨strum© ²/strAm/ ³vi,vt µ(-mm-) ¶[VP2A,B,C,3A,6A] ·@ (on), ´play
music, play (on a musical instrument) carelessly or monotonously (and esp
without skill): ³@ (on) the banjo; @ a tune on the piano. ¹ n ´sound of @ming:
³the @ of a guitar.¼
¨strum®pet© ²/ÚstrAmpIt/ ³n ´(archaic) prostitute.¼
¨strung© ²/strAG/ ³pt,pp ´of µstring±2µ.¼
¨strut©1 ²/strAt/ ³n ¶[C] ´piece of wood or metal inserted in a framework and
intended to strengthen it by bearing weight or resisting pressure in the
direction of its length.¼
¨strut©2 ²/strAt/ ³vi µ(-tt-) ¶[VP2A,C] ´walk ³(about, along, in, out, into a
room, etc) ´in a stiff, self-satisfied way. ³¹ n ´such a way of walking.¼
¨strych®nine© ²/ÚstrIknin/ ³n ¶[U] ´strong poison (used in very
small doses to stimulate the nerves).¼
¨stub© ²/stAb/ ³n ¶[C] ¸1 ´short remaining end of a pencil, cigarette or
similar object: ³The dog has only a @ of a tail´, a very short one. ¸2
´counterfoil: ³the @s of a cheque-book. ¹ vt µ(-bb-) ¸1 ¶[VP6A] ³@ one's toe´,
strike it against sth. ¸2 ¶[VP15B] ·@ sth out, ´extinguish (esp a cigarette)
by pressing it against sth hard.¼
¨stubble© ²/ÚstAbl/ ³n ¶[U] ´ends of grain plants left in the ground after
harvest; sth suggesting this, eÔg a short stiff growth of beard: ³three days'
@ on his chin. ¸stub®bly ²/ÚstAblI/ ³adj ´of or like @: ³a stubbly beard.¼
¨stub®born© ²/ÚstAbEn/ ³adj ´obstinate; determined; difficult to deal with: ³@
soil´, difficult to plough, etc; ³a @ illness. ·as @ as a mule, ´extremely
obstinate. ¸@®ly ³adv ¸@®ness ³n¼
¨stubby© ²/ÚstAbI/ ³adj µ(-ier, -iest) ´short and thick: ³@ fingers.¼
¨stucco© ²/ÚstAkE8/ ³n (pl µ@s, @es ²/-kE8z/³) ¶[C,U] ´(kinds of) plaster or
cement used for covering and decorating ceilings or wall surfaces. ³¹ vt (pt,pp
µ@ed´, ³pres p µ@ing³) ´coat with @.¼
¨stuck© ²/stAk/ ³pt,pp ´of µstick±2µ.¼
¨stuck-up© ²/*stAk ÚAp/ ³adj ´(colloq) conceited; insolently refusing to be
companionable.¼
¨stud©1 ²/stAd/ ³n ¸1 ´small two-headed button-like device put through
button-holes to fasten a collar, shirt-front, etc. ¸2 ´large-headed nail or
knob, usu one of many, on the surface of sth (eÔg a gate or shield), as
ornament or protection. ¸reÚflector @´, (colloq ³cat's eye´) used on roads to
mark out lanes (and reflecting light from headlamps at night). ³¹ vt µ(-dd-)
´(usu ³pp) ·@ded with, ´having (sth) set in or scattered on the surface: ³a
crown @ded with jewels; a sea @ded with islands/the sails of yachts.¼
¨stud©2 ²/stAd/ ³n ´number of horses kept by one owner for a
special purpose (esp breeding or racing). ¸Ú@-book ³n ´register of the
pedigrees of horses. ¸Ú@-farm ³n ´place where horses are bred. ¸Ú@-mare ³n
´mare kept for breeding purposes.¼
¨stu®dent© ²/Ústjudnt ³US: ²Ústu-/ ³n ¸1 ´(GB) (undergraduate or postgraduate)
person who is studying at a college, polytechnic or university: ·Ú³medical @s;
´(US also) boy or girl attending school. ¸2 ´anyone who studies or who is
devoted to the acquisition of knowledge: ³a @ of bird-life/nature/theology.¼
¨stu®dio© ²/ÚstjudIE8 ³US: ²Ústu-/ ³n (pl µ@s ²/-dIE8z/³) ¸1 ´well-lit workroom
of a painter, sculptor, photographer, etc. ¸@ couch, ´couch that can be used as
a bed. ¸2 ´room or hall where cinema films are acted and photographed; ³(pl)
´all the @s of a cinema company, with the office buildings, etc. ¸3 ´room from
which radio or TÔV programmes are regularly broadcast or in which recordings
are made. ¸@ audience, ´audience in a @, to provide applause, laughter, etc.¼
¨stu®di®ous© ²/ÚstjudIEs ³US: ²Ústu-/ ³adj ¸1 ´having or showing the habit of
learning. ¸2 ´painstaking; deliberate: ³with @ politeness. ¸@®ly ³adv ¸@®ness
³n¼
¨study©1 ²/ÚstAdI/ ³n (pl µ-dies³) ¸1 ¶[U ´and in ³pl¶] ´devotion of time and
thought to getting knowledge of, or to a close examination of, a subject, esp
from books: ³fond of @; give all one's leisure time to @; make a @ of the
country's foreign trade. My studies show that«. ¸2 ¶[C] ´sth that attracts
investigation; that which is (to be) investigated: ³scientific studies. The
proper @ of mankind is man. His face was a @´, was well worth observing
closely. ¸3 ·be in a brown @, ´musing, unaware of people, happenings, etc near
one. ¸4 ´room used by sb (eÔg in his home) for reading, writing, etc: ³You will
find Mr Green in the/his @. ¸5 ´sketch etc made for practice or experiment;
piece of music played as a technical exercise. ¸6 ¶[U] ´(old use) earnest
effort.¼
¨study©2 ²/ÚstAdI/ ³vt,vi (pt,pp µ-died³) ¸1 ¶[VP6A,8,15A,2A,B,4A]
´give time and attention to learning or discovering sth: ³@ medicine. He was
@ing for the medical profession/@ing to be a doctor. ¸2 ¶[VP6A] ´examine
carefully: ³@ the map. ¸3 ¶[VP6A,4A] ´give care and consideration to: ³@ the
wishes of one's friends/only one's own interests. ¸4 ³(pp) ¸studied,
´intentional, deliberate: ³a studied insult.¼
¨stuff©1 ²/stAf/ ³n ¸1 ¶[C,U] ´material or substance of which sth is made or
which may be used for some purpose (often fig); ¶[U] ´material of which the
name is uncertain, unknown or unimportant; material of (a certain) quality:
³We're short of ·Ú³green/·Ú³garden @´, vegetables. ³He is not the @ heroes are
made of´, is not likely to be a hero, to act heroically. ³Do you call this @
beer? We must find out what @ he is made of´, what sort of man he is, what his
character is. ·S@ and nonsense! ´That's foolish talk! ¸2 ´(sl uses) ³That's the
@ to give 'em, ´That's how to treat them, etc. ·Do your @, ´Show what you can
do, etc. ·know one's @, ´be expert in what one claims to be able to do, etc. ¸3
¶[U] ´(old use) woollen cloth: ³a @ gown.¼
¨stuff©2 ²/stAf/ ³vt ¸1 ¶[VP6A,14,15B] ·@ sth with/into sth; @ sth
up, ´fill tightly with; press tightly into: ³@ a bag with feathers; @ feathers
into a bag; @ oneself with food´, overeat; ³a head @ed with facts/silly
romantic ideas; @ (up) one's ears with cotton-wool; @ up a hole. My nose is @ed
up´, full of mucus (as when one has a cold). ·a @ed shirt, ´(colloq) a
pretentious or pompous person. ¸2 ¶[VP6A,14] ·@ (with), ´(colloq) make (sb)
believe what is not true: ³He's @ing you with silly ideas. ¸3 ¶[VP6A,14] ´put
chopped up and specially flavoured food into (a bird, etc) before cooking it:
³a @ed turkey; @ed veal. ¸4 ¶[VP6A] ´fill the empty carcass of (a bird, an
animal, etc) with enough material to restore it to its original shape, eÔg for
exhibition in a museum: ³a @ed tiger/owl. ¸5 ¶[VP2A,6A] ´overeat: ³When will
that boy stop @ing (himself)? ¸6 ·@ it/sth, ´(sl) do what one likes with it:
³If you don't like it you can @ it, ´will just have to put up with it/do what
you like with it. ¸7 ´Ï (vulg sl) have sexual intercourse (with a woman).
¸@®ing ³n ¶[U] ´material for @ing, eÔg cushions, birds, µ¥ 3,4 ´above. ·knock
the Ú@ing out of sb, ¸(a) ´take away his conceit or self-confidence. ¸(b) ´(of
an illness, etc) weaken; make tired.¼
¨stuffy© ²/ÚstAfI/ ³adj µ(-ier, -iest) ¸1 ´(of a room) badly ventilated. ¸2
´(colloq) sulky; ill-tempered. ¸3 ´(colloq, of a person) easily shocked or
offended. ¸4 ´dull; formal. ¸stuff®ily ²/-IlI/ ³adv ¸stuffi®ness ³n¼
¨stul®tify© ²/ÚstAltIfñI/ ³vt (pt,pp µ-fied³) ¶[VP6A] ´cause to
seem foolish or to be useless; reduce to absurdity: ³@ efforts to reach
agreement. ¸stul®ti®fi®ca®tion ²/*stAltIfIÚkeI2n/ ³n¼
¨stumble© ²/ÚstAmbl/ ³vi ¶[VP2A,C,3A] ¸1 ´strike the foot against sth and
almost fall: ³@ over the root of a tree. The child @d and fell. ·@ across/upon
sth, ´find unexpectedly or by accident. ¸Ústumbling-block ³n ´obstacle; sth
that causes difficulty or hesitation. ¸2 ·@ about/along/around, ´move or walk
in an unsteady way. ¸3 ´speak in a hesitating way, with pauses and mistakes: ³@
over one's words; @ through a recitation. ¹ n ´act of stumbling.¼
¨stump© ²/stAmp/ ³n ¶[C] ¸1 ´part of a tree remaining in the ground when the
trunk has fallen or has been cut down. ¸@ oratory/speeches, ´political speeches
to persuade or rouse the audience. ·on the @, ´(colloq) engaged in political
speech-making, agitation, etc. ¸2 ´anything remaining after the main part has
been cut or broken off or has worn off, eÔg an amputated limb, a worn-down
tooth, the useless end of a pencil, cigar, etc; (hum) leg. ·stir one's @s,
´(colloq) move quickly. ¸3 ´(cricket) one of the three upright pieces of wood
at which the ball is bowled: ³send the middle @ flying. ·draw @s´, end play. µ¥
´the illus at µcricket. ³¹ vi,vt ¸1 ¶[VP2C] ´walk ³(along, about, etc) ´with
stiff, heavy movements. ¸2 ¶[VP6A] ´(colloq) be too hard for; leave at a loss:
³All the examination candidates were @ed by the second question. ¸3 ¶[VP6A] ´go
about (a district, the country) making @ speeches µ¥ ´the ³n, µ1 ´above. ¸4
¶[VP6A] ´(cricket) end the innings of (a batsman) by touching the @s with the
ball while he is out of his crease. µ¥ crease(2). ¸5 ¶[VP15B,2C] ·@ money up,
´(sl) pay or give a sum of money; produce (a sum of money): ³Mr Green has had
to @ up ($50) for his son's debts. ¸@er ³n ´(colloq) question that @sµ(2)´;
difficult or embarrassing question.¼
¨stumpy© ²/ÚstAmpI/ ³adj µ(-ier, -iest) ´short and thick: ³a @ little man; a @
umbrella.¼
¨stun© ²/stAn/ ³vt µ(-nn-) ¶[VP6A] ¸1 ´make unconscious by a blow,
esp one on the head; knock senseless: ³The blow @ned me. ¸2 ´shock; confuse the
mind of: ³He was @ned by the news of his father's death. ¸@®ning ³adj ´(colloq)
splendid; ravishing: ³What a @ning figure! ¸@®ning®ly ³adv ¸@®ner ³n ´(colloq)
delightful, attractive person, object, etc.¼
¨stung© ²/stAG/ ³pt,pp ´of µsting±2µ.¼
¨stunk© ²/stAGk/ ³pp ´of µstink.¼
¨stunt©1 ²/stAnt/ ³n ¶[C] ´(colloq) sth done to attract attention; ³advertising
@s´, eÔg sky-writing by an aircraft; ³@ flying´, aerobatics. ³That's a good @´,
a clever idea (for getting publicity, etc). ¸Ú@ man, ´person employed to
perform @s (involving risk, etc) as a stand-in for an actor in films, etc.¼
¨stunt©2 ²/stAnt/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´check the growth or development of: ³@ed trees;
a @ed mind.¼
¨stu®pefy© ²/ÚstjupIfñI ³US: ²Ústu-/ ³vt (pt,pp µ-fied³) ¶[VP6A]
´make clear thought impossible: ³stupefied with drink/amazement. He was
stupefied by what happened. ¸stu®pe®fac®tion ²/*stjupIÚfak2n ³US: ²*stu-/ ³n
¶[U] ´state of being stupefied.¼
¨stu®pen®dous© ²/stjuÚpendEs ³US: ²stu-/ ³adj ´tremendous; amazing (in size,
degree): ³a @ error/achievement. What @ folly! ¸@®ly ³adv¼
¨stu®pid© ²/ÚstjupId ³US: ²Ústu-/ ³adj ¸1 ´slow-thinking; foolish: ³Don't be @
enough to believe that. ¸2 ´in a state of stupor. ³¹ n ´(colloq) @ person: ³I
was only teasing, @! ¸@®ly ³adv ¸@®ity ²/stjuÚpIdEtI ³US: ²stu-/ ³n ¶[U]
´being @; ¶[C] ³(pl µ-ties³) ´@ act, utterance, etc.¼
¨stu®por© ²/ÚstjupE(r) ³US: ²Ústu-/ ³n ¶[C,U] ´almost unconscious condition
caused by shock, drugs, alcohol, etc: ³in a drunken @.¼
¨sturdy© ²/Úst3dI/ ³adj µ(-ier, -iest) ´strong and solid; vigorous: ³@
children; offer a @ resistance; @ common sense. ¸stur®dily ²/-IlI/ ³adv´: ³a
sturdily built bicycle. ¸stur®di®ness ³n¼
¨stur®geon© ²/Úst3dZEn/ ³n ´kinds of large fish valued as food, from which
caviare is obtained.¼
¨stut®ter© ²/ÚstAtE(r)/ ³vi,vt, n ´= µstammer. ¸@er ³n ´person who @s.
¸@®ing®ly ³adv¼
¨sty©1 ²/stñI/ ³n (pl µsties³) ´pigsty. µ¥ pig(1).¼
¨sty©2 ´(also ¸stye´) ²/stñI/ ³n (pl µsties, styes³) ´inflamed swelling on the
edge of the eyelid.¼
¨Styg®ian© ²/ÚstIdZIEn/ ³adj ´(as) of the River Styx or Hades (the lower world
in Gk myth); hence, dark; gloomy.¼
¨style© ²/stñIl/ ³n ¸1 ¶[C,U] ´manner of writing or speaking (contrasted with
the subject matter); manner of doing anything, esp when it is characteristic
of an artist or of a period of art: ³written in an irritating @. The @ in this
book is more attractive than the matter. What do you know about the
Norman/decorated/perpendicular, etc @s of English architecture? ¸2 ¶[C,U]
´quality that marks out sth done or made as superior, fashionable or
distinctive: ³living in a @ beyond his means´, in a way that he cannot afford.
³Did they live in European @ when they were in Japan? ·in @, ´in a grand or
elegant way: ³do things in @´, not in a commonplace way; ³live in (grand) @´,
with servants, luxuries, etc; ³drive up in @´, eÔg in a very fine car, not a
taxi. ¸3 ¶[C,U] ´fashion in dress, etc: ³the latest @s in trousers/in
hair-dressing. ¸4 ¶[C] ´general appearance, form or design; kind or sort: ³made
in all sizes and @s; this @, $18.50. ¸5 ¶[C] ´right title (to be) used when
addressing sb: ³Has he any right to assume the @ of Colonel? ¸6 ¶[C] ´implement
used in ancient times for scratching letters on wax-covered surfaces. ¸7 ¶[C]
´(bot) part of the seed-producing part of a flower. µ¥ ´the illus at µflower.
³¹ vt ¶[VP6A] ¸1 ´describe by a specified @µ(5)´: ³Should he be @d "Right
Honourable' or "Mister'? ¸2 ´design: ³new cars @d by the Italian experts; an
electric cooker brilliantly re-@d´, re-designed. ¸styl®ish ²/-I2/ ³adj ´having
@µ(2,3)´; fashionable: ³stylish clothes. ¸sty®lish®ly ³adv´: ³stylishly
dressed. ¸styl®ish®ness ³n¼
¨sty®list© ²/ÚstñIlIst/ ³n ¸1 ´person, esp a writer, who achieves a good or
original literary style. ¸2 ´(comm, etc) person who is concerned with the
styles of decorating, clothes, etc: ³a ·Ú³hair-@´, a hairdresser. ¸sty®lis®tic
²/stñIÚlIstIk/ ³adj ´of style in writing. ¸sty®lis®ti®cally ²/-klI/ ³adv¼
¨sty®lize© ²/ÚstñIElñIz/ ³vt ´represent or treat (art forms, etc) in a
particular style.¼
¨sty®lus© ²/ÚstñIlEs/ ³n (pl µ@es ²/-lEsIz/³) ´sharp point (made of diamond or
sapphire) used to cut the groove of a gramophone record, or to reproduce sound
by following this groove.¼
¨sty®mie© ²/ÚstñImI/ ³n ´(in golf) situation on the green when an opponent's
ball is between one's own ball and the hole; (fig, colloq) check; obstruction.
³¹ vt ¶[VP6A] ´put (one's opponent or his ball, or oneself) in this difficulty;
(fig) check; obstruct.¼
¨styp®tic© ²/ÚstIptIk/ ³n, adj ´(substance) checking the flow of
blood: ³a @ pencil´, stick of this (eÔg as used on a cut made while shaving).¼
¨Styx© ²/stIks/ ³n ´(Gk myth) river that encircles Hades, where the spirits of
the dead exist. ·cross the @´, die.¼
¨sua®sion© ²/ÚsweIZn/ ³n ¶[U] ´(formal) persuasion. ·moral @´, persuasion based
on moral grounds, not force.¼
¨suave© ²/swqv/ ³adj ´smooth and gracious (but possibly insincere)
in manner. ¸@®ly ³adv´. ¸suav®ity ²/-EtI/ ³n ¶[U] ´quality of being @; ³(pl)
´instances of being @; @ utterances, etc.¼
¨sub©1 ²/sAb/ ³n ´(colloq, abbr of) ¸1 ´submarine. ¸2 ´subscription. ¸3
´sub-lieutenant. ¸4 ´sub-editor.¼
¨sub©2 ²/sAb/ ³vi,vt ¸1 ¶[VP2A,3A] ·@ (for sb), ´(colloq) act as a substitute
(for him). ¸2 ¶[VP6A] ´(colloq abbr of) µsubedit.¼
¨sub-© ²/sAb/ ³pref µ¥ App 3.¼
¨sub®al®tern© ²/ÚsAbltEn ³US: ²sEÚbcltErn/ ³n ´(GB) (formerly) commissioned
army officer of lower rank than a captain.¼
¨sub®atomic© ²/*sAbEÚtomIk/ ³adj ´of, relating to, any of the particles
smaller than an atom.¼
¨sub-com®mit®tee© ²/ÚsAb kEmItI/ ³n ´committee formed from members of a main
committee.¼
¨sub®con®scious© ²/*sAbÚkon2Es/ ³adj ´of one's mental activites of which one is
not (wholly) aware: ³the @ self. ¹ n ¸the @, ´@ thoughts, desires, impulses,
etc collectively. ¸@®ly ³adv ¸@®ness ³n¼
¨sub®con®ti®nent© ²/*sAbÚkontInEnt/ ³n ´mass of land large enough to be
regarded as a separate continent but forming part of a larger mass:
³India is often called the S@.¼
¨sub®con®tract© ²/*sAbÚkontrakt/ ³n ´contract which is for carrying out a
previous contract or a part of it. ³¹ vt,vi ²/*sAbkEnÚtrakt ³US: ²-Úkontrakt/
¶[VP6A,2A] ´give or accept a @. ¸@or ²/*sAbkEnÚtraktE(r) ³US: ²-Úkontrak-/ ³n
´person who accepts a @.¼
¨sub®cu®taneous© ²/*sAbkjuÚteInIEs/ ³adj ´under the skin; ³@ parasites´, living
under the skin; ³a @ injection.¼
¨sub®di®vide© ²/*sAbdIÚvñId/ ³vt,vi ¶[VP6A,2A] ´divide into further
divisions. ¸sub®di®vi®sion ²/*sAbdIÚvIZn/ ³n ¶[U] ´subdividing; ¶[C] ´sth
produced by subdividing.¼
¨sub®due© ²/sEbÚdju ³US: ²-Údu/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ¸1 ´overcome; bring under control:
³@ the tropical jungle/one's passions. ¸2 ´make quieter, softer, gentler: (esp
³pp) @d voices/lights; a tone of @d satisfaction in his voice.¼
¨sub®edit© ²/sAbÚedIt/ ³vt ´act as an assistant editor of (a newspaper, etc)
¸sub®edi®tor ²/-tE(r)/ ³n¼
¨sub®fusc© ²/ÚsAbfAsk/ ³adj ´rather dark in colour; (fig colloq) unimpressive.¼
¨sub®head®ing© ²/ÚsAbhedIG/ ³n ¶[C] ´words showing the contents of part of an
article, etc eÔg in a newspaper.¼
¨sub®hu®man© ²/*sAbÚhjumEn/ ³adj ´less than human; more like an animal than a
human being.¼
¨sub®ject©1 ²/ÚsAbdZIkt/ ³adj ¸1 ´under foreign government, not
independent: ³a @ province; @ peoples. ¸2 ·be @ to, ´owe obedience (to): ³We
are @ to the law of the land. ¸3 ·@ to, ´having a tendency (to); prone to: ³Are
you @ to colds? The trains are @ to delays when there is fog. ¸4 ·@ to, ³(adj,
adv) ´conditional(ly) upon: ³The plan is @ to confirmation. The arrangement is
made @ to your approval. ·@ to contract, ´(legal) conditional upon the signing
of a contract. ·@ to prior sale, ´conditional upon no sale having been made
before a further offer is made, before the date of the auction, etc.¼
¨sub®ject©2 ²/ÚsAbdZIkt/ ³n ¸1 ´any member of a State except the
supreme ruler: ³British @s; French by birth and a British @ by marriage. µ¥
citizen´, (usu preferred in republics). ¸2 ´sth (to be) talked or written
about or studied: ³an interesting @ of conversation; a @ for an essay; the @
of a poem/picture. ·change the @, ´talk about sth different. ·on the @ of,
´concerning, dealing with: ³While we are on the @ of money, may I ask when you
will repay that loan? ¸Ú@ matter ³n ¶[U] ´the content of a book, speech, etc
(contrasted with style). ¸3 ´person, animal or thing (to be) treated or dealt
with, to be made to undergo or experience sth: ³a @ for experiment/dissection.
¸4 ·@ for sth, ´circumstance, etc that gives cause for it: ³a @ for
pity/ridicule/congratulation. ¸5 ´person with the tendencies (usu undesirable)
specified: ³a hysterical @. ¸6 ´(gram) (contrasted with µpredicate±1´) word(s)
in a sentence about which sth is predicated; (contrasted with µobject±1µ(4)´)
³n ´or ³n ´equivalent which carries out the action of a ³v, ´and which must
agreeµ(6) ´with the ³v, eÔg ³book ´in "There was a book lying on the table' and
³they ´in "Did they come early?' ¸7 ´(music) theme on which a composition (or
one of its movements) is based.¼
¨sub®ject©3 ²/sEbÚdZekt/ ³vt ¶[VP14] ·@ to, ¸1 ´bring, get (a country, nation,
person) under control: ³Ancient Rome @ed most of Europe to her rule. ¸2 ´cause
to undergo or experience; expose: ³@ oneself/one's friends to
criticism/ridicule; @ a man to torture. As a test the metal was @ed to great
heat. ¸sub®jec®tion ²/sEbÚdZek2n/ ³n ¶[U] ´@ing or being @ed: ³The @ion of the
rebels took several months. The people lived in a state of @ion/were kept/held
in @ion for half a century.¼
¨sub®jec®tive© ²/sEbÚdZektIv/ ³adj ¸1 ´(of ideas, feelings, etc) existing in
the mind, not produced by things outside the mind; not objective: ³Did he
really see a ghost or was it only a @ impression? ¸2 ´(of art and artists,
writing, etc) giving the personal or individual point of view or feeling (opp
to realistic art, writing, etc). ¸3 ´(gram) of the subject. ¸@®ly ³adv ´in a @
manner: ³An examination paper in arithmetic can be marked objectively, but a
literary essay can be marked only @ly´, iÔe on the personal impression of the
examiner. ¸sub®jec®tiv®ity ²/*sAbdZekÚtIvEtI/ ³n ¶[U].¼
¨sub®join© ²/sAbÚdZãIn/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´(formal) add at the end: ³@ a postscript
to a letter.¼
¨sub judice© ²/*sAb ÚdZudIsI/ ³adj ´(Lat) under judicial consideration, not yet
decided (and for this reason, in GB, not (by law) to be commented upon).¼
¨sub®ju®gate© ²/ÚsAbdZ8geIt/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´subdue; conquer. ¸sub®ju®ga®tion
²/*sAbdZ8ÚgeI2n/ ³n ¶[U].¼
¨sub®junc®tive© ²/sEbÚdZAGktIv/ ³adj ´(gram) expressing a
condition, hypothesis, possibility, etc. ¹ ³n ¶[U,C] ´the @ mood; form of a
verb in this mood.¼
¨sub®lease© ²/*sAbÚlis/ ³vt,vi ¶[VP6A,2A] ´lease to another person (a house,
land, etc which one has oneself leased); sublet. ¹ ³n ´lease of this kind.¼
¨sub®let© ²/*sAbÚlet/ ³vt,vi µ(-tt-) ¶[VP6A,2A] ¸1 ´rent to sb else (a room,
house, etc of which one is a tenant). ¸2 ´give part of (a contract, eÔg for
building a factory) to sb else.¼
¨sub-lieu®ten®ant© ²/*sAb-lEÚtenEnt ³US: ²-luÚt-/ ³n ´naval officer with rank
next below that of a lieutenant.¼
¨sub®li®mate© ²/ÚsAblImeIt/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ¸1 ´(chem) convert from a solid state
to vapour by heat and allow to solidify again (in order to purify it). ¸2
´(psych) unconsciously change (emotions and activities arising from the
instincts) into higher or more desirable channels. ¹ ³n, adj ´(substance)
refined by being @d. ¸sub®li®ma®tion ²/*sAblIÚmeI2n/ ³n¼
¨sub®lime© ²/sEÚblñIm/ ³adj ¸1 ´of the greatest and highest sort;
causing wonder or reverence: ³@ scenery/heroism/self-sacrifice. ¸2 ´extreme;
astounding (as of a person who does not fear the consequences): ³What @
conceit/impudence/indifference! ¹ n ¸the @, ´that which fills one with awe or
reverence. ·(go) from the @ to the ridiculous, ´(pass) from what is beautiful,
noble, etc to what is trivial, inferior, absurd, etc: ³To find a snack bar at
the top of Mount Olympus would be to go from the @ to the ridiculous. ¸@®ly
³adv ´in a @ manner: ³He was @ly unconscious ´(= completely ignorant) ³of how
foolish he looked. ¸sub®lim®ity ²/sEÚblImEtI/ ³n ¶[U] ´(and in ³pl; µ-ties´) @
quality or qualities: ³the sublimity of the Alps; the sublimities of great
art.¼
¨sub®lim®inal© ²/*sAbÚlImInl/ ³adj ´below the threshold of consciousness; of
which one is not consciously aware: ³@ advertising´, as when an advertisement
is projected on to a cinema or TÔV screen for a fraction of a second and is
noted only by the subconscious mind.¼
¨sub®mar®ine© ²/*sAbmEÚrin ³US: ²ÚsAbmErin/ ³adj ´existing, designed for use,
under the surface of the sea: ³@ plant life; a @ cable. ¹ n ´ship which can be
submerged to operate under water. ¸sub®mari®ner ²/sAbÚmarInE(r)/ ³n ´member of
a @'s crew.¼
¨sub®merge© ²/sEbÚm3dZ/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A] ´put under water; cover with a
liquid. ¸2 ¶[VP2A] ´sink out of sight; (of a submarine) go down under the
surface. ¸sub®merged ³adj ´under the surface of the sea, etc: ³@d rocks; a
wreck that is @d at high tide. ¸sub®merg®ence ²/sEbÚm3dZEns/, ¸sub®mer®sion
²/sEbÚm32n ³US: ²-Zn/ ³nn ¶[U] ´submerging or being @d. ¸sub®mers®ible
²/sEbÚm3sEbl/ ³adj ´capable of submerging.¼
¨sub®mission© ²/sEbÚmI2n/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´act of submitting; acceptance
of another's power or authority: ³The rebels made their @ to the army. The
enemy were starved into @´, compelled to submit by hunger. ¸2 ¶[U] ´obedience;
humility: ³with all due @´, with profound respect. ¸3 ¶[C,U] ´(legal) theory,
opinion, etc submitted to a judge or jury: ³My @ is that«/In my @,« ´I
submitµ(3) ³that«.¼
¨sub®miss®ive© ²/sEbÚmIsIv/ ³adj ´yielding to the control or authority of
another: ³@ to advice. Marian is not a @ wife. ¸@®ly ³adv ¸@®ness ³n¼
¨sub®mit© ²/sEbÚmIt/ ³vt,vi µ(-tt-) ¸1 ¶[VP6A,14] ·@ oneself to sb/sth, ´put
(oneself) under the control of another: ³@ oneself to discipline. Should a wife
@ herself to her husband? ¸2 ¶[VP14] ·@ sb to sth, ´cause him to endure it: ³@
a prisoner to torture/interrogation. ¸3 ¶[VP6A,14] ·@ sth (to sb/sth), ´put
forward for opinion, discussion, decision, etc: ³@ plans/proposals, etc to a
city council; @ proofs of identity. ¸4 ¶[VP9] ´(legal) suggest, argue: ³Counsel
@ted that there was no case against his client. ¸5 ¶[VP3A] ·@ to sb/sth,
´surrender; give in; abstain from resistance: ³@ to the enemy/ill
treatment/separation from one's family.¼
¨sub®nor®mal© ²/*sAbÚncml/ ³adj ´below normal: ³@ temperatures; ´less than
normal: ³a child of @ intelligence. ¹ n ´person of @ intelligence.¼
¨sub®or®bital© ²/*sAbÚcbItl/ ³adj ´of less duration or distance than one
orbit.¼
¨sub®or®di®nate© ²/sEÚbcdInEt ³US: ²-dEnEt/ ³adj ¸1 ·@ (to),
´junior in rank or position; less important: ³in a @ position. ¸2 @ clause,
´(gram) dependent clause; clause which, introduced by a conjunction, serves as
a ³noun, adj ´or ³adv. µ¥ co-ordinate. ¹ n ´person in a @ position; person
working under another. ¹ ³vt ²/sEÚbcdIneIt ³US: ²-dEneIt/ ¶[VP6A,14] ·@ sth
(to), ´treat as @; make @ (to). ¸subordinating conjunction, ´(gram) one that
introduces a @ clause, eÔg ³because, if, as. ¸sub®or®di®na®tion ²/sE*bcdIÚneI2n
³US: ²-dEnÚeI2n/ ³n ´subordinating or being @d. ¸sub®or®di®na®tive
²/sEÚbcdInEtIv ³US: ²-dEneItIv/ ³adj ´subordinating.¼
¨sub®orn© ²/sEÚbcn/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´induce (a person) by bribery or other means to
commit perjury or other unlawful act. ¸sub®or®na®tion ²/*sAbcÚneI2n/ ³n ¶[U].¼
¨sub®poena© ²/sEÚpinE/ ³n (pl µ@s³) ¶[C] ´(legal) written order requiring a
person to appear in a law court. ¹ ³vt (pt,pp µ-naed³) ¶[VP6A] ´summon with a
@: ³be @ed as a witness.¼
¨sub rosa© ²/*sAb ÚrE8zE/ ³adv ´(Lat) (of communications, etc) in strict
confidence.¼
¨sub®scribe© ²/sEbÚskrñIb/ ³vi,vt ¸1 ¶[VP2A,3A,6A,14] ·@ (sth)
(to/for), ´(agree to) pay (a sum of money) in common with other persons (to a
cause, for sth): ³He @s liberally to charities. He @ed $5 to the flood relief
fund. How many shares did you @ for in the new company? ¸2 ¶[VP3A] ·@ to sth,
¸(a) ´agree to take (a newspaper, periodical, etc) regularly for a specified
time. ¸(b) ´agree with, share (an opinion, view, etc). ·@ for a book, ´agree
before it is published to buy a copy or copies. ¸3 ¶[VP6A] ´(formal) write
(one's name, etc) at the foot of a document: ³@ one's name to a petition.
¸@r ³n ´person who @s (esp to funds, newspapers). ¸sub®scrip®tion
²/sEbÚskrIp2n/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´subscribing or being @d: ³The monument was erected
by public subscription. ¸2 ¶[C] ´sum of money @d (for charity, for receiving a
newspaper, magazine, etc), or paid for membership of a club. ¸subÚscription
concert, ´one whose seats are all paid for in advance.¼
¨sub®se®quent© ²/ÚsAbsIkwEnt/ ³adj ·@ (to), ´later; following: ³@ events; @ to
this event. ¸@®ly ³adv ´afterwards.¼
¨sub®serve© ²/sEbÚs3v/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´serve as a means in helping or promoting
(an end, a purpose).¼
¨sub®ser®vi®ent© ²/sEbÚs3vIEnt/ ³adj ·@ to, ¸1 ´giving too much respect to:
³@ shopkeepers. ¸2 ´useful as a means to a purpose; subordinate or subject to.
¸@®ly ³adv ¸sub®ser®vi®ence ²/-Ens/ ³n ¶[U].¼
¨sub®side© ²/sEbÚsñId/ ³vi ¶[VP2A] ¸1 ´(of flood water) sink to a lower or to
the normal level. ¸2 ´(of land) sink, eÔg because of mining operations. ¸3 ´(of
buildings) settle lower down in the ground, eÔg because of a clay subsoil that
shrinks in a dry season. ¸4 ´(of winds, passions, etc) become quiet(er) after
being violent: ³The storm began to @. ¸5 ´(hum) (of a person) go down slowly:
³@ into a chair. ¸sub®sid®ence ²/sEbÚsñIdns/ ³n ¶[C,U] ´act or process of
subsidingµ(2,3)´; instance of this.¼
¨sub®sidi®ary© ²/sEbÚsIdIErI ³US: ²-dIerI/ ³adj ·@ (to), ´serving
as a help or support but not of first importance: ³a @ company´, one that is
controlled by a larger one. ¹ ³n (pl µ-ries³) ´@ company; @ thing or person.¼
¨sub®sidy© ²/ÚsAbsEdI/ ³n ¶[C] ³(pl µ-dies³) ´money granted, esp by a
government or society, to an industry or other cause needing help, or to an
ally in war, or (eÔg ³food subsidies´) to keep prices at a desired level.
¸sub®si®dize ²/ÚsAbsIdñIz/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´give a @ to: ³subsidized industries.
¸sub®si®diz®ation ²/*sAbsIdñIÚzeI2n ³US: ²-dIÚz-/ ³n ¶[U].¼
¨sub®sist© ²/sEbÚsIst/ ³vi ¶[VP2A,3A] ·@ (on), ´exist; be kept in existence
on: ³@ on a vegetable diet/on charity. ¸sub®sis®tence ²/-tEns/ ³n ¶[U]
´existence; means of existing: ³a @ence wage´, one that is only just enough to
enable a worker to exist; ³my means of @ence´, how I make a living; ·Ú³@ence
crops´, those grown for consumption (contrasted with ·Ú³cash crops´, those sold
for money); ³on a ·Ú³@ence level´, on a standard of living only just adequate
for remaining alive.¼
¨sub®soil© ²/ÚsAbsãIl/ ³n ¶[U] ´layer of soil that lies immediately beneath the
surface layer.¼
¨sub®sonic© ²/*sAbÚsonIk/ ³adj ´(of speed) less than that of sound; (of
aircraft) flying at @ speed. µ¥ supersonic.¼
¨sub®stance© ²/ÚsAbstEns/ ³n ¸1 ¶[C,U] ´(particular kind of) matter: ³Water,
ice and snow are not different @s; they are the same @ in different forms. ¸2
¶[U] ´most important part, chief or real meaning, of sth: ³an argument of
little @; the @ of a speech. I agree in @ with what you say, but differ on some
small points. ¸3 ¶[U] ´firmness; solidity: ³This material has some @´, is
fairly solid or strong. ¸4 ¶[U] ´money; property: ³a man of @´, eÔg a property
owner; ³waste one's @´, spend one's money unwisely.¼
¨sub®stan®dard© ²/*sAbÚstandEd/ ³adj ´below average standard.¼
¨sub®stan®tial© ²/sEbÚstan2l/ ³adj ¸1 ´solidly or strongly built or made. ¸2
´large; considerable: ³a @ meal/improvement/loan. ¸3 ´possessing considerable
property; well-to-do: ³a @ business firm; @ farmers. ¸4 ´essential; virtual:
³We are in @ agreement. ¸5 ´real; having physical existence: ³Was what you saw
something @ or only a ghost? ¸@ly ²/-2ElI/ ³adv´: ³Your efforts contributed @ly
´(= considerably) ³to our success.¼
¨sub®stan®ti®ate© ²/sEbÚstan2IeIt/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´give facts to support (a claim,
statement, charge, etc). ¸sub®stan®ti®ation ²/sEb*stan2IÚeI2n/ ³n¼
¨sub®stan®ti®val© ²/*sAbstEnÚtñIvl/ ³adj ´(gram) of the nature of a
substantive: ³a @ clause´, a clause functioning as a noun.¼
¨sub®stan®tive© ²/ÚsAbstEntIv/ ³adj ´having an independent existence; real;
actual: ³Almost all of Great Britain's colonies now have the status of @
nations. ¸a @ motion, ´(in a debate) an amendment which, having been carried,
becomes the subject of further discussion. ¸@ rank ²/sEbÚstantIv raGk/ ´(GB)
permanent rank (in the army, etc). ¹ ³n ´(gram) noun.¼
¨sub®sta®tion© ²/ÚsAbsteI2n/ ³n ´branch or subordinate station, eÔg for the
distribution of electric current.¼
¨sub®sti®tute© ²/ÚsAbstItjut ³US: ²-tut/ ³n ´person or thing taking the place
of, acting for or serving for another: ³Is chicory a satisfactory @ for
coffee? S@s for rubber can be made from petroleum. ¹ vt,vi ¶[VP6A,14,3A] ·@
(sth/sb) (for), ´put, use or serve as a @: ³@ margarine for butter. Mr X @d
for the teacher who was in hospital. ¸sub®sti®tu®tion ²/*sAbstIÚtju2n ³US:
²-Útu2n/ ³n ¶[U].¼
¨sub®stra®tum© ²/*sAbÚstrqtEm ³US: ²-ÚstreIt-/ ³n (pl µ-ta ²/-tE/³) ¸1 ´level
lying below another: ³a @ of rock. ¸2 ´foundation: ³The story has a @ of
truth´, is based upon facts (though perhaps at first sight seeming false).¼
¨sub®struc®ture© ²/ÚsAbstrAkt2E(r)/ ³n ´foundation; supporting part. µ¥
superstructure.¼
¨sub®sume© ²/sEbÚsjum ³US: ²-Úsum/ ³vt ¶[VP6A,14] ·@ (under), ´include (an
example, etc) under a rule or in a particular class.¼
¨sub®tend© ²/sEbÚtend/ ³vt ´(geom) (of a chord, the side of a triangle) be
exactly opposite to (an arc or angle).¼
¨sub®ter®fuge© ²/ÚsAbtEfjudZ/ ³n ¶[C] ´trick, excuse, esp one used to evade
trouble or sth unpleasant; ¶[U] ´trickery.¼
¨sub®ter®ranean© ²/*sAbtEÚreInIEn/ ³adj ´underground: ³a @ passage; @ fires.¼
¨sub®title© ²/ÚsAbtñItl/ ³n ´secondary title (of a book); translation of the
dialogue of a foreign language film, printed on the film.¼
¨subtle© ²/ÚsAtl/ ³adj ¸1 ´difficult to perceive or describe because fine or
delicate: ³a @ charm/flavour; @ humour; a @ distinction. ¸2 ´ingenious;
complex: ³a @ argument/design. ¸3 ´quick and clever at seeing or making
delicate differences; sensitive: ³a @ observer/critic. ¸sub®tly ²/ÚsAtlI/ ³adv´.
¸@ty ²/ÚsAtltI/ ³n (pl µ-ties³) ¶[U] ´the quality of being @; ¶[C] ´@
distinction, etc.¼
¨sub®topia© ²/*sAbÚtE8pIE/ ³n ¶[U] ´(part of the country where
there is a) monotonous urban sprawl of standardized buildings, etc; (result of
such a) tendency to urbanize the country.¼
¨sub®tract© ²/sEbÚtrakt/ ³vt ¶[VP6A,14] ·@ (from), ´take (a number, quantity)
away from (another number, etc): ³@ 6 from 9; 6 @ed from 9 gives 3, ´iÔe 9 ­ 6
= 3. ¸sub®trac®tion ²/sEbÚtrak2n/ ³n ¶[U] ´the process of @ing; ¶[C] ´instance
of this: ³Two from five is a simple @ion.¼
¨sub®tropi®cal© ²/*sAbÚtropIkl/ ³adj ´bordering on the tropics; nearly
tropical; of @ areas: ³a @ climate; @ plants.¼
¨sub®urb© ²/ÚsAb3b/ ³n ¶[C] ´outlying residential district of a town or city.
¸the @s´, all these districts collectively. ¸sub®ur®ban ²/sEÚb3bEn/ ³adj ¸1 ´of
or in a @: ³@an shops. ¸2 ´(derog) having the good qualities of neither town
nor country people; narrow in interests and outlook. ¸sub®ur®bia ²/sEÚb3bIE/ ³n
¶[U] ´(usu derog) (kind of life lived by, characteristic outlook of, people in)
@s (collectively).¼
¨sub®ven®tion© ²/sEbÚven2n/ ³n ´subsidy; grant of money in aid.¼
¨sub®vers®ive© ²/sEbÚv3sIv/ ³adj ´tending to subvert: ³speeches that are @ of
peace and order; @ propaganda.¼
¨sub®vert© ²/sAbÚv3t/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´destroy, overthrow (religion, a government)
by weakening people's trust, confidence, belief: ³@ the monarchy. ¸sub®ver®sion
²/sEbÚv32n ³US: ²-Zn/ ³n ¶[U].¼
¨sub®way© ²/ÚsAbweI/ ³n ¸1 ¶[C] ´underground passage or tunnel, eÔg one to
enable people to get from one side of a busy street to another: ³Cross by the
@. ¸2 (the) @, ´(US) underground railway in a town (GB = ³the Underground ´or,
colloq, ³the tube) ´: ³take the @; travel by @.¼
¨suc®ceed© ²/sEkÚsid/ ³vi,vt ¸1 ¶[VP2A,3A] ·@ (in), ´do what one is trying to
do; gain one's purpose: ³@ in life; @ in (passing) an examination. The attack
@ed. ¸2 ¶[VP6A,16B] ´come next after and take the place of: ³Who @ed Churchill
as Prime Minister? ¸3 ¶[VP2A,3A] ·@ (to), ´inherit; have (a title, position,
etc) on the death of sb: ³@ to an estate. On George ³VI's death, Elizabeth II
³@ed (to the throne).¼
¨suc®cess© ²/sEkÚses/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´succeeding; the gaining of what is aimed at:
³meet with @. ·Nothing succeeds like @, ´(prov) S@ in one case is likely to be
followed by @ in other cases. ¸2 ¶[U] ´good fortune; prosperity: ³have great @
in life. ¸3 ¶[C] ´sb or sth that succeeds; example of succeeding: ³The plan
was a great @. He has had three @es and one failure´, eÔg of a dramatist. ³The
army has had several @es ´(= victories) ³recently. ¸@®ful ²/-fl/ ³adj ´having
@: ³@ful candidates; @ in everything. ¸@®fully ²/-fElI/ ³adv¼
¨suc®cession© ²/sEkÚse2n/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´the coming of one thing after
another in time or order: ³the @ of the seasons. ·in @, ´one after the other:
³five wet days in @. ¸2 ¶[C] ´number of things in @: ³a @ of wet days/defeats.
¸3 ¶[U] ´(right of) succeeding to a title, the throne, property, etc; person
having this right: ³Who is first in @ to the throne? ¸the Apostolic S@, ´the
unbroken passing of spiritual authority through the bishops from the Apostles
of Jesus, and through the Popes from St Peter. ¸Ú@ duty, ´tax on inherited
property.¼
¨suc®cess®ive© ²/sEkÚsesIv/ ³adj ´coming one after the other in an
uninterrupted sequence: ³The school team won five @ games. ´Cf ³five games in
succession, ´and ³five games running. ¸@®ly ³adv¼
¨suc®cessor© ²/sEkÚsesE(r)/ ³n ´person or thing that succeeds another: ³the @
to the throne; appoint a @ to a headmaster.¼
¨suc®cinct© ²/sEkÚsIGkt/ ³adj ´expressed briefly and clearly; terse. ¸@®ly
³adv ¸@®ness ³n¼
¨suc®cour© ´(US = ¸-cor´) ²/ÚsAkE(r)/ ³n ¶[U] ´(liter) help given in time of
need. ¹ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´give help to (sb in danger or difficulty).¼
¨suc®cu®bus© ²/ÚsAkj8bEs/ ³n ´female demon supposed to have sexual intercourse
with a sleeping man. µ¥ incubus.¼
¨suc®cu®lent© ²/ÚsAkj8lEnt/ ³adj ¸1 ´(of fruit and meat) juicy; tasting good:
³a @ steak. ¸2 ´(of stems, leaves) thick and fleshy; (of plants) having @
stems and leaves. ¹ ³n ¶[C] ´@ plant, eÔg a cactus. ¸suc®cu®lence ²/-Ens/ ³n
¶[U].¼
¨suc®cumb© ²/sEÚkAm/ ³vi ¶[VP2A,3A] ·@ (to), ´yield (to temptation, flattery,
etc); die: ³@ to one's injuries.¼
¨such© ²/sAt2/ ³adj ´(no comp or superl; not placed between the ³indef art
´and its ³n; ´note, in the examples, the place of ³such ´after ³no, some,
many, all) ¸1 ´of the same kind or degree (as): ³@ a word (as that); ³@ words
(as those); no @ words (as those)´; ³poets @ as Keats and Shelley; @ poets as
Keats and Shelley; @ people as these; people @ as these; on @ an occasion as
this; on an occasion @ as this; Harrison, or some @ name. Some @ plan was in
his mind. All @ possibilities must be considered. I have met many @ people.
I've never heard of @ a thing! I hope I never have @ an experience again. ¸2 ·@
as it is, ´used to suggest that sth is of poor quality, of little value, etc:
³You can use my bicycle, @ as it is. ·@ as to ³+ inf, ´of a degree or kind that
would or might: ³Your stupidity is @ as to fill me with despair. His illness is
not @ as to cause anxiety. ¸3 ·@ that; @ « that: ³His behaviour was @ that
everyone disliked him. S@ was the force of the explosion/The force of the
explosion was @ that all the windows were broken. ¸4 ´(Cf the positions of @
and ³so ´in these examples): ³Don't be in @ a hurry´, in so much of a hurry, in
so great a hurry. ³I haven't had @ an enjoyable evening ´(= so enjoyable an
evening) ³for months. ¸5 ´(intensive, esp in exclamatory sentences): ³It was @
a long time ago! You gave me @ a fright! We've had @ a good time! ´Cf What a
fright you gave me! What a good time we've had! ¸6 ´(pred use) this, that,
these, those (as already stated, etc): ³S@ is not my intention. S@ were his
words. S@ was her reward. S@ is life! ´Life is like that, life is as these
circumstances show it to be! ¹ ³pron ´@ person(s) or thing(s); that/those: ³I
may have hurt her feelings but @ ´(= that) ³was certainly not my intention. He
is a brilliant scholar and is everywhere recognized as @´, as a brilliant
scholar. ³Down with anarchists and all @´, all persons of that kind! ·as @,
´properly so called; in every way: ³I didn't have a nervous breakdown as @, it
was more a reaction to overwork. ·@ as, ´those that: ³I haven't many specimens
but I will send you @ as I have. ¸Ú@®like ³adj ´(colloq) of the same kind;
similar: ³I have no time for concerts, theatres, cinemas and @like.¼
¨suck© ²/sAk/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A,15A,B] ·@ sth (in/out/up/through,
etc) (from/out of, etc), ´draw (liquid) into the mouth by the use of the lip
muscles: ³@ the juice from an orange; @ poison out of a wound; ´(fig) ³@ in
knowledge. ¸2 ¶[VP6A,22] ´draw liquid or (fig) knowledge, information, etc
from: ³a baby @ing its mother's breast. ´Cf The mother was nursing her baby at
the breast. ³She @ed the orange dry. ·@ sb's brains, ´= ³pick ´(now the usu
word) sb's brains. ¸Ú@®ing-pig ³n ´young pig still taking its mother's milk. ¸3
¶[VP6A] ´hold (sth) in the mouth and lick, roll about, squeeze, etc with the
tongue: ³@ a toffee. The child still @s its thumb. ¸4 ¶[VP2C] ´perform the
action of @ing: ³The baby was @ing away at the empty feeding-bottle. The old
man was @ing at his pipe. ¸5 ¶[VP6A,15B] ·@ sth (up), ´absorb: ³plants that @
up moisture from the soil. ¸6 ¶[VP15A,B] ´(of a whirlpool, etc) engulf, pull
in: ³The canoe was @ed (down) into the whirlpool. ¸7 ¶[VP2C] ·@ up (to), ´(sl)
try to please by flattery, offers of service, etc. ¹ ³n ´act or process of
@ing: ³have/take a @ at a lollipop. ·give @ to, ´allow (a baby) to @ at the
breast (but ³nurse ´and ³suckle ´are more usu).¼
¨sucker© ²/ÚsAkE(r)/ ³n ¶[C] ¸1 ´one who, that which, sucks. ¸2 ´organ in some
animals enabling them to rest on a surface by suction. ¸3 ´rubber device, eÔg
a concave rubber disc, that adheres by suction to a surface (and can be used
to cause articles to adhere in this way). ¸4 ´unwanted shoot (new growth)
coming up from the roots of a tree, shrub, etc. ¸5 ´(colloq) person foolish
enough to be deceived by unscrupulous tricksters, advertisements, etc.¼
¨suckle© ²/ÚsAkl/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´feed with milk from the breast or
udder. ¸suck®ling ²/ÚsAklIG/ ³n ´baby or young animal still being @d. ·babes
and sucklings, ´innocent children. µ¥ mouth±1µ.¼
¨suc®tion© ²/ÚsAk2n/ ³n ¶[U] ¸1 ´action of sucking; removal of air, liquid,
etc from a vessel or cavity so as to produce a partial vacuum and enable
air-pressure from outside to force in liquid or dust: ³Some pumps and all
vacuum-cleaners work by @. ¸2 ´similar process, eÔg in a rubber disc with a
concave surface, a fly's foot, causing two surfaces to be held together.¼
¨sud®den© ²/ÚsAdn/ ³adj ´happening, coming, done, unexpectedly, quickly,
without warning: ³a @ shower; a @ turn in the road. ¹ n ´(only in) ·all of a
@, ´unexpectedly. ¸@®ly ³adv ¸@®ness ³n¼
¨suds© ²/sAdz/ ³n pl ´froth, mass of tiny bubbles, on soapy water.¼
¨sue© ²/sju/ ³vt,vi ·sue (for), ¸1 ¶[VP6A,14] ´make a legal claim against: ³sue
a person for damages´, for money in compensation for loss or injury. ¸2
¶[VP14,3A] ´beg; ask: ³sue (the enemy) for peace; suing for mercy; sue for a
divorce´, in a law court.¼
¨suede© ²/sweId/ ³n ¶[U] ´kind of soft leather made from the skin of goats,
with the flesh surface rubbed into a soft nap: (attrib) ³@ shoes/gloves.¼
¨suet© ²/ÚsuIt/ ³n ¶[U] ´hard fat round the kidneys of sheep and oxen, used in
cooking. ¸@y ³adj ´like, containing, @.¼
¨suf®fer© ²/ÚsAfE(r)/ ³vi,vt ¸1 ¶[VP2A,3A] ·@ (from), ´feel or have pain,
loss, etc: ³@ from ´(= often have) ³headaches; @ing from loss of memory. His
business @ed while he was ill´, His business did not do well. ³You will @ ´(=
be punished) ³one day for your insolence! ¸2 ¶[VP6A] ´experience, undergo (sth
unpleasant): ³@ pain/defeat/adversity; @ death´, lose one's life, eÔg as a
condemned criminal or as a martyr. ¸3 ¶[VP17A] ´allow, permit (which are
the more usu words). ¸4 ¶[VP6A] ´tolerate; put up with: ³How can you @ such
insolence? ·@ fools gladly, ´be patient with foolish people. ¸@er
²/ÚsAfErE(r)/ ³n ´person who @s. ¸@®able ²/ÚsAfErEbl/ ³adj ´bearable. ¸@®ing ³n
¸1 ¶[U] ´pain of body or mind: ³How much @ing is there in the world? ¸2 ³(pl)
´feelings of pain, unhappiness, etc: ³They laughed at the prisoner's @ings.¼
¨suf®fer®ance© ²/ÚsAfErEns/ ³n ¶[U] ·on @, ´with permission implied by the
absence of objection: ³He's here on @´, allowed to be here but not wanted.¼
¨suf®fice© ²/sEÚfñIs/ ³vi,vt ¸1 ¶[VP2A,3A] ·@ (for), ´be enough
(which is more usu): ³Will $10 @ for the trip? Your word will @´, I am content
to accept your promise. ³S@ it to say that« ´(= It @s to say), I will content
myself by saying that«. ¸2 ¶[VP6A] ´meet the needs of: ³One meal a day won't @
a growing boy.¼
¨suf®fi®cient© ²/sEÚfI2nt/ ³adj ´enough: ³Is $10 @ for the expenses of your
journey? Have we @ food for ten people? ¸@®ly ³adv ¸suf®fi®ciency ²/-nsI/ ³n
´(usu ·a sufficiency of sth´) @ quantity: ³a sufficiency of fuel for the
winter.¼
¨suf®fix© ²/ÚsAfIks/ ³n ´(abbr ³suff ´used in this dictionary) letter(s),
sound(s) or syllable(s) added at the end of a word to make another word, eÔg ³y
´added to ³rust ´to make ³rusty´, or as an inflexion, eÔg ³-en ´in ³oxen. µ¥
prefix ´and µApp 3.¼
¨suf®fo®cate© ²/ÚsAfEkeIt/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A,2A,C] ´cause or have difficulty in
breathing: ³The fumes almost @d me. He was suffocating with rage. ¸2 ¶[VP6A]
´kill, choke, by making breathing impossible. ¸suf®fo®ca®tion ²/*sAfEÚkeI2n/
³n¼
¨suf®fra®gan© ²/ÚsAfrEgEn/ ³n ¸@ bishop, bishop @, ´bishop who is consecrated
to help the bishop of a see by managing part of the diocese.¼
¨suf®frage© ²/ÚsAfrIdZ/ ³n ¸1 ¶[C] ´(formal) vote; consent expressed by
voting. ¸2 ¶[U] ´franchise; right of voting in political elections: ³When was
the @ extended to all women in Great Britain? Is there universal @ in your
country´, Have all adults the right to vote? ¸suf®fra®gette ²/*sAfrEÚdZet/ ³n
´woman who, in the early part of the 20th c, agitated for women's @ in GB.¼
¨suf®fuse© ²/sEÚfjuz/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´(esp of colours, tears) spread
slowly over the surface of: ³eyes @d with tears; the evening sky @d with
crimson. ¸suf®fu®sion ²/sEÚfjuZn/ ³n ¶[U].¼
¨sugar© ²/Ú28gE(r)/ ³n ¶[U] ´sweet substance obtained from the juices of
various plants, esp ¸(Úcane-@) ´from ¸Ú@-cane ´and ¸(Úbeet-@) ´from ¸Ú@-beet,
´used in cooking and for sweetening tea, coffee, etc. ¸*@-Úcoated ³adj ´coated
with @: ³@-coated pills; ´(fig) superficially attractive: ³@-coated promises.
¸Ú@-daddy ³n ´(colloq) rich, usu elderly, man who is generous to a young woman
in return for sexual favours or friendship. ¸Ú@-loaf ³n ´hard lump of @ in the
form of a cone, as sold in former times. ¸Ú@-lump ³n ´small cube of @, used to
sweeten a cup of tea, coffee, etc. ¸Ú@-refinery ³n ´establishment where raw @
is refined. ¸Ú@-tongs ³n pl ´small tongs for taking lumps (cubes) of @ at
table. ¹ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´sweeten or mix with @. µ¥ pill(1). ¸sugary ³adj ´tasting
of @; (fig) too sweet: ³@y compliments/music.¼
¨sug®gest© ²/sEÚdZest ³US: ²sEgÚdZ-/ ³vt ¸1 ¶[VP6A,C,9,10,14] ·@ sth (to sb); @
(to sb) that«; @ doing sth, ´propose; put forward for consideration, as a
possibility: ³I @ed a visit. I @ed going home/that we should go home. I @ we go
to the theatre. What did you @ to the manager? Can you @ where I could park my
car? ¸2 ¶[VP6A] ´bring (an idea, possibility, etc) into the mind: ³Your
wheezing breathing @s asthma or bronchitis, ´causes me to think that these are
what you may be suffering from. ¸3 ¶[VP14] ´(reflex) come into the mind: ³An
idea @s itself to me´, has occurred to me. ¸@®ible ²/-Ebl/ ³adj ´that can be
influenced by @ion; that can be @ed. ¸sug®ges®tion ²/sEÚdZest2En ³US: ²sEgÚdZ-/
³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´@ing: ³at the @ion of my brother; on your @ion. S@ion is often more
effective than persuasion. ¸2 ¶[C] ´idea, plan, etc that is @ed: ³These @ions
didn't appeal to me. ¸3 ¶[C] ´slight indication: ³He speaks English with a @ion
of a French accent. ¸4 ¶[U] ´process of bringing an idea into the mind through
association with other ideas. ¸hypnotic @ion, ´putting ideas or impulses into
the mind of a person who is hypnotized. ¸sug®ges®tive ²/sEÚdZestIv ³US:
²sEgÚdZ-/ ³adj ¸1 ´tending to bring ideas, etc into the mind: ³@ive remarks. ¸2
´tending to @ sth improper or indecent: ³@ive jokes. ¸sug®ges®tive®ly ³adv¼
¨sui®cide© ²/ÚsjuIsñId/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´self-murder: ³commit @´; ¶[C]
´instance of this: ³three @s last week; ¶[C] ´person who commits @. ¸2 ¶[U]
´action destructive to one's interests or welfare: ³political @´, that makes
continuance in office, etc, impossible; ³economic @´, eÔg adoption of policies
that ruin the country's economy. ¸sui®cidal ²/*sjuIÚsñIdl/ ³adj ´of @; very
harmful to one's own interests: ³a man with suicidal tendencies; a suicidal
policy.¼
¨suit©1 ²/sut/ ³n ¸1 ¶[C] ´set of articles of outer clothing of the same
material: ³a @ of armour; a man's @´, jacket, (waistcoat) and trousers; ³a
woman's @´, coat and skirt; a ·Ú³trouser-@, ´woman's @ of jacket and trousers;
³a two-/three-piece @´, of two/three garments; ³a ·Ú³dress @, ´a man's
formal evening @. ¸Ú@®case ³n ´portable flat-sided case for clothes, used when
travelling. ¸2 ¶[C] ´(formal) request made to a superior, esp to a ruler:
³grant sb's @; press one's @´, beg persistently. ¸3 ¶[C] ´(liter or old use)
asking a woman's hand in marriage: ³plead/press one's @ with a young woman. ¸4
(Úlaw®)@, ´case in a law court; prosecution of a claim: ³bring a @ against sb;
be a party in a @; a criminal/civil @. ¸5 ¶[C] ´any of the four sets of cards
(³spades, hearts, diamonds, clubs´) used in many card games. µ¥ ´the illus at
µcard. ·a long @, ´many cards of one @, eÔg ace, king, 10, 8, 6; one player's
hand. ·follow @, ¸(a) ´play a card of the @ that has been led. ¸(b) ´(fig) do
what sb else has done. ¸@®ing ³n ´(shop term for) material for clothing:
³gentlemen's @ings´, material for men's suits.¼
¨suit©2 ²/sut/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A,2A] ´satisfy; meet the needs of; be convenient
to or right for: ³The seven o'clock train will @ us very well. Does the
climate @ you/your health? Will Thursday @ (you)´, be convenient? ·@ oneself,
´do what one chooses to do; act according to one's own wishes. ·@ sb down to
the ground, ´@ him very well. ¸2 ¶[VP6B] ´(esp of articles of dress, styles of
dressing the hair, etc) look well; be appropriate for: ³Does this skirt @ me?
That colour does not @ your complexion. It doesn't @ you to have your hair cut
short. ¸3 ·@ sth to, ´make fit or appropriate: ³@ the punishment to the crime;
@ one's style to one's audience. ·@ the action to the word, ´carry out the
promise (threat, etc) at once. ¸4 ³(pp) ·be @ed (to/for), ´be fitted, have the
right qualities: ³Is Western democracy @ed to/for the nations of Asia and
Africa? That man is not @ed for teaching/to be a teacher. Jack and his wife
seem well @ed to one another´, likely to be and remain on good terms.¼
¨suit®able© ²/ÚsutEbl/ ³adj ´right for the purpose or occasion:
³clothes @ for cold weather; a @ place for a picnic; a @ case for (´medical,
psychiatric, etc³) treatment. ¸suit®ably ²/-EblI/ ³adv ¸suit®abil®ity
²/*sutEÚbIlEtI/ ³n ¸@®ness ³n¼
¨suite© ²/swit/ ³n ¶[C] ¸1 ´group of personal attendants of an important person
(eÔg a ruler). ¸2 ´complete set of matching articles of furniture: ³a
dining-room @´, iÔe a table, chairs, a sideboard; ³a lounge/bedroom @. ¸3
´complete set of rooms (eÔg in a hotel, a bedroom, a sitting-room and a
bathroom). ¸4 ´complete set of objects that belong together: ³a computer suite,
´all the machinery needed to run a computer. ¸5 ´(music) orchestral composition
made up of three or more related parts.¼
¨suitor© ²/ÚsutE(r)/ ³n ¸1 ´person bringing a lawsuit. µ¥ suit±1µ(4). ¸2 ´man
courting a woman. µ¥ suit±1µ(3).¼
¨sulfa© ²/ÚsAlfE/ ³adj ´(US) = µsulpha. µ¥ sulphonamides.¼
¨sul®fate© ´(US) = µsulphate.¼
¨sul®fide© ´(US) = µsulphide.¼
¨sul®fona®mides© ´(US) = µsulphonamides.¼
¨sul®fur©, sul®fur®ic, sul®fur®ous, etc ´(US) = µsulphur, sulphuric,
sulphurous, etc.¼
¨sulk© ²/sAlk/ ³vi ¶[VP2A,C] ´be in a bad temper and show this by
refusing to talk. ¸the @s ³n pl ´condition of @ing: ³be in the @s; have (a fit
of) the @s. ¸@y ³adj µ(-ier, -iest) ´having a tendency to @; unsociable: ³as
@y as a bear; be/get @y with sb about a trifle. ¸@®ily ²/-IlI/ ³adv ¸i®ness ³n¼
¨sulky© ²/ÚsAlkI/ ³n (pl µ-kies³) ´light two-wheeled carriage for one person,
drawn by one horse.¼
¨sul®len© ²/ÚsAlEn/ ³adj ¸1 ´silently bad-tempered; unforgiving: ³@ looks. ¸2
´dark and gloomy; dismal: ³a @ sky. ¸@®ly ³adv ¸@®ness ³n¼
¨sully© ²/ÚsAlI/ ³vt (pt,pp µ-lied³) ¶[VP6A] ´(usu fig) stain or discredit: ³@
sb's reputation.¼
¨sulpha© ´(US = ¸sulfa´) ²/ÚsAlfE/ ³n µ¥ sulphonamides.¼
¨sul®phate© ´(US = ¸sulfate´) ²/ÚsAlfeIt/ ³n ¶[C,U] ´salt of sulphuric acid: ³@
of copper/copper @, ´chemical (¸CuSO¶e´) used in water to kill algae and fungi;
³@ of magnesium´, Epsom salts.¼
¨sul®phide© ´(US = ¸sulfide´) ²/ÚsAlfñId/ ³n ¶[C,U] ´compound of sulphur and
another element: ³hydrogen @´, ¸(H¶c¸S) ´sulphuretted hydrogen, a gas with a
smell like that of rotten eggs.¼
¨sul®phona®mides© ´(US =¸sul®fo-´) ²/sAlÚfonEmñIdz/ ³n pl ´group of drugs
(synthetic chemical compounds, also called ³the ·Ú³sulpha drugs´) acting as
anti-bacterial agents.¼
¨sul®phur© ´(US = ¸sul®fur´) ²/ÚsAlfE(r)/ ³n ´light-yellow non-metallic element
(symbol ¸S´) that burns with a bright flame and a strong smell, used in
medicine and industry. ¸@®etted ²/ÚsAlfj8retId/ ³adj ´having @ in combination:
³@etted hydrogen, ¸(H¶c¸S). sul®phu®reous ´(US = ¸sul®fu-´) ²/sAlÚfj8ErIEs/
³adj ´of, like, containing @. ¸sul®phu®ric ´(US = ¸sul®fu-´) ²/sAlÚfj8ErIk/
³adj ¸@ic acid, ´oily, colourless, very strong acid ¸(H¶c¸SO¶e¸) ´important in
many industries. ¸@®ous ²/-Es/ ³adj ´of, containing, @.¼
¨sul®tan© ²/ÚsAltEn/ ³n ´Muslim ruler, esp of the former Ottoman Empire.
¸@®ate ²/ÚsAltEneIt/ ³n ´position, period of rule of, a @; territory ruled by
a @. ¸sul®tana ²/sAlÚtqnE ³US: ²-anE/ ³n ´wife, mother, sister or daughter of a
@.¼
¨sul®tana© ²/sAlÚtqnE ³US: ²-anE/ ³n ¶[C] ´kind of small seedless raisin used
in puddings and cakes.¼
¨sul®try© ²/ÚsAltrI/ ³adj µ(-ier, -iest) ´(of the atmosphere, the
weather) hot and oppressive; (of a person's temper) passionate. ¸sul®trily
²/-trElI/ ³adv ¸sul®tri®ness ³n¼
¨sum© ²/sAm/ ³n ¸1 ´(also ¸sum total´) total obtained by adding together
items, numbers or amounts. ¸2 ´problem in arithmetic: ³good at sums; do a sum
in one's head. ¸3 ´amount of money: ³win a large sum at the Casino; save a
nice little sum out of one's wages each week. ¸4 ·in sum, ´in a few words. ³¹
vt,vi µ(-mm-) ¶[VP15B,2C] ·sum (sb/sth) up, ¸(a) ´give the total of. ¸(b)
´express briefly (the chief points of what has been said); ³The judge summed
up (the evidence). ¸(c) ´form a judgement or opinion of: ³He summed up the
situation at a glance´, realized it at once. ³She quickly summed him up´,
judged his character, etc. ¸*summing-Úup ³n (pl µsummings-up³) ´judge's review
of evidence, arguments, etc, in a law-case.¼
¨su®mac(h)© ²/Ú2umak/ ³n ´(kinds of) shrub or small tree, the dried leaves
being used in tanning and dyeing.¼
¨sum®mary© ²/ÚsAmErI/ ³adj ¸1 ´brief; giving the chief points only: ³a @
account. ¸2 ´done or given without delay or attention to small matters: ³@
justice/punishment/methods. ¹ n (pl µ-ries³) ´brief account giving the chief
points. ¸sum®mar®ily ²/ÚsAmErElI ³US: ²sEÚmerElI/ ³adv ¸sum®mar®ize
²/ÚsAmErñIz/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´be or make a @ of.¼
¨sum®mat© ²/ÚsAmEt/ ³n ´(sl and dial) something.¼
¨sum®ma®tion© ²/sEÚmeI2n/ ³n ¸1 ´addition. ¸2 ´summing up.¼
¨sum®mer© ²/ÚsAmE(r)/ ³n ¶[U,C] ´(in countries outside the tropics) the warmest
season of the year, May or June to August in the northern hemisphere: ³in
(the) @; in the @ of 1999; this/next/last @´; (attrib) ³@ weather; the @
holidays; a @ cottage/house´, for use during the @; ³a girl of ten @s´, (liter)
ten years of age. ³It's been an unusually hot @. ¸Ú@-house ³n ´shelter with
seats in a garden, park, etc. ¸Ú@ school ³n ´course of lectures, often at a
university, during the @ vacation. ¸Ú@®time ³n ´the season of @. ¸Ú@ time ³n
´time as recognized in some countries where clocks are put forward one hour so
that darkness falls an hour later, giving long light evenings during the @
months. µ¥ ³daylight saving ´at µdaylight. ¸Indian @, µ¥ Indian(3). ³¹ vi
¶[VP2C] ´spend the @: ³@ at the seaside/in the mountains. ¸@y ³adj
´characteristic of, suitable for, @: ³a @y dress.¼
¨sum®mit© ²/ÚsAmIt/ ³n ¶[C] ´highest point; top: ³reach the @, ´of a mountain;
(fig) ³the @ of his ambition/power; talks at the @. ¸Ú@ talk/meeting,
´discussion between heads of States.¼
¨sum®mon© ²/ÚsAmEn/ ³vt ¸1 ¶[VP6A,14,17] ·@ sb (to sth/to do sth),
´demand the presence of; call or send for: ³@ shareholders to a general
meeting; @ sb to appear as a witness´, eÔg in a law court. The debtor was @ed´,
iÔe to appear in a law court. ³The Queen has @ed Parliament´, ordered members
to assemble. ¸2 ¶[VP15B] ·@ sth up, ´gather together; call up: ³@ up one's
courage/energy/nerve for a task/to do sth.¼
¨sum®mons© ²/ÚsAmEnz/ ³n (pl µ@es³) ¶[C] ¸1 ´order to appear before a judge or
magistrate; document with such an order: ³issue a @. The @ was served by a
bailiff. ¸2 ´command to do sth or appear somewhere. ¹ vt ¶[VP6A] ´serve a @µ(1)
´on.¼
¨sump© ²/sAmp/ ³n ¸1 ´inner casing of a petrol engine containing lubricating
oil. ¸2 ´hole or low area into which waste liquid drains.¼
¨sump®ter© ²/ÚsAmptE(r)/ ³n ´(old use) (often ·Ú³@-horse, ·Ú³@-mule´) horse or
mule for carrying burdens; pack-animal.¼
¨sump®tu®ary© ²/ÚsAmptj8ErI ³US: ²-t28erI/ ³adj ´(attrib only) (of laws)
controlling or limiting private expenditure of money (on what is considered
extravagant, etc).¼
¨sump®tu®ous© ²/ÚsAmpt28Es/ ³adj ´magnificent; costly-looking: ³a @ feast; @
clothes. ¸@®ly ³adv ¸@®ness ³n¼
¨sun© ²/sAn/ ³n ¸1 the sun, ´the heavenly body from which the earth
gets warmth and light. µ¥ ´the illus at µplanet. ·rise with the sun, ´get up
at dawn. ·the midnight sun, ´the sun as seen in the arctic and antarctic
regions. ¸2 the sun, ´light and warmth from the sun: ³sit in the sun; have the
sun in one's eyes; draw the curtains to shut out/let in the sun. ·under the
sun, ´(anywhere) in the world: ³the best wine under the sun. ·give sb/have a
place in the sun, ´(fig) space and conditions favourable to development. ¸3
¶[C] ´any fixed star: ³There are many suns larger than ours. ¸4 ´(compounds)
¸Úsun®baked ³adj ´made hard by the heat of the sun: ³sunbaked fields.
¸Úsun®bathe ³vi ´expose one's body to sunlight, eÔg to give a pale
skin a tan. µ¥ ³sunburn ´below. ¸Úsun®beam ³n ´ray of sunshine; (colloq)
cheerful and happy person (esp a child). ¸Úsun®blind ³n ´window shade, esp an
awning outside a window. ¸Úsun-bonnet/-hat ³nn ´hat or (usu linen) bonnet made
so as to shade the face and neck from the sun. ¸Úsun®burn ³n ¶[C,U] ´(place
where there is a) darkening of the skin caused by the sun, or reddening and
blistering caused by too much exposure to the sun. ¸Úsun®burnt, Úsun®burned
³adjj ´having sunburn. ¸Úsun®burst ³n ´sudden burst of sunlight (through broken
clouds) ¸Úsun®dial ³n ´device that shows the time by the shadow of a rod or
plate on a scaled dial. ¸Úsun®down ³n ¶[U] ´sunset. ¸Úsun®downer ³n ¸(a) ´(in
Australia) tramp who habitually arrives (at a sheep
farm, etc) at nightfall. ¸(b) ´(colloq) drink (usu of sth alcoholic) at
sundown. ¸Úsun-drenched ³adj ´exposed to great light and heat from the sun:
³sun-drenched beaches along the Riviera. ¸Úsun-dried ³adj ´(of fruit, etc)
dried naturally, by the sun, not by artificial heat. ¸Úsun®fish ³n ´large fish
almost spherical in shape. ¸Úsun®flower ³n ´tall garden plant with large
golden-rayed flowers. µ¥ ´the illus at µflower. ¸Úsun-glasses ³n pl ´glasses
of dark-coloured glass to protect the eyes from bright sunshine. ¸Úsun-god ³n
´sun worshipped as a god. ¸Úsun-helmet ³n ´hat specially made to protect the
head from the sun in the tropics. ¸Úsun-lamp ³n ´lamp that gives out
ultra-violet rays with effects like those of the sun, used for artificial
sun-bathing. ¸Úsun®light ³n ¶[U] ´the light of the sun. ¸Úsun®lit ³adj
´lighted by the sun: ³a sunlit landscape. ¸Úsun-lounge, ´or, less usu
¸Úsun-parlour/-porch ³nn ´made with glass sides and so situated as to admit
much sunlight. ¸Úsun-ray ³n ´ultra-violet ray used on the body: (attrib)
·Ú³sun-ray treatment. ¸Úsun®rise ³n ¶[U] ´(time of) the sun's rising: ³start at
sunrise. ¸Úsun-roof ´(or, less usu ¸Úsunshine-roof´) ³n ´panel on the roof of
a saloon car which slides back to admit sunshine. ¸Úsunset ²/-set/ ³n
¶[U] ´(time of) the sun's setting. ¸Úsun®shade ³n ´parasol (like an umbrella)
to keep off the sun; awning of a shop window. ¸Úsun®shine ³n ¶[U] ´light of the
sun. ¸Úsun®spot ³n ´(astron) dark patch on the sun at times, often causing
electrical disturbances and interfering with radio communications; (colloq)
place that has a sunny climate (eÔg for holidays). ¸Úsun®stroke ³n ¶[U]
´illness caused by too much exposure to the sun, esp on the head. ¸Úsun®tan ³n
¶[U,C] ´browning of the skin from exposure to sunlight: ·Ú³suntan lotion/oil.
¸Úsun-trap ³n ´warm sunny place (sheltered from wind). ¸Úsun-up ³n
¶[U] ´(colloq) sunrise. ¸Úsun-worship ³n ¶[U] ´worship of the sun as a deity;
(colloq) fondness for sun-bathing. ³¹ vt µ(-nn-) ¶[VP6A] ´put in, expose
(³oneself´) to, the rays of the sun: ³The cat was sunning itself on the path.
¸sun®less ³adj ´receiving little or no sunlight; without sun; dark: ³a sunless
day/room. ¸sunny ³adj µ(-ier, -iest) ¸1 ´bright with sunlight: ³a sunny room;
sunny days. ¸2 ´cheerful: ³a sunny smile/disposition. ¸sun®nily ²/-IlI/ ³adv¼
¨sun®dae© ²/ÚsAndeI ³US: ²-di/ ³n ´portion of ice-cream with
crushed fruit, fruit-juice, nuts, etc.¼
¨Sun®day© ²/ÚsAndI/ ³n ´the first day of the week, a day of rest
and worship among Christians. ·one's @ clothes/best, ´(colloq, joc) one's best
clothes, not used for working in. ¸Ú@ school, ´one (in a church, etc) attended
by children on @s for religious teaching. ·a month of @s, ´a long period of
time.¼
¨sun®der© ²/ÚsAndE(r)/ ³vt ´(old use, or liter) ¶[VP6A] ´keep apart; sever. ³¹
n ´(only in) ·in @, ´= µasunder.¼
¨sun®dries© ²/ÚsAndrIz/ ³n pl ´various small items not separately named.¼
¨sun®dry© ²/ÚsAndrI/ ³adj ´various: ³on @ occasions. ·all and @, ´(colloq)
everyone; everything.¼
¨sung© ²/sAG/ ³pp ´of µsing.¼
¨sunk© ²/sAGk/ ³pt,pp ´of µsink±2µ.¼
¨sunk®en© ²/ÚsAGkEn/ ³pp ´of µsink±2 ´esp µ(5).¼
¨sunny© ²/ÚsAnI/ ³adj µ¥ sun.¼
¨sup©1 ²/sAp/ ³vi,vt µ(-pp-) ¶[VP2A,C,6A,15B] ·sup (up), ´(esp Scot and N Eng)
drink in small amounts; take (liquid) into the mouth a little at a time: ³Sup
(up) your broth. ³¹ n ´small quantity (of liquid): ³a sup of ale. I've had
neither bite nor sup ´(= neither food nor drink) ³for six hours.¼
¨sup©2 ²/sAp/ ³vi µ(-pp-) ¶[VP3A] ·sup on/off, ´(rare) eat (on, off): ³sup on
bread and cheese. ·He that sups with the devil must have a long spoon, ´(prov)
Caution is needed in dealings with someone of doubtful character.¼
¨super© ²/ÚsupE(r)/ ³n ´(colloq) = supernumary; superintendent (of
police). ³¹ adj ´(colloq) excellent; splendid.¼
¨super®abun®dant© ²/*supErEÚbAndEnt/ ³adj ´very abundant; more than enough.
¸super®abun®dance ²/-Ens/ ³n¼
¨super®an®nu®ate© ²/*supErÚanj8eIt/ ³vt ¸1 ¶[VP6A] ´give a pension to (an
employee) when he is old or unable to work; dismiss (an employee) because of
age or weakness. ¸2 ³(pp, ¸@d, ´as ³adj) ´too old for work or use; (colloq)
old-fashioned or out of date. ¸super®an®nu®ation ²/*supEr*anj8ÚeI2n/ ³n¼
¨su®perb© ²/suÚp3b/ ³adj ´magnificent; first class. ¸@®ly ³adv¼
¨super®cargo© ²/ÚsupEkqgE8/ ³n (pl µ@es ²/-gE8z/³) ´person on a merchant ship
who manages the sale of the cargo, etc.¼
¨super®charger© ²/ÚsupEt2qdZE(r)/ ³n ´device used in an internal-combustion
engine to force extra oxygen into the cylinders. ¸Úsuper®charged ³adj ´fitted
with a @.¼
¨super®cili®ous© ²/*supEÚsIlIEs/ ³adj ´showing contemptuous indifference:
³nose high in the air, looking like a @ camel. ¸@®ly ³adv ¸@®ness ³n¼
¨super®ego© ²/ÚsupEregE8 ³US: ²-igE8/ ³n ¶[U] ¸(the) @, ´(psych) the part of
the mind that responds to conscience and morality. µego, id.¼
¨super®ero®gation© ²/*supEr*erEÚgeI2n/ ³n ¶[U] ´the doing of more
than is required or expected: ³a work of @.¼
¨super®fat®ted© ²/*supEÚfatId/ ³adj ´(chiefly of soap) containing a larger than
usual proportion of fat.¼
¨super®fi®cial© ²/*supEÚfI2l/ ³adj ¸1 ´of or on the surface only: ³a @ wound;
@ area. ¸2 ´not thorough or profound: ³a @ book; have only a @ knowledge of a
subject; a @ mind. ¸@ly ²/-2ElI/ ³adv ¸@®ity ²/*supE*fI2IÚalEtI/ ³n ¶[U].¼
¨super®fi®cies© ²/*supEÚfI2iz/ ³n (pl ´unchanged) ¸1 ´surface; surface area. ¸2
´outward appearance.¼
¨super®fine© ²/ÚsupEfñIn/ ³adj ¸1 ´unusually fine in quality. ¸2 ´unnecessarily
refined or subtle: ³a @ distinction.¼
¨super®flu®ous© ²/suÚp3fl8Es/ ³adj ´more than is needed or wanted. ¸@®ly ³adv
¸super®flu®ity ²/*supEÚfl8EtI/ ³n (pl µ-ties³) ¶[C,U] ´(an amount that is) more
than is needed: ³have a superfluity of good things.¼
¨super®hu®man© ²/*supEÚhjumEn/ ³adj ´exceeding ordinary human power, size,
knowledge, etc: ³by a @ effort; an apparition of @ size.¼
¨super®im®pose© ²/*supErImÚpE8z/ ³vt ¶[VP6A,14] ´put (one thing) on top of sth
else: ³a map of Great Britain @d on a map of Texas´, eÔg to show comparative
size.¼
¨super®in®tend© ²/*supErInÚtend/ ³vt,vi ¶[VP6A,2A] ´manage; watch and direct
(work, etc). ¸@®ence ²/-Ens/ ³n ¶[U] ´@ing: ³under the personal @ence of the
manager. ¸@®ent ²/-Ent/ ³n ´person who @s; manager; police officer above a
chief inspector in rank.¼
¨su®perior© ²/suÚpIErIE(r)/ ³adj ¸1 ´better than the average: ³@ cloth; a girl
of @ intelligence; @ grades of coffee. ¸2 ´greater in number: ³The enemy
attacked with @ forces/were @ in numbers. ¸3 ·@ to, ¸(a) ´better than: ³This
cloth is @ to that. ¸(b) ´higher in rank or position than. ¸(c) ´not
influenced by; not giving way to: ³@ to flattery; rise (´= be ³) @ to
temptation. ¸4 ´priggish; supercilious: ³"I never apologize', he said, with a @
air. ¹ n ¸1 ´person of higher rank, authority, etc than another, or who is
better, etc than another (in sth): ³my @s in rank/in expertise. Napoleon had no
@ as a general. ¸2 ´(in titles) head of a religious community: ³the Father S@´,
eÔg an abbot; ³the Mother S@´, eÔg an abbess. ¸@®ity ²/su*pIErIÚorEtI ³US:
²-Úcr-/ ³n ¶[U] ´state of being @: ³the @ity of one thing to another; his @ity
in talent. ¸Ú@ity complex, ´(pop use) aggressive or domineering attitude as a
defence against a feeling of inferiority.¼
¨su®per®la®tive© ²/suÚp3lEtIv/ ³adj ¸1 ´of the highest degree or quality: ³a
wine of @ bouquet and flavour. ¸2 ´(gram) ³the @ degree´, the form of an ³adj
´or ³adv ´expressing the highest degree, eÔg ³best, worst, slowest, most
foolish(ly). ¹ n ´@ form of an ³adj ´or ³adv. ·speak in @s, ´use language
expressing extreme opinions and feelings; exaggerate.¼
¨super®man© ²/ÚsupEman/ ³n (pl µ-men³) ´man having more than
ordinary human powers and abilities, eÔg as imagined by sb writing about the
future of mankind.¼
¨super®mar®ket© ²/ÚsupEmqkIt/ ³n ´large self-service store selling food,
household goods, etc.¼
¨su®per®nal© ²/suÚp3nl ³US: ²su-/ ³adj ´(liter) heavenly; divine: ³@
loveliness.¼
¨super®natu®ral© ²/*supEÚnat2rEl/ ³adj ´spiritual; of that which is not
controlled or explained by physical laws: ³@ beings´, eÔg angels and devils.
¸the @, ´@ agencies, phenomena, etc. ¸@®ly ²/-Únat2rElI/ ³adv¼
¨super®nor®mal© ²/*supEÚncml/ ³adj ´beyond what is normal.¼
¨super®nu®mer®ary© ²/*supEÚnjumErErI ³US: ²-ÚnumErerI/ ³n (pl µ-ries³), adj
´(person or thing) in excess of the normal number; (esp) person engaged for
odd jobs; actor who has only a small part, eÔg in crowd scenes.¼
¨super®scrip®tion© ²/*supEÚskrIp2n/ ³n ¶[C] ´word(s) written at the top of or
outside sth, eÔg the address on the envelope of a letter.¼
¨super®sede© ²/*supEÚsid/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´take the place of; put or
use sb or sth in the place of: ³Motorways have @d ordinary roads for
long-distance travel. ¸super®session ²/*supEÚse2n/ ³n¼
¨super®sonic© ²/*supEÚsonIk/ ³adj ´(of speeds) greater than that of sound; (of
aircraft) able to fly at @ speed.¼
¨super®sti®tion© ²/*supEÚstI2n/ ³n ¶[C,U] ´(idea, practice, etc founded on)
unreasoning belief in magic, witchcraft, etc; irrational fear of what is
unknown or mysterious: ³sunk in ignorance and @. ¸super®sti®tious
²/*supEÚstI2Es/ ³adj ´of, showing, resulting from, @; believing in @s:
³superstitious beliefs/ideas/people. ¸super®sti®tious®ly ³adv¼
¨super®struc®ture© ²/ÚsupEstrAkt2E(r)/ ³n ´structure built on the top of sth
else; parts of a ship above the main deck.¼
¨super®tax© ²/ÚsupEtaks/ ³n ¶[C,U] ´tax on, or the taxation of, incomes
(additional to income tax) above a certain level.¼
¨super®vene© ²/*supEÚvin/ ³vi ¶[VP2A] ´(formal) come or happen as a change from
or interruption of (a condition or process).¼
¨super®vise© ²/ÚsupEvñIz/ ³vt,vi ¶[VP6A,2A] ´watch and direct (work, workers,
an organization). ¸super®vi®sor ²/-zE(r)/ ³n ´person who @s. ¸super®vi®sion
²/*supEÚvIZn/ ³n ´supervising: ³under the supervision of´, @d by.
¸super®vis®ory ²/*supEÚvñIzErI/ ³adj ´supervising: ³supervisory duties.¼
¨su®pine© ²/ÚsupñIn ³US: ²s8ÚpñIn/ ³adj ¸1 ´lying flat on the back, face
upwards. µ¥ prone(1). ¸2 ´inactive; slow to act; indolent. ¸@®ly ³adv¼
¨sup®per© ²/ÚsApE(r)/ ³n ¶[C,U] ´last meal of the day, when this is less large
or less formal than a µdinner´: ³have cold meat for @; eat very little @; have
a good @; late @s after the theatre. ¸@®less ³adj ´without @: ³go to bed
@less.¼
¨sup®plant© ²/sEÚplqnt ³US: ²-Úplant/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ¸1 ´take the
place of (sth): ³Trams in London have been @ed by buses. ¸2 ´take the place of
(sb), esp after getting him out of office: ³The Prime Minister was @ed by his
rival. She has been @ed in his affections by another woman. ¸@er ³n ´person who
@s another.¼
¨supple© ²/ÚsApl/ ³adj ´easily bent or bending; not stiff: ³the @ limbs of a
child; a @ mind´, quick to respond to ideas. ¸@®ness ³n¼
¨supple®ment© ²/ÚsAplImEnt/ ³n ¶[C] ¸1 ´sth added later to improve or complete,
eÔg a dictionary. ¸2 ´extra and separate addition to a newspaper or other
periodical: ³The Times Literary S@; the Observer colour @. ¹ vt ²/ÚsAplIment/
¶[VP6A,15A] ´make an addition or additions to: ³@ one's ordinary income by
writing books.¼
¨supple®men®tary© ²/*sAplIÚmentrI/ ³adj ¸1 ´additional; extra: ³@ estimates´,
eÔg for additional expenditure: ³@ benefit, ´(in GB) extra money granted by
the State to people in need. ¸2 ´(of an angle) making with another a total of
180Ä.¼
¨sup®pli®ant© ²/ÚsAplIEnt/ ³n, adj ´(formal) (person) asking humbly for sth:
³kneel as a @ at the altar´, iÔe praying to God; ³in a @ attitude.¼
¨sup®pli®cate© ²/ÚsAplIkeIt/ ³vt,vi ¶[VP6A,14,17,2C] ´(formal and liter) make
a humble petition to sb: ³@ sb to help; @ sb's protection; @ for pardon.
¸sup®pli®cant ²/ÚsAplIkEnt/ ³n ´person who @s; suppliant. ¸sup®pli®ca®tion
²/*sAplIÚkeI2n/ ³n ¶[C,U] ´humble prayer.¼
¨supply© ²/sEÚplñI/ ³vt (pt,pp µ-lied³) ¶[VP6A,14] ·@ sth to sb; @ sb with sth,
¸1 ´give or provide (sth needed or asked for): ³@ gas/electricity to domestic
consumers; @ consumers with gas, etc. ¸2 ´meet (a need): ³Should the government
@ the need for more houses´, (help to) provide them (eÔg by building them, or
giving subsidies or making loans)? ³¹ n ¸1 ¶[U] ´@ing; ¶[C] ³(pl µ-lies³) ´that
which is supplied; stock or amount of sth which is obtainable: ³Have you a good
@ of reading matter for the train journey´, plenty of books, magazines, etc?
³We shall be receiving new supplies of shoes next week´, (eÔg of a shop) new
stocks. ·@ and demand, ´quantities available and quantities asked for (thought
of as regulating prices). ·in short @, ´scarce (which is the more usu word). ¸2
supplies, ´(esp) stores necessary for some public need, eÔg the armed forces:
·Ú³medical supplies. ¸3 ·be/go on @, ´work as a temporary substitute, eÔg for a
teacher or clergyman: (attrib) ³a ·Ú³@ teacher. ¸4 supplies, ´(GB) grant of
money by Parliament for the cost of government. ¸S@ Day, ´(in the House of
Commons) day on which approval of the Estimates (of expenditure) is asked for.
¸5 supplies, ´allowance of money to a person: ³Tom's father cut off the
supplies. ¸sup®plier ³n ´person or firm @ing goods, etc.¼
¨sup®port© ²/sEÚpct/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ¸1 ´bear the weight of; hold up or
keep in place: ³Is this bridge strong enough to @ heavy lorries? He hurt his
ankle, so he had to be @ed home´, someone had to help him to walk home. ¸2
´strengthen; help (sb or sth) to continue: ³@ a claim/a political party; @
a football team, ´eÔg by regularly watching it play; ³@ing troops´, held in
reserve to help those who are fighting; ³a hospital @ed by voluntary
contributions; a theory that is not @ed by the facts; an accusation not @ed by
proofs; a ·Ú³@ing actor´, one who takes a part secondary to that of the leading
actor; ³a ·Ú³@ing film´, secondary to the main feature film. ¸3
´provide for (financially, etc): ³He has a large family to @. ¸4 ´endure: ³I
can't @ your jealousy any longer. ¹ n ¸1 ¶[U] ´@ing or being @ed: ³This bridge
needs more @. I hope to have your @ in the election. The proposal obtained
no/little/not much @. Mr X spoke in @ of the motion. The divorced wife claimed
@ ´(iÔe a regular financial contribution) ³for her children from her
ex-husband, but he was found to be without visible means of @´, with no
apparent resources (money, work) on which to live. ·in @, ´(of troops) in
reserve, ready to give @. ·(be) in @ of sb/sth, ´(be) @ing him/it. ¸2 ¶[C] ´sb
or sth that @s: ³Dick is the chief @ of the family´, earns the money for the
family. ¸Úprice @s, ´(US) subsidies, eÔg paid by the government to farmers.
¸@®able ²/-Ebl/ ³adj ´that can be @edµ(3)´; endurable. ¸@er ³n ´person who @s:
³football @ers; ´device that @s.¼
¨sup®pose© ²/sEÚpE8z/ ³vt ¸1 ¶[VP9,6A,25] ´let it be thought that;
take it as a fact that: ³Let us @ (that) the news is true. S@ the world were
flat. Everyone is @d to know the rules´, It is assumed, taken for granted,
that we all know the rules. ³I don't @ for one/a minute that«, ´I don't
believe that«. ¸2 ¶[VP9,6A,25] ´guess; think: ³What do you @ he wanted? All
her neighbours @d her to be/@d that she was a widow. You'll be there, I @.
"Will he come?'Å"Yes, I @ so'/"No, I @ not'/"No, I don't @ so'. I @ you want
to borrow money again! ¸3 ¶[VP6A] ´(forming an imper, or used to make a
suggestion or proposal): ³S@ we go ´(= Let's go) ³for a swim. ¸4 ¶[VP6A]
´require as a condition; imply: ³Creation @s a creator. ¸5 ·be @d to, ¸(a) ´be
expected or required to (by customs, duty, etc): ³Is he @d to clean the
outside of the windows or only the inside? ¸(b) ´(colloq) (in the neg) not be
allowed to: ³We're not @d to play football on Sundays. ¸sup®pos®ing ³conj ´if:
³Supposing it rains, what shall you do? ¸@d ³adj ´accepted as being so: ³his @d
generosity. The @d beggar was really a police officer in disguise.
¸sup®pos®ed®ly ²/-IdlI/ ³adv ´according to what is/was @d.¼
¨sup®po®si®tion© ²/*sApEÚZI2n/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´supposing: ³This newspaper article
is based on @´, on what the writer supposes to be the case, ´not on fact; ³We
mustn't condemn him on mere @. ¸2 ¶[C] ´sth supposed; guess: ³Our @s were
fully confirmed. ·on this @; on the @ that«, ´supposing that this is the case.¼
¨sup®posi®tory© ²/sEÚpozItrI ³US: ²-tcrI/ ³n (pl µ-ries³) ´medical
preparation (in a soluble capsule) inserted into the rectum or vagina and left
to dissolve.¼
¨sup®press© ²/sEÚpres/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ¸1 ´put an end to the activity or existence
of: ³@ a rising/the slave trade. ¸2 ´prevent from being known or seen: ³@ the
truth/a yawn/one's feelings; @ a newspaper´, prevent its publication.
¸@ion ²/sEÚpre2n/ ³n ´@ing: ³a policy of @ion´, eÔg of @ing movements for
independence or for freedom. ¸@ive ³adj ´tending to @; designed to @.
¸@or ²/-sE(r)/ ³n ´sth that @es; (esp) a device fitted to electric apparatus to
prevent interference with radio and television reception: ³fit a @ to an
electric motor.¼
¨sup®pu®rate© ²/ÚsApj8reIt/ ³vi ¶[VP2A] ´(formal) form pus, fester.
¸sup®pu®ra®tion ²/*sApj8ÚreI2n/ ³n¼
¨supra© ²/ÚsuprE/ ³adv ´(Lat; formal) above; earlier on (in a book, etc): ³See
@, p 21, ´See p 21 earlier on in this book.¼
¨supra®na®tional© ²/*suprEÚna2Enl/ ³adj ´above nations or states: ³a @
authority´, one that might be created for world government.¼
¨su®preme© ²/suÚprim/ ³adj ¸1 ´highest in degree or rank or authority: ³the S@
Commander; the S@ Court´, highest in one of the States of the US or in the
whole of the US; ³the S@ Soviet´, the legislature of the UÔSÔSÔR; ³the S@
Being´, God. ¸2 ´most important; greatest: ³make the @ sacrifice´, lay down
one's life (eÔg in war). ¸@®ly ³adv ´in a @ manner: ³@ly happy. ¸su®prem®acy
²/s8ÚpremEsI/ ³n ¶[U] ·supremacy over, ´being @ over; highest authority: ³His
supremacy was unchallenged.¼
¨sur®charge© ²/Ús3t2qdZ/ ³n ¸1 ´payment demanded in addition to the usual
charge, eÔg as a penalty for a letter with insufficient postage paid on it. ¸2
´excessive or additional load. ¸3 ´mark overprinted on a postage-stamp
changing its value. ³¹ vt ¸1 ¶[VP6A] ´overload. ¸2 ¶[VP6A,15A] ´demand a @µ(1)
´on or in.¼
¨surd© ²/s3d/ ³n ´(math) quantity, esp a root (²H´), that cannot be
expressed in finite terms of ordinary numbers or quantities.¼
¨sure© ²/28E(r)/ ³adj µ(-r, -st) ¸1 ´(pred only) free from doubt; having
confidence; knowing and believing; having, seeming to have, good reason for
belief: ³I think he's coming, but I'm not quite @. You're @ of ´(= certain to
receive) ³a welcome. I'm not @ whether I have a copy/where I left my copy/when
I lost it. I'm not @ why he wants it. ·be/feel @ (about sth), ´have no doubts
(about): ³I think the answer's right, but I'm not @ (about it). Smith's a good
man for the job, but I'm not so @ about Robinson. ·be/feel @ of sth/that«,
´have confidence: ³Are you @ of your facts? Can we be @ of his honesty/that
he's honest? ·be/feel @ of oneself, ´have self-confidence. ·be @ to do sth;
´(colloq) ·be @ and do sth, ´don't fail to: ³Be @ to write and give me all the
news. ·to be @, ´it is admitted, granted: ³She's not pretty, to be @, but she's
very intelligent. ³Well, to be @! ·make @ that«/of sth, ¸(a) ´feel @: ³I made @
he would be here. ¸(b) ´satisfy oneself; do what is necessary in order to feel
@ to get sth, etc: ³I think there's a train at 5.15, but you'd better make @´,
eÔg by looking up trains in a timetable. ³There aren't many seats left for this
concert; you'd better make @ of one/make @ that you get one today. ¸2 ´(attrib
and pred) proved or tested; reliable; trustworthy: ³no @ remedy for
colds; @ proof; send a letter by a @ hand/a @ messenger. ¸*@-Úfooted ³adj ´not
likely to stumble or slip. ¹ ³adv ¸1 ·@ enough, ´certainly, in fact: ³I said it
would happen, and @ enough it did happen. ·for @, ´(usu colloq) certainly. ¸2
·as @ as, ´as certain as: ³as @ as fate; as @ as my name's Bob. ¸3 ´(colloq,
esp US) certainly: ³It @ was cold. ¸@®ness ³n¼
¨sure®ly© ²/Ú28ElI/ ³adv ¸1 ´(usu placed with the ³v´) with
certainty: ³He will @ fail. He was working slowly but @. ¸2 ´(placed either
with the subject, usu preceding it, or at the end of the sentence, often
indicating either confidence or incredulity) if experience or probability can
be trusted: ³S@ this wet weather won't last much longer! You didn't want to
hurt his feelings, @! S@ I've met you before somewhere. ¸3 ´(esp US) (in
answers) certainly; undoubtedly: ³"Would you be willing to help?'Å"S@!'
(Certainly ´is more usu in GB usage.)¼
¨surety© ²/Ú28ErEtI ³US: ²Ú28ErtI/ ³n (pl µ-ties³) ¶[C,U] ´(sth given as a)
guarantee; person who makes himself responsible for the conduct or debt(s) of
another person: ³stand @ for sb.¼
¨surf© ²/s3f/ ³n ¶[U] ´waves breaking in white foam on the seashore, on
sand-banks or reefs. ¸Ú@®ing, ¸Ú@-riding ³nn ´sport in which one balances
oneself on a long narrow board while being carried along by heavy @. ¸Ú@-board
³n ´board used for this sport. ¸Ú@-boat ³n ´boat specially built for use in @.¼
¨sur®face© ²/Ús3fIs/ ³n ¶[C] ¸1 ´the outside of any object, etc; any of the
sides of an object: ³Glass has a smooth @. A cube has six @s. ¸2 ´top of a
liquid, esp of a body in water, eÔg the sea: ³The submarine rose to the @.
Most people consider @ vessels ´(= ordinary ships) ³to be more vulnerable than
submarines. ¸3 Ú@ mail, ´mail sent by vehicles or ships moving on the earth's
@: ³S@ mail is cheaper than airmail. ¸*@-to-Úair, ´(of missiles, etc) fired or
launched from the ground or from ships, and aimed at aircraft. ¸4 ´outward
appearance; what is seen or learnt from a quick view or consideration: ³You
must not look only at the @ of things. His faults are all on the @. When you
get below the @, you find that he is warm-hearted and considerate. ¸5
´(attrib) of the @ only: ³@ politeness; @ impressions´, received quickly or
casually, with no depth of thought, observation, etc; ·Ú³@ noise´, eÔg from a
gramophone record, made by the stylus. ³¹ vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A] ´give a @ to: ³@ a
road with gravel/tarmac. ¸2 ¶[VP6A,2A] ´(of a submarine, skin-diver, etc)
(cause to) come to the @.¼
¨sur®feit© ²/Ús3fIt/ ³n ´(usu ·a @ (of)´) too much of anything, esp
food and drink: ³have a @ of curry while in Madras; ´feeling of discomfort
resulting from a @. ³¹ vt ¶[VP6A,14] ·@ sb/oneself (with), ´(cause to) take too
much of anything: ³@ oneself with fruit; be @ed with pleasure.¼
¨surge© ²/s3dZ/ ³vi ¶[VP2C] ´move forward, roll on, in or like waves: ³The
floods @d over the valley. The crowds @d out of the sports stadium. Anger @d
(up) within him. ¹ n ¶[C] ´forward or upward movement; onrush: ³the @ of the
sea; a @ of anger/pity.¼
¨sur®geon© ²/Ús3dZEn/ ³n ¸1 ´doctor who performs operations. ¸dental @ ³n
´dentist qualified in surgery. ¸Úhouse @ ³n ´one of the staff of a hospital. ¸2
´medical officer in the navy: ·*³@-com·Ú³mander.¼
¨sur®gery© ²/Ús3dZErI/ ³n (pl µ-ries³) ¸1 ¶[U] ´the science and practice of
treating injuries and disease by manual and instrumental operations:
³qualified in both @ and medicine. ¸2 ¶[C] ´(GB) doctor's or dentist's room
where patients come to consult him: ³@ hours, 4pÔm to 6pÔm; political @,
´(colloq) where constituents can consult their member of Parliament.¼
¨sur®gi®cal© ²/Ús3dZIkl/ ³adj ´of, by, for, surgery: ³@ treatment; @
instruments; a @ boot´, one specially designed to fit a deformed foot. ¸@®ly
²/-klI/ ³adv¼
¨sur®ly© ²/Ús3lI/ ³adj µ(-ier, -iest) ´bad-tempered and unfriendly. ¸sur®lily
²/-IlI/ ³adv ¸sur®li®ness ³n¼
¨sur®mise© ²/sEÚmñIz/ ³vt,vi ¶[VP6A,9,2A] ´(formal) guess, conjecture: ³She @d
as much. ¹ ³n ²/Ús3mñIz/ ¶[C] ´guess: ³You were right in your @.¼
¨sur®mount© ²/sEÚmñ8nt/ ³vt ¸1 ¶[VP6A] ´overcome (difficulties); get over
(obstacles). ¸2 ´(passive) ·be @ed by/with, ´have on or over the top: ³a spire
@ed by a weather-vane. ¸@®able ²/-Ebl/ ³adj ´that can be overcome or
conquered.¼
¨sur®name© ²/Ús3neIm/ ³n ¶[C] ´person's hereditary family name: ³Smith is a
very common English @. µ¥ ³given name ´at µgive±1µ(11)´, ³Christian name ´at
µChristian, ´and µforename.¼
¨sur®pass© ²/sEÚpqs ³US: ²-Úpas/ ³vt ¶[VP6A,15A] ´do or be better than; exceed;
excel: ³@ sb in strength/speed/skill. The beauty of the scenery @ed my
expectations. ¸@®ing ³adj ´matchless: ³of @ing beauty. ¸@®ing®ly ³adv ´in a
way that is not @ed: ³@ingly ugly.¼
¨sur®plice© ²/Ús3plIs/ ³n ´loose-fitting (usu white) gown with wide
sleeves worn by (some) priests (over a cassock) during church services. µ¥
´the illus at µvestment. ¸sur®pliced ³adj ´wearing a @.¼
¨sur®plus© ²/Ús3plEs/ ³n ¸1 ¶[C] ´amount (of money) that remains after needs
have been supplied; excess of receipts over expenditure, µ¥ deficit´; amount
(of anything) in excess of requirements: ³Brazil had a @ of coffee last year.
¸2 ´(attrib) exceeding what is needed or used: ³@ labour´, workers for whom
there are no jobs; ³a sale of @ stock; @ population´, in excess of what is
thought desirable, or for which there is insufficient food, employment, etc.
³Articles @ to our requirements will be sold by auction.¼
¨sur®prise© ²/sEÚprñIz/ ³n ¸1 ¶[C,U] ´(feeling caused by) sth sudden or
unexpected: ³His failure did not cause much @/was not a great @. What a @! To
my @/To the @ of everyone, his plan succeeded. We have some @s in store for
you. He looked up in @. ·take sb by @, ´catch him unprepared, at a time when
he is not expecting to be seen, etc. ·take a fort/town, etc by @, ´capture it
by making an unexpected attack. ¸2 ´(attrib) unexpected; made, done, etc,
without warning: ³a @ visit/attack. ¹ vt ¸1 ¶[VP6A] ´give a feeling of @ to:
³You @ me! She was more @d than frightened. ¸2 ·be @d, ´experience @: ³We were
@d at the news/@d to hear the news. I'm @d (to learn that) he didn't come. We
were @d at finding the house empty. It's nothing to be @d about/at. I shouldn't
be @d if it rained this afternoon´, It seems to me likely that it will rain. ¸3
¶[VP6A] ´come upon suddenly, without previous warning; take by @: ³@ the
enemy´, attack them when they are off their guard; ³@ a burglar in the act of
breaking into a house. ¸4 ·@ sb into doing sth, ´hurry him into doing sth, eÔg
by making a sudden challenge. ¸sur®pris®ing ³adj ´causing @. ¸sur®pris®ing®ly
³adv ¸sur®prised ³adj ´showing or feeling @. ¸sur®pris®ed®ly ²/-IdlI/ ³adv ´in
a @d manner.¼
¨sur®real®ism© ²/sEÚrIElIzEm/ ³n ¶[U] ´20th-century movement in art and
literature that aims at expressing what there is in the subconscious mind (so
that a painting may depict a number of unrelated objects as seen in a dream).
¸sur®real®ist ²/-Ist/ ³n ´artist, writer, etc of this movement.
¸sur®real®is®tic ²/sErIEÚlIstIk/ ³adj ´of @; fantastic.¼
¨sur®ren®der© ²/sEÚrendE(r)/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A,14,2A] ·@ (to), ´give up
(oneself, a ship, a town, etc) to the enemy, the police, etc): ³We shall never
@. We advised the hijackers to @ (themselves) to the police. ¸2 ¶[VP6A] ´yield
up under pressure or from necessity; abandon possession of: ³We shall never @
our liberty. He @ed his insurance policy´, gave up his rights under the policy
in return for a lump sum of money (called the ³@ value ´of the policy). ¸3
¶[VP14] ·@ (oneself) to, ´yield or give way to (a habit, emotion, influence,
etc): ³He @ed (himself) to despair and committed suicide. ¹ n ´@ing or being
@ed: ³demand the @ of a town/of all fire-arms; @ value, µ¥ 2 ´above. ³No @!
´Let us not @!¼
¨sur®rep®ti®tious© ²/*sArEpÚtI2Es/ ³adj ´(of actions) done secretly
or stealthily. ¸@ly ³adv¼
¨sur®ro®gate© ²/ÚsArEgeIt/ ³n ´deputy, esp of a bishop. µ¥ suffragan.¼
¨sur®round© ²/sEÚrñ8nd/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´be, go, all round, shut in on all sides:
³a house @ed with trees. We are @ed with/by dangers. The troops were @ed´, had
enemy forces all round them. ³¹ n ´floor between the walls and the carpet; its
covering: ³a linoleum @. ¸@®ing ³adj ´which is around about: ³York and the
@ing countryside. ¸@®ings ³n pl ´everything around and about a place;
conditions that may affect a person: ³living in pleasant @ings. You don't see
animals in their natural @ings at a zoo.¼
¨sur®tax© ²/Ús3taks/ ³n ¶[C,U] ´(levying of) additional tax on personal
incomes beyond a certain level. ³¹ vt ´impose @ on.¼
¨sur®veil®lance© ²/s3ÚveIlEns/ ³n ¶[U] ´close watch kept on persons suspected
of wrongdoing, etc: ³under police @.¼
¨sur®vey© ²/sEÚveI/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ¸1 ´take a general view of: ³@ the countryside
from the top of a hill. ¸2 ´examine the general condition of: ³The Prime
Minister, in his speech at the Guildhall, @ed the international situation. ¸3
´measure and map out the position, size, boundaries, etc of (an area of land,
a country, coast, etc): ³@ a parish/a railway. ¸4 ´examine the condition of (a
building, etc): ³Have the house @ed before you offer to buy it. ¸@®ing ³n ¶[U]
´the work of @ingµ(3,4)´: ·Ú³land-@ing; a ·Ú³@ing ship, ´used for @ing coasts;
instruction in the principles of making surveysµ(3)´. ³¹ n ²/Ús3veI/ ¶[C] ¸1
´general view: ³make a general @ of the situation/subject. ¸2 ´piece of
land-surveying; map or record of this: ³an aerial @ of East Africa´, made by
photography from aircraft; ³the ordnance @ of Great Britain, µ¥ ordnance. ¸@or
²/sEÚveIE(r)/ ³n ¸1 ´person who @sµ(3) ´land, etc. ¸2 ´person who @s and
values buildings, etc. ¸3 ´official inspector: ³@or of weights and measures;
the @or of highways. ¸quantity @or, µ¥ quantity.¼
¨sur®vival© ²/sEÚvñIvl/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´state of continuing to live or exist;
surviving: ³@ after death´, of the spirit after the death of the body; ³the @
of the fittest´, the continuing existence of those animals and plants which are
best adapted to their surroundings, etc; (attrib) ³a ·Ú³@ kit´, package of
necessities for a person after a disaster, etc (eÔg at sea). ¸2 ¶[C] ´person,
custom, belief, etc that has survived but is looked upon as belonging to past
times.¼
¨sur®vive© ²/sEÚvñIv/ ³vt,vi ¶[VP6A,2A] ´continue to live or exist;
live or exist longer than; remain alive after: ³@ an earthquake/shipwreck;
those who @d. The old lady has @d all her children. I hope I shall never @ my
usefulness´, continue to live (or to hold a position) after I have ceased to
be useful. ¸sur®vivor ²/-vE(r)/ ³n ´person who has @d: ³send help to the
survivors of the earthquake.¼
¨sus®cep®tible© ²/sEÚseptEbl/ ³adj ¸1 ´easily influenced by feelings;
impressionable: ³a girl with a @ nature; a @ young man´, one who easily falls
in love. ¸2 ·@ to, ´sensitive to; easily affected by: ³@ to flattery/kind
treatment; @ to pain. ¸3 ·@ of, ´(formal) capable of, that can receive or be
given: ³Is your statement @ of proof? ¸sus®cep®ti®bil®ity ²/sE*septEÚbIlEtI/ ³n
(pl µ-ties³) ¸1 ¶[U] ´sensitiveness: ³@ to hay fever/hypnotic influences. ¸2
³(pl) ´sensitive points of a person's nature: ³We must avoid wounding their
susceptibilities´, not say or do anything that might hurt their feelings.¼
¨sus®pect© ²/sEÚspekt/ ³vt ¸1 ¶[VP6A,9,25] ´have an idea or feeling
(concerning the possibility or likelihood of sth): ³He @ed an ambush. She has
more intelligence than we @ed her to possess. I @ (that) he's a liar ´(less
usu ³@ him to be a liar). ¸2 ¶[VP6A] ´feel doubt about: ³@ the truth of an
account. ¸3 ¶[VP6A,14] ·@ sb (of sth), ´have a feeling that sb may be guilty
(of): ³He is @ed of telling lies. ¹ n ²/ÚsAspekt/ ´person @ed of wrongdoing,
disloyalty, etc: ³Are political @s kept under police observation in your
country? ¹ pred adj ²/ÚsAspekt/ ´of doubtful character; possibly false; @ed:
³His statements are @.¼
¨sus®pend© ²/sEÚspend/ ³vt ¸1 ¶[VP6A,14] ·@ sth (from), ´hang up (from):
³lamps @ed from the ceiling. ¸2 ´(passive) (of solid particles, in the air or
other fluid medium) be or remain in place: ³dust/smoke @ed in the still air.
¸3 ¶[VP6A] ´stop for a time; delay; keep in an undecided state for a time: ³@
payment´, stop payment (eÔg when bankrupt); ³@ a rule; @ judgement´, postpone
giving one; (of a person) ³in a state of @ed animation´, alive but
unconscious, (fig, joc; of institutions, committees, etc) temporarily inactive.
³He was fined $50 with a @ed sentence/@ed execution of sentence´, the payment
of the fine being not required for a time, iÔe while he continues to observe
the law. ¸4 ¶[VP6A] ´announce that (sb) cannot be allowed to perform his
duties, enjoy privileges, etc for a time: ³@ a (professional) football player´,
eÔg because of repeated breaches of the rules.¼
¨sus®pender© ²/sEÚspendE(r)/ ³n ·(pair of) @s, ¸1 ´(GB) garter. ¸Ú@
belt, ´light garment worn round the waist, with clasps for keeping up women's
stockings. ¸2 ´(US) pair of straps (³braces ´in GB) worn over the shoulders to
keep up trousers.¼
¨sus®pense© ²/sEÚspens/ ³n ¶[U] ´uncertainty, anxiety (about news, events,
decisions, etc): ³We waited in great @ for the doctor's opinion. ·keep sb
in @, ´delay telling him what he is eager to know: ³They've kept me in @
for five days already.¼
¨sus®pen®sion© ²/sEÚspen2n/ ³n ¶[U] ´suspending or being suspended: ³the @ of a
member of Parliament´, eÔg for abuse of Parliamentary privileges; µ¥
suspend(4)´; ³the @ of a motor-vehicle´, the means by which it is
supported on its axles (springs, shock absorbers, etc). ¸Ú@ bridge ³n ´bridge
suspended on or by means of steel cables supported from towers. µ¥ ´the illus
at µbridge.¼
¨sus®pi®cion© ²/sEÚspI2n/ ³n ¸1 ¶[C,U] ´feeling that a person has when he
suspects; suspecting or being suspected; feeling that sth is wrong: ³I have a
@ that he is dishonest. I resent your @s about my motives. He was looked upon
with @. He was arrested on (the) @ of having stolen the money. His behaviour
aroused no @. Don't lay yourself open to @. Don't let @ fall on you/Don't fall
under @. ·above @, ´of such good reputation that @ is out of the question. ¸2
·a @ (of), ´slight taste or suggestion: ³There was a @ of sadness in her
voice/of garlic in the stew.¼
¨sus®pi®cious© ²/sEÚspI2Es/ ³adj ´having, showing or causing suspicion: ³The
affair looks @ to me. He's a @ character´, There is reason to suspect that he
is dishonest, etc. ·(be/become/feel) @ about/of sb/sth, ´have suspicions about:
³The policeman became increasingly @ of his movements. ¸@®ly ³adv¼
¨suss© ²/sAs/ ³vt ¶[VP15B] ·@ sth out, ´(colloq) ¸1 ´discover. ¸2
´reconnoitre.¼
¨sus®tain© ²/sEÚsteIn/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ¸1 ´keep from falling or sinking: ³Will this
light shelf @ (the weight of) all these books? ¸2 ´(enable to) keep up,
maintain: ³@ing food´, that gives strength; ³@ an argument/attempt; @ a note´,
continue to sing or play the note without faltering; ³make a @ed effort. ¸3
´suffer; undergo: ³@ a defeat. The pilot @ed severe injuries when his plane
crashed. ¸4 ´(legal) uphold; give a decision in favour of: ³The court @ed his
claim/@ed him in his claim.¼
¨sus®ten®ance© ²/ÚsAstInEns/ ³n ¶[U] ´(nourishing quality of) food or drink;
nourishment: ³There's more @ in cocoa than in tea.¼
¨sut®tee© ²/ÚsAti/ ³n ´Hindu widow who cremated herself on the funeral pyre of
her husband; practice (now illegal) of doing this.¼
¨su®ture© ²/Úsut2E(r)/ ³n ´seam formed in sewing up a wound; thread used for
this.¼
¨su®ze®rain© ²/ÚsuzEreIn ³US: ²-rIn/ ³n ´State or ruler in relation to a
country over which it or he has some control or authority; (formerly) feudal
overlord. ¸@ty ²/ÚsuzErEntI/ ³n´: ³under the @ty of.¼
¨svelte© ²/svelt/ ³adj ´(F) (of a person) slender and graceful.¼
¨swab© ²/swob/ ³n ¸1 ´mop or pad for cleaning, eÔg floors, decks. ¸2 ´sponge,
bit of absorbent material, etc for medical use, eÔg taking a specimen from the
throat for testing infection; specimen (eÔg of mucus) so taken: ³take @s from
children suspected of having diphtheria. ¹ vt µ(-bb-) ¶[VP6A,15B] ´clean with
a @: ³@ down the decks; @ up water that has been upset on the floor.¼
¨swaddle© ²/Úswodl/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´bind (a baby) with long narrow strips of
cloth (as was formerly the custom). ¸Úswaddling-clothes, ´the strips of cloth
used: ³still in his swaddling-clothes´, (fig) still not free from restraining
influences.¼
¨swag© ²/swag/ ³n ¶[U] ¸1 ´(sl) stolen goods; things obtained dishonestly. ¸2
´(Australia) bundle of personal belongings carried by a vagrant.¼
¨swag®ger© ²/ÚswagE(r)/ ³vi ¶[VP2A,C] ´walk or behave in a self-important or
self-satisfied manner. ³¹ n ´@ing walk or way of behaving: ³with a @. ¹ adj
´(sl) very chic. ¸@er ³n¼
¨swain© ²/sweIn/ ³n ´(poet or archaic) young rustic man (esp regarded as a
lover): ³lasses and their @s; ´(joc) lover.¼
¨swal®low©1 ²/ÚswolE8/ ³n ´kinds of small, swift-flying
insect-eating bird with a forked tail, which migrates to warm countries, eÔg to
England every summer, and is associated with the beginning of summer. µ¥
´the illus at µbird. ·One @ doesn't make a summer, ´(prov) It is unwise to form
a judgement on the basis of a single instance. ¸Ú@ dive ³n ´dive with the arms
outspread till close to the water. ¸Ú@-tailed ³adj ´(of butterflies, birds)
with a deeply forked tail; (of a man's coat) with long tails (as of an evening
dress coat).¼
¨swal®low©2 ²/ÚswolE8/ ³vt,vi ¶[VP6A,15B,2C] ¸1 ·@ (up), ´cause or allow to go
down the throat: ³@ one's food´, eat it quickly; work the muscles of the
throat as when @ing sth (to give relief to some kind of emotion): ³He @ed
hard´, eÔg as if @ing an insult; µ¥ 3 ´below. ¸2 ·@ (up), ´take in; exhaust;
cause to disappear; use up: ³earnings that were @ed up by lawyers' bills. The
earth seemed to @ them up´, They suddenly disappeared. ³The aircraft was @ed
(up) in the clouds. ¸3 ´(fig uses) ³@ an insult/affront´, accept it meekly; ³@
sth whole, ´believe it without argument, doubt; ³@ one's words´, take them
back, express regret for them; ³@ a story´, believe it too easily; ³@ the
bait´, (of a person) accept a proposal, an offer, etc made to tempt one to do
sth. ³¹ n ´act of @ing; amount @ed at one time.¼
¨swam© ²/swam/ ³pt ´of µswim.¼
¨swami© ²/ÚswqmI/ ³n ´Hindu religious teacher; (loosely) mystic,
yogi.¼
¨swamp© ²/swomp/ ³n ¶[C,U] ´(area of) soft wet land; marsh. ³¹ vt ¸1 ¶[VP6A]
´flood, soak, with water: ³A big wave @ed the boat. Everything in the boat was
@ed. ¸2 ¶[VP14] ·@ with, ´(fig) overwhelm: ³We are @ed with work. The firm is
@ed with orders´, iÔe for their goods. ¸@y ³adj µ(-ier, -iest).¼
¨swan© ²/swon/ ³n ´large, graceful, long-necked (usu white) water-bird. µ¥ ´the
illus at µwater. ¸Ú@ dive, ´(US) = swallow-dive. ¸Ú@-song ³n ´(from
the old belief that a swan sang sweetly when about to die) last performance,
appearance, work before death of a poet, musician, etc. ¸Ú@'s-down ³n ¶[U] ¸(a)
´soft underfeathers of @s. ¸(b) ´kind of thick cotton cloth with a soft nap on
one side. ³¹ vi µ(-nn-) ¶[VP2C] ´(colloq) ·@ off/around, etc ´move, go
in a leisured, often aimless manner, esp of a privileged person or one who
need not work: ³I suppose you're @ning off to Paris for the weekend. The boys
are @ning around Austria on a mountaineering holiday.¼
¨swank© ²/swaGk/ ³vi ¶[VP2A,C] ´(colloq) swagger; behave or talk in a boastful
way; show off. ³¹ n ¶[U] ´@ing behaviour: ³wear a gold wrist-watch just for
@´; ¶[C] ´person who @s. ¸@y ³adj ´smart; characteristic of a person who @s:
³a @y sports car; Jill and her @y friends.¼
¨swap© ²/swop/ ³vt,vi µ(-pp-) ´= µswop.¼
¨sward© ²/swcd/ ³n ¶[U] ´(liter) turf.¼
¨swarm©1 ²/swcm/ ³n ¶[C] ´colony, large number, of insects, birds, etc moving
about together: ³a @ of ants/locusts; a @ of bees´, cluster of honeybees when
migrating with a queen bee to establish a new colony; ³@s of children in the
parks. ¹ vi ¸1 ¶[VP2A] ´(of bees) move or go in large numbers round a queen
bee for emigration to a new colony. ¸2 ¶[VP3A] ·be @ing with; @ with, ´(of
places) be overrun or crowded: ³The beaches were @ing with bathers. The stables
@ed with flies. ¸3 ¶[VP2C] ´be present in large numbers; move in a @: ³When the
rain started the crowd @ed back into the hotel. Beggars @ed round the rich
tourists.¼
¨swarm©2 ²/swcm/ ³vt ¶[VP6A,15B] ·@ (up), ´climb by clinging with
the arms and legs.¼
¨swarthy© ²/ÚswcDI/ ³adj ´having a dark complexion.¼
¨swash®buck®ler© ²/Úswo2bAklE(r)/ ³n ´bully; boastful fellow who behaves
recklessly. ¸swash®buck®ling ²/Úswo2bAklIG/ ³adj ´reckless and boastful. ³¹ n
¶[U] ´behaviour of a @.¼
¨swas®tika© ²/ÚswostIkE/ ³n ¶[C] ´kind of cross emblematic of the sun, good
fortune or Nazism. µ¥ ´the illus at µcross.¼
¨swat© ²/swot/ ³vt µ(-tt-) ´slap with a flat object: ³@ a fly. ¹ n ¸1 ´slap of
this kind: ³Give that fly a @. ¸2 ´flexible device on a handle for @ting
(flies, etc): ³a ¸Úfly-@ ´(also ¸Úfly-swatter´).¼
¨swath© ²/swcT/, ±swathe ²/sweID/ ³n ¸1 ´ridge of grass, wheat, barley, etc
lying after being cut. ¸2 ´space left clear after one passage of a mower.¼
¨swathe©1 ²/sweID/ ³vt ¶[VP6A,15A] ´wrap or bind up: ³He came out of hospital
with his leg still @d in bandages. ¹ n ´bandage; wrapping.¼
¨swathe©2 ²/sweID/ ³n µ¥ swath.¼
¨sway© ²/sweI/ ³vi,vt ¸1 ¶[VP2A,C,6A,15A] ´(cause to) move, first to one side
and then to the other; swing: ³The branches of the trees were @ing in the wind.
Do you sway your hips when you walk? ¸2 ¶[VP6A] ´control or influence; govern
the direction of: ³@ed by his feelings; a speech that @ed the voters. ¹ n ¶[U]
¸1 ´@ing movement. ¸2 ´rule or control: ³the peoples who were under the @
of Rome´, were ruled by Rome (in ancient times).¼
¨swear© ²/sweE(r)/ ³vt,vi (pt µswore ²/swc(r)/, ³pp µsworn ²/swcn/³) ¸1
¶[VP6A,7A,9] ´say solemnly or emphatically: ³He swore to tell the truth/swore
that he would tell the truth. I could have sworn that there was somebody in the
next room´, I felt certain of this. ¸2 ¶[VP6A,15A,B] ´take an oath; cause (sb)
to take an oath. ·@ sb in, ´cause him to take the oath of office. ·@ sb to
secrecy, ´make him @ to keep sth secret. ·@ a witness, ´administer the oath to
him. ·sworn enemies, ´enemies who can never be reconciled. ·sworn
friends/brothers, ´very close friends. ¸3 ¶[VP3A] ·@ by sth, ¸(a) ´appeal to as
a witness or witnesses: ³@ by all the gods that«; @ by all that one holds dear.
¸(b) ´(colloq) use and have great confidence in: ³He @s by quinine for malaria.
·@ off sth, ´(colloq) declare that one will give up, stop using: ³He swore off
smoking when the doctors said it caused lung cancer. ·@ to sth, ´say
emphatically: ³He swore to having paid for the goods´, said emphatically that
he had done so (when accused of not having done so). ³I think I've met that man
somewhere but I wouldn't @ to it´, am not very confident of having met him. ¸4
¶[VP6A,14] ´make an affirmation after having taken an oath: ³@ an accusation/a
charge against sb; sworn evidence/statements. ¸5 ¶[VP2A,B,C,3A,22] ·@ (at sb),
´use obscene etc words to insult, or for emphasis (µ¥ ´section on
³stylistic values ´in µIntroduction´): ³The foreman swore at his workers. He
gave vent to his anger by @ing loudly. He swore himself hoarse´, continued @ing
until he was hoarse. ¸Ú@-word ³n ´word used in @ing. ¸@er ³n ´person who
@sµ(5)´.¼
¨sweat© ²/swet/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´moisture that is given off by the body
through the skin: ³wipe the @ off one's brow. ¸Ú@-band ³n ¸(a) ´band of
absorbent material inside a hat. ¸(b) ´cloth tied round the forehead, wrist,
etc to absorb @. ¸Ú@ shirt ³n ´cotton sweater with sleeves, worn esp by
athletes before and after exercise. ¸2 a @, ´condition of a person or animal
(esp a horse) when covered with @: ³be in a @. They say that a good @ will cure
a cold. ·be in a cold @, ´in a state of fear or anxiety. ·all of a @, ´(colloq)
wet with @; (fig) anxious or frightened. ¸3 ´(colloq, ³sing ´only) hard work:
³This job is a frightful @. ¸4 ¶[C] ·an old @, ´(sl) soldier with many years'
service; (by extension) person with many years' experience of his job. ¸5 ¶[U]
´moisture on the surface of anything, eÔg condensation on an inner wall. ³¹
vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP2A] ´give out @µ(1,5)´: ³The long hot climb made him @. ¸2
¶[VP6A,15B] ´give out (sth that comes out of a surface). ·@ blood, ´(fig) work
like a slave. ·@ out a cold, ´get rid of it by @ing. ¸3 ¶[VP6A] ´(cause to) @:
³The doctor @ed his patient. Don't @ your horse. ¸4 ¶[VP6A,2A,C] ´(cause to)
work hard: ³@ one's workers. ¸@ed goods, ´produced by @ed labour. ¸@ed labour,
´the labour of underpaid workers. ¸Ú@-shop ³n ´workshop where @ed labour is
used. ¸@y ³adj µ(-ier, -iest) ¸1 ´damp with @: ³@y underwear. ¸2 ´causing one
to @: ³@y work.¼
¨sweater© ²/ÚswetE(r)/ ³n ´knitted garment usu of thick wool with long
sleeves, worn by athletes before or after exercise; similar woolly garment (not
necessarily thick or heavy) worn for warmth. µ¥ jersey, jumper, pullover.¼
¨swede© ²/swid/ ³n ´kind of turnip.¼
¨sweep©1 ²/swip/ ³n ¸1 ·Ú@(-up/-out), ´act of sweeping with, or as
with, a broom, etc: ³Give the room a good @. Let's have a thorough @-up/out.
·make a clean @ (of sth), ´get rid of (what is unwanted) completely: ³They made
a clean @ of their old furniture and replaced it with brand new pieces. In
forming his new Cabinet the Prime Minister has made a clean @. ¸2 ´sweeping
movement: ³with a @ of his arm/scythe. ¸3 ´space covered by a sweeping
movement; range of such a movement: ³The knight killed everyone who came within
the @ of his sword. ¸4 ´long unbroken stretch, esp curved, on a road, river,
coast, etc or of sloping land: ³a fine @ of country. ¸5 ´steady uninterrupted
flow: ³the @ of the tide. ¸6 (Úchimney-)@, ´man whose work is sweeping soot
from chimneys. ¸7 ´long oar worked by a rower who stands, for steering or
moving a boat, eÔg a sailing-boat when there is no wind. ¸8 ´long pole mounted
as a lever for raising a bucket from a well. ¸9 Ú@(®stake), ´form of gambling
on horse-races, the money staked by all those who take part being divided among
those who have drawn numbered tickets for the winners (usu the first three).¼
¨sweep©2 ²/swip/ ³vt,vi (pt,pp µswept ²/swept/³) ¸1
¶[VP6A,15A,B,22,2A] ·@ sth (from sth); @ sth (free) of sth; @ sth up/away, etc
´clear (dust, dirt, etc) away with, or as with, a brush or broom; clean by
doing this: ³@ the dust from the carpets; @ the carpets/the floor/the yard; @
the chimney (free of soot); @ up dead leaves from the garden paths; @ up the
crumbs; @ the crumbs under the carpet/into a corner/into a dustpan. ¸2
¶[VP6A,15A,B] ´clean or clear away as with a broom; push away: ³@ the seas of
pirates. The current swept the logs along. The wind swept my hat off/the
clouds away. Many bridges were swept away by the floods. We were almost swept
off our feet by the waves. ·@ all before one, ´have complete uninterrupted
success. ·@ the board, ¸(a) ´win all the money on the table when gambling.
¸(b) ´win all the prizes; have every possible success. ·be swept off one's
feet, ´(fig) be overcome by feeling, filled with enthusiasm, eÔg an audience
by a great singer. ¸*swept-Úback ³adj ¸(a) ´(of aircraft wings) attached so
that they are at an acute angle to the axis of the aircraft. ¸(b) ´(of hair)
arranged so that it is combed or brushed away from the face. ¸3 ¶[VP2C,6A]
´pass over or along, esp so as to overcome obstacles; move quickly over or
with a rush: ³A huge wave swept over the deck. A blizzard swept the country.
The big tanks swept over the enemy's trenches. The wind swept along the
street. ¸4 ¶[VP2C] ´move in a dignified or stately manner; go majestically:
³She swept out of the room. The big car swept up the drive to the entrance of
the palace. ¸5 ¶[VP2C] ´extend in an unbroken line, curve or expanse: ³The
road @s round the lake. The coast @s northwards in a wide curve. ¸6 ¶[VP6A]
´pass over (as if) to examine or survey: ³The searchlights swept the sky. Her
eyes swept the room. ¸7 ¶[VP6A] ´move along lightly and quickly: ³His fingers
swept the keys of the piano. Her dress swept the ground. ¸8 ¶[VP12A] ´make (a
bow, curtsey) with a @ing movement: ³She swept him a curtsey. ¸@er ³n ¸1
´person or thing that @s: ·Ú³street @ers; a ·Ú³carpet-@er. ¸2 ´(football)
defender who covers the backs, tackling any opponent who passes them. ¸@®ing
³adj ´far-reaching; taking in very much: ³@ing changes/reforms; a @ing
statement/generalization´, with no limitations or exceptions; ³a @ing ´(=
complete) ³victory; @ing ´(= very great) ³reductions in prices´, eÔg at a
sale. ¸@®ing®ly ³adv ¸@ings ³n pl ´dust, rubbish, scraps, etc, collected by
@ing: ³a heap of ·Ú³street @ings.¼
¨sweet© ²/swit/ ³adj ¸1 ´(opp of ³sour´) tasting like sugar or
honey: ³Do you like your tea @? It tastes @´, has a @ taste. ·have a @ tooth,
´like things that taste @. ¸@ wine, ´wine with a @ or fruity flavour
(contrasted with ³dry ´wine). ¸2 ´fresh and pure: ³@ milk; keep a room clean
and @; @ breath; @ water´, fit to drink (contrasted with brackish water, etc).
¸3 ´having a fragrant smell, like roses: ³The garden is @ with thyme. Don't
the roses smell @! ¸*@-Úscented ³adj ´having a @ smell. ¸4 ´pleasant or
attractive: ³a @ face; a @ voice; a @ singer´, sb having a @ voice; ³a @
little girl; a @ temper; ·*³@-·Ú³tempered. It was @ to hear people praise me
so much. What a @ little poodle you have! Isn't the baby @! ¸5 ´(phrases) ·at
one's own @ will, ´as and when one pleases, with no one to give orders or
advice. ·be @ on (sb), ´(colloq) very fond of, in love with. ¸6 ´(compounds)
¸Ú@®bread ³n ´pancreas of a calf or lamb used as food. ¸*@-Úbriar/-Úbrier ³n
´wild rose with @-scented leaves and single pink flowers. ¸Ú@®heart ³n ´either
of a pair of lovers: ³David and his @heart. ¸Ú@®meat ³n ´piece of @-tasting
food (usu made of sugar or chocolate); fruit preserved in sugar. ¸*@ Úpea ³n
´garden plant (an annual) with brightly-coloured, @-scented flowers. ¸Ú@ potato
³n ´tropical climbing plant with thick edible roots, cooked as a vegetable. ¸*@
Úwilliam ³n ´garden plant with flowers in close clusters, often parti-coloured.
³¹ n ¶[C] ¸1 ´(US = ³candy) ´small piece of @-tasting food (eÔg boiled
flavoured sugar, chocolate, etc). ¸2 ´(US = ³dessert) ´dish of @ food (eÔg
a pudding, tart, jelly, trifle, etc) as one of the courses of a meal. (In GB
³dessert ´usu means a course of fresh fruit, nuts, etc.) ¸3 ³(pl) ´delights;
pleasures: ³taste the @s of success; enjoy the @s of life while one is young.
¸4 ´(as a form of address) darling: ³Yes, my @. ¸@®ly ³adv ¸@®ness ³n ¸@®ish
²/-I2/ ³adv ´rather @. ¸@en ²/Úswitn/ ³vt,vi ¶[VP6A,2A] ´make or become @. µ¥
pill(1). ¸@®en®ing ²/ÚswitnIG/ ³n ¶[C,U] ´that which @ens; sth @ used in
cooking, etc.¼
¨swell© ²/swel/ ³vi,vt (pt µ@ed ²/sweld/, ³pp µswollen ²/ÚswE8lEn/, ´or,
rarely µ@ed³) ¸1 ¶[VP6A,14,15B,2A,C] ·@ (up) (with), ´(cause to) become
greater in volume, thickness or force: ³Wood often @s when wet. The river was
swollen with melted snow. His face began to @ up´, eÔg from toothache. ³He/His
heart was @ing with pride. The boy's eyes were swollen up with tears. These
small items help to @ the total. ·have/suffer from a swollen head, ´be
conceited. Hence, ¸*swollen-Úheaded ³adj ¸2 ¶[VP2A,C,6A,15B] ·@ (out), ´have,
cause to have, a curved surface: ³The sails @ed out in the wind. The wind @ed
the sails. ¹ n ¸1 ´gradual increase in the volume of sound: ³the @ of an organ.
¸2 ´(³sing ´only) slow rise and fall of the sea's surface after a storm (with
large but unbroken waves): ³There was a heavy @ after the storm. ¸3 ´(US
colloq) smartly dressed person; person of distinction or ability: ³What a @ you
look in that new suit! ·come the heavy @ over sb, ´(sl) try to appear great and
important and in this way impress him. ³¹ adj ´(US colloq) ¸1 ´smart,
fashionable: ³Who are your @ friends? He took her to a @ dinner party. ¸2
´excellent; first-rate: ³He's a @ tennis player. ¸@®ing ³n ¶[U,C] ¸1 ´swollen
place on the body, eÔg the result of a knock or blow or toothache. ¸2 ´increase
in size.¼
¨swel®ter© ²/ÚsweltE(r)/ ³vi ¶[VP2A] ´be uncomfortably warm; suffer
from the heat: ³a @ing hot day.¼
¨swept© ²/swept/ ³pt,pp ´of µsweep±2µ.¼
¨swerve© ²/sw3v/ ³vi,vt ¶[VP2A,C,4A,6A] ´(cause to) change direction suddenly:
³The car @d to avoid knocking the boy down. Don't @ from your purpose. ¹ n ¶[C]
´swerving movement; (esp) turn or curve of a ball in the air.¼
¨swift©1 ²/swIft/ ³adj µ(-er, -est) ´quick; fast; prompt: ³@ of foot; ´(liter)
able to run fast; ³a @ revenge; @ to anger´, (formal) quickly becoming angry.
¸@®ly ³adv ¸@®ness ³n¼
¨swift©2 ²/swIft/ ³n ´sorts of small insect-eating bird with long wings,
similar to a swallow. ´¥ the illus at µbird.¼
¨swig© ²/swIg/ ³vt,vi µ(-gg-) ¶[VP6A,15B,2A,C] ·@ (down/off), ´(colloq) take
drinks of: ³@ging beer; @ off a glass of rum. ¹ n ´long drink: ³take a @ at a
bottle of beer´, have a drink direct from the bottle.¼
¨swill© ²/swIl/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A,15B] ·@ sth (out), ´rinse; wash by pouring
liquid into, over or through: ³@ out a dirty tub. ¸2 ¶[VP6A] ´(colloq) drink
greedily: ³The workmen were @ing tea when they ought to have been working. ¹ n
¸1 ¶[C] ´rinsing: ³Give the bucket a good @ out. ¸2 ¶[U] ´waste food, mostly
liquid, eÔg as given to pigs.¼
¨swim© ²/swIm/ ³vi,vt (pt µswam ²/swam/, ³pp µswum ²/swAm/³) (µ-mm-³) ¸1
¶[VP2A,B,C] ´move the body through water by using arms, legs, fins, the tail,
etc: ³Fishes @. We swam all afternoon. Let's go @ming. He swam across the
river. When the boat sank they had to @ for it´, save themselves by @ming. ·@
with the tide/the stream, ´do as the majority do (taking the easiest course).
¸Ú@®ming-bath/-pool ³n ´indoor or outdoor, large or small, pool for @ming in.
¸Ú@®ming-costume, Ú@-suit ³nn ´garment worn for @ming. ¸Ú@®ming-trunks ³n pl
´garment worn by boys and men for @ming. ¸2 ¶[VP6A] ´cross by @ming: ³@ the
English Channel; ´take part in (a race) in this way; compete with (sb) in this
way: ³@ a race; @ two lengths of the pool; ´cause (an animal) to @: ³@ one's
horse across a river. ¸3 ¶[VP3A] ·@ with; @ in/on, ´be covered or overflowing
(with); be (as if) floating (in or on): ³eyes @ming with tears; meat @ming in
gravy; strawberries @ming in cream. ¸4 ¶[VP2A] ´seem to be moving round and
round; have a dizzy feeling: ³The room swam before his eyes. His head swam. ¹ n
¸1 ´act or period of @ming: ³have/go for a @. ¸2 the @, main current of
affairs. ·be in/out of the @, ´be/not be taking part in, aware of, current
affairs. ¸@®mer ³n ´person who @s. ¸@®ming®ly ³adv ´easily and without trouble:
³We're getting along @mingly. Everything went @mingly´, without obstruction or
delay of any kind.¼
¨swindle© ²/ÚswIndl/ ³vt,vi ¶[VP6A,14] ·@ sth out of sb; @ sb out
of sth, ´cheat; get (money, etc out of sb) by cheating: ³@ money out of sb; @
sb out of his money. Some people are easily @d. ¹ n ¶[C] ´piece of swindling;
sth sold, etc that is less valuable than it is described to be: ³This new
radio set is a @, ´the quality of the sound is bad. ¸swin®dler ²/ÚswIndlE(r)/
³n ´person who @s.¼
¨swine© ²/swñIn/ ³n (pl ´unchanged) ¸1 ´(old use, or liter) pig. ¸Ú@®herd ³n
´man who (formerly) looked after @ (when they were out in the woods, etc). ¸2
´Ï (abusive, derog) disgusting person. ¸swin®ish ²/-I2/ ³adj ´beastly and
disgusting.¼
¨swing© ²/swIG/ ³vi,vt (pt,pp µswung ²/swAG/´) ¸1
¶[VP2A,B,C,6A,15A,B,22] ´(of sth having one end or one side fixed and the other
free) move, cause to move, forwards and backwards or in a curve: ³His arms
swung as he walked. He was @ing his arms. The door swung shut/swung to.
The big ape swung (itself) from branch to branch. ·@ for sb/sth, ´(colloq) be
hanged (for murder). ·no room to @ a cat in, ´(of an enclosure) very small;
having very little space for movement. ·@ the lead, µ¥ lead±1µ(3). ¸2 ¶[VP6A,C]
´walk or run with a free easy movement (the arms @ing freely): ³The soldiers
advanced at a @ing trot. ¸3 ¶[VP2A] ´dance to or play @ music; (sl) be
lively, gay and up-to-date. ¸4 ¶[VP2C,15A,B] ´turn, cause to turn, in a curve:
³He swung ´(= turned quickly) ³round and faced his accusers. The car swung
round the corner. ¹ n ¸1 ´@ing movement: ³the @ of the pendulum. ¸2 ´strong
rhythm. ·in full @, ´active; in full operation. ·go with a @, ¸(a) ´(of music,
poetry) have a good rhythm. ¸(b) ´(fig) (of an entertainment, event, etc)
proceed smoothly, without delays, etc. ¸@ (music), ´(1930's) orchestral jazz,
usu played by big bands. ¸3 ¶[C] ´seat held by ropes or chains for @ing on;
act, period, of @ing on such a seat. ¸@®ing ³adj ´(sl) lively; gay;
up-to-date; enjoyable.¼
¨swinge© ²/swIndZ/ ³vt ´(archaic) strike hard. ¸@®ing ³part adj
´huge; very forcible: ³@ing damages´, eÔg awarded by a judge in a law suit;
³@ing taxation.¼
¨swipe© ²/swñIp/ ³vt ´(colloq) ¸1 ¶[VP6A,15A,3A] ´hit hard: ³The batsman @d the
ball into the grandstand. He @d at the ball and missed it. ¸2 ¶[VP6A]
´(colloq, usu hum) steal. ³¹ n ´swinging blow: ³have/take a @ at the ball.¼
¨swirl© ²/sw3l/ ³vi,vt ¶[VP2C,15B] ´(of water, air, etc) (cause to) move or
flow at varying speeds, with twists and turns: ³dust @ing about the streets;
´carry (sth) ³off, away´, in this way. ¹ ³n ¸1 ´@ing movement; eddy: ³a @ of
dust. ¸2 ´(US) twist or curl: ³a hat with a @ of lace round it.¼
¨swish© ²/swI2/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A,15B] ·@ sth (off), ´move (sth)
through the air with a hissing or brushing sound; cut (sth off) in this way:
³The horse @ed its tail. He @ed his whip/@ed off the tops of the thistles with
his whip. ¸2 ¶[VP2A] ´make, move with, a sound like that of sth moving through
the air: ³Her long silk dress @ed as she came in. ¹ n ´sound of, sound
suggesting, sth being @ed: ³We heard the @ of a cane. ¹ adj ´(colloq) smart;
expensive and fashionable: ³a @ restaurant.¼
¨switch© ²/swIt2/ ³n ¶[C] ¸1 ´device for making and breaking a connection at
railway points (to allow trains to go from one track to another). ¸Ú@®man
²/-mEn/ ³n (pl µ-men³) ´man in charge of railway @es. ¸2 ´device for making
and breaking an electric circuit: ³a two-way @´, one of a pair that can be
used for turning electric current on or off from two points (eÔg at the bottom
making connections by telephone or operating electric circuits. ¸3 ´thin twig
or easily bent shoot cut from a tree, eÔg as used for urging a horse on. ¸4
´bunch of false hair used by a woman to make her hair appear thicker or
longer. ¸5 Ú@®back ³n ¸(a) ³@back (railway)´, one that twists and turns up and
down steep slopes, esp the kind seen in amusement parks (US =
³roller-coaster). ¸(b) ³@back (road)´, road with numerous ups and downs. ¸6
´transfer; change-over: ³a @ from glass bottles to plastic cartons. ¹ vt,vi ¸1
¶[VP15B] ·@ sth on/off, ´use a @µ(1) ´to turn (electric current) on/off: ³@
the light/radio, etc on. Don't @ off yet, please. ¸2 ·@ sb on, ´(sl, esp ³pp´)
cause sb to feel happy, excited; ³That music really @es me on! He's really @ed
on! ¸3 ¶[VP6A,15B] ´move (a train, tram, etc) on to another track: ³@ a train
into a siding. ¸4 ¶[VP6A,15A] ·@ (to); @ (over to), ´shift; change: ³@ the
conversation (to a less embarrassing subject); @ over to modern methods. ¸5
¶[VP6A] ´whip or flick with a @µ(3)´. ¸6 ¶[VP6A,15A] ´swing (sth) round
suddenly; snatch suddenly: ³The cow @ed ´(more usu ³swished) her tail. He @ed
it out of my hand.¼
¨swivel© ²/ÚswIvl/ ³n ´ring and pivot or ring with a linked hook
to a chain joining two parts so that one can turn round without turning the
other: ³a ·Ú³@-chain/-hook´, provided with a @; ³a ·Ú³@-chair/-gun´, one that
can rotate on a pivot. ³¹ vt,vi µ(-ll-, ´US also µ-l-) ¶[VP6A,15B,2A,C] ´turn
on or as on a @: ³He @led round in his chair/@led his chair round to see who
had come in.¼
¨swiz© ²/swIz/ ³n ´(sl) bitter disappointment; fraud.¼
¨swizzle© ²/ÚswIzl/ ³n ´(colloq) (kinds of) mixed alcoholic drink served in a
tall glass. ¸Ú@-stick ³n ´glass rod for stirring such a drink.¼
¨swob© ²/swob/ ³n, vt µ(-bb-) ´= µswab.¼
¨swol®len© ²/ÚswE8lEn/ ³pp ´of µswell´, esp as ³adj´: ³a @ ankle.¼
¨swoon© ²/swun/ ³vi ¶[VP2A] ´(archaic) ´faint. ³¹ n ´fainting fit.¼
¨swoop© ²/swup/ ³vi,vt ¸1 ¶[VP2A,C] ·@ (down) (on), ´come down on with a
rush: ³The eagle @ed down on its prey. The soldiers @ed down on the bandits´,
attacked them suddenly. ¸2 ¶[VP15B] ·@ sth up, ´grab, snatch it. ³¹ n ´@ing
movement; sudden attempt to snatch and carry off sth. ·at one (fell) @, ´in one
sudden swift attack or movement.¼
¨swop© ´(also ¸swap´) ²/swop/ ³vt,vi µ(-pp-) ¶[VP6A,15A,2A] ´(colloq) exchange
by barter: ³@ foreign stamps; @ yarns´, tell one another stories (of
adventure, etc). ·@ places with sb, ´exchange seats. ·Don't @ horses in
mid-stream, ´(prov) If changes are needed, make them before the crisis
is reached. ³¹ n ´exchange by barter: ³I think your hat would suit meÅshall we
try a @?¼
¨sword© ²/scd/ ³n ´long steel blade fixed in a hilt, used as a
weapon, or worn by army officers, etc as part of a uniform or as court dress.
·cross @s with sb, ´(fig) dispute with him. ·draw/sheathe the @, ´(rhet)
begin/end a war. ·put to the @, ´(rhet) kill. ·at the point of the @, ´under
threat of violence. ¸Ú@-cane/-stick ³n ´@-blade enclosed in a hollow
walking-stick. ¸Ú@-cut ³n ´(scar left by a) wound given with a @-edge.
¸Ú@-dance ³n ´dance over @s laid on the ground, or one in which @s are waved or
clashed. ¸Ú@®fish ³n ´large sea-fish with a long @-like upper jaw. µ¥ ´the
illus at µsea. ¸Ú@-play ³n ¶[U] ´fencing; (fig) repartee; lively arguing.
¸Ú@s®man ²/-zmEn/ ³n (pl µ-men³) ´man skilled in the use of a @ (usu with
³adjj´): ³a good @sman. ¸Ú@s®man®ship ²/-mEn2Ip/ ³n¼
¨swore©, sworn µ¥ swear.¼
¨swot© ²/swot/ ³vi,vt µ(-tt-) ¶[VP2A,C,3A,15B] ´(not US) ·@ (for sth), ´study
hard (for an examination, etc). ·@ sth up, ´work hard at; revise: ³@ up one's
geometry. ¹ n ¸1 ´person who @s. ¸2 ´hard work: ³What a @!¼
¨swum© ²/swAm/ ³pp ´of µswim.¼
¨swung© ²/swAG/ ³pt,pp ´of µswing.¼
¨syb®ar®ite© ²/ÚsIbErñIt/ ³n ´person who is devoted to comfort and luxury.
¸syb®ar®itic ²/*sIbEÚrItIk/ ³adj ´luxurious; characteristic of a @.¼
¨syca®more© ²/ÚsIkEmc(r)/ ³n ¸1 ¶[C] ´large tree valued for its wood (in GB a
kind of maple-tree; in US a kind of plane-tree, also called a "buttonwood'; in
Egypt and Syria a kind of fig-tree). ¸2 ¶[U] ´valuable hard wood of the @.¼
¨syco®phant© ²/ÚsIkEfant/ ³n ´person who tries to win favour by flattering rich
or powerful people. ¸@ic ²/*sIkEÚfantIk/ ³adj¼
¨syl®lable© ²/ÚsIlEbl/ ³n ´minimum rhythmic unit of spoken language, consisting
of a vowel or sustained consonant, often preceded or followed by unsustained
consonant(s); similar unit of written language: ³"A/rith/me/tic' is a word of
four @s. ¸-syl®labled ³adj ´having a stated number of @s: ³"Sy/co/phant' is a
three-@d word. ¸syl®la®bary ²/ÚsIlEbErI ³US: ²-berI/ ³n ¶[C] ³(pl µ-ries³)
´list of characters (eÔg in Japanese) representing @s. ¸syl®labic ²/sIÚlabIk/
³adj ¸(a) ´of or in @s. ¸(b) ´(of consonant) making a @. ¸syl®labi®cate
²/sIÚlabIkeIt/, ¸syl®labify ²/sIÚlabIfñI/ ³vt (pt,pp µ-fied³), ¸syl®la®bize
²/ÚsIlEbñIz/ ³vt ´divide into @s. ¸syl®labi®ca®tion ²/sI*labIÚkeI2n/,
¸syl®labi®fi®ca®tion ²/sI*labIfIÚkeI2n/ ³nn ´(system of) division into @s.¼
¨syl®la®bus© ²/ÚsIlEbEs/ ³n (pl µ@es ²/-bEsIz/ ´or µ-bi ²/-bñI/³) ´outline or
summary of a course of studies; programme of school lessons.¼
¨syl®lo®gism© ²/ÚsIlEdZIzEm/ ³n ¶[C] ´form of reasoning in which a
conclusion is reached from two statements, eÔg: ³All men must die; I am a man;
therefore I must die. µ¥ premise(2). ¸syl®lo®gis®tic ²/*sIlEÚdZIstIk/ ³adj ´in
the form or nature of a @.¼
¨sylph© ²/sIlf/ ³n ´one of a class of female nature spirits believed to inhabit
the air (cf ³nymph´, spirit of the woods, etc); (hence) slender, graceful girl
or woman. ¸Ú@-like ³adj ´slender and graceful.¼
¨syl®van©, sil®van ²/ÚsIlvEn/ ³adj ´(liter) of trees and woodland: ³@ scenes; a
@ retreat´, eÔg a cottage in a forest.¼
¨sym®bio®sis© ²/*sImbIÚE8sIs/ ³n ¶[U] ´(biol) harmonic association of
different organisms, etc: ³the tall Dingas of the southern Sudan, living in @
with their magnificent cattle.¼
¨sym®bol© ²/ÚsImbl/ ³n ¶[C] ´sign, mark, object, etc looked upon as
representing sth: ³mathematical @s´, eÔg Ø, ²;´, +, ­; ³phonetic @s. Red
is a symbol of danger. The Cross is the @ of Christianity. ¸@ic ²/sImÚbolIk/,
¸@i®cal ²/-kl/ ³adjj ´of, using, used as, a @. ¸@i®cally ²/-klI/ ³adv ¸@®ize
²/ÚsimbElñIz/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´be a @ of; make use of a @ or @s for. ¸@®iz®ation
²/*sImbElñIÚzeI2n ³US: ²-lIÚz-/ ³n ¸@®ism ²/ÚsImbElIzEm/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U]
´representation of ideas by the use of @s; literary and artistic movement
(late 19th c) that used artistic invention to express sensually ideas,
emotions, abstractions in place of realism. ¸2 ¶[C] ´system of @s used to
represent a particular group of ideas.¼
¨sym®me®try© ²/ÚsImEtrI/ ³n ¶[U] ´(beauty resulting from the) right
correspondence of parts; quality of harmony or balance (in size, design, etc)
between parts: ³The bump on the left side of her forehead spoilt the @ of her
face. ¸sym®met®ric ²/sIÚmetrIk/, ¸sym®met®ri®cal ²/-kl/ ³adjj ´having @; (of a
design) having (usu two) exactly similar parts on either side of a dividing
line. ¸sym®met®ri®cally ²/-klI/ ³adv¼
¨sym®path®etic© ²/*sImpEÚTetIk/ ³adj ´having or showing sympathy; caused by
sympathy: ³@ looks/words; a @ face/heart; a @ audience; be/feel @ to/towards
sb. ¸@ strike ³n ´strike±1µ(1) ´by workers purely to show support for other
workers who are on strike. ¸sym®path®eti®cally ²/-klI/ ³adv¼
¨sym®path®ize© ²/ÚsImpETñzIz/ ³vi ¶[VP2A,3A] ·@ (with), ´feel or express
sympathy (with): ³@ with sb in his afflictions. Tom's parents do not @ with his
ambition to become an actor´, do not give him their approval and encouragement.
¸sym®path®izer ³n ´person who @s, eÔg one who supports a cause or political
party.¼
¨sym®pathy© ²/ÚsImpETI/ ³n (pl µ-thies³) ¸1 ¶[U] ´(capacity for) sharing the
feelings of others, feeling pity and tenderness: ³send sb a letter of @; feel
@ for sb; have no @ with sb's foolish opinions. I have some @ with their
views´, share them to some extent. ·in @ with, ´agreeing with, approving of:
³We are all in @ with your proposals. Will the bus workers strike in @ with
´(= to show their @ for) ³the railway workers? ¸2 ³(pl ´in a few usages): ³a
man of wide sympathies´, with a great capacity for fellow-feeling. ³You have
my sympathies, ´my feelings of @. ³My sympathies are with the miners in this
dispute´, I'm on their side.¼
¨sym®phony© ²/ÚsImfEnI/ ³n ¶[C] ³(pl µ-nies³) ´(long and large-scale) musical
composition in (usu) three or four parts (called ³movements´) for (usu a
large) orchestra. ¸sym®phonic ²/sImÚfonIk/ ³adj ´of, having the character of,
a @.¼
¨sym®po®sium© ²/sImÚpE8zIEm/ ³n (pl µ@s ´or µ-sia ²/-zIE/³) ´collection of
essays, etc (eÔg forming a book) by several persons on a problem or subject;
conference for discussion of a subject.¼
¨symp®tom© ²/ÚsImptEm/ ³n ¸1 ´change in the body's condition that indicates
illness: ³A persistent cough may be a @ of tuberculosis. ¸2 ´sign of the
existence of sth: ³The Government must not ignore these @s of discontent among
their own supporters. ¸symp®to®matic ²/*sImptEÚmatIk/ ³adj ´serving as a @:
³A headache may be @atic of brain fever. ¸symp®to®mati®cally ²/-klI/ ³adv¼
¨syna®gogue© ²/ÚsInEgog/ ³n ¶[C] ´(building used for an) assembly of Jews for
religious teaching and worship.¼
¨syn®chro®flash© ²/*sIGkrE8Úfla2/ ³n ´(usu attrib) device for simultaneous
flashlight and opening of the shutter of a camera: ³@ photography/attachments
for a camera.¼
¨syn®chro®mesh© ²/*sIGkrE8Úme2/ ³n ´system of gear-changing (esp in
motor-vehicles) so that the parts revolve at the same speed and so change
smoothly.¼
¨syn®chron®ize© ²/ÚsIGkrEnñIz/ ³vt,vi ¶[VP6A,2A] ´(cause to) happen at the same
time, agree in time, speeds, etc: ³@ the sound-track of a film with the
movements seen; @ all the clocks in a building. ¸syn®chron®iz®ation
²/*sIGkrEnñIÚzeI2n ³US: ²-nIÚz-/ ³n¼
¨syn®chro®tron© ²/ÚsIGkrE8tron/ ³n ´apparatus for accelerating electrons.¼
¨syn®co®pate© ²/ÚsIGkEpeIt/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´(music) change the rhythm of; displace
the normal beats or accents of, eÔg as in some jazz. ¸syn®co®pa®tion
²/*sIGkEÚpeI2n/ ³n¼
¨syn®cope© ²/ÚsIGkEpI/ ³n ´(med term for) fainting; brief loss of
consciousness from fall of blood-pressure.¼
¨syn®dic© ²/ÚsIndIk/ ³n ´member of a committee (for business purposes) of a
university or other organization).¼
¨syn®di®cal®ism© ²/ÚsIndIkElIzEm/ ³n ¶[U] ´theory that political power should
be in the hands of trade unions and that these unions should own and manage the
industries in which their members work. ¸syn®di®cal®ist ²/-Ist/ ³n ´supporter
of @.¼
¨syn®di®cate© ²/ÚsIndIkEt/ ³n ¸1 ´business association that
supplies articles, cartoons, etc to periodicals. ¸2 ´combination of commercial
firms associated to forward a common interest. ³¹ vt ²/ÚsIndIkeIt/ ¶[VP6A]
´publish (articles, strip-cartoons, etc) in numerous periodicals through a
@µ(1)´. ¸syn®di®ca®tion ²/*sIndIÚkeI2n/ ³n¼
¨syn®drome© ²/ÚsIndrE8m/ ³n ´(med) number of symptoms which collectively
indicate an often abnormal condition of the body or mind; (fig) particular
combination of a person's actions, opinions, etc that can be expected to occur
together.¼
¨synod© ²/ÚsInEd/ ³n ¶[C] ´meeting of church officers to discuss and decide
questions of policy, government, teaching, etc.¼
¨syn®onym© ²/ÚsInEnIm/ ³n ´word with the same meaning as another in the same
language but often with different implications and associations. ¸syn®ony®mous
²/sIÚnonImEs/ ³adj¼
¨syn®op®sis© ²/sIÚnopsIs/ ³n (pl µ-opses ²/-siz/³) ´summary or outline (of a
book, play, etc). ¸syn®op®tic ²/sIÚnoptIk/ ³adj ´giving a @: ³the synoptic
Gospels´, those of Matthew, Mark and Luke (similar in contents, order, etc).
¸syn®op®ti®cally ²/-klI/ ³adv¼
¨syn®tax© ²/ÚsIntaks/ ³n ¶[U] ´(gram) (rules for) sentence-building.
¸syn®tac®tic ²/sInÚtaktIk/ ³adj ´of @. ¸syn®tac®ti®cally ²/-klI/ ³adv¼
¨syn®thesis© ²/ÚsInTEsIs/ ³n (pl µ-theses ²/-siz/³) ¶[C,U] ´combination of
separate parts, elements, substances, etc into a whole or into a system; that
which results from this process: ³produce rubber from petroleum by @.
¸syn®thesize ²/ÚsInTEsñIz/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´produce a whole by this process:
³synthesize diamonds/rubber. ¸syn®thetic ²/sInÚTetIk/ ³adj ¸1 ´produced by @:
³synthetic rubber´, artificially made. ¸2 ´pertaining to @: ³synthetic
chemistry. ¸3 ´(of a language) containing, tending to form, many compound
words: ³German is a synthetic language. ¸syn®theti®cally ²/-klI/ ³adv´. µ¥
analysis.¼
¨syph®ilis© ²/ÚsIfIlIs/ ³n ¶[U] ´infectious venereal disease. ¸syphi®litic
²/*sIfIÚlItIk/ ³adj ´pertaining to, suffering from, @. µ¹ ³n ´person affected
with @.¼
¨syphon© ³n ´= µsiphon.¼
¨syr®inga© ²/sIÚrIGgE/ ³n ´shrub with strong-scented white flowers
(popularly called the mock-orange); botanical name of the lilac genus.¼
¨syr®inge© ²/sIÚrIndZ/ ³n ´kinds of device for drawing in liquid by suction
and forcing it out again in a fine stream, used for washing out wounds,
injecting liquids into the body, in spraying plants, etc: ³a hypodermic @; a
garden @. ¹ vt ¶[VP6A,15B] ´clean, inject liquid into, with a @; apply
(liquid) with a @.¼
¨syrup©, sirup ²/ÚsIrEp/ ³n ¶[U] ´thick sweet liquid made from sugar-cane
juice or by boiling sugar with water: ³pineapple tinned in @; ·Ú³cough @´,
@ with medicine in it to relieve a cough; ³fruit @´, @ flavoured with fruit
juices. ¸@y ³adj ´of or like @; (fig, eÔg of music) too sweet.¼
¨sys®tem© ²/ÚsIstEm/ ³n ¸1 ´group of things or parts working together in a
regular relation: ³the ·Ú³nervous @; the di·Ú³gestive @; a ·Ú³railway @. The
poison has passed into his @´, his body as a whole. ³Too much alcohol is bad
for the @. ¸2 ´ordered set of ideas, theories, principles, etc: ³a @ of
philosophy; a @ of government; a good @ of teaching languages;
·Ú³@-building/·Ú³@-built houses, ´built of prefabricated sections, put together
on the site. ¸3 ¶[U] ´orderliness: ³You mustn't expect good results if you work
without @. ¸@®atic ²/*sIstEÚmatIk/ ³adj ´methodical; based on a @: ³a @atic
attempt. ¸@®ati®cally ²/-klI/ ³adv ¸@®atize ²/ÚsIstEmEtñIz/ ³vt ¶[VP6A]
´arrange according to a @; make into a @. ¸@®atiz®ation ²/*sIstEmEtñIÚzeI2n
³US: ²-tIÚz-/ ³n¼
¨T©, t ²/ti/ ³n (pl µT's, t's ²/tiz/³) ´the twentieth letter of the
English alphabet; used before names of various objects shaped like the letter
T: ³a ·Ú³T-bandage; a ·Ú³T-shirt´, short-sleeved, close-fitting, collarless and
buttonless usu cotton shirt worn informally; ³a ·Ú³T-square, µ¥ square±1µ(7).
·to a T, µ¥ tee.¼
¨ta© ²/tq/ ³int ´(colloq) thank you.¼
¨tab© ²/tab/ ³n ¸1 ´small piece or strip of cloth, etc fixed to a garment, etc
as a badge or distinguishing mark or (as a loop) for hanging up a coat, etc;
binding at the end of a shoelace, etc. ¸2 ´(colloq) account; check. ·keep a
tab/tabs on sth/sb, ´keep an account of, keep under observation: ³keep a tab on
the expenses.¼
¨tab®ard© ²/ÚtabEd/ ³n ´(hist) short, sleeveless outer garment
(worn eÔg by a knight over his armour, or by a herald).¼
¨tabby© ²/ÚtabI/ ³n (pl µ-bies³) ¸Ú@(-cat), ´cat with grey or brown stripes.¼
¨tab®er®nacle© ²/ÚtabEnakl/ ³n ¸1 ´(in the Bible) ¸the T@, ´the portable
structure used by the Israelites as a sanctuary during their wanderings before
they settled in Palestine. ¸2 ´(eccles) receptacle for a pyx. ¸3 ´place of
worship, eÔg a Baptist Church or Mormon temple.¼
¨table© ²/ÚteIbl/ ³n ¶[C] ¸1 ´piece of furniture consisting of a
flat top with (usu four) supports (called legs): ³a ·Ú³dining-@; a
·Ú³kitchen-@; a ·Ú³billiard-@. ·at @, ´having a meal: ³They were at @ when we
called. ¸Ú@-cloth ³n ´one (to be) spread on a @. ¸Ú@-knife ³n ´steel knife for
use at @. ¸Ú@-lifting/-rapping/-turning ³nn ´lifting/rapping, etc of a @,
apparently without physical exertion, occurring while people sit at a @ during
a spiritualistic seance. ¸Ú@-linen ³n ¶[U] ´@-cloths, napkins, etc. ¸Ú@-mat ³n
´one to be placed under a hot dish on a @. ¸Ú@®spoon ³n ´large spoon for
serving food at @ from a dish, etc. ¸Ú@®spoon®ful ³n ´as much as a @spoon
holds. ¸Ú@-talk ³n ´conversation during a meal. ¸Ú@ tennis ³n ´game
(sometimes called ³ping-pong´) played with bats and balls, similar to tennis,
on a @. ¸Ú@-ware ³n ¶[U] ´dishes, silver, cutlery, etc used for meals. ¸2
³(sing ´only) people seated at a @: ³a @ of card-players; King Arthur and his
Round T@´, his knights; ³jokes that amused the whole @. ¸3 ³(sing ´only) food
provided at @: ³He keeps a good @´, provides good meals. ¸4 Ú@(-land),
´plateau; extensive area of high, level land. ¸5 ¶[C] ´list, orderly
arrangement, of facts, information, etc (usu in columns): ³a @ of contents´,
summary of what a book contains; ³multiplication @s; a railway ·Ú³time@. ¸6
´(phrases) ·lay sth on the @, ´(in Parliament) postpone (a measure, report,
etc) indefinitely. ·turn the @s on sb, ´gain a position of superiority after
having been defeated or in a position of inferiority. ¸7 ¶[C] ´(in the Bible)
flat slab of stone, wood, etc; tabletµ(1)´; what is written or inscribed on
such a @: ³the @s of the law´, the ten commandments given to Moses by God. ³¹
vt ¶[VP6A] ¸1 ´lay (a proposal, etc) on the @ (µ¥ 6 ´above); ³@ a motion/a
Bill/an amendment´, ´submit for discussion. ¸2 ´put in the form of a @µ(5)´.¼
¨tab®leau© ²/ÚtablE8/ ³n (pl µ@x ²/-lE8z/³) ´(often ¸@ vivant ²/Úvivqn ³US:
²viÚvqn/´) representation by living persons of a picture or scene, without
words or action, esp on a stage or platform; dramatic situation suddenly
brought about.¼
¨table d'h^ote© ²/*tqbl ÚdE8t/ ³adj, adv ´(F) (of a restaurant meal) at an
inclusive fixed price: ³a @ lunch. µ¥ `a la carte.¼
¨tab®let© ²/ÚtablIt/ ³n ¸1 ´flat surface with words cut or written
on it, eÔg one fixed to a wall in memory of sth or sb. ¸2 ´number of sheets of
writing-paper fastened together along one edge. ¸3 ´lump of hard soap; small
flattened pellet of compressed medicine: ³two @s of aspirin; ´flat, hard
sweet: ³throat @s´, to be sucked to relieve a cough, sore throat, etc. ¸4
´(hist) flat sheet of wood, stone, etc for cutting words on (eÔg as used in
ancient Rome).¼
¨tab®loid© ²/ÚtablãId/ ³n ´small size newspaper with many pictures, strip
cartoons, etc and with its news presented in simplified form: (attrib) ³@
journalism.¼
¨ta®boo© ²/tEÚbu ³US: ²taÚbu/ ³n ¸1 ¶[C,U] ´(among some peoples) something
which religion or custom regards as forbidden, not to be touched, spoken of,
etc: ³That tree is under (a) @. ¸2 ¶[C] ´general agreement not to discuss sth,
do sth. ³¹ adj ´under @: ³Questions and problems that were once @ are now
discussed openly. Unkind gossip ought to be @. ¸Ú@ words, ´those which
convention avoids or prohibits (eÔg most of those marked Ï in this dictionary).
³¹ vt ¶[VP6A] ´forbid, esp on moral or religious grounds.¼
¨ta®bor© ²/ÚteIbE(r)/ ³n ´small drum, esp one used to accompany a pipe or
fife.¼
¨tabu®lar© ²/Útabj8lE(r)/ ³adj ´arranged or displayed in tablesµ(5)´: ³a
report in @ form.¼
¨tabu®late© ²/Útabj8leIt/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´arrange (facts, figures, etc) in
tablesµ(5)´, in lists or columns. ¸tabu®la®tor ²/-tE(r)/ ³n ´machine, device,
that @s. ¸tabu®la®tion ²/*tabj8ÚleI2n/ ³n¼
¨tacho®graph© ²/ÚtakE8grqf/ ³n ´device that records the speed and duration of a
journey in a motor-vehicle.¼
¨tacit© ²/ÚtasIt/ ³adj ´unspoken; understood without being put into words: ³@
consent/agreement. ¸@®ly ³adv¼
¨taci®turn© ²/ÚtasIt3n/ ³adj ´(in the habit of) saying very little.
¸@®ly ³adv ¸taci®tur®nity ²/*tasIÚt3nEtI/ ³n ¶[U].¼
¨tack© ²/tak/ ³n ¸1 ´small, flat-headed nail (eÔg as used for securing some
kinds of carpet or linoleum to a floor): ·Ú³tin-@´, of iron coated with tin;
·Ú³thumb-@ ´(US) = drawing-pin. ¸2 ´long, loose stitch used in fastening
pieces of cloth together loosely or temporarily. ¸3 ´sailing-ship's direction
as fixed by the direction of the wind and the position of the sails: ³on the
port/starboard @´, with the wind on the port/starboard side. ·on the
right/wrong @, ´(fig) following a wise/unwise course of action. ¸4 ¶[U]
¸(hard) @´, hard ship's biscuits. ³¹ vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A,15A,B] ´fasten with
@sµ(1)´: ³@ down the carpet. ¸2 ¶[VP6A,15A,B] ´fasten with @sµ(2)´: ³@ a ribbon
on to a hat; @ down a fold; ´(fig) ³@ an appeal for money on to a speech´, add
one. ¸3 ¶[VP2A,C] ´sail in a zigzag course; make a @ or @sµ(3)´: ³@ing about; @
to port.¼
¨tackle© ²/Útakl/ ³n ¸1 ¶[C,U] ´set of ropes and pulleys for working a ship's
sails, or for lifting weights, etc. µ¥ ´the illus at µpulley. ¸2 ¶[U]
´equipment, apparatus, for doing sth: ·Ú³fishing @´, a rod, line, hooks, etc.
¸3 ¶[C] ´act of seizing and bringing down an opponent with the ball (in Rugby
and American-style football). ³¹ vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A,14] ´deal with, attack (a
problem, a piece of work): ³I don't know how to @ this problem´, how to start
on it. ·@ sb about/over sth, ´speak to sb frankly (about a matter). ¸2
¶[VP6A,2A] ´seize, lay hold of, sb, eÔg a thief, a player who, in Rugby, has
the ball: ³He @s fearlessly.¼
¨tacky© ²/ÚtakI/ ³adj ¸1 ´sticky; not yet dry: ³The paint/varnish is still @.
¸2 ´(US) = µtatty.¼
¨tact© ²/takt/ ³n ¶[U] ´(use of) skill and understanding shown by
sb who handles people and situations successfully and without causing offence:
³show @/have great @ in dealing with people. ¸@®ful ²/-fl/ ³adj ´having or
showing @. ¸@®fully ²/-fElI/ ³adv ¸@®less ³adj ´lacking @. ¸@®less®ly ³adv
¸@®less®ness ³n¼
¨tac®tic© ²/ÚtaktIk/ ³n ¸1 ´expedient; means of achieving an object. ¸2 ³(pl
´often with ³sing v) ´art of placing or moving fighting forces for or during
battle. µ¥ strategy´; (fig) plan(s) or method(s) for carrying out a policy:
³win by surprise @s; These @s are unlikely to help you. ¸tac®ti®cal ²/-kl/
³adj ´of @s: ³@al exercises; a @al error. µ¥ strategic. ¸tact®i®cally ²/-klI/
³adv ¸tac®ti®cian ²/takÚtI2n/ ³n ´expert in @s.¼
¨tac®tile© ²/ÚtaktñIl ³US: ²-tEl/, ±tac®tual ²/Útakt28El/ ³adjj ´of,
experienced by, the sense of touch: ³a @ organ/reflex.¼
¨tad®pole© ²/ÚtadpE8l/ ³n ´form of a frog or toad from the time it leaves the
egg to the time when it takes its adult form. µ¥ ´the illus at µamphibian.¼
¨taf®feta© ²/ÚtafItE/ ³n ¶[U] ´thin, shiny, rather stiff silk material;
similar material of linen, rayon, etc.¼
¨taff®rail© ²/ÚtafreIl/ ³n ´rail round a ship's stern.¼
¨taffy© ²/ÚtafI/ ³n ¸1 ´(US) toffee. ¸2 ´insincere flattery.¼
¨Taffy© ²/ÚtafI/ ³n ´(colloq) Welshman.¼
¨tag© ²/tag/ ³n ¸1 ´metal or plastic point at the end of a shoe-lace, string,
etc. ¸2 ´label (eÔg for showing prices, addresses) fastened to or stuck into
sth. ¸3 ´phrase or sentence often quoted: ³Latin tags. ¸4 ´any loose or ragged
end. ¸Úquestion tags, ´(gram) phrases such as ³isn't it? won't you? are
there? ´added to statements. ¸5 ¶[U] ´game in which one child chases and tries
to touch another. ³¹ vt,vi µ(-gg-) ¸1 ¶[VP6A] ´fasten a tagµ(2) ´to. ¸2
¶[VP14] ·tag sth on (to), ´fasten, attach. ¸3 ¶[VP2C] ·tag along/behind/after,
´follow closely: ³children tagging after their mother. ³Tag along with us ´(=
Come with us) ³if you like. ¸4 ¶[VP15A,B] ´join: ³tag old articles together to
make a book.¼
¨tail© ²/teIl/ ³n ¸1 ´movable part (from the end of the backbone)
at the end of the body of a bird, animal, fish or reptile: ³Dogs wag their @s
when they are pleased. ·turn @, ´run away. ·@s up, ´(of persons) in good
spirits. ¸2 µ¥ ´the illus at µaircraft. ´sth like a @ in position: ³the @ of a
kite/comet/aircraft/cart/procession; ´(attrib) ³a @ ´(= following) ³wind.
¸Ú@-board ³n ´board, usu on hinges, forming the back part of a cart or truck.
¸*@-Úcoat, @s ³n ´man's evening coat, long, divided and tapered at the back.
¸*@-Úend ³n ´(usu with ·the @-end (of)´) ´final part: ³at the @-end of the
procession. ¸Ú@®gate ³n ´door or flap at the rear of a motor-vehicle which can
be opened for loading and unloading. ¸Ú@-light ³n ´light at the end of a train,
tram or other vehicle. ¸Ú@®piece ³n ¸(a) ´(in a book, etc) decoration printed
in the blank space at the end of a chapter, etc. ¸(b) ´sth added at the
end of sth. ¸Ú@-spin ³n ´spiral dive of an aircraft in which the @ makes wider
circles than the front. ·the @ of the eye, ´the outer corner: ³watching me from
the @ of his eye. ¸3 @s, ´side of a coin opposite to that in which there is the
head of sb. µ¥ head±1µ(3). ¸4 @s, ´(colloq) @-coat: ³Am I to wear a
dinner-jacket or @s? ¸5 ´(colloq) sb employed to follow and watch sb, eÔg a
suspected criminal: ³put a @ on sb. ¹ vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP3A] ·@ after sb, ´follow
close behind. ¸2 ¶[VP6A] ·@ a person, ´follow him closely, eÔg because he is
suspected to be a criminal. ¸3 ¶[VP2C] ·@ off/away, ¸(a) ´become smaller in
number, size, etc. ¸(b) ´(of remarks, etc) end in a hesitating or inconclusive
way. ¸(c) ´fall behind or away in a scattered line. ¸-tailed ²/-teIld/ ³adj
´(in compounds) ·*³long-·Ú³@ed, ·*³short-·Ú³@ed´, having a long/short @.
¸@®less ³adj ´having no @: ³a @less cat.¼
¨tailor© ²/ÚteIlE(r)/ ³n ´maker of (esp outer) garments: ³go to the
@'s to be measured for a suit/an overcoat. ¸*@-Úmade ³adj ´made by a @, with
special attention to exact fit; (fig) appropriate, well-suited: ³He seems
@-made for the job. ³¹ vt ¸1 ¶[VP6A] ´cut out and sew: ³a well-@ed suit. ¸2
¶[VP15A] ´adapt: ³@ed for a special purpose/to a particular audience.¼
¨taint© ²/teInt/ ³n ¶[C,U] ´trace of some bad quality, decay or infection:
³There was a @ of insanity in the family. Is the meat free from @? ¹ vt,vi
¶[VP6A,2A] ´make or become infected: ³@ed meat. ¸@®less ³adj ´without @; pure.¼
¨take©1 ²/teIk/ ³vt,vi (pt µtook ²/t8k/, ³pp µtaken ²/ÚteIkEn/³)
´(For uses with a large number of ³nn, µ¥ 15 ´below. For special uses with
³adverbial particles ´and ³preps µ¥ 16 ´below.) ¸1 ¶[VP6A,15A] ´get or lay hold
of with the hand(s) or any other part of the body, eÔg the arms, teeth or with
an instrument (Cf ³let go of ´or ³release´, as opposite in meaning): ³@ sb's
hand; @ sth on one's back; @ a man by the throat; @ sb in one's arms´, put
one's arms round him, embrace him; ³@ sth up ´(= pick it up) ³with one's
fingers/with a pair of tongs; @ a person's arm´, put, rest, one's hand on his
arm, eÔg to support him or be supported by him. ·@ hold of sth, ´grasp or seize
it. ¸2 ¶[VP6A,15A,2A] ´capture; catch (sb or sth) by surprise or pursuit; win
(in a contest, etc): ³@ a town/a fortress, ´in war; ³@ 500 prisoners; be @n
prisoner/captive´, be caught and be made a prisoner. ³The rabbit was @n in a
trap. The major's bull took ´(= was awarded) ³the first prize at the
agricultural show. How many tricks did you @´, iÔe win, eÔg at a card game
such as whist or bridge? ³Be careful not to @ cold´, become ill with a cold
(³catch cold ´is more usu). ·@ sb's fancy, ´please, delight: ³The new
dance has really taken the public's fancy. ·@ sb at a disadvantage, ´be
approached, attacked, etc when unready, in a unfavourable situation, etc. ·be
@n ill, ´(passive only) become ill, catch an illness. ·@ sb unawares/by
surprise, ´approach or discover sb doing sth when he is unaware of one's
presence, that one sees him, etc. ¸3 ¶[VP6A] ´use; use or borrow without
permission; steal; avail oneself of: ³Someone has @n my hat´, iÔe by mistake.
³Who has @n my bicycle´, borrowed or stolen it? ³He @s whatever he can lay his
hands on. ¸4 ¶[VP6A,15A,B,12A,13A,19B] ´carry (sth), accompany (sb), away from
a place: ³@ letters to the post; @ the luggage upstairs; @ a friend home in
one's car; @ the dog out for a walk; @ one's wife to the cinema; @ the
children swimming /for a swim. Please @ these things in/out/away/back/home,
etc. Shall I @ your message to her/@ her your message? T@ her some flowers. He
took me a new way to the coast´, by a route that was new to me. ¸Ú@-home
wages/pay, ´(colloq) net sum after deduction of national insurance
contribution, income tax, etc. ¸5 ¶[VP6A,15A] ´get, have; eat or drink; allow
oneself: ³@ a holiday/a walk/a bath/a quick look round/a deep breath; @ a
chair/a seat´, sit down; ³@ medical/legal advice´, get the advice of a
doctor/lawyer; ³@ driving lessons; @ ´(= hire) ³a taxi; @ ´(= rent) ³a
cottage at the seaside for the holidays. Let's go into the garden and @ the
air´, have some fresh air. ³Will you @ tea or coffee? I'll @ ´(= buy) ³2 lb of
your Kenya coffee. Why don't you @ a wife´, (old use) marry? ³You should @ a
partner into the business/@ your brother into the business. ¸6 ¶[VP6A,15A,16B]
´accept; receive: ³Will you @ $1500 for the car´, sell it for this sum? ³This
small caf_e @s $500 a week´, This is the total of the receipts. µ¥ takings
´below. (From the C of E marriage service) ³Do you @ this man to be your lawful
wedded husband? You must @ us as you find us´, not expect exceptional
treatment, consideration, etc (while you are with us). ³He will @ no
nonsense´, will not allow any. ³I'm not taking any more or your insults, ´I
refuse to listen to them. ·@ one's chance, ´trust to one's luck; accept
whatever may come or happen: ³She'll have to @ her chance with the other
applicants for the job. ·@ a chance (on sth), ´accept the possibility of not
getting sth: ³I'm ready to @ a chance on finding him at home´, will call
hoping to find him there. ·@ one's chance, ´attempt sth though aware of the
possibility of failing. ·@ it from me; @ my word for it, ´believe me when I
say: ³T@ it from me, there'll be some big changes made in the coming year. ·be
able to @ it; can @ it, ´be able to endure suffering, punishment, attack, etc
without showing weakness, readiness to admit defeat, etc. ¸7 ¶[VP6A]
´subscribe to; receive and pay for regularly: ³Which newspapers do you @? ¸8
¶[VP6A,15A,B] ·@ (down), ´make a record of: ³@ notes of a lecture; @ sth down
in shorthand; @ a letter, ´from dictation; ³@ (down) a broadcast on tape, ´iÔe
using a tape-recorder; ³@ a photograph. ¶[VP2A] ³He does not @ well´, It is
difficult to @ good photographs of him. ¸9 ¶[VP2B,6B,15A] ´need, require: ³The
work took four hours. These things @ time. How long will this job @ you/How
long will you @ over this job? The wound took a long time to heal. ·@ one's
time (over sth), ¸(a) ´not hurry; use as much time as one needs: ³Take your
time over the job, and do it well. ¸(b) ´(ironic) use more time than is
reasonable: ³The workmen are certainly taking their time over the job. ·It @s
Útwo to make a quarrel, ´(prov) suggesting that both parties to a quarrel are
at fault. ·@ a lot of doing, ´need much effort, skill, etc. ¸10 ¶[VP14,22] ·@
sb/sth for«; @ sb/sth to be«, ´suppose; conclude; infer; consider: ³I took you
to be an honest man. Do you @ me for a fool? Even
the experts took the painting for a genuine Rembrandt. ·@ it (from sb) that«,
´assume: ³I @ it that we are to come early. You may @ it from me that«´, be
confident because I tell you«. ·@ sb/sth for granted, µ¥ grantÔ³vÔµ(2). ¸11
¶[VP6A] ´find out (by inquiry, measurement, etc): ³The doctor took my
temperature. Has the tailor @n your measurements for that new suit? Did the
police @ your name and address? ¸12 ¶[VP22,16B] ´treat or regard in a
specified way: ³@ it/things easy´, not work too hard or too fast; ³@ things
coolly/calmly´, not get excited; ³@ sth ill/amiss´, resent it. ³I should @ it
kindly ´(= be grateful to you) ³if«. Don't @ it so seriously, ´Don't treat
the matter with such seriousness. ·@ sth as + ³pp, ´assume it to be: ³@ an
apology as given/an objection as answered. ·@ sth as read, ´agree that it is
unnecessary to read it, eÔg the minutes of the previous meeting. ·@ (it) as
read (that«), ´assume it, assume that«: ³We can @ (it) as read that an apology
was given. ¸13 ¶[VP6A] ´accept responsibility for: ³@
evening service´, (at church) conduct it; ³@ a class´, be in charge, give the
class its lesson, etc. ¸14 ¶[VP2A] ´be successful: ³George Green's second novel
did not @, ´did not become popular; have the required effect: ³That smallpox
injection did not @. The dye doesn't @ in cold water, ´is ineffective. ¸15
´(with ³nn´) (For other examples, µ¥ ´the ³n ´entries) ·@ account of sth, ´(= @
sth into account), µ¥ account±1µ(7). ·@ advantage of sb/sth, µ¥ advantage. ·@
aim, µ¥ aim±1µ(2). ·@ the biscuit/the cake, µ¥ biscuit, cake. ·@ care, µ¥
care±1µ(2). ·@ a chair, µ¥ 5 ´above. ·@ a/one's chance, µ¥ 6 ´above. ·@ charge
(of), µ¥ charge±1µ(5). ·@ courage, µ¥ courage. ·@ a degree, ´obtain a
degreeµ(5). ·@ (a) delight/an interest/(a) pleasure/(a) pride in sth, ´be, show
that one is, delighted/interested, etc in it. ·@ a dislike to sb, µ¥ dislike.
·@ effect, µ¥ effect(1). ·@ an examination, ´be tested on one's knowledge or
ability. ·@ exception to, µ¥ exception(3). ·not/never take one's eyes off, µ¥
16 ´below. ·@ a fancy to; @ the fancy of, µ¥ fancy±1µ(3). ·@ fright (at sth),
´become frightened. ·@ a gamble (on sth), ´do sth knowing it is risky. ·@ a
hand at, µ¥ hand±1µ(13). ·@ sb in hand, ´accept responsibility for him (esp to
improve his behaviour). ·@ (fresh) heart; @ sth to heart, µ¥ heart(2). ·@ heed,
´pay attention. ·@ a/the hint, µ¥ hint. ·@ (one's) leave (of sb), µ¥
leave±2µ(3). ·@ the liberty of; @ liberties with, µ¥ liberty(2). ·@ a liking
to, ´become fond of. ·@ the measure of sb, µ¥ measure±1µ(1). ·@ one's/sb's
mind off (sth), µ¥ mind±1µ(2). ·@ no notice (of), µ¥ notice(3). ·@ an oath, µ¥
oath(1). ·@ objection to, µ¥ objection(1). ·@ offence (at sth), µ¥ offence(2).
·@ the opportunity of doing/to do sth, ´recognize a favourable moment and act.
·@ (holy) orders, ´become a priest, etc. ·@ (great) pains (over sth/to do sth),
µ¥ pains. ·@ part (in), µ¥ part±1µ(4). ·@ place; @ the place of, µ¥
place±1µ(10). ·@ the risk of; @ risks, µ¥ risk(1). ·@ a seat, µ¥ 5 ´above. ·@
silk, µ¥ silk(3). ·@ stock, µ¥ stock±1µ(1). ·@ one's time (over sth), µ¥ 9
´above. ·@ trouble (over sth); @ the trouble to do sth, µ¥ trouble, ³nµ(3). ·@
umbrage (at), µ¥ umbrage. ·@ my word for it, µ¥ 6 ´above. ¸16 ¶[VP3A,2C,15B]
´(special uses with ³adverbial particles ´and ³preps)´:¼
·be taken aback, µ¥ aback.¼
·take after sb, ´resemble (esp a parent or relation) in features or character:
³Your daughter does not @ after you in any way.¼
·take sth apart, ´separate sth (machinery, etc) into its (component) parts.¼
·take (away) from, ´lessen, weaken, diminish: ³That foolish indiscretion took
away from his public image. These faults to some extent @ (away) from his
credit as a biographer. ·@ sth/sb away (from sb/sth), ´remove: ³Not to be @n
away´, eÔg books from a library. ³The child was @n away from school´, not
allowed to attend. ³What @s you away so early´, Why are you leaving so early?
³"Sandwiches to @ away' ´(eÔg as a sign outside a shop, = "«to be @n away'),
Sandwiches may be bought here and eaten elsewhere. Hence, ¸Ú@-away ³attrib ´to
be @n away: ³@-away hamburgers; a @-away restaurant, ´one that sells food that
may be @n away.¼
·take sth back, ¸(a) ´retreat or withdraw (what one has said) as an admission
of error, as an apology, etc: ³I @ back what I said. ¸(b) ´agree to receive
back: ³Shopkeepers will not usually @ back goods after they have been paid
for. ·@ sb back (to), ´carry or conduct to an earlier period: ³These stories
took him back to his childhood days´, (fig) brought them back to his mind.¼
·take sth down, ¸(a) ´write down: ³The reporters took down the speech. ¸(b)
´lower; get by lifting down from (a shelf, etc): ³@ down a book from the top
shelf; @ down the curtains/pictures from the walls; @ down a mast. ¸(c)
´dismantle; pull down; get into separate parts: ³@ down a crane/the
scaffolding round a building; @ down a partition. ·@ sb Údown a peg (or two),
´humble; lower the pride of: ³That fellow needs to be @n down a peg.¼
·take from, µ¥ ³take (away) from ´above.¼
·take sth in, ¸(a) ´receive (work) to be done in one's own house for payment:
³The poor widow earns money by taking in washing/sewing. ¸(b) ´(µ¥ 7 ´above)
pay for and receive regularly: ³@ in journals/periodicals. ¸(c) ´reduce the
size, area, length or width of (a garment, sail, etc): ³This dress needs to be
@n in ´(= made smaller) ³at the waist. Orders were given to @ in sail. µ¥ ³@
up the slack ´at µslack±2µ(1). ¸(d) ´comprise; include, eÔg in one's journey or
route: ³a motor-coach tour that @s in six European capitals. ¸(e) ´take
(territory, common land, etc) into one's possession; (re)claim: ³A good deal of
Romney Marsh was @n in from the sea by monks. ¸(f) ´understand; absorb;
digest mentally: ³They listened to my lecture, but how much did they @ in, I
wonder? We need more time to @ in the situation´, form a correct idea of it.
¸(g) ´see at a glance; see at once: ³She took in every detail of the other
woman's clothes. He took in the scene at a glance. ¸(h) ´listen to, watch,
with excitement: ³The children took in the whole spectacle open-mouthed. ·@ sb
in, ¸(a) ´receive, admit: ³make a living by taking in guests/lodgers; @ a
traveller in for the night. ¸(b) ´deceive; get the better of by a trick:
³Don't let yourself be @n in by these politicians. He was badly @n in when he
bought that second-hand car.¼
·take sth into account, µ¥ account(7). ·@ a person into one's confidence, µ¥
confidence(1). ·@ sth into one's head, µ¥ head±1µ(19).¼
·take off, ¸(a) ´make a start in jumping. ¸(b) ´(of an aircraft) leave the
ground and rise: ³The plane took off despite the fog. ´Hence, ¸Ú@-off ³n ¸(a)
´(also ³jump-off´, esp in show jumping) place at which the feet leave the
ground in jumping. ¸(b) ´(of aircraft) leaving the ground and rising: ³a smooth
@-off. µ¥ ³touch-down ´at µtouch±2µ(11). ·@ sth off, ¸(a) ´remove: ³@ off one's
shirt. ³Why don't you @ ´(= shave) ³off that silly little moustache? The
surgeon took off ´(= amputated) ³his leg. ·@ one's hat off to sb, µ¥ hat.
¸(b) ´withdraw (from service): ³The 7aÔm express to Bristol will be @n off
next month´, will not run. ·@ sth off (sth), ¸(a) ´lift and move to another
position: ³T@ your hand off my shoulder. ¸(b) ´deduct: ³@ 50p off the price.
·@ sb off, ¸(a) ´conduct; lead away somewhere: ³He was @n off to prison. She
took me off to see her garden. ·@ sb off sth, ´remove him from it: ³The crew
were @n off ´(= rescued from) ³the wrecked ship by the lifeboat. ¸(b) ´ridicule
by imitation; mimic; burlesque: ³Alice is clever at taking off the
headmistress. ´Hence, ¸Ú@-off ³n ´caricature; burlesque imitation of sb's
behaviour: ³a good @-off of the Prime Minister. ·not/never @ one's eyes off
sth/sb, ´look at constantly: ³He never took his eyes off his small
daughter while she was swimming in the sea. ·@ one's mind off (sth), µ¥
mind±1µ(2).¼
·take on, ¸(a) ´(colloq) become excited or agitated; make a fuss: ³She took on
something dreadful when I said she'd told a pack of lies. ¸(b) ´(colloq) become
popular; have a vogue: ³We introduced a new sports car last year but it never
took on. ·@ sth on, ¸(a) ´undertake; charge oneself with: ³@ on extra
work/heavy responsibilities. You've @n on too much. ¸(b) ´assume; put on (a
quality,
appearance): ³The chameleon can @ on the colours of its background. ·@ sb on,
¸(a) ´accept as an opponent: ³@ sb on at golf/billiards; ready to @ on all
comers´, play against, fight, anyone who accepts a challenge. ¸(b) ´engage: ³@
on twenty more workers. ¸(c) ´(of a train, etc) allow to enter: ³The bus
stopped to @ on some children. ¸(d) ´(of trains, etc) carry too far, past the
destination: ³I fell asleep in the train and was @n on to York.¼
·take sth out, ¸(a) ´extract; remove: have one's appendix/a tooth @n out. ³How
can I @ out ´(= remove) ³these inkstains from my blouse? ¸(b) ´obtain; procure
(sth issued): ³@ out an insurance policy/a driving licence/a summons/a patent.
·@ sb out, ¸(a) ´conduct; accompany: ³@ the children out for a walk; @ one's
wife out for dinner´, iÔe at a restaurant. ¸(b) ´(in bridge): ³@ one's partner
out´, make a higher bid (than that which he has made). ·@ it out in sth,
´accept as recompense or compensation: ³The innkeeper couldn't pay me the $10
he owed me but let me @ it out in drinks and cigars. ·@ it out of sb, ´leave
him weak and exhausted: ³His recent illness/All that hard work has @n
it out of him. ·@ it out on sb, ´vent one's anger, disappointment, etc on
(usu) sb else: ³He came home angry at losing his job and took it out on his
wife.¼
·take sb over (to), ´carry from one place to another: ³Mr White took me over to
the island in his launch. ·@ sth over (from sb), ´assume control of; succeed to
the management or ownership of (a business, etc): ³Was it in 1948 that the
Government took over the railways in Great Britain´, nationalized them? ³When
Mr Green retired his son took over the business from him. ´Hence, ¸Ú@®over ³n
´change of control of a firm or company, eÔg after another has made a
successful bid to buy its stock: ³a ·Ú³@over bid. ·@ over (from sb), ´accept
duties, responsibilities, etc: ³The new Chancellor took over ´(iÔe ³from ´his
predecessor) ³yesterday.¼
·take to sth, ¸(a) ´adopt as a practice or hobby, as a means of livelihood;
get into a habit: ³@ to gardening when one retires; @ to drink(ing)´, get into
the habit of taking alcoholic liquor; ³@ to the road´, become a tramp (or, in
former times a highwayman); (of a circus, etc) go on tour from town to town
giving shows. ¸(b) ´take refuge in; use as a means of escape: ³@ to flight´,
run away; ³@ to the woods/the jungle/the heather´, go to the woods, etc, to
avoid capture. ³The crew took to the boats when the torpedo struck the ship.
·@ to one's heels, µ¥ heel±1µ(1). ·@ to sth/sb, ´conceive a liking for: ³Has
the baby @n to its new nursemaid? That boy will never @ to cricket.¼
·take sth up, ¸(a) ´lift up; raise: ³@ up one's pen/book/gun; @ up a carpet.
¸(b) ´(of trains, taxis, etc; more usu ³@ on´) stop to allow (passengers) to
enter. ¸(c) ´absorb (a liquid): ³Blotting-paper @s up ink. ¸(d) ´dissolve
(solids): ³How much water is needed to @ up a pound of salt? ¸(e) ´interest
oneself in; engage in (sth) (as a hobby, business, etc): ³@ up
photography/market gardening. ¸(f) ´pursue further; begin afresh (sth left
off, sth begun by sb else): ³Harry took up the tale at the point where John
had left off. ¸(g) ´occupy (time, space): ³This table @s up too much space. My
time is fully @n up with writing. ¸(h) ´(comm) advance money (on a mortgage);
accept (a Bill of Exchange); subscribe for (shares, etc) at the time of issue.
¸(i) ´catch the end of and make secure: ³@ up a dropped stitch. ¸Ú@-up spool
³n ´(on a cin_e projector, tape-recorder, etc) spool on to which film, tape,
etc is wound from the spool having the film, tape, etc that is being used. ·@
sth up (with sb), ´speak or write (to him) about it: ³I will @ the matter up
with the Ministry´, eÔg by asking for information, or by making a protest. ·@
sb up, ´make a proteg_e of; help: ³The young soprano was @n up by the famous
conductor´, He encouraged and helped her in her career. ·@ sb Úup on sth,
´accept from him his offer, challenge, bet, etc: ³why don't you take Jim up on
his offer to lend you $50? ·be @n up with sb/sth, ´be much interested in: ³He
seems to be very much @n up with that tall Swedish girl. ·@ sb up sharp/short,
´interrupt and correct (a speaker): ³He took me up short when I
suggested that«. ·@ up one's residence at, ´(formal) proceed to occupy: ³The
new ambassador has @n up his residence ´(in the Embassy).¼
·take sth upon/on oneself, ´assume responsibility; undertake: ³You mustn't @
upon yourself the right to make decisions.¼
¨take©2 ²/teIk/ ³n ¸1 ´amount (of money) taken. ¸2 ´(film industry)
scene that has been or is to be photographed. ¸3 ´act of taking.¼
¨taker© ²/ÚteIkE(r)/ ³n ´one who, that which, takes, esp one who takes a bet:
³There were no @s´, no one willing to take bets.¼
¨tak®ing© ²/ÚteIkIG/ ³adj ´attractive; captivating.¼
¨tak®ings© ²/ÚteIkIGz/ ³n pl ´money taken in business; receipts.¼
¨talc© ²/talk/ ³n ¶[U] ´soft, smooth mineral that can be split into thin
transparent plates. ¸Ú@ powder ³n ´toilet powder (usu perfumed) made from @.¼
¨tal®cum© ²/ÚtalkEm/ ³n ¸Ú@ powder, ´= talc powder.¼
¨tale© ²/teIl/ ³n ¶[C] ¸1 ´story: ·Ú³fairy-@s; @s of adventure. It tells its
own @´, explains itself, requires no comment or explanation. ¸2 ´report;
account. ·tell @s, ´tell sth about another person that he wishes to be kept
secret, eÔg his wrongdoing. Hence, ¸Ú@-bearer/-teller ³nn ´person who tells
@s.¼
¨tal®ent© ²/ÚtalEnt/ ³n ¸1 ¶[C,U] ´(particular kind of) natural power to do
sth well: ³a man of great @; local @´, (usu amateur) musicians, actors, etc of
a district; ³a ·Ú³@ scout´, (colloq) person who watches out for persons of @
for films, the theatre, sports, etc; ³have a @ for music/not much @ for
painting; an exhibition of local @´, of works, eÔg paintings, by people of a
district or locality. ¸2 ¶[C] ´measure of weight, unit of money, used in
ancient times among the Greeks, Romans, Assyrians, etc. ¸@ed ³adj ´having @;
gifted: ³a @ed musician.¼
¨tal®is®man© ²/ÚtalIzmEn ³US: ²-Ism-/ ³n ¶[C] ³(pl µ@s ³) ´sth that
is thought to bring good luck, eÔg a trinket or ring.¼
¨talk©1 ²/tck/ ³n ¸1 ¶[C,U] ´talking; conversation; discussion: ³I've had
several @s with the headmaster about my boy. There's too much @ ´(= @ing) ³and
not enough work being done. ¸2 ¶[C] ´informal speech: ³give a @ to the
Women's Institute on one's travels in Asia. ¸3 ´(phrases) ·the @ of the town,
´sth or sb everyone is @ing about. ·be all @, ´said of sb who @s a lot but does
not get results. ¸Úsmall @, ´conversation on everyday but not important
topics.¼
¨talk©2 ²/tck/ ³vi,vt (pt,pp µ@ed³) ¸1 ¶[VP2A,B,C,3A,15B] ·@
(to/with sb) (about/of sth), ´say things; speak to give information; discuss
sth, etc: ³He was @ing to ´(less often ³with´) ³a friend. What are they @ing
about ´(less often ³of´)³? We @ed all afternoon/for two hours. Were they @ing
in Spanish or in Portuguese? ·be/get oneself @ed about, ´(in some contexts) be
made the subject of gossip: ³You'll get yourself @ed about if you go on being
so foolish. ·@ at sb, ´speak to sb without paying attention to his replies: ³I
don't like people who @ at me instead of with me. ·@ away, ´continue @ing:
³They were still @ing away at midnight. ·@ back (to sb), ´(often ³answer
back´) reply defiantly. ·@ big, ´brag; boast. ·@ sb down, ´silence him by
talking loudly at him. ·@ down an aircraft, ´@ by radio to the pilot while he
is about to make a landing, giving him instructions, etc. ·@ down to sb, ´@ in
a way that suggests that the speaker is superior,
eÔg by using condescendingly simple words, etc: ³It's unwise for a lecturer to
@ down to his audience. ·@ing of, ´while on the subject of: ³T@ing of travel,
have you been to Munich yet? ·@ sth over, ´discuss it. ·@ round sth, ´@ about
a subject without reaching the point or a conclusion. ·@ to sb, ´(colloq)
scold; reprove. ´Hence, ¸Ú@®ing-to ³n ´scolding: ³The teacher gave the lazy boy
a good @ing-to. ¸2 ¶[VP2A] ´have the power of speech: ³Can the baby @ yet? ¸3
¶[VP6A] ´be able to use (a language): ³@ English/Spanish. ¸4 ¶[VP6A] ´discuss:
³@ business, @ shop, µ¥ shop(2). ³We @ed music all evening. ¸Ú@®ing-point,
´topic likely to cause discussion; argument likely to persuade or convince sb.
¸5 ¶[VP6A] ´express in words: ³@ sense/nonsense/treason. ¸6 ¶[VP14,22] ´bring
into a certain condition by @ing: ³@ oneself hoarse´, @ until one is hoarse.
·@ sb into/out of doing sth, ´persuade sb to do/not to do sth: ³She @ed her
husband into having a holiday in France. He @ed his wife out of buying a new
car. ·@ sb over/round, ´persuade sb to agree to or to accept sth: ³We @ed them
over to our way of thinking. ¸7 ¶[VP2A] ´(various uses): ³Don't do anything
indiscreetÅyou know how people @´, gossip. ³Has the accused man @ed yet´, given
information, eÔg under coercion or threats? ³Some parrots can @´, imitate the
sounds of human speech. ¸@a®tive ²/ÚtckEtIv/ ³adj ´fond of @ing. ¸@er ³n ¸1
´(esp with an ³adj´) person who @s: ³a good/poor, etc @er. What a @er that
woman is! ´How fond she is of @ing! ¸2 ´person who @s a lot but does not get
results: ³He's a mere @er.¼
¨talkie© ²/ÚtckI/ ³n ¶[C] ´(dated colloq term for a)
cinema film with spoken dialogue (used when these were a novelty). ¸the @s,
´(colloq) cinema films with spoken dialogue.¼
¨tall© ²/tcl/ ³adj µ(-er, -est) ¸1 ´(of persons) of more than average height;
(of objects such as a ship's mast, a flagpole, a church spire, a tree whose
height is greater than its width, but not of mountains) higher than the
average or than surrounding objects: ³She is @er than her sister. She wears
high heels to make herself look @er. That yacht has a very @ mast. ¸Ú@®boy
´(GB; US = ³highboy) n ´bedroom chest of drawers 5 or 6 ft high. ¸2 ´of a
specified height: ³Tom is six foot @. ¸3 ´(colloq) excessive, exorbitant. ¸a @
order, ´an unreasonable request; a task difficult to perform. ¸a @ story, ´one
that it is difficult to believe. ¸@®ish ²/-I2/ ³adj ´rather @.¼
¨tal®low© ²/ÚtalE8/ ³n ¶[U] ´hard (esp animal) fat used for making candles,
etc.¼
¨tally© ²/ÚtalI/ ³n ¶[C] ³(pl µ-lies³) ¸1 ´score; reckoning: ³keep the @.
¸2 ´ticket, label, etc used for identification. ¸Ú@-clerk ³n ´clerk who checks
cargo, etc eÔg at the docks. ¸Ú@®man ²/-man/ ³n (pl µ-men³) ´person who sells
goods and collects weekly payments. ³¹ vi (pt,pp µ-lied³) ¶[VP2A,3A] ·@ (with),
·(of stories, amounts, etc) correspond; agree: ³The two lists do not @. Does
your list @ with mine? The stories of the two men tallied.¼
¨tally-ho© ²/*talI ÚhE8/ ³int ´huntsman's cry on catching sight of the fox.¼
¨Tal®mud© ²/Útalm8d ³US: ²Útql-/ ³n ´compendium of Jewish law and teaching.¼
¨talon© ²/ÚtalEn/ ³n ´claw of a bird of prey, eÔg an eagle.¼
¨talus© ²/ÚteIlEs/ ³n ´(geol) sloping mass of fragments at the foot
of a cliff or precipice.¼
¨ta®male© ²/tEÚmqlI/ ³n ´Mexican dish of chopped meat, red peppers, etc steamed
in corn (= maize) husks.¼
¨tam®ar®ind© ²/ÚtamErInd/ ³n ´(edible fruit of a) tropical tree.¼
¨tam®ar®isk© ²/ÚtamErIsk/ ³n ¶[C] ´evergreen shrub with feathery branches,
often planted in sandy soil near the sea.¼
¨tam®bour© ²/Útamb8E(r)/ ³n ´rolling front for a TÔV set or the top of a
writing-desk, made of narrow strips of wood glued to canvas.¼
¨tam®bour®ine© ²/*tambEÚrin/ ³n ´small, shallow drum with metal discs in the
rim, played by striking with the knuckles and shaking it at the same time. µ¥
´the illus at µpercussion.¼
¨tame© ²/teIm/ ³adj µ(-r, -st) ¸1 ´(of animals) brought under
control and/or accustomed to living with human beings; not wild or fierce: ³a @
monkey. The deer in the park are very @. ¸2 ´(of a person) spiritless;
submissive; docile: ³Her husband is a @ little man. ¸3 ´dull: ³a @ baseball
match. The story/film, etc has a @ ending. ¹ vt ¶[VP6A] ´make @: ³@ a lion.
¸tamer ³n ´(usu in compounds) person who @s: ³a ·Ú³lion-@r. ¸tam®able ²/-Ebl/
³adj ´that can be @d, converted from a savage state. ¸@®ly ³adv ¸@®ness ³n¼
¨Tam®many© ²/ÚtamEnI/ ³n ¸@ (Hall), ´central organization of the Democratic
Party in New York City; (attrib) of its politics, members, etc.¼
¨tam-o'-shan®ter© ²/*tam E Ú2antE(r)/, ±tammy ²/ÚtamI/ ³nn ´round, woollen or
cloth cap fitting closely to the forehead.¼
¨tamp© ²/tamp/ ³vt ¶[VP15B] ·@ sth down, ´tap or drive down by repeated light
blows: ³He @ed down the tobacco in his pipe.¼
¨tam®per© ²/ÚtampE(r)/ ³vi ¶[VP3A] ·@ with, ´meddle or interfere with; make
unauthorized changes in: ³Someone has been @ing with the lock/the seal of this
letter.¼
¨tan© ²/tan/ ³n, adj ´yellowish brown; brown colour of sunburnt skin: ³tan
leather shoes/gloves; get a good tan ´(on one's skin). ³¹ vt,vi µ(-nn-)
¶[VP6A,2A] ¸1 ´(of an animal's skin) make, be made, into leather (by treatment
with tannic acid, etc). ·tan sb's hide, ´(sl) give him a good beating. ¸2
´make or become brown with sunburn: ³return from the holidays with a tanned
face. Some people tan quickly. ¸tan®ner ³n ´workman who tans skins. ¸tan®nery
²/ÚtanErI/ ³n (pl µ-ries³) ´place where skins are tanned.¼
¨tan®dem© ²/ÚtandEm/ ³n ´bicycle made for two persons to ride on, one behind
the other, with pedals for both. ³¹ adv ·(in) @, ´(of horses in harness or two
persons on a @ bicycle) one behind the other: ³drive/ride in @.¼
¨tang© ²/taG/ ³n ´sharp taste or flavour, esp one that is characteristic of
sth: ³the salt @ of the sea air. ¸tangy ³adj´: ³a @y aroma/sauce.¼
¨tan®gent© ²/ÚtandZEnt/ ³n ´straight line touching but not cutting a curve. µ¥
´the illus at µcircle. ·go/fly off at a @, ´(fig) change suddenly from one
line of thought, action, etc to another.¼
¨tan®ger®ine© ²/*tandZEÚrin ³US: ²ÚtandZErin/ ³n ¶[C] ´small, sweet-scented,
loose-skinned orange.¼
¨tan®gible© ²/ÚtandZEbl/ ³adj ¸1 ´that can be perceived by touch. ¸2 ´clear
and definite; real: ³@ proof; the @ assets´, eÔg of a business company, its
buildings, machinery, etc but not its goodwill. ¸tan®gibly ²/-EblI/ ³adv
¸tan®gi®bil®ity ²/*tandZEÚbIlEtI/ ³n¼
¨tangle©1 ²/ÚtaGgl/ ³n ¶[C] ¸1 ´confused mass (of string, hair,
etc): ³brush the @s out of a dog's hair. The kitten has made a @ of my ball of
wool. ¸2 ´confused state: ³The traffic was in a frightful @. ¹ vt,vi ¸1
¶[VP6A,15B,2A,C] ´make or become confused, disordered: ³@d hair. ¸2 ¶[VP3A] ·@
with sb, ´(colloq) be/become involved in a fight or quarrel with: ³I shouldn't
@ with PeterÅhe's bigger than you.¼
¨tangle©2 ²/ÚtaGgl/ ³n ¶[U] ´(kinds of) seaweed with long leathery fronds.¼
¨tango© ²/ÚtaGgE8/ ³n (pl µ@s ²/-gE8z/³) ´(music for a) S American dance with
strongly marked rhythm.¼
¨tank© ²/taGk/ ³n ¸1 ´(usu large) container for liquid or gas: ³the ·Ú³petrol-@
of a car; a ·Ú³rain-water @´, eÔg for storing rain-water from roofs; ³a ship's
@s, ´the compartments into which the double hull is divided, to contain
fuel-oil, fresh water, etc. ¸Ú@-car, ´large (usu cylindrical) @ for carrying
petroleum, etc by rail. ¸2 ´(in India, Pakistan, etc) large, artificial (usu
rectangular) pool for storing water. ¸3 ´armoured fighting vehicle with guns,
moving on caterpillar tracks. ¸Ú@ trap´, deep ditch or other obstruction built
to hinder or stop the advance of @s. ³¹ vi ·@ sth up, ´fill up the @ of a
vehicle, etc. ·be/get @ed up, ´(sl) be/get drunk. ¸@er ³n ´ship or aircraft
with @s for carrying petroleum as freight; heavy road vehicle with a large
cylindrical @ for carrying oil, milk or other liquid in bulk.¼
¨tank®ard© ²/ÚtaGkEd/ ³n ´large drinking mug, esp one for beer.¼
¨tan®ner©1 ²/ÚtanE(r)/ ³n ´(sl) former British silver coin, value
sixpence (6d, = 2§p).¼
¨tan®ner©2 ²/ÚtanE(r)/ ³n ¸tan®nery, µ¥ tan.¼
¨tan®nic© ²/ÚtanIk/ ³adj ¸@ acid, ´= µtannin.¼
¨tan®nin© ²/ÚtanIn/ ³n ¶[U] ´acid obtained chiefly from the bark of oak and
other trees, and used in preparing leather, dyeing, the manufacture of ink,
etc.¼
¨tan®noy© ²/ÚtanãI/ ³n ´(P) type of loudspeaker or loudspeaker system, eÔg as
used for public-address systems.¼
¨tansy© ²/ÚtanzI/ ³n ´herb with yellow flowers and bitter leaves, used in
medicine and cooking.¼
¨tan®ta®lize© ²/ÚtantElñIz/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´raise hopes that cannot (yet) be
realized; keep just out of reach sth that sb desires: ³a tantalizing smell of
food.¼
¨tan®ta®mount© ²/ÚtantEmñ8nt/ ³adj ·@ to, ´equal in effect to: ³The Queen's
request was @ to a command.¼
¨tan®trum© ²/ÚtantrEm/ ³n ¶[C] ´fit of bad temper or anger: ³He's in one of
his @s again.¼
¨tap©1 ²/tap/ ³n ¸1 ´device for controlling the flow of liquid or gas from a
pipe, barrel, etc. (Cf ³valve ´for controlling flow ³through ´a pipe; cf
³faucet´, the usu word in the US): ³turn the tap on/off. Don't leave the taps
running´, iÔe turn them off. ·on tap, ´(of beer, etc) in a barrel with a tap,
ready to be drawn off; (hence, fig) available when needed. ¸Útap-room ³n ´(in
an inn, etc) room in which barrels are stored and cheaper drinks sold.
¸Útap-root ³n ´chief descending root of a plant, tree, etc (going straight
down for moisture). ¸2 ´plug used to close the opening of a cask. ³¹ vt
µ(-pp-) ¶[VP6A,14,15B] ·tap (off) sth (from sth). ¸1 ´draw out liquid through
the tap of a (barrel): ³tap a cask of cider; tap (off) cider from a cask; ´cut
(the bark of a tree) and get (the sap, etc): ³tap rubber-trees; tap
sugar-maples´, eÔg in Canada. ¸2 ´extract or obtain (sth from sb or sth): ³tap
a man for money/information; tap a telephone/wire/line´, make a connection so
as to intercept messages. ³My phone is being tapped. ¸3 ´furnish (a cask, etc)
with a tap.¼
¨tap©2 ²/tap/ ³n ¶[C] ¸1 ´quick, light blow: ³a @ on the window/at
the door. ¸Útap-dancing ³n ´stage-dancing with rhythmical tapping of the foot,
toe or heel. ¸2 taps, ´(US armed forces) last signal of the day (by drum or
bugle) for lights to be put out. ³¹ vt,vi µ(-pp-) ¶[VP6A,15A,2A,C] ´give a tap
or taps (to): ³tap a man on the shoulder; tap at/on the door; tap one's foot
on the floor impatiently.¼
¨tape© ²/teIp/ ³n ¶[C,U] ¸1 ´(piece, length of) narrow strip of material used
for tying up parcels, etc or in dressmaking: ³three yards of linen @; do up
the @s of an apron into neat bows. ¸Ú@-measure ³n ´length of @ or strip of
thin, flexible metal or of strengthened cloth graduated for measuring things
with. ¸Ú@®worm ³n ´kinds of many-jointed, long, flat worm that lives during
its adult stage as a parasite in the intestines of man and other animals. ¸2
(Úticker-)@, ´narrow strip of paper on which telegraph instruments
automatically print news, etc. ¸Úinsulating @, ´strip of sticky cloth used for
insulating electrical connections, etc. ¸magnetic @, ´strip of a plastic
material magnetized to record sound or vision. ¸red @, µ¥ red, ³adjµ(3). ¸Ú@
deck, ´@ recorder (without amplifiers or speakers) as a component in a hi-fi
system. ¸Ú@-recorder ³n ´apparatus for recording sound on, and playing sound
back from, this kind of @. ¸3 ´length of @ stretched between the winning-posts
on a race-track: ³breast the @´, reach and pass this @. ³¹ vt ¶[VP6A] ¸1
´fasten, tie together, with @. ¸2 ´record (sound) on magnetic @. ¸3 ´(colloq)
·have sth/sb @d, ´understand it/him thoroughly.¼
¨taper©1 ²/ÚteIpE(r)/ ³n ¶[C] ´length of thread with a covering of
wax, burnt to give a light; very slender candle.¼
¨taper©2 ²/ÚteIpE(r)/ ³vt,vi ¶[VP6A,15B,2A,C] ´make or become gradually
narrower towards one end: ³One end @s/is @ed off to a point.¼
¨tap®es®try© ²/ÚtapIstrI/ ³n (pl µ-ries³) ¶[C,U] ´(piece of) cloth into which
threads of coloured wool are woven by hand to make designs and pictures, used
for covering walls and furniture. ¸tap®es®tried ³adj ´hung, decorated, with @:
³tapestried walls.¼
¨tapi®oca© ²/*tapIÚE8kE/ ³n ¶[U] ´starchy food (in the form of
hard, white grains) from the root of the cassava plant.¼
¨ta®pir© ²/ÚteIpE(r)/ ³n ´pig-like animal of Central and S America with a
long, flexible nose.¼
¨taps© ²/taps/ µ¥ tap±2µ(2).¼
¨tap®ster© ²/ÚtapstE(r)/ ³n ´person employed to draw and serve beer, spirits,
etc. µ¥ ³tap-room ´at µtap±1µ(1).¼
¨tar©1 ²/tq(r)/ ³n ¶[U] ´black substance, hard when cold, thick and sticky when
warm, obtained from coal, etc used to preserve timber (eÔg in fences and
posts), in making roads, etc. ¸tar-macadam ´= µtarmac. ³¹ vt µ(-rr-) ¶[VP6A]
´cover with tar. ·tar and feather sb, ´put tar on him and then cover with
feathers as a punishment.
·tarred with the same brush, ´having the same faults.¼
¨tar©2 ²/tq(r)/ ³n ¸(Jack) tar, ´(dated colloq) sailor.¼
¨tara®diddle©, tarra®diddle ²/ÚtarEdIdl ³US: ²*tarEÚdIdl/ ³n
´(colloq) untruth; fib.¼
¨tar®an®tella© ²/*tarEnÚtelE/, ±tar®an®telle ²/-Útel/ ³nn ¶[C] ´(music for a)
rapid, whirling Italian dance for two persons.¼
¨ta®ran®tula© ²/tEÚrantj8lE ³US: ²-t28lE/ ³n ´large, hairy,
poisonous spider of S Europe; other kinds of spider.¼
¨tar®boosh© ²/tqÚbu2/ ³n ´brimless felt cap like a fez, worn by some Muslim
men.¼
¨tardy© ²/ÚtqdI/ ³adj µ(-ier, -iest) ¸1 ´slow; slow-moving; coming or done
late: ³@ progress/repentance; @ in offering help. ¸2 ´(US) late: ³be @ for
school. ¸tar®dily ²/-IlI/ ³adv ¸tar®di®ness ³n¼
¨tare©1 ²/teE(r)/ ³n ´(Biblical; usu ³pl´) weed growing among corn.¼
¨tare©2 ²/teE(r)/ ³n ´allowance made to a purchaser for the weight of the
vehicle carrying the commodity he has brought or for the weight of the
container in which the commodity is packed, in cases where the commodity is
weighed together with the vehicle or container; weight of a motor-vehicle, etc
without fuel.¼
¨tar®get© ²/ÚtqgIt/ ³n ¸1 ´sth to be aimed at in shooting-practice; any object
aimed at. µ¥ ´the illus at µarchery. ¸2 ´thing, plan, etc against which
criticism is directed: ³This book will be the @ of bitter criticism. ¸3
´objective (set for savings, production, etc); total which it is desired to
reach.¼
¨tar®iff© ²/ÚtarIf/ ³n ¶[C] ¸1 ´list of fixed charges, esp for meals, rooms,
etc at a hotel; price-list. ¸2 ´list of taxes on goods imported or (less
often) exported; tax on a particular class of imported goods: ³raise @ walls
against foreign goods´, (try to) exclude them by means of import taxes; ³@
reform´, movement (esp in GB, 19th century) to get rid of inequalities in @s.¼
¨tar®mac© ²/Útqmak/ ³n ¶[U] ´mixture of tar and gravel, as used for
the surfaces of paths, roads, aircraft runways, etc.¼
¨tarn© ²/tqn/ ³n ´small mountain lake.¼
¨tar®nish© ²/ÚtqnI2/ ³vi,vt ¶[VP6A,2A] ´(esp of metal surfaces) lose, cause the
loss of, brightness: ³The damp atmosphere has @ed the gilt. Chromium does
not @ easily. His reputation is @ed. ¹ n ´dullness; loss of polish.¼
¨taro© ²/ÚtqrE8/ ³n (pl µ@s ²/-rE8z/³) ´kinds of tropical plant with a starchy
root used as food, esp in the Pacific islands.¼
¨tar®pau®lin© ²/tqÚpclIn/ ³n ¶[C,U] ´(sheet or cover of) canvas made
waterproof, esp by being tarred: ³cover the goods on the lorry with a @.¼
¨tar®pon© ²/Útqpon ³US: ²-pEn/ ³n ´large fish found in the warmer parts of the
Atlantic Ocean.¼
¨tarra®diddle© ³n ´= taradiddle.¼
¨tar®ra®gon© ²/ÚtarEgEn ³US: ²-gon/ ³n ¶[U] ´herb with sharp-tasting leaves,
used in salads and for flavouring vinegar ³(@ vinegar).¼
¨tarry©1 ²/ÚtqrI/ ³adj ´covered, sticky, with tar.¼
¨tarry©2 ²/ÚtarI/ ³vi ´(archaic or liter) ¶[VP2A,B,C] ¸1 ´stay, remain, lodge:
³@ a few days at/in a place; ³@ (behind) for sb. ¸2 ´be slow in coming, going,
appearing.¼
¨tar®sal© ²/Útqsl/ ³adj ´(anat) of the bones in the ankle. ¹ ³n ´(anat) bone in
the ankle. µ¥ ´the illus at µskeleton.¼
¨tar®sus© ²/ÚtqsEs/ ³n (pl µtarsi ²/-sñI/³) ´(anat) collection of seven small
bones in the ankle.¼
¨tart©1 ²/tqt/ ³adj ´acid; sharp in taste; (fig) sharp: ³@ fruit; a @ flavour;
@ humour; a @ manner/disposition. ¸@®ly ³adv ¸@®ness ³n¼
¨tart©2 ²/tqt/ ³n ¸1 ´fruit pie. ¸2 ´circle of pastry cooked with fruit or jam
on it.¼
¨tart©3 ²/tqt/ ³n ´(derog sl) prostitute. ³¹ vt ¶[VP15B] ·@ sth/sb up,
´(colloq) make gaudy; add superficial attractions to; smarten.¼
¨tar®tan© ²/Útqtn/ ³n ¶[U] ´Scottish woollen fabric woven with
coloured crossing stripes; ¶[C] ´particular pattern of @, eÔg of a Scottish
clan. µ¥ ´the illus at µkilt.¼
¨tar®tar©1 ²/ÚtqtE(r)/ ³n ¶[U] ¸1 ´chalk-like substance deposited on the
teeth. ¸2 ´substance deposited on the sides of casks from fermented wine.
¸cream of @, ´purified form of this, used with baking soda to make baking
powder. ¸@ic ²/tqÚtarIk/ ¸acid, ´acid of @, found in the juice of grapes,
oranges, etc (used in making baking powder, etc).¼
¨tar®tar©2 ²/ÚtqtE(r)/ ³n ´rough, violent, troublesome person. ·catch a @,
´have to deal with a person of this kind, esp one who is more than one's
match.¼
¨tar®tar©3 ²/ÚtqtE(r)/ ³n ¸@ sauce, ´cold mayonnaise with chopped onions,
herbs, gherkins, pickles, etc.¼
¨task© ²/tqsk ³US: ²task/ ³n ¶[C] ´piece of (esp hard) work (to be) done: ³set
a boy a @. She finds housekeeping an irksome @. ·take sb to @ (about/for sth),
´scold him: ³take sb to @ for arriving late. ¸Ú@-force ³n ´specially organized
unit (of warships, etc) for a special purpose. ¸(hard) Ú@-master/-mistress ³nn
´(strict) overseer. ³¹ vt ¶[VP6A] ´(of a @) put a strain on: ³Mathematics @s
that boy's brain.¼
¨tas®sel© ²/Útasl/ ³n ´bunch of threads, etc tied together at one
end and hanging (from a flag, hat, etc) as an ornament. µ¥ ´the illus at
µkilt. ¸@®led ´(US = ¸@ed´) ³adj ´having a @ or @s.¼
¨taste©1 ²/teIst/ ³n ¸1 the @, ´sense by which flavour is known: ³sweet/sour to
the @. ¸Ú@ bud ³n ´group of cells in the tongue for this sense. µ¥ ´the illus
at µmouth. ¸2 ¶[C,U] ´quality of a substance made known by this sense, eÔg by
putting some on the tongue: ³Sugar has a sweet @. I don't like the @ of this
mixture. This medicine has no/very little/not much/a queer @. ·leave a
bad/nasty Ú@ in the mouth. ´(lit or fig) be followed by a feeling of dislike or
disgust. ¸3 ´(usu ·a @ (of)´)small quantity (of sth to eat or drink, or fig):
³Won't you have a @ of this cake/wine? Give him a @ of the whip´, enough to be
a sample of what it feels like to be whipped. ¸4 ¶[C,U] ·@ (for), ´liking or
preference for: ³He has a @ for French cigarettes. She has expensive @s in
clothes. There's no accounting for @s´, We cannot explain why different people
like different things. ³Abstract art is not to his @/not to the @ of everyone.
¸5 ¶[U] ´ability to enjoy beauty, esp in art and literature; ability to form
judgements about these; ability to behave in the most appropriate and
pleasing way: ³She has excellent @ in dress/dresses in perfect @.
³It would be bad @ to refuse their invitation. ·(be) in
good/bad/poor/excellent, etc @, ´(be, be done, etc) showing this ability
well/badly, etc. ¸@®ful ²/-fl/ ³adj ´showing good @µ(5)´. ¸@®fully ²/-fElI/
³adv ´in a @ful manner: ³@fully decorated with flowers. ¸@®less ³adj ¸1 ´(of
food) having no @ or flavour. ¸2 ´without @µ(5)´; in bad @µ(5). ¸@®less®ly ³adv
¸tasty ³adj µ(-ier, -iest) ´having a pleasant flavour; pleasing to the @.
¸tast®ily ²/-IlI/ ³adv¼
¨taste©2 ²/teIst/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A,2A] ´(not in the progressive
tenses; often with ³can, could´) be aware of the taste of sth: ³Can you @
anything strange in this soup? If you have a bad cold you cannot @ (anything).
¸2 ¶[VP3A,2D] ·@ (of), ´have a particular taste or flavour: ³@
sour/bitter/sweet. It @s too much of garlic/spice. ¸3 ¶[VP6A] ´test the @ of:
³The cook @d the soup to see whether he had put enough salt in it. ¸4 ¶[VP6A]
´(fig) experience: ³@ happiness/the joys of freedom. ·@ of, ´(liter) know;
experience. ¸@r ³n ´person who is employed to judge teas, wines, etc by @: ³A
professional wine-taster does not swallow the samples he @s.¼
¨tat©1 ²/tat/ ³vi,vt µ(-tt-) ´do tatting; make by tatting.¼
¨tat©2 ²/tat/ ³n ¶[U] ´quality of being tatty; tatty person or thing.¼
¨tat©3 ²/tat/ ³n µ¥ tit±2µ.¼
¨ta ta© ²/*tE Útq/ ³int ´(baby language) goodbye.¼
¨tat®ter© ²/ÚtatE(r)/ ³n ´(usu ³pl´) rag; piece of cloth, paper, etc torn off
or hanging loosely from sth: ³in @s´, in tags or torn strips; ³tear sb's
reputation to @s, ´(fig) destroy it. ¸@ed ³adj ´ragged. ¸@®de®malion
²/*tatEdEÚmeIlIEn/ ³n ´sb dressed in @s.¼
¨tat®ting© ²/ÚtatIG/ ³n ¶[U] ´(art or process of making a) kind of handmade
knotted lace-work used for trimming.¼
¨tattle© ²/Útatl/ ³vi,vt ¶[VP2A] ´chatter, gossip, prattle. ¹ ³n ¶[U] ´idle
talk. ¸tat®tler ²/ÚtatlE(r)/ ³n ´person who @s.¼
¨tat®too©1 ²/tEÚtu ³US: ²taÚtu/ ³n (pl µ@s³) ¸1 ´(sing only) beating of drum(s)
to call soldiers back to quarters; hour at which a @ is sounded: ³beat/sound
the @. ¸2 ¶[C] ´continuous tapping: ³He was beating a @ on the table with his
fingers. ¸3 ¶[C] ´public entertainment, usu at night (often ³torchlight @´)
with music and marching, by soldiers.¼
¨tat®too©2 ²/tEÚtu ³US: ²taÚtu/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´mark (sb's skin) with a permanent
picture or pattern by pricking it and putting in dyes or stains; put (a
picture or pattern) on the skin thus: ³The sailor had a ship @ed on his arm. ¹
n ¶[C] ³(pl µ@s³) ´picture or pattern of this kind.¼
¨tatty© ²/ÚtatI/ ³adj µ(-ier, -iest) ´(sl) untidy and shabby looking;
tawdry. ¸tat®tily ²/-IlI/ ³adv¼
¨taught© ²/tct/ ³pt,pp ´of µteach.¼
¨taunt© ²/tcnt/ ³n ¶[C] ´remark intended to hurt sb's feelings; contemptuous
reproach: ³endure the @s of a successful rival. ¹ vt ¶[VP6A,14] ·@ sb (with
sth), ´attack (sb) with @s: ³They @ed the boy with cowardice/with being a
coward. ¸@®ing®ly ³adv¼
¨Taurus© ²/ÚtcrEs/ ³n ´(astrol) second sign of the zodiac. µ¥ ´the
illus at µzodiac.¼
¨taut© ²/tct/ ³adj ´(of ropes, wires, etc) tightly stretched; (of muscles
and (fig) of nerves) tense. ¸@®ly ³adv ¸@®ness ³n¼
¨taut®ol®ogy© ²/tcÚtolEdZI/ ³n ¶[U] ´the saying of the same thing again in
different ways without making one's meaning clearer or more forceful; needless
repetition; ¶[C] ³(pl µ-gies³) ´instance of this. ¸tauto®logi®cal
²/*tctEÚlodZIkl/ ³adj¼
¨tav®ern© ²/ÚtavEn/ ³n ´(archaic or liter) inn or public house.¼
¨taw®dry© ²/ÚtcdrI/ ³adj µ(-ier, -iest) ´showy; brightly coloured or decorated,
but cheap or in bad taste: ³@ jewellery/dresses. ¸taw®drily ²/-ElI/ ³adv
¸taw®dri®ness ³n¼
¨tawny© ²/ÚtcnI/ ³adj ´brownish yellow.¼
¨tawse© ²/Útcz/ ³n ¶[C] ´(Scot) leather strap for punishing children.¼
¨tax© ²/taks/ ³n ¸1 ¶[C,U] ´(sum of) money (to be) paid by citizens (according
to income, value of purchases, etc) to the government for public purposes:
³state/local taxes; levy a tax on sth; direct taxes´, iÔe on income; ³indirect
taxes´, eÔg paid when one buys goods. ³How much income tax did you pay last
year? He paid $50 in taxes. ¸Útax-collector ³n ´official who collects taxes.
¸Útax-payer ³n ´person who pays taxes. ¸*tax-Úfree ³adj ¸(a) ´not subject to
taxation. ¸(b) ´(of dividends or interest) on which tax has been deducted
before distribution. ¸2 ·a tax on, ´sth that is a burden or strain: ³a tax on
one's strength/health/patience. ¹ ³vt ¸1 ¶[VP6A] ´put a tax(µ1´) on; require (a
person) to pay a tax: ³tax luxuries/incomes/rich and poor alike. ¸2 ¶[VP6A] ´be
a tax(µ2´) on: ³tax a person's patience´, eÔg by asking him many silly
questions. ¸3 ¶[VP14] ·tax sb with sth, ´accuse him of it: ³tax sb with neglect
of/with having neglected his work. ¸4 ´(legal) examine and decide, eÔg costs of
a lawsuit. ¸tax®able ²/-Ebl/ ³adj ´capable of being taxed. ¸tax®abil®ity
²/*taksEÚbIlEtI/ ³n ¸tax®ation ²/takÚseI2n/ ³n ¶[U] ´(system of) raising money
by taxes; taxes (to be) paid: ³reduce taxation; grumble at high taxation.¼
¨taxi© ²/ÚtaksI/ ³n (pl µ@s´) (also ¸Ú@®cab, ´usu abbr to ³cab, ´esp in US)
motor-car, esp one with a @meter, which may be hired for journeys. ¸Ú@®meter ³n
´(usu abbr to ³meter´) device which automatically records the fare during a
journey in a @. ¸Ú@ rank, ´place where @s wait to be hired. ³¹ vi,vt
¶[VP2C,15A] ´(of an aircraft) (cause to) move on wheels along the ground (or
on floats, etc on the surface of water): ³The plane @ed/was taxiing along the
runway.¼
¨taxi®dermy© ²/ÚtaksId3mI/ ³n ¶[U] ´art of preparing and stuffing the skins of
animals, birds and fish so that they look as they did when living.
¸taxi®der®mist ²/-Ist/ ³n ´person who practises @.¼
¨tax®on®omy© ²/takÚsonEmI/ ³n ¶[U,C] ´(principles of) classification.¼
¨tea© ²/ti/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´(dried leaves of an) evergreen shrub of
eastern Asia, Africa, etc; drink made by pouring boiling water on these
leaves: ³a pound of tea; Ceylon/China, etc tea; a cup of tea; make (the) tea´,
prepare it. ·not my cup of tea, ´(fig) not the sort of thing I like. ¸Útea-bag
³n ´small porous bag holding enough tea-leaves for use in a teacup or teapot.
¸Útea-break ³n ´(in an office, factory, etc) short period when work is stopped
for tea drinking. ¸Útea-caddy ³n (pl µ-dies³) ´air-tight box in which to keep a
supply of tea for daily use. ¸Útea-cake ³n ´small, flat, sweetened cake, usu
eaten hot with butter at tea. ¸Útea-chest ³n ´large wooden box in which tea is
packed for export. ¸Útea-cloth ³n ¸(a) ´cloth to be spread on a tea-table or
tea-tray. ¸(b) ´tea-towel. ¸Útea-cosy ³n ´cover for keeping the contents of a
teapot warm. ¸Útea®cup ³n ´cup in which tea is served. ·a storm in a teacup, ´a
lot of fuss about sth trivial. ¸Útea-garden ³n ¸(a) ´garden in which tea and
other refreshments are served to the public. ¸(b) ´tea plantation. ¸Útea®house
³n ´(in Japan and China) restaurant where tea is served. ¸Útea-kettle ³n ´one
in which water is boiled for making tea. ¸Útea-leaf ³n ´(usu ³pl; µ-leaves´)
one of the leaves in a teapot after tea has been made, or left in a teacup:
³tell sb's fortune from the tea-leaves in her cup. ¸Útea-party ³n ´social
gathering for afternoon tea. ¸Útea®pot ³n ´vessel in which tea is made.
¸Útea®room ³n ´restaurant in which tea and light refreshments may be obtained.
¸Útea-service/-set ³nn ´set of cups, saucers, plates, with a teapot, milk-jug,
etc. ¸Útea®spoon ³n ´small spoon for stirring tea. ¸Útea®spoon®ful ²/-f8l/ ³n
´as much as a teaspoon can hold. ¸Útea-strainer ³n ´device for keeping back
tea-leaves when pouring tea into a cup. ¸Útea-table ³n ´(usu small) table at
which tea is served: (attrib) ³tea-table conversation. ¸Útea-things ³n pl
´(colloq) tea-set as needed for a meal: ³put the tea-things on the table.
¸Útea-time ³n ¶[U] ´time at which tea is usu taken in the afternoon.
¸Útea-towel ³n ´cloth for drying washed crockery, cutlery, etc. ¸Útea-tray ³n
´one on which a tea-set is used or carried. ¸Útea-trolley ³n ´tea-wagon.
¸Útea-urn ³n ´urn in which water is boiled for making tea in quantity, eÔg in a
caf_e. ¸Útea-wagon ³n ´small table on wheels, used for serving tea. ¸2 ¶[C,U]
´occasion (in the late afternoon) at which tea is drunk: ³We have tea at/Tea is
at half-past four. They were having/at tea when I called. The waitress has
served twenty teas since four o'clock. ¸high tea, ´meal taken between lunch and
supper if a dinner is not taken in the evening (usu a more substantial meal
than afternoon tea as taken by people who have dinner in the evening).¼
¨teach© ²/tit2/ ³vt,vi (pt,pp µtaught ²/tct/³)
¶[VP6A,11,12A,13A,17,20,21,2A,B,C] ´give instruction to (sb); cause (sb) to
know or be able to do sth; give to sb (knowledge, skill, etc); give lessons
(at school, etc); do this for a living: ³@ children; @ French/history, etc; @
a child (how) to swim. He has taught his dog to perform some clever tricks.
Who taught you German? She is @ing the piano to several of the village
children. He @es for a living. He has been @ing four hours already this
morning. ³I'll @ you (not) to«, ´(colloq, used as a threat) I'll show the risk
or penalty of«. ¸Ú@-in ³n ´(colloq) discussion of a subject of topical interest
(as held in a college, with students, staff and other speakers). ¸@®able
²/-Ebl/ ³adj ´that can be taught. ¸@er ³n ´person who @es. ¸@®ing ³n ¸1 ¶[U]
´work of a @er: ³earn a living by @ing. ¸2 ¶[U,C] ´that which is taught: ³the
@ing(s) of Buddha.¼
¨teak© ²/tik/ ³n ´tall, evergreen tree of India, Burma, Malaysia, etc; ¶[U]
´its hard wood, used for making furniture, in shipbuilding, etc.¼
¨teal© ²/til/ ³n (pl ´unchanged) kinds of small wild duck living on rivers and
lakes.¼
¨team© ²/tim/ ³n ¶[C] ¸1 ´two or more oxen, horses, etc pulling a
cart, plough, etc together. ¸2 ´number of persons playing together and forming
one side in some games, eÔg football, cricket, hockey, and in some sports, eÔg
relay races; group of people working together: ³the players in my @´, my fellow
players. ¸Ú@-work ³n ¶[U] ´combined effort; organized co-operation: ³succeed by
means of good @-work. ¸@ spirit, ´spirit in which each member of a @ thinks of
the success, etc of the @ and not of personal advantage, glory, etc. ³¹ vi
¶[VP2C] ·@ up (with sb), ´(colloq) make an effort in co-operation (with); work
together (with). ¸@®ster ²/ÚtimstE(r)/ ³n ´driver of a @ of animals; (US)
truck-driver.¼
¨tear©1 ²/tIE(r)/ ³n ¶[C] ´drop of salty water coming from the eye: ³Her eyes
filled with @s. The sad story moved us to @s´, made us cry. ³The girl burst
into @s´, @s began to flow from her eyes. ³They all laughed till @s came.
¸Ú@-drop ³n ´single @. ¸Ú@-gas ³n ¶[U] ´gas that causes severe watering of the
eyes: ·Ú³@-gas bombs´, as used by the police to disperse a mob of
demonstrators, unruly crowds, etc. ¸@®ful ²/-fl/ ³adj ´crying; wet with @s: ³a
@ful face; @ful looks. ¸@®fully ²/-fElI/ ³adv ¸@®less ³adj ´without @s, not
weeping: ³The mother stared at her dead baby in @less grief´, grief that was
too deep for @s.¼
¨tear©2 ²/teE(r)/ ³vt,vi (pt µtore ²/tc(r)/, ³pp µtorn ²/tcn/³) ¸1
¶[VP6A,15A,B,22,3A] ´pull sharply apart or to pieces; make (a rent in sth),
damage, by pulling sharply: ³@ a sheet of paper in two/@ it to pieces/to bits;
@ sth up´, @ it into small pieces: ³@ one's dress on a nail; @ a hole in one's
jacket; wearing old and torn clothes; @ ´(= hurt, injure, cause to bleed)
³one's hand on a nail. He tore ´(= pulled violently) ³at the wrapping of the
parcel. He tore (´= pulled at ³) his hair with rage. He tore the parcel open.
¸2 ¶[VP6A,15A,B] ´cause (sth) to be out of place ³(down, off, away, etc) ´by
pulling sharply: ³@ a page out of a book/a notice down from a notice-board/a
leaf from a calendar. ·@ oneself away (from), ´leave; stop doing sth: ³She
could scarcely @ herself away from the scene´, make up her mind to leave. ³He
could
not @ himself away from his book´, couldn't put it down. ¸3 ¶[VP6A] ´(usu
passive) destroy the peace of: ³a country torn by civil war; a heart torn by
grief. ·torn between, ´painfully distracted by having to choose between
(conflicting demands, wishes, etc). ¸4 ¶[VP2A] ´become torn: ³This material @s
easily. As I pulled the sheet out of the typewriter it tore. ¸5 ¶[VP2C] ´go in
excitement or at great speed: ³The children tore out of the school gates/were
@ing about in the playground. He tore down the hill. ¸Ú@®away ³adj, n
´(colloq) impetuous (person). ³¹ n ¶[C] ´torn place in sth, eÔg cloth, paper.¼
¨tease© ²/tiz/ ³vt ¸1 ¶[VP6A,15A] ´make fun of (sb) playfully or
unkindly; worry with questions, etc; annoy: ³She @d her father about his bald
head. You must never @ a child because he stutters. Molly was teasing the cat´,
eÔg by pulling its tail. ¸2 ¶[VP6A,15B] ´pick into separate fibres; fluff up
the surface of (cloth, etc) by doing this: ³@ flax/wool. ¹ n ´person who
is fond of teasing others: ³What a @ she is! ¸@r ³n ¸1 ´person who often @s or
who is fond of teasing. ¸2 ´(colloq) difficult question or task; puzzling
problem. ¸teas®ing®ly ³adv ´in a teasing manner; in order to @.¼
¨tea®sel©, tea®zel, teazle ²/Útizl/ ³n ´(kinds of plant with) large
prickly flower with hooked points (used formerly for teasing cloth, etc).¼
¨teat© ²/tit/ ³n ´nippleµ(2). ¥ ´the illus at µdomestic.¼
¨tec© ²/tek/ ³n ´(sl abbr for) detective.¼
¨tech© ²/tek/ ³n ´(colloq abbr for) technical college.¼
¨tech®ni®cal© ²/ÚteknIkl/ ³adj ¸1 ´of, connected with, the execution of a
work of art (as contrasted with general considerations of the form of the
work): ³@ difficulties; a pianist who has @ skill but not much feeling.
¸2 ´of, connected with, a particular art, craft, science, etc: ³@
terms/training. ¸@ college, ´(former name for a) polytechnic. ¸@ly ²/-klI/ ³adv
¸@®ity ²/*teknIÚkalEtI/ ³n (pl µ-ties³) ´@(µ2´) word, phrase, point, etc: ³The
two architects were discussing building @ities. The judge explained the legal
@ities of the case to the jury.¼
¨tech®ni®cian© ²/tekÚnI2n/ ³n ´expert in the technique(s) of a particular art,
etc; highly skilled craftsman or mechanic.¼
¨Tech®ni®color© ²/ÚteknIkAlE(r)/ ³n ´(P) process of colour photography used
for cinema films.¼
¨tech®nique© ²/tekÚnik/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´technical(µ1´) or mechanical skill in
music, painting, etc. ¸2 ¶[C] ´method of doing sth expertly; method of artistic
expression in music, painting, etc.¼
¨tech®noc®racy© ²/tekÚnokrEsI/ ³n ¶[C,U] ³(pl µ-cies³) ´(state where there is)
organization and management of a country's industrial resources by technical
experts. ¸tech®no®crat ²/ÚteknEkrat/ ³n ´supporter, member, of a @.¼
¨tech®nol®ogy© ²/tekÚnolEdZI/ ³n ¶[U] ´study, mastery and utilization of
manufacturing and industrial methods; systematic application of knowledge to
practical tasks in industry: ³the @ of computers/printing/plastics, etc.
¸tech®nol®ogist ²/-dZIst/ ³n ´expert in, student of, @. ¸tech®no®logi®cal
²/*teknEÚlodZIkl/ ³adj ´of @: ³technological advances/problems.¼
¨techy© ²/Útet2I/ ³adj ´= µtetchy.¼
¨teddy bear© ²/ÚtedI beE(r)/ ³n ´child's toy bear stuffed with soft material.¼
¨Teddy boy© ²/ÚtedI bcI/, ´(also colloq ¸Ted ²/ted/´) ³n ´(GB) teenager (in the
1950's and early 1960's), who expressed opposition to authority by engaging in
vicious gang fights and wore clothes like those worn during the reign of
Edward V²¢ ´(1901Å10).¼
¨Te Deum© ²/ti ÚdiEm/ ³n ´(music for a) Latin hymn beginning ³Te Deum laudamus
´(meaning "We praise you, God'), sung at morning service and on special
occasions of thanksgiving.¼
¨tedi®ous© ²/ÚtidIEs/ ³adj ´tiresome; wearying; uninteresting: ³a @
lecture(r); @ work. ¸@®ly ³adv ¸@®ness ³n´. ¸te®dium ²/ÚtidIEm/ ³n ¶[U] ´@ness;
monotony; boredom.¼
¨tee© ²/ti/ ³n ¸1 ´(golf) place from which a player starts in
playing a hole; small pile of sand, or specially shaped piece of wood,
plastic, etc, on which the ball is placed before the player drives, used
instead of such a pile of sand. ¸Útee-shirt ³n ´= ³T-shirt, µ¥ T. ¸2 ´mark
aimed at in certain games, such as quoits. ·to a tee/T, ´perfectly; exactly. ³¹
vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP2C,15B] ·tee (the ball) up, ´put (the ball) on a teeµ(1).
¸2 ¶[VP2A] ·tee off, ´drive from a tee.¼
¨teem©1 ²/tim/ ³vi ¸1 ¶[VP2C] ´be present in large numbers: ³Fish @ in this
river. ¸2 ¶[VP3A] ·@ with, ´have in great numbers: ³The lakeside @ed with gnats
and mosquitoes. His head is @ing with bright ideas.¼
¨teem©2 ²/tim/ ³vi ¶[VP2A,C,3A] ·@ (down) (with), ´(of rain, etc) fall heavily;
pour: ³It was @ing with rain/a @ing wet day. The rain was @ing down.¼
¨teens© ²/tinz/ ³n pl ´the ages of 13 to 19: ³girls in their @´, between the
ages of 13 and 19 inclusive. ³She's still in/not yet out of her @´, is under
20. ¸teen®age ²/ÚtineIdZ/ ³adj ´of or for a @ager: ³@age
fashions/problems. ¸teen®ager ²/ÚtineIdZE(r)/ ³n ´boy or girl in his or her @;
(loosely) young person up to 21 or 22 years of age: ³a club for teenagers.¼
¨teeny© ²/ÚtinI/ ³adj ´= µtiny.¼
¨tee®ter© ²/ÚtitE(r)/ ³vi ¶[VP2C] ´stand or walk unsteadily: ³@ing on the edge
of disaster.¼
¨teeth© ²/tiT/ ³pl ´of µtooth.¼
¨teethe© ²/tiD/ ³vi ¶[VP2A] ´(used only in progressive tenses, and as gerund
and pres part) (of a baby) be getting its first teeth. ¸Úteething troubles,
´discomfort, slight illnesses, etc of a baby while its first teeth are coming
through; (fig) troubles which may occur during the early stages of an
enterprise.¼
¨tee®total© ²/tiÚtE8tl ³US: ²ÚtitE8tl/ ³adj ´not drinking, opposed
to the drinking of, alcoholic liquor. ¸@®ler ´(US also ¸@er´) ²/-tlE(r)/ ³n
´person who abstains completely from alcoholic liquor.¼
¨tee®totum© ²/tiÚtE8tEm/ ³n ´top spun with the fingers, esp a four-sided one
with letters on it.¼
¨teg© ²/teg/ ³n ´sheep in its second year.¼
¨tegu®ment© ²/Útegj8mEnt/ ³n ¶[C] ´(more usu ³integument´) natural covering of
(part of) an animal body, eÔg a turtle's shell.¼
¨tele®cast© ²/ÚtelIkqst ³US: ²-kast/ ³n, vt ´broadcast by television.¼
¨tele®com®muni®ca®tions© ²/*telIkE*mjunIÚkeI2nz/ ³n pl ´communications by
cable, telegraph, telephone, radio or TÔV.¼
¨tele®gram© ²/ÚtelIgram/ ³n ¶[C] ´message sent by telegraphy.¼
¨tele®graph© ²/ÚtelIgrqf ³US: ²-graf/ ³n ´means of, apparatus for, sending
messages by the use of electric current along wires or by wireless.
¸Ú@-post/-pole ³nn ´post supporting @ wire(s). ¸Ú@-line/-wire ³n ´wire along
which messages (including telephone messages) travel. ¸bush @ ³n ´sending of
messages over long distances by smoke signals, beating of drums, etc. ³¹ vi,vt
¶[VP6A,12A,13A,11,2A] ´send (news, etc) by @: ³Shall I @ or telephone? He @ed
(to) his brother. ´(Note: ³send a telegram ´and ³send a cable ´are commoner
than the use of the ³v.) ¸tel®egra®pher ²/tIÚlegrEfE(r)/ ³n ´skilled operator
whose work is to send and receive messages by @. ¸@ic ²/*telIÚgrafIk/ ³adj
´sent by, suitable for, connected with, the @: ³a @ic address´, abbreviated
address or brief registered address, for use in telegrams. ¸@i®cally
²/-klI/ ¸tel®egra®phese ²/*telIgrEÚfiz/ ³n ¶[U] ´style of language used
in telegrams (with unessential words omitted). ¸tel®egra®phist
²/tIÚlegrEfIst/ ³n ´= @er. ¸tel®egra®phy ²/tIÚlegrEfI/ ³n ¶[U] ´art, science,
process, of sending and receiving messages by @, of constructing @ic apparatus,
etc.¼
¨te®lem®etry© ²/tIÚlemEtrI/ ³n ¶[U] ´automatic transmission and measurement of
data from a distance, usu by radio.¼
¨tele®ol®ogy© ²/*telIÚolEdZI/ ³n ´theory, teaching, belief, that events and
developments are due to the purpose or design that they are serving (as opposed
to the mechanistic theory of the universe, µ¥ mechanisitic´).
¸teleo®logi®cal ²/*telIEÚlodZIkl/ ³adj ¸tele®ol®ogist ²/telIÚolEdZIst/ ³n
´believer in @.¼
¨tel®epa®thy© ²/tIÚlepETI/ ³n ¶[U] ¸1 ´transference of thoughts or ideas from
one mind to another without the normal use of the senses. ¸2 ´(colloq) ability
to be immediately aware of the thoughts and feelings of others. ¸tele®pathic
²/*telIÚpaTIk/ ³adj´. ¸tel®epa®thist ²/tIÚlepETIst/ ³n ´person who studies or
believes in @ or who claims to have telepathic powers.¼
¨tele®phone© ²/ÚtelIfE8n/ ´(also abbr ¸phone ´in colloq speech) ³n
¶[U] ´means, system, of transmitting the human voice by electric current,
through wires (usu called ³telegraph wires´, not ³@ wires´) supported by poles
(usu called ³telegraph poles´, not ³@ posts´), or by radio (³radio-@´); ¶[C]
´apparatus (with receiver and mouthpiece) for this purpose: ³You're wanted on
the phone. Mr Green is on the phone just now´, is using the @. ³Will you answer
the phone, please, ´pick up the receiver and answer. ¸Ú@ booth, ´(also
·Ú³phone-booth ´or ·Ú³call-box´), small enclosure with a coin-operated public
@. ¸Ú@ directory, ´(also ·Ú³phone-book´) list of names with numbers and
addresses. ¸Ú@
exchange, ´place where @ connections are made. ³¹ vt,vi
¶[VP6A,12A,13A,11,12,2A,4A] ´send (a message to sb) by @: ³I'll phone you
tomorrow. He phoned (through) to say that«. It's Mary's birthday todayÅwe must
phone her a greetings telegram´, send her a greeting ("Happy Birthday') by
asking for such a telegram to be sent (and usu received by @). ¸tel®eph®ony
²/tIÚlefEnI/ ³n ¶[U] ´method, process, of sending and receiving messages by @.
¸tel®ephon®ist ²/tIÚlefEnIst/ ³n ´operator in a @ exchange.¼
¨tele®photo© ²/*telIÚfE8tE8/ ³n ¸1 @ lens, ´= telescopic lens. ¸2 ´(colloq abbr
of) @graph. ¸@®graph ²/-grqf ³US: ²-graf/ ³n ¸(a) ´photograph made with a
@ lens. ¸(b) ´picture transmitted and received by @graphy. ¸tele®pho®togra®phy
²/*telIfEÚtogrEfI/ ³n ¶[U] ¸1 ´process of photographing distant objects, etc
using a @ lens. ¸2 ´process of transmitting and receiving charts, pictures,
etc over a distance.¼
¨tele®prin®ter© ²/ÚtelIprIntE(r)/ ³n ´telegraph instrument for
sending messages (typed by an operator at the sending end), which are re-typed
automatically and almost simultaneously on a machine at the other end.¼
¨tele®promp®ter© ²/ÚtelIpromptE(r)/ ³n ´TÔV device by which a speaker can read
in front of him an enlargement of his script, so that he seems to speak
spontaneously.¼
¨tele®scope© ²/ÚtelIskE8p/ ³n ´tube-like instrument with lenses for making
distant objects appear nearer and larger. ¸*radio-Ú@, µ¥ radio-. ³¹ vt,vi
¶[VP6A,2A] ´make or become shorter by means of or in the manner of sections
that slide one within the other: ³When the trains collided, the first two cars
of one of the trains @d/were @d. ¸tele®scopic ²/*telIÚskopIk/ ³adj ¸1 ´of,
containing, able to be seen with, a @: ³a telescopic lens´, extra lens attached
to a camera to enable distant objects and scenes to be photographed (and now
often called a ³telephoto lens´); ³a telescopic sight, ´(on a rifle,
to magnify the target); ³a telescopic view of the moon´, seen through a @. ¸2
´having sections which slide one within the other: ³a telescopic aerial´, eÔg
as part of a portable radio receiver.¼
¨tele®type®writer© ²/*telIÚtñIprñItE(r)/ ³n ´(US) = µteleprinter.¼
¨tele®vi®sion© ²/ÚtelIvIZn/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´(abbr ¸TÔV´, or colloq ¸telly
²/ÚtelI/´) process of transmitting a view of events, plays, etc (while these
are taking place, or from films or tapes on which a record has been made) by
radio to a distant @ receiving set with synchronized sound: ³Did you see the
boat race on (the) @? ¸2 ¶[C] ¸Ú@ (set), ´apparatus for receiving and showing
this transmission. ¸tele®vise ²/ÚtelIvñIz/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´send views of by @:
³The Olympic Games were televised.¼
¨telex© ²/Úteleks/ ³n ´system of communication using teleprinters.¼
¨tel®fer© ²/ÚtelfE(r)/ ³n ´= µtelpher.¼
¨tell© ²/tel/ ³vt,vi (pt,pp µtold ²/tE8ld/³) ¸1 ¶[VP6A,13A,12A,11,20,21] ·@
sth (to sb), @ sb sth, ´make known (in spoken or written words); give
information concerning or a description of: ³He told the news to everybody in
the village. I told him my name. T@ me where you live. I can't @ you how happy
I am´, can't find words that are adequate. ³He told me (that) he was coming.
So I've been told´, I've already been told that. ³If he asks, @ him. Don't @
me it's too late! ´(used to express surprise or alarm) ³I'll @ you what«,
´used meaning "Here's a suggestion, idea, etc that may help'. ³I @ ´(= assure)
³you, he's thoroughly dishonest! ·I told you so, ´I warned you that this would
happen, etc and now you see that I'm right: ³Things have gone wrong but please
don't say "I told you so!' ·You're @ing Úme! ´I fully agree with you. ·T@ me
another! ´I don't believe you. ·@ the world, ´(colloq) @ everybody: ³We all
know you're clever, but do you have to @ the world´, be so emphatic about it?
¸2 ¶[VP6A,13A,12A,15A] ´utter; express with words: ³@ a lie; @ the children a
tale/story. "When in doubt, @ the truth', said Mark Twain. ·@ the tale,
´(colloq) @ a pitiful story in order to get sympathy, etc. ·@ tales about/on
sb, ´make known sb's secrets, misconduct, etc in a malicious way. ¸@®tale
²/ÚtelteIl/ ³n ´person who @s about another's private affairs, makes known a
secret, etc; circumstances, etc that reveal a person's thoughts, activities,
etc (often attrib): ³a @tale blush; the @tale cigarette ash on the carpet´,
that made known the fact that someone had been smoking a cigarette. ¸3 ¶[VP17]
´order; direct: ³Do what I @ you. You must do what you're told. T@ him to wait.
He was told to start at once. ¸4 ¶[VP6A,14] ´(esp with ³can/could/be able to´)
·sb/sth (from sb/sth), ´know apart; distinguish: ³Can you @ Tom from his twin
brother? They look exactly the sameÅhow can you @ which is which? ¸5
¶[VP6A,8,10,2A] ´learn by observation; make out; become aware (of sth): ³How do
you @ which of these buttons to press? ·@ the time, ´(be able to) read (or say)
the time from a clock, etc: ³Can Mary @ the time yet? Can you @ me what time it
is? ·You can never @; You never can @, ´you can never be sure, eÔg because
appearances are often deceptive. ·there is/was, etc no @ing, ´it is impossible
or difficult to know: ³There's no @ing what may happen/where she's gone/what
he's doing, etc. ¸6 ¶[VP6A,15B] ´(old use) count. ·@ one's beads, ´say one's
prayers (counting beads on a rosary) ·@ sb off (for sth/to do sth), ¸(a) ´count
one by one and give orders: ³Ten men were told off for special duty/to clean
the latrines. ¸(b) ´(colloq) give a list of sb's misdoings; scold him: ³That
fellow needs to be told off. She told the typist off for making so many
careless mistakes. ¸7 ¶[VP2A,3A] ·@ (on/upon sb), ´have a marked effect on;
influence the result of: ³All this hard work is @ing on him´, is affecting his
health. ³Every blow @s. ¸@®ing ³adj ´effective; impressive: ³a @ing
speech/argument/blow. ¸@®ing®ly ³adv´. ¸8 ¶[VP2A,3A] ·@ (on sb), ´(colloq)
reveal a secret; inform against: ³John told on his sister. µ¥ ³tale-bearer ´at
µtale(2). ³You promised not to @ and now you've done so!¼
¨tel®ler© ²/ÚtelE(r)/ ³n ¸1 ´person who receives, and pays
out, money over a bank counter. ¸2 ´man who counts votes, eÔg
in the House of Commons.¼
¨telly© ²/ÚtelI/ ³n ´(colloq abbr for) television.¼
¨tel®pher© ²/ÚtelfE(r)/ ³n ´conveyance for goods, suspended from overhead wire
cables, usu driven by electricity; transportation system of this kind, eÔg for
rock from a quarry.¼
¨Tel®star© ²/Útelstq(r)/ ³n ´(P) communications satellite used (commercially)
for the transmission of telephone messages and TÔV.¼
¨te®mer®ity© ²/tIÚmerEtI/ ³n ¶[U] ´rashness.¼
¨tem®per©1 ²/ÚtempE(r)/ ³n ¸1 ´condition of the mind and emotions: ³in a good
@´, calm and pleasant; ³in a bad @´, angry, impatient, etc. ·get/fly into a @,
´become angry. ·keep/lose one's @, ´keep/fail to keep one's @ under control.
·out of @ (with), ´angry (with). ¸-tem®pered ²/ÚtempEd/ ³adj ´(in compounds)
having or showing a certain kind of @: ³a
·*³good-/·*³sweet-/·*³fiery-/·*³hot-, etc ·Ú³@ed man. ¸-tem®per®ed®ly ³adv
´(in compounds) ³good-@edly. ¸2 ¶[U] ´degree of hardness, toughness,
elasticity, of a substance, esp of steel.¼
¨tem®per©2 ²/ÚtempE(r)/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A] ´give the required temperµ(2) ´to
(eÔg steel) by heating and cooling; bring (eÔg clay) to the required condition
by moistening, mixing, kneading, etc; ¶[VP2A] ´come to the required condition
as the result of treatment. ¸2 ¶[VP6A,15A] ´soften or modify; mitigate: ³@
justice with mercy´, be merciful when giving a just punishment.¼
¨tem®pera© ²/ÚtempErE/ ³n ¶[U] ´= distemper, esp as used in fresco painting.¼
¨tem®pera®ment© ²/ÚtemprEmEnt/ ³n ¸1 ¶[C,U] ´person's disposition or nature,
esp as this affects his way of thinking, feeling and behaving: ³a girl with a
nervous/an artistic @. The two brothers have entirely different @s. Success
often depends on @. ¸2 ¶[U] ´(without an ³adj´) kind of disposition that is
easily excited, passionate, not easily controlled or restrained, eÔg as in
some actresses and opera singers. ¸tem®pera®men®tal ²/*temprEÚmentl/ ³adj ¸1
´caused by @: ³a @al dislike for study. ¸2 ´subject to quickly changing moods:
³a @al tennis player´, one whose playing changes according to his mood.
¸tem®pera®men®tally ²/-tElI/ ³adv¼
¨tem®per®ance© ²/ÚtempErEns/ ³n ¶[U] ¸1 ´moderation, self-control,
in speech, behaviour and (esp) in the use of alcoholic drinks. ¸2 ´total
abstinence from alcoholic drinks: (attrib) ³a ·Ú³@ society, ´one for the
restriction or abolition of the use of alcoholic drinks.¼
¨tem®per®ate© ²/ÚtempErEt/ ³adj ¸1 ´showing, behaving, with temperanceµ(1)´:
³Be more @ in your language, please. ¸2 ´(of climate, parts of the world) free
from extremes of heat and cold: ³the north ·Ú³@ zone´, between the Tropic of
Cancer and the arctic zone. ¸@®ly ³adv ¸@®ness ³n¼
¨tem®pera®ture© ²/ÚtemprEt2E(r) ³US: ²ÚtempErt28Er/ ³n ¶[C,U] ´degree of heat
and cold: ³In Hawaii there are no extremes of @. The nurse took the @s of all
the patients´, measured their body @s with a thermometer. ·have/run a @, ´have
a fever.¼
¨tem®pest© ²/ÚtempIst/ ³n ¶[C] ´violent storm; (fig) violent agitation: ³A @
of laughter swept through the crowd. ¸Ú@-swept/-tossed ³adjj ´(liter) swept,
etc by @s. ¸tem®pes®tu®ous ²/temÚpest28Es/ ³adj ´(of the weather and fig)
violent; stormy: ³in a @uous mood; a @uous political meeting.¼
¨tem®plate©, tem®plet ²/ÚtemplIt/ ³nn ´pattern or gauge (usu a thin board or
metal plate) used as a guide in cutting or drilling metal, wood, etc.¼
¨temple©1 ²/Útempl/ ³n ¸1 ´building used for the worship of a god
(esp ancient Greek, Roman, Egyptian and modern Hindu, Buddhist, etc). ¸2
´(applied occasionally to a) place of Christian worship ³(church ´and ³chapel
´being the usu words): ³a Mormon @. ¸3 ´any of the three successive religious
centres of the Jews in ancient Jerusalem. ¸4 the Inner/Middle T@, ´two Inns of
Court in London. µ¥ inn(2).¼
¨temple©2 ²/Útempl/ ³n ´flat part of either side of the forehead. µ¥ ´the illus
at µhead.¼
¨tem®plet© ²/ÚtemplIt/ ³n µ¥ template.¼
¨tempo© ²/ÚtempE8/ ³n (pl µ@s ´or µtempi ²/-pi/³) ´(I) ¸1 ´rate of
movement or activity: ³the tiring @ of city life. This long strike has upset
the @ of production. ¸2 ´speed at which music is (to be) played.¼
¨tem®poral© ²/ÚtempErEl/ ³adj ¸1 ´of, existing in, time: (gram) ³@
conjunctions, ´eÔg ³when, while. ¸2 ´of earthly human life; of this physical
life only, not spiritual: ³the @ power of the Pope´, iÔe as head of the Vatican
State; ³the lords @ ´(= the peers of the realm) ³and the lords spiritual ´(=
the bishops). ¸@®ity ²/*tempEÚralEtI/ ³n ´(usu ³pl; µ-ties´) secular
possessions: ³the temporalities of the Church. ¸@ty ²/ÚtempErEltI/ ³n ´laity.¼
¨tem®por®ary© ²/ÚtemprErI ³US: ²-pErerI/ ³adj ´lasting for, designed to be used
for, a short time only: ³@ employment; a @ bridge. ¸tem®por®ar®ily
²/ÚtemprErElI ³US: ²*tempEÚrerElI/ ³adv ¸tem®por®ari®ness ³n¼
¨tem®por®ize© ²/ÚtempErñIz/ ³vi ¶[VP2A] ´delay making a decision, giving an
answer, stating one's purpose, etc; act so as gain time: ³a temporizing
politician/answer.¼
¨tempt© ²/tempt/ ³vt ¶[VP6A,17,14] ·@ (to sth/into doing sth), ¸1
´(try to) persuade (sb) to do sth wrong or foolish: ³Nothing could @ him to
such a course of action/to take such a step. He was @ed into making a false
step´, doing sth unwise. ¸2 ´attract (sb) to have or do sth: ³The warm weather
@ed us to go for a swim. She @ed the child to have a little more soup. What a
@ing ´(= attractive) ³offer! ¸3 ´(old use, biblical) test. ·@ Providence, ´take
a risk. ¸@®ing®ly ³adv´. ¸@er ³n ´person who @s; (esp) ¸the T@er, ´Satan, the
Devil. ¸temp®tress ²/ÚtemptrIs/ ³n ´woman who @s.¼
¨temp®ta®tion© ²/tempÚteI2n/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´tempting or being tempted:
³the @ of easy profits; yield/give way to @; put @ in sb's way. ¸2 ¶[C] ´that
which tempts or attracts: ³The sight of the purse on the table was a strong @
to the poor child. Clever advertisements are @s to spend money.¼
¨ten© ²/ten/ ³n, adj ´the number 10. µ¥ App 5. ·ten to one, ´very probably:
³Ten to one he will arrive late. ¸tenth ²/tenT/ ³n, adj ´the next after the
9th; one of 10 equal parts. ¸tenth®ly ³adv ¸Úten®fold ³adv ´ten times as many
or much. ¸Úten®pence ³n ´(GB decimal coin with the) value of ten pennies.¼
¨ten®able© ²/ÚtenEbl/ ³adj ¸1 ´that can be defended successfully: ³His theory
is hardly @. ¸2 ´(of an office or position) that can be held (³by ´sb ³for ´a
time): ³The lectureship is @ for a period of three years. ¸ten®abil®ity
²/*tenEÚbIlEtI/ ³n¼
¨ten®acious© ²/tIÚneI2Es/ ³adj ´holding tightly, refusing to let go: ³a @
memory; @ of our rights. ¸@®ly ³adv ¸@®ness ³n ¸ten®ac®ity ²/tIÚnasEtI/ ³n¼
¨ten®ant© ²/ÚtenEnt/ ³n ´person who pays rent for the use of land, a building,
a room, etc: ³evict @s for non-payment of rent; @ farmers´, who cultivate
farms which they do not own. ³¹ vt ´(usu passive) occupy as a @: ³houses @ed
by railway workers. ¸ten®ancy ²/-EnsI/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´use of land, etc as a @:
³during his tenancy of the farm. ¸2 ¶[C] ´length of time during which a @ uses
land, etc: ³hold a life tenancy of a house. ¸ten®an®try ²/ÚtenEntrI/ ³n
´(collective ³sing´) all the @s occupying land and houses on one estate.¼
¨tench© ²/tent2/ ³n ´edible European freshwater fish; carp.¼
¨tend©1 ²/tend/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´watch over; attend to: ³shepherds @ing their
flocks; ´(esp US) ³@ the store´, serve customers.¼
¨tend©2 ²/tend/ ³vi ¶[VP2C,4A] ´be inclined to move; have a
direction: ³Prices are @ing upwards. He @s to pitch the ball too high. He @s
towards atheism. ¸ten®dency ²/ÚtendEnsI/ ³n ¶[C] ³(pl µ-cies³) ´turning or
inclination, leaning: ³Business is showing a @ency to improve. There was a
strong upward @ency in oil shares yesterday´, prices @ed upwards.¼
¨ten®den®tious© ²/tenÚden2Es/ ³adj ´(of a speech, a piece of writing, etc)
having an underlying purpose, aimed at helping a cause; not impartial:
³Countries at war often send out @ reports´, reports designed to show their
cause in a favourable light, win sympathy, etc. ¸@®ly ³adv ¸@®ness ³n¼
¨ten®der©1 ²/ÚtendE(r)/ ³adj ¸1 ´delicate; easily hurt or damaged; quickly
feeling pain: ³@ blossoms´, eÔg easily hurt by frosts; ³touch sb on a @ spot´,
one that hurts when touched; ³a @ subject´, (fig) one that has to be dealt with
carefully to avoid hurting people's feelings; ³a person of @ age/years´, young
and immature; ³have a @ conscience; a @ heart´, easily moved to pity, hence,
¸*@-Úhearted ³adj´. ¸Ú@®foot ³n (pl µ-foots³) ´new-comer to the sort of country
where there is rough living, hardship, etc. ¸2 ´(of meat) easily chewed; not
tough: ³a @ steak. ¸Ú@®loin ³n ¶[U] ´@ part of the loin of beef or pork;
undercut of sirloin. ¸3 ´kind, loving: ³@ looks; @ care; @ parents; bid sb a @
farewell. ¸@®ly ³adv ¸@®ness ³n¼
¨ten®der©2 ²/ÚtendE(r)/ ³n ¸1 ´person who looks after, watches over, sth: ³a
ma·Ú³chine-@; a ·Ú³bar@, µ¥ bar±1µ(13). ¸2 ´small ship attending a larger one,
to carry stores, put on or take off passengers, etc. ¸3 ´wagon for fuel and
water behind a steam locomotive.¼
¨ten®der©3 ²/ÚtendE(r)/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A,12A,13A] ´offer; present:
³@ money in payment of a debt. He @ed his resignation to the Prime Minister/his
services to the Government. ¸2 ¶[VP2A,3A] ·@ (for), ´make an offer (to carry
out work, supply goods, etc) at a stated price: ³@ for the construction of a
new motorway. ¹ n ¸1 ¶[C] ´statement of the price at which one offers to supply
goods or services, or to do sth: ³invite @s for a new bridge; put in/make/send
in a @ for sth; accept the lowest @. ¸2 legal @, ´form of money which must, by
law, be accepted in payment of a debt: ³Are copper coins legal @ for a sum in
excess of $10?¼
¨ten®don© ²/ÚtendEn/ ³n ¶[C] ´tough, thick cord that joins muscle to bone;
sinew.¼
¨ten®dril© ²/ÚtendrEl/ ³n ¶[C] ´thread-like part of a plant, eÔg a vine, that
twists round any nearby support. µ¥ ´the illus at µivy.¼
¨ten®ement© ²/ÚtenEmEnt/ ³n ¶[C] ¸1 Ú@(-house), ´large building
with apartments for the use of many families at low rents. ¸2 ´(legal) any
dwelling-house; any kind of permanent property.¼
¨tenet© ²/ÚtenIt/ ³n ¶[C] ´principle; belief; doctrine.¼
¨ten®ner© ²/ÚtenE(r)/ ³n ´(colloq) ten pounds in GB money; ten-pound note.¼
¨ten®nis© ²/ÚtenIs/ ³n ¶[U] ´game for two or four players who hit a ball
backwards and forwards across a net. ¸Ú@-court ³n ´marked area on which @ is
played. ¸*@-Úelbow ³n ´inflammation of the elbow caused by playing @.¼
¨tenon© ²/ÚtenEn/ ³n ´end of a piece of wood shaped to go into a mortise to
make a joint.¼
¨tenor©1 ²/ÚtenE(r)/ ³n ´(usu ·the @ (of)´) general routine or direction (³of
´one's life): ³interrupt sb's even @; ´general meaning, thread, drift (³of ´a
speech, etc): ³She knew enough Spanish to get the @ of what was being said.¼
¨tenor©2 ²/ÚtenE(r)/ ³n ¸1 ´(music for, singer with, the) highest
normal adult male voice: (attrib) ³@ voice; the @ part. ¸2 ´(of instruments)
with a range about that of the @ voice: ³a @ horn/saxophone.¼
¨ten®pin© ²/ÚtenpIn/ ³n ¸1 ´(³pl ´with ³sing v´) game like ³ninepins ´with ten
skittles instead of nine. ¸2 ´pin used. ¸3 ´(attrib) ³@ bowling.¼
¨tense©1 ²/tens/ ³adj ´(lit or fig) tightly stretched; strained to stiffness:
³@ nerves; faces @ with anxiety; a moment of @ excitement. We were @ with
expectancy´, Our nerves were @, keyed up. ³There was a @ atmosphere´, People
had a feeling of nervous strain and an attitude of expectancy. ³¹ vt,vi
¶[VP6A,2A] ´make or become @; stiffen: ³He @d his muscles for the effort.
·be/get @d up, ´feel nervous strain: ³He's always @d up before a game/an exam.
¸@®ly ³adv ¸@®ness ³n¼
¨tense©2 ²/tens/ ³n ´(gram) verb form that shows time: ³the present/past, etc
@.¼
¨ten®sile© ²/ÚtensñIl ³US: ²Útensl/ ³adj ¸1 ´of tension: ³measure the @
strength of wire´, eÔg to find the load it will support without breaking. ¸2
´capable of being stretched.¼
¨ten®sion© ²/Úten2n/ ³n ¶[U] ¸1 ´state of, degree of, being tense: ³If you
increase the @ of that violin string it will break. ¸2 ´stretching or being
stretched. ¸3 ´mental, emotional or nervous strain; condition when feelings
are tense, when relations between persons, groups, states, etc are strained:
³racial @(s) in Africa; political @. ¸4 ´voltage: ³Keep away from those high @
wires or you'll be electrocuted. ¸high @ battery, ´one made up of a number of
small batteries connected in series. µ¥ series. ¸5 ´expansive force of gas or
vapour.¼
¨tens®ity© ²/ÚtensEtI/ ³n ´= ³tenseness. µ¥ tense±1µ.¼
¨tent© ²/tent/ ³n ´(usu portable) shelter made of canvas supported by poles and
ropes, esp as used by campers, scouts, soldiers, etc. ¸Úoxygen @, ´airtight
cover (over a bed) for a person who is being given extra oxygen. ¸Ú@-peg ³n
´wooden peg used to secure a rope to the ground.¼
¨ten®tacle© ²/ÚtentEkl/ ³n ¶[C] ´long, slender, flexible,
snake-like, boneless growth on the head or round the mouth of certain animals
used for touching, feeling, holding, moving, etc. µ¥ ´the illus at µmollusc.¼
¨ten®ta®tive© ²/ÚtentEtIv/ ³adj ´made or done as a trial, to see the effect:
³only a @ suggestion; come to a @ conclusion; make a @ offer. ¸@®ly ³adv¼
¨ten®ter®hooks© ²/ÚtentEh8ks/ ³n pl ´(only in) ·on @, ´in a state of anxious
suspense.¼
¨tenth© ²/tenT/ ³n, adj µ¥ ten.¼
¨tenu®ous© ²/Útenj8Es/ ³adj ´thin; slender: ³the @ web of a spider; ´(of
distinctions) subtle. ¸ten®uity ²/tIÚnjuEtI ³US: ²teÚnu-/ ³n¼
¨ten®ure© ²/Útenj8E(r) ³US: ²-jE(r)/ ³n ¶[C,U] ´(period, time, condition of)
holding (eÔg political office) or using (land): ³The farmers want security of
@´, to be secure in their tenancies. ³The @ of office of the President is four
years.¼
¨tepee© ²/Útipi/ ³n ´cone-shaped tent of skins or bark of the American
Indians; wigwam.¼
¨tepid© ²/ÚtepId/ ³adj ´lukewarm (lit or fig). ¸@®ly ³adv ¸@®ness ³n ¸@®ity
²/teÚpIdEtI/ ³n¼
¨ter®cen®ten®ary© ²/*t3senÚtinErI ³US: ²t3ÚsentEnerI/, ±ter®cen®ten®nial
²/*t3senÚtenIEl/ ³nn ´300th anniversary: (attrib) ³@ celebrations.¼
¨ter®gi®ver®sate© ²/Út3dZIvEseIt/ ³vi ´(formal) make a complete change in one's
opinions, principles, etc; make conflicting statements. ¸ter®gi®ver®sa®tion
²/*t3dZIvEÚseI2n/ ³n¼
¨term© ²/t3m/ ³n ¶[C] ¸1 ´fixed or limited period of time: ³a long @ of
imprisonment; during his @ of office as President. ¸2 ´(of schools,
universities, etc) one of the periods (usu three or four) into which the
academic year is divided: ³the summer @; end-of-@ examinations; during
·Ú³@(-time). ¸3 ´(legal) period during which a Court holds session. ¸4 ³(pl)
´conditions offered or agreed to: ³enquire about @s ´(iÔe prices) ³for a stay
at a hotel; @s of surrender´, eÔg offered to a defeated enemy; ³@s of
reference, µ¥ reference(1). ·come to @s/make @s (with sb), ´reach an agreement
(with him). ·come to @s with sth, ´accept, become resigned to it. ³come to @s
with a difficult situation. ·do sth on one's own @s/sb else's @s, ´on
conditions that one/sb else decides: ³If he agrees to help, it will be on his
own @s. ¸5 ³(pl) ´relations. ·be on good/friendly/bad @s (with sb), ´be
friendly, etc (with him): ³I didn't know you and she were on such good @s´,
were such good friends. ·on equal @s, ´as equals. ·not be on Úspeaking @s with
sb, µ¥ speak(2). ¸6 ´words used to express an idea, esp a specialized concept:
³technical/scientific/legal @s. In box-office @s ´(as expressed in financial,
or box-office receipts) ³the film was a failure. ¸7 ³(pl) ´mode of expression:
³He referred to your work in @s of high praise/in flattering @s. How dare you
speak of her in such abusive @s? ·a contradiction in @s, ´a statement that
contradicts itself. ¸8 ´(maths) part of an expression joined to the rest by +
or ­: ³The expression a±2 ´+ 2³ab + b±2 ³has three @s. ¹ vt ¶[VP23] ´name;
apply a @ to: ³He has no right to @ himself a professor.¼
¨ter®ma®gant© ²/Út3mEgEnt/ ³n ´noisy, quarrelsome woman; shrew.¼
¨ter®min®able© ²/Út3mInEbl/ ³adj ´that may be terminated.¼
¨ter®minal© ²/Út3mInl/ ³adj ¸1 ´of, taking place, each termµ(1,3)´: ³@
examinations/accounts. ¸2 ´of, forming, the point or place at the end: ³@
cancer´, not curable; ending in death; ³the ·Ú³@ ward´, (in a hospital) for
persons who cannot be cured and must soon die. ³¹ n ¸1 ´end of a railway line,
bus line, etc; centre (in a town) used by passengers departing for, or
arriving from, an airport: ³the ·*³West ·*³London ·Ú³Air T@. ¸2 ´point of
connection in an electric circuit: ³the @s of a battery. ¸ter®min®ally ³adv¼
¨ter®min®ate© ²/Út3mIneIt/ ³vt,vi ¶[VP6A,2A,15A] ´(formal) bring to an end;
come to an end: ³@ sb's contract; @ a pregnancy.¼
¨ter®mi®na®tion© ²/*t3mIÚneI2n/ ³n ¸1 ¶[C,U] ´ending: ³the @ of a contract; @
of pregnancy´, abortion. ¸2 ¶[C] ´final syllable or letter of a word (as in
inflexion or derivation).¼
¨ter®mi®nol®ogy© ²/*t3mIÚnolEdZI/ ³n ¶[C,U] ³(pl µ-gies³) ´(science
of the) proper use of termsµ(6)´; terms used in a science or art: ³problems of
@; medical/grammatical @. ¸ter®mi®no®logi®cal ²/*t3mInEÚlodZIkl/ ³adj ´of @: ³a
terminological inexactitude´, (hum) an untruth.¼
¨ter®mi®nus© ²/Út3mInEs/ ³n ¶[C] ³(pl µ@es ²/-nEsIz/³) ´station at the end of a
railway line; end of a tram, bus or air route.¼
¨ter®mite© ²/Út3mñIt/ ³n ´insect (popularly but wrongly called ³white ant´),
found chiefly in tropical areas, very destructive to timber, textiles, etc and
which makes large hills of hard earth. µ¥ ´the illus at µinsect.¼
¨tern© ²/t3n/ ³n ´sea-bird like a gull, but usu smaller and swifter in flight.¼
¨Terp®si®chorean© ²/*t3psIkEÚriEn/ ³adj ´of dancing: ³the @ art.¼
¨ter®race© ²/ÚterEs/ ³n ¸1 ´level(led) area of ground with a vertical or
sloping front or side; a series of these, separated by sloping banks, rising
one above the other, eÔg as a method of irrigation on a hillside. ¸2 ´flight
of wide, shallow steps (eÔg for spectators at a sporting event such as a
football match, or on the banks of the Ganges at Benares, used by bathers). ¸3
´continuous row of houses in one block (often as part of a postal address): ³6
Olympic T@, Glasgow. ¸4 ´(US) porch, paved area, adjacent to a house, used as
an outdoor living area. ³¹ vt ¶[VP6A] ´(usu ³pp´) form into @s; make @s in: ³a
@d lawn; @d houses´, (long line of) houses joined together, sometimes with an
alley in the rear for access to the backyards.¼
¨terra-cotta© ²/*terE ÚkotE/ ³n ¶[U] ´hard, reddish-brown pottery (used for
vases, small statues, ornamental building material, etc): (attrib) ³a @ vase;
´the colour reddish-brown.¼
¨terra firma© ²/*terE Úf3mE/ ³n ¶[U] ´(Lat) dry land, solid land (contrasted
with water): ³glad to be on @ again.¼
¨ter®rain© ²/teÚreIn ³US: ²tE-/ ³n ´stretch of land, esp with
regard to its natural features: ³difficult @ for heavy armoured vehicles.¼
¨terra in®cog®nita© ²/*terE inÚkognItE/ ³n ´(Lat) unknown territory, eÔg on
maps of unexplored areas.¼
¨ter®ra®pin© ²/ÚterEpIn/ ³n ´kinds of fresh-water tortoise and turtle of
N America: (esp) ³the diamond-back @´, valued as food.¼
¨ter®res®trial© ²/tIÚrestrIEl/ ³adj ¸1 ´of, on, living on, the earth or land:
³the @ parts of the world. ¸2 ´of the earth (opposed to ³celestial´): ³a @
globe´, representing the earth.¼
¨ter®rible© ²/ÚterEbl/ ³adj ¸1 ´causing great fear or horror: ³a @
war/accident. He died in @ agony. ¸2 ´causing great discomfort; extreme: ³The
heat is @ in Baghdad during the summer. ¸3 ´(colloq) extremely bad: ³My room
was in a @ state of disorder. What @ food they gave us! ¸ter®ribly ²/-EblI/
³adv ´(colloq) extremely: ³How terribly boring he is!¼
¨ter®rier© ²/ÚterIE(r)/ ³n ´kinds of small and active dog, esp the kind that
digs into burrows to pursue its prey. µ¥ ´the illus at µdog.¼
¨ter®rific© ²/tEÚrIfIk/ ³adj ¸1 ´causing fear; terrible. ¸2 ´(colloq) very
great; extreme: ³driving at a @ pace. ¸ter®rifi®cally ²/-klI/ ³adv ´(colloq)
extremely.¼
¨ter®rify© ²/ÚterIfñI/ ³vt (pt,pp µ-fied³) ¶[VP6A,15A] ´fill with fear: ³The
child was terrified of being left alone in the house. She was terrified out of
her wits. What a @ing experience!¼
¨ter®ri®torial© ²/*terIÚtcrIEl/ ³adj ¸1 ´of land, esp land forming a division
of a country: ³@ possessions; have @ claims against a State´, claim part of its
territory. ¸@ waters, ´the sea near a country's coast, over which special
rights are claimed, eÔg for fishing. ¸2 T@, ´of any of the US Territories: ³T@
laws. ¸3 ´(GB) (often ³T@´) of the force of mostly non-professional soldiers
organized for the defence of Great Britain and trained in their spare time:
³the T@ Army. ¹ n ´member of the T@ Army.¼
¨ter®ri®tory© ²/ÚterItrI ³US: ²-tcrI/ ³n (pl µ-ries³) ¸1 ¶[C,U] ´(area of)
land, esp land under one ruler or Government: ³Turkish @ in Europe. ¸2 ¶[C]
´land or district; ¶[U] ´extent of such land, etc: ³This salesman travels over
a large @. How much @ does he travel over? Mating blackbirds will defend their
@ ´(= the area which they regard as belonging to themselves) ³against
intruders. ¸3 ´(US) district not admitted as a State but having its own
law-making body: ³Until 1959 Hawaii was a T@, not a State.¼
¨ter®ror© ²/ÚterE(r)/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´great fear: ³run away in @; be in @ of one's
life´, fear that one will lose one's life. ·strike @ into sb, ´fill him with
@. Hence, ¸Ú@-struck, Ú@-stricken ³adjj ´struck, filled, with @. ¸2 ¶[C]
´instance of great fear; (sth or sb that causes) great fear: ³have a @ of
fire. This added to our @s. ¸3 ¶[C] ´(colloq) troublesome person: ³This child
is a perfect @´, a great nuisance. ¸@®ism ²/-IzEm/ ³n ´use of violence and
intimidation, esp for political purposes. ¸Ú@®ist ²/-Ist/ ³n ´supporter of,
participant in, @ism. ¸@®ize ²/-ñIz/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´fill with @ by threats or
acts of violence.¼
¨terse© ²/t3s/ ³adj ´(of speech, style, speakers) brief and to the
point; concise. ¸@®ly ³adv ¸@®ness ³n¼
¨ter®tian© ²/Út32n/ ³adj ´(of fever) marked by paroxysms which occur every
other day.¼
¨ter®ti®ary© ²/Út32ErI ³US: ²-2IerI/ ³adj ´third in rank, order, occurrence,
importance: ³the T@ period´, (geol) the third period in the formation of
rocks; ³@ burns/syphilis, ´a severe stage.¼
¨tery®lene© ²/ÚterElin/ ³n ¶[U] ´(GB) (P) (fabric made from) kinds of man-made
fibre.¼
¨tes®sel®lated© ²/ÚtesEleItId/ ³adj ´formed of small, flat pieces of stone of
various colours (as used in mosaic): ³a @ pavement.¼
¨test© ²/test/ ³n ¶[C] ´(often attrib) examination or trial (of sth) to find
its quality, value, composition, etc; trial or examination (of sb, his powers,
knowledge, skill, etc): ³methods that have stood the @ of time; an endurance
@´, eÔg for a new aero-engine; ³a ·Ú³blood @´, eÔg at a hospital, for
infection, etc. ³a ·Ú³@ bore´, hole bored into the ground or sea-bed to learn
whether there is mineral ore, oil, etc: ³@ bores in the North Sea; a @ in
arithmetic; an in·Ú³telligence @. ¸a Ú@ case, ´(in law) one that shows the
principle involved (even though it may not be important in itself). ¸Ú@ drive
³n ´drive in a car one thinks of buying, to judge its qualities, worth, etc.
Hence, ¸Ú@-drive ³vt´. ¸Ú@ pilot ³n ´one who flies newly built aircraft to try
their qualities, performance, etc. ¸a Údriving @, ´an examination of one's
ability to drive a car in the way required by law. ·put sth to the @, ´submit
it to conditions, etc, that will show its qualities, etc. ¸Ú@ match ³n ´one of
the matches in any of the cricket or Rugby tours arranged between certain
countries. ¸Ú@-tube ³n ´slender glass tube, closed at one end, used in chemical
@s and experiments. ¸Ú@-tube baby, ´baby whose early development took place in
a laboratory (after artificial insemination) and is later implanted in the
womb. ³¹ vt ¶[VP6A,15A] ´put to the @; examine: ³have one's eyesight @ed; @ ore
for gold; a well-@ed remedy. The long climb @ed ´(= was a @ of) ³our powers of
endurance.¼
¨tes®ta®ment© ²/ÚtestEmEnt/ ³n ¸1 ¶[C] ´(often ·last Will and T@´)
statement in writing saying how sb wishes his property to be distributed after
his death. ¸2 Old T@, New T@, ´the two main divisions of the Bible. µ¥ App 10.
¸tes®ta®men®tary ²/*testEÚmentrI/ ³adj ´of, connected with, given in, a
@µ(1)´.¼
¨tes®tate© ²/ÚtesteIt/ ³n, adj ´(person) who has made a testament (and died
leaving it in force). ¸tes®ta®tor ²/teÚsteItE(r) ³US: ²ÚtesteItEr/ ³n ´man who
has made a testament. ¸tes®ta®trix ²/teÚsteItrIks/ ³n ´woman testator.¼
¨tes®ticle© ²/ÚtestIkl/ ³n ´each of the two glands of the male sex organ that
secrete spermatozoa.¼
¨tes®tify© ²/ÚtestIfñI/ ³vt,vi (pt,pp µ-fied³) ¸1 ¶[VP2A,3A,9] ·@ that«; @ to
sth; @ against/in favour of sth, ´bear witness, give evidence: ³He testified
under oath that he had not been at the scene of the crime. The teacher
testified to the boy's ability. Two witnesses will @ against her and three will
@ on her behalf. ¸2 ¶[VP6A] ´serve as evidence of: ³Her tears testified her
grief.¼
¨tes®ti®mo®nial© ²/*testIÚmE8nIEl/ ³n ¸1 ´written statement
testifying to a person's merits, abilities, qualifications, etc eÔg as sent
with an application for a position. ¸2 ´sth given to sb to show appreciation
of services, usu sth subscribed for by several or many colleagues.¼
¨tes®ti®mony© ²/ÚtestImEnI ³US: ²-mE8nI/ ³n ¶[U] ¸1 ´declaration, esp in a law
court, testifying that sth is true: ³The witness's @ is false. Several men
were called in to bear @ to what the police officer said. ¸2 ´declarations;
statements: ³According to the @ of the medical profession, the health of the
nation is improving.¼
¨tes®tis© ²/ÚtestIs/ ³n (pl µ-tes ²/-tiz/³) ´= µtesticle.¼
¨testy© ²/ÚtestI/ ³adj µ(-ier, -iest) ´quickly or easily annoyed; impatient.
¸tes®tily ²/-IlI/ ³adv ¸tes®ti®ness ³n¼
¨teta®nus© ²/ÚtetEnEs/ ³n ¶[U] ´disease marked by stiffening and tightening of
some or all of the muscles which are normally under conscious control: ³@ of
the lower jaw ´(colloq called ³lockjaw).¼
¨tetchy© ²/Útet2I/ ³adj µ(-ier, -iest) ´peevish; irritable. ¸tetch®ily ²/-IlI/
³adv ¸tetchi®ness ³n¼
¨t^ete-`a-t^ete© ²/*teIt q ÚteIt/ ³n ´private meeting between two persons;
their talk: ³have a @ with sb; have a @ talk. ¹ adv ´in a @: ³He dined @ with
the Prime Minister.¼
¨tether© ²/ÚteDE(r)/ ³n ´rope or chain by which an animal is fastened while
grazing. ·at the end of one's @, ´(fig) at the end of one's powers, resources,
endurance, etc. ³¹ vt ¶[VP6A,15A] ´fasten with a @: ³He @ed his horse to the
fence.¼
¨Teu®ton© ²/ÚtjutEn ³US: ²Útutn/ ³n ´member of any of the Teutonic
nations. ¸@ic ²/tjuÚtonIk ³US: ²tu-/ ³adj ´of the Germanic (iÔe Anglo-Saxon,
Dutch, German and Sandinavian) peoples.¼
¨text© ²/tekst/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´main body of a book or printed page (contrasted
with notes, diagrams, illustrations, etc): ³too much @ and not enough pictures.
¸2 ¶[C] ´original words of an author, apart from anything else in a book: ³a
corrupt @´, one that, perhaps because of mistakes in copying, is no longer in
its original form. ¸3 ¶[C] ´short passage, sentence, esp of Scripture, as the
subject of a sermon or discussion. ¸4 @(®book) ²/Úteksb8k/ ´book giving
instruction in a branch of learning: ³an algebra @book. ¸tex®tual ²/Útekst28El/
³adj ´of, in, a @: ³@ual errors; @ual criticism.¼
¨tex®tile© ²/ÚtekstñIl/ ³attrib adj ´of the making of cloth: ³@ processes; the
@ industry; ´woven; suitable for weaving: ³@ fabrics/materials. ¹ n ¶[C] ´@
material.¼
¨tex®ture© ²/Útekst2E(r)/ ³n ¶[C,U] ¸1 ´the arrangement of the
threads in a textile fabric: ³cloth with a loose/close @. ¸2 ´arrangement of
the parts that make up sth: ³the @ of a mineral. ¸3 ´tissue: ³a skin of
fine/coarse @. ¸@d ³adj ´(³pp, ´in compounds): ·*³coarse-/·*³thin-·Ú³@d.¼
¨thal®ido®mide© ²/TEÚlIdEmñId/ ³n ¶[U] ´(P) sedative drug which caused some
women to give birth to deformed babies (esp with undeveloped limbs).¼
¨than© ²/DEn ³strong form (rarely heard): ²Dan/ ³conj ¸1 ´(introducing the
second part of a comparison): ³John is taller @ his brother. I have never met
anyone more stupid @ you. ·different than, µ¥ different. ¸2 ´(with a
³transitive v ´the form of a ³pron ´after ³than ´depends upon the sense of the
complete sentence. Note the words in parenthesis in these examples): ³I know
you better @ he (does)´, iÔe @ he knows you. ³I know you better @ him, ´iÔe @ I
know him. ³I like her no better @ he (does), ´iÔe @ he likes her. ³I like her
no better @ him, ´iÔe @ I like him. ¸3 ´(with an ³intransitive v ´the ³pron
´after ³than ´is often in the object form, in both colloquial and written
English, even though the subject form is required by formal grammar. This is
esp so when the ³pron ´is followed by ³all´): ³He is several years older @
me/@ I am. He can run faster @ me/@ I can. He is wiser @ us all. ¸4 ´(in
phrases) ·no other @, ´(used as an equivalent to a construction with an
emphatic ³pron´): ³It was no other @ my old friend John´, iÔe it was John
himself. ·nothing else @, ´only, entire(ly): ³His failure was due to nothing
else @ ´(= was entirely due to) ³his own carelessness. What he told you was
nothing else @ nonsense´, was complete nonsense. ·rather @, µ¥ rather(1).
·sooner @, µ¥ soon(3,5).¼
¨thane© ²/TeIn/ ³n ´(hist) man who gave military service in return
for land.¼
¨thank© ²/TaGk/ ³vt ·@ sb (for sth), ¸1 ¶[VP6A,14] ´express gratitude to: ³@ a
person for his help. There's no need to @ me. ·ÚT@ you, ´the usual formula for
"I @ you.' ·*No, Ú@ you, ´formula used to decline an offer. (Note that the "No'
is essential; ³"T@ you' ´is used for acceptance and may mean "Yes, please.')
¶[VP11] ³T@ Heaven (that) you've come. T@ God she's safe. ¸2 ¶[VP14,17] ´(in
peremptory requests, future tense): ³I'll @ you for that book´, please give it
to me. ³I'll @ you to be a little more polite/to mind your own business. ¹ n
´(now only in ³pl ´except in ³@-offering ´and with suffixes as below):
(expression of) gratitude: ³give @s to God. ·T@s/No @s´, colloq formulas of
gratitude/refusal. ·@s to, ´as the result of; owing to: ³T@s to your help we
were successful. ·small @s to, ´used ironically: ³We were successful, but small
@s to you´, you gave us no help. ¸Ú@-offering ³n ´offering made, eÔg to a
charity, a religious organization, as an expression of gratitude. ¸*@s-Úgiving
³n ¸(a) ´expression of gratitude, esp to God; form of prayer for this. ¸(b)
´(US) (also ¸*T@s®Úgiving Day´) day set apart each year for giving @s to God
(usu the fourth Thursday in November). ¸@®ful ²/-fl/ ³adj ´grateful: ³Be @ful
for small mercies. You should be @ful to have/that you have escaped with minor
injuries. ¸@®fully ²/-fElI/ ³adv ¸@®ful®ness ³n ¸@®less ³adj ´not feeling or
expressing gratitude; (of actions) not arousing gratitude or winning
appreciation: ³a @less task´, one which brings no @s, appreciation or reward.¼
¨that©1 ²/Dat ³(no weak form)²/ ³(pl µthose ²/DE8z/³) adj, pron
´(contrasted with ³this, these. @/those ´and ³this/these ´are used to make a
person or thing specific. ³this/these ´are used when the person or thing is
near to the speaker.) ¸1 ³Look at @ man/those men there. What's @ over there?
What are those? What was @ noise? What noise was @? Is @ you, Mary? Are those
children yours? Is @ what you really think? T@'s what he told me. This book is
much better than @ (one). These are much better than those. Life was easier in
those days/at @ time, ´then, during that period. ³So @'s @! ´(formula used to
indicate finality, the end of a discussion, an argument, etc). ¸2 ´(as
antecedent to a ³rel pron´, expressed or omitted): ³All those (that) I saw were
old. Those who do not wish to go need not go. It's a different kind of car from
@ ´(= kind of car) ³(which) I am used to. Throw away all those (which are)
unfit for use. Those ´(= People who were) ³present at the ceremony were«. There
are those who say ´(= some people who say)«. ¸3 ´(with a ³pl n´, considered as
a collective ³sing´): ³What about @ five pounds you borrowed from me last
month? ³When do you intend to repay @ sum of five pounds? ¸4 ´(³That ´and a
possessive cannot be used together. Note the construction used when @ and a
possessive are both needed): ³I don't like @ new secretary of his. Well, how's
@ bad leg of yours getting on? ¹ adv ´(colloq) to such a degree; so: ³I can't
walk @ far, ´= as far as @. ³I've done only @ much, ´iÔe as much as is shown,
indicated, etc. ³It's about @ high, ´iÔe as high as @. ³I was @ ´(= so) ³angry
I could have hit him, ´iÔe I wanted to hit him. ³It isn't all @ cold´, eÔg not
so cold that a fire/overcoat, etc is needed.¼
¨that©2 ²/DEt ³strong form: ²Dat/ ³conj ¸1
´introducing ³n ´clauses, but often omitted: ³She said (@) she would come. It
so happens @ I know the man. The trouble is @ we are short of money. I will see
to it @ everything is ready. ¸2 ·so @; in order @, ´(introducing clauses of
purpose): ³Bring it nearer (so) @ I may see it better. I will give up my claim
so @/in order @ you may have the property. ¸3 ´(introducing clauses of result):
³His behaviour was such @/was so bad @ we all refused to receive him in our
homes. ¸4 ´(introducing clauses of condition): ³supposing @«; on condition @«.
¸5 ´(introducing clauses of reason or cause) µ¥ not(4)´, and µnow´, ³conj. ¸6
´(rhet) in exclamations: ³Oh, @ I could be with you again! ´How I wish«! ³Oh, @
I should live to see my own son sent to prison as a thief! ´How sad it is @«!¼
¨that©3 ²/DEt ³strong form: ²Dat/ ³rel pron ³(pl
´unchanged; used in defining or restrictive clauses; not preceded by a pause or
a comma; often preferred to ³which ´for things; often preferred to ³whom ´and
often used in place of ³who´) ¸(a) ´(as the subject of the ³v ´in a clause):
³The letter @ came this morning is from my father. Those dogs @ attacked your
sheep ought to be shot. The man @ (³who ´is preferred³) sold you that camera
is a rogue. The man @ (³who ´is preferred³) cycled past you is nearly ninety.
¸(b) ´(Although ³who ´is usually preferred to ³that, that ´is preferred to ³who
´after superlatives, ³only, all, any´, and ³it is ´or ³it was´): ³Newton was
one of the greatest men @ ever lived. He's the cleverest man @ I ever met.
You're the only person @ can help me. Anyone @ wants to succeed must work hard.
It's you @ I want to speak to, not Paul. ¸(c) ´(as the object of the ³v ´in the
clause; ³whom ´is to be avoided; the ³pron ´@ is often omitted): ³The watch (@)
you gave me is working perfectly. Is this the best (@) you can do? The girl (@)
you met yesterday wants to see you again. ¸(d) ´(after an expression of time.
Cf ³when´, ³rel adv´): ³the year (@) my father died; the week (@) we went
camping. ¸(e) ´(as the object of a ³prep; whom ´is to be avoided; ³that ´is
often omitted, and the ³prep ´follows the ³v´): ³All the people (@) I invited
have agreed to come. The photographs (@) you were looking at were taken by my
brother. The man (@) I was talking to had just arrived from Canada. Where's the
man (@) you borrowed it from?¼
¨thatch© ²/Tat2/ ³n ¶[U] ´(roof covering of) dried straw, reeds, etc; (colloq)
thick hair of the head. ³¹ vt ¶[VP6A] ´cover (a roof, etc) with @.¼
¨thaw© ²/Tc/ ³vi,vt ¶[VP6A,15B,2A,C] ·@ (out), ¸1 ³It is @ing´, The
temperature has risen above freezing-point (so that snow and ice begin to
melt). ¸2 ´(cause anything frozen to) become liquid or soft again: ³@ out the
radiator, ´(of a car); ³leave frozen food to @ before cooking it. ¸3 ´(of
persons, their behaviour) (cause to) become less formal, more friendly: ³After
a good dinner he began to @. A bottle of wine helped to @ (out) our guests. ¹ n
´(usu ³sing´) (state of the weather causing) @ing: ³Let's go skating before the
@/a @ sets in.¼
¨the© ²/³before consonants: ²DE´; ³before vowels: ²DI´; ³strong
form: ²Di/ ³def art ¸1 ´(used as a less specific form of ³this, these, that,
those´, applied to person(s), thing(s), event(s), etc already referred to or
being discussed. Note the changes from the ³indef art ´to the ³def art ´in
these sentences): ³An old man and an old woman once lived in a small hut by a
river near a forest. One day the old man left the hut and went into the forest
to gather wood. The old woman went to the river to wash clothes. ¸2 ´(used when
who or what is referred to is quite obvious): ³Please take these letters to the
post office´, iÔe the post office near by, the post office of this district.
³Please close the window´, iÔe the window that is open. ³Shall we have a walk
by the river? ´eÔg in London, the River Thames. ¸3 ´(used with a ³n ´when it
stands for sth unique): ³the sun; the moon; the year 1939; the universe. ¸4
´(used with ³nn ´such as ³sea, sky, wind ´(as in µ2 ´above) when there is no
³adj´): ³The sea was calm. There's an aeroplane in the sky. Isn't the wind
strong! ´(Note that the use of an ³adj ´to describe the sea, wind, etc may make
the use of the ³indef art ´possible: ³There was a calm sea ´(cf ³The sea was
calm´) ³when I crossed from Dover to Calais. What a stormy-looking sky! There
was a cold wind ´(cf ³The wind was cold´).) ¸5 ´(used with a ³n ´if it is
modified by a phrase or clause that makes it unique): ³the back of the house;
the left side of the road. ´(In many phrases the ³def art ´is or may be
omitted: ³from beginning to end; from (the) top to (the) bottom; in (the)
future.´) ¸6 ´(used with the superl): ³the best way to get there; the tallest of
the five men; the most interesting book I have ever read. ´(The ³def art ´is
not needed in the predicate after the ³v "be' ´when the superl is used without
a ³n´: ³It is wisest (´= ³The ´wisest plan is) ³to avoid the centre of the
town. ´When ³most ´means "very', the ³def art ´is not used: ³The story was most
exciting. This is a most useful reference book.´) µ¥ most±2µ(3). ¸7 ´used before
¸(a) ´names of seas and oceans: ³the Mediterranean, the Red Sea; the Atlantic
(Ocean), the Indian Ocean. ¸(b) ´names of rivers and canals: ³the Nile; the
river Thames; the Suez Canal. ¸(c) ³pl ´geographical names: ³the Alps; the
Philippines; the West Indies; the Netherlands. ¸(d) ´in a few geographical
names: ³the Sudan; the Sahara. ¸8 ´(used with ³adjj ´and participles to denote
all members of a class): ³the rich, the young, and the beautiful; the dead, the
dying, and the wounded´, eÔg after a battle. ¸9 ·the + ³adj, ´(equivalent to an
abstract ³n´): ³the sublime´, sublimity. ¸10 ´(used formerly with names of
diseases, now usually omitted except with colloq or sl ³pl´): ³She's got the
creeps/the fidgets/the blues. ´Survivals of the older use:
³The child has (the) measles. ¸11 ´Note: ³to play the piano/the violin/the
banjo, etc´, but (with names of games): ³to play
tennis/football/cards/chess/billiards. etc. ¸12 ´(used with a ³sing common n
´to denote the whole class, eÔg of animals or plants): ³Is it true that the owl
cannot see well in daylight? ´(In colloq style, the use of the ³pl´, without
the ³def art´, is more usu: ³Is it true that owls cannot«?´). ¸13 ´(used in a
similar way with names of inventions. In this case the use of the ³def art
´with the ³sing n ´is usu in both liter and colloq styles): ³We don't know who
invented the wheel. The telephone is a most useful invention. ¸14 ´(used with
³nn ´expressing a unit): ³This car does thirty miles to the gallon´, iÔe to
each gallon of petrol. ³These apples are small; there are seven or eight to the
kilo´, iÔe to each kilo. ³I get paid by the hour´, iÔe I earn so much for each
hour's work. ³¹ adv ´by so much; by that amount; (used before an ³adj ´or ³adv
´in the comparative degree to indicate that two things increase or decrease in
a parallel way, or that one increases in a degree equal to that by which
another decreases): ³The more he gets the more he wants. The more he reads the
less he understands.¼
¨the®atre© ´(US = ¸the®ater´) ²/ÚTIEtE(r)/ ³n ¸1 ´building or arena
(³open-air @´) for the performance of plays, for dramatic spectacles, etc: ³go
to the @ to see a Shakespeare play. ¸Ú@-goer ³n ´person who frequently goes to
@s. ¸2 ´hall or room with seats in rows rising one behind another for lectures,
scientific demonstrations, etc. ¸Úoperating @, ´room (in a hospital, etc) where
surgical operations are performed. ¸3 ´scene of important events: ³Belgium has
often been a @ of war. ¸4 ¶[U] ´dramatic literature or art; the writing and
acting of plays, esp when connected with one author, country, period, etc: ³a
book about the Greek @. Do Henry James's plays make good @´, are they
satisfactory when presented on the stage? ¸the®atri®cal ²/TIÚatrIkl/ ³adj ¸1
´of or for the @: ³theatrical scenery/performances; a the·Ú³atrical company´,
of actors. ¸2 ´(of behaviour, manner, way of speaking, persons, etc) designed
for effect; showy, not natural. µ¹ ³n ´(usu ³pl´) (usu amateur) dramatic
performance. ¸the®atri®cally ²/-klI/ ³adv¼
¨thee© ²/Di/ ³pron, µ¥ thou.¼
¨theft© ²/Teft/ ³n ¶[C,U] ´(the act of, an instance of) stealing.¼
¨their© ²/DeE(r)/ ³adj ´of them: ³They have lost @ dog. They have a house of @
own. ¸theirs ²/DeEz/ ³pron ´of them: ³That dog is @s, not ours. It's a habit of
@s´, one of @ habits.¼
¨the®ism© ²/ÚTiIzEm/ ³n ¶[U] ´belief in the existence of a revealed God,
creator and ruler of the universe. µ¥ deism. ¸the®ist ²/ÚTiIst/ ³n ´believer in
@. ¸the®is®tic ²/TiÚIstIk/, ¸the®is®ti®cal ²/-kl/ ³adjj¼
¨them© ²/DEm ³strong form: ²Dem/ ³pron µ¥ they.¼
¨them®atic© ²/TIÚmatIk/ ³adj ´(music) of a themeµ(3) ´or themes.¼
¨theme© ²/Tim/ ³n ¶[C] ¸1 ´topic; subject of a talk or a piece of writing. ¸2
´(esp US) (subject set for a) student's essay. ¸3 ´(music) short melody which
is repeated, expanded, etc eÔg in a sonata or symphony. ¸Ú@ song, ´one that is
often repeated in a musical play, film, etc.¼
¨them®selves© ²/DEmÚselvz/ ³pron ¸1 ´(reflex): ³They hurt @. They
kept some for @. They did the work by @´, without help. ³They were by @ ´(=
alone, without company) ³when I called. ¸2 ´(emphat): ³They @ have often made
that mistake.¼
¨then© ²/Den/ ³adv ¸1 ´at the time (past or future): ³We were living in Wales
@. I was still unmarried @. ·(every) now and @, µ¥ now(3). ·@ and there; there
and @, µ¥ there±1µ(5). ¸2 ´(used to modify a ³n´): ³the @ Lord Mayor´, the Lord
Mayor at that time. ¸3 ´(used after a ³prep´): ³from @ ´(= from that time)
³onwards; until @; since @. ¸4 ´next; after that; afterwards: ³We'll have fish
first, and @ roast chicken. We had a week in Rome and @ went to Naples. ¸5
´(usu at the beginning or end of a sentence) in that case; that being so: ³A:
"It isn't here.'ÅB: "It must be in the next room, @.' You say you don't want to
call a doctor.ÅT@ what do you want to do? ¸6 ´furthermore; and also: ³T@
there's Mrs GreenÅshe must be invited to the wedding. And @, you must
remember«. ¸7 ·ÚNow @, ´used to call attention, or to express a warning, make a
protest, etc: ³Now @, who's been smoking?¼
¨thence© ²/Dens/ ³adv ´(formal) from there; for that reason. ¸@®forth
²/*DensÚfcT/, ¸@®for®ward ²/*DensÚfcwEd/ ³advv ´from that time onwards.¼
¨the®oc®racy© ²/TIÚokrEsI/ ³n ¶[C,U] ³(pl µ-cies³) ´(country with
a) system of government in which the laws of the State are believed to be the
laws of God; (hence) government by priests or a priestly class. ¸theo®cratic
²/*TIEÚkratIk/ ³adj¼
¨the®odo®lite© ²/TIÚodElñIt/ ³n ´instrument used by surveyors for measuring
horizontal and vertical angles.¼
¨the®ol®ogy© ²/TIÚolEdZI/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´formal study of the nature of God and of
the foundations of religious belief. ¸2 ¶[C] ´theological system or
interpretation: ³rival theologies; a/the @ of sex. ¸theo®lo®gian
²/*TIEÚlE8dZEn/ ³n ´expert in or student of @. ¸theo®logi®cal ²/*TIEÚlodZIkl/
³adj ¸theo®logi®cally ²/-klI/ ³adv¼
¨the®orem© ²/ÚTIErEm/ ³n ¸1 ´statement which logical reasoning shows to be
true. ¸2 ´(maths) statement for which a reasoned proof is required.¼
¨the®or®etic© ²/TIEÚretIk/, ±the®or®eti®cal ²/TIEÚretIkl/ ³adjj ´based
on theory, not on practice or experience. ¸the®or®eti®cally ²/-klI/ ³adv¼
¨the®ory© ²/ÚTIErI/ ³n (pl µ-ries³) ¸1 ¶[C,U] ´(explanation of the) general
principles of an art or science (contrasted with practice): ³Naval officers
must understand both the @ and practice of navigation. Your plan is excellent
in @, but would it succeed in practice? ¸2 ¶[C] ´reasoned supposition put
forward to explain facts or events: ³Darwin's @ of evolution. ¸3 ¶[C] ´sth
conjectured, not necessarily based on reasoning: ³He has a @ that wearing hats
makes men bald. In @, three things could happen´, There are three
possibilities. ¸the®or®ist ²/ÚTIErIst/ ³n ´person who forms theories.
¸the®or®ize ²/ÚTIErñIz/ ³vi ¶[VP2A,3A] ·@ (about sth), ´form theories.¼
¨the®os®ophy© ²/TiÚosEfI/ ³n ¶[U] ´any of several systems of philosophy which
aim at a direct knowledge of God by means of spiritual ecstasy and
contemplation. ¸the®os®oph®ist ²/-fIst/ ³n ´believer in @. ¸theo®sophi®cal
²/*TiEÚsofIkl/ ³adj¼
¨thera®peutic© ²/*TerEÚpjutIk/, ±thera®peuti®cal ²/*TerEÚpjutIkl/ ³adj
´connected with the art of healing, the cure of disease: ³take @ baths at
a spa. ¸thera®peutic(s) ²/*TerEÚpjutIk(s)/ ³n ´(usu with ³sing v´)
branch of medicine concerned with curing disease.¼
¨ther®apy© ²/ÚTerEpI/ ³n ¶[U] ´curative treatment, esp of a kind indicated by a
preceding word: ³radio-@, ´treatment by x-rays; ³psycho@, ´treatment by
psychoanalytic methods; ³occupational @´, treatment by means of work that
exercises certain muscles. ¸thera®pist ²/ÚTerEpIst/ ³n ´specialist in @.¼
¨there©1 ²/DeE(r)/ ³adv of place and direction ´(contrasted with
³here´) ¸1 ´in, at or to, that place: ³We shall soon be @. We're nearly @´,
have nearly arrived. ³Put the box @, in that corner. I've never been to Rome
but I hope to go @ next year. ¸2 ´(front position, in exclamatory style;
always stressed, and not to be confused with ³there + be/appear/seem, etc,
´dealt with at µthere±2 ´below; µ¥ here(2)´; used with inversion of subject and
³v ´if the subject is a ³n´, but not if the subject is a ³pers pron´): ³T@ goes
the last bus! T@ it goes! T@ come the rest of the party! T@ they come! ¸3
´(used to call attention; always stressed): ³T@'s the bell ringing for church.
T@'s a fine stroke! ´(used to give praise or encouragement.) ³You have only to
turn the switch and @ you are´, iÔe you get the desired result. ³T@'s a fine,
ripe pear for you! ´See what a fine, ripe pear that is! ³T@'s gratitude for
you! ´Note how grateful he, she, etc is! (used either sincerely or ironically).
¸4 ´at, in connection with, that point (in an action, story, argument, etc):
³Don't stop @! T@ ´(iÔe on that point) ³I disagree with you. T@ you are
mistaken. T@ comes the difficulty. ¸5 ´(in phrases): ·all @, µ¥ all±2µ(1).
·here and @, µ¥ here(5). ·@ and back, ´to a place and back again: ³Can I go @
and back in one day? ·over @, ´(indicating a place farther than is indicated by
@ alone): ³I live here, Mr Green lives @, and Mr Brown lives over @, on the
other side of the river. ·then and @; @ and then, ´at that time and place. Cf
³here and now. ¸6 ´(in colloq style only, after a ³n ´or ³pron´, for emphasis):
³Hi! You @! That woman @ is eating a lot! ¸7 ´(used after ³preps ´and ³advv´):
³Put them in/under/near, etc @. Pass along @, please! ´(used to request people
to move along in a crowded street, bus, etc).¼
¨there©2 ²/DeE(r)/ ³adv ´(used to introduce a sentence of which the
³v´, esp the ³v "be'´, normally precedes its subject, which is usually ³indef.
There ´is almost always unstressed. µ¥ ¶[VP1,2A,4E]´) ¸1 ´(with the ³v "be'´):
³T@'s a man at the door. ´Cf ³The man is at the door. ³T@ can be no doubt about
it. I don't want @ to be any misunderstanding. T@'s no stopping him´, It is
impossible to stop him. ¸2 ´(with other ³vv´, esp ³seem ´and ³appear´): ³T@
seems (to be) no doubt about it. T@ appeared to be no one who could answer our
inquiries. T@ comes a time when«.¼
¨there©3 ²/DeE(r)/ ³int ´(always stressed) ¸1 ´(used, chiefly to children, to
soothe or comfort): ³T@! T@! Never mind, you'll soon feel better. ¸2 ´(used to
suggest that the speaker was right in sth, or to indicate triumph, dismay, etc
according to the context): ·Ú³T@, now! What did I tell you´, You now see that I
was right! ³T@! You've woken the baby!¼
¨there®about(s)© ²/ÚDeErEbñ8t(s)/ ³adv ´(usu preceded by ³or´) near
that place, number, quantity, degree, etc: ³in Rye or @; $5/15 lb/3 o'clock or
@.¼
¨there®after© ²/DeErÚqftE(r) ³US: ²-Úaf-/ ³adv ´(formal) afterwards.¼
¨there®by© ²/DeEÚbñI/ ³adv ´(formal) by that means; in that connection.¼
¨there®fore© ²/ÚDeEfc(r)/ ³adv ´for that reason.¼
¨there®in© ²/DeErÚIn/ ³adv ´(formal) in that place; in that respect; in that
particular.¼
¨there®in®after© ²/*DeErInÚqftE(r) ³US: ²-Úaf-/ ³adv ´(chiefly legal) in that
part which follows.¼
¨there®of© ²/DeErÚov/ ³adv ´(formal) of that; from that source.¼
¨there®to© ²/DeEÚtu/ ³adv ´(formal) to that; in addition to that.¼
¨there®under© ²/DeErÚAndE(r)/ ³adv ´(formal) under that.¼
¨there®upon© ²/*DeErEÚpon/ ³adv ´(formal) then; as the result of that.¼
¨there®withal© ²/ÚDeEwIDcl/ ³adv ´(archaic) in addition; besides.¼
¨therm© ²/T3m/ ³n ¶[C] ´(100Ô000 GB thermal units as a) unit of heat as used
for measuring the consumption of gas (coal-gas or natural gas).¼
¨ther®mal© ²/ÚT3ml/ ³adj ´of heat: ³@ springs´, of warm or hot water; ³the
·Ú³@ barrier´, barrier to the use of high speeds (in flying) caused by
increased friction of the air on the surfaces of the aircraft; ³a ·*³@
·Ú³power station´, one using heat (from coal, oil) (contrasted with a
hydro-electric power station). ¸@ capacity, ´(phys) number of units of heat
needed to raise the temperature of a body by one degree. ¸@ unit, ´(phys)
unit of measure of heat. ¸British @ unit ´(abbr ¸BÔTÔU´), amount of heat
needed to raise 1Ôlb of water by 1ÄF. ³¹ n ´rising current of warm air (as
needed by a glider to gain height).¼
¨ther®mi®onic© ²/*T3mIÚonIk/ ³adj ´of that branch of physics that deals with
the emission of electrons at high temperatures. ¸@ valve ´(US = ¸@ tube´) ³n
´system of electrodes arranged in a glass or metal envelope exhausted of air.¼
¨thermo-© ²/*T3mE8/ ³pref ´(in compounds) of heat. ¸*@-dy®Únam®ics ³n pl ¶[U]
´(usu with ³sing v´) science of the relations between heat and mechanical work.
¸*@-Únu®clear ³adj ´(eÔg of weapons) of, using, the high temperatures released
in nuclear fission: ³the @-nuclear bomb´, the hydrogen bomb. ¸*@-Úplas®tic ³n,
adj ´(substance) which can at any time be made plastic by the application of
heat. ¸*@-Úset®ting ³adj ´(of plastics) becoming permanently hard after being
heated and shaped. ¸Ú@®stat ²/ÚT3mEstat/ ³n ¶[C] ´device for automatically
regulating temperature by cutting off and restoring the supply of heat (eÔg in
central heating, refrigerators, air-conditioning). ¸@®static ²/*T3mEÚstatIk/
³adj ´of a @stat: ³@static control.¼
¨ther®mom®eter© ²/TEÚmomItE(r)/ ³n ´instrument for measuring
temperature. µ¥ App 5.¼
¨ther®mos© ²/ÚT3mEs/ ³n ´(also ¸Ú@ flask´) (P) vacuum flask. µ¥ vacuum.¼
¨the®sau®rus© ²/TIÚscrEs/ ³n ´(³pl µ@es ²/-rEsIz/´) dictionary of words and
phrases grouped together according to similarities in their meanings.¼
¨these© ²/Diz/ µ¥ this.¼
¨the®sis© ²/ÚTisIs/ ³n ´(³pl µtheses ²/Tisiz/´) statement or theory (to be) put
forward and supported by arguments, esp a lengthy written essay submitted (as
part of the requirements) for a university degree.¼
¨Thes®pian© ²/ÚTespIEn/ ³adj ´(liter) connected with the drama.
¹ ³n ´actor or actress.¼
¨thews© ²/Tjuz/ ³n pl ´(liter) muscles: ³@ and sinews´, bodily strength.¼
¨they© ²/DeI/ ³pers pron ´(subject form, ³pl´, of ³he, she, it´): ³T@ ´(=
People in general) ³say that the government will have to resign. What a lot of
questions @ ´(= those in authority) ³ask in this tax form! ¸them ²/DEm
³strong form: ²Dem/ ³pers pron ´(object form of ³they)´: ³Give them to me. It
was very kind of them´, They were very kind.¼
¨they're© ²/DeE(r)/ ³c ´= they are.¼
¨thick© ²/TIk/ ³adj µ(-er, -est) ¸1 ´(opp of ³thin´) of relatively great or a
specified measurement in diameter, from one side to the other, or from the
front to the back: ³a @ slice of bread; a @ line; ice three inches @; @ print´,
of @ lines. ¸*@-Úskinned ³adj ´(fig) not sensitive to reproach or insults. ¸2
´having a large number of units close together: ³@ hair; a @ forest; in the
@est part of the crowd. The corn was @ in the fields. ¸*@-Úset ³adj ¸(a)
´having a short, stout body; solidly built. ¸(b) ´(of a hedge) with bushes, etc
closely planted. ¸3 ·@ with, ´abounding or packed with: ³The air was @ with
dust/snow. ¸4 ´(of liquids) semi-solid: ³@ soup; ´(of vapour, the atmosphere)
not clear; dense: ³a @ fog. ¸5 ´(of voices) obstructed, eÔg because one has a
cold. ¸6 ´(colloq) stupid; dull. ¸*@-Úheaded ³adj ´stupid. ¸7 ´(colloq)
intimate: ³John is very @ with Anne now. ·as @ as thieves´, very friendly.
¸8 ´(various colloq uses) ·a bit @; rather @, ´beyond what is reasonable or
endurable: ³Three weeks of heavy rain is a bit @. ·give sb a @ ear, ´give him a
blow that causes his ear to swell. ·lay it on @, ´(sl) be profuse, esp in
paying compliments. ³¹ n ¶[U] ¸1 ´most crowded part; part where there is
greatest activity: ³in the @ of the fight. We were in the @ of it. ·through @
and thin, ´under any kind of conditions, good or bad. ¸2 ´@ part of anything:
³the @ of the thumb. ¹ adv ´@ly: ³You spread the butter too @. The snow/dust
lay @ everywhere. His blows came @ and fast´, rapidly and in large numbers.
¸@®ly ³adv ´in a @ manner: ³cut the bread/spread the butter @ly. ¸@en ²/ÚTIkEn/
³vt,vi ´make or become @: ³@en the gravy. The plot @ens´, becomes more complex.
¸@®en®ing ²/ÚTIkEnIG/ ³n ¶[U] ´material or substance used to @en sth; process
of becoming @(er) or making sth @(er). ¸@®ness ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´quality or degree of
being @: ³four centimetres in @ness; a @ness of four centimetres. ¸2 ¶[C]
´layer: ³one @ness of cotton-wool and two @nesses of felt.¼
¨thicket© ²/ÚTIkIt/ ³n ¶[C] ´mass of trees, shrubs, undergrowth, growing
thickly together.¼
¨thief© ²/Tif/ ³n ´(³pl µthieves ²/Tivz/´) person who steals, esp
secretly and without violence. µ¥ bandit, burglar, ³robber ´at µrob. ¸thieve
²/Tiv/ ³vi,vt ¶[VP2A] ´be a @; ¶[VP6A] ´steal (sth). ¸thiev®ery ²/ÚTivErI/ ³n
´theft. ¸thiev®ish ²/-I2/ ³adj ´having the habit of stealing; thief-like.
¸thiev®ish®ly ³adv¼
¨thigh© ²/TñI/ ³n ¶[C] ¸1 ´part of the human leg between the knee
and the hip. µ¥ ´the illus at µleg. ¸Ú@-bone ³n ´bone of this part of the leg;
femur. ¸2 ´corresponding part of the hind legs of other animals.¼
¨thimble© ²/ÚTImbl/ ³n ´cap (of metal, etc) used to protect the end of the
finger when pushing a needle through cloth, etc. ¸@®ful ²/-f8l/ ³n ´(colloq)
sip, very small quantity (of a liquid).¼
¨thin© ²/TIn/ ³adj µ(-ner, -nest) ¸1 ´(opp of ³thick´) having opposite
surfaces close together; of small diameter: ³a @ slice of bread; a @ sheet of
paper; @ boards; a @ piece of string; a @ stroke, ´of the pen, etc.
¸*@-Úskinned ³adj ´(fig) sensitive to criticism; easily offended. ¸2 ´lacking
density: ³a @ mist. ·@ air, ´invisibility; nothingness: ³He seemed to vanish
into @ air´, disappear mysteriously without leaving a trace. ¸3 ´(opp of ³fat´)
having not much flesh: ³rather @ in the face. Your illness has left you very @.
¸4 ´not full or closely packed: ³a @ audience´, with more seats empty than
occupied. ³"Your hair's getting rather @ on top, sir', said the barber. ¸5 ´(of
liquids) lacking substance; watery: ³@ beer/wine, ´lacking body; weak. ¸6
´lacking in some important ingredient; poor: ³@ humour; a @ excuse´, not very
convincing; ³a @ disguise´, easily seen through; ³a @ story´, one that contains
nothing very exciting; one that does not convince (as an excuse, etc). ¸7
´(colloq) ·have a @ time, ´an uncomfortable, distasteful one. ³¹ adv ´so as to
be @: ³You've spread the butter very thin. ¹ vt,vi µ(-nn-) ¶[VP6A,15B,2A,C]
´make or become @. ·@ (down), ´make (a liquid) less dense: ³@ down paint with
turpentine. ·@ (out), ´make or become less dense, or fewer in number: ³War and
disease had @ned (out) the population. He @ned out the seedlings´, pulled up
some of them to allow the others to grow better. ³We had better wait until the
fog @s out. ³At last the crowd/traffic @ned out. ¸@®ly ³adv ´in a @ manner:
³Sow the seed @ly. ¸@®ness ²/ÚTInnIs/ ³n¼
¨thine© ²/DñIn/ µ¥ thy.¼
¨thing© ²/TIG/ ³n ¸1 ´any material object: ³What are those @s on
the table? There wasn't a @ ´(= nothing) ³to eat. She's too fond of sweet @s´,
sweet kinds of food. ¸2 ³(pl) ´belongings; articles of which the nature is
clear (or thought to be clear) from the context: ³Bring your swimming @s ´(=
your swimming-suit, towel, etc) ³with you. Have you packed your @s ´(=
clothes, etc) ³for the journey? Put your @s ´(= coat, hat, etc) ³on and let's
leave. ¸3 ´subject: ³There's another @ ´(= something else) ³I want to ask you
about. ¸4 ´that which is non-material: ³He values @s of the mind more than @s
of the body. ·be Úseeing @s, ´have hallucinations. ¸5 ´circumstance; event;
course of action: ³That only makes @s ´(= the situation) ³worse. You take @s
´(= happenings) ³too seriously. I must think @s over´, consider what has
happened, what has to be done, etc. ³What's the next @ to do´, What must be
done next? ³It's just one of those @s´, sth that can't be helped, explained,
remedied, etc (according to context). ³T@s ´(= The state of affairs) ³are
getting worse and worse. Well, of ·Ú³all @s! ´(expressing surprise,
indignation, etc, at what has been done, suggested, etc). ·for Úone @, ´used
to introduce a reason: ³For one @, I haven't any money; for another«. ·Taking
one @ with another´, considering various circumstances, etc. ¸6 ´(used of a
person or an animal, expressing an emotion of some kind): ³She's a sweet
little @/a dear old @. Poor @, he's been ill all winter. ¸7 the @, ´just what
will be best in the circumstances: ³A holiday in the mountains will be the best
@ for you. That's not the @ to do´, is unsuitable, inappropriate. ³He always
says the right/wrong @´, makes the most suitable/unsuitable remark or comment.
·quite the @, ´fashionable. ¸8 ´(phrases) ·the *@ Úis, ´the question to be
considered is: ³The @ is, can we get there in time? The @ is ´(= The most
important factor is) ³to make your views quite clear to everyone. ·first @,
´before anything else; early: ³I'll do it first @ tomorrow morning. ·first
@s first, µ¥ first±2µ(1). ·the *general/*common/*usual Ú@, ´the common
practice. ·a near @, ´a narrow escape (from an accident, missing a train, etc).
·an understood @, ´sth that has been/is accepted. ·do one's (own) @, ´(colloq)
do sth which one does well, or which one feels an urge to do; act without
inhibition. ·have a @ about, ´(colloq) be obsessed by. ¸9 ³(pl ´with an ³adj
´following) all that can be so described: ³@s Japanese´, Japanese customs, art,
etc. ¸10 ´(legal) ³@s personal/real´, personal/real property.¼
¨thing®(u)ma®bob© ²/ÚTIG(E)mEbob/ ³n µ¥ thingummy¼
¨thing®(u)ma®jig© ²/ÚTIG(E)mEdZIg/ ³n µ¥ thingummy¼
¨thing®ummy© ²/ÚTIGEmI/ ³n ´(colloq) person or thing whose name one forgets or
is not known (used in the same way as ³what's-his-name, what d'you call it´).¼
¨think©1 ²/TIGk/ ³vi,vt (pt,pp µthought ²/Tct/³) ´(For special uses
with ³adverbial particles ´and ³preps, µ¥ 8 ´below.) ¸1 ¶[VP2A,B,C,6A,8] ´(with
cognate object) use, exercise, the mind in order to form opinions, come to
conclusions: ³Are animals able to @? You should @ ´(= not be hasty) ³before
doing that. Do you @ in English when you speak English, or translate mentally?
Let me @ a moment´, Give me time before I answer. ³He may not say much but he
@s a lot. ·@ aloud, ´utter one's thoughts as they occur. ¸Ú@-tank ³n ´group
or organization that provides advice, ideas, solutions to problems, etc. ¸2
¶[VP9,25] ´consider; be of the opinion: ³Do you @ it will rain? Yes, I @ so.
No, I don't @ so. It's going to rain, I @. I @ (that) you're very brave. Do
you @ it likely/that it is likely? I thought I heard a scream. They had been
thought (to be) lost. It will be better, don't you @, to start early. ·@ fit.
µ¥ fit±1µ(2). ¸3 ¶[VP10] ´(neg with ³can/could´) imagine, form a conception of:
³I can't @ what you mean. I can't @ where she has gone off to/how she did
it/why she left. You can't ·Ú³@ how glad I am to see you. ¸4 ¶[VP9] ´have a
half-formed intention: ³I @ I'll go for a swim. ¸5 ¶[VP10] ´reflect: ³She was
@ing (to herself) how cold the room was. ¸6 ¶[VP7A,9] ´expect, intend: ³I never
thought that I'd see you here! Who would have thought to see you here! ·I
thought as much´, That is what I expected or suspected. ¸7 ¶[VD22] ´bring into
a mental condition by @ing: ³Stop worrying or you'll @ yourself sick! ¸8
¶[VP3A,15B] ´(special uses with ³adverbial particles ´and ³preps´):¼
·think about sth, ¸(a) ´examine, consider (esp a plan, idea, to see whether it
is desirable, practicable, etc): ³She's @ing about emigrating to Canada. Please
@ about the proposal and let me have your views tomorrow. ¸(b) ´recall; reflect
upon: ³She was @ing about her childhood days.¼
·think of sth, ¸(a) ´consider; take into account: ³We have a hundred and one
things to @ of before we can decide. You @ of everything! ¸(b) ´consider,
contemplate (without reaching a decision or taking action): ³We're @ing of
emigrating to Canada. I did @ of visiting him, but I've changed my mind. ¸(c)
´imagine: ³Just @ of the cost/danger! To @ of his not knowing anything about
it! ´Isn't it surprising! ¸(d) ´have, entertain, the idea of (often with
³could, would, should´, and ³not ´or ³never´, with ³dream ´as a possible
substitute for ³think´): ³Surrender is not to be thought of. I couldn't @ of
such a thing. He would never @ of letting his daughter marry a fellow like
you. ¸(e) ´call to mind; recall: ³I can't @ of his name at the moment. ¸(f)
´put forward; suggest: ³Who first thought of the idea? Can you @ of a good
place for a weekend holiday? ·@ highly/well/not much/little, etc of sb/sth,
´(not in the progressive tenses), have a high/good/poor, etc opinion of: ³His
work is highly thought of by the critics. He @s the world of her´, @s she's
wonderful, loves her dearly. ·@ nothing of sth/doing sth, ´consider (doing) it
to be insignificant or unremarkable: ³Barbara @s nothing of walking 20 miles a
day. ·@ nothing Úof it, ´(formal) Don't mention it, µ¥ mention. ·@ better of
sb, ´have a higher opinion of (than to«): ³I had always thought better of you
than to suppose you could be so unkind. ·@ better of sth, ´reconsider
and give up: ³What a foolish idea! I hope you'll @ better of it.¼
·think sth out, ´consider carefully and make a plan for: ³It seems to be a
well-thought out scheme. That wants @ing out´, needs careful consideration.¼
·think sth over, ´reflect upon, consider further (before reaching a decision,
etc): ³Please @ over what I've said. I'd like more time to @ things over.¼
·think sth up, ´devise, conceive, invent (a scheme, etc): ³There's no knowing
what he'll @ up next.¼
¨think©2 ²/TIGk/ ³n ´(colloq) occasion of, need for, thinking: ³If that's what
he wants, he's got another @ coming´, will need to think again.¼
¨think®able© ²/ÚTIGkEbl/ ³adj ´conceivable: ³It's not @ (´more usu
³It's un@) that«.¼
¨thinker© ²/ÚTIGkE(r)/ ³n ´person who thinks (usu with an ³adj´): ³a
great/shallow @.¼
¨think®ing© ²/ÚTIGkIG/ ³adj ´thoughtful; intelligent: ³the @ public; all @
people. ³¹ n ¶[U] ´thought; reasoning: ³do some hard @´, think deeply. ³You are
of my way of @´, You think as I do. ³He is, to my (way of) @ ´(iÔe in my
opinion), ³the best living novelist. Can I bring you round to my way of @´, get
you to think as I do, agree with me? ·put one's Ú@-cap on, ´(colloq) think
about a problem, etc.¼
¨third© ²/T3d/ ³adj, n ´(abbr ·3rd´) ´next after the second (in
place, time, order, importance, etc); one of the three equal divisions of a
whole: ³the @ month of the year, ´iÔe March; ³on the @ of April; on the @ floor
´(US = fourth floor); ³every @ day; the @ largest city in France; Edward the
T@´, Edward III´, the @ king of this name; ³one-@ of a litre. ¸@ degree,
´prolonged or hard questioning, use of torture (as used by the police in some
countries to get confessions or information). ¸a/the @ party, ´another person
besides the two principal people. ¸@-party insurance, ´of a person other than
the person insured, which the insurance company undertakes to meet. ¸@ rail,
´conductor rail, carrying electric current. ¸*@-Úrate ³adj ´of$poor quality.
¸*@-Úrater ³n ´person who is @-rate. ¸the T@ World, ´the developing countries
not aligned with the great power blocs. ¸@®ly ³adv¼
¨thirst© ²/T3st/ ³n ¶[U, ´and with ³indef art ´as in examples¶] ¸1 ´feeling
caused by a desire or need to drink; suffering caused by this: ³The horse
satisfied its @ at the river. This kind of work gives me a @. They lost their
way in the desert and died of @. ¸2 ´(fig) strong desire (³for´, or, liter and
biblical, ³after´): ³a @ for knowledge; satisfy one's @ for adventure. ¹ vt
¶[VP2A,3A] ·@ (for), ´have @; be eager (for); ³@ for ´(liter and biblical,
³after) revenge. ¸@y ³adj µ(-ier, -iest) ´having or causing @: ³be/feel @y.
Some kinds of food make one @y. Tennis is a @y game on a hot day. The
fields are @y for rain. ¸@®ily ²/-IlI/ ³adv¼
¨thir®teen© ²/*T3Útin/ ³adj, n ´the number 13. µ¥ App 4. ¸thir®teenth
²/*T3ÚtinT/ ³adj, n ´next after the twelfth; one of @ equal parts.¼
¨thirty© ²/ÚT3tI/ ³adj, n ´the number 30. µ¥ App 4. ¸the thirties, ´30-39.
¸thir®ti®eth ²/ÚT3tIET/ ³adj, n ´next after the 29th; one of @ equal parts.¼
¨this© ²/DIs/ ³adj, pron (pl µthese ²/Diz/³) ´(contrasted with
³that, those. @/these ´and ³that/those ´are used to make a person or thing
specific. ³@/these ´are used when the person or thing is near in space or time
to the speaker.) ¸1 ³Look at @ box/these boxes here. What's @ over here? What
are these? Are these books yours? Are these your children? Is @ what you want?
T@ (one) is larger than that. These are better than those. Do it like @, ´iÔe
in @ way, as shown here, etc. ³Life is difficult these days, ´nowadays. ³He
will be here @ Thursday, ´Thursday of @ week. ³What's all @? ´(colloq) What's
the trouble? What's happening? ¸2 ³(T@ ´and a possessive cannot be used
together. Note the construction used when @ and a possessive are both needed):
³T@ car of yours needs a thorough overhaul. These new shoes of mine are
painfully tight. ¸3 ´(in narrative) a certain: ³Then @ funny little man came up
to me. We all ended up at @ pub. ¹ adv ´(colloq) to @ degree; so: ³It's about @
high. Now that we have come @ far ´(= as far as @)«. ³Can you spare me @ much
´(= as much as @)³? I know @ much ´(= what I am about to state), ³that his
story is exaggerated.¼
¨thistle© ²/ÚTIsl/ ³n ¶[C] ´(sorts of) wild plant with prickly
leaves and yellow, white or purple flowers. ¸Ú@-down ³n ¶[U] ´fluff of @
flowers, carrying the seed.¼
¨thither© ²/ÚDIDE(r) ³US: ²ÚTIDEr/ ³adv ´(old use) to that place; in that
direction. ·hither and @, ´here and there; in all directions.¼
¨tho'© ²/DE8/ ³adv, conj ´(informal spelling of) µthough.¼
¨thole© ²/TE8l/ ³n ´(also ¸Ú@-pin´) pin or peg in the gunwale of a boat to keep
an oar secure; one of two pins between which an oar is held. µ¥ rowlock.¼
¨thong© ²/ToG ³US: ²TcG/ ³n ´narrow strip of leather, eÔg as a fastening, the
lash of a whip.¼
¨tho®rax© ²/ÚTcraks/ ³n ¸1 ´part of an animal's body between the neck and the
belly, eÔg in a man, the chest. ¸2 ´middle of the three main sections of an
insect (bearing the legs and wings). µ¥ ´the illus at µinsect.¼
¨thorn© ²/Tcn/ ³n ¸1 ¶[C] ´sharp-pointed growth on the stem of a plant. µ¥
´the illus at µflower. ·a @ in one's flesh/side, ´(fig) constant source of
annoyance. ¸2 ¶[C,U] ´(usu in compounds) kinds of shrub or tree with @s:
·Ú³haw@; ·Ú³black@. ¸thorny ³adj µ(-ier, -iest) ¸1 ´having @s. ¸2 ´(fig) full
of trouble and difficulty; causing argument: ³a @y problem/subject.¼
¨thor®ough© ²/ÚTArE ³US: ²-rE8/ ³adj ´complete in every way; not forgetting or
overlooking anything; detailed: ³a @ worker; receive @ instruction in English;
give a room a @ cleaning; be @ in one's work. ¸Ú@-going ³adj ´@; complete;
uncompromising. ³a @-going revision. ¸@®ly ³adv ¸@®ness ³n¼
¨thor®ough®bred© ²/ÚTArEbred/ ³n, adj ´(animal, esp a horse, also
fig, person) of pure breed; high-spirited, thoroughly trained.¼
¨thor®ough®fare© ²/ÚTArEfeE(r)/ ³n ¶[C] ´road or street, esp one much used by
traffic and open at both ends: ³The Strand is one of London's busiest @s. No
@´, (as a sign) Not open to the public; no way through.¼
¨those© ²/DE8z/ ³pl ´of µthat.¼
¨thou© ²/Dñ8/ ³pron ´(archaic) you ³(sing). ¸thee ²/Di/ ³pron ´object form of
@.¼
¨though© ²/DE8/ ³conj ¸1 ´(also ¸al®@ ²/clÚDE8/´) in spite of the fact that;
notwithstanding the fact that: ³Al@ it was so cold, he went out without an
overcoat ´(cf ³butÔ´: ³It was very cold, but he«). ³T@ they are so poor, they
have enough to eat. He passed the examination al@ he had been prevented by
illness from studying. ¸2 ´(also ¸al®@ ´and ·even @´) even if: ³strange @ it
may appear/al@ it may appear strange´, even if it appears strange. ³He will
never be dishonest even @ he (should) be reduced to poverty. ¸3 ·what @,
´(liter) what does it matter if: ³What @ the way be long,«. ¸4 ·as @, µ¥ ³as
@/as if ´at µas±2µ(11). ¸5 ´(also ¸al®@´) (introducing an independent
statement) and yet; all the same: ³He will probably agree, @ you never know´,
and yet one can never be certain. ³I'll try to come, @ I don't think I shall
manage it. ¹ adv ´(used absolutely, in the sense µ5 ´above) however: ³He will
probably agree; you never know, @. He said he would come; he didn't, @.¼
¨thought©1 ²/Tct/ ³pt,pp ´of µthink±1µ.¼
¨thought©2 ²/Tct/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´(power, process of) thinking: ³He
spends hours in @. He was lost/deep in @´, thinking so deeply as to be unaware
of his surroundings, etc. ¸2 ¶[U] ´way of thinking characteristic of a
particular period, class, nation, etc: ³Greek/working-class/scientific/modern
@. ¸3 ¶[U] ·@ (for), ´care, consideration: ³after serious @. He often acts
without @. The nurse was full of @ for her patient. ·take @ for, ´be concerned
about. ¸4 ¶[C,U] ´idea, opinion, intention, formed by thinking: ³His speech
was full of striking @s. Please write and let me have your @s on the matter.
That boy hasn't a @ in his head. He keeps his @s to himself´, does not tell
anyone what he thinks. ³She says she can read my @s. He had no @ ´(= intention)
³of hurting your feelings. You must give up all @ of marrying Tom. I had some @
of going ´(= had half intended to go) ³to Spain this summer. ·on *second Ú@s,
´after further consideration. ¸Ú@-reader ³n ´person who claims to know people's
@s. ¸Ú@ transference, ´telepathy. ¸5 ·a @, ´a little: ³You should be a @ more
considerate of other people. ¸@®ful ²/-fl/ ³adj ¸1 ´full of @; showing @: ³@ful
looks. ¸2 ´considerate; thinking of, showing @µ(3) ´for, the needs of others:
³a @ful friend. It was @ful of you to warn me of your arrival. ¸@®fully
²/-fElI/ ³adv ¸@®ful®ness ³n ¸@®less ³adj ¸1 ´careless; unthinking: ³Young
people are often @less for the future. ¸2 ´selfish; inconsiderate (³of
´others): ³a @less action. ¸@®less®ly ³adv ¸@®less®ness ³n¼
¨thou®sand© ²/ÚTñ8znd/ ³adj, n ´the number 1Ô000, µ¥ App 4´;
(loosely, exaggerated style) a great number: ³A @ thanks for your kindness. He
made a @ and one excuses. ·a *@ to Úone (chance), ´remote (possibility). ·one
in a @, ´a rare exception. ¸@th ²/ÚTñ8znT/ ³adj, n ¸@®fold ²/-fE8ld/ ³adj, adv
´a @ times (as much or many).¼
¨thrall© ²/Trcl/ ³n ¶[C,U] ´(condition of being a) slave: (fig) ³He is (in) @
to his passions. ¸thral®dom ²/-dEm/ ³n ¶[U] ´slavery.¼
¨thrash© ²/Tra2/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A] ´beat with a stick, whip, etc: ³Stop @ing
that donkey, you cruel boy! He @ed the boy soundly´, gave him a thorough
beating. ³He threatened to @ the life out of me. ¸2 ¶[VP6A] ´(colloq) defeat
(a team, etc) in a contest. ¸3 ¶[VP15B] ·@ sth out, ´(colloq) ¸(a) ´clear up (a
problem, etc) by discussion. ¸(b) ´arrive at (the truth, a solution, etc) by
discussion. ¸4 ¶[VP6A,15A,2C] ´(cause to) toss, move violently: ³The whale @ed
the water with its tail. The swimmer @ed about in the water. The gale made the
branches of the trees @ against the windows. ¸5 ´= µthresh. ¸@®ing ³n ¶[C]
´(esp) beating; ³give sb/get a good @ing; ´defeat, eÔg in games.¼
¨thread© ²/Tred/ ³n ¸1 ¶[C,U] ´(length of) spun cotton, silk, flax, wool, etc
esp for use in sewing and weaving: ³a reel of silk @; a needle and @; gold @´,
@ with gold wire wound round it. ·hang by a @, ´(fig) be in a dangerous or
precarious state. ¸2 ´sth very thin, suggesting a @: ³A @ of light came
through the keyhole. ¸3 ´chain or line (connecting parts of a story, etc):
³lose the @ of one's argument; gather up the @s of a story´, bring parts
of it together and relate them to one another; ³pick up/resume the @s´,
continue (after an interruption). ¸4 ´spiral ridge round a screw or bolt. µ¥
´the illus at µbolt. ³¹ vt ¸1 ¶[VP6A] ´pass a @ through the eye of (a needle);
put (beads, pearls, etc) on a @; make (a chain of beads, etc) thus: ³@ a film´,
put it in place (eÔg in a cin_e-projector, ready for showing it on a screen).
¸2 ¶[VP15A] ·@ one's way through, ´find, pick, one's way (through a crowd,
streets, etc). ¸3 ´(of hair) streak: ³black hair @ed with silver´, with streaks
of silver hair in it. ¸Ú@®bare ²/-beE(r)/ ³adj ¸1 ´(of cloth) worn thin;
shabby: ³a @bare coat. ¸2 ´(fig) much used and therefore uninteresting or
valueless; hackneyed: ³@bare jokes/arguments. ¸Ú@®like ³adj ´resembling a @;
long and slender.¼
¨threat© ²/Tret/ ³n ¶[C] ¸1 ´statement of an intention to punish or
hurt sb, esp if he does not do as one wishes: ³utter a @ (against sb); carry
out a @; be under the @ of expulsion´, eÔg from a university. ¸2 ·a/the @ (to
sb/sth) (of sth), ´sign or warning of coming trouble, danger, etc: ´be a danger
(to sb/sth) (of sth): ³the @ to the country's economy of inflation. ³There was
a @ of rain in the dark sky.¼
¨threaten© ²/ÚTretn/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A,14,17] ·@ sth; @ sb (with sth); @ to do
sth, ´announce sth, using a threat; be a threat of sth to sb; use a threat (of
sth) against sb: ³@ an employee with dismissal; @ an enemy; @ to murder sb.
They @ed revenge. The race was @ed with extinction´, It seemed possible that
all people of this race would die. ¸2 ¶[VP6A,2A] ´give warning of: ³The clouds
@ed rain. It @s to rain. ¸3 ¶[VP2A] ´seem likely to occur or come: ³Knowing
that danger @ed, the sentry kept an extra careful watch. ¸@®ing®ly ³adv¼
¨three© ²/Tri/ ³adj, n ´the number 3. µ¥ App 4´: ³a @-act play´, one with @
acts. ¸*@-Úcornered ³adj ´triangular: ³a @-cornered contest/fight´, with @
contestants or competitors, eÔg in a Parliamentary election. µ¥ ³straight
fight ´at µstraight±1µ(5). ¸*@-ÚD, ´(abbr for) ³@-dimensional. µ¥ ´below.
¸*@-Údecker ³n ¸(a) ´old type of sailing-ship with @ decks. ¸(b) ´kind of
sandwich with @ layers of bread and two layers of filling. ¸(c) ´novel in @
volumes (common in the 18th and 19th cc). ¸*@-diÚmensional ³adj ´(abbr ¸3-D´)
having, or appearing to have, @ dimensions (length, breadth and depth);
stereoscopic. ¸*@-Úfigure ³adj ´(of numbers) between 100 and 999 (inclusive).
¸@®pence ²/ÚTripEns/ ³n ´the sum of @ pence. ¸@®penny ²/ÚTripEnI/ ³adj ´costing
or worth @ pence: ³a @penny stamp. ¸*@-Úlane ³adj ´(of a roadway) marked for @
lanes of traffic. ¸*@-Úlegged ²/-ÚlegId/ ³adj ¸(a) ´having @ legs: ³a @-legged
stool. ¸(b) ´(of a race) one in which the competitors run in pairs,
the right leg of one runner being tied to the left leg of the other.
¸*@-Úpiece ³adj ´consisting of @ pieces: ³a @-piece suit, ´set of @ garments
(a man's jacket, waistcoat and trousers, or a woman's jacket, skirt/trousers
and blouse); ³a @-piece suite, ´set of @ pieces of furniture (usu a sofa and
two armchairs). ¸*@-Úply ³adj ¸(a) ´(of wool, thread) having @ strands. ¸(b)
´(of wood) having @ layers glued together. ¸@-Úquarter ³n ´(Rugby football)
person who plays between the half-backs and the full-back. µ¥ ´the illus at
µRugby. µ¹ ³adj ´(of a portrait) down to the hips. Cf ³a full-length portrait
´at µfull(7). ¸*@-Úscore ³adj, n ´sixty. ¸Ú@®some ²/-sEm/ ³n ´group of, or game
played by, @ persons. ¸*@-Ústorey(ed) ³adj ´(of a building) having @ storeys.
¸*@-Úwheeled ³adj ´having @ wheels.¼
¨thren®ody© ²/ÚTrenEdI/ ³n (pl µ-dies³) ´song of lamentation; funeral song.¼
¨thresh© ²/Tre2/ ³vt,vi ¶[VP6A,15A,2A] ´beat the grain out of
(wheat, etc); beat wheat, etc for this purpose: ³@ corn by hand. Have the
farmers started @ing yet? ¸Ú@®ing-floor ³n ´part on which grain is @ed out.
¸Ú@®ing-machine ³n ´one for @ing grain. ¸@er ³n ¸1 ´@ing-machine; person who
@es. ¸2 ´large shark with a long tail.¼
¨thresh®old© ²/ÚTre2hE8ld/ ³n ¶[C] ¸1 ´stone or plank under an
outside doorway; part of an entrance over which one must step: ³cross the @,
´enter. ¸2 ´(fig) entrance, start, beginning: ³He was on the @ of his career.
We are at the @ of an era of peace. ¸3 ´(physiol, psych) limit: ³a
pain @, ´point at which a sensation is felt as pain; ³above/below the @ of
consciousness´, above/below the limit at which we are aware of things. µ¥
subliminal.¼
¨threw© ²/Tru/ ³pt ´of µthrow±1µ.¼
¨thrice© ²/TrñIs/ ³adv ´(rarely used) three times.¼
¨thrift© ²/TrIft/ ³n ¶[U] ´care, economy, in the use of money or goods.
¸@y ³adj µ(-ier, -iest) ¸1 ´economical; using @. ¸2 ´(US) thriving; prosperous.
¸@®ily ²/-IlI/ ³adv ¸@®less ³adj ´without @; wasteful. ¸@®less®ly ³adv
¸@®less®ness ³n¼
¨thrill© ²/TrIl/ ³n ¶[C] ´(experience causing an) excited feeling passing like
a wave along the nerves: ³a @ of joy/pleasure/horror. It gave her quite a @ to
shake hands with the Princess. This film will give you the @ of a lifetime´,
excite you as you have never been excited before. ³¹ vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A] ´cause a
@ or @s in: ³The film @ed the audience. We were @ed with horror/joy. ¸2
¶[VP2A,C] ´feel a @ or @s: ³We @ed at the good news. She @ed with delight when
the handsome footballer kissed her. There was a @ing finish to the race. ¸@er
³n ´novel, play or film in which excitement and emotional appeal are the
essential elements.¼
¨thrive© ²/TrñIv/ ³vi (pt µ@d ´or (archaic) µthrove ²/TrE8v/, ³pp µ@d ´or
(archaic) µthriven ²/ÚTrIvn/³) ¶[VP2A,3A] ·@ (on sth), ´prosper; succeed; grow
strong and healthy: ³A business cannot @ without good management. Children @ on
good food. He has a thriving business.¼
¨thro'© ²/Tru/ ³prep ´(informal spelling of) µthrough.¼
¨throat© ²/TrE8t/ ³n ¸1 ´front part of the neck: ³grip sb by the @; cut one's
@´, eÔg intending to commit suicide or (fig) destroy one's own opportunities.
µ¥ ´the illus at µhead. ¸Úcut-@ ³attrib adj ¸(a) ´(of a razor) having a long
movable blade set into the handle, µ¥ ´the illus at µrazor. ¸(b) ´(of
competition, etc) intense and ruthless. ¸2 ´passage in the neck through which
food passes to the stomach and air to the lungs: ³A bone has stuck in my @.
·force/thrust sth down sb's @, ´(fig) try to make sb accept one's views,
beliefs, etc. ·stick in one's @, ´(fig) not be readily acceptable. ¸-@ed ´in
compounds: ³a red-@ed bird. ¸@y ³adj µ(-ier, -iest) ´uttered deep in the @: ³a
@y voice´, guttural.¼
¨throb© ²/Trob/ ³vi µ(-bb-) ¶[VP2A,C] ´(of the heart, pulse, etc)
beat, esp beat more rapidly than usual: ³His head @bed´, He had a bad headache.
³His wound @bed with pain. Her heart was @bing with excitement. ¹ n ¶[C] ´@bing
or vibration: ³@s of joy/pleasure; the @ of distant gun-fire. ¸@®bing ³adj
´that @s: ³the @bing (sound of) machinery.¼
¨throe© ²/TrE8/ ³n ¸@s, ´sharp pains, esp of childbirth. ·in the @s
of sth/of doing sth, ´(colloq) struggling with the task of it/doing it: ³in the
@s of an examination/of packing one's luggage.¼
¨throm®bo®sis© ²/TromÚbE8sIs/ ³n ¶[U] ´clot of blood in a blood-vessel or in
the heart.¼
¨throne© ²/TrE8n/ ³n ¶[C] ¸1 ´ceremonial chair or seat of a king, queen,
bishop, etc. ¸2 the @, ´royal authority: ³come to the @´, become king/queen;
³united in loyalty to the T@´, to the Sovereign.¼
¨throng© ²/TroG ³US: ²TrcG/ ³n ´crowd. ³¹ vt,vi ¶[VP6A,4A,2C] ´crowd: ³The
railway stations were @ed with people going away for their holidays. People
@ed to see the new play.¼
¨throstle© ²/ÚTrosl/ ³n ´song-thrush.¼
¨throttle© ²/ÚTrotl/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A] ´seize (sb) by the throat and stop his
breathing; choke; strangle: ³@ the nightwatchman and then rob the bank. The
tyrant @d freedom in his country. ¸2 ¶[VP6A,15B,2C] ·@ (back/down), ´control
the flow of steam, petrol vapour, etc in an engine; lessen the speed of (an
engine) by doing this. ³¹ n ¸Ú@(-valve), ´valve controlling the flow of steam,
petrol vapour, etc in an engine: ³open out the @; close the @; with the @ full
open.¼
¨through©1 ²/Tru/ ³adv ´(µ¥ ´the ³v ´entries; specimens only here) ¸1 ´from end
to end, beginning to end, side to side: ³They wouldn't let us @´, eÔg pass @
the gate. ³Did your brother get @´, eÔg the examination? ³He slept the whole
night @´, all night. ³His trousers are @ ´(= have holes or rents in them) ³at
the knees. Read the book @ carefully. ·all @, ´all the time (while sth was
happening, etc): ³I knew all @ that he was lying. ¸2 ´to the very end. ·be @
(with), ¸(a) ´finish (with): ³When will you be @ with your work? ¸(b) ´(colloq)
have had enough of; be tired of: ³I'm @ with this job; I must find something
more interesting. ·go @ with sth, ´continue until it is finished or completed.
·see sth @, ´be present at, help in, a series of events, etc until the end. ·@
and @, ´in all parts; completely: ³He's a reliable man @ and @. You're wet @/@
and @´, Your clothes are thoroughly wet. ¸3 ´all the way to: ³This train goes @
to Paris´, There is no need to change trains. ³Book your tickets/luggage @ to
Vienna. ¸4 ´(telephoning) ¸(a) ´(GB) connected: ³I will put you @ to the
manager´, connect you. ³You're @´, Your telephone connection has been made.
¸(b) ´(US) ´finished; not wishing to continue the call. ¸5 ´(used, in the sense
of µ3 ´above, to modify ³nn´): ³a @ train to Paris; @ tickets/passengers/fares;
@ traffic´, road traffic which is going @ a place (contrasted with local
traffic). ¸Ú@®put ²/-p8t/ ³n ¶[U,C] ´output; amount of material put @ a
process. ¸Ú@®way ³n ´@ express way. µ¥ express±1µ(2).¼
¨through©2 ´(US in informal writing also ¸thru´) ²/Tru/ ³prep ¸1
´(of places) from end to end or side to side of; entering at one side, on one
surface, etc and coming out at the other: ³The River Thames flows @ London. The
burglar came in @ the window. The road goes @ the forest. There is a path @ ´(=
across) ³the fields. She passed a comb/her fingers @ her hair. He was looking @
a telescope. One can see @ glass. ¸2 ´(fig uses; µ¥ ´the ³v ´entries; specimens
only here): ³He went @/has come @ ´(= experienced) ³many hardships. He soon
got/went @ ´(= got to the end of, spent the whole of) ³his fortune. We must go
@ ´(= examine) ³the accounts. He got @ ´(= passed) ³the examination. He saw @
´(= was not deceived by) ³the trick. ¸3 ´(of time) from beginning to end of:
³He won't live @ the night´, He will die before morning. ³The children are too
young to sit @ a long concert. ¸4 ´(US) up to and including: ³We'll be in
London from Tuesday @ Saturday. ¸5 ´(indicating the agency, means or cause):
³I learnt of the position @ a newspaper advertisement. The accident happened @
no fault of yours. We lost ourselves @ not knowing the way. It was all @ you
´(= It was your fault) ³that we were late. ¸6 ´without stopping for: ³Don't
drive @ a red light.¼
¨through®out© ²/TruÚñ8t/ ³adv ´right through; in every part; in all
ways or respects: ³The coat is lined with fur @. The woodwork in the house was
rotten @. ¹ ³prep ´all or right through; from end to end of: ³@ the country; @
the length and breadth of the land; @ the war.¼
¨throve© ²/TrE8v/ ³pt µ¥ thrive.¼
¨throw©1 ²/TrE8/ ³vt,vi (pt µthrew ²/Tru/, ³pp µthrown ²/TrE8n/³) ´(For special
uses with ³adverbial particles ´and ³preps, µ¥ 12 ´below) ¸1
¶[VP2A,6A,15A,B,12A,13A] ´cause (sth) to go through the air, usu with force, by
a movement of the arm or by mechanical means: ³He @s well. He can @ a hundred
yards. Don't @ stones at my dog! He threw the ball to his sister. Please @ me
that towel. He threw the ball up and caught it. He seized the man and threw him
to the ground. The drunken man was thrown out. He threw an angry look at me/me
an angry look. ¸2 ¶[VP15A,B] ´put (articles of clothing) ³(on, off, over, ´etc)
quickly or carelessly: ³@ off one's clothes/disguise: @ a scarf over one's
shoulders. ¸3 ¶[VP15A,B] ´move (one's arms, legs, etc) ³(out, up, down, about)
´violently: ³@ one's chest out; @ up one's arms; @ one's head back. You'll
never learn to swim properly while you @ your legs and arms about so wildly. ¸4
¶[VP6A] ¸(a) ´(of a horse) cause the rider to fall to the ground: ³Two of the
jockeys were @n in the second race. ¸(b) ´(of a wrestler) force (an opponent)
to the floor. ¸(c) ´(of a snake) cast (its skin). ¸(d) ´(of animals) bring
forth (young). ¸5 ¶[VP6A] ´(of dice) @ on to the table (after shaking them in
sth); get by doing this: ³@ three sixes. ¸6 ¶[VP6A] ´twist (silk) into threads.
¸7 ¶[VP6A] ´shape (pottery on a potter's wheel). ¸8 ¶[VP6A] ´(colloq) disturb;
distress; distract: ³The news of her death really threw me. ¸9 ´(sl) ·@ a
party, ´give a party. ·@ a fit, ´have a fit. µ¥ fit±3µ(2). ¸10 ·@ sth open
(to), ¶[VP22] ¸(a) ´make (eÔg a competition) open to all persons. ¸(b) ´allow
the general public to enter (eÔg gardens which are usually closed). ¸11 ¶[VP6A]
´(with ³nn´, to which cross-references are given): ·@ cold water on sth, µ¥
water±1µ(1). ·@ doubt upon, µ¥ doubt(1). ·@ dust in sb's eyes, µ¥ dust±1µ(1).
·@ down the gauntlet, µ¥ gauntlet. ·@ light on, µ¥ light±1µ(6). ·@ a sop to
Cerberus, µ¥ sop. ·@ one's weight about, µ¥ weight. ¸12 ¶[VP15B,3C] ´(special
uses with ³adverbial particles ´and ³preps´):¼
·throw sth about, ´scatter: ³Don't @ waste paper about in the park. He's @ing
his money about´, (fig) spending it recklessly.¼
·throw oneself at, ¸(a) ´rush violently at. ¸(b) ´force one's attentions on;
behave without restraint in an effort to win the love of.¼
·throw sth away, ¸(a) ´lose by foolishness or neglect: ³@ away an advantage.
My advice was @n away upon him´, wasted. ¸(b) ´(of words spoken by actors,
broadcasters, etc) utter in a casual way, with conscious under-emphasis. Hence,
¸Ú@®away ³n ´sth that may be @n away (eÔg a printed handbill); sth of small
value, discarded after use: (attrib) ³a @-away ballpen; a @-away line, ´sth
spoken casually, without emphasis.¼
·throw back, ´show characteristics of, revert to, a remote ancestor. Hence,
¸Ú@-back ³n ´(example of) reversion to an ancestral type. ·@ sb back
on/upon sth, ´(often passive) force sb to go back to (because nothing else is
available): ³After this failure to get help we were @n back upon our own
resources.¼
·throw oneself down, ´lie down at full length.¼
·throw sth in, ¸(a) ´supply sth extra, without an addition to the price: ³You
can have the piano for $60, with the stool @n in. ¸(b) ´put in (a remark, etc)
casually. ¸(c) ´(football) @ the ball in after it has gone out of play. Hence,
¸Ú@-in ³n´. ·@ in one's hand, ´give up an attempt to do sth; confess one's
inability to do sth. ·@ in one's lot with sb, ´decide to share his fortunes.
·@ in the towel/sponge, ´(colloq) (from boxing) admit defeat. ·@ oneself into
sth, ´begin to work vigorously at.¼
·throw sb/sth off, ´manage to get rid of; become free from: ³@ off a cold/a
troublesome acquaintance/one's pursuers. ·@ sth off, ´produce or compose,
easily, as if without effort: ³@ off a few lines of verse.¼
·throw oneself on/upon sb/sth, ´place one's reliance on: ³@ oneself (up)on the
mercy of one's captors/the court/the judge.¼
·throw sth out, ¸(a) ´utter (esp casually): ³@ out a hint/suggestion; @ out a
challenge. ¸(b) ´reject (a Bill in Parliament, etc). ¸(c) ´build as an
extension: ³@ out a new wing´, eÔg to a hospital or other large building. ·@
sb out, ¸(a) ´(cricket, of a fielder) get (a batsman) out by @ing the ball and
hitting the wicket. ¸(b) ´disconcert or distract (sb whose attention is
concentrated on sth) so that he makes an error, has to stop, etc: ³Keep quiet
for a while or you'll @ me out in my calculations.¼
·throw sb over, ´desert, abandon: ³@ over an old friend/one's girlfriend.¼
·throw sth together, ´assemble hastily: ³That last textbook of his seems to
have been @n together´, written or compiled carelessly and hurriedly. ·@
people together, ´bring together: ³Chance had @n us together at a skiing
resort.¼
·throw sth up, ¸(a) ´vomit (food). ¸(b) ´resign from: ³@ up one's job. ·@ sth
up, ´bring it to notice: ³A search through his pockets threw up a very strange
collection of objects. ·@ up one's hands (in horror), ´express horror by doing
this.¼
¨throw©2 ²/TrE8/ ³n ¶[C] ´throwing; distance to which sth is or may
be thrown: ³a well-aimed @´, eÔg cricket, to get a batsman out; ³a @ of the
dice; a record @ with the hammer ´(as a competition in athletic sports).
·within a Ústone's @ (of), ´quite near (to).¼
¨thru© ²/Tru/ ´(US informal spelling for) µthrough.¼
¨thrum© ²/TrAm/ ³vt,vi µ(-mm-) ¶[VP6A,3A] ·@ (on) sth, ´play monotonously or
idly on (a stringed instrument): ³@ (on) a guitar, µ¥ strum´; tap or drum idly
with the fingers: ³@ on the table.¼
¨thrush©1 ²/TrA2/ ³n ¶[C] ´sorts of song-bird, esp the kind called ·Ú³song-@´,
or ³throstle.¼
¨thrush©2 ²/TrA2/ ³n ´internal inflammatory disease.¼
¨thrust© ²/TrAst/ ³vt,vi (pt,pp µ@³) ¶[VP6A,15A,B,2A,C] ´push suddenly or
violently; make a forward stroke with a sword, etc: ³He @ his hands into his
pockets/a dagger into his enemy's heart. We had to @ our way through the crowd.
They @ themselves forward/past into the bus. Some people have greatness @ upon
them, ´iÔe obtain renown without their own effort. ³He has @ himself into a
well-paid position´, obtained one by ruthless methods. ³¹ n ¸1 ¶[C] ´act of
@ing; (in war) strong attempt to push forward into the enemy's positions; (in
debate, etc) attack in words; hostile remark aimed at sb. ¸2 ¶[U] ´stress or
pressure on a neighbouring part of a structure (eÔg an arch); force directed
forward in a jet-engine as a reaction to the ejection rearward of gases. ¸@er
³n ´(esp) person who @s himself forward (to win an advantage, etc).¼
¨thud© ²/TAd/ ³n ´dull sound as of a blow on sth soft: ³The bullet entered his
brain and he fell with a @ to the carpet. ¹ vi µ(-dd-) ¶[VP2C] ´strike, fall,
with a @: ³Bullets @ded into the sandbags behind which we were sheltering.¼
¨thug© ²/TAg/ ³n ´violent criminal; murderous ruffian. ¸@®gery ³n ¶[U].¼
¨thumb© ²/TAm/ ³n ´short, thick finger set apart from the other
four. µ¥ ´the illus at µarm. ·(one's fingers) be all @s; have ten @s, ´be very
clumsy. ·rule of @, ´method or procedure based on experience and practise.
·under sb's @, ´under his influence and control. ·@s up/down, ´(phrase
signifying success/failure). ¸@-nail sketch, ´portrait on a small scale; hasty
word-picture. ¸Ú@®screw ³n ¸(a) ´(also ¸Ú@-nut´) one that can be turned easily
with the @ and a finger. ¸(b) ´old instrument of torture which squeezed the @s.
¸Ú@-stall ³n ´sheath to cover an injured @. ¸Ú@-tack ³n ´(US)
drawing-pin. ³¹ vt ¸1 ¶[VP6A] ´turn over (pages, etc); make dirty by doing
this: ³@ the pages of a dictionary; a well-@ed book. ¸2 ·@ a lift, ´ask for
(and get) a free ride in a motor-vehicle (by signalling to the driver). µ¥
hitch-hike. ·@ one's nose at sb, ´cock a snook at him. µ¥ snook.¼
¨thump© ²/TAmp/ ³vt,vi ¶[VP6A,15A,22,2A,C,3A] ´strike heavily, esp with the
fists; deliver heavy blows: ³He @ed (on) the door. She @ed the cushion flat.
His heart was @ing with excitement. The two boys began to @ one another. He
was @ing the keys of the piano/@ing out a tune on the piano´, playing noisily.
¹ n ¶[C] ´(noise of, or as of, a) heavy blow (esp one given with the fist): ³I
dislike being given a friendly @ on the back. The baby fell out of its cot with
a @. ¸@®ing ³adj ´(colloq) of great size. µ¥ ³adv ´(colloq) extremely: ³What a
@ing great lie!¼
¨thun®der© ²/ÚTAndE(r)/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´noise which usu follows a flash
of lightning: ³a loud crash/a long roll of @. ³There's @ in the air´, T@ seems
likely. ³We haven't had much @ this summer. ¸Ú@®bolt ³n ´flash of lightning
with a crash of @; (fig) unexpected and terrible event. ¸Ú@®clap ³n ´crash of
@; sth that comes like @; sudden, terrible event, bad news, etc. ¸Ú@®storm ³n
´storm of @ and lightning, usu with heavy rain. ¸Ú@®struck ³adj ´(pred; fig)
amazed. ¸2 ¶[U,C] ´loud noise like or suggesting @: ³the @ of the guns; @s of
applause. ·steal sb's @, ´spoil his attempt to be impressive by anticipating
him. ³¹ vi,vt ¸1 ¶[VP2A,C] ´(impersonal): ³It was @ing and lightening. ¸2
¶[VP2C] ´make a noise like @: ³Someone was @ing at the door´, beating at it.
³The train @ed through the station. The juggernauts @ed past. ¸3 ¶[VP2C,3A,15B]
·@ (out) (against), ´speak in a loud voice, attack violently sounding like, @:
³@ous applause. ¸@y ²/-dErI/ ³adj ´(of weather) giving signs of @.¼
¨thu®rible© ²/ÚTj8ErEbl ³US: ²ÚT8Er-/ ³n ´= µcenser.¼
¨Thurs®day© ²/ÚT3zdI/ ³n ´fifth day of the week.¼
¨thus© ²/DAs/ ³adv ´in this way; so: ³@ far´, to this point.¼
¨thwack© ²/Twak/ ³vt, n ´= µwhack.¼
¨thwart©1 ²/Twct/ ³n ´seat across a rowing-boat for an oarsman.¼
¨thwart©2 ²/Twct/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´obstruct, frustrate: ³@ sb's plans; be @ed in
one's ambitions/aims.¼
¨thy© ²/DñI/ ³adj ´(archaic) your. ¸thine ²/DñIn/ ³adj ´(archaic) (before a
vowel sound) your. µ¹ ³pron ´yours. ¸thy®self ²/DñIÚself/ ³reflex, emph pron
´(archaic) yourself.¼
¨thyme© ²/tñIm/ ³n ¶[U] ´kinds of herb with fragrant aromatic leaves, growing
wild and in gardens, used in cookery.¼
¨thy®roid© ²/ÚTñIrãId/ ³n ¸@ (gland), ´gland in the front part of the neck,
producing a substance which affects the body's growth and activity. µ¥ ´the
illus at µhead.¼
¨ti© ²/ti/ ³n ´seventh note in the musical octave.¼
¨ti®ara© ²/tIÚqrE/ ³n ¶[C] ¸1 ´coronet for a woman. ¸2 ´triple crown worn by
the Pope.¼
¨tibia© ²/ÚtIbIE/ ³n (pl µ@e ²/-bIi/³) ´(anat) shin-bone; inner and
thicker of the two bones between the knee and the foot. µ¥ ´the illus at
µskeleton.¼
¨tic© ²/tIk/ ³n ´involuntary, spasmodic twitching of the muscles (esp of the
face).¼
¨tick©1 ²/tIk/ ³n ¶[C] ¸1 ´light, regularly repeated sound, esp of a clock or
watch. ¸*@-Útock ³n ´@ing sound (of a clock, etc). ¸2 ´(colloq) moment: ³I'll
be with you in two @s. Half a @! ´Just a moment! ¸3 ´small mark (often ².´) put
against names, figures, etc in a list or to show that sth is correct. ¸4
Ú@-tack ³n ´system of signalling (a kind of hand semaphore) used by bookmakers'
assistants on race-courses. ³¹ vi,vt ¸1 ¶[VP2A,C] ´(of a clock, etc) make
@sµ(1)´: ³The child put the watch to its ear and listened to it @ing. The
taxi's meter was @ing away. ·What makes sb/sth @, ´(colloq) What makes him/it
function, act, behave, etc in the way he/it does? ¸2 ¶[VP15B] ·@ away, ´(of a
clock): ³@ away the minutes´, mark their passing with @sµ(1)´. ¸3 ¶[VP2C] ·@
over, ´(of an internal-combustion engine) operate slowly with gears
disconnected (and the vehicle stationary). ¸4 ¶[VP6A,10] ·@ sth (off), ´put a
@µ(3) ´against: ³@ off a name/the items on a list. ·@ sb off, ´(colloq) rebuke,
scold him: ³get @ed off; give sb a good ·*³@ing-·Ú³off.¼
¨tick©2 ²/tIk/ ³n ´small spider-like parasite that fastens itself on the skin,
eÔg of dogs, and sucks blood. µ¥ ´the illus at µarachnid.¼
¨tick©3 ²/tIk/ ³n ¸1 ¶[C] ´outside cover of stout striped linen for a
mattress, bolster or pillow. ¸2 ¶[U] ´(also ¸@®ing´) material used for @s.¼
¨tick©4 ²/tIk/ ³n ¶[U] ´(colloq) creditµ(1)´: ³buy goods on @; get
@.¼
¨ticker© ²/ÚtIkE(r)/ ³n ¶[C] ¸1 ´telegraphic machine which automatically prints
news (esp stock market prices) on paper tape (called ¸Ú@-tape´): ³get a @-tape
reception´, eÔg in New York City, of a visiting celebrity in a procession
through the streets, be welcomed with streamers of @-tape thrown from office
windows, etc. µ¥ the illus at µtape. ¸2 ´(colloq) watch. ¸3 ´(sl) heart: ³a
dicky @´, a weak heart.¼
¨ticket© ²/ÚtIkIt/ ³n ¶[C] ¸1 ´written or printed piece of card or paper
giving the holder the right to travel in a train, bus, ship, etc or to a seat
in a cinema, concert hall, etc: ³Do you want a single or a return @ (´US =
³one-way ´or ³round-trip @)? Admission by @ only´, (as a notice outside a
hall, etc). ¸Ú@-collector ³n ´person who collects @s (esp railway @s). ¸2
´piece of card or paper, label, attached to sth and giving information, eÔg
about the price, size of clothing, etc. ¸3 ´(US) list of candidates to be
voted on, belonging to one political party: ³vote the straight @´, cast the
ballot on strict party lines. ¸4 ´printed notice of an offence against traffic
regulations (eÔg a parking offence): ³get a @. ¸5 the @, ´(dated sl) the proper
thing to do. ¸6 ·@ of leave, ´(archaic) parole. ¸7 ´certificate listing the
qualifications of a pilot, a ship's mate, etc. ¹ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´put a @µ(2) ´on;
mark with a @.¼
¨tick®ing© ²/ÚtIkIG/ ³n µ¥ tick±3µ.¼
¨tickle© ²/ÚtIkl/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A,2A] ´excite the nerves of the
skin by touching lightly, esp at sensitive parts, often so as to cause
laughter: ³@ sb in the ribs. The rough blanket @s (me). ¸2 ¶[VP6A] ´please
(one's sense of humour, etc): ³The story @d her fancy. I was @d to death/@d
pink´, (colloq, very amused and delighted) ³at the news. They @d his vanity by
praising his work to the skies. ¸3 ¶[VP2A,6A] ´have, feel, cause, an itching
or tingling sensation: ³Pepper @s if it gets into the nose. My nose @s. It @d
my nose. ¸tick®ler ²/ÚtIklE(r)/ ³n ´(colloq) puzzle. ¸tick®lish ²/ÚtIklI2/ ³adj
¸1 ´(of a person) easily made to laugh or wriggle when @d. ¸2 ´(of a problem,
piece of work, etc) needing delicate care or attention: ³a ticklish question;
in a ticklish situation.¼
¨ti®dal© ²/ÚtñIdl/ ³adj ´of a tide or tides: ³a @
river/estuary/harbour´, in which the tide rises and falls. ¸Ú@ wave ³n ´great
ocean wave, often destructive of life and property, eÔg one that is (thought to
be) caused by an earthquake; (fig) great wave of popular feeling (enthusiasm,
indignation, etc).¼
¨tid®bit© ²/ÚtIdbIt/ ³n ´(US)= µtitbit.¼
¨tid®dler© ²/ÚtIdlE(r)/ ³n ´(colloq) ¸1 ´very small fish. ¸2 ´young small
child.¼
¨tid®dley© ²/ÚtIdlI/ ³adj ´(colloq) ¸1 ´small; negligible. ¸2 ´tipsy; slightly
drunk.¼
¨tid®dly®winks© ²/ÚtIdlIwIGks/ ³n ¶[U] ´game in which players try to make
small discs or counters jump into a tray or cup in the centre of a table by
pressing them on the edge with a larger disc.¼
¨tide© ²/tñId/ ³n ¸1 ¶[C,U] ´regular rise and fall in the level of the sea,
caused by the attraction of the moon: ³at high/low @; washed up by the @(s);
spring ´(= maximum) ³and neap ´(= minimum) @s. ¸Ú@®mark ³n ´highest point
reached by a @ on a beach. ¸Ú@®way ³n ´channel where @s run; ebb or flow in
such a channel. ¸2 ¶[C] ´flow or tendency (of public opinion, feeling, etc):
³We must not ignore the rising @ of public discontent. The Socialists hoped
for a turn of the @´, that public opinion might turn in their favour. ¸3 ´(old
use) season (now only in compounds, as ·Ú³Easter@, ·Ú³even@, ·Ú³Whitsun@´) ¹
³vt ¶[VP14,15B] ·@ sb over (sth), ´get over; help him to get through or survive
(a period of difficulty, etc): ³He sold his car to @ himself over his period of
unemployment´, to provide money for his needs. ³She needs more coal to @ her
over the winter. Will $5 @ you over until you get your wages?¼
¨tid®ings© ²/ÚtñIdIGz/ ³n pl ´(archaic) news: ³Have you heard the
glad @?¼
¨tidy© ²/ÚtñIdI/ ³adj µ(-ier, -iest) ¸1 ´arranged neatly and in order; having
the habit of placing and keeping everything in its right place: ³a @
room/desk; a @ boy; @ habits. ¸2 ´(colloq) considerable; fairly large (esp of
money): ³a @ sum of money; cost a @ penny´, quite a lot of money. ¹ ³n (pl
µ-dies³) ´receptacle for odds and ends: ³a ·Ú³hair-@´, eÔg on a dressing-table
for hair from a hair-brush; ³a ·Ú³sink-@, ´for bits of kitchen waste. ¹ ³vt,vi
¶[VP6A,15B,2A,C] ·@ (up), ´make @: ³I must @ myself´, make myself look @.
³You'd better @ up (the room) before the guests arrive. ¸ti®dily ²/ÚtñIdIlI/
³adv ¸ti®di®ness ³n¼
¨tie©1 ²/tñI/ ³n ¶[C] ¸1 ´sth used for fastening; rod or beam holding parts of
a structure together; (US) railway sleeper, µ¥ ³sleeperµ(2) ´at µsleep±2´;
(fig) sth that holds people together: ³the ties of friendship; family ties;
ties of blood. ¸2 ´sth that takes up one's attention and limits one's freedom
of action: ³Mothers often find their small children a tie. ¸3 ´equal score in a
game, etc: ³The game ended in a tie, 2Å2. The tie will be played off ´(=
will be replayed) ³on Saturday. ¸4 ´(music) curved line joining two notes of
the same pitch that are to be played or sung as one. µ¥ ´the illus at
µnotation. ¸5 ´= µnecktie.¼
¨tie©2 ²/tñI/ ³vt,vi (pres p µtying³, pt,pp µtied³) ¸1
¶[VP6A,15A,B] ´fasten or bind (with string, rope, wire, etc): ³tie a man's feet
together; tie up a parcel; tie a branch down; tie a dog to the street railings.
·tie sb down, ´restrict sb's freedom: ³He's not in a hurry to get married; he
doesn't want to get tied down. Young children do tie a woman down, don't they?
·tie sb down to sth, ´restrict sb to (the terms of a contract, etc). ·tie
oneself down to sth, ´accept limits to one's freedom of action. ·tie (sth) in
with sth, ´link, be linked, with: ³Doesn't this tie in with what we were told
last week? ´Aren't the two things linked, connected? ·tie sth up, ¸(a) ´invest
(capital) so that it is not easily available, eÔg because of legal
restrictions. ¸(b) ´ensure that (property, eÔg land, buildings) can be used,
sold, etc only under certain (usu legal) conditions. ·be/get tied up (with
sth/sb), ¸(a) ´be, get, involved (with sth/sb) so that one has no time for
other things: ³I'm afraid I can't help you nowÅI'm too tied up with other
things. ¸(b) ´be, become, linked with: ³Isn't this company tied up with
Vickers-Armstrong? ´Hence, ¸Útie-up ³n ´link; merger; partnership.
¸tied house, ´(GB) public house controlled by a particular brewery. µ¥ ³free
house ´at µfree±1µ(3). ¸2 ¶[VP6A,15B] ·tie sth (on), ´fasten by means of the
strings, etc of: ³tie an apron (on)´; ³tie on a label. ´Hence, ¸Útie-on,
³attrib adj´: ³a tie-on label. ¸3 ¶[VP6A,15A] ´arrange (a ribbon, etc) in the
form of a bow or knot: ³tie one's shoelaces; tie a ribbon/scarf; tie the ribbon
in(to) a bow. ¸4 ¶[VP6A,15A] ´make by tying: ³tie a knot in a piece of string.
¸5 ¶[VP2A] ´be fastened: ³Does this sash tie in front or at the back? ¸6
¶[VP2A,3A] ·tie (with) (for), ´(of players, teams, candidates in a competitive
examination) make the same score (as); equal in points, marks, etc: ³The two
teams tied. They tied for first place (in the examination). We tied with
Arsenal in the last game.¼
¨tier© ²/tIE(r)/ ³n ´row (esp of seats), shelf, etc esp one of a
number parallel to and rising one above another, eÔg in a theatre or stadium:
³a first/second @ box, ´in a theatre.¼
¨tiff© ²/tIf/ ³n ´slight quarrel (between friends or acquaintances): ³Alice
has had a @ with her boyfriend.¼
¨ti®ger© ²/ÚtñIgE(r)/ ³n ´large, fierce animal of the cat family,
yellow-skinned with black stripes, found in Asia. µ¥ ´the illus at µcat.
¸Ú@-lily ³n ´garden lily with orange flowers spotted with black or purple.
¸@®ish ²/-I2/ ³adj ´like, cruel as, a @. ¸ti®gress ²/ÚtñIgrIs/ ³n ´female @.¼
¨tight© ²/tñIt/ ³adj µ(-er, -est) ¸1 ´fastened, fixed, fitting, held, closely:
³a @ knot. I can't get the cork out of the bottleÅit's too @. The drawer is so
@ that I can't open it. These shoes are so @ that they hurt. ¸*@-Úlipped ³adj
´keeping the lips firmly together; saying little or nothing; (fig)
grim-looking. ¸2 ´closely or firmly put together; put together in a small
space: ³a @ joint; ´(esp in compounds) made so that sth cannot get out or in:
·Ú³water-/·Ú³air-@. ¸3 ´packed so as to occupy the smallest possible space or
to get in as much as possible: ³Make sure that the bags are filled/packed
@. ¸4 ´(colloq) having had too much alcoholic drink: ³He gets @ every pay-day.
¸5 ´fully stretched: ³a @ rope. ¸Ú@-rope ³n ´one on which acrobats perform
feats. ¸6 ´produced by pressure; causing difficulty. ·in a @ corner/spot,
´(usu fig) in a difficult or dangerous situation. ¸@ schedule, ´one that it is
difficult to keep to. ¸@ squeeze, ´condition of being uncomfortably crowded:
³We got everyone into the bus, but it was a @ squeeze. ¸7 ´(of money) not
easily obtainable, eÔg on loan from banks: ³Money is @. The money-market is @´,
It is possible to borrow money only by paying a high rate of interest.
¸8 *@-Úfisted ³adj ´stingy; miserly. ¸*@-Úlaced ³adj ´= ³strait-laced. µ¥
strait±1µ. ¸Ú@-wad ²/-wod/ ³n ´(sl) stingy person. ¹ ³adv ´= @ly: ³squeeze/hold
sth @. ·sit @, µ¥ sit(1). ´(Note that @ ³adv ´is not used before a ³pp´; @ly
must be used in this position: ³packed @, ´but ³@ly packed´). ¸@®ly ³adv ´in a
@ manner: ³squeeze/hold sth @ly; @ly packed together; @ly sealed. ¸@®ness
³n´. ¸@en ²/ÚtñItn/ ³vt,vi ¶[VP6A,15B,2A,C] ´make or become @(er): ³@en (up) the
screws; @en the ropes of the tent. It needs @ening up. ·@en one's belt, ´go
without food (when there is little or none available); become frugal.¼
¨tights© ²/tñIts/ ³n pl ¸1 ´close-fitting garment covering the
hips, legs and feet, as worn by girls and women. ¸2 ´skin-tight garment
covering the legs and body, worn by acrobats, ballet-dancers, etc.¼
¨tike© ²/tñIk/ ³n ´= µtyke.¼
¨tilde©1 ²/ÚtIldE/ ³n ´the mark ~ Îplaced over Spanish ³n ´when it is
pronounced ³ny ²/nj/ ´(as in ³ca~non´).¼
¨tilde©2 ²/tIld/ ³n ´the mark (@) as used in this dictionary.¼
¨tile© ²/tñIl/ ³n ´(usu square or oblong) plate of baked clay for covering
roofs, walls, etc, often, eÔg Dutch, Italian and Portuguese @s, painted with
designs or pictures. ·be (out) on the @s, ´(sl) be merry-making. ·have a Ú@
(´more usu ³screw·) loose, ´(sl) be rather mad. ¹ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´cover (a roof,
etc) with @s.¼
¨till©1 ²/tIl/, ±until ²/AnÚtIl/ ³conj ´(³until ´is more formal than
³tillÔ´; ³until ´is preferred when its clause or phrase comes first) ´up to the
time when: ³Go straight on until you come to the post-office and then turn
left. Let's wait @ the rain stops. Until you told me, I had heard nothing of
what happened. She won't go away @ you promise to help her. ¹ ³prep ´up to
(the time when): ³I shall wait @ ten o'clock/next Monday, etc. Goodbye @
tomorrow. Until now I knew/Until then I had known nothing about it. He works
from morning @ night, day after day. He lived at home until soon after his
father's death.¼
¨till©2 ²/tIl/ ³n ´money-drawer, eÔg in a cash-register: ³The boy was caught
with his hand in the @´, caught stealing.¼
¨till©3 ²/tIl/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´cultivate (land). ¸@®age ²/ÚtIlIdZ/ ³n ¶[U] ´act or
process of @ing; @ed land. ¸@er ³n ´person who @s.¼
¨tiller© ²/ÚtIlE(r)/ ³n ´lever (like a long handle) used to turn the rudder of
a small boat. µ¥ ´the illus at µsail.¼
¨tilt© ²/tIlt/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A,15A,B,2A,C] ´(cause to) come into a sloping
position (as by lifting one end); tip: ³Don't @ the table. T@ the barrel (up)
to empty it. The table @ed (over) and the plates slid off it to the floor. ¸2
¶[VP2A,3A] ·@ (at), ´(hist, of men on horseback) ride (at another) with a
lance; (fig) attack in speech or writing: ³The reformer @ed at the tax and
property laws. ·@ at windmills, ´fight imaginary enemies (from the story of Don
Quixote). ¹ ³n ¶[C] ¸1 ´@ing; sloping position. ¸2 ´act of @ing with a lance:
³have a @ at sb´, (fig) attack him (in a friendly way) in a debate, etc. ·(at)
full @, ´at great speed; with great force: ³The boy ran full @ into me.
¸Ú@-yard ³n ´place where @ing was practised in former times.¼
¨tilth© ²/tIlT/ ³n ´depth of soil affected by cultivation; tilled land: ³rake
a seed-bed to a good @´, until there is a depth of fine, crumbly soil.¼
¨tim®ber© ²/ÚtImbE(r)/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´wood prepared for use in
building, etc: ·Ú³@-merchants; a ·Ú³@-yard´, place where @ is stored, bought
and sold, etc; ³dressed @´, sawn, shaped and planed ready for use. ¸2 ¶[U]
´growing trees (sometimes ³standing @´) ´thought of as containing wood suitable
for building, carpentry, etc: ³cut down/fell @; put a hundred acres of land
under @´, plant with trees for @. ³The fire destroyed thousands of acres of @.
¸3 ¶[C] ´large piece of shaped wood, beam, forming a support (eÔg in a roof or
a ship). ¸4 ¶[U] ´(in fox-hunting) wooden fences and gates. ¸@ed ²/ÚtImbEd/
³adj ´(of buildings) made of @ or with a framework of @.¼
¨timbre© ²/tambrE ³US: ²ÚtImbEr/ ³n ´characteristic quality of sound produced
by a particular voice or instrument.¼
¨tim®brel© ²/ÚtImbrEl/ ³n ´tambourine.¼
¨time©1 ²/tñIm/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´all the days of the past, present and future:
³past, present and future @. The world exists in space and @. ¸2 ¶[U] ´the
passing of all the days, months and years, taken as a whole (sometimes
personified as ³(old) Father T@´): ³T@ will show who is right. T@ waits for no
man, ´(prov). ¸3 ¶[U] ´(also ·a + ³adj ·+ @´) portion or measure of @: ³Six
o'clock is a point of @; six hours is a period of @. What a (long) @ you've
been! I had a most unpleasant @ at the dentist's. That will take @´, cannot be
done soon or quickly. ³I have no/not much @ for sport. We have no @ to lose,
´We must hurry. ³He spent a lot of @ (in) getting ready. Take your @ over it´,
Don't hurry. ³We were pressed for @´, had not enough @, were forced to hurry.
·behind @, ¸(a) ´late: ³The train is ten minutes behind @. ¸(b) ´behindhand:
³He's always behind @ with his payments. ·for the @ being, µ¥ be±3µ(4). ·on @,
´up to @, not late, punctual(ly): ³The train is/came in on @. ·in Úno @, ´very
soon; very quickly. ·(from/since) @ immemorial; (from/since) @ out of mind,
´for a period of @ longer than any one can remember. ·gain @, ´obtain extra @
by making excuses, deliberately using slow methods, etc. ·all the @, ¸(a)
´during the whole of the @ in question: ³I looked all over the house for that
letter, and it was in my pocket all the @´, while I was searching. ¸(b) ´at all
times; first and last: ³He's a business man all the @´, has no other interests
in life. ·Úhalf the @, ¸(a) ´half of the @ available: ³He did the work in four
hours; I could have done it in half the @´, in two hours. ¸(b) ´for long
periods of @; (loosely) very often; nearly always: ³He says he works hard, but
he's day-dreaming half the @. ¸4 ¶[U] ´point of @ stated in hours and minutes
of the day: ³What @ is it? What is the @? The child can now tell the @. ¸5 ¶[U]
´@ measured in units (years, months, hours, etc): ³The winner's @ was 11
seconds. He ran the mile in record @´, in a period of @ shorter than that of
any previous runner. ·keep good/bad @, ´(of a clock or watch) show the hour
correctly/incorrectly. ·the @ of day, ´the hour as shown by a clock. ·pass the
@ of day (with«)´, exchange a greeting, say "Good morning!', etc. ¸6 ¶[U]
´point or period of @ associated with, or available or suitable for, a certain
event, purpose, etc: ³at the @ you're speaking of; by the @ we reached home;
last @ I was there; every @ I looked at her. It is ·Ú³lunch-@. There is a @ for
everything. Now's your @ ´(= opportunity). ³It's @ I was going/@ for me to go´,
I ought to leave now. ³It's @ somebody taught you to behave yourself. I must
bide my @´, be patient, wait for a suitable @. ³T@ is up´, The @ allowed for
something is ended. ·(work, etc) against @, ´with the greatest speed (because
only a limited amount of @ is available). ·at the same @, ¸(a) ´together: ³to
laugh and cry at the same @. ¸(b) ´notwithstanding; nevertheless: ³He's
slightly mad; at the same @, he's one of the kindest men I know. ·at @s; from @
to @, ´occasionally; now and then. ·at Úall @s, ´always. ·at Úyour/Úhis, etc @
of life, ´at your/his, etc age. ·in @, ¸(a) ´not late; early enough: ³We were
in @ for the train/to catch the train. We arrived in good @´, with @ to spare.
¸(b) ´sooner or later; after the passing of an indefinite period of @: ³You
will learn how to do it in @. ·in the nick of @, µ¥ nick±1µ(2). ·near her @,
´(of a woman) soon to give birth to a child. ·do @, ´(colloq) undergo a period
of imprisonment. ·serve one's @, ¸(a) ´work as an apprentice for an agreed
number of years: ³The boy has served half his @. ¸(b) ´= ³do @, µ¥ ´above.
·My/His, etc @ is drawing near, ´I am/He is, etc near a @ of crisis, of some
important happening, etc (according to the context). ¸@ and motion, µ¥
motion(1). ¸7 ¶[C] ´(Cf ³twice´) occasion: ³this/that/next/another @; the @
before last; for the first/last @. He failed five @s. I've told you a dozen @s´
(= very often, repeatedly) ³not to do that. ·at Úone @, ´during a period of
past @, known but not mentioned: ³At one @ I used to go mountain-climbing every
summer. ·at other @s, ´on other occasions. ·@ and again; @s without number,
´again and again; repeatedly. ·Úmany a @; Úmany @s, ´often; on many occasions.
·one/two, etc at a @, ´one/two, etc on each occasion; separately: ³Hand them to
me two at a @. ¸8 ³(pl) ´used to indicate multiplication (but
note that ³twice ´is used instead of ³two @s). ³Three @s five is/are fifteen´,
3 Ø 5 = 15. ³Yours is ten @s the size of mine/ten @s as large as mine. ¸9 ¶[C]
´(often ³pl´) period of @, more or less definite, associated with certain
events, circumstances, persons, etc: ³in Stuart @s´, when the Stuart kings
ruled; ³in the @(s) of the Stuarts; in ancient/prehistoric @s. Mr Curtis was
the manager in my @´, when I was working there. ³The house is old but it will
last my @´, will serve me for the rest of my life. ¸10 ¶[C] ´(often ³pl´) the
conditions of life, the circumstances, etc of a period characterized by
certain qualities, etc: ³We lived through terrible @s during the war years.
T@s are good/bad´, (often meaning that it is easy/difficult to make a living).
·ahead of one's @; born before one's @, ´having ideas too much in advance of,
too enlightened for, the period in which one lives. ·(even) at the Úbest of @s,
´even when conditions are good: ³He's an irritating fellow even at the best of
@s. ·behind the @s, ´antiquated; having out-of-date ideas, etc. ·have a good @,
´enjoy oneself. ·have the @ of one's life, ´(colloq) experience a period of
exceptional happiness or enjoyment. ¸11 ¶[U] ¸Greenwich/local/summer/standard
@, µ¥ ´these words. ¸12 ¶[U] ´(music) style of rhythm depending upon the number
of beats in the successive bars of a piece of music: ·Ú³common @, ´two or four
beats in a bar; ·Ú³waltz @, ´three or six beats in a bar; also, the rate (or
³tempo´) at which a piece of music is to be played. ·in/out of @, ´in/not in
accordance with the @ of the music. ·in double-quick @, ´very quickly. ·beat @,
´show the @ ³(tempo, ´etc) by movements made with the hand or a stick ³(baton).
·keep @, ´sing or dance in @. ¸13 ´(compounds) ¸Ú@-ball ³n ´one which slides
down a staff (at an observatory to show a fixed @, usu noon or 1pÔm). ¸Ú@-bomb
³n ´designed to explode at some @ after being dropped, placed in position,
etc. ¸Ú@-card/-sheet ³n ´one for a record of workmen's hours of work.
¸Ú@-expired ³adj ´(of soldiers and sailors) having completed the period of
service. ¸Ú@-exposure ³n ´exposure of a photographic film for a @ longer than
half a second. ¸Ú@-fuse ³n ´one that has been made to burn for a given @, eÔg
to explode a bomb. ¸Ú@-honoured ´(US = ¸-honored´) ³adj ´respected because of
its antiquity. ¸Ú@®keeper ³n ¸(a) ´one who, or that which, records the @ spent
by workers at their work. ¸(b) ´(of a watch, etc) one that keeps @ well, etc;
³a good/bad @keeper. ¸Ú@-lag ³n ´interval of @ between two connected phenomena
or events (eÔg between a flash of lightning and the thunder, or between a
decision to do sth and its accomplishment). ¸Ú@-limit ³n ´limited period of @;
last moment of this: ³set a @-limit for the completion of a job. ¸Ú@®piece ³n
´clock. ¸Ú@-saving ³adj ´serving to save @: ³a @-saving idea. ¸Ú@-server ³n
´one who acts, not according to principles, but according
to self-interest, esp one who is always trying to please powerful people.
¸Ú@-serving ³adj ´behaving as a @-server: ³@-serving politicians. ¸Ú@-signal
³n ´signal (eÔg a series of pips) for indicating the @ (in a radio programme).
¸Ú@-switch ³n ´switch set to operate at a desired @ (eÔg to turn a heating
system on or off). ¸Ú@®table ³n ´list showing the days or hours at which
events will take place, work will be done, etc, esp a list showing the @s at
which trains, ships, etc will arrive and depart. ¸Ú@-work ³n ¶[U] ´work (esp
manual work) paid for by the hour or day (contrasted with ³piece-work´).¼
¨time©2 ²/tñIm/ ³vt ¸1 ¶[VP6A,15A] ´choose the time or moment for;
arrange the time of: ³He @d his journey so that he arrived before dark. The
remark was well/ill @d´, made at a suitable/an unsuitable moment. ¸2 ¶[VP6A]
´measure the time taken by or for (a race, runner, an action or event). ¸3
¶[VP6A] ´regulate: ³@ one's steps ´(in dancing) ³to the music; @ the speed of
a machine. ¸tim®ing ³n ¶[U] ´act of determining or regulating the (order of)
occurrence of an action, event, etc to achieve the desired results: ³a
·Ú³timing device; ´(theatre) speed of dialogue/cues, etc: ³The timing in last
night's performance was excellent. ¸@®less ³adj ´(liter) unending; not to be
thought of as having duration.¼
¨time®ly© ²/ÚtñImlI/ ³adj µ(-ier, -iest) ´occurring at just the right time;
opportune. ¸time®li®ness ³n ¶[U].¼
¨timid© ²/ÚtImId/ ³adj ´easily frightened; shy: ³That fellow is as @ as a
rabbit. ¸@®ly ³adv ¸@®ity ²/tIÚmIdEtI/, ¸@®ness ³nn ¶[U].¼
¨tim®or®ous© ²/ÚtImErEs/ ³adj ´(liter) timid. ¸@®ly ³adv¼
¨tim®othy© ²/ÚtImETI/ ³n ¶[U] ¸Ú@ (grass), ´grass grown as fodder for cattle.¼
¨tim®pani© ²/ÚtImpEnI/ ³n pl ´set of kettledrums (eÔg of an orchestra). µ¥
´the illus at µpercussion. ¸tim®pan®ist ²/ÚtImpEnIst/ ³n ´player of a
kettledrum.¼
¨tin© ²/tIn/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´soft, white metal (symbol ¸Sn´) used in alloys and
for coating iron sheets. ¸Útin®foil ³n ¶[U] ´tin in the form of foil (thin
pliable sheets), used for wrapping and packing. ¸(little) tin god, ´(colloq)
sth or sb mistakenly given great veneration or worship. ¸@ hat, ´(sl) steel
helmet (as worn by soldiers in modern times). ¸Útin-plate ³n ¶[U] ´sheet iron
coated with tin (used in the canning industry). ¸Útin®smith ³n ´worker in
tin-plate. ¸Útin®tack ³n ´short nail of tinned iron. ¸2 ¶[C] ´tin-plated
container for food, etc esp one made so as to be air-tight (US = ³can´): ³a tin
of sardines/oil. ´(Cf ³a can of beer´). ¸Útin-opener ³n ´device for opening
tins. ³¹ vt µ(-nn-) ¶[VP6A] ¸1 ´put a coating of tin on. ¸2 ´pack (food, etc)
in tinsµ(2) ´(US = ³can´): ³tinned peaches. ¸tinny ³adj ´of or like tin (eÔg in
sound): ³a tinny piano.¼
¨tinc®ture© ²/ÚtIGkt2E(r)/ ³n ¸1 ´medical substance dissolved in alcohol: ³@ of
iodine/quinine. ¸2 ·a @ (of), ´slight flavour or suggestion (of). ¹ vt ´give a
@µ(2) ´of (sth) to: ³teachings @d with heresy.¼
¨tin®der© ²/ÚtIndE(r)/ ³n ¶[U] ´material (eÔg dry, scorched linen,
etc) that easily catches fire from a spark. ¸Ú@-box ³n ´box containing @, flint
and steel (as used in former times for kindling fire).¼
¨tine© ²/tñIn/ ³n ´point, prong (eÔg of a fork, harrow, etc); branch of a
deer's antler. µ¥ ´the illus at µlarge. ¸-@d ²/-tñInd/ ³suff ´(in compounds)
having the number or kind of @s indicated: ³a three-@d hayfork.¼
¨ting© ²/tIG/ ³vi,vt, n ´(cause to make, make, a) clear, ringing sound.¼
¨tinge© ²/tIndZ/ ³vt ¶[VP6A,14] ·@ sth (with), ¸1 ´colour slightly (with red,
etc). ¸2 ´(esp in ³pp) ´affect slightly: ³admiration @d with envy. ¹ n ´slight
colouring or mixture ³(of)´: ³There was a @ of sadness in her voice/of irony
in his remark.¼
¨tingle© ²/ÚtIGgl/ ³vi ¶[VP2A,C] ´have a pricking or stinging feeling in the
skin; (fig) be stirred: ³His cheek @d from the slap she had given him. His
fingers @d with the cold. The children were tingling with excitement. ¹ n
´tingling feeling: ³have a @ in one's finger-tips.¼
¨tin®ker© ²/ÚtIGkE(r)/ ³n ¸1 ´worker with metal who travels from place to place
and repairs kettles, pans, etc. ·not care/give a @'s cuss/damn, ´not care in
the least. ¸2 ´@ing: ³have an hour's @ at the radio set´, try to mend it. ³¹
vi ¶[VP2A,C,3A] ·@ (at/with), ´work in an amateurish or inexpert way (at): ³@
(away) at a broken machine. Please don't @ with my car engine.¼
¨tinkle© ²/ÚtIGkl/ ³vi,vt ¶[VP2A,C,6A] ´(cause to) make a succession of light,
ringing sounds, eÔg of a small bell. ³¹ n sing ´such sounds: ³the @ of a
bell/of falling glass/of ice being stirred round in a glass.¼
¨tinny© ²/ÚtInI/ ³adj µ¥ tin.¼
¨tin pan alley© ²/*tIn pan ÚalI/ ³n ´composers, players and publishers of
popular music (as a group).¼
¨tin®sel© ²/ÚtInsl/ ³n ¶[U] ¸1 ´glittering metallic substance made in sheets,
strips and threads, used for ornament: ³trim a Christmas tree/a dress with @.
¸2 ´superficial; cheap, showy brilliance. ¸@ly ²/-sElI/ ³adj ´trimmed with,
suggesting, @. ³¹ vt µ(-ll-, ´US also µ-l-) ´trim with @.¼
¨tint© ²/tInt/ ³n ´(esp pale or delicate) shade or variety of colour: ³@s of
green in the sky at dawn; an artist who excels at ·Ú³flesh-@s. ¹ vt ¶[VP6A,22]
´give a @ to; put a @ on; tinge.¼
¨tin®tin®nabu®la®tion© ²/*tIntIn*abj8ÚleI2n/ ³n ¶[U] ´tinkling of bells.¼
¨tiny© ²/tñInI/ ³adj µ(-ier, -iest) ´very small.¼
¨tip©1 ²/tIp/ ³n ¶[C] ¸1 ´pointed or thin end of sth: ³the tips of one's
fingers/one's ·Ú³finger-tips; the tip of one's nose; asparagus tips. The bird
measured 12 inches from tip to tip´, from the tip of one wing to the tip of the
other. ·(have sth) on the tip of one's tongue, ´(be) just going to say
(it). ¸*tip-Útop ³adj, adv ´(dated colloq) first-rate: ³a tip-top hotel/dinner.
You've done tip-top. ¸2 ´small piece put at the end of sth: ³cigarettes with
filter-tips. ¹ ³vt µ(-pp-) ´supply with a tipµ(2)´: ³filter-tipped cigarettes.¼
¨tip©2 ²/tIp/ ³vt,vi µ(-pp-) ¸1 ¶[VP6A,15A,B,2A,C] ·tip (sth) (up),
´(cause to) rise, lean or tilt on one side or at one end: ³The table tipped
up. Tip the barrel up and empty it. ·tip sth (over), ´(cause to) overbalance
or overturn: ³Careful! You'll tip the canoe over. ·tip the scale (at), ¸(a)
´be just enough to cause one scale or pan (of a balance) to go lower than the
other; (fig) be the deciding factor (for or against). ¸(b) ´weigh: ³He tipped
the scale at 140 lb. ¸tip-up seat, ´seat with a hinge, eÔg the kind used in
cinemas, etc to allow people to pass freely. ¸2 ¶[VP6A,15A,B] ·tip sth (out);
tip sth (out of sth) (into sth), ´empty (the contents of sth) out/out of/into:
³No rubbish to be tipped (out) here´, a warning put up in open spaces. ³She
tipped the slops out of the bucket into the sink. He was tipped out of the cart
into the ditch. Which is better, to incinerate the rubbish from our towns or to
tip it into disused quarries? ¹ n ´(not US) place where rubbish may be
tippedµ(2)´: ³the municipal ·Ú³refuse tip; ´hill of waste material from a
coalmine, etc; (colloq) untidy place: ³They live in a tip.¼
¨tip©3 ²/tIp/ ³vt µ(-pp-) ¶[VP6A] ¸1 ´touch or strike lightly: ³His
bat just tipped the ball. ¸*tip-and-Úrun ³adj ´(of a raid by robbers, etc) in
which there is a brief attack followed by a quick escape. ¸2 ¶[VP6A,12C] ´give
a tip to µ(1,2 ´belowµ)´: ³tip the porter 50p. ·tip sb off, ´(colloq) give him
a warning or a hint. Hence, ¸Útip-off ³n ´hint or warning: ³give the police a
tip-off. ·tip sb the wink, ´(colloq) give him special information; warn him
secretly. ·tip the winner, ´name the winner (usu of a horse-race) before the
event takes place. ¹ ³n ¶[C] ¸1 ´gift of money to a porter, waiter,
taxi-driver, etc for personal
services: ³leave a 50p tip´, eÔg at a restaurant. ¸2 ´piece of advice on how to
do sth, esp information about the probable winner of a horse-race, on the
future value of shares (on the Stock Exchange, etc): ³a tip for the Derby. If
you take my tip ´(= advice³) you'll make a lot of money. ¸3 ´light blow; tap.¼
¨tip®pet© ²/ÚtIpIt/ ³n ´(archaic) scarf or long fur worn by a woman round the
neck and shoulders with the ends hanging down to the waist in front; similar
article of dress worn by judges, clergy, etc. µ¥ ´the illus at µvestment.¼
¨tipple© ²/ÚtIpl/ ³vi,vt ¸1 ¶[VP2A] ´be in the habit of drinking alcoholic
liquor. ¸2 ¶[VP6A] ´drink (wine, spirits, etc). ³¹ n ¶[U] ´alcoholic drink;
(hum) any kind of drink: ³John's favourite @ is lager; mine is sherry.
¸tip®pler ³n¼
¨tip®staff© ²/ÚtIpstqf ³US: ²-staf/ ³n ´sheriff's officer.¼
¨tip®ster© ²/ÚtIpstE(r)/ ³n ´person who gives tips about races. µ¥
tip±3µ(2).¼
¨tipsy© ²/ÚtIpsI/ ³adj ´(colloq) slightly drunk.¼
¨tip®toe© ²/ÚtIptE8/ ³adv ·on @, ´on the tips of one's toes: ³be/wait on @ with
excitement. ¹ ³vi ¶[VP2A,C] ´walk quietly on @: ³She @d to the bedside of the
sleeping child.¼
¨ti®rade© ²/tñIÚreId/ ³n ´long, angry or scolding speech.¼
¨tire©1 ²/ÚtñIE(r)/ ³n ´(US) = µtyre.¼
¨tire©2 ²/ÚtñIE(r)/ ³vt,vi ¶[VP6A,15B,2A,3A] ·@ (sb) (out); @ of,
´make or become weary, or in need of rest, or uninterested: ³The long walk @d
the child/@d him out/made him @d. The long lecture @d the audience. She never
@s of talking about her clever son. ·be @d of, ´have had enough of, be
exhausted with: ³I'm @d of boiled eggs´, I have had too many of them, or too
often. ¸@d ²/ÚtñIEd/ ³adj ´weary in body or mind: ³He was a @d man when he got
back from the long climb. ·@d out, ´completely exhausted. ¸@d®ness ³n ¸@®less
³adj ¸1 ´not easily @d: ³a @less worker. ¸2 ´ceaseless; continuing a long time:
³@less energy. ¸@®less®ly ³adv ¸@®some ²/-sEm/ ³adj ´troublesome; tedious.
¸tir®ing ³adv ´making @d: ³a tiring journey/argument.¼
¨tiro©, tyro ²/ÚtñIErE8/ ³n (pl µ@s ²/-rE8z/³) ´beginner; person with little
experience.¼
¨tis®sue© ²/ÚtI2u/ ³n ¸1 ¶[C,U] ´(any kind of) woven fabric. ¸2 ¶[C,U] ´mass
of cells and cell-products in an animal body: ³muscular/connective @. ¸3 Ú@
paper, ´thin, soft paper for wrapping things, protecting delicate articles,
etc: ·Ú³toilet @´, soft paper for use in the WÔC; ·Ú³face/facial @s´, for use
in wiping off lipstick, face-cream, etc. ¸4 ¶[C] ´(fig) web or network; series:
³a @ of lies.¼
¨tit©1 ²/tIt/ ³n ´kinds of small bird: ³titmouse; titlark; tomtit; long-tailed
tit´, etc. µ¥ ´the illus at µbird.¼
¨tit©2 ²/tIt/ ³n ´(only in) ·tit for tat, ´blow in return for blow; (fig)
equal retaliation.¼
¨tit©3 ²/tIt/ ³n ´Ï (vulg sl) teat; nipple; woman's breast.¼
¨ti®tan© ²/ÚtñItn/ ³n ¸1 ¸T@, ´(Gk myth) one of a family of giants who once
ruled the world. ¸2 ´person of super-human size, strength, intellect, etc. ¸@ic
²/tñIÚtanIk/ ³adj ´immense.¼
¨tit®bit© ²/ÚtItbIt/ ³n ¶[C] ´choice and attractive bit ³(of ´food, news,
gossip, etc).¼
¨tithe© ²/tñID/ ³n ¶[C] ¸1 ´(hist) tenth part of farm produce given for the
support of (Church of England) parish priests. ¸Ú@-barn ³n ´barn in which @s
were stored. ¸2 ´(rhet) tenth part.¼
¨tit®il®late© ²/ÚtItIleIt/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´stimulate or excite pleasantly.
¸tit®il®la®tion ²/*tItIÚleI2n/ ³n¼
¨titi®vate© ´(also ¸tit®ti-´) ²/ÚtItIveIt/ ³vt,vi ¶[VP6A,2A] ´(colloq) adorn;
make smart: ³She was titivating (herself) before the mirror.¼
¨tit®lark© ²/ÚtItlqk/ ³n µ¥ tit±1µ.¼
¨title© ²/ÚtñItl/ ³n ¸1 ¶[C] ´name of a book, poem, picture, etc.
¸Ú@-page ³n ´page at the front of a book giving the @, the author's name, etc.
¸Ú@-role ³n ´part in a play that gives the play its name: ³a performance of
"Othello' with Olivier in the @-role´, with Olivier as Othello. ¸2 ¶[C] ´word
used to show a person's rank, occupation, status, etc, eÔg Lord, Prince,
Professor, Dr. ¸3 ¶[C,U] ·@ to sth/to do sth, ´(legal) right or claim, esp
right to the possession of a position, property: ³What @ has he to the throne?
Has he any @ to the land? ¸Ú@-deed ³n ´document proving a @ to property. ¸4
Úcredit @s, ´(or ³credits), ´names of persons (eÔg script-writers, producers,
camera men) responsible for a cinema film or TÔV production, shown at the
beginning or end of the film, etc. ¸@d ²/ÚtñItld/ ³adj ´having a @ of nobility:
³a @d lady´, eÔg a duchess.¼
¨tit®mouse© ²/ÚtItmñ8s/ ³n (pl µ-mice ²/-mñIs/³) µ¥ tit±1µ.¼
¨tit®ter© ²/ÚtItE(r)/ ³vi ¶[VP2A]´, ³n ´(give a) silly, half-suppressed little
laugh.¼
¨tittle© ²/ÚtItl/ ³n ·not one jot or @, ´not a particle; not even a very little
bit.¼
¨tittle-tattle© ²/ÚtItl tatl/ ³n, vi ´gossip.¼
¨titu®lar© ²/ÚtItj8lE(r) ³US: ²-t28-/ ³adj ¸1 ´held by virtue of a titleµ(3)´:
³@ possessions. ¸2 ´existing in name but not having authority or duties: ³the @
ruler; @ sovereignty.¼
¨tizzy© ²/ÚtIzI/ ³n ·be in a @, ´(colloq) in a nervous state.¼
¨T-junction© ²/Úti dZAGk2n/ ³n ´one where two roads, wires, pipes, etc meet to
form a µT.¼
¨TÔNÔT© ²/*ti en Úti/ ³n ´(= ³t´ri³n´itro³t´oluene) powerful explosive.¼
¨to©1 ²/³usual form before consonants: ²tE´; ³before vowels: ²t8
³or ²tu´; ³strong form or finally: ²tu/ ³prep ¸1 ´in the direction of; towards:
³walk to work; go to the pub; fall to the ground; off to London; point to sth;
hold sth (up) to the light; on the way to the station; twenty miles to Dover;
sitting with his feet to the fire; turn to the right; going from town to
town/place to place, etc. Scotland is to the north of England. ¸2 ´(fig uses)
towards (a condition, quality, etc); to reach the state of: ³a tendency to
laziness/fat, ´to be lazy/fat; ³all to no purpose, ´without any, or a
satisfactory, results; ³stir sb to action; bring/move/reduce sb to tears. ³The
mother sang her baby to sleep, ´sang until the baby slept. ³He tore the letter
to pieces, ´eÔg in anger. ³Don't start moving until the traffic lights change
from red to green. ¸3 ´(introducing the ³indirect object´, as in ¶VP13A´): ³To
whom did you give it? Who did you give it to? The man I gave it to has left. ¸4
´as far as: ³from beginning to end; from first to last; faithful to the
end/last; fight to the last gasp; wet to the skin; frozen to the marrow; count
(up) to ten; shades of colour from red to violet; push sb to violent action. ¸5
´before: ³a quarter to six; ten to two. µ¥ past. ¸6 ´until: ³from Saturday to
Monday; from morning to night. I didn't stay to the end of the meeting. He was
conscious to the last. ¸7 ´(indicating comparison, ratio, reference): ³He's
quite rich now, compared to what he used to be. It's nothing to what it might
be. I prefer walking to climbing. We won by six goals to three. The picture is
true to life/nature. This is inferior/superior to that. Draw it to scale. ¸8
´against; touching: ³dance cheek to cheek; march shoulder to shoulder. ¸9 ´for;
of: ³the key to the door; a secretary to the managing director; the words to a
tune; be/hear/say etc sth to one's/sb's advantage/liking, etc. ¸10 ´forming;
making: ³100p to the pound/100c to the dollar, ´iÔe $1 = 100p/²: ´= 100c. ¸11
´in honour of: ³drink (a health) to sb; erect a monument to (the memory of) the
soldiers who died in the war. µ¥ health(4); monument(1). ¸12 ´(when comparing
two amounts; when quoting a rate) for each; per: ³petrol consumption of 30
miles to the gallon; a tax of 10p to the pound. µ¥ per; rate±1µ(1). ¸13
´causing: ³To my surprise/annoyance/delight/sorrow, etc, the Liberals were
defeated in the election, ´Their defeat caused surprise, etc, in me. ³To my
shame, I completely forgot our date, ´I am ashamed that I forgot it. ¸14 ´(used
with verbs of perception like ³seem, appear, feel, look, smell, sound, ´etc) in
the judgement of; according to: ³It feels/looks/smells/sounds, etc to me like
velvet/gold/ammonia/crying, etc.¼
¨to©2 ²/³usual form before consonants: ²tE´; ³before vowels and strong form:
²tu/ ³particle, ´marking the infinitive, used immediately before the ³v ¸1 ´(µ¥
¶VP7,17´; used after many ³vv ´but not after ³can, do, may, must, shall,
will´): ³He wants to go. He wants me to go. ¸2 ´(with ³adverbial ´functions of
purpose, result, outcome): ³They came (in order) to help me. He lived to be
ninety. We make our goods to last´, iÔe so that they will last. ¸3 ´(limiting
the meanings of ³adjj ´and ³advv´): ³I'm ready to help. The book is easy to
understand. He's old enough to go to school. She's too young to marry. This
coffee's too hot to drink´, to be drunk. ¸4 ´(indicating a subsequent
fact; µ¥ ¶VP4B´): ³The good old days have gone never to return´, and will never
return. ³He awoke to find himself ´(= and found himself) ³in a strange room. ¸5
´(with an ³adjectival ´function): ³John was the first to arrive´, who arrived
first. ¸6 ´(used with an inf ´as a ³n´): ³It is wrong to steal. To err is
human, to forgive divine. ¸7 ´(as a substitute for the inf): ³We didn't want to
go but we had to. I intended to go, but forgot to. He often does things you
wouldn't expect him to.¼
¨to©3 ²/tu ³(no weak form)²/ ³adv ¸1 ´to or in the usual or required position,
esp to a closed or almost closed position: ³Push the door ·Ú³to. Leave the door
·Ú³to´, almost closed. ¸2 ·to and fro, µ¥ fro. ¸3 ·bring Úto; come Úto; fall
Úto, µ¥ bring(6); come(15); fall±2µ(14).¼
¨toad© ²/tE8d/ ³n ´rough-skinned, frog-like animal that lives on land except
when breeding. µ¥ ´the illus at µamphibian. ¸*@-in-the-Úhole ³n ´sausages baked
in batter. ¸Ú@®stool ³n ´kinds of umbrella-shaped fungus, some of them
poisonous. µ¥ ´the illus at µfungi.¼
¨toady© ²/ÚtE8dI/ ³n ´obsequious flatterer. ³¹ vi ¶[VP2A,3A] ·@ (to
sb), ´flatter in the hope of advantage or gain: ³@ to the boss.¼
¨toast©1 ²/tE8st/ ³n ¶[U] ´(slice of) bread made brown and crisp by heating at
a fire, etc: ³a poached egg on @; two slices of buttered @. ¸Ú@®rack ³n ´for
holding slices of @. ³¹ vt,vi ¶[VP6A,2A] ¸1 ´make or become brown and crisp by
heating. ¸Ú@®ing-fork ³n ´fork with a long handle used for holding bread in
front of a fire. ¸2 ´warm (oneself, one's toes, etc) before a fire. ¸@er ³n
´device (usu electric) for @ing bread.¼
¨toast©2 ²/tE8st/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´wish happiness, success, etc to (sb or sth)
while raising a full drinking-glass: ³@ the bride and bridegroom. ¹ n ¶[C] ´act
of @ing; person, etc @ed: ³propose a @ to the bridesmaids; drink a @;
respond/reply to the @´, eÔg of the speeches made after a wedding to and by the
bride and bridegroom. ¸Ú@-master ³n ´person who announces the @s at a
banquet at which there are distinguished guests.¼
¨to®bacco© ²/tEÚbakE8/ ³n ¶[U] ´(plant having) leaves which are dried, cured
and used for smoking (in pipes, cigars, cigarettes) or as snuff; ³(pl´, for
kinds of @ leaf): ³This is a mixture of the best @s. ¸@®nist ²/tEÚbakEnIst/ ³n
´dealer in @.¼
¨to®bog®gan© ²/tEÚbogEn/ ³n ´long, narrow sledge, curved up
in front, used for going downhill on snow. ³¹ vi ¶[VP2A,C] ´go down a snow- or
ice-covered slope on a @.¼
¨toby-jug© ²/ÚtE8bI dZAg/ ³n ´drinking-mug shaped like a man, wearing a
three-cornered hat.¼
¨toc®cata© ²/tEÚkqtE/ ³n ´(music) composition for a keyboard instrument (organ,
piano, etc) in a free style, designed to show the performer's technique.¼
¨toc®sin© ²/ÚtoksIn/ ³n ¶[C] ´(bell rung to give a) signal of alarm (now
usu fig).¼
¨to®day© ²/tEÚdeI/ ³adv, n ¶[U] ¸1 ´(on) this day: ³T@ is Sunday. Have you seen
@'s newspaper? We're leaving @ week/a week @´, in one week's time. ¸2 ´(at)
this present age or period: ³the writers/the young people of @.¼
¨toddle© ²/Útodl/ ³vi ¶[VP2A,C] ´walk with short, uncertain steps as a baby
does; (colloq) walk: ³@ off/round to see a friend. ¸tod®dler ²/ÚtodlE(r)/ ³n
´baby who can @.¼
¨toddy© ²/ÚtodI/ ³n ³(pl µ-dies³) ¸1 ¶[C,U] ´(drink of) alcoholic spirits (esp
whisky) and hot water. ¸2 ¶[U] ´fresh or fermented sap of some kinds of
palm-trees.¼
¨to-do© ²/tE Údu/ ³n ´ado; fuss; commotion: ³What a @! ´What a lot of
excitement and talk!¼
¨toe© ²/tE8/ ³n ¸1 ´each of the five divisions of the front part of the foot;
similar part of an animal's foot: ³turn one's toes in/out´, iÔe in walking.
µ¥ ´the illus at µleg. ·tread/step on sb's toes, ´(fig) offend his feelings or
prejudices. ·from top to toe, ´from head to foot, completely. ·on one's toes,
´(fig) alert, ready for action. ¸Útoe-cap ³n ´outer covering of the toe of a
shoe or boot. ¸Útoe-hold ³n ´small, insecure foothold (eÔg when climbing a
cliff). ¸Útoe-nail ³n ´nail of the toe of a human being. ¸2 ´part of a sock,
shoe, etc covering the toes. ³¹ vt ¶[VP6A] ´touch, reach, with the toes. ·toe
the line, ¸(a) ´stand with a toe on the starting-line ready for a race. ¸(b)
´(fig) obey orders given to one as a member of a group or party.¼
¨toff© ²/tof/ ³n ´(dated GB sl) well-dressed or
distinguished-looking person.¼
¨toffee© ²/ÚtofI ³US: ²ÚtcfI/ ³n (pl µ@s³) ´(US = ³taffy ²/ÚtafI/³) ¶[C,U]
´(piece of) hard, sticky sweet made by boiling sugar, butter, etc.¼
¨tog© ²/tog/ ³vt µ(-gg-) ¶[VP15B] ·tog oneself up/out (in), ´(colloq) put on
smart clothes. ¸togs ³n pl ´(colloq) clothes: ³put on one's best togs.¼
¨toga© ²/ÚtE8gE/ ³n ´loose flowing outer garment worn by men in ancient Rome.¼
¨to®gether© ²/tEÚgeDE(r)/ ³adv ¸1 ´in company: ³They went for a walk @. We are
working @. ·@ with, ´as well as; in addition to; and also: ³These new facts, @
with the evidence you have already heard, prove the prisoner's innocence. ¸2
´so as to be in the same place, to be in contact, to be united: ³Tie the ends
@. He nailed the boards @ and made a crate. Stand the two boys @ and see who
is taller. The leader called his men @. ·be @; get sth/it @, ´(sl) (cause
it to) be, become organised, under control. ·put your/our, etc heads @,
´consult with each other (to find a solution to sth, make plans, etc). ¸3 ´at
the same time: ³All his troubles seemed to come @. ¸4 ´without interruption; in
continuous succession: ³They sat talking for hours @. He has been away from
school for weeks @ through illness. ¸@®ness ³n ¶[U] ´comradeship; feeling of
unity.¼
¨toggle© ²/Útogl/ ³n ´short piece of wood (like a peg) (to be) put through a
loop (to fasten two things together, eÔg as used instead of a button on a
coat).¼
¨togs© ²/togz/ ³n pl µ¥ tog.¼
¨toil© ²/tãIl/ ³vi ¶[VP2A,B,C,3A,4A] ·@ (at), ´work long or hard (at a task);
move with difficulty and trouble: ³@ at one's studies; @ up a steep hill. ¹ n
¶[U,C] ´labour; ´hard work: ³after long @. ¸@er ³n ´hard worker. ¸@®some
²/-sEm/ ³adj¼
¨toilet© ²/ÚtãIlIt/ ³n ¸1 ´process of dressing, cleaning, arranging the hair,
face, body, etc: ³She spent only a few minutes on her @. ¸2 ´(attrib) ³a ·Ú³@
set, ·Ú³@ articles´, such things as a hair-brush, comb, hand-mirror, etc.
¸Ú@-powder ³n ¶[U] ´talc. ¸Ú@-table ³n ´dressing-table (with a mirror or
mirrors). ¸3 ´water-closet. ¸Ú@-paper ³n ´for use in a water-closet. ¸Ú@-roll
³n ´roll of @-paper.¼
¨toils© ²/tãIlz/ ³n pl ´nets; snares: (usu fig) ³caught in the @ of
the law.¼
¨To®kay© ²/tE8ÚkeI/ ³n ¶[U] ´kind of sweet, rich Hungarian wine.¼
¨to®ken© ²/ÚtE8kEn/ ³n ¶[C] ¸1 ´sign, evidence, guarantee or mark: ³A white
flag is used as a @ of surrender. I am giving you this jewel as a @ of my
esteem/affection. ·in @ of, ´as evidence of. ¸Úbook/Úrecord/Úgift @, ´receipt
(usu on an attractive card) for payment of money, exchangeable for a
book/record, etc of the value stated. ¸2 ´(attrib) serving as a preliminary or
small-scale substitute: ³The enemy offered only a @ resistance´, did not
resist seriously. ¸Ú@ money, ´coins of low intrinsic value, but exchangeable
for money of standard value. ¸@ payment, ´payment of a small part of what is
owed, made to show that the debt is recognized. ¸@ strike, ´for a few hours
only (as a warning that a long strike may follow). ¸@ vote, ´Parliamentary vote
of money for government purposes, it being understood that a larger sum may be
taken without further discussion or voting.¼
¨told© ²/tE8ld/ ³pt,pp ´of µtell.¼
¨tol®er®ate© ²/ÚtolEreIt/ ³vt ¶[VP6A,C] ¸1 ´allow or endure without protest:
³I won't @ your selfishness/your doing that. ¸2 ´endure the society of: ³How
can you @ that pompous idiot? ¸tol®er®able ²/ÚtolErEbl/ ³adj ´that can be @d;
fairly good: ³tolerable food; in tolerable health. ¸tol®er®ably ²/-EblI/ ³adv
´in a tolerable manner or degree: ³feel tolerably ´(= fairly) ³certain about
sth. ¸tol®er®ance ²/ÚtolErEns/ ³n ¶[U] ´quality of tolerating opinions,
beliefs, customs, behaviour, etc different from one's own: ³religious/racial
tolerance. ¸tol®er®ant ²/-rEnt/ ³adj ´having or showing tolerance: ³Mr X is not
very tolerant of criticism/contradiction´, does not endure it easily.
¸tol®er®ant®ly ³adv ¸tol®er®ation ²/*tolEÚreI2n/ ³n ¶[U] ´tolerance.¼
¨toll©1 ²/tE8l/ ³n ¶[C] ¸1 ´payment required for the use of a road,
bridge, harbour, etc. ¸Ú@-bar/-gate ³n ´bar/gate across a road at which a @ is
payable. ¸Ú@-house ³n ´house for the man in charge of a @-bar. ¸2 ´(fig) sth
paid, lost or suffered: ³the @ of the roads´, deaths and injuries from traffic
accidents. ³The war took a heavy @ of the nation's manhood. ¸3 Ú@ call ³n
´telephone call for which the rates are higher than for local calls.¼
¨toll©2 ²/tE8l/ ³vt,vi ¶[VP6A,2A] ´(of a bell) (cause to) ring with slow,
regular strokes: ³The funeral bell @ed solemnly. Whose death is being @ed?
¹ n sing ´@ing stroke, of a bell.¼
¨toma®hawk© ²/ÚtomEhck/ ³n ´light axe used as a tool and a weapon by N
American Indians. ³¹ vt ´strike with a @.¼
¨tom®ato© ²/tEÚmqtE8 ³US: ²tEÚmeItE8/ ³n (pl µ@es ²/-tE8z/³) ¶[C] ´(plant with)
soft, juicy, red or yellow fruit usu eaten with meat, in salads, and in
sauces: (attrib) ·Ú³@ juice. µ¥ ´the illus at µvegetable.¼
¨tomb© ²/tum/ ³n ´place dug in the ground, cut out of rock, etc for a dead
body, esp one with a monument over it. ¸Ú@®stone ³n ´stone set up over a @.¼
¨tom®bola© ²/tomÚbE8lE/ ³n ¶[C] ³(pl µ@s³) ´(now usu called ³bingo´) kind of
lottery with sums of money or small fancy articles as prizes.¼
¨tom®boy© ²/ÚtombãI/ ³n ´girl who likes rough, noisy games and play.¼
¨tom®cat© ²/Útomkat/ ³n ´male cat.¼
¨tome© ²/tE8m/ ³n ´large, heavy book.¼
¨tom®fool© ²/*tomÚful/ ³n ´stupid person; (attrib) stupid: ³a @ speech. ¸@®ery
²/-ErI/ ³n ¶[U] ´senseless behaviour; ¶[C] ³(pl µ-ries³) ´stupid joke.¼
¨tommy-gun© ²/ÚtomI gAn/ ³n ´submachine-gun (light kind that can be carried
and used by one man).¼
¨tommy-rot© ²/ÚtomI rot/ ³n ´(colloq) utter foolishness: ³You're
talking @. That's all @.¼
¨to®mor®row© ²/tEÚmorE8/ ³adv, n ¶[U] ´(on) the day after today: ³If today is
Monday, @ will be Tuesday and the day after @ will be Wednesday. Don't wait
until @. Where will he be @ morning/afternoon/evening/night? The announcement
will appear in @'s newspapers. What will the men and women of @ ´(= of the
next few years) ³think of us? ·@ week, ´eight days hence.¼
¨tom-tit© ²/Útom tIt/ ³n ´kind of small bird. µ¥ tit±1µ.¼
¨tom®tom© ²/Útomtom/ ³n ´(kind of) African or Asian drum, esp a
long and narrow kind, beaten with the hands.¼
¨ton© ²/tAn/ ³n ¸1 ´measure of weight (2Ô240 lb in GB, 2Ô000 lb in the US).
¸metric ton´, = µtonne. µ¥ App 5. ¸2 ´measure of the internal capacity (100 cu
ft) or carrying capacity (40 cu ft) of a ship. ¸3 ´(colloq) large weight,
quantity or number: ³He has tons of money. ¸4 the ton, ´(sl) speed of 100 mph:
³Can your motor-bike do the ton? ¹ vi ¶[VP2C] ·ton up, ´drive (a motor-cycle)
for sport at a high speed.¼
¨to®nal© ²/ÚtE8nl/ ³adj ´of tone or tones; of @ity. ¸@®ity ²/tE8ÚnalEtI/ ³n (pl
µ-ties³) ´(music) character of a melody, depending upon the scale in which
it is written, the key in which it is developed, etc.¼
¨tone©1 ²/tE8n/ ³n ¸1 ¶[C] ´sound, esp with reference to its quality, pitch,
duration, feeling, etc: ³the sweet @(s) of a violin; speak in an
angry/entreating @. The doctor's @ was serious. ¸*@-Údeaf ³adj ´unable to
distinguish between differences of pitch. ¸Ú@-poem ³n ´musical composition for
an orchestra, illustrating a poetic idea, legend, etc. ¸2 ¶[C] ´the pitch
aspect of a (usu stressed) syllable; rise, fall, etc of the pitch of the voice
in speaking: ³In "Are you ill?' there is usu a rising @ on "ill'; in "He's
ill', there is usu a falling @ on "ill'. ¸3 ³(sing ´only) general spirit,
character, morale, of a community, etc: ³The @ of the country is buoyant. The
next speaker gave a serious/flippant @ to the discussion. There
was a @ of quiet elegance in the room´, The furnishings, etc gave this
impression. ¸4 ¶[C] ´shade (of colour); degree (of light): ³a carpet in @s of
brown; a picture in warm @s´, in shades suggesting warmth. ¸5 ´(music) any one
of the five larger intervals between one note and the next which, together with
two semi-@s, make up an octave. ¸6 ¶[U] ´proper and normal condition of (parts
of) the body: ³good muscular @; recover mental @. ¸-toned ³adj ´having a
particular kind of @µ(1)´: ³silver-@d trumpets. ¸@®less ³adj ´lacking colour,
spirit, etc; dull: ³answer in a @less voice. ¸@®less®ly ³adv¼
¨tone©2 ²/tE8n/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A] ´give a particular tone of sound
or colour to. ¸2 ¶[VP15B,2C] ·@ (sth) down, ´make or become less intense: ³The
excitement @d down. The artist @d down the cruder colours in his painting.
You'd better @ down some of the offensive statements in your article. ·@ (sth)
up, ´make or become more vigorous, intenser, brighter, etc: ³Exercise @s up
the muscles. ¸3 ·@ in (with), ´(esp of colours) be in harmony: ³These curtains
@ in well with your rugs.¼
¨tongs© ²/toGz/ ³n pl ·(pair of) @, ´one of various kinds of usu
hinged tool for taking up and holding sth: ·Ú³sugar @; ·Ú³coal @; ·Ú³ice @.
·be/go at it hammer and @, µ¥ hammer(1).¼
¨tongue© ²/tAG/ ³n ¸1 ¶[C] ´movable organ in the mouth, used in talking,
tasting, licking, etc: ³The doctor asked me to put out my @. Don't put your @
out at me, you cheeky girl! µ¥ ´the illus at µmouth, snake. ·have sth on the
tip of one's @, µ¥ tip±1µ(1). ·find one's @, ´become able to speak again (after
being too shy to do so). ·have/say sth with/speak with one's @ in one's cheek,
´say sth that one does not intend to be taken seriously. Hence,
¸*@-in-Úcheek ³adj, adv´: ³@-in-cheek remarks; speak @-in-cheek. ·have lost
one's @, ´be too shy to speak. ·have a ready @, ´be fluent, quick to answer
questions, etc. ·hold one's @, ´be silent, saying nothing. ·keep a civil Ú@ in
one's head, ´not be rude. ¸Ú@-tied ³adj ´silent; unable or unwilling to speak
through shyness, fear, etc. ¸Ú@-twister ³n ´word or succession of words
difficult to utter quickly and correctly. ¸2 ¶[C] ´language: ³one's mother @´,
one's native language; ³the German @. ¸3 ¶[C,U] ´animal's @ as an article of
food: ³boil an ·Ú³ox-@; ham and @ sandwiches. ¸4 ´sth like a @ in shape or
function, eÔg the clapper of a bell, the strip of leather under the laces of a
shoe, a jet of flame (which licks things), a long promontory ³(a @ of land).
¸-@d ³adj ´(in compounds) having a @ of the kind indicated: ³a sharp-@d woman.¼
¨tonic© ²/ÚtonIk/ ³n, adj ¸1 ´(sth, eÔg, medicine) giving strength or energy:
³the @ quality of sea air; get a bottle of @ from the doctor. Praise can be a
fine @. The good news acted as a @ on us all´, cheered us up. ¸Ú@ (water),
´bottled, carbonated water with quinine: ³a gin and @ ´(as a drink). ¸2
´(music) keynote. ¸*@ *sol-Úfa ²/*sol Úfq ³US: ²*sE8l/ ³n ´(in teaching
singing) method of showing musical notes by syllables, eÔg ³sol, fa, do.
µ¥ do±5µ.¼
¨to®night© ²/tEÚnñIt/ ³adv, n ¶[U] ´(on) the night of today: ³last night, @,
and tomorrow night; after @; @'s radio news.¼
¨ton®nage© ²/ÚtAnIdZ/ ³n ¸1 ´internal cubic capacity of a ship (1 ton = 100 cu
ft). ¸2 ´cargo-carrying capacity of a ship stated in tons (of 40 cu ft). ¸3
´total @µ(1) ´of a country's merchant shipping. ¸4 ´charge per ton on cargo,
etc for transport.¼
¨tonne© ²/tAn/ ³n ´metric ton, = 1Ô000 kilograms. µ¥ App 5.¼
¨ton®sil© ²/Útonsl/ ³n ´either of two small oval masses of tissue at the sides
of the throat, near the root of the tongue: ³have one's @s out´, have them
removed by a surgeon. µ¥ ´the illus at µhead. ¸@®litis ²/*tonsIÚlñItIs/ ³n ¶[U]
´inflammation of the @s.¼
¨ton®sorial© ²/tonÚscrIEl/ ³adj ´(often hum, eÔg ³the @ art´) of a hairdresser
and his work.¼
¨ton®sure© ²/Úton2E(r)/ ³n ´shaving of the top of the head of a
person about to become a monk or priest; part of the head that has been shaved
in this way. ¹ ³vt ´give the @ to.¼
¨ton®tine© ²/Útontin/ ³n ´annuity shared by subscribers to a loan, the shares
increasing as the subscribers die, till the last subscriber gets all that is
left.¼
¨too© ²/tu/ ³adv ¸1 ´also; as well, in addition (usu in end position but placed
immediately after the word it modifies if there is a risk of ambiguity): ³I,
too, have been to Paris´, eÔg I, as well as he, you, etc. ³I've been to Paris,
too´, eÔg to Paris as well as to Rome, Milan, etc. ³She plays the piano, and
sings, too´, plays the piano and also sings. ³Sally, too´, (= Sally, as well as
Mary, etc) ³plays the piano. ´(Cf the construction in negative sentences: ³I
know the answer, too. ´Neg: ³I don't know the answer, either.) ¸2 ´moreover;
nevertheless: ³There was frost last night, and in May too! ¸3 ³(adv of degree,
´modifying ³adjj ´and ³advv´) in a higher degree than is allowable, required,
etc: ³We've had too much rain lately. You're driving too fast for safety. These
shoes are much too small for me. It's too hot for work/too hot to work. It's
too difficult a task for me. That's too small a box/That box is too small to
hold all these things. ´(Note that ³too ´is used to modify a participle that is
adjectival, but that with a participle that is purely verbal, ³too much ´is
preferred in formal style. Cf: ³He was too tired to go any farther. I hope you
were not too (much) disturbed by all the noise we made. I'm not too (much)
bothered by his criticisms.) ¸4 ´(phrases) ·carry sth/go too far, µ¥ far±2µ(2).
·all too soon/quickly, etc, ´sooner, more quickly, etc than is desired: ³The
holidays ended all too soon. ·none too soon, etc, ´not at all too soon, etc:
³We were none too early for the train´, We caught the train with very little
time to spare. ·one too many, µ¥ many(1). ·have one too many, ´take more than
one can drink and remain sober. ·be too much for, µ¥ much±1µ. ·only too ´(+
³adj´), µ¥ only±2µ(2).¼
¨took© ²/t8k/ ³pt ´of µtake±1µ.¼
¨tool© ²/tul/ ³n ¸1 ´instrument held in the hand(s) and used by workmen, eÔg
gardeners and carpenters. ¸ma*chine Ú@ ³n µ¥ machine. ¸2 ´person used by
another for dishonest purposes: ³He was a mere @ in the hands of the dictator.
¹ vt ¸1 ¶[VP6A] ´ornament (the edges of a book-cover) with designs pressed on
with a heated @. ¸2 ¶[VP2C] ·@ up, ´provide a factory with machine-@s (eÔg as
needed for a particular kind of work).¼
¨toot© ²/tut/ ³n ¶[C] ´short, sharp warning sound from a horn,
whistle, trumpet, etc. ¹ ³vi,vt ¶[VP2A,6A] ´(cause to) give out a @ or @s.¼
¨tooth© ²/tuT/ ³n (pl µteeth ²/tiT/³) ¸1 ´each of the hard, white, bone-like
structures rooted in the gums, used for biting and chewing: ³have a @ out ´(US
= ³have a @ pulled´Ô), iÔe by a dentist; ³have all one's own teeth/a fine set
of artificial teeth. µ¥ ´the illus at µmouth. ·armed to the teeth, ´completely
and elaborately armed. ·cast sth in a person's teeth, ´reproach him with it.
·escape by the skin of one's teeth, ´have a narrow escape. ·fight @ and nail,
´fiercely, with a great effort. ·get one's teeth into sth, ´attack (a job)
vigorously. ·have a sweet @, ´be fond of sweet food. ·lie in one's
teeth/throat, ´lie shamelessly. ·long in the @, ´(originally of horses, because
gums recede with age) old. ·show one's teeth, ´take up a threatening
attitude. ·in the teeth of, ´against the full force of; in opposition to.
¸(a/the) Ú@®ache ³n ´pain in a @ or teeth. ¸Ú@®brush ³n ´one for cleaning the
teeth. µ¥ ´the illus at µbrush. ¸Ú@®paste/®powder ³n ¶[U] ´for cleaning the
teeth. ¸Ú@®pick ³n ´short, pointed piece of wood, etc, for removing bits of
food from between the teeth. ¸2 ´@-like part, esp of a comb, saw or rake. µ¥
´the illus at µgear. ¸*fine-Ú@ comb, ´one with fine teeth set closely together.
·go over/through sth with a *fine-Ú@ comb, ´examine it closely and thoroughly.
¸3 ´(³pl, ´colloq) effective force: ³When will the new legislation be given some
teeth´, be made effective? ¸@ed ²/tuTt/ ´(attrib) having teeth (eÔg of the kind
named): ³a saw-@ed wheel. ¸@®less ³adj ´without teeth. ¸@®some ²/-sEm/ ³adj
´(liter) (of food) pleasant to the taste.¼
¨tootle© ²/Útutl/ ³vi, n ´toot softly or continuously, as on a
flute.¼
¨top©1 ²/top/ ³n ´(usu ·the top (of)´) ¸1 ´highest part or point: ³at the top
of the hill; the hilltop; at the top of the page; line 5 from the top. ·on top,
´above: ³The green book is at the bottom of the pile and the red one is on top.
·on (the) top of, ¸(a) ´over, resting on: ³Put the red book on (the) top of the
others. ¸(b) ´in addition to: ³He borrowed $50 from me for the journey and
then, on top of that, asked me if he could borrow my car. ·from top to bottom,
´completely. ·from top to toe, ´from head to foot. ·blow one's top, ´(colloq)
explode in rage. ·off the top of one's head, ´(of sth said) without careful
thought or preparation. ¸2 ´upper surface, eÔg of a table: ³polish the top of a
table/the ·Ú³table top; put the luggage on the top of the car. ·go over the
top, ´(mil) go over the front of a trench to attack the enemy; (fig) act
quickly after a period of doubt or hesitation. ·on top of the world, ´(colloq)
extremely happy, satisfied with everything: ³I'm feeling on top of the world
today! ¸3 ´highest rank, foremost (or most important) place: ³He came out at
the top of the list´, eÔg of examination results. ³Our host placed us at the
top ´(= the upper end) ³of the table´, the part for honoured guests. ·come to
the top, ´(fig) win fame, success, etc. ·reach/be at the top of the
ladder/tree, ´the highest position in a profession, career, etc. ¸4 ´utmost
height or degree. ·shout at the top of one's voice, µ¥ voice, ³nµ(3)·; to the
top of one's bent, µ¥ bent±1µ. ¸5 ´(motoring) ·in top, ´in top (the highest)
gear: ³What will the car do in top? ¸6 ´(often ³pl´) leaves, etc of a plant
grown chiefly for its root: ·Ú³turnip tops. ¸7 ·the big top, ´very large circus
tent. ¸8 ´(attrib, and in compounds) highest in position or degree: ³on the top
shelf; at top speed; in top gear; the top right-hand corner; charge top prices.
¸Útop-boot ³n ´boot with a high top, usu reaching to just below the knee.
¸Útop-coat ³n ´overcoat. ·be top dog, ´(sl) victor, master. µ¥
underdog. ¸*top Údrawer ³n ´the highest social class: ³She's out of the top
drawer/is very top drawer. ¸*top-Údress ³vt ´apply (manure, etc) to the surface
of (ground) instead of ploughing or digging it in; hence, ¸*top-Údressing ³n´:
³give a field a top-dressing of lime. ¸*top-Úflight/-Únotch ³attrib adjj
´(colloq) first-rate; best possible: ³top-flight French authors. ¸*top-Úgallant
³adj, n ´mast, sail, etc immediately above the topmast and topsail. µ¥
´the illus at µbarque. ¸*top Úhat ³n ´tall silk hat. ¸*top-Úheavy ³adj
´over-weighted at the top so as to be in danger of falling. ¸*top-Úhole ³adj
´(dated sl) excellent; first-rate. ¸Útop®knot ³n ´knot of hair, bunch of
feathers, etc on the top of the head. ¸Útop®mast ³n ´upper mast
(clamped to the mainmast). ¸Útop®most ²/-mE8st/ ³adj ´highest. ¸*top Úpeople,
´those at the top of their profession, holding the highest positions, etc: ³Not
all top people read "The Times'. ¸*top-Úranking ³adj ´of the highest rank.
¸Útop®sail ³n ´square sail next above the lowest. µ¥ ´the illus at
µbarque. ¸*top Úsecret, ´most secret. ¸top®less ³adj ´(of a woman's garment)
leaving the breasts bare: ³a topless dress/swimsuit; ´(of a woman) wearing such
a garment: ³topless waitresses in California.¼
¨top©2 ²/top/ ³vt µ(-pp-) ¶[VP6A] ¸1 ´provide a top for; be a top
for; be a top to: ³a church topped by/with a steeple. ¸2 ¶[VP6A] ´reach the
top of; be at the top of: ³When we topped the hill we had a fine view. ¸3 ·top
(sth) up, ´fill up (a partly empty container): ³top up a car battery´, add
distilled water to raise the level to what is normal; ³top up with oil´, add
lubricating oil; ³top up a drink, ´refill a partly emptied glass. ·top (sth)
out, ´mark the completion of a tall building (a tower block, etc) with drinks,
speeches, etc: ³a ·*³topping-·Ú³out ceremony. ¸4 ´surpass, be taller or higher
than: ³Our exports have just topped the $80ÔÔ000ÔÔ000 mark. ·to Útop it all,
´to crown all, add the last (and surprising, etc) touch. ¸5 ´cut the tops off:
³lift and top beets/turnips´, take them from the ground and cut off the leaves;
³top and tail gooseberries´, remove the ends from the berries.¼
¨top©3 ²/top/ ³n ´toy that spins and balances on a point, set in motion by
hand, or by winding round it a string which is pulled away, and (in some
cases) kept in motion by being whipped. ·sleep like a top, ´soundly.¼
¨to®paz© ²/ÚtE8paz/ ³n ¶[U] ´transparent yellow mineral; ¶[C] ´gem cut from
this.¼
¨tope© ²/tE8p/ ³vi,vt ¶[VP2A,6A] ´(dated) drink (alcoholic liquors) to excess;
drink habitually. ¸toper ³n ´person who @s.¼
¨topi© ²/ÚtE8pI ³US: ²tE8Úpi/ ³n ´sun-helmet.¼
¨topi®ary© ²/ÚtE8pIErI ³US: ²-IerI/ ³n ¶[U], ³adj ´(concerned with) the
clipping of shrubs, eÔg yew, into ornamental shapes, eÔg birds, animals: ³the @
art; a @ garden.¼
¨topic© ²/ÚtopIk/ ³n ´subject for discussion. ¸topi®cal ²/-kl/ ³adj
´of present interest; of @s of the day: ³a @al ·Ú³news film´, of current
events. ¸topi®cally ²/-klI/ ³adv¼
¨top®ogra®phy© ²/tEÚpogrEfI/ ³n ¶[U] ´(description of the) features, eÔg
rivers, valleys, roads, of a place or district. ¸topo®graphi®cal
²/*topEÚgrafIkl/ ³adj ¸topo®graphi®cally ²/-klI/ ³adv¼
¨top®per© ²/ÚtopE(r)/ ³n ´(colloq) top hat.¼
¨top®ping© ²/ÚtopIG/ ³adj ´(colloq) excellent. ¸@®ly ³adv¼
¨topple© ²/Útopl/ ³vi,vt ¶[VP2A,C,6A,15B] ´(cause to) be unsteady and
overturn: ³The chimney @d and fell. The pile of books @d over/down. The
dictator was @d from power.¼
¨tops© ²/tops/ ³n pl ´(usu ¸the tops´) (colloq) the very best.¼
¨topsy-turvy© ²/*topsI Út3vI/ ³adj, adv ´(colloq) in confusion; upside down:
³The whole world is/has turned @. ¸@®dom ²/-dEm/ ³n ´condition of being @.¼
¨toque© ²/tE8k/ ³n ´(woman's) small, brimless, close-fitting hat.¼
¨tor© ²/tc(r)/ ³n ´small hill, rocky peak (esp in place-names on Dartmoor, SÔW
England): ³Hay Tor.¼
¨torch© ²/tct2/ ³n ¸1 ´piece of wood, twisted flax, etc treated with oil,
soaked in tallow, etc for carrying or using as a flaming light; (fig) sth that
gives enlightenment: ³the @ of learning; hand on the @´, keep knowledge, etc
alive. ·carry a @ for sb, ´have (esp unrequited) love for him. ¸Ú@®light ³n
¶[U] ´light of a @ or @es: ³a @light procession/tattoo´, one in which lighted
@es are used. ¸Ú@-race ³n ´(in ancient Greece) performance of runners who
handed lighted @es to others in relays. ¸Ú@-singer ³n ´woman who sings
sentimental love-songs. ¸2 ´(GB) electric hand-light (US = ³flashlight´); (US)
blow-lamp (for welding, etc).¼
¨tore© ²/tc(r)/ ³pt ´of µtear±2µ.¼
¨tor®ea®dor© ²/ÚtorIEdc(r) ³US: ²Útcr-/ ³n ´Spanish bull-fighter (usu mounted
on a horse).¼
¨tor®ment© ²/Útcment/ ³n ¶[C,U] ´(sth that causes) severe bodily or mental
pain or suffering: ³be in @; suffer @(s) from an aching tooth; the @s of
jealousy. What a little @ that child is! ´(because it worries, asks constant
questions, etc). ¹ ³vt ²/tcÚment/ ¶[VP6A,15A] ´cause severe suffering to;
annoy: ³@ed with neuralgia/hunger/mosquitoes. Stop @ing your father by asking
silly questions.
¸tor®men®tor ²/tcÚmentE(r)/ ³n ´sb or sth that @s.¼
¨torn© ²/tcn/ ³pp ´of µtear±2µ.¼
¨tor®nado© ²/tcÚneIdE8/ ³n (pl µ@es ²/-dE8z/³) ´violent and
destructive whirlwind.¼
¨tor®pedo© ²/tcÚpidE8/ ³n (pl µ@es ²/-dE8z/³) ´cigar-shaped self-propelling
shell filled with explosives, aimed at ships (from surface ships, submarines
and aircraft), and launched to travel below the surface of the sea. ¸Ú@-boat
³n ´small, fast warship from which @es are fired. ¸Ú@-tube ³n ´tube from which
@es are discharged. ¹ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´attack or destroy with a @ or @es; (fig)
attack (a policy, institution, etc) and make it ineffective: ³Who @ed the
Disarmament Conference?¼
¨tor®pid© ²/ÚtcpId/ ³adj ¸1 ´dull and slow; inactive. ¸2 ´(of
animals that hibernate) not moving or feeling. ¸@®ly ³adv´. ¸@®ness, ¸@®ity
²/tcÚpIdEtI/ ³nn ¶[U] ´@ condition.¼
¨tor®por© ²/ÚtcpE(r)/ ³n ¶[U,C] ´torpid condition.¼
¨torque© ²/tck/ ³n ¸1 ¶[C] ´necklace, collar or arm-band of twisted metal, as
worn by the ancient Britons and Gauls. ¸2 ¶[U] ´twisting force causing
rotation, eÔg as exerted on a ship's propeller shaft.¼
¨tor®rent© ²/ÚtorEnt ³US: ²Útcr-/ ³n ¶[C] ¸1 ´violent, rushing stream of
liquid (esp water): ³mountain @s; @s of rain; rain falling in @s. ¸2 ´(fig)
violent outpouring: ³a @ of words/abuse/insults. ¸tor®ren®tial ²/tEÚren2l/
³adj ´of, like, caused by, a @: ³@ial rain.¼
¨tor®rid© ²/ÚtorId ³US: ²Útcr-/ ³adj ´(of the weather, a country) very hot;
tropical: ³the ·Ú³@ zone´, part of the earth's surface between the
tropicsµ(1)´. ¸@®ity ³n ¶[U] ´extreme heat.¼
¨tor®sion© ²/Útc2n/ ³n ¶[U] ´act or process of twisting; state of being
twisted.¼
¨torso© ²/ÚtcsE8/ ³n (pl µ@s´) (statue of a) human body without head, arms and
legs.¼
¨tort© ²/tct/ ³n ´(legal) private or civil wrong for which the wronged person
may get redress in a law court.¼
¨tor®tilla© ²/tcÚtijE/ ³n ´pancake omelette (Mexican style).¼
¨tor®toise© ²/ÚtctEs/ ³n ´slow-moving, four-legged land (and fresh-water)
varieties of turtle with a hard shell. µ¥ ´the illus at µreptile. ¸Ú@-shell ³n
¶[U] ´outer shell, esp the kind with yellow and brown markings, of some
sea-turtles.¼
¨tor®tu®ous© ²/Útct28Es/ ³adj ´full of twists and bends: ³a @ path;
´(fig) not straightforward; devious: ³a @ argument/policy/politician. ¸@®ly
³adv¼
¨tor®ture© ²/Útct2E(r)/ ³vt ¶[VP6A,16A] ´cause severe suffering to: ³@ a man
to make him confess sth; @d with anxiety. ¹ n ¸1 ¶[U] ´torturing; infliction
of severe bodily or mental suffering: ³put a man to the @´, @ him (esp to get
a confession or to make him supply information); ³instruments of @. ¸2 ¶[C,U]
´pain so inflicted or suffered; method of torturing: ³suffer @ from toothache;
the @s of the damned´, iÔe in Hell. ¸tor®turer ³n¼
¨Tory© ²/ÚtcrI/ ³n (pl µ-ries³) ´= µConservative.¼
¨tosh© ²/to2/ ³n ´(sl) nonsense.¼
¨toss© ²/tos ³US: ²tcs/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A,12A,13A,15B] ´throw up into or through
the air; jerk: ³@ a ball to sb; @ sth aside/away. The horse @ed its rider´,
caused the rider to fall to the ground. ³He @ed the beggar a coin/@ed a coin to
the beggar. The horse @ed its head. She @ed her head back´, iÔe with a
suggestion of contempt, indifference, etc. ³He was @ed by the bull. ·@ (up)
a coin; @ (sb) for sth; @ up, ´send a coin spinning up in the air and guess
which side will be on top when it falls; ´use this method to decide sth (with
sb): ³Who's to pay for the drinks? Let's @ up/Let's @ for it. ¸Ú@-up ³n
´such @ing of a coin; (hence) sth about which there is doubt: ³It's a @-up
whether he will get here in time. ¸2 ¶[VP2C,6A,15A,B] ´(cause to) move
restlessly from side to side or up and down: ³The ship (was) @ed about on the
stormy sea. The sick child @ed about in its sleep all night. The branches were
@ing in the wind. ¸3 ·@ sth off, ¸(a) ´drink sth straight down. ¸(b) ´produce
sth quickly and without much thought or effort: ³@ off a newspaper article. ¹ n
¶[C] ¸1 ´@ing movement: ³a contemptuous @ of the head; take a @´, (esp) be
thrown from the back of a horse. ¸2 ·win/lose the @, ´guess
correctly/incorrectly when a coin is @ed up (esp at the beginning of a game).¼
¨tot©1 ²/tot/ ³n ¸1 ´(often ¸tiny tot´) very small child. ¸2
´(colloq) small glass of liquor.¼
¨tot©2 ²/tot/ ³vt,vi µ(-tt-) ¶[VP15B,2C] ·tot (sth) up, ´(colloq) add up:
³expenses totting up to $5; tot up a column of figures.¼
¨to®tal© ²/ÚtE8tl/ ³adj ´complete; entire: ³@ silence; be in @ ignorance of
sth. What are your @ debts? There was a @ eclipse of the sun. ¸@ war, ´war in
which all the resources of a country (manpower, industry, etc) are involved. ¹
³n ¶[C] ´@ amount: ³Our expenses reached a @ of $20. What does the @ come to? ¹
vt,vi µ(-ll-, ´US also µ-l-) ¶[VP6A,2C] ´find the @ of; reach the @ of; amount
to: ³The visitors to the exhibition @led 15ÔÔ000. It @s up to $16. ¸@ly
²/ÚtE8tElI/ ³adv ´completely: ³@ly blind. ¸@®ity ²/tE8ÚtalEtI/ ³n ´entirety;
(esp) period during which an eclipse is @.¼
¨to®tali®tar®ian© ²/*tE8talIÚteErIEn/ ³adj ´of a political system in which only
one political party and no rival loyalties are permitted: ³a @ State´, eÔg
Germany under Hitler. ¸@®ism ²/-IzEm/ ³n¼
¨to®tal®iz®ator© ²/ÚtE8tElñIzeItE(r) ³US: ²-lIz-/ ³n ´machine for registering
bets (eÔg on horses) with a view to dividing the total amount among those who
bet on the winners.¼
¨tote©1 ²/tE8t/ ³n ´(colloq abbr of) µtotalizator.¼
¨tote©2 ²/tE8t/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´(sl) carry (esp a gun): ³He @s a six-shooter.¼
¨to®tem© ²/ÚtE8tEm/ ³n ¶[C] ´natural object, esp an animal, considered, esp by
N American Indians, to have a close connection with a family group. ¸Ú@-pole
³n ´one on which is carved or painted a series of @s.¼
¨tot®ter© ²/ÚtotE(r)/ ³vi ¶[VP2A,C] ¸1 ´walk with weak, unsteady
steps; get up unsteadily: ³The wounded man @ed to his feet. ¸2 ´be almost
falling; seem to be about to collapse: ³The tall chimney-stack @ed and then
fell. ¸@y ³adj ´unsteady; insecure.¼
¨tou®can© ²/Útukan/ ³n ´kinds of tropical American bird with brightly coloured
feathers and an immense beak. µ¥ ´the illus at µrare.¼
¨touch©1 ²/tAt2/ ³n ¸1 ¶[C] ´act or fact of touching: ³I felt a @
on my arm. Even the slightest @ will break a soap-bubble. ·at a @, ´if
touched, however lightly. ¸2 ¶[U] ´(sense giving) feeling by touching:
³soft/rough to the @´, when touched; ³the cold @ of marble. ¸Ú@®stone ³n ´sth
used as a test or standard (of purity, etc); criterion. ¸3 ¶[C] ´stroke made
with a brush, pen, etc: ³add a few finishing @es ´(to a drawing or any piece
of work); ³give a horse a @ of the spurs. ¸4 ¶[C] ·a @ (of), ´slight quantity,
trace: ³a @ of frost in the air; have a @ of the sun´, slight sunstroke; ³a @
of irony/bitterness in his remarks; have a @ ´(= a slight attack) ³of
rheumatism. ¸5 ¶[C] ´style or manner of touching the keys, strings, etc of a
musical instrument, etc of workmanship (in art): ³the @ of a master´, expert
style, eÔg in painting; ³a sculpture with a bold @; have a light @´, eÔg on a
piano, a typewriter; ³the ´(eÔg) ·Ú³Nelson @´, the bold way of dealing with a
situation characteristic of (eÔg) Nelson. ¸Ú@-type ³vi ¶[VP2A] ´type without
looking at the typewriter keyboard (because familiar with it). ¸6 ¶[U]
´communication. ·in/out of @ (with), ´in/not in regular communication (with);
having/not having information about: ³keep in @ with old friends; be out of @
with the political situation. ·lose @ (with), ´be out of @ (with): ³If we
correspond regularly we shan't lose @. ¸7 ´(football and Rugby) part of the
pitch outside the side-lines: ³The ball is in/out of @. ¸Ú@-line ³n ´side line
of the field of play. µ¥ ³goal-line ´at µgoal; µ¥ ´the illus at µfootball,
Rugby. ¸8 ·a near @, ´a narrow escape. ¸*@-and-Úgo ³adj ´(colloq) risky; of
uncertain result: ³It was @-and-go whether the doctor would arrive in time. It
was @-and-go with the sick man´, uncertain whether he would live. ¸9 ·a
soft/easy @, ´(sl) sb from whom one can beg or borrow easily. µ¥ ³@ sb for sth,
´at µtouch±2µ(11).¼
¨touch©2 ²/tAt2/ ³vt,vi ´(For special uses with ³adverbial
particles ´and ³preps, µ¥ 11 ´below.) ¸1 ¶[VP6A,15A,B,2A] ´(cause to) be in
contact with; be separated from at one or more points by no space or object;
bring a part of the body (esp the hand) into contact with: ³One of the
branches is @ing the water. The two farms @ (each other)´, have, in part, a
common boundary. ³Can you @ ´(= reach with your hand) ³the top of the door?
The mountains seemed to @ the clouds. Visitors ´(eÔg in a museum) ³are
requested not to @ the exhibits. He @ed me on the arm/shoulder´, eÔg to
attract my attention. ³I merely @ed the eggs together and they cracked. The
thermometer @ed 35ÄC yesterday. ·@ bottom, ¸(a) ´reach the bottom: ³The water
isn't deep here; I can just @ bottom´, iÔe with my feet. ¸(b) ´(fig) reach the
lowest point of misfortune, depravity, etc. ·@ wood, ´@ sth made of wood
in the belief that one will avert ill luck: ³I've never been in a road
accidentÅ@ wood. ¸2 ¶[VP6A] ´apply a slight or gentle force to: ³He @ed the
bell´, rang it by pressing the button. ³He @ed the keys of the piano. ¸3
¶[VP6A] ´(usu in neg) compare with; be equal to: ³No one can @ him as an actor
of tragic roles. There's nothing to @ mountain air for giving you an appetite.
¸4 ¶[VP6A] ´(usu neg) take (food, drink): ³He hasn't @ed food for two days. ¸5
¶[VP6A] ´affect (a person or his feelings); concern: ³The sad story @ed us/our
hearts. We were all @ed with remorse/pity when we heard what had happened. ¸6
¶[VP6A] ´have to do with: ³What you say does not @ the point at issue. The
question @es your interests closely. ¸7 ¶[VP6A] ´injure slightly: ³The
apple-blossom was @ed by the frost. The valuable paintings were not @ed by the
fire. ¸8 ³(pp ¸@ed´) (colloq) slightly mad or deranged: ³He seems to be a bit
@ed. ¸9 ¶[VP6A,15A] ´rouse painful or angry feeling in; wound: ³You've @ed his
self-esteem. You've @ed him on a tender place ´(lit or fig). µ¥ quick(³nµ). ¸10
¶[VP6A] ´deal with; cope with; get a result from: ³Nothing I have used will @
´(= get rid of) ³these grease spots. She couldn't @ ´(= even begin to answer)
³the first two questions in the biology paper´, iÔe in an examination. ¸11
¶[VP3A,2C,15B] ´(special uses with ³adverbial particles ´and ³preps´):¼
·touch at, ´(of a ship) call at: ³Our steamer @ed at Naples.¼
·touch down, ¸(a) ´(Rugby) @ the ball on the ground behind the opponent's goal
line. ¸(b) ´(of aircraft) come down to land; alight. Hence, ¸Ú@-down ³n¼
·touch sb for sth, ´(sl) get money from (by begging): ³He @ed me for a fiver
´(iÔe $5).¼
·touch sth off, ´discharge (a cannon, etc); (fig) cause to start: ³The arrest
of the men's leaders @ed off a riot.¼
·touch on/upon sth, ´treat (a subject) briefly.¼
·touch sth up, ´make small changes in (a picture, a piece of writing, etc) to
improve it, give the finishing touches, etc.¼
¨touch®able© ²/ÚtAt2Ebl/ ³adj ´that may be touched.¼
¨touch®ing© ²/ÚtAt2IG/ ³adj ´pathetic; arousing pity or sympathy. ¹ ³prep
´concerning. ¸@®ly ³adv¼
¨touchy© ²/ÚtAt2I/ ³adj µ(-ier, -iest) ´easily or quickly offended.
¸touch®ily ²/-IlI/ ³adv ¸touchi®ness ³n¼
¨tough© ²/tAf/ ³adj µ(-er, -est) ¸1 ´(of meat) hard to cut or get one's teeth
into. ¸2 ´not easily cut, broken or worn out: ³as @ as leather. T@ rubber is
needed for tyres. ¸3 ´strong; able to endure hardships: ³@ soldiers. ¸4 ´(of
persons) rough and violent: ³a @ criminal. ¸@ customer, ´(colloq) person likely
to cause trouble, unlikely to submit to control or discipline. ¸5 ´stubborn;
unyielding. ·be/get @ (with sb)´: ³The employers got @ with/adopted a get-@
policy towards their workers. ¸6 ´hard to carry out; difficult: ³a @
job/problem. ¸7 ·@ luck, ´(colloq) bad luck. ³¹ n ´(also ¸@ie ²/ÚtAfI/´)
(colloq) @µ(4) ´person. ¸@®ly ³adv ¸@®ness ³n ¸@en ²/ÚtAfn/ ³vt,vi ´make or
become @.¼
¨tou®pee© ²/ÚtupeI ³US: ²tuÚpeI/ ³n ´patch of false hair worn to cover a bald
spot; small wig.¼
¨tour© ²/t8E(r)/ ³n ¸1 ´journey out and home again during which several or
many places are visited: ³a round-the-world @; a coach @ of France; conducted
@s´, made by a group conducted by a guide. ¸2 ´brief visit to or through: ³a @
of the palace/house. ¸3 ´period of duty (at a military or naval station
overseas); interval between passage-paid home leaves (µ¥ leave±2µ(1)´) in
service abroad: ³a @ of three years as a lecturer in the University of Ibadan.
¸4 ´round of (official) visits to institutions, units, etc: ³The Director
leaves tomorrow on a @ of overseas branches. ¸5 ´number of visits to places
made by a theatrical company, etc. ·on tour, ´visiting in this way: ³be/go on
@; ³take a company on @ to perform three of Shakespeare's plays. ¹ vt,vi
¶[VP6A,2A,C] ´make a @ (of): ³@ Mexico. They are @ing in Spain. The play will @
the provinces in the autumn. ¸@®ing ³n, adj´: ³a ·Ú³@ing car´, one suitable for
@ing; ³a ·Ú³@ing party. ¸@®ist ²/-Ist/ ³n ¸1 ´person making a @ for pleasure:
³London is full of @ists in summer. ¸2 ´(attrib) of or for @s: ³a ·Ú³@ist
agency; a ·Ú³@ist ticket´, one issued on special terms, eÔg at a lower price;
·Ú³@ class´, (on liners, airliners) second class. ¸@ism ²/Út8ErIzEm/ ³n ¶[U]
´organized @ing: ³Some countries obtain large sums of foreign exchange from
@ism´, from the money brought in by @ists.¼
¨tour de force© ²/*t8E dE Úfcs/ ³n ´(F) feat of strength or skill.¼
¨tour®na®ment© ²/ÚtcnEmEnt ³US: ²Út3rn-/ ³n ¶[C] ¸1 ´series of
contests of skill between a number of players: ³a ·Ú³tennis/·Ú³chess @. ¸2 ´(in
the Middle Ages) contest between knights on horseback, armed with blunted
weapons.¼
¨tour®ney© ²/Út3nI/ ³n ´= µtournament(2).¼
¨tour®ni®quet© ²/Út8EnIkeI ³US: ²Út3nIkIt/ ³n ´device for stopping a flow of
blood through an artery by twisting sth tightly around a limb.¼
¨tousle© ²/Útñ8zl/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´put (esp the hair) into disorder by pulling it
about, rubbing it, etc; make untidy: ³a girl with @d hair.¼
¨tout© ²/tñ8t/ ³n ´person who worries others to buy sth, use his
services, etc, esp one who sells information about race-horses: ³a ·Ú³ticket @,
´eÔg selling tickets for a major football match at a greatly inflated price. ¹
³vi ¶[VP2A,3A] ·@ (for), ´act as a @: ³There were men outside the railway
station @ing for the hotels.¼
¨tout en®sem®ble© ²/*tut onÚsonbl/ ³n ´(F) sth viewed as a whole; its general
effect.¼
¨tow©1 ²/tE8/ ³vt ¶[VP6A,15A,B] ´pull along by a rope or chain: ³tow a damaged
ship into port; tow a broken-down car to the nearest garage.
¸Útow(®ing)-line/-rope ³nn ´one used in towing. ¸Útow(®ing)-path ³n ´path
along the bank of a river or canal for use in towing, eÔg by horses pulling
canal boats. ¹ ³n ¶[C,U] ´towing or being towed: ³have/take a boat in tow. Can
we give you a tow? The lorry was on tow. He usually has his family in tow´,
(colloq) has them with him.¼
¨tow©2 ²/tE8/ ³n ¶[U] ´coarse and broken fibres of flax, hemp, etc (for making
rope).¼
¨to®ward(s)© ²/tEÚwcd(z) ³US: ²tcrd(z)/ ³prep ¸1 ´approaching; in the
direction of: ³walking @ the sea; sit with one's back turned @ the window;
drifting @ war; first steps @ the abolition of armaments. ¸2 ´as regards; in
relation to: ³Are his feelings @ us friendly? What will the Government's
attitude be @ the plan? ¸3 ´for the purpose of (helping): ³We must save money
@ the children's education. ¸4 ´(of time) near: ³@ the end of the century; @
evening.¼
¨towel© ²/Útñ8El/ ³n ¶[C] ´piece of cloth or absorbent paper for
drying or wiping sth wet (eÔg one's hands or body): ³a ·Ú³bath-@; a
·Ú³roller-@´, an endless one on a revolving bar. ¸Ú@-rack/-horse ³nn ´wooden
frame for hanging @s on. ¸Ú@-rail ³n ´(usu metal) rail for a @ (eÔg near a
wash-basin). ·throw in the @, µ¥ throw±1µ(11). ¹ ³vt µ(-ll-, ´US µ-l-) ´dry or
rub (oneself) with a @. ¸@®ling ´(US = ¸@®ing´) ³n ¶[U] ´material for @s.¼
¨tower© ²/Útñ8E(r)/ ³n ¸1 ´tall, usu equal-sided (esp square) or circular
building, either standing alone (eÔg as a fort, ³the T@ of London´) or forming
part of a church, castle or other large building (eÔg a college). µ¥ ´the
illus at µchurch. ¸2 ´(fig) ·a @ of strength, ´a person who can be relied upon
for protection, strength or comfort in time of trouble. ¸3 Úwater @, ´@ that
supports a large tank for the storage and distribution of water at high
pressure. ¸Ú@-block ³n ´high block of flats or offices. ¹ ³vi ¶[VP2C] ´rise to
a great height, be very tall, esp in relation to the height of the
surroundings: ³the skyscrapers that @ over New York. ·@ above sb, ´(fig, of
eminent persons) greatly exceed in ability, in intellectual or moral
qualities: ³a man who @s above his contemporaries. ¸@®ing ³adj ´(esp): ³in a
@ing rage´, violently angry.¼
¨town© ²/tñ8n/ ³n ¸1 ´centre of population larger than a village,
smaller than, or not created, a city (and often used in contrast to ³country´):
³Would you rather live in a @ or in the country? ´(In GB the word @ is used
much more frequently than ³city´, even when the place actually is a city, the
word ³city ´being used chiefly in connection with local government
affairs.) µ¥ city(1). ·be/go out on the @, ´be/go out to enjoy the
entertainment facilities of a @. ·paint the @ red, µ¥ red(1). ¸2 ´(attrib) ¸@
centre, ´area around which public buildings, eÔg the town hall, the public
library, are grouped. ¸@ clerk, ´official who keeps @ or city records. ¸@
council, ´governing body of a @. ¸@ councillor, ´member of a @ council.
¸Ú@-gas ³n ´manufactured gas for domestic and industrial use. ¸@ hall,
´building with offices of local government and usu a hall for public events
(meetings, concerts, etc). ¸Ú@ house, ´house in @, belonging to sb who also
has a house in the country. ¸@ planning, ´preparation of plans for the
regulated growth and improvement of @s. ¸3 ´(preceded by a ³prep´, and without
the ³def ´or ³indef art´) the business, shopping, etc part of a @ (contrasted
with the suburbs, etc): ³go to @ to do some shopping. He's in @ today. I'm
going down @ this afternoon. µ¥ downtown. ·go to @, ´(sl) act, behave, without
inhibitions, eÔg by spending lavishly, having a spree. ¸4 ´(without the ³def
´or ³indef art´) the chief city or @ in the neighbourhood (esp, in England,
London): ³He is spending the weekend in @. He went up to @ from Leeds. Mr
Green is not in @/is out of @. ·man about @, ´fashionable man who spends much
time amusing himself. ¸5 the @, ´the people of a @: ³The whole @ was talking
about it. ·the talk of the @, µ¥ talk±1µ(3). ¸6 the @, ´@s in general: ³Farm
workers are leaving the country in order to get better paid work in the
@. ¸7 Ú@s®folk ³n pl ¸(a) ´(with ³def art´) the people of the @ referred to.
¸(b) ´(without ³def art´) people who live in @s. ¸Ú@s®people ³n pl ´= @sfolk.
¸Ú@s®man ²/-zmEn/ ³n (pl µ-men³) ¸(a) ´man who lives in a @. ¸(b) ´(often
·*³fellow-·Ú³@sman´) person who lives in one's own @.¼
¨tow®nee© ²/tñ8Úni/ ³n ´(derog) person who lives in a @ and is
ignorant of rural things.¼
¨town®ship© ²/Útñ8n2Ip/ ³n ¸1 ´(US, Canada) subdivision of a county having
certain powers of government; district six miles square in US surveys of land.
¸2 ´(S Africa) area, suburb, for houses, etc, of non-Europeans. ¸3 ´(Australia)
site laid out for a town.¼
¨tox®aemia© ´(also ¸tox-emia´) ²/tokÚsimIE/ ³n ¶[U] ´blood-poisoning.¼
¨toxic© ²/ÚtoksIk/ ³adj ´of, caused by, a toxin; poisonous. ¸@®ity
²/tokÚsIsEtI/ ³n ¶[U] ´quality or degree of being @: ³study the @ity of
insecticides. ¸toxi®col®ogy ²/*toksIÚkolEdZI/ ³n ¶[U] ´branch of medical
science dealing with the nature and effects of poisons. ¸toxi®col®ogist
²/-dZIst/ ³n ´student of, expert in, toxicology.¼
¨toxin© ²/ÚtoksIn/ ³n ¶[C] ´poisonous substance, esp one formed by
bacteria in plants and animals and causing a particular disease.¼
¨toy© ²/tãI/ ³n ¸1 ´child's plaything; small thing meant for amusement rather
than for serious use. ¸2 ´(attrib) ³toy dog/spaniel, etc´, small kinds kept as
pets; ³toy soldier´, one made as a toyµ(1)´. ¸Útoy®shop ³n ´shop where toys are
sold. ¹ ³vi ¶[VP3A] ·toy with sth, ¸1 ´amuse oneself (with); think not
very seriously about: ³He toyed with the idea of buying a yacht. ¸2 ´handle
carelessly or absent-mindedly: ³toying with a pencil.¼
¨trace©1 ²/treIs/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U,C] ´mark, sign, etc showing that sb or
sth has been present, that sth has existed or happened: ³@s of an ancient
civilization. The police were unable to find any @ of the thief. We've lost
all @ of them´, don't know where they are. ¸2 ¶[C] ´very small amount: ³The
post-mortem showed @s of arsenic in the intestines. ¸Ú@ element, ´element of
which a @ is necessary for the development of animal or plant life and without
which growth is poor (eÔg manganese in the soil, for wheat and oats).¼
¨trace©2 ²/treIs/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A,15B] ·@ sth (out), ´draw, sketch, the
course, outline, etc, of: ³@ out the site of an old castle; @ (out) one's
route on a map; ´(fig) ³@ out a policy, ´give its outlines. ¸2 ¶[VP6A] ´copy
(sth), eÔg by drawing on transparent paper the lines, etc on (a map, design,
etc) placed underneath. ¸3 ¶[VP6A] ´write slowly and with difficulty: ³He @d
the words laboriously. ¸4 ¶[VP6A,15A,B] ´follow or discover (sb or sth) by
observing marks, tracks, bits of evidence, etc: ³The criminal was @d to
Glasgow. I cannot @ ´(= cannot find, do not think I received) ³any letter from
you dated 1st June. ·@ (sth/sb) back (to sth), ¸(a) ´find the origin of by
going back in time: ³He @s his descent back to an old Norman family. His fear
of dogs @s back/can be @d back to a childhood experience. ¸(b) ´find the origin
of by going back through evidence: ³The rumour was @d back to a journalist´, It
was discovered that he had started it. ¸5 ¶[VP6A] ´discover the position, size,
etc of (sth) from its remains: ³Archaeologists have @d many Roman roads in
Britain. ¸@®able ²/-Ebl/ ³adj ´capable of being @d ³(to). ¸@r ³n ¸1 ´person who
@sµ(2). ¸2 ´(often ·Ú³@r bullet/shell´) projectile whose course is made visible
by a line of flame or smoke left behind it. ¸Ú@r element, ´radioactive element
which, when introduced into sth, can be @d by the use of a Geiger counter.
¸trac®ing ³n ´reproduction (of a map, design, etc) made by tracingµ(2)´.
¸Útracing-paper ³n ¶[U] ´strong transparent paper on which tracings are made.¼
¨trace©3 ²/treIs/ ³n ¶[C] ´either of the leather straps, ropes, etc by which a
wagon, carriage, cart, etc is pulled by a horse. µ¥ ´the illus at µharness.
·kick over the @s, ´(fig) become undisciplined; refuse to accept control.¼
¨tracery© ²/ÚtreIsErI/ ³n ¶[C,U] ³(pl µ-ries³) ´ornamental
arrangement of designs (eÔg as made by frost on glass, or of stonework in a
church window); decorative pattern. µ¥ ´the illus at µwindow.¼
¨tra®chea© ²/trEÚkIE ³US: ²ÚtreIkIE/ ³n (pl µ@e ²/-kIi/³) ´(anat) windpipe. µ¥
´the illus at µrespiratory.¼
¨tra®choma© ²/trEÚkE8mE/ ³n ¶[U] ´contagious eye disease causing inflammation
of the inner surfaces of the eyelids.¼
¨track© ²/trak/ ³n ¶[C] ¸1 ´line or series of marks left by a
vehicle, person, animal, etc in passing along; path or rough road made by
persons/animals: ³@s in the snow´, eÔg footprints; ³follow the @s left by a
bear; ·Ú³sheep-@s across the moor; a @ through the forest. ·be on sb's @/on the
@ of sb, ´be in pursuit of: ³The police are on the @ of the thief. I'm on his
@. ·cover up one's @s, ´conceal one's movements or activities. ·go
off/keep to the beaten @, µ¥ beaten. ·have a *one-@ Úmind, ´habitually follow
the same line of thought; give all one's attention to one topic. ·keep/lose @
of sb/sth, ´keep in/lose touch with; follow/fail to follow the course or
development of: ³read the newspapers to keep @ of current events. ·make @s,
´(colloq) depart (usu in a hurry); run away. ·make @s for, ´(colloq) go
towards: ³It's time we made @s for home. ·in one's @s, ´(sl) where one stands,
there and then: ³He fell dead in his @s. ·off the @, ´(fig) away from the
subject; following a wrong line of action. ·go off/keep to the
beaten @, µ¥ beaten. ¸2 ´course; line taken by sth (whether marked or not):
³the @ of a storm/comet/spacecraft. ¸3 ´set of rails for trains, etc:
³single/double @´, one pair/two pairs of rails: ³The train left the @´, was
derailed. ·on/from the wrong side of the @s, ´(US) ´on/from the part of a town
that is socially inferior, the part lived in by poor people. ¸4 ´path prepared
for racing (eÔg made of cinders, clinkers, etc): ³a
·Ú³motor-racing/·Ú³cycling/·Ú³running @´; ³(attrib) ·Ú³@-racing; ·Ú³@ events´,
eÔg running races, contrasted with field events such as jumping, throwing the
discus. ¸Ú@ suit ³n ´loose-fitting warm suit worn by an athlete while not
taking part in @ events. ¸5 ´endless belt used instead of wheels on some
tractors, military tanks, etc. ¹ ³vt ¸1 ¶[VP6A,15A,B] ´follow the @ of: ³@ an
animal to its den. ¸Ú@®ing station ³n ´one which, by radar or radio, maintains
contact with space-vehicles, etc. ·@ sb/sth down, ´find by searching: ³@ down
a bear/a reference. ·@ out, ´trace (the course or development of sth) by
examining @s. ¸2 ´(cinema, TÔV) move a camera (mounted on a mobile platform)
while taking a long shot (called ³a ·Ú³@ing shot´). ¸@ed ³adj ´having @sµ(5)´:
³@ed vehicles. ¸@er ³n ´person, esp a hunter, who @s wild animals. ¸Ú@er dog,
´dog used in pursuing persons escaping from justice. ¸@®less ³adj ´having no
@sµ(1): ³@less forests.¼
¨tract©1 ²/trakt/ ³n ¸1 ´stretch or area (³of ´forest, farmland,
etc): ³the wide @s of desert in N Africa. ¸2 ´system of related parts in an
animal body: ³the di·Ú³gestive/re·Ú³spiratory @.¼
¨tract©2 ²/trakt/ ³n ´short printed essay on sth, esp a moral or religious
subject.¼
¨tract®able© ²/ÚtraktEbl/ ³adj ´easily controlled or guided. ¸trac®ta®bil®ity
²/*traktEÚbIlEtI/ ³n¼
¨trac®tion© ²/Útrak2n/ ³n ¶[U] ´(power used in) pulling or drawing sth over a
surface: ³electric/steam @. ¸Ú@-engine ³n ´engine used for pulling heavy
loads.¼
¨trac®tor© ²/ÚtraktE(r)/ ³n ´powerful motor-vehicle used for pulling
agricultural machinery (ploughs, drills, etc), or other heavy equipment. µ¥
´the illus at µplough.¼
¨trad© ²/trad/ ³n ¶[U] ´(colloq abbr of) traditional; (esp) jazz (of the 1920's
and 1930's) played by a small group with simple rhythms and much
improvisation.¼
¨trade©1 ²/treId/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´buying and selling of goods; exchange of goods
for money or other goods; ¶[C] ´particular branch of this: ³Great Britain does
a lot of @ with some countries and not much with others. T@ was good last
year. He's in the ·Ú³cotton/·Ú³furniture/·Ú³book, etc @. ¸*stock-in-Ú@, µ¥
stock±1µ(1). ¸the @, ´(colloq) those engaged in the manufacture and sale of
a certain commodity. ¸Ú@®mark ³n ´design, special name, etc used to distinguish
a manufacturer's goods from others; (fig) distinguishing characteristics: ³He
leaves his @mark on all his undertakings. ¸Ú@ name ³n ´name given by
manufacturers to a proprietary article. ¸Ú@ price ³n ´the price charged by a
manufacturer or wholesaler to a retailer. ¸*@(s)-Úunion ³n ´organized
association of workers in a @ or group of @s, formed to protect their
interests, improve their conditions, etc. ¸*@-Úunionism ³n ¶[U] ´this system of
association. ¸*@-Úunionist ³n ´member of a @-union. ¸T@s Union Congress, ´(abbr
¸TÔUÔC´) association of British @ unions. ¸Ú@-wind ³n ´strong wind blowing
always towards the equator from the SÔE and NÔE. ¸the T@s, ´these winds. ¸2
´occupation; way of making a living, esp a handicraft: ³He's a
weaver/mason/carpenter/tailor by @. Shoemaking is a useful @. The college
teaches many useful @s. ¸Ú@s®folk, Ú@s®people ³nn ´persons engaged in @;
shopkeepers (and their families). ¸Ú@s®man ²/-zmEn/ ³n (pl µ-men³)
´shopkeeper.¼
¨trade©2 ²/treId/ ³vi,vt ¸1 ¶[VP2A,C,3A] ·@ (in) (with), ´engage in
tradeµ(1)´; buy and sell: ³@ in furs and skins; ships that @ between London and
ports in the Mediterranean. ³Britain @s with many European countries.
¸Útrad®ing estate, ´(usu large) planned industrial area rented to
manufacturers. ¸Útrad®ing stamp, ´(= gift coupon) coupon given to customers
with purchases, exchangeable for various articles or cash. ¸2 ¶[VP14] ·@ sth
for sth, ´exchange; barter: ³The boy @d his knife for a cricket bat. ¸3
¶[VP15B] ·@ sth in, ´hand over (a used article) in part payment for a new
purchase: ³He @d in his old car for a new model. ´Hence, ¸Ú@-in ³n ¶[C] ´sth
sold in this way. ¸4 ¶[VP3A] ·@ on/upon, ´take a wrong advantage of, use, in
order to get sth for oneself: ³@ upon sb's sympathy; @ upon one's past
reputation. ¸5 ´(US) shop: ³Which stores do you @ at, ´do your shopping?
¸@r ³n ´merchant.¼
¨tra®di®tion© ²/trEÚdI2n/ ³n ¶[U] ´(handing down from generation to
generation of) opinions, beliefs, customs, etc; ¶[C] ´opinion, belief, custom,
etc handed down: ³The stories of Robin Hood are based mainly on @(s). It is a
@ in that family for the eldest son to enter the army and for the second son
to become a lawyer. ¸@al ²/-2Enl/ ³adj ¸@®ally ²/-2EnElI/ ³adv ¸@®al®ism
²/-2EnElIzEm/ ³n ´(excessive) respect for @, esp in religious matters.
¸@®al®ist ²/-2EnElIst/ ³n ´person who attaches great importance to @.¼
¨tra®duce© ²/trEÚdjus ³US: ²-Údus/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´(formal) slander. ¸tra®ducer ³n
´slanderer.¼
¨traf®fic© ²/ÚtrafIk/ ³n ¶[U] ¸1 ´(movement of) people and vehicles along roads
and streets, of aircraft in the sky: ³There was a lot of/not much @ on
the roads yesterday. T@ in large towns is controlled by @ lights. The @
control tower at an airport uses radar screens. ¸Ú@ circle, ´(US) ´=
µroundabout. ¸Ú@ indicator ´= µtrafficator. ¥ ´the illus at µmotor. ¸Ú@ jam,
´condition in which many road vehicles are prevented from moving forward.
¸Ú@ light(s), ´mechanical signal controlling road @ (esp at junctions) by
coloured lights (red, amber, green). ¸Ú@ warden, µ¥ warden. ¸2 ´transport
business done by road, rail, ship, air, etc. ¸3 ´illicit trading: ³the @ in
liquor; illegal drug @. ¹ vi µ(-ck-) ¶[VP3A] ·@ in sth (with sb), ´trade: ³@ in
hides (with«). ¸traf®ficker ³n ´(usu in a bad sense) trader: ³a ·Ú³drug @ker.¼
¨traf®fi®ca®tor© ²/ÚtrafIkeItE(r)/ ³n ´device (usu a flickering amber light)
used on a motor-vehicle to indicate the direction in which the vehicle is
about to turn.¼
¨tra®gedy© ²/ÚtradZEdI/ ³n (pl µ-dies³) ¸1 ¶[C] ´play for the theatre, cinema,
TÔV, of a serious or solemn kind, with a sad ending; ¶[U] ´branch of the drama
with this kind of play. ¸2 ¶[C,U] ´very sad event, action, experience, etc, in
real life. ¸tra®gedian ²/trEÚdZidIEn/ ³n ´writer of, actor in, @.
¸tra®gedi®enne ²/trE*dZidIÚen/ ³n ´actress in @.¼
¨tra®gic© ²/ÚtradZIk/ ³adj ´of tragedy: ³a @ actor/event. ¸tragi®cally ²/-klI/
³adv¼
¨tragi-com®edy© ²/*tradZIÚkomEdI/ ³n (pl µ-dies³) ´drama, event, that is a
mixture of tragedy and comedy. ¸*tragi-Úcomic ²/ÚkomIk/ ³adj¼
¨trail© ²/treIl/ ³n ¶[C] ¸1 ´line, mark or series of marks, drawn or left
behind by sb or sth that has passed by: ³a @ of smoke, ´(from a railway
steam-engine); ³vapour @s, ´as left in the sky by high-flying aircraft; ³a @
of destruction´, eÔg left by a violent storm. ³The wounded tiger left a @ of
blood. ¸2 ´track or scent followed in hunting. ·hot on the @ (of), ´(lit
or fig) close behind. ¸3 ´path through rough country. ·blaze a @, µ¥ blaze±3µ.
³¹ vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A,15A,B,2A,C] ´pull, be pulled, along: ³The child was @ing a
toy cart. Her long skirt was @ing along/on the floor. ¸2 ¶[VP6A,15A] ´follow
the @ of: ³@ a wild animal/a criminal. ¸3 ¶[VP2C] ´(of plants) grow over or
along the ground, etc: ³roses @ing over the walls; ´(of persons) walk wearily:
³The wounded soldiers @ed past us. The tired children @ed along behind their
father. ¸@er ³n ¸1 ´transport-vehicle hauled by a tractor or truck; van or
caravan drawn by a motor-vehicle (used for living in when parked). ¸2 ´@ing
plant. ¸3 ´series of short extracts from a cinema or TÔV film to advertise it
in advance.¼
¨train©1 ²/treIn/ ³n ¸1 ¶[C] ´(locomotive and) number of railway
coaches, wagons, etc joined together: ·Ú³passenger/·Ú³goods/·Ú³freight @s;
take the 1.15aÔm @ to town; travel by @; get into/out of a @; get on/off a @;
have lunch on the @. The @ is in/is waiting´, is at the station. ³He
missed/just caught his @. ¸Ú@ ferry, ´for carrying @s over water (eÔg from
England to France). ¸Ú@®man ²/-mEn/ ³n (pl µ-men³) ´(US) member of the crew
operating a @. ¸2 ´number of persons, animals, carriages, etc, moving in a
line: ³a @ of camels; the ·Ú³baggage @; persons in the king's @´, in his
retinue of attendants. ¸3 ´series or chain: ³A knock at the door interrupted
my @ of thought. What an unlucky @ of events! War often brings disease in its
@. ¸4 ´part of a long dress or robe that trails on the ground behind the
wearer. ¸Ú@-bearer ³n ´attentant who holds up, or helps to hold up, such a @.
¸5 ´line of gunpowder leading to a place where material has been placed for an
explosion (eÔg in a mine), to be lit at a safe distance. ·in @, ´in
readiness; being prepared.¼
¨train©2 ²/treIn/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A,14,17,2C,3A] ·@ (for), ´give
teaching and practice to (eÔg a child, a soldier, an animal) in order to bring
to a desired standard of behaviour, efficiency or physical condition: ³@
children to be good citizens; @ a horse for a race/performing seals for a
circus. Very little escapes his @ed eye. He was @ed for the law/to be a
lawyer. ³There is a shortage of @ed nurses. They are @ing for the boat-race.
¸2 ¶[VP6A,15A] ´cause to grow in a required direction: ³@ roses against/over a
wall. ¸3 ¶[VP6A,14] ·@ sth on/upon sth, ´point, aim: ³@ a gun upon the enemy's
positions. ¸@ee ²/treIÚni/ ³n ´person undergoing some form of (usu industrial)
@ing. ¸@er ³n ¸1 ´person who @s (esp athletes, horses for races, animals for
the circus, etc). ¸2 ´aircraft used for @ing pilots. ¸@®ing ³n ¶[U] ´@ing or
being @ed. ·in/out of @ing, ´in/not in good physical condition (eÔg for
athletic contests). ·go into @ing, ´@ oneself. ¸Ú@®ing-college ³n ´college
for @ing people for a trade, profession, etc. ¸Ú@®ing-ship ³n ´one for @ing
boys in seamanship.¼
¨traipse© ²/treIps/ ³vi ¶[VP2A,B,C] ´(colloq) walk wearily: ³@ round the shops
buying food for the family.¼
¨trait© ²/treIt/ ³n ¶[C] ´distinguishing quality or characteristic:
³Two @s in the American character are generosity and energy.¼
¨trai®tor© ²/ÚtreItE(r)/ ³n ·@ (to), ´person who betrays a friend, is disloyal
to a cause, his country, etc. ·turn @, ´become a @. ¸@®ous ²/-Es/ ³adj
´treacherous; of or like a @: ³@ous conduct. ¸@®ous®ly ³adv ¸trai®tress
²/ÚtreItrIs/ ³n ´woman @.¼
¨tra®jec®tory© ²/trEÚdZektErI/ ³n (pl µ-ries³) ´curved path of a projectile
(eÔg a bullet, missile).¼
¨tram© ²/tram/ ³n ¸1 ´(also ¸Ú@-car ´or ·Ú³trolley-bus´) electric car
used for public transport, running on rails along public streets (US =
·Ú³street-car ´or ·Ú³trolley-car). ¸Ú@®line ³n ´line of rails for @s; route
served by @s. ¸2 ´four-wheeled car used in coalmines.¼
¨tram®mel© ²/Útraml/ ³vt µ(-ll-, ´US µ-l-) ¶[VP6A] ´hamper; make
progress difficult. ¹ ³n pl ¸@s, ´sth that @s: ³the @s of
routine/etiquette/superstition.¼
¨tramp© ²/tramp/ ³vi,vt ¸1 ¶[VP2A,C] ´walk with heavy steps: ³He @ed up and
down the platform waiting for the train. ¸2 ¶[VP2A,B,C,6A] ´walk through or
over (esp for a long distance): ³@ through the mountains of Wales; @ over the
moors. They @ed (for) miles and miles/@ed all day. He enjoys @ing the hills. ¹
n ¸1 ·the @ of, ´sound of heavy footsteps: ³I heard the @ of marching soldiers.
¸2 ´long walk: ³go for a @ in the country. ¸3 ´person (usu homeless) who goes
from place to place and does no regular work: ³There's a @ at the door begging
for food. ¸4 Ú@(-steamer), ´cargo boat which goes to any port(s) where cargo
can be picked up.¼
¨trample© ²/Útrampl/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A,15B] ·@ sth (down), ´tread heavily on
with the feet; crush under the feet: ³The children have @d (down) the
flowers/@d the grass down. You wouldn't like to be @d to death by elephants.
¸2 ¶[VP3A] ·@ on, ´tread heavily on: ³@ on sb's toes/feelings. ¸3 ¶[VP2C] ·@
about, ´walk about heavily. ¹ ³n ´sound, act, of trampling.¼
¨tram®po®line© ²/ÚtrampElin/ ³n ¶[C] ´sheet of strong canvas on a spring
frame, used by gymnasts for acrobatic leaps.¼
¨trance© ²/trqns ³US: ²trans/ ³n ¸1 ´sleep-like condition:
³be/fall/go into a @. ¸2 ´abnormal, dreamy state; hypnotic state: ³send sb
into a @.¼
¨tran®quil© ²/ÚtraGkwIl/ ³adj ´calm; quiet: ³a @ life in the country. ¸@ly
²/-wIlI/ ³adv ¸@®lity ´(US also ¸@®ity´) ²/traGÚkwIlEtI/ ³n ¶[U] ´@ state.
¸@®lize ´(US also ¸@®ize´) ²/-ñIz/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´make @ (esp by means of a
drug). ¸@®li®zer ´(US also ¸@®izer´) ³n ´drug that @lizes; sedative.¼
¨trans-© ²/tranz-/ ³pref µ¥ App 3.¼
¨trans®act© ²/tranÚzakt/ ³vt ¶[VP6A,14] ·@ sth (with sb), ´conduct,
carry through (business, etc with sb).¼
¨trans®ac®tion© ²/tranÚzak2n/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ·the @ of, ´transacting: ³the @ of
business. ¸2 ¶[C] ´piece of business: ³cash @s; the bank's @s in
stocks and shares. ¸3 ³(pl) ´(records of the) proceedings of (esp a learned
society, eÔg its meetings, lectures): ³the @s of the Kent Archaeological
Society.¼
¨trans®al®pine© ²/tranÚzalpñIn/ ³n, adj ´(person living) beyond the Alps (esp
as viewed from Italy).¼
¨trans®at®lan®tic© ²/*tranzEtÚlantIk/ ³adj ´beyond the Atlantic; crossing the
Atlantic: ³a @ voyage/flight; ´concerning (countries on) both sides of the
Atlantic: ³a @ treaty/trade agreement.¼
¨tran®scend© ²/tranÚsend/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´go or be beyond or outside the range of
(human experience, reason, belief, powers of description, etc).¼
¨tran®scen®dent© ²/tranÚsendEnt/ ³adj ´surpassing; excelling: ³a man of @
genius. ¸tran®scen®dence ²/-dEns/, ¸tran®scen®dency ²/-dEnsI/ ³nn¼
¨tran®scen®den®tal© ²/*transenÚdentl/ ³adj ¸1 ´not based on experience or
reason; going beyond human knowledge; that cannot be discovered or understood
by practical experience; known by intuition. µ¥ empirical. ¸2 ´(colloq) vague;
not clear to ordinary minds. ¸@ly ²/-tElI/ ³adv ¸@®ism ²/-tElIzEm/ ³n ¶[U] ´@
philosophy; doctrine that knowledge may be obtained by a study of the mental
processes, apart from experience. ¸@®ist ²/-tElIst/ ³n ´believer in @ism.¼
¨trans®con®ti®nen®tal© ²/*tranzkontIÚnentl/ ³adj ´crossing a continent: ³a @
railway.¼
¨tran®scribe© ²/tranÚskrñIb/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´copy in writing, esp write (sth) in
full from shorthand notes. ¸tran®script ²/ÚtranskrIpt/ ³n ¶[C] ´sth @d.
¸tran®scrip®tion ²/tranÚskrIp2n/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´transcribing: ³errors in
transcription. ¸2 ¶[C] ´sth @d, esp into a special form of writing: ³phonetic
transcriptions. ¸3 ´(broadcast made from a) recording (on a disc or tape):
³the BÔBÔC transcription service.¼
¨tran®sept© ²/Útransept/ ³n ¶[C] ´(archit) (either end of the)
transverse part of a cross-shaped church: ³the north/south @ of the cathedral.
µ¥ ´the illus at µchurch.¼
¨trans®fer©1 ²/Útransf3(r)/ ³n ¶[C,U] ´(instance of) transferring; document
that transfers sth or sb; drawing, plan, etc transferred from one surface to
another; ticket that allows a passenger to continue his journey on another
bus, etc. ¸Ú@ fee, ´sum paid for a @ (esp of a professional footballer to
another club).¼
¨trans®fer©2 ²/transÚf3(r)/ ³vt,vi µ(-rr-) ¶[VP6A,14,3A] ·@ (sb/sth) (from)
(to), ¸1 ´change position, move: ³The head office has been @red from York to
London. He has been @red from the Manchester branch to the London branch. The
dog has @red its affection to its new master. ¸2 ´hand over the possession of
(property, etc to): ³@ rights to sb. ¸3 ´convey (a drawing, design, pattern,
etc) from one surface to another (eÔg from a wooden surface to canvas). ¸4
´change from one train, bus, etc to another; move from one occupation,
position, etc to another: ³He has @red from the warehouse to the accounts
office. ¸@®able ²/-Ebl/ ³adj ´that can be @red: ³@able accounts´, of money that
may be @red from one currency to another. ³Railway tickets are not @able.
¸@®abil®ity ²/*trans*f3rEÚbIlEtI/ ³n ¶[U]. ¸@®ence ²/ÚtransfErEns ³US:
²transÚf3rEns/ ³n ´@ing or being @red, esp from one job to another.¼
¨trans®fig®ure© ²/transÚfIgE(r) ³US: ²-gjEr/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´change the shape and
appearance of, esp so as to make glorious, exalted or idealized.
¸trans®figur®ation ²/*transfIgEÚreI2n ³US: ²-gjEÚr-/ ³n ¶[U,C] ´change of this
sort, esp ¸the Transfiguration, ´that of Jesus, as described in the Bible. µ¥
Matt 17.¼
¨trans®fix© ²/transÚfIks/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ¸1 ´pierce through: ³@ a leopard with a
spear. ¸2 ´cause (sb) to be unable to move, speak, think, etc; paralyse the
faculties of: ³He stood @ed with fear/horror/amazement.¼
¨trans®form© ²/transÚfcm/ ³vt ¶[VP6A,14] ·@ sth (into sth), ´change the shape,
appearance, quality or nature of: ³Success and wealth @ed his character. A
steam-engine @s heat into energy. A caterpillar is @ed into a butterfly.
¸@®able ²/-Ebl/ ³adj ´that can be @ed. ¸trans®form®ation ²/*transfEÚmeI2n/ ³n
¶[U] ´@ing or being @ed; ¶[C] ´instance of this: ³His character has undergone
a @ation since his brain operation. ¸@er ³n ´sb or sth that @s, esp apparatus
that increases or decreases the voltage of an electric power supply.¼
¨trans®fuse© ²/transÚfjuz/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´transfer (sth, esp the blood of one
person to another). ¸trans®fusion ²/transÚfjuZn/ ³n ¶[U] ´act or process of
transfusing; ¶[C] ´instance of this: ³The injured man was given a ·Ú³blood
transfusion.¼
¨trans®gress© ²/tranzÚgres/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A] ´go beyond (a limit
or bound): ³@ the bounds of decency. ¸2 ¶[VP6A] ´break (a law, treaty,
agreement). ¸3 ¶[VP2A] ´sin; offend against a moral principle. ¸trans®gress®ion
²/tranzÚgre2n/ ³n ¶[U] ´@ing; ¶[C] ´instance of this; sin. ¸@or ²/-sE(r)/ ³n
´person who @es; sinner.¼
¨tran®si®ent© ²/ÚtranzIEnt ³US: ²Útran2nt/ ³adj ´lasting for a short time
only; brief: ³@ happiness; a @ success. ¹ n ´(US) guest (in a hotel,
boarding-house, etc) who is not a permanent resident. ¸tran®si®ence ²/-Ens/,
¸tran®si®ency ²/-nsI/ ³nn¼
¨tran®sis®tor© ²/tranÚzIstE(r)/ ³n ¶[C] ¸1 ´small electronic
device, often used in place of a thermionic valve, used in radio sets, hearing
aids and other kinds of electronic apparatus: (attrib) ³a portable @ (set). ¸2
´@ set; @ radio. ¸@®ized ²/-ñIzd/ ³adj ´fitted with @s instead of valves: ³a
@ized computer.¼
¨tran®sit© ²/ÚtransIt/ ³n ¶[U] ¸1 ´conveying or being conveyed, across, over or
through: ³goods lost/delayed in @´, while being carried from one place to
another. ¸Ú@ camp, ´one for the use of persons (eÔg refugees, soldiers) who are
in @ from one place to another. ¸Ú@ visa, ´visa allowing passage through (but
not a stay in) a country. ¸2 ´apparent passage of a heavenly body, eÔg a
planet, across the disc of another one, eÔg of Venus across the sun.¼
¨tran®si®tion© ²/tranÚzI2n/ ³n ¶[C,U] ´changing, change, from one condition or
set of circumstances to another: ³the period of @ in Africa´, eÔg when
colonial countries there were becoming self-governing states. ³Adolescence is
the @ period/the period of @ between childhood and adulthood. The frequent @s
from cold to warm weather this spring have caused much illness. ¸@al ²/-2Enl/
³adj ¸@®ally ²/-2EnElI/ ³adv¼
¨tran®si®tive© ²/ÚtransEtIv/ ³adj ´(gram) (of a verb) taking a direct object.
¸@®ly ³adv¼
¨tran®si®tory© ²/ÚtransItrI ³US: ²-tcrI/ ³adj ´transient.¼
¨trans®late© ²/tranzÚleIt/ ³vt ¶[VP6A,14] ·@ sth (from) (into), ¸1 ´give the
meaning of (sth said or written) in another language: ³@ an English book into
French; @d from (the) Italian. The poems don't @ well. ¸2 ´remove (a bishop) to
a different see; (in the Bible) take to heaven without death. ¸trans®lat®able
²/-Ebl/ ³adj ¸trans®la®tor ²/-tE(r)/ ³n ´person who @s (esp sth written). Cf
³interpreter ´for sth spoken.
¸trans®la®tion ²/-ÚleI2n/ ³n ¶[U] ´translating: ³errors in translation; ¶[C]
´sth @d: ³make/do a translation into French.¼
¨trans®lit®er®ate© ²/tranzÚlItEreIt/ ³vt ¶[VP6A,14] ·@ sth (into), ´write (a
word, passage) in the characters of a different language or system: ³@ Greek
into Roman letters; @ English words into phonetic symbols. ¸trans®lit®er®ation
²/*tranzlItEÚreI2n/ ³n ¶[C,U] ´transliterating; sth @d.¼
¨trans®lu®cent© ²/tranzÚlusnt/ ³adj ´allowing light to pass through
but not transparent (as ordinary glass is): ³Frosted glass is @.
¸trans®lu®cence ²/-sns/, ¸trans®lu®cency ²/-snsI/ ³nn¼
¨trans®mi®gra®tion© ²/*tranzmñIÚgreI2n/ ³n ¶[U] ´migration; (esp) ·@ of the
soul, ´the passing of the soul at death into another body.¼
¨trans®mission© ²/tranzÚmI2n/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´transmitting or being
transmitted: ³the @ of news/disease/a radio or TÔV programme. ¸2 ¶[C] ´clutch,
gears and drive which transmit power from the engine to (usu) the rear axle
(of a motor-vehicle).¼
¨trans®mit© ²/tranzÚmIt/ ³vt µ(-tt-) ¶[VP6A,14] ·@ sth (to), ¸1 ´pass or hand
on; send on: ³@ a message by radio; @ a disease. Parents @ some of their
characteristics to their children. ¸2 ´allow through or along: ³Iron @s heat.
¸@®ter ³n ´sb or sth that @s, esp (part of a) telegraph or radio apparatus for
sending out signals, messages, music, etc.¼
¨trans®mog®rify© ²/tranzÚmogrIfñI/ ³vt (pt,pp µ-fied³) ¶[VP6A] ´cause to change
completely in appearance or character, esp in a magical or surprising way.
¸trans®mog®ri®fi®ca®tion ²/*tranzmogrIfIÚkeI2n/ ³n¼
¨trans®mute© ²/tranzÚmjut/ ³vt ¶[VP6A,14] ·@ sth (into), ´change the shape,
nature or substance of: ³We cannot @ base metals into gold. ¸trans®mut®able
²/-Ebl/ ³adj ´that can be @d. ¸trans®mu®ta®tion ²/*tranzmjuÚteI2n/ ³n¼
¨trans®oceanic© ²/*tranz*E82IÚanIk/ ³adj ´beyond or crossing an ocean: ³the @
migrations of birds.¼
¨tran®som© ²/ÚtransEm/ ³n ´horizontal bar of wood over the top of a door or
window. ¸Ú@(-window), ´hinged window over a door or other window; (US)
fanlight.¼
¨trans®par®ent© ²/transÚparnt/ ³adj ¸1 ´allowing light to pass through so that
objects (or at least their outlines) behind can be distinctly seen: ³@
window-panes; @ silk. µ¥ translucent. ¸2 ´about which there can be no mistake
or doubt: ³a @ lie; a man of @ honesty. ¸3 ´clear; easily understood: ³a @
style of writing. ¸@®ly ³adv ¸trans®par®ence ²/-rEns/ ³n ¶[U] ´state of being
@. ¸trans®par®ency ²/-rEnsI/ ³n (pl µ-cies³) ¸1 ¶[U] ´= ³transparence. ¸2 ¶[C]
´diagram, picture, etc (usu in a frame) on photographic film, made visible by
light behind it (so that it may be projected on to a screen).¼
¨tran®spire© ²/tranÚspñIE(r)/ ³vi,vt ¸1 ¶[VP2A] ´(of an event, a
secret) become public; come to be known: ³It @d that the President had spent
the weekend golfing. ¸2 ¶[VP2A] ´(colloq) happen. ¸3 ¶[VP6A] ´(of the body,
plants) give off, pass off (moisture, vapour). ¸tran®spi®ra®tion
²/*transpIÚreI2n/ ³n ´transpiringµ(3)´; loss of water vapour, eÔg from the
surface of leaves.¼
¨trans®plant© ²/transÚplqnt ³US: ²-Úplant/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A,2A] ´take up
(plants, etc) with their roots and plant in another place: ³@ young cabbage
plants. Some seedlings do not @ well. ¸2 ´transfer (tissue, or an organ, eÔg a
heart or kidney) from one body to another. ¸3 ¶[VP6A] ´(fig, of people) move
from one place to another. ¹ ³n ²/Útransplqnt ³US: ²-plant/ ´instance of
@ingµ(2)´: ³a ·Ú³kidney @. ¸trans®plan®ta®tion ²/*transplqnÚteI2n ³US:
²-plan-/ ³n¼
¨trans®po®lar© ²/*tranzÚpE8lE(r)/ ³adj ´across the polar regions: ³@ flights
from London to Tokyo.¼
¨trans®port©1 ²/Útranspct/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´conveying or being conveyed; means of
conveyance: ³the @ of troops by air; road @; water-borne @´, by ship. ³My car
is being repaired so I am without @/without means of @ at present. ¸2 ´(attrib)
of or for carrying, conveying: ³London's @ system; @ charges. ¸Ú@ caf_e, ´one
used by long-distance lorry drivers, etc. ¸3 ¶[C] ¸(Útroop-)@, ´ship or
aircraft for carrying troops and supplies. ¸4 ´(often ³pl´) ·in a @/in @s of,
´(liter) filled with, carried away by, strong feelings of (delight, rage,
etc).¼
¨trans®port©2 ²/tranÚspct/ ³vt ¸1 ¶[VP6A,15A] ´carry (goods,
persons) from one place to another: ³@ goods by lorry. ¸2 ¶[VP6A,15A] ´(hist)
send (a criminal) to a distant colony as a punishment: ³@ed to Australia. ¸3
·be @ed with, ´(liter) be ´overcome with, carried away by (strong emotion): ³On
hearing of the victory, the nation was @ed with joy. ¸@®able ²/-Ebl/ ³adj ´that
can be @ed or conveyed. ¸trans®por®ta®tion ²/*transpcÚteI2n/ ³n ¶[U] ´@ing or
being @ed: ³The criminal was sentenced to @ation for life.¼
¨trans®porter© ²/tranÚspctE(r)/ ³n ´person or thing that transports, eÔg a
travelling crane, or a long vehicle for carrying motor-vehicles from a factory,
or a conveyor belt. ¸Ú@ bridge, ´bridge with a movable deck or car
used to convey passengers and goods from one end to the other.¼
¨trans®pose© ²/tranÚspE8z/ ³vt ¶[VP6A,14] ¸1 ´cause (two or more things) to
change places. ¸2 ´(music) put into another key. ¸trans®po®si®tion
²/*transpEÚzI2n/ ³n ¶[C,U] ´transposing or being @d.¼
¨trans®sexual© ²/tranzÚsek28El/ ³n ´(psych) ´person who belongs physically to
one sex, but who feels psychologically that he belongs to the other sex; person
who has had a surgical operation, medical treatment, etc, to modify his sexual
organs, etc, so that he physically resembles the other sex.¼
¨trans®ship© ²/tranÚ2Ip/ ³vt µ(-pp-) ¶[VP6A] ´transfer from one ship or
conveyance to another. ¸@®ment ³n¼
¨tran®sub®stan®ti®ation© ²/*transEb*stan2IÚeI2n/ ³n ´(RÔC Church) doctrine that
the bread and wine in the Eucharist are changed into the body and blood of
Christ.¼
¨trans®verse© ²/Útranzv3s/ ³adj ´lying or placed across: ³a @ engine´, one
placed parallel, instead of at right angles, to the axles of a car. ¸@®ly ³adv¼
¨trans®vest®ism© ²/tranzÚvestIzEm/ ³n ¶[U] ´(psych) practice of dressing
in clothing of the other sex. ¸trans®ves®tite ²/-tñIt/ ³n ´person who practises
@.¼
¨trap© ²/trap/ ³n ¸1 ´device for catching animals, etc: ³a
·Ú³fly-@; a ·Ú³mouse-@; caught in a @´; (fig) plan for deceiving sb; trick or
device to make sb say or do sth he does not wish to do or say: ³The employer
set a @ for the man by putting marked money in the till. Our soldiers
pretended to run away and the enemy, in pursuing them, fell into a @. ¸2
µU´-shaped or other section of a drain-pipe which retains liquid and so
prevents return flow of sewer gas (eÔg under the pan of a lavatory). ¸3
´light, two-wheeled vehicle pulled by a horse or pony. ¸4 *@(Ú-door), ´hinged
door or opening in roof, ceiling, floor or the stage of a theatre. ¸5 ´(sl)
mouth: ³Shut your @! ¸6 ´device (eÔg a box) from which an animal or object can
be released, eÔg greyhounds at the start of a race, or clay pigeons, balls,
etc. ¸Ú@-shooting, ´the sport of shooting at clay pigeons or balls released by
springs into the air. ¹ ³vt µ(-pp-) ¶[VP6A,15A] ´take in a @; capture by a
trick. ¸@®per ³n ´person who @s animals, esp fur-bearing animals.¼
¨tra®peze© ²/trEÚpiz ³US: ²tra-/ ³n ´horizontal bar or rod
supported by two ropes, used by acrobats and for gymnastic exercises.¼
¨tra®pezium© ²/trEÚpizIEm/ ³n (pl µ@s³) ´(geom) (GB) four-sided figure having
only two sides parallel; (US) = ³trapezoid. µ¥ ´the illus at µquadrilateral.¼
¨trap®ezoid© ²/ÚtrapIzãId/ ³n ´(geom) (GB) four-sided figure having no sides
parallel; (US) = ³trapezium. µ¥ parallelogram. µ¥ ´the illus at
µquadrilateral.¼
¨trap®pings© ²/ÚtrapIGz/ ³n pl ´(fig) ornaments or decorations, esp as a sign
of public office: ³He had all the @ of high office but very little power.¼
¨Trap®pist© ²/ÚtrapIst/ ³n ´member of an order of monks noted for refraining
from speaking and for other austerities.¼
¨trash© ²/tra2/ ³n ¶[U] ¸1 ´worthless material or writing. ¸2 ´(US)
rubbish; refuse: ³a ·Ú³@-can ´(GB = ³dustbin´). ¸@y ³adj ´worthless: ³@y
novels.¼
¨trauma© ²/ÚtrcmE ³US: ²Útrñ8mE/ ³n (pl µ@s ²/-mEz/³) ´(med) diseased condition
of the body produced by a wound or injury; (psych) emotional shock, often
leading to neurosis. ¸trau®matic ²/trcÚmatIk ³US: ²trñ8-/ ³adj ´of a wound or
injury; of or for the treatment of a wound or injury; (of an experience)
distressing and unforgettable.¼
¨tra®vail© ²/ÚtraveIl ³US: ²trEÚveIl/ ³n ¶[U] ¸1 ´(liter) laborious
effort. ¸2 ´(archaic) pains of childbirth.¼
¨travel© ²/Útravl/ ³vi,vt µ(-ll-, ´US µ-l-) ¸1 ¶[VP2A,B,C,4A] ´make a (esp
long) journey or journeys: ³go @ling; @ round the world; @ (for) thousands of
miles; (for) three months; @ (over) the whole world. ¸Ú@ agent, ³n ´person
who makes arrangements for @ing, by selling tickets, reserving accommodation,
etc. ·@ agency/bureau ³n ·@ling fellowship ³n ´grant of money for educational
@ing. .¸2 ¶[VP3A] ·@ (in sth) (for sb), ´go from place to place as a salesman:
³He @s in cotton goods. He @s ´(iÔe as a salesman) ³for a London publisher. ¸3
¶[VP2A,B,C] ´move; go: ³Light @s faster than sound. Cars are assembled as they
@ from one part of a workshop to another. ¸4 ¶[VP2C] ´pass from point to point:
³The general's eyes @led over the enemy's positions. Her mind @led over recent
events. ¸@®ling, ´(US = ¸@®ing´) ³n ¶[U] ´(esp attrib): ·Ú³@ling expenses; a
·Ú³@ling bag/dress´, used or designed for @ling. ¹ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´@ling: ³T@ was
slow and dangerous in olden days. He is fond of @. ¸Ú@ sickness ³n ¶[U] ´nausea
caused by the motion of @ling. ¸2 ´(in compounds) ¸Ú@-soiled/-stained/-worn,
´soiled, etc, by @. ¸3 ³(pl) ´journeys, esp abroad: ³write a book about one's
@s. ¸4 ´extent of the movement of a mechanical part, eÔg the shuttle of a loom.
¸@®led, ´(US = ¸@ed´) ³adj ¸1 ´having made many long journeys: ³a @led man. ¸2
´used by people who @: ³a much @led part of the country. ¸@®ler, ´(US = ¸@er´)
²/ÚtravlE(r)/ ³n ¸1 ´person on a journey. ¸Ú@ler's cheque ´(US ¸Ú@er's check´),
³n ´one issued by a bank, tourist agency, etc, for the convenience of @lers. ¸2
´(often ³commercial @ler´) @ling salesman. ¸trav®elogue ´(also ¸-log´)
²/ÚtravElog ³US: ²-lcg/ ³n ´film or lecture describing @s.¼
¨tra®verse© ²/Útrav3s ³US: ²trEÚv3s/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´travel across;
pass over: ³Searchlights @d the sky. The railway @s hundreds of miles of
desert. ¹ n ¶[C] ¸1 ´(mountaineering) sideways movement across the face of a
precipice, steep slope of ice, etc from one point where ascent or descent is
possible to another; place where this is necessary. ¸2 ´change of direction in
a trench to prevent the enemy from firing along it.¼
¨trav®esty© ²/ÚtravEstI/ ³n ¶[C] ³(pl µ-ties³) ´parody; imitation or
description (of sth) that is, often on purpose, unlike and inferior to the real
thing: ³His trial was a @ of justice. ¹ vt (pt,pp µ-tied³) ¶[VP6A] ´make or be
a @ of: ³@ a person's style of writing.¼
¨trawl© ²/trcl/ ³n ¶[C] ¸1 Ú@(-net), ´large wide-mouthed net to be dragged
along the sea-bottom. ¸2 ´(US) ¸Ú@ line ´(also ³setline´) long sea-fishing
line to which are attached many short lines with hooks. ¹ ³vi,vt ¶[VP2A] ´fish
with a @; ¶[VP6A] ´drag along the sea-bottom: ³@ a net. ¸@er ³n ´boat,
fisherman, that @s.¼
¨tray© ²/treI/ ³n ´flat piece of wood, metal, etc with raised edges, for
holding light articles, eÔg ³a ·Ú³pen-@´, or carrying things, eÔg ³a
·Ú³tea-@´; container on a writing-desk for papers, etc. ¸Úin-/Úout-tray, ´for
papers, letters, etc coming in/ready to go out.¼
¨treach®er®ous© ²/Útret2ErEs/ ³adj ¸1 ´false or disloyal (to a
friend, cause, etc). ¸2 ´deceptive; not to be relied upon: ³@ weather. The ice
is @´, appears to be strong but may break. ³My memory is @. ¸@®ly ³adv
¸treach®ery ²/Útret2ErI/ ³n (pl µ-ries³) ¶[U] ´being @; ³(pl) ´@ acts.¼
¨treacle© ²/Útrikl/ ³n ¶[U] ´thick, sticky, dark liquid produced while sugar
is being refined (US = ³molasses´). ¸treacly ²/ÚtrikElI/ ³adj ´like @; thick
and sweet; (fig) excessively sweet: ³treacly sentiments.¼
¨tread© ²/tred/ ³vi,vt (pt µtrod ²/trod/, ³pp µtrodden ²/Útrodn/ ´or µtrod³) ¸1
¶[VP2C,3A] ·@ (on sth), ´walk, put the foot or feet down (on): ³@ on sb's toes.
Don't @ on the flower beds. She trod lightly so as not to wake the baby.
·@ on air, ´be light-hearted and gay, transported with joy. ·@ on sb's
corns/toes, ´(fig) offend him. ·@ on sb's heels, ´(lit or fig) follow closely
after. ¸2 ¶[VP6A,15A,B] ·@ (out/down), ´stamp or crush; push (down, etc) with
the feet: ³@ out a fire in the grass; @ grapes´, when making wine; ³@ (out) the
juice from grapes; @ (down) the earth round the roots. ¸3 ¶[VP6A] ´make by
walking: ³The cattle had trodden a path to the pond. ¸4 ¶[VP6A] ´walk along:
(fig) ³@ a dangerous path´, follow a risky course of action; ³@ the boards´,
(rhet) be an actor; ³@ a measure, ´(archaic) dance. ·@ water, ´keep oneself
afloat in deep water by moving the feet up and down (as if working the pedals
of a bicycle). ¹ ³n ¸1 ´way or sound of walking: ³with a heavy/loud @. ¸2 ´part
of a step or stair on which the foot is placed. ¸Ú@-mill ³n ´appliance or
apparatus for producing circular motion by the movements of a person or animal
walking on the steps (or treads) of a wheel or a sloping endless belt (eÔg the
kind formerly used in prisons as a punishment); (fig) monotonous routine. ¸3
´grooved part of a tyre which touches the ground: ³Good @s minimize the risk
of skidding. µ¥ retread.¼
¨treadle© ²/Útredl/ ³n ´pedal or lever that drives a machine, eÔg a
lathe or sewing-machine, worked by pressure of the foot or feet. ¹ ³vi ¶[VP2A]
´work a @.¼
¨trea®son© ²/Útrizn/ ³n ¶[U] ´treachery to, betrayal of, one's country or
ruler; disloyalty; betrayal of trust. ¸@®ous ²/ÚtrizEnEs/, ¸@®able
²/ÚtrizEnEbl/ ³adjj ¸@®ably ²/-EblI/ ³adv¼
¨treas®ure© ²/ÚtreZE(r)/ ³n ¸1 ¶[C,U] ´(store of) gold and silver, jewels,
etc; wealth: ³The pirates buried their @. ¸Ú@-house ³n ´building where @ is
stored. ¸Ú@-trove ³n ¶[U] ´@ found hidden in the earth and of unknown
ownership. ¸2 ´highly valued object or person: ³The National Gallery has many
priceless ·Ú³art @s. She says her new secretary is a perfect @. My @! ´(as a
term of endearment). ¹ ³vt ¸1 ¶[VP6A,15B] ·@ sth (up), ´store for future use:
³@ memories of one's holiday in Thailand; @ sth up in one's memory. ¸2 ¶[VP6A]
´value highly: ³@ sb's friendship. He @s the watch his father gave him.
¸@r ²/ÚtreZErE(r)/ ³n ´person in charge of money, etc belonging to a club or
society.¼
¨treas®ury© ²/ÚtreZErI/ ³n (pl µ-ries³) ¸1 the T@, ´(in GB) department of State
controlling public revenue. ¸First Lord of the T@, ´the Prime Minister. ¸the
ÚT@ Board/Lords of the T@, ´officers in charge of public revenue (usu the
Prime Minister, the Chancellor of the Exchequer, and three others). ¸the ÚT@
Bench, ´bench in the House of Commons occupied by members of the Cabinet. ¸Ú@
bill, ´(GB) bill of exchange issued by the T@ to raise money for temporary
needs. ¸Ú@ note, ´currency note issued by the US T@; (formerly) currency note
issued by the British T@ (now replaced by Bank of England notes). ¸2 ´place
where funds are kept; funds of a society, organization, etc: ³The @ of our
tennis club is almost empty. ¸3 ´person, book, etc looked upon as containing
valuable information or as a valued source: ³This dictionary is a @ of
information.¼
¨treat© ²/Útrit/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP15A,16B] ·@ (as), ´act or behave
towards: ³He @s his wife badly. Don't @ me as (if I were) a child. You must @
them with more consideration. ¸2 ¶[VP16B] ·@ as, ´consider: ³We had better @ it
as a joke, ´instead of taking it seriously. ¸3 ¶[VP6A] ´discuss; deal with:
³The lecturer @ed his subject thoroughly. The problem has been @ed by numerous
experts. ¸4 ¶[VP3A] ·@ of, ´(formal) be about: ³The essay/lecture/book @s of
the progress of cancer research. ¸5 ¶[VP6A] ´give medical or surgical care to:
³Which doctors are @ing her for her illness? How would you @ a case of
rheumatism/@ sb ill with influenza? ¸6 ¶[VP6A] ´put (a substance) through a
process (in manufacture, etc): ³@ a substance with acid/wood with creosote. ¸7
¶[VP6A,14] ·@ sb/oneself (to sth), ´supply (food, drink, entertainment, etc) at
one's own expense (to): ³@ one's friends to oysters and champagne. I shall @
myself to a good weekend holiday. It's my turn to @ us today. ¸8 ¶[VP3A] ·@
with sb, ´discuss or arrange with him: ³@ with the enemy for peace. If we are
to @ with you, it must be on equal terms. ¹ n ¸1 ¶[C] ´sth that gives pleasure,
esp sth not often enjoyed or sth that comes unexpectedly: ³What a @ to get into
the peace and quiet of the country! It's a great @ for her to go to the
ballet. ¸2 ´act of @ingµ(7)´: ³This is to be my @´, I'm going to pay. ·stand @,
´(colloq) bear the expense of the entertainment.¼
¨treat®ise© ²/ÚtritIz ³US: ²-tIs/ ³n ·@ (on/upon), ´book, etc that
deals systematically with one subject: ³a @ on racial prejudice.¼
¨treat®ment© ²/ÚtritmEnt/ ³n ¶[C,U] ´(particular way of) treating sb or sth;
what is done to obtain a desired result: ³Is the @ of political prisoners
fair in your country? He soon recovered under the doctor's @. That dog has
suffered from cruel @. He has tried many @s for skin diseases. They are trying
a new @ for cancer. She is still under @ in hospital.¼
¨treaty© ²/ÚtritI/ ³n (pl µ-ties³) ¸1 ¶[C] ´formal agreement made and signed
between nations: ³a ·Ú³peace @; enter into a @ of commerce (with). ¸Ú@ port,
´one that a country is bound by @ to keep open for foreign trade. ¸2 ¶[U]
´agreement or negotiation between persons: ³be in @ with sb for«; sell a house
by private @´, instead of by public auction or other method.¼
¨treble©1 ²/Útrebl/ ³adj, n ´three times as much or many (as): ³He
earns @ my salary. ¸*@ Úchance, ´method of competing in football pools.
¹ ³vt,vi ¶[VP6A,2A] ´make or become @: ³He has @d his earnings/His earnings
have @d during the last few years.¼
¨treble©2 ²/Útrebl/ ³n ´(boy's voice with, instrument that takes, the) highest
part in a piece of music. ¸@ clef, µ¥ clef, ´and the illus at µnotation.¼
¨tree© ²/tri/ ³n ¸1 ´perennial plant with a single self-supporting trunk of
wood with (usu) no branches for some distance above the ground: ³cut down @s
for timber. µ¥ bush, shrub. ·at the top of the @, ´at the top of one's
profession. ·up a (Úgum-)@, ´(colloq) cornered; in a position from which
escape is difficult. ¸family @, ´diagram or list showing or giving family
descent. ¸Ú@-fern ³n ´fern that grows to the size of a tree. ¸2 ´piece of
wood, metal, etc for a special purpose: ³a ·Ú³boot-/·Ú³shoe-@´, for keeping a
boot or shoe in shape while not being worn; ³an ·Ú³axle-@´, connecting two
opposite wheels. ¹ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´cause to take refuge up a @: ³The hunter was @d
by the bear. The dog @d the cat. ¸@®less ³adj ´without @s: ³the @less plains of
Argentina.¼
¨tre®foil© ²/ÚtrefãIl/ ³n ´kinds of three-leaved plant, eÔg clover; ornament or
design like a threefold leaf, eÔg as in stonework.¼
¨trek© ²/trek/ ³vi µ(-kk-) ¶[VP2A,B,C] ´make a long, hard journey. ¹ ³n ´long,
hard journey.¼
¨trel®lis© ²/ÚtrelIs/ ³n ´light upright structure of strips of wood, etc esp as
used for supporting climbing plants. ¹ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´furnish with, support
on, a @.¼
¨tremble© ²/Útrembl/ ³vi ¶[VP2A,B,C,4B] ¸1 ´shake involuntarily (as from fear,
anger, cold, physical weakness, etc): ³His voice @d with anger. We were
trembling with cold/excitement. ¸2 ´move to and fro: ³The bridge @d as the
heavy lorry crossed it. The ground @d under our feet. ¸3 ´be in a state of
agitation: ³I @ to think what has happened to him´, am deeply worried. ³She @d
for his safety. ·in fear and trembling, ´in a state of frightened anxiety. ¹
³n ´shudder; uncontrollable shaking: ³There was a @ ´(more usu ³a tremor) in
his voice. He was all of a @´, (colloq) was trembling all over.¼
¨tre®men®dous© ²/trIÚmendEs/ ³adj ¸1 ´very great; enormous; powerful: ³a @
explosion; travelling at a @ speed. ¸2 ´(colloq) extraordinary: ³He's a @
eater/talker´, eats/talks to an extraordinary degree; splendid, first rate: ³a
@ concert/performance/meal. ¸@®ly ³adv¼
¨trem®olo© ²/ÚtremElE8/ ³n (pl µ@s ²/-lE8z/³) ´(music) trembling or vibrating
effect in singing, or in the playing of a bowed musical instrument.¼
¨tremor© ²/ÚtremE(r)/ ³n ¶[C] ¸1 ´shaking or trembling: ³the @ of a
leaf, ´eÔg in a breeze; ·Ú³earth @s, ´as during an earthquake. ¸2 ´thrill: ³A @
of fear went through the audience when the assassin fired at the President.¼
¨tremu®lous© ²/Útremj8lEs/ ³adj ¸1 ´trembling: ³in a @ voice; with a @ hand.
¸2 ´timid; nervous. ¸@®ly ³adv¼
¨trench© ²/trent2/ ³n ¶[C] ´ditch dug in the ground, eÔg for the draining of
water, for a latrine, as a protection for soldiers against the enemy's fire:
³dig @es for irrigation; @ warfare´, fought in and from @es; ³a ·Ú³@-coat´,
soldier's waterproof coat. ¹ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´surround with a @; fortify with a @
or @es; make @es in: ³@ a field, ´for draining.¼
¨trench®ant© ²/Útrent2Ent/ ³adj ´(of language) vigorous; incisive: ³@ wit; a @
speech. ¸@®ly ³adv ¸trench®ancy ²/-EnsI/ ³n¼
¨trencher© ²/Útrent2E(r)/ ³n ´(hist) large wooden plate on which food was
formerly served or carved. ¸Ú@®man ²/-mEn/ ³n (pl µ-men³) a good/poor @man´,
person who usu eats a lot/a little.¼
¨trend© ²/trend/ ³n ¶[C] ´general direction; tendency: ³The @ of the coastline
is to the south. Is the @ of modern thought away from materialism? The @ of
prices is still upwards. ·set the @, ´start a style, etc which others follow.
Hence, ¸Ú@-setter, Ú@-setting ³nn´. ¸@y ³adj µ(-ier, -iest) ´(sl, often derog)
´showing, following, the latest @s of fashion, etc. ¹ vi ¶[VP2C] ´have a
certain @: ³The road @s towards the west.¼
¨tre®pan© ²/trIÚpan/ ³vt µ(-nn-)³, n ¸1 ´= µtrephine. ¸2 ´bore for drilling a
mine shaft.¼
¨tre®phine© ²/trIÚfin ³US: ²-ÚfñIn/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´(med) make a small hole in
(sb's skull). ¹ ³n ´cylindrical saw used for this.¼
¨trepi®da®tion© ²/*trepIÚdeI2n/ ³n ¶[U] ´alarm; excited state of
mind.¼
¨tres®pass© ²/ÚtrespEs/ ³vi ¸1 ¶[VP2A,3A] ·@ (on/upon), ´go on to privately
owned land without right or permission: ³@ upon sb's (private) property. No
@ing! ´(a sign put up on privately owned land as a warning). ¸2 ¶[VP3A] ·@
on/upon, ´encroach upon, make too much use of: ³@ upon sb's
time/hospitality/privacy. ¸3 ¶[VP2A,3A] ·@ (against), ´(archaic) do wrong; sin:
³"as we forgive them that @ against us.' ¹ n ¸1 ¶[U] ´@ingµ(1)´; ¶[C] ´instance
of this. ¸2 ¶[C] ´(old use, and biblical) sin; wrong: ³"Forgive us our @es.'
¸@er ³n ´person who @esµ(1)´: ³T@ers will be prosecuted.¼
¨tress© ²/tres/ ³n ´(poet or liter) ¸1 ³(pl) ´hair (esp of a woman's or girl's
head): ³her beautiful golden @es. ¸2 ´plait or braid of hair.¼
¨trestle© ²/Útresl/ ³n ´horizontal beam of wood with two
diverging legs at each end, used in pairs to support planks, a table top, a
workman's bench, etc. ¸*@-Úbridge ³n ´bridge supported by a framework of timber
or steel. µ¥ ´the illus at µbridge. ¸*@-Útable ³n ´one made by laying planks
on @s.¼
¨trews© ²/truz/ ³n pl ´close-fitting tartan trousers.¼
¨tri-© ²/trñI-/ ³pref ´three. µ¥ App 3.¼
¨triad© ²/ÚtrñIad/ ³n ´group or set of three closely related persons or
things.¼
¨trial© ²/ÚtrñIEl/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´testing, trying, proving; ¶[C] ´instance of
this: ³give sth a @´, use it to learn about its qualities, value, etc; ³give a
new worker a @´, give him a chance to show his skill; ³have a @ of strength
with sb´, a contest to learn who is stronger. ³We shall put the machine to
further @´, test it further. ³The ship performed well during her @s. ·on @,
¸(a) ´for the purpose of testing: ³Take the machine on @ and then, if you like
it, buy it. ¸(b) ´when tested: ³The new clerk was found on @ to be
incompetent. ·@ and error, ´method of solving a problem by making tests until
error is eliminated. ¸2 ´(attrib) for the purpose of testing: ³a @ flight´,
eÔg of a new aircraft; ³a @ trip/voyage; a @ order´, eÔg for goods that are to
be tested. ¸3 ¶[C,U] ´examination in a law court before a judge (or judge and
jury): ³The judge conducted four @s in one day. The @ lasted a week. ·be/go on
@ (for sth), ´be tried in a court of law (for an offence). ·bring sb to @;
bring sb up for @; put sb on @, ´cause him to be tried in a court of law.
·stand (one's) @, ´be tried. ¸4 ¶[C] ´sth or sb troublesome or annoying, esp
thought of as a test of one's patience: ³That child is a @ to his
parents. Life is full of little @s. ¸@s and tribulations, ´irritations and
troubles.¼
¨tri®angle© ²/ÚtrñIaGgl/ ³n ¸1 ´plane figure with three straight sides; any
three points not in a straight line. ¸2 ´musical instrument made of a steel rod
in the shape of a @, struck with another steel rod. µ¥ ´the illus at
µpercussion. ¸3 ´group of three. ·the eternal @, ´the situation existing when
two persons are both in love with a third. ¸tri®angu®lar ²/trñIÚaGgj8lE(r)/
³adj ¸1 ´in the shape of a @. ¸2 ´in which there are three persons, etc: ³a
triangular contest in an election´, with three candidates.¼
¨tribal© ²/ÚtrñIbl/ ³adj ´of a tribe or tribes: ³@ loyalties; @ dances. ¸@®ism
²/ÚtrñIbElIzEm/ ³n¼
¨tribe© ²/trñIb/ ³n ¸1 ´racial group, esp one united by language
and customs, living as a community under one or more chiefs: ³the Indian @s of
America; the twelve @s of ancient Israel. ¸2 ´(bot, zool) group of plants or
animals, usu ranking between a genus and an order. ¸3 ´(usu contemptuous)
group of persons, etc of one profession: ³the @ of politicians. ¸Ú@s®man
²/-zmEn/ ³n (pl µ-men³) ´member of a @µ(1)´.¼
¨tribu®la®tion© ²/*trIbj8ÚleI2n/ ³n ¶[C,U] ´(cause of) trouble, grief: ³The
war was a time of @ for all of us. He bore his @s bravely. µ¥ trial(4).¼
¨tri®bu®nal© ²/trñIÚbjunl/ ³n ¶[C] ´place of judgement; board of officials or
judges appointed for special duty, eÔg to hear appeals against high rents, for
exemption from military service: (fig) ³the @ of public opinion.¼
¨tri®bune©1 ²/ÚtrIbjun/ ³n ¸1 ´official chosen by the common people
of ancient Rome to protect their interests. ¸2 ´(later use) popular leader;
demagogue.¼
¨tri®bune©2 ²/ÚtrIbjun/ ³n ´raised platform for speakers addressing an
assembly (eÔg that used in the French National Assembly).¼
¨tribu®tary© ²/ÚtrIbj8tErI ³US: ²-terI/ ³adj ¸1 ´(of a state, ruler, etc)
paying tributeµ(1) ´to another. ¸2 ´(of a river) flowing into another. ¹ ³n
(pl µ-ries³) ´@ state, ruler, river, etc.¼
¨trib®ute© ²/ÚtrIbjut/ ³n ¶[C,U] ¸1 ´(usu regular) payment which one
government or ruler exacts from another: ³Many conquered nations had to pay @
to the rulers of ancient Rome. ·lay sb under @, ´force payment of @ from. ¸2
´sth done, said or given to show respect or admiration: ³By erecting this
statue we have paid (a) @ to the memory of the founder of our college. The
actress received numerous floral @s´, bunches of flowers.¼
¨trice©1 ²/trñIs/ ³n ·in a @, ´in an instant.¼
¨trice©2 ²/trñIs/ ³vt ¶[VP15B] ·@ sth up, ´(naut) haul up and secure ³(a sail,
the boom³) ´in place with rope.¼
¨trick© ²/trIk/ ³n ¶[C] ¸1 ´sth done in order to deceive, to outwit
or outdo, sb; sth done to make a person appear ridiculous: ³The wearing of
white clothes is a common @ of soldiers fighting in snow-covered country. He
got the money from me by a @. ·the @s of the trade, ´ways of attracting
customers, gaining advantages over rivals, etc. ¸2 ´mischievous act, practical
joke: ³The children are always up to amusing @s. That was an unfair @. ·play a
@ on sb, µ¥ play±2µ(3). ¸dirty @, ´a contemptible action. ¸3 ´feat of skill or
dexterity: ³conjuring @s. Does your dog know any @s? Are you clever at card @s?
·do the @, ´(sl) accomplish one's purpose: ³One more turn of the screw-driver
should do the @, ´fasten the screw securely. ·a @ worth two of that, ´(colloq)
a better way of doing it (than yours). ·(soon) get/learn the @ of it, ´learn
the knack (which is the more usu word) of doing it, managing it, etc. ¸4
´strange or characteristic habit, mannerism, etc: ³He has a @ of
pulling his left ear when he is thinking out a problem. ¸5 ´(cards played in)
one round (of bridge, etc): ³take/win a @´, win one round. ¸6 ´(naut) period of
duty at the helm (usu two hours): ³take one's @ at the wheel. ¹ vt ¸1
¶[VP6A,14] ·@ sb (into/out of sth), ´deceive; swindle: ³You've been @ed. He @ed
the poor girl out of her money/@ed her into marrying him by pretending that he
was rich. ¸2 ¶[VP15B] ·@ sb/sth out/up, ´decorate, dress, ornament. ¸@®ery
²/-ErI/ ³n ¶[U] ´deception; cheating. ¸@®ster ²/-stE(r)/ ³n ´person who makes
a practice of @ing people; swindler. ¸@y ³adj µ(-ier, -iest) ¸1 ´(of persons
and their actions) deceptive: ³a @y politician. ¸2 ´(of work, etc) requiring
skill; full of hidden or unexpected difficulties: ³a @y problem/job.¼
¨trickle© ²/ÚtrIkl/ ³vi,vt ¶[VP2A,C,15A] ´(cause to) flow in drops
or in a thin stream: ³Blood @d from the wound. The tears @d down her cheeks.
He was trickling oil into the bearings of the machine. People began to @ out
of the bar as midnight approached. ¹ n ´weak or thin flow: ³The stream had
shrunk to a mere @. ¸Ú@ charger, ´device for the slow continuous charging of an
accumulator (from the mains).¼
¨tri®col®our© ´(US = ¸-color´) ²/ÚtrIkElE(r) ³US: ²ÚtrñIkAlEr/ ³n ´flag of
three colours in stripes of the same width, esp, ¸the T@, ´the French national
flag of blue, white and red stripes.¼
¨tri®cycle© ²/ÚtrñIsIkl/ ³n ´three-wheeled bicycle.¼
¨tri®dent© ²/ÚtrñIdnt/ ³n ´spear with three points (as carried by Neptune);
this as a symbol of sea-power.¼
¨tried© ²/trñId/ ³pt,pp µ¥ try±1µ.¼
¨tri®en®nial© ²/trñIÚenIEl/ ³n, adj ´(sth) lasting for, happening or done
every, three years.¼
¨trier© ²/ÚtrñIE(r)/ ³n µ¥ try±1µ.¼
¨trifle© ²/ÚtrñIfl/ ³n ¸1 ´thing, event, etc of little value or importance:
³It's silly to quarrel over @s. The merest @ upsets that man´, He easily gets
out of temper, etc. ·not stick at @s, ´not allow small things to interfere
with one's plans, etc. ¸2 ´small amount of money: ³It cost me only a @. ¸3 ·a
@, ³(adv) ´somewhat, a little: ³This dress is a @ too short. Isn't the meat a
@ tough? ¸4 ¶[C,U] ´sweet dish made of cream, white of eggs, cake, jam, etc:
³make a @; eat too much @. ¹ vi,vt ¸1 ¶[VP3A] ·@ with, ´play idly with, behave
lightly or insincerely towards: ³He's not a man to be @d with´, He must be
given serious attention. ³It's wrong of you to @ with the girl's affections´,
make her think that you love her when you don't. ³Don't @ with your food:
either eat it or leave it. ¸2 ¶[VP15B] ·@ sth away, ´fritter away (which is
more usu): ³@ away one's time/energies/money. ¸trif®ling ²/ÚtrñIflIG/ ³adj
´unimportant: ³a trifling error; of trifling value. It's no trifling matter´,
is serious. ¸trif®ler ²/ÚtrñIflE(r)/ ³n ´person who @s.¼
¨trig®ger© ²/ÚtrIgE(r)/ ³n ´lever for releasing a spring, esp of a
firearm. ·be quick on the @, ´quick to shoot. ·have one's finger on the @,
´(fig) be in full control, esp of military operations. ¸Ú@-happy ³adj ´(sl)
ready to use violence, eÔg by shooting, at slight provocation. ¹ ³vt ¶[VP15B]
·@ sth off, ´be the immediate cause of (sth serious or violent): ³Who/What @ed
off the rebellion?¼
¨trig®on®om®etry© ²/*trIgEÚnomEtrI/ ³n ¶[U] ´branch of mathematics that deals
with the relations between the sides and angles of triangles.¼
¨tri®lat®eral© ²/*trñIÚlatErEl/ ³adj ´three-sided: ³a @
agreement/treaty.¼
¨trilby© ²/ÚtrIlbI/ ³n (pl µ-bies³) ¸@ (hat), ´(man's) soft felt hat.¼
¨trill© ²/trIl/ ³n ¶[C] ¸1 ´quavering sound; shaky or vibrating sound made by
the voice or as in bird song. ¸2 ´(music) quick alternation of two notes a
tone or a semitone apart. ¸3 ´speech sound (eÔg Spanish ³rr´) uttered with a @.
¹ ³vi,vt ¶[VP6A,2A,C] ´sing or play (a musical note) with a @; pronounce with
a @: ³The canary was @ing away in its cage. Can you @ the sound "rr' as in
Spanish?¼
¨tril®lion© ²/ÚtrIlIEn/ ³n, adj ´(GB) million million million; (US) million
million. µ¥ App 4.¼
¨tril®ogy© ²/ÚtrIlEdZI/ ³n ¶[C] ³(pl µ-gies³) ´group of three plays, novels,
operas, etc to be performed, read, etc in succession, each complete in itself
but having a common subject.¼
¨trim© ²/trIm/ ³adj µ(-mmer, -mmest) ´in good order; neat and tidy:
³a @ ship/cabin; a @ little garden. ¹ n ¶[U] ´@ state; readiness; fitness:
³Everything was in good/proper @. The crew is in/out of @ for the boat-race.
We must get into (good) @ for the sports meeting. ¹ vt,vi µ(-mm-) ¸1
¶[VP6A,15A,22] ´make @, esp by taking or cutting away uneven, irregular or
unwanted parts: ³@ one's beard/the wick of a lamp. ¸2 ¶[VP6A,14] ·@ sth
(with sth), ´decorate or ornament (a hat, dress, etc): ³a hat @med with fur; @
a dress with lace. ¸3 ¶[VP6A] ´make (a boat, ship, aircraft) evenly balanced by
arranging the position of the cargo, passengers, etc; set (sails) to suit the
wind. ¸4 ¶[VP2A] ´hold a middle course in politics; change one's views,
policy, etc in an effort to win popular approval: ³a politician who is always
@ming. ¸@®mer ³n ´person or thing that @s. ¸@®ming ³n ¶[U,C] ´sth used for
@mingµ(2)´: ³lace @ming(s). ¸@®ly ³adv¼
¨tri®maran© ²/ÚtrñImEran/ ³n ´boat with three parallel hulls. µ¥ catamaran.¼
¨tri®nitro®tolu®ene© ²/*trñI*nñItrE8Útolj8in/ ³n ¶[U] ´(usu ¸TÔNÔT ²/*ti en
Úti/´) powerful explosive.¼
¨trin®ity© ²/ÚtrInEtI/ ³n ´group of three. ¸the T@, ´(in Christian teaching)
union of three persons, Father, Son and Holy Ghost, in one God. ¸T@ House,
´British institution which licenses pilots of ships, maintains lighthouses,
marks wrecks, etc. ¸*T@ ÚSunday, ´Sunday after Pentecost.¼
¨trin®ket© ²/ÚtrIGkIt/ ³n ´ornament or jewel of small value; small fancy
article.¼
¨trio© ²/ÚtriE8/ ³n (pl µ@s³) ´group of three; (musical composition for) group
of three singers or players.¼
¨trip© ²/trIp/ ³vi,vt µ(-pp-) ¸1 ¶[VP2A,C] ´walk, run or dance with quick,
light steps: ³She came @ping down the garden path. ¸2 ¶[VP2A,C,3A,15B] ·@
(over)(sth), ´catch one's foot, etc in an obstacle and stumble: ³He @ped over
the root of a tree. ·@ (sb) (up), ´(cause to) stumble or make a false step: ³He
@ped up and nearly fell. The wrestler @ped (up) his opponent. That lawyer is
always trying to @ the witness up´, (fig) trying to make him contradict
himself, be inaccurate, etc. ¸3 ¶[VP2A,C] ·@ (out), ´(sl) have a @µ(3 ´belowµ).
¸4 ´(archaic) ·@ a measure, ´dance with quick light steps. ¹ ³n ¶[C] ¸1
´journey, esp a pleasure excursion: ³a @ to the seaside; a weekend @; a
holiday/honeymoon @ to Venice. ¸2 ´fall or stumble; (fig) fault or error: ³a @
of the tongue ´(³slip ´is more usu). ¸Ú@ wire ³n ´wire stretched along the
ground, working a trap when an animal, etc trips against it. ¸3 ´(sl)
experience, esp one resulting from taking a hallucinatory drug. ¸@®per ³n
´person making a (usu short) excursion for pleasure: ³weekend @pers. ¸@®ping
³adj ´light and quick. ¸@®ping®ly ³adv¼
¨tri®par®tite© ²/*trñIÚpqtñIt/ ³adj ¸1 ´in which three parties have
a share: ³a @ agreement; @ talks, ´discussion(s) between three (groups of)
people. ¸2 ´having three parts.¼
¨tripe© ²/trñIp/ ³n ¶[U] ¸1 ´part of the wall of the stomach of an ox or cow
used as food: ³a dish of stewed @ and onions. ¸2 ´(sl) worthless talk, writing,
ideas etc: ³Stop talking @!¼
¨triple© ²/ÚtrIpl/ ³adj ´made up of three (parts or parties): ³the T@
Alliance´, one of several military alliances (in European history) between
three countries; ³@ time´, (music) of 3 beats to the bar; ³the @ crown´, the
Pope's tiara. ¹ ³vt,vi ¶[VP6A,2A] ´make, become, be, three times as much
or many: ³He @d his income. His income @d.¼
¨trip®let© ²/ÚtrIplIt/ ³n ¸1 ³(pl) ´three children born at one birth: ³One of
the @s is ill. ¸2 ´set of three.¼
¨trip®lex© ²/ÚtrIpleks/ ³adj ´triple; threefold. ¸@ (glass)´, (P)
strong glass (as used in motor-cars, etc) made of a sheet of plastic material
between two sheets of glass.¼
¨trip®li®cate© ²/ÚtrIplIkEt/ ³adj ´of which three copies are made. ¹ ³n ·in
@, ´consisting of three like things, esp documents: ³drawn up in @´,
consisting of one original and two copies. ¹ ³vt ²/ÚtrIplIkeIt/ ¶[VP6A] ´make
in @.¼
¨tri®pod© ²/ÚtrñIpod/ ³n ´three-legged support, eÔg for a camera; stool, table,
etc, resting on three legs.¼
¨tri®pos© ²/ÚtrñIpos/ ³n ´examination for an honours degree at Cambridge
University: ³the History/Classics, etc @.¼
¨trip®per© ²/ÚtrIpE(r)/ ³n µ¥ trip.¼
¨trip®tych© ²/ÚtrIptIk/ ³n ´picture or carving on three (usu hinged) panels
fixed side by side, eÔg of religious subjects in a Christian church.¼
¨tri®reme© ²/ÚtrñIrim/ ³n ´ancient (esp Greek) warship with three tiers of oars
on each side.¼
¨tri®sect© ²/trñIÚsekt/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´divide (a line, an angle, etc)
into three (esp equal) parts.¼
¨trite© ²/trñIt/ ³adj ´(of remarks, ideas, opinions) commonplace; not new.
¸@®ly ³adv ¸@®ness ³n¼
¨tri®umph© ²/ÚtrñIEmf/ ³n ¸1 ¶[C,U] ´(joy or satisfaction at a) success or
victory: ³return home in @; shouts of @; score a resounding @ over one's
enemies; recount all one's @s. ¸2 ¶[C] ´(in ancient Rome) procession and
ceremony in honour of a victorious general. ¹ ³vi ¶[VP2A,3A] ·@ (over), ´win a
victory (over); show joy because of success: ³@ over opposition/adversity´,
overcome it; ³@ over a defeated enemy. ¸tri®um®phal ²/trñIÚAmfl/ ³adj ´of, for,
a @; expressing @: ³erect a @al arch´, one built to commemorate a victory.
¸tri®um®phant ²/trñIÚAmfnt/ ³adj ´(rejoicing at) having @ed. ¸tri®um®phant®ly
³adv¼
¨tri®um®vir© ²/trñIÚAmvE(r)/ ³n ´(in ancient Rome) each of three men holding an
office jointly. ¸tri®um®vir®ate ²/trñIÚAmvIrEt/ ³n ´set of @s.¼
¨tri®une© ²/ÚtrñIjun/ ³adj ´three in one: ³the @ Godhead´, the Trinity.¼
¨trivet© ²/ÚtrIvIt/ ³n ´(usu three-legged or three-footed) stand or support for
a pot or kettle on or by a fire; iron bracket to be hooked on to the bars
of a firegrate. ·as right as a @, ´in good condition or health; in
satisfactory circumstances.¼
¨trivia© ²/ÚtrIvIE/ ³n pl ´trivial, unimportant things.¼
¨triv®ial© ²/ÚtrIvIEl/ ³adj ¸1 ´of small value or importance: ³a @ offence; a @
loss; raise @ objections against a proposal. ¸2 ´commonplace; humdrum: ³the @
round´, the ordinary course of everyday events, duties, etc. ¸3 ´(of a person)
trifling; lacking seriousness; superficial: ³Don't marry that @ young
man. ¸@ly ²/-IElI/ ³adv ¸@®ity ²/*trIvIÚalEtI/ ³n ¶[U] ´state of being @; ¶[C]
³(pl µ-ties³) ´@ idea, event, etc: ³talk/write @ities. ¸@®ize ²/-ñIz/ ³vt
¶[VP6A] ´make @.¼
¨tro®chee© ²/ÚtrE8ki/ ³n ´(prosody) metrical foot of one stressed
and one unstressed syllable (ÅÔ²@´), as in: ·Ú³Life is / ·Ú³but an / ·Ú³empty /
·Ú³dream. ¸tro®chaic ²/trE8ÚkeIIk/ ³adj¼
¨trod©, trod®den ²/trod, Útrodn/ ³pt,pp ´of µtread.¼
¨trog®lo®dyte© ²/ÚtroglEdñIt/ ³n ´cave-dweller in ancient times.¼
¨troika© ²/ÚtrãIkE/ ³n ¶[C] ¸1 ´small Russian carriage drawn by a team of three
horses abreast. ¸2 ´group of three persons (esp political leaders).¼
¨Tro®jan© ²/ÚtrE8dZEn/ ³n, adj ´(inhabitant) of ancient Troy: ³the @ war´,
between the Greeks and the Trojans, as described by Homer. ·work like a @,
´work very hard. ¸@ horse, ´(fig) sb or sth, introduced from outside, that
causes the downfall of an enemy from within.¼
¨troll©1 ²/trE8l/ ³n ´(in Scandinavian myth) supernatural being, a giant, or,
in later tales, a mischievous but friendly dwarf.¼
¨troll©2 ²/trE8l/ ³vt,vi ¶[VP2A,C] ´fish with rod and line by pulling bait
through the water behind a boat: ³@ for pike.¼
¨trol®ley© ²/ÚtrolI/ ³n (pl µ@s³) ¸1 ´two- or four-wheeled handcart. ¸2 ´small,
low truck running on rails, eÔg one worked by a handlever, used by
workers on a railway. ¸3 ´(often ¸Útea-@´) ´small table on castors (small
wheels) used for serving food. ¸4 ´small contact-wheel between a tram
and an overhead cable. ¸5 Ú@(-bus), ´(US) ¸Ú@(-car), ´= µtram.¼
¨trol®lop© ²/ÚtrolEp/ ³n ´(colloq) slut; prostitute.¼
¨trom®bone© ²/tromÚbE8n/ ³n ´large brass musical instrument with a sliding
tube. µ¥ ´the illus at µbrass. ¸trom®bon®ist ²/tromÚbE8nIst/ ³n ´@ player.¼
¨troop© ²/trup/ ³n ¶[C] ¸1 ´company of persons or animals, esp when moving: ³a
@ of schoolchildren; a @ of antelope(s). ¸2 ³(pl) ´soldiers: ³find billets for
the @s. µ¥ trooper ´below. ¸Ú@-carrier ³n ´ship or large aircraft for
transporting @s. ¸Ú@®ship ³n ´ship for transporting @s. ¸3 ´unit of cavalry,
armoured vehicles or artillery (under the command of a lieutenant). ¸4
´company of boy scouts. ¹ ³vi,vt ¸1 ¶[VP2C] ´(with ³pl ´subject´) come or go
together in a group: ³children @ing out of school. ¸2 ·@ the colour, ´(GB, mil)
carry the colour (flag) through the ranks of a regiment. ·@ing the colour,
´such a ceremony (esp as on the Sovereign's birthday). ¸@er ³n ¸1 ´soldier in
a cavalry or armoured regiment. ¸2 ´(US) member of state police force (now
using a motor-vehicle). ·swear like a @er, ´swear fluently.¼
¨trope© ²/trE8p/ ³n ´figurative use of a word (as of ³tread ´in "The years
like great black oxen tread the world').¼
¨trophy© ²/ÚtrE8fI/ ³n ¶[C] ³(pl µ-phies³) ¸1 ´sth kept in memory of a victory
or success (eÔg in hunting, sport, etc). ¸2 ´prize, eÔg for winning a
tournament: ·Ú³tennis trophies.¼
¨tropic© ²/ÚtropIk/ ³n ¸1 ´line of latitude 23Ä27²! ´north (³T@ of Cancer´) or
south (³T@ of Capricorn´) of the equator. ¸2 the @s, ´the parts of the world
between these two latitudes. ¸tropi®cal ²/-kl/ ³adj ´of, or as of, the @s: ³a
@al climate; @al fruits. ¸tropi®cally ²/-klI/ ³adv¼
¨trot© ²/trot/ ³vi,vt µ(-tt-) ¸1 ¶[VP2A,B,C] ´(of horses, etc) go
at a pace faster than a walk but not so fast as a gallop. ¸2 ¶[VP2A,C] ´run
with short steps; (colloq, hum) go (at an ordinary speed): ³Well, I must be
@ting off home. You @ along! ´Go away! ¸3 ¶[VP15B] ·@ sth out, ´(colloq)
produce; bring out: ³@ out one's knowledge, ´eÔg to get admiration. ¸4
¶[VP15A,B] ´cause to @: ³@ a person off his legs´, take him round, eÔg
sight-seeing, until
he is exhausted; ³@ sb round´, take him round with one (eÔg shopping).
¹ ³n sing ¸1 ´@ting pace: ³go at a steady @. ·on the @, ´(sl) one after the
other: ³five whiskies on the @. ·be on the @; keep sb on the @, ¸(a) ´(colloq)
busy on one's feet, moving from one task to another: ³I've been (kept) on the @
all morning and I'm exhausted. ¸(b) ´(sl) be running away (esp from prison
or the police). ·be on the @, ´(US = ·have the @s´), (colloq) have diarrhoea.
¸2 ´period of @ting: ³go for a @. ¸@®ter ³n ¸1 ´horse bred and trained to @.
¸2 ´(usu ³pl´) pig's or sheep's foot as food.¼
¨troth© ²/trE8T ³US: ²trcT/ ³n ¶[U] ´(archaic) ·plight one's @´,
pledge one's word; (esp) promise to marry.¼
¨trou®ba®dour© ²/ÚtrubEdc(r)/ ³n ´travelling poet and singer in France and
Italy, 11th to 13th cc.¼
¨trouble© ²/ÚtrAbl/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A] ´cause worry, discomfort, anxiety or
inconvenience to: ³be @d by bad news; @d with a nasty cough. What @s me is
that« ¸2 ¶[VP17,14] ·@ sb to do sth; @ sb for sth, ´put sb to the
inconvenience of doing sth. ¸(a) ´(with ³may/might´, a polite request): ³May I
@ you to pass the salt, please. May I @ you for a match? ¸(b) ´(with ³I'll, I
must´, a sarcastic or ironic request): ³I'll @ you to be quiet. I must @ you
to remember your manners. ¸3 ¶[VP2A,C,4A] ´(esp in neg and interr) bother or
inconvenience oneself: ³Don't @ to meet me at the station. Don't @ about that.
Oh, don't @, thanks. Why should I @ to explain? ¸4 ¶[VP6A] ´agitate; disturb:
(esp ³pp) a @d expression; @d looks. ·fish in @d waters, ´try to gain an
advantage from a confused state of affairs. ¹ ³n ¸1 ¶[C,U] ´worry; anxiety;
discomfort; unhappiness; difficulty; possible punishment: ³Her heart was full
of @. She's always making @ for her friends. He has been through much @/has
had many @s. He has a lot of family/domestic @(s). His @s are over now
´(sometimes said of a person who dies). ³The @ is that«´, The difficulty is
that«. ³What's the @ now? ´What unfortunate thing has happened? ·in @,
´suffering, or likely to suffer, misfortune, anxiety, etc, eÔg because one has
done wrong. ·Úask/Úlook for @, ´(colloq) behave in such a way that @ is likely:
³It's asking for @ to experiment with drugs. ·get into @, ´do sth that will
bring unhappiness, punishment, etc. ·get sb into @, ¸(a) ´cause sb to be in @.
¸(b) ´(sl) make (an unmarried woman) pregnant. ¸2 ¶[C] ³(sing ´only³) ´sb or
sth that causes @µ(1)´: ³I don't want to be any @ ´(= nuisance) ³to you. Some
dishes are very enjoyable to eat but a great @ to prepare. I find it a great @
to get up at 6aÔm. ¸3 ¶[U] ´care; attention; (extra) work; inconvenience: ³Did
the work give you much @? I don't like putting you to ´(= causing you) ³so much
@. Thank you for all the @ you've taken to help my son. It will be no @´, will
not inconvenience me. ¸4 ¶[C,U] ´political or social unrest: ·Ú³Labour @(s)
´(eÔg strikes) ³cost the country enormous sums last year. They've been having a
lot of @(s) in Southern Africa recently. ¸5 ¶[C,U] ´illness: ·Ú³liver @;
·Ú³mental @; ·Ú³children's @s. ¸6 ´(compounds) ¸Ú@-maker, ´person who stirs up
discontent (eÔg in industry). ¸Ú@-shooter, ´person employed in conciliating and
arbitrating between parties in conflict (eÔg in industry), or in detecting and
correcting faults (esp in machinery). ¸@®some ²/-sEm/ ³adj ´causing @: ³a @some
child/headache/problem. Her cough is very @some today. ¸Ú@ spot, ´place where
@µ(4) ´often occurs. ¸troub®lous ²/-Es/ ³adj ´(liter)
disturbed; unsettled: ³live in troublous times.¼
¨trough© ²/trof ³US: ²trcf/ ³n ¸1 ´long, open (usu shallow) box for
animals to feed or drink from. ¸2 ´long open box in which a baker kneads dough
for bread. ¸3 ´(in the sea, etc) long hollow between two waves. ¸4 ´(met)
region of lower atmospheric pressure between two regions of higher pressure.¼
¨trounce© ²/trñ8ns/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´beat; thrash; defeat; reprimand:
³Our team was @d on Saturday. ¸trounc®ing ³n ´beating; reprimand: ³give sb a
good trouncing.¼
¨troupe© ²/trup/ ³n ´company, esp of actors or of members of a circus.
¸@r ³n ´member of a theatrical @: ³He's a good @r´, a loyal, hard-working and
uncomplaining colleague.¼
¨trouser© ²/Útrñ8zE(r)/ ³n ¸1 ·(pair of) @s, ´two-legged outer garment,
reaching from the waist to the ankles. µ¥ shorts, slacks. ¸2 ´(attrib) of or
for @s: ·Ú³@ buttons/pockets.¼
¨trous®seau© ²/ÚtrusE8/ ³n (pl µ@s ´or µ@x ²/-sE8z/³) ´outfit of clothing, etc,
for a bride.¼
¨trout© ²/trñ8t/ ³n (pl ´unchanged³) ´freshwater fish valued as food and for the
sport of catching it (with rod and line).¼
¨trove© ²/trE8v/ ³n µ¥ treasure(1).¼
¨trowel© ²/Útrñ8El/ ³n ¸1 ´flat-bladed tool for spreading mortar on bricks or
stone, plaster on walls, etc. ¸2 ´hand-tool with a curved blade for lifting
plants, etc. µ¥ ´the illus at µtool.¼
¨troy© ²/trãI/ ³n ¶[U] ´British system of weights, used for gold and silver, in
which one pound = 12 ounces: ³This spoon weighs 4 oz @. µ¥ App 5.¼
¨tru®ant© ²/ÚtruEnt/ ³n ¸1 ´child who stays away from school without good
reason. ·play @, ´stay away thus. ¸2 ´(attrib) (of persons, their conduct,
thoughts, etc) wandering; idle; shirking (duty, etc). ¸tru®ancy ²/-EnsI/ ³n
(pl µ-cies³) ¶[U] ´playing @; ¶[C] ´instance of this.¼
¨truce© ²/trus/ ³n ¶[C] ´(agreement for the) stopping of fighting for a time
(eÔg to take away the wounded).¼
¨truck©1 ²/trAk/ ³n ¸1 ´(GB) open railway wagon for heavy goods. ¸2
´(US) lorry. ¸3 ´porter's two-wheeled barrow (for moving heavy objects).¼
¨truck©2 ²/trAk/ ³n ¶[U] ¸1 ´barter; exchange. ·have no @ with, ´have no
dealings with. ¸2 Úgarden-@, ´(US) fresh garden produce (vegetables, fruit)
grown for the markets. ¸3 @ (system), ´(hist) payment of wages in goods instead
of money.¼
¨truckle©1 ²/ÚtrAkl/ ³vi ¶[VP3A] ·@ to, ´submit in a timid or cowardly way:
³This country will never @ to bullies.¼
¨truckle©2 ²/ÚtrAkl/ ³n ¸Ú@-bed, ´low, wheeled bed that can be pushed under
another when not in use.¼
¨trucu®lent© ²/ÚtrAkj8lEnt/ ³adj ´looking for, desiring, a fight; aggressive.
¸@®ly ³adv ¸trucu®lence ²/-lEns/, ¸trucu®lency ²/-lEnsI/ ³nn¼
¨trudge© ²/trAdZ/ ³vi ¶[VP2A,B,C] ´walk wearily or heavily: ³trudging through
the deep snow. He @d 20 miles. ¹ n ´long tiring walk.¼
¨true© ²/tru/ ³adj µ(-r, -st) ¸1 ´in accordance or agreement with
fact: ³Is it @ that you are going to Rome? Is the news @? ·come @, ´(of a
hope, dream) really happen, become fact. ¸2 ·@ (to), ´loyal, faithful: ³be @
to one's word/promise´, do what one has promised to do. ¸*@-Úblue ³n, adj
´(person who is) of uncompromising principles, firmly loyal. ¸*@-Úhearted ³adj
´loyal. ¸Ú@-love ³n ´one who loves truly/is truly loved. ¸3 ´in accordance with
reason or received standards; genuine; rightly so named: ³T@ friendship should
last for ever. The frog is not a @ reptile. Who was the @ heir to the throne?
¸4 ·@ to type, ´accurately conforming to its type or class: ³Plants grown from
seed are not always @ to type. ¸5 ´accurately fitted or placed: ³Is the
wheel/post @? ¸6 ´exact; accurate: ³a @ copy of a document; a @ pair of scales.
¹ n ´(only in) ·out of @, ´not in its exact or accurate position: ³The
axle/beam/door is out of @. ¹ adv ´(with certain ³vv´) truly: ³aim @; breed
@µ(4)´; ³tell me @. ¹ vt ¶[VP15B] ·@ sth up, ´make, adjust so as to be @µ(5)´:
³@ up a wheel.¼
¨truffle© ²/ÚtrAfl/ ³n ´kind of fungus that grows underground, used for
flavouring savoury food dishes, pat_e, etc.¼
¨tru®ism© ²/ÚtruIzEm/ ³n ¶[C] ´statement that is obviously true and
need not have been made: ³It's a @ to say that your body was once much smaller
than it is now.¼
¨truly© ²/ÚtrulI/ ³adv ¸1 ´truthfully: ³speak @. ¸2 ´sincerely: ³feel @
grateful. Yours @ ´(used at the close of a letter, before the signature). ¸3
´genuinely; certainly: ³a @ beautiful picture; a @ brave action.¼
¨trump©1 ²/trAmp/ ³n ¶[C] ¸1 ´(in card games such as whist, bridge) each card
of a suit that has been declared as having higher value than the other three
suits: ³Hearts are @s. µ¥ declare(1). ·play one's @ card, ´(fig) make use of
one's most valuable resource, means of gaining one's ends (esp after trying
other means). ·turn up @s, ´(colloq) ¸(a) ´have a better result than was
expected. ¸(b) ´have a stroke of good luck. ¸2 ´(colloq) excellent fellow;
person who is full of resource, is generous, etc. ¹ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A,2A] ´play
a @ card (on): ³@ the ace of clubs. ¸2 ¶[VP15B] ´(usu passive) ·@ sth up,
´invent (an excuse, a false story, etc) in order to deceive sb: ³He was
arrested on a @ed-up charge.¼
¨trump©2 ²/trAmp/ ³n ´(liter) (sound made by a) trumpet. ·the last
@; the @ of doom, ´the trumpet call which will, some people believe, be
sounded on the Last Day, the day when everyone will be judged by God.¼
¨trump®ery© ²/ÚtrAmpErI/ ³adj ´showy but of little value: ³@ ornaments.¼
¨trum®pet© ²/ÚtrAmpIt/ ³n ¸1 ´musical wind instrument of brass. µ¥ ´the illus
at µbrass. ·blow one's own @, ´(fig) praise oneself. ¸2 ´sound (as) of a @. ¸3
´sth suggesting a @ in shape or use (eÔg the corona of a daffodil). ¹ ³vt,vi
¸1 ¶[VP6A,15B] ´proclaim, make known; celebrate: ³@ (forth) sb's heroic deeds.
¸2 ¶[VP2A,C] ´(esp of an elephant) make loud sounds. ¸@er ³n ´person who plays
a @.¼
¨trun®cate© ²/trAGÚkeIt ³US: ²ÚtrAGkeIt/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´shorten by cutting the
tip, top or end from: ³a @d cone/pyramid.¼
¨trun®cheon© ²/ÚtrAnt2En/ ³n ´short thick club (esp one used by the police).¼
¨trundle© ²/ÚtrAndl/ ³vt,vi ¶[VP6A,15A,B,2C] ´(esp of sth heavy or awkward in
shape) move or roll: ³The porter @d his barrow along the platform. The child
was trundling a hoop along the sidewalk. ¸Ú@ bed, ´(US) = µtruckle bed.¼
¨trunk© ²/trAGk/ ³n ¶[C] ¸1 ´main stem of a tree (contrasted with
the branches). µ¥ ´the illus at µtree. ¸2 ´body without head, arms or legs;
main part of any structure. ¸3 ´large box with a hinged lid, for clothes, etc
while travelling. ¸4 ´long nose of an elephant. µ¥ ´the illus at µlarge. ¸5
³(pl) = µshorts. ¸6 ´(US) = bootµ(2) ´of a car. ¸7 ´(attrib) ¸Ú@-call ³n
´telephone call to a distant place, with charges according to distance.
¸Ú@-line ³n ¸(a) ´main line of a railway. ¸(b) ´long-distance telephone line.
¸Ú@-road ³n ´main road.¼
¨truss© ²/trAs/ ³n ¶[C] ¸1 ´(GB) bundle (of hay, straw). ¸2 ´framework
supporting a roof, bridge, etc. ¸3 ´padded belt worn by a person suffering
from hernia. ¹ ³vt ¶[VP6A,15B] ·@ sth (up), ¸1 ´tie or fasten up: ³@ hay; @ up
a chicken´, pin the wings to the body before boiling or roasting it. ³The
policemen @ed up the struggling criminal with rope´, tied his arms to his
sides. ¸2 ´support (a roof, bridge, etc) with a @ or @esµ(2)´.¼
¨trust©1 ²/trAst/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ·@ (in), ´confidence, strong belief,
in the goodness, strength, reliability of sth or sb: ³put one's @ in God. A
child usually has perfect @ in its mother. She hasn't/doesn't place much @ in
his promises. ·on @, ¸(a) ´without proof; without close examination: ³You'll
have to take my statement on @. ¸(b) ´on credit. ¸2 ¶[U] ´responsibility: ³a
position of great @. ¸3 ¶[C] ´(legal) property held and managed by one or more
persons ³(trustees) ´for the benefit of another or others; ¶[U] ´the legal
relation between the trustee(s) and the property; the obligation assumed by
the trustee(s): ³By his will he created @s for his children. This property is
not mine; it is a @. I am holding the property in @ for my nephew. ¸Ú@-money,
Ú@ fund ³nn ´money held in @. ¸4 ¶[C] ´association of business firms for the
achievement of various objects, eÔg reducing competition, maintenance of
prices. ¸5 Úbrains @, µ¥ brain. ¸@®ful ²/-fl/, ¸@®ing ³adjj ´ready to have @
in others; not suspicious. ¸@®fully ²/-fElI/, ¸@®ing®ly ³advv ¸Ú@®worthy ³adj
´worthy of @; dependable. ¸Ú@®worthi®ness ³n ¸@y ³adj ´(archaic or hum)
@worthy: ³a @y sword/bicycle.¼
¨trust©2 ²/trAst/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A] ´have trustµ(1) ´in; believe in the
honesty and reliability of: ³He's not the sort of man to be @ed/not a man I
would @. Can you @ his account of what happened? ¸2 ¶[VP3A] ·@ in sb, ´have
confidence in; believe that he will act for the best: ³@ in God. ·@ to sth,
´have reliance on: ³Don't @ to chance. You @ to your memory too much. ¸3
¶[VP14] ·@ sth to sb, ´= entrust (the more usu word). ¸4 ¶[VP15A,B,17] ´allow
(sb) to do sth, have sth, go somewhere, etc without anxiety, knowing that he
will act sensibly, etc: ³Can I @ you to get the money safely to the bank? He
may be @ed to do the work well. We can't @ that boy out of our sight. It's
unwise to @ small children out of doors in a big town, ´eÔg because of traffic
dangers. ³Should boys of 16 be @ed with high-powered motor-bikes? ¸5 ¶[VP6A]
´allow credit to a customer: ³I wonder whether the newsagent will @ me; I need
some cigarettes and I've no money on me. ¸6 ¶[VP7A,9] ´earnestly hope: ³I @
you're in good health. You're quite well, I @. ´(comm) ³We @ to receive a
cheque from you in settlement of this account.¼
¨trustee© ²/trAÚsti/ ³n ´person who has charge of property in
trustµ(3) ´or of the business affairs of an institution. ¸the Public T@,
´state official who executes wills and trusts when asked to do so. ¸@®ship
²/-2Ip/ ³n ´position of a @; (esp) responsibility for the administration of a
territory, granted to a country by the United Nations Organization: ·Ú³@ship
territories´, eÔg the Cameroons from 1947 until 1960.¼
¨truth© ²/truT/ ³n (pl µ@s ²/truDz/³) ¸1 ¶[U] ´quality or state of being true:
³There's no @/not a word of @ in what he says. ·moment of @, ´time of crisis,
test, or revelation. ¸2 ¶[U] ´that which is true: ³tell the @. ·to tell the
@,«, ´(formula used when making a confession): ³To tell the @, I forgot all
about your request. ·in @, ´(liter) truly, really. ¸3 ¶[C] ´fact; belief, etc
accepted as true: ³the @s of religion/science. ¸@®ful ²/-fl/ ³adj ¸1 ´(of
persons) in the habit of telling the @. ¸2 ´(of statements) true. ¸@®fully
²/-fElI/ ³adv ¸@®ful®ness ³n¼
¨try©1 ²/trñI/ ³vi,vt (pt,pp µtried³) ¸1 ¶[VP2A,B,7A] ´(Note that, in colloq
style, ³try to + inf ´is often replaced by ³try and + inf, ´esp in the
imperative, and ³don't try to ´and ³didn't try to ´are often replaced by ³don't
try and ´and ³didn't try and´) make an attempt: ³I don't think I can do it, but
I'll try. I've tried till I'm tired. He's trying his hardest´, using his utmost
efforts. ³Try to get here early. Try to/Try and behave better. He didn't try to
do it. Don't try and swim across the river. ¸2 ¶[VP3A] ·try for sth, ´make an
attempt to get or win (esp a position): ³try for a scholarship/a position in
the Civil Service. ¸3 ¶[VP6A,B,C,10] ´use sth, do sth, as an experiment or
test, to see whether it is satisfactory: ³Have you tried sleeping on your back
as a cure for snoring? Won't you try ´(= buy and use) ³this new kind of
detergent? Try how far you can jump/whether you can jump across this stream.
Try knocking at the back door if nobody hears you at the front door. Please try
me for the job´, let me do it as an experiment. µ¥ trial(1). ¶[VP15B] ·try sth
on, ¸(a) ´put on (a garment, show, etc) to see whether it fits, looks well,
etc: ³I want to try the shoes on before I buy them. ¸(b) ´(colloq) make a bold
or impudent attempt to discover whether sth will be tolerated: ³It's no use
your trying it/your games/your tricks on with me. ´Hence, ¸Útry-on ³n ´(colloq)
an attempt of this sort. ¶[VP15B] ·try sth out, ´use it, experiment with it, in
order to test it: ³The idea seems good but it needs to be tried out. ¸Útry-out
³n ´preliminary test of ability, qualification, etc, eÔg of an athlete. ·try
one's hand at sth, µ¥ hand±1µ(5). ¸4 ¶[VP6A,15A] ´inquire into (a case) in a
court of law: ³He was tried and found guilty. He will be tried for murder.
Which judge will try the case? µ¥ trial(3). ¸5 ¶[VP6A] ´put a strain on; cause
to be tired, exhausted, out of patience, etc: ³Small print tries the eyes.
Don't try his patience too much. His courage was severely tried. ¸tried ³adj
´that has been tested; reliable: ³a tried friend/remedy. ¸trier ³n ´person who
tries hard, who always does his best. ¸try®ing ³adj ´(µ¥ 5 ´above) distressing;
putting a strain on, eÔg the temper, one's patience: ³a trying person to deal
with; have a trying day´, one during which one's temper, patience, etc are
tried; ³work that is trying to the eyes.¼
¨try©2 ²/trñI/ ³n ¸1 ´attempt: ³Let me have a try at it. He had
three tries and failed each time. ¸2 ´(Rugby) touching down the ball behind the
opponents' goal-line (with a score of three points).¼
¨tryst© ²/trIst/ ³n ´(archaic) (time and place for, agreement to have, a)
meeting, esp between lovers: ³keep/break @ (with ´sb³).¼
¨Tsar© ²/zq(r)/, ±Tsa®rina ²/zqÚrinE/ ³nn ´= µCzar, Czarina.¼
¨tsetse© ²/ÚtsetsI/ ³n ¸Ú@(-fly) ´blood-sucking fly (in tropical Africa)
carrying and transmitting (often fatal) disease to men and animals. µ¥ ´the
illus at µinsect.¼
¨T-shirt© ²/Úti 23t/ ³n µ¥ T, t.¼
¨T-square© ²/Úti skweE(r)/ ³n µ¥ square±2µ(7).¼
¨tub© ²/tAb/ ³n ¸1 ´large open vessel, usu round, made of wood, zinc, etc used
for washing clothes, holding liquids, growing plants in, etc: ³a rain-water
tub. ¸Útub-thumper ³n ´mob orator. ¸2 ´(also ¸Útub®ful´) as much as a tub
holds: ³a tub of water. ¸3 ´(colloq) bath-tub; (GB) bath: ³have a cold tub
before breakfast; prefer a tub to a shower. ¸4 ´(colloq) clumsy slow boat.¼
¨tuba© ²/ÚtjubE ³US: ²Útu-/ ³n ´large musical instrument of brass, of low
pitch. µ¥ ´the illus at µbrass.¼
¨tubby© ²/ÚtAbI/ ³adj µ(-ier, -iest) ´shaped like a tub; fat and round: ³a
tubby little man.¼
¨tube© ²/tjub ³US: ²tub/ ³n ¸1 ´long hollow cylinder of metal, glass or
rubber, esp for holding or conveying liquids, etc: ·Ú³boiler @s; the ·Ú³inner
@ of a bicycle/car tyre´, of rubber, filled with air at pressure; ³tor·Ú³pedo
@s´, from which torpedoes are launched. ¸Ú@-well ³n ´metal @ placed in the
ground to obtain water through perforations in the @ near its end. ¸2 ´soft
metal container with a screw-cap, used for pastes, paints, etc: ³a @ of
toothpaste. ¸3 ¶[U,C] ´(in London) underground railway: ³travel in to work by @
every morning; take a/the @ to Oxford Circus. ¸4 ´(US) thermionic valve as used
in electronic apparatus; large @ with a screen (³cathode ray @, µ¥ cathode´) as
used in a television set. ¸5 ´hollow @-shaped organ in the body: ³the bronchial
@s. ¸tub®ing ³n ¶[U] ´material in the form of a @: ³five feet of rubber/copper
tubing. ¸tu®bu®lar ²/Útjubj8lE(r) ³US: ²Útu-/ ³adj ¸1 ´having the shape of a
@: ³a tubular bridge´, a bridge in the shape of a @ through which a railway,
etc passes. ¸2 ´having, consisting of, @s or tubing: ³a tubular boiler´, in
which water or steam is heated as it passes through many @s; ³tubular
furniture´, with parts made of metal tubing; ³tubular scaffolding. ¸@®less ³adj
´having no inner @: ³@less tyres.¼
¨tu®ber© ²/ÚtjubE(r) ³US: ²Útu-/ ³n ¶[C] ´enlarged part of an underground stem
with buds from which new plants will grow, eÔg a potato, Jerusalem artichoke,
yam, etc.¼
¨tu®ber®cu®lo®sis© ²/tju*b3kj8ÚlE8sIs ³US: ²tu-/ ³n ¶[U] ´(common
abbr ¸TÔB ²/*ti Úbi/´) wasting disease affecting various parts of the body's
tissues, esp the lungs: ³pulmonary @´, consumption. ¸tu®ber®cu®lous
²/tjuÚb3kj8lEs ³US: ²tu-/, ¸tu®ber®cu®lar ²/tjuÚb3kj8lE(r) ³US: ²tu-/ ³adjj
´of, affected by, @.¼
¨tub®ing©, tu®bu®lar µ¥ tube.¼
¨tuck© ²/tAk/ ³n ¸1 ¶[C] ´flat, stitched fold of material in a garment, for
shortening or for ornament: ³make/put in/take out a @ in a dress/the sleeve of
a shirt. ¸2 ¶[U] ´(GB, sl) food, esp the cakes, pastry, etc that children
enjoy. ¸Ú@-shop ³n ´shop (esp at a school) where @ is sold. ¹ vt,vi ¸1
¶[VP15A,B] ´draw together into a small space; put or push into a desired or
convenient position: ³@ one's shirt in, ´put the bottom of it inside one's
trousers, etc. ³She @ed the ends of her hair into her bathing-cap. ³He sat with
his legs @ed up under him. The bird @ed its head under its wing. The map is
@ed away in a pocket at the end of the book. She @ed the child up in bed´,
pulled the bed-clothes up round the child and under the mattress. ³She took off
her shoes, @ed up ´(= rolled or turned up) ³her skirt, and waded across the
stream. ¸2 ¶[VP2C,3A] ·@ in, ´eat heartily. ·@ into sth, ´eat it heartily: ³He
@ed into the cold ham. ¸*@-Úin ³n ´full meal: ³The boys had a good @-in.¼
¨tucker© ²/ÚtAkE(r)/ ³n ´piece of lace, linen, etc, worn (in the
17th and 18th cc) to cover a woman's neck and shoulders. ·one's best bib and @,
´(colloq) one's best or finest clothes.¼
¨Tues®day© ²/ÚtjuzdI ³US: ²Útu-/ ³n ´third day of the week, next after Monday.¼
¨tuft© ²/tAft/ ³n ´bunch of feathers, hair, grass, etc growing or held together
at the base. ¸@ed ³adj ´having @s; growing in a @ or @s.¼
¨tug© ²/tAg/ ³vt,vi µ(-gg-) ¶[VP6A,15A,B,2A,C,3A] ·tug (at), ´pull hard or
violently; pull hard (at): ³The child was tugging her toy cart round the
garden/tugging it along behind. We tugged so hard that the rope broke. The
kitten was tugging at my shoe-lace. ¹ n ¶[C] ¸1 ´sudden hard pull: ³The naughty
boy gave his sister's hair a tug. I felt a tug at my sleeve. Parting from his
family was a tug (at his heart-strings)´, It was difficult to leave them. ·tug
of war, ´contest in which two teams pull against each other on a rope. ¸2
Útug(-boat), ´small powerful boat for towing ships, etc.¼
¨tu®ition© ²/tjuÚI2n ³US: ²tu-/ ³n ¶[U] ´teaching: ³have private @
in mathematics.¼
¨tu®lip© ²/ÚtjulIp ³US: ²Útu-/ ³n ´bulb plant with, in spring, a large
bell-shaped or cup-shaped flower on a tall stem.¼
¨tulle© ²/tjul ³US: ²tul/ ³n ¶[U] ´soft, fine, silk net-like material for
veils and dresses.¼
¨tumble© ²/ÚtAmbl/ ³vi,vt ¸1 ¶[VP2A,C] ´fall, esp quickly or violently: ³@
down the stairs/off a horse or bicycle/out of a window/over the roots of a
tree. The baby is just learning to walk and he's always tumbling over. ¸2
¶[VP2A,C] ´move up and down, to and fro, in a restless or disorderly way: ³The
puppies were tumbling about on the floor. The sick man tossed and @d in his
bed. I was so tired that I threw my clothes off and @d into bed. ¸3 ¶[VP2C]
´be in a weak state (as if ready to fall): ³The old barn is tumbling to
pieces. ¸Ú@-down ³attrib adj ´dilapidated; likely to collapse: ³What a @-down
old house you live in! ¸4 ¶[VP15A,B] ´cause to fall; upset: ³The accident @d
us all out of the bus. ¸5 ¶[VP6A] ´put into a state of disorder: ³@ one's
bed-clothes/sb's hair or clothes. ¸6 ¶[VP3A] ·@ to sth, ´(colloq) grasp,
realize (an idea, etc): ³At last he @d to what I was hinting at. ¹ n ¶[C] ¸1
´fall: ³have a nasty @. ¸2 ´confused state: ³Things were all in a @. ¸Ú@-weed
³n ´(US) plant which grows in desert areas and, when withered, breaks off and
is rolled about by the wind.¼
¨tum®bler© ²/ÚtAmblE(r)/ ³n ¸1 ´flat-bottomed drinking-glass without a handle
or stem, µ¥ goblet. ¸2 ´part of the mechanism of a lock which must be turned
by a key before the lock will open. ¸3 ´kind of pigeon that turns over in
flight. ¸4 ´acrobat.¼
¨tum®brel©, tum®bril ²/ÚtAmbrEl/ ³n ´(hist) cart, esp the kind that carried
prisoners to the guillotine during the French Revolution.¼
¨tu®mes®cent© ²/tjuÚmesnt ³US: ²tu-/ ³adj ´swelling; swollen.
¸tu®mes®cence ²/-sns/ ³n¼
¨tu®mid© ²/ÚtjumId ³US: ²Útu-/ ³adj ´(of parts of the body) swollen; (fig, of
a style of writing, etc) bombastic. ¸@®ity ²/tjuÚmIdEtI ³US: ²tu-/ ³n¼
¨tummy© ²/ÚtAmI/ ³n (pl µ-mies³) ´(colloq) stomach; belly.¼
¨tu®mour© ´(US = ¸tu®mor´) ²/ÚtjumE(r) ³US: ²Útu-/ ³n ´diseased growth in some
part of the body.¼
¨tu®mult© ²/ÚtjumAlt ³US: ²Útu-/ ³n ¶[C,U] ¸1 ´uproar; disturbance:
³the @ of battle. ¸2 ´confused and excited state of mind: ³in a @; when the @
within him had subsided.¼
¨tu®mul®tu®ous© ²/tjuÚmAlt28Es ³US: ²tu-/ ³adj ´disorderly; noisy and violent:
³a @ welcome. ¸@®ly ³adv¼
¨tu®mu®lus© ²/Útjumj8lEs ³US: ²Útu-/ ³n (pl µ-li ²/-lqI/³) ´mound of earth
over a (usu ancient) grave.¼
¨tun© ²/tAn/ ³n ´large cask for beer, wine, etc; measure of capacity (252
gallons).¼
¨tuna© ²/ÚtjunE ³US: ²ÚtunE/ ³n (pl µ@ ´or µ@s³) ´= µtunny.¼
¨tun®dra© ²/ÚtAndrE/ ³n ¶[U,C] ´wide, treeless plain of the arctic regions (of
Russia, Siberia), marshy in summer and frozen hard in winter.¼
¨tune© ²/tjun ³US: ²tun/ ³n ¸1 ¶[C] ´succession of notes forming a melody (of
a song, hymn, etc): ³whistle a popular @; @s that are easy to remember. ¸2
¶[U] ´quality of having a well-marked melody: ³Some of this modern music has
very little @ in it. ¸3 ¶[U] ·in/out of @, ´at/not at the correct pitch:
³sing/play in @. The piano is out of @. The piano and the violin are not in @.
¸4 ¶[U] ´(fig) harmony; harmonious adjustment: ³be in/out of @ with one's
surroundings/companions. ¸5 ´(fig uses) ·change one's @; sing another @,
´change one's way of speaking, behaviour, etc, or one's attitude to others (eÔg
from insolence to respect). ·to the @ of, ´(colloq) to the amount of (usu with
the suggestion that the sum is high or exorbitant): ³He was fined ´(eÔg for a
motoring offence) ³to the @ of $30. ¹ vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A] ´adjust the strings, etc
(of a musical instrument) to the right pitch: ³@ a guitar. ¶[VP2C] ·@ up,
´(eÔg of a player or players in an orchestra) @ a musical instrument: ³The
orchestra were tuning up when we entered the concert-hall. ¸Útuning-fork ³n
´small steel instrument, which produces a musical note of fixed pitch when
struck. ¸2 ¶[VP2C] ·@ in (to), ¸(a) ´adjust the controls of a radio to a
particular frequency/station: ³@ in to the BÔBÔC World Service. You're not
properly @d in. ¸(b) ´(fig) be aware of what other people are saying, feeling,
etc: ³He's not very well @d in to his surroundings. ¸3 ¶[VP6A] ´adjust or
adapt the engine of a motor-vehicle so that it gives its best, or a special,
performance. ¸@r ³n ¸1 ´(in compounds) person who @s musical instruments: ³a
·Ú³piano-tuner. ¸2 ´(part of) a radio etc which receives the signals. µ¥
³amplifier ´at µamplify, ³loud-speaker ´at µloud(1). ¸@®ful ²/-fl/ ³adj ´having
a pleasing @; melodious. ¸@®fully ²/-fElI/ ³adv ¸@®ful®ness ³n¼
¨tung-oil© ²/ÚtAG ãIl/ ³n ¶[U] ´oil (from a tree) used chiefly in varnishing
woodwork.¼
¨tung®sten© ²/ÚtAGstEn/ ³n ¶[U] ´grey metal (symbol ¸W´) used in making steel
and the filaments of electric light bulbs.¼
¨tu®nic© ²/ÚtjunIk ³US: ²Útu-/ ³n ¸1 ´close-fitting jacket as worn
by policemen, soldiers, etc. ¸2 ´loose blouse or coat for a woman or girl,
gathered at the waist with a belt, and reaching down to, or below, the hips.
¸3 ´loose, short-sleeved or sleeveless outer garment reaching to the knees, as
worn by ancient Greeks and Romans.¼
¨tun®nel© ²/ÚtAnl/ ³n ´underground passage (esp through a hill or mountain,
for a road, railway, etc); underwater passage (eÔg the proposed Channel @
between England and France). ¹ ³vi,vt µ(-ll-, ´US also µ-l-) ¶[VP2A,C,3A,6A]
·@ (into/through), ´dig a @ (into/through) sth; dig a @ or @s through (sth).¼
¨tunny© ²/ÚtAnI/ ³n (pl µ-nies ´or unchanged³) ´large sea-fish, used as food,
and valued for the sport of catching it.¼
¨tup© ²/tAp/ ³n ´male sheep; ram.¼
¨tup®pence© ²/ÚtApEns/ ³n ´(colloq) two pence. ¸tup®penny ²/ÚtApEnI/ ³adj
´costing @; (fig) of trifling value.¼
¨tu quo®que© ²/*tju ÚkwE8kwI ³US: ²*tu ÚkwE8kweI/ ³n ´(Lat) (phrase used as a
retort) So are you! So did you!¼
¨tur®ban© ²/Út3bEn/ ³n ¸1 ´headdress made by winding a length of cloth round
the head (as worn in some Asian and African countries). ¸2 ´close-fitting hat
resembling a @. ¸@ed ³adj ´wearing a @: ³a @ed Sikh.¼
¨tur®bid© ²/Út3bId/ ³adj ¸1 ´(of liquids) thick; muddy; not clear: ³@
waters/rivers. ¸2 ´(fig) disordered; confused: ³a @ imagination; @ thoughts.
¸@®ness, @®ity ²/t3ÚbIdEtI/ ³nn¼
¨tur®bine© ²/Út3bqIn/ ³n ´engine or motor whose driving-wheel is
turned by a current of water, steam or air. µ¥ ´the illus at µair.¼
¨tur®bo®jet© ²/*t3bE8ÚdZet/ ³n ´(aircraft with a) turbine engine that delivers
its power in the form of a jet of hot gases (no propellers being needed on the
aircraft).¼
¨tur®bo®prop© ²/*t3bE8Úprop/ ³n ´(aircraft with a) turbine engine that uses
its power, from hot gases, to turn a propeller.¼
¨tur®bot© ²/Út3bEt/ ³n (pl ´unchanged³) ´large, flat sea-fish valued as food.¼
¨tur®bu®lent© ²/Út3bj8lEnt/ ³adj ´violent; disorderly; uncontrolled: ³@
waves/passions; a @ mob. ¸@®ly ³adv ¸tur®bu®lence ²/-lEns/ ³n¼
¨turd© ²/t3d/ ³n ¶[U,C] ´(sl) (ball or lump of) excrement: ³sheep @s.¼
¨tu®reen© ²/tj8Úrin ³US: ²t8-/ ³n ´deep dish with a lid, from which soup,
vegetables, etc are served at table.¼
¨turf© ²/t3f/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´soil-surface with grass-roots growing in it: ³strip
the @ off a field; make a lawn by laying @ ´(instead of sowing grass-seed).
¸the @, ´the race-course; the occupation of profession of horse-racing. ¸Ú@
accountant, @ commission agent, ´bookmaker, µ¥ book±1µ(8). ¸2 ³(pl µ@s ´or
µturves ²/t3vz/³) ´piece of @ cut out; (in Ireland) (piece of) peat. ¹ ³vt ¸1
¶[VP6A] ´cover or lay (a piece of land) with @. ¸2 ¶[VP15B] ·@ out, ´(GB sl)
throw out.¼
¨tur®gid© ²/Út3dZId/ ³adj ¸1 ´swollen; bloated. ¸2 ´(of language)
pompous; full of high-sounding words. ¸@®ly ³adv ¸@®ity ²/t3ÚdZIdEtI/ ³n¼
¨Turk© ²/t3k/ ³n ´native or inhabitant of Turkey.¼
¨tur®key© ²/Út3kI/ ³n (pl µ@s´) ¸1 ¶[C] ´large bird valued as food; ¶[U] ´its
flesh; µ¥ ´the illus at µfowl. ¸2 ´(US sl) a flop. ·cold @, ¸(a) ´sudden
withdrawal from, or hangover after taking, narcotics. ¸(b) ´frank, determined
statement of truth (usu about sth unpleasant). ·talk @, ´(US sl) talk frankly
and bluntly.¼
¨Tur®kish© ²/Út3kI2/ ³n, adj ´(language) of Turkey or the Turks. ¸@ bath, ´of
hot air or steam, followed by a shower and massage. ¸@ delight, ´sweetmeat of
jelly-like substance covered with powdered sugar. ¸@ towel, ´one made of rough
absorbent cloth.¼
¨tur®meric© ²/Út3mErIk/ ³n ¶[U] ´(E Indian plant with a) root which is used,
in powdered form, as a colouring substance and a flavouring (esp in making
curries).¼
¨tur®moil© ²/Út3mãIl/ ³n ¶[C,U] ´(instance of) trouble, agitation, disturbance:
³The town was in (a) @ during the elections.¼
¨turn©1 ²/t3n/ ³n ¸1 ´act of turning; turning movement: ³a few @s
of the handle; a @ of Fortune's wheel´, a change of fortune. ·@ of the century,
´the time when a new centuryµ(2) ´starts. ·on the @, ´about to change: ³The
milk is on the @´, about to turn sour. ³The tide is on the @. ·done to a @,
´(from the use of a @spit) cooked just enough, neither underdone nor overdone.
¸2 ´change of direction: ³sudden @s in the road. ·at every @, ´(fig) very
frequently: ³I've been coming across old friends at every @ during this
reunion. He was frustrated at every @´, every time he tried to achieve his aim.
¸3 ´change in condition: ³The sick man/My affairs took a @ for the
better/worse. His illness took a favourable @. ¸4 ´occasion or opportunity for
doing sth, esp in one's proper order among others: ³It's your @ to read now,
John. Wait (until it is) your @. My @ will come ´(sometimes meaning "I shall
have my time of success, triumph, revenge, etc', according to context). ·(do
sth) @ and @ about, ´(of two or more persons) first one and then the other(s);
alternately. ·by @s, ´(of persons, groups, actions) in rotation; one after the
other: ³She went hot and cold by @s. They laughed and cried by @s. ·in @, ´(of
two persons) = @ and @ about; (of more than two persons) in succession: ³The
boys were summoned in @ to see the examiner. ·out of @, ´before or after the
permitted time: ³You mustn't speak out of (your) @. ·take @s (at sth); take @s
about, ´do it in @: ³Mary and Helen took @s at sitting up with their sick
mother´, Mary sat up first, Helen next, and so on. ¸5 ´action regarded as
affecting sb. ·One good @ deserves another, ´(prov) Help, kind service, etc
should be repaid. ·do sb a good/bad @, ´be/not be helpful. ¸6 ´natural
tendency: ³a boy with a me·Ú³chanical @´, interested in, clever at, mechanical
things. ³He has a gloomy @ of mind. ¸7 ´purpose; special need. ·serve one's @,
´meet one's requirements: ³I think this book will serve my @. ¸8 ´short period
of activity: ³I'll take a few @s ´(= have a walk) ³round the deck before I go
to bed. I'll take a @ at the oars now if you want a rest. ¸9 ´short
performance on the stage (esp of a variety theatre, or similar entertainment
for sound or TÔV broadcasts), eÔg a song, dance, juggling feat, display of
skill. ¸star @, ´most popular @. ¸10 ´(colloq) nervous shock: ³The news gave me
quite a @.¼
¨turn©2 ²/t3n/ ³vt,vi ´(For uses with ³adverbial particles ´and
³preps, µ¥ 7 ´below.) ¸1 ¶[VP6A,15A,B,2A,C,4A] ´(cause to) move round a point;
(cause to) move so as to face in a different direction: ³The earth @s round
the sun. The wheels of the car were @ing slowly. What @s the wheels? He @ed
away from me. He @ed his back on me, µ¥ back±1µ(1). ³He @ed his back to the
wall. He @ed his head (round) and looked back. He @ed to look at me. He @ed
(to the) left. It's time we @ed and went back home. He was idly @ing the pages
of a magazine. The car @ed (round) the corner. Be careful how you @ that
corner. Please @ your eyes ´(= look) ³this way. The mere thought of food @ed
his stomach´, upset his stomach, made him feel ill. ³His stomach @ed at the
sight of food. When does the tide @´, begin to flow in/out? ³This tap @s
easily. It's easy to @ this tap. Nothing will ever @ him from ´(= cause him to
change) ³his purpose. ·@ one's mind/thoughts/attention to sth, ´direct one's
mind, etc to: ³Please @ your attention to something more important. ·@ one's
hand to sth, ´(be able to) undertake (a task, etc): ³He can @ his hand to most
jobs about the house´, can deal with them. ·@ sth to account, µ¥ account±1µ(3).
·@ a deaf ear to sth, ´refuse to listen to: ³They @ed a deaf ear to my request
for help. ·@ sb's flank; @ the flank of sb, ´pass round an enemy's position so
as to attack it in the flank or rear; (fig) outwit him; defeat him in debate,
etc. ·@ the corner, ´(fig use) µ¥ corner(1). ·@ the scale(s), µ¥ scale±3µ(1).
¸2 ¶[VP6A,14,15A,B,2A,C,3A] ·@ (sth) (into sth), ´(cause to) change in nature,
quality, condition, etc: ³Frost @s water into ice. Caterpillars @ into ´(=
become) ³butterflies. This hot weather has @ed the milk´, made it sour. ³His
hair has @ed grey. Anxiety @ed his hair white. The leaves are beginning to @´,
change colour (as in autumn). ³Could you @ this piece of prose into verse/this
passage into Greek? He has @ed traitor´, become a traitor. ³He's a politician
@ed poet, ´who has become a poet. ³T@ the dog loose´, let it go free, eÔg by
releasing it from a chain. ·@ sb's brain, ´upset him mentally. ·@ sb's head,
´unsettle him, make him vain: ³The excessive praise the young actor received
@ed his head. ¸3 ¶[VP6A] ´reach and pass: ³He has @ed ´(= reach the age of)
³fifty. It has just @ed two´, is just after two o'clock. ¸4 ¶[VP6A] ´shape
(sth, wood or metal) on a lathe, etc: ³@ brass; a machine-@ed cigarette-case; @
a bowl on a potter's wheel; ´(fig) give a graceful form to: ³@ an epigram/a
compliment; a well-@ed phrase/sentence; a well-@ed ankle; ´(with passive
force): ³wood/metal that @s ´(= can be @ed) ³easily. ¸5 ¶[VP6A] ´remake (a
garment) so that the inner surface becomes the outer surface: ³I'll have this
old overcoat @ed. ·@ one's coat, µ¥ coat(1). ¸Ú@®coat ³n ´person who deserts
one party to join another, esp to win profit, advantage, safety, etc. ¸6
´(compounds) ¸Ú@®cock ³n ´person employed to @ water on or off (at the mains).
¸Ú@®key ³n ´keeper of the keys in a prison; jailer. ¸Ú@®pike ³n ´(hist) gate
kept closed across a road and opened on payment of a toll; (US) toll road for
fast traffic. ¸Ú@®spit ³n ´(hist) dog or servant who turned the spit on which
meat, etc used to be roasted. ¸Ú@®stile ³n ´revolving gate that admits, lets
out, one person at a time. ¸Ú@-table ³n ´flat circular platform, eÔg one on
which gramophone discs are played, or on which a railway locomotive is turned
round. ¸7 ¶[VP14,15B,2C,3A] ´(special uses with ³adverbial particles ´and
³preps´):¼
·turn (sb) about, ´(cause to) @ to one side or in a different direction: ³About
@! ´(as a military command, in drills, etc).¼
·turn sb adrift, ´send sb away without help or support: ³He @ed his son adrift
in the world´, sent him away from home and refused to help him.¼
·turn (sb) against sb, ´(cause to) become hostile to: ³She @ed against her old
friend. He tried to @ the children against their mother.¼
·turn (sb) aside (from), ´(more usu ³@ away´) (cause to) @ to one side or in a
different direction.¼
·turn (sb) away, ´(cause to) @ in a different direction so as not to face
sb/sth; refuse to look at, welcome, help, admit (to a place): ³She @ed away in
disgust. He @ed away a beggar. We had to @ away hundreds of people´, eÔg from
a stadium, because all seats were sold.¼
·turn (sb/sth) back, ´(cause to) return the way one has come: ³It's getting
darkÅwe'd better @ back. We were/Our car was @ed back at the frontier.¼
·turn (sth) down, ¸(a) ´(cause to) fold down: ³@ down one's coat collar; a
@-down collar; @ down the bed-clothes. ¸(b) ´reduce (the flame or brilliance
of a gas- or oil-lamp, stove, etc) by @ing a wheel or tap: ³@ down the lamps.
¸(c) ´place (a playing-card) on the table face downwards. ·@ sb/sth down,
´refuse to consider (an offer, a proposal, or the person who makes it): ³He
tried to join the army but was @ed down because of poor health. He asked Jane
to marry him but she @ed him down/@ed down his proposal.¼
·turn in, ´(colloq) go to bed. ·@ in on oneself/itself, ´withdraw from contact
with others; become a recluse; (of a country) become isolationist. ·@ sb in,
´(colloq) surrender sb to the police. ·@ (sth) in, ´(cause to) fold or slant
inwards: ³His toes @ in. He @ed his toes in. ·@ sth in, ´(colloq) give back to
those in authority: ³You must @ in your equipment ´(eÔg uniform) ³before you
leave.¼
·turn (sth) inside out, ´(cause to) become inside out: ³The wind @ed my old
umbrella inside out. He @ed his pockets inside out in search of his keys.¼
·turn off, ´change direction; leave (one road) for another: ³Is this where we
@ off/where our road @s off for Hull? ·@ sth off, ´stop the flow of (liquid,
gas, current) by @ing a tap, switch or other control: ³@ off the
water/lights/radio/TÔV. ·@ (sb) off, ´(sl) (cause sb to) lose interest,
desire, etc: ³He/This music really @s me off! ´Hence, ¸Ú@-off ³n ´sth/sb that
causes this.¼
·turn sth on, ´start the flow of (liquid, gas, current) by @ing a tap, switch,
etc: ³T@ the lights/radio on. She's fond of @ing on the charm´, (fig) using
her charm to influence people. ·@ (sb) on, ´(sl) (cause sb to) have great
pleasure or excitement: ³Some girls @ on easily. What kind of music @s you on?
Some drugs @ you on very quickly´, quickly change your mental or emotional
state. Hence, ¸Ú@-on ³n ´sth/sb that causes this. ·@ on sth, ´depend on: ³The
success of a picnic usually @s on the weather. ·@ on sb, ´become hostile to;
attack: ³The dog @ed on me and bit me in the leg.¼
·turn out (well, etc), ´prove to be; be in the end: ³Everything @ed out
well/satisfactory. The day @ed out wet. As it @ed out«´, As it happened in the
end«. ·@ (sth) out, ´(cause to) point outwards: ³His toes @ out. He @ed his
toes out. ·@ sth out, ¸(a) ´extinguish by @ing a tap, switch, etc: ³Please @
out the lights/gas-fire before you go to bed. ¸(b) ´empty (a drawer, one's
pockets, a room, etc) when looking for sth, when cleaning sth: ³@ out all the
drawers in one's desk; @ out the attic´, to get rid of unwanted articles, etc.
·@ sb/sth out, ´produce, eÔg manufactured goods: ³Our new factory is @ing out
large quantities of goods. The school has @ed out some first-rate scholars. ·@
(sb) out, ¸(a) ´(cause him to) assemble for some event, or for duty: ³The whole
village @ed out to welcome the princess. Not many men @ed out for duty. ¸(b)
´(colloq) (cause sb to) get out of bed. ·@ sb out (of/from sth), ´expel
by force, threats, etc: ³@ sb out of his job/chair; @ out a tenant ´(= from
his house) ³for not paying the rent. ·@ed out, ´(of a person, equipment, etc)
dressed, equipped: ³a well-@ed out young man. She was beautifully @ed out´,
elegantly dressed. Hence, ¸Ú@-out ³n ¸(a) ´persons who have @ed out
(assembled): ³There was a good @-out at the meeting. ¸(b) ´occasion when one
@s out (empties, etc) a drawer, etc: ³The drawers in my desk are full of old
papersÅit's time I had a good @-out. ¸(c) ´equipment; way in which sth is
equipped; clothes and accessories worn together: ³a smart/sloppy @-out. ¸(d)
´output (the more usu word) of manufactured goods, etc.¼
·turn (sb/sth) over, ´(cause to) fall over, upset; change the position of: ³The
car (was) @ed right over´, completely upset. ³He @ed over in bed. The nurse @ed
the old man over and gave him an injection in the left buttock. ·@ sth over,
´do business to the amount of: ³His business @s over $500 a week. ·@ sth over
in one's mind, ´think about sth (before making a decision). ·@ sth/sb over (to
sb), ´give the control or conduct of sth to: ³I've @ed over the management of
my affairs to my brother. He's @ed over his business to his successors. The
thief was @ed ´(= handed) ³over to the police. ´Hence, ¸Ú@®over ³n ¸(a) ´amount
of money @ed over in business within a period of time or for a particular
transaction: ³a profit of $1Ô000 on a @over of $10ÔÔ000; sell goods at low
prices hoping for a quick @over´, quick sales and quick replacement of stock.
¸(b) ´rate of renewal: ³There is a higher @over of the labour force in
unskilled trades than in skilled trades´, unskilled workers leave and are
replaced more quickly. ¸(c) ´tart made by folding over half of a circular piece
of pastry over the other half, with jam, meat, etc inside.¼
·turn (sth/sb) round, ´(cause to) face another way, be in another direction:
³T@ round and let me see your profile. T@ your chair round to the fire.
´Hence, ¸Ú@-round ³n ´(esp of a ship or aircraft) process of getting it ready
for the return voyage or flight: ³a @-round of 24 hours in Southampton´, eÔg
for an Atlantic liner.¼
·turn to, ´get busy: ³The design staff @ed to and produced a set of drawings
in twenty-four hours. ·@ to sb, ´go or apply to: ³The child @ed to its mother
for comfort. She has nobody to @ to.¼
·turn up, ¸(a) ´make one's appearance; arrive: ³He promised to come, but
hasn't @ed up yet. My boss hasn't @ed up this morningÅI hope she isn't ill.
¸(b) ´be found, esp by chance: ³The book you've lost may @ up one of these
days. ¸(c) ´(of an opportunity, etc) happen; present itself: ³He's still
waiting for something ´(eÔg a job, a piece of good luck) ³to @ up. ·@ (sth) up,
¸(a) ´(cause to) slope upwards: ³@ ´(= roll) ³up one's shirt sleeves. ¸(b)
´expose; make visible: ³The share of a plough @s up the soil. The ploughman @ed
up some buried treasure/an old skull. ·@ sb up, ´(colloq) cause to vomit;
disgust: ³The stink from the slaughter-house @ed me up. ·@ up one's nose at
sth, ´(fig) express a superior and critical attitude towards: ³She @ed up her
nose at the suggestion. ¸Ú@-up ³n ¸(a) ´turned fold at the bottom of a
trouser-leg. ¸(b) ·@-up (for the book), ´surprising and unexpected event:
³Fancy seeing you after all these years. What a @-up for the book!¼
·turn upon, µ¥ @ on ´above, (= attack).¼
¨turner© ²/Út3nE(r)/ ³n ´person who works a lathe. µ¥ turn±2µ(4).¼
¨turn®ing© ²/Út3nIG/ ³n ´place where a road turns, esp where one road branches
off from another: ³Take the first @ on/to the right. ¸Ú@-point ³n ´(fig) point
in place, time, development, etc which is critical: ³reach a @-point in
history/in one's life. There was a @-point in the negotiations yesterday.¼
¨tur®nip© ²/Út3nIp/ ³n ¶[C] ´(plant with a) large round root used as a
vegetable and as food for cattle.¼
¨tur®pen®tine© ²/Út3pEntñIn/ ³n ¶[U] ´oil obtained from certain trees, used as
a solvent in mixing paint and varnish, and in medicine.¼
¨tur®pi®tude© ²/Út3pItjud ³US: ²-tud/ ³n ¶[U] ´(formal) wickedness;
depravity.¼
¨turps© ²/t3ps/ ³n ¶[U] ´(colloq abbr for) turpentine.¼
¨tur®quoise© ²/Út3kwãIz/ ³n ¶[C] ´(colour of a) greenish-blue precious stone.¼
¨tur®ret© ²/ÚtArIt/ ³n ¸1 ´small tower, esp at a corner of a building or
defensive wall. ¸2 ´steel structure protecting gunners, often made so as to
revolve with the gun(s): ³a warship armed with twin-gun @s.¼
¨turtle©1 ²/Út3tl/ ³n ´sea-animal with a soft body protected by a hard shell
like that of a tortoise. µ¥ ´the illus at µreptile. ·turn @, ´(of a ship) turn
upside down; capsize. ¸Ú@-neck(ed) ³adj ´(of a garment, esp a sweater) having a
high, circular, close-fitting collar.¼
¨turtle©2 ²/Út3tl/ ³n ´(usu) ¸@-dove, ´kinds of dove, esp a wild kind noted for
its soft cooing, and its affection for its mate and young.¼
¨turves© ²/t3vz/ ³n pl µ¥ turf.¼
¨tusk© ²/tAsk/ ³n ´long-pointed tooth, esp one coming out from the closed
mouth, as in the elephant, walrus or wild boar. µ¥ ´the illus at µlarge, sea.¼
¨tussle© ²/ÚtAsl/ ³n, vi ¶[VP2A,3A] ·@ (with), ´(colloq) (have a) hard struggle
or fight.¼
¨tus®sock© ²/ÚtAsEk/ ³n ´clump or hillock of growing grass.¼
¨tut© ²/tAt/, ±tut-tut ²/*tAt ÚtAt/ ³int ´used to express impatience, contempt,
rebuke. ¹ ³vt µ(-tt-) ¶[VP6A] ´express impatience, etc by using this word: ³He
tut-tutted the idea.¼
¨tu®te®lage© ²/ÚtjutIlIdZ ³US: ²Útu-/ ³n ¶[U] ´(formal) guardianship: ³a child
in @´; (period of) being under @.¼
¨tu®te®lary© ²/ÚtjutIlErI ³US: ²ÚtutElrI/ ³adj ´(formal) serving as a guardian
or protector; of a guardian: ³@ authority.¼
¨tu®tor© ²/ÚtjutE(r) ³US: ²Útu-/ ³n ¸1 ´private teacher, esp one who instructs
a single pupil or a very small class, sometimes one who lives with the family
of his pupil(s). ¸2 ´(GB) university teacher who guides the studies of a number
of students. ¹ ³vt ¶[VP6A,15A,16A] ¸1 ´teach as a @. ¸2 ´train, exercise
restraint over: ³@ one's passions; @ oneself to be patient. ¸@ial ²/tjuÚtcrIEl
³US: ²tu-/ ³adj ´of a @ of his duties: ³@ial classes. µ¹ ³n ´period of
instruction given by a college @: ³attend a @ial.¼
¨tutti-frutti© ²/*tutI ÚfrutI/ ³n ´(portion of) ice-cream with
chopped nuts and various fruits.¼
¨tutu© ²/Útutu/ ³n ´short skirt with many layers of stiffened fabric worn by
women dancers in classical ballet.¼
¨tux®edo© ²/tAkÚsidE8/ ³n (pl µ@s ²/-dE8z/³) ´(US) dinner-jacket.¼
¨twaddle© ²/Útwodl/ ³n ¶[U] ´foolish talk. ¹ ³vi ¶[VP2A] ´talk or write @:
³Stop twaddling!¼
¨twain© ²/tweIn/ ³n ´(archaic) two.¼
¨twang© ²/twaG/ ³n ¸1 ´sound of a tight string or wire being pulled and
released: ³the @ of a guitar. ¸2 ´harsh, nasal tone of voice: ³speak with a @.
¹ vt,vi ¶[VP6A,2A] ´(cause to) make this kind of sound: ³The bow @ed and the
arrow whistled through the air. He was @ing a banjo.¼
¨'twas© ²/twEz ³strong form: ²twoz/ ³c ´(archaic or poet) = it was.¼
¨tweak© ²/twik/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´pinch and twist: ³Wouldn't you like to
@ that rude fellow's nose/ears? ¹ n ´act of @ing.¼
¨twee© ²/twi/ ³adj ´affectedly or inappropriately dainty or quaint.¼
¨tweed© ²/twid/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´(often attrib) thick, soft, woollen cloth, usu
woven of mixed colours: ³a @ hat/coat. ¸2 ³(pl) ´(suit of) clothes made of @:
³dressed in Scottish @s.¼
¨'tween© ²/twin/ ³adv, prep ´(archaic or poet) between, esp ¸Ú@-decks, ´between
decks.¼
¨tweet© ²/twit/ ³n, vi ´(of a bird) chirp.¼
¨tweeter© ²/ÚtwitE(r)/ ³n ´loudspeaker for reproducing high notes. µ¥ woofer.¼
¨tweez®ers© ²/ÚtwizEz/ ³n pl ·(pair of) @, ´tiny pair of tongs for picking up
or pulling out very small things, eÔg hairs from the eyebrows.¼
¨twelfth© ²/twelfT/ ³adj, n ´next after the 11th; one of twelve equal parts.
¸@ man, ´(in cricket) reserve player. ¸ÚT@-night, ´eve of the festival of
Epiphany, celebrated with festivities.¼
¨twelve© ²/twelv/ ³adj, n ´the number 12. µ¥ App 4. ¸the T@, ´the @ apostles of
Jesus. ¸Ú@®month ³n ´(archaic) year.¼
¨twenty© ²/ÚtwentI/ ³adj, n ´the number 20. µ¥ App 4. ¸the
twenties, ´20-29. ¸twen®ti®eth ²/ÚtwentIET/ ³adj, n ´next after the 19th; one
of 20 equal parts.¼
¨'twere© ²/tw3(r)/ ³c ´(archaic or poet) = it were (= ³it would be´).¼
¨twerp© ²/tw3p/ ³n ´(sl) contemptible or insignificant person.¼
¨twice© ²/twñIs/ ³adv ´two times: ³@ as much/as many. I've been there once or
@. He's @ the man he was´, @ as well, strong, confident, capable, etc. ·think
Ú@ about doing sth, ´hesitate, think carefully, before deciding to do it. ·a
*@-told Útale, ´a well-known one.¼
¨twiddle© ²/ÚtwIdl/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A] ´twist or turn idly or aimlessly: ³@
one's thumbs. ¸2 ¶[VP3A] ·@ with sth, ´play idly: ³@ with one's hair/a ring on
one's finger. ¹ n ´slight twist or turn. ¸twid®dly ²/ÚtwIdlI/ ³adj ´having a
@.¼
¨twig©1 ²/twIg/ ³n ¶[C] ´small shoot on or at the end of a branch (bush,
plant). µ¥ ´the illus at µtree. ¸@gy ³adj ´having many @s: ³support plants
with @gy sticks.¼
¨twig©2 ²/twIg/ ³vt,vi µ(-gg-) ¶[VP6A,2A] ´(GB colloq) observe; notice;
understand: ³I soon @ged what he was up to´, saw the trick he was trying to
play.¼
¨twi®light© ²/ÚtwñIlñIt/ ³n ¶[U] ¸1 ´faint half-light before sunrise or after
sunset: ³go for a walk in the @. ¸2 ´(fig) remote period about which little is
known: ³in the @ of history. ¸twi®lit ²/ÚtwñIlIt/ ³adj ´dimly lit.¼
¨twill© ²/twIl/ ³n ¶[U] ´strong cotton cloth woven so that fine
diagonal lines or ribs appear on the surface. ¸@ed ³adj ´(of cloth) woven in
this way.¼
¨'twill© ²/twIl/ ³c ´(archaic or poet) = it will.¼
¨twin© ²/twIn/ ³n ¸1 ´either of two children born together of the same mother:
³one of the @s; ´(attrib) ³@ brothers. ¸2 ´(usu attrib) completely like,
closely associated with, another: ³a ship with @ propellers´, two identical
propellers; ³@ beds´, two identical single beds; ³a ·Ú³@-set´, woman's jumper
and long sleeved cardigan of the same colour and style. ¹ ³vt ¶[VP6A,14] ·@
(with), ´join closely together; couple; pair. µ¥ twinned.¼
¨twine© ²/twñIn/ ³n ¶[U] ´thin strings made by twisting two or more yarns
together. ¹ ³vt,vi ¶[VP15A,B,2A,C] ´twist; wind: ³@ flowers into a garland;
vines that @ round a tree. She @d her arms round my neck.¼
¨twinge© ²/twIndZ/ ³n ¶[C] ´sudden, sharp pain: ³a @ of
toothache/rheumatism/conscience.¼
¨twinkle© ²/ÚtwIGkl/ ³vi ¶[2A,C] ¸1 ´shine with a light that gleams unsteadily:
³stars that @ in the sky. ¸2 ´(of eyes) sparkle; (of eyelids, feet in dancing,
etc) move rapidly up and down, to and fro: ³Her eyes @d with
amusement/mischief. ¹ n ¸1 ¶[U] ´twinkling light: ³the @ of the stars/of a
distant light. ¸2 ´sparkle; rapid twitching: ³There was a mischievous @ in her
eyes. ¸twink®ling ²/ÚtwIGklIG/ ³n sing ·in the twinkling of an eye, ´in
an instant.¼
¨twin®ned© ²/twInd/ ³attrib adj ·@ (with), ´paired (with): ³a town in England @
with a town in France´, (for cultural, educational, etc exchanges).¼
¨twirl© ²/tw3l/ ³vt,vi ¶[VP6A,15B,16A,2A,C] ¸1 ´(cause to) turn round and round
quickly: ³She @ed the mop to get the water out of it. He sat @ing his thumbs.
¸2 ´curl: ³He @ed his moustache (up). ¹ n ´rapid circular motion.¼
¨twist© ²/twIst/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A,15A,B] ´wind or turn (a number of threads,
strands, etc) one around the other: ³@ pieces of straw into a rope. She @ed
the girl's hair round her fingers to make it curl. ¸2 ¶[VP6A] ´make (a rope, a
garland, etc) by doing this. ¸3 ¶[VP6A,15A,B,16A] ´turn, esp by the use of
force; turn the two ends of (sth) in opposite directions; turn one end of
(sth): ³@ ´(more usu ³wring) a wet cloth, ´to squeeze out the water; ³@ the
cap off a fountain-pen/a tube of toothpaste. If you use too much force, you'll
@ the key´, bend it out of shape. ³His features were @ed ´(= distorted) ³with
pain. He fell and @ed his ankle. She @ed her head round as she reversed the
car into the garage. ·@ sth off, ´break off by @ing: ³@ off the end of a piece
of wire. ·@ sb's arm, ¸(a) ´force it round to cause pain. ¸(b) ´(fig, colloq)
put (friendly or unfriendly) pressure on him to do sth. ·@ sb round one's
little finger, ´(colloq) get him to do what one wants him to do. ¸4
¶[VP6A,15A] ´force (sb's words) out of their true meaning: ³The police tried
to @ his words into a confession of guilt. ¸5 ¶[VP6A,15A,2A,C] ´give a spiral
form to (a rod, column, etc); receive, have, move or grow in, a spiral form:
³@ed columns, ´as in architecture. ¸6 ¶[VP2A,C] ´turn and curve in different
directions; change position or direction: ³The road @s and turns up the side
of the mountain. The thief @ed out of the policeman's grip and ran off. The
injured man @ed about in pain. ¸7 ¶[VP6A,2A] ´(of a ball, esp in billiards)
(cause to) take a curved path while spinning. ¸8 ¶[VP2A] ´dance the @, µ¥ 6
´below. ¹ ³n ¸1 ´@ing or being @ed: ³The bully gave the little boy's arm a @.
Give the rope a few more @s. There are numerous @s in the road over the pass.
¸2 ´sth made by @ing: ³a rope full of @s ´(= kinks, coils); ³a @ of paper´, a
paper packet with screwed-up ends. ¸3 ¶[C,U] ´thread, yarn, rope, etc made by
@ing together two or more strands, esp certain kinds of silk thread and cotton
yarn; coarse tobacco made by @ing dried leaves into a roll.
¸4 ´motion given to a ball to make it take a curved path. ¸5 ´peculiar
tendency of mind or character: ³He has a criminal @ in him. ¸6 the @, ´dance
(popular in the 1960's) in which there is @ing of the arms and hips. ¸@er ³n ¸1
´(colloq) dishonest person. ¸2 ´difficult task, problem, etc: ³a
·Ú³tongue-@er´, word or phrase difficult to pronounce. ¸@y ³adj µ(-ier, -iest)
¸1 ´having many @s: ³a @y road. ¸2 ´not straightforward: ³a @y politician.¼
¨twit©1 ²/twIt/ ³vt µ(-tt-) ¶[VP6A,14] ´tease sb (usu in jest)
(with or about sth): ³@ a man about the state he was in after a drinking bout.¼
¨twit©2 ²/twIt/ ³n ´(sl) contemptible fool; idiot.¼
¨twitch© ²/twIt2/ ³n ¶[C] ¸1 ´sudden, quick, usu uncontrollable movement of a
muscle; tic. ¸2 ´sudden quick pull: ³I felt a @ at my sleeve. ¹ vi,vt ¸1
¶[VP2A,C,6A] ´(cause to) move in a @µ(1)´: ³The dog's nose @ed as it passed
the butcher's shop. His face @ed with terror. The horse @ed its ears. ¸2
¶[VP15A,B] ´jerk; give a @µ(2) ´to: ³The wind @ed the paper out of my hand.¼
¨twit®ter© ²/ÚtwItE(r)/ ³vi ¶[VP15A,B] ´(of birds) chirp; make a succession of
soft short sounds; (of persons) talk rapidly through excitement, nervousness,
etc. ¹ ³n ¸1 ´chirping: ³the @ of sparrows. ¸2 ´(of persons) (colloq, esp in)
·(all) of a @, ´in an excited state.¼
¨'twixt© ²/twIkst/ ³prep ´(archaic or poet) = betwixt.¼
¨two© ²/tu/ ³n, adj ¸1 ´the number 2. µ¥ App 4. ·break/cut sth in two, ´into
two parts. ·put two and two together, ´infer sth from what one sees, hears,
learns, etc. ·by twos and threes, ´two or three at a time. ·*Two can play (at)
Úthat game, ´used as a threat of retaliation. ¸2 ´(compounds) ¸*two-Úedged ³adj
´(of a sword) having a cutting edge on each side; (fig, of an argument, etc)
having two possible (and contrary) meanings. ¸*two-Úfaced ³adj ´(fig)
insincere. ¸Útwo®fold ³adj, adv ´double, doubly. ¸*two-Úhanded ³adj ´(of a
sword) needing two hands to use it; (of a saw, etc) to be used by two persons,
one at each end. ¸Útwo®pence ²/ÚtApEns ³US: ²Útupens/ ³n ´sum of two pence.
¸Útwo®penny ²/ÚtApEnI ³US: ²ÚtupenI/ ³adj ´costing two pence. ¸*two®penny
Úpiece, ´GB coin worth two pence. ¸*two®penny-Úhalf®penny ²/*tApnI ÚheIpnI ³US:
²*tupenI ÚhafpenI/ ³adj ´(colloq) almost worthless; petty. ¸Útwo-a-penny ³adj
´easy to obtain; cheap; almost worthless. ¸*two-Úpiece ³n ´set of garments of
similar or matching material, eÔg skirt and jacket, trousers and
jacket; bra and briefs (for swimming); (attrib) ³a two-piece suit. ¸Útwo-ply
³adj ´of two strands or thicknesses: ³two-ply wool/wood. ¸*two-Úseater ³n ´car,
aircraft, etc with seats for two persons. ¸Útwo-timing ³adj ´(sl) deceitful;
engaged in double-crossing. ¸*two-Úway ³attrib adj ¸(a) ´(of a switch) allowing
current to be switched on or off from either of two points. ¸(b) ´(of a road or
street) in which traffic may move in both directions. Cf ³one-way street. ¸(c)
´(of radio equipment, etc) for both sending and receiving.¼
¨'twould© ²/tw8d/ ³c ´(archaic or poet) = it would.¼
¨ty®coon© ²/tñIÚkun/ ³n ´(colloq) wealthy and powerful business man
or industrialist: ·Ú³oil @s.¼
¨ty®ing© ²/ÚtñIIG/ ³pres p ´of µtie±2µ.¼
¨tyke©, tike ²/tñIk/ ³n ´cur; (as a term of abuse) low fellow.¼
¨tym®pa®num© ²/ÚtImpEnEm/ ³n (pl µ@s ´or µ-na ²/-nE/³) ´(anat) ¸1 ´eardrum. ¸2
´middle ear. µ¥ middle; ¥ ´the illus at µear.¼
¨type©1 ²/tñIp/ ³n ¸1 ¶[C] ´person, thing, event, etc considered as an example
of a class or group: ³Abraham Lincoln was a fine @ of the American patriot. ¸2
¶[C] ´class or group considered to have common characteristics: ³men of this @.
Her beauty is of the Italian @. They claim to make good Burgundy @ wine/wine of
the Burgundy @ in Australia. ·true to @, ´representative of that @: ³A cowardly
bulldog is not true to @. ¸3 ¶[U] ´letters, etc cast in blocks of (usu) metal,
for use in printing; any fount of these; ¶[C] ´one of these blocks: ³The
printers are short of @/certain @s. Wooden @ is/Wooden @s are sometimes used
for printing posters. The material is now in @´, has been set ready for
printing. ³The examples in this dictionary are in italic @. ¸4 ´(compounds)
¸Ú@®face ³n ´style of typeµ(3). µ¥ face±1µ(3). ¸Ú@®script ³n ´typewritten copy
(prepared for printing, etc). ¸Ú@®setter ³n ´worker or machine that sets @ for
printing. ¸Ú@®writer ³n ´machine with which one prints letters on paper, using
the fingers on a keyboard. ¸Ú@®written ³adj ´written using a @writer: ³a
@written message.¼
¨type©2 ²/tñIp/ ³vt,vi ¶[VP6A,2A] ¸1 ´use a typewriter; write with
a typewriter: ³@ a letter. She @s well. ¸2 ¶[VP6A] ´determine the typeµ(2) ´of
sth: ³@ a virus; @ a person's blood. ¸typ®ist ²/ÚtñIpIst/ ³n ´person who @s.¼
¨type®cast© ²/ÚtñIpkqst ³US: ²-kast/ ³vt (pt,pp ´unchanged³) ¶[VP6A] ´(theatre)
cast (a person) for a part which he/she has the reputation of doing well or
which seems to fit his/her own personality.¼
¨ty®phoid© ²/ÚtñIfãId/ ³n ¶[U] ¸@ (fever), ´infectious disease which attacks
the intestines, caused by bacteria taken into the body with food or drink.¼
¨ty®phoon© ²/tñIÚfun/ ³n ¶[C] ´violent hurricane of the kind that occurs in the
western Pacific.¼
¨ty®phus© ²/ÚtñIfEs/ ³n ¶[U] ´infectious disease marked by fever, great
weakness and the appearance of purple spots on the body.¼
¨typi®cal© ²/ÚtIpIkl/ ³adj ·@ (of), ´serving as a type; representative or
characteristic. ¸@ly ²/-klI/ ³adv¼
¨typ®ify© ²/ÚtIpIfñI/ ³vt (pt,pp µ-fied³) ¶[VP6A] ´be a symbol of; be
representative of.¼
¨typ®ist© ²/ÚtñIpIst/ ³n µ¥ type ±2µ.¼
¨ty®pogra®phy© ²/tñIÚpogrEfI/ ³n ¶[U] ´art or style of printing. ¸ty®pogra®pher
²/tñIÚpogrEfE(r)/ ³n ´person skilled in @. ¸ty®po®graphic ²/*tñIpEÚgrafIk/ ³adj
¸ty®po®graphi®cally ²/-klI/ ³adv¼
¨ty®ran®ni®cal© ²/tIÚranIkl/ ³adj ´of or like a tyrant; acting like a tyrant;
obtaining obedience by force or threats.¼
¨tyr®an®nize© ²/ÚtIrEnñIz/ ³vi,vt ¶[VP6A,3A] ·@ (over), ´rule cruelly and
unjustly: ³@ over the weak. He @s his family.¼
¨tyr®ann®ous© ²/ÚtIrEnEs/ ³adj ´= µtyrannical.¼
¨tyr®anny© ²/ÚtIrEnI/ ³n (pl µ-nies´) ¸1 ¶[U] ´cruel or unjust use of power;
¶[C] ´instance of this; tyrannical act. ¸2 ¶[C,U] ´(instance of, country with,
the) kind of government existing when a ruler has complete power, esp when this
power has been obtained by force and is used unjustly: ³live under a @.¼
¨ty®rant© ²/ÚtñIErEnt/ ³n ´cruel or unjust ruler, esp one who has obtained
complete power by force.¼
¨tyre© ´(US = ¸tire´) ²/tñIE(r)/ ³n ´band of solid or inflated rubber on the
rim of a wheel, esp ³(pneumatic @) ´the kind on bicycle and motor-car wheels.
µ¥ ´the illus at µbicycle, motor.¼
¨tyro© ²/ÚtñIErE8/ ³n ´= µtiro.¼
¨tzar© ²/zq(r)/, ±tza®rina ²/zqÚrinE/ ³nn ´= µczar, czarina.¼
¨U©, u ²/ju/ ³n (pl µU's, u's ²/juz/³) ´the 21st letter of the English alphabet.
¸ÚU-boat ³n ´German submarine. ¸ÚU-turn, ´one of 180Ä (by a car, etc):
³No U-turns! ´(as a traffic notice in towns, on motorways).¼
¨ubi®qui®tous© ²/juÚbIkwItEs/ ³adj ´(formal) present everywhere or
in several places at the same time. ¸ubi®quity ²/juÚbIkwEtI/ ³n ¶[U] ´quality
of being @.¼
¨ud®der© ²/ÚAdE(r)/ ³n ´bag of a cow, goat or other animal, from which milk
comes, esp a large one with two or more teats. µ¥ ´the illus at µdomestic.¼
¨ugh© ²/³This usu suggests a sound like ²3 ³made with the lips either spread
or rounded very strongly and one's facial expression showing disgust²/ ³int
´used to indicate disgust.¼
¨ugly© ²/ÚAglI/ ³adj µ(-ier, -iest) ¸1 ´unpleasant to look at; hideous: ³@
children/furniture/surroundings. ¸2 ´threatening; unpleasant: ³The sky looks
@´, suggests bad weather. ³The news in today's newspapers is @´, suggests
unpleasant possibilities, eÔg of war. ¸@ customer´, (colloq) dangerous
person; person difficult to deal with. ¸ug®lify ²/ÚAglIfñI/ ³vt (pt,pp µ-fied³)
´make @. ¸ug®li®ness ³n¼
¨ukase© ²/juÚkeIs/ ³n ´(hist) edict of the Czarist Russian government;
arbitrary order.¼
¨uku®lele© ²/*jukEÚleIlI/ ³n ´Hawaiian four-stringed guitar.¼
¨ul®cer© ²/ÚAlsE(r)/ ³n ´open sore forming poisonous matter (on the outside or
inside surface of the body); (fig) corrupting influence or condition. ¸@®ous
²/-Es/ ³adj ¸@®ate ²/-eIt/ ³vt,vi ¶[VP6A,2A] ´form, convert or be converted
into, an @. ¸@®ation ²/*AlsEÚreI2n/ ³n¼
¨ulna© ²/ÚAlnE/ ³n (pl µ@e ²/-ni/³) ´(anat) inner of the two bones of the
forearm. µ¥ ´the illus at µskeleton.¼
¨ul®ster© ²/ÚAlstE(r)/ ³n ´long, loose, belted overcoat.¼
¨ul®terior© ²/AlÚtIErIE(r)/ ³adj ´situated beyond; beyond what is first seen
or said. ¸@ motive, ´motive other than what is expressed or admitted.¼
¨ul®ti®mate© ²/ÚAltImEt/ ³adj ´last, furthest, basic: ³@ principles/truths;
the @ cause´, beyond which no other cause is known or can be found; ³the @
deterrent ´(used of nuclear weapons). ¸@®ly ³adv ´finally; in the end.¼
¨ul®ti®ma®tum© ²/*AltIÚmeItEm/ ³n (pl µ@s, -ta ²/-tE/³) ¶[C] ´final statement
of conditions to be accepted without discussion, eÔg one sent to a
foreign government and threatening war if the conditions are not accepted.¼
¨ul®timo© ²/ÚAltImE8/ ³adj ´(abbr ¸ult´) (formerly used in business letters)
of the month before the current month: ³Thank you for your letter of the 10th
ult.¼
¨ultra-© ²/*AltrE/ ³pref ´beyond. µ¥ App 3.¼
¨ultra®mar®ine© ²/*AltrEmEÚrin/ ³adj, n ´brilliant pure blue (colour).¼
¨ultra®mon®tane© ²/*AltrEmonÚteIn/ ³adj ´(RÔC Church) favouring the absolute
authority of the Pope in matters of faith and discipline.¼
¨ultra®sonic© ²/*AltrEÚsonIk/ ³adj ´relating to sound waves beyond the range
of normal human audibility.¼
¨ultra®vio®let© ²/*AltrEÚvñIElEt/ ³adj ´of the invisible part of the spectrum
beyond the violet. ¸@ rays, ´invisible rays (in sunlight, light from
mercury-vapour lamps, etc) which have an effect upon the skin, curing certain
skin diseases, forming vitamins, etc.¼
¨ultra vires© ²/*AltrE ÚvñIEriz/ ³adj, adv ´(Lat) beyond the powers or
authority granted by law.¼
¨ulu®late© ²/Újulj8leIt ³US: ²ÚAl-/ ³vi ¶[VP2A] ´howl; wail loudly.
¸ulu®la®tion ²/*julj8ÚleI2n ³US: ²*Al-/ ³n¼
¨um®ber© ²/ÚAmbE(r)/ ³adj, n ´yellowish-green (colouring substance). ¸burnt @,
´reddish-brown.¼
¨um®bili®cal© ²/AmÚbIlIkl/ ³adj ¸@ cord, ´cord connecting a foetus at the navel
with the placenta. µ¥ ´the illus at µreproduce.¼
¨um®brage© ²/ÚAmbrIdZ/ ³n ¶[U] ·give/take @ (at sth), ´cause the
feeling/feel that one has been treated unfairly or without proper respect.¼
¨um®brella© ²/AmÚbrelE/ ³n ¸1 ´folding frame (with a stick and handle), covered
with cotton, silk, etc used to shelter the person holding it from rain;
(in some countries) such a device, used as a symbol of rank. µ¥ parasol; ¥
³sunshade ´at µsun(4). ¸2 ´(fig) screen of fighter aircraft, eÔg flying over
bombers to protect them against enemy aircraft. ¸3 ´protection; patronage:
³under the @ of the UÔNÔO.¼
¨um®laut© ²/Ú8mlñ8t/ ³n ´(in Germanic languages) vowel change shown by two dots
over the vowel (as in the German plurals ³M¢anner´, of ³Mann´, and ³F¢usse´, of
³Fuss).¼
¨um®pire© ²/ÚAmpñIE(r)/ ³n ´person chosen to act as a judge in a dispute, to
see that the rules are obeyed in cricket, baseball, tennis, netball and other
games. Cf ³referee ´for football and boxing. ¹ ³vt,vi ¶[VP6A,2A] ´act as @: ³@
a cricket match.¼
¨ump®teen© ²/ÚAmptin/ ³adj ´(sl) many. ¸@th/ ²/ÚAmptinT/ ³adj´: ³for the @th
time´, for I don't know how many times.¼
¨'un© ²/En/ ³pron ´(colloq) one: ³He's a good 'un´, a good fellow.
³That's a good 'un´, a good specimen, joke, etc.¼
¨un-© ²/An/ ³pref ´(µ¥ App 3´; specimens only here). ¸1 ´(before ³adjj ´and
³advv´) not: ³uncertain(ly); unwilling(ly). ¸2 ´(before ³vv´) do the opposite
of, reverse the action of, what is indicated by the ³v´: ³unscrew; unroll;
undress, unlock. ¸3 ´(before ³nn´) indicating absence of: ³uncertainty;
unwillingness.¼
¨un®abashed© ²/*AnEÚba2t/ ³adj ´not abashed, embarrassed or awed.¼
¨un®abated© ²/*AnEÚbeItId/ ³adj ´(of a storm, etc) (continuing) as strong,
violent, etc as before.¼
¨un®able© ²/AnÚeIbl/ ³pred adj ·@ to do sth, ´not able to do it.¼
¨un®accom®pan®ied© ²/*AnEÚkAmpEnId/ ³adj ¸1 ´without a companion: ³@ luggage´,
sent separately, the owner not travelling with it. ¸2 ´(music) performed
without an accompaniment.¼
¨un®ac®count®able© ²/*AnEÚkñ8ntEbl/ ³adj ´in a way that cannot be accounted for
or explained. ¸un®ac®count®ably ²/-EblI/ ³adv¼
¨un®ac®cus®tomed© ²/*AnEÚkAstEmd/ ³adj ¸1 ·@ to, ´not accustomed to: ³@ as I am
to speaking in public. ¸2 ´not usual; strange: ³his @ silence.¼
¨un®ad®vised© ²/*AnEdÚvñIzd/ ³adj ´without advice; (esp) not discreet or wise;
rash. ¸@®ly ²/*AnEdÚvñIzIdlI/ ³adv ´rashly.¼
¨un®af®fec®ted© ²/*AnEÚfektId/ ³adj ¸1 ´free from affectation;
sincere. ¸2 ·@ by, ´not affected by.¼
¨un®alien®able© ²/AnÚeIlIEnEbl/ ³adj ´that cannot be taken away or separated:
³@ rights.¼
¨un®al®loyed© ²/*AnEÚlãId/ ³adj ´pure; unmixed: ³@ joy.¼
¨un®al®ter®ably© ²/AnÚcltErEblI/ ³adv ´in a way that cannot be changed.¼
¨unani®mous© ²/juÚnanImEs/ ³adj ´in, showing, complete agreement: ³The country
is @ in support of the Government's policy. He was elected by a @ vote. The
proposal was accepted with @ approval. ¸@®ly ³adv ¸una®nim®ity ²/*junEÚnImEtI/
³n ¶[U] ´complete agreement or unity.¼
¨un®an®nounced© ²/*AnEÚnñ8nst/ ³adj ´without having been announced: ³He walked
into the room @´, no one having told the persons there who he was, that he had
arrived.¼
¨un®an®swer®able© ²/*AnÚqnsErEbl ³US: ²-Úan-/ ³adj ´(esp) against
which no good argument can possibly be brought: ³His case is @.¼
¨un®an®swered© ²/*AnÚqnsEd ³US: ²-Úan-/ ³adj ´not replied to: ³@ letters; ´not
returned: ³@ love.¼
¨un®ap®proach®able© ²/*AnEÚprE8t2Ebl/ ³adj ´(esp, of a person) difficult to
approach (because too stiff or formal): ³The new manager is an @ sort of man.¼
¨un®armed© ²/*AnÚqmd/ ³adj ´without weapons or means of defence.¼
¨un®asked© ²/*AnÚqskt ³US: ²-Úas-/ ³adj ·@ (for), ´not asked (for),
requested, or invited: ³She's always ready to help and often does so @. Many of
the contributions to the
relief fund were @ for.¼
¨un®as®sum®ing© ²/*AnEÚsjumIG ³US: ²-Úsu-/ ³adj ´not pushing oneself forward;
not drawing attention to oneself; modest. ¸@®ly ³adv¼
¨un®at®tached© ²/*AnEÚtat2t/ ³adj ¸1 ´not connected or associated with a
particular person, group, organization, etc; independent. ¸2 ´not married or
engaged to be married.¼
¨un®at®tended© ²/*AnEÚtendId/ ³adj ¸1 ´without attendants or escort. ¸2 ´not
attended to; with no one to give care or attention to: ³Would you leave small
children at home @ while you went to the cinema?¼
¨un®avail®ing© ²/*AnEÚveIlIG/ ³adj ´without effort or success.¼
¨un®avoid®able© ²/*AnEÚvãIdEbl/ ³adj ´that cannot be avoided. ¸un®a®void®ably
²/-EblI/ ³adv´: ³He was unavoidably absent.¼
¨un®aware© ²/*AnEÚweE(r)/ ³pred adj ·@ of sth/that«, ´not knowing; not aware:
³He was @ of my presence/that I was present. ¸@s ²/-ÚweEz/ ³adv ¸1 ´by
surprise; unexpectedly. ·take sb @s, ´surprise him. ¸2 ´without being aware;
unconsciously: ³She probably dropped the parcel @s.¼
¨un®backed© ²/*AnÚbakt/ ³adj ¸1 ´(of a proposal, etc) not supported. ¸2 ´(of a
horse in a race) having no bets placed on it.¼
¨un®bal®anced© ²/*AnÚbalEnst/ ³adj ´(esp of a person, the mind) disordered;
not sane or normal.¼
¨un®bar© ²/*AnÚbq(r)/ ³vt µ(-rr-) ´remove bars from (a gate, etc);
(fig) throw open: ³@ all the professions to women.¼
¨un®bear®able© ²/AnÚbeErEbl/ ³adj ´that cannot be borne or tolerated: ³I find
his rudeness @. ¸un®bear®ably ²/-EblI/ ³adv ´in a way that cannot be endured:
³unbearably hot/rude.¼
¨un®beaten© ²/*AnÚbitn/ ³adj ´(esp) not having been beaten, defeated or
surpassed: ³an @ record for the 1Ô000 metres race; an @ team.¼
¨un®be®com®ing© ²/*AnbIÚkAmIG/ ³adj ¸1 ´not suited (to the wearer): ³an @
dress. ¸2 ·@ to/for, ´not appropriate or befitting. ¸@®ly ³adv¼
¨un®be®known© ²/*AnbIÚnE8n/, ±un®be®knownst ²/-nst/ ³adj, adv ´(colloq) not
known (³to´), without the knowledge of: ³He did it @st to me´, without my being
aware of it.¼
¨un®be®lief© ²/*AnbIÚlif/ ³n ¶[U] ´(esp) lack of belief, state of not
believing, in God, religion. ¸un®be®liever ²/*AnbIÚlivE(r)/ ³n ´(esp) person
who does not believe in God, religion. ¸un®be®liev®ing ³adj ´not believing;
doubting. ¸un®be®liev®ing®ly ³adv´: ³look at sb unbelievingly´, in a way that
shows doubt.¼
¨un®bend© ²/*AnÚbend/ ³vi,vt (pt,pp µunbent ²/-Úbent/ ´or µ@ed´) ¸1 ¶[VP2A]
´behave in a way free from strain, formality; become relaxed: ³In the classroom
the teacher maintains discipline but after class he @s. ¸2 ¶[VP6A]
´relax: ³@ one's mind. ¸@®ing ³adj ´(esp) firm in purpose, in not changing
decisions, etc: ³maintain an @ing attitude´, make no concessions, etc.¼
¨un®bias®sed© ´(also ¸-biased´) ²/*AnÚbñIEst/ ³adj ´not biassed; impartial.¼
¨un®bid®den© ²/*AnÚbIdn/ ³adj ´(formal) uninvited; not requested or
ordered.¼
¨un®bind© ²/*AnÚbñInd/ ³vt (pt,pp µ-bound ²/-Úbñ8nd/³) ¶[VP6A] ´free from
fastenings, bindings, etc.¼
¨un®blush®ing© ²/*AnÚblA2IG/ ³adj ´(esp) shameless: ³the @ corruption of some
politicians.¼
¨un®born© ²/*AnÚbcn/ ³adj ´not yet born; future: ³@ generations.¼
¨un®bosom© ²/AnÚb8zEm/ ³vt ¶[VP6A,14] ·@ oneself (to sb), ´tell, reveal (one's
sorrows, etc).¼
¨un®bounded© ²/AnÚbñ8ndId/ ³adj ´boundless; without limits: ³@ ambition.¼
¨un®bowed© ²/*AnÚbñ8d/ ³adj ´not bowed or bent; not conquered of subdued: ³His
head is bloody but @.¼
¨un®bridled© ²/*AnÚbrñIdld/ ³adj ´(esp, fig) not controlled: ³@
insolence/passions; an @ tongue.¼
¨un®bro®ken© ²/*AnÚbrE8kEn/ ³adj ´(esp) ¸1 ´(eÔg of a horse) not tamed or
subdued. ¸2 ´not interrupted: ³six hours of @ sleep. ¸3 ´(of records, etc) not
beaten or surpassed.¼
¨un®buckle© ²/*AnÚbAkl/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´loosen, undo, the buckle(s) of.¼
¨un®bur®den© ²/*AnÚb3dn/ ³vt ¶[VP6A,15A] ·@ oneself/sth (of sth), ´relieve of
worry, anxiety, etc: ³@ one's heart/conscience´, eÔg by talking about one's
troubles, making a confession; ³@ oneself to a friend´, find relief by speaking
to him about one's feelings, etc: ³@ oneself of a secret´, tell it to sb.¼
¨un®but®toned© ²/*AnÚbAtnd/ ³adj ´with the buttons not fastened;
(fig) relaxed; (feeling) free from formality.¼
¨un®called-for© ²/AnÚkcld fc(r)/ ³adj ´neither desirable nor necessary: ³@
insults. Such comments are @.¼
¨un®canny© ²/AnÚkanI/ ³adj ´unnatural, mysterious; weird: ³an @ noise; @
shapes in the darkness. ¸un®can®nily ²/-IlI/ ³adv¼
¨un®cared-for© ²/*AnÚkeEd fc(r)/ ³adj ´not looked after; neglected: ³@
children; an @ garden.¼
¨un®ceas®ing© ²/AnÚsisIG/ ³adj ´incessant; going on all the time. ¸@®ly ³adv¼
¨un®cer®emo®ni®ous© ²/*An*serIÚmE8nIEs/ ³adj ´(esp) informal; lacking in
courtesy. ¸@®ly ³adv ¸@®ness ³n¼
¨un®cer®tain© ²/AnÚs3tn/ ³adj ¸1 ´changeable; not reliable: ³@ weather; a man
with an @ temper. ¸2 ´not certainly knowing or known: ³be/feel @ (about) what
to do next; @ of/about/as to one's plans for the future; a woman of @ age´, one
whose age cannot be guessed. ¸@®ly ³adv ¸@ty ²/-tntI/ ³n (pl µ-ties³) ¸1 ¶[U]
´state of being @. ¸2 ¶[C] ´sth which is @: ³the uncertainties of adequate
reward in the profession of an actor.¼
¨un®chari®table© ²/*AnÚt2arItEbl/ ³adj ´(esp) severe or harsh (in making
judgements of the conduct of others): ³offer an @ explanation of/put an @
interpretation on sb's actions.¼
¨un®charted© ²/*AnÚt2qtId/ ³adj ¸1 ´not marked on a map or chart: ³an @ island.
¸2 ´(lit or fig) not explored and mapped: ³an @ sea; @ emotions.¼
¨un®checked© ²/*AnÚt2ekt/ ³adj ´not checked or restrained: ³an @ advance; @
anger.¼
¨un®chris®tian© ²/*AnÚkrIst2En/ ³adj ¸1 ´not Christian; contrary to Christian
principles. ¸2 ´(colloq) inconvenient and unreasonable: ³Why do you call on me
at this @ hour? ´(eÔg at 5aÔm).¼
¨un®civil© ²/*AnÚsIvl/ ³adj ´(esp) impolite.¼
¨un®claimed© ²/*AnÚkleImd/ ³adj ´that has not been claimed: ³@ letters/parcels
´(at the post-office, a lost property office, etc).¼
¨uncle© ²/ÚAGkl/ ³n ´brother of one's father or mother; husband of
one's aunt: ³my @ Charlie. ¸U@ Sam, ´personification of the US. ·talk to sb
like a Dutch @, µ¥ Dutch, ³adjµ(3).¼
¨un®clean© ²/*AnÚklin/ ³adj ´(esp, Jewish law) ceremonially impure, eÔg the
pig.¼
¨un®clouded© ²/*AnÚklñ8dId/ ³adj ´(esp fig) bright; serene: ³a life of @
happiness. ´Cf ³cloudless´, as in ³a cloudless sky.¼
¨unco© ²/ÚAGkE8/ ³adj ´(Scot) ´strange; unusual: ³an @ sight. ¹ adv
´remarkably: (esp) ³the @ good´, religious people who are rigid in their views
and behaviour.¼
¨un®col®oured© ´(US = ¸-colored´) ²/*AnÚkAlEd/ ³adj ´(esp, fig) not
exaggerated or heightened in description: ³an @ description of events.¼
¨un-come-at-able© ²/*AnkAmÚatEbl/ ³adj ´(colloq) not easy to get to; not
accessible.¼
¨un®com®fort®able© ²/AnÚkAmftEbl ³US: ²-fErt-/ ³adj ´not comfortable; uneasy:
³an @ chair/feeling.¼
¨un®com®mit®ted© ²/*AnkEÚmItId/ ³adj ·@ (to), ´not committed or bound (to a
course of action, etc); free, independent: ³the @ countries´, those not allied
to or bound to either of the power blocs of the modern world.¼
¨un®com®mon© ²/AnÚkomEn/ ³adj ´unusual; remarkable. ¸@®ly ³adv ´(esp)
remarkably: ³a @ly intelligent child.¼
¨un®com®pro®mis®ing© ²/AnÚkomprEmñIzIG/ ³adj ´not ready to make any compromise;
unyielding; firm: ³an @ member of the Tory party.¼
¨un®con®cern© ²/*AnkEnÚs3n/ ³n ¶[U] ´lack of care or interest.¼
¨un®con®cerned© ²/*AnkEnÚs3nd/ ³adj ¸1 ·@ in sth, ´not involved in. ·@ with
sth/sb, ´not (emotionally) concerned with. ¸2 ´free from anxiety; untroubled;
uninterested. ¸un®con®cern®ed®ly ²/-Ús3nIdlI/ ³adv¼
¨un®con®di®tional© ²/*AnkEnÚdI2Enl/ ³adj ´absolute; not subject to conditions:
³The victors demanded @ surrender. ¸@ly ²/-2EnElI/ ³adv¼
¨un®con®di®tioned© ²/*AnkEnÚdI2nd/ ³adj ´not subject to conditions; (esp) ³@
reflex´, instinctive response to a stimulus.¼
¨un®con®scion®able© ²/AnÚkon2EnEbl/ ³adj ´unreasonable; not guided by
conscience; excessive: ³You take an @ time dressing.¼
¨un®con®scious© ²/AnÚkon2Es/ ³adj ´not conscious (all senses): ³@
humour´, not intended as humour by the speaker or writer; ³be @ of having done
wrong. ¹ n ¸the @, ´(psych) that part of one's mental activity of which one is
unaware, but which can be detected and understood through the skilled analysis
of dreams, behaviour, etc. ¸@®ly ³adv ¸@®ness ³n¼
¨un®con®sid®ered© ²/ÚAnkEnÚsIdEd/ ³adj ¸1 ´(of words, remarks) spoken, made,
etc without proper consideration or reflection. ¸2 ´disregarded (as if of
little value or worth).¼
¨un®con®ven®tional© ²/*AnkEnÚven2Enl/ ³adj ´not usual or ordinary; not
bound by the customs of society: ³an @ dress/person/way of life.¼
¨un®con®vinc®ing© ²/*AnkEnÚvInsIG/ ³adj ´not seeming true, right, or
real: ³an @ explanation/attempt/disguise.¼
¨un®cork© ²/*AnÚkck/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´draw the cork from (a bottle).¼
¨un®couple© ²/*AnÚkApl/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´unfasten: ³@ hounds from the leash/a
locomotive from a train.¼
¨un®couth© ²/AnÚkuT/ ³adj ´(of persons, their behaviour) rough, awkward,
not cultured. ¸@®ly ³adv ¸@®ness ³n¼
¨un®cover© ²/AnÚkAvE(r)/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ¸1 ´remove a cover or covering from; (fig)
disclose; make known: ³The police have @ed a plot against the President. ¸2
´(mil) expose to attack: ³By a sudden movement we @ed the enemy's right
flank. ¸3 ³vi ¶[2A] ´(archaic) take off one's hat or cap.¼
¨un®crossed© ²/*AnÚkrost ³US: ²-Úkrcst/ ³adj ´(esp, of a cheque) not crossed.
µ¥ cross±2µ(2).¼
¨un®crowned© ²/*AnÚkrñ8nd/ ³adj ¸1 ´(of a king, etc) not yet crowned. ¸2
´having the power but not the title or name of a king, etc.¼
¨unc®tion© ²/ÚAGk2n/ ³n ¶[U] ¸1 ´act of anointing with oil, esp as
a religious rite. ¸Extreme U@, ´the anointing of a dying person by a priest (of
the Orthodox and Roman Catholic Churches). ¸2 ´(pretended, insincere)
earnestness, smoothness in speech or manner: ³She related the scandal with a
great deal of @; ´flattery.¼
¨unc®tu®ous© ²/ÚAGkt28Es/ ³adj ´(insincerely) earnest, smooth in speech or
manner; flattering: ³@ tones/assurances. ¸unc®tu®ous®ly ³adv¼
¨un®cut© ²/*AnÚkAt/ ³adj ´(of a book) with the outer folds of the pages not
trimmed or cut; (of a book, film, etc) not abridged or censored.¼
¨un®dated© ²/*AnÚdeItId/ ³adj ´not having a date: ³an @ cheque; @ stocks, ´with
no specified date for redemption.¼
¨un®daunted© ²/*AnÚdcntId/ ³adj ´not daunted; fearless.¼
¨un®de®ceive© ²/*AndIÚsiv/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´cause to be no longer deceived or in
error.¼
¨un®de®cided© ²/*AndIÚsñIdId/ ³adj ´not decided; not yet having made up one's
mind: ³She was @ whether to go to a concert or the cinema.¼
¨un®de®clared© ²/*AndIÚkleEd/ ³adj ¸1 ´(of goods liable to customs duty) not
declared or shown to the customs officers. ¸2 ´not announced or made known: ³@
war.¼
¨un®de®fended© ²/*AndIÚfendId/ ³adj ´(esp of a lawsuit) in which no defence is
offered.¼
¨un®de®mon®stra®tive© ²/*AndIÚmonstrEtIv/ ³adj ´reserved; not in the habit of
showing feelings of affection, interest, etc.¼
¨un®de®ni®able© ²/*AndIÚnñIEbl/ ³adj ´that cannot be denied; undoubtedly true:
³of @ worth/value. ¸un®de®ni®ably ²/-EblI/ ³adv¼
¨un®de®nomi®na®tional© ²/*AndI*nomIÚneI2Enl/ ³adj ´not connected
with any particular religious sect: ³@ education/schools.¼
¨un®der©1 ²/ÚAndE(r)/ ³adv ¸1 ´in or to a lower place, position, etc: ³The ship
went @´, sank. ³Can you stay @ ´(= @ the water) ³for two minutes? ·down @,
´(used in GB, colloq) (in/to) Australia and New Zealand. ¸2 ´(used to modify
³nn´) subordinate; lower in rank, etc: ·*³@-·Ú³secretary.¼
¨un®der©2 ²/ÚAndE(r)/ ³prep ¸1 ´in or to a position lower than: ³The cat was @
the table. It is shady @ the trees. There's nothing new @ the sun´, (prov),
nothing new anywhere. ³We passed @ several bridges. The soldiers were standing
@ ´(= at the foot of) ³the castle wall. The village nestles @ ´(= at the foot
of) ³the hill. ¸2 ´in and covered by: ³The part of an iceberg @ the water is
much larger than the part above the water. He hid his face @ the bedclothes.
Her hair came out from @ her hat. ¸3 ´less than; lower (in rank) than:
³children @ (´opp ³over/above) fourteen years of age; books for the
·*³@-·Ú³tens ´(opp ³over-tens´), children under ten; ³incomes @ (´opp
³over/above) $3Ô000; run a hundred metres in @ ten seconds; @ half an acre; no
one @ ´(opp ³above/over) (the rank of) a captain; speak @ one's breath´, in a
whisper. ·@ age, µ¥ age. ¸4 ´(indicating various conditions): ³road @ repair´,
being repaired; ³@ discussion´, being discussed; ³fifty acres @ ´(= planted
with) ³wheat; @ sentence of ´(= sentenced to) ³death; living @ an assumed
name; England @ the Stuarts´, during the times of the Stuart kings and queens;
³be @ the impression that´«, have the idea or belief that«. ³The book is listed
@ biology´, within that classification. ¸5 ´weighed down by (lit and fig):
³marching @ a heavy load; sink @ a load of grief (taxation, etc).¼
¨under-© ²/ÚAndE(r)/ ³pref µ¥ App 3.¼
¨under®act© ²/*AndErÚakt/ ³vt,vi ¶[VP6A,2A] ´act with too little spirit,
energy, emphasis, etc: ³@ the part of Hamlet. The star overacted; the other
players @ed.¼
¨under®arm© ²/ÚAndErqm/ ³adj, adv ´(cricket, tennis) with the hand kept below
the level of the elbow: ³@ bowling; bowl/serve @.¼
¨under®belly© ²/ÚAndEbelI/ ³n (pl µ-lies³) ´under surface of an animal's body,
eÔg as a cut of meat, esp pork.¼
¨under®bid© ²/*AndEÚbId/ ³vt (pt,pp ´unchanged) µ¥ bid±1µ(1). ¸1 ´make a lower
bid than (sb else). ¸2 ´(card games, bridge) bid less on (a hand of cards) than
its strength warrants.¼
¨under®bred© ²/*AndEÚbred/ ³adj ´ill bred; vulgar.¼
¨under®brush© ²/ÚAndEbrA2/ ³n ¶[U] ´= µundergrowth ´(which is more usu).¼
¨under®car®riage© ²/ÚAndEkarIdZ/ ³n ´landing gear of an aircraft. µ¥ ´the
illus at µair.¼
¨under®charge© ²/*AndEÚt2qdZ/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´charge too little for (sth) or to
(sb). ¹ ³n ²/ÚAndEt2qdZ/ ´charge that is too low or small.¼
¨under®clothes© ²/ÚAndEklE8Dz/ ³n pl ´clothing worn under a shirt,
dress, etc next to the skin. ¸under®cloth®ing ²/ÚAndEklE8DIG/ ³n ¶[U] ´= @.¼
¨under®cover© ²/*AndEÚkAvE(r)/ ³adj ´secret; surreptitious: ³an @ agent´,
person who associates with suspected criminals, etc to get evidence against
them, or who acts as a spy, eÔg during a war; ³@ payments´, eÔg made in order
to bribe sb.¼
¨under®cur®rent© ²/ÚAndEkArEnt/ ³n ¶[U] ´current of water flowing beneath the
surface; (fig) tendency (of thought or feeling) lying below what is apparent:
³an @ of opposition/melancholy.¼
¨under®cut©1 ²/ÚAndEkAt/ ³n ¶[U] ´meat cut from the under side of sirloin.¼
¨under®cut©2 ²/*AndEÚkAt/ ³vt (pt,pp ´unchanged; µ-tt-³) ¶[VP6A] ´(comm) offer
(goods, services) at a lower price than competitors.¼
¨under®de®vel®oped© ²/*AndEdIÚvelEpt/ ³adj ´not yet fully developed: ³@
muscles/countries.¼
¨under®dog© ²/ÚAndEdog ³US: ²-dcg/ ³n ´(often ¸the @´) poor and helpless person
who usu gets the worst of an encounter, a struggle, etc: ³plead for the @´, for
sb who is oppressed.¼
¨under®done© ²/*AndEÚdAn/ ³adj ´(esp of meat) not completely cooked
throughout.¼
¨under®esti®mate© ²/*AndErÚestImeIt/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´form too low an estimate of:
³@ the enemy's strength. ¹ n ²/-mEt/ ¶[C] ´estimate which is too low.¼
¨under®ex®pose© ²/*AndErIkÚspE8z/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´(photo) expose (a
plate or film) for too short a time. ¸under®expo®sure ²/-ÚspE8ZE(r)/ ³n¼
¨under®fed© ²/*AndEÚfed/ ³adj ´having had too little food.¼
¨under®floor© ²/*AndEÚflc(r)/ ³adj ´(of systems for heating buildings) with
the source of heat placed under the floor(s): ³@ heating.¼
¨under®foot© ²/*AndEÚf8t/ ³adv ´under one's feet; on the ground: ³It is very
hard @´, eÔg when the ground is frozen hard.¼
¨under®gar®ment© ²/ÚAndEgqmEnt/ ³n ¶[C] ´article of underclothing.¼
¨under®go© ²/*AndEÚgE8/ ³vt (pt µ-went ²/-Úwent/, ³pp µ-gone ²/-Úgon ³US:
²-Úgcn/³) ¶[VP6A] ´experience; pass through: ³The explorers had to @ much
suffering. The new aircraft underwent its tests well.¼
¨under®grad®uate© ²/*AndEÚgradZ8Et/ ³n ´university student working for a
bachelor's degree: (attrib) ·Ú³@ work/studies; in his ·Ú³@ days.¼
¨under®ground© ²/ÚAndEgrñ8nd/ ³attrib adj ¸1 ´under the surface of the ground:
³London's @ railways; @ passages/caves. ¸2 ´(fig) secret, esp of a secret
political movement or one for resisting enemy forces in occupation of another
country: ³@ workers. ¹ adv ´(in the senses of the ³adj´): ³He went @ ´(= into
hiding) ³when he heard the police were after him. ¹ n ¸(the) @, ´(in the senses
of the ³adj´): ³travel in London by @´, iÔe the @ railway ´(US = ³subway´); ³a
member of the French @´, the secret resistance movement during
World War Two.¼
¨under®growth© ²/ÚAndEgrE8T/ ³n ¶[U] ´shrubs, bushes, low trees, growing among
taller trees.¼
¨under®hand© ²/ÚAndEhand/ ³adj, adv ´secret(ly); deceitful(ly);
sly(ly): ³play an @ game; @ methods; behave in an @ way. ¸@ed ³adj ´= @.¼
¨under®hung© ²/*AndEÚhAG/ ³adj ´(attrib) (of the lower jaw) projecting beyond
the upper jaw.¼
¨under®lay© ²/ÚAndEleI/ ³n ¶[U] ´material (felt, rubber, etc) laid under a
carpet or mattress (to preserve its condition).¼
¨under®lie© ²/*AndEÚlñI/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ¸1 ´be or lie under. ¸2 ´form the basis of
(a theory, of conduct, behaviour, doctrine).¼
¨under®line© ²/*AndEÚlñIn/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´draw a line under (a word, etc); (fig)
emphasize. ¹ ³n ²/ÚAndElñIn/ ´line drawn under a word or words.¼
¨under®ling© ²/ÚAndElIG/ ³n ´(usu contemptuous) person in an unimportant
position under another or others.¼
¨under®man®ned© ²/*AndEÚmand/ ³adj ´(of a ship, factory, etc) having not
enough men to do all the work that needs to be done.¼
¨under®men®tioned© ²/*AndEÚmen2nd/ ³adj ´mentioned below or later (in an
article, etc).¼
¨under®mine© ²/*AndEÚmñIn/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ¸1 ´make a hollow or tunnel
under; weaken at the base: ³cliffs @d by the sea. ¸2 ´weaken gradually: ³His
health was @d by drink. The President's enemies are spreading rumours to @ his
authority.¼
¨under®neath© ²/*AndEÚniT/ ³adv, prep ´beneath; below; at or to a lower place.¼
¨under®nour®ished© ²/*AndEÚnArI2t/ ³adj ´not provided with sufficient food for
good health and normal growth. ¸under®nour®ish®ment ³n¼
¨under®pants© ²/ÚAndEpants/ ³n pl ´short undergarment worn by men and boys
over the loins. µ¥ panties.¼
¨under®pass© ²/ÚAndEpqs ³US: ²-pas/ ³n ¶[C] ´section of a road that goes under
another road or railway. µ¥ overpass, flyover.¼
¨under®pay© ²/*AndEÚpeI/ ³vt (pt,pp µ-paid ²/-ÚpeId/³) ¶[VP6A] ´pay (workmen,
etc) inadequately. ¸@®ment ³n¼
¨under®pin© ²/*AndEÚpIn/ ³vt µ(-nn-) ´place a support of masonry, etc under (a
wall, etc); (fig) support, form the basis for (a case, an argument, etc).¼
¨under®popu®lated© ²/*AndEÚpopj8leItId/ ³adj ´(of a country or area) having a
small population in view of its size or natural resources.¼
¨under®privi®leged© ²/*AndEÚprIvElIdZd/ ³adj ´not having had the educational
and social advantages enjoyed by more fortunate people, social classes,
nations, etc.¼
¨under®pro®duc®tion© ²/*AndEprEÚdAk2n/ ³n ¶[U] ´production of goods in
insufficient quantity or below full capacity.¼
¨under®quote© ²/*AndEÚkwE8t/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´quote lower prices for goods than
(others).¼
¨under®rate© ²/*AndEÚreIt/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´place too low a value or estimate on:
³@ an opponent´, fail to realize his abilities, strength, etc.¼
¨under®score© ²/*AndEÚskc(r)/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´= µunderline.¼
¨under-sec®retary© ²/*AndE ÚsekrEtrI ³US: ²-terI/ ³n (pl µ-ries³) ´assistant
secretary, esp ³(Parliamentary U@) ´member of the Civil Service and head of a
Government Department.¼
¨under®sell© ²/*AndEÚsel/ ³vt (pt,pp µ-sold ²/-ÚsE8ld/³) ¶[VP6A]
´sell (goods) at a lower price than (competitors).¼
¨under®sexed© ²/*AndEÚsekst/ ³adj ´having less sexual desire or potency than
normal.¼
¨under®shoot© ²/*AndEÚ2ut/ ³vt (pt,pp µ-shot ²/-Ú2ot/³) ´(of an aircraft) ³@
the runway´, land short of it. µ¥ overshoot.¼
¨under®side© ²/ÚAndEsñId/ ³n ´side that is underneath.¼
¨under®sign© ²/*AndEÚsñIn/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´sign (a letter, etc) at the foot: ³We,
the @ed´, We whose signatures appear below.¼
¨under®sized© ²/*AndEÚsñIzd/ ³adj ´of less than the usual size; stunted or
dwarfish.¼
¨under®slung© ²/*AndEÚslAG/ ³adj ´(in a vehicle) having springs attached to the
axles from below.¼
¨under®staffed© ²/*AndEÚstqft ³US: ²-staft/ ³adj ´having too small a staff:
³The school/hospital is badly @. µ¥ undermanned.¼
¨under®stand© ²/*AndEÚstand/ ³vt,vi (pt,pp µ-stood ²/-Úst8d/³) ¸1
¶[VP6A,C,8,10,19C,2A] ´know the meaning, nature, explanation, of (sth): ³@
French/figures/a problem. He didn't @ me/what I said. You don't @ ´(= realize)
³what a difficult position I'm in. A good teacher must @ children. I cannot @
his robbing his friend/why he robbed his friend. It is easy to @ his anger/why
he was angry. ·make oneself understood, ´make one's meaning clear: ³Can he
make himself understood in Russian? ·(Now), @ me, ´phrase often used to
preface a warning or threat. ·@ one another, ´(of two persons, parties) be
clearly aware of one another's views, feelings, intentions: ³The employers and
workers have not reached an agreement yet, but at least they @ one another. ¸2
¶[VP9,17] ´learn (from information received); infer; take for granted: ³I @
that you are now married. Am I to @ that you refuse? I understood him to say
that he would co-operate. ·give sb to @ (that«), ´cause sb to believe or have
the idea (that): ³We were given to @ that free accommodation would be supplied.
¸3 ¶[VP6A] ´supply (a word or phrase) mentally: ³In the sentence "He is taller
than I', the verb "am' is to be understood after "I'. ¸@®able ²/-Ebl/ ³adj
´that can be understood: ³His reluctance to agree is @able. ¸@®ably
²/-EblI/ ³adv´: ³He is @ably furious. ¸@®ing ³adj ´(good at) @ing or realizing
other persons' feelings or points of view; having or showing insight: ³with an
@ing smile. Please be @ing; do not punish the child. ¹ n ¸1 ¶[U] ´power of
clear thought. ¸2 ¶[U] ´capacity for sympathizing,
seeing from another's point of view, etc. ¸3 ´(often ¸an @´, but rarely ³pl´)
agreement; realization of another's views or feelings towards oneself:
³reach/come to an @ing with sb. ·on this @ing, ´on this condition.
·on the @ing that«, ´on condition that«.¼
¨under®state© ²/*AndEÚsteIt/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´fail to state fully or
adequately; express in excessively restrained language: ³They exaggerated the
enemy's losses and @d their own. She @d her age on the census form. ¸@®ment
²/ÚAndEsteItmEnt/ ³n ¶[U] ´understating; ¶[C] ´statement that expresses an
idea, etc, too weakly: ³To say that the boy is rather clever is an @ment´, eÔg
of a boy who is brilliant.¼
¨under®stock© ²/*AndEÚstok/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´equip with less stock than is
desirable: ³Is the farm @ed´, Could it support more animals, etc than it now
has?¼
¨under®study© ²/ÚAndEstAdI/ ³n (pl µ-dies³) ´person learning to, able to, take
the place of another (esp an actor). ¹ ³vt (pt,pp µ-died³) ¶[VP6A] ´study (a
part in a play) for this purpose; act as @ to (an actor): ³He is @ing
Macbeth/@ing the leading actor in the play.¼
¨under®take© ²/*AndEÚteIk/ ³vt (pt µ-took ²/-Út8k/, ³pp µ-taken ²/-ÚteIkEn/³)
¸1 ¶[VP6A,7A] ·@ (to do) sth, ´make oneself responsible for; agree (to do
sth): ³Gladstone undertook the premiership when he was 82 years old. He
undertook to finish the job by Friday. ¸2 ¶[VP6A] ´start (a piece of work). ¸3
¶[VP7A,9] ´affirm; promise: ³I can't @ that you will make a profit.
¸under®tak®ing ²/*AndEÚteIkIG/ ³n ¶[C] ¸1 ´work that one has @n to do; task or
enterprise. ¸2 ´promise; guarantee.¼
¨under®taker© ²/ÚAndEteIkE(r)/ ³n ´one whose business is to prepare the dead
for burial or cremation and manage funerals (US = ³mortician). ¸under®tak®ing
²/ÚAndEteIkIG/ ³n ¶[U] ´this business.¼
¨under-the-counter© ²/*AndE DE Úkñ8ntE(r)/ ³adj µ¥ counter±1µ.¼
¨under®tone© ²/ÚAndEtE8n/ ³n ¶[C] ¸1 ´low, quiet, tone: ³talk in @s´, with
subdued voices. ¸2 ´underlying quality: ³an @ of discontent/hostility/sadness.
¸3 ´thin or subdued colour.¼
¨under®took© ²/*AndEÚt8k/ ³pt ´of µundertake.¼
¨under®tow© ²/ÚAndEtE8/ ³n ´(current caused by the) backward flow of a wave
breaking on a beach: ³The swimmer was caught in an @ and carried out to sea.¼
¨under®value© ²/*AndEÚvalju/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´value at less than the true worth.
¸under®valu®ation ²/*AndE*valj8ÚeI2n/ ³n¼
¨under®water© ²/ÚAndEwctE(r)/ ³adj ´below the surface of the water: ³@
swimming´, eÔg with a snorkel.¼
¨under®wear© ²/ÚAndEweE(r)/ ³n ¶[U] ´underclothing.¼
¨under®went© ²/*AndEÚwent/ ³pt ´of µundergo.¼
¨under®world© ²/ÚAndEw3ld/ ³n ¸1 ´(in Gk myths, etc) place of the departed
spirits of the dead. ¸2 ´part of society that lives by vice and crime.¼
¨under®write© ²/*AndEÚrñIt/ ³vt (pt µ-wrote ²/-ÚrE8t/, ³pp µ-written ²/-ÚrItn/³)
¶[VP6A] ´undertake to bear all or part of possible loss (by signing an
agreement about insurance, esp of ships); engage to buy all the newly issued
stock in (a company) not bought by the public. ¸Úunder®writer ³n
´one who @s policies of (esp marine) insurance: ³an @r at Lloyd's.¼
¨un®de®served© ²/*AndIÚz3vd/ ³adj ´not fair or just: ³an @
punishment/reward.¼
¨un®de®signed© ²/*AndIÚzñInd/ ³adj ´(esp) ´not premeditated or done on purpose;
not foreseen.¼
¨un®de®sir®able© ²/*AndIÚzñIErEbl/ ³adj ´objectionable; (esp of
persons) of a kind not to be welcomed in society. ¹ ³n ´@ person.¼
¨un®de®ter®red© ²/*AndIÚt3d/ ³adj ´not deterred or discouraged: ³@ by the
weather/by failure.¼
¨un®de®vel®oped© ²/*AndIÚvelEpt/ ³adj ´not developed: ³@ land´, not yet used
(for agriculture, industry, building, etc).¼
¨un®did© ²/AnÚdId/ ³pt ´of µundo.¼
¨un®dies© ²/ÚAndIz/ ³n pl ´(colloq) women's underclothes.¼
¨un®dig®nified© ²/AnÚdIgnIfñId/ ³adj ´not showing proper dignity; clumsy.¼
¨un®dis®charged© ²/*AndIsÚt2qdZd/ ³adj ´(of a cargo) not unloaded; (of a debt)
(not paid); (esp, of a bankrupt person or firm) not relieved of a further
liability to pay money still owing to creditors. µ¥ discharge±2µ(5).¼
¨undo© ²/AnÚdu/ ³vt (pt µundid ²/AnÚdId/, ³pp µundone ²/AnÚdAn/³) ¶[VP6A] ¸1
´untie, unfasten, loosen (knots, buttons, etc): ³My shoe-lace has come undone.
¸2 ´destroy the result of; bring back the state of affairs that existed
before: ³He has undone the good work of his predecessor. What is done cannot
be undone. ¸un®do®ing ³n ´(cause of) ruin: ³Drink was his @ing. He went to the
moneylenders, to his complete @ing. ¸un®done ³pred ³adj ¸1 ´not done; not
finished: ³leave one's work undone. We have left undone those things which we
ought to have done. ¸2 ´(archaic) (of a person) ruined.¼
¨un®dock© ²/AnÚdok/ ³vt,vi ¶[VP6A,2A] ´uncouple (a module, etc) from a
spacecraft: ³The astronauts had some difficulty in @ing the lunar module.¼
¨un®dom®es®ti®cated© ²/*AndEÚmestIkeItId/ ³adj ´not trained or interested in
household affairs.¼
¨un®doubted© ²/AnÚdñ8tId/ ³adj ´certain; accepted as true: ³There is an @
improvement in the patient's condition. ¸@®ly ³adv¼
¨un®dreamed© ²/AnÚdrimd/, ±un®dreamt ²/AnÚdremt/ ³adjj ´(usu) ¸@-of, ´not
thought of; not imagined: ³earn @-of wealth; @-of beauties.¼
¨un®dress© ²/AnÚdres/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A] ´remove the clothes of: ³Jane @ed her
doll. ¸2 ¶[VP2A] ´take off one's clothes: ³@ and get into bed. ¹ n ¶[U] ¸1
´uniform for ordinary (non-ceremonial) occasions. ¸2 ´state of being partly or
not dressed.¼
¨un®due© ²/*AnÚdju ³US: ²-Údu/ ³adj ´improper; more than is right:
³with @ haste; exercise an @ influence upon sb. ¸un®duly ²/*AnÚdjulI ³US:
²-ÚdulI/ ³adv ´in an @ manner: ³unduly pessimistic.¼
¨un®du®late© ²/ÚAndj8leIt ³US: ²-dZ8-/ ³vi ¶[VP2A,C] ´(of surfaces) have a
wave-like motion or look: ³a field of wheat undulating in the breeze;
undulating land´, that rises and falls in gentle slopes. ¸un®du®la®tion
²/*Andj8ÚleI2n ³US: ²-dZ8-/ ³n ¶[U] ´wave-like motion or form; ¶[C] ´one of a
number of wave-like curves or slopes.¼
¨un®dy®ing© ²/*AnÚdñIIG/ ³adj ´everlasting; never-ending: ³@ love/hatred/fame.¼
¨un®earned© ²/*AnÚ3nd/ ³adj ¸1 ´not gained by work or service: ³@ income, ´eÔg
from investments, or land or property that is inherited; ³@ increment´,
increase in the value of property, eÔg houses, land, not due to the owner's
expenditure or efforts, eÔg because of a rise in the value of land. ¸2 ´not
deserved: ³@ praise.¼
¨un®earth© ²/AnÚ3T/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´discover and bring to light: ³@ new facts
about the life of Shakespeare; @ a buried treasure. The dog has @ed some
bones.¼
¨un®earth®ly© ²/AnÚ3TlI/ ³adj ¸1 ´supernatural. ¸2 ´mysterious; ghostly;
frightening: ³@ screams. ¸3 ´(colloq) unreasonable: ³Why do you wake me up at
this @ hour?¼
¨un®easy© ²/AnÚizI/ ³adj ´not easy in body or mind; troubled or anxious: ³have
an @ conscience; be @ in one's mind about the future; pass an @ night´, sleep
badly. ³We grew @ at their long absence. ¸un®eas®ily ²/AnÚizIlI/ ³adv
¸un®easi®ness, ¸un®ease ²/AnÚiz/ ³nn¼
¨un®eaten© ²/AnÚitn/ ³adj ´(of food, a meal) set out but left unused.¼
¨un®edu®cated© ²/AnÚedZ8keItId/ ³adj ´not educated; suggesting lack of
education (or the kind of education or social background considered
desirable): ³He has an @ mind/voice.¼
¨un®em®ploy®able© ²/*AnImÚplãIEbl/ ³adj ´that cannot be employed.¼
¨un®em®ployed© ²/*AnImÚplãId/ ³adj ´not being used: ³@ capital; ´not working,
not able to get work: ³@ men. ¸the @´, those for whom there is no work or who
are temporarily without work.¼
¨un®em®ploy®ment© ²/*AnImÚplãImEnt/ ³n ¶[U] ¸1 ´state of being unemployed: ³U@
is a serious social evil. ¸2 ´amount of unused labour: ³There is more @ now
than there was six months ago. ¸3 ´(attrib): ³@ insurance; @ pay/benefit´,
money paid from insurance funds to a worker who cannot get employment.¼
¨un®end®ing© ²/AnÚendIG/ ³adj ´everlasting; unceasing; (colloq) frequently
repeated: ³She's tired of your @ grumbles. ¸@®ly ³adv¼
¨un®en®dur®able© ²/*AnInÚdj8ErEbl/ ³adj ´not able to be
endured: ³@ pain/injustice.¼
¨un®en®light®ened© ²/*AnInÚlñItnd/ ³adj ´uneducated; not well-informed; (in
some contexts) prejudiced or superstitious.¼
¨un®equal© ²/*AnÚikwl/ ³adj ·@ (to sth), ¸1 ´not equal. ¸2 ´(esp of work such
as writing) not of the same quality throughout; variable. ¸3 ´not strong,
clever, etc enough: ³I feel @ to the task. ¸@ly ²/-kwElI/ ³adv¼
¨un®equal®led© ²/*AnÚikwld/ ³adj ´unmatched; unrivalled.¼
¨un®equivo®cal© ²/*AnIÚkwIvEkl/ ³adj ´clear; having one only possible meaning.¼
¨un®err®ing© ²/AnÚ3rIG/ ³adj ´accurate: ³fire with @ aim; strike an
@ blow. ¸@®ly ³adv¼
¨un®ex®ampled© ²/*AnIgÚzqmpld ³US: ²-Úzam-/ ³adj ´of which there is no other
example that can be compared with it: ³the @ heroism of our soldiers.¼
¨un®ex®cep®tion®able© ²/*AnIkÚsep2EnEbl/ ³adj ´beyond criticism; altogether
admirable.¼
¨un®ex®pected© ²/*AnIkÚspektId/ ³adj ´not expected: ³@
guests/questions/results.¼
¨un®fail®ing© ²/AnÚfeIlIG/ ³adj ´never coming to an end; meeting one's
expectations at all times: ³his @ good humour/patience; an @ ´(= loyal)
³friend. ¸@®ly ³adv ´at all times: ³@ly courteous.¼
¨un®fair© ²/*AnÚfeE(r)/ ³adj ´not right or fair; unjust: ³@
treatment/competition. ¸@®ly ³adv ¸@®ness ³n¼
¨un®faith®ful© ²/*AnÚfeITfl/ ³adj ´not true to one's duty, a promise, etc;
(esp) not faithful to marriage vows: ³Her husband is @ to her. ¸@ly ²/-fElI/
³adv ¸@®ness ³n¼
¨un®fal®ter®ing© ²/AnÚfcltErIG/ ³adj ´not wavering or hesitating:
³with @ steps/courage. ¸@®ly ³adv¼
¨un®fam®il®iar© ²/*AnfEÚmIlIE(r)/ ³adj ¸1 ·@ (to), ´not well known: ³That face
is not @ to me´, I feel that I know it, have seen it before. ¸2 ·@ with, ´not
acquainted with: ³He is still @ with this district.¼
¨un®fath®om®able© ²/AnÚfaDEmEbl/ ³adj ´so deep that the bottom cannot be
reached; (fig) too strange or difficult to be understood. ¸un®fath®omed
²/AnÚfaDEmd/ ³adj ´(of a person's character) not understood; (of a crime, etc)
not solved; (of ocean depths, etc) not measured.¼
¨un®feel®ing© ²/AnÚfilIG/ ³adj ¸1 ´hard-hearted; unsympathetic. ¸2 ´not able
to feel. ¸@®ly ³adv¼
¨un®feigned© ²/AnÚfeInd/ ³adj ´not pretended; genuine (which is more usu);
sincere: ³He showed @ satisfaction at his son's success. ¸@®ly ³adv ´openly and
sincerely.¼
¨un®fit© ²/*AnÚfIt/ ³adj ·@ (for sth/to do sth), ´not fit or suitable: ³He is @
for business/@ to be a doctor. This road is @ for heavy traffic. He was
rejected ´(eÔg for military service) ³as medically @. ¹ vt µ(-tt-) ¶[VP14] ·@
sb for sth, ´make @ (which is more usu): ³A bad attack of lumbago @ted him for
work in the garden.¼
¨un®flag®ging© ²/*AnÚflagIG/ ³adj ´not showing signs of weariness;
uninterrupted: ³work with @ energy.¼
¨un®flap®pable© ²/*AnÚflapEbl/ ³adj ´(colloq) ´unlikely to get into a flap;
never upset in a crisis. µ¥ flap±1µ(4).¼
¨un®fledged© ²/*AnÚfledZd/ ³adj ´(of a bird) not yet able to fly;
(fig, of a person) immature; inexperienced.¼
¨un®flinch®ing© ²/AnÚflInt2IG/ ³adj ´fearless; resolute.¼
¨un®fold© ²/AnÚfE8ld/ ³vt,vi ¶[VP6A,2A,C] ¸1 ´(of sth folded) open out: ³@ a
newspaper/a prospectus. ¸2 ´reveal, make known; become known or visible: ³as
the story @s (itself). She @ed to him her plans for the future. The landscape
@ed before us.¼
¨un®for®get®table© ²/*AnfEÚgetEbl/ ³adj ´that cannot be forgotten: ³an @
experience.¼
¨un®for®tu®nate© ²/AnÚfct28nEt/ ³adj ´unlucky: ³an @ expedition; ´regrettable:
³an @ remark/lack of good manners. ¸@®ly ³adv´: ³You're wrong, @ly. U@ly for
you, you're wrong.¼
¨un®founded© ²/*AnÚfñ8ndId/ ³adj ´without foundation: ³@ rumours.¼
¨un®fre®quented© ²/*AnfrIÚkwentId/ ³adj ´seldom visited.¼
¨un®friend®ly© ²/*AnÚfrendlI/ ³adj ´not friendly; unfavourable.¼
¨un®frock© ²/*AnÚfrok/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´(of a priest guilty of bad conduct)
dismiss from the priesthood.¼
¨un®fruit®ful© ²/AnÚfrutfl/ ³adj ´not bearing fruit; without results or
success.¼
¨un®furl© ²/AnÚf3l/ ³vt,vi ¶[VP6A,2A] ´roll-out; spread out: ³@ the sails.¼
¨un®fur®nished© ²/*AnÚf3nI2t/ ³adj ´(esp) without furniture: ³rooms/a house to
let @.¼
¨un®gain®ly© ²/AnÚgeInlI/ ³adj ´clumsy; awkward; ungraceful.¼
¨un®gen®er®ous© ²/AnÚdZenErEs/ ³adj ´not generous; unkind.¼
¨un-get-at-able© ²/*AngetÚatEbl/ ³adj ´= µun-come-at-able.¼
¨un®god®ly© ²/AnÚgodlI/ ³adj ¸1 ´not religious; not giving reverence to God;
sinful. ¸2 ´(colloq) annoying; shocking. ¸3 ´(colloq) unreasonable: ³Why did
you phone me at this @ hour?¼
¨un®gov®ern®able© ²/AnÚgAvEnEbl/ ³adj ´that cannot be controlled: ³@ passions;
a man with an @ temper.¼
¨un®grate®ful© ²/AnÚgreItfl/ ³adj ¸1 ´not showing gratitude. ¸2 ´(of a task)
not pleasant or agreeable.¼
¨un®guarded© ²/*AnÚgqdId/ ³adj ´(esp of a person and what he says) careless;
indiscreet: ³In an @ moment, he gave away most important secrets.¼
¨un®guent© ²/ÚAGgwEnt/ ³n ¶[C,U] ´any soft substance used as an ointment (eÔg
for soothing skin injuries) or for lubrication.¼
¨un®hal®lowed© ²/AnÚhalE8d/ ³adj ¸1 ´not made holy: ³buried in @ ground´, not
consecrated by the Church. ¸2 ´wicked; impious: ³with @ joy.¼
¨un®hand© ²/AnÚhand/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´(archaic) let go; take the hands off.¼
¨un®happy© ²/AnÚhapI/ ³adj µ(-ier, -iest) ¸1 ´not happy. ¸2 ´not suitable or
tactful: ³an @ comment.¼
¨un®healthy© ²/AnÚhelTI/ ³adj ´harmful to bodily or mental health; (colloq)
dangerous.¼
¨un®heard© ²/AnÚh3d/ ³adj ´not heard; not allowed a hearing. ·go @, ¸(a) ´not
be heard. ¸(b) ´have no-one willing to listen to it: ³Her request for help
went @. ¸un®heard-of ²/AnÚh3d ov/ ³adj ´extraordinary; without an earlier
example.¼
¨un®hinge© ²/AnÚhIndZ/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´take (a door, gate, etc) from
the hinge(s); cause (sb's mind, brain) to be off its balance: ³His mind is
@d´, He is mentally ill.¼
¨un®holy© ²/AnÚhE8lI/ ³adj ¸1 ´wicked; sinful. ¸2 ´(colloq) unreasonable.¼
¨un®hook© ²/AnÚh8k/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´undo the hooks of (a dress, etc); ´release
from a hook.¼
¨un®hoped-for© ²/AnÚhE8pt fc(r)/ ³adj ´unexpected: ³an @ piece of good
fortune.¼
¨un®horse© ²/*AnÚhcs/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´throw from a horse's back; cause
to fall from a horse.¼
¨uni®corn© ²/ÚjunIkcn/ ³n ´(in old stories) horse-like animal with one long
horn; (heraldry) representation of this with a lion's tail.¼
¨un®iden®ti®fied© ²/*AnñIÚdentIfñId/ ³adj ´which cannot be identified: ³The
dead man is still @. ¸@ flying object, ´(abbr ¸UÔFÔO ²/*ju ef ÚE8/ ´or
²/ÚjufE8/´) µ¥ ³flying saucer ´at µflying.¼
¨uni®form© ²/ÚjunIfcm/ ³adj ´the same; not varying in form, quality, etc:
³sticks of @ length; to be kept at a @ temperature. ¹ n ¶[C,U] ´(style of)
dress worn by all members of an organization, eÔg the police, the armed forces:
³the blue @(s) of the police; the khaki @(s) of the army. ·in @, ´wearing such
dress: ³He looks handsome in @. ¸@ed ³adj ´wearing @: ³the @ed branch of the
police´, contrasted with those who wear plain clothes, eÔg detectives. ¸@®ly
³adv ¸@®ity ²/*junIÚfcmEtI/ ³n ¶[U] ´@ condition; condition of being the same
throughout.¼
¨unify© ²/ÚjunIfñI/ ³vt (pt,pp µ-fied³) ¶[VP6A] ¸1 ´form into one; unite. ¸2
´make uniform. ¸uni®fi®ca®tion ²/*junIfIÚkeI2n/ ³n ¶[U] ´@ing or being unified:
³work for the unification of Europe.¼
¨uni®lat®eral© ²/*junIÚlatrEl/ ³adj ´of, on, affecting, done by, one side or
party only: ³a @ declaration of independence, ´(abbr ¸UÔDÔI´); ³@ repudiation
of a treaty´, by one of the parties that signed it, without the consent of the
other party or parties. ¸@ly ²/-rElI/ ³adv¼
¨un®im®peach®able© ²/*AnImÚpit2Ebl/ ³adj ´that cannot be questioned or doubted:
³@ honesty; news from an @ source.¼
¨un®in®formed© ²/*AnInÚfcmd/ ³adj ´(esp) not having, made without, adequate
information: ³@ criticism.¼
¨un®in®hib®ited© ²/*AnInÚhIbItId/ ³adj ´without inhibitions; free from the
social and moral restraints usual among conventional people.¼
¨un®in®spired© ²/*AnInÚspñIEd/ ³adj ´without inspiration; dull: ³an @
lecture/lecturer.¼
¨un®in®ter®ested© ²/AnÚIntrEstId/ ³adj ·@ (in), ´having, showing no interest.¼
¨union© ²/ÚjunIEn/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´uniting or being united; joining or
being joined; ¶[C] ´instance of this: ³the @ of the three towns into one; the
Universal Postal U@´, of countries for the purpose of interchanging mail
services to mutual advantage; ³the U@ of Soviet Socialist Republics ´(abbr
¸UÔSÔSÔR´). ¸the U@, (a) ´of England and Scotland (in 1707). ¸(b) ´the United
States of America: ³the President's address to the U@´, to all US citizens.
¸the U@ Jack, ´the British flag. µ¥ ´the illus at µflag. ¸2 ¶[U] ´state of
being in agreement or harmony: ³live in perfect @´; ¶[C] ´instance of this: ³a
happy @´, eÔg a happy marriage. ¸3 ¶[C] ´association formed by the uniting of
persons, groups, etc, esp ¸trade @, µ¥ trade±1µ(1). ¸4 ´(old use; GB) workhouse
built by two or more parishes for administration of the poor laws. ¸5 the U@,
´general society at some universities, etc. ¸6 ¶[C] ´coupling for connecting
rods or pipes. ¸7 @ suit´, (US) combinationsµ(4)´. ¸@®ist ²/-Ist/ ³n ¶[C] ¸1
´member of a trade @; supporter of trade @s. ¸2 U@®ist, (a) ´(GB politics)
person who, before the Irish Free State was established, opposed the granting
of independence to Ireland. ¸(b) ´supporter of the Federal Government of the US
during the Civil War; opponent of secession.¼
¨unique© ²/juÚnik/ ³adj ´having no like or equal; being the only
one of its sort. ¸@®ly ³adv ¸@®ness ³n¼
¨uni®sex© ²/ÚjunIseks/ ³adj ´(of clothes, etc) of a style designed for both
sexes.¼
¨uni®son© ²/ÚjunIsn/ ³n ¶[U] ·(in) @, ´(in) ´concord or agreement: ³sing in @´,
all singing the same notes, not harmonizing; ³act in @ (with others).¼
¨unit© ²/ÚjunIt/ ³n ¶[C] ¸1 ´single person, thing or group regarded as complete
in itself: (mil) ³an armoured @; @s of the US Sixth Fleet. The family is often
taken as the @ of society. ¸2 ´quantity or amount used as a standard of
measurement: ³The metre is a @ of length. The monetary @ of Great Britain is
the pound. ¸3 ´smallest whole number; the number 1. ¸4 ´(compounds) ¸Úkitchen
@, ´article of kitchen equipment, eÔg a sink, draining board, with cupboards,
that can be fitted with others of similar design and appearance along a wall.
¸*@ Úfurniture, ´articles of furniture of similar design, materials, etc, to be
used together. ¸Ú@ trust, ´trustµ(3) ´that invests in a large number and wide
variety of stocks and issues certificates (called ³@s´) on which dividends are
payable.¼
¨Uni®tar®ian© ²/*junIÚteErIEn/ ³n ´member of a Christian church which rejects
the doctrine of the Trinity and believes that God is one person. ¹ ³adj ´of the
@s: ³the U@ Church. ¸@®ism ²/-IzEm/ ³n¼
¨unite© ²/juÚnñIt/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A,2A] ´make or become one; join:
³@ one country to another; the common interests that @ our two countries´, that
bring them together. ³England and Scotland @d in 1707. ¸2 ¶[VP2A,3A,4A] ·@ (in
sth/to do sth), ´act or work together: ³Let us @ in fighting/@ to fight poverty
and disease. ¸@d ³adj ¸1 ´joined in spirit, by love and sympathy: ³a @d family.
¸2 ´resulting from association for a common purpose: ³make a @d effort; present
a @d front to the enemy; the U@d Nations. ¸3 ´joined politically: ³the U@d
Kingdom; the U@d States of Mexico. ¸@d®ly ³adv¼
¨unity© ²/ÚjunEtI/ ³n (pl µ-ties³) ¸1 ¶[C,U] ´the state of being united; (an)
arrangement of parts to form a complete whole: ³The figure on the left spoils
the @ of the painting. ·the dramatic unities; the unities of place, time and
action, ´(drama) the use of the same scene throughout, the limitation of the
duration of the play to one day, or the time taken to act it, and the use of
one single plot, with nothing irrelevant to that plot. ¸2 ¶[U] ´harmony,
agreement (of aims, feelings, etc): ³in @ with others; live together in @;
political @. National @ is essential in time of war.¼
¨uni®ver®sal© ²/*junIÚv3sl/ ³adj ´of, belonging to, done by, all; affecting
all: ³War causes @ misery. Television provides @ entertainment. ·a @ joint,
´one that permits the turning of connected parts in all directions. ·a @ rule,
´one with no exceptions. ¸@ suffrage, ´suffrage extending to all members of a
community. ¸@ time, µ¥ Greenwich. ¸@ly ²/-sElI/ ³adv ¸@®ity ²/*junIv3ÚsalEtI/
³n ¶[U].¼
¨uni®verse© ²/ÚjunIv3s/ ³n ¸1 the U@, ´everything that exists everywhere; all
the galaxies, stars, planets, their satellites, etc; the whole creation and the
Creator. ¸2 ¶[C] ´system of galaxies: ³a new telescope that may reveal new @s.¼
¨uni®ver®sity© ²/*junIÚv3sEtI/ ³n (pl µ-ties³) ´(colleges,
buildings, etc of an) institution for the promotion and dissemination of
advanced learning, conferring degrees and engaging in academic research;
members of such an institution collectively; (attrib) ³a @ student/lecturer;
the @ chess team.¼
¨un®kempt© ²/*AnÚkempt/ ³adj ´untidy; (esp of the hair) uncombed.¼
¨un®kind© ²/AnÚkñInd/ ³adj ´lacking in, not showing, kindness: ³an @ remark.
¸@®ly ³adv ´in an @ manner: ³Don't take it @ly if«, ´Don't think I intend to be
@ if«.¼
¨un®know®ing© ²/AnÚnE8IG/ ³adj ´not knowing; unaware. ¸@®ly ³adv ´in ignorance;
unawares.¼
¨un®known© ²/*AnÚnE8n/ ³adj ´not known or identified: ³the tomb of the @
warrior´, of an @ soldier (in Westminster Abbey) buried there in memory of
those killed in World Wars ²¥ ´and ²¢´; ³an @ quantity´, of which the value,
etc is not known.¼
¨un®learn© ²/*AnÚl3n/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´get rid of (ideas, habits, etc); learn to
give up (sth one has previously learnt).¼
¨un®leash© ²/AnÚli2/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´let go from a leash: ³@ a dog; ´(fig)
release; set into action: ³@ one's fury; @ a new atomic weapon.¼
¨un®leav®ened© ²/*AnÚlevnd/ ³adj ´(of bread) made without yeast.¼
¨un®less© ²/EnÚles/ ³conj ´if not; except when: ³You will fail @ you work
harder. U@ bad weather stops me, I go for a walk every day.¼
¨un®let®tered© ²/*AnÚletEd/ ³adj ´uneducated; unable to read.¼
¨un®like© ²/*AnÚlñIk/ ³pred adj, prep ´not like; different from: ³His new novel
is @ all his previous ones. My son is @ me in every respect.¼
¨un®like®ly© ²/AnÚlñIklI/ ³adj ´not likely to happen or be true: ³an @
event/hypothesis.¼
¨un®load© ²/AnÚlE8d/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A,2A] ´remove a load from: ³@ a
ship; ´remove (cargo) from: ³@ cargo. The ship is @ing. ¸2 ¶[VP6A,14] ·@ (on
to), ´(colloq) get rid of (sth not wanted): ³She @ed her old car/her
mother-in-law on to me.¼
¨un®looked-for© ²/AnÚl8kt fc(r)/ ³adj ´unexpected; for which one is not
prepared.¼
¨un®loose© ²/AnÚlus/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´let loose; make free.¼
¨un®man© ²/*AnÚman/ ³vt µ(-nn-) ¶[VP6A] ´weaken the courage and self-control
of: ³The news of his friend's death @ned him for a while.¼
¨un®man®ly© ²/AnÚmanlI/ ³adj ¸1 ´weak; cowardly. ¸2 ´effeminate.¼
¨un®man®ned© ²/*AnÚmand/ ³adj ´having no crew: ³an @ aircraft with remote
control; send an @ spacecraft to Mars.¼
¨un®man®nered© ²/AnÚmanEd/, ±un®manner®ly ²/AnÚmanElI/ ³adjj ´discourteous;
having bad manners.¼
¨un®mask© ²/AnÚmqsk ³US: ²-Úmask/ ³vt,vi ¶[VP6A,2A] ¸1 ´remove a mask (from):
³The revellers @ed at midnight´, took off their masks. ¸2 ¶[VP6A] ´show the
true character or intentions of: ³@ a traitor/hypocrite; @
treachery/hypocrisy.¼
¨un®match®able© ²/AnÚmat2Ebl/ ³adj ´that cannot be matched or
equalled. ¸un®matched ²/AnÚmat2t/ ³adj ´without an equal.¼
¨un®men®tion®able© ²/AnÚmen2EnEbl/ ³adj ´so bad, shocking, etc that it may not
be spoken of.¼
¨un®mind®ful© ²/AnÚmñIndfl/ ³adj ·@ (of), ´forgetful; oblivious; heedless: ³@
of the time/the need to hurry.¼
¨un®mis®tak®able© ²/*AnmIÚsteIkEbl/ ³adj ´clear; about which no mistake or
doubt is possible: ³Are black clouds an @ sign of rain? ¸un®mis®tak®ably
²/-EblI/ ³adv¼
¨un®miti®gated© ²/AnÚmItIgeItId/ ³adj ´complete; absolute: ³an @
disaster; an @ evil´, sth which has no accompanying advantages whatever.¼
¨un®moved© ²/AnÚmuvd/ ³adj ´(esp) not moved in feelings; undisturbed;
indifferent: ³He remained @ by her entreaties for pity.¼
¨un®natu®ral© ²/AnÚnAt2rEl/ ³adj ´not natural or normal: ³A mother who is cruel
to her children is @. ¸@®ly ³adv´: ³He expected, not @ly, that his
father would help him.¼
¨un®nec®ess®ary© ²/AnÚnesEsrI ³US: ²-serI/ ³adj ´not necessary; superfluous.
¸un®nec®ess®ar®ily ²/*AnÚnesEsErElI ³US: ²*An*nesEÚserElI/ ³adv ´in an @
manner.¼
¨un®nerve© ²/*AnÚn3v/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´cause to lose self-control,
power of decision, courage.¼
¨un®not®iced© ²/*AnÚnE8tIst/ ³adj ´not observed or noticed: ³The event passed
@. Are you going to let the insult pass @?¼
¨un®num®bered© ²/*AnÚnAmbEd/ ³adj ¸1 ´more than can be counted. ¸2 ´having no
number(s): ³@ tickets/seats´, eÔg at a concert-hall.¼
¨un®ob®trus®ive© ²/*AnEbÚtrusIv/ ³adj ´not too obvious or easily noticeable;
discreet.¼
¨un®of®fi®cial© ²/*AnEÚfI2l/ ³adj ´not official: ³an @ strike´, not authorized
by the union; ³@ news´, not officially confirmed.¼
¨un®or®tho®dox© ²/*AnÚcTEdoks/ ³adj ´not in accordance with what is orthodox,
conventional, traditional: ³@ teaching methods.¼
¨un®pack© ²/*AnÚpak/ ³vt,vi ¶[VP6A,2A] ´take out (things packed): ³@ one's
clothes; ´take things out of: ³@ a suitcase.¼
¨un®par®al®leled© ²/AnÚparEleld/ ³adj ´having no parallel or equal; matchless:
³an @ achievement/disaster.¼
¨un®par®lia®men®tary© ²/*An*pqlEÚmentrI/ ³adj ´(of language, conduct) not
suitable (because abusive, disorderly) for Parliament.¼
¨un®placed© ²/*AnÚpleIst/ ³adj ´(esp) not one of the first three in a race or
competition.¼
¨un®play®able© ²/AnÚpleIEbl/ ³adj ´(of a ball, in games) that cannot be
played; (of ground) not fit to be played on.¼
¨un®pleas®ant© ²/AnÚpleznt/ ³adj ´disagreeable. ¸@®ness ³n ¶[U] ´@ or
disagreeable feeling; bad feeling (between persons); ¶[C] ´quarrel,
disagreement: ³a slight @ness.¼
¨un®prac®tised© ²/AnÚpraktIst/ ³adj ´having little experience, inexpert;
unskilled.¼
¨un®prece®dented© ²/AnÚpresIdentId/ ³adj ´without precedent; never done or
known before. ¸@®ly ³adv¼
¨un®preju®diced© ²/AnÚpredZ8dIst/ ³adj ´free from prejudice.¼
¨un®pre®ten®tious© ²/*AnprIÚten2Es/ ³adj ´modest; not trying to seem
important.¼
¨un®prin®cipled© ²/AnÚprInsEpld/ ³adj ´without moral principles; unscrupulous;
dishonest.¼
¨un®print®able© ²/AnÚprIntEbl/ ³adj ´too rude or indecent to be printed.¼
¨un®pro®fessional© ²/*AnprEÚfe2Enl/ ³adj ´(esp of conduct) contrary to the
rules or customs of a profession.¼
¨un®prompted© ²/*AnÚpromptId/ ³adj ´(of an answer, action) spontaneous; not
said, done, etc as the result of a hint, suggestion, etc.¼
¨un®pro®vided© ²/*AnprEÚvñIdId/ ³adj ¸1 ·@ for, ´without provision having been
made for: ³The widow was left @ for´, No means of support had been left for her
on her husband's death. ¸2 ·@ with, ´not provided with: ³schools @ with
books and equipment.¼
¨un®pro®voked© ²/*AnprEÚvE8kt/ ³adj ´without provocation: ³@
aggression/attacks.¼
¨un®put®down®able© ²/*Anp8tÚdñ8nEbl/ ³adj ´(colloq) (of a book, etc) so
interesting that the reader cannot put it down until he has finished it.¼
¨un®quali®fied© ²/AnÚkwolIfñId/ ³adj ¸1 ´not limited or restricted; absolute:
³@ praise; an @ denial. ¸2 ·@ as sth/to do sth, ´not qualified: ³@ to speak on
the subject.¼
¨un®ques®tion®able© ²/AnÚkwest2EnEbl/ ³adj ´beyond doubt; certain.
¸un®ques®tion®ably ²/-EblI/ ³adv¼
¨un®ques®tioned© ²/AnÚkwest2End/ ³adj ´not questioned or disputed: ³I cannot
let your statement pass @´, I must dispute its truth.¼
¨un®ques®tion®ing© ²/AnÚkwest2EnIG/ ³adj ´(esp) given, done, without question
or protest: ³@ obedience.¼
¨un®quiet© ²/AnÚkwñIEt/ ³adj ´(formal) restless; uneasy; disturbed: ³live in @
times.¼
¨un®quote© ²/AnÚkwE8t/ ³v ´(imper only) (in a telegram, a telephoned message,
etc) end the quotation; close the inverted commas: ³The rebel leader said
(quote) "We shall never surrender' (unquote).¼
¨un®ravel© ²/AnÚravl/ ³vt,vi µ(-ll-, ´US µ-l-) ¶[VP6A,2A] ¸1 ´separate the
threads of; pull or become separate: ³The cuff of my jersey has @led. The baby
@led the knitting that its mother had left on the chair. ¸2 ´make clear; solve:
³@ a mystery/plot.¼
¨un®real© ²/AnÚrIEl/ ³adj ´imaginary; illusory.¼
¨un®reas®on®able© ²/AnÚriznEbl/ ³adj ´not governed by reason;
immoderate; excessive: ³make @ demands.¼
¨un®reas®on®ing© ²/AnÚrizEnIG/ ³adj ´not using or guided by reason.¼
¨un®re®lent®ing© ²/*AnrIÚlentIG/ ³adj ´not becoming less in intensity, etc: ³@
pressure/attacks. µ¥ ³relentless ´at µrelent.¼
¨un®re®li®able© ²/*AnrIÚlñIEbl/ ³adj ´that cannot be relied on; untrustworthy.¼
¨un®re®lieved© ²/*AnrIÚlivd/ ³adj ´(esp) without anything to vary monotony: ³a
plain black dress @ by a touch of colour or trimming of any kind; @
boredom/tedium.¼
¨un®re®mit®ting© ²/*AnrIÚmItIG/ ³adj ´unceasing: ³@ care/efforts. The doctor
was @ in his attention to the case.¼
¨un®re®quit®ed© ²/*AnrIÚkwñItId/ ³adj ´not returned or rewarded: ³@
love/service.¼
¨un®re®serv®ed®ly© ²/*AnrIÚz3vIdlI/ ³adv ´without reservation or restriction;
openly: ³speak @; trust sb @.¼
¨un®rest© ²/AnÚrest/ ³n ¶[U] ´(esp) disturbed condition(s): ³social @´, eÔg
because of widespread unemployment or poverty; ³political @.¼
¨un®re®strained© ²/*AnrIÚstreInd/ ³adj ´not checked or held in.¼
¨un®re®stricted© ²/*AnrIÚstrIktId/ ³adj ´without restriction(s); (esp of a
road) not having a speed limit for traffic.¼
¨un®ri®valled© ´(US = ¸-ri®valed´) ²/AnÚrñIvld/ ³adj ´having no rival ³(in
´courage, etc); unequalled: ³an @ reputation.¼
¨un®roll© ²/AnÚrE8l/ ³vt,vi ¶[VP6A,2A] ´roll out; open out by
rolling: ³@ a carpet/map. My sleeping bag has @ed.¼
¨un®ruffled© ²/AnÚrAfld/ ³adj ´calm; not upset or agitated: ³He remained @ by
all these criticisms.¼
¨un®ruly© ²/AnÚrulI/ ³adj µ(-ier, -iest) ´not easily controlled; disorderly:
³an @ child.¼
¨un®said© ²/*AnÚsed/ ³adj ´not expressed: ³Some things are better left @.¼
¨un®sa®voury© ´(US = ¸-sa®vory´) ²/AnÚseIvErI/ ³adj ´(esp) nasty; disgusting:
³@ stories/scandals; a man with an @ reputation.¼
¨un®say© ²/*AnÚseI/ ³vt (pt,pp µ-said ²/-Úsed/³) ¶[VP6A] ´(liter)
take back (sth that has been said); retract (which is the usu word).¼
¨un®scathed© ²/AnÚskeIDd/ ³adj ´unharmed; unhurt.¼
¨un®scramble© ²/*AnÚskrambl/ ³vt ´(of a scrambled message) restore to a form
that can be understood.¼
¨un®scripted© ²/AnÚskrIptId/ ³adj ´(eÔg of a broadcast talk or discussion) not
read from a prepared script.¼
¨un®scru®pu®lous© ²/AnÚskrupj8lEs/ ³adj ´not guided by conscience; not held
back (from doing wrong) by scruples. ¸@®ly ³adv¼
¨un®seas®oned© ²/*AnÚsiznd/ ³adj ´(of wood) not matured; (of food) not
flavoured with seasoning.¼
¨un®seat© ²/*AnÚsit/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ¸1 ´remove from office: ³Mr Powell was @ed at
the General Election´, lost his seat in the House of Commons. ¸2 ´throw from a
horse: ³Several riders were @ed at the water-jump´, eÔg in a steeplechase.¼
¨un®seem®ly© ²/AnÚsimlI/ ³adj ´(of behaviour, etc) not suitable or proper.¼
¨un®seen© ²/AnÚsin/ ³adj ´not seen; invisible. ¹ ³n ¸1 the @, ´the spiritual
world. ¸2 ¶[C] ´passage to be translated, without preparation, from a foreign
language into one's own language: ³German @s.¼
¨un®settle© ²/*AnÚsetl/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´make troubled, anxious or uncertain: ³@d
weather´, uncertain, changeable weather.¼
¨un®sex© ²/*AnÚseks/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´deprive of the attributes of one's sex. ¸@ed
³adj ´not separated according to sex.¼
¨un®sight®ly© ²/AnÚsñItlI/ ³adj ´displeasing to the eye: ³@ advertisements in
the countryside. ¸un®sight®li®ness ³n¼
¨un®skilled© ²/*AnÚskIld/ ³adj ´(of work) not needing special skill; (of
workers) not having special skill or special training.¼
¨un®soph®is®ti®cated© ²/*AnsEÚfIstIkeItId/ ³adj ´naive; inexperienced; simple:
³@ children/techniques.¼
¨un®sound© ²/*AnÚsñ8nd/ ³adj ´not in good condition; unsatisfactory: ³an @
argument. The structure/building is @. ·of @ mind, ´(legal) unbalanced in mind;
mentally disordered.¼
¨un®spar®ing© ²/AnÚspeErIG/ ³adj ´liberal; holding nothing back: ³be @ in one's
efforts; @ of praise.¼
¨un®speak®able© ²/AnÚspikEbl/ ³adj ´that cannot be expressed or
described in words: ³@ joy/wickedness; ´(colloq) very unpleasant: ³@ behaviour.
¸un®speak®ably ³adv¼
¨un®spot®ted© ²/AnÚspotId/ ³adj ´(of reputation) without stain; pure.¼
¨un®strung© ²/*AnÚstrAG/ ³adj ´(esp) with little or no control over the nerves,
mind or emotions.¼
¨un®stuck© ²/*AnÚstAk/ ³adj ´not stuck or fastened: ³The flap of the envelope
has come @. ·come (badly) @, ´(colloq) be unsuccessful; fail to work according
to plan: ³Our plan has come @.¼
¨un®stud®ied© ²/*AnÚstAdId/ ³adj ´(of behaviour) natural; not aimed at
impressing other persons.¼
¨un®sung© ²/*AnÚsAG/ ³adj ´not celebrated (in poetry or song): ³an @ hero.¼
¨un®swerv®ing© ²/AnÚsw3vIG/ ³adj ´(esp of aims, purposes) not changing;
straight: ³@ loyalty/devotion; pursue an @ course. ¸@®ly ³adv¼
¨un®syl®labic© ²/*AnsIÚlabIk/ ³adj ¸1 ´not syllabic. ¸2 ´(of a consonant)
not making a syllable, eÔg in the word ³little ²/ÚlItl/ ´the first ²/l/ ´is
unsyllabic and the second is syllabic.¼
¨un®think®able© ²/AnÚTIGkEbl/ ³adj ´such as one cannot have any real idea of or
belief; not to be considered: ³It's @ that he should resign now.¼
¨un®think®ing© ²/AnÚTIGkIG/ ³adj ´thoughtless; done, said, etc without thought
of the effect: ³in an @ moment. ¸@®ly ³adv¼
¨un®thought-of© ²/AnÚTct ov/ ³adj ´quite unexpected; not imagined.¼
¨un®tidy© ²/AnÚtñIdI/ ³adj µ(-ier, -iest) ´(of a room, desk, etc) in disorder;
(of a person) slovenly; not neat. ¸un®tidi®ly ³adv¼
¨un®til© ²/EnÚtIl/ ³prep, conj µ¥ till.¼
¨un®time®ly© ²/AnÚtñImlI/ ³adj ´occurring at a wrong or unsuitable time, or too
soon: ³an @ remark. He came to an @ end´, died before he had completed his
life's work.¼
¨un®tir®ing© ²/AnÚtñIErIG/ ³adj ¸1 ´continuing to work without
getting tired: ³She seems to be @. ¸2 ´continuing as if never causing
tiredness: ³his @ efforts.¼
¨unto© ²/ÚAntu/ ³prep ´(archaic) = µto ³(prep).¼
¨un®told© ²/*AnÚtE8ld/ ³adj ´(esp) too many or too much to be counted,
measured, etc: ³a man of @ wealth.¼
¨un®touch®able© ²/AnÚtAt2Ebl/ ³n, adj ´(member) of the lowest caste in India.¼
¨un®to®ward© ²/*AntEÚwcd ³US: ²AnÚtcrd/ ³adj ´(formal) unfavourable;
unfortunate; inconvenient: ³There were no @ incidents.¼
¨un®truth© ²/AnÚtruT/ ³n ¶[U] ´lack of truth; ¶[C] ³(pl µ@s ²/-ÚtruDz/³)
´untrue statement; lie. ¸@®ful ²/-fl/ ³adv ¸@®fully ²/-fElI/ ³adv¼
¨un®tu®tored© ²/AnÚtjutEd ³US: ²-Útu-/ ³adj ´untaught; ignorant.¼
¨un®used©1 ²/AnÚjuzd/ ³adj ´not made use of; not put to use; never having been
used.¼
¨un®used©2 ²/AnÚjust/ ³adj ·@ to, ´not accustomed to: ³The children are @ to
city life.¼
¨un®usual© ²/AnÚjuZl/ ³adj ´not usual; strange; remarkable: ³@
clothes/opinions; a nose of @ size. ¸@ly ²/-ZElI/ ³adv´: ³@ly
small/large/late/early.¼
¨un®ut®ter®able© ²/AnÚAtErEbl/ ³adj ´unspeakable.¼
¨un®var®nished© ²/AnÚvqnI2t/ ³adj ´(esp of accounts, descriptions) plain;
straightforward: ³the @ truth; give an @ account of what happened.¼
¨un®veil© ²/*AnÚveIl/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A,2A] ´remove a veil from; remove one's
veil. ¸2 ¶[VP6A] ´disclose; reveal; (trade use) show publicly for the first
time: ³Several new models were @ed yesterday at the Motor Show.¼
¨un®voiced© ²/*AnÚvãIst/ ³adj ´(of thoughts, etc) not expressed or uttered.¼
¨un®wieldy© ²/AnÚwildI/ ³adj ´awkward to move or control because of shape, size
or weight. ¸un®wieldi®ness ³n¼
¨un®wind© ²/*AnÚwñInd/ ³vt,vi (pt,pp µ-wound ²/-Úwñ8nd/³) ¸1 ¶[VP6A,2A] ´wind
off (what has been wound up); become unwound. ¸2 ¶[VP21] ´(colloq) relax after
a period of tension, exhausting work, etc. µ¥ wind±4µ(6).¼
¨un®wit®ting© ²/AnÚwItIG/ ³adj ´unknowing; unaware; unintentional. ¸@®ly ³adv´:
³If I hurt your feelings it was @ly.¼
¨un®writ®ten© ²/*AnÚrItn/ ³adj ´not written down: ³the @ songs of the
countryfolk´, folksongs not to be found in writing or print. ·an @ law, ´one
based on custom or tradition, but not precisely stated anywhere.¼
¨un®zip© ²/*AnÚzIp/ ³vt µ(-pp-) ´unfasten or open by pulling a zip fastener: ³@
a handbag.¼
¨up© ²/Ap/ ³adv part ´(contrasted with ³down. µ¥ ´the ³v ´entries
for combinations with ³up. ´Specimen entries only here.) ¸1 ´to or in an erect
or vertical position (esp as suggesting readiness for activity): ³He's already
up´, out of bed. ³I was up late ´(= did not go to bed until late) ³last night.
She was up all night with a sick child. It's time to get up´, out of bed. ³He
got up ´(= stood up) ³to ask a question. He jumped up ´(iÔe to his feet) ³from
his chair. Up with you! ´Get up! Stand up! ³Up with them! ´Put, bring, etc them
up! ³Parliament is up´, no longer sitting, no longer in session. ³His blood was
up´, His passions were roused. ·What's up, ´(colloq) What's going on,
happening? ³There's something up´, Sth unusual is happening, being planned,
etc. ·up and about, ´out of bed and active (esp of a person recently ill). ¸2
´to or in a high(er) place, position, degree, etc: ³Lift your head up. Pull
your socks up. The tide's up´, in. ³He lives three floors up. Prices are still
going up´, rising. ³He's well up in Greek´, has made good progress. ¸3 ´to a
place of importance; (in England) to London; to a place in or to the north: ³He
has gone up to London for the day. He lives up in the Lake District. We're
going up to Edinburgh. The case was brought up before the High Court. ¸4 ´(used
vaguely, in a way similar to the use of ³down, round, over, across´) to the
place in question, or in which the speaker is, was, will be: ³He came up (to
me) and asked the time. She went straight up to the door. ¸5 ´(with ³vv ´to
indicate completeness, finality): ³The stream has dried up´, has become
completely dry. ³We've eaten everything up. Time's up´, The allowed time is
ended. ³When is your leave up? ´When must you return to duty? ³Tear it up.
Lock/Tie/Fasten/Chain/Nail it up´, Make it fast, secure, safe, etc by locking,
tying, etc. ¸6 ´(with ³vv ´to indicate an increase in intensity, etc):
³Speak/Sing up! ´(iÔe with more force). ³Her spirits went up´, rose. ³Blow the
fire up. ¸7 ´(attrib uses with ³nn´): ³the ·Ú³up train ´(to London); ³the ·Ú³up
line/platform ´(used by up trains); ³an ·Ú³up stroke´, eÔg of the pen when
writing the letter l. ¸8 ·up against sth, ´faced with (difficulties, obstacles,
etc). ·be up before sb, ´appear in court (before a magistrate, etc): ³He was up
before the magistrate for being drunk while driving a car. ·up and down, ¸(a)
´backwards and forwards; to and fro: ³walking up and down the station platform.
¸(b) ´so as to rise and fall: ³The float bobbed up and down on the water.
´Hence, ¸ups and downs, ´(usu fig) alternations of good and bad fortune. ·on
the up (and up), ´(colloq) steadily improving; becoming more successful. ·up
for sth, ¸(a) ´being tried (for an offence, etc): ³up for exceeding the speed
limit. ¸(b) ´being considered for; on offer: ³The contract is up for renewal.
The house is up for auction/sale. ·be well up in/on sth, ´be well informed
about; be expert in: ³He's well up on electronic music. ·up to sth, ¸(a)
´occupied or busy with: ³What's he up to? He's up to no good. What tricks has
she been up to´, playing? ¸(b) ´equal to: ³I don't feel up to going to work
today. This new book of Hugh Fleetwood's isn't up to his last´, is not as good.
³He's not up to his work/to the job´, not good enough for the job. ¸(c) ´as far
as: ³up to now/then; count from one up to twenty. ·up to sb, ´required, looked
upon as necessary, from him: ³It's up to us ´(= It is our duty) ³to give them
all the help we can. ·all up (with sb), µ¥ all±2µ(2). ¸*up-and-Úcoming, ´(of a
person) making good progress, likely to succeed, in his profession, career,
etc: ³an up-and-coming young MÔP. ¹ prep ´(in the senses of the ³adv´): ³climb
up a mountain; walk up the stairs; sail up ´(towards the source of) ³a river;
travel up country´, away from the coast; ³walk up ´(= along) ³the road. ¹ vi,vt
µ(-pp-) ¶[VP2A,6A] ¸1 ´(hum or colloq use only) rouse oneself: get or jump up:
³She upped and threw the teapot at him. ¸2 ´(colloq) increase: ³up the price;
up an offer.¼
¨up-© ²/Ap-/ ³pref ´in an upward direction.¼
¨up-beat© ²/ÚAp bit/ ³n ´(music) unaccented beat, esp at the end of a bar (eÔg
when the conductor's hand is raised).¼
¨up®braid© ²/*ApÚbreId/ ³vt ¶[VP6A,14] ·@ sb (for doing sth/with sth), ´scold,
reproach.¼
¨up®bring®ing© ²/ÚApbrIGIG/ ³n ¶[U] ´training and education during childhood:
³His @ explains a lot about his attitude towards authority/women.¼
¨up®coun®try© ²/*ApÚkAntrI/ ³adj, adv ´(esp in a large thinly populated
country) towards the interior; inland: ³@ districts; travel @.¼
¨up®date© ²/*ApÚdeIt/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´bring up-to-date; modernize: ³@ a
dictionary/textbook.¼
¨up®grade© ²/*ApÚgreId/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´raise to a higher grade. ¹ ³n ²/ÚApgreId/
´(esp) ·on the @, ´improving; making progress.¼
¨up®heaval© ²/*ApÚhivl/ ³n ¶[C] ´great and sudden change: ³a volcanic @;
political/social @s.¼
¨up®held© ²/*ApÚheld/ ³pt,pp ´of µuphold.¼
¨up®hill© ²/*ApÚhIl/ ³adj ´sloping upward; ascending: ³an @ road; ´(fig)
difficult; needing effort. ·an @ task, ´very difficult one. ³¹ adv ´up a slope:
³walk @.¼
¨up®hold© ²/*ApÚhE8ld/ ³vt (pt,pp µupheld ²/-Úheld/³) ¶[VP6A] ¸1 ´support or
approve (a person, his conduct, a practice, etc): ³I cannot @ such conduct. ¸2
´confirm (a decision, a verdict).¼
¨up®hol®ster© ²/*ApÚhE8lstE(r)/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´provide (seats, etc) with padding,
springs, covering material, etc; provide (a room) with carpets, curtains,
cushioned seats, etc: ³@ a settee in tapestry; @ed in/with velvet. ¸@er ³n
´person whose trade is to @. ¸@y ²/-stErI/ ³n ¶[U] ´(materials used in,
business of) @ing.¼
¨up®keep© ²/ÚApkip/ ³n ¶[U] ´(cost of) keeping sth in good order and repair:
³$450 for rent and @´, eÔg of a house. ³The @ of this large garden is more
than I can afford.¼
¨up®land© ²/ÚAplEnd/ ³n ´(often ³pl´) higher part(s) of a region or
country (not necessarily mountainous): (attrib) ³an @ region.¼
¨up®lift© ²/*ApÚlIft/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´(fig) raise (spiritually or emotionally):
³His soul was @ed by the music. ¹ n ²/ÚAplIft/ ¶[U] ´socially or mentally
elevating influence; moral inspiration.¼
¨up®most© ²/ÚApmE8st/ ³adj ´= µuppermost.¼
¨upon© ²/EÚpon/ ³prep ´(formal) = µon±2µ(1-7) ´(which is more usual. ³Upon ´is
the only normal form in): ³@ my word; once @ a time.¼
¨up®per© ²/ÚApE(r)/ ³adj ´(contrasted with ³lower´) higher in place; situated
above: ³the @ lip; the @ arm; one of the @ rooms. ¸@ case, µ¥ case±2µ(2), ¸@
class, µ¥ class(3). ¸the @ crust, ´(colloq) the highest social class. ¸the @
storey, ´(fig, colloq) the brain: ³wrong in the @ storey´, mentally disordered.
·have/get the @ hand (of), ´have/get the advantage or control (over). ¸the U@
House, ´(in Parliament) the House of Lords. ¸Ú@-cut ³n ´(boxing) a blow
delivered upwards with the arm bent inside an opponent's guard. ¹ ³n ´part of a
shoe or boot over the sole. ·be (down) on one's @s, ´be at the end of one's
financial resources. ¸Ú@®most ²/-mE8st/ ³adj ´highest; predominant: ³Thoughts
of the holidays were @most in their minds. µ¹ ³adv ´on, to, at, the top or
surface: ³It's not always wise to say whatever comes @most´, whatever comes to
the top of one's thoughts.¼
¨up®pish© ²/ÚApI2/ ³adj ´(colloq) self-assertive, conceited: ³Don't get @ with
me! Don't be too @ about it! ¸@®ly ³adv ¸@®ness ³n¼
¨up®pity© ²/ÚApEtI/ ³adj ´(colloq) uppish.¼
¨up®right© ²/ÚAprñIt/ ³adj ¸1 ´erect; placed vertically (at an angle of 90Ä to
the ground): ³an @ post; stand/hold oneself @; set a post @. ¸@ piano, ´with
the strings vertical, not horizontal, as in a grand piano. ¸2 ´honourable;
straightforward in behaviour: ³an @ man/judge; be @ in one's business dealings.
¹ ³n ¶[C] ´@ support in a structure; @ post. ¸@®ly ³adv ¸@®ness ³n ¶[U].¼
¨up®ris®ing© ²/AprñIzIG/ ³n ¶[C] ´revolt; rebellion.¼
¨up®roar© ²/ÚAprc(r)/ ³n ¶[U,C] ³(sing ´only) (outburst of) noise and
excitement; tumult: ³The meeting ended in (an) @. ¸@i®ous ²/ApÚrcrIEs/ ³adj
´very noisy, esp with loud laughter and great good humour: ³We were given an
@ious welcome. They burst into @ious laughter. ¸@i®ous®ly ³adv¼
¨up®root© ²/*ApÚrut/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´pull up by the roots: ³The gale @ed numerous
trees. After he had lived in New York for fifteen years his firm @ed him and
sent him to Chicago.¼
¨up®set© ²/*ApÚset/ ³vt,vi (pt,pp µupset³) µ(-tt-) ¸1 ¶[VP6A,2A] ´tip over;
overturn: ³Don't @ the boat. The boat @. The cat has @ its saucer of milk. ¸2
¶[VP6A] ´trouble; cause (sb or sth) to be disturbed: ³@ the enemy's plans; @
one's stomach by eating too much rich food. The sight of physical suffering @s
her. She is easily @ emotionally. ¹ n ²/ÚApset/ ¶[C] ¸1 ´@ting or being @:
³have a ·Ú³stomach @. She's had a terrible @´, eÔg an emotional shock. ³You can
imagine what an @ we have had with the decorators and upholsterers in the house
all week. ¸2 ´(sport) unexpected result.¼
¨up®shot© ²/ÚAp2ot/ ³n ·the @ (of sth), ´outcome; result: ³What will be the @
of it all?¼
¨up®side-down© ²/*ApsñId Údñ8n/ ³adv ´with the upper side underneath or at the
bottom; (fig) in disorder: ³The boy pretended he could read, but he was holding
the book @. The house was turned @ by the burglars´, Everything was left in
disorder.¼
¨up®stage© ²/*ApÚsteIdZ/ ³adj ´(colloq) uppish; uppity. ¹ ³adv ´(theatre)
towards the back of the stage. ¹ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´divert attention from sb else to
oneself; put at a disadvantage.¼
¨up®stairs© ²/*ApÚsteEz/ ³adv ¸1 ´to or on a higher floor: ³go/walk
@. ¸2 ´(attrib) belonging to, situated on, an upper floor: ³an @ room.¼
¨up®stand®ing© ²/*ApÚstandIG/ ³adj ´standing erect; strong and healthy: ³fine @
children.¼
¨up®start© ²/ÚApstqt/ ³n, adj ´(person) who has suddenly risen to wealth, power
or higher social position, esp one whose behaviour causes resentment: ³@
officials in government offices.¼
¨up®stream© ²/*ApÚstrim/ ³adv ´up a river; against the stream or current.¼
¨up®surge© ²/ÚAps3dZ/ ³n ´surging up (of emotion): ³an @ of anger/indignation.¼
¨up®take© ²/ÚApteIk/ ³n ·quick/slow on the @, ´(colloq) quick/slow to
understand (sth said or hinted at).¼
¨up®tight© ²/*ApÚtñIt/ ³adj ·@ (about), ´(sl) ¸1 ´extremely tense; nervous: ³@
about an interview/examination. ¸2 ´uneasy; prejudiced; hostile; fearful.¼
¨up-to-date© ²/*Ap tE ÚdeIt/ ³adj ´of the present time; of the newest sort or
style.¼
¨up®town© ²/*ApÚtñ8n/ ³adj, adv ´(US) to or in the upper (the residential or
non-business, non-commercial) part (of a town): ³@ New York; go @.¼
¨up®turn© ²/ÚApt3n/ ³n ´upward turn; change for the better: ³an @ in
business/employment/production.¼
¨up®ward© ²/ÚApwEd/ ³adj ´moving or directed up: ³the @ trend of prices; an @
glance. ¹ adv ´(often ¸@s´) towards a higher place, level, etc: ³Is our
civilization climbing @s? The boat was on the beach, bottom @´, upside-down.
·@s of, ´more than: ³@s of a hundred people.¼
¨ura®nium© ²/j8ÚreInIEm/ ³n ¶[U] ´heavy white metal (symbol ¸U´) with
radioactive properties, a source of atomic energy.¼
¨Ura®nus© ²/j8ÚreInEs/ ³n ´(astron) planet seventh in order from the sun. µ¥
´the illus at µplanet.¼
¨ur®ban© ²/Ú3bEn/ ³adj ´of or in a town: ³the overcrowded @ areas of England;
@ guerrillas, µ¥ guerrilla. ¸@®ize ²/-ñIz/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´change from a rural to
an @ character. ¸@®iz®ation ²/*3bEnñIÚzeI2n ³US: ²-nIÚz-/ ³n ¶[U].¼
¨ur®bane© ²/3ÚbeIn/ ³adj ´polite; polished in manners; elegant.
¸@®ly ³adv ¸ur®ban®ity ²/3ÚbanEtI/ ³n ¶[U] ´refinement; politeness; ³(pl;
µ-ties³) ´courteous manners.¼
¨ur®chin© ²/Ú3t2In/ ³n ´mischievous small child; (often ¸Ústreet-@´) poor
destitute child.¼
¨Urdu© ²/Ú8Edu/ ³adj, n ´(of) one of the official languages of Pakistan.¼
¨urge© ²/3dZ/ ³vt ¸1 ¶[VP6A,15B] ·@ sb/sth (on/onward/forward), ´push or drive
on: ³With whip and spur he @d his horse onward. The foreman @d his workmen on.
¸2 ¶[VP6A,D,9,14,17,19C] ·@ sb (to sth), ´request earnestly; try to persuade;
strongly recommend: ³The salesman @d me to buy a new car. Agitators @d the
peasants to revolt/to revolution. He @d leaving/our leaving/that we should
leave/us to leave. ¸3 ¶[VP6A,14] ·@ sth (on/upon sb), ´press it (on him) with
requests and arguments: ³He @d on his pupils the importance of hard work. He @d
his youth/the fact that he was young. ¹ n ¶[U,C] ´strong desire: ³He has/feels
an @/no @ to travel.¼
¨ur®gent© ²/Ú3dZEnt/ ³adj ¸1 ´needing prompt decision or action: ³An SÔOÔS is
an @ message. It is most @ that the patient should get to hospital. The
earthquake victims are in @ need of medical supplies. ¸2 ´(of a person, his
voice, etc) showing that sth is @; persistent in making a demand. ¸@®ly ³adv
¸ur®gency ²/-dZEnsI/ ³n ¶[U] ´need for, importance of, haste or prompt action:
³a matter of great urgency.¼
¨uric© ²/Új8ErIk/ ³adj ´of urine.¼
¨urine© ²/Új8ErIn/ ³n ¶[U] ´waste liquid which collects in the bladder and is
discharged from the body. ¸uri®nal ²/Új8ErInl/ ³n ¸1 ³(·Ú³bed urinal) ´vessel
into which @ may be discharged (by sb ill in bed). ¸2 ³(public ·Ú³urinal)
´place for the convenience of men who need to discharge @. ¸uri®nate
²/Új8ErIneIt/ ³vi ´discharge @. ¸uri®nary ²/Új8ErInrI ³US: ²-nerI/ ³adj ´of @:
³a urinary infection.¼
¨urn© ²/3n/ ³n ¸1 ´vase, usu with stem and base, esp as used for
holding the ashes of a person whose body has been cremated. ¸2 ´large metal
container in which a drink such as tea or coffee is made or kept hot, eÔg in
caf_es and canteens.¼
¨us© ²/Es ³strong form: ²As/ ³pron ´object form of ³we.¼
¨usage© ²/ÚjuzIdZ ³US: ²Újus-/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´way of using sth; treatment:
³Machines soon wear out under rough @. ¸2 ¶[C,U] ´body of conventions governing
the use of a language (esp those aspects not governed by grammatical rules): ³a
guide to English grammar and @. Do you have difficulty in learning the finer
points of @? Such @s are not characteristic of educated speakers. ¸3 ¶[C,U]
´agreed codes of behaviour: ³Industrialization and urbanization influence
social @(s).¼
¨use©1 ²/jus/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´using or being used; condition of being used: ³the
use of electricity for lighting; learn the use of tools; a room for the use of
women only; for use only in case of fire; bought for use, not for ornament. ·in
use, ´being used. ·out of use, ´not being, no longer, used. ·come into use,
´begin to be used: ³When did the word "transistor' come into common use?
·go/fall out of use, ´be no longer used: ³The custom has gone out of use. ·make
(good/the best) use of, ´use (well/in the best way): ³You must make good use of
any opportunities you have of practising English. ¸2 ¶[C,U] ´purpose for which
sth or sb is or may be employed; work that sth or sb is able to do: ³a tool
with many uses; find a use for sth; put sth to (a) good use; have no further
use for sth. I have no use for ´(fig, dislike, have no patience with) ³people
who are always grumbling. ¸3 ¶[U] ´value; advantage: ³Is this of any use to
you? It's no use your pretending/no use for you to pretend that you didn't know
the rules. There isn't much use for that sort of thing nowadays. ¸4 ¶[U] ´power
of using: ³lose the use of one's legs´, become a cripple, unable to walk. ¸5
¶[U] ´right to use: ³give a friend the use of one's bike. ¸6 ¶[U] ´usage;
familiarity through continued practice: ³In these cases use is the best guide.
¸use®ful ²/Újusfl/ ³adj ¸1 ´helpful; producing good results: ³A spade is a
useful tool. Are you a useful member of society? ¸2 ´(colloq) capable,
efficient: ³He's a useful member of the team. ¸use®fully ²/-fElI/ ³adv
¸use®ful®ness ³n ¸use®less ³adj ¸1 ´of no use; worthless: ³A car is useless
without petrol. ¸2 ´without result; ineffectual: ³It's useless to argue with
them. ¸use®less®ly ³adv ¸use®less®ness ³n¼
¨use©2 ²/juz/ ³vt (pt,pp µused ²/juzd/³) ¸1 ¶[VP6A,16A,14] ·use
(for), ´employ for a purpose: ³You use your legs when you walk. You use a knife
to cut bread. A hammer is used for driving in nails. When persuasion failed
they used force. May I use ´(= quote) ³your name as a reference´, eÔg in an
application for a post. ¸2 ¶[VP6A,15B] ·use sth (up), ´consume: ³How much coal
did we use last winter? He has @d up all his strength. ¸3 ¶[VP15A] ´behave
towards: ³Use others as you would like them to use you. He thinks himself ill
used´, considers that he is badly treated. ¸used ²/juzd/ ³adj ´no longer new:
³used cars´, cars offered for sale after they have been used and are no longer
in new condition. ¸us®able ²/ÚjuzEbl/ ³adj ´that can be used, that is fit to be
used. ¸user ³n ´sb or sth that uses: ³There are more telephone users in the
UÔSÔA than in any other country.¼
¨used©1 ²/just/ ³anom fin ´(neg µused not; usedn't/usen't
²/Újusnt/µ; ´(colloq) µdidn't use ²/jus/´) ·@ to + ³inf, ´(indicating a
constant or frequent practice in the past): ³That's where I @ to live when I
was a child. Life isn't so easy here as it @ to be. You @ to smoke a pipe,
use(d)n't you ´(or ³didn't you)? Didn't you use to smoke a pipe? ·there @
to be, ´(indicating the existence of sth in the past): ³There @ to be some
trees in this field, use(d)n't there/didn't there?¼
¨used©2 ²/just/ ³adj ·@ to, ´accustomed to: ³He's quite @ to hard
work/working hard. I'm not @ to being spoken to in that rude way. You will soon
be/get @ to it.¼
¨usher© ²/ÚA2E(r)/ ³n ¸1 ´person who shows people to their seats in theatres,
cinemas, etc. ¸2 ´doorkeeper in a law court, etc. ¹ ³vt ¸1 ¶[VP15B,14] ´lead,
conduct: ³The girl @ed me to my seat ´(in a cinema). ¸2 ¶[VP15B] ·@ sth in,
´herald, announce: ³The change of government @ed in a period of prosperity.
¸@®ette ²/*A2EÚret/ ³n
´girl or woman @µ(1)´.¼
¨usual© ²/ÚjuZl/ ³adj ´such as commonly happens; customary: ³Tea is considered
to be the @ drink of British people. He arrived later than @. As is @ with many
picnickers, they left a lot of litter behind them. When the accident happened,
the @ crowd quickly gathered. ·as @, ´as is @: ³You're late, as @. The meeting
was, as @, badly attended. ¸@ly ²/ÚjuZElI/ ³adv ´in the way that is @: ³What do
you @ly do on Sundays? He's @ly early.¼
¨usurer© ²/ÚjuZErE(r)/ ³n ´person whose business is usury.¼
¨usurp© ²/juÚz3p/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´wrongfully take (sb's power, authority,
position): ³@ the throne. ¸@er ³n ´person who does this. ¸usur®pa®tion
²/*juz3ÚpeI2n/ ³n ¶[C,U] ´(instance of) @ing.¼
¨usury© ²/ÚjuZErI/ ³n ¶[U] ´(practice of) lending money, esp at a rate of
interest considered to be too high; such high interest. ¸usuri®ous
²/juÚzj8ErIEs ³US: ²-ÚZ8-/ ³adj ´of @: ³a usurious transaction; a usurious rate
of interest.¼
¨uten®sil© ²/juÚtensl/ ³n ´instrument, tool, etc esp for use in the house:
·Ú³household @s´, eÔg pots, pans, brushes; ·Ú³writing @s´, eÔg paper, pens,
ink.¼
¨uterus© ²/ÚjutErEs/ ³n ´(anat) womb. µ¥ ´the illus at µreproduce. ¸uter®ine
²/ÚjutErñIn/ ³adj ´of the @.¼
¨utili®tar®ian© ²/ju*tIlIÚteErIEn/ ³adj ¸1 ´characterized by usefulness rather
than by beauty, truth, goodness. ¸2 ´of the U@s and their ideas. ¹ ³n ¸U@,
´supporter of @ism. ¸@®ism ²/-IzEm/ ³n ¶[U] ´political and moral theory that
the best rule of life is to aim at "the greatest happiness of the greatest
number,' actions being considered right or wrong according as they help or
hinder the achievement of this aim.¼
¨util®ity© ²/juÚtIlEtI/ ³n (pl µ-ties³) ¸1 ¶[U] ´quality of being useful:
(attrib) ·Ú³@ van/truck´, one that can be used for various purposes. ¸2 ¶[C]
¸(public) @, ´public service such as the supply of water, electricity, gas, or
a bus or railway service.¼
¨util®ize© ²/ÚjutIlñIz ³US: ²-tElñIz/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´make use of; find a use for.
¸util®iz®able ²/-Ebl/ ³adj ´that can be @d or put to a useful purpose.
¸util®iz®ation ²/*jutIlñIÚzeI2n ³US: ²-tElIÚz-/ ³n ¶[U] ´utilizing or being
@d.¼
¨ut®most© ²/ÚAtmE8st/ ³adj ´most extreme; greatest: ³in the @
danger; of the @ importance; with the @ care. ¹ n ¸one's/the @, ´the most that
is possible: ³do one's @; exert/enjoy oneself to the @. That is the @ I can
do.¼
¨Uto®pia© ²/juÚtE8pIE/ ³n ¶[C] ´imaginary perfect social and political system.
¸Uto®pian ²/-pIEn/ ³adj ´(also ¸u-´) attractive and desirable but
impracticable: ³a @n scheme for giving all old people a pension of $100 a
week.¼
¨ut®ter©1 ²/ÚAtE(r)/ ³adj ´complete; total: ³@ darkness; an @ slander. She's an
@ stranger to me. ¸@®ly ³adv ¸1 ´completely. ¸2 ´to the depths of one's being:
³She @ly detests him.¼
¨ut®ter©2 ²/ÚAtE(r)/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ¸1 ´make (a sound or sounds) with the mouth:
³@ a sigh/a cry of pain. ¸2 ´say: ³the last words he @ed. ¸3 ´put (false money,
etc) into circulation. ¸@®ance ²/ÚAtErEns/ ³n ¸1 ³(sing ´only) way of speaking:
³a clear/defective/very rapid @ance. ¸2 ¶[C] ´sth said; spoken word or words.
¸3 ¶[U] ´@ing: ³give @ance to (one's feelings, etc)´, express in words.¼
¨ut®ter®most© ²/ÚAtEmE8st/ ³adj, n ´= utmost: ³the @ ends of the earth.¼
¨uvula© ²/Újuvj8lE/ ³n ´(anat) small piece of fleshy matter hanging
from the back of the roof of the mouth. µ¥ ´the illus at µmouth. ¸uvu®lar
²/-lE(r)/ ³adj ´of the @.¼
¨ux®ori®ous© ²/*AkÚscrIEs/ ³adj ´excessively fond of one's wife. ¸@®ly ³adv
¸@®ness ³n¼
¨V©, v ²/vi/ ³n (pl µV's, v's ²/viz/³) ¸1 ´the 22nd letter of the English
alphabet; symbol for the Roman numeral 5. µ¥ App 4. ¸2 µV´-shaped thing;
³the V sign´, sign made by the hand with the palm outwards
and the first and second fingers spread to form a µV ´(for ³victory).
¸VÔ1, 2 ²/*vi ÚwAn, Útu/, ´flying bomb. µ¥ doodlebug.¼
¨vac© ²/vak/ ³n ´(colloq, abbr of) µvacation ´(= holidays).¼
¨va®cancy© ²/ÚveIkEnsI/ ³n (pl µ-cies³) ¸1 ¶[U] ´condition of being empty or
unoccupied. ¸2 ¶[U,C] ´unoccupied space; blank: ³look over the edge of a cliff
into @. ¸3 ¶[U] ´lack of ideas or intelligence; lack of concentration. ¸4 ¶[C]
´position in business, etc for which sb is needed: ³good vacancies for typists
and clerks.¼
¨va®cant© ²/ÚveIkEnt/ ³adj ¸1 ´empty: ³gaze into @ space. ¸2 ´not occupied by
anyone: ³a @ room´, eÔg in a hotel; ³apply for a @ position´, eÔg in an office.
¸@ possession, ´phrase used in advertisements of houses, etc declaring that the
buyer can enter into immediate occupation. ¸3 ´(of time) not filled with any
activity; leisured. ¸4 ´(of the mind) unoccupied with thought; (of the eyes)
showing no signs of thought or interest: ³with @ looks; a @ stare/expression.
¸@®ly ³adv¼
¨va®cate© ²/vEÚkeIt ³US: ²ÚveIkeIt/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ¸1 ´give up living in: ³@ a
house/rented rooms. ¸2 ´leave unoccupied: ³@ one's seat. ¸3 ´(formal) give up
possession or use of.¼
¨va®ca®tion© ²/vEÚkeI2n ³US: ²veI-/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´(formal) vacating: ³His @ of a
good position in the Civil Service was unwise. ¸2 ¶[C] ´weeks during which
universities and law courts stop work: ³the long @; the summer @; the
Christmas @. ¸3 ¶[C] ´(esp US) holidayµ(2)´; any time or period of rest and
freedom from work. ·on @, ´on holiday. ¹ ³vi ¶[VP3A] ·@ at/in, ´(US) spend a
holiday: ³@ing in Florida. ¸@®ist ²/-2EnIst/ ³n ´(US) person on @µ(3)´.¼
¨vac®ci®nate© ²/ÚvaksIneIt ³US: ²-sEneIt/ ³vt ¶[VP6A,14] ·@ sb (against sth),
´protect (sb) (against a disease) by injecting vaccine. ¸vac®ci®na®tion
²/*vaksIÚneI2n/ ³n ¶[C,U] ´(instance of) vaccinating or being @d.¼
¨vac®cine© ²/Úvaksin ³US: ²vakÚsin/ ³n ¶[C,U] ´substance injected into the
bloodstream, used to protect persons from a disease by causing them to have a
slight, but not dangerous, form of the disease.¼
¨vac®il®late© ²/ÚvasIleIt/ ³vi ¶[VP2A,3A] ·@ (between), ´waver;
hesitate; be uncertain (in opinion, etc): ³@ between hope and fear.
¸vac®il®la®tion ²/*vasIÚleI2n/ ³n ¶[C,U] ´(instance of) vacillating.¼
¨vacu®ous© ²/Úvakj8Es/ ³adj ´showing or suggesting absence of thought or
intelligence: ³a @ expression/stare/remark/laugh. ¸@ly ³adv ¸vacu®ity
²/vEÚkjuEtI/ ³n (pl µ-ties³) ¶[U] ´state of being @; ³(pl) ´@ remarks, acts,
etc.¼
¨vac®uum© ²/Úvakj8Em/ ³n (pl µ@s ´or, in science, µ-uua ²/-j8E/³) ´space
completely empty of substance or gas(es); space in a container from which the
air has been pumped out. ¸Ú@ cleaner, ´apparatus which takes up dust, dirt, etc
by suction. ¸Ú@ flask/bottle, ´one having a @ between its inner and outer
walls, keeping the contents at an unchanging temperature. µ¥ thermos. ¸Ú@ pump,
(a) ´pump to create a partial @ in a vessel. ¸(b) ´pump in which a partial @ is
used to raise water. ¸Ú@ tube/valve, ´sealed glass tube with an almost perfect
@ in it, for observing the passage of an electric charge.¼
¨vade-mecum© ²/*veIdI ÚmikEm/ ³n ¶[C] ´small handbook which can be carried
about and used for reference.¼
¨vaga®bond© ²/ÚvagEbond/ ³adj ´having no fixed living-place; habitually
wandering: ³live a @ life; @ Gypsies. ¹ n ´@ person; tramp.¼
¨va®gary© ²/ÚveIgErI/ ³n ¶[C] ³(pl µ-ries³) ´strange, unusual act
or idea, esp one for which there seems to be no good reason: ³the vagaries of
fashion/of human emotions.¼
¨va®gina© ²/vEÚdZñInE/ ³n ´(anat) passage (in a female mammal) from the
external genital organs to the womb (colloq ·Ú³birth canal´). µ¥ ´the illus at
µreproduce. ¸vag®inal ²/vEÚdZñInl/ ³adj¼
¨va®grant© ²/ÚveIgrEnt/ ³adj ´leading a wandering life: ³@ tribes/musicians;
´wandering: ³lead a @ life; @ thoughts. ¹ n ´@ person; vagabond or tramp.
¸va®grancy ²/-rEnsI/ ³n ¶[U] ´being a @.¼
¨vague© ²/veIg/ ³adj µ(-r, -st) ¸1 ´not clear or distinct: ³@ outlines; @
demands. I haven't the @st idea what they want. ¸2 ´(of persons, their looks,
behaviour) uncertain, suggesting uncertainty (about needs, intentions, etc).
¸@®ly ³adv ¸@®ness ³n¼
¨vain© ²/veIn/ ³adj µ(-er, -est) ¸1 ´without use, value, meaning or result: ³a
@ attempt; @ hopes/promises. ¸2 ·in @, ¸(a) ´without the desired result: ³try
in @ to do sth. All our work was in @. ¸(b) ´without due reverence, honour or
respect: ³take the name of God in @´, use the word "God' irreverently; ³take a
person's name in @´, use it lightly, disrespectfully. ¸3 ´having too high an
opinion of one's looks, abilities, etc; conceited: ³He's as @ as a peacock.
She's @ of her beauty. ¸*@®Úglory ³n ´extreme vanity or pride in oneself.
¸*@®Úglorious ³adj ´full of @glory; conceited and boastful. ¸@®ly ³adv ¸1 ´in
@. ¸2 ´in a conceited manner.¼
¨val®ance©, val®ence ²/ÚvalEns/ ³n ´short curtain or frill round the frame or
the canopy of a bedstead, above a window, or under a shelf.¼
¨vale© ²/veIl/ ³n ´(liter except in place-names) valley.¼
¨val®edic®tion© ²/*valIÚdIk2n/ ³n ¶[C] ´(words used in) saying farewell.¼
¨val®edic®tory© ²/*valIÚdIktErI/ ³adj ´relating to, in the nature of, a
farewell: ³a @ speech.¼
¨val®ence©1 ²/ÚveIlEns/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´(chem) capacity of an atom to combine with,
or to be replaced by, another atom. ¸2 ¶[C] ´(US) = µvalency.¼
¨val®ence©2 ²/ÚvalEns/ ³n µ¥ valance.¼
¨val®ency© ²/ÚveIlEnsI/ ³n (pl µ-cies³) ¶[C] ´(chem) unit of µvalence±1´:
³Carbon has 4 valencies.¼
¨val®en®tine© ²/ÚvalEntñIn/ ³n ´(letter, card, etc, usu anonymous, sent on St
V@'s Day, 14 Feb, to a) sweetheart.¼
¨val®erian© ²/vEÚlIErIEn/ ³n ¶[U] ´kinds of small perennial plant with
strong-smelling pink or white flowers; root of this used medically.¼
¨valet© ²/ÚvalIt/ ³n ´manservant who looks after his master's clothes; employee
in a hotel with similar duties. ¹ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´act as @ to: ³The hotel has a
good @ing service.¼
¨val®etu®di®nar®ian© ²/*valItjudIÚneErIEn ³US: ²-tud-/ ³adj ´(formal) of poor
health; unduly troubled about, almost wholly occupied with, the state of one's
health. ¹ ³n ´@ person.¼
¨val®iant© ²/ÚvalIEnt/ ³adj ´brave. ¸@®ly ³adv¼
¨valid© ²/ÚvalId/ ³adj ¸1 ´(legal) effective because made or done with the
correct formalities: ³a @ claim/marriage. ¸2 ´(of contracts, etc) having force
in law: ³@ for three months; a ticket @ for one single journey between London
and Dover. ¸3 ´(of arguments, reasons, etc) well based; sound: ³raise @
objections to a scheme. ¸@®ly ³adv ¸@®ity ²/vEÚlIdEtI/ ³n ¶[U] ´state of being
@. ¸vali®date ²/ÚvalIdeIt/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´make @: ³@ate a claim.¼
¨va®lise© ²/vEÚliz ³US: ²vEÚlis/ ³n ´small leather bag for clothes,
etc during a journey; soldier's kitbag.¼
¨val®ley© ²/ÚvalI/ ³n (pl µ-leys³) ´stretch of land between hills or mountains,
often with a river flowing through it. µ¥ ´the illus at µmountain.¼
¨val®our© ´(US = ¸valor´) ²/ÚvalE(r)/ ³n ¶[U] ´bravery, esp in war. ¸val®or®ous
²/ÚvalErEs/ ³adj ´brave.¼
¨valu®able© ²/Úvalj8Ebl/ ³adj ´of great value, worth or use: ³a @ discovery. ¹
n ´(usu ³pl´) sth of much value, eÔg articles of gold, jewels.¼
¨valu®ation© ²/*valj8ÚeI2n/ ³n ¶[U] ´process of deciding the value of sth or
sb; ¶[C] ´the value that is decided upon: ³The surveyors arrived at widely
different @s. It is unwise to accept a person at his own @´, the opinion which
he has of himself.¼
¨value© ²/Úvalju/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´quality of being useful or desirable: ³the @ of
walking as an exercise. ¸2 ¶[U] ´worth of sth when compared with sth else:
³This book will be of great/little/some/no @ to him in his studies. ¸3 ¶[C,U]
´worth of sth in terms of money or other goods for which it can be exchanged:
³Is the @ of the American dollar likely to decline? Does this volume give you
good @ for your money? The property is going down in @ all the time. Market @s
rose sharply last week. ¸*@-Úadded tax, ´(abbr ¸VÔAÔT´) tax on the rise in @
of a product at each stage of manufacture and marketing. ¸4 ¶[U] ´what sth is
considered to be worth (contrasted with the price obtainable): ³I've been
offered $500 for my old car but its @ is much higher. ¸5 ¶[C,U] ¸(a) ´(in
music) full time indicated by a note: ³Give the note its full @. ¸(b) ´(in
painting) relation of light and shade. ¸(c) ´(in language) meaning; effect:
³use a word with all its poetic @. ¸(d) ³(pl) ´standards: ³moral/artistic @s. ¹
vt ¶[VP6A,15A,16B] ¸1 ´estimate the money @ of: ³He @d the house for me at
$20ÔÔ000. ¸2 ´regard highly; have a high opinion of: ³@ sb's advice. Do you @
her as a secretary? ¸@®less ³adj ´without @; worthless. ¸@r ³n ´person whose
profession is to estimate the money @ of property, land, etc.¼
¨valve© ²/valv/ ³n ¸1 ´(sorts of) mechanical device for controlling
the flow of air, liquid, gas or electrons in one direction only: ³the
inlet/outlet @s of a petrol or steam engine; the @ of a bicycle tyre. µ¥ ´the
illus at µbicycle. ¸2 ´structure in the heart or in a blood-vessel allowing the
blood to flow in one direction only. ¸3 (Úradio) @, ´thermionic @ used in a
radio (US = ³tube). µ¥ thermionic. ¸4 ´device in musical wind instruments, eÔg
a cornet, for changing the pitch by changing the length of the column of air.
¸val®vu®lar ²/Úvalvj8lE(r)/ ³adj ´of the @s of the heart or blood-vessels:
³valvular disease of the heart.¼
¨va®moose© ²/*vaÚmus/ ³vi ´(US sl) go away quickly.¼
¨vamp©1 ²/vamp/ ³n ´upper front part of a boot or shoe. ¹ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A,15B]
´repair (a boot or shoe) by putting a new @ on. ·@ sth up, ´(fig) make sth from
odds and ends: ³@ up some lectures out of old notes. ¸2 ¶[VP6A,2A] ´make up (a
tune) for a song; improvise a musical accompaniment to a song or dance.¼
¨vamp©2 ²/vamp/ ³n ´seductive woman who uses her attractions to exploit men.¼
¨vam®pire© ²/ÚvampñIE(r)/ ³n ¸1 ´(in stories) reanimated corpse
that leaves its grave at night and sucks the blood of sleeping persons;
ruthless ill-disposed person who preys on others. ¸2 Ú@ (bat), ´sorts of
blood-sucking bat.¼
¨van©1 ²/van/ ³n ¸1 ´covered or roofed motor-vehicle for carrying and
delivering goods: ³the ·Ú³baker's van; a ·Ú³furniture van. ¸2 ´(GB) roofed
railway carriage for goods: ³the ·Ú³luggage van.¼
¨van©2 ²/van/ ³n ¸1 ´front or leading part of an army or fleet in battle. ¸2
´= µvanguard.¼
¨van®dal© ²/Úvandl/ ³n ´person who wilfully destroys works of art or public and
private property, spoils the beauties of nature, etc. ¸@®ism ²/-dEl-IzEm/ ³n
¶[U] ´behaviour characteristic of @s.¼
¨Van®dal© ²/Úvandl/ ³n ´one of a Germanic tribe that overran Gaul, Spain and N
Africa in the 4th and 5th cc and sacked Rome in 455 ¶AÔD´. µ¥ Goth.¼
¨vane© ²/veIn/ ³n ¸1 ´arrow or pointer on the top of a building,
turned by the wind so as to show its direction. ¸2 ´blade of a propeller, sail
of a windmill, or other flat surface acted on by wind or water.¼
¨van®guard© ²/Úvangqd/ ³n ¸1 ´advance party of an army, etc as a guard against
surprise attack. ¸2 ´those persons who lead a procession or (fig) a movement:
³in the @ of scientific progress.¼
¨va®nilla© ²/vEÚnIlE/ ³n ¸1 ¶[C] ´(pods or beans of) plant with sweet-smelling
flowers. ¸2 ¶[U] ´flavouring substance from @ beans or synthetic product used
for it: ³@ custard; two @ ices.¼
¨van®ish© ²/ÚvanI2/ ³vi ¶[VP2A] ´suddenly disappear; fade away gradually; go
out of existence: ³Your prospects of success have @ed. The thief ran into the
crowd and @ed from sight. ·@ into thin air, ´disappear suddenly and completely.
¸Ú@®ing cream, ´cosmetic cream quickly absorbed into the skin. ¸Ú@®ing point,
´(in perspective) point at which all parallel lines in the same plane appear to
meet.¼
¨van®ity© ²/ÚvanEtI/ ³n (pl µ-ties³) ¸1 ¶[U] ´conceit; having too high an
opinion of one's looks, abilities, etc: ³do sth out of @; tickle sb's @´, do or
say sth that pleases his conceit; ³injured @´, resentment caused by some slight
or humiliation. ¸Ú@ bag/case, ´bag or case carried by the owner for a small
mirror, cosmetics, etc. ¸2 ¶[U] ´worthlessness; quality of being unsatisfying,
without true value: ³the @ of pleasure; ¶[C] ´vain, worthless thing or act.¼
¨van®quish© ²/ÚvaGkwI2/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´defeat, subdue, overcome.¼
¨van®tage© ²/ÚvqntIdZ ³US: ²Úvan-/ ³n ¸1 ´advantage: ·Ú³@-ground; point of @.
¸Ú@-point ³n ´(lit or fig) place from which one has a (good) view of sth;
(advantageous) position. µ¥ coign. ¸2 ´(in tennis) first point scored after
deuce.¼
¨vapid© ²/ÚvapId/ ³adj ´dull; uninteresting: ³@ conversation; the @
utterances of the clergy. ¸@®ly ³adv ¸@®ness ³n ¸va®pid®ity ²/vEÚpIdEtI/ ³n
¶[U] ´state of being @; ³(pl; µ-ties³) ´@ remarks.¼
¨va®por®ize© ²/ÚveIpErñIz/ ³vt,vi ¶[VP6A,2A] ´convert into, become, vapour.
¸va®por®iz®ation ²/*veIpErñIÚzeI2n ³US: ²-rIÚz-/ ³n¼
¨va®por®ous© ²/ÚveIpErEs/ ³adj ¸1 ´full of, like, vapour. ¸2 ´(fig) full of
idle fancies; unsubstantial.¼
¨va®pour© ´(US = ¸va®por´) ²/ÚveIpE(r)/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´steam; mist; gaseous form
to which certain substances may be reduced by heat: ·Ú³water @. ¸Ú@-bath ³n
´(enclosed space or apparatus for a) bath in @ or steam. ¸Ú@ trails, µ¥
trail(1). ¸2 ¶[C] ´unsubstantial thing: sth imagined: ³the @s of a disordered
mind. ¸3 the @s, ´(archaic) melancholy.¼
¨vari®able© ²/ÚveErIEbl/ ³adj ´varying; changeable: ³@ winds; @ standards; @
costs, ´(accounting) costs that go up or down according to the quantity of
goods produced. ³His mood/temper is @. ¹ n ¶[C] ´@ thing or quantity; factor
which may vary, eÔg in an experiment. ¸vari®ably ²/-EblI/ ³adv ¸@®ness ³n
¸varia®bil®ity ²/*veErIEÚbIlEtI/ ³n ¶[U] ´quality of being @; tendency to
vary.¼
¨vari®ance© ²/ÚveErIEns/ ³n ¶[U] ·at @ (with), ´in disagreement; having a
difference of opinion: ³The two sisters have been at @ for years. We are at @
among ourselves/at @ with the others.¼
¨vari®ant© ²/ÚveErIEnt/ ³adj ´different or alternative: ³@
spellings of a word ´(eÔg "tire' and "tyre'). ¹ ³n ´@ form (eÔg of spelling).¼
¨vari®ation© ²/*veErIÚeI2n/ ³n ¸1 ¶[C,U] ´(degree of) varying or being variant:
³@(s) of pressure/temperature; @s in public opinion. ¸2 ¶[C] ´(music) simple
melody repeated in a different (and usu more complicated) form: ³@s on a theme
by Mozart. ¸3 ¶[U] ´(biol) change in bodily structure or form caused by new
conditions, environment, etc; ¶[C] ´instance of such change.¼
¨vari®col®oured© ´(US = ¸-col®ored´) ²/ÚveErIkAlEd/ ³adj ´of various colours.¼
¨vari®cose© ²/ÚvarIkE8s/ ³adj ´(esp in) ¸@ vein, ´vein that has become
permanently swollen or enlarged.¼
¨var®ied© ²/ÚveErId/ ³adj ¸1 ´of different sorts; diverse: ³@ opinions; the @
scenes of life. ¸2 ´full of changes or variety: ³a @ career.¼
¨varie®gated© ²/ÚveErIgeItId/ ³adj ´marked irregularly with differently
coloured patches: ³The leaves of geraniums/The flowers of pansies are often @.
¸varie®ga®tion ²/*veErIÚgeI2n/ ³n¼
¨var®iety© ²/vEÚrñIEtI/ ³n (pl µ-ties³) ¸1 ¶[U] ´quality of not being the same,
or not being the same at all times: ³a life full of @. We demanded more @ in
our food. ¸2 ³(sing ´only) number or range of different things: ³for a @ of
reasons; a large @ of patterns to choose from. ¸3 ¶[C] ´(biol) subdivision of a
species. ¸4 ¶[C] ´kind or sort which differs from others of the larger group of
which it is a part: ³rare varieties of early postage stamps. There are now
several varieties of spaniel. ¸5 ¶[U] ´kind of entertainment consisting of
singing, dancing, acrobatic feats, short plays, etc as given in music-halls
(GB), some night-clubs and hotels, and for broadcasting: ³a ·Ú³@
entertainment; a ·Ú³@ theatre; ·Ú³@ artists. ´(US = ³vaudeville).¼
¨vari®form© ²/*veErIÚfcm ³US: ²Úvar-/ ³adj ´of various forms.¼
¨vari®orum© ²/ÚveErIcrEm/ ³adj ´(only in) ¸Ú@ edition, ´edition, eÔg of a
Shakespeare play, with the notes of various commentators.¼
¨vari®ous© ²/ÚveErIEs/ ³adj ´(usu attrib) different; of a number of different
sorts: ³for @ reasons; at @ times; a criminal who is known to the police under
@ names. ¸@®ly ³adv¼
¨var®let© ²/ÚvqlIt/ ³n ´(archaic) rascal.¼
¨var®nish© ²/ÚvqnI2/ ³n ¶[C,U] ´(particular kind of) (liquid used to give a)
hard, shiny, transparent coating on the surface of sth, esp woodwork or
metalwork; (fig) false or deceiving appearance: ³scratch the @ on a table; a @
of good manners; ·Ú³nail-@´, for fingernails. ¹ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´put a coating of @
on: ³@ a piece of furniture/an oil-painting. Some women @ their toe-nails.¼
¨vars®ity© ²/ÚvqsEtI/ ³n (pl µ-ties³) ´(colloq) university.¼
¨vary© ²/ÚveErI/ ³vi,vt (pt,pp µ-ried³) ¶[VP2A,6A] ´be, become, cause to
become, different: ³@ing prices; prices that @ with the season. They @ in
weight from 3 lb to 5 lb. You should @ your diet.¼
¨vas®cu®lar© ²/Úvaskj8lE(r)/ ³adj ´of, made up of, containing, vessels or ducts
through which blood, lymph or sap flows: ³@ tissue.¼
¨vase© ²/vqz ³US: ²veIs/ ³n ¶[C] ´vessel of glass, pottery, etc for holding
cut flowers, or as an ornament.¼
¨va®sec®tomy© ²/vEÚsektEmI/ ³n (pl µ-mies³) ´simple surgical
operation to make a man sterile.¼
¨vas®eline© ²/ÚvasElin/ ³n ¶[U] ´(P) yellowish substance, petroleum jelly,
almost without taste or smell, used as an ointment or lubricant.¼
¨vas®sal© ²/Úvasl/ ³n ´(hist) person who held land in return for which he vowed
to give military service to the owner of the land; feudal tenant; (fig) humble
dependant: (attrib) ³a @ state´, one subject to another. ¸Ú@®age ²/-sElIdz/ ³n
¶[U] ´state of being a @; servitude.¼
¨vast© ²/vqst ³US: ²vast/ ³adj ´immense; extensive: ³@ sums of money; a @
expanse of desert. ¸@®ly ³adv ¸@®ness ³n¼
¨vat© ²/vat/ ³n ´tank or great vessel for holding liquids, esp in distilling,
brewing, dyeing and tanning.¼
¨Vati®can© ²/ÚvatIkEn/ ³n ¸the @, ´the residence in Rome of the
Pope; centre of Papal government.¼
¨vaude®ville© ²/ÚvcdEvIl/ ³n ¶[U] ´(US) =µvariety(5).¼
¨vault©1 ²/vclt/ ³n ¸1 ´arched roof; series of arches forming a roof. µ¥ ´the
illus at µcrypt. ¸2 ´underground room or cellar (with or without an arched
roof) as a place of storage (·Ú³wine-@s´), or for burials (eÔg under a church,
or in a cemetery), or for safe-keeping of valuables: ³keep one's jewels in the
@ at the bank. ¸3 ´@-like covering: (poet) ³the @ of heaven´, the sky. ¸@ed
³adj ´built with, having, a @ or @s; in the form of a @: ³a @ed roof/chamber.¼
¨vault©2 ²/vclt/ ³vi,vt ¶[VP2A,B,C,6A] ´jump in a single movement, with the
hand(s) resting on sth, or with the help of a pole: ³@ (over) a fence. The
jockey @ed into the saddle. ¸Ú@®ing-horse ³n ´apparatus for practice in @ing. ¹
³n ´jump made in this way. ¸@er ³n ´person who @s.¼
¨vaunt© ²/vcnt/ ³vi,vt, n ´(liter) boast. ¸@er ³n ¸@®ing®ly ³adv¼
¨veal© ²/vil/ ³n ¶[U] ´flesh of a calf as food.¼
¨veer© ²/vIE(r)/ ³vi ¶[VP2A,C] ´(esp of the wind, fig of opinion, talk) change
direction: ³The wind @ed round to the north.¼
¨veg®etable© ²/ÚvedZtEbl/ ³adj ´of, from, relating to, plants or plant life:
³the @ kingdom; @ oils. ¹ n ¶[C] ´plant, esp of the sort used for food, eÔg
potatoes, cabbages, beans, onions, carrots, etc.¼
¨veg®etar®ian© ²/*vedZIÚteErIEn/ ³n ´person who, for humane or religious
reasons or for his health's sake, eats no meat: (attrib) ³a @ diet; @
principles.¼
¨veg®etate© ²/ÚvedZIteIt/ ³vi ¶[VP2A] ´live as plants do, without mental effort
or intellectual interests; lead a dull life with little activity or interest.¼
¨veg®eta®tion© ²/*vedZIÚteI2n/ ³n ¶[U] ´plants generally and collectively: ³the
luxuriant @ of the tropical forests; a desert landscape with no sign of @
anywhere.¼
¨ve®he®ment© ²/ÚviEmEnt/ ³adj ¸1 ´(of feelings) strong, eager; (of persons,
their speech, behaviour, etc) filled with, showing, strong or eager feeling: ³a
man of @ character; @ desires/passions. ¸2 ´violent: ³a @ wind. ¸@®ly ³adv
¸ve®he®mence ²/-mEns/ ³n¼
¨ve®hicle© ²/ÚviIkl/ ³n ¶[C] ¸1 ´any conveyance (usu wheeled, eÔg a
cart, lorry, motor-car, but also a sledge) for goods or passengers on land. Cf
³craft ´for water, space. ¸2 ´means by which thought, feeling, etc can be
conveyed: ³Art may be used as a @ for/of propaganda. ¸ve®hicu®lar
²/vIÚhIkj8lE(r)/ ³adj ´related to, consisting of, conveyed by, @s: ³The road is
closed to vehicular traffic.¼
¨veil© ²/veIl/ ³n ¶[C] ¸1 ´covering of fine net or other material
to protect or hide a woman's face, or as part of a headdress: ³She
raised/dropped/lowered her @. ·take the @, ´become a nun. ¸2 ´(fig) sth that
hides or disguises: ³a @ of mist; commit murder under the @ of patriotism´, do
so under the pretence of patriotism. ·draw a @ over sth, ´be discreet or
secretive about: ³Let us draw a @ over what followed. ¹ vt ¶[VP6A] ´put a @
over; (fig) conceal: ³Some Muslim women are @ed. He could not @ his distrust.
¸@®ing ³n ¶[U] ´light material used for making @s; such material used as a @.¼
¨vein© ²/veIn/ ³n ¸1 ´blood-vessel along which blood flows from all parts of
the body to the heart. µ¥ ´the illus at µrespiratory. ¥ artery(1). ¸2 ´one of
the @-like lines in some leaves or in the wings of some insects; a coloured
line or streak in some kinds of stone, eÔg marble; (fig): ³There is a @ of
melancholy in his character. ¸3 ´crack or fissure in rock, filled with mineral
or ore; lode or seam: ³a @ of gold. ¸4 ´mood; train of thought: ³in a
³merry/³melancholic/imaginative @. He writes humorous songs when he is in the
(right) @. ¸@ed ²/veInd/ ³adj ´having, marked with, @s: ³@ed marble.¼
¨veld© ²/velt/ ³n ¶[U] ´flat, treeless grassland of the S African plateau. µ¥
pampas, prairie, savannah, steppe.¼
¨vel®lum© ²/ÚvelEm/ ³n ¶[U] ´parchment.¼
¨vel®oci®pede© ²/vIÚlosIpid/ ³n ´early kind of bicycle with pedals on the front
wheel; (US) child's tricycle.¼
¨vel®oc®ity© ²/vIÚlosEtI/ ³n ¶[U] ¸1 ´speed; quickness. ¸2 ´rate of motion: ³at
the @ of sound; ·Ú³muzzle @´, the speed of a bullet as it leaves the muzzle of
a gun.¼
¨ve®lour© ²/vEÚl8E(r)/ ³n ¶[U] ´fabric like velvet or felt.¼
¨vel®vet© ²/ÚvelvIt/ ³n ¶[U] ´cloth with a thick soft nap (µ¥ nap±2´) on one
side: (attrib) ³a @ frock; a @ tread´, (fig) soft and quiet. ·an iron hand in a
@ glove, ´ruthlessness concealed by good manners, soft speech, etc. ¸@®een
²/*velvIÚtin/ ³n ¶[U] ´cheap type of @. ¸vel®vety ³adj ´smooth and soft like
@.¼
¨ve®nal© ²/Úvinl/ ³adj ¸1 ´(of persons) ready to do sth dishonest (eÔg using
influence or position) for money: ³@ judges/politicians. ¸2 ´(of conduct)
influenced by, done for, (possible) payment: ³@ practices. ¸@ly ²/-nElI/ ³adv
¸@®ity ²/vIÚnalEtI/ ³n ´quality of being @.¼
¨vend© ²/vend/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´(chiefly legal) sell; offer for sale
(esp small wares). ¸Ú@®ing machine, ´coin-operated slot machine for the sale of
small articles, eÔg cigarettes and food. ¸@ee ²/venÚdi/ ³n ´person to whom sth
is sold. ¸@er, @or ²/-dE(r)/ ³nn ´seller: ·Ú³newsvendor´, seller of
newspapers.¼
¨ven®detta© ²/venÚdetE/ ³n ´hereditary feud between families in which members
of each family commit murders in revenge for previous murders.¼
¨ve®neer© ²/vEÚnIE(r)/ ³n ¸1 ¶[C,U] ´(thin layer of) fine quality wood glued to
the surface of cheaper wood (for furniture, etc). ¸2 ´(fig) surface appearance
(of politeness, etc) covering the true nature: ³a @ of Western civilization. ¹
³vt ¶[VP6A] ´put a @ on: ³@ a deal desk with walnut.¼
¨ven®er®able© ²/ÚvenErEbl/ ³adj ¸1 ´deserving respect because of age,
character, associations, etc: ³a @ scholar; the @ ruins of the abbey. ¸2
´(Church of England) title of an archdeacon; (Church of Rome) title of a person
in process of being canonized.¼
¨ven®er®ate© ²/ÚvenEreIt/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´regard with deep respect:
³They @ the old man's memory. ¸ven®er®ation ²/*venEÚreI2n/ ³n¼
¨ve®nereal© ²/vEÚnIErIEl/ ³adj ´of, communicated by, sexual contact: ³@
disease, ´(abbr ¸VÔD´).¼
¨Ve®ne®tian© ²/vEÚni2n/ ³adj ´of Venice. ¸@ blind, ´window screen made of many
horizontal strips (slats of wood or plastic material) that can be adjusted to
let in light and air as desired.¼
¨ven®geance© ²/ÚvendZEns/ ³n ¶[U] ¸1 ´revenge; the return of injury for injury:
³seek @ upon sb (for an injury); take @ on an enemy. ¸2 ·with a @, ´(colloq)
thoroughly; to a greater degree than is normal, expected or desired: ³The rain
came down with a @.¼
¨venge®ful© ²/ÚvendZfl/ ³adj ´showing a desire for revenge; vindictive.¼
¨ve®nial© ²/ÚvinIEl/ ³adj ´(of a sin, error, fault) excusable; not serious.¼
¨ven®ison© ²/ÚvenIzn/ ³n ¶[U] ´deer meat.¼
¨venom© ²/ÚvenEm/ ³n ¶[U] ´poisonous fluid of certain snakes; (fig) hate;
spite. ¸@ed ²/ÚvenEmd/ ³adj ´(fig) full of malice or hate: ³@ed remarks. ¸@®ous
²/ÚvenEmEs/ ³adj ´deadly; spiteful: ³@ous snakes/criticism. ¸@®ous®ly ³adv¼
¨ve®nous© ²/ÚvinEs/ ³adj ¸1 ´of the veins: ³@ blood, ´(contrasted with arterial
blood). ¸2 ´(bot) having veins: ³a @ leaf.¼
¨vent© ²/vent/ ³n ¸1 ´hole serving as an inlet or outlet for air, gas, liquid,
etc, eÔg a hole in the top of a barrel, for air to enter as liquid is drawn
out. ¸Ú@-hole ³n ´hole for the escape of air, smoke, etc. ¸2 ´(trade use) slit
in the back of a coat or jacket. ¸3 ´means of escape: ³The floods found a @
through the dykes. ¸4 ³(sing ´only³) ´outlet for one's feelings. ·give @ to,
´(fig) give free expression to: ³He gave @ to his feelings in an impassioned
speech. ¹ vt ¶[VP6A,14] ·@ sth on sb/sth, ´find or provide an outlet for: ³He
@ed his ill-temper upon his long-suffering wife.¼
¨ven®ti®late© ²/ÚventIleIt ³US: ²-tEleIt/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ¸1 ´cause air
to move freely through: ³@ a room/the galleries of a coalmine. ¸2 ´(fig) make
(a question, a grievance) widely known and cause it to be discussed.
¸ven®ti®la®tor ²/ÚventIleItEr ³US: ²-tEl-/ ³n ´device for ventilating.
¸ven®ti®la®tion ²/*ventIÚleI2n ³US: ²-tEÚleI2n/ ³n ¶[U] ´ventilating or being
@d: ³the ventilation shaft of a coalmine.¼
¨ven®tricle© ²/ÚventrIkl/ ³n ´cavity in the body; hollow part of an organ, esp
of the heart. µ¥ ´the illus at µrespiratory.¼
¨ven®tril®oquism© ²/venÚtrIlEkwIzEm/ ³n ¶[U] ´art of producing
voice-sounds so that they seem to come from a person or place at a distance
from the speaker. ¸ven®tril®oquist ²/-kwIst/ ³n ´person skilled in @.¼
¨ven®ture© ²/Úvent2E(r)/ ³n ¶[C,U] ´undertaking in which there is risk. ¹
³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A,15A,16A,3A] ·@ (on), ´take the risk of, expose to, danger or
loss: ³@ one's life to save sb from drowning; @ too near the edge of a cliff; @
on a dangerous journey. ·Nothing @, nothing gain/win/have, ´(prov) One cannot
expect to achieve anything if one risks nothing. ¸2 ¶[VP6A,7A] ´go so far as,
presume, dare: ³@ (to put forward) an opinion; @ a guess. I @ to disagree/to
suggest that«. ¸ÚV@ Scout, ´senior Scout. ¸@®some ²/-sEm/ ³adj ¸1 ´(of persons)
ready to take risks; daring. ¸2 ´(of acts, behaviour) involving danger; risky.
¸ven®tur®ous ²/Úvent2ErEs/ ³adj ´= µadventurous.¼
¨venue© ²/Úvenju/ ³n ´rendezvous; meeting-place; (sport) place fixed for a
contest or match.¼
¨Venus© ²/ÚvinEs/ ³n ¸1 ´(Roman myth) goddess of love and beauty. ¸2 ´(astron)
planet second in order from the sun. µ¥ ´the illus at µplanet.¼
¨ver®acious© ²/vEÚreI2Es/ ³adj ´(formal) true; truthful. ¸@®ly ³adv ¸ver®ac®ity
²/vEÚrasEtI/ ³n ¶[U] ´truth; truthfulness.¼
¨ve®ran®da(h)© ²/vEÚrandE/ ³n ´roofed and floored open space along the side(s)
of a house, sports pavilion, etc (US often called ³porch´).¼
¨verb© ²/v3b/ ³n ´word or phrase indicating what sb or sth does, what state sb
or sth is in, what is becoming of sth or sb.¼
¨ver®bal© ²/Úv3bl/ ³adj ¸1 ´of or in words: ³a @ error; have a good @ memory´,
be able to remember well the exact words of a statement, etc. ¸2 ´spoken, not
written: ³a @ statement/explanation. ¸3 ´word for word, literal: ³a @
translation. ¸4 ´of verbs: ³a @ noun ´(eÔg ³swimming ´in the sentence "Swimming
is a good exercise'). ¸@ly ²/Úv3bElI/ ³adv ´in spoken words, not in writing.¼
¨ver®bal®ize© ²/Úv3bElñIz/ ³vt ´put into words.¼
¨ver®ba®tim© ²/v3ÚbeItIm/ ³adv, adj ´word for word, exactly as
spoken or written: ³report a speech @; a @ report.¼
¨ver®bena© ²/v3ÚbinE/ ³n ´kinds of herbaceous plant of which garden varieties
have flowers of many colours.¼
¨ver®bi®age© ²/Úv3bIIdZ/ ³n ¶[U] ´(use of) unnecessary words for the expression
of an idea, etc: ³The speaker lost himself in @.¼
¨ver®bose© ²/v3ÚbE8s/ ³adj ´using, containing, more words than are needed: ³a @
speech/speaker/style. ¸@®ly ³adv ¸@®ness, ver®bos®ity ²/v3ÚbosEtI/ ³nn ¶[U]
´state or quality of being @.¼
¨ver®dant© ²/Úv3dnt/ ³adj ¸1 ´(liter) (esp of grass, vegetation, fields) fresh
and green: ³@ lawns. ¸2 ´(fig) inexperienced; unsophisticated. ¸ver®dancy
²/-dnsI/ ³n¼
¨ver®dict© ²/Úv3dIkt/ ³n ¶[C] ¸1 ´decision reached by a jury on a question of
fact in a law case: ³The jury brought in (´= announced³) a @ of guilty/not
guilty. ¸open @, µ¥ open±1µ(6). ¸2 ´decision or opinion given after testing,
examining, or experiencing sth: ³the @ of the electors. The popular @ ´(= The
opinion of people in general) ³was that it served him right.¼
¨ver®di®gris© ²/Úv3dIgrIs/ ³n ¶[U] ´green substance formed on copper, brass
and bronze surfaces (as rust is formed on iron surfaces).¼
¨ver®dure© ²/Úv3dZE(r)/ ³n ¶[U] ´(liter) (fresh green colour of)
growing vegetation: ³the @ of (the trees in) spring.¼
¨Verey© ²/ÚverI/ ³adj ¸Ú@ light, µ¥ Very.¼
¨verge© ²/v3dZ/ ³n ¸1 ¶[C] ´edge; border (eÔg strip of ground at the side of a
road, grass edge of a lawn). ¸2 ·be on the @ of; bring (sb) to the @ of, ´very
close to, on the border of: ³The country is on the @ of disaster. She was
brought to the @ of bursting into tears. ¹ vi ¶[VP3A] ·@ on/upon, ´approach
closely, border upon: ³verge on bankruptcy. Such ideas @ on foolhardiness.¼
¨verger© ²/Úv3dZE(r)/ ³n ¸1 ´(C of E) official with various duties (eÔg showing
people to their seats). ¸2 ´officer who carries a staff before a bishop in a
cathedral, a vice-chancellor in a university, etc.¼
¨ver®ify© ²/ÚverIfñI/ ³vt (pt,pp µ-fied³) ¶[VP6A] ¸1 ´test the truth or
accuracy of: ³@ a report/statement; @ the figures/details of a report. ¸2 ´(of
an event, etc) show the truth of; bear out: ³Subsequent events verified my
suspicions. ¸veri®fi®able ²/ÚverIfñIEbl/ ³adj ´that can be verified.
¸veri®fi®ca®tion ²/*verIfIÚkeI2n/ ³n ´@ing or being verified; proof or
evidence.¼
¨ver®ily© ²/ÚverElI/ ³adv ´(archaic) really; truly.¼
¨veri®si®mili®tude© ²/*verIsIÚmIlItjud ³US: ²-tud/ ³n ¶[U] ´appearance,
semblance, of truth; ¶[C] ´sth that seems to be true.¼
¨veri®table© ²/ÚverItEbl/ ³adj ´real; rightly named.¼
¨ver®ity© ²/ÚverEtI/ ³n (pl µ-ties³) ¸1 ¶[U] ´(old use) truth ³(of
´a statement, etc). ¸2 ¶[C] ´sth that really exists; true statement. ·the
eternal verities´, fundamental moral principles; laws of God.¼
¨ver®mi®celli© ²/*v3mIÚselI/ ³n ¶[U] ´paste of white flour made into long
slender threads, like spaghetti but much thinner.¼
¨ver®mi®form© ²/Úv3mIfcm/ ³adj ´worm-like in shape: ³the @ appendix. µ¥ ´the
illus at µalimentary.¼
¨ver®mil®ion© ²/vEÚmIlIEn/ ³adj, n ´bright red (colour).¼
¨ver®min© ²/Úv3mIn/ ³n ¶[U] ´(with ³pl v´, but not with numerals) ¸1 ´wild
animals (eÔg rats, weasels, foxes) harmful to plants, birds and other animals.
¸2 ´parasitic insects (eÔg lice) sometimes found on the bodies of human beings
and other animals. ¸3 ´human beings who are harmful to society; persons who
prey on others. ¸@®ous ²/-Es/ ³adj ¸1 ´infested with fleas, lice, etc: ³@ous
children. ¸2 ´caused by insect @: ³@ous diseases.¼
¨ver®mouth© ²/Úv3mET ³US: ²vErÚmuT/ ³n ¶[U] ´fortified white wine
flavoured with herbs, drunk as an aperitif (often in cocktails).¼
¨ver®nacu®lar© ²/vEÚnakj8lE(r)/ ³adj ´(of a word, a language) of the country
in question: ³the @ newspapers in India´, those in the various languages
(except English) of India; ³a @ poet´, one who uses a @ language. ¹ ³n ¶[C]
´language or dialect of a country or district: ³the @s of the UÔSÔA.¼
¨ver®nal© ²/Úv3nl/ ³adj ´(liter) of, in, as in, the season of spring. ¸the @
equinox, ´about 21st March.¼
¨ve®ron®ica© ²/vEÚronIkE/ ³n ´kinds of herb or shrub with blue, purple, pink
or white flowers.¼
¨ver®ruca© ²/vEÚrukE/ ³n ´small, hard growth on the skin (usu on the bottom of
the feet); wart.¼
¨ver®sa®tile© ²/Úv3sEtñIl ³US: ²-tl/ ³adj ´interested in and clever at many
different things; having various uses: ³a @ inventor; a @ mind; a @ tool.
¸ver®sa®til®ity ²/*v3sEÚtIlEtI/ ³n¼
¨verse© ²/v3s/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´(form of) writing arranged in lines, each conforming
to a pattern of accented and unaccented syllables: ³prose and @; written in @;
a @ translation of Homer's "Odyssey'; blank @´, without rhymes at the end of
the lines. ¸2 ¶[C] ´group of lines of this kind forming a unit in a rhyme
scheme: ³a poem/hymn of five @s. ¸3 ¶[C] ´one line of (a) @ with a definite
number of feet or accented syllables: ³quote a few @s from Tennyson. ¸4 ´one of
the short numbered divisions of a chapter in the Bible. ·give chapter and @
(for sth), ´supply the exact reference (for a statement, an authority one
quotes, reports, etc).¼
¨versed© ²/v3st/ ³adj ·@ in, ´skilled or experienced in: ³well @ in
mathematics/the arts. µ¥ ³conversant with ´at µconversant.¼
¨ver®sify© ²/Úv3sIfñI/ ³vt,vi (pt,pp µ-fied³) ¶[VP6A] ´put into verse: ³@ an
old legend; ¶[VP2A] ´write verses. ¸ver®si®fier ³n ´maker of verses.
¸ver®si®fi®ca®tion ²/*v3sIfIÚkeI2n/ ³n ¶[U] ´art of @ing; style in which verse
is written; metre.¼
¨ver®sion© ²/Úv32n ³US: ²-Zn/ ³n ¶[C] ¸1 ´account of an event, etc
from the point of view of one person: ³There were contradictory @s of what
happened/of what the Prime Minister said. ¸2 ´translation into another
language: ³a new @ of the Bible.¼
¨verso© ²/Úv3sE8/ ³n (pl µ@s ²/-sE8z/³) ´any left-hand page of a book (opp of
³recto)´; reverse side of a medal or coin.¼
¨ver®sus© ²/Úv3sEs/ ³prep ´(Lat) (in law and sport; often shortened to ¸v ´or
¸vs ´in print) against: (legal) ³Robinson v ³Brown; ´(cricket) ³Kent vs
³Surrey.¼
¨ver®te®bra© ²/Úv3tIbrE/ ³n (pl µ@e ²/-bri/³) ´any one of the segments of the
backbone. µ¥ ´the illus at µskeleton. ¸ver®te®brate ²/Úv3tIbreIt/ ³n, adj
´(animal, bird, etc) having a backbone.¼
¨ver®tex© ²/Úv3teks/ ³n (pl µvertices ²/-tIsiz/³) ´highest point; top; point of
a triangle, cone, etc opposite the base.¼
¨ver®ti®cal© ²/Úv3tIkl/ ³adj ´(of a line or plane) at a right angle to the
earth's surface or to another line or plane: ³a @ cliff; a @ take-off
aircraft´, one that can rise @ly, not needing a runway. µ¥ horizontal. ´¹ ³n ´@
line: ³out of the @´, not @. ¸@ly ²/-klI/ ³adv¼
¨ver®tices© ²/Úv3tIsiz/ ³n pl µ¥ vertex.¼
¨ver®tigo© ²/Úv3tIgE8/ ³n ¶[U] ´(formal) dizziness. ¸ver®tigin®ous
²/v3ÚtIdZInEs/ ³adj ´of, causing, @.¼
¨verve© ²/v3v/ ³n ¶[U] ´enthusiasm, spirit, vigour.¼
¨very©1 ²/ÚverI/ ³attrib adj ¸1 ´itself and no other; truly such: ³This is the
@ thing I want! At that @ moment the phone rang. You're the @ man I want to
see. ¸2 ´extreme: ³at the @ end/beginning. ¸3 ´(equivalent to an emphatic or
intensive ³pron ´ending in ³-self ´or ³-selves´): ³He knows our @ thoughts´,
iÔe our thoughts themselves, even our innermost thoughts. ³The @ idea of being
sent abroad ´(iÔe the idea alone, quite apart from the reality) ³delighted
him.¼
¨very©2 ²/ÚverI/ ³adv ¸1 ´(used intensively with ³advv, adjj ´and
³part adjj´): ³@ quickly/carefully/soon, etc; @ much/little; @
amusing/interesting, etc; @ small/cold/useful, etc. ´(Note that when the ³pp
´is part of a passive ³v ´phrase, ³much ´or ³very much ´is preferred; when the
³pp ´is the complement of ³be, seem, feel´, @ is used): ³I wasn't much
surprised at the news. He wasn't much interested in the news. ´Cf ³He
was/seemed @ interested. ·@ well, ´often used to indicate agreement or assent
(often after persuasion or argument, or in obedience to a command, request,
etc): ³V@ well, doctor, I'll give up smoking. Oh, @ well, if you insist. ¸2
´(with a superl, or ³own´) in the highest possible degree: ³the @ best quality;
the @ first to arrive; six o'clock at the @ latest. You can keep this for your
@ own.¼
¨Very©, Verey ²/ÚverI/ ³adj ¸Ú@ light, ´(P) coloured signal flare fired from a
·Ú³@ pistol, ´eÔg as a signal of distress from a ship.¼
¨ves®icle© ²/ÚvesIkl/ ³n ´(anat) small cavity, cyst or swelling. ¸ves®icu®lar
²/vEÚsIkj8lE(r)/ ³adj ´of @s: ³vesicular disease.¼
¨ves®pers© ²/ÚvespEz/ ³n pl ´church service in the evening; evensong.¼
¨vessel© ²/Úvesl/ ³n ¶[C] ¸1 ´hollow receptacle, esp for a liquid, eÔg a cask,
tub, bucket, bowl, bottle, cup. ¸2 ´ship or large boat. ¸3 µ¥ ³blood-@ ´at
µblood±1µ(7).¼
¨vest©1 ²/vest/ ³n ¶[C] ¸1 ´(GB) garment worn under a shirt,
blouse, etc next to the skin. ¸2 ´(trade use in GB; ordinary use in US) short,
sleeveless garment worn by men under a jacket ³(waistcoat ´being the usual name
in GB): ³coat, @ and trousers; a @-pocket ´(iÔe very small) ³camera.¼
¨vest©2 ²/vest/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP14] ·@ sth in sb; @ sb with sth, ´furnish or give
as a fixed right: ³@ a man with authority/rights in an estate. In some
countries authority is said to be @ed in the people´, iÔe the people possess
final authority on matters of government, etc. ³In the United States, Congress
is @ed with the power to declare war. ·have a @ed interest in sth, ´be likely
to gain or lose from it, or be affected in some way by it. ¸@ed
interests/rights, ´(eÔg in trade or manufacture) which are by law securely in
the possession of a person or a group of persons. ¸2 ¶[VP3A] ·@ in, ´(of
property, etc) be @ed in: ³power/authority that @s in the Crown. ¸3 ¶[VP6A]
´(poet or eccles) clothe.¼
¨ves®tal© ²/Úvestl/ ³n ¸@ (virgin), ´one of the maidens dedicated to the
service of the goddess Vesta in ancient Rome, vowed to chastity. ¹ ³adj
´(liter) pure; chaste.¼
¨ves®ti®bule© ²/ÚvestIbjul/ ³n ¸1 ´lobby or entrance hall to a building (eÔg
where hats and coats may be left). ¸2 ´porch of a church. ¸3 ´(US) enclosed
space at the end of a railway coach.¼
¨ves®tige© ²/ÚvestIdZ/ ³n ¶[C] ¸1 ´trace or sign; small remaining bit of
evidence of what once existed: ³Not a @ of the abbey remains. There is not a @
of truth in the report. ¸2 ´(anat) organ, or part of one, which is a survival
of sth that once existed: ³A human being has the @ of a tail. ¸ves®tigial
²/veÚstIdZIEl/ ³adj ´remaining as a @.¼
¨vest®ment© ²/ÚvestmEnt/ ³n ´garment, esp one worn by a priest in church;
ceremonial robe.¼
¨ves®try© ²/ÚvestrI/ ³n (pl µ-tries³) ¸1 ´part of a church where vestments are
kept and where the clergy and members of the choir vest themselves. µ¥ ´the
illus at µchurch. ¸2 ´room in a nonconformist church used for Sunday School,
prayer meetings, business meetings, etc. ¸3 ´(Anglican Church) (council of)
ratepayers of a parish, or their representatives, assembled to discuss parish
business. ¸Ú@®man ²/-mEn/ ³n (pl µ-men³) ´member of a @.¼
¨ves®ture© ²/Úvest2E(r)/ ³n ´(poet) clothing. ¹ ³vt ´clothe.¼
¨vet© ²/vet/ ³n ´(colloq abbr for) veterinary surgeon. ¹ ³vt µ(-tt-) ¶[VP6A]
´(colloq) ¸1 ´give (sb) a medical examination. ¸2 ´(GB) examine closely and
critically, eÔg sb's past record, qualifications, etc: ³He must be thoroughly
vetted before he's given the job.¼
¨vetch© ²/vet2/ ³n ´kinds of plant of the bean family used, wild or cultivated,
as fodder for cattle.¼
¨vet®eran© ²/ÚvetErEn/ ³n ¸1 ´person who has had much or long experience, esp
as a soldier: ³@s of two World Wars; ´(attrib) ³a @ teacher; ´(of cars) of the
years before 1916: ³a @ Rolls Royce. ¸2 ´(US) any ex-service man. ¸ÚV@s Day,
´11th November, commemorating the armistice (1918) in World War ²¥´.¼
¨vet®erin®ary© ²/ÚvetrInrI ³US: ²ÚvetErInerI/ ³adj ´(abbr ¸vet ²/vet/´) of or
concerned with the diseases of (esp farm and domestic) animals: ³a @
surgeon/college.¼
¨veto© ²/ÚvitE8/ ³n (pl µ@es³) ´constitutional right of a sovereign, president,
legislative assembly or other body, or a member of the United Nations Security
Council, to reject or forbid sth; statement that rejects or prohibits sth:
³exercise the @; put a @ on sth´, forbid it. ¹ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´put a @ on: ³The
police @ed the demonstration that the students wanted. John's parents @ed his
plan to buy a motor-cycle.¼
¨vex© ²/veks/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ¸1 ´annoy; distress; trouble: ³His silly chatter
would vex a saint. She was vexed that I didn't help her. He was vexed at his
failure. ·a vexed question, ´a difficult problem that causes much discussion.
¸2 ´(poet, rhet) put (the sea) into commotion: ³vexed by storms. ¸vex®ation
²/vekÚseI2n/ ³n ¶[U] ´state of being vexed; ¶[C] ´sth that vexes: ³the little
vexations of life; constant vexations from our neighbours. ¸vex®atious
²/vekÚseI2Es/ ³adj ´annoying: ³vexatious rules and regulations.¼
¨via© ²/ÚvñIE/ ³prep ´(Lat) by way of: ³travel from London to Paris
via Dover.¼
¨vi®able© ²/ÚvñIEbl/ ³adj ´able to exist; capable of developing and surviving
without outside help: ³Is the newly created State @? ¸vi®abil®ity
²/*vñIEÚbIlEtI/ ³n¼
¨vi®aduct© ²/ÚvñIEdAkt/ ³n ´long bridge (usu with many spans or arches)
carrying a road or railway across a valley or dip in the ground.¼
¨vial© ²/ÚvñIEl/ ³n ´small bottle, esp for liquid medicine.¼
¨via media© ²/*vñIE ÚmidIE/ ³n ´(Lat) middle course between extremes.¼
¨vibes© ²/vñIbz/ ³n pl ¸1 ´(colloq abbr for) µvibraphone. ¸2 ´(sl)
atmosphereµ(3).¼
¨vi®brant© ²/ÚvñIbrEnt/ ³adj ´thrilling; vibrating: ³the @ notes of a cello/an
electric guitar.¼
¨vi®bra®phone© ²/ÚvñIbrEfE8n/ ³n ´(music) instrument like a xylophone but with
metal bars and tone sustained by electronic resonators.¼
¨vi®brate© ²/vñIÚbreIt ³US: ²ÚvñIbreIt/ ³vi,vt ¸1 ¶[VP2A,6A] ´(cause to) move
rapidly and continuously backwards and forwards: ³The house @s whenever a heavy
lorry passes. ¸2 ¶[VP2A,C] ´(of stretched strings, the voice) throb; quiver:
³The strings of a piano @ when the keys are struck. His voice @d with passion.
¸vi®brator ²/-tE(r)/ ³n ´device that @s.¼
¨vi®bra®tion© ²/vñIÚbreI2n/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´vibrating movement: ³The ship's engines
even at full speed cause very little @. ¸2 ¶[C] ´single movement to and fro
when equilibrium has been disturbed: ³20 @s per second.¼
¨vi®brato© ²/vIÚbrqtE8/ ³n ´(music) throbbing or tremulous effect in singing
and the playing of stringed and wind instruments with minute and rapid
variations in pitch.¼
¨vicar© ²/ÚvIkE(r)/ ³n ¸1 ´(C of E) clergyman in charge of a
parish, the tithes of which were partly or wholly payable to another person or
body (eÔg a college) for whom or for which the @ acts. µ¥ rector. ¸2 ´(RÔC
Church) deputy; representative: ³the @ of Christ´, (sometimes used of) the
Pope; ³cardinal @´, Pope's delegate acting as the bishop of the diocese of
Rome. ¸@®age ²/ÚvIkErIdZ/ ³n ´@'s residence.¼
¨vi®cari®ous© ²/vIÚkeErIEs ³US: ²vñIÚk-/ ³adj ¸1 ´done, undergone, by one
person for another or others: ³the @ sufferings of Jesus; a @ ruler; feel a @
pleasure/satisfaction´, eÔg when sth is done for you or which is sth you would
like to do. ¸2 ´deputed; delegated: ³@ authority. ¸@®ly ³adv¼
¨vice©1 ²/vñIs/ ³n ¶[C,U] ¸1 ´(any particular kind of) evil conduct
or indulgence in depraving practices: ³Gluttony is just as much a @ as
drunkenness. ¸2 ´(in a horse) bad habit (eÔg kicking) which makes control
difficult: ³He said the horse was free from @/had no @s.¼
¨vice©2 ´(US = ¸vise´) ²/vñIs/ ³n ¶[C] ´apparatus with strong jaws in which
things can be held tightly while being worked upon: ³as firm as a @´,
immovable.¼
¨vice©3 ²/vñIs/ ³n ´(colloq abbr for) vice-president, vice-captain, etc.¼
¨vice©4 ²/vñIs/ ³prep ´(Lat) (formal) in place of: ³Mr Smith has been appointed
chief accountant @ Mr Brown, who has retired.¼
¨vice-© ²/vñIs/ ³pref µ¥ App 3.¼
¨viceroy© ²/ÚvñIsrãI/ ³n ´(eÔg formerly in India) person governing as the
deputy of a sovereign. ¸vice®reine ²/vñIsÚreIn ³US: ²ÚvñIsreIn/ ³n ´@'s wife.
¸vice®regal ²/vñIsÚrigl/ ³adj ´of a @.¼
¨vice versa© ²/*vñIsI Úv3sE/ ³adv ´(Lat) the other way round; with the terms or
conditions reversed: ³We gossip about them and @´, they gossip about us.¼
¨vi®cin®ity© ²/vIÚsInEtI/ ³n (pl µ-ties³) ¸1 ¶[U] ´nearness; closeness of
relationship: ³in close @ to the church. ¸2 ¶[C] ´neighbourhood: ³the northern
vicinities of the capital. There isn't a good school in the @.¼
¨vi®cious© ²/ÚvI2Es/ ³adj ¸1 ´of vice±1´; given up to vice±1´: ³@
practices/habits; a @ life. ¸2 ´spiteful; given or done with evil intent: ³a @
kick/look. ¸3 ´(of a horse) having bad habits such as biting, kicking, bolting.
¸4 ´having faults, corrupt: ³a @ argument. ¸*@ Úcircle, ´state of affairs in
which a cause produces an effect which itself produces the original cause, eÔg
War breeds hate, and hate leads to war again. ¸*@ Úspiral, ´continuous rise in
one thing (eÔg prices) caused by a continuous rise in sth else (eÔg wages).
¸@®ly ³adv ¸@®ness ³n¼
¨vi®ciss®itude© ²/vIÚsIsItjud ³US: ²-tud/ ³n ¶[C] ´change, esp in
sb's fortunes: ³His life was marked by @s´, eÔg changes from wealth to poverty,
success to failure.¼
¨vic®tim© ²/ÚvIktIm/ ³n ¸1 ´living creature killed and offered as a religious
sacrifice. ¸2 ´person, animal, etc suffering injury, pain, loss, etc because of
circumstances, an event, the ill-will of sb, etc: ³He is the @ of his brother's
anger/of his own foolishness. A fund was opened to help the @s of the
earthquake. Thousands were @s of the plague in the Middle Ages. ¸@®ize ²/-ñIz/
³vt ¶[VP6A] ´make a @ of; single out for ill treatment because of real or
alleged misconduct, etc: ³Trade union leaders claimed that some of their
members had been @ized´, eÔg by being dismissed. ¸@®iz®ation
²/*vIktImñIÚzeI2n ³US: ²-mIÚz-/ ³n´: ³The strikers said they would return to
work if they were promised that there should be no @ization´, that none of
their leaders (or ringleaders) should be @ized.¼
¨vic®tor© ²/ÚvIktE(r)/ ³n ´person who conquers or wins.¼
¨vic®toria© ²/vIkÚtcrIE/ ³n ¸@ plum, ´juicy, sweet-flavoured plum, changing
from green to yellow and red.¼
¨Vic®tor®ian© ²/vIkÚtcrIEn/ ³n, adj ´(person) of, living in, the reign of
Queen Victoria (1837Å1901): ³@ authors/manners/dress.¼
¨vic®tory© ²/ÚvIktErI/ ³n ¶[C,U] ³(pl µ-ries³) ´(instance, occasion, of)
success (in war, a contest, game, etc): ³gain/win a @ over the enemy; lead the
troops to @. ¸vic®tori®ous ²/vIkÚtcrIEs/ ³adj ´having gained the @; triumphant.
¸vic®tori®ous®ly ³adv¼
¨vict®ual© ²/ÚvItl/ ³vt,vi µ(-ll-, ´US also µ-l-) ¸1 ¶[VP6A] ´supply with
provisions (of food): ³@ a ship. ¸2 ¶[VP2A] ´take in provisions: ³The ship @led
at Colombo. ¹ n ´(usu ³pl´) food and drink; provisions. ¸@®ler ´(US also ¸@er´)
²/ÚvItlE(r)/ ³n ´trader in @s. ¸licensed @ler, ´(GB) public house keeper who is
licensed to sell food, spirits, beer, etc to be consumed on the premises.¼
¨vi®cu~na© ²/vIÚkjunE ³US: ²-ÚkunE/ ³n ´animal of the central Andes somewhat
like, but much smaller than, a camel, with soft, delicate wool.¼
¨vide© ²/ÚvñIdI/ ³v ´(Lat) (imperative form used in references). ·*@ Úinfra,
´see below. ·*@ Úsupra, ´see above.¼
¨vide®licet© ²/vIÚdilIset ³US: ²-Údel-/ ³adv ´(common abbr ¸viz´, pronounced
²/vIz/ ´or spoken as ³namely´) that is to say; namely.¼
¨video© ²/ÚvIdIE8/ ³n ³adj ¸1 ´of television broadcasting (cf ³audio). ¸2
´of @tape recording. ¹ ³n ¸1 ´(colloq) @tape recording machine. ¸2 ´(US)
television. ¸Ú@®tape ³n ¶[U] ´magnetic tape used to record television
pictures and sound. µ¹ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´make a recording on @tape.¼
¨vie© ²/vqI/ ³vi ¶[VP3A] ·vie (with sb) (for sth), ´rival or compete: ³The two
boys vied with one another for the first place.¼
¨view©1 ²/vju/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´state of seeing or being seen: field of
vision: ³Clouds came down and the hill tops passed from our @´, could no longer
be seen. ·in @ of, ´considering, taking into account: ³In @ of the facts, it
seems useless to continue. ·in full @ of, ´fully seen by: ³The speaker stood in
full @ of the crowd´, could see them and could be seen by them. ·on @, ´being
shown or exhibited: ³The latest summer fashions are now on @ in the big shops.
·come into @, ´become visible: ³As we rounded the bend the lake came into @.
·come in @ of, ´be able to see: ³As we rounded the bend, we came in @ of the
lake. ¸2 ¶[C] ´(picture, photograph, etc of) natural scenery, landscape, etc:
³a house with fine @s over valleys and mountains; an album of @s´, eÔg
photographs. ¸3 ¶[C] ´opportunity to see or inspect sth; occasion when there is
such an opportunity: ³a private @´, eÔg of paintings, before public exhibition.
¸4 ¶[C] ´personal opinion; mental attitude; thought or observation (on a
subject): ³She had/expressed strong @s on the subject of equal pay for men and
women. Your @s on the situation are not helpful. He holds extreme @s´, eÔg in
politics. ³He took a poor @ of my conduct´, regarded it unfavourably.
·fall in with/meet sb's @s, ´agree with, accept, his ideas, opinions, etc. ¸5
´aim; intention; purpose. ·with a/the @ to/of, ´with the intention or hope:
³with a @ to facilitating research; with the @ of saving trouble. ¸6
´(compounds) ¸Ú@®point, point of @, µ¥ point±1µ(4). ¸Ú@-finder ³n ´device in a
camera showing the area, etc that will be photographed through the lens.¼
¨view©2 ²/vju/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´look at; examine; consider: ³The subject may be @ed
in various ways. Has the matter been @ed from the taxpayers' standpoint? ·an
order to @, ´written authority to look over a house, etc with the idea of
buying it: ³The house agents gave me an order to @. ¸@er ²/ÚvjuE(r)/ ³n ´(esp)
¸1 ´person watching a television programme. ¸2 ´device for looking at
photographic transparencies. ¸@®less ³adj ¸1 ´(rhet or poet) invisible. ¸2
´(US) without @s (= opinions).¼
¨vigil© ²/ÚvIdZIl/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´staying awake to keep watch or to
pray: ³keep @ over a sick child; (pl) ´instances of this: ³tired out by her
long @s. ¸2 ´eve of a religious festival, esp when observed with prayer and
fasting.¼
¨vigi®lance© ²/ÚvIdZIlEns/ ³n ¶[U] ´watchfulness; keeping watch: ³exercise @.
¸Ú@ committee, ´(chiefly US) self-appointed group of persons who maintain
order in a community where organization is imperfect or has broken down.¼
¨vigi®lant© ²/ÚvIdZIlEnt/ ³adj ´watchful; on the look-out for danger of any
kind. ¸@®ly ³adv¼
¨vigi®lante© ²/*vIdZIÚlantI/ ³n ´member of a vigilance committee.¼
¨vi®gnette© ²/viÚnjet/ ³n ¶[C] ¸1 ´ornamental design, esp on the title-page of
a book, or at the beginning or end of a chapter. ¸2 ´picture of a person's head
and shoulders with the background gradually shaded off. ¸3 ´short sketch of a
person's character.¼
¨vig®our© ´(US = ¸vigor´) ²/ÚvIgE(r)/ ³n ¶[U] ´mental or physical strength;
energy; forcefulness (of language). ¸vig®or®ous ²/ÚvIgErEs/ ³adj ´strong;
energetic. ¸vig®or®ous®ly ³adv¼
¨Vik®ing© ²/ÚvñIkIG/ ³n ´any of the Scandinavian sea-rovers who
raided the coasts of Europe during the 8th, 9th and 10th cc.¼
¨vile© ²/vñIl/ ³adj µ(-r, -st) ¸1 ´shameful and disgusting: ³@ habits/language;
the @ practice of bribery. ¸2 ´(colloq) bad: ³@ weather. ¸3 ´(old use)
valueless: ³this @ body´, iÔe contrasted with the soul or spirit. ¸@®ly
²/ÚvñIllI/ ³adv ¸@®ness ³n¼
¨vil®ify© ²/ÚvIlIfñI/ ³vt (pt,pp µ-fied³) ¶[VP6A] ´slander; say evil things
about (sb). ¸vil®ifi®ca®tion ²/*vIlIfIÚkeI2n/ ³n¼
¨villa© ²/ÚvIlE/ ³n ¸1 ´(in GB) (usu as part of the address) detached or
semi-detached house or esp one on the outskirts of a town: ³No 13 Laburnum
Villas. ¸2 ´country house with a large garden, esp in S Europe.¼
¨vil®lage© ²/ÚvIlIdZ/ ³n ´place smaller than a town, where there are houses and
shops, and usu a church and school: (attrib) ³the @ post-office. ¸vil®lager
²/ÚvIlIdZE(r)/ ³n ´person who lives in a @.¼
¨vil®lain© ²/ÚvIlEn/ ³n ¸1 ´wrongdoer; wicked person. ¸2 ´=
µvillein. ¸@®ous ²/vIlEnEs/ ³adj ´characteristic of a @; evil. ¸@y ³n (pl
µ-nies³) ¶[U] ´evil conduct; ³(pl) ´evil acts.¼
¨vil®lein© ²/ÚvIleIn/ ³n ´(hist) feudal serf in the Middle Ages. ¸@®age
²/ÚvIlInIdZ/ ³n ¶[U] ´state of being a @; serfdom.¼
¨vim© ²/vIm/ ³n ¶[U] ´(colloq) energy: ³feel full of vim. Put more vim into
it!¼
¨vin®ai®grette© ²/*vInIÚgret/ ³n ¶[U] ´dressing (for green salads, etc) of
vinegar and oil, flavoured with herbs.¼
¨vin®di®cate© ²/ÚvIndIkeIt/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´show or prove the truth, justice,
validity, etc (of sth that has been attacked or disputed): ³@ a claim/one's
title to a privilege; @ one's veracity/judgement. Events have @d his
judgement/actions. ¸vin®di®ca®tion ²/*vIndIÚkeI2n/ ³n ¶[U] ´vindicating or
being @d; ¶[C] ´instance of this: ³speak in vindication of one's conduct.¼
¨vin®dic®tive© ²/vInÚdIktIv/ ³adj ´unforgiving; having or showing a desire for
revenge. ¸@®ly ³adv ¸@®ness ³n¼
¨vine© ²/vñIn/ ³n ¶[C] ´climbing plant whose fruit is the grape; any plant with
slender stems that trails, eÔg melons, or climbs (eÔg peas, hops). ¸@®yard
²/ÚvInjEd/ ³n ¶[C] ´area of land planted with grape-@s. ¸vin®ery ²/ÚvñInErI/ ³n
(pl µ-ries³) ´greenhouse for @s.¼
¨vin®egar© ²/ÚvInIgE(r)/ ³n ¶[U,C] ´acid liquor (made from malt, wine, cider,
etc) used in flavouring food and for pickling. ¸@y ²/ÚvInIgErI/ ³adj ´like @;
(fig) sour-tempered.¼
¨vino© ²/ÚvinE8/ ³n (pl µ@es ²/-nE8z/´) ¶[U,C] ´(colloq) ´wine.¼
¨vi®nous© ²/ÚvñInEs/ ³adj ´of, like or due to wine.¼
¨vin®tage© ²/ÚvIntIdZ/ ³n ¸1 ´(rarely ³pl´) (period or season of) grape
harvesting: ³The @ was later than usual last year. ¸2 ¶[C,U] ´(wine from)
grapes of a particular year: ³of the @ of 1959; rare old @s; a @ year´, one in
which good wine was made; ³@ wines´, from @ years. ¸3 ´(by extension; attrib)
of a period in the past and having a reputation for high quality: ³a @ car´,
one built between 1916 and 1930, µ¥ veteran´; sports car more than 30 years
old.¼
¨vint®ner© ²/ÚvIntnE(r)/ ³n ´wine-merchant.¼
¨vi®nyl© ²/ÚvñInIl/ ³n ´(kinds of) tough, flexible plastic, used for clothing,
coverings and binding books.¼
¨viol© ²/ÚvñIEl/ ³n ´(usu six-)stringed instrument of the Middle Ages from
which the modern violin was developed.¼
¨vi®ola©1 ²/vIÚE8lE/ ³n ´tenor violin, of larger size than the ordinary violin.
µ¥ ´the illus at µstring.¼
¨vi®ola©2 ²/ÚvñIElE/ ³n ´kinds of plant including pansies of one colour only
(not variegated) and violets.¼
¨vi®ol®ate© ²/ÚvñIEleIt/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ¸1 ´break (an oath, a treaty, etc); act
contrary to (what one's conscience tells one to do, etc). ¸2 ´act towards (a
sacred place, sb's seclusion, etc) without proper respect: ³@ sb's privacy. ¸3
´rape. ¸vi®ol®ation ²/*vñIEÚleI2n/ ³n ¶[U] ´violating or being @d: ³act in
violation of a treaty; ¶[C] ´instance of this: ³violations of the rights of the
citizens/the right of free speech, etc.¼
¨vi®ol®ent© ²/ÚvñIElEnt/ ³adj ¸1 ´using, showing, accompanied by, great force:
³a @ wind/attack; @ blows; @ passions; in a @ temper; @ abuse; a @ ´(= extreme)
³contrast. ¸2 ´caused by @ attack: ³meet a @ death. ¸3 ´severe: ³@ toothache.
¸@®ly ³adv ¸vi®ol®ence ²/-Ens/ ³n ¶[U] ´state of being @; @ conduct:
³crimes/acts of violence; robbery with violence; an outbreak of violence´,
rioting, etc. ·do violence to, ´(fig) be a breach of: ³It would do violence to
his principles to eat meat.¼
¨vi®olet© ²/ÚvñIElEt/ ³n ¸1 ¶[C] ´small wild or garden plant with
sweet-smelling flowers. ¸2 ¶[U] ´bluish-purple colour of wild @s.¼
¨vi®olin© ²/*vñIEÚlIn/ ³n ´four-stringed musical instrument played with a bow,
µ¥ ´the illus at µstring. ¸@®ist ²/-Ist/ ³n ´player of a @.¼
¨vi®per© ²/ÚvñIpE(r)/ ³n ´kinds of poisonous snake of Africa, Asia, and Europe;
(fig) spiteful and treacherous person. ¸the common @´, the adder (the only
poisonous snake in GB).¼
¨vir®ago© ²/vIÚrqgE8/ ³n (pl µ@s ´or µ@es ²/-gE8z/³) ´violent and bad-tempered
woman who scolds and shouts.¼
¨vir®gin© ²/Úv3dZIn/ ³n ´girl or woman (and in recent use, man) who has not
experienced sexual union. ¸the (Blessed) V@ (Mary), ´(abbr ¸BÔVÔM´), the mother
of Jesus Christ. ¹ ³adj ¸1 ´pure and chaste: ³the V@ Queen´, Elizabeth ²¥ ´of
England. ¸the @ birth, ´the doctrine that Jesus was miraculously conceived by
the V@ Mary. ¸2 ´pure and untouched: ³@ snow. ¸3 ´in the original condition;
unused: ³a @ forest´, one in its natural state, no trees having been felled,
planted, etc; ³@ soil´, soil never before used for crops; (fig) a mind open to
receive new ideas. ¸@®ity ²/vEÚdZInEtI/ ³n ¶[U] ´state of being a @; @
condition.¼
¨vir®ginal©1 ²/Úv3dZInl/ ³adj ´of, suitable for, a virgin.¼
¨vir®ginal©2 ²/Úv3dZInl/ ³n ´(often ³pl´) ´square spinet without legs used in
the 16th and 17th cc (and also called ³the @s/a pair of @s).¼
¨Vir®ginia© ²/vEÚdZInIE/ ³n ¶[U] ´kinds of tobacco produced in the State of V@,
US; ³@ cigarettes. ¸@ creeper, ´ornamental vine often grown on walls, with
large leaves which turn scarlet in the autumn.¼
¨Virgo© ²/Úv3gE8/ ³n ´sixth sign of the zodiac. µ¥ ´the illus at µzodiac.¼
¨vir®gule© ²/Úv3gjul/ ³n ´diagonal mark (/), used to separate alternatives (as
in ³and/or´).¼
¨vir®ile© ²/ÚvIrñIl ³US: ²ÚvIrEl/ ³adj ¸1 ´having or showing strength, energy,
manly qualities: ³@ eloquence; a @ style (of writing); live to a @ old age. ¸2
´(of men) sexually potent. ¸vir®il®ity ²/vIÚrIlEtI/ ³n ¶[U] ´masculine strength
and vigour; sexual power.¼
¨vi®rol®ogy© ²/vñIEÚrolEdZI/ ³n ¶[U] ´the study of viruses and virus diseases.¼
¨virtu© ²/v3Útu/ ³n ´(only in) ·articles/objects of @, ´art objects interesting
because of fine workmanship, antiquity, rarity, etc.¼
¨vir®tual© ²/Úv3t28El/ ³adj ´being in fact, acting as, what is described, but
not accepted openly or in name as such: ³the @ head of the business; a @
defeat/confession. ¸@ly ²/-t28EI/ ³adv¼
¨vir®tue© ²/Úv3t2u/ ³n ¸1 ¶[C,U] ´(any particular kind of) goodness or
excellence: ³Patience is a @. Is patriotism always a @? Our climate has the @s
of never being too hot or too cold. ·make a @ of necessity, ´do sth pretending
it to be an act of @ when one really does it under compulsion. ·V@ is its own
reward, ´(prov) One should not expect a reward for doing sth that is truly
virtuous. ¸the cardinal @s, ´prudence, fortitude, temperance, justice. ¸the
theological @s, ´faith, hope, charity. ¸2 ¶[U] ´chastity. ¸3 ¶[U] ´efficacy;
ability to produce a definite result: ³Have you any faith in the @ of herbs to
heal sickness? ¸4 ¶[U,C] ´excellence; advantage: ³The great @ of the scheme is
that it costs very little. ¸5 ·by/in @ of, ´by reason of; because of: ³He
claimed a pension in @ of his long military service. ¸vir®tu®ous ²/Úv3t28Es/
³adj ´having or showing @. ¸vir®tu®ous®ly ³adv¼
¨vir®tu®oso© ²/*v3t28ÚE8zE8 ³US: ²-ÚE8sE8/ ³n (pl µ@s ´or µ-si ²/-zi ³US:
²-si/³) ´person with special knowledge of, or taste for, works of art; person
skilled in the methods of an art, esp one who plays a musical instrument with
great skill: (attrib) ³a @ performer. ¸vir®tu®os®ity ²/*v3t28ÚosEtI/ ³n ¶[U]
´skill of a @.¼
¨viru®lent© ²/ÚvIr8lEnt/ ³adj ´(of poison) strong; deadly; (of ill feeling,
hatred) bitter; (of words, etc) full of ill feeling; (of diseases, sores)
poisonous. ¸@®ly ³adv ¸viru®lence ²/-lEns/ ³n¼
¨vi®rus© ²/ÚvñIErEs/ ³n ¶[C] ´any of various poisonous elements,
smaller than bacteria, causing the spread of infectious disease: ³the @ of
rabies; @ diseases.¼
¨visa© ²/ÚvizE/ ³n ¶[C] ´stamp or signature put on a passport to show that it
has been examined and approved by the officials of a foreign country which the
owner intends to visit (·Ú³entrance ´or ·Ú³entry @´) or leave (·Ú³exit @´). ¹
³vt ¶[VP6A] ´put a @ on: ³get one's passport @ed ²/ÚvizEd/ ³before going to
Poland.¼
¨vis®age© ²/ÚvIzIdZ/ ³n ¶[C] ´(liter) face (of a human being). ¸-vis®aged
²/ÚvIzIdZd/ ³suff ´(in compounds) having the kind of @ indicated: ³gloomy-@d
funeral directors.¼
¨vis-`a-vis© ²/*viz q Úvi ³US: ²*viz E Úvi/ ³adv, prep ¸1 ´facing (one
another): ³sit @ in a train. ¸2 ´(fig) in relation to; compared with.¼
¨vis®cera© ²/ÚvIsErE/ ³n pl ´internal organs of the body, esp the intestines.
¸vis®ceral ²/ÚvIsErEl/ ³adj ´of the @.¼
¨vis®cid© ²/ÚvIsId/, ±vis®cous ²/ÚvIskEs/ ³adjj ´sticky; semi-fluid.
¸vis®cos®ity ²/vIsÚkosEtI/ ³n ¶[U] ´being viscous.¼
¨vis®count© ²/ÚvñIkñ8nt/ ³n ´nobleman higher in rank than a baron, lower than
an earl. ¸@®ess ²/-Is/ ³n ´wife of a @; woman who is a @ in her own right. ¸@cy
²/-tsI/ ³n (pl µ-cies³) ´title, rank, dignity, of a @.¼
¨vise© ²/vñIs/ ³n ´(US) = µvice±2µ.¼
¨vis®ible© ²/ÚvIzEbl/ ³adj ´that can be seen; that is in sight: ³The eclipse
will be @ to observers in western Europe. ¸vis®ibly ²/-EblI/ ³adv ´in a @
manner: ³She was visibly annoyed. ¸vis®ibil®ity ²/*vIzEÚbIlEtI/ ³n ¶[U] ´being
@; (esp) condition of the atmosphere for seeing things at a distance: ³The
aircraft turned back because of poor visibility.¼
¨vi®sion© ²/ÚvIZn/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´power of seeing or imagining, looking ahead,
grasping the truth that underlies facts: ³the field of @´, all that can be seen
from a certain point; ³the @ of a poet/prophet; a man of @. ¸2 ¶[C] ´sth seen,
esp by the mind's eye or the power of imagination, or sth seen during sleep or
in a trance-like state: ³the romantic @s of youth. Have you ever had @s of
great wealth and success?¼
¨vi®sion®ary© ²/ÚvIZEnrI ³US: ²-ZEnerI/ ³adj ¸1 ´existing only in a vision or
the imagination; unpractical; fanciful: ³@ schemes/scenes/plans. ¸2 ´(of
persons) having @ ideas; dreamy. ¹ ³n ´@ person.¼
¨visit© ²/ÚvIzIt/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A] ´go to see (sb); go to (a place) for a
time: ³@ a friend; @ Rome. His rich relatives seldom @ him. ¶[VP2C] ´(US) stay:
³@ing in Paris; @ing at a new hotel. ¸2 ¶[VP6A] ´(chiefly US) go to in order to
inspect or examine officially: ³Restaurant and hotel kitchens are @ed regularly
by public health inspectors. ¸3 ¶[VP3A] ´(chiefly US) ·@ with, ´pay a @ to;
talk with: ³She loves @ing with her neighbours and having a good gossip. ¸4
¶[VP14] ·@ sth on sb, ´(biblical use) punish. ·@ the sins of the fathers upon
the children, ´make the children suffer for their parent's failings. ¹ ³n ´act
of @ing; time of @ing: ³pay a @ to a friend/a patient/a prospective customer;
go on a @ to the seaside; a @ of several hours; during her first @ to her
husband's parents. ¸@®ing ³n ¶[U] ´paying @s; making calls (on people): ·Ú³@ing
hours at a hospital; We are not on @ing terms´, not sufficiently well
acquainted to @ one another. ¸visi®tor ²/ÚvIzItE(r)/ ³n ´person who @s; person
who stays at a place: ³summer @ors, ´eÔg at a holiday resort; ³the @ors' book´,
one in which @ors sign their names, eÔg at a hotel or a place of public
interest.¼
¨visi®tant© ²/ÚvIzItEnt/ ³n ¸1 ´(liter) visitor, esp an important
or supernatural one. ¸2 ´migratory bird: ³a rare @ to these shores.¼
¨visi®ta®tion© ²/*vIzIÚteI2n/ ³n ¸1 ¶[C] ´visit, esp one of an
official nature or one made by a bishop or priest: ³a @ of the sick´, made by a
clergyman as part of his duties. ¸2 ¶[C] ´trouble, disaster, looked upon as
punishment from God: ³The famine was a @ of God for their sins.¼
¨vi®sor© ²/ÚvñIzE(r)/ ³n ¸1 ´(hist) movable part of a helmet, covering the
face. µ¥ ´the illus at µarmour. ¸2 ´peak of a cap. ¸3 (Úsun-)@, ´oblong sheet
of dark-tinted glass hinged at the top of a windscreen in a car to lessen the
glare of bright sunshine.¼
¨vista© ²/ÚvIstE/ ³n ¶[C] ¸1 ´long, narrow view: ³a @ of the church spire at
the end of an avenue of trees. ¸2 ´(fig) long series of scenes, events, etc
which one can look back on or forward to: ³the @s of bygone times; a discovery
that opens up new @s.¼
¨vis®ual© ²/ÚvIZ8El/ ³adj ´concerned with, used in, seeing: ³@ images. She has
a @ memory´, is able to remember well things she sees. ¸@ aids, ´(eÔg in
teaching) eÔg pictures, film-strips, cinema films. ¸@ly ²/ÚvIZ8ElI/ ³adv ¸@®ize
²/-ñIz/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´bring (sth) as a picture before the mind: ³I remember
meeting the man two years ago but can't @ize him´, recall what he looked like.
¸vis®ual®iz®ation ²/*vIZ8ElñIÚzeI2n ³US: ²-lIÚz-/ ³n¼
¨vi®tal© ²/ÚvñItl/ ³adj ¸1 ´of, connected with, necessary for, living: ³wounded
in a @ part. ¸the @ force/principle, ´that which is assumed to account for
organic life. ¸@ statistics, (a) ´relating to the duration of life, and to
births, marriages and deaths. ¸(b) ´(colloq) woman's measurements at bust,
waist and hips. ¸2 ´supreme; indispensable: ³of @ importance; a @ necessity.
¸@s ³n pl ´@ parts of the body, esp the lungs, heart and brain. ¸@ly
²/ÚvñItElI/ ³adv ¸@®ism ²/-IzEm/ ³n ¶[U] ´belief that there is a controlling
force in living things which is distinct from chemical and physical forces (opp
of ³mechanism´). ¸@®ist ²/-Ist/ ³n ´person who believes in @ism.¼
¨vi®tal®ity© ²/vñIÚtalEtI/ ³n ¶[U] ´vital power; capacity to endure
and perform functions: ³Can an artificial language have any @?¼
¨vi®tal®ize© ²/ÚvñItElñIz/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´fill with vitality; put vigour into.¼
¨vit®amin© ²/ÚvItEmIn ³US: ²ÚvñIt-/ ³n ¶[C] ´any of a number of
organic substances which are present in certain food-stuffs and are essential
to the health of man and other animals: ³illnesses ´(eÔg scurvy, rickets)
³caused by @ deficiency; ·Ú³@ tablets.¼
¨vi®ti®ate© ²/ÚvI2IeIt/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´lower the quality of; weaken or destroy
the force of: ³@d blood; the @d air of an overcrowded room. This admission @s
your argument/claim.¼
¨vit®reous© ²/ÚvItrIEs/ ³adj ´of or like glass: ³@ rocks´, hard and brittle; ³@
enamel´, used instead of porcelain.¼
¨vit®rify© ²/ÚvItrIfñI/ ³vt,vi (pt,pp µ-fied³) ¶[VP6A,2A] ´change, be changed,
into a glass-like substance.¼
¨vit®riol© ²/ÚvItrIEl/ ³n ¶[U] ´sulphuric acid; any of the salts of sulphuric
acid: ³blue @´, copper sulphate; (fig) sarcasm. ¸@ic ²/*vItrIÚolIk/ ³adj ´(fig,
of words, feelings) biting; full of invective: ³a @ic attack on the President;
@ic remarks.¼
¨vit®uper®ate© ²/vIÚtjupEreIt ³US: ²vñIÚtu-/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´abuse in words;
curse; revile. ¸vit®uper®at®ive ²/vIÚtjupErEtIv ³US: ²vñIÚtupEreItIv/ ³adj
´abusive. ¸vit®uper®ation ²/vI*tjupEÚreI2n ³US: ²vñI*tu-/ ³n ¶[U] ´abusive
language; severe scolding.¼
¨viva© ²/ÚvñIvE/ ³n ´(colloq) = µviva voce.¼
¨vi®vace© ²/vIÚvqt2eI/ ³adv ´(music) briskly.¼
¨vi®va®cious© ²/vIÚveI2Es/ ³adj ´lively; high-spirited; gay: ³a @ girl. ¸@®ly
³adv ¸vi®vac®ity ²/vIÚvasEtI/ ³n ¶[U].¼
¨viva voce© ²/*vñIvE ÚvE8sI/ ³adj, adv ´oral(ly): ³a @ examination. ¹ n ´@
examination or test.¼
¨vivid© ²/ÚvIvId/ ³adj ¸1 ´(of colours, etc) intense; bright: ³a @ flash of
lightning; @ green trousers. ¸2 ´lively; active: ³a @ imagination. ¸3 ´clear
and distinct: ³a @ description of an event; have @ recollections of a holiday
in Italy. ¸@®ly ³adv ¸@®ness ³n¼
¨vi®vipar®ous© ²/vIÚvIpErEs ³US: ²vñI-/ ³adj ´having offspring which develop
within the mother's body (not from eggs).¼
¨vivi®sect© ²/*vIvIÚsekt/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´operate or experiment on (living
animals) for scientific research. ¸vivi®sec®tion ²/*vIvIÚsek2n/ ³n ¶[U] ´@ing;
¶[C] ´instance of this. ¸vivi®sec®tion®ist ²/-2EnIst/ ³n ´person who @s; person
who considers vivisection justifiable.¼
¨vixen© ²/ÚvIksn/ ³n ´female fox; bad-tempered quarrelsome woman. ¸@®ish
²/ÚvIksEnI2/ ³adj ´scolding; bad-tempered.¼
¨viz© ²/vIz/ ³x ´(Lat ³videlicet´, usu spoken as ³namely´) that is to say;
namely.¼
¨vi®zier© ²/vIÚzIE(r)/ ³n ´official of high rank in some Muslim
countries, esp the old Turkish empire.¼
¨vo®cabu®lary© ²/vEÚkabj8lErI ³US: ²-lerI/ ³n (pl µ-ries³) ¸1 ´total number of
words which (with rules for combining them) make up a language: ³No dictionary
could list the whole @ of a language. ¸2 ¶[C,U] ´(range of) words known to, or
used by, a person, in a trade, profession, etc: ³a writer with a large @. ¸3
¶[C] ´book containing a list of words; list of words used in a book, etc, usu
with definitions or translations.¼
¨vo®cal© ²/ÚvE8kl/ ³adj ´of, for, with or using, the voice: ³the @ cords, µ¥
cord(2)´; ³the @ organs´, the tongue, lips, etc; ³@ music´, to be sung; ³a @
score´, musical score, eÔg of an opera, giving the vocal parts in full. ³Anger
made the shy girl @´, helped her to express her feelings by speaking. ¸@ly
²/ÚvE8kElI/ ³adv ¸@®ist ²/ÚvE8kElIst/ ³n ´singer. µ¥ ³instrumentalist ´at
µinstrumental. ¸@®ize ²/-ñIz/ ³vt ´say or sing; voiceµ(2).¼
¨vo®ca®tion© ²/vE8ÚkeI2n/ ³n ¸1 ³(sing ´only) feeling that one is called to
(and qualified for) a certain kind of work (esp social or religious): ³The
nursing of the sick, said Florence Nightingale, is a @ as well as a profession.
¸2 ¶[U] ´special aptitude ³(for´): ³He has little or no @ for teaching. ¸3 ¶[C]
´person's trade or profession. ¸@al ²/-2Enl/ ³adj ´of or for a @µ(3)´: ³@al
guidance´, advice on the choice of a @.¼
¨vo®ca®tive© ²/ÚvokEtIv/ ³adj, n ´(of the) form of a word used when
addressing sb: ³the @ case µ¥ case±1µ(3).¼
¨vo®cif®er®ate© ²/vEÚsIfEreIt ³US: ²vE8-/ ³vt,vi ¶[VP6A,2A] ´say
loudly or noisily; shout. ¸vo®cif®er®ation ²/vE*sIfEÚreI2n ³US: ²vE8-/ ³n ¶[U]
´shouting; yelling. ¸vo®cif®er®ous ²/vEÚsIfErEs ³US: ²vE8-/ ³adj ´noisy;
yelling: ³a vociferous crowd.¼
¨vodka© ²/ÚvodkE/ ³n ¶[U] ´strong Russian alcoholic drink distilled from rye
and also other vegetable products.¼
¨vogue© ²/vE8g/ ³n ¸1 ´current fashion; sth currently being done or used: ³Are
blue jeans still the @? The @s of the 18th century seem amusing today. ¸2
´popularity; popular use or acceptance: ³Georgette Wheatley's novels had a
great @ ten years ago, but are not read today. ·be in/come into; be/go out of
@, ´be/become (un)fashionable, (un)popular: ³When did pointed shoes come
into/go out of @? ·all the @, ´popular everywhere; the latest fashion.¼
¨voice© ²/vãIs/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´sounds made when speaking or singing: ³He is not in
good @´, not speaking or singing as well as usual. ¸2 ¶[C] ´power of making
such sounds: ³He has lost his @´, cannot speak or sing properly, eÔg because of
a bad cold. ¸3 ¶[C,U] ´sounds uttered by a person, esp considered in relation
to their quality: ³in a loud/soft/shrill/rough, etc @. I did not recognize her
@. The choir boys have sweet @s. They gave @ to their indignation. ·lift up
one's @, ´(old use) sing, speak. ·shout at the top of one's @, ´shout as loudly
as one can. ·with one @, ´(liter) unanimously. ¸4 ·a/some/no, etc @ in sth,
´a/some/no, etc right to express an opinion on: ³I have no @ in the matter. ¸5
¶[C] ´anything which may be compared or likened to the human @ as expressing
ideas, feelings, etc: ³the @ of Nature; the @s of the night; the @ of God´,
conscience. ¸6 ¶[U] ´(in phonetics) sound produced by vibration of the vocal
cords, not with breath only, as for vowel sounds and the consonants ²/b, d, D,
z/´, etc. ¸7 ´(gram) the contrast between ³active ´and ³passive ´as shown in
the sentences: ³The dog ate the meat ´and ³The meat was eaten by the dog. ¹ vt
¶[VP6A] ¸1 ´put into words: ³The spokesman @d the feelings of the crowd. ¸2
´utter (a sound) with @µ(6)´: ³@d sounds ´(eÔg ²/d, v, G/´). ¸-@d ³adj ´(in
compounds) having the kind of @ indicated: ³rough-@d. ¸@®less ³adj ¸1 ´having
no @; unable to utter words. ¸2 ´(of consonants) uttered without @µ(6)´: ³The
sounds ²/p, t2, f/ ³are @less.¼
¨void© ²/vãId/ ³adj ¸1 ´empty; vacant. ¸2 ·@ of, ´without: ³a
subject @ of interest; a proposal @ of reason. ¸3 ·null and @, ´(legal) without
force; invalid: ³The agreement, not having been signed, was null and @. ¹ n
¶[C] ´space: ³There was an aching @ in his heart´, (fig) a feeling of sadness
caused by the loss of someone he had loved. ¹ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´(legal) make
@µ(3)´.¼
¨voile© ²/vãIl/ ³n ¶[U] ´thin, light dress material.¼
¨vol®atile© ²/ÚvolEtñIl ³US: ²-tl/ ³adj ¸1 ´(of a liquid) that easily changes
into gas or vapour. ¸2 ´(of a person, his disposition) lively; changing quickly
or easily from one mood or interest to another. ¸vola®til®ity ²/*volEÚtIlEtI/
³n¼
¨vol®cano© ²/volÚkeInE8/ ³n (pl µ@es ´or µ@s ²/-nE8z/³) ´hill or mountain with
opening(s) (µ¥ crater´) through which gases, lava, ashes, etc, come up from
below the earth's crust (in ³an active @´), or may come up after an interval
(in ³a dormant @´), or have long ceased to come up (in ³an extinct @´).
¸vol®canic ²/volÚkanIk/ ³adj ´of, from, like, a @.¼
¨vole© ²/vE8l/ ³n ´rat-like animal: ³a ·Ú³field-@´, one like a mouse; ³a
·Ú³water-@´, large water-rat.¼
¨vo®li®tion© ²/vEÚlI2n ³US: ²vE8-/ ³n ¶[U] ´act, power, of using one's own
will, of choosing, making a decision, etc: ³do sth of one's own @. ¸@al
²/-2Enl/ ³adj¼
¨vol®ley© ²/ÚvolI/ ³n ¶[C] ¸1 ´hurling or shooting of a number of missiles
(stones, arrows, bullets, etc) together. ¸2 ´number of oaths, curses,
questions, directed together, or in quick succession, at sb. ¸3 ´(tennis)
stroke which returns the ball to the sender before it touches the ground.
¸*half-Ú@, ´return of the ball as soon as it touches the ground. ¸Ú@®ball ³n
´game in which players on each side of a high net try to keep a ball in motion
by hitting it with their hands back and forth over the net without letting it
touch the ground. ¹ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP2A,C] ´(of guns) sound together: ³The guns
@ed on all sides. ¸2 ¶[VP6A,2A] ´return a tennis-ball across the net before it
touches the ground.¼
¨volt© ²/vE8lt/ ³n ¶[C] ´(abbr ¸v´) unit of electrical force; force
that would carry one ampere of current against one ohm resistance. ¸@®age
²/ÚvE8ltIdZ/ ³n ´electrical force measured in @s.¼
¨volte-face© ²/*volt Úfqs/ ³n ´complete change; act of turning round to the
opposite way of standing or to the opposite way of thinking: ³make a complete
@.¼
¨vol®uble© ²/Úvolj8bl/ ³adj ´talking, able to talk, very quickly and easily;
(of speech) fluent. ¸vol®ubly ²/-j8blI/ ³adv ¸volu®bil®ity ²/*volj8ÚbIlEtI/ ³n¼
¨vol®ume© ²/Úvoljum ³US: ²-jEm/ ³n ¸1 ¶[C] ´book, esp one of a set of books;
number of sheets, papers, periodicals, etc bound together: ³an encyclopedia in
20 @s. ·speak @s for, ´supply strong evidence of: ³His donations to charity
speak @s for his generosity. ¸2 ¶[U] ´amount of space (expressed in cubic
metres, etc) occupied by a substance, liquid or gas; cubic contents of a
container, etc: ³the @ of a cask; the @ of wine in a cask. ¸3 ¶[C] ´large mass,
amount or quantity: ³the @ of business/work, etc; ´(esp ³pl) ´rounded masses of
steam or smoke: ³V@s of black smoke belched out from the chimneys. ¸4 ¶[U] ´(of
sound) power; sonority: ³a voice of great @. Your radio has a @ control.¼
¨vol®umi®nous© ²/vEÚljumInEs/ ³adj ¸1 ´(of writing) great in quantity: ³a @
work/history; ´(of an author) producing many books. ¸2 ´occupying much space:
³a @ correspondence; @ skirts.¼
¨vol®un®tary© ²/ÚvolEntrI ³US: ²-terI/ ³adj ¸1 ´doing or ready to
do things, willingly, without being compelled; (sth) done thus: ³@
work/service; a @ statement/confession; @ workers/helpers. ¸2 ´carried on,
supported by, @ work and gifts: ³a ·Ú³@ school´, one supported by @
contributions, not by the State, etc. ¸3 ´(of bodily, muscular, movements)
controlled by the will (opp of ³involuntary´). ¹ ³n ¶[C] ³(pl µ-ries³) ´organ
solo, esp one played not as part of a church service. ¸vol®un®tar®ily
²/ÚvolEntrElI ³US: ²*volEnÚterElI/ ³adv¼
¨vol®un®teer© ²/*volEnÚtIE(r)/ ³n ¸1 ´person who offers to do sth, esp sth
unpleasant or dangerous. ¸2 ´soldier who is not conscripted: (attrib) ³a @
corps. ¹ vt,vi ¶[VP6A,7A,2A,3A] ·@ sth/to do sth/for sth, ´offer voluntarily;
come forward as a @: ³He @ed some information/@ed to get some information. How
many of them @ed? He @ed for the campaign.¼
¨vol®up®tu®ary© ²/vEÚlApt28ErI ³US: ²-8erI/ ³n ´person who gives himself up to
luxury and sensual pleasures.¼
¨vo®lup®tu®ous© ²/vEÚlApt28Es/ ³adj ´of, for, arousing, given up to, sensuous
or sensual pleasures: ³@ music/beauty/thoughts/sensations. ¸@®ly ³adv ¸@®ness
³n¼
¨vo®lute© ²/vEÚljut ³US: ²vEÚlut/ ³n ´spiral scroll, esp as on
Ionic and Corinthian capitals. µ¥ ´the illus at µcolumn. ¸@d ³adj ´decorated
with, having, @s: ³a @d sea-shell.¼
¨vomit© ²/ÚvomIt/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A,15B,2A] ´bring back from the stomach through
the mouth; throw up from the mouth: ³He @ed everything he had eaten. He was
@ing blood. He began to @. ¸2 ¶[VP6A] ´send out in large quantities: ³factory
chimneys @ing smoke. ¹ n ¶[U] ´food that has been @ed.¼
¨voo®doo© ²/Úvudu/ ³n ¶[U] ´debased form of religion, made up of sorcery and
witchcraft, practised by some in the West Indies, esp Haiti. ¸@®ism ²/-IzEm/
³n¼
¨vo®racious© ²/vEÚreI2Es/ ³adj ´very hungry or greedy; desiring
much: ³a @ appetite; a @ reader´, one who reads many books. ¸@®ly ³adv ´in a @
manner: ³He ate his food @ly. ¸vo®racity ²/vEÚrasEtI/ ³n¼
¨vor®tex© ²/Úvcteks/ ³n (pl µ@es ´or µvortices ²/-tIsiz/³) ¸1 ´mass of whirling
fluid or wind, esp a whirlpool. ¸2 ´(fig) whirl of activity; system, pursuit,
viewed as sth that tends to absorb things, engross those who engage in it: ³be
drawn into the @ of politics/war; the @ of social life/pleasure.¼
¨vo®tary© ²/ÚvE8tErI/ ³n (pl µ-ries³) ´person who gives up his time and energy
to sth, esp to religious work and service: ³a @ of peace/liberation.¼
¨vote© ²/vE8t/ ³n ¸1 ´(right to give an) expression of opinion or will by
persons for or against sb or sth, esp by ballot or by putting up of hands:
³give one's @ to the more handsome candidate. Do women have the @ ´(iÔe the
franchise) ³in your country? I'm going to the polling-booth to record/cast my
@. Mr X proposed a @ of thanks to the principal speaker´, asked the audience to
show, by clapping their hands, that they thanked him. ³The Government received
a @ of confidence´, a majority of @s was in its favour, to show confidence in
its policies, etc. ·put sth to the @, ´decide it by asking for @s. ¸2 ´total
numbers of @s (to be) given (eÔg at a political election): ³Will the Labour @
increase or decrease at the next election? ¸3 ´money granted, by @s, for a
certain purpose: ³the Army @. ¹ vi,vt ¸1 ¶[VP3A] ·@ for/against sb/sth,
´support/oppose by voting. ·@ on sth, ´express an opinion on sth by voting. ¸2
¶[VP6A,12B,13B] ·@ sb/sth (for sth), ´grant money (to sb): ³@ a sum of money
for Education. Parliament @d Charles I ³$100ÔÔ000 for the Army. ¸3 ¶[VP15B] ·@
sth down, ´defeat by @s: ³@ down ´(= reject) ³a proposal. ·@ sth through,
´support, approve: ³@ a Bill through. ¸4 ¶[VP25] ´(colloq) declare, by general
opinion: ³The new teacher was @d a pompous bore´, The children gave this as
their opinion. ¸5 ¶[VP9] ´suggest, propose: ³I @ (that) we avoid him in future.
¸@r ³n ´person who @s; person who has the right to @. ¸@®less ³adj ´having no
@; not having the right to @.¼
¨vo®tive© ²/ÚvE8tIv/ ³adj ´offered or consecrated in connection
with the fulfilment of a vow: ³There were numerous @ tablets on the walls of
the church.¼
¨vouch© ²/vñ8t2/ ³vi ·@ for sb/sth, ´be responsible for, express one's
confidence in (a person, his honesty, the truth of a statement, etc): ³I am
ready to @ for him/for the truth of his story/for his ability to pay.¼
¨voucher© ²/Úvñ8t2E(r)/ ³n ´receipt or document showing payment of money,
correctness of accounts, etc: ³hotel/meal @s´, (eÔg as bought from travel
agencies) showing that payment has been made in advance. ¸Úgift @, ´supplied
with some articles (eÔg petrol, cigarettes), to be exchanged for gifts.
¸Úluncheon @, ´one supplied by some employers, exchangeable for all or part of
a meal (at restaurants which have agreed to accept them).¼
¨vouch®safe© ²/vñ8t2ÚseIf/ ³vt ¶[VP6A,7A,12C] ´(formal) be kind enough to give
(sth), ³to do ´(sth): ³He @d (me) no reply. He @d to help.¼
¨vow© ²/vñ8/ ³n ´solemn promise or undertaking: ·Ú³marriage vows; a vow of
chastity; under a vow of celibacy/silence´, having solemnly undertaken not to
marry/speak about sth; ³break a vow; perform a vow´, do what one promised. ¹
³vt ¸1 ¶[VP6A,7A,9] ´make a vow; promise or declare solemnly: ³He vowed to
avenge the insult/that he would avenge the insult. She vowed never to speak to
him again. They were forced to vow obedience. ¸2 ¶[VP9] ´(old use) = µavow.¼
¨vowel© ²/Úvñ8El/ ³n ´sustainable vocal sound made without audible
stopping of the breath, or friction in its passage out through the mouth;
letter or symbol used to represent such a sound (eÔg the letters ³a, e, i, o,
u´; the symbols ²/i, I, e, a, q, o, c, 8, u, A, 3, E/´). µ¥ diphthong.¼
¨vox© ²/voks/ ³n ´(Lat) voice. ¸vox populi ²/*voks Úpopj8lñI/, ´the voice of
the people; public opinion.¼
¨voy®age© ²/ÚvãIIdZ/ ³n ´journey by water, esp a long one in a ship: ³a @ from
Mombasa to Colombo; go on a @; on the @ out/home; on the outward/homeward @. ¹
vi ¶[VP2A,C] ´go on a @: ³@ through the South Seas. ¸@r ²/ÚvãIEdZE(r)/ ³n
´person who makes a @ (esp of those who, in former times, explored unknown
seas).¼
¨vo®yeur© ²/vwqÚj3(r)/ ³n ´person who gets pleasure from looking at sexual
objects or the sexual activities of others, esp in secret.¼
¨vul®can®ite© ²/ÚvAlkEnñIt/ ³n ¶[U] ´hard plastic made from rubber and sulphur.
¸vul®can®ize ²/ÚvAlkEnñIz/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´treat (rubber) with sulphur at great
heat to harden it. ¸vul®can®iz®ation ²/*vAlkEnñIÚzeI2n ³US: ²-nIÚz-/ ³n¼
¨vul®gar© ²/ÚvAlgE(r)/ ³adj ¸1 ´ill mannered; in bad taste: ³@
language/behaviour/ideas; a @ person; a @ display of wealth. ¸2 ´in common use;
generally prevalent: ³@ errors/superstitions. ¸@ fraction, ´one written in the
usual way (eÔg Ö), contrasted with a decimal fraction (eÔg 0²Ø´75). ¸the @
herd, ´(contemptuous) the masses of ordinary people. ¸the @ tongue, ´the
language commonly spoken by the people (formerly, in England, English
contrasted with Latin). ¸@®ly ³adv ¸vul®garian ²/vAlÚgeErIEn/ ³n ´@ person, esp
a rich person whose manners and tastes are bad. ¸@®ism ²/ÚvAlgErIzEm/ ³n ¶[C]
´word, phrase, expression, etc used only by ignorant persons; ¶[U] ´@
behaviour. ¸@®ity ²/vAlÚgarEtI/ ³n (pl µ-ties³) ¶[U] ´@ behaviour; ³(pl) ´@
acts, utterances, etc. ¸@®ize ²/ÚvAlgErñIz/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´make @. ¸@®iz®ation
²/*vAlgErñIÚzeI2n ³US: ²-rIÚz-/ ³n ¶[U].¼
¨Vul®gate© ²/ÚvAlgeIt/ ³n ¸the V@, ´Latin version of the Bible made in the 4th
c.¼
¨vul®ner®able© ²/ÚvAlnErEbl/ ³adj ´that is liable to be damaged; not protected
against attack: ³find sb's @ spot; a position @ to attack; people who are @ to
criticism. ¸vul®ner®abil®ity ²/*vAlnEEÚbIlEtI/ ³n¼
¨vul®pine© ²/ÚvAlpñIn/ ³adj ´of, like, a fox; crafty.¼
¨vul®ture© ²/ÚvAlt2E(r)/ ³n ¸1 ´large bird, usu with head and neck almost bare
of feathers, that lives on the flesh of dead animals. µ¥ ´the illus at µprey.
¸2 ´greedy person who profits from the misfortunes of others.¼
¨vulva© ²/ÚvAlvE/ ³n ´opening of the female genitals. µ¥ ´the illus at
µreproduce.¼
¨vy®ing© ²/ÚvñIIG/ ³pres p ´of µvie.¼
¨W©, w ²/ÚdAblju/ ³n (pl µW's, w's ²/ÚdAbljuz/³) ´the 23rd letter of the
English alphabet.¼
¨wad© ²/wod/ ³n ¸1 ´lump of soft material for keeping things apart or in place,
or to stop up a hole. ¸2 ´collection of documents or banknotes folded or rolled
together. ¹ ³vt µ(-dd-) ´stuff with a wad; hold in place with a wad; line (a
garment, etc) with soft material (usu cotton or wool): ³a wadded
jacket/dressing-gown/quilt. ¸wad®ding ²/ÚwodIG/ ³n ¶[U] ´soft material, esp raw
cotton or felt, used for packing, lining things, etc.¼
¨waddle© ²/Úwodl/ ³vi ¶[VP2A,C] ´walk with slow steps and a
sideways roll, as a duck does: ³The stout old man @d across the road.
¹ n sing ´this kind of walk.¼
¨wade© ²/weId/ ³vi,vt ¶[VP2A,C,6A] ¸1 ´walk with an effort (through water, mud
or anything that makes progress difficult); walk across (sth) in this way: ³He
@d through the weeds on the bank and then into and across the stream. Can we @
the brook´, cross it by wading? ³The boy @d (´= read slowly and without
interest³) through the dull book. ¸Úwading bird, ´long-legged water-bird that
@s (opp to web-footed birds that swim). ¸2 ·@ in, ´make a vigorous attack. ·@
into sth, ´attack sth vigorously. ¸@r ³n ¸1 ´wading bird (µ¥ ´above). ¸2 ³(pl)
´waterproof boots reaching the hips, used by anglers when wading in streams.¼
¨wadi© ²/ÚwodI/ ³n (pl µ@s³) ´(in the Middle East, Arabia, northern Africa)
rocky watercourse dry except after a heavy fall of rain.¼
¨wa®fer© ²/ÚweIfE(r)/ ³n ¸1 ´thin flat biscuit (eÔg as eaten with ice-cream).
¸2 ´small round piece of bread used in Holy Communion.¼
¨waffle©1 ²/Úwofl/ ³n ´small cake made of batter baked in a special
kind of griddle ³(a ·Ú³@-iron´) with two parts hinged together.¼
¨waffle©2 ²/Úwofl/ ³vi ¶[VP2A,C] ´(GB colloq) talk vaguely, unnecessarily, and
without much result: ³How that man does @ on! What's she waffling about now? ¹
n ¶[U] ´utterance which (even when it sounds impressive) means little or
nothing.¼
¨waft© ²/woft ³US: ²waft/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´carry lightly and smoothly through the
air or over water: ³The scent of the flowers was @ed to us by the breeze. ¹ n
¶[C] ¸1 ´breath of air, scent, etc. ¸2 ´waving movement.¼
¨wag©1 ²/wag/ ³vt,vi µ(-gg-) ¶[VP6A,2A,C] ´(cause to) move from side to side
or up and down: ³The dog wagged its tail. The dog's tail wagged. Don't wag
your finger at me´, show disapproval in this way. ³The news set
tongues/chins/beards wagging´, caused people to talk (esp of sth scandalous).
¸Úwag®tail ³n ´kinds of small bird with a long tail that wags constantly when
the bird is standing. ¹ ³n ´wagging movement: ³with a wag of the tail.¼
¨wag©2 ²/wag/ ³n ´merry person, full of amusing sayings and fond of practical
jokes. ¸wag®gery ²/ÚwagErI/ ³n (pl µ-ries³) ¶[U] ´behaviour or talk or a wag;
³(pl) ´acts, remarks, etc of a wag. ¸wag®gish ²/ÚwagI2/ ³adj ´of or like a wag;
done in a joking way: ³waggish tricks/remarks. ¸wag®gish®ly ³adv ¸wag®gish®ness
³n¼
¨wage©1 ²/weIdZ/ ³n ¸1 ´(now usu ³pl ´except in certain phrases and when
attrib) payment made or received (usu weekly) for work or services: ³His @s are
$50 a week. We expect a fair day's @ for a fair day's work. He takes his @s/his
·Ú³@-packet home to his wife every Friday. The postal workers have asked for a
·Ú³@ increase/rise of $5 a week. µ¥ fee(1), pay±1µ, salary. ¸living @, ´one
which allows a man to live without fear of hunger and hardship. ¸minimum @,
´guaranteed basic level for @s in an industry or country. ¸Ú@-claim ³n ´@
demanded from the management for workers by their trade union. ¸Ú@-earner ³n
´person who works for @s (contrasted with the salaried classes). ¸Ú@-freeze, µ¥
freeze, ³nµ(2). ¸2 ´(old use; ³pl ´in form with ³sing v´) reward or requital:
³The @s of sin is death.¼
¨wage©2 ²/weIdZ/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´carry on, engage in ³(war, a
campaign).¼
¨wa®ger© ²/ÚweIdZE(r)/ ³vt,vi ¶[VP6A,11,14,12C,2A] ´bet: ³@ $5 on a horse. I'm
ready to @ you a pound that«. ¹ n ´bet: ³lay/make a @; take up ´(= accept) ³a
@.¼
¨waggle© ²/Úwagl/ ³vt,vi ´= µwag±1µ.¼
¨wag®gon© ´(US usu ¸wagon´) ²/ÚwagEn/ ³n ¸1 ´four-wheeled vehicle for carrying
goods, pulled by horses or oxen. µ¥ cart. ·on the (Úwater) @, ´(colloq) not
drinking alcoholic liquors. ¸2 ´(US = ³freight car´) open railway truck (eÔg
for coal). ¸Ústation-@ ³n ´(US) = estate-car. ¸@er ³n ´man in charge of a @ and
its horses.¼
¨wa®gon-lit© ²/*vagon Úli/ ³n (pl µwagons-lit´, pronunciation unchanged³)
´sleeping-car (as on European railways).¼
¨wag®tail© ²/ÚwagteIl/ ³n µ¥ wag±1µ.¼
¨waif© ²/weIf/ ³n ´homeless person, esp a child: ³@s and strays´, homeless and
abandoned children.¼
¨wail© ²/weIl/ ³vi,vt ¶[VP2A,B,C,6A] ¸1 ´cry or complain in a loud, usu shrill,
voice: ³@ (over) one's misfortunes; an ambulance racing through the streets
with sirens @ing. She was @ing for her lost child. ¸2 ´(of the wind) make
sounds like a person @ing. ¹ ³n ´@ing cry; lament: ³the @s of a newborn child.¼
¨wain© ²/weIn/ ³n ´(old use, or poet) large farm wagon. ¸Charles's W@, ´the
constellation of stars also called the Plough and the Great Bear.¼
¨wain®scot© ²/ÚweInskEt/ ³n ´wooden panelling (usu on the lower half of the
walls of a room). ¸@ed ³adj ´lined with @: ³a @ed room.¼
¨waist© ²/weIst/ ³n ¸1 ´part of the body between the ribs and the hips: ³wear a
sash round the @; measure 30 inches round the @. The workmen were stripped to
the @´, were wearing nothing above the @. ³That man has no @´, is so stout that
he has no narrowing at the @ as in a normal figure. µ¥ ´the illus at µtrunk.
¸Ú@-band ³n ´band on a garment (eÔg a skirt) fitting round the @. ¸*@-Údeep
³adj, adv ´up to the @: ³@-deep in the water; wade @-deep into a stream.
¸*@-Úhigh ³adj, adv ´high enough to reach the @: ³The wheat was @-high.
¸Ú@-line ³n ´line round the body at the smallest part of the @: ³a girl with a
neat @-line. ¸2 ´that part of a garment that goes round the @; (US ·Ú³shirt-@´)
garment, or part of a garment, covering the body from the shoulders to the @.
¸3 ´middle and narrow part: ³the @ of a ship, ´between the forecastle and
quarterdeck; ³the @ of a violin/an hour-glass. ¸@®coat ²/ÚweIskE8t ³US:
²ÚweskEt/ ³n ´close-fitting sleeveless garment worn under a coat or jacket,
buttoned down the front (called ³vest ´by tailors, and in the US).¼
¨wait©1 ²/ÚweIt/ ³n ¸1 ´act or time of waiting: ³We had a long @ for the bus. I
don't like these long @s. ¸2 ¶[U] ·lie in @ for; ´(less usu) ·lay @ for, ´be in
hiding in order to attack, etc: ³The highwayman lay in @ for the stage-coach.
¸3 ³(pl) ¸the @s, ´persons who go from house to house singing carols at
Christmas.¼
¨wait©2 ²/ÚweIt/ ³vi,vt ¸1 ¶[VP2A,B,C,3A,4A] ·@ (for), ´stay where
one is, delay acting, until sb or sth comes or until sth happens: ³Please @ a
minute. W@ for me, please. How long have you been @ing? We are @ing for the
rain to stop. We are @ing for better weather. We @ed ´(in order) ³to see what
would happen. They say that everything comes to those who @. ·keep sb @ing,
´fail to meet him or be ready at the appointed time: ³His wife never keeps him
@ing. ·@ up (for sb), ´stay up, not go to bed. ·No @ing, ´warning (indicated by
the sign ²~´) that motor-vehicles must not stop at the side of the roadway. ¸2
¶[VP6A] ´(= ³await´) @ for; @ and watch for: ³He is @ing his opportunity. He
always expects me to @ his convenience´, until it is convenient for him (to do
sth). ³You must @ your turn´, @ until it is your turn. ¸3 ¶[VP6A,14] ·@ (for),
´defer, postpone (a meal): ³Don't @ dinner for me. ¸4 ¶[VP3A] ·@ on/upon sb,
¸(a) ´act as a servant to, fetch and carry things for. ·@ on sb hand and foot,
´attend to his every need: ³A Japanese wife was formerly expected to @ upon her
husband hand and foot. ¸(b) ´(old use) pay a visit to: ³Our commercial agent
will @ upon you next Monday. ¸5 ¶[VP3A] ·@ at/on, ´act as a servant at table,
serving food, clearing away dishes, etc: ³@ at table ´(US = ³@ on table´). ¸6
Ú@®ing-list, ´list of persons who cannot be served, treated, etc now, but who
will be served, etc later, if possible: ³put sb on a @ing-list for theatre
tickets/an appointment, etc. ¸Ú@®ing-room ³n ´room in a railway-station, etc
used by people who are @ing for trains; room (eÔg in a doctor's or dentist's
house or office) where people @ until they can be attended to. ¸@er ³n ´man who
@s at table in a restaurant, hotel dining-room, etc. ¸@®ress ²/ÚweItrIs/ ³n
´woman @er.¼
¨waive© ²/weIv/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´(say that one will) not insist on (a
right or claim): ³@ a privilege/the age-limit. ¸@r ²/ÚweIvE(r)/ ³n ´(legal)
(written statement) waiving (a right, etc): ³sign a waiver of claims against
sb.¼
¨wake©1 ²/weIk/ ³vi,vt (pt µwoke ²/wE8k/ ´or µ@d, ³pp µwoken ²/ÚwE8kEn/ ´or
µ@d³) ¸1 ¶[VP2A,C,4B] ·@ (up), ´stop sleeping: ³What time do you usually @
(up)? I woke early. Has the baby @d/woken yet? He woke up with a start. He woke
to find himself in prison. ¸2 ¶[VP6A,15B] ·@ sb (up), ´cause to stop sleeping:
³Don't @ the baby. The noise woke me (up). They were making enough noise to @
the dead. ¸3 ¶[VP6A,15B] ·@ sb (up), ´stir up; rouse from inactivity,
inattention, etc: ³He needs someone to @ him up´, stir him from his sloth, stir
him to activity. ³The incident @d memories of his schooldays. ¸4 ¶[VP6A]
´disturb with noise; cause to re-echo: ³@ echoes in a mountain valley. ¸wak®ing
³adj ´being awake: ³in his waking hours´, while awake; ³waking or sleeping´,
while awake or asleep. ¸waken ²/ÚweIkEn/ ³vt,vi ¶[VP6A,2A] ´(cause to) @.
¸@®ful ²/-fl/ ³adj ´unable to sleep; with little sleep: ³pass a @ful night.¼
¨wake©2 ²/weIk/ ³n ¸1 ´(usu ³pl; ´often ¸ÚW@s Week´) annual holiday
in N England, esp in the manufacturing towns of Lancashire. ¸2 ´(in Ireland)
all-night watch by a corpse before burial, with lamentations and drinking of
alcoholic liquor.¼
¨wake©3 ²/weIk/ ³n ´track left by a ship on smooth water, eÔg as made by
propellers. ·in the @ of, ´after; following: ³Traders came in the @ of the
explorers.¼
¨wale© ²/weIl/ ³n ´alternative spelling (esp US) of µweal±2 ´or µwelt.¼
¨walk©1 ²/wck/ ³n ¶[C] ¸1 ´journey on foot, esp for pleasure or exercise: ³go
for a @; have a pleasant @ across the fields. The station is a short @/ten
minutes' @ from my house. ¸2 ´manner or style of walking: ³His horse slowed to
a @´, iÔe after trotting or galloping. ³After running for two miles he dropped
into a @´, began to walk. ³I recognized him at once by his @´, his way of
walking. ¸3 ´path or route for walking: ³my favourite @s in the neighbourhood.
¸4 ·@ of life, ´calling, profession, occupation: ³They interviewed people from
all @s of life.¼
¨walk©2 ²/wck/ ³vi,vt ¸1 ¶[VP2A,B,C] ´(of persons) move by putting forward each
foot in turn, not having both feet off the ground at once, µ¥ run´; (of
animals) move at the slowest pace, µ¥ trot, gallop´: ³We @ed five miles. Shall
we ride or @? How old are babies when they learn to @? He was @ing up and down
the station platform. ¸Ú@-about ³n ¸(a) ´(Australian sl, of aborigines in the
desert) journey. ¸(b) ´(colloq) occasion when a celebrity @s round meeting
people informally. ·@ away from, ´beat easily in a contest: ³Smith @ed away
from all his competitors´, beat them easily. Hence, ¸Ú@®away ³n ´easily won
contest. (µ¥ @over ´below). ·@ away with sth, ´win sth easily: ³Newcombe @ed
away with the match. ·@ off with sth, ´(colloq) carry off; take (either on
purpose or unintentionally): ³Someone has @ed off with my umbrella. ·@ into,
´(sl) ¸(a) ´eat heartily of: ³@ into a meat-pie. ¸(b) ´abuse; scold. ¸(c)
´(colloq) meet with through inattention: ³He just @ed into the ambush. ·@ on,
´play a non-speaking part on the stage: (attrib) ³a ·*³@-·Ú³on part. ·@ out,
´(colloq) go on strike: ³The men in this factory @ed out yesterday. ´Hence,
¸Ú@-out ³n ´(workers') strike. ·@ out on sb, ´(sl) abandon or desert him. ·@
out with sb, ´(dated colloq) court; have as a sweetheart. ·@ over sb, ´defeat
him easily. Hence, ¸Ú@-over ³n ´easy victory; contest in which there is little
or no opposition: ³The race was a @-over for Jones. ·@ up, ¸(a) ´invitation to
enter (eÔg as given by men outside a circus). ¸(b) ´@ along: ³as I was @ing up
Oxford Street. ¸(c) ´@ upstairs. Hence, ³a ·Ú³@-up flat, ´one in a building
without a lift. ¸(d) ·@ up (to sb/sth), ´approach: ³A stranger @ed up to me and
asked me the time. ¸2 ¶[VP6A,15A,B] ´cause to @: ³Horses should be @ed for a
while after a race. He @ed his horse up the hill. He put his arm round me and
@ed me away/off. ·@ sb off his feet/legs, ´tire him out by making him @ far. ¸3
¶[VP6A] ´go over on foot: ³I have @ed this district for miles round. ¸4 ´(with
various ³nn´): ³@ the boards´, be an actor; ³@ the wards´, be a medical student;
³@ the plank´, (of a person captured by pirates in former times) be compelled
to @ blindfolded into the sea along a plank laid over the ship's side; ³@ the
streets´, be a prostitute ³(a ·Ú³street-@er). ¸@er ³n ´person who @s, esp for
exercise or enjoyment. ¸@®ing ³n ´(in compounds) ·Ú³@ing-shoes´, strong ones
for @ing in; ·Ú³@ing-stick´, stick used in, or carried while, @ing;
·Ú³@ing-tour´, holiday spent @ing from place to place.¼
¨walkie-talkie© ²/*wckI ÚtckI/ ³n ´(colloq) portable two-way radio
set.¼
¨wall© ²/wcl/ ³n ¸1 ´continuous, usu vertical, solid structure of stone,
brick, concrete, wood, etc forming one of the sides of a building or room, or
used to enclose, divide or protect sth (including land): ³The castle @s are
very thick. Hang the picture on that @. Some old towns have @s right round
them. Dry-stone @s ´(iÔe of stones not fixed in mortar) ³extend across the
moors in some parts of England. Fruit trees are often trained against garden
@s for protection and warmth. ·with one's back to the @, ´in a position where
retreat or escape is impossible; at bay. ·be/go up the @, ´(sl) be/become
furious, distracted. ·bang/run one's head against a (brick) @, ´attempt to do
sth that is clearly impossible. ·see through a brick @, ´have wonderful vision
or insight. ¸2 ´(fig) sth suggesting or resembling a @: ³a @ of fire; a
mountain @; the @s of the chest´, the enclosing tissue and ribs; ³the abdominal
@. ¸3 ´side (contrasted with the centre) of the street: (chiefly fig) ·go to
the @, ´be pushed aside as weak or helpless, get the worst of it in
competition. ·push/drive sb to the @, ´defeat him. ¸4 ´(compounds) ¸Ú@-flower
³n ¸(a) ´common garden plant with (usu) brownish-red or orange sweet-smelling
flowers. ¸(b) ´person who sits out dances because of a lack of partners.
¸Ú@-painting ³n ¶[C] ´painting on a @, esp a fresco. ¸Ú@®paper ³n ¶[U] ´paper,
usu with a coloured design, for covering the @s of rooms. ¹ ³vt ¸1 ´(usu ³pp´)
surround with a @ or @s: ³@ed cities; a @ed garden. ¸2 ¶[VP15B] ·@ sth up/off,
´fill or close up with bricks, etc: ³@ up a window/opening; @ off part of a
room.¼
¨wal®laby© ²/ÚwolEbI/ ³n (pl µ-bies³) ´sorts of small kangaroo.¼
¨wal®lah© ²/ÚwolE/ ³n ´(sl, in India) person employed about or concerned with
sth.¼
¨wal®let© ²/ÚwolIt/ ³n ´folding pocket-case, usu leather, for papers,
banknotes, etc (US = ³pocket-book).¼
¨wall-eyed© ²/*wcl ÚñId/ ³adj ´having eyes that show an abnormal amount of
white (eÔg as caused by a squint).¼
¨wal®lop© ²/ÚwolEp/ ³vt ´(sl or hum) beat severely; hit hard. ¹ ³n ´heavy blow;
crash: ³Down he went with a @! ¸@®ing ³adj ´big; thumping: ³What a @ing lie! ¹
n ´defeat: ³Our football team got a @ing.¼
¨wal®low© ²/ÚwolE8/ ³vi ¶[VP2A,C] ´roll about (in mud, dirty water, etc):
³pigs @ing in the mire; ´(fig) take gross delight in (sth sensual): ³@ing in
sensual pleasures. ·be Ú@ing in money, ´(colloq) be very rich. ¹ ³n ´place to
which animals (eÔg buffaloes) go regularly to @.¼
¨Wall Street© ²/Úwcl strit/ ³n ´(used for) the American money-market: ³Shares
rose sharply on @ yesterday.¼
¨wal®nut© ²/ÚwclnAt/ ³n ¶[C] ´(tree producing a) nut with an edible kernel in
a hard shell; ¶[U] ´the wood of this tree, used (esp as a veneer) for making
furniture.¼
¨wal®rus© ²/ÚwclrEs/ ³n ´large sea-animal of the arctic regions with two long
tusks, µ¥ ´the illus at µsea´: ³a @ moustache´, (colloq) one of which the ends
come downwards like the tusks of a @.¼
¨waltz© ²/wcls ³US: ²wclts/ ³n ¶[C] ´(music in Ö time for a)
ballroom dance. ¹ ³vi,vt ¸1 ¶[VP2A,C] ´dance a @: ³She @es divinely. ·@
in/out/into/out of, ´dance, run or walk (in, out, etc) gaily: ³She @ed into the
room and out again. ¸2 ¶[VP15A] ´cause to @: ³He @ed her round the room.¼
¨wam®pum© ²/ÚwompEm/ ³n ¶[U] ´shells threaded like beads and used
as ornaments by N American Indians (and formerly used as money).¼
¨wan© ²/won/ ³adj µ(-nn-) ¸1 ´(of a person, his looks, etc) looking ill, sad,
tired, anxious: ³a wan smile. ¸2 ´(of light, the sky) pale; not bright.
¸wan®ly ³adv ¸wan®ness ²/ÚwonnIs/ ³n¼
¨wand© ²/wond/ ³n ¸1 ´slender stick or rod as used by a conjurer, fairy or
magician; batonµ(2)´. ¸2 ´rod or staff carried as a symbol of authority (eÔg by
an usher, steward or sheriff on ceremonial occasions).¼
¨wan®der© ²/ÚwondE(r)/ ³vi,vt ¸1 ¶[VP2A,B,C,6A] ´go from place to place without
any special purpose or destination: ³@ over the countryside; @ up and down the
road aimlessly; @ (through/over) the world. Kevin @ed in to see me this
morning´, paid me a casual visit. ¸2 ¶[VP2A,C] ´leave the right path or
direction: ³Some of the sheep have @ed away´, are lost. ³We @ed (for) miles and
miles in the mist. ¸3 ¶[VP2A,C] ´be absent-minded; allow the thoughts to go
from subject to subject: ³Don't @ from the subject/point. His mind is @ing.
Don't let your thoughts @. His mind/thoughts @ed back to his college days. ¸@er
³n ´person or animal that @s. ¸@®ings ³n pl ¸1 ´long travels; journeys: ³tell
the story of one's @ings. ¸2 ´confused speech during illness (esp high fever).¼
¨wan®der®lust© ²/ÚwondElAst/ ³n ¶[U] ´strong desire to travel.¼
¨wane© ²/weIn/ ³vi ¶[VP2A] ¸1 ´(of the moon) show a decreasing bright area
after full moon. µ¥ wax±2µ(1). ¸2 ´become less or weaker: ³His
strength/influence/reputation is waning. ¹ n ´esp ·on the @, ´process of
waning.¼
¨wangle© ²/ÚwaGgl/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´(sl) get, arrange sth, by using improper
influence, by trickery, plausible persuasion, etc: ³@ an extra week's holiday.
¹ n ´act of wangling: ³get sth by a @.¼
¨wank© ²/waGk/ ³vi ¶[VP2A] ´(GB vulg sl) masturbate. ¹ ³n ¶[C] ´instance of
masturbation.¼
¨wanna© ²/Úwona/ ³c ´(US sl) = ³want to. µ¥ want±2µ(2).¼
¨want©1 ²/wont ³US: ²wcnt/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´lack; scarcity; state of
being absent: ³The earthquake victims are suffering for @ of food and medical
supplies. The plants died from @ of water. Your work shows @ of thought/care.
¸2 ¶[U] ´need; absence of some necessary thing: ³The house is in @ of repair.
We may one day be in @´, very poor. ¸3 ¶[C] ´(usu ³pl´) desire for sth as
necessary to life, happiness, etc; thing to be desired: ³He is a man of few @s.
We can supply all your @s. The book meets a long-felt @´, sth that has been
needed for a long time.¼
¨want©2 ²/wont/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A,17,19B,24A] ´require; be in need of; lack:
³You won't be @ed ´(= Your services will not be required) ³this afternoon.
These plants are droopingÅthey @ water. That man @s a woman to look after him.
³I don't @ ´(= I object to having) ³anyone meddling in my affairs. Do you @ ´(=
Would you like to have) ³this box opened? ¸Ú@-ad ³n ´(colloq) (usu short)
advertisement (in a newspaper, etc) for sth @ed, eÔg a job. ¸2 ¶[VP6A,7A,17]
´wish for; have a desire for (µ¥ wish ³vi,vtÔµ(7)´; ³want ´is used for sth
which it is possible to obtain; ³wish for ´is used for sth unlikely to be
obtained, or obtainable only in exceptional circumstances): ³She @s a holiday.
She @s to go to Italy. She @s me to go with her. He is @ed by the police´, iÔe
because he is suspected of wrongdoing. ³I don't @ there to be any
misunderstanding. ¸3 ¶[VP6A,E,7A] ´need, ought (as in the notes to the
examples): ³Your hair @s cutting´, needs to be cut. ³You @ ´(= ought) ³to see
your solicitors about that problem. What that naughty boy @s ´(= needs to be
given) ³is a good beating. That sort of thing @s some doing´, (colloq) needs
effort, skill, etc (because it is not an easy matter). ¸4 ¶[VP2A] ´(progressive
tenses only) (with non-human subject) ·be @ing, ´be missing or lacking: ³A few
pages of this book are @ing. The infinitive of the verb "must' is @ing. ·be
@ing (in sth), ´(with human subject): ³He's @ing in courtesy´, is impolite. ·be
found @ing´: ³He was put to the test and found @ing´, inadequate. ³He/It was
tried and found (to be) @ing´, unequal to a standard or to a need. ¸5 ¶[VP6A]
´(impers) fall short by: ³It @s one inch of the regulation length. It @s half
an hour to the appointed time. ¸6 ¶[VP2A,3A] ´be in want (µ¥ want±1µ(3)´): ³We
mustn't let our soldiers @ ´(= suffer poverty or hardship) ³in their old age.
·@ for nothing, ´have all one needs. ¸@®ing ³prep ´without; in the absence of:
³W@ing mutual trust, friendship is impossible.¼
¨wan®ton© ²/ÚwontEn ³US: ²Úwcn-/ ³adj ¸1 ´(liter) playful;
irresponsible; capricious: ³a @ breeze; in a @ mood. ¸2 ´unchecked; luxuriant;
wild: ³a @ growth ´(of weeds, etc); ³in @ profusion. ¸3 ´wilful; serving no
useful purpose: ³@ destruction/damage; a @ insult. ¸4 ´(archaic) immoral;
unchaste: ³a @ woman; ´lewd, licentious: ³@ thoughts. ¹ n ´(archaic) unchaste
person. ¹ ³vi ¶[VP2A,C] ´(liter) be @ in behaviour: ³the wind @ing with the
leaves. ¸@®ly ³adv ¸@®ness ³n¼
¨war© ²/wc(r)/ ³n ¸1 ¶[C,U] ´(state created by) the use of armed forces between
countries or ³(civil war) ´rival groups in a nation: ³We have had two world
wars in this century. ·at war, ´in a state of war: ³Ruritania and Utopia are at
war again. ·carry the war into the enemy's camp, ´attack (instead of being
satisfied to defend). ·declare war (on), ´announce that a state of war exists
(with another state). ·go to war (against), ´start fighting. ·have been in the
wars, ´(used colloq or hum) have suffered injury (eÔg as the result of an
accident). ·make/wage war on, ´engage in fighting against. ¸2 ´(compounds)
¸Úwar-baby ³n (pl µ-babies³) ´illegitimate child with a soldier as father and
attributable to conditions during a war. ¸Úwar-bride ³n ´bride of a soldier
during a war. ¸Úwar-cloud(s) ³n ´state of affairs that seems to threaten war.
¸Úwar-cry ³n (pl µ-cries³) ´word or cry shouted as a signal in battle;
catch-word (eÔg used by a political party) in any kind of contest. ¸Úwar-dance
³n ´one by tribal warriors before going into battle, to celebrate a victory, or
(in peace) to represent fighting. ¸Úwar-god ³n ´god (eÔg Mars) worshipped as
giving victory in war. ¸Úwar®head ³n ´(of a torpedo, shell, etc) explosive head
(contrasted with a dummy charge as used in practice, etc). ¸Úwar-horse ³n
´(rhet) horse used in battle; charger; (fig) veteran soldier, politician, etc.
¸Úwar-lord ³n ´(rhet) great military leader, esp a Chinese general in the
period of civil wars, early 20th c. ¸Úwar®monger ³n ´person who advocates or
stirs up war. ¸ÚWar Office, ´(formerly in GB) State department in charge of the
Army, under the Secretary of State of War. (Now named ³Ministry of Defence).
¸Úwar-paint ³n ¶[U] ¸(a) ´paint put on the body before battle by some primitive
people; (fig) full, ceremonial dress: ³The General was in full war-paint. ¸(b)
´(sl) make-up (cosmetics). ¸Úwar-path ³n ´(only in) ·on the war-path, ´ready
for, engaged in, a fight or quarrel. ¸Úwar®ship ³n ´ship for use in war.
¸Úwar-torn ³adj ´exhausted by, worn out in, war. ¸Úwar-widow ³n ´woman whose
husband has been killed in war. ¸3 ¶[U] ´science or art of fighting, using
weapons, etc: ³trained for war; the art of war´, strategy and tactics. ¸4
´(fig) any kind of struggle or conflict: ³the war against disease; the wars of
the elements´, storms, natural calamities; ³a war of nerves/words. ¹ vi µ(-rr-)
´fight; make war: ³warring for supremacy; warring ´(= rival)
³creeds/ideologies. ¸Úwar®fare ²/ÚwcfeE(r)/ ³n ¶[U] ´making war; condition of
being at war; fighting: ³the horrors of modern warfare. ¸war®like ²/ÚwclñIk/
³adj ´ready for, suggesting, war: ³warlike preparations; ´fond of war: ³a
cruel, warlike people. ¸war®time ²/ÚwctñIm/ ³n ¶[U] ´time when there is war:
³in wartime; ´(attrib) ³wartime regulations/rationing.¼
¨warble© ²/Úwcbl/ ³vi,vt ¶[VP2A,C,6A] ´(esp of birds) sing, esp
with a gentle trilling note: ³larks warbling high up in the sky; a blackbird
warbling from a branch. ¹ n ´warbling; bird's song. ¸war®bler ²/ÚwcblE(r)/ ³n
´(kinds of) bird that @s.¼
¨ward© ²/wcd/ ³n ¸1 ·keep watch and @, ´guard and protect. ¸2 ¶[U] ´state of
being in custody or under the control of a guardian: ³a child in @´; ¶[C]
´person under the guardianship of an older person or of law authorities. ¸3
´division of a local government area, each division being represented by one
Councillor. ¸4 ´division of, separate room in, a building, esp a prison or a
hospital: ³the fever/isolation/children's @. ¸5 ´notch in a key; corresponding
part in a lock. ¹ ³vt ¶[VP15B] ·@ sth off, ´keep away, avoid: ³@ off a
blow/danger.¼
¨war®den© ²/Úwcdn/ ³n ¸1 ´person having control or authority: ³the @ of a
youth hostel. ¸Úair-raid @, ´(during World War ²¢ ´in GB) member of a civilian
organization with various duties during air-raids. ¸Útraffic @, ´(eÔg in
London) person responsible for controlling the parking of cars in streets,
squares, etc at parking meters. ¸2 ´(old use except in a few cases) title of
certain governors or presidents: ³the W@ of Merton College, Oxford. ¸3 ´(US) =
µwarder.¼
¨war®der© ²/ÚwcdE(r)/ ³n ´(GB) man acting as guard in a prison; jailer.
¸war®dress ²/ÚwcdrIs/ ³n ´woman @.¼
¨ward®robe© ²/ÚwcdrE8b/ ³n ¸1 ´cupboard ³(·Ú³built-in-@) ´or
movable cupboard-like piece of furniture with pegs, shelves, etc for a person's
clothes. ¸2 ´stock of clothes: ³My @ needs to be renewed´, I must buy some new
clothes. ¸3 ´stock of costumes of a theatrical company.¼
¨ward®room© ²/Úwcdr8m ³US: ²-rum/ ³n ´living and eating quarters for
commissioned officers in a warship except the commanding officer.¼
¨ware©1 ²/weE(r)/ ³n ¸1 ´(in compounds) manufactured goods: ·Ú³silver@;
·Ú³iron@; ·Ú³hard@. ¸2 ³(pl) ´articles offered for sale: ³advertise one's @s.
¸@®house ²/ÚweEhñ8s/ ³n ´building for storing goods before distribution to
retailers; storehouse for furniture (on behalf of owners). ¹ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´store
in a @house.¼
¨ware©2 ²/weE(r)/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´(in imper) look out for; be cautious
about; beware of: ³W@ wire! ´(warning to riders in a fox-hunt that there is
barbed wire on a fence, etc).¼
¨war®fare© ²/ÚwcfeE(r)/ µ¥ war.¼
¨war®ily©, wari®ness µ¥ wary.¼
¨warm©1 ²/wcm/ ³adj µ(-er, -est) ¸1 ´having a fairly high degree of heat
(between ³cool ´and ³hot´); (of clothing) serving to keep the body @: ³Come
and get @ by the fire. It was @, but not hot, yesterday. Put your @est clothes
on before you go out in the snow. Red, yellow and orange are called @ colours.
·@ work, ¸(a) ´work or activity that makes one @. ¸(b) ´strenuous or dangerous
activity or occupation. ·make things @ for sb, ´make things unpleasant, make
trouble for him; punish him. ·@ blood, ´that of mammals and birds (ranging
from 36ÄCÅ42ÄC). Hence, ¸*@-Úblooded ³adj ¸(a) ´having @ blood; not
cold-blooded like snakes, etc. ¸(b) ´having feelings and passions that are
easily roused. ¸@ front, µ¥ front(7). ¸2 ´enthusiastic, hearty: ³give sb a @
welcome; a @ friend/supporter. ¸3 ´sympathetic; affectionate: ³He has a @
heart. ´Hence, ¸*@-Úhearted ³adj ´kind and sympathetic. ¸4 ´(of scent in
hunting) fresh; recently made and easily followed by the hounds; (in children's
games, when an object is hidden and searched for) close to the object: ³You're
getting @´, near to what is being sought. ¸@®ly ³adv ´in a @ manner: ³@ly
dressed; thank sb @ly. ¸warmth ²/wcmT/ ³n ¶[U] ´state of being @: ³He was
pleased with the @th of his welcome. He answered with @th´, with some emotion
(of pleasure, resentment, etc, according to context).¼
¨warm©2 ²/wcm/ ³vt,vi ¶[VP6A,15B,2A,C] ·@ (sth) (up), ´make or
become warm or warmer: ³@ oneself/one's hands by the fire. Please @ (up) this
milk. The milk is @ing (up) on the stove. He @ed up ´(= became more animated,
enthusiastic) ³as he went on with his speech. ·@ to one's work/task, etc,
´become more interested; like it more. ¸Ú@®ing-pan ³n ´(hist) ´round metal pan
with a lid and a long handle, holding hot coals and used for @ing the inside of
a bed before it was occupied. ¸@er ³n ´(usu in compounds) sth which @s.¼
¨warn© ²/wcn/ ³vt ¶[VP6A,14,11,15,17] ´give (sb) notice of possible danger or
unpleasant consequences; inform in advance of what may happen: ³He was @ed of
the danger. We @ed them not to go skating on such thin ice. You've been @ed. He
@ed me that there were pickpockets in the crowd/@ed me against pickpockets. ·@
sb off, ´give him notice that he must go or stay away, eÔg from private
property. ¸@®ing ³adj ´that @s: ³He gave me a @ing look. They fired some @ing
shots. µ¹ ³n ¸1 ¶[C] ´that which @s or serves to @: ³He paid no attention to
my @ings. Let this be a @ing to you´, Let this accident, misfortune, etc teach
you to be careful in future. ³There were gale @ings to shipping along the
coast. ¸2 ¶[U] ´action of @ing; state of being @ed: ³You should take @ing ´(=
be @ed) ³from what happened to me. The speaker sounded a note of @ing´, spoke
of possible danger. ³The enemy attacked without @ing.¼
¨warp©1 ²/wcp/ ³vt,vi ¶[VP6A,2A] ´(cause to) become bent or twisted
from the usual or natural shape: ³The hot sun @ed the boards. His
judgement/disposition is @ed´, biased because of possible advantage for
himself. ¹ ³n ¶[C] ´twisted or bent condition in timber, etc, caused by uneven
shrinking or expansion.¼
¨warp©2 ²/wcp/ ³n ¸the @, ´the threads over and under which other threads (the
³weft ´or ³woof´) are passed when cloth is woven on a loom.¼
¨war®rant© ²/ÚworEnt ³US: ²Úwcr-/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´justification or authority: ³He
had no @ for saying so/for what he did. ¸2 ¶[C] ´written order giving official
authority for sth: ³a @ to arrest a suspected criminal. The ·Ú³death-@ has
been signed. A @ is out for his arrest/against him. Here are the @s for your
dividends, ´iÔe on shares. ¸3 ¶[C] ´certificate appointing a man as a @
officer. ¸Ú@ officer ³n ´highest grade of non-commissioned officer in the army,
air force, (GB) marines, (US) navy. ³¹ vt ¸1 ¶[VP6A] ´be a @µ(1) ´for:
³Nothing can @ such insolence. His interference was certainly not @ed. ¸2
¶[VP6A,9,25] ´guarantee (the more usu word); (colloq) assure: ³This material
is @ed (to be) pure silk. I'll @ him an honest and reliable man. I can't @ it
to be/@ that it is genuine. He'll be back, I @ ´(= assure) ³you, when the
money's paid out. ¸war®ran®tee ²/*worEnÚti ³US: ²*wcr-/ ³n ´person to whom a
warranty is made. ¸war®ran®tor ²/ÚworEntc(r) ³US: ²Úwcr-/ ³n ´person who makes
a warranty. ¸war®ranty ²/ÚworEntI ³US: ²Úwcr-/ ³n ¶[C] ³(pl µ-ties³)
´authority; (written or printed) guarantee (eÔg to repair or replace defective
goods): ³What @y have you for doing this? Can you give me a @y of quality for
these goods? The car is still under @y.¼
¨war®ren© ²/ÚworEn ³US: ²ÚwcrEn/ ³n ¶[C] ´area of land in which there are many
burrows in which rabbits live and breed; (fig) (usu over-populated) building
or district in which it is difficult to find one's way about: ³lose oneself in
a @ of narrow streets.¼
¨war®rior© ²/ÚworIE(r) ³US: ²Úwcr-/ ³n ´(liter, rhet) soldier;
fighter: (attrib) ³a @ race.¼
¨wart© ²/wct/ ³n ´small, hard, dry growth on the skin; similar growth on a
plant. ¸Ú@®hog ³n ´kinds of African pig with two large tusks and @-like growths
on the face.¼
¨wary© ²/ÚweErI/ ³adj µ(-ier, -iest) ´cautious; in the habit of looking out for
possible danger or trouble: ³be @ of giving offence/of strangers; keep a @ eye
on sb; a @ old fox. ¸war®ily ²/-ElI/ ³adv ¸wari®ness ³n¼
¨was© ²/wEz ³strong form: ²woz ³US: ²wAz/ µ¥ be±1µ.¼
¨wash©1 ²/wo2 ³US: ²wc2/ ³n ¸1 ³(sing ´only, usu with ³indef art³) ´act of
washing; being washed: ³Will you give the car a @/a ·*³@-·Ú³down, please. ·have
a @ and brush up, ´wash oneself and make oneself tidy. ¸2 ³(sing ´only)
clothing, sheets, etc to be washed or being washed; place (laundry) where they
are being washed: ³She has a large @ this week. She was hanging out the @. All
my shirts are at the @. When does the @ come back from the laundry? ¸3 ·the @
(of), ´movement or flow of water; sound made by moving water: ³the @ of the
waves; the @ made by a steamer's propeller(s). ¸4 ¶[U] ´thin, weak or inferior
liquid: ³This soup is a mere @´, is too watery, has no flavour or substance. ¸5
¶[U] ´kitchen liquid with waste food (eÔg vegetable peelings and scraps) to be
given to pigs. ¸6 ´(usu in compounds, µ¥ ´under the first part) liquid prepared
for a special purpose: ·Ú³white@, ´for putting on walls; ·Ú³mouth-@, ´for
disinfecting the mouth; ·Ú³eye@.¼
¨wash©2 ²/wo2 ³US: ²wc2/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A,15B,22,2A] ´make clean
with or in water or other liquid: ³@ one's hands/clothes. W@ them clean. Go and
@ yourself. I must @ before dinner. He never @es ´(iÔe @es himself) ³in cold
water. ·@ one's hands of sth/sb, ´say one is no longer responsible for. ·@
one's dirty linen in public, µ¥ linen. ·@ sth down, ´clean by @ing, esp by
using a stream or jet of water (eÔg from a hose): ³@ down a car/the decks of a
ship. ·@ sth away/off/out, ´remove by @ing: ³@ dirty marks off a wall; @ out
blood stains. ·be/look/feel @ed out, ´(fig, colloq) pale and tired; exhausted.
·@ up, ¸(a) ´(GB) @ dishes, cutlery, etc, after a meal. ¸(b) ´(US) @ one's face
and hands. ·@ sth up, ´(GB) @ dishes, cutlery, etc after a meal: ³@ up the
dinner things. ´Hence, ¸*@®ing-Úup ³n ¶[U]. ´(Note: ³up ´indicates that a
number of dishes, etc are to be @ed. For a single article ³up ´is not used:
³Please @ this plate). ·(all) @ed up, ´(colloq) ruined; failed. ¸2 ¶[VP2A] ´(of
materials) be capable of being @ed without damage or loss of colour: ³Does this
material @ well? That argument/excuse will not @´, (fig) will not bear
examination, is weak. ¸3 ¶[VP6A] ´(of the sea or a river) flow past or against:
³The sea @es the base of the cliffs. ¸4 ¶[VP15B] ´(of moving liquid) carry
away, or in a specified direction: ³He was @ed overboard by a huge wave. All
this timber has been @ed up ´(iÔe carried up on to the beach) ³by the waves.
The cliffs are being gradually @ed away by the sea. ·@ sth down (with),
´swallow (liquid) with: ³My lunch was bread and cheese @ed down with beer. ¸@ed
out, (a) ´(of games such as cricket, of horse-races, etc) made impossible,
cancelled, by heavy rain or flooding. ¸(b) ´(of roads, etc) made impassable by
heavy rain, floods, etc. ¸5 ¶[VP6A,15A] ´scoop out: ³The water had @ed a
channel in the sand. ¸6 ¶[VP2C] ´go flowing, sweeping or splashing (³along,
out, in, into, over´, etc): ³We heard the waves @ing against the sides of our
boat. Huge waves @ed over the deck. ¸@®able ²/-Ebl/ ³adj ´that can be @ed
without being spoiled.¼
¨wash-© ²/wo2 ³US: ²wc2/ ³pref ´(in compounds; often used as a substitute
for ³washing´). ¸Ú@-basin ³n ´basin for holding water in which to wash one's
face and hands. ¸Ú@-board ³n ´board with ridges on it, on which clothes are
washed (at home). ¸Ú@-bowl ³n ´(US) = @-basin. ¸Ú@-cloth ³n ´(US) = face-cloth.
¸Ú@-day ³n ´day on which clothes were washed (at home). ¸Ú@-hand-basin ³n ´=
@-basin. ¸Ú@-drawing ³n ´one made with a brush in a black or neutral
water-colour. ¸Ú@-hand-stand ³n ´= @-stand. ¸Ú@-house ³n ´room or out-building
equipped for washing. ¸Ú@-leather ³n ¶[C,U] ´(piece of) chamois leather, used
for cleaning and polishing windows and other surfaces. ¸Ú@-out ³n ¸(a) ´place
in a railway or road where a flood or heavy rain has carried away earth, rock,
etc and interrupted communications. ¸(b) ´(colloq) useless or unsuccessful
person; complete failure or fiasco. ¸Ú@®room ³n ´(US) lavatory (esp in a public
building, etc). ¸Ú@-stand ³n ´(now old-fashioned, except in houses where there
is no piped supply of water to bathrooms or bedrooms) piece of furniture with
a basin, jug, etc for washing in a bedroom. ¸Ú@-tub ³n ´large wooden tub in
which to wash clothes.¼
¨washer© ²/Úwo2E(r) ³US: ²Úwc-/ ³n ¸1 ´machine for washing clothes, or
³(·Ú³dish-@) ´dishes. ¸2 Ú@-woman, ´laundress. ¸3 ´small flat ring of metal,
plastic, rubber or leather for making a joint or screw tight. µ¥ ´the illus at
µbolt.¼
¨wash®ing© ²/Úwo2IG ³US: ²Úwc-/ ³n ¶[U] ¸1 ´washing or being
washed. ¸2 ´clothes being washed or to be washed: ³hang out the @ on the line
to dry. ¸Ú@-day ³n ´= wash-day, µ¥ wash-. ¸Ú@-machine ³n ´power driven machine
for washing clothes. ¸Ú@ soda ³n ´sodium carbonate, used, dissolved in water,
for washing clothes or dishes. ¸*@-Úup ³n µ¥ ³wash up ´at µwash±2µ(1).¼
¨washy© ²/Úwo2I ³US: ²Úwc-/ ³adj ´(of liquids) thin, watery; (of colours)
faded-looking; pale; (of feeling, style) lacking in vigour.¼
¨wasp© ²/wosp ³US: ²wcsp/ ³n ´kinds of flying insect of which the
common kind has a narrow waist, black and yellow stripes and a powerful sting
in the tail. µ¥ ´the illus at µinsect. ¸*@-Úwaisted ³adj ´slender at the
waist. ¸@®ish ²/-I2/ ³adj ´irritable; ill tempered; sharp in making retorts.¼
¨was®sail© ²/ÚwoseIl/ ³n ´(archaic) time of drinking and merry-making; spiced
ale or other liquor drunk at such a time.¼
¨wast®age© ²/ÚweIstIdZ/ ³n ¶[U] ´amount wasted; loss by waste.¼
¨waste© ²/weIst/ ³adj ¸1 ´(of land) that is not or cannot be used; no longer
of use; barren: ³@ land´, not occupied or used for any purpose. ¸Ú@®land
²/-land/ ³n ¸(a) ´barren, desolate or unused land. ¸(b) ´land ravaged by war,
etc: ³Vietnam reduced to @land by bombing and shelling. ¸(c) ´(fig) life,
society, looked upon as culturally and spiritually barren. ·lay @, ´destroy
the crops in, ravage (eÔg territory occupied in war). ¸2 ´useless; thrown away
because not wanted: ³@-paper; @ products´, unwanted after a manufacturing
process. ¹ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A,14,2A] ·@ sth (on sth), ´make no use of; use
without a good purpose; use more of (sth) than is necessary: ³@ one's time and
money on paying bribes; @ one's words/breath´, talk without making any
impression (on sb). ³All his efforts were @d´, had no result. ·W@ not, want
not, ´(prov) If you do not @ your money, etc you are unlikely to be in need. ¸2
¶[VP6A] ´make (land) waste; ravage. ¸3 ¶[VP6A,2A,C] ´(cause to) lose strength
by degrees: ³He's wasting away. Consumption is a wasting disease. His body was
@d by long illness. ¸4 ¶[VP2A] ´be @d: ³Turn that tap offÅthe water is wasting.
¹ n ¸1 ¶[U] ´wasting or being @d: ³There's too much @ in this house. It's a @
of time to wait any longer. What a @ of energy! ·go/run to @, ´be @d: ³What a
pity to see all that water running to @! ´eÔg instead of being used for
generating electric current. ¸2 ¶[U] ´@ material; refuse. ¸Ú@-basket/-bin
´(US), ¸*@-Úpaper-basket ´(GB) ³nn ´basket or other container for scraps of
paper, etc. ¸Ú@-pipe ³n ´pipe for carrying off used or superfluous water. ¸3
¶[U] ´area of @ land: ³the @s of the Sahara; ´dreary scene: ³a @ of waters.
¸@r ³n ´(colloq) wastrel. ¸@®ful ²/-fl/ ³adj ´causing @; using more than is
needed: ³@ful habits/processes; @ful expenditure. ¸@®fully ²/-fElI/ ³adv¼
¨wast®rel© ²/ÚweIstrEl/ ³n ´good-for-nothing person; wasteful person.¼
¨watch©1 ²/wot2/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´act of watching, esp to see that all
is well. ·be on the @ (for), ´be watching for (sth or sb, or esp possible
danger). ·keep @ (on/over), ´look out for danger, etc. ¸Ú@-dog ³n ´dog kept to
protect property, esp a house; (fig) sb or sth that protects. ¸Ú@-tower ³n
´high tower from which to keep @, eÔg in a forest, to look for forest fires, or
a fortified observation post. ¸2 the @, ´(hist) body of men employed to go
through the streets and protect people and their property, esp at night: ³the
constables of the @; call out the @. ¸3 ´(in ships) period of duty (4 or 2
hours) for part of the crew (¸the first @, ´8pÔm to midnight. ¸the middle @,
´midnight to 4aÔm; ¸the Údog-@s, ´4pÔm to 6pÔm or 6pÔm to 8pÔm); either of the
halves into which a ship's crew is divided for purposes of duty (called ¸the
starboard ´and ¸port @es ´from the positions of the men's bunks in former
times). ·on @, ´on duty in this way. ·keep @, ´be on @. ¸4 ´(old use) period
of wakefulness in the night: ³in the @es of the night´, while one lies awake.
¸Ú@ night service, ´church service at midnight, New Year's Eve. ¸@®ful ²/-fl/
³adj ´on the @; wide-awake. ¸@®fully ²/-fElI/ ³adv ¸@®ful®ness ³n ¸@®man
²/-mEn/ ³n (pl µ-men³) ¸(a) ´(hist) member of the @µ(2)´. ¸(b) ´man employed to
guard a building (eÔg a bank, block of offices, factory) against thieves, esp
at night. ¸@®word ²/-w3d/ ³n ¸(a) ´password. ¸(b) ´slogan.¼
¨watch©2 ²/wot2/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP2A,B,C,3A,4,6A,8,10,15A,18A,19A]
´look at; keep the eyes on: ³W@ me carefully. W@ what I do and how I do it. We
sat there @ing the cricket. Are you going to play or only @? He @ed to see ´(=
@ed in order to see) ³what would happen. I @ed her cross the street´, looked at
and saw this action from start to finish. ³I sat @ing the shadows creep across
the floor´, looked at and saw this happening (but not necessarily from start
to finish). ³My solicitor is @ing the case for me/holds a @ing brief for me´,
is present in court during the case to protect my interests. ·@ one's step,
¸(a) ´be careful not to fall or stumble. ¸(b) ´be careful not to make an
error, let sb win an advantage, etc, eÔg in negotiations. ·@ one's time,
´(more usu ³bide´) wait for the right time. ·@ the time, ´keep your eye on the
time (eÔg to avoid being late for sth). ·@ (out) (for sth), ´look out for:
³There's a policeman @ing outside´, iÔe for anything suspicious: ³The doctor
told her to @ out ´(= be on the look-out) ³for symptoms of measles. ·@ out,
´be on one's guard. ·@ (over) sth, ´guard; protect: ³Will you @ (over) my
clothes while I have a swim? ¸2 ¶[VP2A] ´(old use) remain awake: ³@ all night
at the bedside of a sick child. ¸@er ³n ´person who @es.¼
¨watch©3 ²/wot2/ ³n ´small timepiece that can be carried in the pocket or worn
on the wrist (cf ³clock´): ³What time is it by your @? What does your @ say?
¸Ú@-glass ³n ´disc covering the face of a @. ¸Ú@-guard/-chain ³n ´strap or
chain for securing a @ to the clothing. ¸Ú@-key ³n ´separate key for winding a
@. ¸Ú@-maker ³n ´person who makes or repairs @es.¼
¨water©1 ²/ÚwctE(r)/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´liquid ¸(H¶c¸O) ´as in rivers,
lakes, seas and oceans: ³W@ is changed into steam by heat and into ice by cold.
Fish live in (the) @. ·by @, ´by boat, ship, barge, etc. ·in deep @(s),
´experiencing or undergoing difficulty or misfortune. ·in smooth @, ´making
smooth or easy progress. ·on the @, ´in a boat, etc. ·under @, ´flooded: ³The
fields were under @ after the heavy rain. ·be in/get into hot @, ´have/get into
trouble (esp because of foolish behaviour, etc). ·cast/throw one's bread upon
the @(s), ´do a good action without requiring reward, although later some
unexpected return may come. ·drink the @s, ´go to a spa where there are mineral
@s and drink them for one's health. ·go through fire and @ (for sb/sth),
´undergo severe hardship and trials. ·hold @, ´(of a theory, etc) be sound when
tested. ·keep one's head above @, ´avoid (esp financial) troubles or
misfortunes. ·make @, ¸(a) ´pass urine from the bladder. ¸(b) ´(of a ship) have
a leak. ·spend money, etc like @, ´extravagantly. ·throw cold @ on ´(a plan,
etc), discourage (it). ·tread @, µ¥ tread, ³vi,vtÔµ(4). ·like a fish out of @,
´feeling uncomfortable, behaving awkwardly, because of unaccustomed
surroundings, an unfamiliar situation, etc. ·Still @s run deep, ´(prov) Beneath
a quiet manner there may be depths of emotion, knowledge, cunning, etc.
·written in @, ´(of a name, reputation, etc) soon forgotten; transient. ·@ on
the brain/knee, etc, ´morbid accumulation of fluid. ·the @s of forgetfulness,
´oblivion. ¸Útable/Úmineral @s, ´with a mineral ingredient, bottled for use at
table. ¸Úback@, µ¥ back±4µ(3). ¸2 ¶[U] ´the state of the tide: ³at high/low @;
high/low ·Ú³@ mark. ·in low @, ´(fig) short of money. ¸3 ³(pl) ´seas as
indicated by a preceding word: ³in Korean @s´, on the seas near Korea; ³a ship
for service in Home @s´, on the seas near the country to which the ship
belongs. ¸4 ´(usu ³pl´) mass of @: ³the (·Ú³head-)@s of the Nile´, the lake
from which it flows. ³The @s of the lake flow out over a large waterfall. ¸5
¶[U] ´solution of a substance in @: ·Ú³lavender-@; ·Ú³rose-@, etc. ¸6 ·of the
first @, ´of the finest quality: ³a diamond of the first @. ¸7 ´(in compounds)
¸Ú@®bird ³n ´kinds of bird that swim or wade in (esp fresh) @. ¸Ú@-biscuit ³n
´thin, hard biscuit made of flour and @, usu eaten with butter and cheese.
¸Ú@-blister ³n ´blister on the skin containing a colourless liquid, not blood.
¸Ú@-borne ³adj ¸(a) ´(of goods) carried by @. ¸(b) ´(of diseases) passed on by
the use of contaminated drinking-@. ¸Ú@-bottle ³n ¸(a) ´glass container for @
at table or in a bedroom. ¸(b) ´metal flask (US = ³canteen´) for use by a
soldier, scout, etc. ¸Ú@-buffalo ³n ´the common domestic buffalo of India,
Indonesia, etc. µ¥ ´the illus at µdomestic. ¸Ú@-butt, µ¥ butt±1µ(2).
¸Ú@®cannon, ´high-pressure hose, for forcing a jet of @, eÔg to disperse
rioters. ¸Ú@-cart ³n ´cart with a tank for @, either for sale or for sprinkling
on dusty roads, etc. ¸Ú@®chute ³n ´sloping channel leading to @, down which
boats, toboggans, etc slide, eÔg at a fun fair. ¸Ú@-closet ³n ´(common abbr
¸WÔC´) small room with a pan in which matter evacuated from the bowels may be
flushed down a drain-pipe by @ from a cistern. ¸Ú@-colour ´(US = ¸-color´) ³n
¸(a) ³(pl) ´paints (to be) mixed with @, not oil. ¸(b) ´picture painted with
@-colours. ¸(c) ³(pl ´or ³sing) ´the art of painting such pictures. ¸Ú@®course
³n ´(channel of a) brook or stream. ¸Ú@®cress ³n ¶[U] ´creeping plant that
grows in running @, with hot-tasting leaves used in salads. ¸Ú@ diviner, µ¥
diviner. ¸Ú@®fall ³n ¶[C] ´fall of @, esp where a river falls over rocks or a
cliff. ¸Ú@-finder ³n ´dowser, µ¥ dowsing. ¸Ú@®fowl ³n ´(collective ³pl´)
´@birds, esp those that swim, considered as suitable for shooting by sportsmen.
¸Ú@®front ³n ´land at the @'s edge, esp the part of a town facing the sea, the
harbour, a lake, etc. ¸Ú@-glass ³n ¶[U] ´thick liquid used for coating eggs to
keep them in good condition. ¸Ú@®hen ³n ´= ³moorhen, µ¥ moor±1µ. ¸Ú@-hole ³n
´shallow depression in which @ collects (esp in the bed of a river otherwise
dry, and to which animals go to drink). ¸Ú@-ice ³n ¶[C] ´frozen @ with sugar
and fruit-juices or other flavouring. ¸Ú@-jacket ³n ´case filled with @ and
fitted over part of a machine which is to be kept cool. ¸Ú@ jump ³n ´obstacle
(in show-jumping, steeplechases) of a ditch or water, usu with a fence, over
which horses jump. ¸Ú@-level ³n ´surface of @ in a reservoir or other body of
@, esp as a datum for measurement. ¸Ú@-lily ³n ´kinds of plant with broad, flat
leaves floating on the surface of the @, and white, blue or yellow flowers.
¸Ú@-line ³n ´line along which the surface of the @ touches a ship's side: ³the
load @-line, ´when the ship is loaded; ³the light @-line, ´when the ship is
empty of cargo. ¸Ú@-logged ²/-logd ³US: ²-lcgd/ ³adj ¸(a) ´(of wood) so
saturated with @ that it will barely float. ¸(b) ´(of a ship) so full of @ that
it will barely float. ¸(c) ´(of land) thoroughly soaked with @. ¸Ú@-main ³n
´main pipe in a system of @-supply. ¸Ú@®man ²/-mEn/ ³n (pl µ-men³) ´boatman;
man who manages a boat for hire; ferryman. ¸Ú@®mark ³n ¸(a) ´manufacturer's
design in some kinds of paper, seen when the paper is held against light. ¸(b)
´mark which shows how high @ (eÔg the tide, a river) has risen or how low it
has fallen. ¸Ú@®melon ³n ´large, smooth-skinned melon with juicy pink or red
flesh; trailing plant bearing such melons. ¸Ú@®mill ³n ´mill whose machinery is
turned by @-power. ¸Ú@-nymph ³n ´nymph associated with a river, lake, etc.
¸Ú@-polo ³n ¶[U] ´game played by two teams of swimmers who try to throw a ball
into a goal. ¸Ú@-power ³n ¶[U] ´power obtained from flowing or falling @, used
to drive machinery or generate electric current. ¸Ú@®proof ³adj ´which does not
let @ through: ³@proof material. µ¹ ³n ´@proof coat; raincoat. µ¹ ³vt ´make
@proof. ¸Ú@-rat/-vole ³n ´rat-like animal frequenting @. ¸Ú@-rate ³n ´(GB)
charge made (usu quarterly) for the use of @ from a public @-supply. ¸Ú@®shed
³n ´line of high land separating river systems; (fig) dividing line between
events which take different courses. ¸Ú@®side ³n ´margin of the sea, a river,
lake, etc: ³go for a stroll along the @side. ¸Ú@-skiing ³n ´the sport of skiing
on @ while being towed at speed by a fast motor-boat. ¸Ú@-skin ³n ´skin bag for
carrying @. ¸Ú@-softener ³n ´device or substance for removing the causes of
hardness in @. ¸Ú@-spaniel ³n ´kind of spaniel that can be trained to swim out
and bring back @fowl, etc shot down by sportsmen. ¸Ú@-spout ³n ¸(a) ´pipe or
spout from which @ is discharged, eÔg rainwater from a roof. ¸(b) ´whirlwind
over the sea which draws up a whirling mass of @ so as to look like a
funnel-shaped column of @ going up to the clouds. ¸Ú@-supply ³n ´system of
providing and storing @, amount of @ stored, for a district, town, building,
etc. ¸Ú@®table ³n ´level below which the ground is saturated with @: ³The
@table has been lowered by drought. ¸Ú@®tight ³adj ¸(a) ´made, fastened, etc so
that @ cannot get in or out: ³@tight boots/joints/compartments in a ship. ¸(b)
´(fig, of an agreement, etc) drawn up so that there can be no escape from any
of the provisions; leaving no possibility of misunderstanding. ¸Ú@-tower ³n
´one which supports a large tank which secures pressure for distributing a
@-supply. ¸Ú@-waggon ´(US = ¸-wagon´) ³n ´= @-cart: ³on the @-waggon, µ¥
waggon(1). ¸Ú@®way ³n ´navigable channel (eÔg a canal, channel up a river where
the @ is deep enough for ships). ¸Ú@-wheel ³n ´one turned by a flow of @, used
to work machinery. ¸Ú@-wings ³n pl ´floats worn on the shoulders by a person
learning to swim. ¸Ú@®works ³n ´(with ³sing ´or ³pl v´) ¸(a) ´system of
reservoirs, pumping stations, @-mains, etc for supplying @. ¸(b) ´ornamental
fountains. ¸(c) ´(colloq) (working of the) bladder: ³Are your @works all right?
´Can you pass urine normally? ¸(d) ´(colloq) tears: ³turn on the @works´, shed
tears. ¸Ú@-worn ³adj ´(of rocks, etc) made smooth by the action of @.¼
¨water©2 ²/ÚwctE(r)/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A] ´put water on; sprinkle with
water: ³@ the lawn/the plants/the streets. ¸@®ing-can ²/ÚwctErIG kan/ ³n
´container with a long spout, used for @ing plants. ¸@®ing-cart ²/ÚwctErIG kqt/
³n ´one with a tank and a sprinkler for @ing roads (to settle the dust, clean
them). ¸2 ¶[VP6A] ´give water to: ³@ the horses. ¸3 ¶[VP2A] ´(of the eyes or
mouth) fill with water; have much liquid: ³The smoke made my eyes @. The smell
from the kitchen made my mouth @´, aroused my appetite. Hence, ¸Úmouth-@ing
³adj ´highly appetizing. ¸4 ¶[VP15B] ·@ sth down, ´add water to: ³This whisky
has been @ed (down). The story has been @ed down´, (fig) weakened, eÔg by
making details less vivid. ¸5 ¶[VP6A] ´(fin) increase (a company's debt or
nominal capital) by issuing new shares without increasing the assets. ¸6 @ed
³(pp ´as ³adj) ´supplied with water: ³a country @ed by numerous rivers. ¸@ed
silk, ´manufactured so that there are wavy markings on the surface. ¸7
@®ing-place ²/ÚwctErIG pleIs/ ³n ¸(a) ´water-hole; place to which animals go to
drink. ¸(b) ´spa. ¸(c) ´seaside resort.¼
¨Wat®er®loo© ²/*wctEÚlu/ ³n ·meet one's @, ´be finally and crushingly defeated
in a contest (esp after a period of success).¼
¨wat®ery© ²/ÚwctErI/ ³adj µ(-ier, -iest) ¸1 ´of or like water; (esp of cooked
vegetables) containing, cooked in, too much water: ³@ soup/cabbage. ¸2 ´(of
colour) pale. ¸3 ´(of the eyes or lips) running with, covered with, water. ¸4
´suggesting that there will be rain: ³a @ moon/sky.¼
¨watt© ²/wot/ ³n ´unit of electrical power: ³a 60 @ light-bulb. ¸wat®tage
²/ÚwotIdZ/ ³n ¶[U] ´amount of electrical power expressed in @s.¼
¨wattle©1 ²/Úwotl/ ³n ¸1 ´structure of sticks or twigs woven over
and under thicker upright sticks, used for fences, walls, etc. ¸*@ and Údaub,
´this structure covered with clay, for walls and roofs. ¸2 ´kinds of Australian
acacia supplying such twigs, with golden flowers adopted as the national
emblem.¼
¨wattle©2 ²/Úwotl/ ³n ´red flesh hanging down from the head or throat of a
bird, esp a turkey. µ¥ ´the illus at µfowl.¼
¨wave© ²/ÚweIv/ ³vi,vt ¸1 ¶[VP2A,3A] ·@ (at/to/in), ´(of a fixed object, eÔg a
hand, flag, branch) move regularly to and fro, up and down: ³flags/branches
waving in the wind. Bill @ed at me, ´iÔe his hand, eÔg as a signal. ³Bill @ed
to me, ´iÔe his hand, eÔg as a greeting (in meeting or parting). ¸2
¶[VP6A,15A,12A,13A] ´cause (sth) to move in this way (eÔg to make a signal or
request, to give a greeting, etc): ³@ one's hand at sb; @ one's umbrella/a
flag. She @d (me) a greeting. She @d goodbye to us. ¸3 ¶[VP15B,16A] ´cause (sb)
to move in a certain direction by waving: ³The officer @d his men on/@d them to
advance. He @d us away. ·@ sth aside, ´(fig) dismiss: ³My objections were @d
aside. ¸4 ¶[VP2A] ´(of a line or surface, of hair) be in a series of curves:
³Her hair @s beautifully. ¸5 ¶[VP6A] ´cause to be in a series of
curves: ³She's had her hair @d. µ¥ perm. ¹ ³n ¶[C] ¸1 ´long ridge of water, esp
on the sea, between two hollows (or troughs, furrows); such a ridge curling
over and breaking on the shore. ¸the @s, ´(poet) the sea. ·in @s, ´in
successive lines like sea-@s: ³The infantry attacked in @s. ¸2 ´act of
waving(µ1´) the hand; waving movement: ³with a @ of his hand, ´eÔg as a signal.
¸3 ´curve like a @ of the sea: ³the @s in a girl's hair. She has a natural @ in
her hair. ¸4 ´steady increase and spread: ³a @ of enthusiasm/indignation; a
·Ú³crime @; a ·Ú³heat @´, a period of weather with temperatures much higher
than usual and over a large area. ¸5 ´@-like motion by which heat, sound,
light, radio, magnetism, etc is spread or carried. ¸Ú@-length ³n ´distance
between the highest point (the crest) of one @ and that of the next (esp with
reference to radio telegraphy). ¸long/medium/short @, ´@ used in radio
broadcasting: ³a short-@ transmitter. ¸wavy ³adj µ(-ier, -iest) ´having @-like
curves: ³a wavy line; wavy hair.¼
¨wa®ver© ²/ÚweIvE(r)/ ³vi ¶[VP2A,C] ¸1 ´move uncertainly or
unsteadily: ³@ing shadows/flames. ¸2 ´be or become unsteady; begin to give way:
³His courage @ed. He @ed in his resolution. The line of troops @ed and then
broke. ¸3 ´hesitate: ³@ between two opinions. ¸@er ³n ´person who @s.¼
¨wax©1 ²/waks/ ³n ¶[U] ´soft yellow substance produced by bees ³(·Ú³beeswax)
´and used for making honeycomb cells; kinds of substance similar to beeswax
(eÔg as obtained from petroleum); such material bleached and purified, used for
making candles, for modelling, etc: (attrib) ³a wax candle; a wax doll´, one
with the head made of wax; ·Ú³paraffin wax; ·Ú³cobblers'-wax´, kind of resin
used on thread; ·Ú³ear-wax´, substance secreted in the ears. ¸Úwax-chandler ³n
´maker or seller of candles. ¸Úwax-paper ³n ´paper that is waterproofed with a
layer of wax. ¸Úwax®work ³n ´object modelled in wax, esp the form of a human
being with face and hands in wax, coloured and clothed to look like life and to
be exhibited: ³go to see the waxworks at Madame Tussaud's´, a place in London
famous for waxworks. ¸Úsealing-wax, µ¥ seal, ³vtµ(1). ³¹ vt ¶[VP6A] ´cover,
polish or treat with wax: ³wax furniture/a wooden floor/linoleum. ¸waxen
²/Úwaksn/ ³adj ¸1 ´(old use; now usu ³wax´) made of wax. ¸2 ´like wax: ³a waxen
complexion. ¸waxy ³adj ´like wax; having a smooth, pale surface; like wax in
texture: ³waxy potatoes.¼
¨wax©2 ²/waks/ ³vi ¸1 ¶[VP2A] ´(esp of the moon, contrasted with
³wane´) show a larger bright area. ¸2 ¶[VP2D] ´(old use) become: ³wax
merry/lyrical/eloquent.¼
¨wax©3 ²/waks/ ³n ´(sl) fit of anger: ³be in/get into/put sb into a wax. ¸waxy
³adj ´angry.¼
¨way©1 ²/weI/ ³n ¸1 ´road, street, path, etc: (in compounds)
·Ú³highway; ·Ú³railway; ·Ú³byway; a way across the fields; a covered ´(=
roofed) ³way; the Appian Way´, a Roman road in Italy. ¸Úclear@, µ¥ clear±1µ(5).
³There's no way through. My friend lives across/over the way´, on the other
side of the street (or road). ·pave the way for, ´prepare for, prepare people
to accept, (reforms, etc). ¸the Way of the Cross, ´a series of paintings,
carvings, etc (usu in or near a church) illustrating the progress of Jesus to
Calvary. ¸2 ´route, road (to be) used (³from ´one place ³to ´another): ³Which
is the best/right/quickest/shortest, etc way there/from A to B? Can you find
your way home? We lost the way/our way in the dark. Which is the way in/out?
The longest/farthest way round/about is the nearest way home´, (prov) Short
cuts are often delusive. ³We'd better stop and ask someone the way. He
made/pushed/fought/felt his way out/back, etc. We had to pick our way along the
muddy path. ·go one's way(s), ´depart. ·go out of one's way (to do sth), ´make
a special effort: ³He went out of his way to be rude to me/to help me. ·lead
the way, ´go in front as leader; show by example how sth may be done. ·make
one's Úway in life, ´succeed. ·make the best of one's way, ´go as fast as one
can. ·make one's way (to/towards)´, go. ·pay one's way, ¸(a) ´keep out of debt.
¸(b) ´pay one's share of expenses instead of letting others pay. ·the parting
of the ways, ´(fig) the time when an important decision must be made as to
future plans, etc. ·by way of, ´via; using a route through: ³He came by way of
Dover. µ¥ ´also µ14 ´below. ·out of the way, ´exceptional, uncommon: ³He has
done nothing out of the way yet. ¸*out-of-the-Úway, ´(attrib use) remote: ³an
out-of-the-way place/corner. ¸3 ·by the way, ¸(a) ´during a journey. ¸(b)
´(fig) incidentally; in passing (often used to introduce a remark not connected
with the subject of conversation). ·on the/one's way, ´being engaged in going
or coming: ³They're still on the way. I'll buy some on the/my way home. He's on
the way to success. ³She's got another child on the way, ´(colloq) is pregnant
again. ·on the way out, ´(fig; colloq) about to become out of date, out of
fashion. ¸4 ¶[C] ´method or plan; course of action: ³the right/wrong/best, etc
way to do/of doing a thing. Is this the way to do it/the way you do it? Do it
(in) your own way if you don't like my way. The work must be finished (in) one
way or another. ·Where there's a will there's a way, ´(prov) If we want to do
sth, we will find a method of doing it. ·ways and means, ´methods, esp of
providing money. ·have/get one's own way, ´get/do what one wants. ·go/take
one's own way, ´act independently, esp contrary to the advice of others. ¸5
³(sing ´only) distance between two points; distance (to be) traversed: ³It's a
long way off/a long way from here. The roots go a long way down. Your work is
still a long way off perfection´, is far from being perfect. ³Your work this
week is better by a long way´, much better. ³This will go a long way ´(= will
be very helpful) ³in overcoming the difficulty. ¸6 ¶[C] ´direction: ³He went
this/that/the other way. Look this way, please. He couldn't look my way´,
towards me. ³Such opportunities never come/fall my way´, come to me. ³You've
got your hat on the wrong way´, eÔg back to front. ³He's in a fair way to
succeed´, is making progress in the right direction. ·put sb in the way of
(doing) sth, ´help him to make a start: ³A kind friend put him in the way of
earning a living. ¸7 ´(colloq; ³sing ´only; not stressed) neighbourhood: ³He
lives somewhere Lincoln way´, near Lincoln. ³The crops are looking very well
our way´, in our part of the country. ¸8 ¶[U] ´advance in some direction;
progress (esp of a ship or boat). ·be under way; have way Úon, ´(of a ship) be
moving through the water. ·gather/lose way, ´gain/lose speed: ³The boat slowly
gathered way. ·get under way, ´start to move forward. ·give way, ´(of oarsmen)
row hard. Also µ¥ give±1µ(10). ·make way, ´(lit or fig) advance. ¸9 ¶[U] ´space
for forward movement, for passing ahead; freedom to go forward: ³Don't stand in
the way. Tell that boy not to get in the way. Tell him to stand out of the/my
way. Clear the way! ·be/put sth out of harm's way, ´in a safe place. ·get sth
out of the way, ´settle it, dispose of it. ·give way (to sth/sb), µ¥
give±1µ(10). ·make way (for), ´allow space or a free passage: ³All traffic has
to make way for a fire-engine. ·put sb out of the way, ´put him in prison, kill
him (secretly), or otherwise get rid of him. ·put sb in the way of sth, ´give
him the opportunity of securing, eÔg a good bargain. ·see one's way (clear) to
doing sth, ´see how to do it; (esp) feel justified in doing it: ³I don't see my
way clear to helping you. I don't see my way clear to recommending you for the
job. ·right of way, µ¥ right±3µ(2). ¸10 ¶[C] ´custom; manner of behaving;
personal peculiarity: ³the good old ways; English/Chinese, etc ways of
life/living; the way of the world´, what appears to be justified by custom.
³It's not his way to be mean´, Meanness is not in his nature. ³It's disgraceful
the way he drinks´, His habit of (excessive) drinking is disgraceful. ³I don't
like the way ´(= manner in which) ³he looks at me. ³Don't take offenceÅit's
only his way´, a manner of behaving that has no special significance. ·to Úmy
way of thinking, ´in my opinion. ·the way, ´(colloq; adverbial use) as; in the
manner that: ³He doesn't do it the way I do. ·he/she has a way with him/her,
´he/she is persuasive. ·mend one's ways, ´improve one's manners, behaviour,
etc. ¸11 ¶[C] ´respect; point or detail: ³He's a clever man in some ways. Can I
help you in any way? He is in no way ´(= not at all) ³to blame. They are in no
way similar. The work was well done in one way´, to a limited extent but not on
the whole. ³He's an amusing man in his (own) way. What have we in the way of
food´, What food is there (eÔg in the house, for the next meal, etc)? ·no way,
´(sl) in no way; not at all. ¸12 ¶[C] ´condition, state, degree: ³Things are in
a bad way. She was in a terrible way´, much agitated. ·Úany way, ´in either
case; in any case or event. ·each way/both ways, ´(in backing horses) to win,
to get a place in the first three. ·in the Úfamily way, ´(colloq) pregnant. ·in
a big/small way, ´on a big/small scale: ³live in a small way´, simply, without
ostentation; ³a printer in a small way; advertise in a big way. ·have it both
ways, ´choose first one and then the other of alternatives in order to suit
one's convenience, argument, etc. ¸13 ´ordinary course: ³do sth in the way of
business. ¸14 ·by way of, ¸(a) ´as a substitute for or as a kind of: ³say sth
by way of apology/introduction. ¸(b) ´for the purpose of, with the intention
of: ³make inquiries by way of learning the facts of the case. ¸(c) ´in the
course of: ³by way of business. µ¥ ´also µ2 ´above. ¸15 ³(pl) ´structure of
heavy timber on which a ship is built and down which it slides when launched.
µ¥ ³slipway ´at µslip±1µ(6). ¸16 ´(compounds) ¸Úway-bill ³n ´list of goods
being conveyed by a carrier, with instructions about their destinations, etc.
¸Úway®farer ²/-feErE(r)/ ³n ´(liter) traveller, esp on foot. ¸Úway®faring
²/-feErIG/ ³adj ´travelling: ³a wayfaring man. ¸Úway®side ³n ´side of a road:
(attrib) ³wayside flowers.¼
¨way©2 ²/weI/ ³adv ´far; by a long way±1µ(5)´: ³The discussion wandered way off
the point. Bill finished way ahead of me in the 100 metres sprint. The
wage-claim is way above what the firm can afford. ¸*way-Úout ³adj ´(colloq)
strange; eccentric: ³way-out clothes/ideas.¼
¨way®lay© ²/*weIÚleI/ ³vt (pt,pp µ-laid ²/-ÚleId/³) ¶[VP6A] ´(wait
somewhere to) attack, rob (sb); accost (sb) unexpectedly (usu with a request):
³He was waylaid by bandits. He waylaid me with a request for a loan.¼
¨way®ward© ²/ÚweIwEd/ ³adj ´self-willed; not easily controlled or guided: ³a @
child; a child with a @ disposition.¼
¨we© ²/wi/ ³pron ¸1 ´used by a speaker or writer referring to himself and
another or others (with object form ³us´). ¸2 ´used by a King, Pope, etc in
proclamations instead of ³I´, and by the writer of an unsigned article in a
newspaper, etc.¼
¨weak© ²/wik/ ³adj µ(-er, -est) ¸1 ´(opp of ³strong´) lacking in
strength; easily broken; unable to resist hard wear or use, attack, etc: ³too
@ to walk; @ in the legs; a table with @ legs; a @ defence; a @ team; the @
points of an argument/plan. ¸*@-Úkneed ³adj ´(fig) lacking determination; @ in
character. ¸2 ´(of the senses, etc) below the usual standard: ³@ (´more usu
³poor) sight and hearing; a @ heart. ´Hence, ·*³@-·Ú³eyed; ·*³@-·Ú³sighted;
·*³@-·Ú³minded; ·*³@-·Ú³headed. ¸3 ´(of mixed liquids or solutions) watery;
having little of some substance in relation to the water, etc: ³@ tea/beer; a @
solution. ¸4 ´not good; not efficient: ³@ in spelling/arithmetic/biology. ¸5
´(gram) ¸@ verb, ´one inflected by additions to the stem, not by vowel change
(as ³walk, walked´, contrasted with ³run, ran ´and ³come, came). ¸@ form ´(of
the pronunciation of some common words), form occurring in an unstressed
position, usu by the use of a different vowel sound or by the absence of a
vowel sound or consonant (eÔg ²/En/ ´or ²/n/ ´for ²/and/ ³and, ´as in ³bread
and butter ²/*bred n ÚbAtE(r)/´). ¸@en ²/ÚwikEn/ ³vt,vi ¶[VP6A,2A] ´make or
become @(er). ¸@®ling ³n ´@ person or animal. ¸@®ly ³adv ´in a @ manner. µ¹
³adj ´delicate in health; not robust: ³a @ly child. ¸@®ness ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´state
of being @: ³the @ness of old age; the @ness of a country's defences. ¸2 ¶[C]
´fault or defect of character: ³We all have our little @nesses. ¸3 ·have a
@ness for, ´a special or foolish liking for: ³He has a @ness for fish and
chips/fast cars.¼
¨weal©1 ²/wil/ ³n ¶[U] ´(liter) well-being (chiefly in): ³@ and
woe´, good and bad fortune; ³for the public/general @´, the welfare of all.¼
¨weal©2 ²/wil/ ³n ¶[C] ´mark on the skin made by a blow from a stick, whip,
etc.¼
¨weald© ²/wild/ ³n ´(GB) stretch of open country, formerly forest: ³the @ of
Kent.¼
¨wealth© ²/welT/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´(possession of a) great amount of property, money,
etc; riches: ³a man of @; acquire great @. ¸2 ·a/the @ of, ´great amount or
number of: ³a book with a @ of illustrations; the @ of phrases and sentences to
illustrate meanings in this dictionary. ¸@y ³adj µ(-ier, -iest) ´having @µ(1)´;
rich. ¸@®ily ²/-IlI/ ³adv¼
¨wean© ²/win/ ³vt ¸1 ¶[VP6A] ´accustom (a baby, a young animal) to food other
than its mother's milk. ¸2 ¶[VP14] ·@ sb from sth, ´cause (sb) to turn away
(from a habit, companions, etc).¼
¨weapon© ²/ÚwepEn/ ³n ´sth designed for, or used in, fighting or struggling
(eÔg swords, guns, fists, a strike by workmen): ³Whether a gun is a @ of
offence or a @ of defence depends upon which end of it you are at. ¸@®less ³adj
´without @s.¼
¨wear©1 ²/weE(r)/ ³n ¶[U] ¸1 ´wearing or being worn; use as
clothing: ³a suit for everyday @; a coat that has been in constant @. This
carpet will stand any amount of hard @. This coat is beginning to look the
worse for @´, shows signs of having been worn for a long time, so that it is no
longer in a good or useful condition. ¸2 ´damage or loss of quality from use:
³These shoes are showing (signs of) @. ·@ and tear, ´damage, loss in value,
from normal use. ¸3 ´capacity to endure: ³There's not much @ left in these
shoes´, They cannot be worn much longer. ¸4 ´(chiefly in compounds or in terms
used by tradesmen) things to wear: ·Ú³under@; ·Ú³foot@; ·Ú³ladies'/·Ú³men's @;
a shop that specializes in ·Ú³children's @.¼
¨wear©2 ²/weE(r)/ ³vt,vi (pt µwore ²/wc(r)/, ³pp µworn ²/wcn/³) ¸1
¶[VP6A,22,15B] ´have on the body, carry on one's person or on some part of it;
(of looks) have on the face: ³He was @ing a hat/spectacles/a beard/heavy
shoes/a ring on his finger/a troubled look. This is a style that is much worn
now´, that is in fashion now. ³She never @s green´, iÔe green clothes. ³She
used to @ her hair long´, used to have long hair. ³The house wore ´(= had) ³a
neglected look. ·@ the crown, ¸(a) ´be a monarch. ¸(b) ´be a martyr. ¸2
¶[VP2C,D,4,22,15A,B] ´(cause to) become less useful or to be in a certain
condition, by being used: ³I have worn my socks into holes. This material has
worn thin. The stones were worn by the constant flow of water. This old
overcoat is much worn´, is much the worse for wear. ·@ away, ´become impaired,
thin, weak, as the result of constant use: ³The inscription on the stone had
worn away´, the words were difficult to read. ·@ sth away, ´consume or impair
sth by constant use, etc: ³The footsteps of thousands of visitors had worn away
the steps. ·@ down, ´become gradually smaller, thinner, weaker, etc: ³The heels
of these shoes are @ing down. ·@ sth down, ´cause to @ down. ·@ sb/sth down,
´weaken by constant attack, nervous strain, etc: ³These noisy children do @ me
down! We wore down the enemy's resistance. ·@ off, ´pass away: ³The novelty
will soon @ off. ·@ sth off, ´cause to pass away by degrees; be rubbed off by
friction: ³@ the nap off a piece of velvet. ·@ (sth) out, ´(cause to) become
useless, threadbare, exhausted: ³Cheap shoes soon @ out. My shoes are worn out.
His patience had/was at last worn out. He has worn out ´(= outstayed) ³his
welcome. ·@ sb out, ´exhaust, tire out: ³I'm worn out by all this hard work.
That fellow @s me out with his silly chatter. ´Hence, ¸*worn-Úout ³attrib adj´:
³a worn-out coat. ¸3 ¶[VP6A] ´make (a hole, groove, etc) in by rubbing or
attrition: ³@ holes in a rug/one's socks. In time a path was worn across the
field. ¸4 ¶[VP2B,2A,C] ´endure continued use; remain in a certain condition:
³Good leather will @ for years. This cloth has worn well/badly. Old Mr Smith is
@ing well´, still looks well in spite of his advanced age. ¸5 ¶[VP2C] ·@
on/away, etc, ´(of time) go slowly or tediously; pass gradually: ³as the
evening wore on; as winter wore away; as his life wore towards its close. ¸@er
³n ´person who is @ing sth. ¸@®able ²/-Ebl/ ³adj ´that can be, or is fit to be,
worn. ¸@®ing ³adj ´tiring: ³a @ing day.¼
¨weary© ²/ÚwIErI/ ³adj µ(-ier, -iest) ¸1 ´tired: ³@ in body and
mind; feel @; be @ of someone's constant grumbling. ¸2 ´causing tiredness: ³a @
journey/wait; after walking ten @ miles. ¸3 ´showing tiredness: ³a @ sigh. ¹
vt,vi ¶[VP6A,14,2A,3A] ·@ sb (with sth); @ of sth, ´make or become @: ³@ sb
with requests; @ of living all alone; wearied with marching and climbing.
¸wear®ily ²/-ElI/ ³adv ¸weari®ness ³n ¸wear®i®some ²/ÚwIErIsEm/ ³adj ´tiring;
long and dull.¼
¨wea®sel© ²/Úwizl/ ³n ´small, fierce animal with red-brown fur, living on rats,
rabbits, birds' eggs, etc.¼
¨weather©1 ²/ÚweDE(r)/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´conditions over a particular area and at a
specific time with reference to sunshine, temperature, wind, rain, etc. (µ¥
climate´, used with reference to a long period of time, eÔg a season): ³He
stays indoors in wet @. She goes out in all @s ´(³pl ´here = all kinds of @).
³Many crops depend on the @. ·be/feel under the @, ´(colloq) ill. ·keep a/one's
Ú@ eye open, ´be on the alert; be on the look-out (for trouble, etc). ·make
good/bad @, ´(used by sailors) meet with good/bad @. ·make heavy @ of sth,
´find it troublesome, trying, difficult. ·under stress of @, ´because of
storms, etc. ¸2 ´(compounds) ¸Ú@-beaten ³adj ´bearing marks or signs which come
from exposure to the sun, wind, rain, etc: ³a @-beaten face.
¸Ú@-boarding/-boards ³nn ´horizontal boards each of which overlaps the one
below to cause rain to run off and so keep the wall, etc, from becoming damp.
¸Ú@-bound ³adj ´unable to make or continue a journey because of bad @.
¸Ú@-bureau ³n ´office where the @ is studied and where @ forecasts are made;
meteorological office. ¸Ú@-chart/-map ³n ´diagram showing details of the @ over
a wide area. ¸Ú@®cock ³n ´@-vane in the shape of a cock. ¸Ú@ forecast ³n µ¥
µforecast. ¸Ú@-glass ³n ´barometer. ¸Ú@®man ²/-man/ ³n (pl µ-men³) ´(colloq)
man who reports and forecasts the @. ¸Ú@-proof ³adj ´able to stand exposure to
the @, to keep out rain, snow, wind, etc. ¸Ú@-ship ³n ´one stationed at sea to
make observations of the @. ¸Ú@-station ³n ´one where the @ is observed.
¸Ú@-vane ³n ´= µvane(1).¼
¨weather©2 ²/ÚweDE(r)/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A] ´come through
successfully; survive: ³@ a storm; ³@ a crisis. ¸2 ¶[VP6A] ´sail to the
windward of: ³@ an island. ¸3 ¶[VP6A] ´expose to the weather: ³@ wood´, leave
it in the open air until it is properly shrunk and ready for use. µ¥ season,
³vt,viµ(1). ¸4 ¶[VP6A,2A] ´discolour, be discoloured, (cause to) become worn by
the weather: ³rocks @ed by wind and water; @ed limestone.¼
¨weave© ²/wiv/ ³vt,vi (pt µwove ²/wE8v/, ³pp µwoven ²/wE8vn/³) ¸1
¶[VP6A,15A,B,2A] ·@ sth (up) into sth; @ sth (from sth), ´make (by hand or by
machine) (threads) into cloth, etc; make (cloth, etc) from threads; work at a
loom: ³@ cotton yarn into cloth; @ threads together; woven from/of silk; ´make
(garlands, baskets, etc) by a similar process: ³@ flowers into a wreath; @ a
garland of flowers. ¸2 ¶[VP6A,15A] ´(fig) put together, compose (a story,
romance, etc): ³@ a story round an incident; @ a plot. ·get weaving (on sth),
´(sl) make an energetic start (on a task, etc). ¸3 ¶[VP2C] ´twist and turn:
³The driver was weaving (his way) through the traffic. The road @s through the
valleys. ¹ n ´style of weaving: ³a loose/tight/coarse/plain, etc @. ¸@r ³n
´person whose trade is weaving cloth at a loom. ¸@r-bird ³n ´tropical bird
that makes its nest by tightly weaving together leaves, grass, twigs, etc.¼
¨web© ²/web/ ³n ¶[C] ¸1 ´network (usu fig): ³a web of
lies/deceit/intrigue. ¸2 ´sth made of threads by a spider or other spinning
creature: ³a spider's web. µ¥ cobweb. µ¥ ´the illus at µarachnid. ¸3 ´skin
joining the toes of some waterbird, eÔg ducks, geese, bats and some
water-animals (eÔg frogs). Hence, ¸*web-Úfooted/-Útoed ³adjj ¸webbed ³adj
´having the toes joined by webs. µ¥ ´the illus at µfowl.¼
¨web®bing© ²/ÚwebIG/ ³n ¶[U] ´strong fabric (usu coarse woven) used in belts,
upholstery, binding the edges of rugs, etc.¼
¨wed© ²/wed/ ³vt,vi (pt,pp µwedded ´or µwed³) ¶[VP6A,14,2A] ¸1 ´(journalism)
marry. ¸2 ´(liter) unite: ³simplicity wed to beauty. ·wedded to, ´devoted to;
unable to give up: ³He is wedded to his own opinions and nothing can change
him.¼
¨we'd© ²/wid/ ³c ´= we had/would.¼
¨wed®ding© ²/ÚwedIG/ ³n ´marriage ceremony (and festivities connected with it):
³invite one's friends to one's @; a @ dress. ¸@ breakfast ³n ´meal for the
bride and bridegroom, their relatives, friends, etc between the @ ceremony and
departure for the honeymoon. ¸Ú@-cake ³n ´cake distributed to guests and sent
in small portions to absent friends. ¸Ú@-ring ³n ´ring placed on the bride's
(and in some cases the groom's) finger and worn by her/him afterwards.
¸silver/golden/diamond @, ´25th/50th/60th (or 75th) anniversary of a @.¼
¨wedge© ²/wedZ/ ³n ¸1 µV´-shaped piece of wood or metal, used to split wood or
rock (by being hammered), to widen an opening, or to keep two things separate.
·the thin end of the @, ´(fig) a small change or demand likely to lead to big
changes or demands. ¸2 ´sth shaped like or used like a @: ³a @ of cake´, eÔg
cut from a large round cake; ³seats arranged in a @´, so as to form a triangle.
¹ ³vt ¶[VP6A,15A,22] ´fix tightly (as) with a @; keep in place with a @: ³@
packing into a crack; @ a door open´, by placing a @ under it. ³I was so
tightly @d between two fat women that it was difficult for me to get up and
leave the bus.¼
¨wed®lock© ²/Úwedlok/ ³n ¶[U] ´(legal) condition of being married:
³born in lawful @´, born of married parents; ³born out of @´, illegitimate.¼
¨Wed®nes®day© ²/ÚwenzdeI/ ³n ´fourth day of the week.¼
¨wee©1 ²/wi/ ³adj ´very small: ³just a wee drop of brandy in my coffee. ·a wee
bit, ´(adverbial) a little: ³She's a wee bit jealous. ·the wee folk, ´the
fairies. ·the wee hours, ´(US) the hours after midnight. ¹ ³n ´(Scot) ·bide a
wee, ´stay for a short time.¼
¨wee©2 ²/wi/, ±wee-wee ²/Úwi wi/ ³n ´(used by and to small children)
urine: ³do a wee-wee. ¹ vi ´urinate.¼
¨weed© ²/wid/ ³n ¶[C] ¸1 ´wild plant growing where it is not wanted (eÔg in a
garden, or in a field of wheat): ³My garden is running to @s´, is overgrown
with @s. ¸Ú@-killer ³n ´substance used to kill @s. ¸2 ´(fig) thin, tall,
weak-looking person or horse. ¸3 ´(dated sl) cigar; cigarette; tobacco; (modern
sl) marijuana. ¹ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A,2A] ´take @s out of (the ground): ³@ the
garden; be busy @ing. ¸2 ¶[VP15B] ·@ sth/sb out, ´sort or thin out; remove or
get rid of (what is unwanted, or of lower value than the rest): ³@ out the
herd´, get rid of the inferior animals. ¸weedy ³adj µ(-ier, -iest) ¸1 ´full of,
overgrown with, @s. ¸2 ´(sl) tall, thin and weak: ³a @y young man.¼
¨weeds© ²/widz/ ³n pl ¸widow's @, ´black clothes as formerly worn by a widow
for mourning.¼
¨week© ²/wik/ ³n ¸1 ´any period of seven days; (esp) seven days from Saturday
midnight to Saturday midnight: ³this/last/next @; this day @´, one week from
today; ³this Monday @´, one week from Monday next; ³for the last/next six @s; a
six weeks' holiday; tomorrow @´, eight days from today; ³yesterday @´, eight
days ago; ³three @s ago yesterday´, twenty-two days ago; ³the working @, ´(usu)
Monday to Friday or Saturday. ³What day of the @ is it? ´Cf What's the date? ·@
in, @ out, ´for @s in succession. ¸*@®Úend ³n ´Saturday and Sunday (as a period
of rest or holiday): ³a @end visit to the country; spend the @end with friends.
µ¹ ³vi ´spend a @end: ³I'm @ending at Brighton. ¸*@®Úender ³n ´person spending
the @end away from home. ¸*long @®Úend ³n ´@end, together with Friday or Monday
as a public holiday. ¸2 ´the working days of the @. ¸Ú@®day ²/-deI/ ³n ´any day
except Sunday: ³I'm always busy on @days. ´(attrib) ³There are only @day trains
from this station. ¸@®ly ³adj, adv ´(happening) once a @, every @; of, for a @:
³a @ly wage of $50; @ly visits. µ¹ ³n ´periodical published once a @.¼
¨weeny© ²/ÚwinI/ ³adj µ(-ier, -iest) ´(often ·*³teeny-·Ú³@´) (colloq) tiny.¼
¨weep© ²/wip/ ³vi,vt (pt,pp µwept ²/wept/³) ¶[VP2A,B,C,4B,3A,6A] ´(liter) cry;
let tears fall from the eyes: ³@ for joy; @ over one's misfortunes. She wept to
see him in such a terrible state. She wept over her sad fate. ¸@®ing ³adj ´(of
trees, eÔg the birch and willow) having drooping branches.¼
¨wee®vil© ²/Úwivl/ ³n ´small beetle with a hard shell, feeding on
and infesting stores of grain, nuts and other seeds. µ¥ boll.¼
¨weft© ²/weft/ ³n ¸the @, ´cross-threads taken over and under the warp in
weaving.¼
¨weigh© ²/weI/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A] ´measure (by means of a scale, balance, etc)
how heavy sth is: ³He @ed himself on the scales. He @ed the stone ´(= estimated
how heavy it was) ³in his hands. ·@ sth out, ´distribute in definite
quantities; take a definite quantity of: ³She @ed out flour, sugar and butter
for a cake. ·@ (oneself) in, ´(of a jockey, boxer, etc) be @ed before a race or
contest. ·@ in (with), ´produce (arguments, facts, etc) triumphantly; bring
(them) to bear on a discussion. ¸Ú@-bridge ³n ´@ing-machine with a platform on
to which vehicles, etc can be driven to be @ed. ¸Ú@®ing-machine ³n ´machine for
@ing objects that are too large for a simple balance or scale. ¸2 ¶[VP2B] ´show
a certain measure when put on a scale, etc: ³@ 10 kilos/a ton/nothing, etc.
³How much do you @, ´How heavy are you? ¸3 ¶[VP2C] ´(of a machine, etc) be
capable of taking, designed to take, objects up to a specified weight: ³This
machine will @ up to 5 tons. ¸4 ¶[VP6A,14,15B] ·@ sth (with/against sth),
´compare the importance, value, etc of (one thing and another): ³@ one plan
against another. ·@ sth (up), ´consider carefully, assess: ³@ (up) the
consequences of an action; @ one's words´, consider/choose them carefully; ³@
the pros and cons. ¸5 ¶[VP15B,3A] ·@ sth down, ´pull or bring down; depress:
³The fruit @ed the branches down. ·@ sb down, ´depress; make tired, troubled,
etc: ³@ed down with sorrow/cares/anxieties. ·@ on sb/sth, ´cause concern,
anxiety (because of importance, seriousness): ³The problem/responsibility @s
heavily on him/on his mind. ·@ with sb, ´influence: ³evidence that did not @
with the judges; the point that @s with me. ¸6 ·@ anchor, ´raise the anchor and
start a voyage.¼
¨weight© ²/weIt/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´gravitational force with which a body
tends towards the centre of the earth. ¸2 ¶[U] ´how heavy a thing is; this
expressed in some scale (eÔg tons, kilogrammes) as measured on a scale,
weighing-machine, etc (µ¥ App 5´): ³Are bananas sold by @ or at so much a
piece? That man is twice my @. My @ is 70 kilos. The two boys are (of) the same
@. He is your superior both in size and in @. ·under/over @, ´weighing too
little/too much. ·pull one's @, µ¥ pull±2µ(2). ·put on @, ´(of a person) become
heavier. ·throw one's @ about, ´(colloq) be domineering or conceited; try to
bully people. ¸3 ·a/the @ (of), ´load to be supported: ³The pillars have a
great @ to bear/have to support the @ of the roof. That's a great @ off my
mind. He has a great @ of responsibility. ¸4 ¶[U] ´(degree of) importance or
influence: ³arguments of great @; considerations that had great @ with me.
·carry @, ´be important or influential: ³a man/an opinion that carries @. ¸5
¶[C] ´piece of metal of known @ used in scales for weighing things: ³an
ounce/100 grammes/2 lb, etc @´; heavy object for various purposes: ³a clock
worked by @s; keep papers down with a @ (·Ú³paper-@). The doctor said he must
not lift @s. ¸Ú@-lifting ³n ´gymnastic feat of lifting great @s. ¸6 ¶[U]
´system of units, scale or notation, for expressing @: ³troy/avoirdupois @. ¹
vt ¸1 ¶[VP6A] ´put a @ or @sµ(5) ´on; add @ to; make heavy: ³@ a walking-stick
with lead´, eÔg to make it useful as a weapon. ³Circumstances are @ed in his
favour´, (fig) give him an extra advantage. ¸2 ·@ sb down, ´burden with: ³He
was @ed down with packages. ¸3 ¶[VP6A] ´treat (a fabric) with a mineral
substance to make it seem stronger: ³@ed silk. ¸@®less ³adj ´having no @, eÔg
because of absence of gravity. ¸@®less®ness ³n´: ³become accustomed to
@lessness in a spacecraft. ¸@y ³adj µ(-ier, -iest) ¸1 ´of great @; burdensome.
¸2 ´influential; important: ³@y considerations/arguments. ¸@®ily ²/-IlI/ ³adv
¸@i®ness ³n¼
¨weir© ²/wIE(r)/ ³n ¶[C] ´wall or barrier across a river to control
the flow of water; fence of stakes or broken branches in a stream as a trap for
catching fish.¼
¨weird© ²/wIEd/ ³adj ¸1 ´unnatural; unearthly; mysterious: ³@ shrieks from the
darkness of the ruined castle. ¸2 ´(colloq) strange; difficult to understand or
explain: ³What @ shoes women sometimes wear! ¸@®ly ³adv ¸@®ness ³n ¸@ie
²/ÚwIEdI/ ³n ´(sl) eccentric person, esp one who is very unconventional in
behaviour, dress and appearance.¼
¨wel®come© ²/ÚwelkEm/ ³adj ¸1 ´received with, giving, pleasure: ³a @
visitor/rest; @ news; make a friend @´, show him that his coming is @. ³A loan
would be very @ to me just now. ¸2 ·@ to do sth/to sth, ¸(a) ´freely permitted:
³You are @ to borrow my bicycle. You are @ to the use of my car. Anyone is @ to
my share´, may have it. ¸(b) ´(ironic) permitted to have sth burdensome or
unwanted: ³If anyone thinks he can do this job any better, he's @ to it/@ to
try! ´I'll gladly let him do it. ¸(c) ´absolved of the need to express thanks:
³You are @ to it ´(usu shortened to) ·You're @, ´= Don't mention it. ¸3 ´(as an
interjection) ³W@ home! W@ to England! ¹ n ¶[C] ´greeting, response by word or
action, when sb arrives, when an offer is received, etc: ³They gave us/We
received a warm/cold/enthusiastic, etc @. The heartiest of @s awaited us. ¹ vt
¶[VP6A,15A] ´show pleasure or satisfaction at sth, at the arrival of sb or sth;
greet (in the manner indicated): ³@ a friend to one's home; @ a suggestion
warmly/coldly.¼
¨weld© ²/weld/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A,15A,B] ´join (pieces of metal) by
hammering or pressure (usu when the metal is softened by heat) or fusing by the
use of an oxy-acetylene flame or an electric arc; make by doing this: ³@ the
pieces of a broken axle; @ parts together; ´(fig) ³arguments that are closely
@ed. µ¥ ´the illus at µoxy-acetylene. ¸2 ¶[VP2A] ´(of iron, etc) be capable of
being @ed: ³Some metals @ better than others. ¹ n ´@ed joint. ¸@er ³n ´workman
who @s.¼
¨wel®fare© ²/ÚwelfeE(r)/ ³n ¶[U] ¸1 ´condition of having good
health, comfortable living and working conditions, etc: ³work for the @ of the
nation; be concerned about sb's @; child/infant @. ¸the W@ State, ´name applied
to a country with State-financed social services, eÔg health, insurance,
pensions. ¸2 ´(US) social security. ¸@ work(er), ´(US) social work(er).¼
¨wel®kin© ²/ÚwelkIn/ ³n ´(poet) sky: ³make the @ ring´, make the air re-echo
with shouts.¼
¨well©1 ²/wel/ ³n ¸1 ´shaft, usu lined with brick or stone, for obtaining water
from an underground source: ³drive/sink a @. ¸Ú@-water ³n ´water from a @. ¸2
´hole bored for mineral oil: ³the ·Ú³oil-@s of Iran. ¸3 ´(old use, or in
place-names) spring or fountain of water; (fig) source. ¸Ú@-head ³n ´source of
a spring or fountain. ¸4 ´deep, enclosed space in a building, often from roof
to basement, for a staircase or lift. ¸5 ´(GB) railed space for barristers, etc
in a law court. ¸6 Ú@-deck ³n ´space on the main deck of a ship, enclosed by
bulwarks and higher decks. ¹ ³vi ¶[VP2C] ·@ out (from/of), ´flow, like water
from a @: ³The blood was @ing out (from the wound). ·@ over, ´overflow. ·@ up
(in), ´rise, like water in a @: ³Tears @ed up in her eyes. Their anger @ed up.¼
¨well©2 ²/wel/ ³adv (comp µbetter³, superl µbest³) ¸1 ´in a good, right or
satisfactory manner (placed after the ³v´, and after the direct object if the
³v ´is transitive): ³The children behaved @. They are @-behaved children. The
house is @ situated. He speaks English @. W@ done! W@ run! W@ played! ´(cries
indicating satisfaction, praise, etc). ³I hope everything is going @ ´(=
satisfactorily) ³with you. Do these two colours go @ together´, Do they
harmonize, look satisfactory side by side? ³Does this colour go @ with
that colour? ·do @, ´succeed; make progress; prosper: ³Simon has done @ at
school this term. Peter is doing @ in Canada. ·be doing @, ´(progressive tenses
only) making a good recovery (from illness, etc): ³Both mother and baby are
doing @. ·do oneself @, ´provide oneself with good things, esp comforts and
luxuries. ·do @ by sb, ´treat him with generosity. ·do @ out of, ´make a profit
from sb or sth. ·wish sb @, ´hope that he has good fortune, success, etc. ¸2
´with praise or approval: ³think/speak @ of sb. It speaks @ for your teaching
that all your pupils passed the examination´, This fact is evidence that your
teaching was good. ·stand @ with sb, ´be in his favour: ³He stands @ with his
employers´, They like him, think highly of his abilities, etc. ¸3 ´fortunately.
·be *@ Úout of sth, ´be out of an affair without loss, etc: ³You are @ out of
it´, may consider yourself fortunate to be out of the affair. ³I wish I was @
out of this business´, that I could free myself from it without misfortune. ·@
off, ¸(a) ´fortunate: ³He doesn't know when he is @ off´, does not realize how
fortunate he is. ¸(b) ´wealthy. ·@ Úoff for, ´@ provided with: ³@ off for
food/drink/bright ideas. ·come off @, ¸(a) ´(of a person) have good fortune; be
lucky. ¸(b) ´(of an event) have a satisfactory outcome. ·do @ to + ³inf, ´used
to suggest either good judgement or good luck: ³He did @ to leave the country
before the revolution started. You would do @ ´(= It would be wise for you) ³to
say nothing about what happened. You did @ to ask my advice. ¸4 ´(mid position)
with good reason, justice or likelihood; advisably: ³You may @ be surprised. We
might @ make the experiment. I couldn't very @ refuse to help them´, It would
have been difficult, unreasonable, etc, to have done so. ³You may quite @ ´(=
with good reason) ³give illness as an excuse. We may as @ begin at once. It may
@ be that«´, It is likely or possible that«. ¸5 ·Úmay (Újust) as @, µ¥ may(4).
¸(a) ´with equal reason, advantage, justification, etc: ³You might just as @
say that white is black (as say that«). Our holidays were ruined by the
weatherÅwe might just as @ have stayed at home! ¸(b) ´without worse
consequences: ³You may as @ tell me the truth´, iÔe because if you don't tell
me, I shall certainly hear it from others. ·be just as @, ´with no loss of
advantage, no need for regret: ³It's just as @ I didn't lend him the money. ¸6
´(end position) thoroughly; completely: ³Examine the account @ before you pay
it. Shake the bottle @. ¸7 ´to a considerable extent: ³He was leaning @
back/forward in his chair. His name is @ up in the list´, near the top. ³He
must be @ past forty/@ over forty years of age. It's @ worth trying. ·Ú@ away,
¸(a) ´making good progress: ³We're @ away´, have made a good start. ¸(b)
´(colloq) on the way to being slightly drunk, to becoming hilarious, etc. ·be @
up in/on, µ¥ up(8). ·leave/let @ alone, ´leave it as it is; don't interfere. ¸8
·as @ (as), ´in addition (to): ³He gave me money as @ as advice. He gave me
advice, and money as @. We shall travel by night as @ as by day´, both by night
and by day. ³Give me those as @´, = those, too. ¸9 ´(with another ³adv´)
·pretty @, ´almost: ³You're pretty @ the only person who's willing to help. ¹
pred adj ¸1 ´in good health: ³be/look/feel/get @. I'm quite @, thank you. ´Cf
³I'm fine, thank you. ¸2 ´in a satisfactory condition: ³All's @ that ends @.
We're very @ where we are. All is not @ in the world nowadays. ·It's all very
@«, ´formula (used ironically) to indicate discontent, dissatisfaction,
disagreement, etc: ³It's all very @ (for you) to suggest a holiday in Italy,
but how am I to find the money? ¸3 ´advisable; desirable: ³It would be @ to
start early. It would be just as @ for you to ask your employer's permission.
¸4 ´lucky; fortunate: ³It was @ for you that nobody saw you. ¹ int ¸1
´(expressing astonishment): ³W@, who would have thought it? W@, @! I should
never have guessed it! ¸2 ´(expressing relief): ³W@, here we are at last! ¸3
´(expressing resignation): ³W@, it can't be helped. W@, there's nothing we can
do about it. ¸4 ´(expressing understanding or agreement): ³Very @, then, we'll
talk it over again tomorrow. ¸5 ´(expressing concession): ³W@, you may be
right. ¸6 ´(used to resume a story, etc): ³W@, as I was saying,«. W@, the next
day«.¼
¨well-© ²/wel/ ³pref ¸1 ¸*@-Úbeing ³n ¶[U] ´welfare; health, happiness and
prosperity: ³have a sense of @-being´, good bodily health; ³work for the
@-being of the nation. ¸*@-Údoer ³n ´(archaic) virtuous person. ¸*@-Údoing ³n
¶[U] ´(archaic) virtuous conduct; good deeds. ¸Ú@-nigh ³adv ´(archaic) almost:
³It's @-nigh impossible. He was @-nigh drowned. ¸*@-to-Údo ³adj ´wealthy.
¸Ú@-wisher ³n ´person who wishes well to one, to a cause, etc. ¸2 ´(compounds
with numerous participles and words in ³-ed´, usu hyphened when attrib (before
a ³n´), but not hyphened when pred ´except when the compound has acquired a
restricted sense) ¸*@-adÚvised, ´prudent; wise: ³a @-advised action.
¸*@-apÚpointed, ´having all the necessary equipment, furniture, etc: ³a
@-appointed expedition/hotel/office/suite. ¸*@-Úbalanced, ´sane, sensible.
¸*@-Úborn, ´of a family with high social position. ¸*@-Úbred, ´of good
upbringing. ¸*@-conÚducted, ´characterized by good organization and control: ³a
@-conducted meeting. ¸*@-conÚnected, ´connected by blood or marriage with
families of good social position or to rich or influential people.
¸*@-disÚposed (towards), ´having kind feelings (towards); ready to help.
¸*@-Úfavoured, ´(old use) good-looking. ¸*@-Úfound, ´= @-appointed.
¸*@-Úfounded, ´based on facts, having a foundation in fact; ³@-founded
suspicions. ¸*@-Úgroomed, ´carefully tended; neat; meticulously dressed.
¸*@-Úgrounded, (a) ´= @-founded. ¸(b) ´having a good training in or knowledge
of the groundwork of a subject. ¸*@-Úheeled, ´(sl) rich. ¸*@-inÚformed, (a)
´having wide knowledge. ¸(b) ´having access to reliable information: ³in
@-informed quarters. ¸*@-inÚtentioned, ´aimed or aiming (often or usu
unsuccessfully) at good results. ¸*@-Úknit, ´compact; firmly jointed, not
loose-made (esp of a person or his body). ¸*@-Úknown, ´widely known.
¸*@-Úlined, ´(of a purse, colloq) full of money. ¸*@-Úmarked, ´definite;
distinct. ¸*@-Úmeaning, ´= @-intentioned. ¸*@-Úmeant, ´done, said, etc, with
good intentions. ¸*@-Úread, ´having read much; having a mind well stored with
information as the result of wide reading. ¸*@-Úrounded, ´complete and
symmetrical. ¸*@-Úset, ´= @-knit. ¸*@-Úspoken, (a) ´speaking well, politely, in
refined language. ¸(b) ´spoken well. ¸*@-Útimed, ´done, said, at the right or a
suitable time. ¸*@-Útried, ´(of methods, remedies) tested and proved useful.
¸*@-Úturned, ´(of a compliment, phrase, verse) gracefully expressed. ¸*@-Úworn,
´much used; (esp) commonplace; trite.¼
¨we'll© ²/wil/ ³c ´= we shall, we will.¼
¨wel®ling®ton© ²/ÚwelIGtEn/ ³n ¸@ (boot), ´waterproof boot reaching
to the knee.¼
¨welsh© ²/wel2/ ³vi ¶[VP3A] ·@ on sth/sb, ¸1 ´avoid payment of: ³@ on a
debt. ¸2 ´break one's word to: ³@ on a friend. ¸@er ³n¼
¨Welsh© ²/wel2/ ³n, adj ´(the language) of the people of Wales. ¸*@ Úrabbit,
´(also ¸@ rarebit´) ´hot melted or toasted cheese on toast.¼
¨welt© ²/welt/ ³n ¶[C] ¸1 ´strip of leather to which the sole and the upper
part of a shoe are stitched. ¸2 ´= µweal±2µ.¼
¨wel®ter©1 ²/ÚweltE(r)/ ³vi ¶[VP2C] ´roll; wallow; be soaked or steeped (in
blood, etc). ¹ ³n sing ´general confusion; disorderly mixture or aimless
conflict: ³the @ of creeds/political beliefs; a @ of meaningless verbiage.¼
¨wel®ter©2 ²/ÚweltE(r)/ ³adj ¸Ú@ race ³n ´race for horses with heavy-weight
riders. ¸Ú@-weight ³n ´(esp boxing) boxer weighing between 135 and 147 lb (or
61 to 66²Ø´6 kg).¼
¨wen© ²/wen/ ³n ¶[C] ´harmless, usu permanent, tumour on the scalp or other
part of the body; (fig) abnormally large or overgrown urban area.¼
¨wench© ²/went2/ ³n ´(archaic) ¸1 ´girl or young woman. ¸2 ´prostitute. ¹ ³vi
¶[VP2A] ´associate with prostitutes.¼
¨wend© ²/wend/ ³vt ´(old use, only in) ·@ one's way (home), ´go, make one's
way.¼
¨went© ²/went/ ³pt ´of µgo±1µ.¼
¨wept© ²/wept/ ³pt,pp ´of µweep.¼
¨were© ²/wE(r) ³strong form: ²w3(r)/ ³pt ´of µbe±1µ.¼
¨we're© ²/wIE(r)/ ³c ´= we are.¼
¨weren't© ²/w3nt/ ³c ´= were not.¼
¨were®wolf© ²/ÚwIEw8lf/ ³n (pl µ-wolves ²/-w8lvz/³) ´(myth) human being turned
into a wolf.¼
¨wert© ²/w3t/ ³pt ·thou @, ´(archaic) you were.¼
¨Wes®leyan© ²/ÚwezlIEn/ ³n, adj ´(member) of the Methodist Church deriving from
John Wesley ²/ÚwezlI/ ´(1703-91).¼
¨west© ²/west/ ³n ¸1 the @, ´point of the horizon where the sun
sets; that part of the world, of a country, etc, in this direction: ³Bristol is
in the @ of England. ¸the W@, (a) ´Europe and the continent of America
(contrasted with Asia). ¸(b) ´(world politics) Western Europe and America
(contrasted with Eastern Europe, the UÔSÔSÔR and China). ¸(c) ´the part of the
UÔS between the Mississippi River and the Pacific Ocean. ¸(d) ´@ern part of any
country. ¸*@-north®Úwest, *@-south®Úwest, µ¥ ´the illus at µcompass. ¸2
´(attrib) coming from the @: ³a @ wind; ´towards, at, in the direction of the
@: ³on the @ coast; @ longitude. ¸the W@ End, ´part of London with the largest
and most fashionable shops, theatres, etc. Hence, ¸*@-Úend ³adj´: ³@-end
theatres/department stores. ¸the Ú@ country, ´part of England @ of a line from
the Isle of Wight to the mouth of the River Severn. Hence, ¸Ú@-country ³adj
´of, from, characteristic of the @ country. ¸W@ Central, ´(abbr ¸WÔC´) London
postal district. ¹ ³adv ´towards the @: ³sail/travel @. ·go @, ´(sl) be lost,
ruined, etc. ·@ of, ´farther @ than. ¸Ú@®ward ²/-wEd/ ³adj ´towards the @: ³in
a @ward direction. ¸@®ward(s) ²/-wEd(z)/ ³adv´: ³travel @ward(s).¼
¨west®er®ly© ²/ÚwestElI/ ³attrib adj ´towards the west; (of winds)
from the west. ¹ ³adv ´towards the west.¼
¨west®ern© ²/ÚwestEn/ ³adj ´of, in, from, characteristic of, the west. ¸the W@
Hemisphere, ´N and S America. ¸the W@ Empire´, that part of the old Roman
Empire with Rome as its capital. ¹ ³n ¶[C] ´film or novel dealing with life in
the @ part of the US in the times of the wars with the American Indians, or one
with cowboys, rustlers, sheriffs, etc. ¸@er ³n ´native of the West, esp of the
@ US. ¸@®ize ²/-ñIz/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´introduce ideas, ways of living, working, etc
of ³the Westµ(b) ´into. ¸@®iz®ation ²/*westEnñIÚzeI2n ³US: ²-nIÚz-/ ³n ¸Ú@®most
²/-mE8st/ ³adj ´farthest west.¼
¨wet© ²/wet/ ³adj µ(wetter, wettest) ¸1 ´covered or soaked with
water or other liquid: ³wet clothes/roads. Her cheeks were wet with tears. Did
you get wet´, eÔg in the rain? ³We got wet to the skin´, Our clothes were
soaked through. ³Your coat is wet through´, from one side to the other. ¸*wet
Úblanket, µ¥ blanket(1). ¸*wet Údock ³n ´one (that can be) filled with water,
able to float a ship. ¸Úwet-nurse ³n ´woman employed to suckle another's child.
¸*wet Úpaint, ´paint recently applied, not yet dry. ¸2 ´rainy: ³wet weather;
the wettest summer for 20 years. ¸3 ´(US) not prohibiting or opposing the sale
and use of alcoholic drinks: ³a wet State. ¸4 ´(sl, of a person) ineffectual;
spiritless. ¹ ³n ¸1 the wet, ´rain: ³Come in out of the wet. ¸2 ¶[U] ´moisture.
¹ ³vt (pt,pp µwetted ´or µwet³) µ(-tt-) ¶[VP6A] ´make wet: ³The baby has
wet(ted) its bed again. ·wet one's whistle, µ¥ whistle, ³nµ(3). ¸wet®ting ³n
´becoming or being made wet: ³get a wetting´, eÔg in heavy rain.¼
¨weth®er© ²/ÚweDE(r)/ ³n ´castrated ram.¼
¨we've© ²/wiv/ ³c ´= we have.¼
¨whack© ²/wak ³US: ²hwak/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´strike (sb or sth) with a hard blow;
thwack. ¹ ³n ¸1 ´(sound of a) hard blow. ¸2 ´(sl) share: ³Have you all had a
fair @? ¸@ed ³adj ´(colloq) (of a person) worn out; tired. ¸@®ing ³n ´beating:
³give a naughty child a @ing. µ¹ ³adj ´(colloq) big of its kind: ³a @ing lie.
µ¹ ³adv ´(colloq) very: ³a @ing great lie. ¸@er ³n ´sth big of its kind.¼
¨whale© ²/weIl ³US: ²hweIl/ ³n ¸1 ´kinds of large sea-animal some of which are
hunted for their oil and flesh (used for pet foods). µ¥ ´the illus at µsea.
¸Ú@®bone ³n ´thin, horny springy substance from the upper jaw of some kinds of
@. ¸2 ´(colloq) ·a Ú@ of a time, ´an exceedingly (good time); no end of (a good
time). ¹ ³vi ¶[VP2A] ´hunt @s: ³go whaling; the whaling industry. ¸Úwhaling-gun
³n ´one used for firing harpoons at @s. ¸@r ²/ÚweIlE(r) ³US: ²Úhw-/ ³n ´man or
ship engaged in hunting @s.¼
¨whang© ²/waG ³US: ²hwaG/ ³vt ´(colloq) strike heavily and loudly. ¹ ³n ´@ing
sound or blow. ¹ ³adv ´(colloq) exactly: ³hit the target @ in the centre.¼
¨wharf© ²/wcf ³US: ²hwcrf/ ³n (pl µ@s ´or µwharves ²/-vz/³) ´wooden
or stone structure at which ships are moored for (un)loading cargo. ¸Ú@®age
²/-IdZ/ ³n ¶[U] ´(money paid for) accommodation at a @.¼
¨what© ²/wot ³US: ²hwot/ ³adj ¸1 ´(interr) asking for a selection from an
indefinite number (µ¥ which´): ³W@ books have you read on this subject? Tell me
@ books you have read recently. W@ time is it? Ask him @ time it is. W@
size/colour/shape, etc do you want? ¸2 ´(exclamatory): ³W@ a good idea! W@
genius you have! ¸3 ´the« that; any« that; as much/many« as: ³Give me @ books
´(= the books, any books, that) ³you have on the subject. W@ little ´(= The
little that) ³he said on the subject was full of wisdom. W@ few friends ´(= The
few friends that) ³I have here have been very kind to me. ¹ ³pron ´(interr) @
thing(s): ³W@ happened? Tell me @ happened. W@ is he´, W@ is his occupation?
·*@« Úfor, ´for @ purpose: ³W@ is this tool used for? W@ did you do that for´,
(colloq) Why did you do that? ¸*@-Úfor ³n ¶[U] ´(colloq) punishment: ³give sb
@-for. ·*@« Úlike, ´(used to ask for a description, for details, etc): ³W@'s
the weather like this morning? W@'s the new neighbour like? ·Ú@ if, ´@ will,
would, be the result if: ³W@ if it rains while we are a long way from shelter?
W@ if the rumour is true? ·Ú@ though, ´(liter) @ does it matter if: ³W@ though
we are poor, we still have each other. ·@ about/of, ¸(a) ´@ news is there
about«. ¸(b) µ¥ about±3µ(4), of(10). ·*@ Úof it? ´(or, mod colloq) ·*So Ú@?
´(used to admit that sth is true, but questioning the inference (to be) made
from it.) ·and Ú@ not, ´and other things of the same kind. ·and/or *@ Úhave
you, ´used to indicate that there are other things, etc: ³Then there are bills
for gas and electricity and @ have you. ¸Ú@-not ³n ´unnamed thing; piece of
furniture with open shelves for small ornaments, odds and ends. ·*I know Ú@«,
´I have an idea, a suggestion to make«. ·*I/*I'll tell you Ú@«, ´Here's a
suggestion«. ·know *@'s Ú@, ´have common sense; know how to distinguish useful
things from useless, good things from bad, etc.
·Ú@-d'you-call-him/-her/-it/-them ²/Úwot dz8 kcl Im/ ³etc´;
·Ú@'s-his/-her/-its/-their-name, ´used as substitutes for a name that one
cannot recall. ¹ ³rel pron ´that which; the thing(s) which: ³W@ he says is not
important. Do @ you think is right. W@ the country needs most is wise
leadership. When people say that they know @ they like, they really mean that
they like @ they know´, They like @ they are familiar with. ³It's a useful book
and, @ is more, not an expensive one. ·Ú@ with« and (Ú@ with), ´between various
causes: ³W@ with one thing and another,«, ´as a result of many things,«. ³W@
with overwork and (@ with) undernourishment he fell ill.¼
¨what®e'er© ²/wotÚeE(r) ³US: ²hw-/ ³adj ´(poet for) µwhatever.¼
¨what®ever© ²/wotÚevE(r) ³US: ²hw-/ ³adj ¸1 ´(emphatic for ³what´)
of any sort, degree, etc: ³W@ nonsense the newspapers print, some people always
believe it. Take @ measures you consider best. ¸2 ´(placed after a ³n ´in a
negative context, giving emphasis to the negative): ³There can be no doubt @
about it. I have no intention @ ´(= not the least intention) ³of resigning. ¹
pron ¸1 ´no matter what: ³You are certainly right, @ others may say. Keep calm,
@ happens. ¸2 ´anything or everything that: ³Do @ you like. W@ I have is at
your service. ¸3 ·or @, ´(colloq) (usu at the end of a list of similar ³nn ´or
³adjj´) or anything at all: ³He'd have difficulty in learning any
languageÅGreek, Chinese, or @.¼
¨what®so®e'er© ²/*wotsE8ÚeE(r) ³US: ²*hw-/ ³adj ´(poet for) µwhat®so®ever.¼
¨what®so®ever© ²/*wotsE8ÚevE(r) ³US: ²*hw-/ ³adj ´(emphatic for) µwhatever.¼
¨wheat© ²/wit ³US: ²hw-/ ³n ¶[U] ´(plant producing) grain from
which flour (as used for bread and pastry products) is made: ³a field of @. µ¥
´the illus at µcereal. ¸@en ²/Úwitn ³US: ²Úhw-/ ³adj ´of @: ³@en flour/bread.¼
¨wheedle© ²/Úwidl ³US: ²Úhw-/ ³vt ¶[VP6A,14] ·@ (into/out of), ´make oneself
pleasant to sb, flatter or coax, to get sth one wants: ³The girl @d a pound out
of her father/@d her father into buying her a bicycle.¼
¨wheel© ²/wil ³US: ²hwil/ ³n ¸1 ´circular frame or disc which turns on an axle
(as on carts, cars, bicycles, etc and for various purposes in machines). µ¥
´the illus at µbicycle. ·@s within @s, ´(fig) complicated motives and
influences; indirect and secret agencies, all interacting. ·put one's shoulder
to the @, ´help a cause or undertaking. ·the man at the @, ´the driver (at the
steering-@ of a car, etc). ¸Ú@®barrow ³n ´small vehicle with one @ and two
handles for moving small loads. ¸Ú@®base ³n ´distance between the axles of a
motor-vehicle. ¸Ú@-chair ³n ´chair with large @s for the use of sb unable to
walk. ¸Ú@®house ³n ´small enclosed place on a ship (old style sailing-ship, a
small river-launch, a tug, etc), to shelter the pilot or steersman. ¸Ú@®wright
³n ´man who makes and repairs (esp waggon and cart) @s. ¸2 potter's @, µ¥
potter±2´. ¸Úpaddle-@, µ¥ paddle±1µ(3). ¸3 ¶[C] ´motion like that of a @;
motion of a line of men as on a pivoted end, esp as a military movement: ³a
right/left
@. ¹ vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A,15A,B] ´push or pull (a vehicle with @s): ³@ a bike up a
hill; @ a barrow; ´convey (sb or sth) in a vehicle with @s: ³@ the rubbish out
to the dump. ¸2 ¶[VP2A,C,6A,15B] ´(cause to) turn in a curve or circle: ³The
sails of the windmill were @ing round. The seagulls were @ing in the air above
me. Right/Left @! ´(an order given to a column of men, esp troops, to change
their line of route to the right (left)).¼
¨wheeze© ²/wiz ³US: ²hwiz/ ³vi,vt ¸1 ¶[VP2A,B,C] ´breathe noisily,
esp with a whistling sound in the chest (as when suffering from asthma); (of a
pump, etc) make a similar sound. ¸2 ¶[VP15B] ·@ sth out, ´utter with such
sounds: ³The asthmatic old man @d out a few words. A barrel-organ was wheezing
out an old tune. ¹ n ¶[C] ¸1 ´sound of wheezing. ¸2 ´(dated school sl) trick;
bright idea. ¸wheezy ³adj ´breathing, speaking, uttered, with @s: ³a fat and
wheezy old dog; a wheezy old pump. ¸wheez®ily ²/-IlI/ ³adv ¸wheezi®ness ³n¼
¨whelk© ²/welk ³US: ²hwelk/ ³n ´kinds of marine mollusc (like a snail) with a
spiral shell, some used as food. µ¥ ´the illus at µmollusc.¼
¨whelp© ²/welp ³US: ²hwelp/ ³n ¸1 ´young dog, lion, tiger, bear, wolf, fox,
etc. ¸2 ´ill-bred boy or youth. ¹ ³vi ´give birth to @sµ(1)´.¼
¨when© ²/wen ³US: ²hwen/ ³interr adv ¸1 ´at what time; on what occasion: ³W@
can you come? W@ did that happen? I don't know @ that happened. ¸2 ´(after a
³prep´) what time: ³Till @ can you stay? Since @ has he been missing? ¹ rel adv
´(with ³day, time´, etc as antecedent) at or on which: ³Sunday is the day @ I
am least busy. There are times @ joking is not permissible. It was one of
those cold, wet evenings @ most people stay indoors. ¹ ³conj ¸1 ´at or during
the time that: ³It was raining @ we arrived. He waved @ he saw her. W@ speaking
French, I often make mistakes. ¸2 ´although: ³He walks @ he might take a taxi.
¸3 ´since; considering that: ³How can I help them to understand @ they won't
listen to me? ¸4 ´at or during which time: ³The Queen will visit the town in
May, @ she will open the new hospital.¼
¨whence© ²/wens ³US: ²hwens/ ³adv ´(formal) ¸1 ´(in questions) from what place
or cause: ³Do you know @ she came? W@ comes it that«´, How is it that«? ¸2 ´(in
statements) from which place: ³the land @ they are come. ¸3 ´to the place from
which: ³Return @ you came. ¸*@®so®Úever ³adv, conj ´from whatever place, cause
or origin.¼
¨when®ever© ²/wenÚevE(r) ³US: ²hw-/ ³adv, conj ¸1 ´at whatever
time; no matter when: ³I'll discuss it with you @ you like. ¸2 ´on any
occasion; as often as; every time that: ³W@ that man says "To tell the truth',
I suspect that he's about to tell a lie. ¸3 ·or @, ´(colloq) or at any time:
³He might turn up on Monday, or Friday, or @, and expect to be given a meal.¼
¨where© ²/weE(r) ³US: ²hweE(r)/ ³interr adv ¸1 ´in or to what place or
position; in what direction; in what respect: ³W@ does he live? I wonder @ he
lives. W@ shall we be ´(iÔe What will be our situation) ³if another world war
breaks out? ¸2 ´(with a ³prep ´following the ³v´) what place: ³W@ does he come
from? W@ are you going to? W@ did we get up to´, iÔe What point did we reach?
¹ ³rel adv ¸1 ´(with ³place´, etc as antecedent) in or at which: ³She would
like to live in a country @ it never snows. That's the place @ the accident
occurred. ¸2 ´(with no antecedent) in, at or to the place in which; in the
direction in which: ³W@ there is no rain, farming is difficult or impossible.
I found my books @ I had left them. That's @ ´(iÔe the point in respect of
which) ³you are mistaken. ¸*@®aÚbouts ³adv ´in or near what place: ³W@abouts
did you find it? I wonder @abouts he put it. ¸Ú@®abouts ³n pl ´(or ³sing´)
place @ sb or sth is: ³Her present @abouts is/are unknown. ¸*@®Úas
³conj ¸1 ´(esp legal) considering that. ¸2 ´but in contrast; while on the other
hand: ³Some people like fatty meat, @as others hate it. ¸*@®Úat ³adv ´(old
use) at or upon which. ¸*@®Úby ³adv ´by what; by which: ³He devised a plan @by
he might escape. ¸Ú@®fore ³adv ´(old use) why. ·the whys and the @fores´, the
reasons, causes. ¸*@®Úin ³adv ´(formal) in what; in which; in what respect:
³W@in am I mistaken? ¸*@®Úof ³adv ´(formal) of what; of which. ¸*@®Úon ³adv
´(old use) on which; on what. ¸*@®so®Úever ³adv ´(emphatic for) ³@ver. ¸*@®Úto
³adv ´(old use) to what; to which; to what end (= purpose). ¸*@®Úunto ³adv
´(old use) = ³@to. ¸*@®uÚpon ³adv ´after which; and then. ¸wher®ever
²/*weErÚevE(r) ³US: ²*hw-/ ³adv ´in, to, at, whatever place; at those places:
³Sit @ver you like. He comes from Boula, @ver that may be´, from a place called
Boula, and I have no idea where it is. ¸*@®Úwith ³adv ´(old use) with that;
with which. ¸Ú@®withal ²/-wIDcl/ ³adv ´(old use) = @with. µ¹ ³n ¸the @®withal,
´(colloq) money needed for a purpose: ³I should like to buy a new car but
haven't got the @withal.¼
¨wherry© ²/ÚwerI ³US: ²Úhw-/ ³n (pl µ-ries³) ´light, shallow rowing-boat for
carrying passengers and goods on rivers.¼
¨whet© ²/wet ³US: ²hwet/ ³vt µ(-tt-) ¶[VP6A] ´sharpen (a knife, axe, etc);
(fig) sharpen or excite (the appetite, a desire). ¸Ú@®stone ³n ´shaped stone
used for sharpening tools, eÔg scythes.¼
¨whether© ²/ÚweDE(r) ³US: ²Úhw-/ ³conj ¸1 ´(introducing an indirect
question; µ¥ ¶VP10,21´; often replaced by ³if ´in colloq style except when
there is possible confusion with a true conditional clause): ³I don't know @/if
she will be able to come. I wonder @/if it's large enough. ´(Note that when
there are two indirect questions with ³or´, @ is repeated after ³or´): ³I
wonder @ we shall be in time for the last bus or @ we shall have to walk home.
´(Compare @ and ³if ´in these sentences): ³Send me a telegram letting me know @
I am to come´, iÔe saying "Come' or "Don't come'. ³Send me a telegram if I am
to come´, iÔe only if I am to come, no telegram being needed if I am not to
come. ¸2 ´(introducing an infinitive phrase; µ¥ ¶VP8,20´): ³I don't know @ to
accept or refuse. Would you advise me @ to accept the offer (or not)? ¸3
´(Clauses and infinitive phrases introduced by @ are used with preparatory
³it´): ³It's doubtful @ we shall be able to come. ´(Such clauses and phrases
may be subjects or complements): ³The question was @ to take the children to
the funeral or to leave them at home. W@ to pay the price demanded was a
question that worried him a long time. ´(Such a clause may be the object of a
³prep´): ³Everything depends upon @ we have enough money. I am not interested
in @ you like the plan or not. ´(A clause introduced by @ may be used in
opposition to a ³n´): ³I am in doubt @ I ought to give this plan my approval.
The question @ we ought to call in a specialist was answered by the family
doctor. ·@ or no, ¸(a) ´= @ or not. ¸(b) ´in either case: ³You may rely upon my
help, @ or no´, eÔg @ others agree to help, or refuse to help. ·@ or not,
´(allowing the negative alternative): ³W@ or not it rains, I'm giving a party
tomorrow. Tell me @ or not I should invite Nick and his wife.¼
¨whew© ²/hju ³or similar sounds roughly breathed out or whistled²/
³int ´cry used (often in joke) to express consternation, dismay, fatigue or
surprise.¼
¨whey© ²/weI ³US: ²hweI/ ³n ¶[U] ´liquid part of sour milk after separation of
curds (for cheese).¼
¨which© ²/wIt2 ³US: ²hwIt2/ ³interr adj ´(asking for selection from two, or
from a group, esp from possibilities thought of as limited in number; µ¥
what´) ¸1 ³W@ way shall we goÅup the hill or along the river bank? W@ way ´(=
How) ³shall we do it? W@ Jones do you meanÅJones the baker or Jones the
postman? W@ foreign languages have you studied? Tell me @ ones you want. ¸2
³(rel adj´, formal, and rare except after a ³prep; ´preceded by a comma³) ´and
this; and these: ³I told him to go to a doctor, @ advice he took´, and this
advice he took. ³Don't call between 1 o'clock and 2 o'clock, at @ time I am
usually having lunch. ¹ interr pron ´@ thing(s); @ person(s): ³W@ is taller,
Mike or Steve? W@ of the boys is the tallest? W@ of you wish to go with me?
Tell me @ of them is better. Please advise me @ to take. The twins are so much
alike that I never know @ is @´, iÔe I cannot distinguish one from the other. ¹
³rel pron ´(of things only, not of persons; µ¥ that´) ¸1 ´(in defining or
restrictive clauses, often replaced by ³that; ´used with no selective meaning;
no pause before the clause and not set off by commas) ¸(a) ´(with the ³rel pron
´as the subject of the ³v ´in the clause): ³Take the book @ is lying on that
table. The house @ is for sale is at the end of the street. The river @ flows
through London is called the Thames. ¸(b) ´(with the ³rel pron ´as the object
of the ³v ´in the clause; in spoken English usually suppressed): ³Was the book
(@) you were reading a novel? ¸(c) ´(with the ³rel pron ´as the object of a
³prep; ´when replaced by ³that´, the ³prep ´follows the ³v; ´if @ is used, the
³prep ´should precede): ³The photographs at @ you were looking/The photographs
(that) you were looking at were all taken by my brother. The hotel at @ we
stayed/The hotel we stayed at was both cheap and comfortable. The book to @ I
wanted to refer/The book I wanted to refer to was not in the library. The shop
opposite @ the car is parked is a grocer's. ¸2 ´(in non-defining or
non-restrictive clauses, rare in the spoken language but common in the written
language; @ is not replaceable by ³that; ´the clause is preceded by a pause and
is set off by commas) ¸(a) ´(referring to an antecedent ³n´): ³(i) ´(with the
³rel pron ´as the subject of the clause): ³This house, @ is to be sold by
auction next month, was built about fifty years ago. The meeting, @ was held in
the park, was attended by five hundred people. ³(ii) ´(with the ³rel pron ´as
the object of the ³v ´in the clause): ³These apple-trees, @ I planted three
years ago, have not yet borne any fruit. This desk, @ I bought second-hand, is
made of oak. (iii) ´(with the ³rel pron ´as the object of a ³prep´): ³His car,
for @ he paid $8000, is a five-seater saloon. Their house, at @ I have often
stayed, is just outside Dorking. ¸(b) ´(in non-defining clauses that refer to a
clause or sentence, not to a ³n´): ³It was raining hard, @ ´(= and this) ³kept
us indoors. He said he had lost the book, @ ´(= but this) ³was untrue. ´(The
clause may occasionally precede the sentence to @ it refers): ³Moreover, @ you
may hardly believe, the examiners had decided in advance to fail half the
candidates!¼
¨which®ever© ²/wIt2ÚevE(r) ³US: ²hw-/ ³adj, pron ¸1 ´the one which:
³Take @ you like best. W@ (of you) comes in first will receive a prize. ¸2 ´no
matter which: ³W@ of the three sisters you choose to marry, you will have a
good wife. Does British foreign policy remain the same, @ party is in power?
¸*which®so®Úever, ´(emphatic for) @.¼
¨whiff© ²/wIf ³US: ²ÚhwIf/ ³n ¶[C] ´slight puff or breath (³of ´sth): ³a @ of
fresh air; the @ ´(= smell) ³of a cigar. The dentist gave her another @ of
anaesthetic. He stopped work to have a few @s´, a short smoke (of a pipe,
etc).¼
¨Whig© ²/wIg ³US: ²hwIg/ ³n ´member of a political party in GB
which upheld the authority of Parliament (against the sovereign) during the
17th and 18th cc, their place being taken in the 19th c by the Liberals.¼
¨while© ²/wñIl ³US: ²hwñIl/ ³n sing ´(period of) time: ³Where have you
been all this @? I haven't seen him for a long @/for this long @ past. We're
going away for a @. I'll be back in a little @´, soon. ³He was here a short @
ago. ·once in a @, ´occasionally. ·worth (one's) @, ´worth the time spent in
doing it, etc: ³It isn't worth @ going there now´, iÔe It would be a waste of
time to go. ³He will make it worth your @´, iÔe will pay or reward you in some
way. ¹ ³vt ¶[VP15B] ´(only in) ·@ sth away, ´pass (the time) in a leisurely
way: ³@ away the time; @ a few hours away. ¹ conj ¸1 ´during the time that; for
as long as; at the same time as: ³He fell asleep @ (he was) doing his English
exercises. W@ in London he studied music. W@ ´(= As long as) ³there is life
there is hope. ¸2 ´(implying a contrast) whereas: ³Jane was dressed in brown @
Mary was dressed in blue. ¸3 ´(implying a concession) although: ³W@ I admit
that the problems are difficult, I don't agree that they cannot be solved.
¸whilst ²/wñIlst ³US: ²hwñIlst/ ³conj ´= @.¼
¨whim© ²/wIm ³US: ²hwIm/ ³n ¶[C] ´sudden desire or idea, often sth unusual or
unreasonable: ³only a passing @´, an idea, a desire, that will soon pass; ³full
of @s. His every @ is complied with/catered for.¼
¨whim®per© ²/ÚwImpE(r) ³US: ²Úhw-/ ³vi,vt ¸1 ¶[VP2A] ´utter weak, frightened or
complaining sounds, eÔg a baby when ill, a dog when frightened of punishment.
¸2 ¶[VP6A] ´utter in a @ing voice. ¹ ³n ¶[C] ´@ing cry; low sobbing sound.¼
¨whimsy©, whim®sey ²/ÚwImzI ³US: ²Úhw-/ ³n (pl µ-sies, -seys³) ¸1 ¶[C] ´whim;
fanciful idea or wish. ¸2 ¶[U] ´quaintness; odd or fanciful humour.
¸whim®si®cal ²/ÚwImzIkl ³US: ²Úhw-/ ³adj ´full of whimsies; quaint.
¸whim®si®cally ²/-klI/ ³adv ¸whim®si®cal®ity ²/*wImzIÚkalEtI ³US: ²*hw-/ ³n
¶[U] ´quality of being whimsical; ¶[C] ³(pl µ-ties³) ´caprice; quaint fancy.¼
¨whin© ²/wIn ³US: ²hw-/ ³n ¶[U] ´= µgorse.¼
¨whine© ²/wñIn ³US: ²hwñIn/ ³n ¶[C] ´long complaining cry or
high-pitched sound (eÔg as made by a miserable dog, a siren, a motor or a shell
in flight). ¹ ³vi,vt ¸1 ¶[VP2A,C,4A] ´make such cries; utter complaints, esp
about trivial things: ³The dog was whining outside the door/whining to come
into the room. If that child doesn't stop whining, I'll clobber it! ¸2
¶[VP6A,15B] ´utter with a @ or @s: ³beggars whining (out) requests for alms.
¸@r ³n ´animal or person that @s.¼
¨whinny© ²/ÚwInI ³US: ²Úhw-/ ³n (pl µ-nies³) ´gentle neigh. ¹ ³vi (pt,pp
µ-nied³) ´make such a sound.¼
¨whip©1 ²/wIp ³US: ²hwIp/ ³n ¶[C] ¸1 ´lash (length of cord, strip of leather,
etc) fastened to a handle, used for urging a horse on, or for punishing. ·have
the @ hand (over sb), ´have mastery over; be in a position to control. ¸Ú@®cord
³n ¶[U] ¸(a) ´tightly twisted cord used for the lashes of @s. ¸(b) ´kind of
hard-wearing worsted fabric. ¸2 ´(also ¸*@per-Úin´) (fox-hunting) person who
controls the hounds. ¸3 ´organizing secretary of a political party (in GB and
US) with authority over its members to maintain discipline and secure
attendance at parliamentary debates and divisionsµ(6)´; such authority; order
given by such a secretary to members of his party to attend a debate and vote:
³take the Liberal @. The @s are off´, Members may vote as they wish. ·a
*three-line Ú@, ´urgent order of this kind. ¸4 ´preparation of eggs, cream,
etc beaten or whippedµ(2)´. ¸@py ³adj ´flexible; springy.¼
¨whip©2 ²/wIp ³US: ²hwIp/ ³vt,vi µ(-pp-) ¸1 ¶[VP6A,15A,B] ´strike
with a whip; beat or flog: ³@ a horse/a child; @ a top, µ¥ top±3µ. ³The rain
was @ping the window-panes´, beating against them. ³The driver @ped the horses
on. ¸2 ¶[VP6A] ´beat (eggs, cream, etc) with a fork or other utensil to mix
thoroughly or to make stiff: ³@ped cream. ¸3 ¶[VP6A] ´(colloq) defeat. ¸4
¶[VP15B,2C] ´take, be taken, move, be moved, suddenly: ³He @ped off his coat.
He @ped out a knife. The thief @ped the jewels off the counter. The thief @ped
round the corner and disappeared in the crowd. ¶[VP6A] ´(GB colloq) steal:
³Someone's @ped my purse! ·@ round for money, etc, ´appeal to friends, members
of a club, etc for money to buy a gift, etc. Hence, ¸Ú@-round ³n ´such an
appeal. ¸5 ¶[VP6A] ´bind (a stick, a rope-end, etc) with a close, tight
covering of thread or string; sew (a seam, the edge of a piece of cloth) with
stitches that pass over and over. ¸@®ping ³n ¶[C] ´beating with a whip as a
punishment. ¸Ú@®ping-boy ³n ´(hist) boy educated with a prince and @ped when
the prince deserved punishment; (hence) scapegoat. ¸Ú@®ping-post ³n ´(hist)
post to which persons were tied to be @ped. ¸Ú@®ping-top ³n ´= µtop±3µ.¼
¨whip®per-in© ²/*wIpEr ÚIn ³US: ²Úhw-/ ³n µ¥ whip±1µ(2).¼
¨whip®per-snap®per© ²/ÚwIpE snapE(r) ³US: ²Úhw-/ ³n ´young insignificant person
who intrudes upon people and behaves as if he were important.¼
¨whip®pet© ²/ÚwIpIt ³US: ²Úhw-/ ³n ´dog that looks like a small
greyhound, used for racing.¼
¨whip-poor-will© ²/ÚwIp p8E wIl ³US: ²ÚhwIp pEr wIl/ ³n ´small American bird
whose call (made at night or twilight) is imitative of its name.¼
¨whir© ²/w3(r) ³US: ²hw-/ ´= µwhirr.¼
¨whirl© ²/w3l ³US: ²hw-/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP15A,B,2C] ´(cause to) move quickly round
and round: ³The wind @ed the dead leaves about. The leaves came @ing down in
the autumn wind. The dancers @ed round the room. ¸2 ¶[VP15A,B,2C] ´(cause
to) move or travel rapidly (³off, away´, etc): ³The telegraph poles @ed past us
as the train gathered speed. Our friends were @ed away in Jack's sports-car. ¸3
¶[VP2A,C] ´(of the brain, the senses) seem to go round and round; (of thoughts)
be confused: ³His head @ed. ¹ n sing ¸1 ´@ing movement: ³a @ of dust/of
dead leaves. His brain was in a @´, (fig) a confused state. ¸2 ´rapid
succession of activities, etc: ³the @ of modern life in a big city; a @ of
social engagements´, eÔg parties, receptions. ¸3 ´(compounds) ¸Ú@®pool ³n
´place where there are @ing currents (circular eddies) in the sea, etc (usu
drawing floating objects towards its centre). ¸Ú@®wind ³n ´swift circling
current of air in a funnel-shaped column. ·Sow the wind and reap the @wind´,
(prov) Do wrong and, as a result, bring severe punishment upon oneself.¼
¨whirli®gig© ²/Úw3lIgIg ³US: ²Úhw-/ ³n ¸1 ´kinds of spinning top, µ¥ top±3µ. ¸2
´revolving motion: ³the @ of time´, the changes of fortune that come with
time.¼
¨whirr©, whir ²/w3(r) ³US: ²hw-/ ³n sing ´sound (as) of a bird's
wings moving quickly, or of wheels, etc turning fast: ³the @ of an aircraft's
propellers. ¹ vi ¶[VP2A,C] ´make such sounds: ³A bird @ed past.¼
¨whisk© ²/wIsk ³US: ²hw-/ ³n ¸1 ´small brush for removing dust (from clothes,
etc). ¸(Úfly-)@, ´brush made of hair for flapping flies away. ¸2 ´device (eÔg
coiled wire) for whipping eggs, cream, etc. ¸3 ´light brushing movement (eÔg of
a horse's tail). ¹ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP15B] ·@ sb/sth off/away, ´brush quickly and
lightly: ³@ the flies off. ¸2 ¶[VP6A] ´move or sweep quickly through the air:
³The cow @ed her tail. ¸3 ¶[VP15B] ´take (sb) quickly and suddenly: ³They @ed
him off to prison. I was @ed up to the top floor in an express lift. ¸4 ¶[VP6A]
´= whip±2µ(2)´: ³@ eggs.¼
¨whisker© ²/ÚwIskE(r) ³US: ²Úhw-/ ³n ¸1 @s, ´hair allowed to grow on the sides
of a man's face. µ¥ beard(1), moustache. ¸2 ´one of the long, stiff hairs
growing near the mouth of a cat, rat, etc. ·cat's @s, ´(sl) fine thing or
person: ³He thinks he's the cat's @s, ´He thinks highly of himself. ¸@ed ³adj
´having @s.¼
¨whis®key© ²/ÚwIskI ³US: ²Úhw-/ ³n (pl µ@s³) ´US and Irish spelling of
µwhisky.¼
¨whisky© ²/ÚwIskI ³US: ²Úhw-/ ³n (pl µ-kies³) ´(GB and Canadian spelling)
¶[C,U] ´strong alcoholic drink distilled from malted grain (esp barley or
rye); drink of this: ³Two whiskies, please.¼
¨whis®per© ²/ÚwIspE(r) ³US: ²Úhw-/ ³vi,vt ¸1 ¶[VP2A,3A,6A,14,19] ·@
(to), ´speak, say (sth), using the breath but no vibration of the vocal cords:
³@ (a word) to sb; @ (to sb) that. ¸Ú@®ing-gallery, ´gallery in which a sound
made at one point may be heard at another far off (owing to acoustic
peculiarities). ¸2 ¶[VP6A,15B] ´tell privately or secretly; (esp) put (a story,
slander) into circulation: ³The story is being @ed about the neighbourhood. It
is @ed that he is heavily in debt. ¸Ú@®ing campaign, ´systematic attack on sb
by passing from person to person malicious statements, etc. ¸3 ¶[VP2A,C] ´(of
leaves, the wind, etc) make soft sounds; rustle: ³The wind was @ing in the
pines. ¹ n ¸1 ´@ing sound or speech: ³He answered in a @. They were talking in
@s. ¸2 ´@ed remark; sth @ed secretly; rumour: ³W@s are going round that the
firm is likely to go bankrupt. ¸@er ³n¼
¨whist© ²/wIst ³US: ²hwIst/ ³n ´card-game like bridge±2 ´for two pairs of
players. ¸Ú@-drive ³n ´series of games played by several sets of partners at
different tables, certain players after each round passing to the next table.¼
¨whistle© ²/ÚwIsl ³US: ²Úhw-/ ³n ¸1 ´(usu steady) clear note made
by forcing air or steam through a small opening, or made by the wind; tuneful
sound made by some kinds of bird (eÔg the blackbird): ³We heard the @ of a
steam-engine. ¸Ú@-stop ³n ´(US) short stop (during a journey made by a
politician) for electioneering purposes (eÔg to speak to voters in a rural
district): (attrib) ³a @-stop tour. ¸2 ´instrument for producing such sounds:
³the referee's @; a ·Ú³steam-@´, sounded by a jet of steam. ¸3 ·wet one's @,
´(sl) have a drink. ¹ ³vi,vt ¸1 ¶[VP2A,C] ´make a @µ(1) ´(eÔg by blowing
through the rounded lips or by using a @µ(2)´): ³The engine/The driver @d before
reaching the level-crossing. The wind @d through the rigging/up the chimney,
etc. ·@ for sth, ´wish in vain for: ³I owe my butcher $10, but he can @ for
it´, I shan't pay him. ¸2 ¶[VP2A,C,6A] ´produce a tune in this way: ³@ a tune.
The boy was whistling (away) merrily. ·@ down the wind, ´abandon sth. ·@ in
the dark, ´do sth to overcome one's fears. ¸3 ¶[VP6A,15B,16A] ·@ (up), ´make a
signal (to) by whistling: ³He @d his dog back/@d to his dog to come back to
him/@d up his dog. ¸4 ¶[VP2A,C] ´pass swiftly with a whistling sound: ³The
bullets/arrows @d past our ears.¼
¨whit© ²/wIt ³US: ²hwIt/ ³n ·not a @; no @, ´not the least, not at all:
³There's not a @ of truth in the statement. I don't care a @.¼
¨Whit© ²/wIt ³US: ²hwIt/ ³n µ¥ Whitsun.¼
¨white©1 ²/wñIt ³US: ²hwñIt/ ³adj ¸1 ´of the colour of fresh snow
or common salt: ³His hair has turned @. Her face went @´, pale. ·bleed (sb/sth)
@, ´(fig) drain (sb/sth) of wealth, strength, etc. ¸2 ´(special uses,
compounds) ¸Ú@ alloy, ´any of various alloys that are cheap imitations of
silver. ¸Ú@ ant, ´termite. ¸Ú@®bait ³n ¶[U] ´small fish, the young of several
varieties, eaten fried when small (about 2 inches long). ¸Ú@ bear, ´polar bear.
¸Ú@-caps ³n pl ´waves at sea with @ foam on their crests. ¸*@-Úcollar, ´used as
a symbol of non-manual labour: ³@-collar jobs/workers. µ¥ ³blue-collar ´at
µblue±2µ(7). ¸@ coffee, ´with milk added. ¸*@ Úelephant/Úensign/Úfeather, µ¥
´these nouns. ¸@ flag, ´symbol of surrender. ¸@ heat, ´high temperature at
which metals become @; (fig) intense passion. Hence, ¸*@-Úhot ³adj´. ¸the ÚW@
House, ´the official residence of the President of the US, in Washington, DÔC;
(hence) US Government (policy). ¸@ lead ³n ´poisonous compound of lead
carbonate, used in paints. ¸@ lie, ´lie considered to be harmless, esp one told
for the sake of being polite: ³She tells enough @ lies to ice a wedding-cake!
¸*@-Úlipped ³adj ´having @ lips, esp with fear. ¸*@-Úlivered ³adj ´cowardly. ¸@
magic, µ¥ magic. ¸Ú@ man/woman, ´European person. ¸@ meat, ´poultry, veal,
pork. ¸@ metal, ´@ alloy. ¸@ paper, ´(GB) report issued by the Government to
give information. ¸@d sepulchre, ´(from Matt 23: 27) person who appears to be
righteous but is in fact wicked; hypocrite. ¸@ slave, ´@ girl who is forced to
be a prostitute, esp one who is tricked into going to a foreign country by
promises of employment: ³the ·*³@-·Ú³slave traffic. ¸Ú@®thorn ³n ´hawthorn. ¸@
tie, ´@ bow tie worn with men's full evening dress; (short for) full evening
dress: ³Is it dinner jacket or @ tie? ¸Ú@®wash ³n ¶[U] ´mixture of powdered
lime or chalk and water, used for coating walls, ceilings, etc; (fig) means
used to cover or hide sb's errors, faults, etc. µ¹ ³vt ´put @wash on (a wall,
etc); (fig) try to make (sb, his reputation, etc) appear blameless by covering
up his faults, etc.¼
¨white©2 ²/wñIt ³US: ²hwñIt/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´@ colour: ³dressed in @. ¸2 ¶[C] ´@
person. ¸3 ¶[C,U] ´colourless part round the yolk of an egg: ³Take the @s of
two eggs. There's too much @ of egg in this mixture. ¸4 ¶[C] ´the @ part of the
eyeball: ³Don't fire until you see the @s of their eyes´, until they are very
close. ¸@®ness ³n ¸@n ²/ÚwñItn ³US: ²Úhw-/ ³vt,vi ¶[VP6A,2A] ´make or become
@.¼
¨White®hall© ²/wñItÚhcl ³US: ²hw-/ ³n ´(street in London where
there are) Government offices; (hence) British Government (policy).¼
¨whit®en®ing© ²/ÚwñItnIG ³US: ²Úhw-/ ³n ¶[U] ´= µwhiting±2µ.¼
¨whither© ²/ÚwIDE(r) ³US: ²Úhw-/ ³adv ´(old use) to which place; (current use,
rhet, or in journalism) what is the likely future of: ³W@ Ulster? W@ the pound
sterling? ¸*@so®Úever ³adv ´(old use) to whatever place; anywhere at all.¼
¨whit®ing©1 ²/ÚwñItIG ³US: ²Úhw-/ ³n (pl ´unchanged) kinds of small sea-fish
used as food.¼
¨whit®ing©2 ²/ÚwñItIG ³US: ²Úhw-/ ³n ¶[U] ´powdered white chalk used in
whitewashing, and for polishing silver, etc.¼
¨whit®low© ²/ÚwItlE8 ³US: ²Úhw-/ ³n ´small inflamed place on a
finger or toe, esp near the nail.¼
¨Whit®sun© ²/ÚwItsn ³US: ²Úhw-/ ³n ´(also ·*³Whit ·Ú³Sunday´) 7th Sunday after
Easter, the feast of the Pentecost. ¸@®tide ²/-tñId/ ³n ´@ and the weekend or
the following week (often called ·*³Whit ·Ú³Monday, ·*³Whit ·Ú³Tuesday, etc).¼
¨whittle© ²/ÚwItl ³US: ²Úhw-/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP15B,2C,3A] ·@ (sth) away, ´cut thin
slices or strips off, eÔg wood; (fig) reduce. ·@ (away) at sth, ´cut at sth in
this way: ³He was whittling at a piece of wood. ·@ sth down, ´reduce the size
of by cutting away slices, etc; (fig) reduce the amount of: ³They won't dare to
@ down our salaries. ¸2 ¶[VP6A,15A] ´make or shape by whittling: ³The boy @d a
whip handle from a branch/@d a branch into a whip handle.¼
¨whiz© ²/wIz ³US: ²hwIz/ ³vi ¶[VP2C] µ(-zz-)³, n ¶[U] ´(make the) sound of sth
rushing through the air: ³The arrows/shells @zed past.¼
¨whizz-kid© ²/ÚwIz kId ³US: ²Úhw-/ ³n ´(sl) bright, inventive young person with
progressive ideas who achieves rapid success.¼
¨who© ²/hu/ ³interr pron ´(used as the subject, and only of persons; object
form ¸whom ²/hum/´) ¸1 ³Who is that man? Who are those men? I wonder who those
people are. Who broke the window? Do you know who broke the window? Who do you
think he is? ·(know) *who's Úwho, ´(know) who people are, what they do, etc. ¸2
³(Whom ´is used in formal and literary style, but is usually replaced by ³who
´in ordinary colloq style): ³To whom did you give it? Who did you give it to?
Who(m) did you see? Who(m) do you think I met in the post-office this morning?
I don't know to whom I ought to address the request. I don't know who I ought
to address the request to. Who else did you see? ¹ rel pron ¸1 ´(in defining,
or restrictive, clauses; µ¥ that±3µ, ´which sometimes replaces ³who´): ³This is
the man who/These are the men who wanted to see you. ´(After ³there + to be
´the ³rel pron "who' ´may be omitted: ³There's somebody (who) wants you on the
telephone. There was a man (who) called to see you while you were out.) ¸2
³(Whom ´is often replaced by ³that ´except after a ³prep; ´the ³prep ´may be
placed at the end and ³that ´used for ³whom´): ³That is the man (whom) I met in
London last year. That is the man about whom we were speaking. That's the man
(that) we were speaking about. I know the man (whom) you mean. ¸3 ´(in
non-defining clauses, not replaceable by ³that; ´clause set off by the use of
commas or placed in parentheses): ³My wife, who has been abroad recently, hopes
to see you soon. My brother, whom you met the other day, has recently written a
book on Indian art. Our new neighbours, to whom I was introduced yesterday,
have come here from Yorkshire. ¸4 ´(independent relative) ·Whom ´(= Those whom)
·the gods love die young, ´Those who are specially favoured by Providence die
young.¼
¨whoa© ²/wE8/ ³int µ¥ wo.¼
¨who'd© ²/hud/ ³c ´= who had/would.¼
¨who®dun®it© ²/*huÚdAnIt/ ³n ´(sl) (= ³who done it´, sl for ³who
did it´) detective or mystery story.¼
¨who®ever© ²/huÚevE(r)/ ³pron ´any person who; the person who: ³W@ says that is
wrong. W@ else may object, I shall approve.¼
¨whole© ²/hE8l/ ³adj ¸1 ´not injured or damaged; unbroken: ³You're
lucky to escape with a @ skin. There isn't a @ plate ´(= a plate that is not
chipped, cracked, broken, etc) ³in the house. ´(Because @(µ3´) means "all',
@(µ1´) is sometimes placed after the ³n. ´Cf: ³He swallowed the plum @´,
without chewing it. ³He ate the @ loaf´, all of it. ³The ox was roasted @´,
without being cut up into joints. ³They ate the @ ox´, all of it. ³Snakes
swallow their victims @.) ·go the @ hog, µ¥ hog. ¸2 ´entire; complete: ³I
waited for her a @ half hour. ¸@ note, ´(US) semi-breve. ¸@ number, ´undivided
quantity; integer. ¸Ú@®meal, *@-Úwheat, ´flour containing everything in the
grain, nothing extracted. ¸@ milk, ´milk from which no constituent (eÔg cream)
has been extracted. ¸3 ´(attrib only, with a ³sing n´) ¸the/one's @, ´all that
there is of; complete: ³I want to know the @ truth about this matter. The @
country ´(= Everyone in the country) ³was anxious for peace. I didn't see him
the @ evening. He gave his @ attention ´(= all of his attention) ³to the
problem. You haven't eaten the @ lot ´(= all of it, all of them), ³have you?
·do sth with one's @ heart, ´do it with concentrated efforts, undivided
attention. Hence, ¸*whole-Úhearted(ly), ³adj, adv ¸4 ´(attrib with a ³pl n´)
not less or fewer than; nothing less than: ³It rained for three @ days. Give
your @ energies to the task. W@ ´(= Complete) ³regiments surrendered to the
enemy. ¸5 ´(old use; biblical) in good health; well: ³They that are @ need not
a physician. His hand was made @. ¹ n ´thing that is complete in itself; all
that there is of something: ³Four quarters make a @. A @ is greater than any of
its parts. The @ ´(= All) ³of my money was stolen. He spent the @ of that year
in Pakistan. Is the land to be divided up or sold as a @? ·on the @, ´taking
everything into consideration. ·(taken) as a @, ´(considered) all together, not
separately. ¸wholly ²/ÚhE8llI/ ³adv ´completely; entirely: ³Few men are wholly
bad. I wholly agree with you.¼
¨whole®sale© ²/ÚhE8lseIl/ ³n ´(usu attrib) selling of goods (esp in
large quantities) to shopkeepers, for resale to the public. µ¥ retail´: ³sell
by @ ´(US ³at @´); ³@ prices; a @ dealer. ¹ adj, adv ´on the @ plan; (fig) on
a large scale: ³Our business is @ only. We buy goods @. There was a @
slaughter when the police opened fire. ¸@r ³n ´one who sells by @.¼
¨whole®some© ²/ÚhE8lsEm/ ³adj ´healthy; favourable to the health (bodily or
moral); suggesting good health: ³@ food/exercise/surroundings; a @ appearance;
@ advice.¼
¨who'll© ²/hul/ ³c ´= who will.¼
¨whom© ²/hum/ ³interr pron, rel pron µ¥ who.¼
¨whoop© ²/hup/ ³n ¶[C] ¸1 ´loud cry: ³@s of joy. ¸2 ´gasping sound
heard during a fit of coughing. ¸Ú@®ing-cough ³n ¶[U] ´children's disease with
gasping coughs and long, noisy indrawing of breath. ¹ ³vi,vt ´utter a loud cry
or yell: ³to @ with joy. ·@ it up ²/wup ³US: ²hw8p/, ´(sl) have a hilarious
time.¼
¨whoopee© ²/Úw8pI/ ³n ·make @, ´(sl) take part in noisy rejoicing.¼
¨whop© ²/wop ³US: ²hwop/ ³vt µ(-pp-) ¶[VP6A] ´(sl) beat; defeat. ¸@®per ³n
´anything unusually big, esp a big lie. ¸@®ping ³adj ´very large of its kind:
³a @ping lie. µ¹ ³adv ´very: ³a @ping big fish.¼
¨whore© ²/Úhc(r)/ ³n ´Ï (derog) prostitute. ¸Ú@-monger ²/-mAGgE(r)/ ³n ´(old
use) man who fornicates.¼
¨who're© ²/ÚhuE(r)/ ³c ´= who are.¼
¨whorl© ²/w3l ³US: ²hw-/ ³n ´ring of leaves, petals, etc round a stem of a
plant; one turn of a spiral, eÔg as seen on the shell of a mollusc or on a
fingerprint: ³identify a criminal by the @s of his fingerprints. ¸@ed ³adj
´having @s; arranged in @s.¼
¨who's© ²/huz/ ³c ´= who is/has.¼
¨whose© ²/huz/ ³poss pron ´(µ¥ who´) of whom; of which. ¸1 ³W@ house is that? I
wonder @ house that is. ¸2 ´(in rel, defining clauses): ³Is that the man @
house was broken into by burglars last week? The boy @ father complained to me
is very stupid. ¸3 ´(³W@ ´is sometimes used in place of the usual ³of which´,
but it is often better to use a different construction, as shown below): ³the
house @ windows are broken´, the house with the broken windows; ³that
dictionary @/of which the cover has come off´, that dictionary without a cover.
¸4 ´(in rel, non-defining clauses): ³Members of the Fire Service, @ work is
often dangerous, are paid less than members of the Police Force. Mr Hamilton, @
car I borrowed for this journey, is a rich lawyer.¼
¨who®so© ²/ÚhusE8/, ±who®so®ever ²/*husE8ÚevE(r)/ ³pron ´(old use) = µwhoever.¼
¨why© ²/wñI ³US: ²hwñI/ ³adv ¸1 ´(interr) for what reason; with what purpose:
³Why was he late? Do you know why he was late? Tell me why. Why not let her do
as she likes? ¸2 ´(rel ³adv´): ³The reasons why he did it are obscure. This is
(the reason) why I left early. Why you should always arrive late I don't know.
¹ int ¸1 ´(expressing surprise) ³Why, it's quite easy! A child could do it! ¸2
´(expressing protest): ³Why, what's the harm? ´iÔe there's no harm in it, is
there? ¹ ³n (pl µwhys´) reason or cause. ·the whys and the wherefores, ´the
reasons, causes.¼
¨wick© ²/wIk/ ³n ¶[C,U] ´(length of) thread through a candle, the
top end of which is lit, to burn with a light-giving flame; (strip of) woven
material by which oil is drawn up in some cigarette lighters, an oil-lamp or
oil-stove to burn: ³trim the @ of an oil-lamp.¼
¨wicked© ²/ÚwIkId/ ³adj ¸1 ´(of a person, his acts) bad; wrong; immoral: ³It
was @ of you to torment the poor cat. ¸2 ´spiteful; intended to injure: ³a @
blow. ¸3 ´roguish; mischievous: ³She gave me a @ look. ¸@®ly ³adv ¸@®ness ³n¼
¨wicker© ²/ÚwIkE(r)/ ³n ¶[U] ´(usu attrib) twigs or canes woven together, usu
for baskets and furniture: ³a @ chair. ¸Ú@®work ³n ¶[U] ´things made of @.¼
¨wicket© ²/ÚwIkIt/ ³n ¶[C] ¸1 *@(-Údoor/-Úgate), ´small door or gate, esp one
at the side of, or made in, a larger one. ¸2 ´small opening (eÔg one with a
sliding window) at which tickets are sold. ¸3 ´(cricket) either of the two
pairs of three stumps (with crosspieces called ³bails´) at which the ball is
bowled, µ¥ ´the illus at µcricket´; stretch of grass between two @s: ³take a
@´, defeat a batsman. ³A soft @ ´(= soft ground between @s) ³helps the bowler.
Surrey were four @s down´, Four of their batsmen were out. ³We won by six @s´,
won with seven of our batsmen not out. ·keep @, ´act as @-keeper. ¸Ú@-keeper ³n
´player who stands behind the @ to stop balls not struck by the batsman, to
catch batsmen out, etc. ¸3 ´(US) croquet hoop.¼
¨wide© ²/wñId/ ³adj µ(-r, -st) ¸1 ´measuring much from side to side
or in comparison with length; broad: ³a @ river; a road twelve feet @. ¸2 ´of
great extent; comprehensive: ³a man with @ interests´, interested in many
subjects; ³the @ world; the @ Atlantic; a @ selection of new books. ¸3 ´fully
opened: ³She stared at him with @ eyes. Open your mouth @. ¸4 ´far from what
is aimed at or from a specific point: ³a @ ball´, (in cricket) one judged by
the umpire to be out of the batsman's reach. ³Your answer was @ of the mark. ¸5
´(sl) shrewdly aware of business chances; unscrupulous. ¸@ boy, ´(sl) such a
man. ¹ ³adv ¸1 ´far from the point aimed at: ³The arrow fell @ of the mark. ¸2
´fully: ³He was @ awake. The window was @ open. ¸*@-aÚwake ³adj ´(fig) alert,
vigilant: ³a @-awake young woman´, one who realizes what is going on, etc and
is not easily deceived. ¸3 ´over a large area: ³travel far and @. ¸Ú@®spread
³adj ´(esp) found, distributed, over a large area. ¸@®ly ³adv ¸1 ´at @
intervals: ³@ly scattered. ´Cf ³scattered far and @. ¸2 ´to a large extent or
degree: ³@ly different; differing @ly in opinions. ¸3 ´over a large area: ³It
is @ly known that«. ¸@n ²/ÚwñIdn/ ³vt,vi ¶[VP6A,2A] ´make or become @(r):
·Ú³road-@ning in process.¼
¨wid®geon© ²/ÚwIdZEn/ ³n ´kind of wild freshwater duck.¼
¨widow© ²/ÚwIdE8/ ³n ´woman who has not married again after her husband's
death. ¸@er ³n ´man who has not married again after his wife's death. ¸wid®owed
²/ÚwIdE8d/ ³adj ´made into a @ or @er: ³@ed by war. ¸Ú@®hood ²/-h8d/ ³n ´state
of, time of being, a @.¼
¨width© ²/wItT/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´quality or state of being wide: ³a road
of great @´; (fig) ³@ of mind/intellect/views. ´Cf ³broadminded, broad views.
¸2 ´measurement from side to side: ³a @ of 10 metres; 10 metres in @. ¸3 ¶[C]
´piece of material of a certain @: ³join two @s of cloth; curtain material of
various @s.¼
¨wield© ²/wild/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´have and use: ³@ an axe; @
power/authority/control.¼
¨wife© ²/wñIf/ ³n (pl µwives ²/wñIvz/³) ´married woman, esp in
relation to her husband: ³Smith and his @; the baker's @; a club for young
wives. ·old wives' tale, ´foolish or superstitious story, usu traditional. µ¥
´also ³fish@ ´at µfish±1µ(2), ³house@ ´at µhouse±1µ(7). ¸Ú@®like, @®ly ³adjj
´of, like, suitable for, a @: ³@ly virtues/duties.¼
¨wig© ²/wIg/ ³n ´head-covering of false hair (as worn to hide baldness, and by
actors, barristers and judges, and formerly worn as a fashionable ornament in
Europe during the 17th and 18th cc). µ¥ ´the illus at µjudge. ¸wig®ged ²/wIgd/
³adj ´wearing a wig.¼
¨wig®ging© ²/ÚwIgIG/ ³n ´(colloq) scolding: ³get/give sb a good @.¼
¨wiggle© ²/ÚwIgl/ ³vt,vi ¶[VP6A,2A] ´(cause to) move with quick, short,
side-to-side movements: ³The baby was wiggling its toes. Stop wiggling and sit
still. ¹ n ´wiggling movement.¼
¨wight© ²/wñIt/ ³n ´(archaic) person; human being: ³a luckless @.¼
¨wig®wam© ²/ÚwIgwam ³US: ²-wqm/ ³n ´hut or tent made by fastening skins or mats
over a framework of poles, as formerly used by N American Indians.¼
¨wild© ²/wñIld/ ³adj µ(-er, -est) ¸1 µ¥ ´the illus at µcat, large, small. ´(of
animals) not tamed or domesticated; living in natural conditions (eÔg lions,
giraffes, wolves); (of plants) growing in natural conditions; not cultivated:
³@ flowers; a reserve for the preservation of @ life´, area where @ animals,
birds, etc are protected and helped to survive; (attrib): ³a @-life sanctuary.
¸Ú@®cat ³attrib adj ´reckless, unsound, impracticable: ³@cat schemes, ´esp in
finance and commerce; ³a @cat strike´, unofficial and irresponsible strike (by
workers). ¸Ú@®fowl ³n ´(esp) birds ordinarily shot or hunted as game, eÔg @
ducks and geese, quail, pheasants. ·*@-Úgoose chase, ´foolishly useless
enterprise. ·sow one's @ oats, µ¥ oat(1). ¸2 ´(of horses, game birds, etc)
easily startled; hard to get near: ³The deer/pheasants are rather @. ¸3 ´(of
persons, tribes, etc) uncivilized; savage. ¸4 ´(of scenery, areas of land, etc)
desolate; waste; unsettled: ³@ scenery; @, mountainous areas. ¸5 ´violent;
uncontrolled; stormy: ³You'd better stay indoors on a @ night like this. What @
weather we're having! ¸6 ´excited; passionate; distracted: ³There were sounds
of @ laughter. He was @ with anger. It made her @ ´(= filled her with anger)
³to see such cruelty. The anxiety drove them almost @´, mad. ¸7 ·be @ about
sth/sb, ´(colloq) have a strong desire for; be madly enthusiastic about: ³@
about strawberries/Prince Charles. ¸8 ´disorderly; out of control: ³a state of
@ confusion; a room in @ disorder; settle down after a @ youth. ·run @, ´be
without check, restraint or training: ³They allow their children to run @´,
allow them to amuse themselves in any way they like, with no control of any
kind. ¸Ú@®fire ³n ¶[U] ´(chiefly in) ·spread like @fire, ´(of reports, rumours,
etc) very fast. ¸9 ´reckless; done or said without reflection or consideration:
³a @ guess/scheme; @ shooting´, without taking aim. ¸10 ´(of a playing-card)
having any value (as eÔg a ³joker´): ³a @ card. ¹ ³adv ´in a @ manner: ³shoot
@. ¹ n pl ¸the @s, ´uncultivated (and often uninhabited) areas: ³the @s of
Africa; go out into the @s. ¸@®ly ³adv ´in a @ manner: ³rush about @ly; talk
@ly´, eÔg in an exaggerated way; ³a @ly exaggerated account. ¸@®ness ³n¼
¨wilde®beest© ²/ÚwIldIbist/ ³n ´= µgnu. ¥ ´the illus at µlarge.¼
¨wil®der®ness© ²/ÚwIldEnIs/ ³n ´(rarely ³pl´) ¸1 ´wild uncultivated
waste land. ¸2 ´desolate expanse: ³a @ of waters. From his attic window he
looked out over a @ of roofs.¼
¨wile© ²/wñIl/ ³n ´(usu ³pl´) trick; bit of cunning: ³fall a victim to the @s
of an unscrupulous rogue; the @s of the Devil.¼
¨wil®ful© ´(US also ¸will-´) ²/ÚwIlfl/ ³adj ¸1 ´(of a person) obstinate;
determined to have one's own way: ³a @ child. ¸2 ´intentional; for which
compulsion, ignorance or accident is no excuse: ³@
murder/negligence/waste/disobedience. ¸@ly ²/-fElI/ ³adv ¸@®ness ³n¼
¨will©1 ²/l ³strong form: ²wIl/ ³anom fin ´(often shortened to
µ'll´; ³neg µ@ not ´or µwon't ²/wE8nt/³; pt´, conditional µwould ²/³after "I,
he, she, we, you, they': ²d, ³elsewhere: ³weak form: ²Ed´; ³strong form: ²w8d/,
³neg µwould not ´or µwouldn't ²/Úw8dnt/³) ¶[VP5] ¸1 ´(used as an auxiliary verb
of the future tense): ³If today is Monday, tomorrow @ be Tuesday. You'll be in
time if you hurry. You won't be in time unless you hurry. ´(³Would ´replaces ³@
´to show future in the past). ³I wonder whether it @ be ready. I wondered
whether it would be ready. You'll be in Oxford this time tomorrow. You would
have been in Oxford this time yesterday. ¸2 ´(used with the 1st person ³(I, we)
´to express willingness, consent, an offer or a promise): ³All right, I'll
come. I won't do it again. We'll pay back the money soon. ´(³Would ´replaces ³@
´to show future in the past): ³I said I would do it. We said we would help
them. ¸3 ´(used with the 2nd person in questions, marking polite requests, and
often equivalent to ³please´): ³"W@ you (please) come in?' "Would you
(please) come back later?' "Pass the salt, would you?' "Would you (please) pass
the salt?' ¸4 ´(used in ³affirm ´sentences, always with stress (never ³'ll ´or
³'d´), indicating insistence or inevitability): ³He ·Ú³@ have his own way´,
insists on this. ³Boys ·Ú³@ be boys´, We cannot expect them to behave except as
boys naturally behave.
³Accidents ·Ú³@ happen´, They are to be expected from time to time. ³That's
just what you ·Ú³would say´, what you might be expected to say. ³Of course it
·Ú³would rain on the day we chose for a picnic´, We might expect such treatment
from Fate. ¸5 ´(used in the neg to indicate refusal): ³He won't/wouldn't help
me. This window won't open´, cannot be opened. ¸6 ´(used to indicate that sth
happens from time to time, that sb is in the habit of doing sth, that sth is
natural or to be expected): ³He'll sit there hour after hour looking at the
traffic go by. Sometimes the boys would play a trick on their teacher.
Occasionally the machine will go wrong without any apparent cause. ¸7 ´(used to
indicate probability or likelihood): ³This'll be the book you're looking for, I
think. She would be about 60 when she died. "I want someone to do a lot of
typing for me'Å"Will/Would I do?' ´Am I likely to be suitable for the job? ¸8
´(³Would ´is used with the 2nd and 3rd persons to form conditional statements
and questions): ³They'd be killed if the car went over the cliff. They'd have
been killed if the car had gone over the cliff. ·would rather, µ¥ rather(1). ¸9
´(³Would ´is used with the 1st person to form conditional statements expressing
the speaker's will or intention): ³We would have come if it hadn't rained.¼
¨will©2 ²/wIl/ ³vt (pt µwould ²/w8d/³) ´(no other forms used) (all
old uses) ¸1 ¶[VP6A] ´wish: ³Let him do what he @. What would you? ¸2 ¶[VP9]
´(the subject ³I ´is often omitted) used to express wishes: ³Would (that) it
were otherwise! Would ´(= I would) ³to God (that) I had not agreed! Would that
they were safe home again! ¸3 ¶[VP5] ´choose; desire: ³the place where he would
be. Come whenever you @ ´(iÔe @ or wish to come). (Cf µwill±3 ´with which
µwill±2 ´is closely connected.) ¸Úwould-be ³attrib adj ´used to indicate what
is desired, aspired to, or intended: ³would-be authors´, persons who aspire to
be authors.¼
¨will©3 ²/wIl/ ³vt,vi (pt,pp µ@ed³) ¸1 ¶[VP6A] ´make use of one's
mental powers in an attempt to do sth or get sth: ³We cannot achieve success
merely by @ing it. ¸2 ¶[VP2A] ´exercise will-power: ³W@ing and wishing are not
the same thing. ¸3 ¶[VP6A,9] ´intend unconditionally: ³God has @ed it so. God
@s that man should be happy. ¸4 ¶[VP17,14,15A] ´influence, control or compel,
by exercising the will: ³Can you @ yourself to keep awake/into keeping awake?
It would be convenient if we could @ ourselves across lands and oceans. ¸5
¶[VP12A,13A] ·@ sth to sb; @ sb sth, ´leave (property, etc) (to sb) by means
of a will and testament: ³He @ed most of his money to charities. I hope my
uncle has @ed me that fine painting.¼
¨will©4 ²/wIl/ ³n ¸1 the @, ´mental power by which a person can direct his
thoughts and actions, and influence those of others: ³the freedom of the @. ¸2
¶[U,C] ³(sing ´only³) ´(also ¸Ú@-power´) control exercised over oneself, one's
impulses: ³He has no @ of his own´, is easily influenced by others. ³W@ can
conquer habit. He has a strong/weak @. He showed a strength of @ that overcame
all obstacles. ¸-willed, ´(in compound ³adjj´) having the kind of @ indicated:
·*³strong-·Ú³@ed; ·*³weak-·Ú³@ed. ¸3 ¶[U,C] ³(sing ´only) determination; desire
or purpose: ³The @ to live helps a patient to recover. She has a boundless @ to
please´, is full of desire to please. ·Where there's a @ there's a way, ´(prov)
If one has the determination to achieve sth, a way of doing so will be found.
·take the @ for the deed, ´understand and be grateful for the fact that one
wants to help, etc although unable to do so. ·of one's own free @, ´without
being required or compelled: ³I did it of my own free @. ·at @, ´whenever and
however one pleases: ³You may come and go at @. ·tenant at @, ´(legal) one who
can be required to give up (land, a house, etc). ¸4 a @, ´energy; enthusiasm:
³work with a @. ¸5 ¶[U] ´(with a ³possessive´) that which is desired or
determined upon: ³God's @ be done. He has always had his @ ´(or, more colloq,
³his own way). What is your @ ´(more usu, ³What do you want´)? ¸6 good/ill @,
´kind/unkind disposition or feeling: ³feel no ill will towards anybody. "Peace
on earth and good @ towards men.' ¸7 ¶[C] ´(also ·last @ and testament´), =
µtestament. ¸@®ful ²/-fl/ ³adj ´(US spelling of) µwilful.¼
¨wil®lies© ²/ÚwIlIz/ ³n pl ´(sl) feeling of unease or nervousness:
³This gloomy old house gives me the @.¼
¨will®ing© ²/ÚwIlIG/ ³adj ¸1 ´ready to help, to do what is needed, asked, etc:
³@ workers. He's quite @ to pay the price I ask. ¸2 ´done, given, etc readily,
without hesitation: ³@ obedience. ¸@®ly ³adv ¸@®ness ³n ¶[U].¼
¨will-o'-the-wisp© ²/*wil E DE ÚwIsp/ ³n ´moving light seen at night over
marshy ground; (more usu fig) sth or sb that one pursues unsuccessfully because
it or he is difficult to grasp or reach.¼
¨wil®low© ²/ÚwIlE8/ ³n ¶[C] µ¥ ´the illus at µtree. ¸Ú@(-tree),
´kinds of tree and shrub with thin, easily bent branches; ¶[U] ´twigs of this
tree used for weaving into baskets; its wood, used for making cricket bats,
etc. ¸Ú@-pattern ³n ´Chinese design (with a @-tree, a river, etc) in blue upon
white china (seen on plates, etc). ¸@y ³adj ´(of persons) lithe and slender.¼
¨willy-nilly© ²/*wIlI ÚnIlI/ ³adv ´willingly or unwillingly; whether wanted or
unwanted.¼
¨wilt©1 ²/wIlt/ ³v ´(archaic form of µwill±2´) ·thou @, ´= ³you
will.¼
¨wilt©2 ²/wIlt/ ³vi,vt ¶[VP6A,2A] ´(of plants, flowers) (cause to) droop, lose
freshness; (of persons) become limp.¼
¨Wil®ton© ²/ÚwIltEn/ ³n ´kind of carpet.¼
¨wily© ²/ÚwñIlI/ ³adj µ(-ier, -iest) ´full of wiles; cunning: ³a @ old fox.¼
¨wimple© ²/ÚwImpl/ ³n ´linen covering arranged in folds about the head, cheeks,
chin and neck, worn by women in the Middle Ages, and still by some nuns.¼
¨win© ²/wIn/ ³vt,vi (pt,pp µwon ²/wAn/³) µ(-nn-) ¸1 ¶[VP6A,12B,13B,15A,2A] ´get
by means of hard work, perseverance, struggle, as the result of competition,
gambling, etc; do best (in a fight, etc): ³win a race/a battle/a war/a
scholarship/a prize; @ fame and fortune. Which side won? She has a nature that
quickly won her the friendship of her colleagues. He soon won a reputation for
himself. We've won! He won $5 from me at cards. ·win the day/the field, ´be
victorious. ·win free/clear/out/through, ´make one's way through, out, etc;
free oneself, get out of a difficult position, etc by effort. ·win hands down,
´(colloq) succeed easily. ¸Úwin®ning-post ³n ´post marking the end of a race.
¸2 ¶[VP6A,15B,17] ·win sb over (to sth); ´(less usu) ·win sb to do sth,
´persuade (sb) by argument; gain the favour of: ³We won him over to our view.
¸3 ¶[VP6A] ´reach by effort: ³win the summit/the shore. ¹ n ¶[C] ´success in a
game, competition, etc: ³Our team has had five wins this summer. ¸win®ner ³n
´person, animal, thing, that wins. ¸win®ning ³adj ¸1 ´that wins: ³the winning
horse. ¸2 ´persuasive; gaining confidence and friendship: ³a winning smile.
¸win®nings ²/ÚwInIGz/ ³n pl ´(esp) money won in betting, gambling, etc.¼
¨wince© ²/wIns/ ³vt ¶[VP2A,C] ´show bodily or mental pain or distress (by a
movement or by loss of composure): ³He @d under the blow/at the insult. He
didn't @ when the knife slipped and cut his thumb. ¹ n ´wincing movement:
³without a @.¼
¨win®cey®ette© ²/*wInsIÚet/ ³n ¶[U] ´strong material of wool and cotton, or
wool, used for shirts, etc.¼
¨winch© ²/wInt2/ ³n ´windlass; stationary machine for hoisting or
pulling. ¹ ³vt ¶[VP6A,15B] ´move by using a @: ³The glider was @ed off the
ground´, pulled along by means of a @ until it rose into the air: ³We can @ out
these big tree roots´, get them out by using a @.¼
¨wind©1 ²/wInd/ ³n ¸1 ¶[C,U] ´(often ¸the @´; ´with ³much, little´,
etc when the reference is to degree or force; with ³indef art ´or in ³pl ´when
the reference is to the kind of @, etc; µ¥ ´the examples) air in motion as the
result of natural forces: ³a north @´, blowing from the north; ³warm @s from
the south. The @ blew my hat off. He ran like the @´, very fast. ³The @ is
rising/falling´, becoming stronger/weaker. ³There's no/not much/a lot of @
today. ·fling/throw caution/prudence, etc to the @s, ´abandon it, take no
thought of it. ·get/have the Ú@ up, ´(sl) become/be frightened. ·raise the @,
´(sl) obtain the money needed. ·put the Ú@ up sb, ´(sl) cause him to feel
frightened. ·see/find out how the Ú@ blows, ´what people are thinking, what is
likely to happen. ·sail close/near to the @, µ¥ sail±2µ(1). ·take the Ú@ out of
sb's sails, ´prevent him from doing or saying sth by doing it or saying it
before him; take away his advantage suddenly. ·there is/was sth in the @,
´being secretly prepared or plotted. ¸2 ³(pl) ´the cardinal points: ³The house
stands on a hilltop, exposed to the four @s of heaven´, @s from all directions.
³My papers were blown to the four @s´, in all directions. ¸3 ¶[U] ´breath
needed for running or continuous exertion: ³The runner soon lost his @´, became
out of breath. ³He stopped to recover/get back his @. ·get one's second @,
´recover the ability to breathe regularly after a first period of
breathlessness; (fig) get new energy for a task. ·sound in @ and limb, ´in
excellent physical condition. ¸4 ¶[U] ´scent carried by the @ (as indicating
where sth is): ·get @ of, ´(fig) hear a rumour of, begin to suspect. ¸5 ¶[U]
´empty words; meaningless or useless talk: ³Don't listen to the
politiciansÅthey're all @. ¸6 ¶[U] ´gas formed in the bowels and causing
discomfort: ³The baby is suffering from @. ·break @, ´expel @ from the bowels
or stomach. ¸7 the @, ´orchestral @ instruments. ¸8 ´(compounds) ¸Ú@®bag ³n
´(colloq) person who talks a lot but says nothing important. ¸Ú@®break ³n
´hedge, fence, line of trees, etc to break the force of the @ and give
protection. ¸Ú@-cheater ´(US = ¸Ú@®breaker´) ³n ´close-fitting garment for the
upper part of the body, designed to give protection against the @. ¸Ú@®fall ³n
¶[C] ¸(a) ´fruit (eÔg an apple) blown off a tree by the @. ¸(b) ´(fig)
unexpected piece of good fortune, esp money coming to sb. ¸Ú@-flower ³n
´anemone. ¸Ú@-gauge ³n ´instrument for measuring the force of the @. ¸Ú@
instrument ³n ´musical instrument in which sound is produced by a current of
air (eÔg an organ, a flute, a cornet). µ¥ ´the illus at µbrass. ¸Ú@-jammer ³n
´(colloq) merchant sailing-ship. ¸Ú@®mill ³n ´mill worked by the action of the
@ on sails which revolve. ·fight/tilt at @mills, ´(from the story of Don
Quixote) fight imaginary enemies; try to put right imaginary wrongs. ¸Ú@®pipe
³n ´passage for air from the throat to the lungs. µ¥ ´the illus at
µrespiratory. ¸Ú@®screen ´(US = ¸Ú@®shield´) ³n ´screen of glass in front of a
motor-vehicle, etc. µ¥ ´the illus at µmotor. ¸Ú@®screen-wiper ³n µ¥ ³wiper ´at
µwipe. ¸Ú@-sock ³n ´canvas sleeve flown at the top of a pole (eÔg on an
airfield) to show the direction of the @. ¸Ú@®swept ³adj ´exposed to the @s;
blown bare by strong @s: ³a @swept hillside. ¸Ú@-tunnel ³n ´structure through
which air is forced (at controlled speeds) to study its effects on (models of)
aircraft, etc. ¸@®less ³adj ´without @: ³a @less day. ¸@®ward ²/-wEd/ ³n,adj
´(side) in the direction from which the @ blows; (side) exposed to the @:
³Let's get to @ward of that tannery ´(to avoid the bad smell). ¸windy ³adj
µ(-ier, -iest) ¸1 ´with much @: ³a @y day; @y weather; a @y hilltop, ´open to
the @. ¸2 ´wordy, µ¥ 5 ´above. ¸3 ´(sl) frightened. ¸@®ily ²/-IlI/ ³adv
¸@i®ness ³n¼
¨wind©2 ²/wInd/ ³vt ´(from µwind±1´) ³(pt,pp µ@ed ²/ÚwIndId/³)
¶[VP6A] ¸1 ´detect the presence of by scent: ³The hounds @ed the fox. The deer
@ed the stalkers. ¸2 ´exhaust the windµ(3) ´of; cause to breathe fast: ³He was
quite @ed by the long climb/by running to catch the bus. ¸3 ´give an
opportunity of recovering the breath to: ³We stopped to @ our horses.¼
¨wind©3 ²/wñInd/ ³vi,vt (pt,pp µwound ²/wñ8nd/³) ¸1 ¶[VP2A,B,C,15A] ´go, (cause
to) move, in a curving, spiral, or twisting manner: ³The river @s (its way) to
the sea. We climbed the @ing ´(= spiral) ³staircase. The path @s up
the hillside. She wound herself/her way into his affections´, won his
affections by her clever ways. ¸2 ¶[VP6A,15A,B] ´twist (string, wool yarn,
etc) into a ball, or round or on to sth: ³@ (up) wool into a ball; @ yarn; @
thread on to a reel; @ in the line, ´eÔg a fishing-line on to a reel. ·@ sth
off, ´unwind it. ·@ sb round one's (little) finger, ´make him do whatever one
wants him to do. ¸3 ¶[VP14,15A] ·@ sth round sb/sth; @ sb/sth in sth, ´fold or
wrap closely; embrace: ³@ a shawl round a baby; @ a baby in a shawl. She wound
her arms round the child. ¸Ú@®ing-sheet ³n ´shroud; sheet (to be) wound round a
corpse. ¸4 ¶[VP6A,15B] ·@ sth (up), ´turn (a handle, eÔg of a windlass); raise
(sth) by doing this: ³@ a handle; @ up ore from a mine/a bucket from a well. ¸5
¶[VP6A,15B] ·@ sth (up), ´tighten the spring of (a watch or clock); raise the
weights that operate a clock (to put or keep the watch or clock in motion): ³If
you forget to @ (up) your watch it will stopÅunless it is a self-@ing watch,
´iÔe one that is wound up automatically by movements of the wrist. ¸6 ·be wound
up (to), ´be (emotionally) excited (esp in passive), µ¥ unwind´: ³He was wound
up to a high pitch of excitement. Expectation was wound up to a high pitch. She
was wound up to a fury. ¸7 ¶[VP2C,15B] ·@ (sth) up, ´come or bring to an end:
³It's time for him to @ up his speech´, come to a conclusion. ³He wound up by
declaring that his efforts would be continued. They wound up the evening by
singing some folk-songs. ·@ up a business company, ´put everything in order
before dissolving it. ·@ up one's affairs, ´put them in order before bringing
them to an end. ¹ ³n ¶[C] ´single turn in @ing string, @ing up a clock, etc.¼
¨wind®lass© ²/ÚwIndlEs/ ³n ´machine for pulling or lifting things
(eÔg water from a well) by means of a rope or chain which is wound round an
axle; winch.¼
¨win®dow© ²/ÚwIndE8/ ³n ´opening in a wall or roof of a building, the side of a
ship, carriage, car, etc to let in light and air: ³look out of the @. ¸Ú@-box
³n ´long narrow box fixed to a @-sill in which to grow plants. ¸Ú@-dressing ³n
´art of arranging goods attractively in shop-@s; (fig) (art of) making an
impressive display of one's work, abilities, qualities, etc. ¸Ú@ envelope ³n
´one with a transparent part in the front through which an address on the paper
inside may be read. ¸Ú@-pane ³n ´pane of glass for or in a @. ·go Ú@-shopping,
´look at goods displayed in shop-@s (for interest, but not necessarily with the
idea of buying anything). ¸Ú@-sill ³n µ¥ sill. ·a @ on the world, ´(fig) means
of learning about, or coming into contact with, other countries: ³The English
language is a @ on the world.¼
¨windy© ²/ÚwIndI/ ³adj µ(-ier, -iest) µ¥ wind±1µ.¼
¨wine© ²/wñIn/ ³n ¶[U] ¸1 ´alcoholic drink made from the fermented juice of
grapes: ³a barrel/bottle/glass of @; French @(s)´, (³pl ´for different kinds of
@). ·new @ in old bottles, ´a new principle that is too strong to be held back
by old forms. ¸Ú@®glass ³n ´glass designed for drinking @ from. ¸Ú@®press ³n
´one in which grapes are pressed. ¸Ú@®skin ³n ´whole skin of a goat, etc sewn
up and used formerly for holding @. ¸2 ´fermented drink resembling @, made from
other fruits or plants: ³currant/cowslip/palm, etc @. ¹ vt ´(esp) ·@ and dine
sb, ´entertain at a meal with @: ³We were @d and dined at the firm's expense.¼
¨wing© ²/wIG/ ³n ¸1 ´either of the two organs of a bird by which it
flies; one of the similar organs of an insect; one of the surfaces by which an
aircraft is supported in the air. µ¥ ´the illus at µair, bird. ·clip a person's
@s, ´limit his movements, activities, expenditure, etc. ·lend/add @s to, ´cause
to go fast: ³Fear lent him @s´, made him run off fast. ·take (to itself) @s,
´disappear, vanish: ³As soon as we go on a holiday, our money seems to take @s.
·take sb under one's @, ´take him under one's protection; give him care and
guidance. ¸Ú@-nut/-screw, ´= thumb-nut. ¸Ú@-span/-spread ³nn ´measurement
across @s when these are extended. ¸2 ´part of an object, building, etc which
projects or is extended from one of its sides (eÔg the part of a motor-vehicle
covering a wheel, called a ³fender ´in US): ³a ·Ú³@ chair´, an upholstered
chair with arms as high as the back; ³add a new @ to a hospital. The north @ of
the house was added 50 years ago. ¸3 ´(mil) either of the flanks of an army or
fleet; unit placed to guard a flank. ¸4 ´those members of a political party
holding more extreme views than those of the majority: ³the radical @ of the
Labour Party. ´Hence, ¸*left-/*right-Ú@(er). 5 ´unseen areas to the right and
left of the stage of a theatre; the scenery there: ³We were allowed to watch
the performance from the @s. ¸6 ´flying. ·on the @, ´in flight: ³shoot a bird
on the @. ·take @, ´start flying. ¸7 ´sth like a @ in appearance or position,
eÔg certain seeds (esp of the maple and sycamore). ¸8 ´(also ¸@er´) ´(football,
hockey) forward player whose place is either side of the centre. µ¥ ´the
illus at µfootball. ¸9 ´(GB; RÔAÔF) formation of two or more squadrons; ³(pl)
´pilot's badge: ³get one's @s. ¸Ú@-commander, ´RÔAÔF rank, next below Group
Captain. ³¹ vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A] ´give @s to; lend speed to: (usu fig) ³Fear @ed
his steps. ¸2 ¶[VP2C,15A] ´fly; travel on @s: ³The planes @ed (their way) over
the Alps. ¸3 ¶[VP6A] ´wound (a bird) in the @; (colloq) wound (a person) in the
arm. ¸@ed ³adj ´having @s: ³the @ed god´, Mercury; ³a @ed Victory´, a statue of
the goddess of victory with @s. ¸@®less ³adj ´without @s. ¸@er ³n ´person who
acts or plays in a position on the @s. µ¥ 4 ´and µ8 ´above.¼
¨wink© ²/wIGk/ ³vi,vt ¸1 ¶[VP2A,3A,15B] ·@ (at), ´close and open
(one's eyes, or more usu one eye); get rid of (tears) by doing this: ³She @ed
at me´, eÔg as a sign of secret amusement, or to call my attention to sth, or
as a private signal of some kind. ³He @ed a tear away. ·@ at sth, ´purposely
avoid seeing; deliberately ignore (a piece of misconduct, a transgression). ¸2
¶[VP2A,C] ´(of a star, light, etc) shine or flash intermittently, at very short
intervals: ³A lighthouse was @ing in the far distance. ¹ ³n ¸1 ´act of @ing,
esp as a signal or hint. ·tip sb the @, ´(colloq) give him special
information; warn him secretly. ·A @ is as good as a nod, ´A hint, etc given by
a wink, etc is as effective as a more obvious signal. ¸2 ´very short time: ³I
didn't sleep a @/didn't have a @ of sleep´, didn't sleep at all. ¸forty @s, ´a
short sleep (esp during the day).¼
¨win®kle© ²/ÚwIGkl/ ³n ´sea snail used as food; periwinkle. ¹ ³vt
¶[VP15B] ·@ sb/sth out, ´extract, force or pull out (as a @ is picked or
pulled out of its shell with a pin).¼
¨win®ner©, win®ning µ¥ win.¼
¨win®now© ²/ÚwInE8/ ³vt ¶[VP6A,14,15A,B] ´use a stream of air to separate dry
outer coverings from (grain): ³@ wheat; ´blow (husks, chaff) away from grain in
this way: ³@ the chaff away/out; ´(fig) ³@ truth from falsehood.¼
¨win®some© ²/ÚwInsEm/ ³adj ´(of a person, his appearance) attractive; pleasing;
bright: ³a @ smile/manner. ¸@®ly ³adv ¸@®ness ³n¼
¨win®ter© ²/ÚwIntE(r)/ ³n ¶[U,C] ´season between autumn and spring (Nov or Dec
to Feb or March in the northern hemisphere): ³many @s ´(liter, = years) ³ago;
³@ sports, ´eÔg ice-skating, skiing; ³@ wheat´, planted in the autumn and
harvested in the following spring or summer; ³@ quarters´, (esp) to which
troops retired for the @ (in former times). ¸Ú@ garden, ´glass-enclosed area
with plants, etc eÔg as the lounge of a hotel. ¹ ³vi ¶[VP2C] ´pass the @: ³@ in
the south; the @ing quarters of wild geese. ¸@y, win®try ²/ÚwIntrI/ ³adjj ´of
or like @; cold: ³a wintry sky/day; wintry weather; ´(fig) ³a wintry
smile/greeting´, one lacking in warmth or liveliness.¼
¨wipe© ²/wñIp/ ³vt,vi ¶[VP6A,15A,B,22] ´clean or dry (sth) by rubbing with a
cloth, paper, the hands, etc: ³@ the dishes; @ one's hands on a towel; @ one's
face; @ sth dry; @ one's eyes´, dry the tears. ³Take this handkerchief and @
your nose, David. ·@ the floor with sb, µ¥ floor±1µ(1). ·@ the slate clean,
´make a new start, with past errors, enmities, etc forgotten. ·@ sth away,
´remove (eÔg tears) by wiping. ·@ sth off, ¸(a) ´remove by wiping: ³@ off a
drawing from the blackboard. ¸(b) ´get rid of: ³@ off a debt. ·@ sth out, ¸(a)
´clean the inside of: ³@ out a jug; @ out the bath. ¸(b) ´get rid of; remove:
³@ out a disgrace; @ out old scores´, forget old quarrels, etc; ³@ out an
insult ´(esp by vengeance). ¸(c) ´destroy completely: ³a disease that almost
@d out the population of the island. ·@ sth up, ´take up (liquid, etc) by
wiping: ³@ up spilt milk; @ up a mess. ¹ ³n ´act of wiping: ³Give this plate a
@. ¸@r ³n ´sth that @s or is used for wiping: ³a ·Ú³windscreen-wiper´, for
wiping rainwater from the windscreen. µ¥ ´the illus at µmotor.¼
¨wire© ²/wñIE(r)/ ³n ¸1 ¶[C,U] ´(piece or length of) metal drawn out into the
form of a thread: ·Ú³telephone @(s); copper @; barbed @ ´(µ¥ ´the illus at
µbarb´); ³@ rope´, made by twisting strands of @ together; ³@ netting´, made
by weaving @ (used for fences, fruit cages, etc). ·pull (the) @s, ´(fig) use
secret or indirect influence to gain one's ends, manage a political party, etc;
hence ¸Ú@-puller ³n´. ¸live @, (a) ´@ charged with electric current. ¸(b) ´(fig)
active, vigorous person. ¸Ú@-cutters ³n pl ´tool for cutting @. ¸*@-Úhaired
³adj ´(esp of a dog) with stiff or wiry hair. ¸Ú@ tapping ³n ¶[U] ´tapping of
telephones, µ¥ tap±1µ, ³vtµ(2). ¸@ wool ³n ¶[C,U] ´(pad of) fine @ for cleaning
pots and pans. ¸Ú@-worm ³n ´kinds of worm-like larva destructive to plants. ¸2
¶[C] ´(colloq, esp US) telegram: ³send sb a @; send off a @. Let me know by @
what time to expect you. ¹ vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A,15A,B] ´fasten with @: ³@ two things
together; ´put @(s) in or on; put (beads, pearls, etc) on fine @. ¸2 ¶[VP6A]
´install electrical circuits (in a building, to provide lighting, power, etc):
³Has the house been @d for electricity yet? ¸3 ¶[VP6A] ´catch, snare (birds,
rabbits, etc) with @. ¸4 ¶[VP6A,16,12A,13A,11] ´(colloq, esp US) telegraph: ³He
@d (to) his brother to buy oil shares. He @d me that he would be delayed.
¸wir®ing ³n ¶[U] ´(esp) system of @s for electric current. ¸wiry ³adj µ(-ier,
-iest) ´like @; (of persons) lean and with strong sinews.¼
¨wire®less© ²/ÚwñIElIs/ ³adj ´without the use of wire(s). ¹ n
´(dated word for) ¸1 ¶[U] ´radio. ¸2 ¶[C] ´radio set.¼
¨wis®dom© ²/ÚwIzdEm/ ³n ¶[U] ¸1 ´quality of being wise. ¸Ú@-tooth ³n (pl
µ-teeth³) ´back tooth, usu coming through after 20 years of age: ³cut one's
@-teeth´, reach the age when one has discretion, etc. µ¥ ´the illus at µmouth.
¸2 ´wise thoughts, sayings, etc: ³the @ of the ancients/our ancestors.¼
¨wise©1 ²/wñIz/ ³adj µ(-r, -st) ´having or showing experience, knowledge, good
judgement, prudence, etc: ³@ men/acts. He was @ enough not to drive when he was
feeling ill. "I don't agree', he said, with a @ shake of the head, ´iÔe
suggesting that he was @. ³It's easy to be @ after the event´, to know, after
sth has happened, what one failed to see in advance. ·be none the @r, ´be no
better informed: ³He came away none the @r´, knowing no more than before.
·be/get @ to sb/sth, ´(sl) be/become aware of: ³get @ to what's happening/to
the ways of business men, etc. ·put sb @ to sb/sth, ´inform him of (what is
happening, etc). ¸Ú@®acre ³n ´dull and boring person who pretends to be much
@r than he is. ¸Ú@®crack ³n ´(sl) smart, witty saying or remark. µ¹ ³vi ´make
@cracks. ¸@®ly ³adv¼
¨wise©2 ²/wñIz/ ³n sing ´(old use) way, manner: ³in no @; in this @.¼
¨wish© ²/wI2/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP9] ·@ that«, ´(³that ´usu omitted; the
³that-´clause usu in the ³pt´) have as an unfulfilled desire or a desire that
cannot be fulfilled: ³I @ I knew what is happening. I @ I were rich. I @ I were
a bird. She @ed she'd stayed at home´, was sorry that she had not stayed at
home. ¸2 ¶[VP15A] ´have as a desire: ³She @ed herself home ´(= @ed that she was
at home) ³again. They @ed the voyage at an end. He began to @ himself ´(= @
that he was) ³out of the affair. ¸3 ¶[VP22] ·@ sb well/ill, ´hope that he may
have good/ill fortune, etc: ³He @ed me well. I @ nobody ill. ¸4 ¶[VP12A,13A]
´say that one hopes for: ³@ sb a pleasant journey; @ happiness to all one's
friends; ´express as a greeting: ³@ sb good morning/goodbye. ¸5 ¶[VP7A,17,
´rarely ¶6A ´with pron¶] ´want: ³She @es to be alone. Do you really @ me to
go? I @ there to be no misunderstanding on this matter. What do you @? Well, if
you @ it«´, if that is what you want me to do, etc. ¸6 ¶[VP3A] ·@ for, ´have a
desire for, pray for (esp sth unlikely to be obtained or achieved, or sth that
can be obtained only by good fortune or in exceptional circumstances): ³She has
everything a woman can @ for´, (suggesting unusual good fortune). ³How he @ed
for an opportunity to go abroad!´, (suggesting small likelihood of getting
one). ³The weather was everything they could @ for´, (suggesting unusual good
fortune). ³What more can you @ for? ´(Cf ³He would like a glass of cold water´,
and ³How he @ed for a glass of cold water´, the second sentence suggesting that
there was little likelihood of his getting one). ¸7 ¶[VP2A] ´express a desire:
³Doing is better than @ing. ¸Ú@-bone ³n ´forked bone above the breastbone of a
fowl, pulled in two by two persons, the person getting the longer part having
the right to the magic fulfilment of any wish. ¸Ú@®ing-cap ³n ´(in fairy tales)
cap which secures to the wearer the fulfilment of any wish. ¸8 ·@ sb/sth on sb,
´(colloq) transfer him/it to sb (esp with the idea of getting rid of sb/sth
unwanted or disliked): ³I wouldn't @ my mother-in-law on anyone´, suggesting
that she is intolerable. ³We had the Jones children @ed on us for the weekend.
¹ n ¸1 ¶[C,U] ´desire; longing: ³He has no/not much @ to go. She expressed a @
to be alone. He disregarded his father's @es. I hope you will grant my @. ·If
@es were horses, beggars might ride, ´(prov) If things could be obtained merely
by @ing for them, poor people would soon be rich. ·The @ is father to the
thought, ´(prov) We are apt to believe sth because we @ it were true. ¸2 ¶[C]
´that which is @ed for: ³She got her @. ¸@®ful ²/-fl/ ´having or expressing a
@; desiring. ·@ful thinking, ´thinking or believing that sth is true because
one @es it were true. ¸@®fully ²/-fElI/ ³adv¼
¨wishy-washy© ²/ÚwI2I wo2I ³US: ²wc2I/ ³adj ´(of soup, tea, etc)
thin; weak; (of talk, persons) lacking in spirit or vigour; sloppy.¼
¨wisp© ²/wIsp/ ³n ¶[C] ´small bundle, bunch or twist: ³a @ of straw/hay; a @ of
hair; ´spiral or ribbon: ³a @ of smoke/steam. ¸@y ³adj ´like a @; slight.¼
¨wis®teria© ²/wIÚstIErIE/ ³n ´(kinds of) climbing plant with a woody stem and
long drooping clusters of pale purple or white flowers and seeds in long pods,
often grown on walls or over pergolas.¼
¨wist®ful© ²/ÚwIstfl/ ³adj ´sad and longing; having, showing, moved by, a
rather unsatisfied and often vague desire: ³@ eyes; a @ expression; in a @
mood. ¸@ly ²/-fElI/ ³adv ´in a @ manner: ³She looked @ly at the photographs of
herself when she was young and beautiful.¼
¨wit©1 ²/wIt/ ³n ¸1 ³(sing ´or ³pl´) intelligence; understanding; quickness of
mind: ³He hadn't the wits/hadn't wit enough to realize what to do in the
emergency. ·at one's wit's end, ´not knowing what to do or say. ·out of one's
wits, ´greatly upset; distracted; mad: ³You'll drive me out of my wits if you
go on behaving in this way. ·have a ready wit, ´be quick to make clever and
amusing remarks. ·have/keep one's Úwits about one, ´be quick to see what is
happening, alert and ready to act. ·live by one's wits, ´live by clever, not
always honest, methods (as opportunities arise). ¸2 ¶[U] ´clever and humorous
expression of ideas; liveliness of spirit: ³Our teacher/Our teacher's
conversation is full of wit. His writings sparkle with wit. ¸3 ¶[C] ´person
noted for his witµ(2)´. ¸witty ³adj µ(-ier, -iest) ´full of humour: ³a witty
girl/remark. ¸wit®tily ²/-IlI/ ³adv ¸wit®ti®cism ²/ÚwItIsIzEm/ ³n ¶[C] ´witty
remark. ¸wit®less ³adj ´stupid.¼
¨wit©2 ²/wIt/ ³v ·to wit, ´(legal) namely; that is to say.¼
¨witch© ²/wIt2/ ³n ´woman said to use magic, esp for evil purposes; (fig)
fascinating or bewitching woman. ¸Ú@®craft ³n ¶[U] ´sorcery; use of magic.
¸Ú@-doctor ³n ´male @; tribal magician (esp among primitive peoples). ¸Ú@-hunt
³n ´(fig) searching out and persecution (eÔg of persons said to be disloyal or
untrustworthy). ¸@®ery ²/ÚwIt2ErI/ ³n ¶[U] ¸1 ´@craft. ¸2 ´fascination; charm.
¸@®ing ³adj ´bewitching: ³the @ing hour of night´, the time when @es are
active; midnight.¼
¨witch-elm© ²/ÚwIt2elm/ ³n µ¥ wych.¼
¨witch-hazel© ²/ÚwIt2heIzl/ ³n µ¥ wych.¼
¨with© ²/wID/ ³prep ¸1 ´(equivalent to constructions with the ³v
"have'´) ´having; carrying; characterized by: ³a cup @ a broken handle; a coat
@ two pockets; a girl @ blue eyes; a baby @ no clothes on; a woman @ an angry
look in her eyes; @ your permission. ·@ child ´(of a woman)·; @ young ´(of an
animal)·, ´pregnant. ¸2 ´(to indicate what is used for filling, covering, etc):
³Fill the box @ sand. The lorry was loaded @ timber. The sack was stuffed @
straw. The hills were covered @ snow. ¸3 ´(to indicate the means or
instrument): ³write @ a pen; take sth @ both hands; walk @ a crutch; cut sth @
a knife; see sth @ your own eyes; @ the help of your friends; @ your help. ¸4
´(to indicate accompaniment or relationship): ³live @ your parents; go for a
walk @ a friend; discuss a problem @ somebody; spend the day @ one's uncle; mix
one substance @ another; put one thing @ others. I shall be @ you in a few
minutes. Is there anyone @ you or are you alone? The general, (together) @ his
staff officers, will inspect the camp. ·in @, ´in association @; mixed up @:
³She's in @ the wrong crowd´, eÔg of a girl whose companions are criminals. ¸5
´(to indicate antagonism, opposition): ³fight/argue/struggle/quarrel, etc @ sb;
have an argument @ sb; in competition @; a battle @ savages; at war @ the
Romans. ·fall out @, µ¥ fall±2µ(14)´. ·have it out @ sb, µ¥ have±4µ(9). ¸6 ´(to
indicate cause) because of; owing to: ³silent @ shame; trembling @ fear/rage;
shaking @ cold; a face wet @ tears. ¸7 ´(to indicate manner): ³do sth @ an
effort/@ a light heart/@ one's whole heart/@ joy/@ pleasure; standing @ his
hands in his pockets; win @ ease, ´easily; ³fight @ courage, ´courageously; ³@
a roar/a growl/a shout of triumph; receive sb @ open arms. ¸8 ´in the same way
or direction as; at the same time as: ³A tree's shadow moves @ the sun. W@ the
approach of sunset it becomes chilly. Do you rise @ the sun´, iÔe at dawn? ¸9
´(to indicate care, charge or possession): ³Leave the child @ ´(= in the care
of) ³its aunt. I have no money @ me. The next move is @ you. It rests @ you to
decide/The decision rests @ you´, iÔe you must decide. ¸10 ´in regard to;
concerning: ³be patient @ them; sympathize @ her; bear/put up @ ´(= endure) ³sb
or sth; have dealings/business @ sb. What do you want @ me? What's your
business @ him? It's a habit @ some people. We can't do anything/can do nothing
@ him´, cannot influence, control, make use of, him. ³It's holiday time @ us
now. The first object @ him ´(= His first object) ³is always to make a profit.
Away @ him! ´Send or take him away! ³Out with you! ´Get out! ³Off with his
head! ´(and many other exclamatory sentences in the pattern ³adv + ·@ ³+
³n/pron´). ¸11 ´(to indicate separation): ³Let us dispense @ ceremony, ´iÔe not
be ceremonious. ³I parted @ her at the gate. He has broken @ his best friend.
¸12 ´(to indicate agreement, harmony): ³He that is not @ me ´(= on my side) ³is
against me. I'm @ you ´(= in agreement or sympathy @ you) ³in what you say. I
(dis)agree @ you. I can't go along @ you on that question´, can't agree or
co-operate with you. ³Does this blue go well @ this green? ·be/get Ú@ it, ´(sl)
become aware of what is popular and up to date: (attrib) ·Ú³@-it clothes. ¸13
´in spite of; notwithstanding (the possession of): ³W@ all her faults he still
liked her. He failed @ the best of intentions to win the sympathy of his
pupils.¼
¨withal© ²/wIDÚcl/ ³adv ´(archaic) in addition.¼
¨with®draw© ²/wIDÚdrc/ ³vt,vi (pt µ-drew ²/-Údru/, ³pp µ-drawn ²/-Údrcn/³) ¸1
¶[VP6A,14] ·@ sth/sb (from), ´pull or draw back; take out or away: ³@ money
from the Bank/dirty banknotes from circulation; @ a boy from school´, not allow
him to attend. ³The workers threatened to @ their labour´, to go on strike. ¸2
¶[VP6A,2A] ´take back (a statement, an accusation, an offer): ³He refused to @
(the offending expression), ´eÔg after calling sb a liar. ¸3 ¶[VP6A,14,2A,C]
´(cause to) move back or away: ³@ troops from an exposed position; @ from
society. ³Our troops had to @. ´(Cf ³The enemy had to retreat.´) ¸@al
²/-ÚdrcEl/ ³n ¶[U] ´@ing or being withdrawn; ¶[C] ´instance of this. ¸Ú@al
symptom, ´physical or mental reaction when steadily deprived of sth to which
one is addicted (in order to break the habit). ¸@n ³adj ´(of persons, their
looks) retiring; unsociable; abstracted.¼
¨withe© ²/wIT/, ±withy ²/ÚwIDI/ ³nn ¶[C] ´tough but easily bent twig or branch,
esp of willow or osier used for binding bundles, eÔg of firewood.¼
¨wither© ²/ÚwIDE(r)/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A,15B,2A,C] ·@ (sth) up; @ (away), ´(cause
to) become dry, faded or dead: ³The hot summer @ed (up) the grass. Her hopes
@ed (away). ¸2 ¶[VP6A] ´cause (sb) to be covered with shame or confusion: ³She
@ed him with a scornful look/gave him a @ing look. ¸@®ing®ly ²/ÚwIDErIGlI/
³adv¼
¨with®ers© ²/ÚwIDEz/ ³n pl ´highest part of the back of a horse, etc between
the shoulder-blades (where the strain of the collar is taken). µ¥ ´the illus at
µdog, domestic.¼
¨with®hold© ²/wIDÚhE8ld/ ³vt (pt,pp µ-held ²/-Úheld/³) ¶[VP6A,14]
·@ sth (from), ´keep back; refuse to give: ³He tried to @ the truth from us. I
shall @ my consent.¼
¨with®in© ²/wIDÚin/ ³prep ´inside; not beyond: ³remain @ call/reach´, near by;
³live @ one's income´, not spend more than one's income; ³@ an hour´, in less
than an hour; ³@ a mile of the station. ¹ adv ´(liter) inside.¼
¨with®out© ²/wIDÚñ8t/ ³prep ¸1 ´not having; not with; free from; lacking: ³You
can't buy anything @ money. Do you ever travel @ a ticket? I once did it @
being caught. The rumour was @ foundation. He was working @ any hope of reward.
She went out @ ´(= not wearing) ³a coat. ³Please don't leave @ me, ´Don't leave
until I have joined you. ·@ fail, ´certainly. ·do @, µ¥ do±2µ(15). ·@ doubt,
´admittedly; certainly. ¸2 ´(before gerunds) ³He can't speak German @ making
mistakes´, He speaks German incorrectly. ³Can you make an omelette @ breaking
eggs? Can you do it @ his knowing´, so that he will not know? ³He passed @
seeing me´, and did not see me. ³He passed @ my seeing him´, and I did not see
him. ³He left @ so much as saying ´(= left and did not even say) ³that he was
sorry/@ even a thank-you. ·go @ saying, ´be too obvious, too well known, etc to
need saying. ¸3 ´(old use) outside. ¹ ³adv ´(liter or old use) outside.¼
¨with®stand© ²/wIDÚstand/ ³vt (pt,pp µ-stood ²/-Úst8d/³) ¶[VP6A] ´resist; hold
out against (pressure, attack): ³@ a siege; shoes that will @ hard wear.¼
¨withy© ²/ÚwIDI/ ³n (pl µ-thies³) µ¥ withe.¼
¨wit®less© ²/ÚwItlIs/ ³adj µ¥ wit±1µ.¼
¨wit®ness© ²/ÚwItnIs/ ³n ¸1 ´(often ¸Úeye-@´) person who was actually present
at an event and should, for this reason, be able to describe it; person who
gives evidence under oath in a law court. ¸Ú@-box ´(US also ¸Ú@-stand´) ³n
´enclosure in a law court in which @es stand while giving evidence. ¸2 ¶[U]
´evidence; testimony; what is said about sb, an event, etc: ³give @ on behalf
of an accused person at his trial. ·bear @ to sb/sth, ¸(a) ´speak in support
of, eÔg sb's character. ¸(b) ´be evidence of: ³The tests bear @ to the quality
of this new car. ¸3 ´person who adds his own signature to a document to testify
that another person's signature on it is genuine. ¸4 ´sb or sth that is a sign
or proof of sth: ³My clothes are a @ to my poverty. ¹ vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A] ´be
present at and see: ³@ an accident. ¸2 ¶[VP3A] ·@ to sth/doing sth, ´give
evidence (in a law court): ³@ ´(= testify) ³to the truth of a statement. Mr X
@ed to having seen the accused near the scene of the crime. ¸3 ¶[VP6A] ´be a
@µ(3) ´to the signing of (an agreement, a will, etc): ³@ a signature. ¸4
¶[VP6A] ´give evidence of; show: ³Her pale face @ed the agitation she felt.¼
¨wit®ti®cism© ²/ÚwItIsIzEm/ µ¥ wit±1µ.¼
¨wit®ting®ly© ²/ÚwItIGlI/ ³adv ´knowingly; intentionally.¼
¨witty© ²/ÚwItI/ ³adj µ(-ier, -iest) ¥ wit±1µ.¼
¨wive© ²/wñIv/ ³vi,vt ¶[VP6A,2A] ´(archaic) marry.¼
¨wives© ²/wñIvz/ ³pl ´of µwife.¼
¨wiz®ard© ²/ÚwIzEd/ ³n ¸1 ´magician. ¸2 ´person with amazing abilities: ³a
financial @´, person able to make money with amazing ease. ¹ ³adj ´(sl)
excellent. ¸@ry ²/-drI/ ³n ¶[U] ´magic (which is more usu).¼
¨wiz®ened© ²/ÚwIznd/ ³adj ´having a dried-up appearance; shrivelled: ³a @ old
man; an old man with a @ face; @ apples.¼
¨wo©, whoa ²/wE8/ ³int ´(used chiefly to a horse) stop.¼
¨woad© ²/wE8d/ ³n ¶[U] ´(plant from which is obtained a) kind of
blue dye.¼
¨wobble© ²/Úwobl/ ³vi,vt ¶[VP2A,C,6A] ´(cause to) move unsteadily from side to
side; (fig) be uncertain (in opinions, in making decisions, etc): ³This table
@s. The front wheels of that car @. Don't @ the desk. He @d between two
opinions. Her voice sometimes @s on high notes´, Her high notes are not always
steady. ¸wob®bler ²/ÚwoblE(r)/ ³n ´sb or sth that @s. ¸wob®bly ²/ÚwoblI/ ³adj
´not firm or steady; inclined to @: ³a wobbly chair. He's still a bit wobbly on
his legs after his long illness.¼
¨woe© ²/wE8/ ³n ´(chiefly poet; sometimes hum) ¸1 ¶[U] ´sorrow;
grief; distress: ³a tale of woe. Woe (be) to«´, A curse upon«. ¸2 ³(pl)
´causes of woe; troubles: ³poverty, illness and other woes. ¸woe®ful ²/-fl/
³adj ´sorrowful; causing woe; regrettable: ³woeful ignorance. ¸woe®fully
²/-fElI/ ³adv ¸woe®be®gone ²/ÚwE8bIgon ³US: ²-gcn/ ³adj ´dismal(-looking):
³What woebegone looks!¼
¨woke©, woken µ¥ wake±1µ.¼
¨wold© ²/wE8ld/ ³n ¶[C,U] ´(area of) open uncultivated country; down or moor.¼
¨wolf© ²/w8lf/ ³n (pl µwolves ²/w8lvz/³) ´wild, flesh-eating animal of the dog
family, hunting in packs. ·cry @, ´raise false alarms: ³You've cried @ too
often ´(suggesting that genuine cries for help will in future be ignored). ·a @
in sheep's clothing, ´person who appears friendly but is really an enemy. ·keep
the @ from the door, ´be able to buy enough food for oneself and one's family.
¸Ú@'s-bane ³n ´aconite. ¸Ú@-cub ³n ¸(a) ´young @. ¸(b) ´(former name for)
junior Boy Scout (now ³Cub Scout´). ¸Ú@-hound ³n ´large dog originally bred for
hunting wolves. ¸Ú@ whistle ³n ´whistle expressing sexual admiration. ¹ ³vt
¶[VP6A,15A] ´eat quickly and greedily: ³@ (down) one's food. ¸@®ish ²/-I2/ ³adj
´of or like a @: ³a @ish appetite.¼
¨wolf®ram© ²/Úw8lfrEm/ ³n ´tungsten; tungsten ore.¼
¨woman© ²/Úw8mEn/ ³n (pl µwomen ²/ÚwImIn/³) ¸1 ´adult female human being: ³men,
women and children; a single ´(= unmarried) ³@; a @ of the world´, one with
experience of society, not young and innocent: (attrib; to be preferred to
³lady´) ³a ·*³@ ·Ú³doctor ´(³pl ·*³women ·Ú³doctors´); ³a ·*³@ ·Ú³driver ´(³pl
·*³women ·Ú³drivers´); (compounds) ·Ú³@-hater´, a hater of women; ³a
·Ú³country-@; a ·Ú³needle-@´, etc. ¸2 ¶[U] ´(without article) the female sex.
¸3 ¶[U] ´feminine character: ³All the @ in her rebelled against the treatment
she was receiving. ¸Ú@®hood ²/-h8d/ ³n ¶[U] ¸(a) ´(collective) women in
general. ¸(b) ´the state of being a @: ³She had now grown to/reached @hood.
¸@®ish ²/-I2/ ³adj ´of, like, for women. ¸@®ize ²/-ñIz/ ³vi ´pursue women (esp
for casual sexual intercourse). ¸@®izer ³n ´man who does this. ¸Ú@®kind ³n
´women in general. ¸Ú@®like, @®ly ³adjj ´like a @. ¸women®folk ²/ÚwImInfE8k/ ³n
pl ´women; women of one's family.¼
¨womb© ²/wum/ ³n ´(anat) organ in a female mammal in which
offspring is carried and nourished while developing before birth: (fig) ³It
still lies in the @ of time´, is sth which the passage of time will reveal. µ¥
´the illus at µreproduce.¼
¨wom®bat© ²/Úwombat/ ³n ´Australian animal (looking like a small bear), the
female of which has a pouch for its young.¼
¨won© ²/wAn/ µ¥ win.¼
¨won®der© ²/ÚwAndE(r)/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´feeling caused by sth unusual, surprising
or inexplicable; surprise combined with admiration, bewilderment, etc: ³They
were filled with @. We looked at the conjurer in silent @. ·no/little/small @,
´it is not/hardly surprising: ³No @ you were so late. He was taken ill, and
no/little @, considering that he had been overworking for years. ¸Ú@®land
²/-land/ ³n ¸(a) ´fairyland. ¸(b) ¶[C] ´country that is remarkable in some way
(eÔg because of abundant natural resources). ¸Ú@-struck ³adj ´overcome with @.
¸2 ¶[C] ´thing or event that causes such feeling: ³Walking on the moon is one
of the @s of our times. ·signs and @s, ´miracles. ·work @s, ´work with
remarkable results, perform miracles. ·a nine days' @, ´sth which arouses great
interest or admiration for a short time. ·for a @, ´it is surprising (because
unusual, unexpected, etc): ³For a @ he paid back the money he had borrowed. ·It
is a @ (that), ´It is surprising (that): ³It's a @ (that) you didn't lose your
way in the dark. ·What a @, ´How surprising! ¹ ³vi,vt ¸1 ¶[VP2A,3A,B,4B] ·@ (at
sth), ´be filled with @µ(1)´; marvel; feel surprised: ³Can you @ at it´, Isn't
it natural, to be expected, etc? ³I don't @ at her refusing to marry him. It's
not to be @ed at´, is sth one might expect. ³I @ (at the fact) (that) he wasn't
killed´, am surprised that he wasn't killed. ³I shouldn't @ if«´, shouldn't be
surprised if«. ³I @ed to hear her voice in the next room. ¸2 ¶[VP2A,3A] ·@
(about sth), ´feel curiosity; ask oneself: ³I was @ing about that. I was just
@ing. ¸3 ¶[VP8,10] ´ask oneself: ³I @ who he is/what he wants/why he is
late/whether he will come/whose it is. I was @ing how to get there
quickly/where to spend the weekend, etc. ¸@®ing®ly ²/ÚwAndrIGlI/ ³adv ¸@®ful
²/-fl/ ³adj ´causing @; surprising; remarkable; admirable: ³We've been having
@ful weather recently. What a @ful memory she has! ¸@®fully ²/-fElI/ ³adv
¸@®ment ²/-mEnt/ ³n ¶[U] ´surprise. ¸won®drous ²/ÚwAndrEs/ ³adj ´(archaic, or
liter) @ful. µ¹ ³adv ´(only with ³adjj´) @fully: ³wondrous kind.¼
¨wonky© ²/ÚwoGkI/ ³adj ´(GB sl) ¸1 ´infirm; unreliable: ³a @
chair´, one that might break. ¸2 ´tottery; in poor health: ³She still feels a
bit @ after that attack of flu.¼
¨wont© ²/wE8nt ³US: ²wcnt/ ³n ´(archaic or liter) (³sing ´only) what sb is
accustomed to doing: ³He went to bed much earlier than was his @´, than he
usually did. ·use and @, ´established custom. ¹ ³pred adj ·be @ to, ´be
accustomed to. ¸@ed ³attrib adj ´customary; usual.¼
¨won't© ²/wE8nt/ ³c ´= will not. µ¥ will±1´.¼
¨woo© ²/wu/ ³vt (pt,pp µwooed³) ¶[VP6A] ¸1 ´(old use) try to win
(a woman's) hand in marriage; court. ¸2 ´try to win (fame, fortune, success,
sleep). ¸3 ´try to get the support of (voters, customers, businessmen). ¸wooer
³n ´one who woos.¼
¨wood© ²/w8d/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´(with ³indef art ´and ³pl ´only when meaning ³kind,
sort, variety´) hard solid substance of a tree below the bark: ³Tables are
usually made of @. Put some more @ on the fire. He was chopping @ for the fire.
Teak is a hard (kind of) @ and pine is a soft (kind of) @. ´(attrib): ³@
floors/pavements´, made of blocks of @. Cf ³wooden´, used for articles made of
@. ¸2 ¶[C] ´(often ³pl´) area of land covered with growing trees (not so
extensive as a forest): ³a @ of beech(-trees); a house in the middle of a @;
go for a walk in the @(s). ·out of the @, ´(fig) free from troubles or
difficulties: ³We're not yet out of the @´, still have difficulties to face.
·be unable to see the @ for the trees, ´(fig) be unable to get a clear view of
the whole because of too many details. ¸3 ·in/from the @, ´in/from the cask or
barrel: ³wine in the @; drawn from the @. ¸4 ´(compounds, from µ1 ´above) ¸@
alcohol ³n ¶[U] ´kind of alcohol distilled from @ (also called ³methyl
alcohol´) used as a fuel and a solvent. ¸Ú@-block ³n ´block of @ from which
@cuts are made. ¸Ú@®cut ³n ´print from a design, drawing, picture, etc cut on a
block of @. ¸Ú@®louse ³n (pl µ-lice³) ´kinds of small, wingless, insect-like
creature living in decaying @, damp soil, etc. ¸Ú@®pecker ³n ´kinds of bird
that clings to the bark of trees and taps or pecks it to find insects. ¸Ú@®pile
³n ´pile of @, esp for fuel. ¸Ú@-shed ³n ´shed for storing @ (esp for fuel).
¸Ú@-pulp ³n ¶[U] ´@ shredded to pulp as the material for making paper. ¸Ú@®wind
³n ´musical wind instrument made (originally) of @. ¸Ú@®work ³n ¶[U] ¸(a)
´things made of @, esp the @en parts of a building (eÔg doors, stairs). ¸(b)
´art of making things of @; carpentry. ¸Ú@®worm ³n ¸(a) ´@-eating larva that
bores into @. ¸(b) ¶[U] ´damage caused by @worm. ¸5 ´(compounds, from µ2
´above) ¸Ú@®bine ³n ´wild honeysuckle. ¸Ú@®cock ³n (pl ´unchanged³) ´kinds of
game bird, brown with a long, straight bill, short legs and tail, found in
@land and valued as food. ¸Ú@®craft ³n ¶[U] ´knowledge of forest conditions,
skill in finding one's way in @s and forests, esp as used in hunting, etc.
¸Ú@®cutter ³n ´man who cuts down trees. ¸Ú@®land ²/-lEnd/ ³n ¶[U] ´land covered
with trees; @s: (attrib) ³@land scenery. ¸Ú@®man ²/-mEn/ ³n (pl µ-men³)
´forester; @-cutter. ¸Ú@s®man ²/-zmEn/ ³n (pl µ-men³) ´(esp US) = @man. ¸@ed
³adj ´covered with growing trees: ³@ed country´, abounding in trees. ¸@en
²/Úw8dn/ ³adj ¸1 ´(attrib) made of @: ³a @en leg; @en walls ´(fig, of the old
@en warships, thought of as a defence); ³a ·Ú³@en-head, µ¥ blockhead. ´Hence,
¸*@en-Úheaded ³adj ´stupid. ¸2 ´stiff, clumsy, awkward (as if made of @): ³a
@en ´(= inexpressive) ³smile. His manners were extremely @en. ¸@y ³adj µ(-ier,
-iest) ¸1 ´@ed: ³a @y hillside. ¸2 ´of or like @: ³the @y stems of a plant.¼
¨wooer© ²/ÚwuE(r)/ ³n µ¥ woo.¼
¨woof© ²/wuf/ ³n ´= µweft.¼
¨woofer© ²/Úw8fE(r)/ ³n ´loudspeaker designed to produce low notes.¼
¨wool© ²/w8l/ ³n ¶[U] ¸1 ´soft hair of sheep, goats and some other
animals (eÔg the llama and alpaca); thread, yarn, cloth, clothing, made from
this: ³wear @ ´(iÔe clothing made of @) ³next to the skin; the ·Ú³@ trade; ·Ú³@
merchants; imports of @ from Australia; ·Ú³knitting-@, ´@ yarn for knitting.
·dyed in the @, ´dyed before spinning and weaving; (fig) thorough; complete: ³a
dyed-in-the-@ Tory´, person who is strongly convinced that Tory principles, etc
are the best. ·much cry and little @, ´much talk with little result; fuss about
trifles. ·pull the Ú@ over sb's eyes, ´deceive or trick him. ¸Ú@-gathering
³adj, n ´absent-minded(ness). ¸the Ú@®sack, ´@-stuffed cushion on which the
Lord Chancellor sits in the House of Lords: ³reach the @sack´, become Lord
Chancellor. ¸2 ´material similar in appearance or texture to @; ³cotton-@´, raw
cotton (US = ³cotton-batting´). ¸3 ´(person's) thick curly hair. ·lose one's @,
´(colloq) get angry. ¸@®len ´(US = ¸@en´) ²/Úw8lEn/ ³attrib adj ´made of @:
³@len cloth/blankets; ´of @ fabrics: ³@len manufacturers/merchants. ¸@®lens
´(US = ¸@ens´) ³n pl ´@len fabrics; cloth, flannel, blankets, etc, made of @.
¸@ly ´(US also ¸@y´) ²/Úw8lI/ ³adj µ(-ier, -iest) ¸1 ´covered with, made of,
looking like, @: ³@ly hair; a @ly coat. ¸2 ´(fig, of the mind, ideas,
arguments) confused; not clear; not incisive. µ¹ ³n (pl µ-lies³) ´(colloq) @len
garment, esp a sweater: ³Put an extra @ly on when you go out.¼
¨word© ²/w3d/ ³n ¸1 ¶[C] ´sound or combination of sounds (or the written or
printed symbols) forming a unit of the grammar or vocabulary of a language:
³When we speak we put our thoughts into @s. I have no @s to ´(= cannot
adequately) ³express my gratitude. W@s failed him´, He could not express his
thoughts, his emotion, etc in @s. ·a play on/upon @s, ´a pun. ·be not the @ for
it, ´not an adequate or satisfactory description: ³Warm's not the @ for it
´(iÔe ³hot ´is perhaps a better @)! ·not get a @ in edgeways, µ¥ edgeways.
·(repeat sth) @ for @, ´exactly, with no changes or omissions. ·(translate sth)
@ for @, ´literally. Cf ³a free translation. ·in a/one @, ´briefly; to sum up.
·by @ of mouth, ´in spoken, not written, @s. ¸2 ¶[C] ´sth said; remark or
statement: ³He didn't say a @ about it. I don't believe a @ of the story. Mr A
will now say a few @s´, make a few remarks, give a short address. ³Don't waste
@s on that fellow´, don't try to persuade, convince, warn, etc him. ·eat one's
@s, ´admit that one was wrong; take one's @s back and apologize. ·have a @ with
sb, ´speak to him. ·have @s (with sb), ´quarrel: ³They've had @s, I hear. ·have
the last @, ´make the final remark in an argument, esp by making a retort to
which there is no good answer. ·put in/say a good @ (for sb), ´speak on his
behalf (to support or defend). ·suit the action to the @, ´do at once what one
has said one will do (eÔg of a threat). ·take sb at his @, ´act on the belief
that he means what he says. ·big @s, ´boasting. ·on/with the @, ´as soon as sth
has been said. ·a @ in/out of season, ´a piece of advice given when it is
welcome and helpful/unwelcome and interfering. ·the last @ on ´(a subject)·,
´statement, etc which includes the latest views and information: ³The last @
has not yet been said on this subject´, There will be further facts, views,
etc. ·the last @ (in sth), ´the latest, most up-to-date, etc, in: ³Our coach
tours of Scotland are the last @ in comfort and convenience. ¸3 ³(sing´,
without ³def art³) ´news; information: ³Please send me @ of your safe arrival.
Please leave @ for me at work. W@ came that I was wanted at home. ¸4 ´(³sing
´only, with a possessive) promise; assurance. ·be as good as one's @, ´do what
one promises: ³Don't worryÅI'm sure he'll be as good as his @. ·give sb one's @
(that«), ´promise: ³The goods will arrive on timeÅI give you my @. ·keep/break
one's @, ´do/fail to do what one has promised to do. ·take sb's Ú@ for it,
´believe what he says: ³I have no proof, but you may take my @ for it. ·take sb
at his @, ´believe that he is telling the truth, that he will keep a promise.
·upon my @, ¸(a) ´on my honour. ¸(b) ´used as an exclamation of surprise. ¸5
´(³sing ´only) command; order; spoken signal: ³The officer gave the @ to fire.
His @ is law´, His orders must be obeyed. ³You must give the @ before you can
pass. µ¥ ³password ´at µpass±1µ(10). ¸6 ´(in the Christian religion) ¸the W@
(of God); God's W@, (a) ´the Scriptures, esp the Gospel: ³preach the W@. ¸(b)
´title of Jesus Christ. ¸7 ´(compounds) ¸Ú@®book ³n ´vocabulary; list of @s
with meanings, etc. ¸Ú@-division ³n ¶[U] ´dividing of the spelling of a @, eÔg
at the end of a line on a page. ¸Ú@-painter ³n ´person who can describe
vividly in @s. ¸*@-Úperfect ³adj ´knowing, able to repeat, a poem, a part in a
play, etc by heart. ¸Ú@-picture ³n ´vivid description in @s. ¸Ú@-splitting ³n
¶[U] ´sophistry; making of distinctions of meaning, etc that are subtle. ¹ ³vt
¶[VP6A] ´express in @s: ³a well-@ed letter. The suggestion might be @ed more
politely. ¸@®ing ³n sing ´way in which sth is expressed; choice of @s to
express meaning: ³A different @ing might make the meaning clearer. ¸@®less ³adj
´without @s; not put into @s: ³@less grief. ¸wordy ³adj µ(-ier, -iest) ´using,
expressed in, a large number of @s, esp unnecessary @s: ³a @y telegram; @y
warfare´, iÔe argument. ¸@®ily ²/-IlI/ ³adv ¸@i®ness ³n¼
¨wore© ²/wc(r)/ ³pt ´of µwear±2µ.¼
¨work©1 ²/w3k/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´use of bodily or mental powers with the
purpose of doing or making sth (esp contrasted with play or recreation); use of
energy supplied by steam, electric current, etc: ³Are you fond of hard @? The @
of building the new bridge took six months. It was the @ of a moment ´(= Only a
moment was needed) ³to turn the key in the lock and make him a prisoner. It was
very hard @ getting to the top of the mountain. This is the @ of an enemy´, An
enemy has done this. ³Machines now do much of the @ formerly done by man. ·make
hard @ of sth, ´make it seem more difficult than it is. ·make short @ of sth,
´finish it quickly. ·set/get to @ (on sth/to do sth), ´begin; make a start.
·set/go about one's @, ´start doing it: ³You're not setting about your @ in the
right way. ·at @ (on sth), ´busy or occupied with (indicating uncompleted @, @
in progress). ·all in the day's @, ´(used to indicate that sth is) normal; what
is usual or to be expected. ¸2 ¶[U] ´what a person does to earn a living;
employment: ³What time do you get to (your) @ every day? The men were on their
way to @. It is difficult to find @ during a depression. ·at @, ´at one's place
of employment: ³He's at @ now, but he'll be back at six. ·in/out of @,
´having/not having employment: ³He has been out of @ for a year. He'll be
glad to be in regular @ again. ´Hence, (attrib ³adj´) ¸*out-of-Úwork. ¸3 ¶[U]
´sth to be done, not necessarily connected with a trade or occupation, not
necessarily for payment: ³I always find plenty of @ that needs doing in my
garden. I have some @ for you to do. ¸4 ¶[U] ´things needed or used for @: ³She
took her @ ´(eÔg her sewing materials) ³out on the verandah.
¸Ú@-bag/-basket/-box ³nn ´bag, etc for holding such things, esp for sewing. ¸5
¶[U] ´that which is produced by @: ³The @ of famous silversmiths and sculptors
may be seen in museums. What a beautiful piece of @! The villagers sell their @
´(eÔg needlework, wood-carvings, metal articles) ³to tourists. µ¥ ´also
compounds such as ³stone@, wood@ ´at µstone(1), wood(4). ¸6 ¶[C] ´product of
the intellect or the imagination: ³the @s of Shakespeare; the @s of Beethoven.
µ¥ opus´; ³@s of art; a new @ ´(= musical composition) ³by John Lewis; a new @
´(= book) ³on modern art. ¸7 ´(³pl´) moving parts of a machine: ³the @s of a
clock or watch. There's something wrong with the @s. ¸8 ´(³pl, ´with ³sing ´or
³pl v´) building(s) where industrial or manufacturing processes are carried on:
³a ·Ú³gas-@s; an ·Ú³iron-@s; a ·Ú³brick-@s. The ·Ú³steel-@s was/were closed for
the Christmas holidays. ¸Ú@s council/committee, ´joint council of
representatives of employers and employees to deal with problems of management,
labour relations, etc. ¸9 public @s, ´the building of roads, dams, embankments;
other engineering operations (by government departments, etc): ³the Ministry of
Public Building and W@´, (until 1971) government department (now part of the
Department of the Environment) responsible for these operations. ¸10 ³(pl v)
´(cf ·Ú³earth@s, ·Ú³out@s´) ´defensive structures; fortifications: ³The @s were
thought to be impregnable. ¸11 ´(compounds) ¸Ú@®bench ³n ´table at which a
mechanic does his @. ¸Ú@®book ³n ´book with outlines of a subject of study,
with questions to be answered (in blank spaces, in writing), for notes, etc.
¸Ú@®day ³n ´day for @; day which is not a Sunday or a holiday. ¸Ú@ force ³n
´total number of men working in a particular factory, etc. ¸Ú@®house ³n ¸(a)
´(GB hist) public institution for homeless people. ¸(b) ´(US) place where those
who have committed small crimes are confined and made to work. ¸Ú@®man ²/-mEn/
³n (pl µ-men³) ¸(a) ´man who earns a living by physical labour or at machines,
etc. ¸(b) ´person who works in a specified way: ³a skilled/quick, etc @man.
¸Ú@®man®like ³adj ´characteristic of a good @man. ¸Ú@®man®ship ²/-mEn2Ip/ ³n
¶[U] ´quality as seen in sth made: ³articles of poor/excellent @manship;
´person's skill in doing @. ¸Ú@®room ³n ´room in which @ is done. ¸Ú@®shop ³n
´room or building in which things (esp machines) are made or repaired. ¸Ú@-shy
³adj ´disinclined to work; lazy. ¸Ú@-study ³n (pl µ-dies³) ´study of how @ may
be done efficiently and economically (eÔg by observing the sequence of
movements in an operation, time needed, etc). ¸Ú@®table ³n ´(esp) table with
drawers for sewing materials, etc. ¸@®a®day ²/Úw3kEdeI/ ³adj ´commonplace;
dull: ³this @aday world/life.¼
¨work©2 ²/w3k/ ³vi,vt (pt,pp µ@ed ´or µwrought ²/rct/³) ´(For uses
with ³adverbial particles ´and ³preps, µ¥ 10 ´below. For uses with ³wrought, µ¥
wrought´). ¸1 ¶[VP2A,B,C,3A,4A] ´do work; engage in physical or mental
activity: ³He's been @ing hard all day. The men in this factory @ 40 hours a
week. Most people have to @ in order to live´, iÔe to earn a living. ³He isn't
@ing now´, eÔg because unemployed or retired. ³Have British statesmen always
@ed for peace? He's @ing at ´(= studying) ³Physics and Chemistry. Green is @ing
on ´(= writing) ³a new novel. This man @s in leather´, is a craftsman in
leather. ³He has always @ed against ´(= opposed) ³reform. ·@ to rule, µ¥
rule(1). ¸Ú@-in ³n ´occasion when workers continue to @ in a factory to
protest against proposed dismissal, closure of the factory, etc. ¸2 ¶[VP2A,C]
´(of a machine, apparatus, bodily organ, plan, method, etc) do what it is
designed to do; have the desired result; function; operate:
³The lift/elevator/bell/telephone is not @ing. The gears @ smoothly. This
machine @s by electricity. My brain doesn't seem to be @ing well today. Will
this new plan/scheme/method @? The charm @ed. It @ed like a charm. ¸3
¶[VP6A,15A] ´cause to @; set in motion: ³He @s his wife/himself too hard. Don't
@ yourself/your poor wife to death. She was @ing the treadle of her
sewing-machine. This machine is @ed by steam/electricity. ¸4 ¶[VP6A] ´produce
or obtain as the result of effort: ³@ wonders/a cure/harm/mischief. ·@ one's
passage, ´earn it by @ing: ³He @ed his passage from England to Australia´, by
@ing on the ship. ·@ one's way (through college, etc), ´have a paid job, while
studying to meet costs: ³He's @ing his way through medical school. ·@ one's
will (on sb), ´make him do what one wants him to do. ·@ it, ´(sl) bring sth
about (by scheming, etc): ³I'll @ it if I can´, eÔg by using influence,
cajolery, etc. ¸5 ¶[VP6A] ´operate; control; be employed in the management of:
³@ a mine. This salesman @s the North Wales area´, travels there as a
salesman. ¸6 ¶[VP2C,D,15A,B,22] ´(cause to) move into, reach, a new state or
position, usu by degrees or with a succession of small movements: ³Your shirt
has @ed out´, has come out from above the top of your trousers. ³One of the
screws has @ed loose. The rain had @ed through the roof´, had penetrated it
slowly. ³Can you @ the stone into place´, eÔg when building a stone wall? ³The
men @ed their way forward. Many months later the splinter @ed out of her arm´,
came out after travelling through the flesh from the point at which it had
entered. ³The wind has @ed round to the south´, changed direction by degrees.
¸7 ¶[VP6A] ´make or shape by hammering, kneading, pressure, etc: ³@ clay´,
knead it with water; ³@ dough´, (when making bread). µ¥ wrought ´for ³wrought
iron. ¸8 ¶[VP2A] ´ferment; move in an agitated way: ³The yeast began to @´, to
ferment, eÔg in dough. ³His face/features began to @ violently´, twitch, etc
in a way showing agitation. ¸9 ¶[VP6A,14] ´make by stitching; embroider: ³@ a
design on a cushion-cover/one's initials on a handkerchief. ¸10
¶[VP2C,3A,14,15B] ´(special uses with ³adverbial particles ´and ³preps´):¼
·work away (at sth), ´continue to @: ³He's been @ing away at this job since
breakfast.¼
·work Úin; @ into sth, ´(µ¥ 6 ´above) penetrate; find a way in/into: ³The dust
has @ed in everywhere´, eÔg into a house during a sandstorm. ·@ sth in/into,
´introduce; find a place for: ³Can't you @ in a few jokes/@ a few jokes into
your story?¼
·work sth off, ´get rid of; dispose of; deal with: ³@ off arrears of
correspondence/superfluous energy/one's excess weight.¼
·work on/upon sb/sth, ´(µ¥ ¸8 ´above) excite, influence: ³Will the high figure
for unemployment @ on the conscience of the Government? The sufferings of the
refugees @ed upon our feelings so much that we gave them all the help we
could. µ¥ ´also µ1 ´above: ³@ on a new novel, etc.¼
·work out, ¸(a) ´be capable of being solved: ³This sum/problem will not @ out.
¸(b) ´be, turn out, in the end: ³How will things @ out? The situation @ed out
quite well. The total @s out at $10. How much does it @ out at´, What's the
total? ¸(c) µ¥ 6 ´above. ¸(d) ´exercise, train (for a contest): ³The champion
is @ing out in the gym this morning. ´Hence, ¸Ú@-out ³n ´period, form, of
training or exercise. ·@ sth out, ¸(a) ´calculate: ³I've @ed out your share of
the expenses at $5. ¸(b) ´get results for: ³I can't @ out these algebra
problems. ¸(c) ´devise; invent; develop in detail: ³a well-@ed out scheme.
They've @ed out a method of sending a spacecraft to Mars. You must @ out your
own salvation´, find a way of saving yourself by your own efforts. ¸(d) ´solve:
³He was @ing out some coded messages. ¸(e) ´(usu passive) exhaust by using,
operating, etc: ³That silver-mine is now @ed out´, has no more ore.¼
·work up to sth, ´advance steadily to a high level: ³The orchestra was @ing up
to a crescendo. ·@ sth up, ¸(a) ´make by degrees; bring to an efficient or
satisfactory condition: ³@ up a business. ¸(b) ´excite; stir up: ³@ up the
feelings of an audience. ·@ sb/oneself up (into), ´rouse to a high point (of
excitement, etc): ³He @ed himself/everyone up into a frenzy/rage/state of
hysteria. The audience was really @ed up by this time.¼
·work upon sb/sth, µ¥ @ on sb/sth ´above.¼
¨work®able© ²/Úw3kEbl/ ³adj ´that can be worked; that will work;
practicable: ³The silver-mine is no longer @, ´It cannot be worked (eÔg because
it is flooded, or because the ore is exhausted). ³Is the proposed scheme @´,
feasible?¼
¨worker© ²/Úw3kE(r)/ ³n ´person who works; (attrib) ³@ bees ´(contrasted with
the drones).¼
¨work®ing© ²/Úw3kIG/ ³n ¸1 ¶[C] ´mine, quarry, etc or part of it,
which is being, or has been, worked: ³The boys went exploring in some disused
@s´, eÔg the shafts of an old tin-mine. ¸2 ¶[C] ´the way sth works, or the
result of this: ³the @s of conscience; the principles that guide the @s of the
human mind. ·in @ order, ´able to function properly, do what is required;
going smoothly: ³put a machine in @ order. ¸3 ´(attrib) (in various senses of
the ³v´): ·Ú³@ clothes´, worn while @; ³a @ drawing/plan´, one made as a guide
for building, construction, etc. ³The Government has a @ majority´, one that is
sufficient. ¸@ breakfast/lunch/dinner, ´one at which persons discuss
business, etc: ³The Prime Minister and some of his colleagues had a @
breakfast to discuss the crisis in the docks. ¸@ capital´, money needed for
carrying on a business, etc. ¸@ day, ¸(a) ´workday (as opposed to a day of
rest). ¸(b) ´number of hours worked on a normal day: ³a @ day of eight hours.
¸@ hypothesis´, one formulated for a theory, etc. ¸@ knowledge, ´knowledge that
is sufficient for the purpose. ¸*@-out ¸(a) ´calculation of results;
elaboration of details: ³the @-out of a plan. ¸(b) ´execution: ³Don't
interfere with them in the @-out of their scheme. ¸Ú@ party, ´(esp) committee
appointed to secure efficiency in an industry, or one appointed (eÔg
by a government department) to study and report on a question.
¹ ³part adj ´engaged in work: ³a hard-@ woman. ¸the @ class(es)´, those engaged
in manual work. Hence, ¸Ú@-class ³adj ´of this class: ³a @-class
family.¼
¨world© ²/w3ld/ ³n ¸1 the @, ´the earth, its countries and people:
³the Old W@´, Europe, Asia and Africa; ³the New W@´, America; ³the Roman W@´,
that part known to the ancient Romans; ³the English-speaking @´, those parts
where English is the mother tongue of the inhabitants; ³make a journey round
the @; to the @'s end´, to the farthest distance possible. ³The whole @/All the
@ knows«´, It is widely or generally known«. ¶[C] ´heavenly body that may
resemble our @: ³Are there any other @s besides ours? ·make a Únoise in the @,
´be widely talked of; become famous. ·a citizen of the @, ´a cosmopolitan
person. ·It's a small @! ´(said when meeting someone in an unexpected place).
¸2 ´(as µ1 ´above; used attrib) affecting, used by, intended for, extending
over, the @: ³a @ language´, one that is or will be used, or is designed for
use, in all or most parts of the @: ³English is a @ language now. Esperanto was
designed as a @ language. Which countries today can be called @ powers´,
countries whose policies, etc affect all parts of the @? ³We've had two @ wars
in this century. ¸the W@ Bank, ´international bank established in 1945 for
providing loans for development when private capital is not available
(officially the ³International Bank for Reconstruction and Development´).
¸*@-Úwide ³adj ´found in, spread over, all parts of the @: ³@-wide fame. ¸3
´time, state or scene of existence: ³this @ and the next´, life on earth and
existence after death; ³the @ to come´, existence after death; ³the
lower @´, hell, Hades; ³bring a child into the @´, beget one or give birth to
one. ¸*@-Úweary ³adj ´tired of living. ¸4 ´the universe; everything: ³Is this
the best of all possible @s? ·in the @, ´at all, in existence: ³Nothing
in the @ would please me more. Who in the @ ´(= Who ever, Who on earth) ³is
that strange man? ·for all the @ like sb/sth, ´exactly like: ³She's for all the
@ like a woman I knew 20 years ago, in looks, behaviour, everything. ·be all
the @ to sb, ´be everything to: ³She's all the @ to him´, He lives for her
alone. ·not for the @, ´not on any account: ³I wouldn't hurt her feelings for
the @. ·be/feel on top of the @, ´elated (because of success, good health,
etc). ·be out of this @, ´(sl) (of sth) be sublime, magnificent. ·carry the *@
beÚfore one, ´have quick and complete success. ·a @ of sth, ´a great number or
quantity of; very much/many: ³My holiday did me a @ of good. There was a @ of
meaning in the look she gave him. There's often a @ of difference between
promise and achievement. ·think the @ of sb/sth, ´admire him/it. ¸5 ´the
material things and occupations of life (contrasted with the spiritual). ·the
@, the flesh, and the devil, ´the various temptations that face us. ·the best
of Úboth @s, ´the best of what is offered from two different (perhaps
conflicting) sources. ·forsake/renounce the @, ´devote one's life to spiritual
things. ¸6 ´human affairs; active life: ³know/see the @´, have experience of
life; ³a man of the @´, person who has had experience of life, knows the ways
of men, is tolerant, etc; ³take the @ as one finds it´, adapt oneself to
things, not try to reform people, etc. ³How goes the @ with you´, How are your
affairs going? ¸7 ´persons, institutions, etc connected with a special social
class or special interests: ³the @ of sport/art; the ·Ú³racing/·Ú³scientific
@´; all that concerns or belongs to a specified sphere: ³the
·Ú³animal/·Ú³mineral/·Ú³vegetable @. µ¥ kingdom(3). ¸8 the @, ´society, its
opinions, customs, etc: ³the great @´, fashionable society. ³All the @ and his
wife were at the ball´, all those who claim positions in high society. ³What
will the @ say´, What about public opinion; can we defy it, etc? ¸@®ly ³adj ¸1
´material: ³my @ly goods´, my property. ¸2 ´temporal; of the affairs of this
life (esp the pursuit of pleasure, contrasted with spiritual): ³@ly wisdom´,
prudence, etc which enables one to obtain material gains and advantages. ¸3
´(also ·*³@ly-·Ú³minded´) concerned with, interested in, material things.
¸@®li®ness ³n¼
¨worm© ²/w3m/ ³n ¸1 ´kinds of small, boneless, limbless, creeping
creature, esp ¸(Úearth®@) ´the kind living in the ground, or the kinds living
as parasites in the intestines, etc of animals. µ¥ ´the illus at µsilk. µ¥
³hookworm ´at µhook(1), ³tapeworm ´at µtape. ¸Ú@-cast ³n ´tubular pile of earth
pushed up by an earth@ on the ground. ·the @ of conscience, ´remorse. ¸2 ´(in
compounds) used as a name for larvae, insects, etc: ·Ú³silk@; ·Ú³glow@.
¸Ú@-eaten ³adj ´full of @ holes; (fig) antiquated. ¸Ú@-hole ³n ´hole left in
wood, fruit, etc by @s. ¸3 ´(fig) insignificant or contemptible person. ·Even
a @ will turn, ´(prov) There are limits to patience. ¸4 ´spiral part of a
screw. ¸Ú@-gear ³n ´arrangement in which a wheel with teeth gears with the
@µ(4) ´of a revolving spiral. ¹ ³vt ¸1 ¶[VP15A,B] ·@ oneself/one's way
in/into/through, ´move slowly, or by patience, or with difficulty: ³He @ed
himself/his way through the undergrowth. He @ed himself into favour/into her
confidence. ·@ sth out (of sb), ´extract (by persistent questioning, etc): ³He
@ed the secret out of me. ¸2 ¶[VP6A] ´rid of parasitic @s: ³I think we'd
better @ the cat´, eÔg by giving it a powder or pill. ¸@y ³adj ´having many @s;
damaged by @s; like a @.¼
¨worm®wood© ²/Úw3mw8d/ ³n ¶[U] ´kinds of perennial plant with a
bitter flavour, used in the preparation of vermouth and absinthe and in
medicine; (fig) bitter mortification and its cause.¼
¨worn© ²/wcn/ ³pp ´of µwear±2µ.¼
¨worri®some© ²/ÚwArIsEm/ ³adj ´troublesome; worrying.¼
¨worry© ²/ÚwArI/ ³vt,vi (pt,pp µ-ried³) ¸1 ¶[VP6A,14,15A,17,22] ´trouble; give
(sb, oneself) no peace of mind; cause anxiety or discomfort to:
³@ sb with foolish questions; @ oneself sick/be worried sick about sth, ´be
extremely anxious about it. ³The noise of the traffic worried her. What's @ing
you? Her child has a bad cough and it rather worries her. I have a bad
tooth that is @ing me. Don't @ yourself about the children; they're old enough
to take good care of themselves. He'll @ himself to death, ´kill himself by
@ing. ³She was always @ing her husband for more money/@ing him to give her more
money. ¸2 ¶[VP2A,B,C,3A] ·@ (about/over sth), ´be anxious, uneasy, troubled:
³Don't @ about trifles. You have no cause to @. What's the use of
@ing? Don't @ trying to find itÅit'll turn up one day. ·@ along, ´(colloq)
manage to get along in spite of troubles. ¸3 ¶[VP6A] ´(esp of dogs) seize with
the teeth and shake: ³The dog was @ing the rat. ¸4 ¶[VP15B] ·@ a problem, etc
out, ´attack it again and again until one solves it. ¹ ³n (pl µ-ries³) ¸1 ¶[U]
´condition of being troubled: ³show signs of @. ¸2 ¶[C] ´(usu ³pl´) sth that
worries; cause of anxiety: ³Is your life full of worries? Money worries and
little domestic worries have made him look old. What a little @ that child is!
¸wor®ried ³adj ´troubled; anxious: ³He has a worried look. ¸@®ing ³adj ´full
of @; causing @: ³have a @ing time. ¸@®ing®ly ³adv¼
¨worse© ²/w3s/ ³adj ´(independent comparative; µ¥ bad, worst´) ¸1
³Your work is bad but mine is much @. We couldn't have had @ weather for our
journey. Is there anything @ than war/a @ catastrophe than war/a catastrophe @
than war? You are making things @. He escaped with nothing @ than a few
scratches. ·the @ for wear, ´badly worn as the result of long wear; (fig)
exhausted: ³He looks the @ for wear after only a year as President. ¸2 ´(³pred
´only) having less good health or condition or circumstances: ³The doctor says
she is much @ today. I'm glad you don't feel any @. ·be none the @ (for sth),
´be unharmed (by it): ³He fell into the river but is none the @ for it. ¹ adv
´(µ¥ badly, worst´) ¸1 ³He is behaving @ than ever. He has been taken @´, has
become more seriously ill. ·none the @, ´not less: ³I like a man none the @ for
being outspoken. ·@ off, ´(µ¥ ³badly off ´at µbad±1µ; ³better off ´at
µbetter±2µ(1); ³well off ´at µwell±2µ(3)´) more badly situated; in @
circumstances. ¸2 ´(used to intensify): ³It's raining @ ´(= more heavily) ³than
ever. She hates me @ ´(= more strongly) ³than before. ¹ n ¶[U] ´@ thing(s): ³I
have @ to tell. The first news was bad, but @ followed. There has been a change
for the @ in the patient's condition. Things seem to be going from bad to @
nowadays. ¸@n ²/Úw3sn/ ³vt,vi ¶[VP6A,2A] ´make or become @.¼
¨wor®ship© ²/Úw32Ip/ ³n ¶[U] ¸1 ´reverence and respect paid to God:
³places of @´, churches, mosques, synagogues, temples, etc; ³hours of @´, times
of church etc services; ³public @´, church etc service(s). ¸2 ´admiration and
respect shown to or felt for sb or sth: ³the @ of success; hero @. She gazed at
the film star with @ in her eyes. ¸3 ·your/his W@, ´(GB) title of respect used
to/of a magistrate or mayor: ³his W@ the Mayor of Chester. ¹ vt,vi µ(-pp-, ´US
µ-p-) ¶[VP6A,2A,B] ´give @µ(1,2) ´to: ³@ God; ´attend church service: ³the
church where she had @ped for ten years. ¸@®per ´(US = ¸@er´) ³n ¸@®ful ²/-fl/
³adj ´(in GB titles of respect, eÔg to Justices of the Peace, aldermen) worthy
of respect; honourable.¼
¨worst© ²/w3st/ ³adj ´(independent superlative; µ¥ bad, worse´): ³the @ storm
for five years; the @ dinner I've ever eaten; the @ ´(= most intense) ³frost
this winter. ¹ adv ´(independent superlative; µ¥ badly, worse´) most badly:
³Tom played badly, Harry played worse and I played @. ¹ n ´@ part, state,
event, etc: ³You must be prepared for the @´, the @ possible news, outcome,
etc. ³The @ of the storm is over. She keeps cheerful, even when things are at
their @. ·If the *@ comes to the Ú@, ´If the @ happens. ·get the @ of it ´(in a
fight etc)·, ´be defeated. ·The @ of it is that«, ´The most unfortunate part of
the affair is that«. ·at (the) @, ´if the @ happens. ·do your @/let him do
his @, ´used as expressions of defiance. ¹ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´defeat; get the better
of: ³He @ed his enemy.¼
¨wor®sted© ²/Úw8stId/ ³n ¶[U] ´twisted woollen yarn or thread;
cloth made from this.¼
¨worth© ²/w3T/ ³pred adj ¸1 ´having a certain value; of value equal to: ³I
paid only $300 for this used car but it's @ much more. It's not @ more than
two pounds. ·@ (one's) while, µ¥ while. ·for what it is @, ´without any
guarantee or promise concerning it: ³That's the news I heardÅI pass it on to
you for what it is @. ¸*@®Úwhile ³adj ´that is @ the time, etc needed: ³a
@while experiment. µ¥ while. ¸2 ´possessing; having property to the value of:
³What's the old man @? He died @ a million pounds. ·for all one is @,
´(colloq) with all one's energy; making every effort: ³He was running for all
he was @. ¸3 ·@ + ³verb ´in ·-ing, ´giving a satisfactory or rewarding return
for: ³The book is well @ reading. It's hardly @ troubling about. He says life
wouldn't be @ living without friendship. ¹ ³n ¶[U] ¸1 ´value; what sb or sth is
@: ³books/discoveries, etc of great/little/not much @; know a friend's @. ¸2
´quantity of sth of a specified value: ³a pound's @ of apples; fifty pence @ of
copper coins; a penny@ of sweets. It's not @ the paper its printed on. ¸@®less
³adj ´having no value. ¸@®less®ly ³adv ¸@®less®ness ³n¼
¨worthy© ²/Úw3DI/ ³adj µ(-ier, -iest) ¸1 ·@ (of sth/to be sth),
´deserving: ³a cause @ of support; behaviour @ of praise; nothing @ of
mention; a man who is @ to have a place in the team. He found a @ enemy/an
enemy @ of his sword´, one brave or strong enough. ¸2 ´(often ironic or used
with a patronizing effect) having merit; deserving respect: ³a @ gentleman.
She says she helps only the @ poor ´(in contrast to those people who, she
thinks, are poor through their own laziness, etc). ¹ ³n ¸1 ´person of some
distinction (in his own country or during a certain period): ³an Elizabethan
@´, iÔe during the reign of Queen Elizabeth ²¥´. ¸2 ´(hum or ironic) person who
appears to be distinguished: ³Who's the @ who has just arrived? Who are the
worthies on the platform? ¸worth®ily ²/-IlI/ ³adv ¸worthi®ness ³n¼
¨wot© ²/wot/ ³pres t ·God wot, ´(archaic or hum) God knows.¼
¨wot®cher© ²/Úwot2E(r)/ ³int ´(GB sl) (as a greeting) Hello!¼
¨would© µ¥ will±1µ.¼
¨wouldst© ²/w8dst/ ³v ´old form used with ³thou´: ³Thou @´, You would.¼
¨wound©1 ²/wund/ ³n ¶[C] ¸1 ´hurt or injury to the living tissue of the body,
caused by cutting, shooting, tearing, etc, esp as the result of attack
(³injury ´being more usu for the result of an accident): ³a ·Ú³knife @ in the
arm; a ·Ú³bullet @. The dog was licking its @s´, eÔg after a fight with
another dog. ¸2 ´injury to a plant, tree, etc in which the bark is cut or
torn. ¸3 ´pain given to a person's feelings: ³a @ to his pride/vanity. ¹ vt
¶[VP6A] ´give a @ to: ³Ten soldiers were killed and thirty @ed. ´Cf ³hurt ´or
³injured ´in an accident. ³He felt @ed in his honour/affections.¼
¨wound©2 ²/wñ8nd/ ³pt,pp ´of µwind±3µ.¼
¨wove©, wo®ven µ¥ weave.¼
¨wow©1 ²/wñ8/ ³n ´(sl) tremendous success: ³The new play at the National
Theatre's a wow. ¹ int ´expressing wonder, admiration, etc.¼
¨wow©2 ²/wñ8/ ³n ¶[U] ´varieties in the pitch of sound reproduced from a disc
or tape, caused by fluctuations in speed (from the motor). µ¥ flutter, ³nµ(3).¼
¨wrack© ²/rak/ ³n ¶[U] ¸1 ´seaweed thrown up on the shore by the waves (and
used for manure, etc). ¸2 ´= µrack±4µ.¼
¨wraith© ²/reIT/ ³n ´apparition of a person seen shortly before or after his
death.¼
¨wrangle© ²/ÚraGgl/ ³vi ¶[VP2A,3A] ·@ (with sb) (about/over sth), ´take part in
a noisy or angry argument. ¹ ³n ´such an arguement.¼
¨wrap© ²/rap/ ³vt,vi µ(-pp-) ¸1 ¶[VP6A,15A,B] ·@ (up) (in sth),
´cover or roll up (in): ³@ a child in a shawl; @ up sth in tissue paper; @
oneself in a blanket. ³The mountain top was @ped in mist. You'd better @
(yourself) up well before you go out´, put on an overcoat, scarf, etc. ³Why
does he @ up his meaning in such obscure language´, Why doesn't he express his
meaning clearly? ·@ sth up, ´(sl) complete it: ³@ up a business deal. ¸2
¶[VP14] ·@ sth round sth, ´put round; wind or fold round as a covering or
protection; pack: ³W@ plenty of paper round it. W@ this shawl round your
shoulders. ¸3 ·be @ped up in, ¸(a) ´be packed or enclosed in; (fig) be
concealed in: ³The affair is @ped up in mystery. ¸(b) ´be deeply interested in:
³He is @ped up in his work/studies. ¸(c) ´be deeply devoted to: ³She is @ped up
in her children´, devotes all her time, care, attention, etc to them. ¹ ³n
´outer garment or covering (eÔg a scarf, cloak, fur or rug); outer covering.
(trade uses): ·keep sth under @s´, conceal it. ·take off the @s´, place on
public view (eÔg a new model of a car). ¸@®per ³n ´(esp) ¸1 ´piece of paper (to
be) @ped round a newspaper or other periodical, a book etc (esp for sending by
post); cover of loose paper, etc for a book. ¸2 ´light dressing-gown. ¸@®ping
³n ¸1 ¶[C] ´sth used for covering or packing: ³the @pings of a mummy. ¸2 ¶[U]
´material for covering or packing sth: ³Put plenty of @ping round the cups and
saucers when you pack them.¼
¨wrath© ²/roT ³US: ²raT/ ³n ¶[U] ´(liter) great anger; indignation. ¸@®ful
²/-fl/ ³adj ¸@®fully ²/-fElI/ ³adv¼
¨wreak© ²/rik/ ³vt ¶[VP6A,14] ·@ sth (on sb), ´(liter) give expression to; give
effect to: ³@ one's fury upon sb; @ havoc/vengeance upon sb.¼
¨wreath© ²/riT/ ³n (pl µ@s ²/riDz/³) ¸1 ´flowers or leaves twisted or woven
together into a circle (worn on the head as a garland, or placed on a coffin,
a grave, a memorial to the dead, etc). ¸2 ´ring, spiral or curling line (of
´smoke, mist, etc).¼
¨wreathe© ²/riD/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A] ´(esp in ³pp´) cover, encircle:
³@d with flowers; hills @d in mist; a face @d in smiles. ¸2 ¶[VP14] ´(reflex)
·@ itself round, ´wind: ³The snake @d itself round the branch. ¸3 ¶[VP14] ·@
sth into, ´make (flowers, etc) (into a wreath). ¸4 ¶[VP2A,C] ´(of smoke, mist,
etc) move in the shape of a wreath.¼
¨wreck© ²/rek/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´ruin or destruction, esp of a ship by storms: ³save
a ship from @´; (fig) ³the @ of one's hopes/plans; ¶[C] ´instance of this: ³The
storm caused @s all along the coast. ¸2 ¶[C] ´ship that has suffered @µ(1)´:
³Robinson Crusoe obtained food and supplies from the @. ¸3 ¶[C]
´vehicle, building, etc that has been badly damaged or fallen into ruin;
person whose health has been destroyed: ³The car was a worthless @ after the
collision. He is a mere @ of his former self. If these anxieties continue she
will become a nervous @. ¹ vt ¶[VP6A] ´cause the @ of: ³The ship/train was
@ed. ¸@®age ²/ÚrekIdZ/ ³n ¶[U] ´@ed material, fragments: ³The @age of the
aircraft was scattered over a wide area. ¸@er ³n ¸(a) ´person employed to
recover a @ed ship or its contents. ¸(b) ´(US) person employed to demolish old
buildings. µ¥ ³housebreaker ´at µhouse±1µ(7). ¸(c) ´(hist) person who tried
from the shore to bring about shipwreck (eÔg by showing false
lights) in order to plunder the cargo, etc.¼
¨wren© ²/ren/ ³n ´kinds of small short-winged songbird.¼
¨wrench© ²/rent2/ ³n ¶[C] ¸1 ´sudden and violent twist or pull: ³He gave his
ankle a @´, twisted it by accident. ³He pulled the handle off with a single @.
¸2 ´(pain caused by a) sad parting or separation: ³Separation from her
children was a terrible @. ¸3 ´tool for gripping and turning nuts, bolts, etc;
spanner. µ¥ ´the illus at µtool. ³¹ vt ¸1 ¶[VP6A,15A,22] ´twist or pull
violently: ³@ the door open; @ sth from sb; @ sth out of his hand; @ a door
off its hinges. She @ed herself from the villain's clutches. ¸2 ¶[VP6A]
´injure (eÔg one's ankle) by twisting. ¸3 ¶[VP6A] ´(fig) distort (facts, the
meaning of a sentence, etc).¼
¨wrest© ²/rest/ ³vt ¸1 ¶[VP14] ·@ sth from/out of, ´take (sth)
violently away: ³@ a knife from sb/@ it out of his hands. ¸2 ¶[VP14] ·@ sth
from, ´get by effort: ³@ a confession of guilt from sb; @ a living from
poor farmland. ¸3 ´twist or pervert (facts, the meaning of sth).¼
¨wrestle© ²/Úresl/ ³vi ¶[VP2A,C,3A] ·@ (with sb), ´struggle with sb (as a
sport) and try to throw him to the ground without hitting him: ³@ with sb;
´(fig) ³@ with a problem/a temptation/one's conscience. ¹ ³n ¶[C]
´wrestling match; hard struggle. ¸wres®tler ²/ÚreslE(r)/ ³n ´person who @s.¼
¨wretch© ²/ret2/ ³n ¸1 ´unfortunate and miserable person. ¸2 ´contemptible,
mean person. ¸3 ´(playfully or affectionately) rogue.¼
¨wretched© ²/Úret2Id/ ³adj ¸1 ´miserable: ³lead a @ existence in the slums;
living in @ poverty. This aching tooth makes me feel @. ¸2 ´causing misery: ³@
houses. ¸3 ´of poor quality; bad: ³@ weather/food. ¸4 ´(with ³nn ´implying
blame) that causes dismay (because excessive): ³the @ stupidity of the
nation's leaders. ¸@®ly ³adv ¸@®ness ³n¼
¨wrick©, rick ²/rIk/ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´sprain or twist slightly: ³@ one's ankle/a
muscle in one's back. ¹ n ¶[C] ´sprain: ³give one's back a @; have a @ in the
neck.¼
¨wriggle© ²/ÚrIgl/ ³vi,vt ¸1 ¶[VP2A,C,3A] ´move with quick, short,
twistings; move along in this way: ³The worm @d as Jim put it on the
fish-hook. Small children @ in their seats when they are bored. The eel @d out
of my fingers. He @d out of ´(= escaped from) ³the difficulty. He @d (his way)
through the thick hedge. My criticism made him @´, feel uncomfortable. ¸2
¶[VP6A,15B,22] ´move with a wriggling motion: ³@ one's toes; @ oneself free´,
get free (eÔg from ropes round the body); ³@ one's way out. ¹ n ´wriggling
movement. ¸wrig®gler ²/ÚrIgElE(r)/ ³n ´(esp) larva of a mosquito.¼
¨wright© ²/rñIt/ ³n ´(rare except in compounds) workman, maker. µ¥ ³play@ ´at
µplay±1µ(5), ³ship@ ´at µship±1µ(3), ³wheel@ ´at µwheel(1).¼
¨wring© ²/rIG/ ³vt (pt,pp µwrung ²/rAG/³) ¸1 ¶[VP6A] ´twist;
squeeze: ³@ a hen's neck, ´to kill it; ³@ a person's hand´, clasp it warmly. ·@
one's hands, ´squeeze them together (indicating despair, sorrow, etc). ¸2
¶[VP15B,14] ·@ sth out; @ sth out of/from sth, ´twist and squeeze sth tightly;
force out (esp water) by doing this: ³@ out wet clothes; @ out the water from
one's swimming-trunks. They wrung a confession from her´, (fig) forced her to
confess, by persuasion, threats, etc. ·@ing wet, ´(of clothes, etc) so wet
that water can be wrung from them. ¹ ³n ¶[C] ´squeeze: ³Give it another @.
¸@er ²/ÚrIGE(r)/ ³n ´= µmangle±1µ.¼
¨wrinkle©1 ²/ÚrIGkl/ ³n ´small fold or line in the skin (esp of the kind
produced by age) or on the surface of sth: ³She's beginning to get @s round her
eyes. Her new dress fits without a @. She ironed out the @s in her dress.
¹ vt,vi ¶[VP6A,15B,2A,C] ·@ (up) ´make, get, have, @s in: ³@ up one's
forehead´, eÔg in perplexity; ³@d with age. The front of this dress @s.
¸wrinkly ²/ÚrIGklI/ ³adj¼
¨wrinkle©2 ²/ÚrIGkl/ ³n ¶[C] ´(colloq) useful hint or suggestion:
³give sb a @.¼
¨wrist© ²/rIst/ ³n ´joint between the hand and the arm: ³He took me by the @.
µ¥ ´the illus at µarm. ¸Ú@-band ³n ´band of a shirt-sleeve fitting round the @.
¸Ú@®watch ³n ´one worn on the @. ¸@®let ²/ÚrIstlIt/ ³n ´band or ornament for
the @.¼
¨writ© ²/rIt/ ³n ¸1 ´written order issued in the name of a ruler or sb in
authority to an official to do or not to do sth: ³a @ of habeas corpus; a @
for the arrest of sb. ¸2 Holy W@, ´the Bible. ¸@ large ³adj µ¥ write (6).¼
¨write© ²/rñIt/ ³vi,vt (pt µwrote ²/rE8t/, ³pp µwritten ²/ÚrItn/³) ¸1
¶[VP2A,B,C] ´make letters or other symbols (eÔg ideographs) on a surface, esp
with a pen or pencil on paper: ³learn to read and @; @ on both sides of the
paper. I've been writing (for) three hours. Are we to @ in ink or in pencil?
¸2 ¶[VP6A] ´put down (on paper) by means of words, etc: ³@ words/Chinese
characters/shorthand; @ one's name; @ a cheque/a certificate/an application
´(by filling in the spaces with words, figures, etc); ³@ ´(= fill) ³three
sheets. ¸3 ¶[VP2C,15B] ·@ sth down, ¸(a) ´put down (on paper) in words: ³You'd
better @ down the address/@ it down before you forget it. ¸(b) ´(more usu ³mark
down´) reduce the nominal value of (stock, goods, etc); reduce in value or
price. ·@ sb down as, ´describe as: ³I'd @ him down as a fool. ·@ in for sth,
´apply by letter for. ·@ off (for sth), ´order by post: ³@ off for another
dozen bottles of rum. ·@ sth off, ¸(a) ´compose quickly and easily: ³@ off an
account of a sports meeting. ¸(b) ´cancel; recognize that sth is a loss or
failure: ³@ off a debt; @ off $500 for depreciation of machinery. He has just
written off a new car´, damaged it beyond repair, so that the insurers regard
it as a loss. Hence, ¸Ú@-off ³n ´sth that no longer has any value: ³The
burnt-out airliner was a complete @-off´, had no value whatever. ·@ sth out, ´@
the whole of; @ in full: ³@ out a copy of an agreement; @ out a cheque. ·@ sth
up, ¸(a) ´bring up to date; complete: ³@ up one's diary. I must @ up my notes
of the lecture. ¸(b) ´overstate the value of (assets). ¸(c) ´describe, @ about,
(an event) elaborately: ³The journalist wrote up the wedding for his paper.
¸(d) ´@ a description giving praise: ³A friendly critic wrote up the acting of
the leading players. ´Hence, ¸Ú@-up ³n ´written account or record of an event.
¸4 ¶[VP6A,2A] ´do the work of an author; compose for publication: ³@ a novel; @
for the newspapers; make a living by writing. ¸5 ¶[VP2A,B,C,12A,13A,4A] ´@ and
send a letter ´(³to´, or colloq without ³to´): ³He promised to @ (to) me every
week. He @s home/@s to his parents regularly. He wrote me that he was staying
with his brother in York. He wrote me an account of his visit. I wrote to let
them know that I was coming. ¸6 ´(usu passive) show clear signs of: ³He had
trouble/honesty written on his face. ·written ´(also ·writ, ´archaic form of
the ³pp´) ·large, ´easily or clearly recognizable.¼
¨writer© ²/ÚrñItE(r)/ ³n ¸1 ´person who writes: ³the @ of this letter. ¸@'s
cramp, ´cramp of the muscles in the hand, causing difficulty in writing. ¸2
´author. ¸3 ´(GB) clerk in some government offices; naval rating who does
office work.¼
¨writhe© ²/rñID/ ³vi ¶[VP2A,C] ´twist or roll about in pain; (fig) suffer
mental agony: ³@ under insults.¼
¨writ®ing© ²/ÚrñItIG/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´(in the senses of the ³v
"write'´): ³busy with his @; put sth down in @. His @ ´(= ·Ú³hand@´) ³is
difficult to read. ¸Ú@-desk ³n ´desk (usu with drawers) for @ at. ¸Ú@-ink ³n
´ink for @ (contrasted with printing-ink). ¸Ú@-paper ³n ¶[U] ´(esp) paper cut
to the size usual for letters. ¸2 ³(pl) ´literary work: ³the @s of Swift.¼
¨writ®ten© ²/ÚrItn/ µ¥ write.¼
¨wrong© ²/roG ³US: ²rcG/ ³adj ´(contrasted with ³right´) ¸1 ´not
morally right; unjust: ³It is @ to steal. It was @ of you/You were @ to borrow
his bicycle without asking his permission. ¸2 ´mistaken; unsuitable; improper:
³He has six @ answers in his arithmetic. Can you prove that I am/that my
opinions are @? You're doing it the @ way. We got into the @ train. We came
the @ way/took a @ turning. This is the @ side of the tablecloth´, not the side
intended to be seen. ·@ side out, ´with the @ side outside. ·be caught on the
@ foot, ´be caught when one is not ready. ·get out of bed on the @ side, ´said
of sb who is in a bad temper early in the day. ·get hold of the @ end of the
stick, ´have a completely mistaken idea or impression. ·in the @ box, ´in an
awkward position. ·on the @ side of fifty, etc, ´over fifty, etc
years old. ¸*@-Úheaded ³adj ´perverse and obstinate. ¸*@-Úheadedly ³adv´. ¸3
´out of order; in a bad condition: ³There's nothing @ with the engineÅperhaps
there's no petrol in the tank. There's something @ with my digestion. What's @
with that? ´(colloq, as a rhetorical question, meaning "That's quite all right,
isn't it?') ¹ ³adv ´(usu end position) not correctly; in a @ manner: ³guess @.
You've spelt my name @. ´Cf ³@ly spelt. They told me @. ´Cf ³@ly informed. ·get
sth @, ´miscalculate or misunderstand it. ·go @, ¸(a) ´take the @ path or road.
¸(b) ´have a bad or poor result; fail: ³All our plans went @. ¸(c) ´(colloq)
(of a machine, etc) break down. ¹ n ¸1 ¶[U] ´what is morally @; ¶[C] ´@ action:
³know the difference between right and @; do @´, do what is @; sin. ³Two @s
don't make a right. ¸Ú@®doer ³n ´person who does @. ¸Ú@®doing ³n ¶[U] ´doing @;
crime; sin. ¸2 ¶[U] ´injustice; unjust treatment; ¶[C] ´instance of this;
unjust action: ³suffer @; do @ to sb. You do me @´, treat me unjustly. ³They
have done me a great @. She complained of the @s she had suffered. ¸3 ·in the
@, ´in the position of being responsible for an error, for having caused a
quarrel, etc: ³He admitted that he was in the @´, that the fault, etc was his.
³They tried to put me in the @´, to make it seem that the fault, etc was mine.
³You are both in the @. ´Each of you is in error. ¹ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´treat
unjustly; be unfair to: ³He @ed me when he said that I was envious. His deeply
@ed wife deserves our help and sympathy. ¸@®ful ²/-fl/ ³adj ´unjust; unlawful:
³@ful dismissal ´(from employment). ¸@®fully ²/-fElI/ ³adv ¸@®ly ³adv ´in a @
manner (used esp before a ³pp´): ³@ly informed/directed/accused.¼
¨wrote© ²/rE8t/ µ¥ write.¼
¨wroth© ²/rE8T ³US: ²rcT/ ³adj ´(pred only; poet, biblical, or in
mod use hum) angry; indignant.¼
¨wrought© ²/rct/ ³pt,pp ´of µwork±2 ¸1 ´beaten into shape: ³@ iron. µ¥ ³cast
iron ´at µcast±1µ(3). ¸2 ´(archaic or liter) ·@ on/upon sb/sth, ´excited
him/it: ³Their sufferings @ upon our feelings. µ¥ ³work on/upon sb/sth
´at µwork±2µ(10). ¸*@-Úup ³adj ´over-excited; extremely agitated.¼
¨wrung© ²/rAG/ µ¥ wring.¼
¨wry© ²/rñI/ ³adj µ(wrier, wriest) ´pulled or twisted out of shape: ³make a wry
face, ´usu to show disappointment or disgust; ³a wry smile´, a forced smile
that indicates disappointment. ¸wry®ly ³adv¼
¨wych-© ´(also ¸wich-, witch-´) ²/wIt2/ ³pref ´used in names of trees:
·Ú³@-elm; ·Ú³@-hazel.¼
¨X©, x ²/eks/ ³n (pl µX's, x's ²/ÚeksIz/³) ¸1 ´the 24th letter of the English
alphabet. ¸2 ´symbol for the Roman numeral 10. µ¥ App 4. ¸3 ´(algebra) first
unknown quantity; (fig) factor or influence about which there is uncertainty.¼
¨xeno®phobia© ²/*zenEÚfE8bIE/ ³n ¶[U] ´irrational hatred or fear of
strangers or foreigners.¼
¨Xerox© ²/ÚzIEroks/ ³n, vt ¶[VP6A] ´(P) = photocopy.¼
¨Xmas© ²/ÚkrIsmEs/ ³n ´(common abbr, in writing, for) Christmas.¼
¨X-ray© ²/Úeks reI/ ³n ´short-wave ray that penetrates solids and makes it
possible to see into or through them; photograph taken by this means: (attrib)
³have an X-ray (examination)´; ³an X-ray diagnosis; X-ray photography. ¹ vt
¶[VP6A] ´examine, treat, photograph, with X-rays.¼
¨xylo®phone© ²/ÚzñIlEfE8n/ ³n ´musical instrument of parallel wooden bars,
graduated in length, which produce different notes when struck with small
wooden hammers. µ¥ ´the illus at µpercussion.¼
¨Y©, y ²/wñI/ ³n (pl µY's, y's ²/wñIz/³) ´the 25th letter of the English
alphabet.¼
¨yacht© ²/jot/ ³n ¸1 ´light sailing-boat built specially for racing. ¸Ú@-club
³n ´club for @-owners. ¸Ú@s®man ²/-smEn/ ³n (pl µ-men³) ´person who makes a
hobby of sailing. ¸2 ´(usu privately-owned, usu motor-driven) vessel kept by a
wealthy person for pleasure-cruising. ¹ ³vi ¶[VP2A] ´travel or race in a @.
¸@®ing ³n ¶[U] ´the art, practice or sport of sailing @s.¼
¨yah© ²/jq/ ³int ´used to express derision.¼
¨ya®hoo© ²/jqÚhu/ ³n ´name given by Swift (in ³Gulliver's Travels´)
to members of a race of inferior human beings with the habits of animals:
hence, detestable person with bestial habits.¼
¨yak© ²/jak/ ³n ´long-haired ox, wild or domesticated, of Central Asia.¼
¨yam© ²/jam/ ³n ¶[C] ¸1 ´(edible tuber of) kinds of tropical climbing plant.
µ¥ ´the illus at µvegetable. ¸2 ´(US) kind of sweet potato.¼
¨yam®mer© ²/ÚjamE(r)/ ³vi ´(colloq) ¸1 ´complain peevishly; whine. ¸2 ´talk
volubly or foolishly.¼
¨yank© ²/jaGk/ ³vt ¶[VP6A,15A,B] ´(colloq) ´give a sudden sharp pull to: ³@ out
a tooth. Tom @ed the bed-clothes off his young brother and told him to get up.
¹ ³n ´sudden sharp pull.¼
¨Yank© ²/jaGk/ ³n ´(sl) (abbr of) Yankee.¼
¨Yan®kee© ²/ÚjaGkI/ ³n ¸1 ´native of New England (US). ¸2 ´(in the American
Civil War) native of any of the Northern States. ¸3 ´(colloq, in GB, Europe)
US citizen: (attrib) ³@ inventions.¼
¨yap© ²/jap/ ³vi µ(-pp-) ¶[VP2A] ¸1 ´(esp of dogs) utter short, sharp barks.
¸2 ´(sl) talk noisily or foolishly: ³Stop yapping! ¹ n ´short, shrill bark.¼
¨yard©1 ²/jqd/ ³n ¸1 ´(usu unroofed) enclosed or partly enclosed space near or
round a building or group of buildings, often paved: ³a ·Ú³farm@; a
·Ú³cattle-@; the school @, ´used as a playground; (US) area of land laid out
as a garden round a house. ¸2 ´(usu in compounds) enclosure for a special
purpose: ³the ·Ú³railway @s/·Ú³marshalling @s´, area where trains are made up,
where coaches, wagons, etc are stored; ³a ·Ú³tan-@ ´where tanning is carried
on. µ¥ ´also ³back @ ´at µback±4µ(3), ³dock@ ´at µdock±1µ, ³ship@ ´at
µship±1µ(3), ³vine@ ´at µvine(2). ¸3 the Y@, ´(colloq abbr for) ³New Scotland
Y@.¼
¨yard©2 ²/jqd/ ³n ¸1 ´(µ¥ App 5´) unit of length, 3 feet or 36 inches: ³Can
you still buy cloth by the @ in Britain? ¸*@-Úmeasure ³n ´rod, tape, etc one @
long, marked in feet, inches, quarters, etc. ¸Ú@®stick ³n ´(fig) standard of
comparison. ¸2 ´long, pole-like piece of wood fastened to a mast for
supporting and spreading a sail. µ¥ ´the illus at µbarque. ¸Ú@-arm ³n ´either
end of such a @. ·man the @s, ´place men along the @s, stand along the @s, as
a form of salute.¼
¨yarn© ²/jqn/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´fibres (esp of wool) which have been spun
for knitting, weaving, etc. ¸2 ¶[C] ´(colloq) story; traveller's tale. ·spin a
@, ´tell a story; make up a story: ³The beggar spun a long @ about his
misfortunes. ¹ vi ¶[VP2A,C] ´tell @s: ³We stayed up @ing until midnight.¼
¨yar®row© ²/ÚjarE8/ ³n ´common perennial herb with flat clusters of small
flowers.¼
¨yash®mak© ²/Úja2mak/ ³n ´veil worn in public by some Muslim women in some
countries.¼
¨yaw© ²/jc/ ³vi ´(of a ship or aircraft) turn unsteadily off the
right course. ¹ ³n ´such a turn.¼
¨yawl© ²/jcl/ ³n ´(naut) ¸1 ´sailing-boat with two masts, the second being a
short one near the stern. ¸2 ´ship's boat with four or six oars.¼
¨yawn© ²/jcn/ ³vi ¶[VP2A,C] ¸1 ´take (usu involuntarily) a deep breath with the
mouth wide open, as when sleepy or bored. ¸2 ´be wide open: ³a @ing
fissure. A gulf @ed at our feet. ¹ n ¶[C] ´act of @ingµ(1)´.¼
¨yaws© ²/jcz/ ³n pl ´contagious tropical skin disease.¼
¨ye©1 ²/ji/ ³pron ´(old form of) you: ³Ye fools! How d'ye do ²/*hñ8 djI Údu/´?¼
¨ye©2 ²/ji/ ³def art ´= µthe ´(old written form, still seen on signboards over
some shops and inns): ³Ye Olde Bull and Bush.¼
¨yea© ²/jeI/ ³adv, int ´(archaic) yes. ¹ ³n ´aye: ³Yeas and nays, ´ayes and
noes.¼
¨yeah© ²/jeE/ ³adv ´(sl) yes.¼
¨year© ²/j3(r) ³US: ²jIEr/ ³n ¸1 ´time taken by the earth in making one
revolution round the sun, about 365Ú days. ¸2 ´period from 1 January to 31
December (also called the ³calendar @´): ³in the @ 1865; last @; this @; next
@; the @ after next; New Y@'s Day´, 1 January. ·@ in @ out, ´@ after @. ·all
(the) @ round, ´at all times of the @. ·@ of grace«; @ of our Lord«, ´any named
@ after the birth of Jesus: ³in the @ of our Lord, 1999. ·the @ dot, ´(colloq)
a very long time ago: ³I've known her since the @ dot. ¸3 ´any period of 365
consecutive days: ³It is just a @ since I arrived here. He's twenty @s of age.
He became blind in his twelfth @´, at the age of 11. ¸Ú@-book ³n ´book issued
once a @ giving information (reports, statistics, etc) esp about trade or
commerce. ¸*@-Úlong ³adj ´continuing for a @: ³a @-long struggle. ¸4 ´period of
one @ associated with sth. ·the academic @´, for schools, colleges and
universities (beginning, in GB and US, in the autumn). ·the financial/fiscal
@´, (in GB, for making up accounts, etc from the beginning of April). ¸5 ³(pl)
´age; time of life: ³a boy of ten @s; young for her @s´, looking young although
not young in age; ³reach the @s of discretion. ¸@®ly ³adj, adv ´(taking place)
every @; once a @.¼
¨year®ling© ²/Új3lIG/ ³n ´animal between one and two years old: (attrib) ³a @
colt.¼
¨yearn© ²/j3n/ ³vi ¶[VP3A,4A] ·@ (for sth/to do sth), ´long for
with tender feeling, affection, etc: ³He @ed for a sight of the old, familiar
faces. He @ed to return to his native land. ¸@®ing ³n ´strong desire; tender
longing. ¸@®ing®ly ³adv¼
¨yeast© ²/jist/ ³n ¶[U] ´substance used in brewing beer, and in the making of
bread. ¸@y ³adj ´frothy like @.¼
¨yell© ²/jel/ ³vi,vt ¸1 ¶[VP2A,C] ´utter a loud sharp cry or cries as of pain,
excitement, etc: ³@ with fright/laughter. ¸2 ¶[VP6A,15B] ·@ sth (out), ´say in
a @ing voice: ³@ (out) an order/oath; @ one's defiance. ¹ n ´loud sharp cry:
³a @ of terror; the college @´, (US) particular kind of shout or cheer used at
a college to encourage a team, etc. ³They greeted us with @s of hate.¼
¨yel®low© ²/ÚjelE8/ ³n, adj ¸1 ´the colour of gold or the yolk of a hen's egg.
¸@ fever, ´infectious tropical disease causing the skin to turn @. ¸Ú@-flag ³n
´flag coloured @ displayed by a ship or hospital which is in quarantine. ¸the
@ press, ´newspapers which present news in a sensational way. ¸2 ´(often
¸Ú@-bellied´) (colloq) cowardly: ³He has a @ streak in him. ¹ vt,vi ¶[VP6A,2A]
´(cause to) become @: ³The leaves of the book were @ed/had @ed with age. The
leaves of the trees are @ing. ¸@®ish ²/-I2/ ³adj ´rather @. ¸@®ness ³n¼
¨yelp© ²/jelp/ ³vi ¶[VP2A]³, n ´(utter a) short, sharp cry (of pain, anger,
excitement, etc): ³The dog @ed/gave a @ when I trod on its paw.¼
¨yen©1 ²/jen/ ³n (pl ´unchanged³) ´unit of currency in Japan.¼
¨yen©2 ²/jen/ ³n ·@ (for), ´(colloq) yearning (for sth). ¹ ³vi
´yearn (³to do ´sth).¼
¨yeo®man© ²/ÚjE8mEn/ ³n (pl µ-men³) ¸1 ´(hist) working farmer who owned his
land (contrasted with tenant farmers and those who owned large farms which they
did not work themselves). ¸@ service, ´long and efficient service; help in time
of need. ¸2 ·@ of signals, ´(GB) naval petty officer in the branch concerned
with signalling by visual means (flags, etc); (US) petty officer with clerical
duties. ¸3 ·Y@ of the Guard, ´(GB) member of a royal bodyguard with ceremonial
duties at the Tower of London, and elsewhere on special occasions. ¸4 ´member
of the @ry. ¸@ry ²/-rI/ ³n ´(hist) (collective for) volunteer cavalry force
raised from farmers, etc.¼
¨yes© ²/jes/ ³particle ´(contrasted with ³no´) expressing agreement,
affirmation, consent, etc: ³"Can you read this?' "Yes.' ´(Note that ³yes ´is
used in answer to an interrogative-negative if the complete answer is
affirmative): ³"Don't you like it?'Å"Yes' ´(= "Yes, I do like it') ³"Isn't she
beautiful!'Å"Yes, isn't she?' "Waiter!'Å"Yes, sir.' ´(= "What do you want,
sir?') ¹ ³n ¶[C] ´affirmation; acceptance: ³Answer with a plain "Yes' or "No'.¼
¨yes®ter-© ²/ÚjestE(r)/ ³pref ´(on) the day, year, etc before this, chiefly
poet except in ³@day ´(µ¥ ´below): ³Where are the snows of @-year?¼
¨yes®ter®day© ²/ÚjestEdI/ ³adv, n ´(on) the day just past; (on) the
day before today: ³He arrived @. Y@ was Sunday. Where's @'s (news)paper? Why
were you away from work the day before @? Where were you @
morning/afternoon/evening? (´Cf ³last night.) She left home @ week´, eight days
ago.¼
¨yet© ²/jet/ ³adv ¸1 ´(in neg and conditional contexts and in contexts
indicating ignorance or uncertainty; usu in end position, but also immediately
after ³not´; µ¥ already(2)´) by this or that time; up to now; up to then:
³They are not here yet/not yet here. We have had no news from him yet. We have
not yet had news from him. At 2 o'clock they had not yet decided how to spend
the afternoon. I wonder whether they have finished the work yet. ¸2 ´(in
interr and neg contexts; µ¥ already ´and µstill´) so far; up to this/that
time: ³Has your brother arrived yet? Need you go yet? We needn't do it just
yet. ¸3 ´(in affirm sentences) still: ³Be thankful you are yet alive ´(³Still
´is the more usu word). ³Go at once while there is yet time, ´while it is not
too late. ³This problem is yet ´(= still) ³more difficult. I have yet ´(=
still) ³more exciting news for you. ¸4 ´at some future time; before all is
over: ³The enemy may win yet/may yet win if we relax our efforts. He may
surprise us all yet. ¸5 ·as yet, ´up to now/then: ³As yet we have/had not made
any plans for the holidays. The scheme has worked well as yet. ·nor yet,
´(liter) and not even: ³The book is not well writtenÅnor yet is it accurate. ¹
³conj ´but at the same time; nevertheless: ³She's vain and foolish, and yet
people like her. He worked hard, yet he failed. It is strange, yet (it is)
true. He's a wealthy, yet honest, business-man.¼
¨yeti© ²/ÚjetI/ ³n ´name of a hairy, man-like animal reported to
live in the highest part of the Himalayas.¼
¨yew© ²/ju/ ³n ¶[C] ¸Úyew(-tree), ´evergreen, berry-bearing tree with
dark-green leaves, often used for garden hedges; ¶[U] ´wood of this tree
(formerly used for making bows).¼
¨Yid®dish© ²/ÚjIdI2/ ³n ¶[U] ´international Jewish language, a form of old
German with words borrowed from several modern languages, used by Jews in or
from Eastern or Central Europe (³note: ´the language used in Israel is modern
Hebrew).¼
¨yield© ²/jild/ ³vt,vi ¸1 ¶[VP6A] ´give a natural product, a result
or profit: ³trees that @ fruit; investments @ing 10 per cent. ¸2
¶[VP2A,3A,6A,15A,B] ·@ (to sb/sth), ´give way (to); cease opposition: ³We will
never @ to force. The disease @ed to treatment. He @ed to temptation. ·@ (up)
sth (to sb), ´give up; surrender: ³@ a fort; @ ground to the enemy. ·@ up the
ghost, ´(liter or rhet) die. ¹ ³n ¶[C,U] ´amount produced: ³a good @ of wheat.
What is the @ per acre? The @s on his shares have decreased this year´, The
dividends are lower. ¸@-ing ³adj ´easily giving way or bending; (fig) not
obstinate. ¸@-ing®ly ³adv¼
¨yip®pee© ²/ÚjIpI/ ³int ´cry of joy or elation.¼
¨yob© ²/job/, ±yobo, yobbo ²/ÚjobE8/ ³n ´(GB sl) idle, objectionable person.¼
¨yodel© ²/ÚjE8dl/ ³vt,vi µ(-ll-, ´US also µ-l-) ´sing (a song), utter a
musical call, with frequent changes from the normal voice to high falsetto
notes, in the manner of Swiss mountaineers. ¹ ³n ´@ling song or call. ¸@®ler
´(US also ¸@er´) ³n ´person who @s.¼
¨yoga© ²/ÚjE8gE/ ³n ¶[U] ¸1 ´Hindu system of meditation and self-control
intended to produce mystical experience and the union of the individual soul
with the universal spirit. ¸2 ´system of physical exercises and
breathing-control. ¸yogi ²/ÚjE8gI/ ³n (pl µ@s³) ´teacher of, expert in, @µ(1).¼
¨yo®gurt©, yo®ghurt, yo®ghourt ²/ÚjogEt ³US: ²ÚjE8gErt/ ³n ¶[U]
´thick fermented liquor made from milk.¼
¨yo-heave-ho© ²/*jE8 Úhiv hE8/ ³int ´cry (formerly) used by sailors when
pulling together (eÔg to raise a sail).¼
¨yoke© ²/jE8k/ ³n ¸1 ´shaped piece of wood placed across the necks of oxen
pulling a cart, plough, etc. µ¥ harness. ¸2 ³(pl ´unchanged³) ´two oxen working
together: ³five @ of oxen. ¸3 ´(Roman history) arch of three spears (a symbol
of the @ placed on oxen) under which defeated enemies were made to pass; hence,
(fig) ³pass/come under the @´, acknowledge and accept defeat; ³throw off the @
´(of servitude, etc), rebel; refuse to obey; ³the @ of a tyrant. ¸4 ´shaped
piece of wood to fit a person's shoulders and support a pail at each end. ¸5
´(dressmaking) part of a garment fitting round the shoulders and from which
the rest hangs; top part of a skirt, fitting the hips. ¹ ³vt,vi ¶[VP6A, 15A] ¸1
´put a @ on (oxen): ³@ oxen together; @ oxen to a plough. ¸2 ´unite: ³@d to an
unwilling partner; @d in marriage.¼
¨yokel© ²/ÚjE8kl/ ³n ´simple-minded countryman.¼
¨yolk© ²/jE8k/ ³n ¶[C,U] ´yellow part of an egg: ³Beat up the @s of three
eggs.¼
¨yon© ²/jon/ ³adj, adv ´(archaic or dial) yonder.¼
¨yon®der© ²/ÚjondE(r)/ ³adj, adv ´(liter) (that is, that can be seen) over
there: ³@ group of trees.¼
¨yore© ²/jc(r)/ ³n ¶[U] ·of @, ´long ago: ³in days of @.¼
¨you© ²/ju/ ³pron ¸1 ´the person(s) addressed: ³You are my friend(s). Does he
know you? This is for you. ¸2 ´(colloq; used as an ³impers pron´) one; anyone:
³It is much easier to cycle with the wind behind you. You never know´, One can
never be certain about things. ¸3 ´(preceding a ³n´, esp in vocatives): ³You
boys! You over there! ´(in exclamations): ³You bloody fool!¼
¨you'd© ²/jud/ ³c ´= you had; you would.¼
¨you'll© ²/jul/ ³c ´= you will.¼
¨young© ²/jAG/ ³adj (comp µ-nger ²/-GgE(r)/´, ³sup µ-ngest ²/-GgIst/³)
¸1 ´(contrasted
with ³old´) not far advanced in life, growth, development, etc; of recent birth
or origin: ³a @ woman/tree/animal/nation, etc. ¸2 ´still near its beginning:
³The evening/century is still @. ¸3 the @er, ´(used before or after a person's
name, to distinguish that person from another; contrasted with ³elder´): ³the
@er Pitt; Pliny the Y@er. ·be sb's @er, ´be @er than him. ¸4 ´(used before a
person's name to distinguish esp a son from his father): ³Y@ Jones is always
ready to help his old parents. ¸5 ´(as a familiar or condescending form of
address): ³Now listen to me, @ man/my @ lady! ¸6 ´having little practice or
experience (in sth): ³@ in crime. ¸7 ·@ and old´, everyone. ¸the @´, @ people;
children: ³books for the @. ¹ n ¶[U] ´offspring; @ ones (of animals and birds):
³The cat fought fiercely to defend its @, ´its @ offspring. ³Some animals
quickly desert their @. ·with @, ´(of an animal) pregnant. ¸@®ish ²/ÚjAGI2/
³adj ´fairly @; somewhat @. ¸@®ster ²/ÚjAGstE(r)/ ³n ´child, youth.¼
¨your© ²/jc(r) ³US: ²j8Er/ ³adj ¸1 ´belonging to, relating to, you:
³Show me @ hands. You'll see the post-office on @ right´, iÔe @ right side. ¸2
´(often indicating polite interest, or disapproval or contempt, or used to
suggest that sth is not so good, remarkable, etc as is claimed): ³So this is
what @ experts said, is it? This is @ famous English beer, is it?¼
¨you're© ²/j8E(r)/ ³c ´= you are.¼
¨yours© ²/jcz ³US: ²j8Erz/ ³pred adj, pron ¸1 ´of you: ³Is that book @? I
borrowed a book of @. ¸2 ´(at the end of a letter): ³@
truly/sincerely/faithfully.¼
¨your®self© ²/jcÚself ³US: ²j8ErÚself/ ³reflex pron (pl µ-selves ²/-Úselvz/³)
³Did you hurt @? ¹ emphat pron´: ³You @ said so. You said so @. ·(all)
by @, ¸(a) ´alone. ¸(b) ´without help.¼
¨youth© ²/juT/ ³n (pl µ@s ²/juDz/³) ¸1 ¶[U] ´the state or time of being young:
³the enthusiasm of @; the friends of one's @; in my @´, when I was young. ¸2
¶[C] ´young man: ³As a @ he showed no promise of becoming a great pianist. Half
a dozen @s were standing at the street corner. ¸3 ¶[U] ´(collective ³sing,
´with ³pl ´) young men and women: ³the @ of the nation; a ·Ú³@ hostel, µ¥
hostel´; ³a ·Ú³@ centre/club´, club (usu provided by a voluntary organization)
for the leisure time activities of young people. ¸@®ful ²/-fl/ ³adj ´young;
having the qualities, etc, of young people: ³a @ful appearance. ¸@®fully
²/-fElI/ ³adv ¸@®ful®ness ³n¼
¨you've© ²/juv/ ³c ´= you have.¼
¨yowl© ²/jñ8l/ ³vi ´howl; wail.¼
¨yo-yo© ²/ÚjE8jE8/ ³n ´toy in the shape of a top with a groove for string, the
top moving up and down the string by movement of the fingers: ³The exchange
rate is going up and down like a @.¼
¨yule© ²/jul/ ´(also ¸Ú@-tide´) ³n ´(archaic) Christmas. ¸Ú@-log ³n ´log of wood
burnt on Christmas Eve.¼
¨Z©, z ²/zed ³US: ²zi/ ³n (pl µZ's, z's ²/zedz ³US: ²ziz/³) ´the last letter of
the English alphabet.¼
¨zany© ²/ÚzeInI/ ³n (pl µ-nies³) ´half-witted person; foolish
joker. ¹ ³adj ´foolish; mad.¼
¨zap© ²/zap/ ³vt µ(-pp-) ¶[VP6A] ´(sl) attack; defeat.¼
¨zeal© ²/zil/ ³n ¶[U] ´energy and enthusiasm: ³show @ for a cause; work with
great @. ¸@®ous ²/ÚzelEs/ ³adj ´full of, acting with, showing, @: ³@ous to
please one's employer; @ous for liberty and freedom. ¸@®ous®ly ³adv¼
¨zealot© ²/ÚzelEt/ ³n ´person who shows great and uncompromising enthusiasm for
a religion, a party, a cause, etc; fanatic. ¸@ry ²/-trI/ ³n ¶[U].¼
¨zebra© ²/ÚzibrE/ ³n ´horse-like wild animal of Africa, with dark stripes on
its body. µ¥ ´the illus at µlarge. ¸*@ Úcrossing, ´street-crossing marked with
broad white stripes, at which pedestrians have priority over traffic. µ¥
panda.¼
¨zebu© ²/Úzibju/ ³n ´domestic animal like an ox, with a hump on its shoulders,
used in Asia and E Africa.¼
¨zee© ²/zi/ ³n ´(US) name of the letter µZ.¼
¨Zen© ²/zen/ ³n ¶[U] ´form of Buddhism asserting that enlightenment comes from
meditation and intuition, with less dependence upon the scriptures.¼
¨zen®ith© ²/ÚzenIT ³US: ²ÚzinIT/ ³n ´part of the sky directly overhead; (fig)
highest point (of one's fame, fortunes, etc): ³at the @ of his career. ¸@al
³adj´: ³@al projection, ´map obtained by projecting±2µ(6). µ¥ nadir. µ¥ ´the
illus at µprojection.¼
¨zephyr© ²/ÚzefE(r)/ ³n ´west wind; (poet) soft, gentle breeze.¼
¨zep®pe®lin© ²/ÚzepElIn/ ³n ´large dirigible used by the Germans in World War
²¥´.¼
¨zero© ²/ÚzIErE8/ ³n ¸1 ´the figure 0; nought. µ¥ App 4 ´(1, ³note 2´). ¸2 ´the
point between the positive (+) and negative (­) on a scale, esp on a
thermometer (µ¥ App 5´): ³The thermometer fell to @ last night. It was ten
degrees below @ ´(eÔg ­10ÄC or ­10ÄF). ¸absolute @, µ¥ absolute(5). ¸Ú@ hour,
´(mil) time at which operations are to begin: ³Z@ hour was 3aÔm. ¹ vi ¶[VP2C]
·@ in (on), ´(sl) fix attention (on).¼
¨zest© ²/zest/ ³n ¶[U] ¸1 ´great interest or pleasure; gusto: ³He entered into
our plans with @. ¸2 ´(often with ³indef art´) pleasing or stimulating quality
or flavour: ³The possibility of danger gave (a) @ to the adventure.¼
¨zig®zag© ²/ÚzIgzag/ ³n ¶[C] ´line or path which turns right and left
alternately at sharp (equal or unequal) angles: (attrib) ³a @ path up the
hillside. ¹ adv ´in a @. ¹ ³vi µ(-gg-) ´go in a @: ³The drunken man @ged down
the street.¼
¨zinc© ²/zIGk/ ³n ¶[U] ´hard, bluish-white metal (symbol ¸Zn´) used in alloys
and in coating iron sheets and wire to give protection against rust.¼
¨zing© ²/zIG/ ³n ¶[U] ´(sl) vigour; energy.¼
¨zin®nia© ²/ÚzInIE/ ³n ´kinds of garden plant with bright-coloured
flowers.¼
¨Zion© ²/ÚzñIEn/ ³n ´the Jewish homeland, esp as a symbol of Judaism; Israel.
¸@®ism ²/-IzEm/ ³n ´(hist) political movement for the establishment of an
independent state for the Jews; (mod use) movement concerned with the
development of Israel as a Jewish political and religious State . ¸@®ist
²/-Ist/ ³adj, n¼
¨zip© ²/zIp/ ³n ¸1 ´sound as of a bullet going through the air, or of the
sudden tearing of cloth. ¸2 ´(sl) vigour; energy. ¹ ³vt µ(-pp-) ¶[VP6A,15B,22]
´open sth (·zip sth open´) or close sth (·zip sth up´) by means of a
zip-fastener: ³She zipped her bag open/up. ¸zip®per, zip-fastener ³nn ´device
for locking together two toothed metal or plastic edges by means of a sliding
tab, used for fastening articles of clothing,
bags, etc.¼
¨zip code© ²/ÚzIp kE8d/ ³n ´(US) = µpostcode.¼
¨zither© ²/ÚzIDE(r)/ ³n ´musical instrument with many strings on a flat
sounding-board, played with a plectrum or the fingers.¼
¨zo®diac© ²/ÚzE8dIak/ ³n ¸1 ´belt of the heavens extending about 8Ä on each
side of the path followed by the sun and containing the path of the principal
planets, divided into 12 equal parts known as the ·signs of the @´, named after
12 groups of stars. ¸2 ´diagram of the @, used in astrology.¼
¨zom®bie© ²/ÚzombI/ ³n ´(colloq) dull, slow, lifeless,
mindless person.¼
¨zone© ²/zE8n/ ³n ¸1 ´belt, band or stripe going round, and
distinguished by colour, appearance, etc. ¸2 ´one of the five parts into which
the earth's surface is divided by imaginary lines parallel to the equator (the
·Ú³torrid, N & S ·Ú³temperate´, and the ·Ú³frigid @s´). ¸3 ´area with
particular features, purpose or use: ³the war @; within the @ of submarine
activity´, iÔe where, during a war, submarines are active; ³the ·Ú³danger @; a
·Ú³parking @; smokeless @s, ´(usu urban) areas in which only smokeless fuels
may be used (in homes, factories, etc). ¸4 ´(US) particular area in which
certain postal, telephone, etc rates are charged. ¹ ³vt ¶[VP6A] ´encircle,
mark, with, into, or as with a @ or @s; divide into @s. ¸zonal ²/ÚzE8nl/ ³adj
´relating to, arranged in, @s. ¸zon®ing ³n ¶[U] ´(in planning urban areas)
designation of areas for various purposes, eÔg shopping, residential,
industrial.¼
¨zoo© ²/zu/ ³n ´zoological gardens: ³take the children to the zoo.¼
¨zo®ol®ogy© ²/zE8ÚolEdZI/ ³n ¶[U] ´science of the structure, forms and
distribution of animals. ¸zo®ol®ogi®cal ²/*zE8EÚlodZIkl/ ³adj ´of @.
¸zoological gardens´, park (usu public) in which many kinds of animals are kept
for exhibition. ¸zo®ol®ogist ²/zE8ÚolEdZIst/ ³n ´expert in @.¼
¨zoom© ²/zum/ ³n ¸1 ¶[U] ´(low, deep humming sound of the) sudden upward flight
of an aircraft. ¸2 @ lens, ´(on a camera), one with continuously
variable focal length. µ¥ ´the illus at µcamera. ³¹ vi ¶[VP2A,C] ¸1 ´(of
aircraft) move upwards at high speed: (fig, colloq) ³Prices @ed´, rose sharply.
¸2 ´(of a camera with a @ lens): ³@ in/out´, cause the object being
photographed to appear nearer/further.¼
¨zo®ophyte© ²/ÚzE8EfñIt/ ³n ´plant-like sea-animal (eÔg a sea
anemone, coral).¼
¨zoot suit© ²/Úzut sut/ ³n ´one with a knee-length jacket and tight-fitting
trousers.¼
¨zuc®chini© ²/z8ÚkinI/ ³n (pl µ@s ´or unchanged³) ´(esp US) = µcourgette.
µ¥ ´the illus at µvegetable´.¼